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APPLETONS' 


ANNUAL    CYCLOPEDIA 


AND 


REGISTER  OF  IMPORTANT  EVENTS 


07  THB   TKAR 


1801 


EMBRACING   POLITIOAL,  MILITARY,  AND  ECCLESIASTICAL  AFFAIRS;    PUBLIC 
DOCUMENTS;  BIOGRAPHY,  STATISTICS,  COMMERCE,  FINANCE,  LITERA- 
TURE, SCIENCE,  AGRICULTURE,  AND  MECHANICAL  INDUSTRY. 


NEW   8EKIES,  VOL.  XVI. 


WHOLE  SERIES,  VOL.  XXXL 

•     -  - 
•     -     a        - 

liEW  YORK: 

w          -         • 

D. 

APPLETON    AND    COMPANY, 

1,  8,  AND  6  BOND  STBEET. 

1S92. 

«o 

"1/ 


COPTKIOBT,  1892, 

By    D.    APTLETON    AND    COMPANY 


I.-..     ••••• 
-     ••• 

*  •  •  •  • 


»    •  •   • 
•   •  • 


PREFACE. 


♦♦• 


Perhaps  for  American  readers  the  most  interesting  article  in  this  volume  is 
that  on  the  "  Navy  of  the  United  States,"  written  by  a  naval  officer.  It  is  sup- 
plementary to  the  similar  article  in  the  "Annual  Cyclopaedia"  for  1888,  and 
comes  down  to  date  with  a  complete  description  of  our  naval  force,  actual  and 
building.  In  the  articles  on  Chili  and  the  United  States  the  reader  may  see  how 
near  we  came  to  having  use  for  a  powerful  navy  in  the  year  1891.  The  'cen- 
sus article  of  1890  is  supplemented  by  another  in  this  volume,  showing  the 
results  of  the  latest  compilations  at  the  Census  Office  ;  and  the  articles  on  such 
States  of  the  Union  as  have  any  considerable  colored  population  contain  tables 
showing  census  by  races. 

The  Canadian  articles  are  illustrated  with  a  double-page  colored  map  of  the 
Northwest  Provinces,  which  with  the  map  of  the  Maritime  Provinces  in  the  vol- 
ume for  1889,  and  that  of  Ontario  in  the  volume  for  1890,  covers  all  of  British 
North  America  except  the  province  of  Quebec. 

The  article  "  Cities,  American,  Recent  Growth  of,"  describes  sixty-four 
cities,  some,  of  which  have  sprung  up  in  the  wilderness  within  two  or  three 
years.  An  article  on  the  "  Earth,  Area  and  Population  of,"  gives  the  latest 
computations  of  the  geographers. 

The  approaching  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of  the  continent  is  noted  by 
an  interesting  illustrated  article  on  "  Columbus's  First  Landfall,"  as  well  as  by 
tlie  description,  under  "  United  States,"  of  the  preparations  at  Chicago  for  the 
great  World's  Fair.  How  the  question  of  participating  in  that  enterprise  was 
debated  in  some  of  the  States,  and  what  has  been  done  by  each,  may  be  read  in 
the  State  articles. 

The  recent  advances  in  photography  are  set  forth  by  Alexander  Black,  an 
enthusiastic  photographer  and  student  of  the  art.  Ballooning  as  it  is  to-day 
is  described  by  Prof.  Samuel  A.  King,  the  most  experienced  of  American 
aeronauts,  who  has  made  three  hundred  ascensions.  The  efforts  to  produce  rain 
by  artificial  means  are  detailed  under  that  title  by  Col.  Charles  L.  Norton ;  and 
many  things  in  the  way  of  material  improvements  will  be  found  under  the  title 
of  "  Patents." 

In  the  way  of  moral  reform  much,  it  is  hoped,  has  been  done  by  the  legisla- 
tion in  many  States  requiring  temperance  education  in  the  public  schools ;  and 
a  history  of  the  movement  is  contributed  to  this  volume  by  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Cook,  the  well-known  lecturer.     The  student  of  literature  will  find  much  to 


ll-L-L-K 


iy  PREFACE. 

interest  him  not  only  in  the  regular  literature  articles,  but  in  the  special  articles 
on  Lowell,  Lytton,  and  Melville,  the  discussion  of  "  New  Dictionaries,"  by  Prof. 
March,  and  the  description  of  Oahspe,  the  Spiritualist  bible  ;  and  the  student  of 
art  will,  of  course,  turn  to  "  Fine  Arts  in  1891." 

Among  the  regular  articles  of  interest  and  importance  are :  In  science, 
"Astronomy,"  "Chemistry,"  "Physiology,"  "Physics,"  "Metallurgy,"  "Na- 
tional Academy  of  Science,"  and  the  account  of  meetings  of  the  several  "Associa- 
tions for  the  Advancement  of  Science  " ;  in  religion,  those  showing  the  year's 
growth  in  the  various  churches ;  in  finance  and  commerce,  the  "  Financial  Re- 
view of  1891,"*"  United  States  Finances,"  "  Commerce  and  Navigation  of  the 
United  States,"  and  the  treasury  and  debt  statement  in  articles  on  various 
countries. 

Among  the  special  articles  not  already  mentioned,  "Archaeology,"  "  Farmers' 
Congress,"  "  Hudson  River,  Improvements  in,"  and  "  Manual  Training "  are 
noteworthy.  The  personal  articles  include,  besides  the  three  authors  mentioned 
above,  one  on  Speaker  Crisp,  of  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives, 
one  on  Gen.  Sherman,  one  on  Gen.  Johnston,  one  on  Jules  Grevy,  one  on  Gen. 
Von  Moltke,  one  on  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald,  one  on  Meissonier,  the  painter,  and 
an  unusually  large  group  of  sketches — under  the  title  "  Obituaries  " — of  eminent 
men  who  passed  away  during  the  year.  The  dead  of  the  year  1891  include 
Carl  I,  of  Wiirtemberg,  Kalakaua  I,  of  Hawaii,  Pedro  II,  of  Brazil,  and  Tama- 
sese,  of  Samoa — besides  the  two  ex-Presidents,  Balmaceda,  of  Chili,  and  Gr6vy, 
of  France  ;  the  princes  Baudouin  and  the  two  Bonapartes ;  the  statesmen,  Par- 
nell,  Eari  Granville,  Bradlaugh,  W.  H.  Smith,  Windthorst,  Sir  John  Macdonald, 
Madhava  Rao,  Hannibal  Hamlin,  Windora,  and  J.  E.  McDonald ;  the  clergy- 
men, Freppel,  Magee,  Rotelle,  Simon,  Crosby,  Gilmour,  Loughlin,  Preston,  and 
Wadhams ;  the  authors,  Kinglake,  Lytton,  Boisgobey,  the  two  Lowells,  Lossing, 
and  Parton ;  the  inventors,  Lebel,  Ilobbs,  and  Maynard  ;  the  soldiers,  Sherman, 
Johnston,  Moltke,  Boulanger,  Connor,  and  Sibley;  the  naval  officers.  Porter, 
Carter,  Pattison,  and  Ingraham ;  the  players,  Barrett,  Florence,  Sullivan,  Fisher, 
Edwards,  Emmet,  Emma  Abbott,  and  Mrs.  Forrest ;  the  artists,  Meissonier  and 
McEntee ;  the  scientists,  Leidy,  Le  Conte,  Winchell,  Hilgard,  and  Ferrel ;  the 
philanthropists,  Pratt,  Mrs.  Stuart,  and  the  Duke  of  Devonshire.  Other  inter- 
esting characters,  in  themselves  or  in  their  circumstances,  here  sketched  are  P. 
T.  Bamum,  Mrs.  Hopkins-Searles,  Mrs.  Polk,  Madame  Blavatsky,  Albert  Pike, 
Charles  Devens,  Thomas  J.  Conant,  and  Samuel  D.  Burchard. 

The  illustrations  are  more  numerous  than  in  any  other  volume  of  the  series. 
They  include  two  colored  plates,  besides  the  large  map,  three  fine  engravings  on 
steel,  and  an  unusual  mmiber  of  vignette  portraits  in  the  text.  Pains  have  been 
taken  to  profit  by  the  suggestions  of  those  who  habitually  use  this  series  for  ref- 
erence to  improve  the  regular  articles  in  some  details,  and  it  is  hoped  that  the 
present  volume  will  exhibit  an  advance  in  keeping  with  tlie  time. 

New  Yoek,  April  19, 1892. 


CONTRIBUTORS. 


Among  the  Contributors  to  this  Volume  of  the  ^'Annual  Oyclopadia  "  are  the  foUowing : 


Oscar  Eay  Adama. 

PoTBsaGiLL,  Jessie, 
Houghton.  Geoboe  W.  W., 
Lefkoy^  Edward  C, 
Ix^wELL,  Robebt  T.  S., 
Plcxftbe,  Edward  H. 

Xn.  Florence  E.  Angela. 
Xylophone. 

Oeorge  N.  Babbitt. 
New  Bbuxswick. 

F.  XT.  Bfliinia» 
Meaoville,  Pa. 

Xarcua  Benjaxnuiy  Ph.  B. 

Associations  for  Advancement  of  Science, 
Columbus's  First  Landfall, 
Lk  Coste,  John, 
Leidt,  Joseph, 

National  Acadebct  of  Sciences, 
New  York  City, 
Souvenir  Spoons. 
and  other  articles. 

Alezaader  Black, 

Of  Brooklyn  Times. 

Photography,  Recent  Imfrotements  in, 

« •  H.  A.  BoGtiai 

Of  Cleveland  Plaindealer. 
Omo. 

Arthur  E.  Boatwick,  Ph.  D. 

Physics. 

Charlea  B.  Boyle. 
Binocular  Vision  (in  Patents). 

ILCalTerty 

Secretarj  of  La  Crowe  Board  of  Trade. 
La  Crosse. 

Thomaa  Gampbell-CopelaacL 

UxnBD  States  Census. 

lames  P.  Carey, 

Financial  Editor  of  Jonmal  of  Commerce. 
Financial  Rktiew  of  1801. 


John  B.  Champlin,  Jr., 

Editor  of  "  Cyclopedia  of  Painters  and  Paintings." 
Fine  Arts  in  1891. 

Hon.  Bexxjamin  F.  Clayton. 
Farmers*  Congress. 

P.  Brainerd  Cogswell, 

Of  Concord  Monitor. 

Concord,  N.  H. 

Bev.  Joseph  Cook. 

Temperance  Instruction. 

Austin  E.  Ford, 

Editor  of  Freeman^s  Jonmal. 

Roman  Catholic  Church. 
Prof.  C.  W.  Foss, 

Of  Angnstana  College. 

Hasselquist,  Tuve  N. 

Bev.  William  E.  Qriffls,  B.  B., 

Author  of  "  The  Mikado's  Empire.*' 
COREA, 

Japan. 
George  J.  Hagar, 

Of  New  Jersey  Historical  Society. 

Obituaries,  American. 
CoL  Pierce  S.  Hamilton, 

Of  Canadian  Censa>t  Offlce. 

Dominion  of  Canada, 
Macdonald,  Sir  John  A., 
Manitoba, 
Ontario, 
Quebec, 
and  other  Canadian  articles. 

Bev.  Hoses  Harvey, 

Authorof  "  Text-Book  of  Newfoundland  History.** 
Newfoundland. 

Bipley  Hitchcock, 

Author  of  "  Etching  in  America,**  etc. 
Meissonier,  J.  L.  E. 

Bev.  George  T.  Houck, 

Secretary  of  Diocese  of  Cleveland. 

GiLMOUR,  Robert. 


VI 


CONTRIBUTORS. 


Frank  Huntington,  Ph.  D. 

Afghanistan, 
Belgium, 
Brazil, 
Cape  Colony, 
China, 
Earth, 
France, 
Great  Britain, 
Russia, 
and  other  articles. 

Laurence  Hutton, 

Author  of  "  Plays  and  Playew." 
Barrett,  Lawrence, 
Florence,  William  J. 

Dr.  Abram  B.  Isaacs, 

Editor  of  Jewish  Messenger. 

Jews. 

Mrs.  Helen  Kendrick  Johnson. 

Lowell,  James  Russell, 
Lytton,  Earl  of. 

Julius  B.  Johnson, 

Editor  of  Kokomo  Tribone. 
KOKOMO. 

Prof.  Samuel  A.  King, 

Who  has  made  three  hnndred  ascensions. 
Ballooning. 

William  H.  Larrabee. 

Archeology, 
Baptists, 

Christian  Endeavor, 
Methodists, 
Salvation  Army, 
and  other  articles. 

Prof.  Francis  A.  March,  LL.  B., 

Author  of  *' Philological  Study  of  the  English 
Language.'^ 

Dictionaries,  New. 

Frederick  Q.  Mather. 

Hudson  River,  Improvement  of, 
Human  Freedom  League. 

Miss  Bessie  B.  Nicholls. 

Cities,  American,  Recent  Growth  of, 
Literature,  American, 
Literature,  British, 
and  other  articles. 

CoL  Charles  L.  Norton. 

Patents, 

Rain.  Artificial, 
and  other  articles. 

Bev.  Solomon  E.  Ochsenford. 

Lutherans. 


Mrs.  Evangeline  M.  O'Connor. 

Missouri, 
Montana, 
North  Dakota, 
South  Dakota, 
Vermont, 
and  other  articles. 

George  &  Parker, 

Superintendent  of  Schools,  Chippewa  Ealls. 
Chippewa  Falls. 

William  O.  Pratt, 

Of  Pratt  Institute,  Brooklyn. 

Pratt,  Charles. 

Thomas  B.  Preston. 

Parnell,  Charles  Stewart, 
Preston,  Thomas  Scott, 
Wadhams,  Edgar  Philip, 
and  other  articles. 


Helen  Ainslie  Smith, 

Author  of  "  Wonderful  Cities  of  the  World." 
Manual  Training. 

William  Christopher  Smith. 

Alabama, 
California, 
Florida, 
Illinois, 
Massachusetts, 
Nebraska, 
New  Hampshire, 
Utah, 
and  other  articles. 

Bev.  Jesse  A.  Spencer,  D.  D. 

Literature,  Continental, 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church. 

Arthur  Stedman, 

Editor  of  reissue  of  Melville's  works. 
Melville,  Herman. 

Thomas  H.  Stevens, 

Rear  Admiral  (retired)  U.  S.  N. 
Porter,  David  Dixon. 

Lewis  Swift,  LL.  B., 

Director  of  Warner  Observatory. 
Astronomical  Progress  in  1801. 

J.  Kendrick  Upton, 

Of  United  States  Census  Office. 
United  States,  Finances  of  the. 


S.  Van  Duzer,  XT.  S.  N. 
Navy  of  the  United  States. 

William  J.  Yonmans,  H.  B., 

Editor  of  Popular  Science  Monthly. 

Chemistry, 

Metallurgy, 

Physiology. 


ILLUSTEATIONS. 


♦■» 


Portraits  on  Steel. 

■HORAym  FAOB 

JAMES  RUSSELL  LOWELL A.  B.  Hall    .     Frontispiece 

RELMUTH  VON  MOLTKE A,  B,  Hall    .        .        .536 

WILLUM  TECUMSEH  SHERMAN C.  ScMecht   ...    791 


Portraits  in  the  Text. 


DRAWN  BY  JACQUES   REICH. 


PAOB 

Lawrence  Barrett 605 

AxxB  C.  L.  BoTTA 608 

Charles  Bradlauoh 666 

Abraham  Coles 613 

Charles  F.  Crisp 242 

Howard  Crosby 616 

Stepbex  B.  Elkiks 881 

WiLUAM  Febrell 620 

Willum  J.  Florence       .       .       .       .621 

Charles  Foster 830 

Richard  Gilxour 624 

Eael  Graktille 672 

Hanxibal  Hamlin 626 

Julius  K  Hilgard 628 

WiLLLUI   HUGGINS 42 

Joseph  E.  Johnston  .        .       .       •       .  396 

Kalakaua  I 675 

JoHx  H.  B.  Latrobe 634 

Johx  Lb  Comte 635 


Joseph  Leidy 636 

Earl  of  Lytton 470 

Joseph  E.  McDonald        ....  639 

Jervis  McEntee 640 

George  H.  Mackenzie      ....  641 

Jean  L.  E.  Meissonier     ....  500 

Herman  Melville     .        .                       .  504 
Prince  Napoleon  Joseph  Charles  Paul 

Jerome  Bonaparte      ....  679 

Charles  S.  Parnell 680 

James  Parton 646 

Albert  Pike      ......  647 

Sarah  C.  Polk 648 

David  Dixon  Porter         ....  744 

Charles  Pratt 649 

Albert  B.  Prescott 33 

Isaac  F.  Quinby 660 

William  Windom 662 

Ludwig  Windthorst 688 


Full- PAGE  Illustrations, 

COLOEKD  PlATRS — 

Northwestern  Canada  (map) 480 

Administration  Buildino,  Columbian  Exposition 838 

Castle  Gate,  Utah 854 

Washington  Irving  (head  of  statue) 300 

Belize,  British  Honduras 347 

PiOBLEMs  ur  Manual  Training 482 

ItoscLAD  "  Indiana  ** 548 

Navy  of  the  United  States  (Ave  pages) 553-557 

Tou^ERAircE  Map  of  Unttsd  States 815 


Vlll 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Illustrations  in  the  Text, 


PAGE 

Paueoliths 14 

Articles  discovered  at  Silchester       .  15 

Roman  Tile 16 

Old  Roman  Walls 17 

Roman  Altar 18 

Roman  Doll,  etc 19 

Gold  Cup  from  Vapheio  ....  20 

Fac-simile,  Aristotle's  Treatise     .       .  21 

Figures  discovered  at  Thebes       .       .  22 

Balloon  Pattern 72 

Balloon  Valve 74 

Balloon  Car 75 

Balloon  brought  down  by  Snow    .        .  76 

Balloon  on  the  Ocean  ....  77 
Balloon  anchored     .       .        .        .        .78 

Balloon  wrecked 79 

Balloon  in  a  Forest  ....  80 
Government  Building  in  Concord,  New 

Hampshire 152 

Map  showing  Columbus's  First  Voyage  .  181 

Map  of  Watling  Island  ....  182 

Monument  on  Watling  Island       .       .  183 

Alcaldes  of  Upper  Guatemala      .        .  352 

Elmwood,  Residence  ok  J.  R.  Lowell  .  449 

Fac-simile  of  Sonnet  by  Lowell    .       .  463 

City  Hall.  Winnipeg        ....  479 

Soldiers*  Monument,  Winnipeg  .  .  480 
Entrance  of  Chicago  -Manual  Training 

School 484 

Forge-shop,  Baltimore  School               .  485 

Wood-working  Shop,  Westchester        .  491 


Reg  LA  Falls,  Mexico 

Chihuahua  Cathedral 

Polk  Place,  Nashville 

Folding  Boat  (two  views) 

Elliptic  Propeller 

Can-opener  . 

Cloth ES-LiNE  Prop 

Elastic  Chain 

Foot-bath   . 

Bath  Lift  . 

Rein  Grip   . 

Cattle  Guard 

Curtain  Rings 

Cooking  Utensil 

Spoon-holder 

Screw-driver 

Book-protector 

Book-holder 

Calf-feeder 

Rope-clamp  . 

Ensilage  Stack 

Storm  Apron 

Fish-line  Guide 

Drag  Anchor 

Tintometer  . 

Flexible  Metallic  Tube 

Rotary  Snow-plow    . 

Ship  Windlass  (two  views) 

Binocular  Telescope  (two  views) 

Ilopango  Volcano,  Salvador 

Souvenir  Spoon  . 


PAGB 

521 

523 

648 

704 

704 

705 

705 

705 

705 

706 

706 

707 

707 

707 

708 

708 

708 

708 

708 

709 

709 

709 

710 

710 

711 

711 

711 

712 

713 

786 

802 


THE 


ANNUAL   CYCLOPEDIA. 


•♦• 


A 

ABYSSINIA,  an  empire  in  eastern  Africa,  people  are  pastoral,  raising  large  herds  of  cattle. 

The  present  sovereign,  called  the  Negas,  is  Men-  besides  sheep  and  goats.    Among  the  vegetable 

eiek  11,  formerly  Kme  of  Shoa,  who  proclaimed  products  are  indigo,  which  grows  wild,  coffee, 

himself  Emperor  of  Kthiopia  on  the  death  of  cotton,  dates,  sugar-cane,  and  grapes.    The  chief 

Johannes,  who  was  killed  in  a  battle  with  the  exports  are  gums,  skins,  mules,  ivory,  and  but- 

Soadanese  dervishes  in  1880.     The  country  is  ter.    What  external  trade  there  is  passes  through 

ruled  by  feudal  chiefs,  who  pay  taxes  and  owe  Massowah. 

military  service  to  the  Emperor.    There  is  an  The  Italian  Protectorate. — In  return  for 

ancient  code  of  law  which  sets  limits  to  the  arms  and  other  aid  given  by  the  Italians  to 

rojal  prerogative.    The  Negus  maintains  a  mer-  Menelek  while  he  was  contending  against  rival 

cenarv  arm^  independent  of  the  retainers  of  his  claimant-s  for  the  throne,  he  made  a  treaty  on 

vassals,  which  he  nas  armed  with  modern  rifles.  May  2, 1889.  which  was  construed  on  the  part  of 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  the  Em-  the  Italian  Government  as  giving  a  protectorate 
pire  of  Abyssinia,  or  Ethiopia,  is  estimated  at  over  the  country.  After  the  Kegus  had  con- 
244.000  square  miles,  embracing  the  kingdoms  quered  Tigr6  and  was  established  on  the  throne 
of  Tigr6.  Lasta,  Amhara,  and  Gojam,  forming  he  sent  an  envoy  to  Italv,  Degiac  Makonen,  who 
Aby^inia  proper,  the  Kingdom  of  Shoa,  the  confirmed  and  strengtnenea  the  compact  by 
coak  lands  of  Danakil,  the  territory  of  the  Issa  signing  a  treat v  for  mutual  protection  m  Octo- 
and  other  tributary  Somali  tribes,  and  the  de-  ber,  1§89.  When  Count  Salimbeni,  who  was 
pendencies  of  the  Bogos,  Mensa,  Habab,  Beni-  appointed  Italian  minister  resident  at  the  Abys- 
Amer,  and  other  subject  tribes  in  the  north,  smian  court,  arrived  at  Ankober  the  Emperor 
T!ie  total  population  is  estimated  at  7,300.000.  Menelek  denied  that  he  had  accepted  an  Italian 
The  inhabitants  of  Tigr^.  Amhara,  and  Shoa,  protectorate  or  bound  himself  to  make  the  Ital- 
who  are  the  conquering  and  ruling  element,  are  lan  Government  his  intermediary  in  all  dealings 
the  Ethiopians,  of  Semitic  origin,  emigrants  in  with  other  powers  and  to  give  the  preference  to 
early  times  from  Arabia.  They  were  converted  Italians  if  he  wished  to  make  commercial  or  in- 
to Christianity  in  the  fourth  century,  and  still  dustrial  concessions  to  foreigners.  Count  An- 
practice  the  rites  of  the  Alexandrian  Church,  tonelli,  who  had  negotiated  the  original  treaty. 
The  abuna.  or  head  of  the  national  Church,  re-  was  sent  out  in  October,  1890,  as  a  special  envoy 
mves  investiture  from  the  Coptic  Patriarch  of  to  bring  about  a  settlement  of  the  question.  lie 
Alexandria.  The  name  Abyssinia  is  derived  was  unable  to  induce  Menelek  to  change  his  atti- 
from  the  Arabic  designation  of  the  people,  Jla-  tiide,  and  on  Feb.  11, 1891,  he  broke  off  negotia- 
b(uh  ("mixed"),  indicating  the  various  inter-  tions  and  returned  with  Count  Salimbeni  to  the 
mixtures  of  Arabian.  Hamitic,  and  negro  blood  coast,  bringing  away  also  all  the  Italian  residents 
that  are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  country,  in  Shoa  and  Harrar.    The  Emperor  Menelek, 

Education  is  in  the  hands  of  the  clergy,  wllo  who  had  contracted  a  loan  of  2,000.000  francs  in 

instruct  a  limited  number  of  children  in  choral  Italy,  sent  gold  to  pay  the  installments  as  they 

^inpng,  recitations  from  the  Bible,  grammar,  fell  due.    The  feud  between  the  chief  Debeb  and 

and  poetry.    The  ceremonial  of  the  Abyssinian  the  other  rival  claimants  ior  the  throne  who 

Ohurch  combines    Christian   observances   with  were  defeated  by  King  Menelek  ended  in  a  com- 

many  rites  borrowed  from  Judaism.    The  He-  bined  attack  of  Mangascia  and  Ras  Alula  and 

brew  Sabbath  and  the  Christian  Sunday  are  held  their  retainers  on  the  camp  of  Debeb  on  Sept.  29. 

equally  sacred;   circumcision  is  practiced,  and  1891,  and  the  rout  of  the  last-named,  who  was 

Jewish   ceremonies  and  restrictions  regarding  killed, 

food  are  enforced.                      ,  A  Rnssian  Expedition. — The  Russian  For- 

There  are  numerous   towns,  the  largest   of  eign  Office  has  watched  with  keen  interest  the 

which,  Ankober,  capital  of  Shoa,  has  7,000  in-  successes  and  setbacks  of  the  Italians  in  Abys- 

habitants.  sinia.    The  Atchinoff  expedition  was  furthered 

Prodnetions  and  Commerce. — Although  the  by  only  two  or  three  members  of  the  Russian 

country  is  fertile,  there  is  little  tillage.    The  ministry,  and  was  not  approved  by  the  Minister 

▼ou  XXXI. — 1  A 


2                         ABYSSINIA.  AFGHANISTAN. 

of  Foreign  Affairs  or  the  Minister  of  War,  who  replied  that  the  Russian  Government  recognized 
had  no  confidence  in  the  "  Hetinan  of  the  Free  Abyssinia  as  an  independent  kingdom,  and  as- 
Cossacks."  The  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  Vannoff-  sumed  that  the  Negus  had  a  right  to  receive 
sky,  arranged  with  a  more  trustworthy  agent,  whomever  he  will,  and  could  nut  therefore  ac- 
Lieut.  Mashkoff,  a  native  of  the  Caucasus  who  knowledge  Ihf  right  of  any  foreign  government 
had  served  in  the  army  there.  With  a  compan-  to  demand  explanations  regarding  Mashkoffs 
ion,  a  Montenegrin  named  Zlatytshanin,  Mash-  mission  so  long  as  it  did  not  con^itute  a  clear 
koff  went  to  Abyssinia,  taking  presents  for  the  violation  of  existing  treaties,  but  that,  in  a  friend- 
Negus  and  some  of  the  chiefs,  was  received  as  a  Iv  way,  he  could  assure  Baron  Marochetti  that 
military  representative  of  the  Czar,  visited  An-  the  primary  object  of  the  expedition  was  scien- 
toto,  Ankober,  and  other  cities,  gathered  much  tific. 

information  about  the  country,  and  returned  to  Anglo-Italian  Delimitation  Treaty.— Pro- 
Russia  in  the  beginning  of  1890.  The  Negus  tocols  signed  at  Rome  on  March  24  and  April  15, 
complained  to  the  Russian  officer  of  the  Italians,  1891,  demarkate  the  respective  spheres  of  influ- 
accusing  them  of  bad  faith,  and  appealed  for  ence  of  England  and  Italy  in  eastern  Africa, 
the  assistance  of  the  Czar  to  enable  him  to  main-  The  line  of  demarkation,  starting  at  the  mouth 
tain  his  independence.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the  Juba,  follows  the  channel  of  the  river  up 
of  a  secret  intercourse  between  the  Russians  and  to  6°  of  north  latitude,  leaving  Kismayu  and  its 
Menelek,  which  Atchinoff,  who  preceded  Mash-  territory  in  the  English  sphere.  It  follows  the 
koff,  was  unable  to  establish  because  his  ci*edcn-  sixth  parallel  as  far  as  35^  east  of  Greenwich,  and 
tials  were  unsatisfactory,  and  he  was  therefore  then  runs  along  that  meridian  up  to  the  Blue  Nile, 
warned  to  leave  the  country.  The  sphere  of  influence  reserved  to  Italy  is  bound- 

The  ground  for  the  special  interest  of  Russia  ed  on  the  north  and  on  the  west  by  a  line  drawn 

in  Abyssinia  is  the  affinity  between  the  orthodox  from  Ras  Kasar  on  the  Red  Sea  to  the  point  of 

and  the  Coptic  forms  of  Christianity,  both  being  intersection  of  the  seventeenth  parallel,  north, 

offshoots  from  the  Alexandrian  Church.    About  with  the  thirty-seventh  meridian,  east.    The  line, 

the  time  when  the  Italians  established  themselves  having  followed  that  meridian  to  16"  30'  of  north 

on  the  Red  Sea  coast  and  revealed  the  intention  of  latitude,  is  drawn  from  that  point  in  a  straight 

bringing  Abyssinia  into  their  sphere  of  influence,  1  ine  to  Sabderat,  and  thence  southward  to  a  point 

the  Russian  Government  began  to  assume  the  on  the  Gash  20  English  miles  above  Kassala, 

rdle  of  religious  protector  of  the  Copts,  similar  and  rejoins  the  Atbara  at  14'  52'  of  north  lati- 

to  that  of^the  French  Government  in  relation  to  tude.    The  line  ascends  the  Atbara  to  the  con- 

the  Syrian  Christians.    For  four  years  past  a  fluence  of  the  Kor  Kakamot,  whence  it  follows 

mass  has  been  celebrated  in  the  Coptic  catnedral  a  westerly  direction  till  it  meets  the  Kor  Lem- 

at  Cairo  by  the  patriarch,  decked  in  Muscovite  sen,  which  it  descends  to  its  confluence  with  the 

orders,  on  each  birthday  of  the  Czar.  The  French  Rahad.    Having  followed  the  Rahad  as  far  as 

at  Obock  and  in  Egypt,  while  their  officials  have  the  intersection  of  35""  of  east  longitude,  the  line 

observed  toward  the  Italians  a  correct  though  identifies  itself  in  a  southerly  direction  withihat 

not  sympathetic  attitude,  have  privately  assisted  meridian,  until  it  meets  the  Blue  Nile,  saving 

the  efforts  of  the  Russians  to  establish  intimate  ulterior  amendment  of  details,  according  to  the 

relations  with  Abyssinia.    After  conferring  with  hydrographic  and  orographic  conditions  of  the 

the  Russian  ministers  and  with  the  Czar,  Lieut,  country.    The  Italian  Government  shall  be  at 

Mashkoff  set  out  in  the  summer  of  1891  on  an-  liberty,  in  case  of  being  obliged  to  do  so  by  the 

other  expedition  to  Abyssinia,  not  ostensibly  po-  necessities  of  the  military  situation,  to  occupy 

litical,  but  scientific,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Kassala  and  the  adjoining  country  as  far  as  tnc 

Geographical  Society  of  St.  Petersburg.    He  was  Atbara.    Such  occupation  shall  not  abrogate  the 

accompanied  by  Zlatytshanin,  a  Russian  monk  rights  of  the  Egyptian  Government  over  the  ter- 

named  Tikhon,  a  sacristan,  and  a  son  of  Gov.  ritory,  which  shall  only  remain  in  suspense  until 

Vsevoloshsky,  of  Tamboff.   His  int-ention  was  to  the  Egyptian  Government  shall  be  in  a  position 

arrive  in  Abyssinia  in  the  rainy  season,  push  on  to  retx^cupy  the  district. 

to  Ankober,  and  thence  to  Antoto,  where  the  AFGHANISTAN,  a  monarchy  in  central 
king  holds  his  court,  and  from  there  make  ex-  Asia,  dividing  the  British  Empire  in  India  from 
cursions  to  various  districts  of  the  kingdom,  to  the  Russian  possessions  in  Turkistan.  The 
the  Galla  country,  and  perhaps  to  the  region  of  reigning  sovereign  is  the  Ameer  Abdurrahman 
the  Blue  Nile  and  the  Soudan.  The  monk  Tik-  Khan,  who  was  placed  on  the  throne  by  the  Brit- 
hon  is  said  to  have  a  letter  from  the  patriarch  at  ish,  who  invaded  the  country  in  1879  and  de- 
Cairo  authorizing  him  to  officiate  in  the  Abys-  posed  Yakub  Khan  in  consequence  of  the  massa- 
sinian  churches.  The  leader  of  the  expedition  ere  of  their  envoy  and  his  followers.  They  had 
expects  to  make  a  commercial  treaty  and  acquire  in  the  previous  year  captured  Cabul,  the  capital, 
territorial  and  raining  concessions  that  will  lead  and  put  to  flight  Yakub's  father  and  predeces- 
to  the  industrial  employment  of  Russian  capital  sor,  Shere  All,  and  afterward  withdrawn  thoir 
and  to  an  active  exchange  of  Russian  cotton  forces.  In  1880  the  British  troops  were  again 
goods,  rifles,  spirits,  and  salted  meats  for  gold,  withdrawn  beyond  the  Khaibar  Pass,  and  from 
which  is  abnormally  abundant  in  Abyssinia  and  Candahar  to  Quetta,  a  treaty  of  alliance  having 
the  Galla  districts,  ivory,  of  which  great  quanti-  been  made  with  Abdurrahman  by  which  he  was 
ties  are  stored,  and  the  gums  and  other  comraer-  allowed  a  subsidy  of  $50,000  a  month  from  the 
cial  products  of  the  region.  Indian  treasury  and  engaged  in  his  relations 

Before  the  departure  of  the  expedition  Baron  with  foreign  powers  to  follow  the  advice  of  the 

Marochetti,  the  Italian  ambassador  at  St.  Pe-  Governor-General  of  India.   The  Indian  Govem- 

tersburg.  questioned  M.  do  Giers  as  to  its  pur-  ment  supplies  him  with  the  munitions  of  war, 

pose.     The  Russian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  he  has  lately  organized  an  army,  independ- 


AFGHANISTAN.  3 

ent  of  the  tribal  levies.    The  regular  infantry  is  subservience  to  Russia,  is  governed  by  the  fear 

said  to  number  8,000,  and   the  entire  military  that  his  northern  neighbors  may  at  any  timed  is- 

force  50,000  men.  rupt  the  empire  that  he  has  struggled  hard  to 

Arem  and  Population.— The  country  is  di-  establish  with  the  aid  of  more  than  £1,000,000 

vided  into  the  four  provinces  of  Cabul,  Afghan  of  English  money.  The  Indian  Government  does 

Tarkistan,  Herat,  and  Candahar,  and  the  dis-  not  venture  to  tax  him  with  disloyalty,  or  even 

tricts  of  Shignan  and  Badakhshan.    The  popula-  to  demand  permission  to  extend  the  Pishin  Kail- 

tton  is  about  4,000,000,  the  Ghilzais  numbering  road  to  Candahar,  where  an  English  armv  could 

al)oat  1,000.000,  the  next  most  numerous  tribe  flank  a  force  seeking  to  invade  India  through 

being  the  Tadjiks,  who  are  found  in  various  Afghanistan.     The  railroad  terminates  now  at 

parts  of  the  country  following  agriculture  and  the  outlet  of  the  Kojak  tunnel,  in  "a  hole  in  the 

industrial  trades,  after  which  come  the  Duranis,  wall,"  as  it  has  been  described,  whence  it  is  im- 

the  Aimaks  and  Hazaras,  who  are  of  Tartar  de-  possible  to  extend  it  70  miles  to  Candahar  with- 

scent,  and  the  Uzbecks.  out  provoking  a  fresh  war  with  Afghanistan. 

Productions  and  Commerce.— The  soil  in  which  would  throw  the  Afghans  into  the  arms  ' 
most  pans  of  Afghanistan  is  irrigated,  and  pro-  of  Russia.  Such  an  eventuality  was  anticipated 
duces  a  summer  crop  of  wheat,  barley,  or  leg-  when  the  scientific  frontier  of  northwestern 
umes,  and  an  autumn  crop  of  rice,  millet,  or  India  was  determined  on,  to  complete  which 
maize.  The  country  abounds  in  asafoetida,  which  Candahar  will  be  necessary.  This  system  of  de- 
is  largelj^  exported* to  India,  in  madder,  and  the  fense.  that  was  adopted  as  the  alternative  of  a 
castor-oil  plant,  and  in  many  kinds  of  fruit  of  strong  and  friendly  Afghanistan  which  should 
excellent  quality,  on  which  many  of  the  inhabi-  serve  as  a  bulwark  against  Russia,  entailed  an  in- 
tants  mainly  subsist,  and  which  in  a  preserved  crease  of  £4,000,000  in  the  annual  military  ex- 
state  is  exported  in  large  quantities.  The  min-  penditures  of  India,  and  the  increase  has  now 
eral  products  are  copper,  lead,  iron,  gold,  and  risen  to  £6,000,000,  exceeding  the  cost  of  the 
precious  stones.  The  chief  manufactures  are  Afghan  war.  The  Ameer,  who  would  consider 
carpets,  felt,  silk,  and  sheepskin  postins.  The  an  English  advance  to  Candahar  a  more  serious 
imports  from  India  in  1889-'90  were  £813,450,  menace  to  his  power  than  a  Russian  occupation 
and  the  exports  to  India  £346,214,  showing  a  of  the  conquered  province  of  Herat,  protested 
marked  improvement  in  trade,  which  was  due  to  vigorously  when  the  terminus  of  the  British  line 
the  cessation  of  internal  disturbances.  Transit  was  established  at  Chaman,  asserting  that  it  lay 
dues  imposed  by  the  Ameer  prevent  the  importa-  within  his  territory. 

tion  of  English  or  Indian  goods  into  the  popu-  The  Russian  Transcaspian  line,  the  starting- 
lous  parts  of  the  country  north  of  Cabul.  The  point  of  which  is  to  be  transferred  from  Uzun 
duties  on  Russian  Imports  are  relatively  much  Ada  on  the  Ca<!pian  to  Krasnovodsk,  which  is 
lighter.  The  Ameer  is  making  efforts  to  estab-  a  superior  port  farther  to  the  north,  runs  tor  400 
lish  manufactures  in  his  country.  Trade  with  miles  in  a  southeasterly  direction  parallel  to  the 
Russia  and  Bokhara  fell  off  in  consequence  of  mountain  range  that  forms  the  boundary  of 
the  late  depression  in  Afghanistan;  out  still  Persia  to  Dushak,  and  then  turns  in  a  north- 
commercial  relations  with  Kussia  are  becoming  easterly  direction  and  crosses  the  sand  desert  to 
closer,  and  at  the  last  fair  in  Nijni-Nov^orod  Merv  and  the  Oxus,  and  terminates  at  Sa mar- 
Afghan  merchants  and  goods  were  seen  for  the  cand,  its  total  length  being  900  miles.  The  oasis 
first  time.  of  Merv  is  being  made  by  irrigation  as  fruitful 

Political  Situation.— After  suppressing  the  as  it  was  in  ancient  times.  At  Dushak  the  Rus- 
rebelHoD  of  Isak  Khan  in  1888,  Abdurrahman  sian  railroad  is  in  closest  proximity  to  Meshed, 
remained  till  the  autumn  of  1890  mostly  at  the  capital  of  the  rich  Persian  province  of  Kho- 
Mezar,  the  chief  place  of  Afghan  Turkistan,  for  rassan.  as  well  as  to  the  famous  Afghan  fortress 
the  purpose  of  orsanizin^  the  administration  of  Herat,  and  a  branch  line  is  being  constructed 
and  crushing  out  the  hostile  elements,  which  he  in  the  direction  of  Sarakhs,  which  is  only  100 
did  with  relentless  cruelty.  Yet  without  the  miles  from  Meshed  and  170  miles  from  Herat, 
friendly  offices  of  the  Russian  authorities,  who  Some  Anglo-Indian  military  critics  deprecate 
gave  Isak  Khan  a  sumptuous  asylum  at  Samar-  the  abandonment  of  the  plan  ol  having  a  friendly 
cand,  but  afterward  removed  him  to  Tashkend  Afghanistauasabnfferagainst  Russian  invasion, 
in  order  to  check  his  intrigues,  and  who  co-oper-  because  there  are  some  hundreds  of  passes 
ated  with  the  Ameer  in  his  efforts  to  replace  pil-  through  the  mountains  into  India,  to  fortify  and 
lage  and  violence  with  commerce  and  peaceful  garrison  all  of  which  would  transcend  the  re- 
industry,  the  Afghan  mler  would  not  have  sue-  sources  of  the  Indian  Empire.  Both  Russian 
ceeded  In  gaining  the  ^ood-will  of  the  Uzbecks  and  British  military  explorers  have  recently 
of  Khulm  Atshe,  Shiborgan,  Maimene,  and  visited  the  Pamir  and  Ivashcrar  and  attempted 
Andkhoi,  and  in  permanently  holding  in  check  reconnoissances  in  Tibet.  The  Indian  Goveni- 
the  adherents  of  Isak.  In  requital  for  their  ment  has  sought  to  gain  the  friendship  of  the 
amicable  support  the  Russians  received  impor-  predatory  inhabitants  of  Kundjut  by  paying 
tant  trade  concessions.  Caravans  from  Merv  and  them  a  subsidy.  Capt.  Younghusband,  leading 
Samarcand  were  granted  free  ingress  into  Herat,  a  so-called  scientific  expedition  to  the  Pamir  and 
Mezar,  and  Maimene,  although  no  English  mer-  Kashgar,  was  warned  by  the  Russians  not  to  en- 
chant is  permitted  to  visit  Candahar  or  Cabul  ter  the  Little  Pamir,  which  borders  on  ('hinese 
for  trading' purposes.  The  Uzbecks,  Turcomans,  Turkistan.  He  found,  in  August,  1891,  that  a 
Tadjiks,  Kizilbashe^,  and  Aimaks,  who  inhabit  Russian  outpost  was  established  in  that  region, 
the  region  north  of  the  Hindu-Kush.  look  upon  which  the  British  assert  to  be  a  part  of  Afghan- 
the  Russians  as  their  protectors  against  the  Af-  istan,  while  the  Russians  claim  that  the  Ameer 
ghan  oppressors;  and  the  Ameer  of  Cabul,  in  his  never  held  effective  dominion  over  the  Pamirs, 


4                     AFGHANISTAN.  ALABAMA. 

On  information  sent  by  him  to  Gilgit,  a  force  of  noitre  after  the  arrival  of  the  Russians,  were  for- 

Qoorkhas  outnumbering  the  Russian  guard  was  mally  prohibited  from  entering  the  region  claimed 

sent  into'the  Pamir,  and  the  Rxissians  withdrew  by  Russia.    The  Russians  dispute  the  right  of 

to  avoid  a  collision  China  to  the  posts  of  Enghen,  Irkistam,  and 

The  Alichur,  or  Great  Pamir,  and  the  Little  Ulukchat,  and  all  the  passes  west  of  Kash^r, 

Pamir  are  bleak  and  desolate  table-lands,  10,000  insisting  on  the  frontier  conceded  by  YaEub 

to  14,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  bounded  Khan  in  his  negotiations  with  Prince  Kuro- 

on  the  north  by  Russian  territory,  on  the  east  patkin. 

by  Kashgaria,  a  Chinese  province,  on  the  west  ALABAMA,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to  the 
by  Afghanistan,  and  on  the  south  by  Chitral,  Union  Dec.  14,  1819 ;  area,  52.250  square  miles. 
Gilgit,  and  Jassin,  Himalayan  states  under  Brit-  The  population,  according  to  each  decennial  cen- 
ish  protection.  The  boundary  between  the  Brit-  sus  since  admission  was  127,901  in  1820 ;  809,527 
ish  and  the  Russian  spheres  of  influence  has  not  in  1880 ;  590,750  in  1840;  771,628  in  1850 ;  964,- 
been  marked  out  in  this  region,  as  it  has  before  201  in  1860;  996,992  in  1870;  1,262,505  in  1880  ; 
the  gates  of  Herat  on  the  northwestern  frontier  and  1,518,017  in  1890.  Capital,  Montgomery, 
of  Afghanistan  Since  the  delimitation  in  the  Government. — ^The  following  were  the  State 
west  the  British  have  extended  their  dominion  officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Thomas  G. 
over  Cashmere  and  the  frontier  Hill  states  bor-  Jones,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  State,  J.  D.  Bar- 
dering  on  the  Pamir,  an  English  military  agent  ron ;  Treasurer,  John  L.  Cobbs ;  Auditor,  Cyrus 
has  l^n  stationed  at  Kashgar  with  the  assent  D.Ho^ue;  Attorney-General,  William  L.  Martin ; 
of  the  Chinese  Government,  the  Chinese  have  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  John  B. 
laid  claim  to  sovereign  rights  over  parts  of  the  Harris ;  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Reuben 
Pamir,  and  the  Ameer  has  reduced  semi-inde-  F.  Kolb,  succeeded  in  September  by  Hector  D. 
pendent  tribes  in  the  east  of  his  dominions  and  Lane ;  Railroad  Commissioners,  Henry  R.  Short- 
conquered  districts  outside  his  former  boundaries-  er,  Levi  W.  Lawier,  W.  C.  Tunstall;  Chief  Jus- 
His  rapprochement  toward  Russia  is  said  to  have  tice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  George  W.  Stone ; 
resulted  in  the  renunciation  of  his  rights  over  Associate  Justices,  David  Clopton,  Thomas  N. 
the  khanate  of  Wakhand  and  of  all  claims  to  McCleilan,  Thomas  W.  Coleman,  and  R.  W. 
the  Pamir  steppes.  The  Russians  have  sent  out  Walker,  who  was  appointed  by  the  Governor  in 
so-called  scientific  expeditions,  sometimes  at-  May,  pursuant  to  the  act  of  Feb.  12,  1891,  pro- 
tended with  Cossack  guards,  which  have  ex-  vidmg  for  an  additional  justice  of  this  court, 
plored  the  Alichur  and  the  Little  Pamir  up  to  Finances. — The  balance  in  the  State  treasoiry 
the  British  frontier.  Col.  Gromtchevski  in  1889  on  Oct.  1,  1890,  was  $332,561.17.  For  the  fiscal 
overpowered  an  Afghan  detachment  that  was  year  1890-'91  the  State  tax  rate  of  four  mills 
sent  to  arrest  him,  and  by  means  of  presents  in-  produced  revenue  insufficient  to  meet  the  cur- 
duced  the  officers  of  a  Chinese  outpost  at  the  rent  State  expenses,  and  the  balance  on  Oct.  1 
confluence  of  the  Aksu  and  the  Istigh  to  let  him  of  this  year  was  therefore  slightly  reduced  from 
proceed  to  Kashgar.  He  found  the  Kilik  Pass  the  figures  above  given.  In  1891-'92  the  rate 
over  the  Hindu- Rush  mountains  exceedingly  will  be  four  mills  for  re^lar  State  expenses,  and 
easy,  and  received  a  friendly  welcome  in  the  Hill  one  half-mill  additional  to  raise  money  for  Con- 
state of  Hanza-Nagyr  Afghan  outposts  turned  federate  pensions,  pursuant  to  the  act  passed  this 
him  back  at  the  Baroghil  Pass,  and  Col.  Nisbet,  year. 

English  resident  in  Cashmere,  warned  him  away  Railroads. — The  valuation  of  railroad  prop- 

from  Ladak.    The  Russian  Government  has  sev-  erty  for  1891,  as  fixed  by  the  State  Board  of 

eral  times  invited  the  English  Government  to  Assessment,   was  $46,797,928.26,  an  increase  of 

demarkate  the  frontier  in  the  Pamir  region.  $3,459,146.79  over  1890.    There  were  3,177  miles 

The  Russians  claim  the  greater   part  of   the  of  railroad  reported  for  assessment,  an  increase 

Pamir  by  reason  of  an  agreement  made  between  of  110  miles  over  1890. 

Prince  GortchakofF  and  Lord  Clarendon  in  1872  Banks. — The  thirty  national  banks  of  the 
and  restated  in  the  delimitation  treaty,  which  State  held,  on  May  4,  resources  amounting  to 
makes  the  Oxus  the  boundary  between  the  $14,766,442,  of  winch  loans  and  discounts  were 
spheres  of  infiuence  of  the  two  countries  up  to  $8,765,694.  Their  combined  capital  stock 
its  source.  Notwithstanding  this  agreement,  amounted  to  $4,329,000 ;  their  surplus  fund  to 
the  Russian  authorities  have  recogfnized  Shignan  $1,029,657 ;  their  undivided  profits  to  $742,493 ; 
and  other  tracts  over  which  the  Ameer  was  their  issue  of  bank  notes  to  $1,094,330;  and  in- 
found  to  exercise  effective  sovereignty  north  of  dividual  deposits  to  $6,260,527. 
the  Oxus  as  Afghan  territory.  The  English  CoaL — The  coals  of  Alabama  embrace  all  the 
have  assumed  that  the  river  flowing  from  Lake  bituminous  varieties,  such  as  gas,  coking,  block, 
Victoria  in  the  Alichur  plateau  is  the  principal  splint,  and  cannel.  Mining  of  coal  was  begun  in 
head-stream  of  the  Oxus.  This  the  Russians  this  State  about  1853,  but  the  total  output  did 
hold  to  be  a  mistake,  because  the  Aksu,  rising  in  not  reach  100,000  tons  until  1876.  The  produc- 
a  lake  in  the  Little  Pamir,  is  much  longer  and  tion  for  the  census  year  1880  was  323,972  tons, 
carries  a  greater  volume  of  water.  The  geo-  valued,  at  $476,911  at  the  mines.  The  product 
graphical  expeditions  of  Gromtchevski,  Greshi-  for  the  calendar  year  1889  was  8,378,484  tons, 
mailo,  and  others  were  followed  in  1891  by  one  valued  at  $3,707,426.  The  average  number  of 
of  a  more  plainly  political  character,  led  by  persons  employed  during  the  year,  including 
Prince  Galitzin  and  accompanied  by  a  strong  superintendents,  engineers,  mechanics,  and  cler- 
Cossack  escort,  which  started  from  Osh,  in  the  ieal  force,  was  6,762,  and  the  amount  of  wages 
Russian    province  of    Ferghana,  formerly  the  paid  was  $31,175,356. 

khanate    of   Khokand.     Capt.  Younghusband  Popnlatlon  by  Races. — The  following  table 

and  Lieut.  Davison,  who  attempted  to  recon-  shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 


ALABAMA. 


5 


several  connties  in  1880  and  in  1800,  according 
to  the  Federal  census. 


OOUNTIES. 


TheStOe. 

AauagB.... 
Baklwlii.... 
Barboar.... 

Bibb 

BlooBt 

Halloek  .... 

Builer 

Calhoan 

(IttJDben . . 
Cherokee... 

CfaBtUHL 

Cboctaw 

elarke 

Ck? 

Ck^me ... 

Coffee 

Colbert. 

rontsctth.... 

COOM 

i'ovington... 
CY««slia«r . . , 

CuDnuD 

DtJe , 

Iialbii 

DeKAlb 

Elanore 

Eacainbii.... 
Etowah  . . . . , 

F«y«'tte 

Fraakiio  . . . . 

Genera. 

tireeaie 

IlaJe 

Ilesry 

J«ck84>B 

JeffenoD . . . . 

Lanur 

L&oderdafo., 
LAwrenee. . . . 

Lee 

Limeatooe... 
I/iwndes.... 

UaeoB 

U»ason 

Mtreogo. 

Marlon 

ManbAlL.  .. 

Mobile 

Monroe 

Mootfooiery, 
Morean 

Perrj' 

Pickeiu 

Pike 

Sandolpb 

KasMir 

StCbir 

^heIb]r 

Stnnttf 

TailadegB.... 
Tatlaponax . . 
Tnscakwea... 

WwUofftao . 

Wibox 

Wiflstoo..... 


WBITK. 


1890. 


880,796 


4.T42 

\9,9il 

9,044 
20,1  to 

e,06« 
11,968 
28.891 
12,244 
17,625 
11,488 

8,110 

9,629 
14,US6 
12,896 
10,183 
12.240 

7,956 
10,486 

6,718 
11,';82 
18,894 
18,8W 

7,906 
19,S81 
11,829 

&,674 
16s097 
11.062 

9,;^ 

9,(M8 
8,198 

1^889 

24.132 

66,958 

1I,88S 

1 6.^64 

12.546 

12,149 

12,075 

4,466 

4,148 

19,228 

7,814 

10.786 

17.552 

28,186 

8327 

14,580 

17,908 

6.806 

9.286 

15,688 

18,984 

5.792 

14.285 

14,2S1 

5.919 

15,848 

16.%54 

18,318 

11,409 

4,716 

6,C4S 

6,520 


1880. 


OOLOKKD. 


662,155 


4,897 

4,890 

13,091 

5,887 

14,210 

6,944 

10,6S4 

14,184 

11,864 

16,418 

8,651 

7,5390 

7,718 

ll,diO 

10.808 

6,881 

9,203 

6,224 

10.050 

4,968 

9,118 

6,812 

10,558 

8,425 

11,968 

8,747 

4,106 

12.896 

8,878 

8,079 

8,829 

8,765 

4.908 

11,994 

21,074 

18,219 

9.967 

14,178 

12,642 

12,217 

11,687 

5.645 

4,587 

1&591 

7,277 

8,S41 

18.084 

27.187 

7,780 

18,4ft7 

11,758 

7,150 

9,182 

14,868 

18.155 

6,182 

11,021 

12,258 

6,451 

10.856 

16,108 

l.%216 

8,978 

2.807 

6.711 

4,286 


1890. 

1880. 

681.481 

600.108 

8,487 

8  806 

21,576 

4,78u 

1,812 

20,996 

10,278 

9,941 

14,076 

2,884 

8,116 

9,412 

12,996 

1,679 

822 

1,987 

7,949 

6,688 

5,420 

828 

8,€92 

46 

8,870 

41,487 

1,223 

10,408 

2,bl6 

8,829 

1.761 

1,181 

1.047 

18,815 

22,448 

8,998 

8,887 

81,581 

2,849 

7,178 

8.189 

16JM5 

9,125 

87.084 

14.290 

18,886 

25,261 

C61 

1,881 

28,046 

10.660 

41.686 

61?8 

22,524 

18,184 

8,780 

8,286 

18,801 

8,061 

6.606 

28.655 

14.008 

8^606 

18,188 

1,669 

8,219 

24,168 

88 


8,710 
8,675 

20,884 
8,600 
1,159 

82,119 

8,905 
5.457 
12,075 
2,690 
2,142 
8,-^41 

iaos6 

1.108 

668 

1,2SS 

6.050 

6,880 

6,059 

671 

2,608 

48 

8,122 

40,007 

688 

8,755 

1.590 

8,508 

1,262 

1,076 

518 

18,166 

21.650 

6,767 

4,088 

5,058 

2,178 

6,860 

8,750 

15,041 

9.968 

85,628 

12,784 

19.084 

88,618 

520 

1,496 

21,448 

9,284 

8t^.899 

4,670 

28,591 

12,847 

6,272 

8.420 

1^665 

2,884 

4.988 

22,271 

12,504 

7,298 

9,741 

501 

1,729 

85,117 

17 


The  population  of  the  State  in  1890  also  in- 
cluded 40  Chinese  and  750  Indians. 

Iron  Ore. — ^The  following  statistics  respect- 
ing the  iron-mining  industry  of  Alabama  for 
the  year  1889  are  reported  by  the  Federal  Census 
Bureau :  Number  of  mines  reporting,  48 ;  num- 
ber producing,  45;  amount  of  ore  produced, 
1,570,319  long  tons;  value  of  product,  $1,511,- 
611;  total  shipments  from  the  mines,  1,526,982 
long  tons;  value  of  shipments,  $1,457,814;  cap- 
ital invested  in  iron  mining,  $5,244,902  (of  which 
the  value  of  land  is  $4,258,645) ;  total  number  of 


employes,  3,081;  total  wages  paid,  $995,222; 
total  cost  of  producing  one  long  ton  of  iron 
ore,  82  cents.      In  the  amount  of    iron    ore 

Produced  Alabama  stands  second  among  the 
tates,  while  the  cost  of  production  is  lower 
than  in  any  other  State.  Since  1880  the 
total  product  has  increased  from  171,139  long 
tons  to  1,570,319  long  tons,  or  about  817  per 
cent.,  and  the  capital  invested  from  $586,442  to 
$5,244,902. 

Legislative  Session.— The  General  Assem- 
bly, which  convened  at  Montgomery  on  Nov.  11, 
1890,  completed  its  sessions  on  Feb.  18, 1891,  hav- 
ing taken  a  month's  recess  over  the  Christmas 
holidays.  Early  in  the  session  a  contest  arose 
between  rival  Democratic  candidates  for  the 
seat  in  the  United  States  Senate  held  by  James 
L.  Pugh.  Senator  Pugh  sought  a  re-election, 
his  competitors  being  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture Keuben  F.  Kolb,  ex-Gov.  Thomas  Seay, 
and  ex-Gov.  Thomas  H.  Watts.  On  the  first 
ballot  in  the  Democratic  caucus,  on  Nov.  18, 
Pugh  received  42  votes,  Kolb  42,  Seay  82,  and 
Watts  11.  Thirty-one  caucus  ballots  were  taken 
without  a  choice,  the  last  standing  Pugh  52, 
Kolb  34,  Seay  24,  and  Watts  11,  after  which  the 
contest  was  transferred  to  the  General  As.sembly. 
In  that  body,  on  Nov.  28,  Senator  Pugh  secured 
a  re-election  on  the  second  joint  ballot,  receiving 
90  votes  to  39  for  ex-Gov,  Watts.  Among  the 
noteworthy  laws  of  the  session  is  an  act  re- 
quiring all  railroads,  other  than  street  railroads, 
to  provide  equal  but  separate  accommodations 
for  the  white  and  colored  races,  by  furnishing 
two  or  more  passenger  care  for  each  train,  or  by 
dividing  each  car  by  a  partition.  A  new  pension 
law  authorizes  the  annual  levy  for  six  yeare  of  a 
State  tax  of  one  half-mill  on  each  dollar  of  taxa- 
ble property,  the  proceeds  to  be  divided,  pureuant 
to  tne  provisions  of  the  act,  among  maimed  and 
needy  Confederate  soldiere  and  sailore  and  the 
widows  of  their  deceased  comrades,  no  applicant 
receiving  more  than  $50  annually.  An  act  for 
the  improvement  of  the  convict  system  provides 
for  a  commission,  consisting  of  the  Governor, 
the  Board  of  Inspectore  of  Convicts,  and  one 
other  person  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor, 
which  shall  purchase  laud,  erect  buildings,  and 
procure  machinery,  live  stock,  and  other  appli- 
ances, to  furnish  employment  for  convicts  not 
leased  or  worked  unaer  contract,  provided  not 
more  than  $10,000  be  expended  under  this  act 
before  Oct.  1, 1892.  The  commission  is  also  di- 
rected to  investigate  the  subject  of  working  all 
convicts  on  State  account  at  all  such  industries 
as  it  may  think  desirable,  and  shall  prepare  a  bill 
for  the  next  General  Assembly  creating  a  new 
and  complete  convict  system,  providing  for  the 
employment  of  all  convicts  on  State  account  as 
soon  as  practicable,  and  providing  also  for  a 
reformatory  prison  for  juvenile  convicts,  if  the 
latter  institution  shall  seem  desirable.  The  same 
commission  is  authorized  to  sell  the  tract  of  land 
known  as  the  State  farm  and  to  turn  the  pro- 
ceeds into  the  treasury.  An  act  to  regulate  the 
mining  industry  establishes  a  board  of  examiners, 
consisting  of  an  inspector  of  mines  and  two  min- 
ing engineers  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor  for 
two  years,  which  shall  examine  and  give  certifi- 
cates of  fitness  and  service  to  mine  bosses.  After 
one  year  from  the  passage  of  the  act,  no  person 


6  ALABAMA. 

other  than  those  already  acting  as  mine  bosses  pital,  whereon  some  of  the  inmates  may  be  em- 
shall  be  employed  as  sucli,  unless  he  have  a  certifi-  ployed;  and  $10,000  was  G;iyen  to  the  Medical 
cate  from  the  board.  The  Inspector  of  Mines  is  Uollege  of  Alabama  at  Mobile  for  remodeling^ 
further  re(}uired  to  visit  all  underground  mines  at  the  buildings  and  purchasing  apparatus.  For 
least  once  m  three  months,  to  examine  them,  and  each  of  the  years  1891  and  1892  the  expenditure 
order  such  changes  as  are  needed  to  secure  the  of  $13,500  on  an  encampment  of  the  State  troops 
health  and  safety  of  miners.    His  orders  may  be  was  authorized. 

enforced  by  the  courts.    The  act  applies  only  to        Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 
mines  where  more  than  20  persons  are  employed.       _.  ^^..j.a       -^       i... 

The  ovster  industry  was  regulated  by  an  act  y,^'"'^'^'^^  ^^  Confederate  Awociation  of  Ala- 

that  forbids  the  toking  of  oysters  by  non-resi-  'ro'incorporate  the  cities  of  Giraid,  Ozark,  Ashe- 

dents  of  the  State,  prohibits  the  export  of  oys-  yille,  and  Bridgeport. 


cents  a  barrel  on  all  ovstere  Uken  in  the  State.  .  To  estogish  new  charters  for  tlio  cities  of  Binning- 

Provision  was  made  to  establish  the  Quaran-  '^T«'^«.ii?K^S';  ..u  fti«,;«i,?««  n.  «i^««  t^  .^^ 

tine  Board  of  Mobile  Bay  which  is  autLr^ed  ^^il^or^^^V^^^^^ 

to  take  land  and  erect  at  the  entrance  of  Mobile  b»sjco,  or  cigarette  paper,  or  anv  substitute  therefor. 

Bay  the  buildings,  wharves,  and  other  structures  Authorizing  the  issue  of  $460,000  in  bonds  by  the 

necessary  for  a  quarantine  station.   It  shall  make  city  of  Birmingham  for  internal  improvements, 

quarantine  regulations,  and  shall  cause  every  in-  Authorizing  the  issue  of  $400,000  in  bonds  by  tlio 

coming  vessel  to  be  inspected  by  its  officers,  city  of  Montgomery  for  constructing  water  works. 

The  sum  of  $26,000  was  appropriated  on  condi-  .  ™^l?'j?^  ^A""^^"!.  u^r^^Jllr^iSf^lS^.r 

♦;r.».  ♦!,«*  iu^k;i»  n»..»f»  ilL+-fu«*«  *u«  -^«»«:«  husband  or  widow  or  children,  or  their  descendanta, 

tion  that  Mobile  County  contribute  the  remain-  ^^^  ^^^              ^  or  parents^  his  or  her  property 

der  of  the  total  amount  needed  to  complete  the  ghall  pass  to  both  parents  in  equal  portions,  or  ifonlv 

necessary  buildings,  and  further  undertake  to  one  parent  is  alive,  half  shall  go  to  him  or  her  aiui 

pay  the  cost  of  maintaining  the  station  above  half  to  the  brothers  and  sisters  and  their  descendant; 

the  income  derived  from  quarantine  fees.  provided  that,  if  there  be  no  such  relatives,  the  whole 

The  State  was  red istrictod  for  members  of  both  shall  go  to  the  surviving  parent 

branches  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  the  fol-  ,  Imposing  upon  each  peddlerofclocks  a  State  Ucen*^ 

i^«»;«,»   .,«™  ^»»,»Aoo;^s.^«i  ^;.f..://a  «,«•«  »cf..u  tax  of  $500,  and  a  county  license  t«x  of  $2o0  for  each 

owing  new  congressional  districts  were  estab-  eounty  in  which  such  b^^iness  is  carried  on. 

lished :  First  District,  counties  of  Marengo,  Choc-  To  provide  for  the  teaching  in  the  public  schools  of 

taw,  Clarke,  Monroe,  Washington,  and  Mobile ;  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  special  reference  to  the 

Second  District,  Montgomery,  Pike,  Crenshaw,  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks,  stimulants,  and  narcotics 

Covington,  Butler,  Conecuh,  Escambia,  Baldwin,  upon  the  human  system. 

and   Wilcox;  Third  District,  Lee,  Russell,  Bui-  Extending  Uie  scope  of  the  geological  survey  of  the 

lock,  Barbour,  Dale,  Henry,  Coffee,  and  Geneva;  ^^'        .j     i.     .i.           _^           *    r  ^i.       i.    i 

Fourth  District,  Dalton,  Chilton,  Shelbv,  Talla^  .  ^S*^"!^'^^  •^**'"  ^^®  apportionment  of  the  school 

1          ^*^«''» »*'•',  x^cMvvii,  v>.iiiw.i,  ik^ti^wT,  xoiin^  ^jjjjj  ^  ^lj^  vanous  townships  and  school  distncts  ac- 

dega,   Calhoun,  and  Cleburne ;  Fifth  District,  cording  to  the  entire  numfcr  of  children  of  scliool 

Lowndes,  Autauga,  Tallapoosa,  Elmore,  Macon,  a^e. 

Coosa,  Chambers,  Randolph,  and  Clay ;    Sixth  Increasing  the  amount  of  time  which  the  Governor 

District,  Sumter,   Pickens,  Greene,  T/iscaloosa,  may  deduct  for  good  behavior  from  the  sentence  of 

Lamar,  Fayette,  Marion,  and  Walker :  Seventh  prisoners.                                       .       « ,           , 

District,  De  Kalb,  Marshall,  Etowah,  C:ullman,  St.  To  provide  for  ttie  legal  examination  of  dead  bodies 

Clair,  Wilson,  Cherokee,  and  Franklin;  Eighth  ''^rK'^iJltel'Tf  ^^^^                            ^f  ,i„:.„. 

TM  *_!•  4.    T     1          TUT  J'         T  •        4.         \r  Ao  prohibit  the  payment  or  allowance  oi  claims 

District   Jackson,  Madison  Limestone  Morgan,  ^^^inst  the  estates  of  decedents,  which  have  been 

Lauderdale,  Lawrence,  and  Colbert ;  Ninth  Dis-  barred  by  the  statute  of  limitations  in  tlie  life  of  such 

trict,  Jefferson,  Bibb,  Hale,  Perry,  and  Blount.  decedent 

The  State  Supreme  Court  was  enlarged  from  To  prevent  justices  of  the  peace  and  notaries  public 

four  to  five  members.    The  oflHce  of  Coinmis-  from  sentencing  defendants  to  hard  labor  for  costs, 

sioner  of  Agriculture,  heretofore  filled  by  ap-  To  nunish  persons  who  keep  cock-pits,  or  who  pub- 

pointment  of  the  Governor,  was  declared  elect-  ^^'^oX^^^  lands  bid  in  by  the  State  for  taxes. 

1  onS*"^^  provision  was  made  for  an  election  in  ^o  est5^  the  legal  weights  of  agricultural  prod- 

1892  and  every  second  year  thereafter  to  choose  ucts.                       -o         -©          -o 

an  incumbent     Following  the  precedent  set  by  To  prohibit  pools,  trusts,  or  combines  to  regulate  or 

the  General  Assembly  of  1889^  the  legislators  oontrw  the  prices  or  products,  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 

appropriated   $350,000  annually  for  the  public  chandise,  and  imposing  penalties  for  violations  of  the 

schools  in  1891  and  1892.    A  school  for  deaf,  a<^.  .                           ^     .     ^ 

dumb,  and  blind  children  of   the  negro  race,  _^VY»^»  ^o  every  mechanic,  fii^^ 

««ii«^  f  k«  A  i«u»r»«  c^Ur.^1  #^«  XT««»^  Tk^#  M..4.^i  poration,  or  other  person  who  shall  work  on  or  furnish 

called  the  Alabama  School  for  Ne^ro  Deaf  Mutes  Material,  fixtures,  Engine,  boiler,  or  machinery  for  any 

and  Blind,  was  established  at  lalladega,  on  a  building,  article,  improvement,  or  utility  on  land,  or 

site  given  to  the  State,  and  |12,000  were  appro-  for  altering,  repairinj^.  or  beautifying  the  same,  a  lien 

priated  for  buildings.    The  Ladies*  Memorial  therefor  on  such  building,  article,  imprevement,  or 

Association    of    Montgomery    secured    1 10,000  utility,  and  on  the  lot  ofland  on  which  the  same  ia 

from  the  State  to  aid  in  completing  a  monu-  situated,  and  also  a  lien  for  coste,  including  a  reason- 

ment  to  the  Confederato  soldier,  after  b^ing  re-  ^tsShl^^  a^Spri^^^^^^^^     t^hool  of  industrial 

fused  by  the  preceding  General  Assembly.    An  ^^  ^^  ^^^^^^  for  thelestitute  children  of  Confed- 

appropnation   of   f  12,500  was  granted  for  the  erate  soldiers  and  sailora,  known  as  the  Confederate 

purchase  of  land  and  the  erection  of  buildings  Children's  Industrial  School,  to  be  under  State  con- 

lor  farm  purposes  near  the  Alabama  Insane  Hos-  trol,  but  supported  by  private  funds. 


ALABAMA. 


Providing  that  not  fewer  than  fifty  State  or  oounty 
convicts  shall  be  hired  to  one  person,  or  kept  at  one 
prtaon.eicept  at  the  coal  mines,  where  not  fewer  than 
one  hundred  shall  bo  kept  at  one  prison  and  worked 
at  one  place,  women  being  in  all  cases  separated  from 
men. 

Edneatlon.— For  the  year  endine  Sept.  80, 
ISifO,  the  State  Superintendent  of  Eoucation  re- 
ports the  following  public-school  statistics  for 
ten  of  the  thirteen  separate  school  districts  iu 
the  State,  and  for  the  counties  outside  of  the 
se(iante  districts : 


rrEMs. 


Popfls  ouWIed,  wMte 

Pupils  cBRriled,  eolorad 

Avenge*  tttendaooe,  white 

Avenge  atteiMUDoe,  onlored. 

Namwr  of  irUto  tcbools 

Namber  of  colured  lehooia 

iLaie  tMcbera,  white  schools. 

MAle  teachon,  eulored  schools 

Femsle  tcachen,  white  schools 

Female  teachers,  colored  schools. 

ATenge  mnuthly  pay,  white  teachers. . . 
Average  monthqr  pay,  colored  teachers.. 
Avenge  school  year  in  days 


CcNWtlM. 


180,495 

111,648 

lUd.66l 

60,5U7 

4,184 

8,174 

8,M6 

1,887 

688 
$28  04 
$21  U5 


Oiftricls. 


8,891 
S,4M 

8,799 
l,t44 


The  total  receipts  of  the  State  school  fund 
during  the  year  were  $495,164.84,  from  which 
the  sum  of  $455,658.01  was  apportioned  to  the 
sereral  counties  and  school  districts,  the  remain- 
der being  devoted  to  the  normal  schools  and 
expenses  of  superintendence.  An  enumeration 
of  the  school  population  at  the  beginning  of  the 
school  year  snowed  295,766  white  children  and 
226,925' colored;  total,  522.691.  A  similar  enu- 
meration in  1891  showed  307,653  white  and  239,- 
H93  colored ;  total,  547,546. 

The  numbers  of  pupils  enrolled  at  the  normal 
schools  during  the  year  1889-*90  were  as  follows : 
State  Normal  College,  Florence — normal  depart- 
ment, 231;  training  school,  105.  Livingston 
Xormal  School,  120.  Troy  Normal  College,  282. 
Jacksonville  Normal  School,  183.  Huntsville 
Normal  and  Industrial  School,  258.  Tuskeegee 
Normal  and  Industrial  Institute — normal  depart- 
ment, 447;  training  school,  110.  Montgomery 
Normal  School — normal  deJMurttaient,  371;  pre- 
paratory department.  457. 

World's  Fair  Conveiitioii.— No  appropria- 
tion was  made  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1890- 
*91  to  {secure  a  representation  of  the  State  at  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  1893.  The 
legislators  resentfully  refused  to  take  any  ac- 
tion upon  this  subject  so  long  as  the  Republicans 
ia  Con^^ress  continued  to  press  the  bill  for  the 
regulation  of  congressional  elections.  After 
that  bUl  had  been  defeated  in  Congress,  a  meas- 
ure appropriating  $30,000  for  the  exposition, 
which  was  introduced  and  passed  in  the  Senate, 
was  defeated  in  the  lower  nouse.  Under  these 
circumstances  a  convention  was  called,  under 
private  auspices,  to  meet  in  Montgomery  in  the 
latter  part  of  May,  and  to  provide  means  for  se- 
curing a  fund  for  a  suitable  State  exhibit.  At 
thici  convention  it  was  decide^  to  incorporate  a 
company,  known  as  The  Alabama  World's  Pair 
Association,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $25,000,  which 
(^ald  be  increased  to  $100,000,  and  to  invite  popu- 
lar subscriptions  at  the  rate  of  $1  a  share.  The 
officers  of  this  company  were  authorized  to  ex- 
pend the  money  so  collected  in  procuring  a 
proper  exhibition  of  the  resources  of  the  State  at 


the  exposition.  A  committee  of  women  was 
appointed  and  authorized  to  call  a  convention  of 
women  not  later  than  Dec.  1,  at  which  provision 
should  be  made  to  obtain  an  exhibit  of  the  in- 
dustries of  Alabama  women.  It  was  further 
resolved 

That  this  convention  request  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  of  this  State,  by  and  with  the  approval  of 
tlie  Governor,  to  expend  not  exoeedinff  $10,000  of  the 
fund  in  the  treasury  of  the  State  to  tne  credit  of  the 
Department  of  A^nculture  not  otherwise  appropriated 
in  accordance  with  the  code,  to  illustrate  the  resources 
of  this  State  at  the  Columbian  Expofdtion. 

Besolvedy  further^  That  not  less  than  $50,000  shall 
be  raised  by  private  subscription  or  otherwise  for  the 
same  purpose. 

PolltlCAl. — Although  there  was  no  general 
election  this  year,  the  political  history  of  the 
State  was  not  without  interest.  A  serious  breach 
had  been  made  in  the  Democratic  ranks  as  a  re- 
sult of  the  contest  of  1890.  On  one  side  were 
the  supporters  of  Reuben  F.  Kolb,  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture,  a  leader  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance, 
who  had  lost  the  gubernatorial  nomination  in 
1890  by  only  a  few  votes,  and  who  later  was  de- 
feated as  a  candidate  for  United  States  Senator. 
On  the  other  side  were  the  old  Democratic  lead- 
ers, who  opposed  the  efforts  of  Kolb  to  obtain 
control  of  the  party  by  the  aid  of  the  Farmers' 
Alliance.  The  Democratic  State  Committee  met 
early  in  July  and  appointed  a  committee,  which 
later  in  the  month  issued  an  address  to  the  people 
urging  the  formation  of  local  Democratic  clubs 
and  the  necessity  of  loyal  support  to  the  party. 
Later  in  the  year  spealcers  were  sent  out  to  com- 
bat the  Alliance  doctrines.  The  sub-treasury 
scheme,  advocated  by  the  Alliance,  was  specially 
denounced.  Soon  after  his  inauguration  Gov. 
Jones  ordered  an  investigation  into  the  official 
conduct  of  Commissioner  Kolb.  In  April  he 
received  a  report  from  the  examiner  declaring 
that  the  accounts  of  the  office  were  loosely  kept, 
and  that  evidence  had  been  found  to  show  that 
the  commissioner  and  his  clerks  had  charged  the 
State  for  railroad  fares  when  they  actually  rode 
on  free  passes.  No  action  was  taken  on  this  re- 
port, and  it  seems  not  to  have  injured  the  popu- 
larity of  Kolb  with  the  Alliance.  But  when,  on 
Sept.  1,  his  term  of  office  expired,  he  was  not 
reappointed  by  the  Governor,  who  named  Hec- 
tor D.  Lane  as  his  successor.  Kolb  then  re- 
fused to  vacate  the  office,  claiming  that  the 
General  Assembly  had  deprived  the  Governor  of 
his  appointive  power  over  the  office  by  the  act  of 
this  year  making  it  elective,  and  providing  for 
the  election  of  an  incumbent  at  the  general  elec- 
tion in  1892.  A  suit  against  him  was  at  once 
brought-  by  Lane  in  the  probate  court  of  Mont- 
gomery County,  in  which  the  judge  decided  that 
the  appointment  of  I^ane  was  void.  An  appeal 
was  taken  to  the  State  Supreme  Court,  where  ar- 
guments were  made  on  Sept.  23.  On  Oct.  5  a 
majority  of  the  court  rendered  a  decision  over- 
ruling the  lower  court  and  declaring  the  ap- 
pointment of  Lane  to  be  valid,  on  the  ground 
that  the  act  by  its  terms  did  not  take  enect  till 
the  next  general  election  in  1892,  and  that, 
meanwhile,  the  Governor,  acting  under  the  old 
law,  had  power  to  appoint  a  successor  to  Kolb 
at  the  end  of  his  term.  The  minority  opin- 
ion, signed  by  two  judges,  held  that  the  act  took 
effect  at  once  npon  its  passage,  taking  away  the 


8                                                     ANGLICAN  CHURCHES, 

power  of  appointment  by  the  Governor ;  that  to  them,  and  defines  conditions  on  which  those 

kolb  was  thereby  ousted  from  office  as  soon  as  who  enter  them,  being  not  less  than  thirty  years 

the  act  was  passed,  and  that  a  special  election  of  age,  may  undertake  life-long  engagements  to 

should  have  been  called  to  fill  the  vacancy.    In  their  work,  but  prescribes  against  any  interfer- 

cither  case  the  decision  was  adverse  to  Kolb,  and  ence  with  the  freedom  of  individual  sisters  to 

Commissioner  Lane,  in  accordance  with  the  ma-  dispose  of  their  property  as  they  may  see  fit. 

jority  opinion,  proceeded  to  discharge  the  duties  The  resolutions  concernmg  deaconesses  declare 

of  the  office.  that  "  deaconesses  having,  according  to  the  best 

ANGLICAN  CHURCHES;^  Property  and  authorities,  formed  an  onler  of  ministry  in  the 
ReTenaes  of  the  Church  of  England. — A  early  Church,  and  having  t)roved  their  efficiency 
return  has  been  published  of  the  property  and  in  the  Anglican  Church,  it  is  desirable  to  en- 
revenues  of  the  Cnurch  of  England  as  presented  courage  the  formation  of  deaconesses*  institu- 
to  Parliament  by  the  Ecclesiastical  Commission-  tions  and  the  ^ork  of  deaconesses  in  our  dio- 
ers.  It  shows  that  the  aggregate  annual  income  ceses  and  parishes,"  and  provides  that  deacon- 
of  the  Church  amounts  to  £5,753,557,  of  which  esses  shall  )je  admitted  in  solemn  form  by  the 
£5,469,171  are  derived  from  ancient  endowments,  bishop  with  benediction  by  laying  on  of  hands; 
and  £284,386  from  private  benefactions  since  that  there  shall  be  an  adequate  term  of  prepara- 
1703.  The  lands,  titne  rent-charges,  and  other  tion  and  probation ;  that  thev  may  be  released 
sources  of  income  held  by  the  occupants  of  archi-  from  their  obligations  by  the  bishop  of  the  dio- 
episcopal  and  episcopal  sees  have  produced  a  cese  in  which  they  were  admitted ;  that  license 
gross  total  of  £87,827  from  ancient  endowments  to  serve  in  any  parish  may  be  given  by  the  btsh- 
and  £11,081  from  private  benefactions  since  op  at  the  request  of  the  incumbent  to  any  dea- 
1703.  Cathedral  and  collegiate  churches  are  coness  emploved  therein ;  that  their  dress  should 
credited  with  property  to  tne  yearly  value  of  be  simple  and  distinctive ;  that  they  should  not 
£192,460,  the  whole  of  it  from  ancient  endow-  pass  from  one  diocese  to  another  without  the 
ments.  The  holders  of  ecclesiastical  benefices  written  permission  of  both  bishofK;;  and  that 
receive  from  various  enumerated  sources  a  gross  special  care  should  be  taken  to  provide  for  every 
income  of  £3,941,057  from  ancient  endowments  deaconess  sufficient  time  and  opportunity  for 
and  £272,605  from  private  benefactions  since  the  strengthening  of  her  own  spiritual  life. 
1703.  The  total  gross  Church  income  in  the  Resolutions  were  also  passed  declanng  that  the 
hands  of  the  Ecclesiastical!  Commissioners  is  time  had  come '^  when  the  Church  can  with  ad- 
£1,247,827,  subject  to  deductions  for  outgoings  vantage  avail  herself  of  the  voluntary  self-devo- 
to  an  unstated  amount,  and  subject  furtner  to  tion  of  brotherhoods,  both  clerical  and  lay,  the 
permanent  charges  in  favor  of  bishops,  chapters,  members  of  which  are  willing  to  labor  in  the 
archdeacons,  and  incumbents,  amounting, "  with  service  of  the  Church  without  appealing  for 
other  liabilities,"  to  more  than  £950,000  a  year,  funds  to  any  form  of  public  support.**  The 
Of  this  sum,  £597,000  are  paid  to  incumbents  as  -  house  further  advised  that  a  wide  elasticity  was 
augmentation  grants,  and  the  rest  to  bishops  desirable  in  the  rules  and  systems  of  such  broth- 
chapters,  and  archdeacons.  The  governors  of  erhoods;  that  they  should  work  in  subordination 
Queen  Anne*s  Bounty  hold  a  capital  sum  of  to  the  authority  of  the  bishop  of  the  diocese,  and 
£4,456,124,  the  income  from  which  has  been  in-  should  be  employed  only  under  the  sanction  of 
eluded  in  the  return  of  incomes  received  by  the  the  incumbent  or  curate  in  charge  in  each  par- 
holders  of  ecclesiastical  benefices.  They  also  ish;  that  members  of  them,  after  an  adequate 
hold  certain  lands  in  the  county  of  Lancaster  term  of  probation,  might  undertake  life-long 
producing  a  gross  rental  of  about  £700  a  year,  engagements,  subject  to  release,  for  cause  shown. 
To  these  sums  must  be  added,  as  property  belong-  by  the  bishop ;  and  that  the  statutes  of  the  com- 
ing to  the  Church,  the  archbishops*  and  bishops*  munity  should  be  under  the  sanction  of  the 
residences,  with  a  total  ratable  value  of  £11,151 :  bishop.  The  lower  house  adopted  a  resolution 
the  residence  houses  attached  to  cathedral  and  asking  the  upper  house  to  take  steps  for  ad- 
collegiate  churches,  £18,928;  and  11,667  parson-  lusting  the  differences  between  the  Anglican 
age  houses,  rated  at  £518,054.  Of  the  cost  of  the  bishop  in  Jenisalem  and  the  Church  Missionary 
last,  more  than  two  thirds  may  be  r^;arded  as  Society,  and  for "  strengthening  the  catholic  relA- 
derived  from  private  benefactions  and  from  pay-  tions  of  the  Church  of  England  with  the  ortho- 
ments  made  by  the  clergy  out  of  their  incomes!  dox  churches  of  the  East,  and  rendering  renewed 

ConTOcation  of  Canterbury. — The  Convo-  and  vigorous  support  to  the  mission  among  the 

cation  of  Canterbury  met  for  the  dispatch  of  Mohammedans  of  Palestine.*'     The  differences 

business  at  Westminster,  Feb.  4     The  upper  referred  to  as  existing  at  Jerusalem  grew  out  of 

house  considered  a  draft  of  a  proposed  bill  for  charges  published  by  the  bishop  in  Jerusalem 

the  amendment  of  the  Marriage  Act,  and  sent  it  that  some  of  the  Church  missions  in  Palestine 

to  the  lower  house  and  the  House  of  Laymen,  were  prosecuted  by  methods  at  variance  with  ec- 

The  bill  is  intended  to  meet  the  existing  difficul-  clesiastical  principles  and  usage,  and  likely  to 

ties  in  the  definition  of  the  residence  of  parties  hinder  the  growtn  of  closer  union  between  the 

publishing  banns  of  marriage,  and  in  other  ways  English  ana  Orthodox  Eastern  Churches ;    to 

to  facilitate  marriage.    Under  it  the  clergy  will  which  the  Church  Missionary  Society  replied, 

be  relieved  from  the  duty  of  inquiring  as  to  resi-  affirming  and  maintaining  its  methods, 

donee.    A  form  for  admitting  converts  from  the  The  Houses  of  Convocation  met,  for  the  Fccond 

Church  of  Rome  and  for  restoring  those  who  time  in  the  year,  April  28.    In  the  upper  house 

have  relapsed  was  approved.    A  report  on  sis-  the  resolutions  on  education  adopted  bv  the  lower 

terhoods  and  deaconesses  was  aflopted.    It  rec-  house  in  1890  were  concurred  in.     ^he  lower 

ognizes  their  value  and  importance,  assumes  that  house  resolved  that  if  clause  2  of  the  Church 

the  Church  should  extend  its  care  and  guidance  Discipline  bill  should  be  adopted  unaltered,  Her 


ANGLICAN  CHURCHES.                                                     9 

Majesty  be  prayed  to  grant  Convocation  power  17 ;  in  North  America,  216 ;  in  the  West  Indies, 

to  frame  a  canon  which  should  enable  the  Cnurch  84;  and  in  Europe,  82.    Of  these,  127  were  na- 

authorities  to  deprive  criminous  clerks  of  their  tives  laboring  in  Asia  and  20  in  Africa.    There 

ecclesiastical  preferments.    The  House  of  Lay-  were  also  in  the  various  missions  about  2,800  lay 

men  approved  of  the  Clergy  Discipline  bill,  but  teachers.  2,600  students  in  the  society's  colleges, 

suggested  that  it  be  amend^  so  that  the  sentence  and  38.000  children  in  the  mission  schools  in  Asia 

of  deprivation  should  be  the  act  of  the  Church  and  Africa. 

rather  than  of  the  state ;  discussed  the  subject  The  ninety-second  annual  meeting  of  the 
of  relig-ious  instruction  in  the  schools;  asserted  Church  Missionary  Society  was  held  May  5.  Sir 
the  need  of  better  religious  provision  for  work-  J.  H.  Eennaway,  if.  P.,  presided.  The  total  re- 
houses; and  directed  inquiry  into  the  methods  ceipts  for  the  year,  including  those  for  special 
by  which  Christians  of  all  denominations  may  funds,  had  been  £247,787.  The  expenditures  had 
co-operate  in  that  work,  "so  as  to  bring  the  been  £289.208.  of  which  £15,656  were  covered  by 
whole  power  of  Christianity  to  bear  upon  the  the  Nyanza.  Soudan,  extension,  and  other  special 
social  improvement  of  the  people."  funds  applicable  to  the  society's  general  work. 

Convocation  met  again  June  80.    A  petition  The  report  showed  that  79  missionaries  had  been 

was  presented  and  received  in  the  upper  house  added  to  the  roll,  and  referred,  among  other 

tor  a  committee  to  consider  the  desirability  of  matters,  to  the  Anglo-Oerman  agreement^  which 

altering  the  amended  Act  of  Uniformity  so  as  to  had  definitely  committed  Uganda.  Usoga,  and 

extend  its  provisions  to  the  Sunday  services,  or  other  fields  to  British  infiuence;  to  the  progress 

to  permit  the  same  elasticity  in  ritual  on  Sunday  of  the  Imperial  British  East  Africa  Company  in 

that  is  allowed  other  days  of  the  week.   Thereby  opening  up  the  country ;  to  a  readiness  displayed 

the  requirements  might  be  met  of  parishes  where  by  manj  Mohammedans  to  hear  the  Word  of  (iod 

the  balk  of  the  population  is  estranged  from  the  in  Persia.  Mesopotamia,  and  Palestine,  and  to  the 

Church.    A  motion  according  to  the  terms  of  this  diflBculties  which  had  arisen  in  connection  with 

petition  was  rejected  in  the  lower  house.    The  work  in  Palestine ;  to  the  fact  that  at  the  recent 

resolations  adopted  by  the  lower  house  in  May,  National  Congress  in  India  40  members  were 

1880,  on  the  subject  of  education  were  taken  up.  Christians ;  to  the  plans  for  a  new  mission  in  the ' 

and  such  of  them  as  were  still  timely  were  con-  remote  western  province  of  Sz-chuen,  to  be  be- 

curred  in.     They  welcome  the  code  of  1890  con-  gun  by  a  pioneer  partjr  under  Rev.  J.  H.  Hors- 

sidered  as  a  whole,  particularly  in  view  of  the  rec-  burgh ;  to  the  presence  in  the  new  Japanese  Par- 

ognition  it  gives  to  the  importance  of  children's  liament  of  14  Christians,  and  the  election  of  one 

moral  training  and  discipline,  the  method  of  its  of  them  to  the  presidency  of  the  lower  house, 

distribution  of  parliamentary  grants  to  a  school,  The  complete  report  shows  that  the  society  oc- 

its  provisions  for  improvement  in  the  character  cupied  827  stations — viz.,  44  in  West  Africa,  13 

of  the  instruction  given,  and  the  arrangements  in  eastern  eouatorial  Africa,  1  in  Eg^pt  and 

for  increasing  the  efiiciency  of    small  inland  Arabia,  11  in  Palestine,  2  in  Persia,  109  m  India, 

schools ;  declare  that  the  new  code  must  fail  of  17  in  Ceylon,  8  in  Mauritius,  28  in  China,  11  in 

its  purpose  unless  an  act  is  obtained  to  provide  Japan,  8(5  in  New  Zealand,  48  in  northwest  Amer- 

for  an  enlargement  of  the  lis.  6d.  limit,  and  for  ica.  and  9  in  the  north  Pacific.     It  employed 

the  exemption  of  public  elementary  schools  from  4,858   missionaries,    pastors,  teachers,    etc.,    of 

local  rates;  and  seek  further  information  regard-  whom  655  were  Europeans,  80  Eurasians,  etc., 

ing  the  moral  and  religious  training  of  day  stu-  and  8,678  natives.    The  whole  number  of  native 

dents.    Satisfaction  was  expressed  that  the  bill  Christian  adherents  was  195,468,  of  whom  50i005 

pat  no  new  restriction  on  religious  teaching,  and  were  communicants,  and  10.491  persons  had  been 

aid  not  interfere  with  the  management  of  Church  baptized  during  the  year.    There  were  also  1,720 

schools;  and  the  power  of  the  house  was  piledged  schools,  with  a  total  of  70.811  native  pupils, 

to  secure  adequacy  of  the  grants  given  by  the  Curates'  Angmentation  Fnnd.— According 

Ftate  in  lieu  of  school  fees.    The  report  of  the  to  the  report  made  at  its  annual  meeting.  June 

joint  committee  on  the  Free  Education  bill,  com-  18,  the  receipts  of  this  fund  for  the  year  had  been 

prising  recommendations  concerning  details  rela-  £8,724.  or  nearly  £600  more  than  those  of  the 

live  to  the  Oovemment  allowances  to  schools  and  preceding  year.    The  sum  of  £6,808  had  been 

to  the  payment  of  fees,  was  presented  and  con-  paid  in  advance  to  150  curates,  whose  average 

sidere^    The  bill  was  also  discussed  in  the  lower  service  was  twenty-eight  years  and  whose  average 

house  and  the  House  of  Ijaymen.  stipend  was  £126  a  year.  The  object  of  the  fund 

MfsflloBmry  Societies. — The  one  hundred  was  to  give  to  licensed  curates  who  had  been  in 
and  ninetieth  annual  meeting  of  the  Society  for  active  work  for  upward  of  fifteen  years  grants  of 
the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel  in  Foreign  Parts  £50  in  augmentation  of  their  stipend,  to  be  con- 
was  held  April  80.    The  Archbishop  of  Canter-  tinued  as  long  as  they  remained  curates.    Jhe 
bury  presided.    The  society  had  received  during  number  of  curates  who  had  served  the  Church 
the  year  from  all  sources  £164,882,  or  £26,000  for  that  j)eriod  was  about  1,200.    The  fund  was 
more  than  in  any  previous  year  of  its  history,  unable  with  its  present  grants  to  give  aid  to 
and  by  itscnlargea  means  it  fiad  been  enabled  to  more  than  125.    The  average  stipend  of  curates 
extend  its  operations  very  widely.   The  first  bish-  who  had  been  twenty-five  years  in  holy  orders 
op  had  been  consecrated  for  Chota  Nagpur,  In-  was  £118.    The  report,  asserted  that  this  fund 
dia;  the  mission  in  New  Guinea  had  been  begun;  was  the  only  society  in  England  that  provided  a 
the  Bishop  of  Corea  with  a  staff  of  missionaries  fixed  and  certain   income  for  the  unbeneficed 
had  begun  their  work  in  that  country.   The  num-  clergy,  and  it  was  the  only  one  that  directly 
lier  of  ordained  missionaries,  including  eight  bish-  helped  the  older  curates  and  the  Church  and  of- 
ODS,  on  the  society's  lists  was  660.  viz.,  in  Asia,  fered  a  better  prospect  to  those  entering  the 
«0;  in  Africa,  1^ ;  in  Australia  and  the  Pacific,  ministry. 


10                                                   ANGLICAN  CHURCHES. 

Liberation  Societ  j. — The  annual  meeting  might  compel  her  faithful  members  to  seek  other 

of  the  Society  for  the  Liberation   of  Religion  channels  and  agencies  than  her  own  for  the 

from  State  Patronage  and  Control  was  held  in  preaching  of  the  Gospel  as  a  witness  unto  all 

London,  May  6.    Sir  G.  Trevelyan,  M.  P.,  pre-  nations." 

sided,  and  made  an  address  yindicatin^  the  ne-  The  Church  Union. — The  thirty-second  an- 

cesstty  of  the  society  taking  part  in  political  ac-  nual  meeting  of  the  English  Church  Union  was 

tivity.     He  mentioned  as  the  chief  matter  in  held  in  London,  June  9.    Viscount  Halifax  pre- 

which  the  society  was  now  immediately  inter-  sided,  and  considered  in  his  address  the  likenes^s 

ested  the  contemplated  institution  of  free  edu-  between  the  conditions  under  which  the  union 

cation,  and  he  urged  his  hearers  to  be  watch-  met  now  and  those  under  which  the  leaders  of 

ful  to  secure  a  real  exemption  from  fees  in  all  the  Oxford  movement  took  counsel  just  fifty 

the  grades  of  the  public  scnooU,  and  to  have  the  years  before.     They  welcomed  the  decision  of 

elementary  schools,  in  the  villages  as  well  as  in  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  in  the  case  of  the 

the  ^reat  cities,  placed  under  a  real  and  not  a  Bishop  of  Lincoln,  because,  for  the  first  time 

nommal  popular  control.  since  those  matters  had  been  made  the  subject 

Tlie  Cnnrch  Honse. — ^The  foundation-stone  of  legal  proceedings,  they  had  had  a  judgment 
of  the  Church  House  was  laid  June  24  by  the  which  had  recognized  the  fact  of  the  continuous 
Duke  of  Connau^htf  with  the  assistance  of  the  existence  of  the  Church  of  England.  The  report 
Duke  of  Westminster,  the  Archbishop-desig-  showed  that  4,082  communicants  had  joined  the 
nate  of  York,  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  union  in  1890,  making  the  present  number  of 
the  Bishops  of  London  and  Carlisle.  The  Duke  members  32,975.  Re«>lution8  were  passed  re- 
of  Westmmstar,  in  presenting  the  building,  said  gretting  the  adoption  of  free  education,  **  as  cal- 
that  the  corporation  looked  forward  to  the  time  culated  to  widen  still  further  the  sacr^  tie  be- 
when  it  would  be  regarded  as  a  central  institu-  tween  parent  and  child,  and  to  injure,  if  not  to 
tion  of  supreme  value  to  the  Church  at  home  destroy,  the  position  of  voluntary  schools  " ;  giv- 
and  to  all  English-speaking  churches  through-  ing  to  the  Rev.  J.  Bell  Cox  assurance  of  s^mpa- 
out  the  world.  The  Bishop  of  London  antici-  thy  and  support ;  and  pledging  the  union  to 
pated  that  it  would  become  a  center  of  communi-  work  for  the  repeal  of  the  law  which  compels  the 
cation  between  all  the  different  branches  of  the  clergy  to  allow  the  use  of  their  churches  for  the 
Church ;  and  the  Bishop  of  Carlisle  that  it  would  marnage  of  divorced  persons, 
do  more  than  anything  else  to  bring  together  all  The  Case  of  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln. — The 
the  clergy  and  laity  of  all  sections  of  the  Angli-  court  of  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  gave  its 
can  Church,  including  the  American  Church.  decision,  Jan.  21,  in  the  case  of  the  prosecution 

The  Church  Association.  —  The  twenty-  ap^ainst  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln  for  offenses  in 
sixth  annual  meeting  of  the  Church  Association  ritual.  The  complaints  against  the  defendant 
was  held  in  London,  May  3.  The  report  noticed  included  charges  that  when  celebrating  the  holy 
as  among  the  events  of  the  ^ear  bearing  upon  communion,  on  certain  specified  occasions,  he 
the  objects  of  the  association,  the  faculties  had  allowed  two  lighted  candles  to  stand  upon 
granted  by  the  Chancellors  of  Hereford  and  (or  apparently  upon)  the  communion  table ;  nad 
Gloucester  for  the  removal  of  **  altar"  crosses  and  added  water  to  the  wine  and  administered  it  so 
candlesticks  where  the  clergy  and  parishioners  mixed ;  had  before  the  consecration  prayer  stood 
concurred  in  desiring  it ;  me  confirmation  by  in  what  is  called  the  eastward  position ;  nad  dur- 
the  Chancellor  of  Chichester  of  the  ruling  of  ing  the  consecration  prayer  stood  so  that  certain 
Chancellor  Kempe  that  what  are  called  "  side  "  manual  acts  "  could  not  be  seen :  had  allowed 
altars  "  are  now  illegal  in  the  Church  of  Eng-  the  hymn  "  O  Lamb  of  God  "  to  be  sung  after  the 
land,  and  that  no  faculty  could  lawfully  issue  consecration ;  had  made  the  sign  of  the  cross  at 
for  their  erection ;  the  opinion  given  at  the  re-  the  absolution  and  benediction ;  and  had  taken 
Quest  of  the  Bishop  of  Gloucester  by  Chancellor  part  in  what  is  referred  to  in  the  articles  as  the 
Jeune,  that  a  bishop  had  no  power  to  forbid  "  ceremony  of  ablution  " — which  acts,  it  was  al- 
the  removal  of  the  Lord's  table  at  service  time ;  leged,  were  all  and  each  of  them  contrary  to  the 
the  institution  of  a  second  suit  in  order  to  bring  law.  The  bishop  pleaded  that  the  acts  which 
before  the  House  of  Lords  the  fact  that  idola-  were  done  by  him  or  with  his  sanction  were  not 
trous  worship  had  been  publicly  paid  before  the  any  of  them  illegal ;  that  he  had  no  wish  or  in- 
graven  images  set  up  at  St.  Pauls;  and  the  prose-  tention  to  prevent  the  communicants  present 
cution  of  the  Bishop  of  Lincoln.  But  notwith-  from  seeing  him  break  the  bread  and  take  the 
standing  certain  admissions,  the  judgment  of  cup  into  his  hands. 

the  archbishop's  court  in  this  case,  as  a  whole,  Concerning  the  charge  of  mixing  water  with 

seemed  so  utterly  at  variance  with  the  decisions  the  wine,  the  court  decided  that  mixing  in  and 

of  the  Privy  Council  in  previous  suits  that  an  as  part  of  the  service  is  against  the  law  of  the 

appeal  was  at  once  seen  to  be  inevitable.     A  Church,  but  found  no  g7t)und  for  pronouncing 

resolution  was  passed  deploring  **  the  episcopal  the  use  of  a  cup  mixed  beforehand  to  be  an  ec- 

pressure  put  upon  Englisn  missionaries  labonng  clesiasticai  offense.    To  the  charge  of  ablution, 

m  foreign  lands  to  prevent    their  witnessing  the  bishop  had  answered  that,  in  the  disposition 

against  the  departures  from  the  faith  by  the  of  the  elements  which  he  had  made  after  admin- 

Easteni  and  other  churches  which  are  recognized  istering  them  to  the  communicants,  "the  re- 

as  corruptives  in  the  XlXth  of  the  XXXIX  Arti-  mains  of  that  which  was  consecrated  were  com- 

cles  of  keligion  to  which  all  missionaries  have  pletely  and  reverently  eaten  and  drunken  in  ac- 

solemnly  subscribed,"  and  urging  the  commit-  cordaiice  with  the  rubric  '*    The  court  was  not 

tees  of  all  evangelical   missionary  societies  in  able  to  hold  that  any  minister  who,  after  the 

connection  with  the  Church  of  England  "strenu-  service  was  ended  and  the  benediction  given,  in 

ously  to  resist  every  kind  of  interference  which  order  that  no  part  of  the  consecrated  elements 


ANGLICAN  CHURCHES.                                                  11 

should  be  carried  out  of  the  church,  cleansed  that  not  all  that  is  lawful  is  expedient,  that  the 
the  vessels  of  all  remnants  in  a  reverent  wa^  with-  feeling  of  the  fiock  of  Christ  is  tne  substance  and 
out  ceremony  or  prayers  before  finally  leaving  the  evidence  of  expediency,  and,  according  to  St. 
holy  table,  would  have  subjected  himself  to  penal  Paul's  example,  to  limit  choice  by  expediency, 
consequences  by  so  doing.  In  this  case  it  would  and  to  abstain  not  only  from  the  parade  of  their 
have  been  illegal  to  vary  the  service  by  mak-  convictions,  but  "from  the  verj' use  of  them  when 
ing  the  "ceremony  of  ablution  **  charged  in  the  surrounded  by  eyes  that  would  be  pained  and 
articles,  or  the  like,  appear  to  be  part  of  it.  but  spirits  that  would  suffer  at  sight  of  what  seemed 
the  evidence  did  not  show  that  this  was  done,  their  dangerous  advance.'*  lie  had  no  fear  that 
The  charge  of  standing  in  the  eastward  posi-  men  were  in  danger  of  being  led  to  the  Church 
tion  in  the  first  part  of  the  communion  service  of  Rome.  Each  of  the  conclusions  of  the  court, 
was  dismissed,  on  grounds  developed  in  review-  the  archbishop  added,  relies  on  the  whole  chain 
ing  the  legislation  on  the  subject.  Respecting  of  the  historv  of  each  observance,  and  the  dogma 
the  charge  of  standing  with  his  back  to  tne  peo-  that  the  English  Church  is  a  true,  faithful  branch 
pie  while  breaking  the  bread  for  the  commun-  of  the  Church  Catholic.  The  conclusions  reached 
I'm,  the  court  decided  that  'Mn  the  mind  of  a  were  "simply  the  decision  that  such  or  such  an 
minister  there  ought  to  be  a  wish  and  intention  act  is  or  is  not,  expressly  or  by  implication,  for- 
to  do  what  has  to  be  done,  not  merely  no  wish  bidden  by  the  law  of  our  Church,  or  is  or  is  not, 
or  inteution  not  to  do  it ;  that  in  this  case  he  in  immediate  or  ultimate  consequence,  actually 
must  not  hide  the  acts  by  doing  what  must  hide  penal  by  the  law  as  it  now  stands.  It  is  evident 
them;  that  he  must  not  be  so  indifferent  as  to  that  decisions  of  this  character  are  far  from  throw- 
what  the  result  of  what  he  does  may  be  as  to  do  ing  the  weight  of  the  court's  authority  upon  the 
that  which  is  certain  to  make  them  invisible."  sideof  any  act  which  it  does  not  find  to  be  illegal." 
The  court  ruled,  therefore,  that  the  bishop  had  The  case  was  carried  by  the  promoters  of  the 
mistaken  the  true  interpretation  of  the  oraer  of  suit  on  appeal  to  the  judicial  committee  of  the 
the  holy  communion  in  this  particular,  and  that  Privy  Council,  and  came  up  in  that  court  June 
the  manual  acts  must  be  performed  in  such  10.  The  appellants  sought  the  reversal  of  such 
wu«  as  to  be  visible  to  the  communicants  prop-  parts  of  the  judgment  of  the  archbishop's  court 
eriy  placed.  The  singing  of  the  anthem  "  O  as  were  in  favor  of  the  bishop,  and  the  pronounc- 
Lainb  of  God  "  was  held  to  be  on  a  par  with  the  ing  of  such  sentence  of  monition  against  the 
siQcnng  of  any  other  hymn  that  might  be  selected  bishop  as  the  ecclesiastical  law  provided,  and 
and  allowed  at  that  part  of  the  service,  and  they  also  applied  for  an  order  as  to  costs.  They 
therefore  not  to  be  an  illegal  addition  to  it.  As  contended  that  the  offenses  alleged  against  the 
to  the  use  of  lighted  candles,  the  court  did  not  bishop  were  contrary  to  the  acts  of  uniformity 
find  sufficient  warrant  for  declaring  that  the  law  and  the  laws  ecclesiastical,  and  infringed  the 
is  broken  when  they  are  standing  on  the  holy  statutes  of  Edward  VI,  etc.,  still  unrepealed,  be- 
table  continuously  through  the  service,  "  noth-  sides  having  been  held  to  be  illegal  by  the  judi- 
in;:  having  been  performed  or  done  which  comes  cial  committees  in  the  cases  of  "  Westcrton  vs. 
under  the  definition  of  a  ceremony  by  the  pres-  Liddell,"  "  Martin  vs.  Maekonochie,"  **  Hibbert 
ence  of  two  still  lights  alight  before  it  begins  t«.  Purchas,"  "Clifton  vs.  Ridsdale," and  others; 
and  after  it  ends."  Finally,  the  court  found  and  they  asserted,  on  the  authority  of  those 
that  there  was  no  justification  either  in  direction  judgments,  that  the  mixing  of  water  with  the 
or  usage  for  making  the  sign  of  the  cross  in  giv-  sacramental  wine  and  the  administration  of  the 
ing  the  final  benediction ;  that  the  action  was  a  mixed  chalice,  the  ceremony  of  ablution,  the  east- 
distinct  ceremony,  not  "retained,"  since  it  had  ward  position,  the  singing  of  the  "Agnus  Dei," 
not  previously  existed ;  and  that  therefore  it  was  and  the  burning  of  candles  on  the  communion 
a  ceremony  addition^  to  the  ceremonies  of  the  table  when  not  required  for  light  were  illegal,  and 
Church  "according  to  the  usage  of  the  Church  had,  as  such,  been  condemned,  and  that  in  these 
of  England."  "  This  ceremony,"  the  court  de-  respects  the  archbishop's  judgment  was  erro- 
cUred,  "is  also  an  innovation  which  must  be  neons. 

discontinued."  In  some  observations  on  the  case  The  St.  Paul's  Reredos. — In  the  case  of  the 
after  the  conclusion  of  the  judgment,  the  court  Queen  vs.  the  Bishop  of  London,  in  the  Queen's 
said  that  it  had  not  only  felt  deeply  the  incon-  Bench  Division,  a  mandamus  was  applied  for  to 
gniity  of  minute  questionings  and  disputations  command  the  Bishop  of  London  to  allow  a  see- 
on  grtttt  and  sacred  subjects,  but  desired  to  ex-  ond  representation  to  be  prosecuted,  under  the 
press  its  sense  that  time  and  attention  were  di-  Public  Worship  Regitlation  Act  of  1874,  against 
verted  thereby  from  the  Church's  real  contest  the  reredos  in  St.  Paul's,  while  an  application 
with  evil  and  building  up  of  good  both  by  those  was  already  pending  on  appeal  before  the  House 
who  gave  and  by  those  who  took  offense  unad-  of  Lords.  The  two  complaints  or  representations 
vbedly  in  such  matters.  were  different,  in  that  in  the  first  one  it  was  al- 
The  archbishop  afterward,  Dec.  6,  addressed  a  leged  that  the  "sculptured  images  "  in  the  rere- 
letter  to  the  archdeacons  and  rural  deans  of  the  dos  tended  to  encourage  superstitious  reverence, 
province,  explaining,  according  to  the  wishes  of  and  in  the  second  ojie  it  was  alleged  that  they 
certain  of  the  clergy,  the  bearing  of  the  decision  had  in  fact  encouraged  and  led  to  such  super- 
Qpon  their  own  services.  He  asked  them,  first,  to  stitious  reverence,  and  that  acts  of  superstitious 
consider  the  disproportion  between  those  points  of  reverence  had,  in  many  instances,  been  actually 
ritual  which  had  been  contested  and  the  grand  committed.  The  judgment  of  the  court,  which 
characteristics  in  which  all  agree  of  the  English  was  given  Nov.  14, 1890,  turned  upon  the  ques- 
eocharistic  service ;  to  consider  the  vital  impor-  tion  whether  the  two  representations  were  or 
tanoe  of  peace,  charity,  and  unity;  and  to  consider  were  not  substantially  identical.  On  this  the 
therulingprincipleof  St.  Paul's  life  and  counsel,  judges  were  divided,  and  the  application  for  a 


12           ANGLICAN  CHURCHES.  ARCHEOLOGY.    (American.) 

mandamus  therefore  failing,  the  practical  result  ure,  and  the  Church's  Gains  thereby  in  the  Con- 
was  favorable  to  the  bishop.  The  case  was  car-  firmation  of  her  Witness,"  Prof.  J.  J.  Lias ; 
ried  up  to  the  Court  of  Appeal,  where  a  decision  *•  Juster  Statement  of  Truth,"  Rev.  Prof.  Ryle ; 
was  given,  Dec.  2,  against  the  applicants  for  a  "  Confronting  New  Problems,"  Archdeacon  \Vil- 
mandamus  and  in  favor  of  the  oishop.  Lord-  son;  and  "The  Historical  Accuracy  of  the 
Justice  Esher  defined  the  question  in  tne  case  to  Bible/*  Theo.  G.  Pinches ;  "  Foreign  Missions  : 
be  whether  the  judgment  in  the  former  case.  Qualification  of  Missionary  Agents,  and  the  Best 
which  had  been  carried  to  the  House  of  Lords,  Means  of  obtaining  them/  Mr.  Athelston  Riley ; 
governed  the  present  The  allegations  in  that  "  Reflex  Benefits  on  the  Church  at  Home,"  Bisliop 
case,  it  was  true,  were  different,  but  the  reasons  Blythe,  of  Jerusalem ;  and  "  The  Society  System 
of  the  judgment  governed  the  present.  It  had  and  its  Improvement,"  Rev.  W.  R.  Churton ; 
been  decided  that  to  obtain  a  mandamus  to  the  *'  Church  Education :  its  Present  State,  and  how 
bishop  it  must  be  shown  that  he  had  declined  to  improve  it  in  Universities  and  Public  Schools," 

i'urisaiction  or  had  acted  in  excess  of  it.    This  Rev.  J.  H.  Maude,  of  Hartford  College,  Oxfoni, 
tad  not  been  shown  in  the  present  case.    The  and  Prof.  Rendall,  of  University  College,  Liver- 
other  judges,  Lord-Justice  Lopes  and  Lord-Jus-  pool ;    **  Intermediate  and  Grammar  Schools,** 
tice  Kay,  concurred  in  this  opinion,  holding  that  Archdeacon  Edmonds,  of  St.  David*s  College, 
the  question  here  was  whether  the  bishop  had  and  Principal  Gent,  of  St.  Mark's  College ;  "Ele- 
honestly  and  fairly  considered  all  the  matters  in  mentary  Schools"  and  "Church  Training  Col- 
the  case.    It  appeared  to  him  that  the  bishop  leges.  Residential  and  Day,**  Principal  Reichcl,  of 
had  attended  to  all  the  circumstances,  to  every-  the  University  College  of  North  Wales.     Papers 
thing  he  ought  to  consider.    The  case  was  car-  on  church  music,  English  and  Welsh,  were  read, 
ried  upon  appeal  to  the  House  of  Lords,  where,  with  illustrative  examples,  by  the  Rev.  Owen 
involvmg  substantially  the  same  points,  it  was  Jones,  the  Rev.  C.  R.  Stewart,  and  Mr.  E.  Grif- 
ar^ued  together  with  the  original  appeal  referred  fith.  The  subject  of  "  The  Divine  Personalitv,and 
to  in  the  proceedings  related  above.    A  decision  the  Bearing  of  the  Same  on  the  Individual  Life." 
was  given  by  the  Lord  Chancellor  representing  was  discussed  by  the  Rev.  J.  H.  Bernard.  Canon 
this  tribunal.  Lord  Bramwell  and  Lord  lierscheli  Moberly,  and  Sir  George  Stokes.    On  the  last 
concurring,  July  20,  affirming  the  decision  of  the  day's  sessions  of  the  Congress  the  subject  of 
Court  of  Appeal  in  favor  of  the  Bishop  of  Lon-  "  Aids  to  the  Life  of  Godliness,  their  Place  and 
don,  and  dismissing  the  appeal,  with  costs.    The  Use,"    was  discussed  under  the   headings  of 
decision  does  not  touch  the  merits  of  the  reredos,  "  Prayer,"  bv  Archdeacon  Howell ;  **  Meditation,'* 
but  simply  affirms  the  discretion  of  the  bishop  by  the  Re  v.  Principal  Chavasse;"  Fasting,"  bv  the 
and  sustains  the  use  he  made  of  it.  iCev.  W.  Lock ;  *' Almsgiving,*'  by  Mr.  T.  LI.  Mur- 
The  Church  Cougress.— The  Church  Con-  ray;  and  "  Holy  Communion,"  by  the  Rev.  C.  J. 
gress  met  at  Rhyl,  Wales,  Oct.  5,  under  the  presi-  Ridgeway.    The  second  subject  was  the  "  Paro- 
dency  of  the  Bishop  of  St  Asaph's.    Discussions  chial  System,"  under  three  headings:  "  Deficien- 
opposing  the  movement  for  the  disestablish-  cies,  and  how  to  meet  them,"  by  tne  Rev.  Cecil 
ment  of  the  Church  in  Wales  were  a  prominent  Hook ;  "Its  Relation  to  the  Diocese,"  by  the  Dean 
feature  in  the  proceedings.    The  address  of  the  of  Manchester;  and  '*Its  Relation  to  Church 
presiding  bishop  was  largely  devoted  to  this  Societies,"  by  the  Rev.  the  Hon.  C.  J.  Littleton, 
subject.    He  had  questioned  statements  by  Mr.  ARCHEOLOGY.    American.    Who  were 
Gladstone  that  the  Church  in  Wales  was  the  the  Mound  -  Builders  i — The  thesis  that  the 
Church  of  the  few  and  the  rich,  and  the  non-  mound-builders  were  Indians  is  sustained  by  Mr. 
conformists  were  not  contented,  and  had  received  Gerard  Fowke,  who  argues  that  the  civilization 
a  reply  from  that  gentleman  corroborating  his  attributed  to  them  is  exaggerated,  and  that  they 
assertions.    The  Archbishop  of  Canterbury  un-  had  few,  if  any,  resources  not  possessed  by  moil- 
dertook  to  show  that  the  Cnurch  in  Wales  was  em  Indians,  aiid  were  really  no  further  advanced 
not  an  alien  body  forced  upon  the  people  by  a  than  the  most  intelligent  of  the  trib^ ;  and,  on 
conauering  nation,  but  was  a  lineal  descendant  the  other  hand,  that  many  of  the  Indian  tribes 
of  the  Church  originally  established  in  Wales,  were  settled  and  organizea  agricultural  peoples, 
The  first  two  topics  of  the  stated  discussion  also  living  in  similar  conditions  to  those  which  it 
bore  on  the  same  subjects     They  were:  "Church  is  assumed  must  have  surrounded  the  mound- 
Revival  in  Wales:  its  Rise,  Progress, and  Future  builders.    The  author  also  cites  traditions  ex- 
Prospects."  discussed  by  Canon  Be  van,  the  Dean  isting  among  the  Indians  of  tribes  who  built 
of  St.  Asaph's,  Sir  Robert  Cunliffe,  and  the  Bish-  mounds.     His  views  were  controverted  in   the 
ops  of  Chester,  Ripon,  Llandaff,  and  Bedford,  *  American  Antiquarian,"  which,  while  it  admit- 
and  "  The  Church  in  Relation  to  Nonconformists :  ted  that  the  Indians  built  mounds,  held  that  there 
the  Points  of  Agreement  and  Difference,  and  the  were  other  and  more  extensive  mound-builders 
Possibilities  of  Co-oporation, "   by  the  Rev.  H.  before  them.    Dr.  Cyrus  Thomas  has  shown,  from 
A.  James,  Earl   Nelson,   the   Rev.  J.  Morgan,  surveys  of  the  circular,  souare,  and  octn^nal 
Mr.  G.  Harwood,  and  the  Archbishop  of  York,  earthworks  of  Ohio,  that  the  geometrical  accu- 
The  other  subjects  considered  in  the  Congress,  racy  of  those  structures  has  been  exaggerated, 
with  the  persons  who  made  the  opening  addresses  While  some  of  the  square  and  circular  works 
upon  them,  were :  "  The  Work  of  the  Church  in  closely  approximate  regularity,  none  of  them  are 
the    Poorest  Quarters  of  our  Cities,"   by  the  perfect,  and  the  octagons  are  less  regular.    There 
Bishop  of  Bedford;  "In  Industrial  and  Mining  is  nothing  in  them  or  connected  with  them  con- 
Districts,"  the  Bishop  of  Wakefield  ;  "Arid  how  tradictory  to  the  theory  of  their  Indian  origin, 
to  extend  her  Work  in  Connection  with  i^tate  except  that  a  few  of  them  nearly  approached  true 
Agencies   and   Voluntary    Organizations,"    the  geometrical  figures.    It  is  admitted  that  Indians 
Rev.  A.  H.  Bayne ;  "  Criticism  of  Holy  Script-  can  lay  out  true  circles  of  moderate  size,  and 


ARCH-aSOLOGY.    (American.)  13 

that  they  are  less  able  now  to  perforin  many  discerned,  the  style  of  which  suggests  Mexican 

things  which  necessity  formerly  compelled  them  and  Central  American  work.    One  of  them,  from 

to  practice.  the  MacMahon  mound,  Sevierville,  represents 

The  Bains  of  Fort  Anelent. — A  description  two  human  figures  in  combat,  and  is  regarded  as 
of  Fort  Ancient,  on  the  Little  Miami  river,  the  highest  example  of  aboriginal  art  ever  found 
in  Warren  County,  Ohio,  which  is  asserted  to  north  of  Mexico.  A  unique  stone  in  the  coliec- 
be  the  greatest  of  all  prehistoric  earthworks  in  tion  of  the  Tennessee  Historical  Society  has  en-  ^ 
the  Mississippi  valley,  has  been  published  by  graved  upon  it  the  representation  of  a  group' 
Mr.  Warren  K.  Moorehead,  based  upon  surveys  of  mouna-builders,  with  their  banners,  weapons, 
made  by  himself  with  Mr.  Gerard  Fowke  and  costumes,  and  manner  of  dressing  the  hair  fully 
Mr.  Clinton  Cowen.  The  fort  is  situated  on  a  shown.  The  relics  afford  evidence  of  a  trade  that 
plateau  close  to  the  river  bank,  at  a  height  of  was  perhaps  coextensive  with  the  continent. 
269  feet  above  low  water  and  about  900  feet  The  author's  study  of  the  ancient  houses  sug- 
above  the  level  of  the  sea.  Its  irregular  contour  gests  comparison  with  those  of  the  Mandans. 
is  18,712  feet  in  length,  but  a  diameter  drawn  PalflBOlithic  Implements  in  America. — In 
from  north  to  south  is  onlv  4,993  feet  long.  The  Prof.  Otis  T.  Mason's  survey  of  the  archsrol- 
structure  consists  of  two  large  inclosures,  called  ogy  of  the  Potomac  region,  stone  implements 
the  old  and  new  forts,  connected  by  a  narrow  are  represented  as  found  in  profusion  in  the 
passageway,  at  the  southern  end  of  which,  where  fresh- water  portion  of  the  lower  Chesapeake 
It  is  narrowest,  is  the  "  Great  Gateway."  Oppo-  drainage.  But  while  polished  axes  are  found 
site  this,  at  about  one  third  the  length  of  the  here  and  there,  the  polished  implement  is  the 
passage,  is  the  "  Crescent  Gateway."  The  space  exception,  not  the  rule,  especially  on  the  higher 
Detween  these  gateways  is  called  the  "Middle  ground.  The  chipped  implements  have  also  a 
Fort,*'  and  appears  to  have  been  the  strongest  ruder  appearance  than  those  from  regions  where 
part  of  the  work.  Manv  graves,  skeletons,  and  finer  varieties  of  stones  are  accessible.  Mr. 
remains  of  human  work  were  found  in  and  Thomas  Wilson  has  found  evidence  of  two  pe- 
around  the  fortifications,  and  evidences  of  an  riods  of  occupation  of  the  region — the  one  palte- 
ancient  village  site  in  the  vallev.  The  whole  olithic  and  ancient,  the  other  neolithic  and  mod- 
convinces  the  author  that  the  work  was  built  for  ern.  The  camp  sites  along  the  water  courses 
defense,  and  that  it  was  a  rallying  point  for  a  vield  many  chipped  arrow  heads,  spear  heads, 
large  population  inhabiting  a  district  of  consid-  knives,  polished  implements,  soaustone  vessels, 
eiable  extent,  and  was  often  the  scene  or  witness  and  pottery :  while  the  hills  back  irom  the  river, 
of  fierce  battles.  A  high  opinion  is  expressed  of  wanting  in  these,  furnish  coarser,  flaked  arte- 
the  ability  of  the  constmctors^of  their  patience  facta,  mixed  with  broken  implements  and  spalls, 
in  carrying,  with  their  imperfect  machinery,  so  Mr.  Wilson  describes  the  palseolitliic  instruments 
large  a  work  to  completion ;  of  their  judgment  of  the  District  of  Columbia  and  the  United 
in  selecting  the  site,  "  the  best  for  the  purpose  States  generally  as  always  chipped,  never  pol- 
vhich  the  Ohio  valley  offers " ;  of  the  skill  with  ished,  almond-shaped,  oval,  or  sometimes  ap- 
which  the  walls  are'carried  around  the  entire  proaching  a  circle;  having  their  cutting  edges 
inclosure;  of  the  care  with  which  weak  and  ex-  at  or  toward  the  smaller  end,  while  neolithic 
posed  points  were  strengthened;  and  of  other  stones  have  them  toward  the  broad  end:  as  fre- 
teatures  of  tb-jir  engineering.  Their  skulls  also  quently  made  of  pebbles  with  the  original  sur- 
indicate  the  possession  of  a  higher  intelligence  lace  sometimes  un worked  in  places;  and  as  ex- 
than  the  majority  of  the  tribes  whom  the  settlers  ceedingly  thick  when  compared  with  their  width, 
of  western  Ohio'  found  there.  Mr.  Moorehead  Thejfewere  usually  made  of  quartz,  quartzite,  or 
belieres  that  they  were  Mandans.  The  site  of  argillite,  while  the  neolithic  man  used  any  ma- 
Fort  Ancient  hais  been  bought  by  the  State  of  terial  that  could  be  ground  to  a  smooth  surface. 
Ohio,  and  will  be  preserved  as  a  public  park.  They  are  not  known  to  have  been  used  by  the 

The  Monnds  of  Tennessee.  —  The  name  American  Indians,  who  when  found  by  Euro- 
'' stone-grave  men"  is  applied  by  Mr.  John  P.  peans  were  in  the  neolithic  stage.  Not  one  of 
Thruston,  of  the  Tennessee  Historical  Society,  the  Indian  monuments  that  have  been  explored 
to  a  race  whose  dead  were  placed  in  box-shaped  has  yielded  palaeolithic  implements.  The  articles 
graves  made  of  stnne  slabs,  often  constructed  with  found  in  the  District  of  Columbia  are  of  the  same 
much  care.  A  hundred  or  more  of  these  graves  type  as  palapolithic  implements  found  in  the 
are  occasionally  found,  arranged  in  tiers  or  layers,  Trenton  gravels  at  Little  Falls,  Minn.,  in  Jack- 
in  a  single  burial  mound,  with  utensils  and  treas-  son  County,  Ind.,  at  Claymont,  Del.,  and  at  Love- 
ures  deposited  in  them  which  tell  much  of  the  land,  Ohio ;  and  all  together  contribute  to  prove 
conditions  of  their  domestic  life.  The  remains  that  a  palieolithic  period  existed  in  the  United 
of  forts,  villages,  and  settlements  of  the  same  States. 

people  have  b^n  discovered  in  considerable  num-        Man  in  the  Glacial  Age. — Some  important 

wrs.  The  inscribed  stones,  idols,  images,  totems,  facts  are  adduced  by  Prof.  G.  Frederick  Wright 

potteries,  pipes — of  chipped  stone,  smooth  stone,  as  having  come  to  light  during  the  past  two  years 

copper,  bone,  and  shell — betoken  an  artistic  taste  bearing  upon  the  connection  of  man  with  the  ice 

and  technical  skill  beyond  those  of  our  Indians  age  in  North  America.    One  of  these  is  the  dis- 

and  of  the  monnd-buUders  of  the  States  farther  covery  of  the  clay  image  that  was  found  in  a 

north,  and  are  .more  on  the  level  of  the  best  New  well  at  Nam  pa,  Idaho,  described  in  the  "Annual 

Mexican  work.    Some  finely  finished  large  fiints.  Cyclopaedia"  (1889.  page  18).     Another  is  the 

dfsignated  as  scepters,  and  ceremonial  imple-  finding,  by  W.  C.  Mills,  of  a  flint  implement  of 

ments  are  remarkable.    The  most  remarkable  ar-  paleolithic  type  in  the  gravels  of  the  Tusca- 

ticlei*.  however,  are  shell  gorgets,  carved  with  in-  rawas  river  at  Ncwcomerstown,  Ohio,  fifteen  feet 

tricate  figures  in  which  the  numan  form  may  be  below  the  surface  of  the  glacial  terrace  border- 


14 


AHCH^OLOGT.    (Ahsucan.) 


tng  the  valley  at  that  place.  The  implement  ha« 
iipoD  it  the  puIiDB  chamcl^ristic  of  the  genuine 
fiint  implements  of  great  sge  in  the  vallev  of  the 
Somme,  and  is  reco^ized  as  having  all  the  feat- 
ures of  a  true  palieolith.  It  is  repre^nt«d  id  the 
engraving  (one  fourth  the  real  diameter)  by  the 


side  (if  a  paleeolith  from  the  vfilley  of  the  Somme, 
of  which  it  iii  an  exact  counterpart.  The  third 
fact  is  the  discovery,  by  0.  WeTftmahan  and 
J.  H.  Neal,  respeciively — one  a  surveyor,  the 
other  a  mining  superintendent — ot  two  morlani 
of  ?tnne  in  the  undisturlied  gravel  under  the  lava 
uf  Table  mountain,  Cal..  the  same  formation  in 
which  the  Calaveras  skull  was  found.  The  mor- 
tar found  by  Mr.  McTamalian  nas  about  one 
hundred  feet  below  the  surface.  Other  obiecls 
of  human  manufacture  were  found  by  Mr.  Neal 
in  the  same  gravel,  and  a  pestle  by  Clarence 
King  about  twenty  yenra  aeo. 

Ancient  Xintng  Works.— Writing  of  the 
antiquity  of  the  aboriginal  mining  works  in 
Nc)rth  America,  Prof.  John  S.  Ncwl>erry  says 
that  the  ancient  copper  mines  on  Liakc  Supe- 
rior were  abandoneH  not  less  than  four  hun- 
dred years  ago,  for  the  heaps  of  rubl>ish  around 
the  pits  wore  covered  with  forest  trees  of  the 
largest  size.    The  old  ivipper  mines  of  North 


Carolina,  and  the  quarnes  of  serpentin 


1  the 


AUeghanies,  show  like  evidence  of  antiquity. 
Pits  olMerved  in  the  ground  around  Titusville. 
Pa.,  proved  to  be  relies  of  the  excavations  of 
primeval  oil  gatherers,  and  in  one  of  them  an 
old  well  was  hiund  which  had  been  cribbed  up 
with  timber,  and  contained  a  ladder  like  those 
which  have  been  found  in  tbe 
old  copper  mines  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, Traces  ol  a  Minilsr 
well  have  Ijeen  observed  at  Kn- 
niskillen,  Canada,  and  depres- 
sions in  the  surface  like  those 
on  Oil  Creek  have  been  noticed 
at  Mecca  and  Grafton,  Ohio. 
Uuins  of  sn  ancient  lead  mine 
exist  on  the  Morgan  farm,  near 
Lexington,  Ky.,  in  the  form, 
where  they  have  not  been  dis- 
turtied,  of  an  open  cut  from 
t)  to  10  feet  wide,  of  unknown 
depth,  now  nearly  filled  with 
rubbish.  On  either  side  of  thi!: 
trench  the  material  thrown  otit 
forms  ridges  several  feet  in 
height,  and  these  are  over- 
grown with  large  trees. 

A  CnrloDB  Earthwork. — 
An  earthwork  at  Foster's  Sta- 
tion, on  the  Little  Miami  river. 
described  by  Prof,  P.  W.  Put- 
nam, is  remarkable  for  a  ridge, 
more  than  half  a  mile  long, 
from  go  to  50  feet  wide,  and 
from  8  to  10  feet  deep,  of  well- 
tiurned  clay,  and  including 
ruGBses  of  burned  liinestoniN 
(linkers,  charred  logs,  am) 
heaps  of  ashes  of  from  1  to  4() 
bushels.  To  have  burned  all 
this  clay  must  have  required  a 
heat  like  that  of  a  Bessemer 
furnace.  The  rim  of  burned 
stuff  is  backed  by  an  escarp- 
ment of  well-laid  stone  wall, 
which  prnbubly  once  extended 
down  to  the  water. 

Hoandx  In  Dakota.— Thir- 
Iv-nine  mounds  in  North 
Dakota,  examined  by  Henry 
Montgomery. '  consist  of  1  beacon  mound,  80 
burial  mounds,  and  2  mounds  designated  as  art  i- 
flcial.  The  burial  monnds  were  of  two  kinds: 
The  ordinary,  consisting  of  a  circular,  roundeil, 
or  conical  heap  of  earth,  clothed  with  grass,  and 
rising  generally  to  a  height  of  several  feet  above 
the  surrounding  level  and  containing  one  or 
more  vaults  symmetrically  disposed.  The  skele- 
ton was  generally  found  in  a  crouching  posture, 
with  its  oack  against  the  wall  and  face  toward 
the  center.  Charred  poles  were  encountered  in 
digging  for  the  vaults.  The  second  kind  had  no 
wood  and  no  burial  chamliers,  and  the  bones  in 
them  were  broken  and  scattered.  A  third  kind 
of  mound,  hardly  distinct  enough  for  separiite 
classification,  contained  a  layer  of  clay  that 
seemed  to  overlie  many  human  skeletons. 

Mftnnds  In  Manitoba.  —  The  Winnipeg 
mound  region.  Mauitolia,  includes  a  district 
400  miles  long  from  east  to  west,  and  running 
from  the  international  boundary  north  to  at 
least  latitude  50°.    About  60  ot  the  mounds 


ABCH^OLOGT.    (Bhol*sd.) 


16 


h»ye  been  senn  ftnd  10  opened  by  Prot.  Qeorge  gion  of  the  forum  were  a  basilica,  a  hall  280 
B^les,  o{  Manitoba  College.  Numerous  skele-  feet  long,  having  an  ap»e  at  one  end  and  an  ai^te 
ions  were  exhumed,  with  large  quantities  of  clearly  marked  by  the  site  ol  nillitrs;  three  great 
charcoal,  red  and  jellow  ocbre.  and  birch-bark  chambers  on  tlie  yieet  side  of  it ;  on  the  east  side 
charcoal  1  and  of  manufactured  articles,  stone  the  forum  wlthits  publicoffice:  andon  the  south 
implements,  scrapers,  gouges,  chisels,  azea,  mauls,  and  the  noilh  rows  of  shops.  A  perfect  ground 
conjurer's  tubts,  gaming  stones;  breast  orna-  planof  a vjllawaslaid  lure.  Itembraced  aclois- 
mpnts,  ohistles,  beads,  etc,  of  bone ;  articles  of  ter  built  round  three  sides  of  a  quadrangle,  the 
shell  and  bom ;  fish  spcare.  pottery,  copperimple-  fourth  side  remaining  open,  with  a  small  garden 
meats ;  and  near  one  skeleton  two  lumps  of  ar-  inclosed,  while  a  larger  garden  lay  outride.  Be- 
senical  pyrites.  All  mounds  weiv  circular,  and  hind  the  cloister  vere  large  rooms  tor  summer 
all  on  prominent  headlands,  and  the  majority  and  winter  use,  of  whicli  the  letter  were  warmed 
contained  skeletons.  Some  of  them  were  thought  by  hot-air  pipes  connected  with  underground 
lodate..rom  the  beginning  of  their  central  parte,  stoves,  which  conld  be  seen.  Behind  these  cham- 
fuur  hundred  years  back.  bers  was  another  cloister,  and  at  the  back  were 

EBKlud.  ExeaTatloiu  at  SllcheBter.—  thedomesticoflices.  The  wall,  the  whole  of  which 
Tbe  Or^t  discovery  of  truces  of  the  rcinains  of  is  nearly  complete,  is  S.BTO  vards  lung,  and  in- 
Koman  occnpation  at  Silchester,  tjie  Roniaa  Cal-  closes  a  polygonal  areaof  106acrcs.  It  was  built 
km  Attrebiituin,  near  Read 
ia^.  were  made  in  1833,  when 
a  f^hes  of  baths  were  discov- 
ered and  relics  were  recovered 
rrp resenting  the  whole  period 
otthe  Koman  domination  from 
Ibe  time  of  Cali^la  till  the 
evacuation  of  the  island  in  the 
rtiga  ot  Arcadius.  Excava- 
tions were  nest  begun  in  1864, 
hj  the  Bcv.  J.  Gerald  Joyce, 
vhich  revealed  the  forma  of 
NMneof  the  Rnman  houses.  A 
more  thorough  system  of  eica- 
vations  was  begun  in  June, 
1K90.  nn  the  estate  of  the  Duke 
of  Wellington.  Besides  the 
plans  of  bouses  and  lines  of 
streets,  large  putches  of  mos.iic 
Boots  were  found,  rooms  heat- 
ed by  hypocausts  of  various 
tonstraction  ;  fragments  of 
painted  wall  plaster,  showing 
that  the  rooms  were  richly 
decorated  with  color;  a  series 
of  shallow  refuse  pits  which 
tielded  dry  rubbish,  with  pot- 
sherds, bones,  etc.  occasional 
coins,  objects  of  bronze,  and 
fragments  of  glass  vessels.  In 
oQr  pit  were  about  50  objects 
in  iron,  with  a  perfect  scale- 
beam  ot  bronze.  The  Iran  arti- 
cles famished,  with  one  excep- 
tioQ.  the  lament  series  of  t4Xil8 
.'et  found  in  Britain,  including 
chisels,  axes,  hammers,  gouges, 
anvils,  files,  a  rasp,  a  carpen- 
ter's large  plane,  a  pair  ot 
iiUi'ksDiitn'e  tongs,  a  pair  of 
pincers,  plow-coulters,  a  curi- 
nuslr  shaped  shoe  of  the  kind 
iL'ually  called  a  hippo-sandal, 
iid  several  objects  of  doubtful 

iL*,ail  in  a  good  state  of  ores-  DBcovrFi™  *t  hicbhveb  i;.ou«d 

frration,  with  the  edges  of  the  ,_  ,^,^  „,  ,    ^„„  .  ^       iji,.„„  .  g^  „,^^„  ^oard.  from  a  well-curb ; 

cntting  -  tools    still    sharp.     A  t.  anvil ;  a,  hipixmandal ;  B,  tent-pre ;  7,  lamp, 

well  was  lined  throughout  wii  h 

oak  boarding,  ingeniously  dove-tailed  together,  without  tiles,  and  was  composed  of  alternate  lay- 
anil  fragments  of  the  wooden  blicket  and  a  curi-  ere  of  bonding  stones,  mortar,  flints,  etc.  Tde 
OQs  metal  vessel  at  the  bottom.  One  of  the  most  gates  were  recessed.  The  excavations  were  con- 
inleresting  objects  was  a  gridiron,  or  portable  tinned  during  the  seasoiiof  1891,  with  discoveries 
choking  stove,  unique  in  England.     In  the  re-    ofotlierobjects,incliiding  bronze  bucket  handles. 


16 


ARCn^OLOGY.    (Ron 


abmnze  Muoepan,  abronws  figure  of  a  goat:  tho 
remftins  of  buildinga  that  setin  to  have  been  con- 
structed round  an  open  square  or  garden;  and 
facts  which,  as  a  whole,  give  valuable  additions 
to  otir  knowledge  of  Romano-British  building, 
and  show  the  differences  between  the  town  houses 
of  Silehester  and  the  country  houses  or  villas; 
while  txith  differ  in  a  remarkable  wa^  from  the 
tvpical  Roman  house  as  seen  in  Italy. 
'  The  Altar  of  TiBOTla.~The  Roman  site 
called  Binchester.  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Wear, 
near  Bishop  Auckland.  Durham,  represents  the 
ancient  Vinoria.     Some  interesting  discoveries 


were  mode  there  a  few  years  ago  by  Mr.  John 
Pond.  Inthe  last  year  an  altar  has  been  un- 
earthed in  a  stale  of  excellent  preservation.  It 
is  4  feet  3  inches  hirh  by  1  foot  %i  inches  long, 
and  1  toot  i  inch  oroad,  and  has  sculptured 
on  its  sides  the  four  principal  sacrificial  implo- 
mcnls.  the  "recuris,  or  axe,  the  "culter,  or 
knife,  the  "  patera,"  or  dish,  and  the  "  [inefericu- 
lura,"  or  jug.  It  also  bears  an  inscription  which 
has  been  made  by  expanding  the  abbreviated 
words  to  read— Jovi  Optimo  Masiino,Bt  Matribua 
Ollotolis,  sine  Transmarinis,  Potnponius  Lonatus, 
Benefloiarius  Consulis.  Pro  Salute  sua  et  suo- 
nera,  Votura  solvit  libenti  animo.  From  the 
titles  given  to  the  mother  goddesses,  who  were 
favorite  objects  of  worship  at  Vinovia,  it  is  con- 
ceived that  tho  consular  beiieflclaries  and  others 
who  erected  the  altar  came  from  Olot,  in  the 
northeast  of  fjpain,  near  tho  Mediterranean  Sea 
and  the  frontier  of  France. 

Rome  and  Ital;.  A  Memorial  of  Horace. 
— A  flattened  column  or  oblong  slab  was  uncov- 
ered during  the  excavations  for  the  Tiber  eni- 
Irankmont,  on  which  is  inscribed  the  otBciaJ  rec- 
ord of  Ihe  public  gantes  celebrated  by  .Augustus 
in  the  year  17  b.  c.  The  decree  of  the  Senate  and 
the  regulations  enforced  bv  the  eiecntivo  com- 
mittee are  followed  by  a  list  of  the  necessary 
prayers  and  sacriflces  and  tho  order  of  contests. 
TheLi  comes  an  annonncemcnt  that  a  choir  of 
twenty-seven  youths,  and  as  many  maidens,  will 
sing  the  "^  Carmen  Seculare,"  written  by  (jujntua 
Horatius  Flacciis. 

In  the  earae  locftlit;  the  workmen  have  dis- 


covered twenty-ft»e  additional  fr^ments  of  the 

preat  map  of  the  old  city  which  formerly  stood 
in  the  forum  of  Augustus.  When  this  map  was 
destroyed  by  Qre  or  earthquake  many  of  the 
pieces  were  thrown  into  a  heap  of  broken  build- 
ing materials,  and  finally  found  their  way  into 
the  walls  of  the  old  Alfleri  palace,  which  have 
now  been  unearthed.  The  Minister  of  Public 
Instruetion  has  ordered  excavations  to  1>e  made 
in  search  of  further  fragments  of  the  map. 

Remains  of  PabUo  Works,— Portions  of  the 
viaduct  (on  Ihe  line  of  the  road  now  called  Ihe 
Lungaretta)  traced  hy  .Ji^milius  Paulus,  in  Ihe 
sixth  century  of  the  city,  across  the  lowlands  of 
the  Trastavere,  in  correspondence  with  the  bridge 
of  J<^milius  Lenidus  (the  Ponte  Kotto,  or  Ponte  di 
Santa  Maria,  destroyed  in  18H6),  have  been  dis- 
□overed  under  the  Piazza  di  San  Crisogono.  The 
structure  rests  on  piers  6  metres  wide,  2'2Q  metres 
thick,  and  the  arches  are  a  little  more  than  3 
metres  in  diameter.  It  is  built  of  blocks  of  red 
tufa,  well  squared  and  joined  without  cement. 
A  pier  or  landing-place  some  five  hundred  feel 
above  the  bridge  of  St.  Angelo,  discovered  in  the 
prosecution  of  works  for  widening  the  Tiber,  is 
Bupposed  to  have  been  constructed  for  a  landing- 
place  for  the  marbles  used  in  the  buildings  of  the 
Campus  Martins  and  of  the  Pincian  and  Quiri- 
ral  llills.  It  is  a  raised  cau-ieway,  huilt  of  blocks 
of  tufa,  laid  cross  wise  without  cement,  and  coateil 
with  an  outside  facing  of  travertine.  On  each 
side  of  the  causeway  are  landings  nearly  level 
with  the  water,  of  concrete,  faced  with  a  palisade 
of  oaken  beams,  the  [lali.iade  being  faced  on  the 
inner  side  with  sheet.'*  of  lead. 

A  Gronp  of  Stotnarjr.- A  colossal  head  of 
archaic  workmanship,  found  in  the  gardens  of 
Sallust  and  kept  in  the  Ludovici  museum,  and 
heretofore  described  as  a  "  head  of  Juno,  in  the 
old  stylo,"  has  lieen  identitled  by  Profs.  Petersen 
and  Benndorf  as  having  been  probablv  the  statue 
that  was  worshiped  in  the  temple  of  Venus  Ery- 
cina  (foundeii  a.  u.  c.  512).  It  is  connected  6y 
them  with  a  "  parapet "  of  Parian  marble  found 
in  the  same  neighborhood  in  1887.  on  which  arc 
the  three  bas-reliefs, (a)  a  veiled  female  figure  in 
theactof  burning  incense,  (£)a  naked  female  fig- 
ure In  the  act  of  playing  the  double  flute,  both 
silting  on  a  pillow  or  small  mattress,  and  (c)  a 
young  female  figure  emerging  from  the  wator 
with  the  help  of  two  female  attendants.  Thtt 
piece  was  explained  by  Petersen  as  belonging  to 
the  throne  on  which  the  statue  of  Venus  Eryeinn 
or  Sallustiana  was  seated.  Petei'sen  supposed  Ihe 
central  bas-relief  (e)  to  represent  the  birth  of 
Venus,  and  the  side  pieces  as  personifying  (o)  Ihe 
sa<'red  and  <6)  the  profane  love.  He  has  caused 
a  restoration  to  be  made  in  plaster  of  the  figure 
and  of  the  throne,  and  the  two  fit  together  per- 

A  'Roman  Bride'fl  TreaBnreB.— In  the  tomb 

of  Crepercia  Tryphionniv.  near  tho  ancient  gar- 
[Icns  of  Home,  the  occupant  of  which  was  indi- 
cated by  the  wreath  of  myrtle  leaves  in  thecoflin 
to  have  been  a  bride,  was  found  a  doll  of  oak 
woo<l.  about  a  foot  long,  well  jointed,  and  having 
a  body  carved  with  unusual  care  and  fidelity  to 
nature.  It  wore  a  head-dress  of  the  style  that 
prevailed  in  the  age  of  the  Antimines  and  like 
that  of  the  first  Empress  Faustina.  Various  or- 
naments and  remaitis  of  articles  of  clothing  wei« 


AllCU-SOLOGY.    (GaEECc) 


17 


»l"n  in  the  coffin,  inelTiding  Ihe  myrtle  wreatli, 
nhich  had  bet'n  preserved  bj  the  water  that  filled 
thecrareuidhad  acquired  nearly  the  eonsbt«ncy 
ind  hardness  of  pari-hment ;  aclnspof  silver,  very 
much  oiidixed,  and  decorated  with  a  ver rain  pa£- 
t»m ;  and  several  gold  rings,  one  of  which  had  a 
bezfl  of  smooth  dark  gloss,  a  second  with  an 
nnci  setting  bearing  the  name  Feiletus  in  relief, 
«iil  Ihe  third  an  intaglio  of  red  JHsper  on  which 
«fre  engraved  two  hands  clasped  and  holding 
(firs  of  wheals  symbol  of  niarringe.  To  a  gold 
ring  in  tho  left  hand  of  the  doll  is  soldered  an 
elfcant  miniature  key,  while  in  its  right  hand 
is  another  pair  of  rtn'^  A  clasp  is  Ket  with  an 
aniFlhyst  engraved  with  a  design  of  a  winged 

SilSn  pursuing  a  doe — symbols  of  ApoUo  and 
luia — and  to  it  arc  appended  two  delicate  chains 
with  ivy-leat  pendants.  There  were  also  an  am- 
biT  hair-pin,  two  small  combs,  earrings,  a  neck- 
Lure,  and  two  mirrors. 

The  TDiDb§  of  Sjracnge. — The  excavations 
nisile  bjr  the  Italian  Government  in  the  Hellenic 
anil  prehistoric  necropolises  in  the  neighliorhood 
of  Ijyncuse  have  brought  to  light  a  large  num- 
ber of  tombs,  with  omBmentcd  pottery  of  most 
Srimitivefonns,  bronzes,  among  which  are  swords 
agger-shaped  like  those  of  Micene  and  bone 
ornaments  ot  a  peculiar  character  Some  tombs 
were  found  with  the  entrance  or  dramas  closed 
by  a  stone  slab  with  omamentati  >n  sculptur  d 
in  relict  in  a  strange  eiotic  style  perhaps  Phm 
ni'-ian.  The  finding  of  earthworks  and  objects 
presenting  the  genuine  Mvceniean 
tvpe  is  evidence  o(  the  extension  of  I 
Tdveenran  culture  to  this  L  land 

Greece.  ArchRologlcal  Schools 
at  Athens.— The  oldest  of  the  estab- 
lished institutions  for  (he  pra>iecution 
i.r  arch»ological  research  in  Uellenic 
lands  is  that  of  Prance  the  Rcote 
Fran^ise  at  Athens  which  wa.i  found 
ed  in  1846.  It  belongs  to  the  trench 
tioTerninent  and  i  supported  bj  it 
and  L^  under  the  directKn  of  di  tm 
gni$hed  scholars  The  Impenal  Ger 
man  Archtmlogical  Inslitute  found 
ed  twenty-three  jear^  after  that  of 
Prance,  is  supported  by  the  German 
Government.  It  has  been  the  agincy 
thnmgh  which  some  of  the  moitvaht 
aWe  discoveries  m  the  hi  torr  of 
(Jreek  archieologieal  re^areh  nave 
h-cn  made,  the  most  important  of 
•hich  are  tho«e  at  Ohmpia.  Tho 
-American  School  of  Classical  studies 
was  fonnded  br  Ihe  Amencan  Arch 
riitogical  Institute  and  was  openinl 
under  the  auspices  of  some  of  the 
Imiling  Amencan  colleges  m  l'*8'' 
Ii  i;  intended  to  afford  a  center  for 
The  final  higher  study  bv  graduates 
<>f  American  college  of  classical  an 
'iqiiity,  and  to  be  a  directory  for  the 
'■iplnrstion  of  aneunt  ite^i  It  aims 
t<i  help  artists  and  architects  who  re- 
wirt  to  Greece  f)r  study  and  make  proMSton 
f"r  special  students.  It  occupies  a  hand>«me 
hiitldingon  the  southern  lope  ot  Mount  Liia 
hHtus,  which  was  procured  and  fnmi  hed  by  the 
wntributions  of  friends  in  the  United  btate 
liulruction  is  afforded  gratuitously.  The  school 
TOi-  isxi.— 3  A 


was  at  flrst  presided  over  by  a  director  chosen  for 
one  year  from  the  various  colleges  In  the  United 
States  associated  with  the  school ;  but  in  1868  the 
plan  was  modified,  and,  while  an  annual  director 
continued  to  be  appointed,  the  ofDce  of  chiet  or 
permanent  director  was  established,  and  Dr. 
Charles  Waldatein.  then  director  of  the  Filzwill- 
iam  Museum  and  Professor  of  Archawlogy  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge,  England,  was  chosen  to 
fill  it.  Previous"  to  ISUO  the  school  had  carried 
on  excavations  at  eight  sites  in  Greece,  with  im- 
portant results ;  while  previous  to  this  the  Ameri- 
can A rchwii logical  Institute  had  madesome  inter- 
esting and  important  excavations  at  Assos.in  Asia 
Winor,  The  British  School  of  ArdiEology  was 
founded  In  1686,  and  had  twelve  students  in  at- 
tendance at  its  lost  session.  It  is  supported  bv 
subscriptions,  and  gives  courses  of  lectures  anil 
conducts  excavations.  In  past  years  it  has  ex- 
plored the  antiquities  of  the  island  of  Cvpnis. 
The  chiet  objective  point  of  its  researches  in 
1890-'91  was  the  site  of  Megalopolis,  in  western 
Arcadia,  the  Atj  founded  by  Epaminondas. 

Tbe  Templ«  at  Delpbi.— The  Archsological 
Institute  ot  America  and  the  American  School 
at  Athena  negotiated  during  1690  with  the 
Greek  Government  for  the  concession  of  the  site 
of  Delphi  and  the  privilege  of  excavating  there 
The  concession  was  made  conditional  on  the  paj 
roent  of  $80000  as  an  indemnification  for  the 
expropriation  of  the  village  of  CaRtn  nhich 
stand    upon  (he  site  and  would  have  to  be  re- 


moved Delay  was  incurreil  m  obtaining  the 
subscriptions  to  this  fund  but  the  amount  was 
made  up  and  the  fnends  of  the  fccheme  believed 
in  No\eml>er  18B0  they  had  setured  the  con 
ee^ion  when  it  was  given  to  the  French 
schooL 


18 


ARCH^ULOGT.    (Greece.) 


Relics  at  Flktsa. — In  the  work  of  the  Aroeri- 
van  School  at  Platraa,  which  was  completed  in 
April,  ]tJ90,theBitewm  thoroughly  surveyed;  the 
walls,  which  are  more  than  two  and  a  half  miles 
ill  circumference,  were  measured,  and  a  paper  < 
the  topography  r'  "  '  ■—■''-  "-'-•  -•  '" — 


f  the  battle-Seld  of  I'lattea  vaa 


fi2^ 

k 

m 

■=* 

m 

m 

prepared,  to  be  illustrated  by  a  new  map.  Ei- 
ca nations  were  carried  on  at  several  points  within 
and  without  the  city  walls;  but  neither  of  the 
three  important  temples  of  Athene.  Here,  and 
Ucmetri  was  discovered.  Among  the  interest- 
ing inscripticinsi  brought  to  light  was  a  slab  con- 
taining a  part  of  the  famous  edict  of  Diocletian, 
'■  De  Pretiis  Rerura  Venalium,"  a  part  of  the 
preamble  of  which,  in  I^atin,  had  been  found  in 
the  previous  year.  The  present  part,  which  waa 
of  the  body  of  the  edict,  was  in  Greek.  It  con- 
cerns the  price  of  teitiles,  and  gives  prices  that 
had  been  hitherto  unknown.  Another  inscription 
records  dedications  on  the  part  of  women  to  a 
gwldess,  and  contains  many  female  names. 

The  Tombs  at  Eretrla.  — The  American 
School  gave  ita  attention,  in  1891,  to  the  ex- 
ploration of  Erctria  in  (be  island  of  EiibcEa, 
a  city  mentioned  hy  Homer,  destroyed  by  Da- 
rius in  the  Persian  war.  h.  r.  490,  and  subse- 
iguently  rebuilt;  after  which  it  became  the  neat 
of  an  important  school  of  philosophy,  under 
Mencdcmus,  a  pupil  of  Aristotle.  The  theatre 
was  found  to  have  a  stage  approximately  nine 
feet  hifch,  with  five  rooms  in  the  rear  of  it.  It 
waa  between  fifty  and  sixty  feet  long,  and  about 
seven  feet  wide.  In  front  of  the  stage  building 
was  a  low.  narrow  platform,  with  an  arch  throug'h 
the  middle  extending  to  the  third  of  the  five 
rooms ;'  while  a  smaller  arch  ran  from  the  center 


of  the  orchestra  circle  toward  the  stage.  The 
survey  of  the  walls  proved  that  the  new  city  oc- 
cupied the  fAme  ground  as  the  old.  The  tuinbs 
in  the  cemetery  were  of  all  epochs.  In  some 
cases  as  many  as  tour  were  founa  made  one  upon 
another,  the  succeediug  ones  having  been  built 
without  regard  to  their  predecessors.  In  the 
Hyzantine  graves  the  articles  found,  which  had 
been  deposited  with  the  bodies.  were_potteries  nf 
coarse  material  and  workmanship.  The  Bunian 
tombs  were  built  of  slabs  of  stone,  were  well  t'on- 
stnicted,  and  contained,  besides  vases  of  gla^s 
and  clay  of  not  great  value,  golden  rin^  ear- 
rings, necklaces,  bracelets,  and  silver  trinkets. 
The  Grecian  graves  contained  vases,  terra-cot  ta 
figures  and  masks,  and  gold  and  silver  orna- 
ments; and  the  lowest,  or  arebalo  graves,  con- 
tained onlv  archaic  vases.  In  one  grave,  of  a 
group  of  six,  were  found  lying  upon  the  breast 
of  the  skeleton  a  mass  of  two  ounces  of  gold  cut 
into  two  hundred  leaves  of  ivy  and  oak,  on  which 
the  veins  of  the  natural  leaf  were  plainly  repre- 
sented. Besides  this  were  found  in  the  same 
group,  which  seemed  to  constitute  a  family  tomb. 
Grecian  vases;  a  terra-cottamaskof  thegod  Pan; 
t«rra-cotta  statuettes ;  seven  crowns  of  gold ;  two 
specimens  of  the  stylus;  a  gold  ring  with  a  lion 
rampant  as  a  seal;  earrings  composed  of  doves 
swinging  in  a  hoop  of  gold,  with  eyes  of  precious 
stones,  feathers  of  granulated  gold  work,  precious 
stones  set  in  the  wmgs  and  the  breasts,  and  the 
feathers  of  the  tail  so  arranged  as  to  move  with 
the  swinging  of  the  pendant;  and  a  number  o( 
white  vases,  or  hkyliwi,  of  the  kind  hitherto  re- 
garded as  peculiar  to  Athens.  An  inscription  on 
one  of  the  graves  gave  the  name  of  the  occupant 
as  rB^IOTH  [AjPIlTOTEAOr,  or  Biote,  danghlcr 
of  Aristotle.  The  gold  pen  in  tbe  grave  next  to 
this,  and  belonging  to  the  same  faniily,  might 
bo  regarded  as  denoting  that  its  occupant's  pro- 
fession had  been  literarr.  The  question  arose 
whether  this  familv  was  that  of  thegreat  philoso- 
pher Aristotle,  "f  he  fact«  make  this  seem  pos- 
sible, but  do  not  afford  clear  evidence.  Aristotle 
died  at  Caleb  is,  the  adjoining  city  to  Eretria;  and 
a  terra-cotta  statuette  found  in  the  tomb  agrees 
with  the  description  ^ivon  by  Christodurus  of  a 
statue  of  Aristotle  which  he  saw  in  a  gvmnasium 
at  Constantinople,  "  standing  with  its  hands 
folded  together."  There  is,  however,  no  evi- 
dence that  Aristotle  was  buried  at  Eretria  instead 
of  Calchis,  although  the  graves  run  almost  con- 
tinuously between  the  two  cities.  There  were. 
moreover,  several  Aristolles  in  antiquity,  and 
the  name  Biote  is  not  historically  known  as  that 
of  any  member  of  Aristotle's  familv.  The  daugh- 
ter named  bv  Aristotle  in  his  will  was  Pythias, 
child  of  his  wife  Pythias.  But  there  is  no  evi- 
dence that  he  had  not  such  a  daughter.  Dr. 
Waldstein  believes  that  the  tomb  is  that  of  the 
philosopher. 

Rnlntt  of  Megalopolis. — The  principal  work 
of  the  British  School  during  18Q0  and  1601  was 
performed  in  Megalopolis.  In  addition  to  the 
discovery  of  a  stoawitli  a  triple  line  of  columns, 
and  an  attar  adjoining  it,  a  large  theatre  in  good 
preservation  was  partially  dug  out,  the  front  row 
of  seats  or  9p6m  of  which  bore  inscriptions  of 
the  classical  period.  These  seats  were  lonp 
benches,  nine  m  nnmber.  one  corresponding  lo 
each  KipKit  or  wedge  of  the  auditorium.    Each 


ARCHEOLOGY.    (Qbekcb.) 


19 


vas  pn>fid«d  with  an  arm  at  either  end;  and 
Ihey  oad  high  backs,  slightly  curved,  and  flttinp 
itiiuIortBbljr  t«  the  back  ol  the  sitter.  The 
U-nches  were  separated  bj  eieht  gangways  lead- 
ing to  the  axl^wni  above,  while  there  was  also 
■  nxiftal  at  either  end.  Belnw  the  beDchea  was  a 
ttiannel  to  carry  off  the  water,  and  beyond  that 
*  raised  stoDe  border  tiounding  the  orchestra. 
The  discoTery  of  steps  leading  up  from  the  or- 
chestra was  at  first  regarded  as  indicating  that 
Ihe  theatre  had  a  raised  sla|^;  but  these  stepa 
Here  ^fterward  found  to  have  formed  no  part  of 
the  on);inal  plan,  and  the  idea  of  a  raised  stage 
has  been  abandoned.  But  it  is  believed  that  a 
raided  stage  was  added  at  a  later  date.  Another 
building  which  haa  been  cleared  is  supposed  to 
have  inclosed  the  l«nip]e  of  Zeua  S6t£r. 
The  Tomb  at  Ts^hlo.— The  village  of  Vor 

fhio,  near  the  Ilomenc  towns  of  Amyclra  and 
baris.  southeast  of  Sparia,  is  marked  bv  a  tumu- 
lu5  resembling  in  eitomat  appearance  the  struct- 
ures called  the  treasuries  of  Hycenn.  This  lomb 
■«a  explored  in  1889  by  Mr.  Tsoundas,  under 
the  direction  of  the  Greek  Archieological  Office. 
A  high  interest  is  attached  to  the  tomb,  because 
iu  date  can  not  be  later  than  the  eighth  century 
bl  c.  and  it  ia  supposed  to  be  one  or  two  hun- 
ilreil  years  older.  In  it  were  found  a  collection 
lit  funeral  offerings,  consisting  of  vases  of  metal 
and  cUj.  ornaments  of  gold  and  silver,  bronze 
urn?,  domestic  utensils,  and  stones  engraved  in 
an  archaic  style.  The  chief  objects  of  interest 
are  two  gold  cups,  ornamented  witb  cattle  de- 
^icn^  in  rrpoutti  work,  in  a  style  which  was 
Rr^t  observed  in  vessels  found  at  HycenFe,  but 
"ith  an  excellence  of  conception  and  a  fidelity  to 
nature  not  previously  remarked  iu  any  work  of 
arehaie  Greek  art.  The  design  on  one  of  the  cops 
portrays  a  hunting  scene  in  a  hilly  and  rough 
country,  where  men  clothed  in  drawers  and  high 
shoes  are  hunting  wild  bulla.  One  of  the  bulls 
has  been  caught  in  a  large  net  attached  to  two 
trees,  and  is  lifting  up  his  head  in  his  struggles 
to  extricate  himself.  On  the  left  a  bull  is  dash- 
ms  furiously  away  from  the  scene,  overthrowing 
two  of  the  hunters  in  his  fury;  while  on  the 
ri^t  a  third  ball  is  galloping  away,  with  his 
beels  thrown  high  up  into  the  air.  On  the  other 
tup  is  a  representation  of  tamo  cattle.  A  man 
holds  in  bisliand  a  rope  which  is  passed  around 
the  leg  of  a  captive  bull,  while  farther  on  are 
three  bolls  standing  quietly  in  their  pasture. 
The  drawing  in  both  designs  is  spirited  and  in- 
spired bj  a  high  artistic  sense,  but  is  marked  by 
ilevices  to  represent  distance  tn  the  al>sence  of 
perspective,  and  by  exaggerations  in  the  atti- 
lufles  of  the  aninials,  that  stamp  it  as  of  an 
«nhaic  period. 

Th«  ScalptnrM  at  Lreoiinra.— The  labors 
'''t  the  Grecian  Office  of  Excavations,  under  the 
rtim-tory  of  M.  Kavvadias,  at  Lycosura,  in  Ar- 
'■iiiia.  were  rewarded  by  the  discovery,  in  the 
I'mple  of  Despcena.  of  the  remains  of  what  seem 
lo  be  the  works  described  by  Pausanias  as  con- 
'lilnting  the  group  of  seated  flgiires  of  Demeter 
»"'!  Despainn  seated,  with  Artemis  and  Anvtus 
"Unding  hoside  them,  by  the  artist  Damnphon, 
fif  Me««ene — a  contemporary  of  Scopas,  Praxit- 
<'le<,  and  Lysippiis — of  whom  no  work  was  known 
In  be  extant.  The  pieces  discovereii  include  a 
female  bead  of  colossal  size ;  another  female  head 


and  a  male  bearded  head  (of  the  type  of  Posei- 
don), also  colossal,  but  rather  smaller;  various 
fragments  of  colossal  statues,  including  hands 
holding  the  attributes  (a  torch,  a  snake)  described 
by  Pausanias;  a  large  fragment  of  drapery  with 
figures  in  relief,  representing  female  and  male 
forms  changed  into  different  animals  (a  ram.  an 
ass,  a  horse,  etc.);  a  Nereid  on  a  sea  monster: 
winged  forms,  one  of  which  holds  a  torch;  dol- 
phins, eagles,  and  other  birds ;  fragments  of  the 
feet  of  a  marble  throne ;  and  four  female  forms 
terminating  in  double  tails  of  snakes  or  fishes, 
apparently  the  supports  of  a  throne  or  table. 

Secovered  Greek  Works. — A  number  of 
literary  works  of  great  interest  have  been  re-, 
covered  through  the  examination  of  papyri  in  the 
British  Museum.  One  of  the  most  important  of 
these  is  a  copy,  nearly  complete,  eicept  as  to  the 
beginning  and  the  last  chapter,  of  the  work  on 
the  Constitution  of  Athens,  which  was  ascribed 
by  ancient  authors  to  Aristotle.  It  is  written  on 
the  verao  or  wrong  side  of  a  papyms,  the  rreto 
or  right  side  of  which  is  occupied  with  a  private 
current  account  of  the  eleventh  year  of  the  Ro- 
man Emperor  Vespasian,  which,  together  with 
the  style  of  the  writing,  fixes  the  date  of  the 
copy  as  not  very  far  from  that  time.    The  trea- 


tJ!a3  on  the  constitution  of  Athens  is  one  of  IS8 
works  containing  accounts  of  the  constitutions 
of  various  states  which  were  drawn  up  by  Aris- 
totle, or  under  his  direction,  as  materials  for 
studies  in  constitutional  history.    It  consists  of 


ARCHEOLOGY.    (Eoypt.) 


63  short  chapters,  41  of  which  contain  a  chroDo- 

logicftl  sketch  cif  the  development  of  tho  Athe- 
nian constitution,  while  the  others  are  occupied 
with  the  account  of  the  official  duties  of  the 
maigiEtrates  and  public  bodies  that  existed  in  the 
time  of  the  author.  The  existing  teit  casts 
light  on  the  obscure  period  o(  the  kiii^  and 
the  legislation  of  Draco  and  Solon  and  their  suc- 
cessors, and  continues  to  the  restoration  of  the 
democracy  after  the  rei^n  of  the  thirty  tyrants, 
in  B.  c.  4(^.  The  genuineness  of  the  work  ap- 
pears to  be  satisfactorily  established.  It  has 
been  published  in  the  Greek  test  and  in  fae 
simile,  and  has  been  subjected  to  critical  exami- 
nations. 

Among  other  classical  Greek  documents  found 
among  the  papyri  are  considerable  fragments  ot 
the  Antiope  of  Euripides,  parts  o(  another  copy 
of  Plato's  Phiedo,  and  fragments  o(  the  writings 
of  the  poet  Ilerodas,  or  Herondus,  which  had 
not  been  known  before. 


Tided  for  the  appointment  ot  European  inspect- 
ors to  secure  the  preservation  of  the  monumental, 
and  has  promulgated  regulations  concerning  the 
making  of  excavations  and  the  disposition  of  the 
relics  found. 


_ __of  the 

id  of  Medum.  made  and  completed  during 
the  early  months  of  1091,  have  proved  it  to  be 
the  structure  of  Scnefru,  of  Ihe  third  dynasty, 
and  therefore  the  oldest  dated  pvramid.  With 
it  is  connected,  still  in  good  conaition,  the  oiilv 
pyramid  temple  yet  found  entire,  also  pronounced 
by  Mr.  Petrie  t^e  oldest  dated  building  in  llie 
world.  It  was  reached  by  digging  to  tho  depth 
of  from  40  to  GO  feet  in  the  rubbish  whicb  bad 
accumulated  around  the  pyramid.  It  is  joined 
to  the  east  face  of  the  pvramid,  and  has  a  front 
about  SIO  feet  wide  and  D  feet  high,  with  a  door 
in  the  south  end  of  tho  face.  A  passage,  parallel 
to  the  front  and  20  feet  long,  leads  to  the  chaiu- 


Egypt.    Protection   of   ^yptlan   Monn- 

menfe.— Anxious  attention  has  been  given  to  the 
danger  ot  destruction  to  which  many  of  the 
Egyptian  monuraenta  are  exposed,  either  from 
the  action  of  the  weather  or  tlie  washings  of  the 
Nile,  or  from  the  depredations  of  native  specu- 
lators in  relics.  The  foundations  ot  the  temple 
ot  Luxor  are  threatened  by  the  stream  ot  the 
Nile,  the  temple  ot  Karnak  is  in  danger,  and 
some  of  the  tombs^and  other  structures  liave 
licen  robbed  of  paintings  and  sculptures.  A 
memorial  was  addressed  to  the  Egj'ptian  Govern- 
ment towanl  the  end  of  1800  on  behalf  of  the 
Society  for  the  Preservation  of  Egyptian  Monu- 
ments, and  signed  by  650  persons,  asking  the  ap- 
pointment of  an  official  inspector  to  wnom  the 
care  ot  the  ruins  should  bo  intrusted.  The  re- 
port of  the  society,  made  July  14,  IStll.  related 
certain  steps  that  had  been  taken  in  these  mat- 
ters. In  consequence  of  these  and  other  repre- 
sentations, the  Egyptian  Government  has  pro- 


ber, which  measures  20  feet  by  7  feet.  Hence  a 
wide  doorway  leads  into  the  open  air  conrl, 
which  is  built  against  the  face  of  the  pyvauiiil. 
The  altar  of  offerings,  which  is  plain,  stands  in 
the  middle  of  the  court,  with  an  obelisk  13  feet 
high,  rounded  at  Ihe  top  and  uiiinscribed.  on 
either  side  ot  it.  The  walls  of  the  temple,  whicli 
is  itiielt  plain  and  uninscribcd,  are  marked  with 
the  ijraffili  of  visitors  who  came  to  it  during  the 
twelfth  and  eighteenth  dynasties.  The  base  of 
a  statuette  was  found  which  hod  been  deilicated 
to  the  gods  ot  a  town.  Tat-snefru,  by  a  woman 
named  Snefru-khati.  The  structure  of  the  pyra- 
mid was  examined.  It  consists  of  a  small  stone 
maslaba.  heightened  and  built  around  rcpeated- 


is  ot  C( 


Ove 


all  these  a  continuous  slope  of  casing  was  added. 
so  that  the  pyramid  appeared  with  one  long  face 
from  the  top  to  the  ground.  The  tombs  had 
been  plundered  in  ancient  times,  evidently  by 
persons  who  understood  their  plans  and  ar- 


AS^^W«'V-fci/'<f>''«*-^«* 


*ji  •>'■  v^V"  -f  *^<r^i<;'w*5}* 


ARCH-OOLOGY.    (Egypt.)  21 

nuigements ;  but  from  some  tombs,  containing  ink,  and  the  name  written  in  hieratic.    On  tlie 

only  bodies  which  hud  not  been  disturbed,  a  site  of  the  citv  proper,  besides  remains  of  Roman 

dozen  complete  skeletons  were  collected  for  study  buildings  and  Coptic  churches,  a  structure  was 

and  for  comparison  of  the  types  of  Egyptians  found  which  seems  to  be  the  remains  of  the  vesti- 

^upposed  to  be  of  the  earliest  historic^  reign  bule  of  one  of  the  side  entrances  of  the  Egyptian 

with  those  of  later  ages.    Instead  of  being  buried  temple.    They  consist  of  six  columns,  17  feet 

full  length,  as  all  the  later  Egyptians  appear  to  high— one  of  them  complete — with  sculptures 

have  been,  these  bodies  were  crouched,  many  of  representing  Rameses  II  making  offerings,  and 

them  with  the  knees  up  to  the  chin.    Crouched  the  name  of  Menephthah  in  the  intervals,  while 
bodies  in  large  earthen  jars 
are  said  also  to  have  been        L^ 
foand  at  Gizeh,  but  to  have 
been  all  destroyed.     The 
bodies  were  always  on  the 

t^i*  t^w^  the  eLt  a^d       V^^^>^2^CKAI^  ^C  V/^^  J'^fO  ^^^^^ 

nithout    the     ac^m^ni-     OMt  1^^ ^)^ C^ifi'''^^  K"^^^  ^^^ 

ments  of  funeral  vessels  or     ■^^l/'  #      ^   '          "  %}  mm.^ 
head- rests;     but    a    few      fi'T^^^y^^^Plft^^y^^J^^tCCiC^SjK 

scraps   of    charcoal   were      '»|  * 

found    about    the    body.      -  '■^    ^'^*     -f-^^         #---^.*«  ^ 

Full-length  burial  seems 
to  have  been  practiced,  too, 

at  the  same  period,  with  fac-bimile  fbom  fibst  page  of  aribtotlb^s  trbatibs  on  the  cokstitutign 
funeral  vessels  of  diorite  of  athbns. 
and  alabaster  and  head- 
rests. Mr.  Petrie  suggests  that  the  two  methods  the  architraves  supported  by  the  columns  were 
may  mark  distinct  races — the  aborigines  and  the  cut  in  a  building  with  the  cartouches  of  User- 
coDouerors— not  yet  fused  together.  The  pottery  tesen  II,  of  the  twelfth  dynasty.  The  vestibule 
of  the  fourth  dynasty,  of  which  a  considerable  was  open  on  the  water  side.  A  few  remaining 
quantity  was  found,  differs  from  that  of  all  later  layers  of  stones  on  the  other  sides  bore  an  in- 
periods.  and  the  discovery  completes  our  historic  scription  recording  the  dedication  of  the  build- 
knowledge  of  the  pottery  of  Egypt  The  survey  ing  by  Rameses  to  Hershefi,  or  Arsaphes  (a  form 
of  the  place  and  the  exact  measurement  of  the  of  Osiris),  whose  figure  is  sculptured  on  two  of 
pyramid  are  regarded  by  Mr.  Petrie  as  showing  the  columns.  A  sitting  statue  of  Rameses  II,  of 
that  in  this  structure,  as  in  the  pyramid  of  Khu-  heroic  size,  in  red  limestone  painted  red,  with 
fa,  the  proportions  of  the  radius  to  the  circle,  or  blue  and  yellow  striped  head-dress,  and  dedicated 
7  to  22,  prevail  in  the  relations  of  height  tocir-  to  Arsaphes ;  a  red  granite  statue,  of  natural  size, 
cuit  The  mode  employed  for  laying  out  build-  without  any  name :  a  group  of  much-weathered 
ings  was  discovered  in  the  course  of  the  work,  kneeling  figures;  and  a  headless  statue  of  Rameses 
To  found  a  mastabawith  sloping  sides  on  un-  II,  symmetrical  with  the  former  one,  but  broken, 
even  ground,  a  wall  (L  shape)  was  built  outside  in  the  opposite  comer  to  it,  were  also  found, 
of  each  comer.  Levels  on  that  were  drawn  a  Bases  of  columns  more  than  4  feet  in  diameter 
cubit  apart ;  red  vertical  lines  on  the  walls  de-  were  seen  in  aitu,  and  a  few  stray  blocks  bearing 
fined  the  width  of  the  building  at  the  ground  hieroglyphic  signs  were  found.  Otherwise,  the 
level;  and  black  lines,  drawn  sloping  down  out-  whole  temple  had  been  destroyed.  This  temple 
ward  from  the  red  at  ground  level,  defined  the  apparently  corresponds  with  the  one  described 
planes  of  the  faces.  From  this  arrangement  it  in  the  Harris  papvms  as  one  of  the  chief  temples 
was  easy  to  start  the  work,  no  matter  how  un-  of  Egypt,  to  which  Rameses  II  gave  slaves, 
even  the  foundation.  A  Collection  of  Priestly  Mummies.— In 
Exeayations  at  Heraeleopolis  Magna. —  excavating  to  the  eastward  of  the  temple  of 
The  exploration  of  Heraeleopolis  Magna,  on  the  Queen  Hatasu,  at  Deir-el  Bahari«  a  pit  was  found 
^ite  now  known  as  Hanassieh,  composed  M.  containing  168  mummies,  which,  like  the  royal 
Naville*8  work  for  the  spring  season  of  1891.  mummies  discovered  in  1881,  appeared  to  have 
The  results  were  disappointing,  in  that  no  works  been  removed  from  their  tombs  and  concealed 
were  found  attributable  to  the  period  of  the  three  here — it  is  supposed,  as  in  the  case  of  the  royal 
dynasties — the  eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth — when  mummies — during  the  twenty-second  dynasty, 
the  citjwas  the  capital  of  the  empire.  In  thene-  about  966  B.  c.  The  coffins  were  of  the  twenty- 
cropolis  the  tombs  had  been  plundered,  and  re-  first  dynasty,  and  contained  mummies  of  the 
used  in  later  times  for  interments  of  bodies  be-  priests'of  Ra-Amun  and  their  families.  They 
longing  to  the  poorer  classes.  Here  and  there  were  deposited  in  a  corridor  some  10  or  12  feet 
were  a  few  relics  of  former  occupants,  such  as  a  high  and  250  feet  long,  which  was  reached  by  a 
piece  of  the  handsome  funerary  cloth  on  which  shaft  45  feet  deep.  Ij^e  bodies  were  usually  laid 
the  weighing  of  the  soul  was  painted,  fragments  in  triple  coffins,  some  of  which  had  been  gilded, 
of  papyri,  and  pieces  of  limestone  hieroglyphic  and  were  piled  upon  one  another  with  a  con- 
tatJets  which  were  assigned  to  the  eighteenth  fusion  that  indicated  haste.  With  them  were 
and  nineteenth  dynasties.  Numerous  wooden  baskets  of  flowers,  funeral  offerings,  and  seventy- 
and  terra-cotta  tablets  were  found,  and  coarse  five  wooden  statuettes  inclosing  papyri.  Tlie 
«<Aa6/i«,  some  of  which  were  simply  little  sticks  hope  that  was  entertained  at  first,  that  these 
on  which  nose  and  eyes  had  been  indicated  with  papyri  might  furnish  valuable  information,  was 


ARCH-ffiOLOGT.    (P*uwtine.) 


tntoined  little  else  than 

Two  wooden  statues  ot  Isis  and  NephthJs  were 
found  in  the  galleries.  They  were  38*  inches 
high,  and  alilie  except  in  the  feAtures  of  the 
face;  were  carved  with  correct  anatomical  ap- 


preciation and  artistic  feeling,  sjinmetrically 
proportioned,  and  in  expressive  attitudes.  The 
wood  was  covered  with  a  coating  of  color,  the 
flesh  beinfc  painted  with  a  light-yellow  ochre; 
the  head  coverinps  and  robes  white,  with  dark- 
red  fillets  and  nbbon  ornaments;  the  necklets, 
amulets,  and  bracelets  two  different  greens ;  and 
the  borders  of  the  robes,  near  the  feet,  red  and 
blue.  The  evebrows  and  lids  were  dark  blue, 
the  eyeballs  black,  and  the  outlines  of  the  nostrils, 
lips,  and  ears  were  delicately  shown  in  red. 

Elgyptian  Dom.— In  a  paper  on  the  dogs  of 
ancient  Egypt,  Mr.  Haspero  speaks  ot  cemeteries 
ot  do^  and  their  mummies  at  Syout.  Sheikh- 
Fadl,  Fcshn,  and  Sakkarah,  and  describes  one 
of  the  mummies,  which  has  recently  been  opened 
by  the  Oerman  Herr  Beckmann.  It  was  a  har- 
rier, about  eighteen  months  old,  ot  which  only 
the  skin  and  bones  were  left,  with  remains  of 
muscular  tissue  reduced  to  dust.  Over  the  wrap- 
pings ot  bitumentzed  linen  had  been  placed  a 
thin  mat  of  dried  reeds,  l>ound  with  cords  ot 
twisted  grass.  Over  the  part  of  the  bundle  thus 
made  up  which  answered  to  the  body  was  cast 
a  network  of  One  cloth,  so  arranged  as  to  deline- 
ate parallel  rows  of  superposed  squares  along  its 
length.  T^e  head  was  covered  by  a  pa.«teb<ianl 
mask,  reproducing  the  physiognomy  of  the  ani- 
mal as  f&r  as  possible.  It  was  painted  cinrk 
brown,  except  around  the  eyes,  lips,  and  nostrils, 
which  were  white.  The  half-opened  Tnouth 
showed  the  points  of  the  teeth,  and  the  ears 
rose  above  the  head.  Mr.  Maspero  suggests  that 
it  is  desirable  to  study  tliese  dog  mummies  he- 
tore  they  are  destroyed,  in  onler  to  determine 
their  species  and  learn  their  anatomical  struct- 
ure, and  what  changes,  it  any,  it  has  nndergonc. 


MlMellanmnB.— An  inN^ription  called  the 
Minaan  inscription— No.  B35  in  Haldvy's  list — 
recording'  a  battle  between  the  south  Egyptian 
people  Madoy,  and  the  Egyptians  (Misr),  or  rul- 
ers and  inhabitants  of  the  Delta,  is  interpreted 
by  Dr,  Edward  Glaser,  from  some  of  its  allusions, 
aBa(»nt«mporaiy  record  pointing  to  the  i^esence 
of  the  Hebrews  in  the  Delta  during  the  Biblical 
period  of  their  sojourn  in  Eeypt. 

In  a  stone  discovered  by  Mr.  Wilbom  at  Luxor 
mention  is  made  of  seven  years  of  want  ill  conse- 

Sience  ot  the  failure  of  the  inundations  of  the 
ile  and  of  the  attempt  ot  the  sorcerer  Chit-net 
to  overcome  the  calamity.  This  record  is  treated 
by  Herr  Brugsch  as  evidence  of  the  existence  ot 
a  tradition  of  a  famine  corresponding  with  the 
one  described  in  Genesis  in  connection  with  tlte 
slory  of  Joseph,     The  st«ne  is  of  late  date. 

A  picture  of  Ramesee  II  dedicating  the  edifice 
to  Amun  Ka,  found  on  one  of  the  walls  of  his 
temple  at  Luxor,  furnishes  a  representation  of 
the  completed  building.  Both  the  great  obelisks 
are  shown,  and  the  tour  masis  with  their  flags 
dLiplayed,  and  six  colossi— two  seated  and  four 
standing — outside  of  the  pylons. 

Palestine.  The  KIde  of  Salem.— Prom  the 
study  of  tablets  from  Tel-el-Amama  relating  to 
the  affairs  of  southern  Palestine  Prof.  A.  H. 
Sayce  has  found  that  the  local  name  of  the  deity 
worshiped  "in  the  mountain  of  Jerusalem,"  ac- 
cording U>  Ebed-tob,  the  governor  ot  the  city  in 
the  time  ot  the  eighteenth  dynasty  in  Egypt,  was 
Salim.  This  reveals  the  origin  of  the  name  of 
Jerusalem  itself.  A  cuneiform  tablet  has  already 
informed  us  that  uru  signifies  cily,  the  Assyrian 
alu ;  unt-Saiim,  or  Jerusalem,  must  therefore  t>o 
"the  city  ot  Salem,"  the  ffod  of  peace.  We  can 
thus    understand  why  Helchizedek,  the  royal 

Sriest,  is  called  "  King  ot  Salem  "  rather  than  of 
erusalem ;  and  we  may  see  in  the  title  "  Prinee 
ot  Peace,"  oonferrrd  by  Isaiah  on  the  expected 
Saviour,  a  reference  to  the  early  history  of  the 
city.  In  the  letters  sent  by  Ebed-tob  to  Egypt, 
he  says  that  he  had  succeeded  to  bis  royal  dig- 
nity not  by  right  of  inheritance,  nor  by  the  ap- 
pointment of  the  Egyptian  king,  but  by  virtue 
of  an  oracle  ot  the  god  who  is  called  in  Genesis 
El  EIy6n.  A  comparison  is  suggested  bv  this 
account  of  his  priestly- royal  tenure,  with  the 
characterization  of  Melchizedek  in  Hebrews  Tit, 
8.  At  the  same  time  he  was  a  tributary  and 
"vassal"  ot  Egypt,  and  the  district  of  which 
Jerusalem  was  the  capital,  which  extended  on 
the  west  to  Mount  Seir  and  Rabbah.  and  on  the 
south  to  Keilah  and  Carmel,  was  the  "country 
of  the  king"  ot  Egypt,  who  had  established  his 
name  in  it  "  forever. 

Babjlonla.  DlBcoTerles  by  Dr.  Peters  at 
Nlffer. — Dr,  Peters,  ot  the  American  expedition 
to  Babylonia,  has  communicated  to  Mr.  Theodore 
G.  Pinches  the  discovery  at  Niffer  of  two  slamps 
of  Narara-Sin  and  two  of  his  father,  Sargon  I : 
three  door  sockets  with  votive  inscriptions  of 
Sargon  ot  Agade;  and  several  inscriptionsof  an- 
other king,  apparently  of  about  the  same  uce 
with  Sargon  I  (B.  f.  3800).  who  seems  to  be  un- 
known. In  this  inscription  Mr.  Pinches  reads 
the  name  Erimus  or  Uruinus.  The  same  name 
occurs  on  some  fragments  from  Sippara  (or  Abii- 
hnbbah).  which  Dr.  Jensen  has  copied.  These 
discoveries  prove  that  the  city  of  Niffor  was  one 


ARCn^OLOQY.    (Africa,)  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.  23 

of  the  oldest  in  Babylonia — a  fact  which  is  cor-  and  put  together  without  the  use  of  a  single  atom 

roborated  in  the  new  Akkadian  story  of  the  crea-  of  cement.  This  strange  inclosure  is  entered  on  its 

tion,  where  Niffer  is  the  first  city  mentioned  by  eastern  side  by  what  at  first  sight  appears  to  be 

name.    Among  the  finds  from  the  temple  of  Bel  a  mere  gap  in  the  wall,  but  whicn  closer  examina- 

are  a  number  of  votive  inscriptions  on  lapis-  tion  reveals  to  be  what  was  once  evidently  a  well- 

l&zoli,  agate,  and  a  chalk-like  white  stone,  so  soft  defined  narrow  entrance,  as  shown  clearly  bv  the 

that  it  had  to  be  covered  with  a  kind  of  enamel,  rounded-off  courses.    Inside  the  building  itself 

They  were  all  found  in  one  room,  in  a  series  of  (which  is  most  difilcult  to  examine  thoroughly, 

booths  or  shops  before  the  temple ;  had  all  been  owing  both  to  the  dense  undergrowth  and  tHe 

contained  in  one  box ;  and  were  in  various  stages  presence  of  quantities  of  trees  hundreds  of  years 

of  completion,  showing  that  this  was  the  shop  of  old,  which  conceal  traces  of,  seemingly,  a  series 

a  vender  or  manufacturer  of  objects  of  this  kmd.  of  further  circular  or  elliptical  walls),  and  close 

The  inscriptions  on  the  bulk  of  these  belong  to  to  the  entrance  and  outer  wall,  here  dO  feet  high, 

Knrigaizu,  son  of  Bumaburiash,  but  the  largest  stands  a  conical-shaped  tower  or  turret.  85  feet 

and  moi^  important  of  the  series  bears  the  name  in  height  and  18  feet  in  diameter  at  the  base, 

of  a  king  of  Babylon,  which  >fr.  Pinches  reads  built  of  the  same  granite  blocks  and  consisting 

Kadasman-Turgu.  Another  similar  name,  Kadas-  of  solid  masonry,    ijastly,  .  .  .  on  the  southeast 

man-Bel,  occurs  on  an  agate  tablet  of  the  same  front  of  the  wall  and  20  feet  fit>m  its  base  runs  a 

series.    These  give  us  the  names  of  two  Kassite  zigzag  scroll,  one  third  of  the  distance  round, 

kings,  one  whofly,  the  other  partially,  new.  composed  of  the  same-sized  granite  blocks  placed 

AkJ^Adian  Aecount  of  the  Creation.—- A  in  diagonal  positions." 
tablet  found  by  Mr.  Pinches  among  those  col-        The  ruins  were  visited  in  1891  by  Mr.  Theo- 

lected  by  Mr.  Hormuzd  Rassam  at  Konyunjik,  dore  Bent,  who  found  the  remains  of  a  temple 

containing  on  the  reverse  an  incantation  for  the  adorned  with  phallic  emblems,  a  phallic  altar, 

punfication  of  the  great  temple  tower  E-Zida,  and  fragments  of  blue  and  green  pottery, 
or  Birs  Nimrud,  has  on  the  obverse  an  account       BibHogrspliyr-Geraixi  Fowke,  "Some  Popular  Er- 

of  the  creation.    The  text,  according  to  Mr.  rore  in  regw^  to  Mound-buildere  and  IndTana"  (in 

Pinches,  may  be  divided  roughly  into  sections  of  the  "  Ohio  Arehieoloffical  and  HiBtorical  Quarterly," 

about  ten  lines  each.    The  first  section  describes  1S89) ;  "  The  Manufacture  and  Use  of  Aboriginal 

the  time  when  nothing  was,  neither  the  "glori-  Stone  Implements."    W.  K.  Moorehead,  "Fort  An- 

ous  house  of  the  gods,^'  neither  plants  nor  cities,  JJ^nt,  the  Great  Prehistoric  Earth-work  of  Wairen 

nor  houses,  and  not  even  the  abyss  (Hades)  nor  Suiti^' of  ¥enn^  '^  f  aicTin^tiTT  F^d'' 

Erida (probably a tyf)e  of  paradise)  existed.    The  erick  Wright,  "Man  and  the  Glacial  Period,"  supl 

second  section  describes  the  making  of  Hindu,  plementary  note  to  a  new  edition  of  "The  Ice  Age  in 

with  its  temple  £-sagila,  which  had  been  founded  riorth  America  and  ita  Bearing  upon  the  Antiquity 

within  the  abyss.    Ihen  were* made  Babvlon,  the  of  Man  "  (New  York).    Marquis  do  Nadaillac, "  Pre- 

pKls.  the  spirits,  the  land,  the  abode  of  the  gods,  historic  America"  (New  York).    Henrv  A.  Shep- 

and  mankind.    The  third  section  treats  of  the  herd,  "The  Antiquities  of  the  State  of  Ohio"  (Cin- 

creation  of  animals,  plants,  and  trees,  the  Tims  f JJ^cS^i)  C^^'H^^^-Th^T^^^fa Sl^o^iI^dJ^. 
and  Euphrates,  eUs. ;  and  the  fourth  and  last  ^^d  irmnv'othcr  papere  orsubjecla  ofNorth  Ameri- 
rtmaining  section  records  the  building  of  cities  can  arehwology  (Washington).  "  Reports  of  the  Pea- 
and  houses.  Merodach  figures  as  the  principal  body  Museum  of  Amencan  Archaeology  and  Eth- 
creator  and  constructor  of  all  things.  nology"  (Cambridge,  Mass.)-  Beports  of  the  Smith- 
AMca.  BuIdS  of  Zlmbabye. — The  cyclo-  sonian  Institution,  of  the  United  States  National 
pean  rains  of  Zimbabve,  in  Mashonaland,  South  Museum,  and  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Eth- 
5^rica,  were  discovered  and  visited  several  years  ^^'^l' j,^^^,^!^^^^  ^TMoi^^^^^^^^ 
ago  hv  the  German  traveler  Mauch,  and  are  illus-  Vishiugton ;  Otis  T.  Masin,  Washington.  Reports 
trated,  from  his  notes,  in  Barnes  s  works  on  "  The  and  publications  of  the  Archoological  Institute  of 
Gold  Fields  of  South  Africa."  They  were  visited  America.  Dr.  C.  Schuchhart.  "  Schliemann^s  Exca- 
again,  and  are  described  by  a  correspondent  of  vations"  (New  York).  "Bibiia,"  monthly,  Charles 
the  London  •* Times,"  a  member  of  the  British  8.  Davis  (Meriden,  Conn.).  "Oriental  and  Baby- 
Sonth  Africa  Company's  exiiedition,  in  the  sum-  Ionian  Record"  ^London).  Publications  of  the  So- 
me r  of  1890.  They  are  situited  close  to  the  edge  J^j^Hnfti^^'F^^t  f.'^w 
of  the  Mashonalana  plateau,  at  the  base  of  a  pre-  *^^"«  ^^^^  ^^^  Exploration  Fund  (London). 

cipitous  granite  '*  kopie,"  or  knoll,  which  is  in-  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC,  a  federal  repub- 
habited  by  one  of  the  Mashona  tribes.  They  are  lie  in  South  America,  having  a  Constitution  mod- 
surrounded  by  an  outer  wall,  running  apparently  eled  after  that  of  the  United  States,  The  Presi- 
round  the  entire  kopje,  which  could  not  be  traced  dent  is  elected  for  six  years.  The  Congress  con- 
for  more  than  half  a  mile  on  account  of  the  high  sists  of  a  Senate  of  28  members,  two  from  each 
grass  and  jungle.  Next,  are  indications  of  a  sec-  province,  and  a  House  of  Representatives  con- 
ond  and  inner  wall,  which  also  could  not  be  traced  taining  86  members  voted  for  directlv  by  the 
for  any  great  length.  Then,  amid  the  remains  people  and  serving  four  years.  One  half  of  the 
of  many  small  circular  buildings,  and  300  yards  Ilouse  is  renewed  every  two  years,  and  one  third 
««uthwest  of  the  base  of  the  kopje,  is  "  a  high  of  the  Senate  every  three  yeai-s.  Every  member 
wall  of  circular  shape,  from  30  to  35  feet  high,  of  either  house  draws  a  salary  of  |8,400  per 
forming  a  complete  inclosure  of  an  area  80  yards  annum.  The  Vice-President  presides  over  the 
in  diameter.  This  wall  (about  10  feet  in  thicfeness  Senate,  and  succeeds  to  the  presidency  in  case  of 
at  the  base,  and  tapering  to  about  7  or  8  feet  at  a  vacancy.  On  the  resignation  of  President 
the  top)  is  built  of  small  granite  blocks,  about  Juarez  Celman,  on  Au^.  6,  1890,  Dr.  Carlos  Pel- 
tfTi'ce  the  size  of  an  ordinary  brick,  beautifully  logrini,  then  Vice-President,  assumed  the  oflBce 
hewed  and  dressed,  laid  in  perfectly  even  courses,  for  the  remaihder  of  the  term,  which  expires 


24                                                  ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC. 

« 
Oct  12,  1892.  Each  province  elects  its  Gov-  total  exports  of  aniraal  products  were  $89,282,715 
ernor  and  Legislature,  and  can  levy  taxes  and  in  value;  of  agricultural  products,  $16,980,547; 
contract  debts  and  legislate  on  all  matters  not  of  manufactured  products,  $11,946,806;  of  m in- 
reserved  to  Congress  by  the  Constitution.  The  end  products,  $1,629,100;  of  forest  products. 
Cabinet  in  the  l^ginning  of  1891  was  composed  $798,257;  of  other  products.  $2,228,012:  total 
of  the  following  members :  Minister  of  Foreign  merchandise  exports  in  1889,  $122,815,057.  The 
Affairs,  E.  Costa ;  Minister  of  Finance,  Vicente  imports  of  textile  goods  and  apparel  were  $32,- 
Fidel  Lopez ;  Minister  of  Education  and  Minis-  229,422  in  value ;  of  iron  manufactures,  $24,- 
ter  of  Justice,  Juan  Carballido ;  Minister  of  War,  727,118 ;  of  railroad  and  telegraph  supplies,  $24,- 
N.  Levalle;  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Gen.  Roca  178,749;  of  food  substances,  $18,850,9(>4 ;  of  bev- 
Area  and  Popalation.— The  ai-ea  of  the  erages,  $15,801,607;  of  timber,  $12,106,858;  of 
self-governed  provmces  is  515,700  square  miles,  coal  and  oil,  $7,598,810;  of  glass  and  pottery, 
and  their  population  is  estimated  at  3,916,492.  $6,658,646 ;  of  chemicals,  $4,756,797;  of  all  other 
The  territories  have  an  area  of  about  609.386  articles,  $18,670,978 :  total  merchandise  imports, 
square  miles,  and  170,000  inhabitants.    Buenos  $164,569,884. 

Ayres.  the  capital,  with  its  suburbs,  had  in  The  exports  to  the  United  States,  mainly  hides 
July,  1890,  a  population  of  556,160,  more  than  and  wool,  in  1890  were  $5,401,697,  compared 
one  quarter  bemg  foreigners.  The  immigration  with  $5,454,618  in  1889 ;  the  imports  from  the 
in  the  past  six  years  has  been  nearly  1,200,000.  United  States,  consisting  chiefly  of  railroad  ma- 
About  three  fourths  of  the  settlers  are  of  Ital-  terial,  agricultural  implements,  machinery,  lum- 
ian  nationality,  one  tenth  are  Spaniards,  one  ber,  petroleum,  and  cotton,  were  $8,887,000  in 
twelfth  are  French,  and  the  rest  of  various  na-  1890,  against  $9,298,008  in  1889. 
tionalities.  The  financial  disturbance  of  1890  caused  a 
Finance.  —  The  revenue  for  1890  was  esti-  large  diminution  in  the  volume  of  imiK)rts, 
mated  at  $74,370,000,  namely,  $48,000,000  from  chiefly  in  luxuries,  while  the  exports  have  re- 
customs,  $8,950,000  from  municipal  taxes,  $7,-  mained  steady.  The  decrease  of  imports  is  part- 
700,000  from  banks,  $6,050,000  from  stamps  and  ly  due  to  the  protective  tariff  and  tne  growth  of 
the  post-office,  and  $8,670,000  from  other  sources  native  industries. 

The  total  expenditui*es  were  estimated  at  $67,-  Railroadfiu-^The  Argentine  Republic  has  the 
881,884,  apportioned  as  follow ;  Interior,  $16,-  completest  system  of  railroad  communications  of 
237,406;  finance  administration,  $25,989,893;  anv  South  American  country.  There  were  5,798 
instruction,  $9,517,026;  military  expenditure,  miles  in  operation  and  4.840  miles  building  in 
$9,507,839 ;  the  navy,  $4,029,440 ;  foreign  af-  1890.  The  cost  of  the  completed  lines  was  $249,- 
fairs,  $2,600,280.  The  actual  expenditures  ex-  907,796.  The  receipts  for  1889  were  $85,250,- 
ceeded  the  revenue  by  $31,000,000,  and  in  1891  907  and  the  expenses  $24,420,152.  The  panic 
a  deficit  of  $22,000,000  was  looked  for,  to  avoid  of  1890  caused  railroad  construction  to  fail  olf 
which  the  President  issued  a  decree  reducing  greatly ;  but  many  of  the  lines  were  already  coin- 
salaries  in  the  civil  departments  and  in  the  army  pleted  or  nearly  completed.  The  extension  of 
and  navy,  which  was  approved  by  Congress.  the  Buenos  Ayres  and  Rosario  line  to  Tucuman 
The  Army  and  NaTir. — There  is  a  standing  connects  the  capital  with  one  of  the  most  pro- 
army  of  5,585  men  and  officers.  Able-bodied  men  ductive  of  the  provinces.  The  Transandine  line 
under  forty-five  are  enrolled  in  the  militia,  which  to  connect  the  Ars^entine  system  with  the  Chil- 
numbers  286,000.  ian  is  expected  to  be  finished  before  1894,  though 
The  naval  forces  in  1890  comprised  1  ironclad  several  long  tunnels  will  have  to  be  cut  through 
frigate,  2  deck-protected  cruisers,  2  monitors,  7  hard  rock. 

gunboats,  2  transports,  7  dispatch  boats,  1  tor-  Financial  Crisis. — During  the  Celman  rS- 
pedo  school  ship,  and  8  torpedo  boats,  of  which  oim«,  which  ended  in  the  financial  crash  followed 
4  are  armed  with  spar  torpedoes.  The  "  Almi-  by  the  revolution  of  July,  1890,  the  national 
rante  Brown  "  is  plated  with  9  inches  of  steel-  treasury  was  robbed  of  $500,000,000.  The  Na- 
faced  armor,  and  mounts  six  11^-ton  breech-load-  tional  and  Provincial  banks  were  left  insolvent, 
ing  Armstrongs  in  her  central  battery,  1  in  the  having  lent  the  money  of  their  depositors  on 
bow,  and  1  in  the  stem.  A  deck-armored  cniiser  unsul:»tantial  security  to  politicians  and  their 
of  3,200  tons,  completed  in  England  in  1891,  friends.  For  three  years  before  the  economical 
showed  in  her  trials  a  mean  speed  with  natural  collapse  London  banking  houses,  and  Continental 
draught  of  2H  knots,  with  9,000  horse-power  de-  houses  to  a  smaller  extent,  found  profit  in  rais- 
veloped  by  two  vertical  4-cylinder  engines  work-  ing  money  from  investors  in  Europe  to  start 
ing  independent  screws.  She  is  named  the  ''  25  all  kinds  of  new  undertakings  in  Argentina,  and 
de  Mayo."  Her  armament  consists  of  two  8-inch  even  dealt  largely  in  cedulcis,  which  were  secured 
breech-loading  guns,  eight  5-inch  quick-firing  loosely  on  real  estate.  The  vast  quantity  of  Eu- 
guns,  twenty-four  quick-firing  guns  of  smaller  ropean  gold  that  was  poured  into  the  country 
calibers,  and  three  18-inch  torpedo  guns.  was  an  incentive  to  wild  speculation  and  a  temp- 
Commerce. — The  breeding  of  cattle  and  sheep  tation  to  political  jobbery.  President  Pelle^ini 
is  the  most  important  industry.  Agriculture  is  and  the  Lnion  Civica  were  supported  in  their  ef- 
carried  on  extensively,  about  6,000,000  acres  be-  forts  to  retrieve  the  financial  disaster  by  the  best 
ing  under  cultivation,  yielding  a  product  valued  classes  of  the  people.  For  this  it  was  necessary 
in  1890  at  $100,000,0()0,  the  exports  for  the  first  not  only  to  make  the  public  income  and  expendi- 
six  months  amounting  to  $81,865,000.  The  wheat  ture  balance  by  economy  and  fresh  taxation,  but 
area  in  1889  was  2,580,000  acres.  The  exports  to  rehabilitate  the  bankrupt  public  banks.  An 
of  wool  in  1889  were  of  the  value  of  $56,709,-  extraoniinarv  session  of  Congress  was  called  to- 
774 ;  of  hides  and  skins,  $27,852.949 ;  of  wheat,  ward  the  end  of  1890.  Measures  proposed  by  the 
$1,596,446;   of  Indian  com.  Ill2.-977,721.    The  Government  were  a  10-per-cent.  tax  on  the  prof- 


ARGENTINE  REPUBLIC.  25 

it?  of  private  banks  and  2  per  cent,  on  their  dc-  were  payable  on  April  1.  Congress  was  opened 
p<>sits;  7  per  cent,  on  the  profit-s  of  all  undertiik-  on  May  9  with  a  message  from  President  relle- 
ings  supported  by  foreign  capital,  railroads  and  grini,  giving  reasons  against  a  new  issue  of  paper, 
meat-freezing  companies  excepted  ;  and  a  tax  of  and  recommending  a  silver  instead  of  a  gold 
20  per  cent  on  the  interest  of  eedulas.  The  last-  basis  for  the  currency.  Gov.  Costa,  of  Buenos 
named  tax  was  proposed  by  the  provincial  gov-  Ayres,  having  refused  to  accede  to  the  proposed 
emment  in  lieu  of  a  conversion  scheme  which  the  fusion  of  the  two  state  banks,  the  Government 
foreign  and  native  holders  of  eedtilas  would  not  brought  in  a  bill  for  the  creation  of  a  new  na- 
acoept.  The  taxing  of  private  banks  would  have  tionai  bank  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,000,  of 
the  effect  of  giving  the  Government  the  use  of  which  $30,000,000  should  be  in  paper  and  $20,- 
cash  for  current  needs,  even  if  it  drove  the  for-  000,000  in  gold.  Authority  was  asked  to  assume 
eign  banks  out  of  business,  since  people  would  the  notes  of  provincial  banks  on  their  giving  up 
then  be  compelled  to  deposit  in  the  stat«  banks,  their  guarantee  bonds  and  specie  reserves. 
The  foreign,  and  especially  the  English,  bankers  The  indefinite  extension  on  June  1  of  the  sus- 
were  jpopularly  blamed  for  precipitating  the  pension  of  the  state  banks  was  the  cause  of  a 
financial  catastrophe.  The  foreign  bank  man-  panic,  and  this  gave  occasion  for  a  concerted  run 
agers  resisted  the  special  tux  on  depK>sits.  To  on  the  private  banks.  Gold  leaped  up  to  450. 
thetaxon  the  profits  of  foreign  enterprises,  which  The  Bank  of  Italy  paid  $13,000,000  over  its 
affected  Amencan  insurance  companies,  the  Unit-  counter  in  two  days,  and  then  closed  its  doors, 
ed  States  objected  on  the  ground  that  it  was  a  The  French  Bank  of  the  River  Plate,  the  new 
violation  of  international  obligations.  Italian  Bank,  the  Commercial  Bank,  and  the 
Deposits  withdrawn  from  the  Provincial  Bank  Spanish  Bank  suspended.  The  London  and 
of  Buenos  Ayres  left  it  on  March  5  with  no  River  Plate  Bank  nad  drawn  from  Rio  de  Ja- 
money  in  its  vaultjs.  Determined  to  save  the  neiro  and  Montevideo  reserves  sufficient  to  meet 
state  banks.  Dr.  Pellegrini  applied  to  the  foreign  all  demands.  On  June  11  both  houses  of  Con- 
banks,  but  they  refu^  assistance.  The  Minis-  gress  passed  over  the  President's  veto  a  bill 
ter  of  Finance  then  proposed  a  new  emission  of  granting  a  moratorium  or  general  suspension  of 
paper  money,  two  dollars  to  be  issued  a^inst  a  all  debS  and  obligations  to  pay  money  on  de- 
gold  reserve  of  one  dollar.  This  suggestion  and  mand  or  at  fixed  dates,  with  the  exception  of 
the  knowledge  of  the  critical  condition  of  the  taxes,  for  six  months.  Two  days  later  the  period 
lianks  caused  gold,  which  had  fiuctuated  between  was  reduced  to  three  months,  and  on  Aug.  12 
250  and  300,  to  leap  to  387.  It  was  no  longer  the  moratorium  was  repealed,  after  the  Senate 
officially  quoted  in  terms  of  paper  money.  On  had  voted  a  bill  creating  the  new  Bank  of  the 
Nov.  24,  1890,  when  it  had  risen  to  845  and  bull  Argentine  Nation  to  liquidate  the  old  National 
speculators  offered  350,  the  Bolsa  or  hall  of  ex-  Bank  and  take  over  its  privileges,  for  which  pur- 
enange  was  broken  up  by  the  crowd  and  the  pose  a  new  issue  of  $50,000,0%  was  authonzed. 
police  closed  its  doors.  After  they  were  again  The  redemption  of  the  coupons  on  National  eedu- 
opened  for  business  the  Government  decreed  that  las  was  postponed  for  a  year.  An  agreement 
quotations  should  henceforth  be  posted,  accord-  was  made  with  the  European  creditors  through 
ing  to  the  plan  adopted  in  Chili  and  Brazil,  in  a  number  of  their  representatives,  called  the 
shillings,  francs,  or  marks,  at  the  rates  of  foreign  Rothschild  committee,  whereby  the  Argentine 
exchange.  The  dangers  of  trifling  further  with  Government  is  relieved  from  the  immediate  pay- 
the  currency  were  so  apparent  that  bankers,  ment  of  the  debt  charges  falling  due  in  the  next 
capitalists,  and  merchants  proposed  the  altema-  three  years,  the  interest  being  funded  and  added 
tive  plan  of  an  internal  loan,  which  the  Govern-  to  the  principal  of  the  debt,  which  will  increase 
ment  willingly  accepted.  To  prevent  the  formal  the  annual  interest  by  $4,000,000  when  the  pay- 
failure  of  the  Provincial  Bank,  the  6th  of  March  ment  of  interest  is  resumed.  A  proposal  to  issue 
and  the  succeeding  day  were  flfeclared  public  $45,000,000  of  forced  paper  currency  for  the 
holidays,  and  the  suspension  was  prolonged  by  foundation  of  the  National  Argentine  Bank  was 
new  decrees  till  the  14th.  The  private  banks  agreed  to  by  the  House  of  Deputies,  but  on  Oct. 
came  to  the  assistance  of  the  Government  on  the  14  the  bill  was  defeated  in  the  Senate, 
condition  that  the  taxes  on  foreign  capital  should  Political  Disturbances. — The  friends  of  the 
be  removed.  The  proposed  new  loan  of  $100,-  deposed  Administration,  who  were  disposed  to 
OOO.OOO,  bearing  6  per  cent,  interest,  with  2  per  lay  the  blame  for  the  financial  distress  upon  Eu- 
cent,  sinking  fund,  was  offered  at  75.  The  ropean  financiers,  and  who  charged  the  President 
friends  of  the  late  Government  denounced  the  and  the  Union  Civica  with  accepting  extortion- 
plan  and  called  for  a  fresh  issue  of  bank  notes,  ate  terms  and  truckling  to  the  foreign  creditors. 
Consequently  only  $41,000,000  was  subscribed,  still  formed  an  active  political  organization,  and 
$23,000,000  by  Argentinians  and  $18,000,000  by  were  very  numerous  in  Cordova  and  the  dis- 
the  foreign  banking  houses.  The  suspension  of  tricts  that  had  supported  the  late  President  Cel- 
payments  of  the  Provincial  Bank  and  the  Na-  man.  The  question  as  to  who  should  succeed 
tionai  Bank  was  ordered  till  the  1st  of  June,  the  Dr.  Pellegrini  in  the  presidency  agitated  the 
Government  assumin|f  their  liabilities,  depositors  country,  as  the  elections  were  to  be  held  in  the 
being  allowed  the  option  of  taking  internal  bonds  following  year.  Gen.  Roca  and  the  other  leaders 
for  their  deposits.  The  ministers  elaborated  a  of  the  Union  Civica  fixed  on  Gen.  Mitre  as  their 
plan  for  the  fusion  of  them  both  into  a  new  in-  candidate,  and  he  came  from  Europe  in  March, 
stitution  to  be  called  the  Bank  of  the  Republic.  1891,  to  plan  the  canvass  and  advise  with  the 
TJje  Government  stopped  work  on  harbor  im-  men  in  power  on  the  political  and  financial  situa- 
provements  and  state  railroad  construction  in  tion.  Political  disturbances  had  already  broken 
consequence  of  its  financial  difficulties.  Interest  out.  On  Feb.  14  a  conspiracy  was  discovered  in 
was  defaulted  on  eedtUas  of  which  the  coupons  the  city  of  Buenos  Ayres  which  was  said  to  have 


26  ARIZONA. 

for  its  object  the  assassination  of  members  of  Flnanees. — The  total  bonded  debt  of  the  Ter- 
the  Government  Officers  who  had  sided  with  ritory  on  Jan.  1  was  $621,000,  and  the  floating 
Oelman  in  the  revolution  of  1890  were  ordered  to  debt,  represented  by  unpaid  warrants,  $124«442.- 
the  frontier,  and  forty  of  them  left  the  country.  19,  making  the  total  indebtedness  $745,442.19. 
On  Feb.  19  a  boy  attempted  to  kill  Gen.  Roca,  On  Sept.  12  the  bonded  debt  had  been  reduced 
grazing  his  nock  with  a  bullet  as  he  rode  in  his  to  $606,000,  while  the  floating  debt  had  incre&<ed 
carriage.  On  the  day  following  a  stete  of  sie^  to  $190,030.58,  making  a  total  of  $796,030.53. 
was  declared  in  the  capital.  A  riot  occurred  m  Although  a  tax  of  71  cents  for  Territorial  pur- 
Cordova,  in  which  the  troops  took  part.  The  poses  was  levied  this  year  on  each  $100  of  valu- 
movement  was  begun  at  Santa  Rosa,  and  spread  ation,  its  proceeds  were  insufficient  to  defray 
to  Jalumbra,  Rio  Cuarto,  and  the  capital  of  the  current  Territorial  expenses,  pay  interest  on  the 
province,  the  whole  of  which  was  placed  under  debt,  and  meet  such  of  the  pnncipal  as  matured, 
martial  law.  In  elections  for  deputies  in  Buenos  A  constant  increase  of  unpaid  warrants  thei^ 
Ayres  the  Government  gained  several  seats.    The  fore  results. 

siege  was  raised  on  March  15,  before  the  elections  In  addition  to  the  Territorial  debt,  there  is  a 

were  over.    A  conspiracy  among  the  police  of  the  county  debt,  bonded  and  floating,  of  $2,175,604.- 

capital  was  promptly  put  down.    The  navy  and  a  74,  and  a  city  debt,  bonded  and  floating,  of  $182,- 

part  of  the  army  were  opposed  to  the  Mitre-Roca  987.80. 

coalition,  and  the  hope  that  Gen.  Mitre  would  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  the  Territory 

harmonize  the  parties  was  found  to  be  ground-  for  1891  was  $28,270,466.28,  an  increase  of  $220,- 

less.  231.55  over  the  valuation  for  1890.    Included  in 

On  Mav  1  Gen.  Roca  resigned  his  post  as  Min-  the  assessment  were  3,364,868  acres  of  land,  val- 

ister  of  the  Interior,  and  was  succeeded  by  Jos6  ued  at  $4,602,121 ;  improvements  thereon,  valued 

Zapata.    On  May  22  a  new  insurrection  occurred  at  $2,302,214.20 ;  city  and  town  lots,  valued  at 

in  Cordova,  which  was  suppressed  by  the  troops  $1,972,252 ;  improvements  thereon,  valued  at  $2,- 

after  a  street  fight  of  eleven  hours,  during  which  347,424.50 ;  720,940  cAttle,  valued  at  $5,970,597.- 

25  persons  were  killed.   Minister  ZapaU  declared  35 :  288,727  sheep,  valued  at  $320,597.28 ;  47,912 

in  Congress  that  this  revolt  was  a  part  of  a  horses,  valued  at  $1.188,168.45 ;  1,757  mules  val- 

general  plot  to  convulse  the  republic.    In  June  ued  at  $58,973 ;  1,083  miles  of  railroad,  valued  at 

the  Province  of  Catamarca  was  the  scene  of  an  $6,145,008.02. 

insurrection  which  was  mainly  due  to  local  causes  LegislatiYe  Session. — The  sixteenth  Territo- 

and  was  successful,  the  provincial  authorities  rial  Legislature  began  its  regular  session  on  Jan. 

being  supplanted  by  a  provisional  j?ovemment.  19,  and  adjourned  on  March  19.    Both  branches 

A  few  days  later  Gov.  Rojas,  of  Santiago  del  Es-  were  controlled  by  Democrats,  the  Council  stand- 

tero,  who  was  accused  of  nepotism,  was  deposed  ing  8  Democrats,  4  Republicans,  and  the  House 

by  a  popular  rising,  and  Gorostiaga,  the  former  17  Democrats,  7  Republicans.    An  act  was  passed 

Governor,  was  reinstated.    The  troops  interfered  providing  for  an  election  of  delegates,  on  the 

in  both  provinces  and  restored  the  legitimate  second   Tuesday  of  May,  to  a  cotistitutional 

authorities.    Owing  to  dissensions  between  the  convention,  which  should  meet  at  Phenix  on  the 

Liberal  and  the  Radical  sections  of  the  Union  first  Monday  of  September  following  and  pre- 

Civica  Gen.  Mitre  in  the  autumn  renounced  his  pare  a  constitution  for  the  proposed  State  of 

candidature  for  the  presidency,  and  he  and  Gen.  Arizona.    The  number  of  delegates  was  limited 

Roca  formally  withdrew  from  active  political  to  twenty-twa    The  constitution  so  prepared 

life.    During  the  elections  in  October  rioting  and  must  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  people, 

loss  of  life  occurred  in  the  cities  of  Tucuman  A  ballot-reform  act  provides  that  all  ballots 

and  Cordova.  cast  in  elections  for  public  office  shall  be  printed 

ARIZONA,  a  Territory  of  the  United  States,  and  distributed  at  county  expense,  except  that 

orpranized  Feb.  24,  1863;  area,  118,020  square  ballots  in  local  elections  shall  be  printed  and 

miles.    The  population,  according  to  each  decen-  distributed  at  the  expense  of  the  city,  town,  or 

nial  census,  was  9,658  in  1870:  40,440  in  1880;  village.  Nominationsof  candidates  for  office  may 

and  59,620  in  1890.    Capital,  Phenix.  be  made  by  the  convention  or  caucus  of  any  po- 

GoYernment. — The  following  were  the  Terri-  litical  party  that  polled  at  the  last  election  for 

torial  officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  John  Territorial  or  county   officers  at   least   1  per 

N.  Irwin,  Republican  ;  Secretary,  Nathan   0.  cent,  of  the  entire  vote  cast  in  the  Territory  or 

Murphy ;  Treasurer,  John  V.  T.  Smith,  succeeded  county,  or  bv  nomination  papers  signed  by  voters 

by  William  Christy ;  Auditor,  Thomas  Hughes ;  residing  within  the  district  for  which  the  norai- 

Attorney-General,  Clark  Churchill,  succeeded  by  nation  is  made  equal  in  number  to  at  least  1  per 

William  Herring ;  Superintendent  of  Public  In-  cent,  of  the  total  vote  cast  in  such  district  at  the 

struction,  George  W.  Cheyney;   Commissioner  last  preceding  election.     The  ballots  shall  be 

of  Immigration  (until  the  abolition  of  the  office  printed  on  wnite  paper,  and  shall  contain  the 

in  February,  by  act  of  the  Legislature),  John  A.  names  of  all  candiaates  duly  nominated.    Each 

Black ;   Railroad  Commissioners,  appointed  in  ballot  shall  be  indorsed  with  the  words  **  Official 

June,  pursuant  to  an  act  of  the  sixteenth  Legis-  ballot,"  which  shall  bo  followed  by  the  name  of 

lature.  H.  B.   Li^hthizer,    E.   B.  Gage,  G.  W.  the  district  or  precinct  in  which  the  ballots  are 

Beecher,  and  J.  S.  0*Brien  ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  to  be  used  and  the  date  of  election.    Each  bal- 

Supreme  Court,  Henry  C.  Gooding ;  Associate  lot  shall  also  have  on  its  back  the  fac  simile,  of 

Justices,  Joseph  H.  Kibbey,  Richard  E.  Sloan,  the  signature  of  the  chairman  of  the  Board  of 

and  Edward  W.  Wells.    Judge  Wells  was  ap-  Supervisors,  with  his  official  title.    Each  polling 

pointed  early  in  the  year,  pursuant  to  the  act  of  place  shall  be  furnished  with  a  sufficient  num- 

Congress  approved  Oct.  1,  1890,  providing  for  a  W  of   voting    booths,  containing  shelves   on 

fourth  justice  for  the  Territorial  court.  which  the  voters  may  mark  their  ballots  screened 


ARIZONA. 


27 


from  obsenration.  A  guard  rail  shall  be  so  con- 
stracted  that  only  persons  inside  can  approach 
within  six  feet  of  the  booths  or  the  ballot-boxes, 
bat  neither  of  these  shall  be  hidden  from  the  view 
of  persons  jnst  outside  the  rail.  Voting  shall  be 
done  br  marking  a  cross  opposite  the  name  of 
the  candidate  to  be  Toted  for,  or  by  writing  in  a 
name  and  marking  a  cross  opposite  thereto.  The 
Toter,  after  marking  his  ballot  in  the  booth,  shall 
fold  it  so  as  to  conceal  his  choice,  and  hand  it  to 
the  election  officer.  The  top  of  each  ballot  shall 
be  partially  separated  from  the  remainder  by  a 
perforated  line,  and  on  this  top  or  stub  the  elec- 
tion clerk  shall  write  his  name  and  the  number 
of  the  voter  in  the  order  in  which  he  voted, 
which  number  shall  also  be  entered  on  the  check- 
hsL 

llie  act  does  not  apply  to  school  elections, 
nor  are  its  provisions  enforceable  until  the  first 
Monday  in  June,  1892. 

An  act  limiting  railroad  fares  prevents  rail- 
road companies  from  charging^  passengers  over 
six  cents  lor  each  mile  or  fhu^tion  thereof  which 
they  are  carried,  except  that  in  no  case  shall  the 
minimum  fare  be  less  than  twenty-five  cents. 
The  rate  chargeable  for  children  under  ten  vears 
shall  not  exceed  three  cents  for  each  mile  or 
fraction  thereof.  Baggage  up  to  150  pounds  in 
weight  shall  be  carried  free  for  each  passenger. 
An  act  to  encourage  railroad  construction  ex- 
empts from  taxation  for  twenty  years  the  prop- 
erty of  all  railroads  hereafter  6uilt  without  sub- 
sidies, provided  actual  construction  begins  with- 
m  one  year  after  the  pass^e  of  the  act,  and  pro- 
ceeds at  the  rate  of  fifty  miles  of  track  each  year, 
and  provided  other  requirements  of  the  act  are 
complied  with. 

Another  act  provides  for  the  appointment  of 
four  railroad  ctommissioners,  two  from  each 
party,  holding  office  for  two  years,  who  shall 
make  an  annual  report  to  the  Governor. 

The  Governor  was  given  power  to  remove  any 
Territorial  officer  appointea  by  him  or  his  prede- 
cessor, whether  witn  or  without  the  consent  of 
the  Legislative  Council,  whenever  in  his  judg- 
ment the  best  interest  of  the  public  service 
will  be  promoted.  Provision  was  made  for  or- 
ganizing, for  the  protection  of  the  southern 
irontier,  a  company  of  anned  horsemen,  consist- 
ing of  three  officers  and  twenty  men,  to  be 
known  as  the  Arizona  Rangers,  a  special  part  of 
whose  doty  it  shall  be  to  pursue  and  punish 
marauding  Indians  and  other  malefactors.  An 
annual  Territorial  tax  of  six  cents  on  each  $100 
is  to  be  levied  to  provide  money  for  the  equip- 
ment and  support  of  these  troops. 

The  new  funding  law  for  theTerritory,  passed 
by  Congress  in  June,  1890,  was  re-enactea,  with 
additional  provisions  necessarv  to  carry  it  into 
full  effect.  The  annual  tax  to  be  levied  for  com- 
pleting the  buildings  for  the  Territorial  Univer- 
^itr,  at  Tucson,  was  reduced  from  three  fourths 
i')  one  half  of  a  mill  annually.  A  department 
fo/  the  education  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  blind 
was  added  to  the  institution,  to  be  organized 
whe  lever  tire  persons  who  are  admissible 
^halJ  apply  for  instruction.  Subject  to  the  ap- 
pmial  of  Congress,  an  act  was  passed  creating  a 
wfd  of  World's  Fair  Managers  for  Arizona, 
ani  appropriating^  $30,000  for  their  use  in  secur- 
i'jg  a  proper  exhibit  of  the  resources  of  the  Ter- 


ritory at  Chicago  in  1893,  the  sum  to  be  bor- 
rowed at  5  per  cent,  for  twenty  years. 

The  offices  of  Commissioner  of  Immigration 
and  of  Territorial  Geologist  were  abolished. 
The  county  of  Coconino  was  created  out  of 
the  northerly  and  easterly  portions  of  Tavapai 
County. 

Amendments  were  made  to  the  jury  law,  so 
that  in  civil  cases  and  in  misdemeanor  trials 
where  twelve  persons  form  the  jury  a  verdict 
may  be  given  bv  the  concurrence  of  three  fourths. 
Other  aces  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

Changing  the  time  of  meeting  of  the  Legislature  to 
the  second  Monday  of  February  in  1898,  and  every 
second  year  thereafter. 

To  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  board  of 
horticultural  commissioners  in  any  county  on  peti- 
tion of  residents  thereof,  and  to  empower  such  board 
to  protect  the  county  against  tiie  imj^rtation,  propa- 
gation, and  spreading  of  insects  ii^unous  to  fruit  and 
vines. 

Limiting  the  time  within  which  executions  may 
issue  to  five  years  after  rendition  of  judgment 

Authorizing  incorporated  cities,  towns,  and  villages 
to  dispose  of  vacant  land. 

Consolidating  ofiices  and  reducing  expenses  in 
cities  which  cast  a  total  vote  of  less  than  500  at  the 
November  election  in  1890. 

Revising  the  mechanics^  lien  law. 

Detaching  certain  lands  from  Yavapai  County  and 
annexing  them  to  Gila  County. 

To  prevent  the  sale  of  flrc-anns,  ammunition,  and 
liouors  to  Indians. 

To  prohibit  the  licensing  of  gambling  at  nnyjiestd, 
or  in  any  park,  or  on  any  race  track  or  fair  ground, 
or  adjacent  thereto,  or  in  any  public  place  iVequcntcd 
by  women  or  minors. 

Making  the  Friday  following  the  first  day  of  Feb- 
ruary in  each  year  a  holiday,  to  be  known  as  Labor 
Dav. 

Authorizing  school  dintricta  to  issue  bonds  for  the 
purpose  of  bmlding  school-houses  and  of  liquidating 
outstanding  indebtedness. 

Amending  the  act  of  1889  so  that  precinct  and  dis- 
trict ofiices  in  the  Territory  may  be  held  by  persons 
who  can  not  read  and  write  in  the  English  language. 
Territorial  and  county  ofiices  can  not  be  held  by  such. 

Exempting  from  taxation  for  ten  years  all  sugar- 
beet  factories  built  within  one  year. 

Repealing  the  close-herd  law. 

To  prohibit  the  sale  of  intoxicants  to  minors  and 
drunkards,  and  to  prohibit  the  sale  of  cigarettes  to 
children  under  sixteen  years  of  age. 

Providing  for  the  appointment  of  live-stock  inspect- 
ors, who  shall  inspect  all  stock  about  to  be  killed  for 
sale  or  to  bo  shipped  or  driven  from  the  Territory, 
and  to  make  sure  that  such  stock  is  not  stolen. 

Providing  a  new  law  regulating  the  care  of  the 
indigent  sick  by  the  severafcounties. 

Giving  to  persons  who  cut  or  cord  wood,  cut,  saw, 
or  skid  logs,  cut,  saw,  hew,  or  pile  ties,  a  lien  thereon 
for  labor. 

Education. — The  following  table  shows  the 
educational  progress  of  the  Territory  for  the 
past  eight  years : 


TKAB. 

lUedpla. 

Ksptodl- 
tan*. 

School..    9^- 
ami. 

•ttend- 

Tradi- 
cn. 

1888.... 
1SW4.... 
ISW.... 
1SH6.... 
IS**?.... 
18.HS. . . . 
18^0.... 
1890  .. 

1101.890  02  j  $77,997  W 
2(UV01  28  ]  161,861  57 
1S6,66«  12  '  18S.164  88 
159,956  14     185.0R0  89 
120,044  P8     117,(K«  74 
157.707  08    18<»,212  14 
179,7^2  85     150,(M8  41 

i   201.2^8  70    177,488  .^8 

104      9,860 
121  ,    9,860 
187  1 10,219 
150     10,219 
169     10,8(>8 
1H4     10.HC8 
197     12.5HK 
219     12.882 

2.554 
8,287 
8,226 
8,507 
8,602 
8,849 
4,293 
4,702 

98 
14S 
181 
160 
175 
191 
1P9 
240 

28  ARIZONA. 

In  1890, 93  men  and  147  women  teachers  were  of  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives  bo  less 

employed,  their  respective  monthly  salaries  being  than  twice,  nor  greater  than  three  times,  the  numlxir 

^2  45  and  474  45  of  members  of  the  Senate.    The  Senate  and  House  of 

*"The«  is  {No-rmal  School  at  Phonix  supported  ^^^^^^^  "^"^^^^  JX^Zftwe^iy-W 

by  the  Terntory,  at  which  42  students  were  en-  membere  respectively. 

rolled  on  the  first  day  of  this  year.    Building        No  legislative  session  after  the  first  shall  exceed 

for  a  Territorial   University  at  Tucson  are  in  sixty  days.    The  Legislature  shall  meet  biennially  on 

process  of  erection.  the  second  Tuesday  of  January  next  succeeding  the 

Indians.— The  Indian  population  of  the  Ter-  election  of  its  members.  ^    .    .,     . 

ritory  on  June  30,  1890,  was  as  follows:  Col-  ,  No  appropriation  shall  be  made  for  charitable,  in- 

orado  River  Aopncv    Moiavea    640-  Pima  and  dustrial,  educational,  or  benevolent  purposes  to  any 

oraao  iiiver  Agency,  MOjaves,  04U,  rima  ana  pereon,  corporation,  or  community  not  under  the  abs<>- 

Mancopa  Reservation,  Pimas,  641 ;  Pima  Keser-  fu^  control  of  the  State,  nor  to  any  denominaUonal 

vation  on  Gila  River,  Pimas,  3,823;  Maricopa  or  sectarian  institution  or  association. 
Reservation,  Maricopas,  315;  Pa{)ago  Reserva-        The  city  of  Phenix  shall  be  the  seat  of  ^vcm* 

tion  and  roaming  Indians,  Papagos,  5,1(J3;  San  ment:  but  the  people  may  by  vote  change  Uio  seat 

Carlos  Agency  (Cayotero,  San  Carlos,  Tonto,  and  not  ot\encr  than  once  in  ten  yeaw. 

White  Mountain  Apache),  Apaches,  2,121;  Mo-  ^ight  hours  shall  constitute  a  day's  labor  on  all 
jave  Reservation,  Mojaves,  551 ;  Yuma  Reserva-        ^11  Xml  streams  and  lakes  within  the  boundaries 

tion,  Mojaves,  240;    White   Mountam   Apache  of  this  State  capable  of  being  used  for  the  purpoi^es 

Reservation,  Apache,  1,920 ;  living  outside  of  the  of  navigation  or  irrigation  are  declared  to  be  the 

reservations,  1,326;  total,  16,740.  property  of  tlie  State. 

Irrigation. — The  total  area  in  Arizona  on        Tlio  common-law  doctrine  of  riparian  water  rights 

which  crops  were  raised  by  irrigation  in  the  shall  never  be  applied  in  this  State, 

census  year  ending  June  30,  1890,  was  65,821  ,  Th«  nght  of  individuals  or  corporations  to  oon- 

«^«^«    «i    ifto.Q    „«.,„««    «,;i,l     i«„o    ♦kn^    V>««  struct  reservoirs  and  impound  and  appropriate  Uio 
acres,  or   102-8    square    miles,    less    than    one  ,^  ^j  ^^  watenTfor  sale,  rental,  ^domestic, 

tenth  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  entire  area  of  the  gt^ck,  or  any  beneficial  purpose,  shall  never  be  do- 
Territory.    The  aggregate  number  of  farms  was  nied. 
1,448,  and  of  these,  1,075,  or  74  per  cent.,  de- 
pended upon  irrigation,  the  remaining  26  per        ProWsion  was  made  for  submitting  this  con- 
cent, being  stock  ranches,  or  farms  high  in  the  stitution  to  a  vote  of  the  people  on  the  first  day 
mountains,  where  crops  can  be  raised  by  what  is  of  December  of  this  year. 

known  as  '*  dry  farming."    The  average  size  of        Tlie  Lost  Laws. — Under  this  term  are  included 
irrigated  farms,  or  rather  of  the  irrigated  por-  eleven  acts  of  the  fifteenth  Territorial  Legisla- 
tions of  farms  on  which  irrigation  was  practiced,  ture,  which  for  more  than  a  year  were  supposed 
was  61  acres.  to  be  lost,  and  the  validity  of  which  is  not  yet  fully 
Taking  all  the  counties  in  the  Territory,  with  established.    The  fifteenth  Legislature  having 
their  varying  conditions,  the  average  cost  of  continued  in  session  more  than  sixty  consecutive 
water  right  was  $7.07  an  acre.  days  after  the  day  of  it«  first  session,  a  question 
The  agricultural  and  irrigable  land  of  Arizona  at  once  arose  whether  its  sessions  after  the  sixty- 
is  in  the  southwestern  half  of  the  Territory.  consecutive  days  were  legal ;  or,  in  other  words. 
The  acreage  at  present  under  irrigation  may  whether  the  law  of  Congress  limiting  legislative 
be  regarded  as  approaching  the  maximum  pos-  sessions  to  sixty  days  meant  sixty  consecutive  or 
si ble  with  the  present  supply  of  water  and  me th-  sixty  legislative  days.    Gov.  Zulick,  to  whom 
ods  of  using  it.  these  eleven  acts  were  transmitted  for  approval 
Constitutional   Conrention. — Pursuant  to  on  March  21, 1889,  which  was  the  sixtieth  con- 
the  act  of  March  19,  Gov.  Irwin   issued  his  secutive  day  of  the  session,  taking  the  view  that 
proclamation  calling  a  general  election  for  the  the  legal  session  must  expire  on  that  day,  dc- 
second  Tuesday  of  May,  at   which   delegates  cided  neither  to  approve  nor  return  them,  but 
should  be  chosen  to  a  constitutional  convention  to  allow  them  to  tail  through  the  expiration  of 
appointed  to  meet  at  Phenix  on  the  first  Monday  the  session.    lie  accordingly  deposited  them  in  a 
of  September.    At  this  election  17  Democrats  desk  in  the  executive  ofiice,'ana  a  few  days  later 
and  5  Republicans  were  chosen.    The  conven-  turned  over  all  official  papers  and  the  office  to 
tion  met  at  the  appointed  time  and  continued  in  his  successor.  Gov.  Wolfley.    The  acts  remained 
session  through  Oct.  2,  on  which  day  a  complete  unnoticed  in  the  Governor's  office  until  Nov.  9, 
constitution  was  adopted  and  signed.    This  in-  1890,  when  a  demand  was  made  upon  the  acting 
strument  contains  no  test  oath  or  other  provision  Governor  for  a  copy  of  one  of  these  laws  alleged 
to  prevent  Mormons  in  the  Territory  irom  vot-  to  be  in  his  possession,  and  on  examination  of 
ing,  but  declares  bigamy  and  polygamy  to  be  the  records  of  the  office  the  eleven  were  found, 
felonies,  and  provides  for  their  punishment  as  Meanwhile,  the  validity  of  the  action  of  the 
such.    Other  important  provisions  are  as  follow :  Legislature  after  the  expiration  of  the^ixty  con- 
No  lottery  shall  ever  be  permitted.  ?^"^VL^  ^»^s  ^^  been  brought  in  question  be- 
The  riifht  of  way  over  mountain  pnHBos  and  through  (?^®  ^'^^  «Ji®^'***i^"P.   Supreme    Court,  and   in 
canons  is  granted  to  all  ujwn  such  teniis  and  regula-  March,  1890,  a  decision  had  been  rendered  dc- 
tions  iLH  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  daring  the  session  to  be  legal  until  sixty  days  of 
The  railroads  are  declared  to  be  public  highways.  actual   legislative  session  had  expired.     Under 
The  legislative  power  shall  be  ve8te<l  in  a  Senate  this  decision  the  entire  session  of  the  fifteenth 
and  House  of  Representative.^  which  nliall  be  desig-  Legislature  (which  did  not  adjourn  till  April  10) 

"*^l±l^^n  K^?i5ti]}^f^^^^^^  n.,.r.  was  legal;  and  as  the  Governor  had  held  these 

Senators  shall  be  elected  for  lour  yeaiM,  and  Kepre-  ^         #^  -j**       j  i.-*       —ui^i,  4.u 

sentatives  for  two  years.  ^*w^  ^°^  *  period  of  ten  days,  dunng  which  the 

Each  countv  shall  have  at  least  one  Senator  and  Legislature  was  legally  in  session,  they  became 

one  Representative,  but  at  no  time  shall  the  number  laws  without  his  approval.     They  were  there- 


ARKANSAS. 


29 


fore  printed  by  the  Territorial  Secretary  and 
published  for  the  first  time  in  1891,  with  the 
laws  of  the  sixteenth  Legislature.  Steps  have 
been  taken  to  bring  the  question  of  their  validity, 
and  therefore  the  validity  of  the  later  action  of 
the  fifteenth  Legislature,  before  the  final  tri- 
bunal, the  United  States  Supreme  Court.  Until 
its  decision  is  rendered  they  remain  in  foree  by 
virtue  of  the  decision  of  the  Territorial  Court. 
The  more  important  of  these  laws  are  the  fol- 
lowing : 

Amendiiv^  the  law  in  relation  to  jurors  and  juries. 

To  establish  a  compulsory  Bchool  law  in  and  for 
the  Territorv. 

To  provide  for  the  further  erection  and  mainte- 
nance of  the  University  of  Arizona. 

Prohibiting  the  carrying  on  of  certain  business 
within  the  liniits  of  incorporated  cities  on  Sunday. 

Providing  for  attachments  on  real  estate  and  per- 
sonal property. 

ARKANSAS,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to 
the  Union  June  15,  1836;  area,  58,850  square 
miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  decen- 
nial census  since  admission,  was  97,574  in  1840 ; 
209,897  in  1850;  435,450  in  1860;  484,471  in 
18T0;  802,525  in  1880;  and  1,128,179  in  1890. 
Capital,  Little  Rock. 

GoTemmeiit. — The  following  were  the  State 
oflBcers  during  the  year:  Governor,  James  P. 
Eagle^  Democrat;  Secretary  of  State,  B.  B. 
Chism;  Auditor,  W.  S.  Dunlop;  Treasurer, 
Robert  B.  Morrow ;  Attorney-General,  William 
E.  Atkinson  ;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instnic- 
tion,  Josiah  IT.  Shinn ;  State  Land  Commission- 
er. C.  B.  Myers;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court,  Sterling  R.  Cockrill ;  Associate  Justices, 
Burrill  B.  Rattle,  Simon  P.  Hughes,  William  E. 
Hemingway,  and,  W.  W.  Mansfield,  who  was 
elected  on  Jan.  26  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by 
death  of  Justice  M.  H.  Sandels,  Nov.  12,  1890. 

Edaeation. — The  following  public-school  sta- 
tistics for  the  years  ending  June  30, 1889,  and 
June  30, 1890,  are  reported  by  the  State  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction : 


Popnlatlon  by  Races.— The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
several  counties  in  1880  and  in  1890,  according 
to  the  Federal  census : 


COUXTIES. 


ITEMS. 

1889. 

1890. 

Children  of  school  age,  white 

Children  of  school  aee,  colored — 
Nomber  6nroll«^.  white 

297,605 

10C.714 

15\770 

4^6,382 

4.1  OS 

1,S37 

|S50,OiO  76 

289 

f967,608  60 

207.904 
107,083 
lM,2fi9 

Ncmber  enrol  led,  colorvd 

Teachers  employed,  male  

Teaehen  employed,  female 

Wjffea  Daid  teachers 

61,003 
No  report. 
No  report 
♦S69,by9  m 

274 

11,016,776  26 

New  M:bool-hou9C9  erectod 

Total  expenditures  for  school  par- 
poses 

Charities.— On  Nov.  30,  1888,  there  were  in 
the  State  Lunatic  Asylum  411  patients,  of  whom 
161  were  white  males,  168  white  females,  40  col- 
orwl  males,  and  42  colored  females.  During 
the  rear  succeeding,  95  patients  were  admitted 
and  96  discharged,  while  during  the  year  begin- 
ning Nov.  30,  1889,  88  were  admitted  and  88 
ili^*narged,  leaving  410  remaining  on  Nov.  30, 
l!^,  of  whom  160  were  white  males,  167  white 
females,  44  colored  males,  and  39  colored  fe- 
males. Additional  accommodations  at  this  in- 
stitution were  provided  for  by  the  General  As- 
^mblv  this  vear.  At  the  State  School  for  the 
Blind' the  total  enrollment  in  1888-'89  was  144 
pupils,  and  in  1889-'90,  165.  At  the  Deaf  Mute 
institute  143  pupils  were  enrolled  for  the  two 
years  ending  June  30, 1890. 


Arkansas 

Ashley 

Baxter 

Benton 

Boone 

Bradley 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Chicot 

Clark 

Clav 

Clebarne  

Cleveland  ♦. . . 

i'olurabia 

Conway 

Craighead 

Crawford 

Crittenden 

Cross 

Dallas 

Desha 

Drew 

Faulkner 

Franklin 

Fulton 

Garland 

Grant 

Greene 

Hempstead... 
Hot  spring... 

Howard 

Independence. 

Izard. 

Jackson 

JefTerson 

Johnson 

Lafayette 

Lawrence .... 

TiCe 

Lincoln 

Little  River . . 

].ofir&n 

Lonoke 

Madison....  . 

Marion 

Miller 

Mississippi ... 
Monroe. . . .   . . 

Montgomery. . 

Nevada. 

Newton 

Ouachita 

Perry 

Phillips 

Pike 

Poinsett 

Polk 

Pope 

Prairie  

Pulaski 

Randolph 

8t.  Francis  . . . 

Saline 

8c«)tt 

Searcy  

Sebastian 

Sevier 

Sharp  

Stone  

Union 

Van  Bnren   .. 
Washington . . 

White 

W  oodruff 

Yell 


WIATZ. 

COLO 

1890. 

1880. 

1890. 

816,517 

601.581 

811,227 

7.861 

4,971 

8,571 

6,824 

5.026 

6,971 

8,511 

6.959 

16 

27,C01 

2^,167 

108 

15,724 

12,058 

92 

b^m 

4,075 

2,926 

4,i>15 

8,688 

2,722 

17,20() 

18,272 

82 

1.808 

1,568 

10,112 

14,275 

10,567 

6,709 

12,162 

7,191 

87 

7,882 

49 

ao66 

6,r4i 

8,296 

12,507 

8,587 

7,865 

11.742 

9.646 

7,717 

11,4S5 

6,776 

540 

1U,8C2 

18,882 

2,804 

2,015 

1,699 

11,925 

4,765 

8,261 

2,987 

6,008 

4,299 

8,288 

2.049 

2,462 

&,267 

7,506 

6,472 

9,841 

14,970 

11.868 

8,872 

19,289 

14,4f5 

694 

10,899 

6,684 

84 

12,618 

7,467 

8,802 

6,789 

fi,629 

1,046 

12,748 

7,406 

160 

11.717 

9.598 

11,069 

10,868 

7,080 

1,285 

10,605 

7,409 

8,089 

20,857 

16,708 

1,688 

12,772 

10,686 

266 

10.881 

6,118 

4,847 

10,788 

6,881 

80.068 

16.188 

11,078 

625 

8,095 

2,116 

4,604 

12.122 

8,816 

802 

4,660 

4,188 

14,818 

8,763 

4.212 

6,492 

4,854 

8,064 

4.049 

19.082 

18,901 

1,184 

11,170 

8,148 

8,092 

17.845 

11.831 

67 

10,859 

7,864 

81 

8,095 

6.324 

6,617 

6,659 

4.671 

6,918 

e,im 

4,865 

9,248 

7,015 

6.471 

808 

10,442 

9.286 

4,889 

9.944 

6,115 

6 

7.971 

6,504 

9,069 

4,W6 

8,072 

942 

6,(i04 

6.444 

19,781 

8,052 

5.951 

4^5 

8,651 

1,902 

621 

9,237 

6.792 

46 

17,815 

13,418 

1.643 

6,977 

5,691 

4,8r6 

25,219 

17,667 

22,(!40 

18,8*« 

11.097 

tJ02 

5.47:^ 

4,921 

8.069 

9,942 

7.5S6 

1,3C.9 

12,503 

9.0S5 

M 

9,638 

7,262 

26 

29,397 

17,970 

8,741 

8,r.00 

5.0^S 

1,4CS 

10,242 

8,K71 

17G 

6,!>80 

4,rb4 

118 

8,572 

6,9S5 

6,405 

8,408 

9.447 

1C4 

81.005 

22.S94 

1,017 

20.262 

15,701 

2,*k^4 

6.4^^8 

4.168 

7.r>70 

16,000 

12,788 

1,415 

1880. 

210,666 


8,067 
^1^0 

45 
128 

88 
2,210 
2,068 

60 
8,495 
6,203 

29 

•  •  •  *  •  « 

2.829 
^508 
8,206 

261 
1,892 
7,616 
1.7b9 
2,206 
6,514 
6,769 
1,4IS 

498 

86 

l,6t2 

E66 

76 

9,421 

746 
2,608 
l,3t2 

222 

8,763 

17,011 

491 
8,614 

467 
9,150 
6,040 
8,885 

984 
4,008 

124 

48 

4,695 

2,654 

6,209 

258 

8,722 

6 

6,2:8 

800 
15.809 

392 

2iH) 
CI 

909 

2.734 

14,921 

027 
8,4C7 
l,:>t6 
t'8 
IG 
1,541 
l,ri6 

176 

99 

6,484 

118 

944 
2,032 
4,4^8 
1,118 


♦  Formerly  Dorsey  County. 

The  State  also  contained,  in  1890,  131  Chinese 
and  304  Indians. 


30  ARKANSAS. 

Finances. — The  following  figures  are  taken  convention  or  caucus  or  anv  organized  political 
from  the  latest  report  of  the  Stat«  Auditor :  party  may  nominate  candidates,  or  they  may  be 
General  revenue  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1,  1888,  nominated  by  certificates  signed  by  not  fewer 
$778,937.91;   total   receipts  for  the  two  years  than  te.n  nor  more  than  fifty  electors,  if  the  nom- 
succeeding,  $909,747.93 ;  total  expenditures,  $1,-  ination  is  made  for  any  township  or  ward  of  a 
261,114.54;  balance  on  Oct.  1, 1890,  $427,571.30.  city  or  town,  and  by  not  less  than  fifty  nor  over 
Common-school  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1,  1888,  one  thousand  electors  in  other  cases.    At  each 
$439,766.24:  total  receipts  for  the  two  years, $625,-  polling  place  there  shall  be  provided  one  booth 
858.82 ;  total  expenditures,  $802,441.02 ;  balance  or  oomp^tment  for  each  one  hundred  electors, 
on  Oct.  1,  1890,  $263,183.54.    Permanent  school  or  fraction  of  one  hundred,  voting  thereat  in 
fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1,  1888,  $266,368.38 ;  total  the  last  preceding  election.    Each  booth  shall 
receipts  for  the  two  years,  $14,127.42 ;  total  pay-  be  fitted  with  a  table,  shelf,  or  desk  for  the  con- 
men  ts,  $6,293.98;  balance  on  Oct.  1, 1890,  $274.-  venienoe  of  electors,  and  its  walls  shall  be  of 
201.82.    Sinking  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1, 1888,  wood,  so  constructed  as  to  enable  each  elector  to 
$2,924,501.72;  total  receipts  for  the  two  years,  enter  and  prepare  his  ballot  free  from  the  inter- 
$113,514.12;  total  pavments,  $102,733.09;  bal-  ference  of  any  person.    The  booths  shall  be 
ance  on  Oct.  1,  1890,    $2,935,282.75.     Special  placed  at  least  five  feet  apart.    Ko  person  shall 
sinking  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1, 1888,  $136,830.'  be  permitted  under  any  pretext  to  come  nearer 
23;  total  receipts  for  the  two  years,  $312,172.-  than  fifty  feet  of  any  door  or  window  of  any  poll- 
21 ;  total  payments,  $3,227.31 ;  balance  on  Oct.  ing  room,  except  as  provided  in  the  act.    flach 
1,  1890,  $445,775.13.    The  balance  in  all  funds  elector  upon  entering  the  polling  room  shall  be 
in  the  treasury  on  Oct  1, 1890,  aggregated  $4,-  given  one  ballot,  on  the  back  of  which  at  least 
799,733.46.    For  1890  the  State  tax  rate  was  two  one  of  the  election  judges  shall  write  his  name  or 
mills  for  the  general  fund,  two  mills  for  schools,  initials.    On  receiving  his  ballot  the  elector  shall 
and  one  mill  for  the  sinking  fund,  a  total  of  five  forthwith,  without  leaving  the  polling  room,  re- 
mlUs ;  for  1891  the  rate  was  two  and  one  fourth  tire  alone  to  one  of  the  booths  and  prepare  his 
mi  lis  for  the  general  revenue  fund,  two  mills  for  ballot  by  scratching  off,  erasing,  or  crossing  out 
schools,  one  half  mill  for  the  sinking  fund,  and  the  names  of  all  candidates  except  those  for 
one  fourth  mill  for  pensions.  whom  he  may  wish  to  vote,  writing  m  any  name 
The  bonded  State  debt  on  Oct.  1,  1890,  con-  that  is  not  printed  where  he  would  have  it,  or 
sisted  of  principal,  $2,092,100 ;  overdue  inter-  that  is  not  printed  on  the  ballot  at  alL    In  the 
est,  $2,884,897.50 ;  total,  $4,976,997.50.    This  is  case  of  a  constitutional  amendment  or  other 
an  increase  of  $114,982.50  over  the  total  for  question,  as,  for  instance,  "For  License"  or 
Oct.  1, 1888,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  **  Against  license,"  the  elector  shall  cross  out 
State  has  meanwhile  redeemed  $395,415  of  its  parts  of  his  ballot  in  such  manner  that  the  re- 
debt.    The  discrepancy  is  explained  by  the  fact  maining  parts  shall  express  his  vote, 
that  the  State  authorities  have  recently  discov-  After  preparing  his  ballot  the  elector  shall 
ered  the  existence  of  $3,000  5-per-cent.  bank  fold  it  so  as  to  conceal  the  face  thereof,  and  so 
bonds  and  $252,000  6-per-cent.  funding  bonds  as  to  show  the  name  or  initials  of  the  judge  on 
of  the  series  of  1870,  both  of  which  were  sup-  the  back,  and  shall  hand  it  to  the  receiving 
posed  to  have  been  long  since  redeemed  and  can-  judge.    The  latter  shall  call  out  the  name  of  the 
celed.  as  stated  in  memoranda  in  the  Treasurer's  elector  and  the  number  of  the  ballot,  shall  write 
ofiice.    It  appears,  however,  that  these  securities  the  number  on  the  ballot,  and  shall  deposit  it  in 
have  always  been  held  by  the  United  States  as  the  box  in  the  sight  of  the  elector,  who  shall 
valid  demands  against  the  State,  and  are  so  re-  immediately  leave  the  room  and  go  beyond  the 
ported  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.    Large  fifty-foot  limit.    No  ballot  shall  be  received  from 
arrears  of  interest  are  due  thereon,  making  the  any  elector,  or  deposited  in  the  ballot-box,  which 
total  discovered  liability  of  the  State  about  $500,-  does  not  have  the  name  or  initials  of  at  least 
000.    In  addition  to  the  bonded  debt  there  is  one  of  the  judges  indorsed  on  it.    No  officer  of 
a  floating  indebtedness  of  $27,959.13  in   the  election  shall  do  any  electioneering  on  election 
form  of  certificates  of  indebtedness  issued  under  day.   No  person  shall  do  any  electioneering  in 
section  3167  of  Mansfield's  "  Digest,"  for  redemp-  any  pollinff  room,  or  within  one  hundred  feet 
tion  of  which  no  provision  has  been  made.  of  any  polung  room,  on  election  day. 

Leglslatlye  Session.  —  The  twenty-ninth  No  elector  shall  be  allowed  to  occupy  a  booth 
General  Assembly  met  on  Jan.  12,  and  adioumed  or  compartment  for  the  purpose  of  voting  for  a 
on  April  4.  Early  in  the  session  United  States  longer  time  than  five  minutes. 
Senator  James  K.  Jones  was  re-elected  for  the  Another  act  requires  all  railroad  companies  to 
full  senatorial  term  by  the  following  vote :  Senate,  provide  equal  but  separate  and  sufficient  accom- 
Jones  26,  D.  E.  Barker  2;  House,  Jones  80,  modations  for  the  white  and  African  race^,  by 
Jacob  Trieber  12,  Barker  2,  J.  F.  Sellers  1.  A  se-  furnishing  two  or  more  passenger  coaches  for 
cret-ballot  law  was  enacted  at  this  session.  It  each  train,  and  to  provide  separate  waiting  rooms 
provides  that  all  ballots  used  in  any  presidential,  for  each  race  of  equal  and  sufficient  accommoda- 
congressional,  State,  district,  county,  township,  tions  at  all  passenger  stations.  On  all  lines  less 
or  raunicinal  election,  either  general  or  special,  than  25  miles  long,  separation  of  the  races  by 
shall  be  furnished  at  the  county  expense  by  a  dividing  each  car  by  a  partition  may  be  allowed, 
board  of  county  election  commissioners,  ex-  Persons  in  whom  there  is  a  visible  and  distinct 
cept  that  ballots  used  exclusively  in  municipal  admixture  of  African  blood  shall,  for  the  pur- 
elections  shall  be. furnished  by  this  board  at  mu-  poses  of  this  act,  be  deemed  to  belong  to  the 
nicinal  expense.  The  ballots  shall  all  be  alike,  African  race;  all  others,  to  the  white  race, 
shall  he  printed  in  plain  type,  and  shall  contain  An  act  to  pension  disabled  Confederate  soldiers 
the  names  of  all  candidates  duly  nominated.    A  and  sailors,  and  the  widows  of  their  deceased  com- 


* 


ARKANSAS.  31 

rades  who  were  killed  in  the  service,  aathorizes  Provision  was  made  for  appropriating  from 
the  annual  payment  of  $100  to  totally  disabled  the  sinking  fund  during  the  next  two  years 
veterans,  and  various  sums  down  to  $25  to  others,  $800,000  for  the  purchase  of  State  bonds, 
scoording  to  the  extent  of  their  disability,  wid-  The  sum  of  $85,000  was  appropriated  for  ad- 
ows  receiving  the  last-mentioned  sum.    l^o  raise  ditional  buildings  at  the  State  Insane  Asylum 
money  for  these  claims,  a  tax  of  one  fourth  of  a  sufficient  to  accommodate  800  patients, 
mill  OD  the  dollar  is  to  be  levied  annually  for  the  Action  upon  a  bill  appropriating  $100,000  to 
next  two  years,  from  the  proceeds  of  which  $10,-  secure  representation  of  the  State  at  the  World's 
000  shall  be  annually  deducted  and  applied  to  Columbian  Exposition  was  postponed  till  final 
the  erection  and  maintenance  of  a  home  for  ex-  action  upon  the  Lodge  bill  by  Congress,  and 
Confederate  soldiers.    If  after  this  deduction  the  after  that  event  the  sum  to  be  appropriated  was 
fQud  derived  from  this  tax  shall  be  insufficient  to  reduced  to  $25,000,  and  the  bill  was  finally  de- 
meet  the  claims  presented,  a  pro-rata  distribu-  feated. 
tioD  of  the  sum  available  shall  be  made  among  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

eciaunants.  To  prohibit  gaming  with  minors. 

An  act  m  the  interest  of  public  eduction  an-  Declaring  that  the  lien  of  a  mortgage  or  other  in- 

thonzes  the  State  Superintendent  of  Public  In-  ciimbrance  shall  not  extend  to  the  increase  or  off- 

stniction  to  establish  six  district  normal  schools  spring  of  an  animal  subject  to  such  lien, 

for  white  teachers,  one  in  each  congressional  Reciuiring  insurance  companies  before  doin^  busi- 

district,  and   two  normal  schools  for   colored  o®«*  i^^  the  State  to  execute  a  bond  with  sureties  in  a 

teachers,  to  appoint  a  principal  for  each  school,  sufficient  sum,  on  which  persons  having  claims  against 

and  to  armngi  a  suitable  cou^  of  study.    Each  "^chSSCtTe  StT  for  ?SbW  to°imnrisonment 

jchool  shall  hold  annually  a  session  of  three  eon-  fo^  not  Ic^  tha^ three  nor  more^tlian  twenty-one 

-eeutive  months  of  twenty  days  each,  to  which  years. 

only  teachers  and  intending  teachers  shall  be  ad-  Legalizint^  all  marriages  heretofore  solemnized  by 

mitted.    The  sum  of  $2,000  was  appropriated  for  any  regularly  ordained  minister  or  priest 

each  of  the  next  two  years,  to  be  used  only  in  Establishing  the  Arkansas  State  Board  of  Phar- 

paving  the  salaries  of  instructors.  ™m^'     ,                           .        j    n    .i 

the  State  w«s  redtetricted  for  members  of  .aJ^^rt^^^  of  r"irr  when  tfc^c^r 

Congress  as  follows :  toxicating  liouore  in  C.  0.  D.  packages,  and  to  make 

Fird  DisiriH — Sharo,  Randolph,  Clay,  Lawrence,  the  place  of  aelivery  the  place  of  sale. 

Grfen,   Craighead,   Mississippi,   roinsett,   Jackson.  Providing  a  new  law  with  reference  to  quieting 

WiKidniff,  Cross,  Crittenden,  8t  Francis,  Lee,  and  titles. 

Phillips — 15.  To  punish  persons  who    engage  in  prize  fights 

Second  Di^rict — Drew,  Bradlejr,  Cleveland,  Jcffer-  either  with  or  without  gloves,  or  who  act  as  second  or 

«'^n.  Grant,  Dallas,  Hot  Spring,  Lincoln,  Saline,  Gar-  referee,  or  othent'ise  participate  in  such  fights, 

land,  Monteomery,  Polk,  Scot^  and  Sebastian — 14.  Fixing  the  number  of  members  of  the  State  House 

Third  /Sj^rKi^— Desha.  Chicot,  Ashley,  Calhoun,  of  Representatives,  and  apportioning  them. 

TnioD,  Ouachita,  Columoia,  Nevada,  Clark,  Pike,  Denning  the  line  between  Uie  counties  of  Yell  and 

Ht^roDsttead,  Lafayette,  Miller,  Little  River,  Sevier,  Perry, 

uid  Howard — 16.  Accepting  the  act  of  Congress  of  1890,  appropriate 

Fourth  District — Pulaski,  Perry,  Conway,  Pope,  ing  money  for  the  support  of  colleges  of  agriculture 

Tvll.  Lotnm,  Johnson,  Franklin — 8.  and  mechanic  arts  in  the  several  States,  and  appor- 

Fifih  District — Crawford,  Washington,  Benton,  Car-  tioning  eight  elevenths  of  the  money  so  appropnated 

roll*  Madison,  Newton,  Boone,  Searcy,  Van  Buren,  to  the  Arkansas  Industrial  University  at  Fayetteville 

Faulkner— 10.  (for  whites),  and  three  elevenths  to  tne  Branch  Kor- 

Siztk  (new)  DistriH — ^Marion,  Baxter,  Fulton,  Izard,  mal  College  at  Pine  Bluff  (for  colored). 

Stone,  Independence,  Cleburne,  White,  Lonoke,  Prai-  To  incorporate  the  Ex-Confederate  Association  of 

lie,  Monroe,  Arkansas — 12  Arkansas. 

Provision  was  made  for  submitting  to  the  Lo'^Li'^C^tiel'*  boundary  lines  between  Yell  and 

people  at  the  next  general  election  an  amend-  "if rautS^zfihe  redemption  of  lands  sold  for  taxes 

ment  to  the  State  Constitution,  reoumng  the  fol-  after  they  have  been  deeded  to  the  State. 

lowingqualifications  for  voting:  First,  the  pay-  To  establish  chancery  courts  in  the  counties  of 

ment  of  a  poll  tax  within  the  year  preceding  tne  Drew,  Arkansas,  Ashley,  Desha,  imd  Chicot 

election ;  Second,  residence  in  the  State  twelve  Appropriating  $6,000  for  additional  buildings  at 

months,  in  the  county  six  months,  and  in  the  the  Arkansas  Sch(x>l  for  the  Blind.             ,       .    , 

p^^t  or  ward  one  month  next  preceding  any  ^^^^Y^^^.X^^^t^'^^^t. 

^   o     •*     *•                   .    .                               ^1  Arkansas  Industrial  Univereity. 

The  Penitentiary  commissioners  were  requested  Requiriug  all  railroad  and  express   companies  to 

to  procure  all  available  information  respecting  provide  all  trains  with  stage  planks  not  less  than 

the  management  of  State  prisons  in  the  several  eight  feet  in  length,  to  be  used  In  unloading  baggage 

States,  and  to  report  to  the  next  General  Assem-  from  said  trains,  and  prohibiting  the  employe's  of 

I'lv  with  suggestions  as  to  the  future  manage-  «"ch  companies  fVom  tumbling  baggage  from  the  car 

ment  of  the  State  Penitentiary.  ?*^™  ^^  otherwise  roughly  handling  the  same  so  as 

A  resolution  was  adopted  favoring  the  election  ^  ^^^«  ^^'^^^^ ""'  ^°J^^- 

"f  United  States  Senators  by  popular  vote.    The  Politically  the  members  of  each  House  were 

anniuil  State  tax  upon  liquor  dealers  was  in-  divided  as  follow:  Senate,  Democrats  28,  Union 

creased  from  $200  to  $300.  Labor  and  Republicans  3;  House,  Democrats  77, 

An  increase  was  made  in  the  State  tax  for  Union  Labor  and  Republicans  12. 

ppnerai  purposes  from  2  t^)  2J  mills,  the  tax  for  Penitentiary. — For  the  year  ending  Jan.  1, 

schools  remaining  at  2  mills,  while  the  tax  to  be  1890,  the  population  of  the  State  Penitentiary 

leried  for  the  sinking  fund  was  teduced  from  1  shows  the  following  changes :  Convicts  on  Jan.  1, 

mill  to  imilL  1889,  577;  received  or  recaptured  during  the 


32  ARKANSAS. 

year,  803 ;  discharged,  died,  or  escaped,  205 ;  re-  ties  on  April  23,  and,  going  back  to  a  period 
maining  on  Dec  31, 1889,  675.  The  report  for  prior  to  the  ex-Treasurer's  term,  proceeaed  to 
the  year  ending  Jan.  1,  1891,  is  as  follows:  make  an  exhaustive  examination  of  all  the 
Convicts  on  Jan.  1,  1890,  675 ;  received  or  transactions  of  the  office.  In  this  investigation 
recaptui'efl  during  the  year,  349 ;  discharged,  the  ex-Treasurer  was  represented  by  J.  L,  Bay, 
died,  or  escaped,  334;  remaining  on  Dec.  31,  an  expert,  who  attended  nearly  all  the  delibera- 
1890,  690.  Of  the  number  remaining  on  the  tions  of  the  board,  and  who  from  time  to  time, 
last  date  all  but  90  were  employed  outside  of  in  order  to  make  lip  any  deficiencies,  tendered  to 
the  Penitentiary  walls,  310  being  engaged  at  the  board  securities  which  the  ex-Treasurer  hud 
farming,  140  at  farming  and  cutting  wood,  75  still  retained  in  his  hands.  On  Aug.  17,  while 
at  cutting  wood,  and  75  in  railroad  building,  the  board  were  still  engaged  in  its  work.  State 
They  were  stationed  at  nine  different  localities.  Treasurer  Morrow  caused  the  arrest  of  Bay  on 
The  present  convict  lease  expires  on  May  7,  the  charge  that  he  had  abstracted  certain  scrip 
1893,  out  although  there  is  great  dissatisfaction  and  other  securities  to  the  amount  of  $100,000 
with  the  lease  system,  the  General  Assembly  did  from  the  custody  of  the  Treasurer,  to  be  used 
nothing  this  year  toward  its  abolition,  except  to  to  offset  the  indebtedness  of  Woodruff  to  the 
appoint  a  committee  to  investigate  the  subject  State.  The  foundation  of  this  charge  proved  to 
of  prison  management.  Any  change  from  the  be  tliat  Baj  had  taken  these  securities  from  a 
lease  system  will  involve  the  construction  of  a  box  belonging  to  the  State  and  placed  them  in 
new  Penitentiary  building.  another  box  in  the  same  vault.  A  trial  of  the 
The  Woodruff  Defalcation. — Late  in  1890  case  resulted  in  the  discharge  of  the  prisoner  on 
rumors  were  current  that  the  retiring  State  Sept.  17.  On  Sept.  30  the  State  Debt  Board 
Treasurer,  William  E.  Woodruff,  had  been  using  published  its  final  report,  in  which  the  shortage 
the  public  funds  for  private  purposes,  and  would  m  securities  was  found  to  be  as  follows :  State 
not  be  able  in  January  to  turn  over  to  his  sue*  scrip,  $20,526.57;  bond  scrip,  $5,011.34;  6-per- 
cessor  the  full  amount  with  which  he  was  charge-  cent,  funding  bonds,  $24.19 ;  6-per-cent.  fund- 
able. Gov.  Eagle,  in  his  message  to  the  General  ing  bond  coupons,  $11,150.86;  county  scnp, 
Assembly  on  JaiL  13,  recommended  that  a  joint  $314.02;  State  scrip  (contingent),  $101,780.01. 
investigating  committee  of  both  Houses  be  ap-  Total  shortage,  $138,789.95. 
pointed.  A  resolution  providing  for  such  a  The  ex-Treasurer,  through  his  agent,  Mr.  Bay, 
committee,  consisting  of  two  members  from  the  had  tendered  to  the  board  scrip  and  other  securi- 
Senate  and  three  from  the  House,  was  promptly  ties  of  a  face  value  largely  in  excess  of  this 
passed,  and  the  investigation  was  begun  on  Jan.  shortage,  but  they  were  not  accepted  as  a  proper 
24.  Treasurer-elect  Morrow  had  taken  control  of  tender.  The  courts  must  pass  upon  the  legality 
the  office  one  week  before  the  latter  date.  The  of  these  tendered  securities  before  the  exact 
joint  committee  made  its  first  report  to  the  Gen-  amount  of  the  shortage  can  be  known, 
eral  Assembly  on  Feb.  12,  in  which  it  said  that  Late  in  June  an  indictment  against  the  ex- 
Woodruff  could  not  produce  nor  account  for  Treasurer  was  found  by  the  grand  jury  of  Pu- 
$63,740.57  due  from  him  to  the  general  revenue  laski  County,  but  his  trial  was  postponed  to 
fund  of  the  State,  and  recommended  that  legal  await  the  findings  of  the  investigating  board. 

f)roceedings  be  taken  against  him.    Six  days  It  began  on  Oct.  19,  and  after  a  long  and  some- 

ater  his  bondsmen  came  to  his  assistance  atid  what  dramatic  course  ended  late  in  the  month  in 

paid  over  the  full  amount  of  the  shortage.    The  a  disagreement  of  the  jury. 

General  Assembly,  however,  acting  upon  the  To  protect  the  State  against  further  defalca- 

recommendation  of    the    committee,  passed  a  tions,  the  General  Assembly  this  year  passed  an 

resolution  directing  the  (Governor  to  suggest  to  act  requiring  the  Governor  to  appoint  secretly, 

the  proper  officers  the  necessity  of  beginning  at  least  once  each  year,  one  or  two  expert  ac- 

criramal    proceedings    against    the  delinquent  countant«,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  examine  and 

official,  and  on  Feb.  27  he  was  arrested.    Bail  report  the  condition  of  the  Treasurer's  office, 

was  furnished  for  his  appearance  at  the  next  They  shall  be  sworn  to  keep  their  appointment 

term  of  the  court.    Meanwhile,  in  addition  to  secret  until  they  appear  in  the  office  to  begin 

the  joint  investigating  committee,  a  joint  stand-  the  examination. 

ing  committee  on  Treasurer's  and  Auditor's  ac-  World's  Fair  Convention.  —  The  General 
counts,  which  is  regularly  appointed  at  ea<'h  Assembly  of  this  year  having  adjourned  with- 
session,  had  been  examining  the  condition  of  the  out  providing  for  representation  of  the  State  at 
Treasurer's  office  with  the  aid  of  experts,  and  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  in  1893. 
about  March  15  it  made  a  report  to  the  General  Gov.  Eagle  issued  a  proclamation  on  May  20, 
Assembly,  in  which  it  claimed  to  find  a  further  calling  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  sev- 
shortage  of  $69,288.  On  April  4,  just  before  eral  counties  to  meet  at  Little  Rock  on  Aug.  5 
the  close  of  t;he  session,  the  joint  investigating  and  devise  means  of  raising  money  to  secure  a 
committee  made  its  final  report,  in  which  it  creditable  exhibit  of  the  State  at  the  exposition, 
placed  the  additional  shortage  of  Woodniff  at  At  this  convention  forty  counties  were  repre- 
only  $25,724.06.  As  neither  committee  had  sented  by  over  200  delegates.  A  resolution  re- 
made an  exhaustive  investigation,  an  act  was  questing  the  Governor  to  call  an  extra  session  of 
passed  on  the  same  day  authorizing  the  State  the  General  Assembly,  for  the  purpose  of  passing 
Debt  Board  to  take  up  the  investigation,  and  a  World's  Fair  appropriation  bill,  was  voted 
complete  the  work  in  a  thorough  manner.  This  down.  It  was  then  (iecide<l  to  incorporate  a  eoni- 
board  consisted  of  the  (rovernor.  Auditor,  and  pany,  called  "  The  Arkansas  World  s  Fair  Asso- 
Secretary  of  State,  but  the  last  named,  being  a  elation."  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000,  di- 
boudsman  of  the  ex-Treasurer,  declined  to  serve,  vidcd  into  50,000  shares  of  $2  each,  to  which 
The  other  two  members  entered  upon  their  du-  popular  subscriptions  should  be  invited.    The 


welcomed  to  theCoIumbian  Universitr  by  its  pres- 
ident, JameeC.  Welling.  Both  of  these  addresses 
were  appropriately  responded  to  by  President 
Prescott.     The  permaneDt  secretary  then  made 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (Ai 

officers  of  rhb  company  were  authorized  to  pro- 
Tide  Tor  the  erection  of  suitable  buildings  at  the 
eipt>»itian  and  to  saperintend  the  exhibit  of  the 
Slate  therein,  being  assisted  by  a  board  of  lady 
Buugers.  The  company  is  empowered  to  b^n 
operstiona  whenever  #10,000  of  its  stocli  has 
UfQ  sabscribed. 

ElectloB.— To  fill  the  vacancy  on  the  Su- 
pKmt  Court  bench  caused  by  the  death  of  Jus- 
tice H.  H.  Sandels  in  November,  1890,  Oot. 
Eagle  issaed  a  call  late  in  December  for  a  special 
elmtion  to  be  held  on  Jan.  26  following.  The 
Democrats,  in  SUt«  convention  at  Littfe  Rock, 
CD  Jan.  8,  nominated  W.  W.  Mans&eld  after  tak- 
ing over  thirty  ballots,  his  competitors  being 
M.  T.  Sanders,  R.  H.  Powell,  B.  T.  Du  Val,  and 
E.  G.  Bunn.  No  other  party  ventured  to  nom- 
insle  an  opposition  candidate.  The  election, 
therefore,  evoked  no  popular  interest,  only  86,- 
M  vot«  being  cast,  of  which  HansDda  ro- 
rthtd  25.067. 

ASSOCIATIONS  FOE  THE  ADTANCE- 
■ENT  OF  SCIENCE.  American.— The  for- 
iKth  meeting  of  the  American  Association  was 


t  U.  Kedde,  of  Agricultural  College,  Mich. . 
D.  Thomas  Gray,  of  Torre  Haute,  Ind. ;  E,  John 
J.  Stevenson,  of  New  York ;  F,  John  M.  Coulter, 
of  Bloomington,  Ind. ;  H.  Joseph  Jastrow,  of 
M«dison,  Wis. ;  I,  Edmund  J.  James,  of  Phila- 
delphia, Pa.  Permanent  Secretary,  Frederick 
W,  Putnam,  of  Cambridge,  Mass.  Qeneral  Sec- 
rtlary, "Harvey  W.  Wiley,  of  Washington.  D.  C. 
Set-retarv  of  the  Council,  Amos  W.  Butler,  of 
Rmokville,  Ind.  Secretaries  of  the  sections:  A, 
Frank  H.  Bigelow,  of  Washington,  D.  C;  B, 
Aleunder  MacFarUne,  of  Austin,  Texas;  C, 
Thomas  H.  Norton,  of  Cincinnati.  Ohio ;  D,  Will- 
Ism  Kent,  of  New  York  city :  E,  W  J  McQee, 
of  Washington,  D.  C. ;  P,  Albert  J.  Cook,  of 
A^cultnr&l  College,  Mich.;  H,  William  H. 
Holmes,  of  Washington,  D.  C;  I,  Bemhard  E. 
Femow.  of  Washington,  D.  C.     Treasurer,  Will- 


in  Lillv.  of  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa. 
Open  I  u  Proceedings,— 

•"  -       '        •     "         elect*. 

ISC.  at  a  meeting  of  the  council  held  on  Aug. 
IT,  99  members  were  added  to  the  list,  and  again, 
U  1  council  meeting  held  on  Aug.  18,  9  more 
e  added,  bringing  the  total  member- 


tuioas  papers  to  be  presented  before  the  sec- 
lions,  and  in  other  ways  to  arrange  the  pro- 
Framme  for  the  week.  The  opening  exercises 
•ere  held  in  the  law-lecture  room  of  Columbian 
fniversity,  and  the  gathered  scientists  were 
rallied  to  order  on  the  morning  of  Aug.  19  by 
President  Goodale,  who  then  introduced  Presi- 
dent Prescott  The  new  presiding  otBoer  briefly 
teknowledged  the  high  honor  conferred  on  him, 
uid  then  presented  Edwin  WlUita,  the  assistant 
Secretary  of  Agricnlture,  who  made  welcome 
tli«  issoclation  to  Washington  with  an  eloquent 
address.  The  association  was  then  more  specially 
VOL.  XXXI. — 3  A 


several  formal  announcements,  and  presented  bis 
flnancjal  statement  for  the  year  ending  Aug.  1, 
showing  the  total  receipts  to  have  been  97,443.- 
08.  There  was  a  balance  left,  after  deducting 
eipenditures  of  the  year,  of  H.040.02.  The  haT- 
ance  of  the  Research  fund  is  $5,304.37.  Of  this 
the  association  has  the  right  to  appropriate 
the  interest  to  any  current  work  of  research. 
The  general  secretary  announced  that  the  coun- 
cil recoratoended  that  the  sections  meet  Wed- 
nesday, Thursday,  Friday,  and  Saturday,  from 
10  to  12  1.  H.  and  from  3  to  5  p.  h.  Also,  that 
the  oonnoil  recommended  that  the  amendment 


the  ofBce  of  vice-president  until  one  year  after 
his  term  of  office  as  secretory — do  nut  pass.  The 
report  was  adopted.  The  council  reported  ad- 
versely on  three  other  proposed  amendments, 
respectively :  that  no  person  should  be  eligible  to 
electfon  to  fellowship  at  the  same  meeting  at 
which  he  is  elected  a  member;  that  no  fellow 
should  be  eligible  to  election  to  council  until  o 


irovedofbytheassociation,  Thecouncil reported 
favorably  on  an  amendment  providing  for  "  for- 
eign associates,"  only  it  struck  out  the  words 
"foreign  associates"  nnd  substituted  the  term 
"  corresponding  members."  The  amendment  pro- 
vides for  fifty  such  members,  to  be  designated  by 
the  council  from  scientists  not  residing  in  Amer- 
ica. After  some  discussion  the  proposed  amend- 
ment as  reported  by  the  council  was  adopted. 

An  invitation  from  tlio  Southern  Interstate 
Immigration  Bureau  to  attend  the  Southern  Ex- 
position at  Haleigh,  N.  C,  in  Octi^ber,  was  read. 

Address  of  the  Retiring  President.— Dr. 
George  L,  Goodale's  subject  was  "The  Possi- 
bilities of  Economic  Botany."  and  he  illustrated 
it  by  examples  of  the  useful  plants  which  man- 
kind may  hope  to  employ  in  the  near  future. 
Speculation  te  rife  as  to  the  coming  man ;  tbere- 


34         ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (American.) 

fore  we  hav^e  a  right  to  make  conjectures  as  to  secretaries  of  the  sections  report  to  the  general 
the  plants  he  will  probably  use.  The  cereal  secretary,  who  then  prepares  with  the  sectional 
grains  will  probably  remain  with  comparatively  committees  the  programmes  for  the  ensuing  st}s- 
little  change,  except  in  the  direction  of  better  sions.  After  the  recess  on  the  first  day  the  read- 
varieties  for  milling.  To  show  how  well  under-  ing  of  the  vice-presidential  addresses  takes  place, 
stood  are  the  methods  of  improving  plants.  Dr.  Sections. — A.  Mathematics  and  Astronomy. — 
(Joodale  said  that  if  all  the  present  cereals  were  This  section  was  presided  over  by  Prof.  Edward 
swept  out  of  existence  our  experiment  stations  W.  Hyde,  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
coufd  probably  replace  them  by  other  grasses  who  chose  "  The  Evolution  of  Algebra "  as  the 
within  half  a  century.  The  methods  are  selec-  subject  of  his  address.  He  gave  a  concise  pres- 
tion  and  hybridization.  New  vegetables  may  be  entation  of  the  history  of  algebra,  extending 
reasonably  expected  from  Japan,  that  country  from  before  the  Christian  era  to  the  present  time, 
which  has  already  sent  us  many  choice  plants  in  and  foretelling  the  future  of  the  science.  The 
all  departments,  and  it  is  likely  that  some  of  earliest  traces  of  algebraic  knowledge,  he  said, 
the  present  vegetables  which  are  much  neg-  were  in  ancient  Egvptian  manuscripts.  Records 
lectea  will  come  into  greater  favor  and  be  im-  of  an  almost  prehistoric  Egyptian  mathema- 
proved.  The  fruits  of  the  future  will  tend  more  tioian  named  Anmes,  who  lived  and  figured  and 
and  more  toward  becoming  seedless,  just  as  pine-  died  some  hundred  years  before  Christ,  were 
apples,  bananas,  and  some  oranges  are  now.  referred  to  as  showing  that  this  pioneer  in  alge- 
'Aere  is  no  good  reason  why  we  should  not  have  bra  had  left  behind  him  evidence  that  he  had 
seedless  raspberries,  strawberries,  and  blackber-  performed  geometrical  and  some  algebraical 
ries,  and  also  raise,  by  cutting,  plums,  cherries,  problems.  Scarcely  anything  is  known  of  the 
and  peaches  free  from  stones.  The  useful  cabi-  mathematics  of  ancient  Egypt.  Among  the 
net  woods  and  timbers,  the  fibers,  tanning  ma-  early  Greeks,  before  the  Christian  era,  geometry 
terials,  gums,  rubbers,  and  other  economic  prod-  was  cultivated  extensively,  but  very  little  in  the 
ucts  from  plants  were  taken  up  in  order,  and  way  of  algebra  was  done  till  about  400  a.  d. 
the  possible  improvements  were  described.  There  Then  the  foundation  of  the  algebraic  science  was 
is  little  doubt  tnat  synthetical  chemistry  will  add  laid  by  Diophantus  of  Alexandria.  Algebra  has 
to  its  triumphs  many  more  products  to  those  been  classified  by  Nesselmann  as  rhetorical,  syn- 
formed  by  plants,  and  this  will  diminish  the  copated,  and  symbolical.  In  the  first  stage  *al- 
zeal  with  which  some  of  our  economic  plants  will  gebraic  work  was  purely  by  reasoning  in  words, 
be  cultivated.  The  coming  fashions  m  fiorists'  In  the  syncopatic  method  abbreviations  were 
plants  are  to  be  in  the  direction  of  flowering  introduced  and  used  instead  of  words.  The  sym- 
branches  and  dwarfed  plants,  such  as  dwarfed  bolical  stage  is  the  present  one.  Arbitrary  char- 
cherries  and  magnolias.  The  old  favorites  will  actcrs  show  what  was  once  represented  by  spoken 
largely  keep  their  places.  Forage  plants  for  our  words  and  later  by  abbreviations  of  written 
deserts  were  discussed,  and  reference  was  made  words.  Most  of  the  work  of  the  early  algebraists 
to  the  danger  of  introducing  pests  from  foreign  was  in  the  rhetorical  stage.  Diophantus  used 
countries.  An  example  of  this  danger  is  afforded  particular  characters  for  unknown  quantities,  a 
by  sweetbrier  in  Australasia,  which  runs  wild  character  for  "  minus,"  and  represented  addition 
over  much  arable  land  in  certain  districts.  The  by  juxtaposition.  The  square  and  cube  of  the 
study  of  improvement  in  plants  is  now  carried  unknown  quantity  were  represented  by  contrac- 
on  in  a  judicious  manner  by  the  Agricultural  tions  of  the  words  "power"  and  "cube."  Dio- 
Department  and  by  the  experiment  stations.  But  phantus  was  greatly  hampered  by  having  but 
there  is  also  needed  a  senes  of  gardens  in  differ-  one  character  to  represent  tne  unknown  quantity, 
ent  parts  of  our  country  where  experiments  can  though  he  accomplished  remarkable  results  by 
be  carried  on  in  a  thorough  manner  in  hybridiz-  his  ingenuity  and  the  skill  with  which  he  made 
ing  and  selection.  The  Arnold  arboretun)  and  the  necessary  combinations.  Algebra  was  early 
the  Shaw  garden  were  spoken  of  as  good  illus-  cultivated  in  India.  The  first  Indian  methods 
trations  of  what  is  needed,  but  the  aesirability  of  which  modems  know  were  those  of  Arya 
of  establishing  an  institution  on  a  scale  com-  Bhatta,  who  lived  six  centuries  before  Christ, 
mensurate  with  the  wants  of  our  country  was  He  wrote  works  on  arithmetic,  algebra,  geometry, 
pointed  out,  and  the  hope  was  expressed  that  trigonometry,  and  astronomy,  stating  his  rules 
such  an  establishment  should  not  be  govern-  and  propositions  in  verse.  His  work  was  purely 
mental  or  academic.  of  the  rnetorical  style.  The  only  other  ancient 
Proceedings  of  the  Sections. — ^There  are  Indian  mathematician  of  'whom  modems  know 
eight  sections,  each  of  which  is  presided  over  by  was  Brahma  Gupta,  whose  period  was  about  a.  d. 
a  vice-president.  Immediately  after  the  adjourn-  700.  He  also  figured  in  verse,  the  name  of  his 
ment  of  the  first  general  session  the  members  work,  Englishec^  being  "The  System  of  Brahma 
of  the  different  sections  meet  in  the  rooms  as-  in  Astronomy."  These  Indian  writings  are  in- 
signed  to  them  and  organize.  Their  next  duty  teresting  as  being  the  source  whence  the  Arabs 
is  the  election  of  one  fellow  to  the  council,  fol-  derived  their  first  knowledge  of  algebra.  They 
lowed  by  the  election  of  three  fellows,  who,  with  absorbed  from  the  Greeks,  throueh  the  trans- 
the  vice-president  and  the  secretary,  form  the  lations  of  Euclid  and  others,  a  knowledge  of 
sectional  committee ;  the  election  of  a  member  or  geometry,  mechanics,  and  astronomy,  but  there 
fellow  to  the  nominating  committee;  the  election  seems  to  have  been  no  translation  of  the  works 
of  three  members  or  fellows  to  act  with  the  vice-  of  Diophantus  till  after  they  themselves  had 
president  and  secretary  as  the  sub-committee  to  already  made  considerable  progress.  It  was  from 
recommend  to  the  nominating  committee  the  the  Arabs  that  western  Europe  derived  its  first 
vice-president  and  secretary  of  the  next  meet-  knowledge  of  mathematics.  Concerning  the 
ing.    These  duties  having  been  performed,  the  future  of  algebra,  he  said :  "  We  have  now  traced 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (American.)  35 

the  deTelopment  of  our  subject  from  its  efirliest  medium,  and  that  therefore  it  was  admissible.   It 

begriuning,  then  along  the  ancient  period  when  was  also  shown  at  once  by  Thomson,  WiUard 

it  was  in  the  rhetorical  stage,  approaching  at  in-  Gibbs,  and  Fitzgerald  that  this  new  suggestion 

t*rvals  here  and  there  the  ^ncopated,  then  on  placed  the  elastic  and  electric  theories  on  the 

to  the  reriral  of  learning  after  the  dark  ages,  same  logical  basis  if  the  ether  was  considered 

We  haTe  seen  the  comparatively  rapid  progress  incompressible  in  the  electric  theory  and  to  have 

through  the  syncopated  stage  to   the  purely  a  rigidity  zero  for  a  compression  wave  in  the 

symbolical  stage,  where  it  was  at  last  in  a  shape  elastic  theory.    The  showing  of  light  in  space 

suitable  for  the  astounding  progress  of  the  last  occupied  by  matter  shows  that  the  ether  within 

two  hundred  years.    Finally,  in  the  present  cent-  must  be  less  elastic  than  that  in  free  space.    It 

ary,  we  have  noted  the  approach   of  multiple  is  certainly  difficult  to  understand  what  there 

algebra  from  different  and  independent  sources,  can  be  in  the  molecules  of  matter  which  can  in- 

wDose  value  is  the  glorious  future."  crease  the  density  of  an  incompressible  medium. 

The  following-named  papers  were  read  before  The  beautiful    experiment  of  Michelson    and 

the  section :  Morley  shows  apparently  that  the  ether  at  the 

«Oii  a  Digest  of  the  Literature  of  the  Mathematical  ^^*^  ^' ^^«  ^^^  T'^^^^^m  j^'^  It  is  dragged 

Sdences,"  by  Alexander  S.  Christie;  "Latitude  of  ^^^S  ^  «  it  were  a  liquid.    The  field  of  a  steel 

the  Sayre  Oteervatorr,"  by  C.  L.  Doolittle ;  "  The  ma^et  is,  however,  a  rotational  phenomenon. 

S^^ular  Variation   of    Terrestrial     Latitudes,"    by  It  is  a  spin  which  is  maintained   permanently 

Georw  C.  ComAtock ;  "  Groups  of  Stars,  Binary  and  without  the  expenditure  of  energy.    It  seems, 

Multiple,"  by  Geoige  W.  Holley;  "Description  of  therefore,  that  the  resistance  to  shear  which  shows 

the  breat  Specbx*(»pe  and  Spectrograph  ^nstructed  i^if  j^  the  adhesion  of  the  ether  to  the  moving 

Kir  the  Ualstead  Obaervatory,  Pnnceton,  N.  J.,"  and  „«^u  ^.,«4.  i^v  „  «:«;  ii*„  j   ^  •  i.         ® 

-Not«  on  Some  Recent  PhJtogmphs  of 'the  Reveraal  f?*^^  ™^«*  ^  *  ".^^^^V"  ^i*?,'"u^™®  ^*?  ^?  '?'^ 

or  the  Hydrogen  Lines  of  Solar  Prominences,"  by  ^lon.   Other  expenments  of  Michelson  and  Morley 

John  A.  Brashear ;  **  On  a  Modifled  Form  of  Zenith  on  the  motion  of  light  in  moving  columns  of  water 

Telt^.'ope  for  determining  Standard  DeclinationB,"  have  been  taken  as  proof  that  the  ether  in  water 

iDii  *0n  the  Application  of  the  *  Photoch Ponograph '  is  condensed  to  nine  sixteenths  of  its  volume  in 

to  the  Automatic  Keoprd  of  Stellar  Occultations.  par-  air.    The  ether  in  water  certainly  behaves  as  if 

ti.uUrlvJpark-limb  Lmewiona  "  by  David  P  'f odd ;  jt  were  more  dense,  but  it  is  another  matter  to 

*-Thf  Zodiacal  Light  as  related  to  Terrestnal  Tem-  --^  fu^f  ,-f  ,•„  ^^      tV  ic  «.f;ii  «  »^«4^>l»r»«f;^„1  a^ 

ii^mture  Variation,^  by  Orrav  T.  Sherman ;  «  On  the  f?^  **^t .  t  ^  ^'    ^^  ^    •       *  mathematical  flc- 

W-period  Temw  in  the  ilotion  of  Hypirian,"  by  ^^^  ^hich  covers  a  gap  in  our  knowledge  of  the 

Omiond  Stone;  ** Standardizing  Photographic  Film  ether.     He  thought  that  the  experiment  should 

without  the  Use  of  a  StandardLi^ht"  and  '^£xhibi-  be  repeated  with  water  at  rest  within  a  tube 

tioo  and  Description  of  a  New  Scientific  Instrument,  which  should  be  mounted  on  elastic  supports  in 

•Ji«r  Aurora-Inclinometer"   by  Frank  U.  Bigelow;  a  moving  railway  car.    The  water  tube  and  the 

-  The  Tabulation  ofLight-curves :  Description  Ex-  obsen-'er^s  seat  should  be  rigidly  connected,  and 

^tt'^Fi^Tct'uii^^i)?^^^^^  r^fd^^dt,Tt?if.i™       'rt  '""^ 

Jitars;  Investigation  of  ita  Fi^iuency," by  Henry  M.  ^P,*^^  ^^es  of  the  car.  The  question  to  be  set- 
Ptrkhuret;  "On  Certain  Space  and  Surface  Inte-  tied  is  whether  the  ether  or  any  part  of  it  is  at 
«Tal*."  by  Thomas  8.  Fiske;  ^The  Fundamental  Law  rest  in  space,  and  does  it  sweep  through  the  in- 
of  Electromagnetiaraj"  by  James  Loudon;  ^Method  terior  of  bodies  which  move  through  it,  as  wind 
of  Controlling  a  Drivmg  Clock,"  bv  Francis  P.  Leav-  sweeps  through  the  leaves  and  branches  of  a 
wmJ^'^^t?  the  Bitangential  of  the  Quintic,"  bv  tree.  This  form  of  the  experiment  is  the  one 
f!^lf^  %  ^l^''  "Parallax  of  a  Leonis,"  by  Jef-  contemplated  by  Eisenlohr's  analysis  leading  to 
fewon  E.  Keishner;  also,  m  joint  session  of  Sections  tji»«„„^i^  #^»,„„i«  „„^  a.  :„  «„,x„vi«  «#  ««««*  JL^ 
A  and  B, «  Principlk  of  the  Algebra  of  Physics,"  by  ^^^^nel  s  formula,  and  it  is  capable  of  great  van- 
Alexander  Macfariane  ^  7  ^  ations  in  the  conditions  of  expenment.  What- 
.  ever  its  results  may  be,  it  promises  to  add  greatly 

B.  /%y«<w.--The  presiding  officer  of  this  sec-  to  our  knowledge  of  the  physics  of  the  ether. 
tion  was  Prof.  Francis  E.  Nipher,  of  Washington        The  following-named  papers  were  then  read 

Iniversity,  St.  Liouis,  Mo.     He  discussed  the  before  the  section : 
"  Functions  and  Nature  of  the  Ether  of  Space." 

In  former  days  the  reasons  given  for  the  ex-        "On  the  Logarithmic  Mean  Distance  between  Paire 

fetence  of  ether  do  not  seem  conclusive  now.  2^^tS*°^JV^  J""^  Lines,"  by  ^lUiam  Hoover; 

For  year.,  it  was  taught  that  li.ht.  was  an  elas-  1^^/-  S'^^^ST-^M^lX^^^^^^ 

tic  pulsation  m  an  mcoinpressible  leUy-like  me-  Expan/ion  of  Jessup's  Steel  V  a  New  Method,"  by 

aium.    Some  of  the  mathematical  deductions  of  Edward  W.  Moriey  and  William  A.  Rogers ;  "  State- 

Oreen  he  could  only  reconcile  with  the  observed  ment  of  the  General  Law  determining  the  Fusing 

phenomena  bv  making  the  ether  incompressible,  and  Boiling    Point  of   any  Compound  under  anj 

In  1865  Maxwell  proposed  his  theory  that  light  Pressure  as  Simple  Function  of  the  Chemical  Consti- 

wasan  electric  displacement  in  a  plane  at  right  JV^j^^,  ^f  the  Sanie  "  b^  GustAvus  Ilinrichs-  «  The 

MMr\aa  *^  ♦!,«  M^^  /x#   n*^no«*«f;^      "U«^,««ii»o  Calculation  of  the  Boiling  Point  of  a  Liquid  under 
SS  i?  f     -.1?          .  /  propagation.     Maxwell  s  p^^^^  „    „  DetenrSation  of  the  Discontinuity 

theory  met  with  ereat  favor,  and  afiforded  simple  of  the  Fusing  Points  of  Paraffins  by  Meunn  of  Analvt- 

and  natural  explanations  for  phenomena  which  ical  Mechanics";  **A  Scheme  for  a  Science  of  Color," 

M<1  previously  been  clouded  by  rather  strained  by  William  Orr :  ^*  Note  on  Magnetic  Measurements 

■ssiimptions.      In  1888  Sir   William  Thomson  at  Ohio  State  University  "  and  "  Notes  on  Rotating 

brought  a  powerful  re-enforcement  to  the  elastic  Contact  Methods  of  Measurement  of  Variable  Electric 


ir^fi.,*-     mv  •#       J  i.u  ^  ^i_-  .'  J. A.C  Tangent  Galvanometer  as  a  Voltmeter,"  by  .». 

mnnity.    Thomson  found  that  this  assumption    m.  Stine;  »*Do  Tomadoc«  whirif"  and  "Artificial 
<lia  not  involve  an  unstable  condition  of  the     Rain,"  by  Henry  A.  Hazen ;  "  Observations  with  a 


36  ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (American.) 

New  Photometer,"  by  Nelson  H.  Genung  and  Freder-  really  elements,  but  compounds,  which  in  time 

ick  J.  Rogers;  "Magnesium  as  a  Source  of  Light,"  ^e  shall  be  able  to  separate  into  their  const  it  u- 

by  Frederick  J.  Rogers ;  "  Note  on  the  Measurement  ^nts  and  to  reproduce  by  combining  other  sul>- 

of  Resistances  by  Alternating  CuirenW*  "The  Ni^ure  ^^^^068.     Among  the  heavy  elements-and  hence 

of  Counter-electromotive  Force,"  and "  What  should  ,           ,    .           »,   v     e^^^^d   to  vield    to    the 

be  our  Fundamental  Units?"  by  Brown  Ayrea;  "Be-  ^^^^.  ^^^l  ^^      u      •  f^V^^^,,^  J?®^^    ^*J   P^ 

haviorof  Silver  Emulsions  under  Long  fixpoeureto  attacks  of  the  chemi8t--is  gold.     It  is  not  ira- 

Light"  and '1  Color  Photography  by  Lippmann's  Pro-  probable  that  in  tune  it  will  become  possible  to 

cessj"  by  Charles  B.  Thwiri^;  "On  the  Nomenclature  make  gold  in  large  quantities — an  event  which 

for  Physical  Units,  by  Alexander  Macfarlane ;  and  would  throw  it  out  of  use  as  a  standard  of  value, 

"  Some  Experiments  in  Atmospheric  Electricity,"  by  g^  fJ^,.  ^s  it  derives  its  own  value  from  its  rarity/' 

Alexander  McAdie.  rpj^^  statement  that  didymium  is  a  compound 

C.  Chemistry, — This  section  was  presided  over  metal  is  of  great  interest  to  the  chemist.     But 

by  Prof.  Robert  C.  Kedzie,  who  fills  the  chair  of  the  fact  that  the  reunion  of  these  metals  will 

Chemistry  at  the  Michigan  State  Agricultural  form  the  old  metal  or  alloy  is  not  so  surprising. 

College.    His  subject  was  **  Alchemy.  but  is  what  anv  chemist  would  expect.    But  how 

Alchemy  is  often  called   the  forerunner  of  ^o  such  facts  snow  the  probability,  or  even  possi- 

chemistry,  and  out  of  its  broken  columns  there  bility,  of  making  any  given  metal  out  of  hetero- 

has  been  built  up  the  enduring  temple  of  chem-  geneous  materials  t  if  the  combination  of  cerium 

ical  science,     ifo  science  has  a  firmer  basis  of  and  samarium  would  form  didymium,  then  a 

known  facts  than  chemistry,  the  basic  princi-  nlausible  case  would  be  made  out.    But  if  praseo- 

ples  upon  which  it  is  built  can  be  examined  dymium  and  neodymium  are  required  to  make 

without  fear  that  the  foundation  stones  will  didymium,  how  are  we  nearer  the  manufacture 

turn  to  dust  upon  the  touch  of  investigation,  of  this  last  metal  by  such  discovery  t    We  must 

The  results  of  the  labors  and  discoveries  of  the  still  have  the  two  new  metals  to  make  the  old 

alchemists  have  been  of  great  value  to  the  world,  metal.    Suppose  that  gold  can  be  split  into  two 

even  though  the  direct  objects  they  sought  for-  ©r  ten  new  metals  the  reunion  of  which  will 

ever  eluded  their  grasp  and  left  disappointment  form  gold,  does  this  bring  us  one  whit  nearer  the 

and  despair  to  their  votaries.     The  objective  new  age  of  gold  t    If  it  takes  gold  to  make  gold, 

points  of  the  alchemists  were  the  elixir  of  life,  what  part  or  lot  have  baser  metals  in  such  trans- 

the  alcahest  or  universal  solvent,  and  the  phi-  formations  f 

losopher's  stone.  In  conclusion,  he  said  that  "  the  hypothesis  of 

Tne  indestructibility  of  matter,  and  the  pos-  the  evolution  of  the  chemical  atoms  by  aggrega- 

sibility  of  recovering  a  given  substance  notwith-  tion  or  polymerization  of  one-matter  substance 

standing  all  its  disguises  by  combination  with  challenges  scientific  thought.     Based  upon  broad 

other  bodies — the  persistence  of  matter  and  the  assumptions  and  sustained  entirely  by  analog, 

immanence  of  its  properties — were  grand  dis-  jt  will  hardly  disturb  the  relative  coinage  value 

ooveries  in  material  science.    They  marked  the  ©f  the  metals  by  holding  out  hopes  of  alchemic 

transition  from  alchemy  to  chemistry.    The  rec-  transmutation.    The  advice  of  William  Crookes, 

ognition  of   the  indestructibility  of  force  was  to  treat  it  simply  as  a  provisional  hypothesis,  la 

the  second  great  step,  the  crowning  discovery  of  conservative  and  wise." 

modern  physics.    In  the  words  of  Faraday,  "  It  xhe  following-named  papers  were  then  read  : 
is  the  highest  law  in  physical  science  which  our 

faculties  permit  us  to  perceive."  "  Preliminary  Notes  on  the  Influence  of  Swamp 

Shall  we  teke  a  third  step,  and  proclaim  the  J^at«™^n  the  Foimation  of  the  Phosphate  Nodules  of 
««^J«o„«n«^  «f  fnroa  hiif  thft  flftstriiptihiHtv  of  South  Carolina,"  by  Charles  L.  Reese :  "  Land  and 
permanence  of  force  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  River  Phosphate  Pebbles  or  Nodules  o^  Florida,"  by 
matter;  that  the  atom  may  have  a  life,  grow  old,  g^^^^  j.  Cox :  "  A  Latent  Characteristic  of  Alu- 
and  die  or  pass  back  mto  primitive  nothingness,  minium,"  by  Alfred  Springer;  "The  Influence  of 
or  become  the  ether  of  which  we  talk  so  much  Negative  Atoms  and  Groups  of  Atoms  on  Organic 
and  know  so  little  t  Shall  we  assume  that  ra-  Compounds,"  by  Paul  C.  Freer ; "  Gabbro  Phonom«,'* 
diant  force  may  be  changed  into  matter  and  fall  by  Edward  Goldsmith  ;  "  Raphides  the  Cause  of  the 
under  the  law  of  gravitation  t  No  single  thought  Acridity  of  Certain  PJante,"  by  Henry  A.  Weber  ; 
K«o  «^,,f..ih»fn/1  en  miinh  ijn  irivft  fnrm  and  iS^r-  The  Calculation  of  the  Boiling  Pomt  of  a  Parathn 
has  contributed  so  much  to  f^^e  form  ana  per  Pressure,"  «  The  Calculation  of  the  Boiling 
manence  to  chemical  science  as  the  atom  of  Dal-  p^.^^^  ^^  isomeric^  from  their  Moment  of  Inertia^ 
ton.  An  atomic  theory  was  indeed  held  by  the  ^^  «  Detennination  of  the  True  Position  of  the  Car- 
Greeks  in  regard  to  the  constitution  of  matter,  yyQ^  Atoms  in  Organic  Compounds  by  Means  of  Ana- 
but  it  relatea  chiefly  to  the  question  of  the  con-  lytical  Mechanics,"  by  Gustavus  Hinrichs ;  "  Distn- 
tinuity  or  discontinuity  of  matter  in  mass,  and  bution  of  Titanic  Oxide  on  the  Earth's  Surface,"  by 
considered  the  question  of  the  limited  or  unlim-  Frf^^^  ?•  Dunnington ;  "  The  Precipitation  of  Fish 
i^^A  ^JvioiKilifv  /^f  mtiiijPT  "Rnt  th«  f»hemioAl  Oil  m  Linseed  Oil,  when  used  as  an  Adulterant,  by 
ited  divisibility  of  raatte^^^  «,nLn\nc^th^^  Silver  Nitrate  Solution,"  and  "The  Scnaration  and 
atom,  with  its  application  m  explaining  the  law  precipitation  of  Oleic  Acid  from  LinseeS  Oil  by  Sil- 
of  definite  and  of  multiple  proportions  by  weight  ^^^  Nitrate,"  by  Thomas  Taylor ;  "  Biolo^cal  Func- 
in  chemical  combinations,  was  the  gift  of  the  ^on  of  the  Lecitliins,"  by  Walter  Maxwell ;  "  Svn- 
Quaker  schoolmaster  of  Birmingham.  thesis  of  Weighed  Quantities  of  Water  from  Weighed 

The  question  has  been  seriously  raised  by  an  Quantities  of  Oxygen  and  Hydrogen,"  by  Edward  W. 

American  chemist  whether  gold  *can  be  manu-  Morley-    "Purification  of    Worcester    Sewage   by 

#o«ft,\.I^     On  tViA  affirmAf ivft  sidft  of  this  ones-  Chemical  Precipitation,"  and  "  Fire-clay  from  Mount 

faotured.     On  the  f^^'^^^J^^®  ^«>^®  ^^^  Savage,"  by  Leonard  P.  Kinnicutt : "  Dl-Nitro-Sulfo- 

tion  he  points  to  the  fact  that  didymium  has  pheTol',"  by  Edwaid  Hart;  "An  inouiry  relative  to 

been  split  into  two  metals,  and  by  recombining  ^^j^^  Causes  leading  to  the  Formation  of  Ore  Deposits," 

these  two  new  metals   the  old  didymium  was  w  W.  A.  Chapman;  "Delicacy  of  the  Tests  for 


again  formed.     "  These  facts  make  it  probable     phenol,"  bv  John  G.  Spenzer ;  "  An  Aceto  AcetiA 
that  the  so-called  chemical  elements  are  not     Ether,"  by'J.  U.  Nef ;  "On  Plattnerite  from  Idaho,** 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOB  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (Ameeican.)  87 

by  William  S.  Yeates ;  "  The  Chemistry  of  Some  sidn  Steam  Calorimetcre,^  "  Tests  of  Electric  Railway 

Disease    OermS*^   and    ^   ^     ^^nnvonianfr.    a  rrancrAm<inf.  Planf^*  ttnA  ^^  C\n  tVta   Prturai*    oKarvi>KA/l    in    4-Via  r^n^^in/* 

ioT  a  Pasteur 
bvEmil 

oil  the  Chemical  Com^ition  of  Muck  Soil  from  Uuivereal  Calorimeter,*'  and  "Kelative  Economy  ua 

Florida,''  and  **  Composition  of  Crystalliiie  Artificial  Carbonic  Acid  as  the  Working  Fluid  of  Refrigerat- 

,'^  by  Harvey  W.  Wiley;  "  Meat  ing  Machines,"  by  D.  S.  Jacobus:  "  On  the  Efflcien- 


(.'alolum  Phosphate,' 


Pn-atrrvatives,"  by  J.  Thomas  Davis ;  "  Determina-  cv  of  the  Steam  Jackets  of  the  Pawtucket  Pumping 

tion  of  Phosphoric  Acid  in  Presence  of  Iron  and  Engine,"  and  '*0n  the  Opportunity  for  Mcchauicm 

AIuminA,"  by  William  H.  King ;  "  Continuous-feed  Research  at  the  Worid's  Fair,"  by  William  Kent 

~>^C^l  "^^^^  "br^i^^Spf^e™ j  E   6^«,fo,y  andGeoi;ravky-Ti.is  section  was 

*•  Imitation  Coffees"   by  Guilford  L.  Spencer  and  presided  over  bv  Prof.  John  J.  Stevenson,  of  the 

Ervin  E,  Ewell :  «  The  Composition  of  Floridite,"  by  University  of  the  City  of  Njew  York,  who  spoke 

Harvey  W.  Wiley  and  William  H.  Kin^ ;  "  Tri-nitro  on  "  The  Relations  of  the  Chemung  and  Catskill 

Toluene,  a  SubeUtute  for  Musk,"  by  William  H.  Sea-  on  the  Eastern  Side  of  the  Appalachian  Basin." 

^^'^  He  prefaced  his  address  with  some  historical 

A  report  of  the  Committee  on  the  Spelling  and  notes  respecting  early  studies  of  these  ^ups, 

Pronunciation  of  Chemical  Terms  was  presented  especially  referring  to  the  surveys  of  Virginia, 

before  this  section.  Pennsylvania,  and  New  York,  which  were  con- 

D.  MeehaniecU  Science  atid  Engineering,-^  ducted  during  the  years  1837  to  1841.  He  traced 
The  presiding  officer  of  this  section  was  Prof,  the  groups  along  the  eastern  outcrop  from  Ten- 
Thomas  Oray,  who  fills  the  chair  of  Dynamic  En-  nessee  into  New  York,  across  southern  and  west- 
flneering  in  the  Rose  Polytechnic  Institute  in  em  Pennsylvania  and  eastward  through  north- 
erre  Haute,  IndL  His  address  was  a  carefully  em  Pennsylvania  again  into  New  York.  In  this 
prepared  and  valuable  discourse  on  "  Problems  way  the  continuity  of  the  section  was  shown,  and 
m  Mathematical  Science."  It  was  quite  tech-  the  insignificance  of  the  variations  was  insisted 
nical  in  character,  and  dealt  with  the  teachings  upon  strongly.  An  area  in  southeastern  New 
of  mathematics  and  physics  in  their  application  x  ork  and  northeastern  Pennsylvania  in  which 
to  engineering.  He  discussed  the  instruction  in  the  Chemung  group  is  almost  without  trace  of 
manual-training  schools,  trade  schools,  and  tech-  animal  or  vegetable  life  through  the  jrreater 
nical  schools,  and  the  objects  sought  to  be  at-  part  of  the  thickness  was  described.  The  ab- 
tained  by  training  in  such  schools.  Good  re-  sence  of  life  was  thought  to  be  due  not  to  fresh 
suits  followed  the  adoption  of  manual  training  water,  but  to  turbidity  of  the  water  in  a  shallow 
for  boys  and  girls,  but  the  idea  of  teaching  a  basin  near  the  land.  The  facts  that  the  hori- 
trade  in  a  trade  school  was  deprecated.  It  could  zons  of  fish  remains  are  much  lower  in  the  col- 
be  far  better  done  in  a  workshop,  where  the  act-  unin  than  had  been  supposed,  and  that  the  plant 
ual  practice  oould  be  had  by  the  leamer.  The  remains  come  in  like  manner  from  the  nome 
old  idea  of  apprenticeship  is  better  in  every  way.  group,  were  thought  to  be  of  especial  interest 
flp  spoke  warmly  of  the  good  results  that  have  and  importance, 
followed  higher  education  of  every  sort  in  tech-  His  conclusions  were: 

noloeical  coUeges,  and  outlined  the  g^reat  bene-  1.  That  the  series,  fVom  the  be^jrinning  of  the  Port- 
fits  tnat  will  accrue  to  mechanical  science  from  ace  to  the  end  of  the  Catskill,  form  but  one  period, 
this  source.     The  teachings  of  a  more  practical  "ie  Chemung,  which  Bhould  be  divided  into  three 

character,  both  in  mathematics  and  theoretical  «1^^V  ?l?  ^S^^'  ^^^  Chemung,  and  the  CatokiU. 

j,^ •    *  «.^««  «^«.,^„4.«^  ««  j^«:^ui»  #^.  f  A^i«  2.  That  the  disappearanoe  of  animal  and  vegetable 

drnamics,  were  advocated  as  desirable  for  tech-  ^.^^  ^^  ^      ^^  ^  2t  of  this  area  toward  the  close  of 

meal  colleges  and  similar  institutions,  bome  of  ^ho  period  was  due  simply  to  gradual  extension  of 
the  directions  in  which  technical  research  should  conditions  existing,  perhaps,  as  early  as  the  Hamilton 
be  pushed,  especially  in  the  technical  schools,  re-  period  in  southeastern  New  York, 
ferring  chiefly  to  the  properties  of  steam  and  its  8.  That  the  deposits  were  not  made  in  a  closed  sea- 
behavior  in  steam  engines,  were  indicated.  Great  but  that  the  influx  of  great  rivers,  with  their  load  of 
rraults  from  the  direct  combustion  of  fuel  in  the  ^^^  made  conditions  m  the  shallow  basin  such 
o«<^-«^  ^«.i:..^^.  ;♦««!*  «#♦«>•  *i,«  ^<.«»»»  ;«  ».i.;^k  that  amraal  life  could  not  exist 
engine  cylinder  itself,  ^ter  the  mwiner  m  which  ^  r^^^  j^  ^.^e  present  state  of  our  knowledge  we 

It  is  accomplished  in  the  gas  engine,  were  pre-  a^  not  justified  in  including  the  Chemung  penod  in 

dieted  by  him.     In  closing,  the  very  great  devel-  the  carboniferous  age. 

opment  of  electrical  en^eeringj^  referred  t«,  ^he  following-named  papers  were  read  before 

especially  m  its  apnlication  to  street  and  other  ^y^        ^.^           ^              *~^ 

motors  and  to  the  distnbution  of  power.  ,,  „            ^  ^      ,     .    x  .     i       ^  mr  j-  i   ^r 

The  foUowiBg  papen,  were  read  before  the  J^^Tby /oh^!!''^.rp^fu"W"^''M^^^^^  I^n 

*^**^°  •  fVom  Arizona  containing  Diamonds,"  by  A.  E.  Foote : 

•*  E<*on<Hny  produced  by  the  Use  of  Water  iinected  **  Post-glacis    Anticlin^   Ridges   near   Ripley  and 

to  a  Fine  Sprav  into  Air  Compressors."  "  On  a  Meth-  Caledonia,  New  York,"  by  Grove  K.  Gilbert;  "  Pur- 

'j<i  of  holding  Samples  of  Wood  and  Brick  for  Deter-  poses  of  Mountain  Building  and  their  Relationship 

minadon  of  Tensue  Strength,"  "Note  on  the  Effi-  to  the  Earth^s  Construction,"  by  Warren  Upham: 

eiencv  of  the  Screw  PropeUer^  and  "  Relative  Econo-  "  Notes  on  an  Extinct  Volcano  at  Montreal,  Canada^" 

my  o?  Compound  and  Triple  Expansion  Engines,"  by  by  Henry  Lampard :  "  On  a  New  Horizon  of  Fossil 

James  E.  Denton 5**  On  Experimental  Results  ol>-  Bishes,"  and  " On  the  Cranial  Characters  of  Equus 

tained  with  a  New  Form  of  Direct- Action  Propeller,"  Excelsus  Leidy,"  by  Edward  D.  Cope ;  "  On  Prob- 

bv   David   P.    Todd;   " The   Government    Timber  lematic  Organisms  and  the  Preservation  of  Algae  as 

Testo,"  by  Bemhard  E.  Femow;  "The  United  States  Fossils"  and  " On  the  Age  of  the  Mount  Pleasant, 

T»fc»  of  American  Woods,  made  at  the  Washington  Ohio,  Beds,"  by  Joseph  F.  James ;  "  Preliminary  Re- 

tniventitv  Testing  Laboratory,"  by  John  B.  John-  port  of  Observations  at  the  Deep  Well  near  Wheeling, 

*>n:  -On  the  Crushing  of  Short  Pnsms  of  Homoge-  W.  Va.,"  by  William  Hallock:  "The  Eureka  Shale 

Deou!»  Material,"  by  Charles  L.  Bouton ;  "  On  Expan-  of  Northern  Arkansas,"  by  Thomas   C.  Hopkins ; 


38  ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (Ambrican.) 

"■  The  Attitude  of  the  Eastern  and  Central  Portions  ot  I.  Collection  and  Description  ofFianis. — ^Many 

the  United  States  during  the  Glacial  Period,"  by  things  besides  the  mere  sporadic  collection  and 

Thomas  C.  Chamberiin ;  "  N wcene  and  Pleistocene  recording  of  species  should  be  included  as  legiti- 

Continent  Movements "  by  W  J  McGee ;   "Fossil  ^^^^     gelongSTg  to  this  line  of  research.     A 

Tracks  in  the  Tnassio   of  York  County,  Pa.,"  by  ^i„„^"'.     4.,^  7L#f«„  „   f^^*  „,'fk^«f  ««„  «^«f«^«- 

Atreus  Wanner;  "New  Footprints  of  the  Coniecti-  Pl*"^.  ^,  ^oo  often  a  text  without  any  context, 

cut  Valley"  by  M.  N.  Mitievier;  "The  Plant-Bear-  and  is  thus  robbed  of  much  of  its  ^ignificanoe. 

ing  Deposits  of  the  American  Trias,"  and  **  Princi-  Nothing    seems  more  unsystematic  than    field 

pies  and  Methods  of  Geologic  Correlation  by  means  work   in  systematic  botany.      AH  information 

of  Fossil  Plants,"  by  Lester  F.  Ward;  "A  %ply  to  that  can  be  obteined   in   the  field  concerning 


leas  Area  in  the  Mississippi  Basin,"  by  RoUin  D.  unpublished  note  of  Prof.  Asa  Wray,  m  which 

Salisbury ;  "  The  Cincinnati  Ice  Dam,"  by  Frank  that  distinguished  botanist  lamented  the  work 

Leverett ;  "  The  Structure  of  the  Ouachita  Uplift  ot  of  those  who  were  incompetent,  was  read.     The 

Arkansas,"  by  Leon  S.  Griswold ;  ^  The  Relations  of  opinion  that  the  exclusive  use  of  gross  organs  in 

the  Archean  and  the  Algonkian  m  the  Northwest,"  the  description  of  higher  plants  would  be  given 

by  Charles  R.  Van  Hise ;  «  Results  of  a  Well  Bonng  ^  ^h^^  the  more  stable,  minute  charwiters 

at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,"  by  Henuan  L.  Fairchild;  "On  „^I*  ij  -.«^„^  ««i„„ki«  ^iA^  {,.  l^^^A^^^  ai^.^.^;^ 

a  Deep  Bore  near  Akron,  Ohio,"  by  Edward  W.'ciay-  "^^^^  P">^e  J^^^u^^  u     ^^.  ^^y^^«  diagnosis, 

E)le ;  ^  A  Study  ot  the  Fossil  Avifauna  of  the  Silver  ^as  expressed.    The  character  of  a  species  is  an 

ake  Region,  Oregon,"  by  R.  W.  Shufeldt;  "The  extremely  composite  affair,  and  it  must   stand 

Peninsula  and  Volcano  Cosignina,"  and  "  The  Geo-  or  fall  by  the  sum  total  of  its  peculiarities,  and 

loffical  Survey  of  Nioaraf  ua,"  by  John  Crawford ;  not  by  a  single  one. 

V  ^^^  J?'^^^^  ^^^  !¥X®  ^^^^  Tc^^f  ^^"^  Uland.^  II.  study  of  Life  Histories.— The  work  of 
by  F  B  ^jiylor ;  and  "  Stn«  and  Shckensides  at  Al-  searching  for  the  affinities  of  great  groups  is  the 
ton  Illinois,"  by  James  E.  Todd.  ^^.^^  ^^  ^^  systematic  botany  toniay.  The 
,  %;  ^."^(^^^y-TJ^^  section  was  presided  over  danger  of  magnifying  the  importance  of  certain 
bv  Prof.  John  M.  Coulter,  President  of  Indiana  periods  or  organs  in  indicating  affinities,  was 
University.  He  chose  for  the  topic  of  his  ad-  gummed  up  as  follows :  "  I  have  thus  spoken  of 
dress  "The  Future  of  Systematic  Botony."  The  the  study  of  life  histories  to  indicate  that  its 
ancient  history  of  systematic  botany  is  too  well  chjef  function  lies  in  the  field  of  systematic 
known  to  need  even  brief  repetition,  but  the  one  botany :  to  suggest  that  it  take  into  account  de- 
desire  which  runs  with  increasing  force  through  velopinent  at  every  period  and  of  every  organ, 
it  all  is  to  reach  eventually  a  natural  system  of  ^nd  so  obtain  a  mass  of  cumulative  evidence 
classification.  At  first,  from  necessity,  plants  for  safe  generalization ;  and  to  urge  upon  those 
were  simply  systematically  pigeon-holed  for  fut-  not  thoroughly  equipped  great  caution  in  pubU- 
ure  reference,  and  those  who  could  thus  dispose  cation  " 

of  plants  were  known  as  **  systematic  botenists."  m. '  Construction  of  a  Natural  System,-^The 

an  appellation  proper  enough,  but  one  unfortu-  necessity  of  constructing  a  natural  system  with 

nately  not  having  sufficiently  outgrown  its  ori^-  easy  advance  in  the  knowledge  of  affinities,  as  a 

inal  application.    The  deplorable  result  of  this  convenient  summary  of  information,  to  tell  of 

early  necessitv  of  so  rigidly  systematizing  facts,  progress  and  to  direct  future  effort,  was  advo- 

and  thus  rendering  them  accessible,  was  to  make  cated.     His  concluding  summary  was :   **  The 

the  pigeon-holes  as  permanent  as  the  facts  they  points  presented  in  this  consideration  of  the 

were  intended  temporarily  to  contain,  third  phase  of  systematic  botany  are  that  the 

^   Systematic  botany  has  probably  done  all  that  j^gt  and  highest  expression  of  systematic  work 

It  could,  unaided,  in  the  natural  arran^ment  of  ^  the  construction  of  a  natural  system,  based 

plants.    But  it  was  not  left  without  aid,  and  a  upon  the  accumulations  of  those  who  collect 

group  of  new  departments  was  made  possible  by  and  describe  and  those  who  study  life  histories : 

the  microscope  and  the  unexampled  progress  of  that  this  work  involves  the  completest  command 

powers  and  manipulation.    The  study  of  the  cell  of  literature  and  the  highest  powers  of  general- 

and  of  nascent  and  mature  organs,  and  the  rec-  ization ;  that  it  is  essential  to  progress  for  a  nat- 

ognition  of  plants  as  living  things  that  are  the  nral  system  to  be  attempted  with  every  advance 

resultant  of  the  interplay  of  internal  and  exter-  in  knowledge ;  and  that  all  the  known  facts  of 

nal  forces,  have  revivified  the  ancient  mummy  affinity  thus  brought  within  reach  should   be 

called  botany,  and  have  made  it  a  living  thing,  expressed  in  all  systematic  literature." 

capable  of  endless  development.    The  real  sys-  The  following-named  papers  were  read  before 

tematic  botany  is  to  sum  up  and  utilize  the  re-  this  section  : 

suits  of  all  other  departments,  and  its  work  is  ."  ^^            ,    ,,v    .  ,    .    1      , «       ^     1  r^t. 

well-nigh  all  in  the  future.    The  systematic  hot-  .  "  ,^^^»  on  the  Phvsiological  and  Structural  Changes 

any  wSch  deals  with  generic   cLracters  and  Crt^fTerSn^^ZF^^^^^^^^^^^        I^flTdet'?'^: 

recognizes  the  fact  that  every  plant  is  a  living  Transformation  of  the  Vermilion  Spotted  Newt."  by 

thin^,  with  a  history  and  all  degrees  of  oonsan-  Simon  H.  Gage ;  "  On  the  Kinds  of  Motion  of  the 

guinity,  and  that  the  final  form  of  every  natural  Ultimate  Units  of  Contractile  Living  Matter,"  by 
classification  must  ~ 
der  of  descent, 

^rf^f K«^  !I;,^^"vt^^f tf,^  rli^n«f"rin«r«f"«AX  "  Cn  tho  Structurc  and  Dimorphism  of  Hypocrea  Tu- 

ure  there  must  be  three  distinct  hnes  of  work,  i^rfformis,"  bv  George  F.  Atktnson ; "  AnoSier  Chap^ 

related  to  each  other  m  natural  sequence  m  the  ter  in  the  History  of  the  Venus  Fly-Trap,''  by  John 

order  presented,  and  each  turning  over  its  com-  m.  Macfarlane ;  "  On  the  Prothallium  and  Embryo  of 

pleted  product  to  the  next.  Osmunda  Claytoniana  and  O.  Cinnamomea,^*  by  Doug- 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (American.)  g9 

]§»  H.  Campbell ;  "  A  Now  Nectaia,"  "  Notes  upon  trated.    He  said  that  an  abundant  field  of  illus- 

Bacteria  of  Cucurbita,"  and  "Notes  upon  an  Anthrac-  tration  was  found  in  the  popular  superstitions, 

tt>*r  by  Byron  D.  Halst^ad ;  "  The  Coraposito  col-  f^^^  i^re,  and  customs  that  have  survived  from 

Ful^o^S^^Lt^d  "  W  *  l"'^®^  ^  *  ^^^^"^  °"^*^^'  The  modern  dream- 

ot  the  Fennentation  Tube  in  BaetTrioloiy^witk  Bern-  book,  household   medicinal    practices,  chiu-ms, 

otLstiationa,"  by  Theobald  Smith ;  "  The  Forarainif-  and,  m  the  more  elaborate  system  of  details  of 

era,  with  a  New  Device  for  the  Exhibition  of  Speci-  astrology,  the  doctrine  of  sympathies  and  kin- 

roena,"  by  James  M.  Flint ;  **  A  Monograph  or  the  dred  pseudo-sciences,  were  the  fields  from  which 

Carolina    Paroquet,"    by    Edwin    M.    Hasbrouck ;  he  took  his  illustrations.   From  this,  progressive 

"TnuispuHtion,  or  the  Lo^  of  Water  in  Plants '^  by  scientific  thought  had  reached  its  present  place 

L^SJ^^f^lSTrtla^'i^y^  ^^^  ^^'l^f^i^lt"  ur^T^ 

-  Absorption  of  Fluids  by  Planti,"  by  L.  H.  Pammel :  \^^^,,  ^JF^^^TK"^^  analogy.     He  concluded 

-(Jases  in  Plants,"  bv  J.  C.  Arthur;  "  Origin  and  ^tn :      That  which  was  senous  reasonmg  to  our 

Development  of  Pansitio  Habit  in  Mallopha^a  and  forefathers,  now  takes  its  place  as  a  proper  in- 

PodicuUdfi,"  by  Herbert  Osbom ;  "•  The  Origin  and  strument  for  amusement  and  lies  at  the  basis 

Develo{Mnent^of  Parasitism  &mon|y|^  the  Saroogtid®,"  of  a  joke.    This  offspring  of  our  race  is  also 


trypida,"  . 

the  Chalcicndse,    uv  utsiawj.  \j.  xiuwiuu  ^     x  uiuoibiDiJu     %  .% 

in  Coleoptera,  in  Biptera,  in  Braoonid®,  and  Ichneu-     oy-pains 


monidi,''  and  -  Micro-organisms  as  Insecticides,"  by  grown  forms  of  culture  among  which  it  ongi- 

Charles  V.  Kiley ;  "  Enemies  of  the  Honey-Bee,"  and  nated." 

*  Abnormal  Bees,"  by  Albert  J.  Cook ;  **  Notes  on        The  following  are  the  titles  of  the  papers  read 

the  Homology  of  the  Hemipterous  Moth,*^  ^^  Enipha-  before  the  section  : 

nnx  and  Hypophaiynx  of  Odonata,"  and  "  The  Mouth 


Oi  Ule  Eje^tionf  BlSd  fS>m  thTe  e/^  of  H^ome;!  ^^P^.  ^^  Polyn^iana,"  by^Walter  Hou^ ;  «  A 

Tm^-  aii  -On  the  Turtles  of  the  \>enu8  Malac-  I'^^i^^S  i^''^ T^2^f.^^''^!iLt^  anH 'V.T 

letny^^by  O.  P.  Hay;  "The  Present  Condition  of  f  T!    L  •  ^.    ^^?S??^nS^o     H^""- ''''*i?'' r  ^-t^ 

the  Stud V  of  the  Deep-^  Fishes,"  bv  G.  Brown  Sl^/^'^"?*'   i*?!?  ^°^^^™"i?^"{?  '.?J*'L^.'''*H 

G«>de;  "-On  the  Impoi£^  of  a  Tatle  at  the  Naples  ^^^  ^^^^-^.^r."^,^^.^^^ 


ioi''  by  George  Vasey  ;  ^  Results  from  Recent  In-  a  Collection  ot  Stone  Pip^  from  Vermont  and  "On 

verti^jaaons  oPpear  Bliiht,"  by  M.  B.  Waite ;  "  The  Bone   Copper,  and  Slate  Implements  found  in  Ver- 

Spec^cope  in    Boton^    Studies,"    by    John  A.  S^^fi*:!^^  Jlf  T  •"*  ^^^^'^ '  ^^^  ^'T'f^^^fS'^ 

B^^hear;  -  The  PeniUtence  and  Relation  of  Faumd  SJ^S^^vf  £"J?S'*frF^'S^^^^^       l^l^^X^J 

K*.alm.»,"  and  «  The  New  Zealand  Fish  Fauna,"  by  M^^fJJ-  ^?®1^^."  ^5  M^l™  """^ 'iti^T?^.1l; 

Theodore  Gill;  -A  Case  of  the  Loss  of  Sen^  oY  C^"  *^V^^nf.a^n?"  Kv^^^^ 

Smell «  and  «A  Novel  Color  Illusion,  and  a  New  S!fX«.?  Ini^  P^M.?L«  ^^^^^ 

Methii   of  Color    Mixture,"    by    Joseph    Jastrow:  Srl^^S'^L*^!  £!,^^^^^ 

•Modification  of  Habit  in  Pax^r-maklng   Wasps/^  Moree;"  The  Nez  Perce  Country,"  by  A hceC.Fletch- 

by  Manr  E.  Murtfeldt;  and  «*he  Fate  of  the  Kr  S'jJ^t^^t^^.^f  i^^^J^^ 

cL.1 :«  A,»^«:^.n  \xr.«-^l.  w  u„  ii7:ni„«„  i>o1»^a*  lerrace  to  the  Moraines  ot  the  Ice-bhcet,"  by  rrank 

Seal  in  American  Waters,"  by  Wilham  Pahner.  Leverett ;  "  Utility  of  Psvchical  Study  of  fchifd  Life," 

H.  AfUhropology.—This  section  was  presided  ^r  h''u"'R\I^^V  l.f?^''!^^^  ^T^  Chautau- 

Afo-  K«  T>-«#'nrl«-«k  Ttto4-«»«r  —k^  Alio  A»«  ^iioiV  qua,"  by  Albert  Gatschet;  '*  Outlines  of  Zuiii  Crea- 

OTer  by  Prof.  Joseph  Jastrow,  who  fills  the  chair  g^J  ^^  Migration  Mythi  considered  in  their  Rela- 

of  F^penmental  and  Corapara-tive   Psychology  ^ion  ^  the  Ka-ka  and  other  Drama**  or  So-called 

m  the  University  of   Wisconsin.    Hls  address  Dances,"  by  Frank  H.  Cuahin^? ;  "  An  Ancient  Hu- 

▼as  entitled  "  The  Natural  History  of  Analogy."  man  Cranium  from  Southern  Mexico,"  by  Frederick 


»mblanoe.      The   various  types    of  agreement  forations'in  Stone  from  the  Susquehanna  River,"  by 

aitfenng  slightly  from  the  standard  were  also  Atreus  Wanner ; "  Geographical  Arrangement  of  Pre- 

treated-    In  almost  all  savage  customs  and  be-  historic  Objects  in  the  United  StatesNational  Muse- 

liefs,  he  said,  abundant  instances  of  reasoning  uni "  "  Cunous  Forms  of  Chipped  Stone  Implements. 

bT  analogy  were  to  be  found.     In  magical  prac-  found  in  Italv,  Honduras,  and  the  United  States," ''  In- 

ti'ces,  in  interpretations  of  omens  and  dreams,  in  vention^of  Antiquity,"  and  "  Evidenjces  of  the  High 

medicinal  practices  and  social  and   tribal   cus-  Antiquity  of  Man  in  America,"  by  Thomas  W  ilson : 

♦         -T*!  r      .  ~  «wx.*€»*  www,  %,LAK,aA   ^  u.  Some  Archffiolofirical    Contraventions,"  bv   Gerard 

tonis,  striking  instances  of  analogous  argiiment  Yovrke :  **  On  theliistribution  of  Stone  Implements 

abounded.     The  Zulu  who  chews  a  bit  of  wood  i^  the  Tide- water  Province,"  and  "  Aboriginal  Nova- 

10  soften  the  heart  of  the  man  he  wants  to  buy  culite  Quarries  in  Arkansas,"  by  William  H.  Holmes  r 

Ml  ox  from ,  the  fetich  determining  by  whether  "  Study  of  Automatic  Motion,"  by  Joseph  Jastrow ; 

a  stick  stands  or  falls  whether  a  war  shall  be  "  Race'Survivals  and  Race  Mixture  ii  Great  Britain,'* 

kept  up  or  allowed  to  stop ;  the  medicine-man  ^X  ^-  ^^-  Babcock. 

who  performs  incantations  over  some  personal        I.  Economic     Science    and    Statistics. — The 

belonging  of  his  victim  or  by  the  use  of  out-of-  presiding  officer  of  this  section  was  Prof.  Kd- 

the-way  drugs — cdl  these  were  instanced  as  the  inund  J.  James,  who  holds  the  chair  of  Public 

results  of  analogjr  or  a  feeling  of  analogy.    Simi-  Finance    and  Administration   in  the   Wharton 

lar  traits  in  children  were  described  and  ill  us-  School  of  Finance  and  Economy  of  the  Univer- 


40         ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (Amewcak.) 

sity  of  Pennsylvania.    His   theme    was  **  The  worse  one.    Along  what  line  does  improvement 

American  Farmer,  his  Present  Economic  Con-  lie  f    In  the  first  place,  of  course,  in  the  direc- 

dition  and  Future  Prospects."    The  condition  tion  of  altering  the  influences  above  referred  to. 

of  the  farming  class  is  at  present  exciting  keen  Railway  policy  must  be  altered  at  many  points — 

attention  in  nearly  every  civilized  country.   The  at  some  of  them  fundamentally.    The  system  of 

politics  and  economics  of   the  United  States,  taxation  must  be  readjusted  and  the  farmer 

England,  France,  Germany,  Austria,  and  even  relieved  of  unjust  burdens.    The  tariff  must  be 

Russia,  are   busied  to-day  with  the  farmer  as  improved;  the  banking  and  ^neral  monetary 

they  never  were  before.    The  farmer  question,  policy  of  the  country  c&tnged  m  many  respects, 

therefore,  is  no  lon^^er  a  local  question,  no  lon^r  The  forces  which  are  crowding  the  American 

confined  to  the  United  States,  but  is  world-wide  farmer  to  the  wall  are   world-wide,  and  not 

in  its  importance,  and  must  be  considered  to  merely  national  forces.    He  is  going  to  the  wall 

some  extent  in  its  international  aspects.    The  because  he  is  trying  to  compete  with  farmers  of 

remarkable  phenomena  occurring  in  connection  a  low  grade  of  intelligence  and  civilization  in 

with  the  Farmers'  Alliance  movemente  show  at  the  production  of  crops  where  intelligence  and 

once  how  deeply  the  iron  has  entered  into  the  civilization  count  for  comparatively  little, 

soulof  the  American  farmer,  and  how  thoroughly  The  American  farmer  must  seek  new  crops 

he  has  become  aware  that  for  some  reason  or  where  intelligence  and  skill  count  for  more  than 

other  he  is  not  keeping  pace  in  his  material,  in-  mere  fertility  of  soil  or  juxtaposition  to  market, 

tellectual,  and  social  progress  with  other  classes  and  where,  having  once  established  himself,  he 

in  the  community.    It  is  not  surprising  that  in  may  bid  defiance  to  the  ignorance  and   ineffi- 

this  awakening  he  should  not  at  first  perceive  ciencv  of  the  foreign  peasant.    This  calls  for  a 

the  true  source  of  his  ills,  and  that  he  should  broad  and  liberal  policy  toward  agriculture  in 

attribute    many   of   the   disadvantages    under  all  its  relations. 

which  he  labors  to  the  machinations  of  other  If  our  farmers'  alliances,  grangers'  associa- 
social  classes.  It  is  natural  that  he  should  see  tions,  homy-handed  sons  of  toil  conventions, 
in  the  railroads,  in  the  gold  buss  of  Wall  Street,  ete.,  would,  with  all  their  getting,  get  under- 
in  the  tariff  on  imports,  in  the  banks  and  bank-  standing,  would,  after  securing— :or  Mtter,  while 
ers,  and  in  the  monetary  policy  of  the  Gk>vem-  securing — needed  reforms  in  the  railway,  tax, 
ment,  the  bitter  enemies  of  his  prosperity,  tariff,  and  monetary  policy  of  the  country, 
Nothing  will  bo  gained  for  us,  either  from  an  go  to  the  very  root  of  the  matter,  viz.,  remedy 
economic  or  political  point  of  view,  by  belittling  the  indolence,  ignorance,  conservatism  of  the 
or  deriding  tne  views  of  Western  farmers  on  the  farming  classes  themselves  in  all  that  pertains 
money  question,  on  the  tariff,  on  the  railroad  to  agriculture,  no  American  could  have  cause 
policy,  on  taxation,  and  other  similar  topics,  to  fear  even  the  wildest  propositions  of  the  fiat- 
The  American  farmer  has  a  grievance  wnich  money  anti-corporation  aemagogue. 
must  be  carefully  studied  by  studente  of  eco-  The  following-named  papers  were  read : 
nomics  and  statistics,  to  ascertain,  if  possible^  .^he  Necessity  for  State  Supervision  of  Railway 
how  far  it  is  justified,  and  whether  it  can  be  Extension,"  by  Bemamin  W.  Snow:  **  The  Economic 
remedied,  and,  if  so,  by  what  means.  Value  of  Cooking-Schools  in  the  District  of  Colum- 
The  wealth  of  the  United  States  is  flowing  bia,"  by  Laura  O.  Talbott;  "The  Code  of  Inherit- 
away  from  its  farms  into  its  factories  and  rail-  ance,"  by  Richard  T.  Colbum ;  ^  Numerical  Belations 
roads ;  from  the  country  into  the  city ;  from  the  between  Amount  and  Value  of  United  States  Potato 
rural  into  the  urban  districts.  The  policy  of  ^«>P  ^^  ^"JP,^^^  of  Importations."  and  "Umted 
^.,«  .«;i»/^o^  y>rv.»«..«i^„  k««  K^«»A  k.«^  «»x^«  fu^  States  Mercantile  Manne  and  Duty  Rates,"  by  Henry 
our  railroad  companies  has  borne  hard  upon  the  YRTquhar ;  "  The  Muck  Soils  of  the  Florida  Penin- 
individual  farmer  and  upon  the  farmer  as  a  class,  ^^i^y  w  Rarvey  W.Wiley ;  "  The  Artesian  Wells 
It  has  altered  all  the  conditions  of  a^culture  in  and  Undenrround  Waters  of  Central  Texas"  by 
many  sections  of  the  country,  and  m  nearly  all  Robert  T.  Hill ;  *^  Enei^y  as  a  Factor  in  Rural  Econ- 
of  them  in  such  a  way  as  needlessly  to  burden  omy,"  bv  Manly  Miles ;  "  World^s  Columbian  Expo- 
and  embarrass  the  farmer.     The  Granger  legisla-  sition,"  by  Alexander  D.  Alexander ;  "  Free  Coinage : 

tion  of  the  Western  Stetes  was  a  perfectly  lusti-  J^    -         ^li^^'^^^v  ^«^\TSi    T?%  Coinage 

floku  .ffA*»*>4-  f^  ^v^.^h'  fu«  »onf/%.*,  »».,^«r^»  ^#  Ratio  in  our  Silver  Policy,"  by  Edward  T.  Peters: 

fiable  attempt  to  check  the  wanton  aggression  of  ^  The  Eleventh  Census  an^^tetfstics  of  Manufacture," 

many  railroad  managers  upon  the  fundamental  ^^   "Permanent  Census  Bureau,"  by    Georee   A. 

nghts  of  the  rural  classes,  and,  though  it  was  at  Priest;  "  Tabulation  Errore  of  Census,"  by  Mrs.  M, 

many  pointe  unsuccessful,  it  was  the  first  dis-  C.Baker;  ^^  The  Locust  or  Grasshopper  Outlook,"  by 


systei 

ui)on  ine  larmer.     ,,.-_-_         .,      _  Measure  ofthe  Reliability  ofCensus  Enumeration,"  by 

Nor  is  there  any  doubt  that  the  financial  ool-  Alexander  S.  Christie ;  "A  National  University :  ite 

icy  of  the  country,  using  that  term  m  the  broadest  character  and  Purposes,"  and  "  The  Science  and  Art 

sense,  as  including  the  whole  system  of  monetary  of  Government,"  by  Lester  F.  Ward ; "  The  Southern 

transactions  built  up  by  the  combination  of  gov-  Old  Fields,"  by  W  J  MoGee ;  *;  A^culture  by  Irri- 


the  tariff  policy  of  the  country  has  been  managed,  ^y  Charles  R.  Dodge, 
at  least  directly,  with  an  eye  as  much  to  the 
farmer's  interest  as  to  that  of  other  classes.  Popular  Features  of  the  Proceeding's. — 

It  is  no  wonder,  then,   that  the  American  On  the  evening  of  Aug.  19  a  reception  was  eiven 

farmer  is  in  a  bad  way,  and  likely  to  be  in  a  to  the  association  by  the  Boara  of  Trade  of 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (Amekican.)  41 

Washington,  in  the  parlor  of  the  Arlington,  at  After  the  meeting  of  the  association  the  6eo- 
which  namerous  addresses  were  made,  including  logical  Society  of  America  held  its  summer  meet- 
one  b^  Secretai^  Foster.  A  musical  entertain-  ing,  on  Aug.  24  and  26 ;  and,  finally,  the  Inter- 
ment m  the  pnvate  e^unds  of  the  Executive  national  Congress  of  Geologists  began  its  meet- 
Mansion,  at  wnich  the  United  States  Marine  Band  ings  on  Aug.  26,  and  continued  them  with  daily 
played,  was  ejven  to  the  association,  by  direction  sessions  until  Sept.  1. 

of  Uie  Prsident,  on  Aug.  20.  A  lecture  compli-  Final  Sessions. — The  final  general  meeting 
meotary  to  the  citizens  of  Washin^on  was  de-  was  held  on  the  evening  of  Aug.  25,  at  which 
livered,on  the  evening  of  Aug.  21,  in  the  United  time  the  list  of  officers  given  below  was  elected, 
Slates  National  Museum,  by  Dr.  John  M.  Macfar-  and  the  place  of  the  next  meeting  decided  on. 
lane,  on  ^  Illustrations  of  Heredity  in  Plant  A  proposition  to  increase  the  research  funds  was 
Hybrids,*^  subsequent  to  which  the  museum  was  advocated  by  John  A.  Brashear,  who  fixed  the 
thrown  open  to  the  members  for  inspection  of  limit  at  $100,000,  and  a  committee  was  appointed, 
the  collections.  On  Aug,  24  an  excursion  to  of  which  he  was  made  chairman. 
Baltimore,  by  special  train,  was  provided  for.  The  Committee  on  Forestry  reported  that  its 
Cpon  arriTal  at  Locust  Point  the  steamer  **  La-  efforts  had,  in  part,  at  least,  caused  a  change  in 
trobe"  met  the  party  and  proceeded  across  the  the  laws  regulating  public  lands,  which  autnor- 
bay  to  the  Maryland  Steel  Company's  works  izes  the  President  to  use  his  discretion  in  the 
at  Sparrow's  Point,  where  the  blast  furnaces,  disposal  of  public  timber  lands.  The  report 
Bessemer  steel  converter,  and  steel  rolling  mills  showed  that  the  American  Forestry  Association 
were  inspected.  After  luncheon  on  the  steam-  had  prepared  a  memorisJ,  in  which  reservations, 
er,  a  visit  was  paid  to  the  Baltimore  Suffar  Re-  comprising  several  million  acres  will-  be  asked 
finery.  The  steamer  then  returned  to  the  city,  in  Minnesota,  Montana,  Idaho,  Colorado,  New 
and  the  party  visited  the  Johns  Hopkins  Hospital  Mexico,  and  California,  and  in  the  enlarged 
and  the  Johns  Hopkins  University.  A  oompli-  boundaries  of  the  Yellowstone  Park.  The  com- 
mentary excursion  to  Mount  Vernon  was  tendered  mittee  was  continued  to  enable  it  to  carry  on 
on  Aug.  25  to  the  association  by  the  scientific  the  work  of  securing  the  enactment  of  such 
societies  of  Washington.  Three  general  ex-  laws  as  will  protect  and  provide  for  the  adminis- 
cnrsions  were  arranged  for,  as  follow :  (1)  To  tration  of  the  lands  thus  reserved.  Action  was 
Harper's  Ferry  and  Lurav,  visitin^^  the  famous  also  taken  upon  a  recommendation  from  the  sec- 
cavems ;  (2)  to  Atlantic  City,  visitmg  the  light-  tion  on  biology,  favoring  the  petitioning  of  Con- 
house  and  life-savinff  station ;  and  (3)  to  Old  gress  for  the  establishing  in  the  District  of 
Point  Comfort,  Norfolk,  and  Virginia  Beach,  Columbia  of  an  arboretum,  under  the  direction 
visiting  Fort  Monroe,  Hampton,  the  Soldiers*  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  A  resolution 
Home,  Normal  School,  ana  other  features,  was  also  adopted  calling  the  attention  of  the 
Throughout  the  meeting,  through  the  courtesy  Secretary  of  A^culture  to  the  advisability  of 
of  the  department  chiefe,  the  various  GK)vern-  utilizing  the  Weather  Bureau,  the  various  agri- 
ment  bureaus  were  opened  to  the  members  of  cultural  experiment  stations,  and  institutions  of 
the  association,  and  on  the  afternoon  and  even-  a  similar  character,  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a 
ing  of  Aug.  24  the  Corcoran  Gallery  was  opened  service  of  water  statistics  and  making  a  careful 
to  the  visiting  scientists.  survey  of  the  condition  of  water  supplies,  which 
Amilated  OrsTAi^lzations. — Prior  to  the  may  servo  as  a  basis  for  the  application  of  proper 
meeting  of  the  association  the  American  Micro-  principles  of  water  management.  Agreeably  to 
^copicaJ  Society  was  convened  on  Aug.  11  and  a  communication  from  the  Australasian  Associa- 
12.  The  Association  of  American  Agricultural  tion  for  tho  Advancement  of  Science,  a  committee 
Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations  held  daily  ses-  was  ai)pointed  to  form  part  of  an  international 
sions  on  Aug.  13, 14,  and  15.  Under  the  terms  committee  to  make  a  imiiorm  system  of  biological 
of  the  trust  which  endows  in  perpetuity  the  nomenclature,  that  committee  being  Simon  H. 
agricultural  work  of  Lawes  and  Gilbert  at  Roth-  Gage.  Charles  T.  Minot,  John  M.  Coulter,  Theo- 
amsted,  England,  a  representative  of  this  place  dore  Gill,  and  George  L.  Goodale.  The  meeting 
is  to  visit  America  everv  three  years  as  an  ex-  as  a  whole  was  a  most  successful  one ;  291  papers 
ponent  of  its  work.  The  first  of  these  visits  were  read  before  the  sections,  against  259  for  last 
occurred  during  the  Washington  meeting,  and  year.  There  were  658  members  in  attendance,  in 
Robert  Warrin^on,  F.  C.  S.,  the  chemist  at  Roth-  comparison  with  864  last  year ;  and  subsequent 
imsted,  was  the  representative.  The  Association  to  Aug.  18,  91  new  names  were  added  to  the  list, 
of  Official  Agricultural  Chemists  met  on  Aug.  making  a  total  of  871  members  elected  since  the 
1-3.  and  held  sessions  for  two  days.    The  Societv  meetine  last  year. 

for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science  held  Nexf  Meeting. — In  1892  the  association  will 

its  meetings  on  Aug.  17  and  18.    A  conference  meet  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  and  the  time  appointed 

of  American  chemists,  under  the  auspices  of  the  is  the  third  Wednesday  in  August.    The  follow- 

American  Chemical  Society  and  the  Washington  ing  officers  were  chosen :  President,  Joseph  Le 

Chemical  Society,  met  on  Aug.  17  and  18.    The  Conte,  Berkeley,  Cal.    Vice-Presidents :  A,  John 

Association  of  Economic  Entomologists  convened  R.  Eastman,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  B,  Benjamin 

on  Aug.  18  and  19.    J.  A.  Idntner,  of  Albany,  F.  Thomas,  Columbus,  Ohio ;  C,  Alfred  Spnnger. 

X.  Y.,  was  chosen  president  of  this  body.    The  Cincinnati,  Ohio ;  D,  John  B.  Johnson,  St.  Louis, 

Botanical  Club  of  the  association  held  regular  Mo. ;  E,  Henry  S.  Williams,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ;  F, 

meetings  on  Aug.  20,  21,  and  22.    Prior  to  the  Simon  F.  Gage,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. ;  H,  William  H. 

regular  meetings  of  the  association  William  M.  Holmes,  Washington,  D.  C. ;  I,  S.  Dana  Horton, 

Canby  was  its  president.  Similarly  the  Entomo-  Pomeroy,  Ohio.   Permanent  Secretary,  Frederick 

logical  Club  of  the  aasociation  met  daily  during  W.  Putnam,  Cambridge,  Mass.    General  Secre- 

the  meeting.  tary,  Amos  W.  Putnam,  BrookviUe,  Ind.    Secre- 


4S 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOE  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCK    (Bw 


tar7  of  the  Council,  Thomas  11.  Norton,  Cincin 
nati,  Ohio.  Seeretaries  of  Sections :  A,  Winslow 
Upton,  Providence,  R.  1. ;  B,  Brown  Ayres,  New 
Orleans,  La. ;  C,  James  L,  Howe,  Louisville,  Ky. ; 
D,  Olin  n.  Landreth,  Nashville,  Tenn.;  K, 
Rollin  D.  Salisbury,  Madison,  Wis.;  F,  Byron  D. 
Ealstead,  New  Brunswick,  N,  J. ;  H.  Anthropol- 
ogy, Stewart  Culiii,  Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  I.  Lester 
P:  Ward,  Washington,  D.  C.  Treasurer,  William 
Lilly,  Mauch  Chunk,  Pa, 

British.— The  sixty-first  annual  meeting  of 
the  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  was  held  in  Cardiff  during  the  week  be- 
ginning; Aug.  19.  The  officers  of  the  association 
were :  PresideDt,  Dr.  William  Euggins.    Section 


Presidents :  A,  Mathematics  and  Physics,  Oliver 
J,  Lodge ;  B.  Chemistry,  W.  C.  Roberts- Austen ; 
C,  Oeologj,  T.  Ellpert  Jones;  D.  Biology,  Fran- 
cis Darwin;  E,  (Jeography,  E.  G.  Boweustein; 
F,  Economic  Science  and  Statistics,  W.  Cunning- 
ham ;  U,  Mechanical  Science,  T.  Forster  Brown ; 
H,  Anthropology,  Max  MQUer.  General  Treas- 
urer. Ari,hur  BUcker.  General  Secretaries :  Sir 
Douglas  Galton  and  Vernon  Harcourt;  and 
Thomas  Forster  Brown.  Chairman  of  the  Local 
Executive  Committee. 

Cieneral  Meetlng.^The  first  general  meeting 
was  held  on  Aue,  19,  with  Sir  Frederick  A.  Abel 
in  the  chair.  The  address  of  welcocne  was  made 
by  the  Marqi[is  of  Bute,  who  wb.s  chairman  of 
the  Local  Committ«e  and  Mayor  of  Cardiff.  The 
report  of  the  General  Comcuitt^'e  was  presented 
and  accepted,  subsequent  to  which  the  incoming 
president.  Dr.  William  Huggins,  was  called  to 
the  chair.  His  address  was  delivered  in  the 
evening  in  Park  Hall. 

Address  of  the  President— Since  1851. 
when  Sir  George  Airj,  and  1860,  when  I^ord 
Wrottesley,  were  presidents  of  the  association, 
no  representative  of  astronomy  had  been  chosen 
to  that  office.  It  was  therefore  natural  that  Dr. 
Huggins  should  select  as  the  subject  of  his  dis- 
course the  history  of  the  discoveries  that  have 
taken  place  in  his  chosen  science  during  the  past 
thirty  years.  He  told  how  spectroscopic  astron- 
omy had  become  a  distinct  and  acknowledged 
branch  of  that  seieni*.  Within  the  last  year  or 
two  improvements  had  been  made  in  the  spec- 


troscope itself  by  Lord  Rayleigh,  and  by  Prot 
Henry  A.  Rowland  in  the  construction  of  con- 
rave  gratings.    Although  up  to  the  present  time 

Angstrom's  map  of  the  solar  spectrum  has  been 
accepted  as  the  standard  of  reference,  still,  in  the 
near  future,  that  of  Rowland  wiU  be  adopted,  and 
itsgreateraccuracy  is  due  chiefly  to  the  introduc- 
tion by  him  of  concave  gratings  and  of  a  method 
for  their  use  bv  which  llie  problem  of  the  deter- 

measures  of  coincidences  of  the  linre  in  different 
spectra  by  a  micrometer.  The  recent  attempts 
to  distinguish  the  lines  which  are  due  to  our  at- 
mosphere from  those  whluh  are  truly  solar  were 
described.  Concerning  the  nature  of  the  heav- 
Mily  bodies,  all  that  can  be  positively  asserted 
is,  that  the  spectroscope  reveals  to  us  the  waves 
which  were  set  up  in  the  ether,  filling  all  inter- 
stellar space,  yeare  or  hundreds  of  years  ago,  by 
the  motions  of  the  molecules  of  the  celestial  eut>- 
stances.  Great  caution  must  be  otiserved  when 
attempts  are  made  to  reason  by  the  aid  of  labora- 
tory experiments  as  to  the  temperature  of  the 
heavenly  bodies.  Of  recent  researches  in  this  di- 
rection, the  claim  of  Stas  that  electric  spectra  are 
to  be  regarded  as  distinct  from  flame  spectra  waa 
mentioned,  but  it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the 
light  from  the  heavenly  bodies  may  consist  of 
the  combined  radiations  of  different  layers  of 
gas  at  different  temperatures,  and  possibly  be 
further  complicated  to  an  unknown  extent  by 
the  absorption  of  cooler  portions  of  gas  outside. 

As  yet  the  spectroscofe  has  failed  to  interpret 
for  us  the  remarkable  spectrum  of  the  aurora 
borealis.  Undoubtedly  in  this  phenomenon  por- 
tions of  our  atmosphere  are  lighted  np  by  elec- 
tric dLscharges:  we  should  expect,  therefore,  to 
recognize  the  spectra  of  the  gases  known  to  lie 
present  in  it.  Especially  we  do  not  know  the 
origin  of  the  principal  line  in  the  ereen.  Re- 
cently the  suggestion  has  been  made  that  the 
aurora  is  a  phenomenon  produced  by  the  dust  of 
meteors  and  fallinc  stars,  and  that  near  positions 
of  certain  auroral  Tines  or  flutingsof  manganese, 
lead,  barium,  thallium,  iron,  etc,  are  sufficient  to 
justify  us  in  regarding  meteoric  dust  in  the  at- 
mosphere as  the  origin  of  the  auroral  spectrum. 

Reference  was  made  to  the  work  on  the  "  Spec- 
tra of  the  Comets,"  by  Prof.  Hubert  A.  Newton 
and  Prot.  Schiapareili.  Concerning  the  consti- 
tution of  the  sun,  a  very  great  advance  has  been 
made  by  the  recent  work  at  the  Johns  Hopkins 
University,  by  means  of  photography  and  con- 
cave gratings,  in  comparing  the  solar  spectrum 
directly  with  the  spectra  of  the  terrestrial  ele- 
ments. Prof.  Rowland  has  shown  that  the  lines 
of  thirty-six  terrestrial  elements  at  least  are  cer- 
tainly present  in  the  solar  spectrum,  while  eight 
others  are  doubtfuL  Of  those  not  found,  matiy 
are  so  classed  because  they  have  few  strong  lines, 
or  none  at  all.  in  the  limit  of  the  solar  spectmm 
as  compared  by  him  with  the  are.  Rowland  has 
not  found  any  lines  common  to  several  elements, 
and.  in  the  case  of  some  accidental  coincidences, 
more  accurate  investigation  reveals  some  slight 
difference  of  wave  length  or  a  common  impurity. 
Stas,  in  a  recent  paper,  gives  the  final  results  of 
eleven  years  of  research  on  the  chemical  elements 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (British.)  43 

ciam,  strontium,  lithium,  magnesium,  silver,  so-  the  nebulas  gave  place  to  that  which  regarded 

dium.  and  thallium  show  that  these  substances  them    as    external    galaxies,    cosmical    *'  sand 

retain  their  individuality  under  all  conditions,  heaps,"  too  remote  to  be  resolved  into  separate 

and  are  unalterable  by  any  forces  that  we  can  stars. 

bring  to  bear  upon  them.  Prof.  Rowland  looks  Then,  discussing  the  various  theories'advanced 
to  the  solar  lines  which  are  unaccounted  for  as  a  concerning  their  constitution,  he  said  :  *'  On 
means  of  enabling  him  to  discover  such  new  ter-  account  of  the  large  extent  of  the  nebulte,  a 
re^triai  elements  as  still  lurk  in  rare  minerals  and  comparatively  small  number  of  luminous  mole- 
earths,  bv  confronting  their  spectra  directly  with  cules  or  atoms  would  probably  be  sufficient  to 
that  of  the  sun.  He  has  alreaidy  resolved  yttrium  make  the  nebalas  as  bright  as  they  appear  to  us. 
spectrofioopically  into  three  components,  and  act-  On  such  an  assumption  the  average  temperature 
uallr  into  two.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that,  as  may  be  low,  but  tne  individual  particles,  which 
oar  Knowledge  of  the  spectrum  of  hydrogen  in  its  by  their  encounters  are  luminous,  must  have 
complete  form  came  to  us  from  tne  stars,  it  is  motions  corresponding  to  a  very  high  tempera- 
now  from  the  sun  that  chemistry  is  probably  ture,  and  in  this  sense  be  extremely  hot.*'  Hence, 
about  to  be  enriched  by  the  discovery  of  new  **  it  may  well  be  that  in  the  very  early  stages  con- 
elements,  densing  masses  are  subject  to  very  mfferent  con- 
Passing  to  the  sun's  corona,  recent  investiga-  ditions,  and  that  condensation  may  not  always 
tioDs  were  cited,  including  those  of  Prof.  Schae-  begin  at  one  or  two  centers,  but  sometimes  sets 
berle,of  Lick  Observatory;  but,  still,  of  its  chem«  in  at  a  large  number  of  points,  and  proceeds  in 
ical  and  physical  nature  we  know  very  little,  the  different  cases  along  different  lines  of  evo- 
The  behavior  of  gaseotis  matter  during  conden-  lution."  By  the  spectroscope  motions  of  ap- 
sation  and  the  probable  resulting  constitution  proach  or  of  recession  of  the  stars  can  be  de- 
of  the  heavenly  bodies  was  then  taken  up.  The  tected  and  measured,  so  that  under  favorable 
fiew  has  been  put  forth  that  the  diversified  spec-  circumstances  the  speed  can  be  determined  to 
tn  of  the  stars  do  not  represent  the  stages  of  an  within  a  mile  a  second.  Of  the  application  of 
eTolutional  progress,  but  are  due  for  the  most  photography  to  this  branch  of  astronomical  work 
part  to  differences  of  original  constitution.  But  mention  was  made,  and  the  brilliant  results 
the  sun  and  stars  are  generally  regarded  as  con-  obtained  at  Lick  Observatory  bv  Keeler  cited, 
sisting  of  glowing  vapors  suirounded  by  a  pho-  This  spectroscopic  method  of  determining  ce- 
tosphere  where  condensation  is  taking  place,  lestial  motions  in  the  line  of  sight  has  recently 
the  temperature  of  the  photospheric  layer  from  become  fruitful  in  a  new  but  not  altogether  un- 
which  the  greater  part  of  the  radiation  comes  foreseen  direction,  for  it  has,  so  to  speak,  given 
being  constantly  renewed  from  the  hotter  mat-  us  a  separating  power  far  beyond  that  of  any 
ter  within.  telescope  the  glassmaker  and  the  optician  could 
As  to  the  life  of  a  star,  he  said :  construct,  and  so  enabled  us  to  penetrate  into 
n.,,,  1.1JAJ  ji  1  mysteries  hidden  in  stars  apparently  single,  and 
J^g^^^:t:^:^.^A^7l:t^.  ^^8^*-  unsuspected  of  &  binW  systems. 
Fmtare  gradient  so  far  as  it  was  determined  by  ex-  From  other  directions  mfonnation  is  accumu- 
uaDston,  and  convection  currents  of  less  violence  pro-  lating — from  photographs  of  clusters  and  parts 
UDcini^  leas  interference  with  the  proportional  (juanti-  of  the  Milky  Way,  oy  Roberts,  in  this  country, 
tits  of  gises  due  to  their  vapor  densities,  while  the  Barnard,  at  the  Lick  Observatory,  and  Russell,  at 
effects  of  eruptions  would  be  more  extensive.  At  last  Sydney ;  from  the  counting  of  stars  and  the  de- 
we  might  oome  to  a  state  of  tilings  in  which,  if  ^e  taction  of  their  configurations  by  Holden  and 


cifDtly 

duvt;  a  i . ^  .^  „ .^ «« ^  .     .                                                  _           _     _ 

pr«  tected,  mdmigft  wntiW  to  be  relatTvely  too  hot  of  the  spectra  of  stars  by  Pickering  at  Harvard 

lor  their  lines  to  appear  ver^dark  upon  the  continuous  and  in  Peru;  and  from  the  exact  portraiture  of 

pptctnun;  besides,  their  lines  mi^ht  be  possibly  to  the  heavens  in  the  great  international  star  chart 

Mxne  extent  effaced  by  the  coming m  under  such  con-  which  begins  this  year 

^ns  in  the  vapors  themselves  of  a  continuous  spec-  rphere  are  many  other  problems  which  might 

claim  our  attention,    llie  researches  of  the  ISbltI 

In  connection  with  the  temperature  of  stars,  of  Rosse  on  lunar  radiation,  and  the  work  on  the 

be  told  how  Samuel  P.  Langley,  of  Washington,  same  subject  and  on  the  sun  by  Langley ;  ob- 

D.  C  showed  that  through  the  whole  range  of  servations  of  lunar  heat  with  an  instrument  of 

temperature  on  which  we  can  experiment,  and  his  own  invention  by  Boys,  and  observations  of 

pn^umably  at  temperatures  beyond,  the  maxi-  the  variation  of  the  moon's  heat  with  its  phase 

mum  of  radiation  power  in  solid  bodies  gradu-  by  Very ;  the  discovery  of  the  ultra-violet  part 

aUv  shifts  upward    in  the  spectrum  from   the  or  the  "hydrogen  spectrum,  not  in  the  laoorar 

infia-red  through  the  red  ana  orange,  and  that  tory,  but  from  the  stars :  the  confirmation  of 

in  the  sun  it  has  reached  the  blue.   AH  the  heav-  this  spectrum  by  terrestrial  hydrogen  in  part 

enly  bodies  are  seen  by  us  through  the  tinted  me-  by  Vogel.  and  in  its  all  but  complete  form  by 

dium  of  our  atmosphere.    Acconling  to  Langley,  Comu,  who  found  similar  series  in  the  ultra- vio- 

the  solar  stage  of  stars  is  not  really  yellow,  out,  let  spectra  of  aluminium  and  thallium ;  the  dis- 

eren  as  ^u^d  by  our  imperfect  eyes,  would  ap-  covery  of  a  simple  formula  for  the  hydrogen 

p<4kr  bluish  white  if  we  could  free  ourselves  from  series  by  Balmer ;  the  important  question  as  to 

the  deceptive  influences  of  our  surroundings,  the  numerical  spectral  relationship  of  different 

Of  the  nebula  he  told  how  the  elder  Herschel  substances,  especially  in  connection  with  their 

saw  portions  of  the  flery  mist  or  "  shining  fluid  "  chemical  properties ;  and  the  further  question 

OQt  of  which   the   heavens  and  the  earth  had  as  to  the  origin  of  the  harmonic  and  other  rela- 

been  slowly  ^bioned.    For  a  time  this  view  of  tions  between  the  lines  and  the  groupings  of  lines 


44  ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (British.) 

of  spectra ;  the  lemarkable  emploTment  of  in-  Then,  discussing  the  means  of  attacking  this 

terference  phenomena  by  Albert  A.  Michelson  problem,  he  said : 

for  the  fl«t«'''«|°*^|i«^^^^^  fK?N!i?^^?nS:  A  vulnerable  spot  on  our  side  seems  to  be  the 
tion  of  light  withm  them,  of  the  miages  of  ol>  connection  between  Ufe  and  energy.  The  relation  of 
jects  which  when  viewed  in»  a  telescope  subtend  jifg  to  energy  is  not  understood.  Life  is  not  energy, 
an  angle  less  than  that  subtended  by  the  light-  and  the  death  of  an  animal  affects  the  amount  of  en- 
wave  of  a  distance  equal  to  the  diameter  of  the  ergy  no  whit;  yet  a  live  animal  exerts  control  over 

1     •         x* A  1 A.I- _       _U_._     1a___._    ^l...^^    1>»A     wk««4  t^vttxwvm^r    wmrVkinVt    a    y^Aa/l    mwxdx     Aavi     vtrtit          T.i4^   ia   a    mili^iriiT 


^  -- ,  .  «  -.  _.       ^1 ,.     i,^^^i  physics.    The  transfer  of  energy  "»  »wwuuw3«  *«*   w.» 

ments,  by  greater  refinement  of  analysis,  knowl-  fhe  performance  of  work:  the  guidance  of  eneniv 
edge  has  been  increased,  especially  in  precision  ne^ds  no  work,  but  demands  force  only.  What  is* 
and  minute  exactness.  Then  he  closed  with  :  force  ?  and  how  can  living  beings  exert  it  in  the  wav 
"  Since  the  time  of  Newton  our  knowledge  of  they  do  ?  In  some  way  matter  can  be  moved,  guidea, 
the  phenomena  of  Nature  has  wonderfully  in-  disturbed,  by  the  agency  of  living  beings;  in  some 
creased,  but  man  asks,  perhaps  more  earnestly  way  there  U  a  control,  a  directing  agency,  active,  and 
*u :-.    u:-    j«„J    tiru«r  .•„   ♦i,^  »i4^:.,«afl  events  are  caused  at  its  choice  and  will  that  would 


departments  also     At  present  we  nang 

which  we  have  been  playing  t    Does  not  the     whole  regions  of  inquiry  and  say  they  are  not  for  ua. 

ocean  of  ultimate  reality  and  truth  lie  beyond  f  "     A  few  we  are  beginning  to  grapple  with.    The  nature 

A.  Mathematical  and  I^yHcal  Science,— The    of  disease  is  yielding  to  scrutiny  with  fruitful  result : 

presiding  officer  of  this  section.  Prof.  Oliver  J.     ^e  mental  aberrations  and  abnormities  of  hypnotism. 


system  of  measurement  which  has  done  so  much  and  other  matters  relating  to  life  and  conduct,  are 

for  the  unification  of  phvsical  science),  the  dis-  beginning  to  show  a  vulnerable  front  o\ei  which  the 

oovery  in  America  of  a  binary  system  of  stars,  forces  of  science  may  pour.    Facts  so  strange  that 

and  the  practical  discovery  of  a  physical  method  they  have  been  called  miraculous  are  now  no  longer 

for  color  photographv.    After  commenting  on  ^^^^  "*  vt^'^'t^^   """"^^h  ^"^  "^^^^^t 

Vi       s     -  ^ 4.?  \X  Jl««««^  *^  i.u«  ^  j«»,,»»;^  ^t  seem  reasonable  when  contemolated  from  the  n^rht 

these  four  events,  he  passed  tj)  the  discussion  of        .^^^  ^^  ^       ^^  ^^^  ^  fclieved  in  which  ^in 

the  desirability  or  necessity  of  a  permanent  gov-  ^^^^  essence  are  still  quite  marvelous.    The  possibil- 

emraent  physical  laboratory.    Such  a  laboratory  ities  of  the  universe  are  as  infinite  as  is  its  physical 

would  be  the  natural  custodian  of  our  standards,  extent   I  seem  to  myself  to  catch  glimpses  of  clews  to 

in  a  state  fit  for  use  and  for  comparison  with  many  of  these  old  questions,  and  1  urge  that  we  should 

copies  sent  to  be  certified.  trust  consciousness,  which  has  led  us  thus  far ;  should 

JL,  •  *    ^      V  1.  ^  shrink  from  no  problem  when  the  time  seems  ripe 

There  are  many  expenmente  which  can  not  poe-  ^^  ^  ^^^^  upon  it ;  and  should  not  hesitate  to  pr^w 

•sibly  be  conducted  by  an  ^dividual,  beca^  forty  or  investigation  £d  ascertain  the  laws  of  even  the  mo8t 

fifty  years  is  not  long  enough  for  them.    Secular  ex-  recondite  problems  of  life  and  mind, 
penments  on  the  properties  of  matenals — the  elastic-  "^ 

itv  of  metals,  for  instance ;  the  effect  of  time  on  molec-        ^mong  the  papers  read  before  this  section 

ular  arrangement;  the  influence  of  long  exposure  to  „«^4.i,/Vr.ii^«;V!r^44ri   Tk   ~r  "t"  ""r"  ^Si        * 

light,  or  to  heat,  or  to  mechanical  vrEratiSnT  or  to  ^^^  ^J*«  'S^!£^,?^ '     ^?  ^^^  Action  of  a  Planet 

other  physical  agents.  "P^*^.  Small  Bodies  passing  near  the  Planet  with 

Does  the  permeability  of  soft  iron  decay  with  age  Special  Reference  to  the  Action  of  Jupiter  on 

by  reason  of  the  gradual  cessation  of  its  Amp^rian  such  Small  Bodies,"  by  Hubert  A.  Newton,  of 

currents  ?    Do  ffases  cool  themselves  when  adiabati-  Yale  College ;  "  The  Absorption  of  Heat  by  the 

cally  preserved  bv  reason  of  imperfect  elasticity  or  too  Solar  Atmosphere,"   by   W.   E.  Wilson;  "The 

many  degrees  of  freedom  of  their  molecules?    Do  Ultrarviolet  Lines  of  Solar  Prominences,"    by 

thermo-eiectnc  properties  alter  with  time?    And  a  n«^-««  i?  rr«i-  ^*  nv.*  <. -d        -lu      -o  i  "^ 

multitude  of  other  experiments  which  appeal  specially  Y-^^S^  ^  Hale,  of  Chicago  ;*•  Researches  Rela- 

applicable  to  substances  in  the  solid  state— a  state.  **^^^*^"®  Second  Law  of  Thermo-Dynamics," 

which  is  more  complicated  and  has  been  less  investi-"  by  G.  H.  Bryan  and  J.  Larmar ;  "  Researches  on 

gated  than  either  the  liquid  or  the  gaseous — a  state  the  Surface  Tension  of  Ether  at  Different  Tem- 

m  which  time  and  past  history  play  an  important  peratures,"  by  Prof.  Ramsay ;  "  Probable  Nature 

part    Whichever  of  these  long  researches  requires  to  of  the   Bright  Streaks  on  the  Moon,"  by   R. 

h^S.^^nn^'t'l^i^fmJw'?^^  ^J^T  Copclaud ;  "The  Causes  of  Variation  of  Clark 

X  apS?o^riate  Zr^^  ^^^  ^  Stitndartl  Cells,"    by  J.  Swinburne;  "A   New 

mu  *•         u  i-u      'i.  X.         i.  L  ^  i_  Form  of  Polarizer,"  and  "  Some  Points  Con- 

1-  u}^  question  whether  it  h^  not  been  estab-  ^ected  with  Measurement  of  Lenses,"  by  S.  P. 

hshed  by  direct  experiment  that  a  method  of  Thompson ;  "  On  the  Periodic  Time  of  T^ninR- 

communication  exists  between  mmd  and  mmd  porks  maintained  in  Vibration  Electrically."  bv 

irrespective  of  the  ordinary  channels  of  con-  j.  Viriamu  Jones  and  T.  Harrison;  "Magnetii 

sciousneas  and  the  known  organs  of  sense,  and.  Experiments  made  in  Connection  with  the  Deter- 

if  so,  what  is  the  process  t  mination  of  the  Rate  of  Propagation  of  Magneti- 

It  OMi  hardly  be  through  some  unknown  sense  zatiou  in  Iron,"  by  F.  T.  Trouton ;  and  "  The 
organ,  but  it  may  be  by  some  direct  phvsical  influ-  Connection  between  the  Crystal  Form  and  the 
ence  on  the  ether,  or  it  may  be  in  some  still  more  sub-  pUowiirtoi  n^,^,^^^uir^'^  ^*  xiLic^-w  u^  \sr  d«« 
tie  manner.  Heiiid:  Of  the  process  I  as  yet  know  C^^emical  Composition  of  Bodies,''  by  W.  Bar- 
nothing.  For  brevity  it  may  be  styled  "thought-  ^^^-  Besides  the  foregoing  reports  of  various 
transference  "  though  the  name  may  turn  out  to  be  committees  were  read  and  discussed,  including 
an  unsuitable  one  after  ftirther  investigation.  Fur-  one  "  On  Electric  Standards  "  ;  also,  in  joint  ses- 
ther  investigation  is  just  what  is  wantecL  sion  with  the  section  on  Mechanical  Science,  the 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (Beitish.)  45 

report  of  the  committee  on  '*  Units  and  their  difficulty  experienced  in  obtaining  so  large  a 

Nomenclature  "  was  discussed.  quantity  of  mild  steel  of  perfectly  uniform  com- 

B.  Chemical  Science. — This  section  was  pre-  position.  Prof.  Langlev  stated  that  it  was  im- 
sided  over  by  Prof.  W.  C.  Roberts- Austen,  chem-  possible  to  make  crucible  steel  sufficiently  low  in 
ist  and  assayer  to  the  Royal  Mint,  who  dis-  carbon  in  the  plumbago  crucibles  of  the  United 
cussed  the  relation  between  theory  and  practice  States.  The  matter  was  under  consideration,  and 
in  metallurgy,  with  special  reference  to  the  in-  it  was  hoped  the  standard  would  be  completed 
debtedness  of  the  practical  man  to  the  scientific  shortly.  The  report  of  the  Committee  on  the 
investigator.  This  subject  was  treated  from  Action  of  Light  upon  Dyed  Colors  was  then 
three  standpoints,  namely :  1.  Certain  facts  con-  considered.  The  primary  object  of  this  cora- 
nected  with  *'  oxidation  *'  and  "  reduction,"  upon  mittee  is  to  determine  accurately  the  relative 
which  depend  operations  of  special  importance  fastness  to  light  of  all  the  various  colors  at  pres- 
to the  metallurgist.  2.  The  influence  in  metal-  ent  employed  by  the  dyer  of  textile  faorics. 
lurgical  practice  of  reactions  which  are  eithei:  The  work  will  necessarily  proceed  very  slowly, 
limited  or  reversible.  8.  The  means  by  which  and  will  extend  over  some  years.  During  the 
progress  in  the  metallurgic  art  may  be  effected,  past  year  the  work  of  purifying  and  dyin^  with 
and  the  special  need  for  studving  the  molecular  red  coloring  matters  has  been  begun  and  is  now 
constitution  of  metals  and  allovs.  in  progress. 

These  were  discussed  quite  elaborately,  and,  in  The  following-named  papers  were  presented 

dosing,  the  great  importance  was  indicated  of  before  the  section :  "  Certain  Pyrometric  Meas- 

extending  the  use  of  tne  less  known  metals.    At-  urements  and  Methods  of  recording  them,"  by 

tention  is  at  present  concentrated  on  the  produc-  W.  C.  Roberts- Austen ;   "  The    Existence  of  a 

lion  of  aluminium,  and  reference  has  alreadv  Compound  in  Alloys  of  Gold  and  Tin,"  by  A.  P. 

been  made  to  the  various  processes  now  useo.  Laune ;  "  The  Relation  between  the  Composition 

Incidental  reference  should  oe  made  to  the  grow-  of  a  Double  Salt  and  the  Composition  and  Tem- 

ing  importance  of  sodium  not  onlv  in  cheapen-  perature  of  the  Liquid  in  which  it  is  formed,"  by 

ing  the  production  of  aluminium,  but  as  a  pow-  F.  W.  Humphrey ;  **  Some  Experiments  on  the 

erfnl  weapon  of  research.    In  1849,  when  John  Molecular  Refraction  of  Dissolved  Electrolytes,'* 

Percy  was  president  of  this  section,  magnesium  by  J.  H.  Gladstone ;  "A  Simple  Apparatus  for 

was  a  curiosity ;  now  its  production  constitutes  Storing  Dry  Gases,"  by  W.  Sjrmons ;  "An  Ap- 

a  considerable  industry.  paratus'for  Testing  the  Sensitiveness  of  Safety 

We  may  confidently 
and  calcium  prodi 

utilitT  has  been  dc.»w.^«..i,w~  ...  .^^.^^^ — .-  *       »▼           i  y^t'v     .  i  '     tt 

rontaining  molybdenum  are  not  rare ;  and  the  metal  "  The  Action  of  Nitrosyl  Chloride  on  Unsaturated 

e(.uld  probably  be  produced  as  cheaply  as  tin  if  a  use  Carbon  Compounds,"  by  J.  J.  Sudborough ;  "  For- 

wt-re  to  be  found  for  it    The  quantities  of  vanadium  mation  of   Peaty  Coloring   Matters  in  Sewage 


vKt  indeed,  for  it  must  be  remembered  that  valuable  Electrolysis  of  Alloys,    by  H.  C.  Jenkins.    Sev- 

qualities  may  be  conferred  on  a  mass  of  metal  by  a  eral  reports  of  various  committees  were  read  and 

v«rv  small  quantity  of  another  element    The  useful  discussed,  among  which  those  mentioned  pre- 

qualitiee  imparted  to  platinum  by  iridium  are  well  viously  are  important. 

known.   A  small  quantity  of  tellurium  obliterates  the        q    &eo/<wy.— The  president  of  this  section  was 

crrstaUine  structure  of  bumuth ;  but  we  have  lost  an  p^^^  t.  Rupert  Jones,  who  delivered  an  address 

ancient  art  which  enabled   brittle  antimony  to  be  «^„„- *.•   „  r^n«  ^i.v^JLf^  ««/i  /«»tn»A,^/i{/x»a  onm 

cart  into  uaeftil  veesels.    Two-tenths  per  cent  of  zir-  consisting  of  an  elaborate  and  compendious  sum- 

coaium  increases  the  strength  of  gold  enoiroously,  mary,  methodically  arranged,  of  facts,  figures, 

vhile  the  same  amount  of  bismuth  reduces  the  tenac-  estimates,  and  opinions  relating  to  coal.    He 

ity  to  a  ver}'  low  point    Chromium,  cobalt,  tungsten,  mentioned  the  books  in  which  the  history  of  coal 

titanium,  cadmium,  zirconium,  and  lithium  are  al-  is  treated  of,  described  the  coal  field  of  South 

T^wij  well  known  in  the  arts,  and  the  valuable  prop-  Wales,  the  origin  of  coal,  the  area  of  the  coal 

micft  which  metallic  chromium  and  ^gsten  confer  growth,  the  varieties  of  coal,  the  constituents  of 

rjSl^^ta^SwI^no'^CluJle^TS  t^ coa  measures  and  of  coal,  and  the  extent  of 

the  development  of  the  rarer  metals  to  be  left  to  other  the  coal  measures  under  the  south  of  HiUgland. 

countries  ?    Means  for  the  prosecution  of  research  are  His  closing  remarks  were  : 

f'Tihoominfir,  and  a  rich  reward  awaits  the  labors  of  Light,  heat,  motion,  fragrance,  and  color  are  all  now 
pbfcmiiita  who  could  bring  themselves  to  divert  their  obtamablo  from  coal.  What  more  could  the  sun  him- 
•ttention,  for  even  a  brief  period,  from  the  investiga-  gelf  do  for  us  ?  It  is  as  if  the  sunshine  that  cherished 
tion  of  oivanic  compounds,  in  order  to  raise  alloys  ^he  luxuriant  jungles  of  the  past  had  been  preserved 
frwn  the  onscurity  in  which  they  are  at  present  left.  in  the  coaly  mass  of  the  buried  trees.  Indeed,  the 
on-  _x  *  xi-  />.  'i-x  •  *•  s^x^  light  and  heat  of  former  davs,  expended  in  thus  Con- 
ine report  of  the  Committee,  consisting  or  W.  verting  carbonic  acid  and  water  into  coal,  are  here 
C.  Roberts-Austen,  Sir  Frederick  Abel,  John  W.  stored  up  for  man.  By  converting  coal  into  carbonic 
Luiffley,  William  A.  Tilden,  Edward  Riley,  John  acid  and  water  he  can  again  evolve  that  heat  and 
Spilkr,  G.  J.  Shelves,  and  Thomas  Turner,  on  li^ht,  and  use  them  in  a  thousand  ways  beneficial  to 
the  EsUblishment  of  an  International  Standard  h^s  race--nay,  essential  to  his  very  existence  as  a 
-J    »      I     .     M       w _^i   Ox.  1 ij J  ftivilized  hfiinflr.    Neverthelesa.  a  irreat 


pletion  of  the  work  has  been  deferred.    The  fifth     and  the  geographical  and  hydromphical  conditions, 
stuidard  has  not  been  prepared,  owing  to  the    At  all  events,  we  know  that  all  uieir  strata  have  been 


46  ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (British.) 

arranged  in  order,  have  been  buried  under  circum-  o^  further:  just  as  growth  curvature  is  the  continu* 

Btanees  favorable  to  production  of  the  various  coaly  ance  or  exaggeration  of  a  nutation  in  a  definite  di- 

fuela,  and  then  turned  up  in  orderly  disorder,  ready  rection,  so  when  the  rider  curves  in  his  coun^e  he 

to  the  hand  of  man,  and  well  adapted  for  his  use  in  does  so  by  willful  exaggeration  of  a  "  wobble."    It 

this  passage  stage  of  his  civilization  and  development,  may  be  said  that  circumnutation  is  here  reduced  to 

helping  hiiu,  when  intelligent,  active,  careful,  and  the  rank  of  an  accidental  deviation  from  a  right  line, 

persevering,  to  higher  ends.  But  this  docs  not  seem  necessarily  the  case.    A  bicy- 

.  -I  V   *  cl©  <^*^  'lot  be  ridden  at  all  unless  it  can  **  wobble.'' 

The  loUowmg-named  papers  were  read  before  in  the  same  wav  it  is  possible  that  some  degree  of 
the  section :  "  The  Discovery  of  the  Olenellus  circumnutation  is  correlated  with  growth  in  the  man- 
Zone  in  the  Northwest  Highlands,"  and  "Some  ner  suggested  above,  owing  to  the  need  of  .regular 
Recent  Work  of  the  Geological  Survey  on  the  pauses  m  growth.  Rectipetality  would  thus  be  a 
Archean  Gneiss  of  the  Northwest  Highlands,"  power  by  Kv-hich  irregularities,  inherent  in  growth, 
K^  a«^i,;k«i^  n^;L.;«..  i»  r\^  fi,«  nonoA  r^9  nSr^nr^M  ***  reduced  to  order  and  made  subservient  to  recti- 
by  Archibald  Geikie;  -  On  the  Cause  of  Monocli-  linear  igrowth.  Circumnutation  would  be  the  out- 
nal  Flexure,"  by  A.  J.  Jukes-Brown ;  "  On  the  ^^rd  did  visible  sign  of  the  process. 
Continuity  of  the  Kellaways  Beds  over  Extended  * 

Areas  near  Bedford,"  by  A.  C.  G.  Cameron ;  "  On  Among  the  papers  presented  before  this  section 
Colohodu8^  a  Mesozoic  Fish,"  by  Montague  the  following  may  be  mentioned :  "  Description 
Brown ;  "  On  the  Discovery  of  the  Southeastern  of  an  Apparatus  for  the  Cultivation  of  Small 
Coal  Field,"  by  Bovd  Dawkins ;  "  The  Cause  of  Organisms  in  Hane^ing  Drops  under  the  Micro- 
an  Ice  Age,"  by  Robert  Ball ;  "  Recent  Discover-  scope,"  by  Marshall  Ward ;  **  Non-sexual  Forma- 
tes on  the  Relation  of  the  Glacial  Period  in  North  tion  of  Spores  in  the  Desmidiie,"  by  A.  W.  Ben- 
America  to  the  Antiquity  of  Man,"  and  "  On  Re-  nett ;  '*  Investigations  on  the  Natural  History  of 
cent  Discoveries  (human  ima^s)  in  the  Pleisto-  the  Friendly  Islands,"  by  J.  J.  Lister ;  **  Hybrid 
cene  Lava  Beds  of  California  and  Idaho,"  by  Ferns*  and  Crossed  Vaneties,"  by  E.  J.  Lowe ; 
George  F.  Wright,  of  Oberiin  College ;  "  On  Gla-  '*  Floating  Leaves,"  by  L.  C.  Miall ;  and  "  The 
cial  Action  in  Pembrokeshire,"  by  H.  Hicks ;  and  Artificial  Production  of  Rhythm  in  Plants,"  by 
**  The  Occurrence  of  Pachvtheca  Sphaerica  and  Francis  Darwin  and  Dorothea  F.  M.  Pertz. 
Nematophycus  in  the  Wenlock  Beds  at  Tymawr  E.  Geography, — The  president  of  this  section 
Quarry,  Rumney,"  by  John  Storrie.  was  E.  G.  Ravenstein,  who  spoke  on  the  "  Field 

D.  Biology, — Francis  Darwin,  of  Christ's  Col-  of  Geography."    He  first  described  the  develop- 

lege,  Cambridge,  presided  over  this  section.    His  ment  of  cartography,  which  he  illustrated   by 

address  was  as  follows :  an  interesting  collection  of  maps,  and  afterward 

A  seedling  plant  in  a  state  of  nature  grows  straight  P^sed  to  the  influence  of  geographical  features 
up,  while  its  main  root  goes  straight  down.  When  it  ^P<>^  ^^^  destinies  of  the  human  race,  and  the 
is  artificially  displaced,  both  rwt  and  stem  execute  changes  effected  by  man's  conquests  over  na- 
certain  curvatures  by  which  they  reach  die  vertical  ture.  These  larger  considerations,  he  contend- 
once  more.  Such  curvatures,  whether  executed  in  ed,  came  legitimately  within  the  "  field  of  geog- 
relation  to  light,  cavitation,  or  other  influenc^  may  raphy,"  as  well  as  the  mapping  and  description 
be^  grouped  together  as  growth  curvatures.  I  shafl  ^f  ^^iQ  earth's  surface.  He  iaid : 
pnncipally  deal  with  geotropio  curvatures,  or  those 

executed  in  relation  to  gravitation,  but  the  phenom-        Perhaps  one  of  the  most  instructive  illustrations  of 

ena  in  question  form  a  natural  ^roup,  and  it  will  be  the  complex  human  agencies  which  tend  to  modifv 

necessary  to  refer  to  heliotropism,  and,  indeed^  to  the  relative  importance  of  geographical  conditions  is 

other  growth  curvatures.    The  history  of  the  subject  presented  to  us  by  the  Mediterranean.    The  time  when 

divides  into  two  branches,  which  will  be  considered  this  inland  sea  was  the  center  of  civilization  and  of 

separately.     When  a  displaced  apogeotropic   organ  the  world's  commerce,  while  the  shores  of  wesU^m 

curves  so  as  to  become  once  more  vertical,  two  ouos-  Europe  were  only  occasionally  visited  by  venturesome 

tions  arise,  which  may  be  expressed  thus :   1.  How  navigatore  or  conquering  Roman  hosts,  docs  not  lie  so 

doee  the  plant  recognize  the  vertical  line  ?  how  does  verv  far  behind  us.    England  at  that  period  turned 

it  know  where  the  center  of  the  earth  is  I    2.  In  what  her  face  toward  Continental  Europe,  of  which  it  was 


Italy  ^^ ^ 

Sachs  has  pointed  out  that  these  two  questions  have  of  being  tiio  great  distributor  of  the  products  of  the 

been  confused.    Thev  should  be  kept  as  distinct  as  East,  which  found  their  way  across  the  Alps  into  Ger- 

the  questions,  How,  by  what  nervous  apparatus,  does  many,  and  through  the  gates  of  Gibraltar  to  the  exte- 

an  animal  peroeive  changes  in  the  external  world  ?  nor  ocean.    But  a  change  was  brought  about,  partly 

and  How.  by  what  muscular  machinery,  does  it  move  in  through  the  closing  of  tiie  old  Oriental  trade  rout<M 

relation  to  such  changes  I  consequent  ui)on  the  conquests  of  the  Turks,  partly 

Hfl   dAAlt   «»nftrafplv  with   «*  irritAhilitv  "  and  through  the  discovery  of  a  New  Worid  and  of  a  mari- 

tie  dealt  separately  witfi      imtability     and  time  highway  to  India.    When  Columbus  rctumcl 

"mechanism,''  and  then  treated  of  "circumnu-  from  tiie  WJst  Indies  in  1498,  and  Vasco  da  Gania 

tation,     expressmg  his  continued  belief  in  the  brought  the  first  cargo  of  spices  from  India,  in  1499, 

views  put  forward  in  the  "  Power  of  Movement  the  star  of  Italy  began  to  fadxj.    And  while  the  spices 

in  Plants,"  that    circumnutation   is  a   widely  of  the  Indies  and  the  gold  of  Guinea  pounil  wealth 

spread  phenomenon,  even  though  it  may  not  be  ijto  the  lap  of  Portugal,  and  Spain  grew  opulent  on 

so  widely  spread  as  he  and  his  father  had  sup-  ^?  f^X;^^  ^^''^!^  ^1  ^^x\lh^  and  Peru,  Venice  was 

posed,    in'conclusionhesaid:  ^  ^^AtT A^I^'^  ll^^^^^^ 

The  relation  between  rectipetality  and  circunmu-  had  passed  from  Italy  to  Spain  and  Portugal,  and 

tation  may  be   exemplified   oy  an   illustration.     A  later  to  the  Dutch  and  English.     But  mark  how 

skillful  bicycle  rider  runs  very  straight ;  the  devia-  the  great  areographical  discoveries  of  Uiat  age  afl'ect- 

tions  from  the  desired  course  are  small ;    whereas  ed  the  relative   geographical   jKwition  of  England, 

a  beginner  deviates  much.    But  the  deviations  are  England  no  longer  lay  on  the  skirts  of  the   hab- 

of  the  same  nature ;  both  are  s^'mptoms  of  the  regu-  itiible  world;  it  nad  become  its  very  center.     And 

lating  power  of  the  rider.    We  may  carry  the  anal-  this  natural  advantage  was  enhanced  by  the  colo- 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OP  SCIENCE.    (British.)  47 

Dial  policies  of  Spain  and  Portugal,  who  exhau8t«d  science  which  deals  with  the  relations  between  eco- 

their  »trenffth  in  a  task  far  beyond  their  powers,  took  nomic  units  of  all  kinds  and  as  an  instrument  for  in- 

poveskiion  of  tropical  countries  only,  ana  abandoned  vesti^atin^  actual  facts  and  understandinj^  them  betr- 

:m  England  the  less  attractive,  but  in  reality  far  more  ter,  we  must  be  careful  to  see  that  our  hvt>othese8  are 

valuable,  regions  of  North  America.    England  was  appropriate  to  the  actual  conditions  of  life,  and  most 

thu*  enaoled  to  become  the  founder  of  real  colonies,  anxious  in  our  endeavor  to  state  fully  the  conditions 

the  mother  of  nations,  and  her  langua^re,  customs,  we  assnmfl. 
and  Political    institutions  found  a  home  in  a  new 

iroriA  And  now,  when  the  old  highway  throujjrh  The  following  were  among  the  more  impor- 
the  Red  bea  has  been  reopened,  when  the  wealth  f-n*.  n-nprs  tmA  hpfnr«  thi«  baM inn  •  «*T.aKr.t. 
flowing  through  the  Canal  of  Suez  is  beginning  to  ]^J^}'  /?*P!f?"  It  P  w  T>1^1-  «^'  ^iT  a  1 
revivify  the  immense  of  Italy,  England  may  ^m-  f°^  ^^'SJi?^'  ^^  9*  ^;  Perkms;  «0n  the  Al- 
i-rt  henwlf  with  theUiought  that  inhcr  owncolonies,  leged  Differences  in  the  Wages  paid  to  Men 
and  in  the  states  which  have  sprung  up  across  the  and  Women  for  Similar  Work,"  by  Sidney  Webb ; 
Atlantic,  she  may  find  compensation  for  any  possi-  *^The  Taxation  of  Inventors,"  by  Louis  Ed* 
ble  loss  that  may  accrue  to  her  through  geographical  munds ;  "  Recent  Material  Progress  in  Indian 
advantages  being  once  more  allowed  to  have  ftill  play.  Agriculture,"  by  C.  L.  Tupper :   « Indian  Rail- 

Among  the  papers  read  before  this  section,  the  way  Communication,"  by  W.  Pumivall ;  "  The 
following  are  worthy  of  mention :  "  The  Art  of  Data  available  for  determining  the  Best  Limit 
Observing,"  by  John  Coles ;  "  Geographical  Edu-  (Physically)  for  Hours  of  Labor,"  by  Dr.  Arlidge ; 
cation,"  by  J.  S.  Keltic;  "The  Treeless  Charac-  "The  Cure  of  Consumption  in  its  Economic  As- 
ter of  Prairies,"  by  Miller  Christie ;  "^he  Homol-  pects,"  by  G.  W.  Hambleton ;  "  The  Increase  of 
ogy  of  Continents,"  by  H.  R.  Mill;  "The  Com-  Pood  and  Population,"  by  W.  E.  Axon;  "Le 
^ative  Value  of  African  Lands,"  by  A.  S.  Play's  Method  of  Systematic  Observation,"  by 
White ;  "  Suggestions  for  the  Revision  and  Im-  P.  Aubertin ;  and  "  Recent  Changes  in  the  Dis- 
^rovement  of  Large  Scale  Maps  of  the  Ordnance  tribution  of  Population  in  England  and  Wales," 
barvey,"  by  Henry  T.  Crook ;  "  Antarctic  Explo-  by  E.  Cannon. 

ration,"  by  Delmar  Morgan ;  "  Photography  ap-  G.  Mec?UM%cal  Science. — The  address  before 
nlied  to  fixploration,"  by  John  Thompson  •  "  A  this  section  was  delivered  by  T.  Porster  Brown, 
Journey  in  the  Lake-Ngimi  Region,  by  H.  D.  who  referred  to  the  progress  which  had  been 
Buckle ;  "  A  Visit  to  Kilima-lQaro  and  Lake  made  in  connection  with  locomotive  and  marine 
Chala,"  by  Mrs.  Prench  Sheldon ;  "  The  Geog-  engines  in  such  works  as  the  Severn  Tunnel,  the 
raphy  of  Southwest  Africa,"  by  Henry  Schlich-  Forth  and  Tay  bridges,  and  the  Manchester  ship 
ter;  and  "The  Physical  Aspects  of  the  Him-  canal.  In  mining, the  progress  had  been  slow, 
alayas  and  Notices  of  the  Inhabitants,"  by  J.  and  it  was  a  remarkable  fact  that,  with  the  ex- 
Tanner,  ception  of  pumping,  the  machinery  in  use  in  con- 

P.  Economic  Science  and  Staiieiics. — This  nection  with  mining  operations  in  Great  Britain 

section  was  presided  over  by  W.  Cunningham,  had  not,  in  regard  to  economy,  advanced  so  rap- 

who  delivered  an  address  on  "  Nationalism  and  idly  as  had  been  the  case  in  our  manufactures  and 

Cosmopolitanifsm  in  Economics,"  consisting  es-  marine.  This  was  probably  due,  in  metalliferous 

sentially  of  considerations  on  present-day  prob-  mining,  to  the  uncertain  nature  of  the  mineral 

lems  gathered  from  the  experience  of  past  times,  deposits  not  affording  any  adequate  security  to 

He  endeavored  to  show  that  nations  and  national  adventurers  that  the  mcreased  cost  of  adapting 

distinctions  are  not  such  important  elements  in  improved  appliances  would  be  reimbursed ;  while 

actual  commercial  life  as  they  used  to  be,  and  in  coal  mining  the  cheapness  of  fuel,  the  large 

that  this  gradual  change,  as  it  proceeds  further  proportion  which  manual  labor  bore  to  the  total 

«Qd  further,  will  necessitate  modifications  in  cur-  cost  of  producing  coal,  and  the  necessity  for 

rent  economic  doctrine.    He  said :  producing  large  outputs  with  the  simplest  ap- 

Society  ia  too  freouently  regarded  as  an  aggregate  pli^nceS;  explained  in  some  measure  the  reluc- 

ofnimilar  individuals  whose  actions  can  all  be  repre-  tance  with  which  high-pressure  steam  compound 

ieoted  with  sutUclent  accuracy  by  the  Benthamite  engines  and  other  modes  embracing  the  most 

analvsii!  of  motives.    Such  a  conception  of  society  is  modem    and    approved    types  of   economizing 

«rtly  out  of  date  to-day.    In  the  family  there  is  a  power  had  been  adopted.     In  the  raising  of  coal 

iS!!fJir^jiSSf  w^^  p«  T^  which  was  of  much  and  placing  it  on  bSard  ship  there  was  a  vast 

actual  importance  before  £nglish  municipalities  arose,  «.«^„V.*  ^#  iL^^u.-.*^ i    '^  j  v    *     l  -l^ 

«yi  before  English  nationaflife  asserted Wlf  inW  ^'"^^"^  of  machinery  employed,  much  of  which 

L..mic  affaire.    The  family  is  a  natural  unit,  which  is  ^^  °°.^  9^  an  obsolete  type.     When,  however, 

•Kr*tin«i  to  survive  even  if  our  national  industry  and  '^ow  winnings  had  been  made,  or  where  in  old 

«-'<nmeree  are  more  and  more  merged  in  cosmopolitan  mines  it  had  been  found  necessary  to  replace  the 

in.i  'mt«mational  progress.     Economists  ma^  com-  old  machinery  by  new,  the  question  of  efficiency, 

plain  that  they  are  misunderetood ;  but  a  historian  and  at  the  same  time  economy,  had  of  late  years 

^f  i^ii?.?iinrli^«^l^*  ^,*i:  >T  ^"^^  "^^"^^  received  serious  attention.    Electricity  had  made 

a&ii  institutions  change  so  much,  it  IS  most  important  -«,^:^  o4^«m,^  „„  „  ^  *:  ^ j  *.i. 

IK«  our  hypotheses^gaiding  tLem  should  be  stated  '^P"^  ^^'^^,  ^  *  '"pt^^  t  POwer  and  there  was 

JuJIy  and  clearly.    CarelessnSs  had  been  shown  by  ^^  ^^ubt  that,  m  conjunction  with  a  better  type 

*in.*  economists  among  whom  the  doctrine  of  a  wages  of  machinery  for  the  compression  of  air,  it  would 

!iind  jrruw  up.    They  did  not  define  it  as  fixed,  but  eventually  become  the  principal  agent  in  under- 

ihey  thought  and  argued  about  it  as  though  it  was  ground  operations.      Many  large  electrical   in- 

l*^J*Tu"^  ^  ^?'  ^V^^^  circumstancM  of  their  times,  stallations  had  alrea<iy  been  in  use  for  a  consid- 


t«cau!ie  tnes«  times  have  changed,  and  it  is  no  longer  "^^  ^^  general  use,  especially  m  gaseous  mines ; 
fir)  applicable  to  ours.  If  we  are  to  preserve  and  de-  and  these  improvements  must  embrace  a  certain 
veb/p  economics  on  all  its  sides,  both  as  a  formal     means  of  rendering  sparking  absolutely  hann- 


48  ASSOCIATIONS  FOR  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (British.) 

less  under  all  conditions,  for  this  inyolved  not  World  Myths  and  the  Customs  of  the  Navajo 
only  the  increased  efficiency  of  one  class  of  ma-  Myth  called  the  *  Mountain  Chant/  "  by  Miss 
chinery  over  another,  but  also  the  protection  A.  W.  Buckland ;  "  The  Formation  of  a  feecord 
of  human  life.  The  following  were  among  the  of  Prehistoric  Remains  in  Glamorganshire,"  by 
papers  read  before  the  section :  "  The  London  Edwin  Seward ;  "  Anthropometry  applied  to 
and  Paris  Telephone,"  by  W.  H.  Preece ;  "  Recent  the  Purpose  of  Personal  Identification,"  by  J. 
Progress  in  the  Use  of  Electric  Motors,"  by  G.  G.  Garson ;  "  Instinctive  Criminality :  its  True 
Forbes ;  "  Electric  Lighting  in  Trains,"  by  J.  A.  Character  and  Rational  Treatment,"  by  S.  A.  K. 
Timmis ;  Electric  Parcels  Exchange  System,"  Stranahan ;  *^  Recent  Hittite  Discoveries,"  by  J. 
by  A.  R.  Bennett ;  and  **  On  a  New  System  of  S.  Phen^ ;  **  The  Similkameen  Indians  of  Brit- 
Screw  Propulsion  with  Non-reversible  Engines,"  ish  Columbia,"  by  Mrs.  S.  S.  Allison ;  "  On  the 
and  "  Internal  and  External  Work  of  Evapora-  Pottery  made  and  used  by  the  Nicobar  Indians,'' 
tion,"  by  W.  Worry  Beaumont.  by  E.  H.  Man ;  and  "  Notes  on  the  History  and 

H.   Anthropoloay, — The  presiding   officer  of  Ethnology  of  Welsh  Fairies,"  by  Leyson  Rhys, 

this  section  was  Prof.  F.  Max  MliUer.    His  ad-  It  is  interesting  to  add  that  the  president.  Prof, 

dress  began  with  a  retrospect  of  his  connection  MtUler,   said   ne    felt    it  his  duty  to  express 

with  the  British  Association,  and  he  referred  the  gratitude  of  every  anthropologist  to  Major 

to  the  meeting  of  1847,  when  he  was  present,  John  W.  Powell  for  the  work  he  ha3  done  during 

and  then  he  took  up  the  history  of  the  devel-  the  last  ten  years.    As  director  of  the  United 

opment  of  anthropology  subsequent  to  the  for-  States  Ethnological  Bureau  he  had  contributed 

mation  of  the  section  in  1884.    He  then  discussed  many  useful  works  on  anthropological  subjects, 

the  advantages  which  anthropology  has  derived  The  work  of  the  bureau  reflected  the  highest 

from    language,  and   also    the    disadvantages  credit  not  only  upon  Major  Powell,  but  upon 

which  have  accrued  to  anthropology  from  al-  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  who  were 

lowing  itself  too  implicitly  to  be  guided  by  the  doing  their  utmost  to  preserve  records  of  an 

science  of  language.    Concerning  this  branch  of  ancient  world  which  were  dying  out  before  their 

his  subject  he  said :  eves.     He  wished   he  coula  iinpre^  upon  the 

I  Buppose  I  need  Bay  no  more  to  show  how  indis-  ^^olonial  Office  of  her  Majesty's  Government  the 

pensabl^  a  study  of  language  is  to  every  student  of  necessity  of  taking  similar  action.  He  succeeded 

anthropology.  If  anthropology  is  to  malnUun  its  hig^h  some  years  ago  in  persuading  Earl  Granville  to 

position  as  a  real  science,  its  alliance  with  linguistic  encourage  the  publication  of  colonial  records, 

studies  can  not  be  too  close.    Its  weakest  points  have  There  was  no  country  which  might  be  in  pos- 
al ways  been  those  where  it  trusted  to  the  atatements  j      ^^  „  j^       ^^^  information  in  regard  to  the 

of  authorities  ignorant  of  language  and  of  the  science  ^„.i„  j„„„  ^4  .«„«i,;„^  „„  i?«„i„«^   k«?  ,•«-  ^^^^.^ 

of  language.  Iti  greatest  trimSph?  have  been  achieved  ^^^J  ^.^X^  of  mankind  as  England,  but  it  seemed 

by  menwho  have  combined  the  minute  accuracy  of  w>  o®  impossible  to  impress  upon  the  Govern- 

the  scholar  with  the  comprehensive  grasp  of  the  an-  ment  their  responsibility  in  this  matter.     There 

thropologist,  and  were  thus  enabled  to  use  the  key  of  was  an  old  world  disappearing  before  their  very 

language  to  unlock  the  perplexities  of  savage  customs,  eyes,  and  the  time  would  come  when  ihe  present 

savage  laws  and  legends  and  particularly,  of  savage  generation  would  be  held  responsible  for  not  col- 

rehgionsand  mythologies.    If  this  alliance  between  fecting  information  which  was  within  their  reach. 

S^oSyf  LT^^^^^^^  «  in  tlie  time  of  Ciceroand  Cjesar somebody  had 

ftdfllled,  tiiat  anthropology  wiU  become  the  highest  written  down  the  Hitruscan  language,  what  an 

branch  of  that  science  for  which  this  British  Associa-  immense  amount  of  time  and  labor  might  have 

tion  is  instituted.  been  saved. 

Again  referring  to  the  address  delivered  in  1847  ^  Final  Sessions,— The  last  meeting  of   the 

by  Bunsen,  he  closed  with :  General  Committee  was  held  on  Aug.  25,  when 

Much 
these  hopes 

Bunsen.      Ft.. .  rn  aoA        n  ^         m 

own  prophecies,  but  they  leave  disciples  whose  duty  realizing  a  sum  of  £1,664.    Grants  01  money^ 

it  is  to  keep  their  memory  alive,  and  thus  to  preserve  amounting  in  all  to  £1,018,  were  appropriated 

that  vital  continuity  of  human  knowledge  which  to  scientific  purposes  by  the  General  Committee 

alone  enables  us  to  see  in  the  advancement  of  all  at  the  Cardiff  meeting.  August,  1891,  ana  the 

science  the  historical  evolution  of  eternal  truth.  announcement  of  the  specific  amounts  was  made. 

The  following  are  among  the  more  important  The  concluding  general  session  of  the  associa^ 

papers  read  before  this  section :    "  The  Social  tion  followed,  when  resolutions  of  thanks  to  the 

and  Religious  Ideas  of  the  Chinese  as  illustrated  Mayor  of  Cardiff,  the  executive  committees,  and 

by  the  Ideographic  Characters  of  the  Language,"  to  the   local  secretaries    and    treasurers    were 

by  R.  K.  Douglas ;  *'  On  Recent  Progress  in  the  adopted  and  acknowledged.  Subsequently  the  as- 

Analysis  of  Vowel  Sounds,"   by  R.  T.  Lloyd;  sociationadjoumed  to  meet  in  Edinburgh  on  Au^. 

"Family  Life  of  the  Haidas  (Queen  Charlotte  3, 1892,  under  the  presidency  of  Sir  Archibald  Gei- 

Islands),"  by  C.  Harrison ;  "  The  Barbaric  Ele-  kie,  the  eminent  geologist.  The  Lord  Provost  of 

ment  in  Ancient  Greece  and  Italy,"  by  G.  Hart-  Edinburgh,  the  Marquis  of  Lothian,  the  Earl  of 

well  Jones ;   "  The  Worship  of  Meteorites,"  by  Rosebery,  Lord  Kingsburgh,  Sir  William  Muir, 

Hubert  A.  Newton,  of  Yale  University;  **Com'-  Prof.  Sir  Douglas  Maclagan,  Sir  Willian Turner, 

g arisen  of  Ancient  Welsh  Customs,  Devices,  and  Prof.  P.  Guthrie  Tait,  and  Prof.  Alexander  Crum 

bmmeroe  with  those  of  Contemporary  Nations,"  Brown  were  elected  vice-presidents  for  the  Edin- 

by  J.  S.  Phen6 ;  "  The  First  Salt-sea  Wander-  burgh  meeting.  Prof.  G.  F.  Armstrong,  F.  Grant 

ings  of  the  English  Race,"  by  W.  M.  Adams ;  Ogilvie,  and  John  Harrison  were  elected  local 

"Bast    Central    African    Customs,"  by  James  secretaries  for  the  meeting  at  Edinburgh,  and 

Maodonald ;   "  Points  of  Contact  between  Old  A.  Gillies  Smith,  local  treasurer.  The  mayor  and 


ASSOCIATIONS  FOB  THE  ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE.    (Fbevch.)  49 

town  aathorities  extended  an  inyitation  to  the  special  name  for  the  sea  between  New  Zealand 

association  to  meet  in  Nottingham  in  1893.  and  Australia,  a  recommendation  was  adopted 

PopnUr  Features.— On  Uie  evening  of  Aug.  that  the  Lords  of  the  Admiralty  be  reqnesteid  to 

20  a  amveratuione  was  given  in  Park  Hall,  at  name  this  sea  the  Tasman  Sea.    The  committee 

which  the  Marqnis  of  Bute,  as  the  chairman  of  also   recommended   the   appointment,  bj   the 

the  local  committee,  and  the  Marchioness  of  Bate  British  and  American  associations,  of  a  conjoint 

received  the  members.    As  usual,  there  were  sev-  committee  to  define  the  terms  of  general  impor- 

eral  discourses  delivered  to  the  association.    On  tance  in  biology ;  and  that  Little  Barrier  Island, 

Aur.  21  Louis  C.  Miall  lectured  on  **  Some  Dif-  north  of  New  Zealand,  and  Resolution  Island, 

ficiuties  in  the  Life  of  Aquatic  Insects " ;  on  in  Dusky  Sound,  be  set  apart  as  reserves,  where 

Aug.  24  Arthur   RQcker  spoke  on   **  Electric  the  native  fauna  and  flora  of  New  Zealand  may 

Stress  " ;  and  on  Aug.  25  Svlvanus  P.  Thompson  be  preserved  from  destruction, 

delivered  an  address  on  **  Electricity  in  Mining."  Entertainments.  —  Three  evening  lectures 

Tventy  excursions  were  arranged  lor,  twelve  of  were  given  before  the  association,  as  follow :  On 

which  were  planned  for  Aug.  22  and  eight  for  Jan.  16,  **  The  Glaciers  of  the  Tasman  Valley,'*  by 

Aag.  27,  at  the  close  of  the  meeting.    Several  G.  E.  Mannering ;  on  Jan.  19, "  Oysters  and  Oyster 

receptions  were  tendered  to  the  memters  by  resi-  Culture  in  Australasia,"   by  W.  Saville  Kent, 

dents  of  Cardiff,  and  in  general  interest  the  Queensland  Commissioner  of  Fisheries ;  and  on 

meeting  was  fully  up  to  the  average  gathering  Jan.  20,  '*  A  Short  History  of  Vocal  Music,"  by 

of  the  asaociation.  G.  F.  Tendall.    Garden  parties  were  given  by  Sir 

Attstralian.— The  third  meeting  of  this  asso-  James  Hector,  Leonard  Haiper,  and  the  Bishop 

dation  was  held  in  Christchurch,  l>few  Zealand,  of  Christchurch ;  while,  on  Jan.  22,  Spohr's  ora- 

doring  the  week  beginning  with  Jan.  15, 1891.  torio  of  the  '*  Last  Judgment"  was  given  in  the 

The  offloets  of  the  meeting  were :  President,  Sir  cathedral  by  its  choir. 

Junes  Hector.     Vice-presidents :  Sir  R.  G.  C.  Excarsions,  during  the  meeting:,  were  made, 

Hamilton,  A.  Lebius,  W.  C.  Kemot,  W.  Saville  on  Jan.  19,  to  the  Christchurch  drainage  works ; 

Kent,  and  Thomas  Blackburn.    General  Treas-  on  Jan.  20,  to  the  Addington  workshoM ;  on 

orer.  Henry  C.  RusselL    Permanent  Secretary,  Jan.  21,  to  Kaiapoi  woolen  factory  and  Belfast 

Archibald  Liversid^     Presidents  of  the  Sec-  freezing  works ;  and  on  Jan.  22,  to  the  Lincoln 

tions :  A,  Mathematics,  Physics,  and  Mechanics,  Agricultural  College.    After  the  meeting,  ezcur- 

T.  R.  Lyle ;  B,  Chemistry  and  Mineralogy,  Orme  sions  were  made  on  Jan.  24,  from  Palmerston 

Has8on;  C,  Geology  and  Palaeontolo^,  Reginald  South  to  the  mouth  of  the  Shag  river;  on  Jan. 

A.  F.  Murray ;  D,  Biolc^,  W.  A.  HasweTl ;  E,  26,  from  Napier  to  Ruapehu  and  Tongariro ;  and 

Geoj^pfaj,  G.  S.  GriffiUuB;   F,  .Economic  and  on  Jan.  28,  from  Fort  Chalmers  to  the  West 

Social  Science  and  Statistics,  G.  W.  Cotton ;  G,  Coast  Sounds. 

Anthropology.  Alfred  W.  Howitt ;  H,  Sanitary  The  meeting  was  considered  a  successful  one, 

Science  and  tiygiene,  Allan  Campbell;  I,  Litera-  and  the  attendance  was  about  470.    Among  the 

tare  and  Fine  Arts,  R.  H.  Roe ;  J,  Architecture  visitors  was  Prof.  George  L.  Goodale,  past  pree- 

and  Ene;ineering,  John  Sulman.  ident  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Ad- 

MeetlBgs.  — -The  different   sections  met  in  vancement  of  Science,  who  went  to  the  meeting 

rooms  in  Canterbury  College  that  were  placed  as  the  official  representative  of  the  sister  asso- 

at  their  disposal  by  the  college  authorities.    The  elation  in  the  United  States, 

first  general  meeting  was  held  in  the  old  Pro-  Next  Meeting. — The  next  meeting  will  be 

vincial  Council  Chamber  on  the  evening  of  Jan.  held   at   Hobart,   Tasmania,  with  Sir  Robert 

15.  when  Baron  Ferdinand  von  Mueller  resigned  Hamilton,  Governor  of  the  colony,  as  president 

the  chair  to  Sir  James  Hector,  the  director  01  the  French. — The  twentieth  annual  meeting  of 

New  Zealand  Geological  Survey,  who  delivered  the  French  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 

ao  inaugural  address  on  assuming  the  presidency  Science  was  held  in  Marseilles  during  the  week 

of  the  association.    On  the  following  morning  beginning  Sept  17.   The  president  was  P.  P.  Do- 

the  different  sections  met,  and  their  presiding  h^rain,  a  member  of  the  scientific  section  of  the 

officers  delivered  addresses,  as  follow :  C,  **  The  French  Institute,  who  delivered  an  address  *'  On 

Put  and  Future  of  Mining  in  Victoria,"  by  the  Relations  of  Chemistry  and  Physiolosry  to 

Robert   A.    Murray ;    D,    **  Recent   Biologic&L  Agriculture."    The  opening  session  was  heia  on 

Theories*"   br  W.  A.  Haswell ;  E,  ^  Antarctic  the  afternoon  of  Sept.  17,  when  M.  Baret  the 

Exploration,    bv  G.  S.  Griffiths ;  F,  *'  A  State  Mayor  of  Marseilles,  welcomed  the  gathering  in 

Bank  of  Issue.*^  by  G.  W.  Cotton :  G,  *'  Cere-  a  short  address,  in  which  he  spoke  of  the  honor 

monies  of  Initiation  in  Australian  Tribes,"  by  A.  that  his  city  felt  in  receiving  the  distinguished 

W.  Howitt ;  H,  **  The  Advancement  of  Sanita-  scientists ;  and,  after  referring  to  the  history  of 

tioQ  among  the  People,"  bv  Allan  Campbell ;  I,  Marseilles— a  city  of  400,000  inhabitants,  and 

'^  Literature  in  Education^"  bv  R.  H.  Roe,  and  J,  one  that  had  been  in  existence  for  more  than 

'*The  Architecture  of  Towns,"  by  John  Sulman.  twenty-five  centuries — he  told  of  what  it  had 

The  sections  continued  to  meet  until  Jan.  21,  and  done  to  advance  the  cause  of  science,  citing  the 

daring  the  mean  while  74  papera  were  read  and  various  industries  and  technical  works  which 

dl4cu^«d«  would  be  opened  for  inspection  during  the  neet- 

Heports. — A  revised  code  of  laws  was  adopted  ing  of  the  association. 

for  confirmation  at  the  next  meeting.    Ten  re-  President's  Address. — ^After  referring  to  the 

wanch  committees  were  appointed  to  report  on  different  places  at  which  the  association  had 

different  subjects  to  the  next  meeting,  and  a  grant  met  in  previous  years,  and  especially  to  the 

of  £25  was  made  toward  measuring  the  rate  of  meeting  of   1800,  when  the  unveiling  of  the 

motion  of  the  Kew  Zealand  glaciers.    As  great  statue  of  Gay  Lussac,  in  Limoges,  was  deferred 

inoonvenience  is  often  felt  from  the  want  of  a  until  the  arrival  of  the  association,  ha  an- 

Tou  XXXI.— 4  A 


60  ASTRONOMY,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1801. 

noonoed  that,  in  aocordanoe  with  the  oostom  of  ASTBONOMT,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  199L 

his  predecessors,  who  chose  as  the  subject  of  Although  considerable  advance  has  been  made 
their  addresses  a  discussion  of  that  branch  of  since  the  close  of  the  preceding  report,  it  can  not 
science  with  which  they  were  most  familiar,  so  be  claimed  that  the  present  year  has  been  char- 
he  would  attemot  to  discuss  the  progress  of  acterized  by  important  disooyeries,  such  as  re- 
agriculture  as  anected  by  recent  dLscoyeries  in  warded  the  labors  of  astronomers  during  1890. 
chemistry  and  physiology.  At  the  close  of  the  The  San. — ^This  year  ushers  in  the  beginning 
last  century  the  orudeness  of  the  methods  of  of  another  sun-spot  maximum  period,  which  ap- 
chemical  analysis  were  such  that  it  was  impossi-  pears  to  be  too  early,  reckoning  from  the  date  of 
ble  to  arrive  at  a  positive  knowledge  of  the  com-  its  last  occurrence,  which  was  nearly  three  years 
position  of  plants.  It  was  Be  Saussure  who,  in  too  late,  to  accord  with  the  received  interim  of 
1804,  wrote :  **  I  have  found  phosphate  of  lime  in  about  eleven  years  from  maximum  to  maximum, 
the  ashes  of  all  the  plants  that  I  have  examined,  Thus  far  during  1891  there  has  been  hardly  a 
and  hence  assume  it  to  be  a  constant  constituent  day  on  which  spots  and  extensive  fields  of  f^culs 
of  all  vegetable  life."    This  naturally  led  to  the  have  not  been  observed. 

artificial  application  of  chemicals  to  the  soil  to  On  June  17,  at  lO**  16",  Paris  mean  time,  M. 
replace  those  taken  up  by  the  plant.  The  first  Trouvelot,  an  assistant  at  the  Meudon  Observa- 
of  these  appears  to  have  been  none  ash,  and  it  tory,  near  Paris,  saw  a  luminous  outburst  on  the 
was  not  until  1843  that  the  Duke  of  Bedford  sun  of  apparently  the  same  character,  he  says,  as 
demonstrated  the  real  cause  of  its  efficiency,  that  seen  by  Carrington  and  Hodgson  on  Sept. 
Liebig*s  experiments,  tending  to  show  that  by  1, 1859.  The  spot  was  of  a  yellowish  color  and 
treating  bones  with  sulphuric  acid  they  became  near  the  western  limb  of  the  sun.  Soon  afterward 
changed  into  superphosphates,  was  a  distinct  ad-  another  manifested  itself  a  little  to  the  north, 
vance  in  the  knowledge  of  the  subject  The  from  both  of  which  what  appeared  to  be  volcanic 
discoveries  of  phosphate  rock  and  the  great  work  bombs  were  projected.  The  same  phenomena 
in  England  at  Rothamsted  brin^  us  down  to  were  observed  the  next  day,  though  with  less  ao> 
modem  times.  Thus,  by  analyzmg  the  ash  of  tivity,  and  ceased  to  be  noticeable  soon  after 
plants,  chemistry  has  shown  what  ingredients  noon.  These  seem  not  to  have  been  noticed  else- 
are  necessary  to  restore  the  soil  to  its  normal  where. 

composition.  The  condition  of  nitrogen  in  the  In  No.  85  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University 
soil  and  its  influence  upon  vegetation  was  next  Circular,  Prof.  Henry  A.  Rowland  enumerates 
taken  up.  The  able  researches  of  G^rge  Ville,  the  following  elements  as  certainly  existing  in 
in  France,  followed  by  those  in  England  of  the  sun  by  comparison  with  the  solar  spectrum 
Lawes  and  Gilbert,  were  referred  to,  and  final-  from  the  extreme  violet  down  to  D :  Calcium, 
1^  the  more  recent  work  by  Berthelot  was  men-  iron,  hydrogen,  sodium,  nickel,  magnedom,  co- 
tioned.  In  other  w&ys  chemistry  had  rendered  bait,  silicon,  aluminum,  titanium,  chromium, 
great  service  to  agriculture.  Tne  terrible  dis-  manganese,  strontium,  vanadium,  barium,  car- 
ease  that  threatened  to  exterminate  the  vines  of  bon,  scandium,  yttrium,  zirconium,  mol^^bdenum, 
France  was  discussed,  and  how  one  means  after  lanthanum,  niobium,  palladium,  neodymium,cop- 
another  was  suggested  by  chemists,  until  carbon  per,  zinc,  cadmium,  cerium,  glucinium,  germani- 
disulphide,  proposed  by  Thenard,  and  the  sulpho-  um.  rhodium,  silver,  tin,  lead,  erbium,  potassium, 
carbonates  recommended  by  Dumas  proved  effl-  The  doubtful  elements  are :  Iridium,  osmium, 
cacious.  He  closed  with  a  brilliant  description  platinum,  ruthenium,  tantidum,  thorium,  tong- 
of  the  agricultural  resources  of  France,  and  es-  sten,  and  uranium. 

Siciallv  those  of  the  section  of  France  of  which  Those  not  found  in  the  solar  spectrum  are : 

arseilles  was  the  chief  ci^.  Antimony,  arsenic,  bismuth,   boron,  nitrogen, 

Treasarer'g  Report. — ^The  total  receipts  dur-  caosium,  gold,  iridium,  mercury,  phosphorus,  ru- 
ing the  year,  as  reported  by  Emile  Galante,  were  bidium,  selenium,  sulphur,  thallium,  and  prseso- 
$19,611,  and  the  total  expenditures  were  $18,825,  d^rmium.  Strangely  enough,  oxygen,  whicn  oon- 
of  which  sum  $3,160  were  grants  made  to  vari-  stitutes  one  half  the  earth,  is  not  found  in  any 
ons  scientists  engaged  in  original  researches.   By  one  of  the  three  lists. 

various  amounts  the  capital  of  the  association  had  Transit  of  Mercury. — ^The  transit  of  Mer- 

been  increased,  until  it  had  now  reached  the  sum  cury.  May  9,  1891,  occurred,  on  this  continent, 

of  $170,430.    He  also  announced  that  the  coun-  save  for  the  observatories  on  the  Pacific  coast, 

cil  were  studying  means  by  which  this  twentieth  when  the  sun  was  too  low  to  be  well  observed, 

meeting  might  be  made  memorable  by  reducing  Even  in  that  locality  the  sun  had  set  before  the 

the  annual  dues  required  of  members.    In  187S  third  and  fourth  contacts  took  place.  At  the  Lick 

the  capital  of  the  association  amounted  to  only  Observatory,  Prof.  E.  E.  Barnard  observed  the 

$20,000,  but  now,  thanks  to  the  skillful  care  of  first  two  contacts  as  follow :  Mt.  Hamilton  mean 

its  officers,  it  had  reached  the  sum  of  $170,000,  time,  first  contact,  9"  46™  82*7*.  Second  contact, 

and  in  the  mean  while  the  sum  of  $45,000  had  8^  51°^  19*9*.    Though  carefully  looked  for,  no 

been  distributed.  trace  of  the  planet  could  be  detected  before  first 

Excarsions  and  Entertainments. — Two  contact,  nor  was  that  portion  of  the  planet  out- 
evening  lectures  were  given,  one  on  Sept.  18  side  of  the  sun's  disk  between  the  two  contacts 
and  the  other  on  Sept.  21.  A  reception  was  held  visible.  The  luminous  rin^  encircling  the  planet, 
at  the  Hotel  de  Ville  on  the  evening  of  Sept  17.  which  some  observers  claim  to  have  seen  both 
The  afternoons  were  largely  devoted  to  visiting  during  this  and  the  preceding  transit,  was  not 
scientific  and  industrial  works.  Excursions  were  seen.  This  aureola,  as  it  is  called,  was,  at  the 
made  to  Aries  and  to  Aix  during  the  meeting,  last  transit,  clearly  observed  at  at  least  two  sta- 
and  at  its  close  two  days  were  spent  in  an  exten-  tions  in  India,  while  at  another  point  in  that 
sive  trip  aloQg^the  Mediterranean  coast  country  it  was  not  visible  even  to  eager  search- 


ASTRONOMY,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891.  51 

ers.  At  Madras  the  halo  conld  not  be  seen,  though  not  rest  on  obserrations  of  one  nebtda  only,  bat 

the  central  white  spot,  observed  at  several  pre-  of  several,  and  with  a  dispersion  often  equivalent 

vious  transits,  was  plainly  seen  by  the  late  Prof,  to  that  of  24  prisms  of  60**,  as  the  fourth  spec- 

Pogson  and  an  assistant.  trum  of  a  Rowland  grating  of  14438  lines  to  the 

That  mysterious  phenomenon,  the  "Black  inch  was  often  employed.  The  whole  matter 
Drop,"  usually  seen  at  transits  of  Venus,  also  turns  on  an  almost  inappreciable  difference  of 
was  generally  visible.  It  appears  as  a  black  liga-  the  wave  lengths  of  the  two,  that  of  the  nebular 
ment  connecting  at  ingress  and  egress  the  limbs  line  being  6005*68  tenth  metres  and  that  of  the 
of  the  planet  and  the  sun,  growing  narrower  and  magnesium  fluting  5006*13.  The  amount  of  dis- 
narrowerastheplanet  progresses;  when  the  rupt-  placement  of  the  lines  being  very  small,  it  is 
uie  occurs,  especially  at  mgress,  the  planet  is  barely  possible  that  it  is  due  to  the  relative  mo- 
found  to  have  advanced  considerably,  wnich  ren-  tion  of  the  earth  toward  the  apex  of  the  sun's 
ders  it  impossible  to  determine  accurately  the  way,  or  of  the  nebube  in  the  line  of  sight,  or  to 
precise  instant  of  contact.  As  to  the  cause  of  both  causes.  The  conclusion  arrived  at  by  Dr. 
these  appearances  astronomers  are  not  agreed.  and  Mrs.  Huggins  and  Profs.  lievin^,  Dewar, 

Transits  of  Mercury  will,  for  ages,  occur  in  the  and  Keeler  enectuallv  consigns  to  oblivion  the 

montlis  of  November  and  May,  Uie  next  falling  celebrated  meteoric  tneory  of  Lockyer. 

due  Not.  10, 1894.  Celestial  PhotographT.  —  The    following 

Prof.  Simon  Newcomb,  who  has  reviewed  the  ouotation  from  Prof.  E.  K.  Ramard,  of  the  Lick 

tmnsit  of  Venus  observations  of  the  years  1761  Observatory,  California,  whose  fine  photographs 

and  1769,  from  which  Enoke  deduced  a  parallax  have  attracted  wide  attention,  will  oe  instruct- 

of  8*571"  and  the  earth's  distance  from  the  sun  ive  to  those  who  wish  to  photograph  celestial 

to  be  about  95^  million  miles,  computes  the  par-  objects  with  a  telescope :  "  The  actinic  image 

allax  to  be  8*79",  which  agrees  almost  exactly  is  totally  invisible  on  tne  ground  glass,  and  we 

▼ith  that  obtained  from  the  transits  of  1874  and  have  to  grope  for  it,  as  it  were.   Its  position  can 

1883,  and  makes  the  sun's  distance  in  round  num-  easily  be  found  by  experiment.    A  suitable  at- 

bers  92,500,000  miles.  tachment  is  made  to  carry  the  eround  glass  and 

Speetmnt  Analysis. — Spectrum  analysis,  as  plate  holder ;  this  takes  the  place  of  the  eye- 
applied  to  astronomical  investigation  and  the  piece,  and  is  supposed  to  be  aajusted  for  chang- 
interpretation  of  the  solar,  astiSl,  and  nebular  mg  the  focus,  if  the  telescope  is  adjusted  to  a 
lines,  isstiU  the  absorbing  theme  amon^  astrono-  star  and  allowed  to  remain  stationary,  the  star 
mers»  and  through  the  &bors  of  suc^  mvestiga-  will  pass  across  the  field  of  view  by  the  rotation 
tors  as  Huggins,  Voj^l,  Rowland,  Pickering,  of  the  earth.  Focus  the  image  carefully  on  the 
Young,  De  la  Rue,  Draper,  Janssen,  Langley,  ground  glass.  It  should  appear  as  a  tiny  point 
Keeler,  and  scores  of  others  equally  well  known,  of  light.  Record  this  position  of  the  tube.  Sub- 
it  has  become  a  distinct  branch  of  science.  Many  stitute  now  the  sensitive  plate,  and  adjust  the  in- 
observatories  have  separate  appliances  for  the  strument  so  that  the  st^  shall  cross  the  field ; 
prosecution  of  this  work,  and  the  discovery  of  give  an  exposure  of,  say,  half  a  minute,  the  tele- 
the  i^tin  drv  plate  has  lent  invaluable  aia  by  scope  remaining  stationary.  Draw  the  tube  out 
making  possible  the  photographing  of  their  spec-  now  about  0-05  of  an  inch,  and  repeat  the  ex- 
tra, and  thus  securing  an  imperishable  record  for  posure;  continue  this  for  a  number  of  times, 
future  comparison.  taking  care  after  each  exposure  to  shift  the  tele- 

As  we  have  seen,  the  spectroscope  has  shown  scope  in  altitude,  so  that  successive  trials  shall 
that  terrestrial  matter  is  not  confined  to  the  earth,  not  fall  on  each  other.  When  the  plate  is  de- 
but exists  also  in  the  sun  and  in  every  visible  star  veloped  it  will  contain  a  series  of  lines  or  trails 
as  well  as  in  comets  and  the  nebuUe.  produced  by  the  light  of  the  star  as  it  crossed 

The  task  of  analyzing  the  stars  and  nebulsB,  the  plate.    Some  of  these  will  be  blurred,  but 

savs  Prof.  Huggins,  "is  one  of  great  difficulty  it  will  be  seen  that  they  successively  b»3ome 

wfien  we  have  to  deal  with  spectra  differing  from  sharper  until  one  is  found  that  is  perfectl]^  sharp, 

the  solar  type.    We  are  thrown  back  upon  the  i.  e.,  if  the  experiment  has  been  carried  far 

laboratory  for  the  information  necessary  to  en-  enough.    This  will  have  been  made  at  the  chemi- 

able  us  to  interpret  the  indications  of  the  spec-  cal  focus.    The  record  for  this  trail,  compared 

ko9cope  as  to  the  chemical  nature,  the  density  with  the  reading  when  the  image  was  in  focus 

and  pressure,  and  the  temperature  of  the  celes-  on  the  ground  ^lass,  will  be  the  correction  to  the 

tial  spaces."  visual  to  obtain  the  chemical  focus.     Hence, 

The  Nebular  Line. — The  vexed  (question,  when  a  photograph  is  to  be  made,  the  image  is 
whether  the  principal  nebular  line  is  coincident  sharply  focus^  on  the  ground  glass,  the  tele- 
with  the  magnesium  flutine,  which  has  so  agi-  scope  is  then  adp'usted  to  the  chemical  focus,  and 
tated  the  spectroscopists  has  been,  it  would  the  resulting  picture  should  be  sharp.  I  have 
^m,  settled  by  botn  Dr.  Huggins  and  Prof,  thus  experimented  with  four  different  telescopes, 
Keller.  The  latter  fixes  with  great  accuracy  the  and  found  that  they  all  gave  very  satisfactory 
position  of  the  former,  and  makes  it  0*48  tenth  photographs  at  the  chemical  focus. '  Prof.  Bar- 
metre  more  refrangible  than  the  lower  edge  of  nard  found  the  chemical  focus  of  each  of  the  four 
the  magnesium  fluting.  The  nebular  line,  he  telescopes  to  be  ouiside  of  the  visual,  0*17,  0*10, 
declares,  has  no  resemblance  to  a  fluting.  Flut-  0*12,  and  0*24  of  an  inch  respectively.  The  last 
in^  and  lines  of  magnesium,  which  could  not  three  were  telescopes  of  the  Lick  Observatory, 
fail  to  appear  with  the  fluting  at  wave  length  The  task  of  photographing  the  planets  is  one 
5006-36^  are  entirely  absent  in  nebular  spectra,  of  ^reat  difficulty,  inasmuch  as  the  faint  ness  of 
His  conclusion  that  the  principal  nebular  line  is  their  light  does  not  admit  of  instantaneous  ex- 
Dot  coincident  with  the  magnesium  fluting  must  posures,  as  is  the  case  in  photographing  the  sun, 
be  regarded  as  conclusive.    And  this  proof  does  moon,  and  the  brightest  stans.     Besides,  the 


52  ASTRONOMY,  PROORESS  OF,  IN  1891. 

rapid  rotation  of  Jupiter  and  Saturn  on  their  liminaries  made  necessary  by  want  of  experience, 

axes  prevents  prolonged  exposures.    So  great  is  The  conference  demands  a  great  photographic 

this  latter  hindrance  that   as  yet  no   photo-  chart  of  the  heavens  with  exposures  of  forty 

graphs  of  these  two  great  planets  have  been  fe-  minutes,  with  which  it  is  expected  to  reach  stars 

cured  that  equal  the  delineations  made  by  skilled  down  to  the  fourteenth  magnitude ;  and,  as  each 

draughtsmen.    In   photographing  the  nebulie,  plate  is  to  be  limited  to  four  square  degrees,  and, 

however,  the  exposures  may  last  for  hours  if  de-  as  each  star,  to  avoid  errors,  is  to  appear  on  two 

sii^d,  and,  in  extent  and  depth  of  structural  de-  plates,  over  22,055  photop;raphs  will  be  reouired. 

tail,  the  photographs  far  echpse  all  visual  revela-  Besides  the  plates  requisite  for  the  great  cnart,  a 

tions  even  when  assisted  by  mammoth  telescopes,  second  set  to  form  a  catalogue  is  to  be  made,  with 

All  attempts  to  photograph  the  solar  corona  shorter  exposures,  and  to  include  stars  onlv  to  the 

without  an  eclipKse  nave  thus  far  been  futile,  as  eleventh  magnitude.    The  plates  are  to  oe  i)re- 

the  sky  luminosity  so  fogs  the  negative  plates  pared  by  photographing  upon  them  very  faint, 

as  to  obliterate  every  coronal  imprint    Com-  delicate  lines,  callea  hj  the  French  reaeaux,  five 

menting  on  this  matter,  Mr.  Burnham,  in  his  millimetres  apart,  which  will  greatly  facilitate 

**  Cayenne  Eclipse  Report,"  says :  "  Those  who  the  tedious  process  of  measuring  and  cataloguing 

have  given  long  exposures,  or  advocated  doing  so,  several  million  stars. 

with  the  object  ol  getting  the  greatest  possible  The  following  are  the  observatories  taking 

extension  of  corona  on  the  plate,  must  have  over-  part  in  this  work,  with  the  number  of  plates  ne- 

looked  the  fact  that  the  background  of  the  sky  cessary  to  complete  each  zone: 
is  luminous,  and  would  soon  fog  a  sensitive  plate 


if  all  other  light  vere  excluded.    The  problem,  Greenwich ^^3 

photographically  considered,  has  nothing  to  do  Borne i  ,040 

with  the  matter  of  photographing  a  nebula  on  h^"5ij^ J'JJI 

the  black  ground  of  the  sky  at  night  There  the  potadiS^.'.'  !**.!!".!!!!  1I282 

only  light  which  reaches  the  plate  comes  from  Oxford...'.'".!....!..!!  I'lso 

the  object  to  be  photographed,  and  the  exposure  ^JjJ ]'^ 

can  be  indefinitely  prolonged,  with  the  result  of  TootouSf. !!!!!!!!!!!!!  1I08O 


Cape  of  Good  Hope....  1,519 
Sydo 

_       .  Tonlmuii i:OM     11 

constantly  increasing  the  impression  made  by 


No.  of  I 

Aigien. i^eeo 

San  Fernando 1,260 

Taenbaya 1,260 

Santiago 1.260 

La  Plata 1,90) 

Bio  da  Janeiro 1,87< 


Sydnej 1,400 

MalboaziM 1,149 


the  fainter  nebulous  light    Undoubtedly  the  In  giving  a  sufficiently  long  exposure  to  secure 

coronal  light  would  act  on  the  plate  in  the  same  vorv  faint  stars,  the  brighter  are  overexposed 

manner  ifall  other  light  could  be  excluded,  and  ana  their  images  enlarged,  though  to  just  what 

we  should  have  a  picture  in  extent  and  detail  far  extent  is  difficult  to  determine.    Again,  stars  of 

beyond  the  most  wonderful  display  ever  seen  different  colors  require  longer  or  shorter  time  to 

with  the  naked  eye."  impress  themselves  on  the  gelatin  film,  and  the 

It  is  the  opinion  of  physicists  that,  above  our  ever-changing  conditions  of  the  atmosphere  at 

atmosphere,  the  sky  by  d.av,  even  in  the  neigh-  different  times  and  stations  impose  great  diffi- 

borhood  of  the  sun,  would  be  intensely  bl^k,  culties,  which  it  seems  impossible  to  obviate, 

under  which  conditions  the  corona  could  be  Tariable  Stan. — Prof.  Seth  C.  Chandler,  an 

photographed  as  well  as  the  brightest  nebula  bj  authority  on  variables,  makes  the  statement  that 

night.    Were  it  possible  to  attain  to  this,  it  is  two  thousand  variable  stars  are  visible  with  an 

highly  probable  that  during  a  total  solar  eclipse  opera-glass,  while  hundreds  of  thousands  are  re- 

a  single  photographic  expert  would  give  more  vealed  by  the  lai^gest  telescopes.    Their  periods 

instruction  than  the  combined  results  of  a  large  range  from  7^  4^  48",  the  shortest  known,  to 

and  expensive  expedition.    But  no  such  conai-  several  years  in  length.    The  shortest  is  known 

tion  can  ever  be  realized  at  ordinary  heights,  as  S.  Antliie,   No.  8,407  of  Chandler's  Cata- 

though  an  appreciable  step  toward  it  may  be  logue,  right  ascension  a.  d.  1900*0,  0^  27^  54*, 

reached  by  working  from  elevations  of  15,000  or  declination  south  28°  12'.    A  photograph  of  its 

20,000  feet  above  tae  sea.    In  pursuance  of  this  spectrum,  made  at  Harvard  College  Observatory 

idea,  M.  Janssen  has  proposed  the  building  of  in  April,  1800,  indicated  by  the  widening  of 

an  observatory  on  Mont  Blanc,  providing  rock  some  of  the  lines  and  the  narrowing  of  others 

could  be  reached  at  a  reasonable  depth ;  but  as  that  it  belongs  to  an  intermediate  class  between 

borings  have  been  made  through  the  ice  cap  to  a  variable  stars  of  first  and  second  type, 

depth  of  thirty  feet,  and,  horizontally,  to  a  dis-  Spectroseopie  Binaries. — ^The  number  of 

tance  of  ninety  feet  without  finding  the  desired  double  stars  now  known,  many  of  which  are  bi- 

rockv  foundation,  the  project  has  been  postponed  naries,  amounts  to  several  thousand,  and  the  list 

until  another  season,  at  least,  and,  perhaps,  per-  is  constantly  being  augmented  bv  further  dis- 

manently  abandoned.  coveries.    These  are  visually  double  by  the  aid 

PhotogTaphic  Chart  of  the  Sk}[.— The  last  of  the  telescope,  though  some  are  so  close  as  to 

reunion  of  the  International  Committee  on  the  suffer  only  a  slight  elongation  under  the  highest 

photographic  chart  of  the  entire  sky  was  re-  powers  our  greatest  telescopes  will  bear.    It  is 

cently  held.    Of  the  eighteen  observatories  as-  not  these  we  wish  to  consider,  but  a  new  class  of 

signca  to  the  task,  all  are  ready,  and  some  have  binaries,  which,  while  known  to  be  such,  are  not 

already  secured  a  numbet  of  satisfactory  trial  thus  seen  even  in  the  most  powerful  telescopes, 

plates.    Many  delicate  and  difficult  questions  They  are  called  spectroscopic  binaries,  and  num- 

arose,  which  can  not  be  discussed  here,  most  of  ber  only  about  a  aozen,  including  a  few  suspects ; 

which,  it  is  hoped,  have  been  solved,  though  but  in  the  near  future,  because  of  the  increase 

doubtless  others  will  present  themselves  as  the  in  the  number  and  efficiency  of  spectroscopes  in 

work  progresses.    About  three  years  have  been  the  hands  of  zealous  astronomers,  this  roll  must 

occupied  in  constructing  the  photographic  tele-  be  greatly  extended, 

scopes,  Ia  organizing,  and  in  settling  many  pre-  Dr.  Vogel  has  examined  early  photographs 


ASTBONOMT,  PROGBBSS  OF,  IK  1891.  53 

taken  at  Potsdun  of  the  spectra  of  Beta  Auriga  may  be  found  in  Dr.  Drejer's  New  General  Cata- 

and  of  Zeta  Urse  Majoris,  and,  in  the  case  of  logue,  published  by  the  Royal  Astronomical  So- 

tbe  former,  finds  the  doublinff  of  the  lines  well  ciety  of  England  as  Vol.  aLIX,  Part  I,  of  its 

marked  on  many  of  those  talen  from  Noy.  14,  **  Memoirs." 

1888,  onward.    No  particular  attention  was  paid  Prol  Barnard  has  recently  discoyered  a  new 

to  this  fact  at  the  time,  and  hence  one  of  the  Merope  nebula  in  the  Pleiades.    The  old  one, 

greatest  diaooyeries  of  modem  times  was  then  found  seyeral  years  ago  by  Tempel,  has,  from  its 

missed.  supposed  yariableness,  been  the  cause  of  much 

ChMmge  i&  the  Motion  of  Sirliu. — ^For  sey-  discussion  among  astronomers,  many  of  whom 

era!  years  the  motion  of  this  star  (the  Do?  Star)  doubted  even  its  existence.    While  easily  seen 

has  been  one  of  recession,  at  one  epoch  it  baying  with  glasses  as  small  as  8  inches,  it  is  inyisible 

been  at  the  rate  of  20  miles  a  second,  but  lately  in  large  telescopes,  which  anomaly  is  explained 

it  has  changed  to  one  of  approach,  with  a  speea,  by  the  fact  that  small  telescopes,  haying  large 

according  to  Prof.  Yogel,  of  nearly  two  miles  a  fields  of  yiew,  eiye  the  benefit  of  contrast  with  a 

second,  the  spectra  of  iron  and  of  hydrogen  dark  sky,  which  the  contracted  fields  of  great  in- 

pr'mg  1-96  and  1*78  mile  respectiyely.    The  re-  struments  do  not  afford.    For  this  reason  the 

Tersal  of  its  motion  is  doubtless  due,  it  being  a  tail  of  Donati's  comet  could  be  followed  farther 

binary  double,  to  a  change  in  its  orbital  motion,  by  the  naked  eye  than  with  the  largest  telescope. 

As  it  reyolyea  around  the  center  of  ^yity  of  the  This  is  true  also  of  the  auroral  streamers  and  of 

sTstem,  its  direction  of  motion  will  always  be  the  zodiacal  light. 

clanging.    Besides  its  orbital  motion,  it  has  also  Since  the  publication  of  his  ninth  catalogue, 

one  of  translation  through  space.  Dr.  Swift  has  added  67  to  his  preyious  number 

The  companion  of  this  star,  which  for  many  of  newl^  discoyered  nebuln. 

Tears  has  been  yisible  in  telescopes  of  medium  M.  Biffourdan,  assistant  to  the  Paris  Obserya- 

kze,  is  now  beyond  the  capacity  of  eyen  the  Lick  tory,  calliB  attention  to  the  supposed  yariability 

telescope,  witn  a  power  of  8,800.    Heretofore  of  the  nebula  (New  General  Catalogue,  118(^ 

Mr.  Bnmham  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  he  situated  near  the  yariable  star  Algfol.     It  was 

▼oold  be  able  to  follow  it  during  its  pjeri-astral  discoyered  by  Sir  William  Herschel  in  1785,  and 

passage,  but  he  now  thinks  that  it  will  not  be  in  1881  obsenred  by  Sir  John  Herschel,  since 

again  seen  for  seyeral  years     Its  present  distance  which  time  there  is  no  record  of  its  haying  been 

is  less  than  4*0".  seen  until  lately,  though  searched  for. 

Jni^ter'B  Satellites.  —  On  Sept.  8,  1890,  Mr.  Bumham  has  examined  the  yicinity  of 
Prot^mard  obsenred  that  the  first  satellite.  Hind's  yariable  nebula  in  Taurus,  and  found, 
while  crossing  the  disk  of  Jupiter,  appeared  with  the  86-inch  telescope  of  the  Lick  Obsenra- 
double.  It  was  thus  seen  also  by  Mr.  Bumham,  tory,  a  yery  small,  condensed  nebula  surround- 
the  distinguished  obseryer  of  aouble  stars,  and  ing  the  double  star  T  Tauri.  But  Mr.  Roberts 
be  does  not  hesitate  to  say  that  it  appeared  as  has  photographed  the  region,  and  the  plate 
perfectly  duplex  as  any  double  star  he  had  eyer  showed  no  neoula,  nor  nebulous  star,  nor  any 
seen.  The  obseryation  was  made  with  the  12-  nebulosity,  though  the  exposure  was  three  hours 
inch  telescope  at  the  Lick  Obeenratory.  Its  du-  lons^.  In  this  instance  photography  has  increased 
pUcity  was  yiewed  with  different  powers,  so  that  rather  than  diminished  the  mysteiy  attaching  to 
no  deception  could  be  ascribed  to  the  eye-pieces  the  body.  It  may  be  that  the  nebula  is  deficient 
employed.  The  obseryation  was  strange  and  in  yiolet  rays,  and  therefore  non-photograph- 
unheard-of,  and  can  not  fail  soon  to  be  confirmed  able.  Are  there  not  two  nebulie  here,  one  bemg 
or  disproyed.  If  not  double,  the  only  possible  Hind's  yariable,  seen  by  Otto  Struye,  D' Arrest, 
explaxuition  of  the  phenomenon  is  that  the  satel-  Tempel,  and  others,  an^  the  other  that  seen  by 
lite  b  surrounded  by  a  luminous  belt  parallel  to  Mr.  bumham,  as  aboye  t 
tboee  of  the  planet.  For  seyeral  years  Isaac  Boberts  has  made 

Rotatloii  of  Merenry  and  Tenas. — ^Thesup-  photographic  study  of  the  Andromeda  nebula, 

posed  discoyery  of  Schiaparelli,  that  these  planets  out  the  majority  of  his  plates,  eyen  as  late  as 

complete  one  rotation  only  while  making  a  reyo-  October,  1890,  do  not  show  any  trace  of  a  stellar 

lation  round  the  sun,  is  not  accepted  by  idl  as-  nucleus,  while  others  secured  in  Noyember  and 

tronomersL    Apropos  to  this,  MM.  Niestenr  and  December  rei)resent  the  nucleus  as  distinctly 

Stuyraert,  of  the  Royal  Obseryatory  of  Belgium,  stellar.     He  is  therefore  of  the  opinion  that 

▼ho  haye  studied  Venus  for  ten  years,  haye  con-  the  nucleus  is  yariable,  though  further  experi- 

cluded  that  Cassini's  period  of  the  rotation  of  ments  may  be  necessary  to  corroborate  this, 

that  planet  (twenty-three  hours)  is  correct  The  sudden  appearance  and  disappearance  in 

Nebaln. — The  quest  for  nebulas  is  now  8y»*  188S  of  a  star  near  the  center  of  the  nebula  lends 
temattcally  prosecuted  by  only  fiye  astronomers,  additional  confirmation  to  the  theory  of  the  ya- 
rn. :  Bigouraan,  of  France ;  Denning,  of  Eng-  riableness  of  at  least  portions  of  the  central  part 
land ;  Barnard,  of  the  Lick  Obseryatonr ;  Stone,  of  this  interesting  nebula,  which  the  spectro- 
of  the  Obserratory  of  the  Uniyersity  of  Virginia;  scope  decUres  to  be  a  cluster  on  a  scale  of  yast- 
and  Swift,  of  the  Warner  Obseryatory.  This  ness  equaling,  perhaps  surpassing,  our  Milky 
field  of  work  is  not  now  popular,  because  large  War,  tne  shape  of  which  it  greatly  resembles, 
telescopes  are  rt«nired  to  achieye  success,  inas-  Meteors. — The  Porseid  meteors  which  belong 
much  as  all  of  Sir  William  HerschePs  Class  I  to  the  meteoric  shower  of  Aug.  10  were  this  ^ear 
and  II,  and  nearly  all  so  faint  as  his  Class  III,  more  numerous  than  has  been  obseryed  since 
hare  been  discoyered  either  by  him  or  his  sue-  1871.  As  seen  at  the  Warner  Obseryatory,  and 
ceseors,  predecessors  of  the  present  searchers  for  at  seyeral  widely  separated  places  both  in  this 
these  bodies.  The  places  and  magnitudes,  with  country  and  in  Europe,  the  number  was  so  great 
descriptiye  remarks  of  all  known  ao?m  to  1888^  as  to  attract  general  attention.    Unlike  the  14th 


54  ASTBONOMT,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891. 

of  November  shower,  it  returns  with  unfailing  1887.     Its  aphelion  distance  is  smaller  than 

regularity  and  is  prolonged  for  several  days,  Encke's,  or  less  than  that  of  any  known  comet, 

while  all  the  others  last  but  a  few  hours,    llie  Comet  a  1891  was  discovered  by  Prot  K  £. 

first  meteors  were  seen  at  its  last  return  on  Aug.  Barnard,  at  the  Lick  Observatory,  on  March  29, 

2,  and  they  were  observed  in  greater  or  less  num-  and  by  W.  F.  Denning,  of  Bristol,  England,  on 

bers  on  every  morning  until  Aug.  12.    A  satis-  the  succeeding  night    The  annexed  parabolic 

factory  explanation  oi  such  a  prolongation  has  elements  have  been  calculated :  Perihelion  pas- 

never  oeen  given.    Its  radiant  is  in  Perseus,  and,  sage,  1891,  April  27*55900,  Berlin  mean  time ; 

instead  of  being  a  point,  extends,  according  to  noae  to  perihelion  =  178°  48'  24*8" ;  longitude 

observations  of  the  writer,  continued  through  of  node  =  193''  55'  36'5" ;  inclination  =  120"  81' 

several  years,  over  an  elliptical  area  whose  axes  27" ;  log.  perihelion  distance  =  9*599332. 

are  about  10"  bv  5^    No  well-authenticated  ao-  Comet  6 1801.    This  is  a  return  of  Wolfs  pe- 

count  of  stone  tails  has  been  announced.  riodic  of  1884,  and  was  detected  on  May  1  oy 

Meteorites. — A  paper  on  this  subject  was  read  Spitaler,  and  on  May  4  by  Barnard.    On  Sept. 

at  the  recent  meeting  in  Washington  of  the  4  it  passed  nearly  over  the  center  of  the  Pleiades, 

American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  treating  astronomers  to  a  sight  no  human  eye 

Science  by  Prof.  A,  E.  Foot,  of  Philadelphia,  had  ever  seen. 

He  says  thi&t  in  Crater  Mountain,  185  miles  north  Comet  c  1891  is  an  apparition  of  Encke*s 
of  Tucson,  Arizona,  he  found  small  meteoric  comet  which  has  the  shortest  period  of  any 
fragments  scattered  over  an  area  a  third  of  a  known  =  3*3  years.  It  was  first  seen  on  Aug.  1 
mue  in  length  by  120  feet  in  width,  extending  by  Barnard.  The  principal  interest  attaching  to 
from  northwest  to  southeast.  Exactly  in  line  it  is  the  progressive  diminution  of  its  periodic 
with  it  but  outside  the  crater,  about  2  miles  dis^  time,  evidencmg,  as  many  suppose,  the  retarding 
tant,  were  two  meteoric  stones,  weighing  154  and  effect  of  the  hypothetical,  all-pervading  ether. 
201  pounds  respectively,  and  131  smaller  frag-  Astronomers  are  not  agreed,  however,  as  to  the 
ments  ranging  from  one  sixteenth  of  an  ounce  correctness  of  this  conclusion, 
to  6  pounds  lO  oimces.  A  section  of  a  mass  of  Comet  d  1891  was  discovered,  on  Sept  28,  by 
40  pounds,  of  extreme  hardness,  was  exhibited  Barnard,  in  right  ascension  20^  69^  45",  declina- 
at  the  meeting,  ^'  which  revealed  cavities  con-  tion.  south  1°  23'.  This  is  a  return  of  Swift's 
taining  small,  black  objects,  one  fiftieth  of  an  periodic  comet,  discovered  in  1880,  and  adds 
inch  in  diameter,  with  which  polished  corundum  another  to  the  rapidly  increasing  list  of  short- 
was  cut  as  easily  as  a  knife  might  cut  gypsum,"  period  comets.  Though  it  was  previously  found 
and  suggested  the  idea  of  diamonds.  But  the  by  Tempel  in  1869,  its  periodicity  was  not  then 
published  statement  that  all  the  j^logists  pres-  predicted  or  even  suspected.  Hence,  conforming 
ent  were  agreed  that  they  were  diamonds  is  erro-  to  a  rule  adopted  by  astronomers  in  the  case  of 
neous,  and  the  writer  has  the  assurance  of  one  Winnecke's,  Tuttle's,  and  Biela's  comets,  all  of 
of  our  most  celebrated  meteorologists,  who  exam-  which  had  been  detected  previously  bv  others, 
ined  them,  that  they  certainly  are  not  those  gems,  this  should  be  called  Swift's  comet,  out  it  is 

Comets.— Since  Oct.  6, 1890,  the  date  of  the  usually  denominated  Tempel-Swift.  The  follow- 
last  discovery  of  a  comet  given  in  our  last  vol-  ing  elements,  which  differ  but  little  from  those 
ume,  the  following  comets  nave  been  discovered,  of  1869~'80,  have  been  computed  for  it,  but  the 
numbered  in  the  order  of  their  finding  rather  comet  at  discovery  was  nearly  five  degrees  from 
than  their  perihelion  passage :  Comet  e,  by  its  calculated  place :  Time  of  perihelion  passage. 
Prof.  Zona,  of  Palermo,  Italy.  These  are  the  Nov.  14*958,  Paris  mean  time;  longitude  of  peri- 
computed  parabolic  elements:  Perihelion  pas-  helion  =  43°  14' 15*7";  longitude  of  node  =  296° 
sage  =  1890,  July  27*713,  Berlin  mean  time ;  from  31'  14*8" ;  inclination  =  5°  23'  13*8" ;  logarithm 
n(3e  to  perihelion  =  328°  53' ;  longitude  of  node  of  perihelion  distance  =  0*036071.  Motion  direct. 
=  86°  28' ;  inclination  =  155°  2' ;  log.  q.  =  0*314  Comet  e  1891  bv  Barnard,  on  Oct.  2,  in  right 

Comet  /  1890  was  detected  by  M.  Spitaler  ascension  7^  31"  24*,  declination  south  27°  54'. 
at  Vienna  on  Nov.  16.  At  receipt  of  the  news  From  observations  made  at  the  Lick  Observatory 
in  Vienna  of  the  discovery  of  Zona's  comet,  the  on  Oct.  3,  4,  and  5,  Prof.  Campbell  has  computed 
day  after  its  finding,  Spitaler  directed  the  27-  the  following  elements :  Perihelion  passage,  Nov. 
inch  refractor  to  the  indicated  place,  and  saw  at  8*75,  Greenwich  mean  time ;  from  node  to  peri- 
once  a  very  faint  object  in  the  field,  but,  as  it  helion  =  262°  6' :  lonntude  of  node  =  215°  38' ; 
was  much  fetinter  than  the  telegram  asserted,  he  inclination  =  75°  &j;  perihelion  dbtance  = 
sought  farther,  and  found  the  Zona  comet.  Be-  1*0166.  It  had  a  rapid  motion  southeast,  and 
turning  to  his  first  object,  he  saw  that  it  had  was  soon  lost  to  northern  observatories, 
moved,  and  that  he  had  abhieved  a  most  extraor-  Catal<Mrae8. — The  AaironomMcJie  Kaehrich- 
dinary  and  entirely  unprecedented  event  in  as-  ten.  No.  3,047,  has  published  a  list  of  70  new 
tronomy^-'viz..  the  having  in  almost  the  same  double  stars  discovered  in  1890  by  S.  W.  Bum- 
field  of  the  telescope  two  comets  moving  in  dif-  ham,  of  the  Lick  Observatory  staff,  with  the  36- 
ferent  directions.  The  following  elliptic  ele-  inch  telescope.  It  is  the  seventeenth  catalogue 
ments  have  been  computed :  Perihelion  passage,  of  double  stars  published  by  him.  From  their 
1890,  Oct.  26*60123,  Berlin  mean  time ;  longi-  closeness  they  are  very  difficult  objects,  and  re- 
tude  of  perihelion  =  58°  25'  58*2' ;  longitude  of  quire  the  larc^est  telescopes  for  their  examination, 
node  =  45°  5'  61*7' ;  inclination  =  12°  60'  44*5' ;  Thirty-nine  have  distances  less  than  1*0",  while 
log.  of  a  r=  0*537582 ;  period  =  6*4  years.  the  average  distance  of  all  is  0*45".    Twenty-five 

The  discoverer  has  reasons  for  supposing  this  are  at  a  distance  of  0*33".    They  cover  a  wide 

to  be  its  first  appearance  in  its  present  orbit,  range  of  magnitudes,  the  following  being  naked- 

which,  he  thinks,  was  changed  into  this  form  by  e^e  stars :  B.  A.  C,  No.  230,  199  Ceti,  95  Pis* 

a  near  approach  to  Jupiter  in  the  latter  part  of  cium,  Chi  Persei,  48  Cephei  (H),  34  Persei,  B.  A. 


ASTRONOMY,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1801.  66 

C.  1143, 848  Taarif  5  Gamelopardalis,  Nu  Gemino-  telescopes  of  the  nsaal  form.''   The  time  to  pho- 

rum,  85  Geminomm,  Tan  Herciilis,  24  and  Psi  tograpn  the  entire  sky,  without  after  enlarge- 

1  Aqnarii    Seren  of  the  list  previously  known  ment,  will  be  reduced  in  the  same  proportion. 

IS  doubles  were  found  to  be  triples.    The  total  With  such  a  doublet,  each  hemisphere  could  be 

namber  of  double  stars  found  uy  him  is  1^)24  covered  in  one  year  with  800  plates. 

Regarding  the  cambering  of  our  catalogues  of  The  building  for  the  great  equatorial  Coud6, 

double  stars  with  uninteresting  pairs,  he  sa^s :  at  Paris,  is  completed.   Instruments  of  this  kind 

''If  mr  purpose  had  been  to  make  an  imposing  — ^  elbowed  telescopes  "—-are  findins^much  favor 

catalogue  of  discoveries  by  finding  as  many  new  in  other  countries  besides  France.  This  at  Paris 

pairs  as  possible  vrithout  reference  to  their  char-  has  an  objective  24  inches  in  diameter,  and  two 

icier,  the  number  in  my  lists,  down  to  this  time,  plane  mirrors  of,  respectively,  29  and  84  inches  in 

ooald  easily  have  been  made  man^  times  larger  diameter.    A  photographic  oblective,  iJso  of  24 

without  exceeding  the  Struve  limits  of  magni-  inches  aperture,  is  provided,  and  the  change  from 

tildes  and  distance ;  but  at  this  time  there  would  one  to  tne  other  can  be  easily  and  quickly  made, 

seem  no  good  reason  for  incumbering  a  double-  Photographs  of  the  moon  11  inches  in  diameter 

Etar  catalogue  with  that  kind  of  material    We  can  be  taken  without  subsequent  enlargement, 

now  know  that  they  can  have  no  interest  as  The  16*2-inch  telescope  for  Gk)odsell  Observa- 

doable  stars  in  the  proper  sense  of  the  term,  tory,  Northfield,  Minn.,  is  finished,  and  Prof.  W. 

With  large  telescopes,  pairs  of  5"  or  6"  distance  W.  Payne,  its  director,  speaks  highly  of  its  per- 

in  the  lower  magnitudes  of  the  Durchmuatervng  formance  on  difficult  test  objects.    The  crown 

can  be  found  by  the  score  on  any  night  when  disk  was  obtained  from  Mantois,  of  Paris,  and 

the  seeine  is  too  poor  for  ordinary  micrometrical  the  flint  from  Jena,  of  Germanv.  The  computa- 

work,  ana  with  tne  12-inch  it  would  be  eas^  to  tions  for  the  curves  were  made  by  Dr.  C.  S.  Hast- 

make  a  large  list  in  a  comparatively  short  time,  ings,  of  Yale  University,  on  a  new  plan,  and  this 

I  have  not  allowed  myself  to  find  new  pairs  of  is  the  largest  objective  ever  made  on  this  formula, 

the  kind  recorded  here  any  faster  than  they  could  The  per  cent,  of  merit  for  color  correction  and 

be  thorou^ly  measured.   It  may  be  many  years  blaclmess  of  field  is  2*11,  while  if  made  of  the 

before  some  of  these  are  reobeerved,  and  it  is  usual  curves  it  would  be  but  1*61.    J.  A.  Bra- 

desiiable  to  have  a  careful  set  of  measures  at  this  shear,  of  Pittsburg,  ground  and  polished  the 

time  with  which  to  compare  future  measures."  lenses,  and  Warner  and  Swasey,  of  Cleveland, 

Speaking  of  the  double  component  of  Gamma  Ohio,  constructed  the  mounting  and  dome.  The 

Aiiarometut,  he  says  the  elongation  is  doubtful  total  weight  of  the  telescope  and  its  accessories 

with  powers,  on  the  86-inch,  of  1,000  and  8,800,  is  12,700  pounds, 

and  he  thinks  the  distance  much  less  than  0*1".  Prizes  and  Benefaotioiis.-^Of  the  gift  of 

Mr.  Bumham  has,  from  measures  of  his  own  $6,000  from  Miss  Catharine  Bruce,  for  the  pro- 
continued  from  the  date  of  discovery,  ascertained  motion  of  original  astronomical  research,  the  en- 
that  the  close  companion  to  Kappa  regasi  makes  tire  sum  has  been  distributed  by  Prof.  Pickering 
a  revolution  rouna  the  principal  star  in  the  as-  in  accordance  with  the  donor's  wishes.  Among 
toni^hingly  short  time  of  a  little  over  eleven  the  recipients  were  the  following  Americans : 
jears,  making  it  the  shortest-period  binary  visu-  Prof.  W.  W.  Payne,  Editor  of  the  '*  Sidereal  Mes- 
allj  known.  In  the  monthly  notices  of  the  Roy-  sencper " ;  Prof.  £.  S.  Holden,  Director  of  the 
al  Astronomical  Society  for  March,  1891,  is  given  LicK  Observatory ;  Prof.  Simon  Newcomb,  Su- 
a  diagram  of  its  drbit.  He  has  derived  the  fol-  perintendent  of  uie  American  Nautical  Almanac 
lowing  elements :  Major  axis,  0*636" ;  minor  axis.  Office ;  Prof.  Henry  A.  Rowland,  of  Johns  Hop- 
0*187  ;  maximum  distance,  0*82" ;  minimum  dis-  kins  University ;  and  Prof.  Lewis  Swift,  Director 
tance,  0H)8" ;  position  angle  major  axis,  125*4" ;  of  the  Warner  Observatorv. 
period,  11*18  years.  The  Lalande  prize  of  tne  French  Academy  of 

Teleseopes. — ^The  number  of  telescopes  annu-  Sciences,  of  the  value  of  540  francs,  has  been 
alljmanuuctured  in  the  United  States  by  Al  van  awarded  to  Prof.  Schiaparelli,  of  Milan,  Italy, 
Clark's  Sons,  of  Cambrideeport,  Mass.,  and  by  for,  chieflj,  his  observations  tending  to  prove  the 
John  A.  Brashear,  of  Allegheny,  Pa.,  besides  other  svnchronization  of  the  rotational  and  revolution- 
makers  of  lesser  note,  indicates  a  wondeziul  ad-  ai  periods  of  Mercury  and  Venus. 
Tance  of  astronomy  in  this  country.  The  Valz  prize  has  been  adjudged  to  Prof.  S. 

Because  of  the  great  difficulty  of  castine  per-  Glasenapp,  Director  of  the  Observatory  of  the 

feet  disks,  only  one  has  been  secured  for  the  40-  University  of  St.  Petersburg,  Russia,  for  his  in- 

inch  telescope  of  the  Observatory  of  Southern  vestigations  of  the  orbits  of  the  double  stars  in 

California,  and  not  two,  as  was  reported  last  year,  the  Pulkowa  Catalogue. 

unless  one  was  returned,  and  consequently  no  Prof.  C.  A.  Young,  Director  of  the  Halstead 

progress  has  been  made.  Observatorj^,  Princeton,  N.  J.,  has  received  the 

For  the  Bruce  Photographic  telescope  neither  Janssen  prize  for  his  spectroscopic  discoveries. 

disk  has  been  received,  but  the  Clarks  have  near-  The  Danish  Academy  of  Sciences  has  given  a 

Ir  completed  the  great  prism — ^25  inches  square  gold  medal  to  Baron  E.  v.  Haerdtl,  of  Innspruck, 

^to  be  attached  to  the  front  of  its  24-inch  ob-  Austria-Hungary,  for  his  memoir  on  the  problem 

jectire.    Great  results  are  looked  for  by  astrono-  of  three  bodies,  proposed  by  the  Academy  in  1889. 

mers  from  this  instrument,  which  Prof.  Pickering  The  Copley  medal  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Lon- 

calls  a  **  photographic  doublet,"  being  only  11  don  was  awarded  to  Prof.  Simon  Newcomb  for 

M  focus.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  photographic  camera,  his  contributions  to   gravitational  astronomy. 

I*  With  it,"  be  says,  *'a  portion  of  the  sky  cover-  Dr.  Franklin  was  its  first  recipient  in  1758,  and 

ing  twenty-five  square  degrees  can  be  photo-  it  has  been  conferred  annually  ever  since. 

|nphed  with  good  definition,  while  only  three  or  The  Donohoe  comet  medal,  via  the  Astronomi- 

umr  degrees  can  be  covered  equally  well  with  cal  Society  of  the  Pacific,  has  been  presented  to 


56 


ASTRONOMY,  PEOGRKSS  OF,  IN  1801. 


Prof.  Zona,  of  Palermo,  Italy ;  to  Dr.  J.  Si>italer, 
of  Vienna,  Austria ;  to  Prof.  P.  W.  Denning,  of 
Bristol,  England;  to  M.  Cocrgia,  of  Marseilles, 
France ;  and  three  times  to  Prof.  E.  E.  Barnard, 
of  Mount  Hamilton,  California. 

No  gold  medal  was  awarded  by  the  Royal  As- 
tronomical Society  of  England. 


Asteroids. — Since  the  compilation  of  last 
Tear's  report,  twenty-two  of  these  small  planets 
nave  been  discoTerea,  eight  of  which  have  received 
names.  As  no  complete  list  has  appeared,  and 
those  of  the  text-books  are  erroneous  in  several 
respects,  a  catalogue  recognijsed  by  astronomers 
as  correct  and  complete  to  date  is  here  given : 


Me. 

~ 

S. 

8. 

4. 

G. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 
10. 
11. 
IS. 
18. 
14. 
15. 
16. 
IT. 
18. 
19. 
90. 
91. 
99. 
98. 
94. 
95. 
90. 
9T. 
98. 
99. 
80. 
81. 
89. 
88. 
84. 
80. 
86. 
87. 
8d. 
89. 
40. 
41. 
49. 
48. 
44. 
45. 
46« 
47. 
48. 
49. 
00. 
61. 
59. 
68. 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 
66. 
60. 
00. 
61. 
69. 
68 
64. 
65. 
66. 
67. 


70. 
71. 
79. 
78. 
74. 
75. 
76. 
77. 
78. 
19. 


OerM 

pBlLia 

Jiino 

Vest* 

Astnaa 

Hebe 

Irii 

Flora. 

Metis 

Hyg«la 

Futhanope 

Vtetoria 

Egeiia 

Irane 

Enoomla 

PBjrehe 

Thetla 

Melpomene..... 

FortnoA 

MmsUU 

Latetia. 

CaUiope 

ThaBa 

Themla 

PhooBa. 

Proeerpioa 

Euterpe 

Benona. 

Amphitrlte 

Urania 

Enphrosyne.... 

Pomona 

Pollyhymnla. . . . 

Qrce 

Leoootbea 

Atofamta. 

Fldea 

Leda 

Laetltia. 

HamionJa.. 

Daphne 

IriTT. 

Ariadne 

Njr«a 

Eogenia. 

Heeda 

Aglala. 

Doria 

Files 

Vhylnla 

Kemsnsa 

Enropa. 

Cfefypao 

Alexandra 

Pandora. 

Melete 

Mnemoavne .... 

Concordia 

Elpla 

Edbo 

DanaS. 

Erato 

Aoaonla 

Angelina 

Cybele 

Mala 

Ada 

Leto 

Heaperla 

Panopca 

Nlobe 

Feronla 

OlytU 

Oalatea 

Eurydloe 

FWia. 

FrigK* 

Plana. 

Eiuynome. 

HingM^  , 


Olben. 

Harding. 

Olbera. 

Hencke. 

Heneke. 

Hind. 

Hind. 

Graham. 

lieOasparlt. 

DeGaaparto. 

Hind. 

DeGaapatla. 

Hind. 

DeGaaparls. 

DeOasparia. 

Lather. 

Hind. 

Hind. 

DeOasparia. 

Gokleohfflldt. 

Hind. 

Hind. 

DeGaaparla. 

Chaooraao. 

Lnther. 

Hind. 

Luther. 

Marth. 

Hind. 

Ferffueon. 

Goldachmldt 

Cbacornac 

Chacornae. 

Lather. 

Goldsehmidt 

Lather. 

Chacornae. 

ChacomaoL 

Goldachmldt 

OoUachmUt 

Pogaon. 

POffHon. 

Goldaefamldt 

Goldachmldt 

Pogaon 

Lather. 

Goldachmldt 

Goldaohmidt 

Feiguaon. 

Lanrent 

Goldachmldt. 

Lather. 

GoMachmidt 

Bearle 

Goldachmldt 

Lather. 

Lather. 

Chacornae. 

Fergoaon. 

Goldachmldt 

FOrater. 

DeGaaparla. 

TempeC 

Tcmpel 

Tattle. 

Pogaon. 

Lather. 

Schlaparelll. 

Goldachmldt 

Lather. 

Peters. 

Tattle. 

TempeL 

Petera. 

D*  Arrest 

Ptotera. 

Lother. 

Wataon. 

PogaoD. 


No. 


61. 

89. 

68. 

84. 

86. 

86. 

87. 

88. 

89. 

90 

91. 

92. 

18. 

94. 

95. 

96. 

97. 

98. 

99. 
100. 
101. 
109. 
108. 
104. 
105. 
106. 
107. 
108. 
109. 
110. 
111. 
119. 
118. 
114. 
115. 
116. 
117. 
116. 
119. 
190. 
121. 
129. 
198. 
194. 
125. 
126. 
127. 
128. 
199. 
180. 
181. 
182. 
188. 
184. 
185. 
186. 
187. 
183. 
189. 
140. 
141. 
142. 
148. 
144. 
145. 
146. 
147. 
148. 
149. 
150. 
161. 
152. 
166. 
154. 
155. 
166. 
167. 
166. 
169. 
160. 


Ni 


Terpaldiora . . . . 

Alcmene 

Beatrix. 

Clio 

lo 

Bemele 

SvivU 

llitobe 

JaHa 

Antiope 

.£glna 

Undlna. 

Blinenra. 

Aurora 

Arethaaa 

^le 

Clotho 

lanthe 

Dike 

Hecate 

Helena 

Miriam 

Uera 

Clymene 

Artemia 

Dione 

Camilla 

Hecuha 

Felldtaa 

Lydia 

Ate 

Iphlgenla 

Amalthea 

Cassandra 

Thyra 

Blrona. 

Lomla. 

Peitho 

Althaa 

Lacheala. 

Hermione 

Gerda 

BrunhUda 

Alceste 

LIberatriz 

Velleda 

Johanna. 

Nemesis. 

Antigone 

Eleotra 

VaUi 

^thra 

Cjrrene 

Sophroeyne 

Hertha 

Aoatrla 

MeUboa 

Toloaa 

Juewa 

Biwa 

Lumen 

Polana 

Adria 

ViblUa 

Adeona 

Lodna 

Protogenla 

Gattia 

Meduaa 

Nuwa 

Abondantia..... 

Atala 

HUda 

Bertha 

Scylla 

Xantippe 

Dejonlra. 

Coronis 

iBmilla. 

Una 


TempeL 

Lather. 

DeGaaparii. 

Lather. 

Peters. 

Tle^n. 

Pogson. 

Peters. 

Stephan. 

Lather. 

Stephan. 

Peters. 

Watson. 

Wataon. 

Lather. 

Coggia. 

TempeL 

Peters. 

Borelly. 

Watson. 

Wataon. 

Peters. 

Wataon. 

Wataon. 

Watson. 

Watson. 

Pogson. 

Lutiier. 

Peters. 

BoroUy. 

Peters. 

Peters. 

Lather. 

Peters. 

Watson. 

Peters. 

BoreOy. 

Lather. 

Wstson. 

Borel^y. 

Watson. 

Peters. 

Peten. 

Peters. 

Pkoaper  Heniy. 

Psal  Henry. 

Prosper  Henry. 

Watson. 

Fdtera. 

PetezB. 

Peters. 

Watson. 

Wataon. 

Lather. 

Petera. 

Paliaa. 

Paliaa. 

Perotin. 

Watson. 

PsMsa. 

Paul  Henry. 

Palfsa. 

Paliaa. 

Peters. 

Peters. 

Borelly. 

BhulhoC 

Prosper  Heniy. 

Perotin. 

Wataon. 

Pallsa. 

Pan]  Henry. 

Pallsa. 

Prosper  Henry. 

Pattaa. 

Paliaa. 

Borelly. 

KnorrCb 

Paul  Heuy. 

Peten. 


No. 


161. 
162. 
168. 
164. 
166. 
166. 
167. 
168. 
169. 

no. 

171. 

179. 
178. 
174. 
176. 
176. 
17r 
178. 
179. 
180. 
181. 
182. 
188. 
184. 
185. 
186. 
187. 
188. 
189. 
190. 
191. 
199. 
198. 
194. 
195. 
196. 
197. 
198. 
199. 
900. 
901. 
902. 
908. 
204. 
205. 
206. 
207. 
206. 
209. 
210. 
211. 
212. 
218. 
214. 
215. 
216. 
217. 
918. 
219. 
220. 
291. 
992. 
928. 
224. 
225. 
226. 
227. 
228. 
229. 
280. 
231. 
282. 
18B. 
284. 
285. 
286. 
287. 
288. 


Athor. 


240. 


Eilgone 

Lorel^ 

Bhodope 

Urda. 

Sibylla 

Zelia 

Maria 

Ophelia. 

Bauda 

Ino 

Phndra 

Andromache.... 

Idunna. 

Irma 

BeUsana.. 

Qytsmnestra. . . 

Ganimna 

Eocharis 

Elaa 

Istria 

Delopeia 

Eunike. 

Cehita. 

Lamberta 

Monnippe 

Phthia 

Ismene 

Colga 

Kansicaa 

Ambrosia 

Procne 

Eurycleia. 

Philomela 

Arete 

AmpeDa 

Byblia 

Dynamene ..... 

Penetope 

Chryaeis. 

Pompela 

CalUato. 

Martha. 

Herailla 

Hedda 

Laerimoaa. 

Dido 

laabella 

Ia61da 

Medea 

Lilaaa 

Aachera. 

(Enone 

Cleop«bra. 

Eodora. 

Bianca 

Thuraelda. 

Stephania 

Eoa 

Lnda 

Rosa 

Oceana 

Henrietta 

Weringia 

Phlloaophla 

Agathe 

Adelina 

Athamantla .... 

Vindubona  

Koasia 

Aaterope 

Barbaiy 

Carolina 

Honoria 

Celeatina 

Hypatia 

Andrsatea 

Yanadia 


Watfloo. 

Prosper  Henry. 

Perotin. 

Pant  Henry. 

Peten. 

Peters. 

Peten. 

Waiaon. 

Pro^MT  Henry. 

Perotin. 

Borelfy. 

Borel^. 

Borelfy^. 

Wataon. 

Watson. 

Peters. 

Psul  Henry. 

Pallsa. 

Watson. 

Perodn. 

Cottenot 

PaUaa. 

Pallsa. 

Pahaa. 

Peters. 

Prosper  Henzy. 

Coirgia. 

Peters. 

Petera. 

Peters. 

Peters. 

Pallsa. 

Coggla. 

Peters. 

Pallsa. 

Peten. 

Paliaa. 

Borelly. 

Peters. 

Peters. 

PaUaa. 

Peters. 

Peters. 

Pallsa. 

Paliaa. 

Peters. 

Paliaa. 

Psllsa. 

Peters. 

Pallsa. 

Pallsa. 

Paliaa. 

Peters. 

PaUaa. 

Knom. 

Pallsa. 

CoKgla. 

PaHaa. 

PaHaa. 

Paliaa. 

PsUaa. 

Pallsa. 

PaHaa. 

Pallsa. 

Paul  Henry. 

Paliaa. 

Paliaa. 

L  deBaO. 

Pallsa. 

PaHaA. 

Borelly. 

Peters. 

Pallsa. 

PaUaa. 

Paliaa. 

Knom. 

PaHaa. 

Borsllj. 


AUSTRALASIA. 


Anwnl. 

SS!^:::::: 

aS^m'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 

ESS. 

it;:;:;::: 

^^= 

PUIw. 

Sir 

g^n":::: 

P«w». 

^"^ 

Chijriota. 

FflHrl.  

ClurWi. 

MlJkslertcb. 

PiHu. 

ClurMi. 

MUkHlerieh. 


ArSTRALASlA,  a  dirision  of  the  globe  em- 
btBciaz  the  continent  of  Australia  and  the  isl- 
indi  □[  the  South  Sea  and  Western  Paci&c,  moat 
of  which  are  under  British  dominioii.  The  Eta- 
&ti<9  of  popnlation  for  the  British  AuetralMian 
colooiM  tea  1S8B  are  given  in  the  (oUowing  table : 


™,™l 

b>. 

^. 

■--IX-Uu 

1,TM 

14,TOlM.m!..^ 

w««a««iu:::;: 

5,00-  wij*!  -" 

COU>Nltt. 

Impm 

E.p«k 

s 

•Sffi 

The  censns  taken  in  1881  shows  a  remarkable 
htcrease  in  the  population  of  the  cities.  Mel- 
bourne, which  now  contains  nearly  one  holt  of 
the  total  population  of  Victoria,  has  increased 
7i  per  cent.,  while  the  other  parts  of  the  colon; 
show  an  increase  of  only  11  per  cent  in  ten 
;tan.  The  present  population  of  Sydney,  the 
tapital  of  Hew  South  Walea,  is  380,000,  showing 
■n  increase  of  70  per  cent,  during  the  decade. 
The  population  of  the  whole  colony  is  returned 
IS  1.134,000,  excloaive  of  Chinese.  Adelaide,  the 
capital  of  Sontb  Australia,  has  133,000  inhabit- 
*Di!,  or  29,000  more  than  a  decade  ago. 

Floanee. — The  revenue,  eipenditaie,  and 
dtbl  of  each  of  the  colonies  are  as  follow : 


.  Xe.naa,!!*!  £>.Sta.t71     1 
aSll.lH      8,T(W,SM 

.    ■.ni.:»    fi,NS.Tis 

TM.Mt        C§I,«T4 


CoBBeree  asd  Prodaction.— The  foreign 
tnde  of  the  several  colonies  in  1889  is  shown  in 
the  fdlowiog  table : 


Most  of  the  Mttted  portions  of  Australia  are 
within  the  temperate  zone.  The  raising  of 
sheep  and  mining  are  the  [principal  industries. 
For  agriculture  the  climate  is  too  dry,  and  arti- 
ficial irrigation  is  yet  in  the  experimental  stage. 
In  New  South  Wales  oulv  1,164,476  acres  were 
under  cultivation  in  1800.  There  were  8,670.- 
835  buehels  of  wheat  produced,  and  5,804,827 
bushels  of  com.  Other  grains  are  grown,  as 
well  as  hay  and  fodder  in  large  qnantities,  sngar 
cane,  of  which  the  product  in  1890  was  168,869 
es,  and  the  vine,  of  which  the  yield 


15  gallon 


and  3,702  of  brandy. 
.880  was  60.106,768; 
;  of  horses,  430,777. 
Tuged  in  agriculture 


The  number  of  sheep  in 
of  homed  cattle,  1,741,56 
The  number  of  persons  e 
and  pastoral  pursuits  ws  .,  ..  __  _. 
the  forests  are  owned  by  the  state  and  all  a_  _ 
under  state  control,  owners  paving  a  royalty  on 
all  timber  cut,  which  was  185,031,000  feet  in 
1880,  valued  at  £617,000.  Gold  is  found  every- 
where, but  the  rich  deposits  have  been  exhausted. 
In  the  four  years  1886-'89  the  gold  coined  and 
exported  was  £1,483,330,  about  one  quarter  aa 
much  aa  daring  a  like  period  in  the  first  twenty 
years  of  gold  mining.  Silver-lead  ore,  silver, 
and  lead  were  produced  in  1889  to  the  araouot 
of  £1.809,197 ;  copper  product,  £133,444 ;  tin, 
£307,670 ;  coal,  £1,633,840.  ManufRcturing  in- 
dustries in  New  South  Wales  employ  44.080 
persons.  The  wool  export  in  1880  was  366,329,- 
029  pounds. 

Victoria,  aided  by  a  protective  tariff  and  hav- 
ing a  limited  area  of  pasturage,  has  become  the 
leading  manufacturing  colony.  The  number  of 
bands  employed  in  1889  was  60,181.  Qold  min- 
ing has  declined  in  the  past  twenty  years  to  the 


58 


AUSTRALASIA. 


same  extent  as  in  New  South  Wales,  though  for 
several  years  the  decline  has  been  slow.  In  1889 
the  amount  of  gold  mined  was  valued  at  £2,459,- 
856,  the  number  of  miners  at  work  being  24,047. 
About  one  half  the  area  suitable  for  agriculture 
Or  pastoral  purposes  has  been  alienated,  viz., 
22,^2,300  acres.  The  product  of  wheat  in  1889 
was  11,496,000  bushels;  of  oats,  5,645,000  bush- 
els; of  barley,  1,831,000  bushels.  Vineyards 
cover  15,662  acres,  about  double  the  area  de- 
voted to  wine  in  New  South  Wales.  The  num- 
ber of  sheep  in  1890  was  10,882,231 ;  of  cattle, 
1,394,209  ;  of  horses,  329,335.  The  wool  export- 
ed in  1889  was  135,607,870  pounds,  more  than 
half  being  the  product  of  other  colonies. 

Queensland,  lying  in  its  northern  parts  under 
the  tropics,  is  a  sugar-growing  colony.  Only 
9,919,692  acres,  about  2  per  cent  of  the  area  of 
the  colony,  have  been  alienated  by  the  Govern- 
ment. About  half  the  country  is  covered  with 
forests,  and  little  has  yet  been  done  to  utilize 
this  wealth.  The  leased  sheep  and  cattle  runs, 
6,547  in  number,  occupy  289,706,747  acres.  The 
number  of  sheep  in  18^  was  14,470,095 ;  of  cat- 
tle, 4,872,416;  of  horses,  852,364  There  were 
232,648  acres  under  grain  crops,  mostly  Indian 
com,  and  49,741  acres  under  sugar  cane  in  1889. 
The  gold  product  is  increasing,  amounting  in 
1889  to  £2,586,000.  The  value  of  tin  mined  was 
£156,406 ;  of  silver  and  lead,  £61,500.  Wool 
was  exported  in  1889  to  the  amount  of  £2,680,- 
184;  sugar,  £443,668;  hides,  £127,000;  pre- 
served meats,  £83,168. 

South  Australia  raises  large  quantities  of 
wheat  for  export.  The  area  under  this  crop  in 
1889-'90  was  1,842,961  acres,  producing  14,577,- 
858  bushels.  It  is  also  the  chief  wine-^wing 
colony,  producing  from  7,352  acres  of  vineyards 
1,052,086  gaUons  of  wine  in  1889.  The  live 
stock  numbered  6,386,617  sheep,  824,412  cattle, 
and  170,515  horses.  The  output  of  copper,  sil- 
ver, and  other  minerals  was  valued  at  Jb349,430. 
Exports  of  wool  in  1889  were  valued  at  £2,194,- 
701 ;  wheat  and  flour,  £928,675,  of  which  £691,- 
777  represent  flour. 

Western  Australia  is  a  new  colony  which  has 
recently  been  admitted  to  the  ranks  of  self-gov- 
erning states,  having  a  variety  of  soil  and  cli- 
mate, vast  areas  suitable  for  pasturage  and  agri- 
culture, and  mineral  resources  of  unknown  ex- 
tent. Of  a  total  area  of  678,400,000  acres,  only 
117,833  were  cultivated  in  1889.  The  total  area 
of  public  lands  sold  up  to  the  end  of  1889  was 
8,815,905  acres,  of  which  1,416,747  acres  were 
alienated  during  that  year.  The  area  sown  to 
wheat  in  1889  was  35,517  acres.  The  average 
yield  of  wheat  is  14  bushels  to  the  acre;  of 
barley,  17  bushels ;  of  wine  of  good  quality,  189 
gallons.  There  were  1,088  acres  planted  to 
vines  in  1889.  Oold,  silver,  lead,  tin,  and  coal 
have  been  found  in  the  colony.  The  exports 
of  wool  in  1889  were  £395,904  in  value;  of 
shells,  £104.450;  of  timber,  £63,080;  of  sandal- 
wood, £57,465. 

Tasmania  exports  considerable  quantities  of 
fruit  in  the  fresh  and  preserved  states.  This 
export  was  valued  in  1889  at  £128,822;  hops, 
£23,115 ;  timber  and  bark,  £150,409.  The  wool 
export  was  valued  at  £283,237.  A  more  impor- 
tant product  is  tin,  which  was  exported  to  the 
value  of  £345,407,  and  gold  to  the  value  of  £123,- 


486.    There  are  rich  deposits  of  galena  ore,  and 
lam  beds  of  ooaL 

In  New  Zealand  about  two  thirds  of  the  soil 
is  capable  of  being  made  productive.  The 
wheat  acreage  in  18w)  was  385,861  acres,  yielding 
8,448,000  bushels,  an  average  of  25  bushels  to 
the  acre.  The  oat  crop  was  18,673,000  bushels 
Of  live  stock,  the  colony  in  1886  had  187,382 
horses,  858,858  cattle,  and  16,580,388  sheep.  In 
sheep  there  has  been  a  large  increase  in  recent 
years.  Butter  and  cheese  making  are  important 
industries,  and  frozen  meat  is  one  of  the  staples 
of  the  export  trade.  The  export  in  1889  was  656,- 
822  hundred-weight  of  the  value  of  £783,387. 
The  export  of  wool  was  102,227,354  pounds,  hav- 
ing nearly  doubled  in  ten  years.  Woolen  mills  on 
the  islands  worked  up  8,556,000  pounds.  Of 
grain,  6,027,201  bushels  were  exported.  The  ex- 
port of  Kauri  gum  was  7,519  tons,  valued  at 
£329,590.  Timber  has  recently  become  an  ex- 
port article  of  some  importance,  the  shipments 
in  1889  amountinfl^  to  ^,568,000  feet  The  ex- 
ports of  butter  and  cheese  were  valued  at  £218,- 
945;  hides  and  skins,  £208,104;  tallow,  £159.- 
460;  grain  and  flour,  £1,128,955.  The  gold 
mined  in  1889  was  £808,549  in  value,  not  one 
third  as  much  as  in  1868,  the  year  of  greatest 
production. 

Fiji  in  1889  exported  18,178  tons  of  sugar,  of 
the  value  of  £268,558;  copra  of  the  value  of 
£41,548 ;  and  bananas  of  the  value  of  £42,605. 

Navigation. — ^The  following  table  gives  the 
number  of  vessels  and  the  tonnage  entered  and 
cleared  at  the  ports  of  the  colonies  in  1889 : 


OOLONIXBi 


New  South  Wales.... 

VJctorta 

QaeenBland 

Boatta  AoBtraUa 

Western  AostnUft  ^ . . 

TssnuDis. 

NewZeaJand 

F<|l 


BMTKBSD. 


IlBfl&MV. 

TooBaga. 

XfBDlMV. 

xoBSftfiit 

8.254 

8,682,081 

8,229 

2,683,098 

i,8fifi 

8,270,827 

2,886 

8,82a851 

760 

606,780 

778 

4»4,229 

1,066 

078^» 

1,046 

9S0.810 

840 

497,288 

846 

607,586 

848 

466,247 

819 

458,999 

781 

60-2,684 

768 

698,858 

89 

61,828 

•  •  •  • 

•  188a 

Commnnicatioiifik — The  Australian  colonies 
have  the  greatest  railroad  mileage  of  any  coun- 
try in  proportion  to  the  number  of  inhabitants, 
unless  Canada  still  holds  that  distinction ;  but 
in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  its  territory  Aus- 
tralia IS  the  most  scantily  provided  with  rail 
communications  of  all  countries.  The  capital  to 
build  the  lines,  which  are  state  property  man- 
aged by  the  colonial  governments,  was  raised  in 
England  bv  means  of  public  loans,  and  these 
form  the  bulk  of  the  debts  of  the  colonies. 
Following  are  the  statistics  of  mileage,  capital, 
cost,  gross  earnings,  and  expenditure  of  the 
Australasian  railroads  for  1889 : 


ooLoims. 

Mlhi 

eoa- 

plttod. 

Oiplul 
tsiMBdltan. 

lUedpth 

,_ 

New  Bouth  Wales 
Victoria 

2,182 
8.841 
8,064 
1,756 
600 
874 
1,809 

£2)0,866.128 
89,126.880 
18,882,046 

£2,688,086 

8,110,140 

79«,844 

1,09^569 

£t,66.'S.8S5 

l,945,s87 

594,M9 

Queeosland 

South  Aastralte. . 

Western  AastraUa 

Tasmania. 

New  Zealand. 

i6,'QKB6,666 

'6Si787 

AUSTRALASIA. 


69 


The  postal  traffic  of  the  oolonies  in  1889  was  as  follows: 


OOLONHa. 


Nev  South  Walts.. 
Tfetotto 


fiooth  Australia..... 
Western  Anstxttttst 


HswZstkiid. 


68,971,800 
48,007,268 
18,070,068 
16,888,607 
2,268,814 
4,708,884 
42,90i;tt8 


86,580,800 

20,662,782 

10,987,889 

9,066,714 

1,188,006 

^424,657 

16,721,016 


7,869,400 

6,810.288 

1,914,495 

918,122 

156,698 

651,706 

0^1,498 


£396,564 

•516,186 

188,460 


89,586 
222,978 


£898.606 

•  618.796 

209,404 


44,288 
154,101 


•  TndB^ltng  tetagrsph  aerrlea. 


tl867. 


An  the  Aastralian  colonies  in  1891  signified 
their  accession  to  the  Postal  Union,  securing 
thereby  the  uniform  letter-po49tage  rate  of  2i  a. 
to  all  the  principal  commercial  nations.  By  a 
telegraph  oonrention  they  also  obtained  a  rednc- 
ti<Mi  in  the  rates  for  cablegrams  to  Europe. 

The  length  of  telegraphs  in  the  several  col- 
onies, and  the  extent  of  the  traffic  in  1889,  can  be 
seen  in  the  following  table : 


ooLoiais. 

MflMafwiM. 

M«^^ 

N«tf«V«BMb 

K«ir  Sooth  Wa]«s 

Yktoris 

22,606 
8,060 

16,981 

ll,6n 
8,545 
2,690 

11,827 

8,488.692 
2,885,919 
1,488,898 

"  97,687 

280,559 

1,802,967 

£186.868 
127,720 

Qm^mlsnd 

•24,278 

Booth  Anstrsflft 

Wcstrra  Attstfallft 

Tuiiuai1a< 

10.165 
•1348 

T^f *  ZfdbiMt 

6,029 

•NetkMS. 

FederatloiL — A  federal  council  was  empow- 
ered by  an  act  of  the  British  Parliament  passed 
in  1885  to  legislate  on  matters  connected  with 
the  relations  of  Australasia  and  the  islands  of 
the  Pacific,  fisheries  outside  territorial  limits, 
ciA'il  jurisdiction  and  the  enforcement  of  judg- 
ments beyond  the  limits  of  the  several  colonies, 
and  common  measures  pertaining  to  defense, 
quarantine,  copyright,  patent  rignts,  commer- 
cisl  law,  marriage  and  divorce,  naturalization, 
tod  other  matters  in  which  uniformity  or  com- 
munity of  action  might  be  desirable.    The  Fed- 
eral Council  met  in  1886,  1888,  and  1889.    New 
South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  declined  to  enter 
the  union  of  which  this  body  was  the  organ,  and 
South  Australia  first  joined  in  1889.    In  1890, 
instead  of  a  meetine  of  the  council,  a  conference 
of  representatives  of  all  the  self-governing  col- 
onies met  in  Melbourne,  in  February,  to  consider 
a  plan  of  confederation  and  a  scheme  of  defense. 
This  conference  decided  in  favor  of  a  national 
Aastraiasian  convention,  composed  of  not  more 
than  seven  delegates  from  each  self-governing 
colony  and  four  from  each  Crown  colony,  to 
meet  early  in  1801,  at  the  invitation  of  the  Pre- 
mier of  Victoria,  for  the  purpose  of  framing  a 
Federal  ooostitution.     The  New  Zealand  dele- 
gates could  not  promise  that  their  colony  would 
enter  the  propcMed  federation,  and  at  his  in- 
stance the  resolution  moved  by  Sir  Henry  Parkcs, 
the  Premier  of  New  South  Wales,  declaring  it  to 
be  the  opinion  of  the  conference  that  *'  the  best 
interests  and  the  future  prosperity  of  the  colonies 
vill  be  promoted  by  an  early  union  under  the 
Cmwn,    was  confined  to  the  continent  of  Aus- 
tnUia,  with  a  proviso  that  the  remoter  colonies 
of  Australasia  should  be  entitled  to  admission  at 
SQoh  times  and  under  such  conditions  as  might 
be  agreed  upon.     The  main  resolution  expressed 
leoognltion  of  the  services  of  the  convention  of 


1883,  which  founded  the  Federal  Council,  but 
set  forth  that  subsequent  years  had  developed 
the  national  life  of  Australia  in  population,  in 
wealth,  in  the  discovery  of  resources,  and  in  self- 
governing  capacity,  to  an  extent  which  justified 
"  the  higher  act,  at  all  times  contemplated,  of  the 
union  of  these  colonies  under  one  legislative  and 
executive  government"  The  New  Zealanders 
held  aloof,  not  only  on  account  of  their  remote- 
ness from  the  center  of  government  of  the  future 
confederation  and  their  unwillingness  to  share  in 
the  expense  of  a  system  of  defense  that  could  not 
give  them  the  same  degree  of  protection  as  the 
other  colonies,  but  for  the  reason  that  they 
feared  that  a  political  union  of  the  Australian 
colonies  would  pave  the  way  for  national  inde- 

Smdence ;  for  tne  sentiment  of  loyalty  to  the 
ritish  Crown,  which  is  dying  out  in  Australia, 
and  is  supplanted  among  the  native  Australians 
by  a  national  spirit  hostile  to  the  British  connec- 
tion, is  still  strong  in  the  more  recently  colonized 
New  Zealand.  In  view  of  the  prospect  that  New 
Zealand  might  join  the  federation  in  the  future, 
its  delegates  in  the  conference  voted  for  Sir 
Henry  Parkes's  resolution,  and  the  colonial  Legis- 
lature, after  a  spirited  debate,  voted  to  send  rep- 
resentatives to  the  Federation  Convention.  In 
the  Australian  colonies  the  federation  proposals 
met  with  the  opposition  of  the  high  Protection- 
ists in  Victoria  and  of  some  of  the  leading  Free 
Traders  in  New  South  Wales.  The  legislative 
assemblies  finallv  agreed  to  them,  and  selected 
as  dele^tes  the  leaders  of  the  Qovemment  and 
of  the  Opposition  and  eminent  jurists  from  each 
colonv.  Only  James  Service,  the  originator  of 
the  Federal  Council,  predicted  the  failure  of  Sir 
Henrv  Parkes's  scheme  of  complete  federation, 
and  declined  to  serve  as  a  delegate  from  Victoria. 
The  Federal  Council  met  at  Hobart,  Tasmania, 
on  Jan.  20,  1801,  only  Victoria,  Queensland,  and 
Tasmania  bein^  represented.  South  Australia 
had  formally  withdrawn.  The  Council  passed  a 
bill  declaring  an  order  of  lunacy  issued  by  the 
Supreme  Court  of  one  colony  valid  in  the  others, 
and  adoi)ted  an  address  to  the  Queen  respecting 
the  acquisition  of  land  in  the  New  Hebriaes,  and 
praying  that  restrictions  on  trade  with  the  na- 
tives should  apply  equally  to  all  nationalities. 

The  Federation  Convention  was  convened  at 
Svdney,  New  South  Wales,  on  March  2.  Sir 
Henry  Parkes  was  elected  president.  There  was 
a  general  agreement  that  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment shonld  be  carried  on  by  a  governor-gen- 
eral, a  responsible  ministry,  and  two  legislative 
houses,  a  senate  in  which  each  colony  should 
have  equal  representation,  and  a  lower  house 
elected  on  the  oasis  of  population ;  and  in  re^rd 
to  intercolonial  free  trade,  a  Federal  judiciary, 
and  the  necessity  of  federating  for  defense,  there 


60  AUSTBALASLL 

was  practical  agreement.    With  respect  to  the  compelled  to  offer  themselveB  for  re-election  on  «p- 

powers  to  be  accorded  to  the  legislative  houses,  I^SJ™®?**,.        *    ^  *v    r^                i*u  «;n  x.     - 

♦i^^  <i*».ii<^*  yw>i^n{<><i  »A«A  A^i^-^na  ftf  malrincy  fhtk  The  Parliament  of  the  Commonwealth  will  nave 

the  smjUler  colonies  were  ^^^^^^"^{^  power  to  make  laws  on  any  of  the  foUowing  aubject* : 

authority  of  the  upper  house  as  hurg^  as  poKi-  ^^^^  ^he  regulation  of  trade  and  comSereo  with 

ble;  m  regurd  to  the  tariff  to  be  maintainea  by  other  countriee  and  among  the  States;  (2)  customs^ 

the  federation  against  the  world,  Victoria  wished  excise,  and  bonntlee ;  (8)  the  raisins  of  numej  by  any 

the  rates  fixed  high,  to  protect  its  industries,  other  mode  or  system  of  taxation,  But  taxation  niufet 

while  New  South  Wales  was  in  favor  of  a  low  be  unifonn  throughout  the  Commonwealth ;  (4)  the 


toria  and  New  Zealand' would  preserve  this  link    Sne-'ciO^flwferies^Tll)  censS^and 'sutistiw ;   ^12) 
binding  them  to  the  mother  country,  which  the    currency,  coinage,  and  legal  tender;  (18)  banking. 


theories  on  which  the  United  Stetes  are  oonsti-  ^a  S\lS^%?AcSl^of"^^^ 

tuted  was  the  main  subject  of  difference,  and  this  ^^  ^^^  ^^h^^  Australia;  ^20)  Carriage  and 

was  practically  decided  when  it  was  agreed  that  divoroe :  (21)  the  service  and  execution  of  civil  pro- 

the  name  of  the  confederation  should  be,  not  the  cess,  ana  the  judgments  of  the  courts  of  one  State  in 

*' Dominion/*  but  the  Commonwealth  of  Aus-  the  oUier  States ;  (22)  the  recognition  of  the  lawsi,  rec- 

tralia,  by  26  votes  to  18,  this  title  indicating  fur-  ords,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  the  various  States : 

thermore  the  prevalent  aspirations  for  national  («?)  immigratipn  and  emigration;  (24)  the  influx  of 

independence."  gL' S^TrSrJi'l^L^^^/^^^^  XJ^i/^l^C^m^nS^^^rSS^^^^^^ 

New  Z^and,  who  has  formerly  been  governor  p^^jj^^. .  ^37)  nver  navigation  witii  respect  to  the 

under  the  Crown  or  various  colonies,  moved  that  common  puiposes  of  two  or  more  States ;  (28)  the 

the  eovemor-^neral  should  be  elected  by  the  ooutrol  of  railwavs  with  respect  to  transport  for  the 

people ;  but  this  proposition,  which  the  Imperial  purposes  of  the  Commonwealth ;  ^29)  matters  referred 


Government  would  be  certain  to  reject,  was  neg-  to  it  by  the  Parliament  of  any  State,  but  such  law 

atived  by  the  majority  of  85  to  8.    The  draSt  only  to  extend  to  tiie  SUte  or  States  by  whom  the 

constitution  was  amended  in  minor  particulars  {^l^^JJ^'Sf^^iSi  nTwui^r^^^^'^itS^iii 

only  during  its  discussion  by  the  coiS^ittee  of  [- ',  i^r^ffdroTA^ultJa"^^^^^^ 

the  whole.    It  was  adopted  by  a  unanimous  vote  exercised  only  by  the  Imperial  Parliament  or  the 

on  April  9.    After  agreeing  to  a  motion  recom-  Federal  Council  of  Australia;  (81)  the  manufacture 

mending  the  parliaments  01  the  individual  colo-  of  munitions  of  war;  (82)  matters  necessary  for  carry- 

nies  to  call  special  conventions  for  the  ratifica-  ing  into  execution  the  foreffoing  powera. 

tion  of  the  Constitution  as  framed,  and  to  one  ^P^liament  will  also,  subject  to  the  provisions  of 

requesting  the  Imperial  Government,  as  soon  as  S.^^.^^^Sf^^Ln^^'Inv!!^^    wIS  SSSSSfS 

Pj  three^colonies  should  adopt  the  Constitution,  {^'e^oV^^r^t^S^lf  Th^^         ^^e'  ^f 

to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  establish  it  m  thwe  ^jy  ^ce  regarding  whom  it  la  deemed  ne^sakry  to 

colonies,  the  convention  dissolved.    When  the  make  speciu  laws  not  applicable  to  the  general  com* 

act  establishing  the  Commonwealth  of  Australia  munitv,  but  this  power  is  not  extended  to  the  aborig- 

comes  into  force,  which  will  be  six  months  after  ines  of  Australia  or  the  Maoris  of  New  Zealand ;  (2) 

its  adoption  by  the  Imperial  Pariiament,  the  |h«  government  of  any  territory  surrendered  by  any 

govemore  of  the  individual   colonies  wiU    no  State  for  tiie  seat  of  govenmaent  or  other  du^^ 

KLger  be  nominated  by  the  Imperial  Govern-  (^'"^Fe^i^-^S^r^E^^fW^^^^^ 

naent,  but  will  be  appointed  m  such  manner  as  wealtiL    Laws  appropriating  revenue  or  imposing 

the  Parliament  of  each  state  of  the  Common-  taxation  must  be  sent  down  by  message  of  the  Gov- 

wealth  shall  direct    The  Federal  Council  will  emor-Gencral  to  the  House  of  Representatives.    The 

cease  to  exist.    The  main  provisions  of  the  bill  powers  of  the  Senate  will  be  co-onUuate  with  those 

adopted  by  the  Federation  Convention  are  as  fol-  ?/  the  Lower  House,  except  with  rMpard  to  appropria- 

lows  *  ^^^  '^^  taxation  bills,  which  the  Senate  may  amrm 

or  reject,  but  not  amend.    Laws  imposing  taxation 

The  colonies  will  be  called  Stetes.    The  Le^slature  shall  deal  with  taxation  only,  and,  with  the  exception 

will  consist  of  the  Queen,  a  Senate,  and  a  House  of  of  customs  and  tariffs,  with  only  one  subject    Money 

Bcpresentetivcs.    The  Governor-General  will  be  ap-  bills  of  a  general  character  must  not  be  tacked  on  to 

pointed  by  the  Queen  at  a  salary  of  not  loss  than  £10,-  appropriation  bills ;  and  in  the  case  of  bills  which 

000  a  year.  tne  Senate  may  not  amend,  it  may  return  the  same  to 

The  Senate  will  consist  of  eight  memben  from  each  the  Lower  House  with  a  message  requesting  it  to  omit 

Stete,  chosen  b]r  the  Parliamente  of  each  State  for  six  or  amend  any  item ;  and  the  Lower  House  mav,  on  re- 

Jears,  half  retiring  every  three  years,  and  the  Presi-  ceiving  such  message,  if  it  thinks  fit,  make  such 

ont  of  the  Senate  will  be  chosen  by  the  Senate  itself,  omissions  or  amendments.    The  Govemor-GenenU^s 

He  will  have  a  vote  on  every  measure,  and  when  assent  is  required  for  all  measures,  and  he  will  have 

there  is  a  tie  vote  the  measure  is  lost  the  power  of  reserving  any  measures  for  the  Quecn^s 

The  House  of  Reprcsentetive?  will  be  elected  every  apnroval.    Her  Majesty  in  Council  may  disallow  any 

three  years  hj  the  people  of  the  several  Stetes  in  pro-  bill  within  two  years  after  its  receipt  *The  executive 

portion  to  their  population  on  a  basis  of  one  member  power  vested  in  the  Queen  will  be  exercised  by  the 

For  every  80,000  mnabitante,  the  minimum  number  of  Qovemor-General,  advised  by  a  Council  of  seven 

members  for  each  Stete  to  be  four.    The  Speaker  will  ministers,  who  may  sit  in  either  house ;  £15,000  to  be 

be  chosen  by  the  House,  and  will  have  the  casting  set  a^art  for  the  payment  of  the  ministers,  who  will 

vote  when  the  votes  are  equal.  constitute  tiie  Federal  Executive  Council  and  be  the 

The  memben  of  both  houses  will  receive  £500  each  Queen^s  ministers  of  stete  for  the  Commonwealth, 

per  annum.    No  member  can  bold  an  oiHce  of  profit  The  Governor-General  will  be  the  oommander-in- 

or  trust  under  the  Crown,  but  ministers  will  not  be  chief  of  the  military  and  naval  forces.    The  Exeou- 


AUSTRALASIA.  61 

live  Ooremment,  u  soon  as  formed,  will  take  over  Vice-President  of  the  Ck>aDcil  without  portfolio, 

the  control  of  cuatoins,  excise,  poet  and  telegrophe,  WilUam  Henry  Suttor. 

iSh^Snl^  nX!i>.f^  S!S'  n^.^f;^"*' *'''°^'^       For  the  session  which  opened  on  May  19, 1891, 

^t's^fc^jA^f"^^^^  of  a  the  Government  offered  iSiislative  n^posals  of 

chief  joitioe  and  not  fewer  than  four  otherjudges,  to  nioment  aside  from  the  question  of  federation, 

be  aopointed  by  Parliament,  and  to  hold  omce  donnff  The  programme  embraced  a  local  government 

irood  behavior,  and  will  be  the  final  court  of  appeS  bill,  and  the  abolition  of  plural  voting  and  divis- 

for  Aiutralia;  bat  the  Queen  may,  in  all  cases  where  ion  of  the  colony  into  single  electoral  districts, 

pablic  inteperta  are  involved,  grant  leave  to  appeal  to  together  with  minor  measures  relating  to  the 

telSte^r^^hHch""^^^^^  SS^'ldon^^c^tlj^^^^ 

PirUament  will  have  the  sole  power  of  imposing  ^^^^  option,  and  courts  of  conciliation  to  ar- 

c»toms  and  excise;  but  the  pre£ttt  duties  wiU  rJ  ^^^^  ^^*de  disputes.    The  financial  record  of 

main  in  foroe  until  a  uniform  tariff  has  been  passed,  the  Government  was  excellent,  showing  an  in- 

when  free  tiade  will  prevul  between  the  States  of  the  crease  of  revenue  for  the  first  six  months  of  the 

CommMiwealth.    The  revenue  collected  will  be  ap-  year  amounting  to  £420,000  as  compared  with 

plied,  in  the  first  instance,  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  corresponding  period  of  1890,  being  an  ex- 

Sr.?r^?»  ^t  '"^^"*  ^  ^"^  pP?  '^  '?  such  man-  ^esa  of  £820,000  overthe  estimate.    Yet  the  po- 

ner^«id  for  such  purposes  as  Parliament  may  deter-  ^j^.^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^  1^^^^  ^^  ^j^^  ^^^^^^  ^ 

Parliament  may  make  provision  for  the  consolida-  not  strong.    The  Government  had  offended  the 

tion  of  the  whole  or  part  of  the  debts  of  the  States,  working  men  by  its  course  of  action  during  the 

The  States  will  retun  all  the  powen  they  at  present  great  strike  of  sheep-shearers  and  their  sympa- 

IMKseas,  except  those  expressly  delected  to  the  Com-  thizers  on  the  railroads  and  docks,  it  having 

monwealth.    When  a  btate  law  U  mconsistent  with  been  accused  of  unduly  favoring  the  employers. 

TMv^jS2'S?r/Si& S?/lS'!;^riLPtS'Ki  ^r.  Dlbbs,  the  leader  of  the  Opposition.  aWked 

rJ^:^;^^^t^^l'^i.^\^  ir4fe«nc'i  the  federation  scheme  of  Sir  He^n^  Parkes,  which 

to  the  Queen  must  be  made  through  the  Govemoi^  would  be  only  a  precursor  of  imperial  federa- 

GeneraL  tion,  not  of  national  independence  as  desired  by 

The  Constitutions  ofthe  States  will  remain  as  they  the  younger   Australians.    The  Protectionists, 

sre,  unless  altered  by  the  States  themselves.    An^r  of  who  have  grown  into  a  strong  party  in  New 

the  cMstinff  colonies,  on  adopting  the  Constitution,  South  Wales,  were  anxious  to  oust  the  Premier, 

StL't.-T!!"^  '?J5ii^''  ^Commonwealth     New  ^^^  ^  ^he  chief  exponent  of  the  free-trade  idea 

States  may  be  admitted  under  such  conditions  as  .     4„„f-^i;o  -«^  fil^«<ri»f  fi,«f  *i,*»«  «^«i^  ^„«4. 

Parliament  may  see  fit  to  impose.    The  seat  of  gov-  ^  Australia,  and  thought  that  they  could  count 

emment  of  the  Commonwealth  shall  be  determined  ^  ^^®  united  support  of  the  working  men.    The 

by  Parliament,  and,  until  so  determined,  the  place  of  admirable  programme  of  the  Government  was 

meeting  of^^arliament  shall  be  fixed  by  a  nugority  of  not  allowed  to  come  under  discussion.    Sir  Henry 

the  goYemors  of  the  States.    Any  amendment  of  the  Parkes  announced  that  the  questions  of  district 

Constitution  can  only  be  effected  in  the  following  government  and  one  man  one  vote  should  take 

nminer :    Any  hiw  for  the  alteration  of  the  Constitji-  precedence  of  the  federation  bill ;  but  Mr.  Dibbs 

's^Sa^^^e^l^Si'o^f  ^^:^l^^^  It  attacked  the  federation  pi.po«U^^  declaring  that 

npon  be  submitted  to  conventions  elected  by  electors  i^s  author  had  lost  sight  of  the  true  inter^ts  of 

or  the  several  States  qualified  to  vote  for  the  election  New  South  Wales,  at  the  same  time  discrediting 

of  membeiB  of  the  House  of  Representatives.    Such  the  financial  statement  of  Mr.  McMillan  and  the 

conventions  shall  be  held  as  the  Parliament  of  the  conduct  of  the  Administration.    On  a  vote  of 

Commonwealth  prescribes.    If  the  proposed  amend-  ^ant  of  confidence  the  Government  was  sus- 

ment  be  approved  by  tiio  convenUons  of  a  majority  Gained  only  by  the  casting  vote  of  the  Speaker. 

l^n\^S/o^^%?1K:  3?7t?e"'c?Xr.  The  tie  voie/f  gSonboth^sidesw^  accjredas 

wealth,  it  ahall  b<iome  law,  wBject,  however,  to  the  a  defea^  and  Parliament  was  dissolved.    The 

QoeenHi  power  of  disallowance ;  but  an  amendment  result  of  the  elections,  which  took  place  m  the 

by  whicn  the  proportionate  representation  of  any  middle  of  June,  surprised  the  politicians  and  dis- 

State  in  either  House  of  the  Paraament  of  the  Com-  concerted  all  their  plans.    After  the  ending  of 

monwealth  U  diminished,  shall  not  become  law  with-  the  prolonged  and  disastrous  labor  struggle  the 

out  tiie  consent  of  tiie  convention  of  that  State.  je^ders  of  the  working  men  had  promised  that 

A  proposition  for  the  assumption  by  the  Com-  there  should  be  no  more  strikes,  saying  that 
monwealth  of  the  public  debts  of  all  the  colonies  labor  would  defend  its  interests  henceforth  in 
on  the  basis  of  £40  per  head  of  population,  those  Parliament  and  find  legislative  redress  for  its 
whose  debts  are  heavier  having  to  pay  the  differ-  wrongs.  A  Labor  party  was  organized  and  dis- 
ence,  and  those  owing  less  to  be  compensated,  ciplined,  with  the  result  that,  when  the  returns 
was  deferred,  to  be  acted  upon  by  the  Federal  were  all  in,  it  was  found  that  the  Loyal  and  Free- 
Parliament.  Trade  partv  of  the  "Grand  Old  M!an"  of  New 

New  8oath  Wales.— The  Governor  is  the  South  Wales  was  able  to  obuin  only  51  seats, 
Barl  of  Jersey,  appointed  in  October,  1800.  The  whereas  the  Native  Australian,  Protectionist, 
ministrT  at  the  beginning  of  1891  consisted  of  and  Separatist  forces,  led  by  Mr.  Dibbs  and  Mr. 
the  following  members :  Premier  and  Colonial  Barton,  had  57 ;  while,  instead  of  sending  four 
Secretary,  Sir  Henry  Parkes;  Colonial  Treasurer,  spokesmen  to  serve  in  a  humble  advisory  ca- 
William  McMillan ;  Attorney-General,  George  pacity,  as  in  the  last  Parliament,  the  Labor  party 
Bowen  Simpson;  Secretary  for  Lands,  James  came  with  a  strong  phalanx  of  26  representa- 
Nixon  Brunker;  Secretary  for  Public  Works,  tives,  and  there  were  besides  8  Independents 
Brace  Smith ;  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  affiliated  with  the  Labor  party.  The  Labor  rep- 
Joseph  Hector  Carruthers ;  Minister  of  Justice,  resentatives  were  Protectionists,  and  were  known 
Albert  John  Gould ;  Postmaster-General,  Daniel  to  be  anti-British  and  even  Republican  and  op- 
O'Connor  ;  Secretary  for  Mines,  Sydney  Smith ;  posed  to  the  federation  scheme.    Therefore  they 


62  AUSTRALASIA. 

were  expected  to  ally  themselves  with  the  party  cause  of  so  heavy  and  adverse  a  vote  on  the  ac- 

of  Mr.  Dibbs.    It  was  a  sarprise  to  many  that  tion  of  the  Government  in  putting  down  picket- 

the  ministry  cared  to  retain  their  portfolios  till  ing  and  intimidation.    Mr.  Monro,  who  ted  the 

Parliament  met  on  July  15,   and  a  coalition  attack,  an  Independent  Liberal  who  had  been 

between  Sir  Henry  and  Mr.  Dibbs  against  the  Minister  of  Instruction  under  Sir  Graham  Berry 

new  and,  to  both,  dangerous  element  was  con-  in  1875,  was  asked  to  form  a  Cabinet,  which  was 

sidered  probable.    The  vote  of  want  of  confidence  constituted  on  Nov.  4  as  follows :  Ftemier  and 

moved  dv  Mr.  Dibbs  disappointed  this  expecta-  Treasurer,  James  Monro ;  Attomev-General  and 

tion;  and  when  the  ministrv  was  sustained  by  Minister  of  Railway,  William  Shiels;    Chief 

the  solid  vote  of  the  29  Labor  representatives,  Secretary  and  Commissioner  of  Trade  and  Cus- 

Mr.  Black,  their  leader,  declaring  that  they  would  toms,  G.  D.  Langridgo ;  Commissioner  of  Crown 

support  the  Government  '*  as  far  as  it  suits  their  Lands,  Allan  McLean ;  Commissioner  of  Public 

purposes,"  speculation  was  rife  regarding  the  Works,  James  Wheeler;  Minister  of  Water  Sup- 

Srice  to  be  paid,  and  the  eyes  of  the  world  were  ply,  George  Graham ;  Postmaster-General,  John 
rawn  to  a  Legislature  in  which  an  organized  Gavan  Duffy ;  Minister  of  Mines,  A.  B.  Outtram  ; 
Labor  party  can  dictate  measures.  In  the  open-  Minister  of  Defense  and  of  Education,  Lieuten- 
ing  speech  the  electoral  reform  bill,  extenaing  ant-Colonel  Sir  Frederick  T.  Sareood ;  Minister 
the  franchise,  abolishing  plural  voting,  establish-  Of  Justice,  J.  M.  Davies.  It  is,  like  all  Victorian 
ing  single  districts,  doin^  away  with  the  condi-  Cabinets  of  the  past  eight  vears,  a  coalition  min- 
tion  of  a  mone^  deposit  by  candidates,  and  istry  composed  of  Liberals  and  Conservatives, 
making  registration  the  only  condition  of  suf-  the  old  party  distinctions  having  been  in  a  great 
frage,  was  explained.  A  resolution  in  favor  of  measure  obliterated,  and  in  it  the  Conservative 
woman  suffrage  was  promised.  In  other  respects  element  predominates.  The  retiring  Treasurer, 
the  Government  proposals  were  the  same  as  were  who  had  expended  $18,000,000  of  borrowed 
offered  in  the  last  message.  The  Postmaster-  money  while  be  was  in  ofilce,  left  an  empty  ex- 
General,  Daniel  O'Connor,  though  one  of  the  chequer  and  heavy  liabilities  to  meet  imme- 
most  popular  members  of  the  Government,  had  diately.  He  had  been  accused  of  building  useless 
lost  his  seat  in  the  elections,  but  was  not  allowed  railroads  and  granting  bonuses  to  farmers  and 
to  resign.  The  conflict  between  the  Sheep-shear-  money  for  prospecting  to  gold-mining  companies 
ers'  Union  and  the  Pastoralists,  who  had  formed  simply  for  the  purpose  of  retaining  his  post, 
a  counter-organization,  broke  out  afresh  during  The  strike,  which  involved  various  trades  and 
the  year,  engaging  the  attention  of  the  ministers  was  directed  against  imported  labor,  was  prae- 
and  Parliament.  There  was  no  dispute  about  tically  ended  before  the  end  of  1890.  The  new 
hours,  nor  about  wages,  which  were  18  <.  a  day.  Cabinet  attempted  to  bridge  over  the  financial 
but  only  about  the  employment  of  unionists  and  difficulties  by  means  of  a  new  loan,  but  could 
non-unionists  together,  sir  Henry  Parkes  pro-  not  float  it.  A  committee  of  public  accounts 
posed  a  conference,  which  the  shearers  had  orig-  was  instituted.  Parliament  was  opened  on  June 
inally  rejected,  but  to  which  the  employers  now  28.  Both  parties  were  in  favor  of  the  federation 
refused  to  accede  unless  the  right  of  free  con-  bill.  Negotiations  for  offering  it  simultane- 
tract  was  admitted.  Ou  this  basis  the  contest-  ously  and  in  the  same  manner  in  Victoria,  New 
ing  parties  finally  came  together,  the  Secretary  South  Wales,  and  South  Australia,  in  order  that 
for  Lands  presiding  over  the  meeting ;  and  the  the  three  colonies  might  establish  federation  as 
shearers,  who  had  recently  driven  non-unionists  soon  as  possible,  had  broken  down,  and  each 
from  their  work  bv  force  and  defied  the  public  colony  was  left  to  follow  its  separate  method  of 
authorities,  formally  conceded  freedom  of  con-  procedure.  A  bill  to  abolish  plural  voting  was 
tract,  and  the  strike  was  declared  at  an  end  in  prominent  in  t^e  Government  programme,  and, 
the  beginning  of  August  The  motion  of  Sir  as  in  New  South  Wales,  the  ministry  pro- 
Henry  Parkes  in  favor  of  woman  suffrage  was  posed  to  extend  the  principle  of  one  man  one 
lost  by  57  votes  against  34.  At  the  end  of  July  vote,  so  as  to  include  women  among  the  electors. 
William  McMillan  retired  from  the  ministry,  The  ministry  asked  Parliament  to  do  awav  with 
which  was  reconstructed,  Bruce  Smith  becoming  the  Railway  Commission,  the  creation  of  their 
Colon ial  Treasurer ;  E.  Barton,  Secretary  for  Pul>  predecessors.  Among  the  other  measures  aa- 
lie  Works ;  W.  H.  Suttor,  Postmaster-General ;  nounced  were  the  amendment  of  the  local  gor- 
and  D.  O'Connor,  Vice-President  of  the  Execu-  emment  acts,  the  setting  apart  of  public  lands 
tive  CounciL  for  the  endowment  of  Stote  education,  and  min- 
Tictoria. — The  Governor  is  the  Earl  of  Hope-  ing,  water  conservancy,  and  irrigation  bills.  In 
toun,  who  was  installed  on  Nov.  28,  1889.  On  the  debate  on  the  Federation  bill  the  Assembly 
Oct.  81  the  coalition  Cabinet  of  Duncan  Gillies  struck  out  the  word  ^  Commonwealth,"  and  sub- 
and  Alfred  Deakin,  which  had  governed  for  four  stituted  **  Federated  States.*'  The  financial  state- 
years,  was  overturned  by  a  vote  of  55  to  85.  ment  of  Mr.  Monro  showed  that  the  year  ending 
The  refusal  of  the  ministers  to  go  to  London  for  June  80, 1801,  closed  with  a  deficiency  of  £707,- 
a  large  new  loan  for  the  satisfaction  of  constitu-  000.  Although  the  colony  was  suffering  from 
encies  wanting  railroads,  their  financial  mis-  commercial  depression,  increased  taxation  would 
takes,  and  their  unpopular  attitude  in  relation  be  necessary  to  meet  an  excess  of  expenditures 
to  the  dock  strike  tnat  was  about  to  collapse,  led  over  revenue  for  the  coming  year  that  was  esti- 
to  the  falling  away  of  their  supporters  and  their  mated  on  the  basis  of  existing  souroes  at  about 
sudden  defeat  in  a  parliament  that  followed  £1,000,000. 

them  obseq^uiously  and  was  without  an  organ-  Queensland. — The  Governor  is  General  Sir 

ized  Opposition  a  month  or  two  before.    The  Henry  Wylie  Norman,  who  was  transferred  from 

defection  of  about  25  representatives  of  labor  Jamaica  m  December,  1888.    The  Cabinet  in 

constituencies  in  and  around  Melbourne  was  the  1891  was  composed  of  the  following  officers : 


AUSTRALASIA.  63 

Premier,  Chief  Secretary,  Attorney-General,  and  and  advance  material  well-being.  A  naval  de- 
Vice-President  of  the  Executive  Council,  Sir  fense  bill  for  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
Samuel  W.  Griffith ;  Minister  for  Lands  and  of  an  additional  squadron,  in  accordance  with 
Agriculture,  S.  Cowley ;  Minister  for  Railways  the  agreement  of  1887  that  had  been  ratified  by 
and  Postmaster-General,  T.  Unmack ;  Secretary  the  parliaments  of  Great  Britain  and  the  other 
for  Mines  and  Minister  for  Public  Instruction,  colonies,  was  passed  without  opposition.  New 
W.  0.  Hodgkinson ;  Colonial  Secretary  and  Sec-  land  legislation  was  proposed  to  facilitate  settle- 
retary  for  I^iblic  Works,  H.  Tozer ;  Solicitor-  ment  The  budeet  statement  showed  an  elastic 
General,  T.  J.  Bymes ;  Colonial  Treasurer^ir  revenue,  the  yield  for  1891 -'92  from  taxation 
Thomas  McDwraith ;  without  pK)rtfolio,  H.  Wil-  being  estimated  at  £1,642,000,  an  increase  of  7^ 
SOD.  The  question  of  the  division  of  North  and  per  cent,  on  the  previous  year.  The  gross  reve- 
South  Queensl^ad,  which  has  agitated  the  colony  nue  was  estimated  at  £8,675,200,  and  the  ex- 
for  a  dozen  years,  has  become  more  pressing  penditure  at  £8,647,693.  The  ministry  was  cha^ 
since  mining  enterprise  has  developed  the  north-  seined  at  not  being  able  to  raise  a  fresh  loan  in 
em  and  central  districts.  The  inhabitants  of  London,  in  conseauence  of  which  all  new  public 
this  northern  section  have  uiged  the  home  Gov-  works,  except  sucn  as  will  be  immediately  pro- 
emment  to  make  an  independent  colony,  on  the  ductive,  have  been  discontinued.  The  labor  dis- 
groand  that  they  are  taxed  for  the  benefit  of  the  turbances  that  convulsed  Australia  in  1890  and 
south.  The  chief  objection  advanced  by  the  1801  began  with  a  strike  of  the  sheep-shearers  of 
southerners  was  that  the  sugar  planters  and  Queensland.  The  labor  leaders  assert  that  the 
mineoperatorsof  the  north,  if  thej  were  allowed  employers  began  the  struggle,  and  that  their 
a  free  nand,  would  defy  Australian  opinion  in  object  was  to  crush  unionism ;  and,  further,  that 
respect  to  the  iniportation  of  black  and  coolie  the  governments,  under  the  pretense  of  preserv- 
i&bor.  In  18B7  Lord  Knutsford  replied  to  a  ing  order,  aided  the  capitalists  and  enabled  them 
deputation  of  North  Queenslanders,  that  it  would  to  secure  the  victory.  The  Queensland  Shearers' 
be  difficult  and  undesirable  to  divide  a  colony  Union  was  at  first  successful  in  compelling  the 
having  the  privile^s  of  responsible  government  British  India  Shipping  Company  to  accept  only 
unless  the  colomal  Legislature  requested  it.  union  wool.  The  Amalgamated  Shearers  Union, 
That  body  had  recently  sijpified  its  sense  of  the  covering  New  South  Wales.  Victoria,  and  South 
proposition  by  a  vote  of  3o  to  9  against  separa-  Australia,  were  unable  to  block  the  shipment  of 
tion,  corresponding  to  the  representation  of  the  non-union  wool  from  the  southern  Australian 
two  sections  in  the  Legislative  Assembly.  The  ports.  The  Trades  and  Labor  Council,  which 
movement  in  favor  of  separation  had  made  such  took  up  the  contest,  was  confronted  by  an  asso- 
progress  in  October,  1890,  that  the  vote  had  elation  of  employers.  Attempts  at  mediation 
changed  to  26  for  separation  to  82  against.  A  failed,  and  a  temper  was  provoked  on  both  sides 
petition  in  favor  of  immediate  separation  had  that  led  in  Queensland  to  violence.  In  and 
Deen  forwarded  to  the  Colonial  Office  in  London,  around  Rockhampton  bloody  collisions  occurred, 
signed  by  31  members  of  the  Legislature.  The  and  the  Governor  called  out  the  troops  to  put  an 
home  Government  still  held  that  it  was  a  mat-  end  to  the  disturbances.  Leaders  oi  the  strike 
ter  to  be  decided  by  the  colony  or  reserved  for  were  prosecuted,  and  were  sentenced  to  two  or 
the  action  of  the  future  Parliament  of  the  three  years'  imprisonment.  The  struggle  he- 
Australian  States.  A  proposition  to  divide  the  tween  the  unions  of  shearers  and  pastor^ists  in 
colony  into  Northern,  Central,  and  Southern  Queensland  was  ended  in  June,  1891,  when 
Queensland  received  fewer  votes  than  that  for  unionists  returned  to  work,  signing  the  agi-ee- 
di  vision  into  two  colonies  by  a  line  running  from  ments  exacted  by  the  squatters,  the  whole  point 
Cape  Palmerston.  The  evils  complained  of  at  issue  being  whether  men  should  be  free  to 
formerly  by  the  North  Queenslanders  have  not  contract  for  work  on  terms  prescribed  bv  the 
been  remedied,  for  decentralization  bills  that  masters,  or  should  conform  to  tne  rules  laid  aown 
have  been  proposed  have  not  been  carried,  and  by  the  union.  In  drawing  up  the  contracts  that 
local  revenues  and  customs  on  goods  consumed  they  required  the  men  to  sign,  the  employers 
in  the  north  are  not  applied  for  the  benefit  of  intentionalljr  made  them  very  liberal,  differing 
that  section.  Sir  Samuel  Griffiths  proposed  an  only  in  insignificant  details  from  the  union 
Alternative  scheme,  that  would  reconcile  the  re-  regulations. 

quirements  of  the  different  sections  while  pre-  South  Australia. — ^The  Governor  is  the  Earl 
serving  the  integrity  of  the  colony.  This  was  of  Eintore,  who  assumed  the  government  on 
8ubdi\ision,  for  administrative  purposes  and  April  11, 1889.  The  ministrv  consisted  in  1801 
local  self-government,  into  three  provinces,  each  of  the  following  members :  Premier  and  Treas- 
having  its  Parliament  with  control  of  certain  urer,  T.  Playford ;  Chief  Secretarv,  Sir  J.  C. 
specified  funds,  while  the  central  Parliament  Bray;  Attorney-General,  R.  Homburg;  Com- 
vould  decide  on  matters  of  common  and  general  missioner  of  Crown  Lands,  W.  Copley;  Com- 
Aastralasian  interest.  This  proposal  failed  to  missioner  of  Public  Works,  W.  B.  Kounsevell; 
obtain  the  approval  of  parliament  in  1890,  and  Minister  of  Education,  D.  Bews.  At  the  meet- 
was  submittela  again  in  the  session  that  opened  ing  of  Parliament  on  June  4, 1891,  the  Govern- 
on  Jane  SO,  1891,  when  the  draft  of  the  Federal  ment  was  sustained  on  a  motion  of  want  of  con- 
Constitution  would  also  have  to  be  discussed,  fide  nee  b^  a  majoritv  of  7.  The  revenue  for  the 
the  ratification  of  which  would  make  division  vear  ending  June  80  exceeded  the  expenditure 
into  autonomous  provinces  more  advantageous,  by  over  £50,000.  Important  coal  fields  have 
The  Federal  Union  was  approved  in  the  Gov-  been  discovered  recently.  The  settlers  of  north- 
trnofs  speech,  with  a  reservation  as  to  amend-  em  Australia,  like  those  in  the  tropical  parts  of 
nients  that  might  be  necessary  to  give  encourage-  Queensland,  complain  of  the  general  Australian 
meot  and  enlightened  sense  to  local  patriotism  sentiment  in  regard   to  colored   and  Chinese 


64  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

labor,  the  conseqaence  of  which  is  that  cotton .  of  New  Zealand  produce  increased  from  £6,7079- 
must  be  left  to  spoil  in  the  field,  sugar  planta-  805  in  1888  to  £9,428,022  in  1801.    The  frozen- 
tions  have  been  abandoned,  and  rich  tin,  silver,  meat  trade  has  nearly  trebled  in  these  vears. 
and  gold  mines  remain  unworked.  The  profits  of  the  foreign  trade  in  wool  and 
Western  Australia, — The  Imperial  Parlia-  mutton  have  caused  a  great  quantity  of  land  to 
ment  conferred  responsible  government  on  West-  be  taken  up  for  sheep  urming.    Still  the  people 
em  Australia,  the  only  one  of  the  colonies  on  continue  to  emigrate  to  other  colonies.    Amon^ 
the  continent  that  still  remained  under  the  par-  the  bills  proposed  to  Parliament,  which  was 
tial  control  of  the  Crown,  by  the  enabling  act  of  opened  on  June  11,  was  one  for  the  repurchase 
1890  embodying  the  new  Constitution.     The  oi  private  estates  for  the  purpose  of  settlement. 
e;ovemment  is  vested  in  the  Governor,  a  Legis-  The  Premier  promised  also  to  introduce  a  bill  to 
Gitive  Council  of  15  members  nominated  in  the  deal  with  the  labor  question.    The  prospects  of 
first  place  by  the  Governor,  but  in  the  future  to  labor  legislation  and  of  restrictions  to  be  im- 
be  elected,  and  a  Legislative  Assembly  of  80  posed  on  capital  cause  even  more  concern  to  the 
members,  elected  from  as  many  districts.    The  conservative  and  wealthv  classes  in  New  Zealand 
qualification  for  voting  is  the  ownership  of  real  than  in  other  parts  of  Australasia.    About  one 
property  worth  £500  or  the  Da:^ment  of  £10  rent  third  of  the  members  of  Parliament  owe  their 
per  annum.    A  member  of  either  house  must  election  to  the  labor  vote,  and  their  course  in 
DC  the  owner  or  occupant  of  property  of  five  reference  to  labor  measures  is  closely  watched  bj 
times  such  value.     Power  is  reserved  to  the  dele^tes  of  the  trade  unions.    Employers'  asso- 
Crown  to  divide  the  country  into  two  or  more  ciations  in  like  manner  exercise  a  control  over 
colonies,  but   the  exclusive   management  and  representatives  who  are  expected  to  serve  their 
control  of  the  waste  lands  of  the  Crown  are  interests.    The  measures  proposed  by  the  Labor 
vested  in  the  colonial  Legislature.    The  Gov-  party,  and  adopted  in  part  by  the  National  Lib- 
emor  is  Sir  William  C.  F.  Robinson,  who  held  eral  Association,  are  strotij^ly  socialistic, 
the  same  office  in  1874  and  in  1880,  and  was  re-  AUSTBIA-HUNGABT,  a  dual  monarchy  in 
appointed  in  1889.    The  first  Cabinet  of  West-  central  Europe,  composed  of  the  Empire  of  Au&- 
em  Australia  was  constituted  as  follows :  Pre-  tria  and  the  Kingdom  of  Hungary,  which  have 
mier  and  Treasurer,  John  Forrest ;  Chief  Secre-  been  politically  independent,  except  in  regard  to 
retary,  Mr.   Strenton ;  Attorney-General,    Mr.  common  affairs,  since  the  restitution  of  the  an- 
Burt ;  Commissioner  of  Lands,  Mr.  Marinon ;  cient  Hungarian  Constitution  after  the  war  of 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  Mr.  Venn.  1866.    The  head  of  the  house  of  Hapsburg  is 
Tasmania. — The  Governor  of  the  colony  is  Emperor  of  Austria  and   King  of   Hungary. 
Sir  Robert  G.  C.  Hamilton,  who  was  apnointed  The  standing  army,  the  navy,  the  customs,  for- 
in  January,  1887.    The  Cabinet  in  1891  was  eign  affairs,  and  other  matters  of  common  in- 
composed  of  the  following  members :  Premier  terest  are  administered  by  a  common  ministry, 
and  Chief  Secretary,  Philip  Oakley  Fysh ;  Trees-  and  supplies  are  voted  by  delefi;ations  from  tHe 
urer,  Bolton  Stafford  Bird ;  Attorney-General,  parliaments  of  the  two  monarcnies.    The  reign- 
Andrew  Inglis  Clark ;  Minister  of  Ijands  and  mg  Emperor-King  is  Franz  Josef  I,  bom  Au^. 
Public  Woncs,  Alfred  Pillinger.     Parliament  18,  1830,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  Dec  % 
was  dissolved  on  May  1,  and  the  elections  were  1848,  after  the  abdication  of  his  uncle  Ferdinand 
fixed  for  May  22.    The  new  Parliament  was  I.  his  father  having  renounced  the  crown  in  his 
opened  on  July  8.    The  accounts  for  1890  indi-  favor.    The  heir-presninptive  is  the  Emperor*s 
cated  that  the  period  of  depression  was  over,  brother,  the  Archduke  Karl  Ludwig,  bom  July 
Instead  of  a  dencit,  there  was  a  surplus  at  the  80, 1833,  whose  son,  the  Archduke  Franz,  bom 
close  of  the  year  of  £35,000,  showing  an  increase  Dec.  18, 1863,  is  next  in  succession.    The  Minister 
of  £76,000  as  compared  with  1889.    New  rail-  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  of  the  Imperial  Household 
ways  had  been  opened,  and  others  were  in  prog-  for  the  Whole  Monarchy  is  Count  G.  Kalnoky, 
ress.     The   discovery   and  opening   of   silver  who  succeeded  Count  Andrassy  in  1881.    Tfie 
mines  added  a  new  product  to  the  resources  of  Minister  of  War  for  the  Whole  Monarchy  is 
the  island  figuring  for  £17,000  in  the  exports.  Field-Marshal  Baron  Ferdinand  Bauer,  appoint- 
New  Zealand. — ^The  Governor  is  the  Earl  of  ed  in  1888.    The  common  Minister  of  Finance 
Onslow,  formerly  parliamentary  Under  Secre-  is  Benjamin  de  Kallav,  appointed  in  1882. 
tary  for  the  Colonies,  and  afterward  President  of  Area  and  Popnlailon. — The  area  of  the  vari- 
the  Board  of  Trade,  who  was  appointed  to  his  ous  provinces  of  the  monarchy  and  their  popu- 
present  post  in  November,  1888.    A  new  minis-  lation,  according  to  estimates  made  for  Dec.  81, 
tnr  came  into  office  on  Jan.  24, 1891,  composed  1889,  in  Austria,  and  for  a  twelvemonth  before 
of  the  following  members :  Premier,  Colonial  in  regard  to  the  Hungarian  dominions,  are  given 
Treasurer,  and  Minister  of  Native  Affairs,  J.  in  the  table  at  the  head  of  the  next  page. 
Ballance ;  Attorney-General  and  Colonial  Secre-  The  Ottoman  provinces  of  Bosnia  and  Herze* 
tary.  P.  A.  Buckley ;   Minister  of  Agriculture  govina,  occupied  and  administered  by  the  Aus- 
and  Lands,  Mr.  Mackenzie ;  Minister  of  Mines  tro-Hungarian  Government  in  accordance  with 
and  Defense,  R.  J.  Seddon ;  Minister  of  Educa*  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,  had  in  the  beginning  of  1888 
tion  and  Justice,  R.  Reeves ;  Speaker  of  the  a  total  population  of  1,404,000  souls. 
House  of  Representatives,  Major  Stewart.    The  The  number  of  marriages  registered  in  Austria 
colony  is  rapidly  recovering  from  the  long  peri-  in  1889  was  177,771 ;  the  number  of  births  was 
od  of  depression  that  followed  the  failure  of  the  924,690 ;  of  deaths  (exduding  26,340  still-bom), 
City  of  Glasgow  Bank,  which  was  the  result  of  646.787;  surplus  of  births  over  deaths,  251,563. 
inordinate  land  speculation,  and  threatened  to  In  Hungary,  Croatia-Slavonia,  and  Fiume  the 
bring  about  the  forced  sale  of  a  large  number  of  number  of  marriages  in  1888  was  158,881 ;  of 
the  private  estates  on  the  islands.    The  exports  births,  759,662,  of  which  14,026  were  still-bora ;  of 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


65 


raomfcas. 


AmmiA: 

Lover  Aiucrla 

Cppcr  Austria 

^Atzbviy 

t^t3rrfaL 

Canothia. 

Camipto 

Cmtt  land* 

TTrol  aad  Yoimrlbcnr. 

Kiifaecnia 

Moraiift. 

^ilfftls 

Gulcfci.  

Bokowlitt. 


Toul  Austria.. 


Hni«AST : 
Haimr>-  (with  TVarBjivonU) 

Croatia  and  SlaToniiii 

Fhune 


Total  Iliiogarj... 
Aostria'Huiigaiy . 


7.654 

4.681 

2,T6T 

a«70 

4,GO0 

8,h66 

8,084 

11,824 

2(l,0<t0 

8,588 

1,987 

80,807 

4,080 

4,940 


]1^908 


108.286 

16,778 

8 


12&,088 


240,942 


2,666,646 
7S4.168 
178,962 

1,288,289 
864.684 
604,047 
708,726 
929,971 

fi.851,812 

8,290,886 
602,297 

6,689,8ti8 
661,006 
629,860 


28,99^888 


1SJ»0,806 

2,127,829 

22,S86 


17,1804^71 


41.076,804 


denths  (excluding  still-bom),  544,478;  surplus  of 
births  over  deaths,  215,184. 

The  emigrants  from  Austria-Hungary  in  1888 
were  returned  as  48,567,  of  which  numlxer  41,665 
were  destined  for  the  United  States  and  2,388  for 
A^ntina. 

The  population  of  the  chief  cities  of  Austria 
was  estimated  at  the  end  of  1888  as  follows: 
Vienna,  1,350,000 :  Prajrae,  304,000;  Trieste,  160,- 
000;  Lemberg,  122,000;  Gratz,  106,000.  Bnda- 
Pesth,  the  Hungarian  capital,  had  465,600  inhab- 
itants in  1890. 

Comineree. — The  general  commerce  of  Aus- 
tria-Hungry for  1889  amounted  to  578,000,000 
florins  of  imports  and  747,200,000  florins  of  ex- 
ports, not  including  specie,  as  compared  with 
533.100,000  florins  of  imports  and  728,800,000 
florins  of  exports  in  1888.    The  followine  were 
the  largest  imports  in  1888 :  Ck>tton,  52,300,000 
florins :  wool,  37,900,000  florins ;  coffee,  32,800,- 
000 florins :  coa),  17,000,000  florins:  woolen  yams. 
16,500,000  florins;  silk,  15,800,000  florins ;  leaf 
tobacco,  15,100,000  florins ;  hides,  skins,  and  pel- 
try, 14,500,000floriiis ;  machinery,  14,200,000  flor- 
in9:  manufactured  tobacco,  14,100,000  florins; 
cotton  yams.  14,100,000 florins;  leather,  13,500,- 
OOOflonnsp :  silk  goods,  10,400,000  florins ;  books, 
10.300,000florins;  hardware  and  docks,  10,100,000 
florins ;  colors  and  tanning  materials,  10,000,000 
florins:  woolen  goods,  9,900,000  florins;  cattle, 
8.600.000  florins;  grain,  5,200,000  florins.     The 
chief  exports  in  1^8  were  of  the  following  val- 
uft$:  Grain,  95,500,000  florins ;  timber,  58,300,000 
florins;  sugar,  50,700,000  florins ;  hardware,  30,- 
900.000  florins :  flour,  29,500.000  florins ;  woolen 
goods, 24,900.000 florins;  coal, 23,900,000 florins ; 
wines,  21,600,000  florins;  cattle,  19,300.000  flor- 
ins :  wool,  18,900,000  florins ;  glass  and  glassware, 
17.000,000  florins:  wood  manufactures,  15,400,- 
000  florins ;  paper  mannfacturers,  14,100,000  flor- 
ins; feathers,  12,300,000  florins ;  poultry,  12,100,- 
000  florins:  gloves,  11,900,000 florins;  iron  manu- 
factures. 11,500,000  florins;  leather  manufactures, 
10,500,000  florins;  silk  manufactures,  9,100,000 
florins ;  minerals,  8,900,000  florins ;  linen  yams, 
{j.000,000  florins. 
The  imports  of  precious  metals  in  1888  were 

YOU  XXXI. — 5  A 


27,100,000  florins;  and  the  exports,  12,200,000 
florins. 

The  imports  into  Hunnuy  from  Austria  and 
all  other  countries  in  18^  were  446,681,000  flor- 
ins, and  the  exports  of  Hungary  were  444,383,- 
000  florins,  in  total  value.  Cereals  were  exported 
in  1889  to  the  amount  of  152,771,000  florins; 
cattle  for  75,296.000  florins;  and  wines  and 
liquors  for  27,069,000  florins;  the  total  value  of 
exports  for  that  year  being  460,568,000,  and  that 
of  imports  459,478,000  florins.  The  free  cities  of 
Trieste  and  Fiume,  in  which,  under  their  ancient 
franchises,  no  duties  were  collected,  except  on 
theGovemment  monopolies  of  tobacco,  salt,  and 
^npowder,  on  July  1,  1891,  were  incorporated 
m  the  customs  territory  of  the  monarchy. 

NaTlgation.— During  1888  there  were  68,749 
vessels,  of  8,361,526  tons,  entered  and  68,634,  of 
8,357,598  tons,  cleared  at  Austrian  ports  and  10,- 
185,  of  994,095  tons,  entered  and  10.150,  of  997,- 
167  tons,  cleared  at  the  ports  of  Hungary.  Of 
the  total  tonnage  about  82  per  cent,  was  Austrian. 
The  merchant  marine  of  Austria-Hungary  on 
Jan.  1, 1890,  comprised  69  ocean  steamers,  of  81,- 
870  tons  ;  102  coasting  steamers,  of  14,522  tons, 
and  9,851  sailing  vessels  of  all  sizes,  of  160.709 
tons.  The  Austro-Hnngarian  Lloyd  Steamship 
Company,  having  become  flnancially  embar- 
rassed, was  in  1^1  taken  under  the  Austrian 
Government,  which  will  appoint  the  president 
and  be  represented  in  the  board  of  directors. 
By  an  agreement  with  the  Hungarian  Govern- 
ment, which  has  ceased  all  connection  with  the 
Lloyd  Company,  its  steamers  will  monopolize 
the  service  to  the  Levant,  India,  and  China,  and 
the  Hungarian  Adriatic  Company  will  have 
America  for  its  fleld,  except  Brazil,  which  is 
open  to  both  lines. 

Railroads. — On  Jan.  1,  1890,  the  Austrian 
Govemment  owned  6,869  kilometres  of  railroads, 
but  operated  only  5,024  kilometres,  while  com- 
panies owned  7,814  kilometres  and  worked  9,659 
Kilometres.  In  Hungary  the  state  owned 4,327  kil- 
ometres which  it  worked,  and  4,117  kilometres 
which  were  leased  to  companies,  while  2,256 
kilometres  were  both  ownea  and  managed  by 
private  capital.  The  length  of  railroads  in  Aus- 
tria was  14,683  kilometres,  or  9,177  miles,  and  in 
Hungary  10,700  kilometres,  or  6,700  miles.  The 
total  mileage  increased  from  11,206  in  1877  to 
14,499  in  iSB5,  and  the  capital  expenditure  from 
2,761,152,000  to  3,475,203,000  florins.  In  1890 
the  mileage  was  15,877,  not  counting  342  miles 
in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina. 

Posts  and  Telegraphs.— The  number  of  let- 
ters carried  in  the  Austrian  mails  during  1880 
was  504,333,000;  postal  cards,  90,527,400;  sam- 
ples, circulars,  etc.,  60,195,500 ;  newspapers^  93.- 
000,000.  The  Hungarian  post-oflHce  handled 
135,739,000  letters,  87.207,000  postal  cards,  and 
19,072,000  pattems.  circulars,  etc.  The  post- 
office  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  forwarded  6,- 
793,000,  letters  and  postal  cards,  341,400  samples 
and  circulars,  and  876,400  newspapers. 

The  telegraphs  in  Austria  liaa  in  1889  a  total 
length  of  26,677  kilometres  of  line,  with  73,003 
kilometres  of  wire;  in  Hungary  the  length  of 
line  was  18,693  kilometres,  with  47,919  kilo- 
metres of  wire ;  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  there 
were  2,806  kilometres  of  line,  and  5,869  kilo- 
metres of  wire.  The  messages  for  that  year  num- 


66 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 


bered :  In  Austria,  8,786,109 ;  in  Hanjniry,  4,211,- 
141 ;  in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  219,829. 

The  receipts  from  posts  and  telegraphs  in 
Austria  for  1889  were  29,530,886  and  expenses 
25,187,886  florins;  in  Hungary, in  1888  the  re- 
ceipts were  12,803,559  and  the  expenses  8,618,1 14 
florins. 

Common  Finances. — The  budget  for  com- 
mon affairs  in  1891  called  for  117,290,284  florins 
for  the  army  (including  14,450,489  florins  of  ex- 
traordinary expenditure),  11,844,588  florins  for 
the  navy  (including  1,860,500  florins  for  extraor- 
dinary purposes),  4,861,100  florins  for  foreign 
affairs,  2,011,610  florins  for  the  Ministry  of  Fi- 
nance, and  126,710  florins  for  the  Board  of  Comp- 
trol,  making  a  total  of  185,634,287  florins.  The 
net  proceeds  of  customs  were  reckoned  at  40,- 
660,500  florins,  and  receipts  from  the  various 
ministries  at  2,708,852  florins.  In  accordance 
with  the  last  Aiugleieh^  Hungary  pays  2  per 
cent,  of  the  expenses  after  deducting  the  re- 
ceipts, and  what  remains  is  apportioned — 70  per 
cent,  to  Austria  and  80  per  cent,  to  Hungary. 
Hungary's  2  per  cent,  for  1891  is  1,845,127  florins, 
her  quota  of  the  remainder  27,128,877,  and  Aus- 
tria's contribution  68,287,881  florins.  The  cost 
of  administering  the  occupied  Ottoman  prov- 
inces for  1891  was  estimated  at  10.136.149  flor- 
ins, which  is  covered  by  10,187,450  florins  of 
revenue,  but  does  not  ineinde  military  expenses, 
for  which  the  sum  of  4,282,000  florins  is  allowed. 

The  general  debt  of  the  empire,  owed  in  com- 
mon by  the  two  monarchies,  amounted  in  1890 
to  8,122,010,000  florins,  besides  floating  obliga* 
tions  represented  bv  treasury  notes  to  the  amount 
of  411,994,644  florins,  of  which  828,140,194  flor- 
ins are  paper  curreney. 

The  Army. — The  whole  monarchy  is  divided 
into  106  muitar}'  districts,  1  for  each  of  the 
102  infantry  regiments,  1  for  the  Tyrolese 
Ji^^er,  and  8  on  the  coast  for  the  marine. 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  are  divided  into  4  re- 
cruiting districts.  The  two  Landwehrs.  which 
have  independent  administrations  under  the 
direction  of  the  Ministers  of  Defense  of  the  two 
halves  of  the  monarchy,  recruit  their  184  bat- 
talions of  infantry  and  16  regiments  of  cavalry 
from  the  same  territorial  districts  as  the  regular 
army.  Every  regiment  has  four  battiuions, 
making  408  battalions  of  the  line.  Besides  12 
battalions  of  Tyrolese  rifles,  forming  the  regi- 
ment furnished  by  Tyrol  and  Vorarlberg,  there 
are  80  battalions  of  Jftger.  There  are  21  bri- 
gades of  cavalry,  of  2  regiments  each :  14  re^- 
ments  of  field  artillery,  comprising  158  battenes 
of  heavy  and  28  of  light  artillery,  16  of  mounted 
artillery,  and  12  with  mountain  guns;  12  bat- 
talions of  fortress  Artillery,  of  6  companies  each ; 
2  regiments  of  engineers,  forming  52  companies 
in  time  of  war ;  1  regiment,  forming  25  com[)a- 
nies,  of  pioneers ;  and  1  regiment  of  8  companies 
of  railroad  and  telegraph  troops. 

The  Landwehrs  on  the  peace  footing  main- 
tained 15,580  infantry  and  11.892  cavalry,  and 
for  war  can  muster  407,684  infantrv  and  26,645 
cavalry,  and  enrolled  in  the  Landsturm  were 
441,122  men,  making  the  total  force  of  trained 
troops  1,449,488  infantry,  100,600  cavalry,  109,- 
490  artillery,  and  158,840  technical  and  other 
troops.  The  number  of  guns  in  peace  time  is 
856,  in  war  2,006;  the  number  of  horses,  66,880 


in  peace  and  274,060  in  war.  More  than  4,000,- 
000  men  can  be  summoned  into  the  Landsturm 
in  case  of  war. 

The  strength  of  the  regular  army  in  1891  w&s 
as  follows : 


TBoors. 


latkntiy 

C»y»liT 

ArUUexy 

Engioeen 

Twin 

BAolUiy  trw^ 

BtaHetfl 

EftUbliBhiiMiitk,  «tc. 


ToUl 


War 


eno.677 
4?,eo9 

48,917 

0.514 

20,962 

89,818 

942,988 


The  NaTT. — ^The  armor-clad  navy  consists  of 
11  battle  shiM,  of  which  the  *' Stephanie  "  and 
"  Eronprinz  Kudolf,"  launched  in  1887,  carried 
respectively  two  and  three  48-ton  guns,  mounted 
en  barbette,  and  the  rest  are  central-battery 
ships,  except  one  old  broadside  frigate.  The 
steel  ram  cniiser  "  Kaiser  Franz,'*  steaming  18^ 
knots,  will  be  excelled  in  speed  by  her  sister 
ship,  the  **  Kaiserin  Elisabetn,"  and  is  already 
by  some  of  the  twelve  now  sea-going  torpedo 
cruisers.  The  torpedo  flotilla  consists  of  57 
boats  carrying  macnine  guns,  with  which  all  the 
vessels  of  the  navy  are  abundantly  provided. 
There  are  2  river  monitors,  8  avisos,  4  training 
ships,  19  station  and  service  ships,  0  harbor  and 
coast-service  ships,  9  school  and  barrack  ships, 
and  4  hulks.  The  crews  are  recruited  from  the 
districts  of  Trieste,  Fiume,  and  Zara. 

Anstrio.— The  Reichsrath,  consisting  of  the 
Herrenhaus  and  Abgeordnetenhaus,  legislates 
for  the  whole  Cisleithan  monarchy,  conjointly 
with  the  Emperor,  except  in  such  matters  con- 
nected with  municipalities,  taxation,  agriculture, 
education,  worship,  charity,  and  public  works  as 
are  reserved  for  the  exclusive  or  concurrent  leg- 
islation of  the  provincial  diets  or  Landtag,. 
The  Austrian  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  follow- 
ing ministers :  Premier  and  Minister  of  the  In- 
terior, Count  Edward  Taaffe,  appointed  Aug.  19 
1879 ;  Minister  of  Education  and  Ecclesiastical 
Affairs,  Dr.  Paul  Gautsch  von  Frankenthum ; 
Minisfer  of  Finance,  Dr.  J.  Dunajewski;  Minis- 
ter of  Agriculture,  Count  Julius  Falkenhayn ; 
Minister  of  Commerce  and  National  Economy, 
Marouis  von  Bacquehem ;  Minister  of  Defense, 
Fiela-Marshal  Counts,  von  Welsersheimb;  Min- 
ister of  Justice,  Count  Friedrich  von  Schoen- 
bom ;  without  portfolios,  Baron  von  Prazak  and 
Ritter  von  Zaleski 

Finance.— The  receipts  of  the  Austrian  Gov- 
ernment for  1890  were  estimated  as  follows : 

SOURCES  OF  RKVKNUK.  FlerftM. 

Conodl  of  Miniatera 7]CV,Q00 

Ministry  of  t)ie  Interior. 1,180,201 

MInifttxy  of  Defenm S64L156 

Mtnlfltry  of  Worship  and  Education 6.900,204 

Finanoe  administration 8.159,910 

L»n<ltax ^ 85,810,000 

House  tax 81,472,000 

Industrial  tax 11.108,000 

Income  tax 85.)tS4.000 

Customs 87,291 ,000 

Excise 102.8«),600 

gnJt « «0.«T9,800 

Tobacco 82,J»1.8<)0 

Stamps 18.800,000 

Jadicial  fees 88,770,000 

lottery 21,500,000 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  67 

iouwM  or  REV  SM  UK.                                  r?*^t^  Deputies  and  ordering  new  elections  to  take 

SSTiiSSSS^.*^::::;::::::;:::::::::::::;:  ^^  &^u^  }J''>  beginning  of  March  on  j«n. 

hwt-oAcc and  teic«Ti4>ha 80^77,800  23,  when  the  new  uroc^ramme  was  settled  at:.a 

«««"«»• 48,660,660  Cabinet  council,  M.  de  Dunaiewski,  the  most 

?2S^do2iS?***^'''^"°^*'~ imijS  prominent  Nationalist,  or  home  ruler,  in  the 

ViBcc ..*!!.'!!'..*!!.!!!'.!!!*.".!!'.*.!.*     T*mlB60  ministry,  tendered  his  resignation,  and  on  Feb. 

Other Nceipu of MinUtry of Agricaitiire.... '.'.'.'.       678,666  4,  on  Lis  insisting  on   immediate  retiremeiiit, 

5}J™7oU"^ JJJ;jy2  it  was  accepted,  and  Dr.  Emil  Steinbaeh,  pre- 

_  viously  Chief    Secretary   of    the    Ministry  of 

Ordliuiy  reTeoiM 680,606,966  Justice,  was  appointed  Minister  of  Finance  in 

i;xi»oi^i»y  nswnue i8,2i2,o6i  fajs  place.     The  selection  of  a  man  who  had 

Totelnvenoe.  .                                    648,820006  taken  no  part  in  party  politics,  and  who,  by  a 

The  estimates  of  expenditure" 'for 'the  same  recent  lecture  directed  acwnst  individualism  im^ 

year  were  of  the  following  amounts :  capitalism,  had  acquired  the  reputation  of  a  So- 

HEADS  or  KZPENDirmts.                               Fi«H».  cialist,  showed  Count  TaafiPe  s  desire  to  make  the 

iDpotei  bomehoid * l^eSjm  Cabinet  independent  of  parties,  and  to  combat 

impeivi ChuoMy.. I *!.'!.'..*.'.'l!i.'! !!!!!. '.!!.'.'.'        74,978  revolutionary  Socialism  with  a  programme  of 

f^^'Jr-- Tijjg  Socialistic  legislation.     The  Social  Democrats 

(>wS of  MiBtotert!.\\* .'!.*.' .'.*.* .*.'.'.'.*.'.'.*.*.'*.'." .*.'.'.'     i,oS!487  ^^^^  ^^^  t^®  electoral  campaign  for  the  first 

MiaMiyofthe  intarior* '.'.*.'.''.'.*.*'.*.*.'/.'.'.'.'.'.''.'.'.    16^606,266  time  with  a  platform  ofjprinciples  and  a  regular 

S"!"2!f£*'***ff*^'^i**;; ^!'t?I'?J5  party   organization.     The   Anti-Semites   were 

iSSfl^p'?^?.'!^^^^                          iwioo  join^  by  Prince  Alois  Liechtenstein,  the  Chri». 

£d«atkHi .*.' .'."....    18,852,048  tian  Socialist,  who  dropped  his  Clerical  platform 

MtatoofApfcolture 12,068,958  and  appealed  for  the  support  of  all  the  Anti- 

MiDtotxrofFliiftnoe 84,18^878  SpmitecrounR. 

KtntatiyofJiistioe                                                     SO  887  900  oC™»»«  grO"P»» 

XiaiitiT  of  Camame, .'.!!.!]!!.'.'.'!'.'.'.!!!!!!!'.   68,670^420  The  EleetloiiB. — The  result  of  the  elections 

B<Mrd of Onivcroi 167,700  disappointed  the  expectation  that  anew  policy 

iSS^.SiTd'Sr!^."''.":";:::.::::::::; '"-M  of  «M,mpromi»o couiFbe camed ont  by rcoi 

FtankuM  tod  doucioiu 18,798,180  lition  With  the  Qerman  Liberals,  who  had  for 

Qooca of comaioD  ezpeoditore '.'.[',.,   96,7€9,719  twelve  Years  formed  the  bulk  of  the  Opix>sition. 

OtdhMTT  exDend«tnre                                497  780978  ^^^  defeat  of  the  Old  Czechs,  who  lost  86  seats 

£xtn!otdl^«zpeoditara !'.'.!!'.'.!! '.'.!'.!!;;    48*,&48|o62  ^  ^^^  Young  Czechs,  and  were  reduced  to  10, 

broke  up  the  former  majority,  and  Count  Taaffe 

Totol  expeDditure 646,806,086  continued  his  ne^tiations  with  the  German  Lib- 
Austria's  special  debt,  contracted  since  1868,  erals,  but  their  diminished  strength  did  not  war- 
which  amounted  to  332,244,000  florins  in  1875,  rant  the  Minister-President  in  giving  them  the 
had  grown  to  681,009,000  florins  in  1885,  and  in  influence  they  expected.  They  held  110  seats  in 
faster  progression  since  to  1,128,483,000  florins  a  House  of  858,  having  lost  16  to  the  German 
in  1890.  Nationalists  and  15  to  the  Anti-Semites,  and  of 
Politleal  Crisis. — Count  Taaife's  attempt  to  the  latter  7  were  in  Vienna,  their  old  stronghold. 
leooDcile  the  Germans  and  the  Czechs  on  the  The  classification  of  the  new  Chamber,  accord- 
Wis  of  the  formal  compact,  or  AusgUicK  ar-  ing  to  parties  and  national  groups,  was  as  fol- 
rived  at  in  JanuaiT,  1890,  was  brought  to  naught  lows:  Grerman  Left,  110;  German  Nationalists, 
by  the  agitation  of  the  Toung  Czechs,  who  won  or  Democrats,  16;  Anti-Semites,  15;  Poles,  67; 
over  to  their  camp  the  entire  Czech  nation,  leav-  Ruthenians,  8 ;  Young  Czechs,  36 ;  Old  Czechs, 
in^  powerless  the  Old  Czechs,  who  were  to  carry  10 ;  Independent  Czechs,  3 ;  Left  Center,  8 ;  Cler- 
fmt  the  agreement.  In  the  autumn  session  of  icals,  31 ;  Slovenians  and  Croats,  23 ;  Bohemian 
the  Bohemian  Diet  the  question  of  the  official  Feudal  Conservatives,  18 ;  Moravian  Czechs,  6 ; 
language  was  brought  into  the  debate  with  such  Italians,  9 ;  German  Conservatives,  2.  Except 
effect  that  a  fresh  defection  of  Old  Czech  depu-  in  Bohemia  and  German  Austria,  Conservative 
ties  left  the  Government  without  the  sufficient  principles  had  been  victorious,  and  the  complex- 
majority  to  carry  the  clauses  in  the  AiiagUieh  ion  of  the  new  Reichsrath  indicated  the  reten- 
relating  to  the  division  of  the  Diet  into  national  tion  of  Count  Taafe  at  the  head  of  the  Govern- 
sections,  or  euricBj  which  was  the  most  important  ment  and  the  continued  exclusion  of  the  German 
part  of  the  compromise.  Not  even  the  law  to  Liberals  from  the  control  of  the  Government's 
divide  the  Agricultural  Council  into  national  policy,  for  even  the  radical  Young  Czechs  would 
groups  conld  be  carried.  The  impossibility  of  give  their  support  to  any  ministry  rather  than 
reconciling  the  German  and  Czechish  extremists,  one  that  threatened  to  revive  the  centralistic 
the  pretension  of  the  Clericals  to  arrogate  to  the  features  of  the  Liberal  propamme.  The  Poles, 
Church  the  entire  control  over  education,  and  who  contain  Liberals  as  well  as  Conservatives  in 
the  desirability  of  granting  a  fair  degree  of  rec-  their  ranks,  but  who  vote  in  a  solid  group,  were 
ofn^ition  to  the  Ruthenian,  Italian,  and  other  willing  to  coalesce  with  the  German  Liberals  if 
smaller  nationalities  impelled  Count  TaafiFe  to  Count  Hohenwart*s  Federal  Conservatives  were 
end  his  relations  with  his  former  political  allies  taken  into  the  league,  but  these,  and  the  old  feud 
and  look  for  a  new  combination  of  the  moderate  between  these  and  the  German  party,  could  not 
men  of  all  groups  in  another  Reichstag.    The  be  composed. 

old  one  had  not  long  to  run,  the  legislative  Session  of  the  Reichsrath.— Count  Taaffe, 

period  ending  in  June,  1891,  and  the  majority  who,  as  Prime  Minister,  is  responsible  to  the 

showed    signs    of  .  disorganization.     On    Jan.  Emperor,  and  not  to  Parliament,  was  compelled 

25.  1891,  ail  the  parties  were  surprised  by  the  to  meet  a  Chamber  in  which  he  had  no  pledged 

publication  of  a  decree  dissoMng  the  House  of  supporters  besides  the  small  group  of  Moderate 


68  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Gonseryatires.  When  Parliament  opened  there  Vienna  and  elsewhere,  at  which  an  eight-hour 
was  no  precedent  of  procedure  for  a  situation  so  law,  univer:^al  suffrage,  and  a  free  press  were  de- 
anomalous.  A  fierce  and  protracted  debate  over  manded.  Strikes  had  broken  out  in  the  ooal 
the  addresses  in  reply  to  the  speech  from  the  mines  of  Silesia,  which  were  followed  in  a  few 
Throne  was  in  prospect,  when  Dr.  Smolka,  the  days  by  riots  that  were  suppressed  by  the  troops. 
President,  left  ttie  cnair  to  convey  to  the  House  On  June  9  the  exceptional  law  of  1884,  authonz- 
Count  Taaffe's  plain  admission  that  he  had  no  ing  the  Government  to  make  domiciliaiy  searches, 
majority,  and  to  beg  that  controversial  matters  confiscate  letters,  dissolve  meetings,  and  order 
be  waived  and  the  address  confined  tu  a  simple  arrests  without  judicial  warrant  in  Vienna  and 
expression  of  thanks  to  the  Throne.  This  pro-  the  suburbs  of  Wiener  Neustadt  and  Kronen- 
posal  was  unanimously  agreed  to,  the  Toung  burg  was  abrogated  by  imperial  decree,  though 
Czechs  alone  reserving  the  right  to  bring  for-  the  right  of  trying  persons  accused  of  revolu- 
ward  their  special  grievances  on  some  future  oc-  tionary  offenses  bv  special  tribunals  without  a 
casion.  Notwithstanding  this,  they  were  taunted  jury  was  continued  in  force, 
by  the  Old  Czechs,  who  are  as  strongly  Nation-  Hnngarv. — The  Hungarian  Parliament  legis- 
aiistic  as  themselves,  but  are  Conservatives  in-  lates  for  all  the  dominions  of  the  crown  of  St. 
stead  of  Democrats.  The  speech  with  which  the  Stephen  and  for  Croatia-Slavonia  except  in  mat- 
Emperor  had  formally  opened  the  Reichsrath  on  ters  reserved  for  the  Provincial  Diet.  It  is  corn- 
April  11  contained  a  copious  list  of  legislative  posed  of  the  House  of  Magnates,  reformed  in 
proposals.  Vienna  was  promised  a  metropolitan  i885,  and  the  House  of  Representatives,  consist- 
railroad.  Notice  was  given  of  the  purchase  of  ing  of  453  deputies  elected  for  Hungarian  dis- 
several  private  railroads  by  the  Government  tncts  and  municipalities  by  direct  suffrage,  and 
Credits  were  required  for  the  embankment  of  40  delegates  for  Croatia  ana  Slavonia-  The  min- 
rivers  to  prevent  fioods.    A  project  for  the  com-  istry,  wnich  is  responsible  to  Parliament,  is  com- 

Sulsory  insurance  of  dwelling  houses  against  posed  of  the  following  members :  President  of 

re  was  mentioned.    The  reduction  of  freight  the  Council,  Count  Jufius  Szapary,  who  assumed 

rates  on  state  railroads  was  recommended.     The  office  on  March  7, 1890,  as  the  successor  of  Kolo- 

oodification  of  the  criminal  laws  and  reforms  in  man  Tisza;  Minister  of  Finance.  Dr.  Alexander 

civil  procedure  were  declared  to  be  urgent.    The  Wekerle,  appointed  April  9,  1889 ;  Minister  of 

establishment  of  a  medical  faculty  in  the  Uni-  National  Defense,  or  Honved  Minister,  Baron 

versity  of  Lemberg  was  announced.  The  lapsing  Geza  Fejervary ;  Minister  ad  latiis,  or  near  the 

treaties  of  commerce  the  Government  aimed  to  King's  person,  Ladislaus  de  Sz5g)renimarich,  ap- 

renew  simultaneously  and  for  a  long  term  of  pointed  in  December,  1890 ;  Minister  of  the  In- 

years.    An  appeal  was  made  to  the  parties  to  terior,  Count  Julius  Szapary,  appointed  in  April, 

co-operate   harmoniously.      The    international  1890;  Minister  of  Education  and  Public  Wor- 

situation  was  said  to  justify  belief  in  the  wish  ship.  Count  Albin  Szaky ;  Minister  of  Justice, 

of  all  European  states  to  live  in  peace  one  with  Desiderius  de  Szilagyi,  appointed  April  9, 1889: 

another.    Before  the  general  discussion  of  the  Minister  of  Industry  ana  Commerce.  Gabriel  de 

budget,  which  took  the  place  of  the  debate  on  Baross,  appointed  Dec.  21,  1886 ;   Minister  of 

the  address,  was  concluded,  Count  Taaffe  sue-  Agriculture,  Count  Andreas  Bethlen,  appointed 

ceeded  in  welding  together  a  working  majority,  in  April,  1889;  Minister  for  Croatia  and  Sla- 

consisting  of  the  Poles,  the  German  Left,  and  vonia,  Emerich  de  Josipovich,  appointed  Ang. 

about  30  Moderate  Conservatives.    No  change  28, 1889. 

in  the  Cabinet  was  made  during  the  summer  Finance. — The  budget  estimates  for  1891  give 

session,  which  ended  on  July  16.    One  of  the  re-  the  revenue  from  the  different  branches  of  t^e 

forms  in  criminal  procedure  proposed  was  to  give  Administration  as  follows : 

the  courts  power  to  try  cases  of  extortion  with  ^^^^  ^,  ^^^^^^                                  ^^ 

closed  doors,  in  order  that  victims  of  blackmailers    gtate  debts 4,491^79 

may  not  be  deterred  by  the  dread  of  publicity    Accoantant-Gonenl's  office. .'.'....' i  .9»5 

from  making  complaints.    The  question  of  in-    Ministry  JJ* {;'<««••  •••. •» 

demnifving  persons   uniustly  condemned  was  MinisSy  of  Finimee"^; ;:::;;:::::::::;:::;:::  JtoItSiVs 

made  tne  subject  of  a  del)ate.    The  system  of    MiniBtxyorCommeit^ e9.8M.os« 

civil  procedure  in  Austria  has  long  been  ad-    M!"}*l!y**I4'"^<i?'*"";vv  u; •*    ^^SS*!!? 

mitted  by  every  one  to  be  faulty.  Sit  lawyen.  KSJ ;f7n^.': "I!' '"^•*!^:;:::: ::::::   ''?«:»S 

cannot  agree  on  the  best  system  to  be  adopted.    Ministry  of  Defense 8l^900 

The  Minister  of  Justice  introduced  bills  to  re-  ^_,                                                     oao^^^^o 

move  some  glaring  defects  in  the  existing  laws.  ^SlSS^ry^rerae  i:::!^^                         ^^^ 

The  prospect  of  the  admission  of  German  Lib-  

erals  into  tne  councils  of  the  Government  inten-  Tot*lreTenue 860,008,668 

sified  the  irritation  of  the  Young  Czwhs,  who  ^he  expenditure  under  various  heads  for 

embraced  the  occasion  of  the  National  Bohemian  ^qq^  ^^  estimated  as  follows : 

Exhibition,  held  during  the  summer  at  Prague, 

to   organize   Panslavist  demonstrations.     The  ciXtet  ^' **^*^^™'^*'                              Ssoooo 

Germans  of   Bohemia  had  already  attached  a  cabinet  Chsncery '.'.'. *.'.'. '.".*.*.!*.!*  !'.'.;!*.'. '.*.*. '.'.'.!'.*.         tKsm 

political  character  to  this  exhibition  of  Bohe-    Parlitment i,S6W»io 

mian  products  by  ostentatiously  abstaining  from    Qaou  of  common  expenditure ^SSSS 

•   1  .    f^        J.  ^  renslons fi,To8,2Ci6 

takmgpart  ,«,.     ^     .  i-  .•  i        Natlonaldebt 119,R24,751 

The  Labor  Question. — The  Socialistic  work-    Ouannteed  railroad  debts 10,778^818 

ing-men's  party  polled  very  few  votes  in  the  gen-    ?;»"°*t!?J"'*^ "A'  " ;; I'SSJ'SSS 

erfi  oiectiSS.  'fhe  1st  of  May  i»ssed  without  5^?„'LrG?n"/™S-r«c.;:::::::::::;::::::::  *1^ 

disorder,  though  many  meetmgs  were  held  in    Minister- Presidency 88e,i60 


AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.  69 

HiASB  Of-  KXPDf DiTUVK.  "•Sf^ftA  brought  a  long  distance  from  their  homes  some 

MtatoSJfcJSSSui:::::::::::::::  *: wS  accommodation  shouW  be  given.    Theblll.which 

iitatotry  of  tha  inttriot.  !!*..*!!!.".!'..'.!!.'..*'!.'.'  .'   11,898.210  Hins  for  eight  years,  contains  a  clau se,  intended 

MfDistiT  of  Fiuoce fl0,67e,fi54  to  check  the  growth  of  the  Socialist  and  An ti-Se- 

llSS^JfSSSurre::::::::::::::::::::::::  SoSUo  mitjcmoyement,whichdisquaiifiesamemberw^^^^ 

liintotiy  of  worahip  and  Instraction 7,«H0&5  withm  three  months  previous  to  his  election  shall 

Mtetetirof  jfoMiee iS,6»i,BM  in  Speech  or  print  have  excited  to  hatred  against 

MiJiMiy 0/ Defense ....    11,008,015  nationalities  or  creeds  or  denounced  the  insti- 

Ofdinary  ezpeoditiiro 842,671,190  titions  of  marriage  or  property,  or  promised  a 

TTMfitory  ezpendUnra 8,180,672  general  distribution  of  public  property  or  private 

iBTeMmeoti. 11,781,787  wealth.    To  influence  tte  debate.  Deputy  Ueron, 

Eztnofdiiitty  eommon  expenditure QfiSXim  of  the  Extreme  Left,  quoted  what  he  said  was 

Total ezpenditwe.    860004,548  ^**®  secret  oath  taken   by  Hungarian  Cabinet 

*  ministers,  an  antique  fonnula  pledging  absolute 

Hungary's  special  debt  has  grown  from  719,-  obedience  and  devotion  to  the  monarch.    There 

544,000  florins  in  1876  to  1,582,259,000  florins  in  was  no  hope  of  passing  the  278  clauses  of  the 

1890.  Administrative  Reform  bill,  and  when  the  princi- 

Parliamentary  Session.— The  time  of  Par-  pie  of  the  bill  had  been  approved  by  a  vote  of 

liament  was  largely  taken  up  in  the  session  of  188  to  88,  the  ministry  resorted  to  an  unusual 

1891  with  a  determined  struggle  over  a  Govern-  expedient.    On  Aug.  4  Count  Szapary  announced 

ment  bill  to  reform  the  administration  of  coun-  the  withdrawal  of  the  original  bill  and  the  sub- 

tiesw   The  bill  was  approved  by  the  great  land  stitution  of  another,  consisting  of  two  clauses-— 

owners,  although  it  curtailed  their  pri^ileees,  the  first  empowering  the  Government  to  ap)K)int 

and  by  many  of  the  champions  of  popular  rignts,  certain  classes  of  county  officials,  and  the  second 

becaose  it  was  designed  to  reform  gross  abuses  authorizing  the  Government  to  adopt  such  regu- 

iD  the  local  administrations  and  in  the  electoral  lations  in  regard  to  the  details  of  the  new  coun- 

mtem.     Under  the  feudal  arrangements  that  tv  government  as  in  its  discretion  seem  best. 

hare  obtained  hitherto,  the  landed  gentry,  large  Oount  Albert  Apponyi  and  the  Moderate  Oppo- 

ind  small,  have  had  full  control  of  the  local  sition  pronouncea  tliis  device  unconstitutional ; 

goTernment  in  their  districts,  the  selection  of  the  but  Count  Szapary  persisted,  and  succeeded  in 

oonnty  officials,  nominally  elective,  and  a  decisive  carrying  the  substitute  bill  bv  the  vote  of  the 

influence  in  national  elections.     The  Govern-  Liberal  majority  on  Aug.  9.    'the  other  business 

ment  proposed  to  make  the  chief  county  officers  of  the  session  was  got  through  with,  and  on 

and  the  magistrates  nominees  of  the  Crown.  Au^.  17  the  Parliament  was  prorogued,  to  meet 

The  responsible  leader  of  the  Opposition  sup-  again  on  Oct.  8,  prejparatory  to  the  assembling  of 

ported  the  principle  of  the  bill,  but  the  extreme  the  delegations  m  Vienna. 
Opposition,  composed  largely  of  the  petty  nobil-        Postal  Congress. — The  fourth  congress  of 

itr.  whose  prerogatives  were  at  stake,  denounced  the  Universal  Postal  Union  met  at  Vienna  on 

the  measure  as  an  attempt  to  destroy  the  electoral  May  20,  1891,  and  dissolved  6n  July  4.    The 

franchise  by  giving  the  Government  power  to  treaty  arrangements  between  the  members  of  the 

pQt  electioneering  agents  in  the  chief  local  of-  Union  respecting  rates  of  postage  and  charges 

fioe^  and  also  as  the  abrogation  of  ancient  rights  for  forwarding  mails  by  snip  or  land  convey- 

«f  local  self-government.    Count  Szapary  gave  ance,  were  revised  and  consolidated  in  a  new 

a  public  promise  that  as  soon  as  the  bill  was  convention  that  will  go  into  operation  on  July 

pa5i$ed  be  would  introduce  another  to  secure  full  1, 1892.    To  secure  the  entrance  into  the  Union 

insedom  of  voting.     Count  Apponyi  expressed  of  the  Australasian  colonies,  the  Congress  offered 

himself  as  satisfira  with  this  pledge.    The  ex-  to  accord  to  them  the  position  of  separate  states, 

trpme  Opposition  declared  that  they  would  not  which  wa8  already  en  joyed  by  the  Indian  Empire 

let  the  bill  pass  without  the  insertion  of  electoral  and  the  Dominion  of  Canada.    On  their  account 

safeguards.    One  of  their  demands  was  that  dis-  also  the  question  of  reducing  both  letter  rates 

poteii  elections  should  be  decided  by  the  law  and  transit  charges  was  put  aside  to  be  consid- 

coorts,  and  not  by  the  Parliament ;  and  the  ered  by  the  next  congress.     In  regard  to  this 

Prime  Minister  promised  to  bring  in  a  bill  to  question  some  of  the  plenipotentiaries  expressed 

accomplish  this,  and  to  establish  a  tribunal  for  themselves  in  favor  oi  abolishing  all  charges  for 

the  settlement  of  disputes  between  the  authori-  forwarding  mails  between  countries  belonging 

ties  and  private  persons.     The  Administrative  to  the  Union  by  the  sea  or  land  service  of  a 

Reform  bill  was  introduced  before  the  close  of  third  country  and  of  establishing  a  single  uni- 

May.    A  week  was  consumed  in  discussing  its  form  rate  of  international  postage.    An  innova- 

title.  several  weeks  were  spent  in  debating  its  tion  in  international  rates  and    arrangements 

principle,  and  three  more  were  g^ven  up  to  the  was  the  rule  adopted  that  every  country  of  the 

fir^t  clause.    Ten  substitute  bills  were  offered  by  Union  shall    henceforward  supply  the    public 

members  of  the  Opposition  for  the  mere  purpose  with  post  cards  with  prepaid  replies.     It  was 

"f  obstruction,  wnich  was  continued  after  the  further  decreed   that    recipients  of    underpaid 

OoTemment  had  redeemed  its  promises  by  offer-  letters  must  not  be  charged  more  than  the  full 

ing  bills  to  remove  the  trial  of  electoral  petitions  rate  of  postage.     Another  rule  was  laid  down 

to  the  Supreme  Court,  and  to  forbid  official  ac-  that  when  countries  charge  a  higher  rate  than  5 

tivity  in  elections  and  insure  the  freedom  of  the  cents  a  half-ounce  for  letters  sent  over  the  sea, 

p'ipular  vote.     The  latter  measure  disqualifies  they  must  make  the  rate  uniform  for  all  dcsti- 

<»ndidates  and  disfranchises  electoral  districts  nations  that  are  reached  under  equal  conditions. 

for  bribery,  but  allows  a  certain  liberty  in  treat-  This  will  affect  Great  Britain,  from  which  the 

iiig,  on  the  plea  that  to  rural  voters  who  are  postage  to  British  colonics  has  been  2^  (/.,  but  to 


70  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

foreigrn  countries  similarly  situated  4  d.  Aregnla-  convention  binds  the  goYemments  of  countries 
tion  that  benefits  Great  Britain  more  than  other  of  toe  Union  to  introduce  such  a  law  if  they 
nations  legalizes  the  practice,  that  has  existed  have  not  one  already  in  force.    Reciprocity  was 
only  by  international  courtesy,  of  forwarding  also  arranged  for,  after  a  long  discussion,  in  re- 
closed  mail  bags  to  ships  of  war  on  foreign  sta-  gard  to  the  detection  and  punishment  of  frauds 
tions.     Postal  cards  of  one  country  posted  in  on  the  postal  revenue  by  means  of  counterfeit  or 
another  will  not,  as  heretofore,  be  suppressed,  cleaned  stamps.    The  plenipotentaries  undertook 
but   will  be  forwarded  and  delivered    to   the  in  behalf  of  their  Governments  to  have  a  meas- 
addressee    as   unpaid   letters,  on  which  letter  ure  for  the  punishment  of  forgery  of  foreign 
postage  is  to  be  collected.    Hereafter  letters  can  stamps    presented    to   their  respective  legisla- 
be  posted  on  board  mail  packets  by  affixing  tures.  The  Congress  discussed  details  of  internal 
stamps  of  the  country  to  which  the  ship  belongs,  postal  administration,  and  revised  and  elaborated 
unless  she  is  in  port,  in  which  case  it  must  oe  the  former  agreements  relative  to  the  intema- 
the  stamp  of  the  country  to  which  the  post  be-  tional  parcel  post,  money  orders,  registered  let- 
longs     The  post-office  in  East  India  and  some  ters,  the  collection  of  bills  and  drafts,  subscrip- 
other  countries  not  only  forwards  consignments  tion  to  newsf^pers  and  periodicals,  and  certin- 
of  merchandise  in  suitable  packages,  but  the  cates  of  identity  for  travelers.     The  rate  of  pay- 
price  payable  on  delivery  may  be  collected  by  ment  for  international  money  orders  was  fixed 
the  letter  carrier  and  remitted  through  the  post-  at  1  per  cent.,  and  for  small  sums  the  minimum 
office  to  the  consignor.    The  international  mail  charge  was  reduced  from  40  to  20  pfennigs — that 
service  has  now  been  made  available  for  this  is,  10  cents.    The  limit  was  raised  from  500  to 
purpose  to  countries  that  have  adopted  or  shall  1,000  francs.    A  clearing-house  scheme  for  the 
adopt  this  custom.    The  practice  of  stamping  adjustment    of    balances   of    postal    accounts 
the  name  and  address  of  the  sender  on  the  ad->  through  the  medium  of  the  International  Bureau 
dress  side  of  a  postal  card  gains  space  for   a  at  Bern  was  adopted  at  the  suggestion  of  the 
longer  communication  on  the  blank  side.     By  German  Postmaster-GeneraL    Mr.  Wanamaker*s 
a  new  rogulation  the  signature  and  address  may  idea  of  an  international  postage  stamp,  offered 
be  written.    Till  now  correspondence  in  transit  without  preliminary  notice  and    without   the 
to  countries  outside  the  Union  has  been  charged  elaboration  of  a  working  scheme,  was  regarded 
so  much  per  letter ;  but  by  the  new  treaty  the  as  impracticable,  in  view  of  the  difficulties  aris- 
Union  countries  agree  to   transmit   mails   to  ing  from  differences    in    currency  and   varia^ 
non-Union    countries  at  an  average   rate    for  tions  in  the  rates  of  exchange.     One    of   the 
sea  transit,    to   be   fixed   at  triennial  periods  advantages  would   be   that  it  would  enable  a 
on  the  basis  of  the   statistics     of    traffic,   a&  writer  to  inclose  a  stamp  in  his  letter,    and 
in  the  case  with  Union  correspondence.    This  thus  insure  a  reply  without  putting  a  foreign 
change  will  enable  the  countries  of  the  Union  correspondent  to  expense    for  postage.      The 
to  establish  moderate  uniform  rates  of  post-  Britisn   and    the    Indian   delegates   suggested 
age  to  all  places  outside  the  Union.    The  maxi-  plans    for    furthering    this    feature     of    the 
mum  dimensioils  of  packets   of    merchandise,  scheme  bj  means  of  prepaid  reply  stamps  on 
samples,  patterns,  specimens,  etc.,  admissable  to  the  principle  of  return  post  cards,  and  the  Brit^ 
the  mails  have  by  a  former  rule  of  the  Union  ish  aelegate  moved  to  refer  these  proposals  and 
been  20  centimetres  in  length,  10  in  width,  and  the  American  scheme,  in  so  far  as  it  related  to 
5  in  thickness,  or  approximately  8  by  4  by  2  prepaying  the  answer  to  a  letter,  to  the  Inter- 
inches.    By  a  special  arrangement  between  the  national  Bureau  for  examination.     The  chief 
United  States,  France,  Great  Britain,  Italy,  Bel-  of  the  German  postal  administration.  Dr.  von 
gium,  Switzerland,  Portugal,  Greece,  Luxem-  Stephan,  being  opposed  to  the  least  step  toward 
burg,  Argentina,  and  Japan  samples  could  pass  removing  the  sentimental  barriers  between  na- 
between  those  countries  in  packages  not  exceed-  tions,  argued  strongly  against  this  motion,  which 
ing  80  by  20  by  10  centimetres,  or  12  inches  in  was  "teject^d.     It  is  not  unlikely  that  a  reply- 
length,  6  in  width,  and  4  in  thickness,  and  of  the  paid  postage  stamp  may  be  instituted  in  the 
maximum  weight  of  12  ounces.     These  larger  postal  intercourse  oetween  the  United  States, 
limits  of  size  have  been  adopted  for  the  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom,  the  British  colonies,  and 
the   Union,  though  the  conventional   limit  of  India.    Throughout  the  session  of  the  congress 
weight  remains  8  ounces.    The  representatives  the  delegations  from  the  United   States   and 
of  countries  in  which  wine,  oils,  indigo,  madder.  Great  Britain  generally  approved  and  worked 
and  other  dye  stuffs  and  substances  that  might  for  the  same  objects,  and  were  supported  by  the 
escape  and  damage  letters  were  unsucessful.  as  representatives  from  India  and  Canada,  and.  in 
they  had  been  at  the  previous  congress  at  Lis-  most  cases,  by  the  Egyptian  delegate,  although 
bon  in  1885,  in  securing  the  admission  to  the  it  had  been  suspected  in  the  beginning  that  the 
letter  mails  of  samples  of  such  articles,  which  refusal  of  England  to  organize  sorting  offices  on 
must  continue  to  be  sent  by  parcel  post  to  coun-  mail  steamships,  such  os  have  been  instituted 
tries  that  exclude  them  from  their  letter  mail  for  the  convenience  of  the  American  postal  an- 
bags.     In  some  countries  the  law  makes  the  thorities  on  the  German  packets,  might  lead  the 
postage  on  unpaid  or  insufficiently  prepaid  mail  American  delegates,  William  Potter  and  Capt. 
matter,  when  it  has  not  been  collected  from  the  Brooks,  to  favor  Germany's  side  in  contentious 
addressee,  recoverable  from  the  sender.     The  questions. 


BALLOONING,  MODERN.  71 


B 

BALLOONING*  MODERN.    Practical  bal-  found  useful  in  determining  the  size  of  the  bal- 

loonine  comprises  both  the  manufacture  and  the  loon  required.    To  obtain  the  number  of  cubic 

use  of  balloons.    There  are  two  kinds  of  balloon  feet  in  a  sphere,  multiply  the  surface  by  one 

—the  hydrogen  or  gas  balloon,  and  the  Mont-  sixth  of  the  diameter.    To  determine  the  num- 

golfier  or  hot-air  balloon.    The  former  is  the  ber  of  square  feet  in  the  surface  of  a  sphere, 

roost  important,  and  claims  the  greater  part  of  multiply  the  diameter  in  feet  by  the  number  of 

oar  attention  here.  feet  in  the  circumference. 

A  complete  hydrogen  balloon  consists  of  the       The  Pattern. — For  a  pattern  use  manilla  roll 
^  envelope  ana  valve,  netting  and  ropes,  wicker  paper  of  sufficient  lengtn  and  width.    At  one 
car,  concentrating  ring,  and  anchor,  to  which  end  of  the  paper  write  '*  tip,"  and  at  the  other 
ma?  be  added  a  drag  rope  and  a  collapsine  cord.  "  neck  " :   then  draw  the  following  lines :   First 
For  inflation  pure  hydrogen  gas  is  used,  also  one  running  from  end  to  end,  an  inch  from  one 
carbureted  hyarogen  or  coal  gas,  and  sometimes  of  the  edges.    Measure  from  tip  to  neck  the 
water  ga&    Sand  Imgs  are  reouired  to  retain  the  exact  length  of  the  gore  as  previously  calculated, 
balloon  in  position  during  innation,  and  more  or  and  add  three  inches  for  loss  by  seams.    Divide, 
less  sand  is  usnally  carri^  in  the  car  as  ballast,  with  a  pair  of  compasses  or  other  convenient 
Every  a^nmant  should  be  capable  of  making  his  instrument,  the   whole  length   into  thirty-six 
own  balloon,  but,  in  the  almost  total  absence  of  equal  parts,  and  draw  lines  across  the  paper  at 
practical  information,  most  of  them  beoome  old  the  points  of  division.    Then  take  a  strip  of 
befoiip  learning  all  that  is  necessary  on  the  sub-  paper  or  wood  one  inch  wide  and  one  inch  less  in 
J€Ct    Silk^  linen,  or  cotton,  or  combinations  of  length  than  the  width  of  the  paper  or  the  cloth, 
these,  are  the  fabrics  we  have  to  deal  with  for  and  with  a  pencil  make  a  measure  by  dividing 
the  manufacture  of  the  envelope  or  gas  holder,  the  strip  into  ten  equal  parts ;  subilivide  these 
The  best  of  these  is  silk,  of  which  there  are  each  into  ten  parts ;  and,  lastly,  divide  these  sub- 
many  kinds  that  answer  equally  well.    Linen,  divisions  each  into  ten  parts.    Thus  we  shall 
at  first  sight,  would  seem  to  be  the  next  best  obtain  a  scale  of  one  thousand  parts.    For  con- 
material  for    balloon  construction,  but   expe-  yenience  we  shall  call  the  divisions  on  the  scale 
rience   has    proTed    otherwise ;    the   fabric    is  **  marks,"  counting  from  1  to  1,000.    With  this 
heavy,  and  becomes  hard  and  brittle  when  var-  measure  we  can  determine  the  points  through 
Dished,  and  a  balloon  made  of  it  is  continually  which  the  curve  line  of  the  pattern  must  pass, 
breaking  into  holes.    Cotton,  of  various  weights  Place  the  end  of  the  scale  or  measure  at  the  line 
and  makes,  is  most  in  use,  because  it  is  cheap,  first  drawn,  one  inch  from  the  edge  of  the  paper, 
will  last  as  long  as  the  oil  varnish,  and  answers  near  the  tip  end  and  beside  line  No.  1.    The 
erery  purpose  in  ordinary  ballooning.    Strength  length  of  this  line  to  the  point  through  which 
is  obtained  by  using  the  heavier  qualities,  and  the  curve  passes  will  be  87  marks ;  with  a  pencil 
almost  any  degree  of  lightness  may  be  had  by  make  a  cross  at  the  point,  and  proceed  to  line 
using  the 'finer  grades.    The  best  heavy  cotton  No.  2,  which  will  be  178  marks  in  length,  and 
for  this   purpose  is   the  bleached    Wamsutta  so  on,  connecting  afterward  the    points  thus 
sheeting.    It  is  a  common  error  to  suppose  that  marked  by  a  curve  line.    If  the  balloon  is  to  be 
anbleached  cotton  is  mora  suitable  for  the  pur-  made  pei^ectly  round,  with  a  cylindrical  neck 
pose  than  bleached.    It  is  possible  that  a  half-  attached,  the  pattern  must  be  pointed  at  both 
oleached  cloth  might  be  stronger,  but  the  spongt-  ends ;  but  if  it  is  to  be  slightly  elongated  at  the 
ness  of  unbleached  goods  is  detrimental  to  their  bottom,  with  a  gradual  development  of  the  neck, 
Qse.     Wamsutta,  however,  on  account  of  its  the  pattern  is  extended  in  length  and  the  curve 
weight,  is  suitable  only  for  very  large  balloons,  graaually  turned  outward,  as  in  the  diagram. 
Lonsdale  sheeting  is  lighter  and  better  adapted  The  pattern  must  be  cut  along  the  curve  line, 
to  medium    sizes.     Lonsdale   cambric  is  still  Lay  out  the  cloth  on  a  long  table,  and  cut  into 
lighter,  and  may  be  used  for  balloons  of  twenty-  lengths  of  a  little  over  two  thirds  that  of  the 
five  or  thirty  thousand  cubic  feet  capacity.   The  pattern,  or  exactly  eight  inches  below  line  24, 
proper  shape  of  balloons  for  economy  in  mate-  and  call  the  end  the  "  butts."    Lay  the  pieces 
rial,  weight,  and  gas,  as  well  as  for  facility  in  successively  one  upoQ  another  until  all  are  down, 
tnanagement,  is  globular,  and  consequently  we  taking  care  that  t  ne  edgedi  on  one  side  are  kept 
shall  consider  no  other.  even.    On  the  cloth  thus  arranged  lay  the  pat- 
The  first  thing  in  order  is  to  ascertain  the  tern  even  with  the  butts,  ana  after  putting 
ciaantity  of  cloth  required,  which  may  be  done  weights  upon  it  proceed  to  cut,  with  a  knife  and 
in  the  following  manner :    To  determine  the  straight-edge,  through  all  the  layers  at  once,  con- 
number  of  breadths,  divide  the  circumference  in  tinuing  from  point  to  point  along  the  curve. 
inches  by  the  number  of  inches  in  width  of  ma-  After  cutting  it  will  be  necessary,  for  the  guid- 
terial,  deducting  one  inch  for  each  seam.    The  ance  of  the  sewers,  to  mark  with  a  pencil  each 
length  of  the  gores  will  be  equal  to  half  the  cir-  layer  of  the  cloth,  on  both  edges,  at  the  ends  of 
cnmference.    Multiply  the  number  of  breadths  the  cross  lines  from  1  to  24.    The  pieces  cut 
b?  the  number  of  yards  in  the  length  of  a  gore ;  from  the  tip  to  the  equator  are  to  be  readjusted 
deduct  one  fourth  of  the  product,  and  the  result  with  the  broad  ends  evenly  matched  and  their 
'ill  be  the  total  quantity  in  yards  required  to  edges  arranged  as  before.    Reverse  the  pattern 
nzake  the  balloon.    The  following  rules  will  be  and  place  line  12  at  the  butt«,  and  with  the 


72 


BALLOONING,  MODERN. 


87 
178 
S58 

402 
600 

678 
MS 
707 
706 
810 
866 
006 
060 
065 
004 
006 
1000 
006 
084 
066 
080 
006 


\ 
U 


\ 


1 

2 

8 

4 

6 

6 

7 

8 

0 

10 

11 

18 

18 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

10 

80 

81 


94 

5 


/ 


knife  trim  ofiF  the  surplus, 
lea  vine:  the  curve  already 
lorroed  in  the  cloth  to 
serve  for  the  neck,  or  al- 
tering it  to  suit  the  taste. 
Mark  this  portion  for  the 
sewers  the  same  as  the 
upper  part.  Before  the 
pieces  are  lifted  from 
their  places  the^r  must  all 
be  marked  with  cross 
lines  at  double  the  dis- 
tance of  those  on  the  pat- 
tern, beginning  at  the 
center  (line  18)  and  work- 
ing each  way,  using  the 
marks  on  the  edges  as 
guides.  Along  these  cross 
nnes  are  to  be  sewed  the 
stays,  which  give  addi- 
tional strengtn  to  the 
balloon.  After  marking 
half  of  the  layers  from 
tip  to  neck,  the  remain- 
der must  be  turned  over 
and  marked  on  the  re- 
verse side. 

The  breadths  are  now 
ready  for  sewing  into 
gores,  each  gore  being 
two  breadths  in  width. 
The  cross  lines  represent 
the  interior  of  the  bal- 
loon, and  a  breadth  taken 
from  the  first  and  another 
from  the  second  set  of 
markings  are  matched, 
when  their  straight  edges 
are  to  be  sewed  together 
with  the  cross  lines  inside 
facing  each  other.  The 
seam  is  made  by  first 
sewing  through  the  two 
thicknesses  alMut  half  an 
inch  from  the  edge,  then 
the  breadths  are  opened, 
the  seam  laid  over  to 
the  right,  tucked  in,  and 
hemmed  down.  The  sew- 
ing must  always  be  done 
from  the  tip  downward. 

Having  joined  all  the 
pairs  of  the  upper  set  by 
sewing  their  selvages  to- 
gether, do  the  same  by 
the  lower  set ;  but  in  this 
case  begin  the  sewing  al- 
ways at  the  broad  end, 
working  toward  the  neck. 
The  gores  may  then  be 
sewed  together  by  adding 
one  gore  after  another, 
until  half  of  them  have 
been  joined,  then  put  the 
others  together  m  the 
same  way,  always  begin- 
ning at  the  tip  end  for 
the  upper  part,  and  at  the 
broaa  end  of  the  lower 
part.  This  will  result  in 
two  upper  and  two  lower 


parts.  The  sewinf  on  of  stays  and  collapsing 
cord  are  next  in  order.  The  stays  are  made  from 
strips  of  the  balloon  material  folded  to  three 
thicknesses,  forming  a  tape  about  half  an  inch  in 
width.  These  tapes  are  sewed  along  the  marks 
prepared  for  them ;  but  care  must  l^  taken  not 
to  vary  the  relative  position  of  the  balloon  while 
sewing,  otherwise  the  ends  of  the  stays  will  nut 
match  on  the  opposite  sides.  Keep  the  tip  of  the 
top  parts  to  the  right  hand,  and  the  broad  or 
butt  end  of  the  lower  parts  to  the  ri^ht.  The 
**  collapsing  cord,"  or  "  rip  line,"  is  made  by  sew- 
ing a  strong  cotton  cord  about  one  eighth  of  an 
inch  thick  to  a  strip  of  the  balloon  material  about 
4  inches  wide  and  several  yards  in  length,  ac- 
cording to  the  size  of  the  balloon.  About  7 
yards  will  answer  for  a  balloon  of  25,000  cubic 
feet  capacity.  The  cord  is  sewed  along  the  mid- 
dle of  the  strip  to  within  an  inch  or  two  of 
either  end,  the  surplus  cord  remaining  attached. 
The  sewing  of  the  cord  to  the  strip  should  be 
made  with  No.  8  cotton,  well  waxed,  doubled, 
and  back-stitched  on,  for  this  stitching  is  de- 
pended upon  for  tearing  the  strip  when  occasion 
requires.  The  strip  is  to  cover  the  cord  and  to 
be  sewed  on  the  outside  of  the  balloon,  beginning 
at  the  butts  and  running  upward  along  the  side 
of  one  of  the  straight  seams.  Both  edges  and 
the  two  ends  of  the  strip  are  to  be  sewea  down ; 
but  before  the  upper  end  is  closed  the  surplus 
cord  must  be  passed  through  a  hole  to  be  made 
for  the  purpose,  to  the  inner  side  of  the  balloon. 
A  portion  of  the  surplus  cord  is  sewed  zigzag  in 
a  bag  or  pocket  6  inches  wide  and  3  feet  long, 
which  is  to  be  stitched  on  the  inside  of  the 
balloon  just  above  the  hole  made  to  admit  the 
cord.  The  cord,  suspended  from  this  bag,  can 
hang  loosely  or  be  slightlv  tacked  along  one  of 
the  seams  down  through  the  neck  of  the  balloon. 
The  zigzag  cord  in  the  bag  diminishes  the  dan- 
ger of  any  accidental  jerk  tearing  the  balloon, 
as  the  Gord  must  tear  entirely  from  the  bag  be- 
fore a  rupture  takes  place. 

Both  the  stays  and  the  collapsing  cord  may 
be  dispensed  with  by  those  who  choose  to  take 
the  risk,  for  they  are  not  in  general  use ;  but 
the  stays  prevent  any  accidental  tear  extending 
the  whole  length  of  the  balloon,  while  the  col- 
lapsing cord,  tnough  seldom  needed,  is  a  remark- 
ably good  thing  when  the  necessity  for  its  use 
occurs. 

If  ornamentation  is  intended,  this  is  next  in 
order.  Letters,  stripes,  scrolls,  festoons,  pictui*es 
— anything — may  be  painted  on  without  the  least 
injury  to  tne  fabric,  and  any  kind  of  ornamenta- 
tion is  far  more  agreeable  to  the  eye  than  the 
naked  cloth.  The  colors  should  be  well  selected, 
and  may  consist  of  stains  or  finely  ground  pig- 
ments. Carmine  makes  the  finest  crimson,  and 
should  be  dissolved  in  water  with  the  addition 
of  a  little  ammonia.  Soluble  blue  gives  light  or 
dark  shades.  Ultramarine  blue  is  a  very  bright 
color,  and  mixed  with  other  pigments  is  useful, 
particularly  in  forming  a  stable  purple  with  In- 
dian red.  Chrome  yellow,  chrome  green,  raw 
and  burnt  sienna,  lam(>-black,  and  well-powdered 
bone-black,  may  all  be  used  to  produce  the 
tints  required ;  but  care  must  be  taKen  never  to 
use  vermilion,  on  account  of  its  decomposing 
action  upon  the  oil  varnish.  Umber  should  be 
used  veiy  sparingly,  if  at  all,  as  it  becomes  hard 


BALLOONING,  MODERN.  73 

and  liable  to  crack.      These  colors  should  be  is  kept  stirred,  but  this  substaoce  redissolves, 

mixed  with  starch  of  about  the  consistency  of  and  need  cause  no  uneasiness.    No  addition  to 

that  used  in  the  laundry,  and  the  combination  the  oil  seems  to  be  of  the  slightest  advantage, 

is  best   made    while  the   starch  is  hot.    The  and  the  purer  it  is  kept  from  all  contamination 

colors  may  be  applied  with  broad,  flat  brushes,  the  better  it  is.    A  slight  addition  of  sulphur 

though  almost  any  kind  of  painter's  brush  will  prevents  foaming  and  allows  the  raising  of  the 

answer,  and  where  the  same  figure  is  to  be  re-  neat  to  a  greater  degree,  but  the  addition  of  sul- 

peated  many  time^  stencils  cut  from  oiled  or  phur  would  be  likely  to  cause  a  corrosive  action 

Tarnished  paper  may  be  used.  on  the  fiber  of  the  balloon. 

The  ornamentation  completed,  all  the  parts  The  thick  oil  varnish  is  to  be  thinned  down 
are  to  be  joined  together.  First  the  lower  ones  when  wanted  for  use  by  the  addition  of  benzine 
are  to  be  sewed  to  the  upper  portions  by  a  cross  until  it  will  sprinkle  freely  through  a  watering 
seam  at  the  battings,  taxing  care  to  match  all  pot  with  a  tolerably  fine  rose, 
the  seams  to  one  another  perfectly.  This  done.  The  balloon  is  now  stretched  out  at  full  length, 
the  two  halves  only  remain  forclosing.  Heretofore  and  folded  one  breadth  upon  another.  When 
all  the  seams  have  parsed  over  the  sewing  ma-  this  has  been  accomplishea,  take  the  watering 
chine  in  a  continuous  way  from  front  to  back,  pot  and  sprinkle  the  top  layer,  using  judgment 
while  the  closing  seams  are  done  by  bringing  as  to  the  quantity  required  to  give  the  first  coat- 
forward  small  portions  at  a  time  from  behina  ing.  When  this  is  done,  turn  over  the  first  layer, 
the  machine.  Begin  by  sewing  at  the  tip  on  treating  the  subsequent  ones  in  like  manner,  un- 
the  first  row,  but  only  2  yards  before  turning  til  all  nave  been  sprinkled.  Then,  while  it  is 
o?er  and  sewing  down  the  reverse  side,  join  t<H  still  wet  with  the  mixture  of  benzine  and  oil, 
gether  such  stays  as  have  been  included,  con-  begin  at  the  tip  end  and  roll  the  balloon  up 
tinue  the  sewing,  reversing  and  joining  the  tigntly.  Give  it  an  occasional  turn  over,  so  that 
stars  2  yards  at  a  time  all  the  way  down,  and  the  diluted  oil  may  permeate  every  part.  These 
then  treat  the  last  seam  in  like  manner,  begin-  operations  must  not  take  place  in  the  sun,  or  it 
ning  at  the  tip  and  sewing  downward.  The  top  will  not  be  safe  to  roll  up  tne  balloon,  for  fear  of 
of  the  balloon  should  be  lined  with  an  extra  spontaneous  combustion.  After  the  lapse  of 
thickness,  6  to  8  feet  across.  At  the  junction  several  hours  the  balloon  may  be  unrolled  and 
of  the  seams  a  round  hole  is  to  be  cut  to  admit  opened,  when  the  oil  will  be  found  well  soaked 
the  valve.  A  disk  of  leather  having  an  upright  through  the  entire  fabric.  If  any  bare  places 
collar  attached,  and  resembling  a  broad-brim  hat  show  themselves,  they  are  readily  covered.  Dry- 
without  a  crown,  is  stitched  on  around  the  open-  ing  in  the  shade  i^to  be  preferred  when  time  is 
in^,  ready  for  the  introduction  of  the  valve.  no  object ;  but  when  it  is,  the  sun  accelerates  the 

The  YamislL — The  balloon  must  be  coated  process.  The  first  coating  should  have  time,  if 
with  some  suitable  material  for  closing  the  in-  possible,  to  season  in  the  shade  after  it  has  been 
terstices  of  the  fabric,  to  give  it  gas-retaining  dried  in  the  sun,  as  spontaneous  combustion  is 
qualities.  A  nearly  perfect  skin,  or  film,  is  less  likely  to  occur  when  the  first  coat  has  had 
aimed  at,  and  this  may  be  obtained  in  various  time  to  harden.  The  subsequent  coats  may  be 
wars,  but  the  onl^  materials  that  seem  practi-  put  on  in  the  same  manner  as  the  first,  or  the 
calif  suited  to  this  purpose  are  linseed  oil  and  work  may  be  hastened  by  two  men  following  the 
India  rubber.  The  former  is  by  far  the  easiest  sprinkler  with  soft  brooms,  for  the  purpose  of 
of  application,  while  the  latter  makes  much  the  distributing  the  oil  equally  to  every  part.  As 
lightest  weight  balloon.  Linseed  oil  is  broup^ht  many  as  four  coats  will  be  required  to  make  the 
to  the  right  consistency  for  forming  a  flexible  balloon  sufficiently  gas  tight. 
Tarnish  of  quick-drying  properties  by  prolonged  Spontaneous  Conibn8tion.~It  should  be  un- 
heat  or  long  exposure  and  frequent  stirring  in  derstood  that  oil  varnishes,  when  applied  to 
the  open  air.  Fine,  limpid  oil,  made  from  Cal-  fabrics  of  anv  kind,  are  liable  to  spontaneous 
cutta  seed,  gives  the  best  results.  A  copper  combustion,  the  tendency  being  increased  when 
kettle  must  be  used  for  the  process,  as  iron  is  the  drying  has  been  done  by  artificial  heat,  or  in 
liable  to  oxidation,  which  ruins  the  varnish.  The  the  sun.  This  liability  passes  awav  in  a  few 
kettle  must  not  be  filled  bv  at  least  one  fifth  of  weeks,  but  until  the  seasoning  has  taken  place,  it 
its  capacity,  as  the  oil  swells  with  the  heat  and  is  extremely  unsafe  to  remove  the  balloon  any 
is  liable  at  certain  stages  to  foam.  The  kettle  considerable  distance,  even  when  it  is  packed 
may  be  permanently  fixed  and  the  fire  made  loosely,  unless  steps  have  been  taken  to  counter- 
movable,  or  the  kettle  may  be  movable  and  the  act  the  difficulty.  There  is  no  danger  of  heating 
fire  a  fixture,  but  one  or  the  other  is  necessary,  when  the  balloon  is  extended  at  full  len^^th  in 
The  heating  should  be  governed  bv  the  aid  of  a  the  shade.  But  when  it  is  rolled  up  tightlv, 
thermometer,  and  mnst  never  be  allowed  to  rise  even  if  left  in  the  open  air,  charring  will  surely 
\o  .^*  F.,  as  it  is  liable  to  burst  out  into  flame;  take  place  in  a  few  hours.  Where  shipment  is 
hut  it  may  be  allowed  to  rise  to  400''  with  safety,  necessary,  it  has  been  found  that  sprinkline  the 
and  if  run  at  this  heat  for  twenty-four  hours  will  balloon  over  with  some  of  the  lignter  proaucts 
be  sufficiently  done  to  answer  the  purpose.  When  of  petroleum,  as,  for  instance,  kerosene,  or  a  mixt- 
cool  it  will  be  as  stiff  as  the  thickest  molasses  in  ure  of  this  with  benzine,  is  a  sure  preventive  of 
cold  weather,  and  quite  stringy  when  tried  be-  spontaneous  combustion.  After  seasoning  has 
tween  the  thumb  and  finger.  Constant  stirring  taken  place,  which  may  be  determined  by  rolling 
while  over  the  fire  is  beneficial,  and  the  oil  should  up  tigntly  and  carefully  observing  the  result, 
never  be  covered  except  to  raise  the  heat  to  the  the  balloon  may  be  packed  away  with  safety, 
nsqaired  degree.  At  212"  the  water  contained  in  Rnbber-coated  Balloons. — Balloons  made 
the  oil  boils  off,  and  later,  as  the  heat  rises,  a  impermeable  by  India-rubber  may  consist  of  one 
Hrer-like  substance  is  formed  in  the  oil,  unless  it  or  more  thicknesses  of  silk  or  cotton,  and  the 


74  BALLOONING,  MODERN. 

stren^h  of  malerial  and  imperviousness  maj  valve  opened  by  an  aocumulation  o(  nin.  It  is 
thus  M  increased  to  anjr  desinnl  extent—tor  thit  well  to  hnve  the  clappers  of  this  style  of  vaXie 
reason,  rubber  is  the  only  EUitable  substance  for  vorked  up  into  a  bulging  form,  from  the  groove 
coating  balloons  of  extraordinary  dimensions.  Co  the  center,  in  order  that  they  may  be  som^ 
The  great  UifFard  balloon  of  the  Paris  Eiposi-  what  stiffened.  The  sharp  edge,  which  is  fltte>d 
tion  was  made  of  aeveral  layers  of  cambric  and  into  the  groove  of  the  clapper,  wilt  be  placed,  in 
rubber  cemented  togetbur.  To  prepare  the  rul>-  this  valve,  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  rim,  but  bent 
ber  solution,  sheets  of  the  elastic  material  are  downward  to  meet  the  CToove.  Staples  are  no 
suspended  in  barrelH  or  cans  containing  benzine,  the  under  side  of  the  Uppers,  to  which  cords 
and  a  few  hours  will  sufUce  U>  soften  the  gum  so  are  attached,  forming  a  loop  or  loope  for  con- 
that  it  mav  be  stirred  into  a  pasty  miiture.  To  necting  the  valve  cordiwhich  passes  down  through 
this  is  adiled,  from  time  to  time,  minute  doses  the  neck  of  the  balloon  into  the  oar. 
of  bichloride  of  sulphur  in  beniine,  taking  sev-  To  insert  the  valve,  we  hava  simplv  to  draw 
erol  days  for  the  operation,  at  the  end  of  which  the  leather  collar  in  tlie  top  of  the  balloon  over 
time  the  proper  coagulation  mar  have  taken  the  lower  flange  and  around  the  rim,  securely 
place.  This  rubber  solution  is  applied,  by  means  lashing  it  in  its  place.  The  upper  edge  of  the 
of  a  spreading- machine,  to  the  cloth  before  cut-  collar  is  then  turned  down,  and  another  lashing 
ting.  Each  coat  is  slightly  dusted  with  steatite,  is  made  over  it,  to  which  are  tied  eight  cords, 
to  give  more  body,  and  when  enough  coats  have  arranged  at  equal  distances,  apart,  forming  the 
been  laid  on,  it  may  be  taken  from  the  machine  net  attachments. 

and  rolled  up.    If  it  is  to  be  used  singly,  it  is       The  Net.— This  is  not  so  difBcult  to  make  as 

ready  to  be  made  into  a  t>alloon ;  but  it  it  is  re-  is  generally  thouehL     It  is  begun  at  the  top  or 

quired  to  be  doubled,  the  surface  is  left  in  a  center,  continuea  downward,  and  at  the  lower 

sticky  state  and  the  faces  of  two  pieces  are  pressed  edge  merges  into  tabs,  to  which  are  attached  the 

together.     The  cost  of  rubber  coating  exceeds  ropes  proceeding  to  the  concentrating  ring.     A 

that  of  oil  varnishing ;   but  some  advantage  is  net  must  not  only  be  strong  enough  to  bear  the 

gained  in  lightness  and  lasting  qualities.  load  that  the  gas  will  lift,  but  must  be  eqnaJ  to 

The  Talve. — The  imperfection  of  the  balloon  the  strain  brought  upon  it  by  the  wind  during 

valve  seems  to  have  been  a  considerable  source  inflation.     It  is  of  especial  importance  that  the 

of  annoyance,  even  to  the  French  aSronauts,  who  net  should  be  strong  enough  at  the  top,  near  the 

frequently  mention  the   "cataplasm,"  or  poul-  vulve.  where  the  meshes  must  bo  small,  mi  that 

tice      with     which  if  a  break  occurs  in  one  it  would  not  extend  eas- 

ihey  are  in  the  hab-  ily  to  the  rest      The  top  is  really  the  weak  part 

it  of  stuffing  their  cl  the  net,   particularly   for   captive   balloons. 

wooden    TBl\eB    to  Several  m'tances  are  known  of  balloons  passing 

make      them      gas  through  their  nets  from  meshes  breaking  at  the 

tisht.     This  seems  center    but  fortunately  no  captive  balloon  ho.'i 

abarbarous     mode  ever  met  with  tbb  accident  while   in   the  air. 

of  procedure,  which  although  it  is  liable  to  occur  at  any  time  if  due 

IS   indeed  unneces-  care  is  not  taken      Cotton  twine  makes  the  best 

sary  fnravnlvecan  net     silk  would  of  course  be  light,  strong,  and 

be   made   of  metal  soft,  but  its  costliness  puts  it  out  of  the  question, 

which  will  be   per  except  for  special  cases.     Flax  or  hempen  cord, 

fectly     free     from  though  strong  at  first,  soon  weakens,  and  when 

leakage  without  any  wet  with  rain  will  shrink  several  feetl  mining  a 

such  outward  appi  I-  close- fitting  net  too  small  for  tlie  balloon,  while 

cation,  and   it  may  under  similar  circumstances,  cotton  shows  little 

t>e  as  large  as  three  or  no  change.     The  strength  of  twine  reqiiired 

feet  in  diameter,  if  must  be  determined  by  the  size  of  the  balloon. 

required.    The  fiest  metal  for  the  purpose  is  cop-  For  the  smaller  ones,  a  mesh  should  not  break 

er,and  oneof  the  worstis  brass.  The  latterwill  with  a  weight  of  seventy-five  pounds,  and  for 
corroded  by  (tontact  with  the  gas,  while  the  the  largest  it  should  bear  two  hundred  pounds. 
former  will  not.  The  size  of  the  valve  must  bear  At  a  convenient  height  suspend  a  hoop,  and 
someproportlontotiiatof the balloon.from twelve  tie  on  it,  say,  one  hundred  loops,  each  about 
totwenty-fonrinchesdiameterbeingsnillcientfor  three  inches  long.  Begin  bv  knitting  the  first 
ordinary  ones.  A  valve  twelve  inches  in  diuro-  row  to  these  loops,  and  on  tne  succeeding  rows 
eter  is  large  enough  tor  a  balloon  of  23,000  cubic  enlarge  the  number,  by  adding  tor  the  first  few 
feet  capacity.  The  smallest  of  these  need  not  rounds  four  meshes,  then  three,  two,  and  Anally 
weigh  more  than  three  pounds.  They  are  mode  one  mesh,  until  the  number  is  sufficient  to  en- 
of  rolled  sheet  copper,  and  consist  of  a  U-shaped  circle  the  largest  part  of  the  balloon,  after 
rira,  a  cross  bar,  two  clappers,  abridge,  and  a  set  which  the  knitting  will  continue  to  the  end 
of  rubber  springs.  The  clappersof  the  valve  are  without  further  increase  of  the  number.  The 
covcrod  with  soft  leather,  and  a  projecting  edge  meshes  may  be  frequently  enlarged  also,  accord- 
on  the  rim  and  cross  piece  presses  the  leather  Ing  to  judgment.  At  the  distance  of  eight  or 
into  a  groove  near  the  edges  of  the  clappers,  ten  feet  from  the  lower  edge  the  net  divides  into 
The  largest  valves  would  ^ther  so  much  water  twenty  or  more  parts,  which  are  knitted  sepa- 
in  case  of  rain  that  it  ia  recommended  to  have  the  rately,  and  form  the  tabs  to  which  the  net  ropes 
clappers  as  nearly  flush  as  possible  with  the  upper  are  to  be  attached.  If  two  hundred  meshes  are 
pai^  of  the  rim  instead  of  the  lower,  an  arrange-  on  the  last  round,  and  twenty  attachments  nre 
ment  that  adds  somewhat  to  the  cost  of  its  con-  wanted,  we  begin  the  tab  by  knitting  on  to  tpn 
structioD,  but  obviates  the  danger  of  having  Ihe  meshes,  then  return,  first  making  a  loop  or  halt- 


BALLOONING,  MODERN. 


76 


moll,  on  the  nde  of  the  tab.  When  the  other 
point  from  vbich  we  started  haa  been  reached 
tgain,  wBm«ke  the  last  meeb  on  the  ride  b;  includ- 


in?  1  cord  th&t  was  lelt  hanginR  at  the  be^nning- 
ot  [he  tab.  Thus  knitting  right  and  left,  adding 
the  half-mesh  on  one  side  and  the  loose  cord  on 
the  other,  we  at  last  complete  the  tab  bj  gath- 
ering and  tyinK  the  lower  meshes  together, 
Ropea  of  nuuiilta  hemp  serve  for  the  attach- 
ments to  the  concentrating  ring.  The  top  of 
the  net  is  finished  hj  cutting  awaj  the  loops  on 
■hith  the  first  ronnd  was  made,  and  then  knit- 
ling  with  a  double  cord  to  the  one  hundred 
meshes,  taking  up  two  meshes  at  a  time.  A 
nrcle  formed  oy  passing  a  small  rope  through 
Ihe  last  meshes  completes  the  work.  The  net 
"Till  rords.  when  stretched  at  full  length,  should 
kc  tao  or  three  feet  longer  than  the  Dalloon. 

The  Concentrattn;  Ring.— This  may  be  of 
wood  or  metal.  A  largo  mast-hoop,  smoothly 
Pressed  down,  answetB  the  purpose  Terv  well. 
Itihoold  bo  strong  enough  to  resist  *ny  slrain 
rh«  may  be  brought  to  bear  upon  it.  Tivo 
W>ps  of  manilla  rope  have  their  ends  spliced  to 
l)ie  hoop  at  eqnal  distances  apart,  and  hang 
Anwn  a  fool  or  more.  To  these  loops  the 
titehor  rope  and  drag  rope  are  attached.  Neither 
ai  the  roi>es  should  ever  be  fastened  directly 
tn  the  hoop,  aa  the  latter  may  be  broken  by  so 

The  Wicker  Car.— The  car  shonld  be  made 
.  nf  willow,  as  this  is  the  lightest  matorial  that 
can  be  used  for  the  purpose,  and  gires  an  un- 
eqnaled  decree  of  elasticity.  Kattan  is  often 
nsnl,  althouf-h  it  is  much  heavier.  It  wears 
^11,  and  mar  sometimes  bo  added  with  adran- 
t»?e  to  the  willow  car.  Tho  shape  of  the  car  is 
B  asiiet  o(  tasto.    A  closely  woven  basket  of  an 


oval  pattern    is    generally  preferred.     Sis  or 

eight  strong  ropes  are  woven  into  the  willow, 
passing  through  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  car 
and  making  from  twelve  to  sixteen  attachments 
to  the  concentrating  ring.  A  convenient  car  to 
seat  twelve  or  more  persons  is  made  with  the 
addition  of  extended  sides,  which  may  be  perma- 
nent or  detachable,  by  having  the  parts  made 
separately  and  attaching  by  rope  laces.  The  ex- 
tension forms  the  seats,  and  has  another  set  ot 
ropes  to  be  fastened  to  an  extra .  hoop,  larger 
than  the  concentrating  ring. 

Floats.— Around  the  sides  of  the  car,  either 
within  or  without,  may  be  lashed  one  or  more 
floats.  A  contrivance  that  is  light  and  always 
attainable  consists,  according  to  the  size  of  the 
car,  of  from  fifty  to  one  hundred  hermetically 
sealed  fruit  cans  in  a  long,  stent  canvas  hose  just 
lar^e  enough  for  the  cans  to  slip  in.  This  forms 
a  life-preserver  in  the  water,  and  no  one  need 
fear  drowning,  though  cut  loose  from  the  bal- 
loon. BO  long  as  he  stays  by  the  car.  Those  who 
are  cognizant  of  the  many  disasters  that  have 
happened  to  aErial  voyagers  for  want  of  some 
means  of  keeping  afloat  when  falling  into  the 
water  will  fully  appreciate  the  value  of  this  sim- 
ple device. 

The  Drag  Rone.— This  useful  appendage  is 
nsnallv  about  850  feet  long,  is  simply  a  stout 
manilla  rope,  of  a  weight  proportioned  to  the 
balloon.  The  lower  end  is  pointed,  and  the 
strands  are  well  sewed  together  to  prevent  ravel- 
ing. It  has  come  into  use  within  the  past  thiriy 
Stars,  though  it  was  suggested  by  Green,  the 
nglish  aSmnaut.  long  before  as  a  good  appli- 
ance for  preventing  an  erratic  descent  into  the 
water.  Some  practice  is  required  to  reconcile 
the  aSronaut  to  its  use;  for  while  it  has  many 
good  points,  it  has  some  bad  ones  also,  the  worst 
of  which  is  its  liability  to  entanglement  in  tree- 
tops.  The  balloon  is  checked  in  its  downward 
course  when  the  rope  begins  to  rest  on  land, 
water,  or  forest,  and  with  the  means  of  tempora- 
rily escaping  woods  or  wat«r  the  aeronaut  is 
pretty  sure  of  finding  a  good  landing-piace- 
Fjnally,  the  drag  mpe  will  help  him  to  a  safe 
descent  by  its  frictional.  hold-back  qualities. 

The  Anchor. — An  ordinary  boat  anchor  will 
answer  the  purpose.  Some  use  flvc-pronged 
grapnel  hooks,  which  are  most  eflective  when 
the  prongs  are  straight  and  three-sided  like  bay- 
onet A  thin,  diamond- shaped  steel  plate  on 
the  end  of  each  gives  a  better  hold  in  soft  ground. 
Large  balloons  should  have  two  ancbois  attachi^ 
to  the  same  rope,  one  a  little  in  advance  of  the 
other.  A  boat  anchor  and  a  straight-pronged 
grapnel  are  very  effective. 

Size  of  Balloons.— A  balloon  of  7,000  enbic 
feet  capacity  may  be  made  light  enough,  when 
filled  with  hydrogen  gas.  to  carry  a  man  of  180 
pounds  and  some  balWt.  A  conacitj'  of  about 
12,000  cubic  feet  of  coal  gas  will  bo  required  for 
one  man.  But  neither  of  these  balloons  can 
carry  much  extra  weight,  and  experienced  ai^ro- 
nauts  will  not  consent  to  such  n  limit.  The  sizes 
in  genera!  use  range  between  13.000  and  100,000 
cubic  feet.  A  party  of  9  perw)ns  ascended  with 
a  balloon  of  1)2.000  cubic  feet  capacity  from  the 
Centennial  grounds  in  Philadelphia,  carrying 
with  them  a  Inr^o  quantity  of  ballast.  They  were 
nineteen  hours  in  the  air,  and  landed  near  Perth 


BALLOONING,  MODERN. 


Aroboj,  N.  J.,  coceidenbly  less  tbaa  100  milas 
from  the  sUrting  point. 

The  balloon  ia  capable  of  muah  j^reater  devel- 
opment than  is  dreamed  of  at  present.  It  is 
possible  to  make  one  that  could  sail  around  the 
globe  ;  but  until  there  cornea  a  demand  for  such 
a  wonder  it  is  not  likel;  to  make  its  appearance. 

The  C»re  of  Balloons. — Oil-vamished  bal- 
loons are  constantl;r  changing  in  appearance, 
weight,  strength,  and  condition  of  the  oil  film. 
At  first  the  varnish  scarcely  discolors  the  cloth, 
but  it  soon  begins  to  jellow,  and  in 
time  darkens  to  a  brownish  hue.  If 
too  much  exposed  to  air  it  will  d  y 
hard,  and  if  kept  an  undue  time  from 
the  air  it  will  become  soft  and  s  ky 
Fresh  coatings  have  to  be  given  f  om 
time  to  time  until  the  accnmu  a  on 
of  weight  impairs  its  carrying  powers. 
The  "lite"  of  a  balloon  may  be 
doubled  by  simply  sprinkling  it  o  or 
with  kerosene  oil  after  each  ascens  on      y 

Mont§rolfler   or    Hot-air  Bal 
loons. — Unbleached  domestic  cotton 
is  mostly  in  use  for  hot-air  bal  oon 
and  the  rule  already  given  (o    cut- 
ting may  be  applied  in  this  case  ex 
cept  that  the  neck  has  an  open  nr  of 
from  8  to  13  feeL    Stays  are  stitched 
at  intervals  across  the  cloth,  and  a 
wooden  hoop  is  usually  attached  lo 
the  neck.  The  fabric  is  improved  with 
a  little  filling.    Flour  paste,  paste  and 
whiting,  !(luB  size  and  ochre,  are  all 
in  use,  but  the  best,  perhaps,  isa  thick 
solution  of  soap  and  whiting,  which 
is  first  laid  on  and  afterward  sprinkled  with 
■  strong  alum   water.      No   net  is  required;   sU 
weight   to  be  carried    is  suspended   from    the 
wooden  hoop  or  neck  of  the  balloon.     No  valve 
is  needed,  but  the  balloon  is  suspended  by  on 
iron  ring  during  the  early  part  of  the  inflation. 

The  Parachute. — Linen  or  cotton  cloth  is 
the  material  for  parachutes.  They  are  umbrella- 
ahaped  when  in  the  air.  but  haTe  no  frame  work. 
They  are  cut  in  a  similar  manner  to  the  upper 
third  of  a  balloon,  and  should  be  well  stayed. 
Strong  cords  are  pendant  from  the  edge  or  are 
sewed  along  tlie  seams,  and  are  of  sufficient 
length  to  prevent  violent  swaying  in  the  descent. 
The  cords  are  concentrated  to  a  point  or  small 
hoop,  from  which  a  basket  or  other  contrivance 
may  be  suspended.  At  the  top  of  the  parachute 
is  a  knife  so  arranfred  that  on  pulling  a  cord  it 
cuts  the  rope  attaching  the  parachute  to  the  bal- 
loon. Sometimes  a  hoop  is  suspendwl  inside  to 
facilitate  the  opening  oc  the  folds  wlien  the  rope 
has  t)een  cut.  No  parachute  should  be  less  than 
80  feet  in  diameter,  to  insure  easy  lighting. 

InBatlon.'^The  Montgolfier  depends  entirely 
on  heated  air  for  its  buoyancy.  A  long,  wiile. 
and  deep  trench  isdug.in  which  the  lire  is  made. 
and  the  neat  conveyed  to  the  balloon.  The  trench 
is  covered  with  iron  plates,  or  logs  of  wood  with 
earth  upon  them,  and  a  fhort,  cylindrical  chim- 
ney is  built  upon  one  end  \  this,  with  a  broad, 
wooden  cover  tor  the  chimney,  completes  the  ar- 
rangement. Two  tall  poles,  with  pulleys  at  the 
top,  stand  at  a  convenient  distance,  one  on  each 
sioe  of  the  trench.  Through  iho  pulleys  and 
through  the  ring  at  the  top  of  the  balloon  runs 


a  strong  rope,  by  whioh  the  head  of  the  balloon 
is  hoisted  after  its  neck  and  folda  have  been 
carefully  arranged  around  the  chimney.  Sereral 
men  seize  the  cloth  and  steady  it,  to  prevent  con- 
tact with  the  fire.  The  outer  end  of  the  trench 
is  filled  with  light,  dry  wood;  a  cupful  of  alt'O- 
hol,  benzine,  or  kerosene  is  thrown  over  the 
wood,  and  Che  fire  is  started.  A  man  stationei) 
within  the  balloon  stands  by  the  chimney,  with 
the  wooden  cover,  ready  to  damp  the  fire,  and 
has  a  pail  of  water  at  hand  from  which  he  can 


sprinkle  the  balloon  if  sparks  find  a  lodgmeot 
anywhere.  The  helpera  stand  upon  the  folds  of 
cloth  to  prevent  cold  air  from  entering.  From 
ten  lo  twenty  minutes,  with  a  brisk  ffre,  serves 
for  the  complete  distention  of  the  globe.  The 
parachute,  previously  attached  to  cross  ropes  on 
the  hoop,  lies  at  one  side.  The  gymnast  takes 
his  place  beneath  on  the  trapese  or  other  con- 
trivance, the  cover  is  put  on  the  chimney,  all  let 
go,  and,  with  a  rush,  the  ascension  takes  place. 
As  the  heated  air  soon  cools,  not  man^  minutes 
are  lost  in  selecting  a  place  for  alighting.  The 
parachutist  then  pulls  the  knife  com,  which  cuts 
the  rope  connection,  and  instantly  he  is  seen  t9 
drop,  at  first  like  an  arrow,  but  in  a  moment  the 

Sarachute  catches  the  air,  and  then  sails  steadily 
own,  alia'htini;  generally  much  easier  than  if  he 
had  continued  on  with  the  balloon. 

CBrbur«t«d  Hydrogen  (las. — Gaa  from  coal 
is  a  practical  substitute  for  hydrngt;n,  although 
its  buoyancy  is  much  less,  being  only  35  to  40 
pounds  per  thousand  feet.  But  its  use  is  more 
general,  because  of  its  comparative  cheapness. 
The  necessity  for  erecting  temporary  apparatus, 
the  cost  of  materials  and  labor,  all  tend  to  make 
hydrogen  ten  times  more  expensive  than  coal  gas. 
Much  of  the  gas  now  made  for  illuminating  is 
coal  gai"  adulterated  with  water  gas  and  petro- 
leum oil,  or  consists  entirely  of  the  latter.  Oil 
gas  is  too  heavy  for  balloons,  and  hence  any 
of  these  mixtures  mar  be  considered  useless. 
Water  gas  of  itself  will  answer  very  well,  as  it 
is  nearly  as  buoyant  as  coal  gas ;  but  it  must  be 
taken  for  infiation  at  the  gas  works,  and  be 
made  expressly  for  the  purpose.    The  inflation 


BALLOONINO,  MODERN. 


wRh  cool  gas  is  nude  from  an  opening  in  sn^ 
ibett  main  that  is  large  enough  ib  gire  a  sulB- 
rient  flow  in  the  deeired  length  of  time.  Smalt 
nuuos.  or  those  at  considerable  distance  from 
the  workf.  will,  as  a  rule,  dellTer  the  gas  too 
slo«l;.  To  settle  anjr  question  regarding  time 
m^oired  for  obtaining  a  given  qoautity  at  anj 
point,  make  a  teat  with  a  small  balloon,  of  500 
cubic  feet  owacitjr,  noting  the  time  required  to 
fill  it,  and  caJcnlato  accorajnglr. 

H  jdro^n  Inflation. — Hydrogen  gas  for  bal- 
loon inflation  is  made  by  the  decomposition  of 
water  with  the  aid  of  sulphuric  acid  and  fine 
iron.  Large  wooden  tanks,  hogsheads,  or  bar- 
rels are  ased  for  the  process,  into  which  the  iron 
and  water  are  first  introduced,  and  when  the  acid 
isadded  the  generation  immediat«lT  begins.  Two 
handred  and  fifty  pounds  of  acid,  the  same  quan- 
(itj  of  fine  iron,  and  1,000  pounds  ot  water  are 
required  for  each  thousand  cubic  feet.  The  gas 
nsses  throneh  pipes  to  a  washer,  and  is  made  Co 
babble  up  through  lima  water,  after  which  it 
passea  through  a  flexible  conductor  to  the  bal- 
loon. Hydrogen  gas  will  lift,  according  to  its 
parity,  from  60  to  70  pounds  for  each  thousand 
cubic  feet.  • 

The  bfilloon  is  prepared  for  inflation  by  exten' 
sion  al  fall  length,  folding  the  breadths  one  upon 
another,  and  then  equally  dividing  the  leaves 
90  that  they  shall  he  in  fan-like  fashion  two 
iHeadtha  wide.  With  the  neck  of  the  balloon 
toward  the  gas  apparatus,  it  is  to  be  covered  with 
canvas  two  thirds  of  the  way  from  the  neck  to 
the  valve,  and  on  this  canvas,  close  to  the  bal- 
loon, sand  bags  are  arranged  to  prevent  the  folds 
eipanding  with  the  gas,  except  at  the  upper  end. 
As  the  inflation  progresses,  the  bags  nearest  to 
the  filled  portion  are  removed  one  by  one.  The 
net  is  spread  over  the  top,' and  fastened  round 
the  valve,  and  than  the  gas  is  allowed  to  flow 
through  to  the  valve  end.  A  large  bnlb  soon 
forms,  the  head  ot  the  balloon  rises,  the  net  is 
ailjusted.  and  sand  bags  are  hooked  on  to  keep 
all  in  place,  chang- 
ing them  to  lower 
positions  as  the  work 
progresses.  until 
Anally  the  globe  is 
completely  distend- 
ed. In  the  mean 
time  the  car  may  be 
attached  by  tying 
the  net  cords  to  the 
concentrating  ring; 
faae  sand  baza  may 
be  put  into  the  car, 
those  on  the  netting 
allowed  tost ide  along 
the  net  ropes,  and  on 
reaching  the  connn- 
t rating  ring  ropefl 
nay  be  removed  al- 
together. The  anch- 
or and  drag  rope 
ino<<t  be  neatly  coiled 

»nii  hnngnn  the  side  of  the  car,  while  their  ends 
Mt  to  he  fastened  to  the  cross  loops  overhead. 
The  anchor  shonld  be  bang  by  its  flukes  to  the 
tide  of  the  csr,  and  may  be  lashed  to  its  place 
Dntil  needed.  Extra  clothing,  water,  and  provis- 
ions an  next  in  order,  and  then  the  aeronaut  is 


ready  to  be  off.  Sand  bags  are  removed  one  at 
a  time  until  the  car  floats  and  is  held  by  a  single 
rope.  This  is  then  cast  oS,  and  the  voyage  be- 
gins. 


The  Toyage. — A  sufllcient  buoyancy  must  be 
given  to  clear  all  projections.    The  g^  expands 

ai-  it  rises  in  an  atmosphere  of  increasing  rarity, 
and  soon  begins  to  be  ejected  from  the  open  neck 
of  the  balloon.  The  loss,  under  a  cloudy  sky, 
may  stop  the  ascent,  but  in  bright  sunshine  the 
balloon,  floating  in  a  relative  calm,  will  become 
heated  to  the  extent  of  gaining  many  additional 
pounds  of  ascensive  power,  and,  in  spite  of  the 
continued  loss,  will  keep  rising  until  there  is  no 
further  gain  in  heat ;  then  a  descent  occurs,  which 
can  only  be  overcome  by  the  discharge  of  bal- 
last. A  voyage  in  the  dav-tirae  usually  consists 
of  a  seriea  of  ascents  and  descents,  because  of  the 
alternate  overflow  of  gsa  and  discharge  of  bal- 
last ;  but  at  night  this  is  all  changed ;  for  a  good 
gas-tight  balloon  may  be  suspended  at  one  con- 
stant Height  all  night  long.  The  reason  ot  this 
is  that  there  is  a  decrease  of  temperature  at  the 
.rate  of  one  degree  for  every  four  hundred  feet, 
and  as  cold  condenses  gas,  making  it  heavier,  it 
finally  reaches  a  height  at  which  its  impulsive 
force  meets  with  a  counterpoise,  and  between  the 
two  the  balloon  finds  its  level. 

The  wind's  speed  may  be  nothing,  or  it  may  ex- 
ceed seventv  miles  an  hour.  A  dead  calm  often 
leaves  the  balloon  in  queer  places,  fmm  which 
extrication  is  not  difllcult,  for  a  boy  may  walk 
away  with  it,  or  a  Mtl  can  carry  it  to  the  shore. 
It  is  different  in  high  winds ;  then  we  have-  a 
monster  to  handle,  which  at  times  can  only  be 
conquered  by  ripping  open  its  gas-eipanded 
sides.  Thunder-storms  are  to  be  avoided,  and 
the  aSronaut  must  be  wary,  or  he  may  be  drawn 
into  them  very  unexpectedly.  Do  not  run  high, 
but  rather  keep  as  low  as  possible.  Ordinary 
rain-storms  are  unpleasant,  for  the  water  courses 
down  the  sides  of  the  silken  globe,  falling  in 
from  its  neck  into  the  car ;  yet  the  moist- 


ure does  not  affect  the  voyage  in  any  great  de- 
gree, But  beware  of  snow  clouds,  for  the  little 
crystals  may  gather  in  such  quantity  on  the 
broad  root  above  your  head  that  a  sudden  de- 
scent will  bring  yon  to  the  ground  in  spite  of 
all  your  efforts. 


78 


BALLOONINQ,  HODEBN. 


Long  voyages  are  beset  with  mBnv  difficulties, 
particularly  from  loreats  aod  large  Dodies  of  vf^ 
ter,  over  which  a  greater  sense  ol  security  is 

Eined  by  the  possession  of  a  drag  rope.  Lake 
ie  is  crossed  or  ruo  its  whole  length  with  the 
drag  rope  moreeasily  than  a  dozen  miles  of  Liong 
Island  Souud  without. 

The  open  sea  is  the  most  tbreateoing  in  its  as- 
pect, for  no  ordinary  balloon  could  reach  its  far- 
ther shore,  and  if  caught  within  its  domain,  the 
aeronaut  will  be  glad  that  he  has  a  drag  rope  f- 
lieep  him  out  of  tie  wet    There  is  one  '    * 


on  record  where  two  voyaeers  were  brought  back 

to  the  land  by  a  yacht,  wiiich  gave  steerage  way 
to  the  balloon  while  the  latter  towed  the  boat 
with  a  wind  blowing  parallel  to  the  shore.  All 
aeronants  agree  that  after  hours  spent  over  a 
watery  waste  no  more  welcome  sight  could  be 
imagined  than  to  see  the  land  once  more  beneath 
their  feet.  Forest  wilds  produce  an  intensely 
lonesome  feeling,  and  one  wonders  what  would 
become  of  him  if  the  wind  should  fail  or  the  gas 
give  out.  Under  such  circumstances  he  clings 
tenaciously  to  the  ballast  as  his  only  salvation, 
and  the  drag  rope  is  made  to  do  duty  in  climb- 
ing the  mountains  before  him.  This  is  easy 
enough,  though  he  runs  the  risk  of  the  rope'j 
becoming  entangled  in  the  tree-tops,  yet  he  al- 
ways has  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that  the 
rope  can  be  cut  loose,  if  necessity  should  arise. 
Such  a  release  would  send  him  al>ove  the  highest 
peaks  and  perhaps  into  the  still  more  solitary 
clouds.  But  forced  landings  sometimes  occur, 
and  the  voyagers  have  to  make  the  best  of  it. 
It  happens,  however,  that  some  of  the  most  un- 
promising descents  turn  out  to  be  the  best,  fur- 
nishing another  chapter  of  adventure  in  descend- 
ing mountain  streams,  camping  under  primitive 
forest  trees,  sighting  the  startled  game,  and 
finally  sharing  the  lumberman's  rude  cabin  just 
once  before  looking  upon  civilized  lite  uwn. 
Occasional  calls  may  be  made  by  means  of  an 
oboror  drag  rope,  particularly  where         '"- 


welcome. 

But  if  ynu  ore  traveling  through  the  South  it 
is  best  to  be  on  the  lookout  for  "Johnny  anil  his 
gun."  Be  may  mistake  your  intentions,  for  be 
seldom  sees  a  balloon,  and  when  he  does,  if  you 
take  him  by  surprise,  be  wilt  shoot  tietore  be  in- 
Quires  into  your  motives.  While  visiting,  or  at 
the  end  of  vour  journey,  you  can  amuse  yourself 
and  the  innabitants  by  making  a  few  captive  as- 
cension&  Thiscon  bedone,when  theair  iscatm. 
by  paying  out  the  drag 
rope  car^ully,  baud  over 
band ;  but  if  the  men  let 
the  rope  slip,  it  may  get 
so  much  momentam  as  to 
lift  them  off  their  feet, 
and  cause  them  to  let  go. 
In  case  of  wind,  a  land- 
ing may  l>e  effected  with 
'  difficulty   unless  cats  be 

taken  to  choose  a  sheltered 
place.  Cross  a  mounUiin 
at  the  rate  of  forty  miles 
on  hour,  drop  into  the  val' 
ley  on  its  farther  side,  and 
the  air  will  be  found  as 
still  as  when  the  flags  hug 
their  masts.  Any  depres- 
sion is  an  advantage,  and 
a  sate  harbor  will  usually 
be  found  behind  a  piece 

In  landing,  look  out  for 
dead  trees ;  every  one  is  a 
balloon  trap.  If  you 
should  strike  one,  lose  no 
time  in  getting  out  of  it, 
for  the  limbs  may  break 
and  drop  their  load,  to  your  serious  injury.  If 
you  find  yourself  upon  a  strip  of  sandy  beacb, 
with  the  open  sea  before  you  and  your  passen- 
gers beginning  to  tumble  out,  that  is  one  of  the 
best  pUces  to  use  the  collapsing  cord,  and  finish 
by  treading  upon  the  sand  rather  than  in  the 

Ordinary  ascensions,  such  as  are  made  for  the 
entertainment  of  the  public,  do  not  usually  ex- 
ceed the  height  of  one  to  two  miles.  As  gener- 
ally expressed,  Iciw  sailing — say,  within  the  range 
of  1,000  feet— is  the  pleasantest.  We  see  all  ob- 
jects more  plainly,  can  talk  with  the  inhabitants 
as  we  pass  along,  and  realize  something  of  that 
sense  of  superiority  which  wings  give  to  the 
feathered  tribe. 

Preference  is  given  to  the  afternoon  for  ascen- 
sions for  several  reasons,  but  principally  because 
of  the  preparations  requiring  considerable  time, 
and  also  that  with  a  declining  sun  the  wind  gen- 
erally falls,  making  a  descent  about  sunset  much 
safer,  as  a  rule,  than  at  any  other  time  of  day. 
Pleasant  weather  is,  of  course,  the  Lieet,  although 
cloudv  days  are  the  most  favorable  for  variety, 
the  cloud  scenery  being  intensely  attractive  to 
most  persons.  Aeronauts  seem  to  have  little 
petiehartt  for  carrying  instruments;  it  is  the 
passenger  or  the  investigator  of  scientific  ques- 
tions tnat  requires  their  use.  The  aeronaut  is 
satisfied  with  his  barometer  or  without  it ;  he 
has  learned  the  appearance  of  objects  from  oer- 


BALLOONING,  MODEBN. 


79 


tain  heights,  iind  he  feels  almost  intuitivelj  tbe 
risiiig  or  fsllius  of  the  balloon.    But  a  scrap  of 

eper  thrown  from  the  car  solves  aor  doubt, 
.tra  clothing  should  always  be  carried  for  ex- 
Icnded  Toj'agts,  and  proTisions  also,  for  nothing 
can  be  more  uncertain  than  the  landing-place 
afler  a  prolonged  Bight  in  the  air. 

Amcrioa  i»,  perhaps,  the  best  country  in  the 
world  fur  long  antl  interestinic  vovageB ;  the 
grr*,t  varietj  of  scenery,  particularly  east  of 
the  Mississippi,  the  one  general  language,  and 
the  intelligence  of  the  people,  all  favor  this 
above  other  countries;  but  for  short  aSrial  voy- 
»efs  the  best  place  is,  no  doubt,  to  be  found  m 
France  or  Englaud. 

The  raoet  remarkable  ascensions  in  this  conn- 
try,  since  that  ot  La  Mountain,  are  the  toUow- 
JDg:  Lowe  sailed  from  Cincinnati  to  Columbia, 
S.  C,  about  300  miles,  in  six  hours. 

Two  experienced  voyagers  rose  from  Plym- 
oilth,  N.  H^  in  1872.  and,  having  crossed  the 
White  monntains,  found  themselres  at  nightfall 
in  tbe  wilds  of  Maine.  After  alighting  among 
tbe  tree-tops  on  the  lee  side  of  a  mountain, 
where  they  consulted  for  half  an  hour  on  the 
possibilitj  of  escape  from  their  dilemma,  they 
detemuned  on  a  continuation  of  the  voyage, 
Thronghont  the  night  they  floated  on  over  the 
Maine  and  Canada  wilderness,  and  toward  morn- 
ing were  carried  ont  over  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. Their  ears  caught  the  sound  of  the  surf 
beatingon  the  shore  while  they  wer?  passing  out 
over  tne  water.  They  made  a  careful  dosc-ent, 
availing  themselves  of  the  advantages  of  the  drag 
TOp^  when  by  good  fortune  a  counter-current 
«afi«d  them  back  to  the  shore.  Daylight  com- 
ing on,  they  discovered  a  road — the  only  one  in 
hundreds  of  miles — and  effected  a  safe  landing 
near  the  little  French  settiement  called  Sayabec, 
iSO  miles  below  Quebec. 

A  company  of  five  persons  rose  from  the  city 
otBufFalo,  and,  takingasoutherly course, passed 
into  the  State  of  Pennsylvania.  Crossing  the 
Allegheny  mountains,  they  reached  Havre  de 
Grtce.  Md..  where,  ascending  to  a  great  height 
on  account  of  the  heat  of  tiie  rising  sun.  they 
encountered  a  current  from  the  west,  which  car- 
tied  them  over  the  State  of  Delaware  and  landed 
them  in  southern  New  Jersey.  They  were  about 
thirteen  hours  in  making  the  joumer. 

Sevea  persona  rose  from  ClcTeland  at  11 
o'clock  A.  M.,  on  a  September  day,  and  were  im- 
mediately swept  out  from  the  shore.  Their 
course  lay  down  the  lake  for  a  hundred  and 
Ihirtr  or  forty  milee,  when  they  came  down  for 
a  sail  on  the  water  by  the  aid  of  the  drag  rope. 
In  doing  so  they  doubled  back  on  their  former 
course,  but  with  a  tt'ndency  toward  the  Canada 
■bore.  They  repassed  Erie  and  Cleveland,  and 
at  7  p.  X.,  after  eight  hours  over  the  lake,  they 
left  it  at  Point  an  Pele,  on  the  Canada  side. 
Approaching  Lake  St.  Clair,  they  were  seeking 
(or  a  landing-place,  when,  in  passing  over  a 
piece  of  woods,  the  drag  rope  fouled  among  the 
trees.  Sand  was  thrown  out  to  force  it  loose, 
and  after  three  heavy  bags  had  been  disposed  of 
the  balloon  was  freed  and  rose  rapidly  to  the 
cloQjg.  Lake  St.  Clair  was  crossed  in  the  dark- 
The  tinkle  of  an  occasional 


lights  otasteameron  Lake  Huron.  Pott  Huron 
was  at  their  feet,  but  they  were  hurried  away 
from  it  by  a  lake  breeze  met  in  the  depcent,  and 
a  landing  was  effected  at  midnight,  eleven  miles 
from  tbe  town. 
Two  voyagers  ascended  from  Chicw),  who, 
.„. ..  _»  .;_  hundred  miles,  after 


dense  wilderness.  _    , 

food  before  a  habitation  was  found,  'and  three 
days  more  in  reaching  Chippewa  Foils,  Where 
tber  could  telegraph  to  their  friends. 

The  "  Daily  Graphic  "  Company,  of  New  York, 
announced  that  they  would  send  a  balloon  across 
the  Atlantic  Donaldson  and  Wise  were  to  be 
the  aeronauts,  and  a  balloon  of  4SO,(>00  cubic 


feet  capacity  was  oonstmcled  of  domestic  cotton 
and  coated  with  oil  varnish.  The  materials  em- 
ployed were  too  cheap  and  primitive  for  such  a 
great  underlaking.  and  coal  gas  was  deemed 
Bufticient  for  a  vojage  of  thousands  of  miles. 
ided,  and  saw  the    The  parties  qnorreled  when  the  day  for  the  in- 


80 


BALLOONING,  HODllRN. 


flAtion  anired,  and  poor  DoDaldson,  with  the  about  one  hunilred  mile*  »  deecent,  which  tbe? 
eiperience  of  scarceljr  a  dozeu  ascensions  in  a  oould  not  govern,  brought  them  io  contact  wita 
little  one-man  balloon,  found  himself  in  sole  objects  on  the  ground.  Becoming  demoralized, 
oontrol  of  the  imraeose  aSrostat  In  his  efforts  tbe7  abandoned  the  ship.  The  landiog  wu 
to  Oil  it,  all  control  was  lost,  and  the  bag  itself  effeotod  at  East  Camutn,  Conn. 
was  saved  odIj  by  a  jndicious  use  of  the  knife.        Loner  TojBgM.  —  The  longest  Toyage  ever 

made  in  this  country  was  that 
of  John  La  Mountain,  from  ^t. 
Ixniistothe  vicinity  of  Water- 
town,  N.  ¥.,  July  1  and  a,  18SS. 
The  distance,  as  measured  on 
various  maps,  is  from  825  to 
eSfi  miles  in  a  direct  line.  The 
■Eronaut  had  with  him  as  pas- 
sengent  Mr.  0.  A.  Gager,  of 
Now  York,  Mr.  Hifde.  a  jour- 
nalist of  SL  LouiF.  and  the 
well-known  aeronaut,  John 
Wise,  of  LancaaUr,  Pa.  The 
balloon  was  of  oil«l  ?ilk  and 
had  a  capacity  of  about  90,000 
cubic  feet.  The  voyage  was 
made  in  about  siiteen  hours. 

Paul  Holier,  one  of  the  im- 
prompta  aeronauts  of  the 
siege  of  Paris,  and  a  sharp- 
shooter named  Deschamps.  as- 
cended together  in  a  b«]loon 
of  70,400  cubic  feet  capacity, 
and  landed  in  Norway,  it  'is 
said.  000  miles  north  of  Chris- 
tiania.  the  capital  of  that  coun- 
try. It  thisiacorrect,  it  would 
appear  to  be  the  longest  voy- 
age on  record.  The  voyagers 
during  the  night  descended 
over  the  sea,  and.  their  drag 
rope  being  insufScient,  thej 
were  daehed  into  the  waves; 
but.by  throwing  out  some  Gov- 
ernment dJBpatches  they  rose 
again,  finally  effecting  a  land- 
ing in  a  forest  where  the  snow 
was  knee-deep.  They  were 
fourteen  hours  and  forty  min- 
utes on  their  journey,  suffer- 
ing much  from  cold.  They 
slept  alternately  till  the  follow- 
ing morning,  menaced  by  the 
vicinity  of  wolves.  They  found 
a  cabin  and  some  Norwegians 
next  day,  and  soon  reached  a 
neighboring  village,  whence 
thev  were  carried  on  sledges, 
and  Anally  by  rail  reached 
Christianis.  They  were  not  in- 
cumbered with  theii 
for,  in  their  haste  ti 
balloon,  with  a  portio 
dispatches,  escaped, 
down  again  many  miles  away 
and  frightening  the  inhabit- 
ants. 

The  New  York  "  Wortd  "  re- 
Anoiher  aBronaut.of  more  experience,  was  sent  cantly  undertook  to  break  the  record  of  long 
for,  with  no  better  results;  but  at  last  one  was  voyageswith  a  halloonof  180.000cubic  feetcapa- 
found  who  succeeded  in  starting  Donaldson  and  city,  and  employed  an  amateur  to  do  the  work, 
his  two  companions  on  their  journey.  Fortu-  The  undertaking  was  loo  great  for  a  person  of 
nately,  they  did  not  go  directlv  out  to  sea,  limited  e»perienc«.  An  older  aeronaut  sent  the 
thoiigh  Brooklyn  WAS  their  pomt  of  departure;  balloon  and  party  aloft,  but,  with  everything 
biit  they  kept  inshore,  and  at  the  distance  of    favoring  ■  long  and  eventful  voyage,  the  inex- 


r  balloon, 
]  land,  the 

coming 


BALLOONING,  MODERN.  BAPTISTS.  81 

perienoed  one  failed  to  keep  afloat,  reaching  the  together  with  the  intention  of  rising  to  the 

ground  fifty-three  miles  from  the  starting  point,  greatest  possible  height.    They  carried  ba£;s  of 

St.  Louis.  oxygen  to  supply  them  with  its  life-sustaming 

Other  voyages  have  attracted  general  atten-  properties,  and  after  the^^  had  risen  to  the  height 

tion,  particularly  the  final  ones  of  Donaldson  of  five  miles,  being  reinvigorated  by  its  inhala- 

and  Wise.    The  former  rose  from  the  lake  front  tion,  one  of  their  number  suddenly  seized  three 

of  Chicago,  taking  with  him  young  Grimwood,  bags  of  sand,  one  after  another,  and  discharged 

a  reporter.    They  floated  off  at  a  ten-mile  gait  their  contents  over  the  side  of  the  car.    Almost 

directly  up  the  lake,  and  were  at  last  lost  to  instantly  the  three  men  became  asphyxiated,  and 

view.    A  terrific  storm  arose  that  night,  and  no  only  one  of  them  recovered  after  reaching  the 

reliable  news  was  had  of  them  for  weeks,  when  earth.    The  death  of  the  two  aeronauts  was  sup- 

tbe  body  of  Grimwood  was  found  in  the  sand  on  posed  to  have  been  caused  by  the  increased  rarity 

the  distant  shore  of  the  lake.    The  finding  of  of  the  air ;  but  it  seems  more  probable  that  the 

the  body,  with  a  torn  life-preserver  arouna  it,  gas  descending  upon  their  heaos  as  it  was  forced 

told  all  that  will  ever  be  known  of  their  fate.    It  ou.t  of  the  mouth  of  the  balloon  from  the  rapid 

is  probable  that  Donaldson  remained  in  the  car  expansion  caused  by  the  injudicious  discharge 

and  sank  with  the  balloon.  of  oallast,  produced  the  effect. 

Wise  arose  from  St.  Louis,  having  a  reporter  Professional  aSronauts  are  very  few  in  America, 
with  him  named  Burr.  The  wind  was  high  and  though  there  are  numbers  who  follow  some  other 
faTorable  for  a  very  long  voyage ;  and,  besides,  occupation  and  make  occasional  ascents.  It  is 
a  landing  in  such  a  wind  would  have  been  dan-  safe  to  say  that  not  more  than  half  a  dozen 
gerous.  They  continued  into  the  night,  but  the  names  could  be  mentioned  of  persons  who  de- 
pie  did  not  abate.  The  balloon  was  not  very  vote  themselves  exclusively  to  tnis  pursuit.  In 
large,  and  was  incapable  of  remaining  up  a  great  England  there  are  as  many  as  hero,  while  in 
whUe.  Three  hundred  miles  in  a  straight  line  France  they  are  more  numerous,  because  of  the 
they  went  for  Lake  Michigan,  and  after  reaching  more  frequent  opportunities  for  ascension,  no 
it  were  swamped  in  its  cold  embrace,  as  Donald-  fite  day  lacking  its  balloon  attraction.  The 
son  and  Grimwood  had  been.  Burr  was  washed  whole  number  of  professional  aeronauts  in  the 
ashore  and  his  body  was  found,  but  Wise  prob-  world  is  not  more  than  fifty ;  but  parachute 
ably  sank  in  his  car.  jumpers  and  hot-air  balloonistis  are  not  included, 

Aighest  A8eent8.~The   highest    ascent    is  for  they  can  be  counted  by  hundreds  in  every 

claimed  by  Cogswell,  the  English  aeronaut,  and  qivilized  country. 

Glaisher,  the  meteorologist,  who  ascended  to-  *  The  dangers  of  ballooning  are  of  ten  magnified, 
gether  from  Wolverhampton,  England,  Sept.  5,  but  it  can  not  be  denied  that  for  him  who  fol- 
1862.  Glaisher,  in  his  account  of  the  ascension,  lows  it  for  a  life-time  there  is  more  or  less  of  peril, 
published  in  his  '*  Travels  in  the  Air,''  claims  to  Many  narrow  escapes  occur  and  sometimes  a  life 
hare  made  an  instrumental  record  of  6  miles,  is  lost,  as  in  the  case  of  Thurston,  Donaldson, 
and  would  like  to  have  it  believed  that  they  rose  and  Wise.  Stiner  died  from  the  effects  of  ex- 
another  mile  after  their  exertions  had  ceased,  posure  in  a  descent  near  San  Francisco,  where 
He  said  his  eyes  failed  him,  and  he  called  on  Mr.  be  was  compelled  to  wade  for  hours  through 
Cogswell  to  Help  him  read  the  instruments;  but  water,  sometimes  up  to  his  neck,  in  seeking  to 
**in  consequence  of  the  rotatory  motion  of  the  extricate  himself  from  an  isolated  position.  The 
balloon,  wiiich  had  continued  without  ceasing  accidents  to  balloons  are  frequent.  It  is  rare, 
since  leaving  the  earth,  the  valve  line  had  be-  indeed,  that  twenty  ascensions  can  be  made 
come  entangled,  and  Cogswell  had  to  moimt  without  three  or  four  wrecking  experiences, 
into  the  ring  to  readjust  it.*'  The  statement  is  Trees  are  ordinarily  the  cause  of  these  mishaps, 
rather  unscientific,  and'  it  will  always  be  a  The  oiled  fabno  t^ars  easily,  and  through  fail- 
conundrum  bow  the  cord  could  become  entangled  ure  to  obtain  anchorage,  and  high  winds,  an  aero- 
in  that  way.  Had  the  scientist  dealt  with  plain  naut  frequently  loses  more  in  a  single  descent 
facts,  more  credence  would  be  given  to  his  story,  than  his  earnings  for  half  a  dozen  ascensions; 
but  be  attempted  the  sensational  by  telling  how  but,  with  all  these  drawbacks,  there  is  no  more 
Cogswell  lost  control  of  his  hands  after  climbing  fascinating  enjoyment. 

mto  the  hoop,  and,  without  saying  how  he  man-  BAPTISTS.  I.  Regular  Baptists  in  the 
aged  to  sustain  himself  in  such  a  position,  tells  United  8tate8.~The  following  is  a  summary 
us  that  he  took  the  valve  cord  between  his  teeth  of  the  statistics  of  the  Baptist  churches  in  the 
and  let  off  gas  enough  to  send  the  balloon  down.  United  States  as  they  are  presented  in  the  Ameri- 
Here  is  another  riddle  for  the  practical  aSronaut  can  Baptist  Year-Book  for  1891 :  Number  of  as- 
Why  did  he  want  to  open  the  valve  at  all,  when  sociations,  1,382 ;  of  ordained  ministers.  22,703 ; 
a  simple  cessation  of  his  labors  from  pushing  the  of  churches,  34,780;  of  members,  3,164,227;  of 
balloon  to  a  greater  height  would  have  accom-  Sunday  schools,  18,555,  with  131,880  ofiScers  and 
plished  the  same  object  f  Though  he  opened  the  teachers  and  1,280.663  pupils;  increase  by  bap- 
Talve  at  6  miles,  Mr.  Glaisher  was  so  anxious  tism  during  the  year,  140,058 ;  value  of  church 
for  the  greatest-height  record  that  he  would  fain  property,  |61,646,377.  Amount  of  contributions : 
stretch  it  to  7  miles.  He  has  ^ven  us  his  re-  For  salaries  and  expenses.  $7,186,532 ;  for  mis- 
markable  storv  of  the  ascent  with  a  heavy  cot-  sions,  |1,045,371 ;  for  education,  $374,030 ;  mis- 
ton  balloon  of  90.000  cubic  feet  capacity,  filled  cellaneous  contributions,  $2,609,637.  The  num- 
with  coal  gas,  and  has  made  it  well-nigh  impos-  bers  for  the  rest  of  North  America  are :  British 
sibie  for  the  lightest  balloon  filled  with  the  Provinces,  795  churches,  517  ministers,  and  77,832 
purest  hydrogen  to  compete  with  him.  It  is  members ;  Mexico,  1,161  members :  Cuba,  Hayti, 
certain  tnat  coal  gas  will  never  do  it  again.  Jamaica,  and    other   islands,  42.910  members. 

A  few  years  since  three  Frenchmen  ascended  Total  for  North  America,  35,817  churches,  23,344 

VOL.  XXXI. — 6  A 


83  BAPTISTS. 

ministers,   8,286,030   members.     In    BrazU,   8  in  the  maintenance  of  26  established  schools  for 

churches,  8  ministers,  and  812  members.     In  the  colored  people,  Indians,  and  Mexicans;  8  day 

Europe,  3,871    churches,  8,081    ministers,  and  schools  fortne  Chinese  in  California,  2  in  Oregon, 

408,742  members,  of  which  2,802  churches,  2,974  and  1  in  Montana ;  and  2  schools  in  Utah,  2  in 

ministers,  320, 163  members  are  in  Great  Britain  the  Indian  Territory,  and  3  in  Mexico.    The  mis- 

and  Ireland,  20,990  members  in  Germany,  and  sionaries  represented  18  nationalities  or  peoples^ 

83,521  members  in  Sweden.  In  Asia,  696  churches,  viz.,  Americans,  Germans,  French,  Swedes.  Danes'. 

470  ministers,  and  79,468  members.  In  Africa,  47  Norwegians,'  Indians,  negroes,  Chinese,  Mexicant:, 

churches,  74  ministers,  and  2,958  members.    In  Bohemians,  Poles,  and  Finns.    Other  items  of 

Australasia,  192  churches,  124  ministers,  and  the  work  are:  Churches  and  out-stations  supplied, 

15.568  members.    Total  for  all  countries,  40,631  1,828 ;    members   received   by   baptism,  4,523 ; 

churches,  27,101  ministers,  and  8.793,078  mem-  churches  organized,  199 ;  total  church  member 

bers,  showing  an    increase  from  the  {irevious  ship,  41,785 ;  Sunday  schools  under  the  care  of 

year's  reports  of  941  churches,  1,755  ministers,  missionaries,  948 ;  attendance  on  Sunday  schools, 

and  91,696  members.    The  whole  number  of  bap-  64,191 ;  benevolent  contributions  reported,  $43,- 

tisms  returned  in  1890  was  155,494.  627.    During  the  fifty-nine  years  of  the  society's 

The  educational  institutions  in  the  United  existence  117,103  persons  had  been  baptized  and 
States  comprise  7  theological  institutions,  with  4,226  churches  organized  bv  its  agents.  In  twelve 
67  instructors  and  657  pupils ;  34  universities  years  the  increase  of  missionaries  to  the  colore<l 
and  colleges,  with  422  instructors  and  6,537  people  had  been  twofold  and  of  teachers  more 
pupils ;  38  seminaries  for  female  instruction  ex-  than  fourfold ;  of  missionaries  to  the  Chinese, 
clusively,  with  405  instructors  and  4,886  pupils ;  twofold ;  to  the  Indians,  twofold ;  to  the  Mexi- 
45  seminaries  and  academies  for  youn^  men  and  cans,  from  none  to  15 ;  to  the  French,  threefold ; 
for  persons  of  both  sexes,  with  281  mstructors  to  the  Germans,  about  twofold ;  to  the  Scandina- 
and  5,578  pupils ;  and  26  institutions  for  the  vians,  nearly  fivefold  ;  and  to  the  American  pop- 
colored  race  and  Indians,  with  198  instructors  ulation,  nearly  twofold.  In  the  church-service 
and  4,780  pupils.  Of  the  16,895  pupils  in  the  department,  88  churches  had  been  aided  by  gifts 
universities  and  colleges,  seminaries  and  acade-  or  loans,  or  both,  to  the  amount  of  $42,499.  The 
mies,  and  freedmen*s  and  Indians'  schools,  1,575  Loan  fund  amounted  to  $118,874.  The  receipts 
were  preparing  for  the  ministry,  making  with  the  for  the  year  on  its  account  had  been  $6,200.  The 
students  in  the  theological  seminaries,  2,282  per*  receipts  for  the  Benevolent  fund  had  been  $22,- 
sons  studying  with  that  end  in  view.  689. 

The  Baptist  African  Missionary  Convention  Publication  Society. — The  annual  meeting 
of  the  Western  States  and  Territories  reported  in  of  the  American  Baptist  Publication  Society  was 
1890  a  year's  receipt  of  $418,  and  was  supporting  held  in  Cincinnati,  May  22.  The  Rev.  Thomas 
two  missionaries  on  the  Congo  river  in  Africa,  Armita^e,  D.D.,  presided.  The  society  had  re- 
while  two  more  were  on  the  way  thei-e ;  and  ceived  m  its  three  departments,  $647,884.  The 
the  Women's  Convention  in  Kansas  co-operates  sales  in  the  book  department  had  amounted  to 
with  it  in  the  support  of  another  missionary.  $529,596,  or  $25,948  more  than  in  the  previous 
The  Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Convention  of  year ;  the  receipts  of  the  missionary  department 
the  United  States  (colored)  has,  since  its  organ-  had  been  $95,493,  or  $80,000  less  than  in  the  prc- 
ization  in  1880,  collected  about  $25,000 ;  sent  out  vious  year ;  and  the  Bible  department,  $22,729. 
11  missionaries,  who  have  labored  at  8  stations  There  had  been  contributed  from  the  book  depart- 
and  5  out-stations,  and  received  800  converts,  ment  to  the  missionary  department,  $128,437.  of 
Its  receipts  for  1890  were  $4,135.  which  $46,880  were  in  cash,  and  the  remainder  in 

The  American  National  Baptist  Convention  books  and  tracts.    The  missionary  work  of  the 

(colored)  reports  17  State  conventions,  12  schools  society  was  represented  by  122  missionaries,  who 

owned  and  managed  by  the  Home  Mission  So-  returned  44  churches  constituted,  500  Sunday 

ciety,  and  44  owned  and  managed  by  colored  schools  organized,  and  317  pastors,  ministers,  an^ 

Baptists  themselves.  students  aided  with  grants  for  their  libraries.    An 

Home  Mission  Society.— The  fifty-ninth  an-  unfavorable  report  was  made  of  the  condition  of 

nual  meeting  of  the  American  Baptist  Home  the  mission  which  had  been  begun  in  Armenia 

Mission  Society  was  held  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  eight  years  before,  the  results  of  which  had  not 

beginning  May  20.    The  Hon.  C.  W.  Kingsley  been  successful  and  the  prospects  of  which  were 

presided.    The  receipts  for  the  year,  including  not  encouraging :  and  the  meeting  resolved  that, 

conditional  and  trust  funds,  but  not  including  after  reasonable  notice  to  the  present  agents  on 

church-edifice  loans  repaid,  had  been  $405,153.  the  field,  the  society  should  discontinue  appro- 

Of   this   sum,  $15,341    had    been  contributed  priations  to  it.    There  had  been  much  difference 

through  the  woman's  societies  of  Boston,  Con-  of  opinion  among  Baptists  as  to  the  expediency 

necticut,  Michigan,  and  Chicago.    The  expendi-  of  sustaining  this  mission,  which  was  working  in 

tures,  not  including  loans  to  churches,  haa  been  fields  already  occupied  by  the  American  Boanl, 

$408,497.  The  society's  labors  had  been  conduct-  with  embarrassment  to  some  of  that  society's 

ed  in  49  States  and  Territories,  and  in  Ontario,  churches. 

Manitoba,  British    Columbia,  Alaska,  and  six  Missionary  Union.  —  The  seventy  -  seventh 

States  of  Mexico,  and  had  engaged  the  services  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Baptist  Mis- 

of  948  missionaries.    Of  these,  209  had  labored  sionary  Union  was  held  in  Cincinnati,  May  25. 

among  foreign  populations,  286  among  the  col-  The  Kev.  G.  W.  Northrop,  D.  D.,  presided.  '  The 

ored  people,"  Indians,  and  Mexicans,  and  443  total  receipts  of  the  treasurer  from  all  sources 

among  Americans.    One  hundred  and  five  new  for  all  purposes  had  been   $492,275,  of  which 

mission  stations  had  been  taken  up,  38  of  them  $121,690  had  been  contributed  by  the  two  Wom- 

amoug  foreign  populations.    The  society  aided  an's  Foreign  Missionary  Societies ;  the  exjKsnd- 


BAPTISTS.  83 

itares  or  liabilities  had  been  $553,869,  showing  eration  of  the  aims,  spirit,  and  methods  of  future 
a  balance  against  the  treasury  of  $61,594.  From  missionary  operations.  The  features  of  the  meet- 
the  missions  to  the  heathen  there  were  I'etumed  ing  included  the  reading  of  papers  on  those  sub- 
68  stations  and  1,322  out-stations.  Including  98  jests  and  discussions  of  them, 
mb^ionaries  who  were  now  absent  from  their  Baptist  Tonnff  People's  Union. — A  Young 
fields,  there  were  378  missionaries,  of  whom  14  People's  Baptist  Union  of  America  was  organized 
were  physicians,  13  laymen,  107  single  women,  and  at  a  convention  held  in  Chicago,  111.,  July  7.  Its 
119  wives  of  missionaries.  The  European  mis-  objects  were  declared  in  the  constitution  adopted 
sions  returned  065  preachers,  734  churches,  76,039  to  be :  '*  The  unification  of  Baptist  youne  people ; 
members,  and  6,354  persons  baptized  in  1890.  In  their  increased  spirituality ;  tneir  stimulation  in 
all  the  missions  there  were  378  missionaries,  1,823  Christian  service ;  edification  in  Scripture  knowl- 
preochers,  1,415  churches,  152,642  members,  15,-  edge;  their  instruction  in  Baptist  history  and 
062  baptized  in  1890,  and  71,950  pupils  in  Sun-  doctrine;  and  their  enlistment  in  all  missionary 
day  schools.  The  contributions  from  the  mission  activity  through  existing  denominational  organ- 
churches  had  been :  From  the  heathen  missions,  izations.*'  Mr.  John  H.  Chapman,  of  Chicago, 
fol.038;  from  the  European  missions,  $186,158.  was  chosen  president.  Forms  were  adopted  for 
The  heathen  missions  were  the  Burman,  Karen,  constitutions  of  State,  associational,  and  local 
Shan,  Chin,  Kachin,  Telu^u  and  Tamil,  Assa-  organizations. 

mese.  Garo,  Naga,  Kohl.  Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Southern  Baptist  Conyentlon. — The  South- 
Congo  missions.  The  European  missions  were  em  Baptist  Convention  met  in  Birmingham, 
in  Sweden,  Germany,  Russia,  Denmark,  France,  Ala.,  May  8.  The  Hon.  Jonathan  Haralson 
and  Spain.  The  most  conspicuous  events  of  the  presided.  The  report  of  the  Foreign  Mission 
missionary  work  of  the  ^ear  had  been  the  visit  of  Board  showed  that  it  had  received  from  the 
the  Rev.  Henry  C.  Mabie,  one  of  the  correspond-  churches  $118,322,  and  was  indebted  |4,206. 
ing  secretaries  to  the  missions  in  Asia,  and  the  The  missions  were  in  China.  Japan,  Africa,  Italy, 
great  revival  in  the  Telugu  mission.  The  growth  Brazil,  and  Mexico,  and  returned  38  main  sta- 
of  that  mission  since  its  beginning  has  l^n  re-  tions,  147  out-stations,  86  American  missionaries, 
markable.  In  1866  there  were  1  station  and  38  23  ordained  and  53  unordained  native  assistants, 
members.  A  second  station  was  then  founded,  67  organized  churches,  2,377  members,  361  bap- 
and  a  rapid  growth  begun.  At  the  end  of  1877  tisms  during  the  year,  and  22  schools,  with  823 
there  were  4,517  members.  In  1878  there  were  pupils.  The  mission  in  Japan  had  been  estab- 
10,601  baptisms,  of  which  2,222  were  on  July  2.  lisned  during  the  year.  The  Home  Mission 
In  the  report  for  1890  the  number  of  members  was  Board  had  received  $67,188  ;  in  addition  to 
given  as  33,838.  The  complete  statistics  for  the  which  the  State  Conventions  and  District  Asso- 
past  year  gave  the  number  of  baptisms  as  more  ciations  raised  not  less  than  $100,000  for  State 
than  6,000,  and  the  whole  number  of  church  mem-  and  district  missions.  The  board  had  employed 
bers  as  more  than  40,000.  A  good  account  was  406  missionaries,  against  371  in  the  previous 
given  of  the  character  and  st^dfastness  of  the  year :  of  whom  81  had  labored  among  foreign 
converts.  The  plan  for  the  celebration  of  the  cen-  populations,  including  Indians,  22  in  Cuba,  and 
tennial.  in  18SK2,  of  Protestant  foreign  missions,  or  51  among  the  negroes.  The  work  of  the  board 
the  one  hondnedth  anniversary  of  the  beginning  among  tne  Indians  was  confined  to  the  Indian 
of  that  work  by  William  Carey,  reported  by  the  Territory.  The  Baptists  of  the  South  had  been 
committee  and  adopted  by  the  meeting,  oontem-  at  work  among  these  people  for  half  a  century, 
plates  services  to  be  continued  through  the  year,  and  this  convention  for  nearly  forty  years ;  and 
and  includes  a  commemorative  discourse  and  oth- «  the  success  attending  efforts  to  evangelize  them 
er  «>pecial  services  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  had  been  remarkable.  There  were  now  in  the 
Union,  in  Philadelphia,  in  May ;  efforts  to  send  five  civilized  tribes  as  many  baptized  believers 
oat  one  hundred  new  missionaries  and  raise  a  and  as  many  churches  and  native  preachers,  in 
memorial  fund  of  one  million  dollars  for  the  proportion  to  the  population,  as  m  any  com- 
universal  work  of  the  Union ;  general  meetings  munity  on  the  globe.  The  Levering  school  would 
to  observe  the  four  memorial  days  of  the  Carey  after  the  present  session  be  no  longer  under  the 
movement,  to  be  held  in  different  parts  of  the  control  of  the  board,  the  Creek  nation,  possess- 
country  under  the  supervision  of  the  Centennial  ing  a  very  large  school  fund,  having  resolved  to 
Committee ;  and  at  least  one  memorial  service  to  terminate  all  existing  educational  contracts  with 
be  held  in  each  church  or  group  of  churches  in  mission  boards,  and  assume  the  entire  respon- 
commemoration  of  the  instrumentality  of  Bap-  sibility  of  educating  its  people.  The  work  among 
ti«t9  in  promoting  world-wide  evangelization.  the  colored  people  had  not  reached  the  impor- 

Woman's  Home  Mission  Societies.  —  The  tance  it  demanded,  and  the  report  of  the  board 

Woman*s  Baptist  Home  Mission  Societies  held  a  dwelt  upon  the  need  of  enlarging  it.    The  work 

joint  meeting  in  connection  with  the  anniver-  in  Cuba  continued  with  unabated  interest.    A 

saries  of  the  three  preceding  societies.    The  re-  large  church  had  been  dedicated  in  Havana  on 

ceipts  of  the  Western  society  (Chica^^o)  had  been  Feb.  15.    Mr.  Diaz,  the  missionary,  reported  that 

157,085 :  expenditures,  $484309,  leaving  a  balance  there  were  7  churches,  with  1,017  members  and 

of  18.876.    The  Eastern  society  (Boston)  had  re-  210  baptisms  during  the  year ;  7  Sunday  schools, 

ceived  $43,000,  and  supported  47  teachers,  chiefly  with  an  average  attendance  of  679  pupils ;  and 

among  the  negroes.  3  church  buildings. 

An  autumnal  missionary  conference  was  held  The  Woman's    Missionary   Union,  which  is 

in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  17, 18,  and  19,  the  first  of  auxiliary  to  the  convention^  had  received  $88,- 

a  series  of  conferences  projected  by  the  Mission-  980.    Besides  assisting  in  the  maintenance  of  the 

ary  Union  to  be  held  apart  from  the  anniversa-  home  missions  and  sending  supplies  to  them,  it 

ries,  when  more  time  can  be  given  to  the  consid-  had  contributed  to  the  support  of  twenty-five  girls 


84  BAPTISTS. 

in  a  Cuban  college  for  young  women  and  in  the  parcels  of  real  estate  bequeathed  to  this  fund, 

support  of  missionaries  in  the  foreign  field,  and  the  value  of  which  was  not  yet  estimated, 

had  this  year  collected  a  Christmas  offering  of  The  Education  Society  ha^  received  $1,795  on 

$4,320  for  the  North  China  Mission.    The  pres-  interest  account,  and  $2,600  on  account  of  prin- 

ent  was  the  third  annual  meeting  of  the  Union,  cipal ;  the  endowment  funds  and  securities  to 

American  Baptist  Education  Societr. —  its  credit  amounted  to  $45,088.  It  presented 
The  third  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Bap-  reports  from  Salem  College,  Virginia,  Albion 
tist  Education  Society  was  held  at  Birmingham,  Academy,  Wisconsin,  Milton  College,  Wisconsin, 
Ala.,  in  connection  with  the  meeting  of  the  and  Alfred  University,  New  York.  The  last  in- 
Southern  Baptist  Convention.  Its  report  showed  stitution  had  an  endowment  fund  of  $51,514. 
that  there  were  140  Baptist  institutions  of  learn-  The  Tract  Society  had  received  $7,267.  It 
ing  in  the  United  States,  into  whose  necessities  had  a  Hebrew  Paper  fund  of  $779,  and  a  perma- 
the  executive  bofurd  had  carefully  looked.  Dur-  nent  fund  of  $8,047.  A  minute  adopted  at  a 
ing  the  past  three  years  the  society  had  aided  meeting  of  the  society  declared  that  the  argn- 
institutions  in  securing  endowments  to  the  extent  ments  set  forth  to  sustain  the  observance  of 
of  £209,850.  This  sum,  conditionally  given,  had  Sunday  "  tend  to  destrov  confidence  in  the  di- 
brought  to  the  institutions  aided  an  aggregate  vine  authority  of  the  Word  of  God  and  to  do 
of  $1,165,000.  If  the  present  assets  of  the  Chicago  away  with  the  sense  of  the  obligation  to  observe 
university  ($2,250,000)  were  added,  the  work  of  any  Sabbath  at  all,"  and  that  the  Seventh-Day 
three  vears  would  be  represented  by  the  total  people  can  hope  to  present  effectually  their  dis- 
sura  or  $3,415,000.  tinctive  principles  only  among  those  "  who  rec- 

II.  Free-Will  Baptist  Cliareli.— The  Free-  ognize  tne  necessity  of  a  Sabbath  based  upon 

Will  Baptist  Annual  Register  and  Year-Book  for  the  Scriptures." 

1891  gives  as  the  totals  of  the  statistics  of  the  Free-  The  receipts  of  the  Missionary  Society,  not  in- 
Will  Baptist  churches:  Number  of  yearly  meet-  eluding  receipts  in  the  China  field,  had  been 
ings  and  single  associations,  54,  with  8  quarterly  $11,939.  The  mission  at  Shanghai,  China,  re- 
meetings  and  14  churches  not  connected  with  turned  4  foreign  workers  and  8  native  preachers, 
any  yearly  meeting ;  of  quarterly  meetings.  201 ;  with  82  church  members,  42  pupils  in  day 
of  churches,  1,630;  of  ordained  ministers,  1,398;  schools,  and  4  additions  to  the  Church  during 
of  licensed  preachers,  218 ;  of  members,  86,405.  the  year,  and  3,283  patients  had  been  treated  in 

The  Education  Society  received  $3,078  during  the  dispensary.    The  mission  church  in  Haarlem 

1890,  and  returned  $10,198  as  the  total  amount  Holland,  returned  31  members.    Although  no 

of  invested  funds  in  its  hands  on  Aug.  31  of  Jewish  mission  had  been  established,  a  contribu- 

that  year.     Thirteen  institutions  of  academic  tion  to  that  work  had  been  sent  to  a  missionary 

and  collegiate  grade  are  sustained  by  the  denom-  in  Austria.     Reports  were  made  from    many 

inatiou.  home  mission  stations.    The  Woman*s  Board, 

The  receipts  of  the  Home  Mission  Society  for  co-operating   with   this  society,  had    received 

1890  were  $110,759;  and  the  amount  of  iU  in-  $3,051. 

vested  funds  was  returned  at  $14,075.  The  General  Conference  met  at  Westerly,  TL  I., 

The  Foreign  Mission  Society  returned  receipts  Aug.  19,  under  the  presidency  of  Mr.  Oiorge  B. 


the  native  Christian  community,  with  2,721  pupils  character  of  the  sessions  and  presented  a  copy  of 
in  Sunday  schools  and  3,520  in  the  day  and  gen-  the  proceedings.  As  a  representative  body  the 
eral  schools.  There  are  also  connected  with  the  council  surpassed  any  former  gathering  of  the 
denomination  a  Woman's  Mission  Society,  a  people  of  the  Church.  Delegates  attended  from 
Temperance  Union,  a  Sunday-school  Union,  a  the  General  Conference,  from  the  benevolent  so- 
Youn^  People's  Social  and  Literary  Guild,  and  cleties  and  boards,  and  from  79  churches.  The 
a  United  Society  of  Advocates  of  Christian  Committee  on  Denominational  History  reported 
Fidelity.  that  historical  and  biographical  articles  and  pa- 
III.  Seyentli  •  Day  •  Baptist  Church. — The  pers  on  missionary  history  had  been  published 
whole  number  of  members  returned  in  this  in  the  denominational  journals,  and  urged  that 
Church  for  1891  is  8,748.  Of  this  number  1,796  the  series  should  be  completed  and  published  in 
are  non  -  residents.  The  statistical  secretary  collected  form.  Resolutions  were  adopted  urg- 
called  especial  attention  in  his  report  to  this  ing  the  demand  for  increased  aggressiveness  and 
class  of  members — persons  scattered  over  the  activity  in  promoting  the  movement  for  "  Sab- 
land  and  trying  to  observe  the  principles  of  bath  reform,"  with  which  the  denomination  is 
their  creed  in  a  state  of  isolation  from  their  fel-  identified ;  expressing  joy  and  approval  over  the 
low  -  members.  There  are,  he  said,  probably  increasing  interest  in  missions  and  in  the  higher 
many  more  little  groups  of  Seventh-Day- Bap-  education ;  reiterating  the  opposition  of  the  con- 
tist  families  than  there  are  organized  churches,  ference  to  the  use  and  sale  of  intoxicating 
The  Sabbath-school  Board  had  reports  from  75  liquors ;  condemning  distinctions  in  reganl  to 
schools,  in  which  were  5,395  members,  of  whom  immigrants  based  upon  prejudice,  race,  or  color 
822  were  officers  and  teachers.  The  trustees  of  insteiS  of  other  characteristics ;  commending 
the  Memorial  fund  returned  an  income  for  the  the  study  of  the  issues  presented  by  the  "  High- 
yeai  of  $6,495,  and  the  total  amount  of  endow-  er  Criticism  "  in  Bible  study :  and  approving  the 
ment  funds  realized  as  $116,748.  The  treasurers  Christian  Endeavor  work  of  the  young  people, 
of  different  institutions  had  received  $14,422  for  IV.  Baptists  in  Great  Britain. — ^The  Bap- 
notes  paid  direct  to  them  and  accounted  part  of  tist  Union  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  met  in 
the  Memorial  fund.    There  were  besides  four  London,  April  27.    Col.  James  Theodore  GriflRn 


BAPTISTS.  86 

presided     The  report  of  the  council  showed    churches  to  their  own  resources,  the  principle 
that  there  were  connected  with  the  Union  2.802    being  stated  that  the  funds  of  the  society  ^'  weie 


and  1.874  pastors  in  charge ;  and  that  £54,605  society  with  the  General  Baptist  Missionary  So- 
had  been  expended  on  new  chapels,  £88,591  on  ciety  was  agreed  to,  and  now  only  awaited  the 
improTements,  and  £67,388  toward  reduction  of  ratification  of  that  body  at  its  coming  meeting, 
debt.  An  incorporation  had  been  secured  in  The  receipts  for  the  Zenana  Mission  had  been 
Older  to  enable  the  Union  to  hold  securities  and  £7,592,  and  the  expenditures  £105  more  than  that 
other  property  of  the  Annuity  fund.  The  estab-  sum.  A  boat  was  employed  carrying  the  ladies 
li^hment  of  a  publication  department  and  a  de-  of  the  mission  up  and  down  the  rivers  of  Beneal. 
nominational  book  room  had  been  considered.  The  receipts  of  the  Bible  Translation  Society 
The  securities  of  the  Annuity  fund  were  valued  had  been  £1,230,  or  £130  less  than  in  the  year 
at  £143,590 ;  the  additions  during  the  year  had  preceding.  The  capital  of  the  Baptist  Builaing 
hten  £8,452,  besides  which  the  stock  had  largely  fund  was  returned  at  £43,098,  and  the  whole 
increased  in  value.  The  receipts  for  the  Aug-  amount  of  loans  was  £196,595.  More  loans  had 
mentation  fund  had  been  £10,034;  and  for  the  been  granted  in  the  past  year  than  in  any  pre- 
UnioQ  itself,  £1,729.    The  Home  Mission  Society  ceding  one. 

made  report  of  81  mission  churches  with  34  de-  Clenerai  Baptist  Conference. — The  General 

pendent  stations  and  8,538  Sunday-school  chil-  Baptist  Conference  met  at  Burnley,  June  23.  The 

dren.  Its  income  was  only  £2,500,  £700  of  which  Rev.  Dr.  Clifford  presided.     Resolutions  wei*e 

▼ere  raised  by  the  churches  in  co-operation  with  adopted  confirming  the  plan  of  union  with  the 

the  society.     The  aided  churches  had  raised  more  Baptists.    After  expressing  gratification  at  ob- 

tban£7,0b0during  the  year  for  yarious  purposes,  serving  numerous  signs  of   union  among  the 

including  £319  for  foreign  missions.    R^lutions  churches,  and  at  the  spread  of  the  principles 

were  adopted   by  the   Union  condemning  the  taught  by  the  founders  of  the  denomination  till 

opiam  traffic  in  India  as  indefensible  on  moral  they  **  are  now  the  operative  faith  of  the  churches 

grounds,  an  offense  against  God,  and  a  terrible  of  Christendom,''  the  resolutions  recite 

wrong  to  the  people  of  that  land ;  and  approv-  ^hat  in  reviewing  the  last  few  yea«  of  our  hintory 

mg  a  measure  for  free  education  that  should  we  grateftillyrememberthemeasage  which  came  from 

provide  for  the  abolition  of  fees  in  the  higher  the  chair  of  the  Baptist  Union  in  1886,  Inviting  m  to 

oif  well  as  in  the  lower  standards,  place  every  consider  the  dcsiraDility  of  terminating  the  division 

school  receiving  grants  in  lieu  of  fees  under  the  of  Baptists  into  **  General "  and  "  Particular,"  as  at 

control  of  a   board  of  representative  managers,  once  inaccurate,  mUleading,  and  injurious ;  the  hearty 

and  provide  for  at  least  one  board  school  within  ^^  "^TT^  I'^^.^i  ^®  ^"^^^T  "^""^^  "^''': 

.^f  J:#   ZlJ^4^^;\7i^  i-\.^  hir.r,A^„*  tions  and  of  the  Baptist  Union  in  favor  of  the  perfect 

itach  of  every  family  in  the  kingdom.  f^i^^  ^^  ^^  Baptdsta  of  England  -and  the  coiSrteous 

The  Baptist  Missionary  Society  had  received  and  grace-filled  endeavore  of  the  Baptist  Missionary 

during  the  year  £68,123,  and  had  expended  £78,-  Society  and  the  Baptist  Union  to  facilitate  such  a 

Qi^    The  present  annual  expenditure  was  some  Aision. 

€10,000  in  excess  of  the  current  normal  receipts.  That  while  many  of  us  have  felt  reluctant  to  break 

This  was  chiefly  attributable  to  the  rapid  exten-  our  Msociations  with  a  religious  past  that  in  its  newer 

«on  of  the  work  on  the  Congo  and  in  China.  ^^^^l^J?^?*  f*^  back  to  1770  and  m  another  fonn 

V*  t,«« .^.    1    \uJ^  J^-«^   ^«w   a   «,««  to  1612,  yet  when  we  remember  the  practical  umon  of 

Ten  years  previouslv  there  were  onlf  6  mi^  Baptiste  which  has  been  recognized  in  our  churches 
sionanes  connected  with  the  Congo  Mission,  and  j^  elections  to  the  pastorate  for  the  last  thirty  years, 
the  annual  expenditure  was  only  £1,500.  In  the  the  unanimity  of  tEe  votes  of  our  churches  in  favor 
la^t  year  there  were  28  missionaries,  and  the  ex-  of  amalgamation,  the  steps  already  taken  by  our 
penditure  was  £14,592.  The  staff  of  8  mis-  churches  to  share  the  work  of  the  county  associa- 
sionaries  in  China  ten  years  ago,  costing  less  than  tio?^  th®  action  of  this  awociation  in  favor  of  union 
£•2.000,  had  been  increased  to  21  missionaries,  '"^  1861-'62,  the  promise  of  even  greater  efficiency  in 
-ri.i.  1  ^w.«^ :*►.,-«  ^#  finoovi  A«  ♦Vi^o^  t™^  owe  foreign  and  home  mission  work,  the  other  ad- 
wilh  an  expenditure  of  £10,034.  On  th^  two  vantages  of  real  Christian  unity,  we  ^joice  to  accept 
fields  alone,  therefore,  the  expenditure  had  m-  the  invitation  ottered  us.  •^»  ^  ^ 
creased  by  £21,000,  while  the  general  contribu- 
tions of  the  churches  had  increased  by  only  A  resolution  offered  as  an  amendment,  to  the 
£13,000.  The  plan  of  associating  missionaries  effect  that  while  agreeing  to  the  union  of  the  de- 
into  a  sort  of  brotherhood,  or  forming  communi-  nominational  institutions  the  association  should 
ties  of  unmarried  men  living  together  and  en-  be  perpetuated  by  retaining  the  name  of  Oeneral 
gaging  in  ac:tiye  evangelistio  work,  had  been  Baptist  and  continuing  the  General  Conference, 
successful,  and  was  favorably  reported  upon,  was  lost  by  a  vote  of  4  to  1.  A  protest  which 
On  the  report  of  the  executive  committee,  the  was  offered,  against  the  action  for  union  was  aft- 
society  decided  to  concentrate  its  work  in  certain  erward  withdrawn. 

fields  by  reducing  the  number  of  stations  and  Autumnal  Meeting  of  the  Union, — ^The 
the  extent  of  territory  to  be  covered.  In  pursu-  autumnal  meeting  of  the  Union  was  held  in 
ance  of  this  plan,  the  missionaries  will  withdraw  Manchester,  beginning  Oct.  5.  The  proceedings 
from  a  number  of  stations  in  India  already  well  consisted  of  meetings  and  discussions  in  the  in- 
oreupied  by  other  societies,  and  confederate  the  terest  of  the  Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  So- 
remaining  stations,  working  them  together  in  cieties,  the  Zenana  Mission,  and  the  colleges, 
p^ups.  Five  puch  groups  nave  been  arranged  without  the  transaction  of  business.  A  resolu- 
for  in  India.  It  was  also  decided  to  withdraw  tion  was  passed  recognizing  with  gratitude  the 
the  missionaries  of  the  society  from  the  service  consummation  of  the  Union  with  the  General 
of  Anglo-Indian    churches,   and    leave    those  Baptist  Association.     Expressions  in  favor  of 


86 


BELGIUM. 


closer  relations  with  the  Congregational ists  and 
with  the  free  churches  generally  were  received 
with  much  mterest.  A  resolution  was  passed 
calling  on  the  Liberal  party  to  place  the  disestab- 
lishment and  disendowment  of  the  ecclesiastical 
establishment  in  Wales  among  the  first  acts  of 
justice  which  the  new  Parliament  is  to  perform. 
Another  resolution  was  passed,  renewing  a  previ- 
ous resolve  to  protest  and  agitate  the  question 
of  free  education  till  all  parish  schools  are  placed 
under  the  control  of  the  rate  payers,  and  are 
made  thoroughly  unsectarian,  alike  in  govern- 
ment and  instruction. 

BELGIUM,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in 
western  Europe  which  seceded  from  the  King- 
dom of  the  Netherlands  in  1880.  Prince  Leo- 
pold, of  Saxe-Cobure,  was  elected  King  of  the 
Netherlands  by  the  National  Congress,  and  as- 
cended the  throne  on  July  21, 1881.  The  inde- 
pendence of  Belgium  was  recognized  by  Austria, 
Great  Britain,  Prussia,  and  Russia  in  the  treatv 
signed  at  London  on  April  19,  1830,  whicn 
pledges  those  powers  to  aefend  the  neutrality 
and  inviolability  of  Belgian  territory.  Leopold 
II,  bom  April  0, 1885,  son  of  the  first  kii^gf  came 
to  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  Dec.  10. 
1865.  The  King  has  three  daughters  by  Queen 
Marie  Henriette,  daughter  of  Archduke  Joseph, 
of  Austria;  but  under  the  Bel^an  Constitution 
they  are  precluded  from  succeedmg  to  the  throne. 
By  the  death  in  1801  of  the  heir-presumptive, 
Prince  Baldwin,  the  eldest  son  of  the  King^s 
brother  Philippe,  Count  of  Flanders  (see  Obit- 
uaries, Foreign),  the  succession  passes  to  the 
latter's  younger  son,  Albert,  bom  April  8,  1875. 

The  Chamber  of  Representatives  consists  of 
188  members,  1  to  every  40,000  of  population, 
elected  for  four  years  by  the  direct  suffra^  of 
tax  payers  pairing  42  francs  a  year  in  direct 
taxes,  a  qualification  which  limits  the  fran- 
chise to  about  1  in  50  persons.  The  Senate  is 
elected,  in  the  same  way,  for  eight  years,  and 
has  half  the  number  of  members.  Half  the  Sen- 
ate is  renewed  at  the  quadrennial  elections. 

The  Cabinet,  constituted  Oct.  26, 1884,  is  com- 
posed of  the  following  ministers :  President  of 
the  Council  and  Ministet  of  Finance,  A.  Beer- 
naert ;  Minister  of  Justice,  L.  Lejeune ;  Minister 
of  the  Interior  and  of  Public  Instruction,  J. 
Devolder ;  Minister  of  War,  General  C.  Pontus ; 
Minister  of  Agriculture,  Industry,  and  Public 
Works,  L.  Debrayn ;  Minister  of  Railroads,  Posts, 
and  Telegraphs,  J.  fl.  P.  Vandeupeereboom ; 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Prince  Cnimay. 

Area  and  Popalation.r-The  kingdom  has 
an  area  of  29,45o  square  kilometres,  or  11,873 
square  miles.  The  population  was  estimated  on 
Dec.  81,  1890,  at  6,147,041.  The  number  of 
marriages  registered  in  1889  was  48,759;  the 
number  of  births,  excluding  still-births,  177,542; 
the  number  of  deaths,  119,726 ;  excess  of  births 
over  deaths,  57,816.  The  number  of  immigrants 
in  1889  was  28,190,  and  the  number  or  emigrants 
was  22,150.  The  population  of  the  chief  cities 
on  Dec.  81, 1889,  was  as  follows :  Bmssels,  with 
suburbs,  477,398;  Antwerp,  221,860 ;  Ghent,  152,- 
391 ;  Liege,  146,162. 

Commerce. — The  value  of  the  general  com- 
merce, which  includes  re-exports,  was  3,106,848,- 
078  francs  for  imports  and  8,01 1,026,216  francs  for 
exports  in  1889.    The  imports  by  sea  were  1,327,- 


867,876  francs,  and  the  exports  by  sea  1,320,292,- 
468  francs  in  value.  The  total  value  of  the  im- 
ports for  home  consumption  was  1,556,400,000 
francs,  and  of  the  exports  of  Bele:ian  products 
1,458,500,000  francs.  The  values  of  the  principal 
classes  of  special  imports  in  1839  were  as  follow : 
Cereals,  250,863,000  francs;  textile  materials, 
195,291,000  francs ;  vegetables :  98,205,000  francs ; 
timber,  65,001,000  francs;  live  animals,  53,648,- 
000 francs ;  mineral  substances,  70,652,000  francs; 
gums  and  resins,  61,698,000  francs ;  hides  and 
skins,  65,500,000  francs;  textile  manufactures, 
51,070,000  francs ;  metals,  54,424,000  francs ;  cof- 
fee, 47,565,000  francs;  butter  and  eggs,  87.481,- 
000  francs ;  meat,  20,105,000  francs ;  other  ani- 
mal products,  84,804,000  francs;  textile  yams, 
26,270,000  francs ;  wine,  22,898,000  francs ;  oils, 
17,749,000  francs;  fish,  12,914,000  francs;  rice, 
14,551,000  francs ;  waste  and  manure,  25,235,000 
francs.  The  leading  exports  of  domestic  prod- 
uce and  manufacture  in  1889  were  of  the  fol- 
lowing values :  Yams,  147,507,000  francs ;  ma- 
chinery, etc.,  98,069,000  francs;  raw  textiles, 
92,844,000  francs;  coal,  90,998.000  francs:  iron, 
74,981,000  francs ;  sugar,  73,349,000  francs ;  grain, 
72,874,000  francs ;  textile  manufactures,  68,344,- 
000  francs ;  hides  and  skins,  60,408,000  francs ; 
stone,  58,078,000  francs;  vegetables,  56,975,000 
francs ;  glass,  46,340,000  francs ;  various  animal 
substances,  84,175,000  francs;  zinc,  81,720,000 
francs;  steel,  31,442,000  francs;  chemicals,  81,- 
198,000  francs;  meat,  27,501,000  francs;  various 
mineral  substances,  23,688,000  francs ;  live  ani- 
mals, 20,761,000  francs;  fire-arms,  18,098,000 
francs ;  paper,  14,890,000  francs.  The  share  of 
each  of  the  principal  commercial  countries  in 
the  Belgian  special  commerce  in  1889  is  shown 
in  the  following  table,  giving  the  imports  and 
exports  from  and  to  each  country  in  francs : 


COUNTRIES. 

France 

Oreftt  Britain 

Netherlands 

Qeraumy 

United  SUtes 

Bassla 

Ronmania 

Aryrentine  RepnbHo. . . . 
Sweden  and  Norway... 

Italy 

India 

BraxU 

Spain 

Pern 

Switzerland 

ITrujniay 

Portngal 

Tarkey 


UDpOlll. 


88S,747,0(K) 

li»a.499,U00 

«0ft,487,0(X) 

172,751,000 

11&24e,000 

lia,466i,0O0 

96.798,000 

66.887,000 

42.619,000 

19,757,000 

64,866.000 

20,092.000 

15,607,000 

8^107,000 

i5,'^6o6 


Kxporti. 


852,794,000 

299.89S.000 

216,984,010 

2&\872,«10O 

48,299,000 

10,767,000 

7,247,000 

41,796.0'K) 

10,044,000 

45,158.000 

Ss968,000 

14,252,001^ 

22,868,000 

29.*7iBi5,66(l 

i5.481.o66 
15,409,000 


The  total  trade  compared  with  that  of  the 
previous  year  shows  an  increase  of  4  per  cent. 
The  imports  from  France  increased  12  per  cent, 
and  the  exports  to  France  8  per  cent.  The  ex- 
ports to  Germany  increased  47  per  cent.  Those 
to  the  United  States  showed  a  decline  of  17  per 
cent.,  while  to  the  other  parts  of  America  they 
increased  16  per  cent.  The  imports  from  Eng- 
land increased  9  per  cent.,  and  the  exports  to 
England  17  per  cent.  The  total  imports  for 
domestic  consumption  showed  an  increase  of  1 
per  cent,  over  the  value  in  1888,  and  the  exports 
of  Belgian  poods  increased  17  per  cent.  There 
was  a  marked  increase  in  the  imports  of  wood, 


BELGIUM.  87 

grain,  potatoes,  fish,  minerals,  iron,  lead,  chemi-  The  total  amount  of  the  consolidated  debt  in 

cais«  oil  cake,  oil  seeds,  beet  root,  resin  and  petro-  1801  was  1,785,185,007  francs,  in  addition  to 

leum,  and  in  the  exports  of  arms,  vegetables,  which  there  were  annuities  amounting  to  about 

linen  thr&ad,  cast  steel,  glass,  wrought  iron,  re-  80,000,000  francs,  and  a  floating  debt  of  20,000,- 

fined  sugar,  and  stones.  000  francs.    The  debt  was  incurred  mainly  for 

Narigation.— During  1889  there  were  7,010  the  construction  of  railroads  and  other  producl- 
vtessels,  of  5,158,436  tons,  entered,  and  6,094,  of  ive  works.  During  1890  the  debt  was  increased 
5,145,595  tons,  cleared,  at  Belgian  ports.  The  by  33,500,000  francs  to  provide  for  the  new 
lu^t  share,  1,307,804  tons  entered  and  1,489,-  fortifications  on  the  Meuse.  The  expense  of 
264  cleared,  belonged  to  Great  Britain,  the  United  these  fortifications  was  originally  estimated  by 
States  coming  next,  with  474,104  tons  entered  General  Brialmont  at  24,0(^,000  francs,  but  by 
and  431,779  cleared.  The  commercial  navy  on  the  middle  of  1891  there  had  already  b^n  ex- 
Jan.  1,  1890,  numbered  42  steamers,  of  65,951  pended  72,000,000  francs,  and  additional  credits 
tons,  and  9  sailing  vessels,  of  4,271  tons.  were  voted  for  completing  the  line  of  forts. 

£ailroad8«  Posts,  and  Telegraphs.  — On  The  Army.  — l^e  strength  of  the  Belgian 

Jan.  1, 1890,  there  were  3,209  kilometres  of  rail-  army  on  the  peace  footing,  according  to  the  mU- 

roods  in  Belgium  under  the  management  of  the  itary  budget  for  1890,  is  as  follows : 

Goremment,  and   1,261  kilometres  worked  by    

private  companies,  making  a  total  length  of  troops.                 oflem       Ma.        Tot»L 
1471)  kilometres,  or  2,793  miles.    The  number 


of  passengers  on  the  state  lines  in  1889  was  59,-  [i^i^;;::::::::;::;:::;;;:;    ^'m       ^^       *2:o48 

»57,199,    The  gross  receipts  for  that  year  were  Aitiilery.'..*!!!."!!.'.'!!!!!'.!'.!!      609         T.'sfls         s^n 

136,919,693  francs  on  the  state  lines  and  40,223,-    ?!|«*?««"i; S         I'S?         W» 

562  francs  on  the  companies'  lines,  and  the  ex-    ^^^^^^^^ ^^  ^    ^ 

penses  for  the  state  were  75,235,052  francs,  and  Total 8,929       44,642       47,670 

for  the  companies  19,858,345.  The  capital  expend-    

eii  on  the  state  system  was  1,301,452,773  francs.  This  enumeration  does  not  include  the  gen- 

The  number  of  letters  carried  in  the  mails  dur-  eral  staff,  numbering  474.    The  Gendarmerie,  of 

ing  1889  was  95,467,361,  besides  17,021,382  of-  whom  there  are  2,449,  form  a  part  of  the  regular 

cial  letters ;  the  number  of  post  cards,  34,331,-  army  in  time  of  war.    The  number  of  horses 

674;  of  printed  inclosures,  68,457,974;  of  news-  maintained  in  time  of  peace  is  7,200,  besides  1,- 

{lapers,  91,546,377;  receipts,  16,135,714  francs;  636  for  the  Gendarmerie.    The  artillery  has  200 

expenses,  9,320,296  francs.  guns  in  peace  and  240  in  war  time.    The  avail- 

The  total  number  of  dispatches  transmitted  able  strength  of  the  army  for  war  is  154,780  men, 
by  the  telegraphs  during  1889  was  7,737,353.  not  including  the  Civic  Guard,  or  volunteers,  who 
The  length  of  telegraph  lines  in  operation  at  the  numbered  42,827  in  1889. 
eod  of  that  year  was  4,054  miles,  with  19,332  The  Suffk*age  Question.— The  Moderate  Lib- 
miles  of  wire.'  The  receipts  for  the  same  year  erals,  who  were  in  power  before  1884,  with  their 
were  3,336,203,  and  the  expenses  8,992,340  francs,  chief,  Frere-Orban,  as  Prime  Minister,  and  who 

Finances. — The  budget  for  1891  states  the  carried  through  the  scheme  of  state  education 

total  amount  of  the  ordinaiy  revenue  of  the  Gov-  that  has  been  partly  annulled  by  their  successors, 

eroment  as  346,612,721  francs,  of  which  24,333,-  were  unwilling  to  enlarge  the  franchise,  because 

000  francs  are  derived  from  property  taxes,  19,340-  the  new  voters  would  add  sufficiently  to  the 

000  francs  from  personal  taxes,  6,680,000  francs  strength  of  their  opponents  to  drive  themselves 

from  trade  licenses,  600,000  francs  from  min-  from  power.    Since  the  accession  of  the  Conser- 

in?  royalties,  27,923,331    francs  from  customs,  vative  or  Clerical  party  the  conflict  over  secular 

40^iLo04  francs  from  excise  duties,  19,010,000  education  has  been  cast  into  the  shade  by  the 

francs  from   probate  duties.  24,970.000  francs  labor  question  and  the  agitation  for  electoral  re- 

fpom  registry  fees,  etc.,  5,900,000  francs  from  form.    A  strong  Radical  party  has  grown  up 

stamps,  1.458.000  francs  from  various  indirect  among  the   intelligent   middle  classes,  whose 

taxes.  139.000,000  francs  from  railroads,  3,900,-  watchword  is  universal  suffrage,  and  in  this  de- 

000  francs  from  telegraphs,  10,380,000  francs  mand  it  is  supported  by  the  Socialistic  Labor 

from  the  post-office,  2,505,000  francs  from  nav-  party,  which,  though  deprived  of  the  ballot  to  a 

igation  and  pilot  dues,  1.280.000  francs  from  great  extent,  has  made  its  power  felt  in  Belgium 

domains   ana    forests,  15,098,000  francs  from  by  sharp  and  protrartted  labor  struggles  and 

fnnds  ands  securities,  and  3,300,786  francs  from  clamorous  political  agitation.     Frightened  by 

repayments.      The  total  ordinary   expenditure  these  new  political  elements,  the  Cleriqals  have 

was  'estimated  at  838,381,503  francs,  of  which  been  averse  to  offering  a  moderate  scheme  of  re- 

102,096.726    francs    are  allocated    to    interest  vision  that,  if  it  should  pass,  would  only  open  the 

and  sinking  fund  of  the  debt,  4,686,155  francs  door  for  a  wider  extension  of  the  suffrage.    The 

to  the  civil  list  and  dotations,  17,111,075  francs  Moderate  Liberals  were   equally    reluctant  to 

to  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  2,482.655  francs  to  share  the  voting  privilege  with  the  masses.    The 

the  Ministry    of    Foreign    Affairs,    22,965,915  apathy  of  the  ruling  classes  incensed  the  people, 

francs  to  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  and  of  and  gave  such  impetus  to  the  agitation  that  it 

Public  Instruction,  17,016,597  francs  to  the  Min-  could  no  longer  oe  ignored.    The  question  of 

istrrof  Public  Works,  104,094,123  francs  to  the  national  defense,  which  has  become  argent  since 

Mini:?try  of  Railroads,   Posts,  and  Telegraphs,  the  virtual  repudiation  by  England  of  her  pledge 

46.588,462  francs  to  the  Ministry  of  War,  15,523.-  to  defend  Belgium  from  invasion,  complicated 

^•^J  francs  to  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  4,267,400  the  matter;  for  not  only  the  Radicals  but  emi- 

francs  to  the  Gendarmerie  service,  and  1,548,500  nent  military  men  declared  that  compulsory  mili- 

francs  to  repayments,  etc  tary  service,  without  which  Belgium  can  not  have 


88  BELGIUM. 

an  efficient  arm3r,  will  never  be  carried  as  long  vincial  and  oommunal  councils.    It  was  also 
as  the  franchise  is  restricted  to  the  class  that  is  proposed  to  transfer  the  right  of  electing  Sena- 
interested  in  preserving  its  immunity  from  per-  tors  from  the  people  to  the  provincial  councils^ 
sonal  service.     In  November,  1890,  when  the  and  to  give  the  King  an  absolute  veto  on  all  legis- 
Cbamber  met,  it  had  placed  before  it  a  proposi-  lation.    This  scheme  was  denounced  as  a  propo- 
tion  to  amend  Article  XL VII  of  the  Constitution  sal,  not  to  increase,  out  to  curtail  the  polical 
by  extending  the  franchise  to  all  householders,  power  of  the  people.  The  cotomittee  of  the  Cham- 
which  was  referred  to  a  committee.    The  pas-  ber  discussed  a  proposition  to  make  the  age  of 
sage  of  a  proposal  to  revise  any  part  of  the  Con-  twenty-five  and  the  payment  of  ten  francs  a  year 
stitution  by  a  majority  vote  necessitates  a  dis-  in  direct  taxes  qualifications  for  the  parliament- 
solution,  of  Parliament  and  the  convocation  of  a  ary  franchise,  but  continued  to  delay  its  report 
new  one,  in  which  a  two-third  vote  is  required  in  The  members  of  the  Labor  party  grew  incensed 
each  Chamber  before  the  amendment  can  become  at  the  slowness  of  the  Cabinet  and  its  supporters 
a  law.    The  dilatory  proceedings  of  the  minis-  in  the  Chamber.   The  Ist  of  Mav  passed  without 
ters  and  Chamber  in  the  matter  caused  the  eham-  the  general  strike  being  declared,  and  it  was  an- 
pions  of  popular  suffrage  to  suspect  that  the  in-  nounced  that  the  General  Council  of  the  Labor 
tention  was  to  postpone  the  question  indefinitely,  party  were  opposed  to  it ;  but  on  the  following 
Before  the  reassembling  of  the  Chamber  the  day  men  began  to  leave  their  work.     In  the 
Liberal  Association,  representing    the   middle  Charleroi  coal  district  30,000  went  out^     They 
class  in  Brssscls,  arranged  for  monster  meetings,  were   followed    by  the    miners   and   foundry- 
to  be  followed  by  a  street  demonstration  on  the  men  of  Liege,  the  operatives  of  Monccau  and 
day  that  the  Chamber  reopened,  Jan.  20.     The  Marchienne,    and    the    carpenters  and    other 
burgomaster  having  declmed  to  prohibit   the  trades  of  the  capital.     On  Ma^  6  the  Labor 
demonstration,    the   ministry   called   out   two  Council  and  the  Miners' Federation  consented  to 
classes  of  the  reserve  to  prevent  disorder.    The  support  a  general  strike  in  all  four  coal  basins, 
men  were  all  in  camp  within  forty-eight  hours,  Dynamite  cartridges  were  exploded  by  strikers  in 
showing  that  mobilization  is  well  prepared;  but  it  vengeance  on  men  who  continued  at  work.    In 
seemed  doubtful  whether  the  army,  recruited  the  provinces,  collisions  took  place  between  strik- 
f rom  the  class  demanding  the  right  to  suffrage,  ers  and  the  authorities.     The   Labor  Council, 
could  be  depended  on  to  repress  the  popular  ex-  compelled  to  take  the  lead  in  a  movement  that 
citement.    in  the  Chamber,  where  the  Moderate  it  was  unable  to  rqsist,  ordered  a  strike  of  dock 
Liberals  and  Radicals,  forming  the  united  Oppo-  laborers  at  Ghent,  Antwerp,  and  Ostend,  to  pre- 
sition,  held  onlv  one  third  of  the  seats,  M.  Jan-'  vent  the  landing  of  imported  coal,  and  called 
son,  the  Radical  leader,  offered  a  bill  to  secure  out  the  metal  workers  of  Brussels  and  the  me- 
universal  suffrage.    The  Moderate  Liberals,  un-  chanics  in  all  the  large  cities.     At  Seraing,  Her- 
der M.  Frere-Orban  and    M.  Bara,  expressed  loz,  and   other  places  rioters    were    wounded 
themselves  in  favor  of  a  considerable  extension,  in  fights  with  the  gendarmes.    Although  indus- 
based  upon  educational  and  other  qualifications,  triafdemands  were  put  forward  by  the  miners, 
M.  Janson*s  plan  was  referred  to  the  committee,  the  declared  object  of  the  great  strike  was  to  en- 
but  only  for  the  purpose  of  being  shelved.    The  force  the  demand  for  unrestricted  suffrage.    It 
Workmen's  party  made  the  right  to  vote  their  abated  when  the  parliamentary  committee  hast- 
sole  demand,  and,  while  holding  themselves  inde-  ened  to  make  their  report  and   the  ministers 
pendent  of  all  other  political  bodies,  appealed  to  pledged  themselves  to  electoral  reform.    In  a  few 
the  sympathies  and  fears  in  turn  of  the  Liberals  weeks  the  strike  was  over,  having  accomplished 
and  Conservatives.    They  sent  a  petition  asking  none  of  its  objects.    The  final  recommenaations 
the  King  to  intervene,  and  another  to  the  bish-  of  the  committee  were  announced  at  the  last 
ops,  wherein  they  declared  it  to  be  '*  a  monstrous  sitting  of  the  Chamber,  on  Aug.  16.    The  pe|>ort 
iniouit^,  carried  out  in  utter  disregard  of  the  condemned  universal  suffrage  and  commended 
Catnolid  faith,  which  permits  130,000  Belgians,  a  franchise  based  on  occupancy,  as  in  England, 
who  are  no  better  than  their  fellow-citizens,  to  and  proposed  the  postponement  of  revision  till 
be  absolute  masters."    They  announced  before-  the  parties  could  agree  on  a  communal  and  pro- 
hand  a  general  strike  of  all  the  working  people  vincial  electoral  system. 

in  the  country  as  a  demonstration  in  favor  of  Diplomatic  Relations.  —  An  international 
universal  suffrage,  and  many  of  their  employers  office  for  the  publication  of  the  customs  tariffs 
called  on  the  Government  to  grant  their  demand  of  all  countries  in  the  five  principal  European 
and  avert  such  a  calamity.  To  prepare  for  the  languages  began  its  work  on  April  1,  1891,  at 
strike,  they  not  only  saved  up  tneir  wages,  but  Brussels.  The  French  Government  having  de- 
obtained  assistance  from  outside  by  means  of  a  nounced  the  commercial  treaty  with  Belgium, 
subscription  fund.  Every  sympathizer  who  con-  which  lapses  on  Jan.  81,  18&2,  the  Belgian 
tributea  a  penny  to  this  fund  received  a  little  Government  retaliated  by  a  notification  that  the 
^reen  ticket  as  a  receipt  and  a  badge  of  his  opin-  convention  of  navigation  between  the  two  coun- 
lons.  This  strike  fund  was  swelled  by  contribu-  tries  and  the  convention  for  the  guarantee  of 
tious  from  abroad.  In  March,  M.  Beernaert  pre-  property  in  literary  and  artistic  works,  models, 
sented  a  scheme  of  revision,  to  which  the  Gov-  designs,  and  trade  marks  would  expire  on  the 
ernment  would  agree  if  the  Liberals  would  ac-  same  date.  A  convention  was  concluded  with 
cept  it,  that  would  enlarge  the  electorate  so  as  Bulgaria  containing  the  same  provisions  as  the 
to  embrace  about  600,000  persons  by  granting  new  Anglo  -  Bulgarian  commercial  treaty.  All 
the  right  of  voting  to  all  persons  who  rent  an  the  powers,  excepting  the  United  States,  France, 
unfurnished  lodging.  Coupled  with  this  was  a  and  Portugal,  ratified  the  general  act  and  dec- 
proposal  for  proportional  representation  of  par-  laration  of  the  Brussels  Anti-Slavery  Conference 
ties  in  elections  to  the  Chamber  and  to  the  pro-  of  1800.    The  American  Government,  which  was 


BELGIUM.  89 

snstaiaed  by  France  in  its  objections  to  the  ri^ht  the  Brussels  congress,  but  insist  when  they  eot 
of  search,  obtained  an  extension  of  the  penod  there  that  the  rules  laid  down  by  the  Possibiust 
allowed  for  ratification.  Separate  conventions  congress  should  be  carried  out.  Previous  to 
made  by  France  and  Portugal  and  the  Congo  that,  and  before  the  negotiations  for  a  union  with 
State  regulate  the  rates  of  duties  in  the  Congo  the  Marxists  were  made  known,  the  annual  Con- 
basin  (see  Congo  Free  State).  gross  of  British  Trade  Unions  at  Liverpool  had 
Socialist  Labor  Congress. — The  first  regu-  voted  to  take  part  in  the  Brussels  congress,  and 
larly  convened  International  Trade  Union  Con-  instructed  the  Parliamentary  Committee  to  take 
(Tress,  open  to  all  nations,  was  held  at  the  Paris  every  means  in  its  newer  to  make  the  congress  a 
Labor  Exchange  in  1886.  It  had  been  preceded  success.  When  fully  informed  of  the  change  in 
by  a  conference  of  labor  representatives  from  the  purpose  and  organization  of  the  congress, 
France,  Italy,  Spain,  and  England,  where  the  the  Parliamentary  Committee  met  and  agreed 
project  of  holding  a  congress  was  discussed  and  that  under  the  altered  circumstances  they  were 
approved.  In  1§88  the  second  congress  took  not  bound  by  the  Liverpool  vote  to  send  repre- 
place  in  London,  and  it  was  there  decided  to  sentatives  to'  Brussels,  and  that  they  would  ab- 
meet  again  in  the  following  year  at  Paris  during  stain.  The  very  name  of  the  congress  was  cal- 
the  Worid^s  Fair.  This  third  congress  was  or-  culated  to  keep  away  English  trade  unionists, 
ganixed  by-  the  French  Possibilists,  and  was  except,  the  New  Unionists,  who  have  imbibed 
attended  bv  the  English  Trade  Unionists  and  Socialistic  principles;  for  it  was  no  longer  the 
the  Englisn  Socialists.  A  heated  discussion  International  Working-men's  Congress,  but  the 
aroste  on  the  question  of  fusing  with  the  Marxist  International  Socialist  Working-men's  Congress. 
Socialists,  who  had  organized  a  separate  inter-  Moreover,  the  date  was  changed  from  Au^.  18  to 
national  labor  congress,  in  which  88  German  Sunday,  Auk.  16,  which  was  'inconvenient  to 
Socialists,  including  several  members  of  the  Englishmen,  oecause  they  would  have  to  lose  a 
Reichstag,  took  part  The  main  feature  of  the  part  of  the  previous  week's  work,  and  objection- 
PossibUist  congresses  had  been  the  harmony  and  able  to  many  of  them  for  religious  reasons.  The 
oo-operation  of  Socialists  with  Trade  Unionists  following  list  of  subjects  was  announced  as  the 
and  other  non-Socialistic  bodies.    Anxious  to  agenda  of  the  Congress : 

preserve  this  alliance,  the  Possibilists  had  en-  (i)  The  present  condition  of  the  laws  protecting 

acted  rules  that  were  designed  to  prevent  the  workkiB  from  the  national  and  international  point  of 

congresses    from  being  swamped  by  delegates  view,  and  the  means  to  be  employed  to  render  such 

from  a  multitude  of.  Socialist  bodies  and  com-  laws  more  effective.                                       , .    _, 

mitted  to  principles  unacceptoble  to  the  numer-  .  (2)  The  nght  of  coalition,  how  is  it  secured  I    The 

Tr''''^^:^\  ^iT"^  in  Gn«t  Britain  iSl^rrntrillnf  '"^^^^  '^'^'''''''  ""'  ^^ 

that  are  opposed  to  bocialism.     Ihe  rules  were  (a)  what  is  the  position  and  duty  of  the  working 

these :  (1)  ^  o  society  can  be  represented  at  any  classes  with  respect  to  militariBm  I 

of  the  congresses  unless  it  has  been  in  existence  (4)  The  attitude  which  the  organized  workers  of 

for  a  full   year  previous  ;  (2)  the  delegates  of  all  countries  should  assume  with  regard  to  the  Jewish 

each  nationality  shall  judge  of  the  bona  fide  question.     (Proposed   by   the   American  Union  of 

character  of  th^  societL  oT  their  own  county  ^^t^oT^^l^e^S^^rJ^^^^          suffra^ 

seeking  to  be  represented  and  pass  upon  the  ere-  ^  ^^e  utilfzed  to  the  advantage  of  the  Socialist 

dentials  of  their  countrymen;   (3)  vote  m  the  workere'  cause.    The  tactics  which  should  be  em- 

conere^  shall  be  taken  by  nations,  the  majority  ployed  so  as  to  bring  about  the  emancipation  of  the 

of  delegates  from  each  country  deciding  what  workers,  and  the  means  by  which  this  can  be  realized, 

its  vote  shall  be  on  each  motion ;  (4)  all  questions  (Dutch  proposal.)                              «       ,. 

to  be  discussed  shall  be  communicated  to  the  (^J^^  the  alliance  of  workmen's  Socialist  parties 

organizing  committee  in  time  to  be  printed  and  ''%^^!,?i!flf;^^^(PS.^^^^^^ 

^J^^ ^_®j   .     „ii  Au     -     •  .•          ^'^     i.'       '  (•)  On  the  suppression  of  piece  work. 

sent  around  to  aU  the  societies  participating  m  ^g)  The  1st  of  &ay  intemitional  celebration  to  be 

the  congress  at  least  six  weeks  before  it  assem-  consecrated  to  the  principle  of  the  eight-hour  work- 

bles.    It  was  the  refusal  of  the  Marxists  to  assent  in^  day  and  the  international  regulation  of  labor,  to- 

to  th^e  rules  that  prevented  the  two  congresses  gcther  with  the  universal  affirmation  to  be  made  by 

from  uniting  in  1889.    The  Belgian  delegates  S^e  proletariat  in  favor  of  the  maintenance  of  peace 

gave  an  inviUtion  to  the  Possibilists  to  hold  *™?^^*^^  ^5**^°^             ,      ,      -r       ^    •      *• 

{hfau"nS«"^^B^W^^^                   "^'h^^  to^i^i^dita^^^TthlirbS^^^^^ 
the  auspices  of  the  Belgian  Labor  party.    This  Central  Kevolutionary  Committee  of  Paris  proposes 
mvitation  was  accepted,  and  the  Belgian  organi-  «The  International  Socialist  Partv,"    The  J3eVian 
ration  undertook  to   act  as  a  correspondence  workmen's  party  proposes "  The  International  Social- 
bureau  to  unite  all  parties  during  the  intervening  ist  Workmen's  Party.") 

two  vears.    The  Marxists  arranged  to  hold  a  (1^)  Serious  and  practical  organization:  (a)  Inter- 
congress  in  1891  in  Switzerland  national  correspondence  between  workmen  |  (b)  uni- 
Withont  the  consent  or  knowledge  of  the  Eng-  Y"^^  working-class  statistics ;  (c)  international  un- 

i«i.  ♦-.j^  u.^:^  «.i,«  ij«i«i ^ T;*.*           ^  *!  derstanding    between  workers   of  all  trades,  to  be 

h*h  trade  bodies,  the  Belgian  committee  resumed  secured  by  the  creation  in  each  nation  of  a  svndical 
negotiations  for  a  fusion  with  the  Marxists,  and  committee  and  of  an  international  syndical  (or  trade- 
persuaded  the  Swiss  committee  to  give  up  the  union)  committee ;  (d)  by  tlie  regular  communication 
plan  of  organizing  a  separate  congress;  but  to  ofdifferent  information,  and  by  means  of  an  intema- 
obtain  this  result  it  was  necessary  to  abandon  tional  Socialist  almanac,  translated  into  several  lan- 
the  four  rules.     The  English   Labor  Electoral  «^^^  "^^    appearing  winually;  (€)  by  Socialist 

Association,  representing  a  large  number  of  the  P'?P,Tt?'^!J;??  ?^^V?'li''  *""  «>'}'»J'-u's. 
ttr«n«  ^w.A\^lirr^  *^A^  .^**i^^«  r.4  i?««i„«^   „♦  (1^)  Proposal  to  hold  the  next  International  Con- 
.^trong  and  active  trade  unions  of  England  at  grJ.„8'in  dicago  in  lbl»3,and  an  international  dem- 
it* annual  conrention  unanimously  adopted  a  onstration  in  that  town.    Designation  of  the  next 
motion  that  the  societies  present  should  go  to  International  Socialist  Workmen's  Congress. 


90                        BELGIUM.  BOLIVIA. 

The    congress   met  on  the  date  set  at  the  vaila  the  emancipation  of  the  working  daascB  will  be 

Maison  du  Peuple,  the  hall  of  the  Belifian  Labor  impoafiible,  declares  that  the  laws  enacted  and  the 

party  in  Brus^ls.    Every  country  Tn  Europe  frmatiZall^oVr^Tel^^^^^^^ 

was  rejpresented  exc^Dtine  Russia  and  Portugal.  ^  ^^^  the ^Sspfrations  of  the'workere.    That 

In  addition  to  the  188  Belgian  delegates,  77  pre-  flUbough  the  Berlin  conference,  as  admitted  by  those 

sen  ted  themselves  from  Prance,  42  from  Ger-  who  Semselves  initiated  it,  met  under  the  pressure 

many,  29  from  Great  Britain,  11  from  Austria,  exerted  by  the  international  labor  congrossess  and 

9  from   Holland,  6  from  the  United  States,  6  may  therefore  be  regarded  as  an  imix>rtant  concession 

from  Switzerland,  5  from  Poland,  5  from  Rou-  to  public  opinion,  the  results  have  demonstrated  that 

mania,  3  from  Sweden  and  Norway,  3  from  Den-  ^^f  ^ing  govemmente  f^J^^tJ^^^^^^o  «ff^^^ 

•«o«i,  o  *^^  T*«i«^  o  4^^^  i:iiin,«.V«  .n/1  1  f^^wY,  refoniis;  and  that,  on  the  other  hand,  the  ret»olutioDs 

mark,  2  from  Italjr,  2  from  Hungary,  and  1  from  ^^  ^^  ^^^^^  conference  have  been  used  aa  a  pretert 

Spam.  The  Marxists,  Blanquists,  and  Possibihsts  ^y  certain  manufacturing  countries  to  arreat  tie  de- 

of  France  were  all  strongly  represented.    Among  velopment  of  labor-protective  legislation  by  invoking 

the  German  delegates  were  the  Social-Democratic  the  decisions  of  the  Berlin  conference  and  pointing 

leaders  Bebel,  Liebknecht,  and  Singer.    From  to  the  defects  in  Uie  legislation  of  competing  countries. 

England  came  prominent  Socialistic  agitators  Moreover,  Uiis  conmss  affirms  that  in  cases  in  w^^ 

and  also  representatives  of  trades  councils  and  Jegi«lation  w  not  dfefecUve,  its  apphcation  is  allowed 

unions       Tte    American    delegates  were   pro-  "^F^^^"^:::  this  congress  r^  upon  the 

nounced  Socialists.    Anarchists  and  Revolution-  workere  of  all  countries  to  agitate  for  3ie  realization 

ary  parties  were  excluded.    The  speeches,  limited  ©f  the  programme  laid  down  by  the  Paris  congresses, 

to  ten  minutes,  were  translated  immediately  after  if  only  to  make  it  clear  to  the  workers  that  the  gov- 

delivery  for  the  benefit  of  all  sections,  and  the  emiuj?  and  exploiting  classes  are  hostile  to  legislation 

voting  was  by  nationalities.    The  sessions  ex-  effectively  protecting  the  interests  of  labor, 

tended  over  a  week.    The  Marxists  were  in  the  ,  Whereas  it  is  neces8ary  to  give  to  the  international 

m.4^,M'4-«.  K«f  f v»o«  a\^r^rw,aA  a  ^aoi'.^  frk  ft^^^  f v.«  labor  movement  a  common  impulse,  especially  in  the 

majority,  but  they  showed  a  desire  to  frame  the  direction  of  protective  labor  legislatioCther^fore  be 

resolutions  in  such  a  way  as  to  be  acceptable  to  ^  resolved  by  this  congress : 

the  British  trade  unionists,  at  whose  suggestion  (i)  To  organize  in  every  countiy  a  pemianent  com- 

these  international  congresses  were  inaugurated,  mission  of  inquiry  concerning  the  conditions  of  labor 

Mr.  Sanial,  delegate  of  the  Central  Labor  Union  in  its  relation  to  working-class  legislation, 

of  New  York  and  of  American  Socialists  gen-  (2)  To  collect,  collate,  and  exchange  all  necessary 

erallv,  who  described  America  as  a  country  in  "^^^rmation.  with  a  view  to  the  development  and  um- 

whicli  misery  is  incr^ing  so  fast  that  it  is.be-  *^(rThl^^^^^^                      the  wage  worker 

coming  a  hell  for  working  men,  urged  the  claims  <>f \^e  ^yiole  world  to  unite  their  efforts  igidnst  the 

of  Chicago  as  the  meetmg-place  for  the  next  domination  of  capital,  and,  wherever  they  ei\jqy  po- 

congress ;   but  Switzerland  was  selected  by  the  litical  rights,  to  exereise  them  with  the  object  ofgain- 

committee  for  the  next  regular  congress,  which  ing  their  emancipation  fVom  wagedom. 
will  be  held  in  the  first  week  of  August,  1803. 

In  deference  to  the  non  -  Socialistic  English  Declarations  in  condemnation  of  piece  work 
unions,  it  was  decided  to  leave  the  title  of  the  and  of  the  subcontract  system 'were  approved, 
congress  to  be  determined  by  that  body.  A  Mr.  Kazan  was  unable  to  obtain  a  clear  declara- 
proposition  that  no  person  should  be  permitted  tion  from  the  congress  on  the  Jewish  question, 
to  attend  as  a  delegate  whose  expenses  were  not  The  committee  recommended  a  resolution  "  con- 
borne  by  the  organization  that  he  represented  demning  the  anti-Semitic  agitation  as  a  device 
was  taken  into  favorable  consideration.  The  of  the  capitalist  class  and  of  reactionary  govem- 
intention  was  announced  of  sending  some  dele-  ments  to  divert  the  Socialist  movement  from  its 
gates  from  the  Continent  to  the  separate  Socialist  course,  and  to  sow  division  among  the  workers, 
congress  that  is  to  be  held  in  Chicago  in  1893.  and  affinning  that  the  only  wav  to  achieve  the 
It  was  resolved  to  or^nize  a  genera]  interna-  emancipation  of  the  Jewish  working  classes  was 
tional  demonstration  m  favor  of  an  eight-hour  to  effect  the  amalgamation  of  the  Socialist  parties 
day,  to  take  place  on  May  1, 1892.  A  resolution  in  the  respective  countries."  This  was  altered 
inviting:  the  Socialist  and  Labor  parties  of  all  on  the  motion  of  British  delegates  to  read  "  the 
countries  "to  affirm  in  their  programmes  the  amalgamation  of  the  Socialist  and  Labor  parties," 
complete  equality  of  the  two  sexes  and  to  do-  and  at  the  suggestion  of  M.  A rgyriades,  a  French 
mand  the  concession  to  women  of  the  same  po-  delegate,  who  denounced  Jewisn  banks  and  Jew- 
litical  and  civil  rights  as  are  enjoyed  by  men,  ish  financiers  as  oppressore  of  labor,  an  amend- 
and  the  repeal  of  all  laws  placing  women  outside  ment  was  accepted  to  the  effect  that  the  con- 
public  rights,"  was  passed,  with  only  three  dis-  gross  "  condemns  both  anti-Semitic  and  philo- 
senting  votes.  The  resolution  in  regard  to  labor-  Semitic  agitation."  The  resolution  regarding 
protecting  legislation  brought  out  the  differ-  militarism  was  a  sweeping  one  in  favor  of  uni- 
ences  of  opinion  between  the  Continental  work-  versal  disarmament  and  peace,  condemning  wars 
men  and  the  British  delegates.  Mr.  Kazan,  who  and  the  maintenance  of  standing  armies  as  a 
represented  the  Hebrew  trade  unions  of  the  device  to  bolster  up  the  power  of  capitalism. 
United  States,  said :  "  We  are  not  going  to  cringe  BOLIVIA,  a  republic  in  South  America, 
and  fawn  for  legislation,  but  will  extort  it  from  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  Congress, 
the  capitalist  class,  and  abolish  the  wage  sys-  consisting  in  a  Senate  and  a  House  of  £&pre- 
tem."  The  British  members  objected  to  amend-  sentatives,  and  the  executive  power  in  a  Presi- 
ment^  embodying  particular  Socialistic  demands,  dent,  elected  for  four  years.  Don  Aniceto  Arce 
and  the  congress  finally  adopted  unanimously  was  made  President  in  1888.  The  country  is 
the  following  resolution :  divided  into  8  departments,  each  under  the  ad- 
This  congress,  recojfnizing  the  existence  of  a  class  ministrative  and  military  authority  of  a  prefect 
struggle,  and  convinced  that  as  long  as  class  rule  pre-  appointed  by  the  President. 


BOLIVIA.  BRAZIL.                         91 

Area  and  Population. — The  area,  which  be-  project  for  the  improvement  of  the  tributaries 
fore  1880  was  842,000  square  miles,  has  been  re-  of  the  Amazon  and  La  Plata  to  afford  water 
dnced,  bj  the  cession  of  the  sea-coast  province  communication  with  the  Atlantic  is  regarded  as 
of  Antofaeasta  to  Chili,  to  772,548  square  miles,  feasible,  and  likely  to  be  carried  out. 
The  popuUtion  is  about  2,800,000,  one  fourth  of  Finance. — Bolivia  is  financially    better   off 
whom  are  whites,  one  fourth  mestizos,  and  one  than  any  other  South  American  state.    The  for- 
half  Indians.    La  Paz,  which  is  the  seat  of  Gov-  eign  debt  is  being  rapidly  paid  off ;  it  had  been 
emment,  has  about  60,000  inhabitants.  reduced  to  $622,121  m  1890,  while  the  internal 
Commeree  and  Prodnetion.~The  foreijE^  debt  was  only  $4,450,000.    About  one  third  of 
commerce  of  Bolivia  is  large,  and  has  greatly  in-  the  revenue  is  derived  from  customs  and  one 
creased  in  recent  years.     The  amount  is  not  third  from  a  tribute  collected  from  the  aborig- 
known,  the  estimates  being  based  on  statistics  inal  tribes.    The  receipts  of  the  treasury  for  the 
furnished  by  Chili,  Peru,  and  the  Argentine  Re-  financial  year  1800  were  estimated  at  $8,624,200, 
public    The  esi)orts  in  1886  amounted  to  $9,-  and  the  expenditures  at  $8,784,814.    About  one 
800,000,  and  the  imports  to  $7,000,000.    In  1890  third  of  the  expenditure  goes  to  support  a  mili- 
the  exports  had  increased  to  abotit  $20,000,000,  tar?  force  of  124  officers  and  900  solaiers. 
vhile  the  imports  were  $15,000,000  in  value.  Relations  witli  Chill.— Bolivia  was  the  first 
The  foreign  trade  is  mostly  with  England,  Ger-  country  in  either  hemisphere  to  reco^ize  the 
many,  and  France.     The  share  of  the  United  belligerent  rights  of  the  Junta  de  Gobiemo  (see 
States  is  verv  small.    The  direct  shipments  from  Chili),  which  was  done  by  proclamation  on  June 
the  United  States  to  Bolivia  in  1890  were  $11,-  80,  1891.    While  this  act  was  advantageous  to 
002;  but  this  does  not  represent  the  extent  of  the  Bolivia's  commerce,  as  the  Congressional  party 
trade,  for  considerable  quantities  of  dry-goods,  held  the  northern  provinces  of  Chili  bordering 
drillings,  kerosene,  hardware,  and  machinerv  re-  on  Bolivia  and  could  deny  her  access  to  the  sea- 
ported  as  sent  to  Peru,  or  the  other  republics  ports,  yet  it  involved  the  risk  of  a  war  with  Bal- 
bordering   on    Bolivia,  are  consumed    in  thac  maceda  in  the  event  of  his  success  in  the  civil 
country,  and  many  of  the  imports  that  are  cred-  war.    It  strengthened  the  position  of  the  Junta, 
it«d  in' the  trade  reports  of  the  Treasury  Depart-  both  in  Chili  and  in  its  relations  with  foreign 
ment to  those  neiffhooring countries  are  the  prod-  countries;  and  in  return  the  Bolivian  Govem- 
uce  of  Bolivia.    The  silver  mines  of  Bolivia  are  ment  is  said  to  have  obtained  .a  treaty  of  com- 
sapposed  to  be  the  richest  in  the  world.    Those  mercial  reciprocity,  whereb;^  no'trensit  duties  are 
at  Potosi  from  the  time  of  the  Spanish  conquest  levied  on  goods  imported  into  Bolivia  through 
have  yielded  over  $8,000,000,000.    Other  rich  Antofagasta  or  other  Chilian  ports;  and  Bolivia, 
deposits  are  found  at  Oruro,  AuUaga,  and  in  on  her  part,  acknowledges  the  perpetnal  sover- 
otner  places.    In  1881  the  export  of  &livian  sil-  eignty  of  Chili  over  the  annexea  provinces,  and 
ver  through  Buenos  Ayres  was  valued  at  $17,000,-  agrees  to  admit  C  hilian  products  tree  of  duty. 
000.  and  in  1882  at  $21,000,000.    In  1888  they  BRAZIL,  a  republic  m  South  America,  pro- 
vere  $17,064,218;  in  1889,  $12,145,645.    There  claimed  on  Nov.  15, 1889,  when  Dom  Pedro  II, 
ire  valuable  deposits  also  of  tin,  lead,  bismuth,  the  Emperor,  was  dethroned  by  a  popular  rising 
mercury,  copper,  platinum,  zinc,  magnetic  and  and  exiled  with  his  family.    A  Provisional  Gov- 
other  iron  ores,  alum,  salt,  magnesia,  and  other  emment  was  instituted,  which  framed  and  pub- 
minerals,  and  a  large  variety  of  precious  and  lished  a  new  Constitution,  that  was  ratified  by 
semi-precious  stones.    The  export  of  copper  ore  the  first  National  Congress,  convened  on  Nov. 
and  regulus  amounts  to  about  $240,000  a  year.  15, 1890.    By  this  instrument  the  Brazilian  na- 
Vegetable  products  of  both  the  temperate  and  tion  constituted  itself  into  a  federal  republic, 
tropical  zones  thrive  in  Bolivia.    Enough  wheat  under  the  name  of  the  United  States  of  Brazil, 
is  grown  for  domestic  consumption,  and  a  con-  Each  of  the  old  provinces  was  declared  a  self- 
sidenble  surplus  is  exported.    The  coffee  pro-  goveniing  State,  to  be  administered  under  a  re- 
duced in  Bolivia  is  of  superior  quality.    Next  to  publican  form  of  government,  with  power  to  im- 
silver, the  largest  export  is coooa,  the'product  of  pose  taxes,  and  subject  to  no  interrerence  from 
which  in  1885  was  valued  at  $1,718,820.    After  the  Central  Government,  except  for  purposes 
this  comes  India-rubber,  which  is  of  a  very  high  of  national  defense  or  the  preservation  of  inter- 
grade,  and  exists  in  inexhaustible  quantities.  An-  nal  order  or  for  the  execution  of  Federal  laws, 
other  valuable  product  is  cinchona  bark ;  the  Leeislation  relating  to  customs,  paper  currency, 
namber  of  trees  nas  been  estimated  at  5,000,000,  and  postal  communications  is  reserved  to  the 
and  the  annuaJ  output  at  200,000  pounds.  Federal  Government.    The  right  of  suffrage  is 
GommnnlcAtlons.— Bolivian  commerce  has  secured    to  all  male  citizens  over  twenty-one 
been  retarded  by  lack  of  transport  to  the  coast,  years  old,  with  the  exception  of  be|cgars,  persons 
There  is  now  railroad  communication  with  the  ignorant  of  the  alphabet,  soldiers  m  actual  serv- 
Chilian  port  of  Antofagasta  by  means  of  a  line  ice,  and  persons  under  monastic  vows,  registra- 
that  crosses  the  frontier  at  Ascotan,  and  has  tion  being  the  only  prerequisite.    The  executive 
been  extended  for  400  miles  on  Bolivian  territorv,  authorit}[  is  vested  in  the  President,  who  must 
nearly  to  Oruro  in  the  center  of  the  plateau.    It  be  a  native  of  Brazil  over  thirty-five  years  of 
will  6e  continued  to  the  agricultural  district  of  age.    He  is  elected  by  the  people  directly  for  the 
Cochabamba,  and  a  branch  will  connect  it  with  term  of  six  years,  and  is  not  eligible  for  the  suc- 
Potosi.    The  Peruvian  railroad  that  has  been  oeeding  term.    In  all  the  States  the  election 
built  from  MoUendo,  on  the  coast,  to  Puno,  on  takes  place  on  Mareh  1  of  the  last  year  of  the 
lAke  Titicaca,  is  to  be  joined  by  a  line  from  La  presidential  period.     The  votes  are  counted  at 
Paz.    Communication  with  the  Atlantic  Ocean  the  State  capitals,  and  the  candidate  receiving 
is  facilitated  by  the  extension  of  one  of  the  Ar-  the  absolute  majority  of  the  popular  votes  is 
gentine  railroads  to  the  frontier  of  Bolivia.    A  declared  elected  by  Congress  at  the  opening  ses- 


92  BRAZIL. 

sion,  and  is  inaugarated  on  the  15th  of  Novem-  receives  a  two-thirds  vote  after  three  discussions 
ber  following.  With  the  Vice-President  it  is  the  in  each  Chamber.  No  proposition  shall  ever  be 
same.  The  President  may  be  removed  by  the  admitted  to  consideration  wnich  tends  to  abolish 
Senate,  sitting  as  a  tribunal  under  the  presiaency  the  federative  republican  form  of  government  or 
of  the  chief  justice,  on  articles  of  impeachment  the  equal  representation  of  the  States  in  the 
presented  by  the  Chamber  of  Deputies.  The  Senate.  The  original  draft  declared  clergymen. 
President  has  power  to  appoint  ana  remove  the  magistrates,  police  and  army  officers,  and  Fede- 
members  of  his  Cabinet  and  make  all  Federal  ral  office  holders  incapable  of  sitting  in  either 
civil  appointments,  and  can  appoint  diplomatic  House  of  Congress,  but  all  restrictions  were  re- 
representatives  and  Federal  judges  with  the  con-  moved  by  the  Constituent  Assembly,  except  that 
sent  of  the  Senate.  He  is  commander-in-chief  candidates  must  be  registered  as  voters,  and 
of  the  army  and  navy.  He  has  power  to  make  must  have  been  citizens  four  years  to  become 
war  or  peace  only  on  the  authorization  of  Con-  members  of  the  Chamber  and  six  years  to  be 

fress.  Jdinisters  address  their  reports  to  the  eligible  for  the  Senate.  It  is  declared  that  no 
^resident,  and  can  only  communicate  with  the  sect  or  church  shall  receive  aid  from  the  National 
Chambers  by  letter  or  m  conference  with  com-  or  State  governments,  and  that  no  Brazilian 
missions,  "the  Vice-President  of  the  Republic  shall  be  deoarred  from  exercising  civil  and  polit- 
is  President  of  the  Senate.  Senators  are  elected  ical  rights  or  exempt  from  civic  duty  on  account 
by  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  for  nine  years,  of  religiousb  elief  or  duty.  The  clauses  forbid- 
three  from  each  State,  one  retiring  and  his  sue-  ding  the  establishment  of  new  convents  or  mo- 
cessor  being  chosen  every  three  years.  Sena-  nastic  orders  and  proscribing  the  Jesuits  were 
tors  and  Deputies  receive  e<]ual  salaries.  The  expunged.  The  protests  of  Cardinal  da  Costa, 
Chamber  of  Deputies  has  the  initiative  in  all  laws  the  primate  of  Brazil,  against  the  civil  marriage 
relating  to  taxation.  Deputies  are  elected  for  clause,  the  secularization  of  cemeteries,  and  the 
three  years  by  direct  popular  vote  in  the  propor-  exclusion  of  religious  teaching  from  public 
tion  of  one  to  every  70,000  inhabitants.  Con-  schools,  failed  to  impress  the  Congress,  and, 
gress  assembles  on  May  3  of  each  year,  and  re-  while  all  religious  disabilities  were  removed, 
mains  in  session  four  months.  The  President  these  clauses  were  left  standing, 
can  call  an  extraordinary  session.  The  present  Marshal  Deodoro  da  Fonseca,  the  head  of  the 
Chamber  has  202  members,  the  State  of  Minas-  Provisional  Government,  was  confirmed  in  the 
Geraes  sending  S"?;  Bahia  and  Sflo  Paulo,  each  presidencv  by  the  Constitutional  Congress,  and 
22 ;  Rio  de  Janeiro  and  Pemambuco,  17  each ;  Rio  General  ^loriano  Peixoto  was  elected  Vice-presi- 
Grande  do  Sul,16 ;  Ceariand  the  Federal  District,  dent.  Their  term  of  office  expires  in  1894.  The 
lOeach;  Pari  andMaranhflo,7each;  AlagGas,  0;  Cabinet  first  appointed  by  President  Fonseca 
Parahyba,  5 ;  Rio  Grande  do  Norte,  Piauny,  Ser-  consisted  of  the  following  officers :  Aristides  da 
gipe,  Parand,  and  Santa  Catharina,  each  4 ;  Goyaz,  Silveira  Lobo,  Minister  of  the  Interior;  Dr. 
3 ;  and  Matto  Grasso  and  Esperito  Santo,  2  each.  Ruy  Barbosa,  Minister  of  Finance ;  Benjamin 
According  to  the  Federal  Constitution,  the  exec-  Constant  Botelho  dei  Ma^lhSes*  Minister  of 
utive,  legislative,  and  judicial  authorities  of  each  War;  Admiral  Eduardo  Wandelkolk,  Minister 
State  must  be  separate  and  independent ;  the  of  Marine ;  Quintano  Bocayuva,  Minister  of  For- 
Governor  and  members  of  the  Legislature  must  eign  Affairs ;  Dr.  Demetrio  Nunez  Ribeiro,  Min- 
be  elective ;  and  judges  must  not  be  elective  nor  ister  of  Commerce  and  Agriculture ;  F.  de  Cam- 
removable  from  office  except  on  impeachment  pos-Salles,  Minister  of  Justice.  They  still  held 
and  judicial  sentence. .  The  Federal  District-,  or  office  at  the  be^nning  of  1891,  with' the  excep- 
Municipio  JSletitro^  consisting  of  the  city  of  Rio  tion  of  the  Ministers  of  Agriculture  and  the  In- 
and  its  environs,  an  area  of  538  square  miles,  is  terior,  who  were  succeeded  by  Dr.  Francisco 
administered  by  the  Federal  Government  At  Glyoerio  and  Dr.Cesarede  Faria  Alvin.  Mean- 
some  future  time  the  Capitol  is  to  be  removed  to  while  B.C.  Bothelho  dei  MagalhSes  was  appointed 
a  district  of  14,400  square  kilometres,  about  75  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Posts,  and  Tele- 
miles  s(|uare,  reserved  as  the  property  of  the  graphs,  resigningthe  charge  of  the  War  Depart- 
Union  in  the  center  of  the  republic  The  pres-  ment  to  Gen.  F.  Peixoto.  Early  in  the  year  this 
ent  Federal  District  will  then  be  constituted  as  statesman — ^familiarly  known  as  Benjamin  Con- 
a  State. ,  By  vote  of  the  Legislatures  in  two  con-  stant,  revered  by  the  Republicans  as  their  intel- 
secutive  sessions  and  with  the  consent  of  Con-  lectual  leader  and  the  chief  organizer  of  the 
gress,  States  can  divide  themselves  or  amalga-  revolution— died  in  office,  and  by  one  of  the 
mate  with  other  States.  The  States  alone  can  temporary  provisions  of  the  new  Constitution, 
levy  taxes  on  exports  of  their  own  products,  following  the  article  granting  a  pension  to  the 
land,  inheritances,  and  industries.  Amendments  ex-£mperor  "  sufficient  to  guarantee  him  a  de- 
to  the  Federal  Constitution  may  be  presented  by  cent  subsistence,"  it  was  decreed  that  Dr.  Benja- 
one  fourth  of  the  members  of  either  House  of  min  Constant's  house  should  be  preserved  as  a 
Congress,  and  if  they  are  passed  to  a  third  read-  national  monument. 

ing  by  a  two-thirds  vote  in  both  Chambers,  they  Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Brazil 

will  be  considered  again  in  the  following  year,  is  3,209.878  square  miles,  and  the  population  was 

when  they  must  be  passed  a  second  time  in  officially  estimated  in  1888  at  14,CK)2,835,  indi- 

three  readings  by  a  two-thirds  majority  of  both  eating  an  increase  of  41  per  cent.,  or  2*56  per 

Houses    before    they  become  law.      Or  if   an  cent,  per  aiMum,  since  the  census  of  1872 ;  but 

amendment  is  askea  for  by  two  thirds  of  the  as  that  ccMAs  was  incomplete,  the  rate  of  growth 

States  after  having  been  proposed  and  sanctioned  has  probably  been  less.  According  to  its  returns, 

by  a  majority  vote  given  by  their  respective  there  were  at  that  time  3,787,280  whites,  3,801,- 

Legislatures  within  the  same  year,  then  it  must  787  mestizos,  1,954.452  negroes,  and  886,955  In- 

be  proposed  in  Congress,  and  is  adopted  when  it  dians.    In  the  northern  provinces  there  is  a  large 


BRAZIL.  93 

Indian  element,  and  in  the  States  of  Rio  de  Ja-  point  is  coffee,  of  which  4,526,906  bags  of  60 
neiro,  Bahia,  Minas-Geraes,  and  Pernambuco  kilos  were  shipped  from  Rio,  Santos,  and  Vic- 
negroes  predominate  in  numbers.  In  1850  the  toria  in  1889-90.  During  the  same  fiscal  year 
number  of  slaves  held  in  Brazil  was  estimated  at  104,536  tons  of  sugar  were  exported  from  rer- 
3.500,000.  An  official  enumeration  in  1887  gave  nambuco.  The  export  of  rubber  from  Pard  and 
the  number  of  negroes  still  held  in  slavery  as  Manaos  in  1889  was  18,682  tons,  and  the  number 
728,419.  By  a  measure  passed  in  the  following  of  hides  exported  from  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  was 
year  all  were  declared  free,  and  compensation  to  749,301.  Cotton  of  the  value  of  15,000,000  mil- 
the  owners  was  refused.  The  present  number  of  reis.  tobacco  for  5,000,000  milreis,  and  Paraguay 
wild  Indians  is  estimated  to  be  about  600,000.  tea  for  3,500,000  milreis,  were  exported  in  1887. 
The  city  of  Rio  had  357,332  inhabitants  in  1885.  During  1889  the  number  of  vessels  entered  at 
The  immigration,  which  was  131,268  in  1888,  fell  the  port  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  was  1,375 ;  the  ton- 
away  to  65,161  in  1889,  and  21,088  in  the  first  six  nage,  1,759,911 ;  the  number  cleared,  1,181 ;  ton- 
months  of  1890,  owing  to  yellow  fever  and  to  nage,  1,587,011.  The  merchant  marine  in  1890 
complaints  of  hardships  endured  by  immigrants,  numbered  506  vessels,  with  an  aggregate  capa- 
which  were  investigated  by  the  Italian  Govern-  city  of  149.066  tons,  of  which  121  were  steamers 
ment.    Of  the  immigrants  in  1889,  34,920  were  of  67,707  tons. 

Italians.  15,240  Portuguese,  8,662  Spaniards,  Gommniileations. — The  length  of  completed 
K903  Germans,  584  French,  470  Austrians,  387  railroads  in  May,  1889,  was  5,331  miles.  Nearly 
Belgians^  126  Swedes,  76  British,  and  2.793  from  all  are  single-track  lines  of  one-metre  ^auge.  The 
other  countries.  During  1890  the  Provisional  state  owns  2,091  miles.  Most  of  the  Imes  belong- 
Goremment  granted  concessions  of  public  lands  ing  to  companies  have  a  guarantee,  usually  of  6  or 
e^ual  to  the  British  Islands  in  area,  with  the  7  per  cent  interest,  either  from  the  General  Gov- 
Tiew  of  promoting  immigration,  and  Senhor  emment  or  from  the  States  through  which  the 
Glycerio,  the  Minister  of  Agriculture,  contracted  lines  run.  A  complete  national  system  of  rail- 
for  the  introduction  of  over  a  million  families,  roads,  giving  an  outlet  to  all  the  productive  sec- 
agreeine  to  pay  the  shipping  company  $25  for  tions  of  the  country,  is  one  of  the  projects  of  the 
every  adult  immigrant,  and  a  subsidy  of  $20,000  new  Government.  A  scheme  embracing  the  con- 
to  companies  bringing  at  least  10,000  settlers  in  struction  of  20,000  kilometres,  or  12,500  miles, 
a  year.  For  six  months  after  their  arrival,  im-  has  been  approved,  and  the  outlay  for  one  fifth 
migrants  are  under  the  special  protection  of  the  of  the  whole  appears  in  the  budget  for  1802. 
state,  which  will  support  them  when  necessary.  The  telegraph  lines,  which  belong  to  the  Gov- 
They  are  promised  farms  at  from  $12  to  $25  emment,  had  a  total  length  in  1^9  of  10,720 
an  acre,  with  houses  ready  for  occupancy  and  kilometres,  with  18,489  kilometres  of  wire. 
seed  and  implements  thrown  in,  and  ten  years  The  number  of  letters  passing  through  the 
are  given  them  to  pay  off  the  debt.  These  ex-  post-office  in  1888  was  14,875,522 ;  of  news- 
traordinary  inducements  stimulated  immigration  papers,  16,149,092 ;  receipts  for  eighteen  months, 
peatly.  Fortn^nese,  Spaniards,  Italians,  Rus-  2,210,000  milreis ;  expenses,  2.760,000  milreis. 
sians.  and  British  and  Irish  came  in  such  num-  The  Armj  and  IVavy.— The  peace  effective 
bers  that  many  suffered  hardships  from  over-  of  the  armj  m  1890  was  1,600  officers  and  28,400 
crowding  in  the  barracks  provided  by  the  Gov-  men,  formmg  36  battalions  of  infantry,  1  trans- 
emment.  A  great  number  sickened  from  change  port  company,  1  depot  company  for  instruction, 
of  climate  and  food,  and  a  large  proportion  12  regiments  of  cavalry,  5  regiments  of  field  and 
failed  from  inability  to  till  the  land.  5  battalions  of  foot  artillery,  and  2  battalions  of 
Commerce  and*  Prodnetlon. — Coffee  and  pioneers.  The  Gendarmerie  number  10,000  men, 
sugar  are  the  chief  commercial  products  of  the  of  whom  2,000  are  quartered  in  the  capital, 
country.  Cotton  is  cultivated  also,  and  numer-  The  National  Guard  is  to  be  reorganized, 
oas  cotton  mills  have  been  established.  The  The  navy  in  1890  consisted  of  58  vessels,  of 
state  has  offered  a  guarantee  of  interest  to  sugar  which  10  are  ironclad,  mounting  232  guns  all 
factories,  and  in  1890  many  new  ones  were  told.  There  were  5  cruisers,  17  gunboats,  2 
started,  concessions  being  granted  for  58,650,000  steamers,  5  schoolships,  13  auxiliary  vessels,  2 
milieisof  capital  in  the  first  nine  months.  The  propellers,  and  14  torpedo  boats.  The  crews 
number  of  cattle  in  Brazil  is  about  17,000,000,  numbered  5,984  men,  including  officers.  A  fast 
and  hides  are  exported  largely  from  the  southern  protected  cruiser  of  4,500  tons  is  not  yet  fin- 
province.    In  the  swamps  of  the  Amazon  vallev  ished. 

ereat  quantities  of  rubber  are  gathered.    High  Finances.— The  budget  for  1890  made  the 

duties  are  paid  on  imports,  and  on  several  of  the  total  revenue  142,989.500  milreis,  of  which  87,- 

chief  products  of  the  country  export  duties  are  000,000  milreis  were  the  estimated  receipts  from 

collected.    Of  the  imports,  which  consist  mainly  import  duties,  2,590.000  milreis  from  port  dues, 

of  cotton  and  woolen  fabrics,  preserved  meat  15,030,000  milreis  from  export  duties,  18,440,- 

and  fish,  wines  and  spirits,  breadstuffs,  coal,  iron  000   milreis   from    railroads,  3,000,000  milreis 

and  steel,  and  linen  cloth,  Great  Britain  sup-  from  posts  and  telegraphs,  19,120,000  milreis 

plies  about  45  per  cent,  of  the    total   value,  from  stamps,  succession  auties,  and  registration, 

France  17  per  cent,  and  Germany  14  per  cent,  and  2,809,000  milreis  from  other  sources.    The 

Of  the  exports,  about  one  third  go  to  the  United  revised  estimate  made  the  total  receipts  147,200,- 

States,  one  third  to  Great  Britain,  one  tenth  to  000  milreis.    The  expenditure  for  1890  was  es- 

France,  and  an  equal  proportion  to  Germany,  timated  at  151,219,720  milreis,  9,226,528  milreis 

The  value  of  the  exports  from  Rio  in  1889  was  being  assigned  to  the  Interior  Department,  805,- 

104,611,321  milreis  (the  value  of  the  milreis  va-  707  milreis  to  foreign  affairs,  7,816,575  milreis  to 

ries  from  35  to  55  cents,  according  to  the  rate  of  justice,  11,495,000  milreis  to  the  nav^r,  14,994,492 

exchange).    Almost  the  sole  export  from  that  milreis  to  the  army,  44,779,248  milreis  to  public 


94  BRAZIL. 

works,  and  62,102,166  to  the  Department  of  Fi-  and  the  United  States  was  concluded  at  Washing- 
nance.  In  1B80  the  revenue  was  estimated  at  ton  on  Feb.  7,  1891,  by  virtue  of  which  sugar, 
139,340,000,  and  the  expenditure  at  153,147,844  molasses,  coffee,  and  hides,  the  produce  of  Brazil, 
milreis.  This  does  not  include  20,266,965  milreis  are  exempt  from  duty  on  importation  into  the 
of  extraordinary  expenditure,  toward  which  there  United  States.  In  reciprocitv  for  and  in  con- 
was  an  extraordinary  revenue  of  7.780,000  mil-  sideration  of  the  exemption  from  duty  of  these 
reis.  For  1890  the  extraordinary  expenditure  articles  by  an  act  of  Congress  approved  in  Octo- 
was  reckoned  at  25,456,830  milreis.  ber,  1890,  the  Government  of  Brazil  by  legal 
The  expenses  on  account  of  the  debt  were  es-  enactment  authorized  the  admission  into  Brazil, 
ti mated  for  1890  at  47,201,503  milreis.  The  in-  free  of  all  duty,  whether  national.  State,  or 
ternal  funded  debt,  amounting  in  December,  1889,  municipal,  of  certain  articles  produced  or  mann- 
to  543,555,300  milreis,  consists  mainly  of  5-per-  factured  in  the  United  States  and  of  another  list 
cent.  bond&  The  foreign  loans  amount  to  270,-  of  articles  with  a  reduction  of  25  per  cent,  from 
895,556  milreis,  or  £30,419,500  sterling,  about  the  tariff  now  in  force,  or  any  future  tariff.  The 
two  thirds  paying  4  per  cent,  and  the  rest  4^  Brazilian  act  went  into  force  on  April  1, 1891. 
per  cent,  interest.  A  smkine  fund  of  1  per  cent.  The  following  is  the  schedule  of  articles  admitted 
IS  provided,  with  which  the  bonds  are  to  be  paid  free  into  Brazil :  Wheat,  flour,  com,  maize,  and 
on  by  lot  if  they  stand  above  par;  but  if  they  are  the  manufactures  thereof,  including  commeal 
below  par,  it  is  to  be  applied  to  purchases  in  the  and  starch,  rve,  rye  flour,  buckwheat  flour,  bar- 
open  market.  ley,  potatoes,  beans,  pease,  hav,  oats,  pork  (stilted). 
Change  of  Ministry. — A  difference  arose  be-  including  pickled  pork  and  oacon,  except  hams, 
tween  the  Minister  of  Agricultufe  and  the  Presi-  flsh  (salted,  dried,  and  pickled),  cotton-seed  oil, 
dent  in  regard  to  the  construction  of  a  harbor  coal  (anthracite  and  bituminous),  resin,  tar,  pitch, 
for  the  State  of  Rio  Grande  do  SuL  Improve-  turpentine,  agricultural  tools  and  implements, 
ments  in  the  Rio  Grande  harbor  and  an  attempt  machinery,  including  stationary  and  portable 
to  build  a  railroad  to  Santa  Catharina  in  the  engines,  all  machinery  for  manufacturing  and 
northern  part  of  the  State  had  proved  unsuooess-  industrial  purposes  (except  sewing  machines), 
ful ;  and  the  President,  who  was  accused  bv  his  instruments  and  books  for  use  in  the  arts  and 
enemies  of  favoritism  and  connivance  in  jobbery,  sciences,  and  railway  construction  material  and 
insisted  in  granting  a  concession  and  guarantee  equipment.  Of  these,  the  average  imports  for 
to  projected  harbor  works  in  the  roadstead  at  the  last  three  years  have  been  $20,003,937  in 
Torres,  and  a  railroad  leading  thither,  with  the  annual  value,  and  of  this  the  United  States  have 
view  of  making  that  the  port  of  the  province,  contributed  only  $3,394,633,  while  other  countries 
Dr.  Glycerio  disapproved,  and  on  Jan.  6  tendered  have  furnished  $16,609,304.  The  schedule  of 
his  resignation.  The  refusal  of  the  Congress  to  articles  that  Brazil  admits  with  a  reduction  of 
vote  indemnity  for  the  acts  of  the  Provisional  duty  of  25  per  cent,  is  as  follows:  Lard  and  the 
Government  was  resented  by  the  President,  and,  substitutes  therefor,  bacon,  hams,  cheese,  canned 
taking  the  occasion  when  the  Constitution  passed  and  preserved  meats,  fish,  fruits  and  vegetables, 
its  first  reading,  the  remaining  ministers  re-  manufactures  of  cotton  (including  cotton  cloth- 
signed  their  portfolios  together  on  Jan.  20, 1891.  ing),  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel  not  included 
On  Jan.  22  a  new  Cabmet  was  organized  as  in  the  foregoing  free  schedule,  leather  and  the 
follows :  Baron  de  Lucena,  Minister  of  Agri-  manufactures  thereof  (except  boots  and  shoes), 
culture.  Commerce,  and  Public  Works ;  Dr.  JoSo  lumber  and  timber  and  tne  manufactures  of 
Barbalhao  Uchoa  (Javalcante,  Minister  of  the  In-  wood  (including  cooperage,  furniture,  and  all 
terior  and  Public  Instruction ;  Tristeo  de  Alancar  kinds  of  wagons,  carts,  and  carriages),  and  the 
Araripe,  Minister  of  Finance;  Dr  Justo  Leite  manufactures  of  rubber.  Of  these,  the  average 
Pereira  Chermont,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs;  value  of  the  importations  for  three  years  has 
Rear-Admiral  Fortunate  Foster  Vidal,  Minister  been  $38,631,242,  of  which  the  United  States 
of  Marine;  Major-General  Antonio  Nicolao  Fal-  furnished  only  $2,035,899,  while  other  countries 
cao  da  Frota,  Minister  of  War ;  Assis  Brazil,  Min-  furnished  $36,595,343. 

ister  of  Justice.  On  Feb.  23  the  Ck>nstitution  was  An  American  steamship  company  has  been 
adopted  in  its  amended  form,  and  on  Feb.  25  organized,  with  A.  J.  Dittenhoefer  and  Henry  L. 
Marshal  Deodoro  da  Fonseca  was  elected  Presi-  James,  of  New  York,  as  president  and  vice-presi- 
dent by  a  majority  of  23,  Prudente  de  Moraes  dent,  to  build  orbuvsix  steamers  andei^ht  fast- 
being  the  opposing  candidate.  General  Peixoto  sailing  vessels  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
was  chosen  vice-president  by  a  majority  of  47  mail  packet  and  commercial  line  between  New 
votes.  The  Congress  then  separated  to  begin  its  York  and  the  ports  of  Brazil.  The  United  States 
regular  session  on  June  15.  The  Cabinet  was  and  Brazilian  governments  may  give  subsidies 
remodelecl  on  May  23,  Americo  Bmziliense  be-  for  regular  semi-monthly  mails,  and  the  Bra- 
coming  Minister  of  Finance  in  the  place  of  zilian  Government  has  guaranteed  interest  on 
Senhor  Araripe,  who  was  transferred  to  the  the  capital  raised  by  $3,000,000  of  bonds.  The 
Ministry  of  the  Interior,  and  Senhor  Cavalcante  voyage  between  New  York  and  Rio  will  be  made 
made  Minister  of  Posts  and  Telegraphs,  while  in  fourteen  days. 

Alfonso  Carvalho  entered  the  Cabinet  as  Min-  A  Dictatorship  proclaimed. — Differences 
ister  of  Justice.  The  new  Minister  of  Finance  arose  between  the  President  and  Congress,  at  first 
was  unable  to  cope  with  the  growing  difficulties  over  financial  measures  passed  by  the  Chambers 
of  the  situation,  and  on  July  5  he  retired  and  and  vetoed  bv  the  President  and  schemes  recora- 
was  succeeded  by  Baron  Lucena.  whose  former  mended  by  tfie  President  that  were  voted  down 
duties  were  assumed  by  Senhor  Cavalcante.  by  Congress.  A  coiip  d'etat  leading  to  a  dicta- 
Reciprocity  with  tlie  United  States. — A  torship  or  the  restoration  of  royalty  was  feared 
treaty  to  secure  reciprocal  trade  between  Brazil  by  the  opponents  of  Fonseca,  who  introduced  a 


BRAZIL.  95 

bill  fixing  the  procedure  for  the  impeachment  manifesto  in  which  he  threatened  to  march  on 
of  the  President.  When  President  da  Fonseca  to  Eio  Janeiro  to  depose  the  Dictator,  then 
vetoed  it,  the  Chamber  pa6se<l  a  motion  to  over-  Baron  Lucena  telegraphed  to  the  revolutionary 
ride  the  veto,  whereupon  the  President  dis-  Junta  that  he  would  recognize  an^  local  govem- 
5olved  Congress  by  a  decree  published  on  Nov.  8.  ment  that  the  people  of  the  province  preferred. 
Armed  force  was  used  to  close  the  Chambers,  on  the  sole  condition  that  peace  and  tranquillity 
Martial  law  was  proclaimed  in  the  Federal  Dis-  should  be  restored.  The  Junta,  at  the  head  of 
trict.  The  rupture  was  preceded  by  riotous  which  stood  Dr.  Assis  Brazil,  one  of  the  chief 
disturbances  in  Rio  on  Oct.  8,  and  was  attended  originators  of  the  republican  movement,  replied 
by  street  fighting  on  Nov.  4.  President  Deodoro  that  his  forces  would  not  disarm  until  Fonseca 
da  Fonseca  proclaimed  himself  Dictator  on  the  should  resign  the  presidency  and  the  Congress 
invitation  of  officers  of  the  army,  announcing  be  reassembled  in  Rio  Janeiro.  On  Nov.  21 
that  he  would  fix  a  date  later  for  the  election  of  the  President  issued  a  proclamation  appointing 
representatives  of  the  nation.  The  army  and  a  Feb.  29  as  the  date  for  the  general  election  and 
part  of  the  navy  supported  him  in  his  course  of  May  8  for  the  assembling  of  the  next  Congress, 
action,  which  he  declared,  in  a  manifesto,  to  be  He  recommended  that  the  Constitution  should 
doe  to  irregular  proceedings  of  Congress  and  be  amended  to  secure  the  independence  of  the 
tbe  efforts  of  the  Promoters  of  a  restoration  of  judiciary  and  the  Executive  by  introducing  safe- 
the  monarchy.  He  convoked  a  new  Congress  guards  to  uphold  the  President's  veto,  by  en- 
charged  with  the  revision  of  the  Constitution,  larging  the  powers  of  the  Executive  and  limiting 
which  is  to  meet  in  January,  1892.  The  min-  those  of  Congress,  and  by  r^ucing  the  number 
isters,  with  the  exception  of  Baron  de  Lucena,  of  representatives.  He  adnsed  also  the  legal 
who.  like  Gen.  Deoaoro,  was  formerly  an  Im-  recognition  of  existing  decorations  and  titles  of 
perialist,  all  resigned  their  portfolios.  The  sus-  distinction.  Fonseca  became  alarmed  when  he 
pension  of  the  Constitution  caused  much  popular  discovered  that  a  large  part  of  the  army  could 
dissatisfaction  in  many  of  the  States,  most  of  all  not  be  depended  on  to  fi^ht  for  him.  The  forces 
in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul,  where  the  local  Govern-  were  rapidly  augmented  oy  recruits  attracted  by 
ment  ordered  the  National  Guard  under  arms,  liberal  pay.  When  signs  of  indifference  and 
and  the  authority  of  the  Dictator  was  repu-  even  of  hostility  began  to  be  manifested  among 
diated.  President  da  Fonseca  ordered  troops  the  naval  commanders,  the  Dictator  perceived 
to  Rio  Grande  to  prevent  the  State  authorities  that  success  was  very  doubtful.  The  State  of 
fram  carrying  their  declaration  of  independence  Pard  refused  to  furnish  aid  to  the  Dictator,  and 
into  effect.  On  Nov.  10,  the  State  of  Grffo  Par&  the  municipal  authorities  of  the  capital  city 
likewise  declared  its  independence.  A  decree  compelled  tne  Government  troops  to  aeliver  up 
was  published  making  expulsion  from  Brazil  the  their  arms.  In  the  city  and  tne  State  of  Rio 
penalty  for  resisting  the  Dictatorship.  The  re-  Janeiro  there  was  strong  sympathy  with  the  re- 
volt against  the  Central  Government  in  Rio  volt  A  military  force  was  sent  to  Santa  Catha- 
Grande  do  Sul,  which  began  on  the  night  of  rina  after  the  return  of  the  unsuccessful  expe- 
Xov.  9,  spread  rapidly.  The  Government  troops  dition  to  the  Rio  Grande,  for  the  purpose  of 
St  Yugaraon  and  m  two  other  garrisons  went  over  entering  the  insurgent  State  by  land  ana  meet- 
to  the  rebels,  who  were  led  by  Gen.  Fernandez.  ing  the  revolutionary  army,  which  had  set  out 
The  Government  had  about  6,000  troops,  half  on  its  northward  march.  Admiral  Wandelkolk, 
the  army,  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Of  these,  five  ex-Minister  of  Marine,  and  other  chiefs  of  the 
infantry  regiments  and  one  of  cavalry  deserted  navy  and  eminent  military  oflScers,  consulted  on 
to  the  insurgents  as  soon  as  the  revolt  was  pro-  the  situation,  and  decidea  to  end  the  crisis  and 
claimed.  Large  bodies  of  volunteers  were  raised,  prevent  a  collision  with  the  insurgent  army, 
with  the  intention  of  gaining  possession  of  the  which  was  rapidly  approaching  the  border  of 
whole  province  before  the  naval  and  military  re-  Santa  Catharina,  by  a  militav  profiunciamienio 
enforcements  arrived.  Of  the  towns,  only  Porto  a^inst  Fonseca.  On  Nov.  28  the  demonstra- 
Alegre,  the  capital,  Tugaraon,  and  Sinta  Vic-  tion,  backed  by  the  army  and  the  fleet,  took 
toria  supported  the  dictatorship.  Gen.  Feman-  place  in  Rio,  and  Marshal  Fonseca  was  given 
dez  advanced  on  the  capital,  capturing  Santa  24  hours  in  which  to  abdicate.  The  squadron 
Anna  to  the  north  of  it,  which  offered  Tittle  re-  fired  several  shots  into  the  city,  injuring  some 
5i*tance.  The  revolution,  though  caused  by  the  of  the  churches,  in  sign  of  the  earnestness  of  its 
differences  between  the  President  and  Congress,  demand.  Fonseca  hesitated  only  long  enough 
started  on  Oct.  7  in  a  row  at  an  opera  in  Rio  to  convince  himself  that  the  navy  and  three 
Janeiro  between  students  and  the  police,  which  quarters  of  the  army  had  declared  against  him. 
was  followed  by  street  fighting  for  two  days,  at  He  presented  his  resignation  to  his  Prime  Min- 
the  end  of  which  the  police  were  replaced  by  ister  and  friend,  Baron  Lucena,  and  issued  a 
^Idiers.  Fonseca  and  nis  Cabinet  assumed,  for  manifesto  announcing  his  retirement  and  stat- 
politic  reasons,  that  the  chief  trouble  in  Rio  ing  that  his  motive  was  to  avoid  bloodshed. 
Grande  was  due  to  the  strife  between  the  two  Floriano  Peixoto  was  immediately  installed  by 
contending  parties,  and  would  end  with  the  the  revolutionary  committee  as  President  in 
triumph  of  tne  party  hostile  to  the  administra-  his  stead.  The  new  President  appointed  a  Cab- 
tion.  When  the  Government  transports  were  inet  in  which  Rodriguez  Alves  was  made  Min- 
unable  to  land  troops  to  engage  the  insurgents  ister  of  Finance ;  Faria,  Minister  of  Agriculture ; 
by  reason  of  obstructions  placed  in  the  channel,  Pereira,  Minister  of  Justice ;  and  temporarily  of 
when  Porto  Alegre  was  in  their  hands,  when  the  Interior  and  of  Education  ;Mello.  Minister  of 
they  had  raised  an  army  by  the  middle  of  No-  Marine ;  Oliveira,  Minister  of  War ;  and  Pullita. 
vember  of  50,000  men,  and  when  Gen.  Ossorio,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  As  soon  as  Fon- 
who  was  made  commander-in-chief,  issued   a  seca's  abdication  was  known,  the  insurgent  army 


96  BULGARIA. 

in  Rio  Graixle  do  Sul  began  to  disband.  The  debt,  18,078.618  francs ;  for  financial  administra- 
state  of  siege  proclaimed  by  Fonseca  was  raised,  tion,  18,820,732  francs ;  for  the  Ministry  of  the 
On  Nov.  25  Gen.  Peixoto  issued  a  call  fori  the  Interior,  8,885,480  francs ;  for  public  works,  7,- 
reassemblingon  Dec.  18  of  the  Congress  dissolved  722,243  francs ;  for  public  instruction,  5,140,985 
by  Fonseca.  The  same  Congress  reassembled,  francs.  Of  the  revenue,  89,952,000  francs  are 
and  all  the  States  were  represented.  Though  raised  by  direct  taxation,  and  15,898,500  francs 
the  secession  movement  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  by  custom-house  and  internal  duties, 
did  not  entirely  subside  at  once.  Gen.  Floriano  The  debt  to  the  Russian  Government  on  ac- 
Peixoto  appeased  this  thriving  and  populous  count  of  the  occupation,  of  which  15,893,500 
state,  with  650,000  inhabitants,  of  whom  200,000  francs  remain  to  be  paid,  is  to  b»e  extinguished 
are  Germans,  by  choosing  the  majority  of  the  in  1896.  A  loan  of  50,000,000  francs  was  eon- 
ministers  from  among  its  Deputies.  The  Minis-  tracted  in  1887,  and  another  of  80,000,000  francs, 
try  of  Finance  was  given  to  Senhor  de  Paula  The  Government  has  assumed  the  annual  tribute 
Rodriguez  Alves,  who  had  a  high  reputation  for  of  £118,000  Turkish  owed  to  the  Sultan  by  East- 
ability.  The  crisis  had  been  caused  principally  em  Roumelia,  and  arrears  of  £21,000  Turkish, 
by  the  financial  proceedings  of  Fonseca  and  his  The  powers  have  not  yet  acted  on  the  clause  of 
Cabinet,  who  found,  on  assuming  power,  a  for-  the  Berlin  Treaty  requiring  them  to  assess  the 
eign  debt  of  $154,000,000,  an  internal  debt  still  tribute  Bulgaria  shall  pay. 
larger,  and  $114,000,000  of  railroad  bonds  in  The  Army.— The  army,  service  in  which  is 
which  interest  was  guaranteed,  while  only  one  obligatory  both  in  Bulgaria  and  Eastern  Rou- 
line,  the  SSo  Paulo,  capitalized  at  $9,000,000,  melia,  has  a  peace  strength  of  1,604  officers  and 
earned  the  amount  of  the  guarantee.  The  Gov-  84,208  soldiers,  and  a  war  strength  of  2,304  offi- 
ernment  launched  out  in  new  undertaking  to  cers  and  122,708  men.    It  is  organized  in  8  divis- 

g lease  politicians  and  their  localities,  and  the  ions,  of  2  brigades  each,  composed  of  24  regiments 

nancial  stress  became  great.    The  state  of  the  of  infantry,  of  2  battalions  and  1  depot  battalion ; 

treasury  grew  alarming  when  it  was  discovered  4  cavalry  regiments  of  4  squadrons,  besides  the 

that  the  expected  deficit  of  $14,000,000  would  be  troop  of  the  guards ;  6  regiments  of  field  artillerr. 

surpassed  bjr  $5,000,000.    Foreign  trade  and  pro-  each  having  4  batteries,  of  4  pieces  in  peace  and 

ductive  activity  went  on  during  the  crisis.    The  8  in  war,  and  a  mountain  battery  with  2  guns ;  2 

President's  dispositions  reduced  the  deficit  for  depot  batteries  and  1  battery  of  sieee  artillery;  1 

1890  to  $8,000,000  in  gold,  and  the  country  soon  regiment  of  engineers,  of  2  battuions  ;  and  1 

settled  down  under  the  new  Government.  disciplinary  company. 

BULGARIA,  a  principality  in  southeastern  The  fleet,  consisting  of  1  yacht,  8  steamers,  7 
Europe,  tributary  to  Turkey.  The  Constitution  steam  sloops,  and  2  torpedo  boats,  is  manned  by 
of  1879  vests  the  legislative  authority  in  a  single  12  officers  and  884  men. 
Chamber,  called  the  Sobranje,  the  members  of  Commerce  and  Production. — The  people 
which  are  elected  by  universal  suffrage  for  three  are  employed  mostly  in  agriculture,  and  the  main 
years,  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  every  10,000  of  article  of  export  is  wheat.  In  1889  the  value  of 
population.  Eastern  Roumelia,  which  was  creat-  the  grain  exports  was  45,841,000  leii  or  francs, 
ed  an  autonomous  province  of  Turkey  by  the  Liveanimalswereexportedof  the  value  of  6.000,- 
Treaty  of  Berlin,  was  united  to  Bulgaria  by  the  000  francs.  Other  exports  are  wool,  tallow,  but- 
revolution  of  September,  1885,  and  the  Prince  of  ter,  cheese,  hides,  flax,  and  timber.  The  value 
Bulgaria  was  commissioned  as  Governor-General  of  the  imports  in  1889  was  72,869,245  francs, 
by  the  Sultan  in  April,  1886.  The  reigning  of  which  22,492,177  francs  came  from  Austria- 
Prince  is  Ferdinand,  born  Feb.  26,  1861,  the  Hungary,  21,193,874  francs  from  Great  Britain, 
youngest  son  of  the  late  Prince  August,  Duke  of  9,778,456  francs  from  Turkey,  4,582,297  francs 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  and  of  Princess  Clementine,  from  Russia,  and  the  rest  from  Germanv.  France, 
daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  King  of  the  French.  Roumania,  and  other  countries ;  the  direct  im- 
He  was  elected  by  the  great  Sobranje  on  July  7,  ports  from  the  United  States  being  59,554  francs, 
1887,  to  succeed  Prince  Alexander  of  Battenberg,  while  there  were  no  exports  to  this  country.  The 
who  abdicated  on  Sept.  7, 1886 ;  but  his  election  chief  imports  are  cotton  and  other  textile  manu- 
has  never  received  the  formal  assent  of  the  Porte  factures,  iron  and  other  metals,  and  coal.  The 
and  the  signatory  powers,  as  required  by  the  total  value  of  the  exports  in  1889  was  80,581,076 
Treaty  of  Berlin,  francs,  of  which  80,555,910  francs  were  invoiced 

Area  and  Population.— The  area  of  Bulgaria  to  Turkey,  18,890,817  francs  to  France,  12,595.444 

proper  is  24,860,  and  of  Eastern  Roumelia,  or  francs  to  England,  8,558,284  francs  to  Austria, 

South  Bulgaria,  18,500  square  miles ;  total  area,  between  1,000,000  and  2,000,000  francs  each  to 

87,860  square  miles.     The  total  population  was  Italy  Roumania,  Germany,  Belgium,  and  Greece, 

found  by  a  census  taken  Jan.  1,  1888,  to  be  8,-  and  only  84,669  francs  to'  Russia.     With  Senia 

154,375    persons,  of    whom    960,441    inhabited  the  commercial  intercourse  amounted  to  962,547 

South  Bulgaria.    The  population  was  divided  as  francs  of  imports  and  358,184  of  exports, 

to  sex  into  1,605,389  males  and  1,548,986  females.  Political  Complications,— The  election  in 

The  race  statistics  give  2,326,250  Bulgars,  607,-  August,  1890,  of  a  large  majoritv  to  sustain  in 

319  Turks,  58,338  Greeks,  50,291  gypsies,  23,546  the  Sobranje  the  national  or  anti-Russian  policv 

Jews,  2,245  Germans,  2,142  Serbs,  2,557  other  of  the  dictatorial  Prime  Minister,  Stambuloff, 

Slavs,  1,069  Russians,  544  French,  and  80,074  of  was  an  index  of  the  feeling  of 'the  countr>'. 

other  nationalities.  Among  the  uneducated  farming  class  the  senti- 

Finance. — The  budget  for  1891  estimates  the  ments  of  gratitude  toward  Russia  and  of  ven- 

revenue  at  80,470,000  leii  or  francs,  and  the  ex-  eration  for  the  orthodox  Czar  have  little  force, 

nenditure  at  79,299,233  francs.     For  the  army,  and  whatever  pro-Russian  feeling  exists  is  born 

20,617,435  francs  are  required ;  for  the  public  of  fear  of  Russian  vengeant^e.    The  masses  of 


\ 


BULGARIA.  .     97 

the  people  take  little  interest  in  politics,  and  only  the  intended  victim,  escaped.  Among  the  hun- 
ask  their  Goremment  to  avoid  war,  to  make  the  dreds  of  persons  who  were  arrested  in  the  next 
bardenof  taxation  light,  and  to  exercise  its  police  few  days  were  Karaveloff  and  other  political 
poweisas  little  as  possible.  The  political  rest-  opponents  of  Starobuloff.  Many  were  released, 
tes^ness  in  Bulgaria  is  confined  to  the  numerous  but  several  of  the  leaders  of  the  Kussophil  party 
class  of  professional  politicians  who  depend  on  were  detained  in  custody.  Bulgarian  refugees 
public  office  for  their  livelihood,  and  who  are  and  hired  Montenegrins" and  Macedonians  had 
viliing  to  become  the  tools  of  Panslavist  intrigues,  been  armed  with  revolvers  and  Berdan  rifles,  and 
and  to  foment  agitation  against  the  men  in  were  ready,  on  the  assassination  of  the  Prime 
pover  in  the  hopo  of  succeeding  them.  All  the  Minister,  to  cross  the  Servian  frontier  and  begin 
leaders  have  been  Nationalists  when  in  office,  a  guerilla  war.  Two  secret  deposits  of  arms  and 
Z&nkoff,  the  originator  of  the  policy  of  Bulga-  many  documents,  pointing  to  a  widely  ramified 
ria  for  the  Bulgarians,  allied  himself  with  Rus-  conspiracv,  were  discovered  by  the  police  in 
sian  conspirators  and  planned  the  abduction  of  Sofia.  The  murdered  minister  was  succeeded  by 
Prince  Alexander  in  order  to  oust  Karaveloff.  Katchevich,  a  distinguished  financier.  When 
The  latter,  to  avoid  an  open  rupture  with  Russia,  the  time  came  for  the  Porte  to  appoint  a  gov- 
scheraed  to  get  rid  of  Alexanaer  while  keeping  emor  of  Eastern  Roumelia,  it  let  the  date  pass 
the  reins  of  power  in  his  own  hand.  Stambulofi  without  making  a  sign,  thereby  tacitly  accepting 
then  took  the  lead  in  the  Nationidist  cause,  and  the  union  of  the  two  Bulgarias  and  the  perma- 
successf  ally  carried  through  a  counter-revolution,  nent  rule  of  the  Prince  over  the  autonomous 
The  Zankovists,  the  revolutionary  Russophil  province.  The  rejjuest  of  the  Turkish  agent 
party,  were  proscribed,  and  the  active  agents  in  m  Sofia  for  an  audience  with  Prince  Ferdinand, 
the  kidnappmg  and  other  military  conspiracies  and  the  reception  of  Dr.  Vulkovich  and  M. 
became  pensioners  on  the  Russian  Slav  Com-  Natchevich  by  the  Sultan,  were  clear  manifes- 
mittee,  ready  to  engage  in  fresh  insurrectionary  tations  of  the  friendly  disposition  of  the  Turkish 
plot<.  Karaveloff  and  his  followers  were  toler-  Government  and  a  recognition  of  the  loyal 
ated.  but  suspected,  by  Stambuloff  and  the  party  attitude  of  the  Bulgarian  authorities  in  regard 
in  power.  From  Stambuloff's  party  branched  to  Macedonian  disturbances.  In  August,  the 
off  a  new  opposition  party,  callea  the  Radoslav-  Turkish  authorities  in  Macedonia  were  instructed 
istis  from  tneir  leader,  Re^oslavof,  who  are  in  to  allow  the  Bulgarians  in  Macedonia  to  exercise 
accord  with  the  Stambulovists  in  wishing  to  freely  their  religious  ceremonies  and  manage 
maintain  Bulgarian  independence,  but  condemn  the  tuition  in  their  schools  without  reference  to 
the  tyrannical  and  unconstitutional  methods  em-  the  Greek  patriarchate.  The  refusal  of  the  Ser- 
plowed  by  the  Prime  Minister  to  crush  his  adver-  vian  Government  to  deliver  up  Rizof,  a  Bulgarian 
sanes.  After  the  general  election,  in  which  the  journalist  suspected  of  having  insti«ited  the 
Zankovists  and  otner  opposition  parties  were  Beltcheff  munler,  who  was  anerward  allowed 
prerented  by  official  intcrxerence  from  manifest-  free  passage  through  Roumania  into  Russia,  and 
ing  their  actual  strength,  the  countrv  enjoyed  the  continued  presence  of  dangerous  characters 
many  months  of  tranquillity.  Shortly  before  the  on  the  frontier,  caused  the  Bulgarian  Govem- 
beginningof  1891,  a  yoimg  but  emment  finan-  mentto  push  on  the  fortifications  at  Slivnitza 
cier,  Beltcheff,  waa  appomtcd  to  the  vacant  and  the  Dragoman  Pass,  to  call  out  reserve  regi- 
Ministry  of  Finance.  Tne  Russian  Government  ments,  and  to  concentrate  troops  on  the  frontier, 
having  complained,  through  the  German  consul-  The  Servians  responded  by  massing  troops  on 
zenerS,  of  the  hospitality  given  in  Bulgaria  to  their  side,  and  prepared  to  manoeuvre  o5,000 
Russian  refugees  and  Nihuists,  the  Bulgarian  men  along  the  frontier  in  the  autumn.  This 
Government  expelled  a  number  of  persons,  caused  the  Turkish  Government  to  urge  Servia 
among  whom  were  some  that  were  known  to  be  to  withdraw  her  troops,  and  in  conseouence  of 
Russian  spies,  who,  to  conceal  their  purposes,  this  invitation  both  tne  Servian  and  tne  Bul^- 
had  pretended  to  be  Nihilists.  In  the  case  of  rian  governments  desisted  from  the  threatening 
ivo  suspicious  individuals  who  were  expelled,  demonstrations.  When  the  new  Turkish  Cabinet, 
the  St  Petersburg  Cabinet  raised  a  protest,  by  objecting  to  the  emission  of  silver  coins  bear- 
Threats  of  venfi;eance  a^inst  Stambuloff  for  ing  Prince  Ferdinand's  effigy,  and  to  the  con- 
the  execution  of  Major  Panitza,  and  incipient  struction  of  the  Uskub-Kustendil  stratenc  rail- 
plots  against  the  life  of  Prince  Ferdinand  were  road,  showed  Russophil  tendencies,  the  British, 
conceafed  from  the  public.  About  a  month  Austrian,  and  Italian  governments  instructed 
before  the  expiration  of  the  Prince's  commission  their  diplomatic  agents  at  Sofia  to  be  less  re- 
«  GoTemor  of  Eastern  Roumelia,  the  appoint-  served  in  their  intercourse  with  Prince  Ferdinand. 
ment  of  his  predecessor,  to  whose  rightslie  was  Dissensions  arose  between  the  Prime  Minister 
Ueitlr  allowed  to  succeed,  having  been  for  the  and  the  Minister  of  Justice,  owing  to  illegal 
(t>nfititational  period  of  five  years,  dating  from  methods  pursued  by  officials  in  investigating 
April  6, 1886,  rumors  were  heard  of  an  intended  the  Beltcheff  murder  and  the  interference  of  M. 
insurrection  on  the  borders  of  Servia  and  Rou-  Stambuloff  with  judicial  proceedings  against 
mania.  Major  Bendereff  and  Capt  Qrueff,  the  one  of  his  partisans.  On  Oct  2,  M.  Tontchefl 
kidnappers  of  Prince  Alexander,  were  seen  in  resigned,  and  M.  Grekoff,  the  Minister  of  Foreicp 
Bucharest  and  Servian  towns  in  the  company  of  Affairs,  added  the  portfolio  of  Justice  to  his 
Hitical  fugitives  and  adventurers.  On  March  own.  The  latter  minister,  on  going  to  Constan- 
<7  three  political  assassins  fired  at  the  Prime  tinople  to  present  anew  a  request  for  the  formal 
Minister  and  his  friend.  Minister  Beltcheff,  as  recognition  of  Prince  Ferdinand,  instead  of  re- 
they  were  walking  together  on  the  street,  and  ceiving  from  the  Sultan  the  usual  temporizing 
Uke  latter  was  killed,  while  his  chief,  who  was  reply,  met  with  a  decided  rebuff. 

▼OL.  zxzi—- 7  A 


98 


CALIFOUNIA. 


\  ' 


c 


CALIFORNIA,  a  Pacific  coast  State,  ad- 
mitted to  the  Union  Sept.  9,  1850;  area,  158,360 
square  miles.  The  population,  according  to  each 
decennial  census  since  admission,  was  92,597  in 
1850;  379,994  in  1860 ;  560,247  in  1870 ;  864,694 
in  1880 ;  and  1,208,130  in  1890.  Capital,  Sacra- 
mento. 

GoTernmeiit. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  H.  H.  Mark- 
ham,  Republican ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  J.  B. 
Reddick ;  Secretary  of  State,  Edward  G.  Waite ; 
Treasurer,  J.  R.  McDonald :  Comptroller,  Edwin 
P.  Colgan ;  Attomev-General,  W.  U.  H.  Hart ; 
Surveyor-General,  Theodore  Reichert ;  Superin- 
tendent of  Public  Instruction,  James  W.  Ander- 
son ;  Railroad  Commissioners,  William  Beckman, 
J.  M.  Litchfield,  and  James  W.  Rea;  Chief  Jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court,  W.  H.  Beatty ;  Asso- 


ciate Justices,  J.  R.  Sharpstein,  T.  B.  McFarland, 
A.  Van  R.  Paterson,  C.  H.  Garoutte,  Ralph  C. 
Harrison,  J.  J.  De  Haven. 

Population  by  Baees.— The  t^ble  below  pre- 
sents the  population  of  the  State  by  races  in 
1880  and  1890. 

Finances. — The  State  Treasurer  renorted  a 
balance  in  the  treasury  on  July  1, 1888,  of  $1,546,- 
434.25 ;  the  total  receipts  for  the  year  ensuing 
were  $7,554,526.68,  and  the  total  expenditures 
$7,035,189.50,  leaving  a  balance  on  Julv  1, 1889, 
of  $2,065,771.43.  For  the  year  next  following 
the  total  receipts  were  $9,999,663.62,  and  the  to- 
tal expenditures  $8,500,175.69,  leaving  a  balance 
of  $3,565,259.36  on  July  1, 1890.  These  figures 
include  all  the  various  funds  held  by  the  State 
Treasurer.  The  separate  receipts  and  expendi- 
tures of  the  more  important  of  these  funds  were 


oouimxs. 


Alameda........ 

Alpine 

Amador 

Botte 

Calarezac 

Ooluaa. 

Contra  CoBta.... 

Del  Norte 

El  Dorado 

Fresno 

Humboldt 

Inyo 

Kern 

Lassen 

Los  Angeles 

Marin  

Marlposr 

Mendocino 

Merced 

Modoo. 

Mono 

Monterey 

Napa    

Hmda. 

Orange 

Placer 

Plamas 

Bacramento 

San  Benito 

San  Bernardino . 

San  "Diego 

San  Francisco. . . 

San  Joaquin 

San  Luis  Obiepo 

Ban  Mateo 

Santa  Barbara . . 

SanUClan 

Santa  Cruz 

ShasU 

Sierra 

Sislciyon 

Solano 

Sonoma 

Htanislaus 

Butter 

Tehama 

Trinity 

Tulare 

Tuolumne 

Yentura 

Yolo 

Yuba. 

The  State... 


WHIT& 

COLORKD. 

OH 

1890. 

1880. 

1890. 

1880. 

189a 

89,615 

57,785 

812 

686 

8,231 

440 

521 

8 

1 

6 

9,907 

9,924 

26 

78 

817 

15,888 

14,270 

227 

186 

1,504 

8,874 

7,832 

85 

56 

888 

18,258 

11,698 

140 

97 

946 

12,978 

11,712 

57 

88 

468 

2,20d 

1,781 

8 

8 

7 

8.868 

8,$69 

192 

182 

685 

23,457 

7,891 

486 

40 

2,748 

21,900 

18,818 

55 

28 

19 

2.561 

2,197 

21 

4 

86 

8,219 

4,568 

118 

4 

1,060 

6,297 

5,889 

S3 

14 

200 

8,855 

2.958 

8 

2 

89 

94.972 

81,707 

1,874 

188 

4,406 

11,872 

9,791 

197 

87 

887 

8,878 

8,895 

69 

68 

138 

16,657 

11,185 

88 

4 

855 

7,801 

5,015 

54 

00 

696 

4464 

8,955 

16 

88 

28 

1,476 

7,082 

8 

19 

148 

16,821 

10,648 

105 

60 

1,658 

l.\588 

12,160 

81 

104 

782 

16^ 

17,567 

106 

150 

1,040 

18,400 

•      «  •  ■  > 

21 

•  •  •  • 

168 

18,685 

11,882 

85 

69 

1,849 

4,178 

4,761 

6 

9 

856 

85.567 

28.928 

468 

560 

4,217 

6,228 

5,255 

54 

6 

85 

24,108 

6,988 

298 

17 

638 

&V26 

6,674 

860 

18 

899 

270,626 

210,496 

1,898 

1,628 

25,870 

26,635 

21,990 

859 

828 

1,619 

1^175 

8.788 

488 

28 

878 

9.562 

8,081 

59 

84 

455 

15.070 

9.185 

81 

68 

567 

44,261 

82,110 

1,005 

161 

2,696 

18,416 

12,085 

58 

68 

767 

10,781) 

7,066 

227 

54 

850 

4,555 

5,887 

18 

22 

474 

10,169 

6,461 

127 

88 

1,142 

19,822 

17387 

100 

72 

1,4S6 

81,188 

24,628 

42 

60 

1,178 

9,554 

8,186 

60 

20 

415 

5,119 

4,845 

88 

85 

817 

8,656 

8,218 

262 

142 

889 

2,921 

2,780 

88 

7 

555 

28,282 

1H,757 

200 

80 

951 

5,576 

6,612 

50 

84 

241 

9,404 

4.849 

115 

15 

*37 

11,974 

11.015 

118 

102 

647 

8,418 

6,824 

220 

247 

950 

1,111,558 

767,181 

11,487 

6,018 

71,681 

1880. 


4,886 

17 

1,115 

8,798 

1,087 

970 

732 

484 

1,4S4 

758 

241 

90 

702 

469 

50 

1.169 

1,827 

697 

846 

676 

17 

868 

878 

905 

8,008 

V  •  •  •  ■ 

8,190 

sn 

4.898 

242 

128 

229 

21,745 

1,997 
188 
506 
227 

2,695 
528 

1,884 

1,252 

1,568 
998 
904 
518 
266 
774 

1,951 
824 
805 
129 
608 

2,146 


jrAPAMUB. 


1890. 


75,182 


179 

t  •  ■  • 

I  •  •  • 

8 
8 

5 
8 
1 
2 
9 

I  ■  •  • 
I  •  •  • 

6 


85 

28 

•  •  • 

•  •  « 


1 
7 

4 

»  •  a  . 

6 

•  •  •  • 

48 

9   •   •   • 

2 

18 

576 

4 

2 
11 

5 
25 
16 

1 


28 
74 

•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  «  •  ■ 


1880. 


8 

1 


1,099 


16 

•  ■  •  V 

•  •  •  • 


IVDIAKB. 


1890. 


1 
7 


8 
8 


1 
1 


40 


•  •  •  • 

•  •  •  • 

•  eve 

•  •  •  • 


8 


86 


87 

219 

70 
817 

82 
296 
4 
873 
140 
881 
1,495 
856 
891 
566 
842 
167 

8S 
162 
662 

84 
488 
875 

57 

58 

153 

6 

76 


1880. 


89 
60 

406 

5S0 
82 
12 
84 
7 
81 
18 
18 

775 
0 

725 
16 

294 
12 

a  ■  •  • 

100 
810 
191 
215 
115 
42 
83 


108 


278 
528 
169 
853 

47 

411 

198 

794 

1,985 

631 

88*3 

774 

889 

816 

168 

184 

1,265 

T 

404 

8^ 
888 

64 
101 

"n 

588 
14 
81 

668 

1,7H8 

45 

84 

153 

8 

83 

78 

131 

1,087 

18 

498 
21 

889 
27 
13 

167 

2G1 

lis 

847 
60 
47 
6T 


12,855   16,271 


CALIFORNIA.  99 

IS  follow :  Genera]  fand,  balance  on  Jnly  1, 1888,  at  this  session.    It  provides  that  all  ballots  cast 

|4^«^12.80;  receipts  for  year  ensuing,  $8,065,-  in  elections  for  public  oflBcers  shall  be  printed  and 

185.13 ;  expenditures,  $8,0(30,515.62 ;  Sdance  on  distributed  at  county  expense,  except  that  ballots 

July  1,1889,  $504,483.81 ;  receipts  for  year  end-  for  municipal  oflBcers  shall  be  printed  and  distrib- 

iD^'July  1, 1^0,  $5,081,484.01;  expenditures,  $8,-  uted  at  the  expense  of  the  city  or  town.     Candi- 

755,330.07;  balance  on  July  1, 18^,  $1,880,686.-  dates  whose  names  are  entitled  to  appear  on  the 

So.    School  fund,  balance  on  July  1, 1888,  $277,-  oflScial  ballots  must  be  nominated  either  by  the 

941.d5 ;    receipts    for   year    ensuing,   $2,582,-  convention  of  a  political  party  that  polled  at  the 

013.51 ;  expenditures,  $2,501,108.39 ;  balance  on  last  preceding  election  3  per  cent,  at  least  of  the 

July  1,  1889,   $358,847.07 ;    receipts   for    year  entire  vote  cast  in  the  State  or  other  political  di- 

ending  July  1, 1890,  $2,719,748.71 ;  expenditures,  vision  for  which  the  nomination  is  made,  or  by 

$2,658,430.14;  balance  on  July  1,  lo90,  $420,-  nomination  papers  signed  by  electors  equal  in 

160.64.    Interest  and  sinking  fund,  balance  on  number  to  at  least  5  per  cent  of  the  entire  vote 

July  1,  1888,    $243,605.49 ;   receipts  for   year  cast  in  the  last  preceding  election  in  the  State  or 

ensuing,    $204,738.15;   expenditures,  $212,680 ;  other  political  division  for  which  the  nomination 

balance  on  July  1,  1889,  $235,563.&4;  receipts  ismaae.    The  duty  of  preparing  the  ballots  for 

for  Tear  ending  July  1,  1890,  $205,464.03 ;  ex-  city  and  town  elections  is  imposed  on  the  town 

Denditures,  $246,900.83;  balance  on  July  1, 1890,  or  city  clerk,  and  for  all  other  elections  on  the 

1194,126.84.    State  School  Land  fund,  balance  county  clerk.    Tinted  blank  paper  for  the  bal- 

OD  July  1,  1888,  $115,970.52;  receipts  for  year  lots  shall  be  furnished  to  these  officers  by  the 

ensnine,  $275,976.07 ;  expenditures,  $139,609.-  Secretary  of  the  Stiite  on  payment  of  the  cost. 

99 ;  balance  on  July  1,  1889,  $252,156.60 ;  re-  Such  paper  shall  be  water  marked  with  a  design 

ceipts  for  year  ending  July  1,  1890,  $255,602.-  to  be  furnished  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  so  that 

68;  expenditures,  $459,619.11 ;  balance  on  July  it  shall  be  plainly  discernible  on  the  outside  of 

1, 1890,  $48,140.17.  the  ballot  when  folded.    Such  design  shall  be 

The  bonded    State  debt  amounts  to  $2,642,-  kept   secret   until   the  election,  and  shall  be 

000,  all  except  $5,000  of  which  is  represented  changed  for  each  general  election.    The  paper 

by  the  funded-debt  bonds  of  1873.    These  bonds  for  ballots  for  municipal  officers  shall  lie  of  a 

are  held  as  follow:  By  individuals,  $278,000;  by  different  tint  from  the  paper  used  for  other  bal- 

the  State  School  fund,  $1,541,500 ;  by  the  Uni-  lots.    The  names  of  all  candidates  for  city  or 

Tersity  fund,  $817,500.  town  officers  shall  be  placed  on  the  municipal 

The  high  rate  of  State  taxation  during  the  ballots  and  the  names  of  all  other  candidates  on 

past  few  years    has   provoked   freouent  com-  the  general  ballots.    They  shall  be  arranged  un- 

plaints,  and  the  subject  of  taxation  became  one  der  the  designation  of  the  office  in  alphabetical 

of  the  most  important  local  topics  discussed  in  order  according  to  surname,  except   that  the 

the  canvass  of  1890.    Both  of  tne  leading  parties  names  of  candidates  for  presidential  and  vice- 

promi^  to  keep  the  rate  below  50  cents  on  each  presidential  electors  shall  oe  arranged  in  groups 

1 100  of  valuation.    As  a  result,  the  rate  fixed  as  presented  in  the  several  certificates  of  nomi- 

by  the  State  Board  of  Equalization  this  year  was  nation,  and  the  elector  may  vote  for  the  whole  of 

23.4  cents  for  the  general  fund  and  17.6  cents  such  group  by  making  a  mark  after  such  group. 

for  the  School  fund,  a  total  of  41  cents,  as  against  There  shall  be  added  to  the  names  of  all  candi- 

a  total  of  58  cents  in  1890  and  72.2  cents  in  dates  their  party  or  political  designation.    Blank 

1889.  spaces  shall  be  left  in  which  tne  elector  may 

L^slatire  Session. — The  twenty-ninth  ses-  write  the  names  of  other  candidates.     At  the 

sion  of  the  Legislature  began  on  Jan.  5,  and  head  of  each  ballot  shall  be  printed  the  names 

ended  on  March  25.    On  Jan.  13,  United  States  of  all  political  parties  that  have  filed  certificates 

Senator  Leland  Stanford,  who  was  the  unani-  of  nomination,  and  the  elector,  by  placing  a 

moos  choice  of  the  Republican  caucus,  was  re-  mark  opposite  the  party  name  shall  be  consid- 

elected  for  the  full  senatorial  term  by  the  fol-  ered  to  nave  voted  for  all  the  party  candidates, 

lowing  vote :  Senate,  Stanford  27,  Stephen  M.  but  a  ballot  so  marked  shall  not  be  counted  if 

White,  the  Democratic  nominee,  12 ;  Assembly,  marked  in  any  other  place,  except  to  indicate  a 

Stanford  59,  White  18,  Benjamin  Morgan  1,  vote  on  any  question  submitted  on  the  ballot. 

On  Feb.  28,  Senator  Stanford's  colleague.  United  At  each  polling  place  a  sufficient  number  of 

States  Senator  Qeorge  Hearst,  died  in  Washing-  booths  or  compartments  shall  be  provided  in 

too,  and  numerous  Republican  candidates  for  which  voters  may  conveniently  mark  their  bal- 

the  office  appeared.     Without  an  attempt  at  lots  screened  from  observation.    Each  elector 

settlement  in  the  Republican  caucus,  the  con-  shaJl  receive  but  one  general  ticket  and  but  one 

test  between  them  was  carried  directly  into  the  municipal  ticket  from  the  ballot  clerk,  who  shall 

l^egislature.    On  the  first  ballot  in  each  House,  note  the  number  on  the  ticket  and  write  it  in 

on  March  10,  the  following  vote  was  cast :  Senate  his  register  opposite  the  name  of  the  elector. 

— M.  M.  Estee  12,  M.  H.  De  Young4,  Charles  N.  The  marking  shall  be  done  only  with  a  sUmp 

Felton  7.  George  G.Blanchard  3,  William  John-  furnished  for  that  purpose.    On  election  days 

rton  2,  D.  A.  Ostrom  (Democrat)  10,  scattering  2,  employ^  shall  be  allowed  two  hours  without  loss 

Assembly—  Estee  13,  De  Young  18,  Felton  8,  of  pay  for  the  purpose  of  voting.    The  act  took 

Blanchara  9,  Johnston  4,  Ostrom  15,  scattering  effect  on  July  1, 1891. 

II.  Eight  ballots  were  taken,  Estee  leading  in  An  act  to  prevent  Chinese  immigration  pro- 
all  except  the  last.  The  eighth  ballot,  on  March  hibits  any  Chinese  person,  except  certain  officials 
19.  resulted  in  the  election  of  Charles  N.  Felton,  of  the  Chinese  Government  and  their  retinue, 
by  the  following  vote :  Felton  TO,  Estee  15,  from  coming  to  or  within,  or  landing  at  or  re- 
Stephen  M.  White  (Democrat)  28,  scattering  2.  maining  in,  any  port  or  place  within  the  State, 

An  Australian  or  secret-ballot  law  was  enacted  whether  for  the  purpose  of  transit  only  or  oth- 


100  CALIFORNIA. 

erwise.    The   maf^ter   or   agent  of   any  ressel  qualification  for  suffrage  ought  to  be  required, 

bringing  such  prohibited  persons  into  the  State  and  upon  the  question  whether  United  States 

is  subjected  to  a  heavy  fine.    Every  Chinese  per-  Senators  ought  to  be  elected  by  a  direct  vote  of 

son  resident  in  the  State  at  the  time  of  the  pas-  the  people. 

sage  of  this  act  is  required,  within  one  year  To  provide  for  representation  of  the  State  at 
thereafter,  to  apply  to  tne  State  Bureau  of  La-  the  World's  Fair  in  18ft3  a  board  of  seven  com- 
bor  Statistics  for  a  certificate  of  residence,  which  missioners  were  created,  with  authority  to  pro- 
shall  state  the  name  of  the  person  and  various  vide  buildings  and  superintend  the  exhibit  at  the 
facts  regarding  his  personal  appearance,  place  of  fair.  The  sum  of  $800,000  was  placed  at  their 
residence,  etc.,  and  upon  it  snail  be  pnnted  or  disposal  for  this  purpose. 

pasted  a  well-taken  pnotograph  of  the  applicant,  An  act  was  passed,  to  be  submitted  to  the 

including  all  facial  marks  or  features  that  will  people  at  the  next  general  election,  authorizing 

facilitate  identification.    Such  certificate  shall  the  State  Treasurer  to  issue  and  sell  not  over 

be  recorded  with  the  county  clerk  within  the  |600,000  in  bonds  of  the  State,  bearing  4  per 

year,  and  any  Chinese  person  within  the  State  cent,  interest  and  payable  in  nineteen  years,  the 

at  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  act  who  shall  proceeds  of  such  sale  to  be  used  in  building  a 

not  comply  with  these  provisions  shall  be  ad-  general  railroad,  passenger,  and  ferry  depot  at 

judged  by  the  court  to  be  unlawfully  within  or  near  the  foot  of  Market  Street  in  San  Fran- 

the  State  and  shall  be  subject  to  the  penalties  cisco.    To  meet  the  interest  on  these  bonds  and 

hereinafter  provided.    Every  agent  of  any  trans-  to  provide  a  sinking  fund  for  their  payment  at 

portation  company  or  line  or  vessel,  before  sell-  maturity,  the  State  Harbor  Commissioners  are 

mg  a  ticket  or  passage  to  any  Chinese  person,  required  to  raise  a  sufficient  sum  by  increasing 

shall  require  him  to  produce  his  certificate  of  the  fees  for  dockage,  wharfage,  tolls,  rents,  and 

residence,  and  shall  insert  the  number  of  said  cranage  payable  to  them,  and  to  pay  over  such 

certificate  in  the  ticket.    If  such  certificate  is  sum  to  the  State. 

not  produced  the  agent  is  required  to  cause  the  Another  act,  to  be  submitted  to  the  people, 

arrest  of  such  person,  and  to  file  a  complaint  authorizes  a  board  of  loan  commissioners  to 

against  him  for  being  unlawfully  in  the  State,  refund  the  State  debt  into  4-per-cent.   bonds, 

iSo  Chinese  person  shall  be  permitted  to  enter  payable  in  twenty  years,  the  amount  of  such  re- 

the  State  by  land  or  water  without  first  produc*  lundlng  issue  to  oe  not  over  $2,528,500. 

ing  the  certificate  in  this  act  required  of  Chinese  The  State  was  redistricted  for  members  of  the 

persons  resident  in  the  State.    The  burden  of  Legislature  and  for  members  of  Congress.  Seven 

establishing  citizenship  shall  rest  upon  the  de-  congressional  districts  were  formed,  of  which 

fendant.    Any  Chinese  person  adjudged  guilty  the  city  of  San  Francisco  comprises  nearly  two. 

of  being  unlawfully  within  the  State  shall  be  Congress  was  memorialized   to  enact  a  law 

punished  by  being  deported  from  the  State  to  whereby  farmers   may  borrow    money  of  the 

nis  or  her  own  country,  or  by  a  fine  of  not  Government  up  to  60  per  cent,  of  the  value  of 

less  than  $500  nor  more  than  $1,000  and  depor-  their  farms,  paying  2  per  cent,  interest  and  giv- 

tation  from  the  State  to  his  or  her  own  country,  ing  the  Government  a  mortgage  thereon  as  se- 

or  by  imprisonment  in  the  State  Prison  for  a  curitv. 

term  not  less  than  one  year  nor  more  than  five  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

years,  and  on  termination  of  said  imprisonment  Providing  for  the  acquisition  of  the  Sutter's  Fort 

by  deportation  to  his  or  her  own  country.    Any  property  by  a  board  of  trustees  to  be  appointed  by 

person  who  shall  knowingly  bring  into  or  cause  the  Governor,  and  appropriating  |20,000  tor  prescn- 

to  be  brought  into  the  State,  by  land  or  other-  injc,  protecting,  and  improving  the  same 

wise,  or  who  shall  aid  or  abet  the  same,  or  aid  Authorizing  the  appointment  of  women  as  notaries 

or  abet  the  landing  in  the  State  from  any  vessel  ^ V'istablish  a  State  Boa«l  of  Arbitmtion  for  the 

or  otherwise  of  any  Chinese  person  not  lawfully  gcttloment  of  differences  between  emplovers  and  em- 

entitled  to  enter  the  State,  shall   be  deemed  ployfo.                                                  ' 

guilty  of  a  felony,  and  shall,  on  conviction  there-  Froviding  that  the  Superintendent  of  State  Print- 

of,  be  fined  a  sum  not  exceeding  $1,000  and  im-  ing  shall  hereafter  be  elected  by  the  people, 

prisoned  in  the  State  Prison  for  a  term  not  ex-  To  punish  persons  selling  or  furnishing  tobacco  in 

ceeding  one  year,  and,  if  a  Chinese  person,  shall  *ny /bnn  to  minors  under  sixteen  years  without  the 

be  sentenced  to  deportetion  as  in  ot^r  cases.  ""  c^a^ii^TsLito  ?!^aiS  oWamrv* 

An  act  in  the  inter^t  of  working  men  requires  To  punfsh  pcreoas  selling  or  jrivTng  intoxicating 

corporations  to  pay  their  mechanics  and  labor-  drink  to  minors  under  eighteen  years,  and  to  puniiih 

ers  weekly  or  monthly  on  regular  days,  and  in  proprietors  or  managers  of  places  where  liquor  is 

default  of  such  payment  the  latter  shall  have  a  sold  who  permit  such  minors  to  vuitsuch  places  for 

lien  for  their  wages  on  all  the  property  of  the  purposes  of  earning. 

corporation  prior  to  all  other  liens,  except  duly  Creating  the  county  of  Glenn  out  of  the  northern 

recorded  mortgages  and  deeds  of  trust.  portion  ot  Colusa  County,  provided  the  people  of  tlie 

i^iu^  «ui/ii,^i»5^  »inA  wx^o  w*  i^^uob.  proposed  new  county  shall  vote  tor  such  separation 

Provision   was  made  for  submitting  to  the  ^tiiodection  to  be  field  in  Mut,1891.           ^ 

people  at  the  next  general  election  a  proposed  Providing  a  nbw  law  for  the*  formation  of  agricult- 

amendmcnt  to  the  Stete  Constitution  limiting  ural  districts  and  of  agricultural  associations  therein, 

the  pay  of  members  of  the  Legislature  to  one  Providing  for  the  incorporation  of  mutual  building 

hundred  day^  and  providing  that  no  bill  shall  and  loon  associations. 

be  introduced  after  sixty  days  of  the  session  Appropnating  $r,,(XH)  for  the  purpo«)  of  sending  an 

have  expired,  except  by  consent  of  two  thirds  of  f^^'!  ^  Australia,^  New  Zealand  and  adjacent  coun- 

••«  V  wA^ii«7u,  Kj^v^^M  wj  wii  cwi;    *  «   ■"  "    X   ill  tries  to  collect  and  import  into  the  State  parasites 

the  members.     It  was  also  enacted  that  at  the  ^mj  predacious  insects. 

same  election  the  sen.se  of  the  people  should  be  Making  it  a  misdemeanor  to  advertise  to  obtain  a 

taken  upon  the  question  whether  an  educational  divorce. 


CALIFORNIA. 


CAPE  COLONY. 


101 


To  panish  tho  crime  of  train  wrecking  with  death 
or  imprisonment  for  life. 

Appropriating  $5,000  for  each  of  the  years  1891  and 
WJ'ij  to  be  expended  in  the  encouragement  of  ramie 
culture,  both  oy  the  purchase  of  ramie  roots  for  free 
distribution  to  famierB  and  in  tlie  payment  of  a 
bounty  for  merchantable  ramie  fiber  grown  in  tho 
State. 

Giving  to  honorably  dischaiged  Union  soldiers  and 
sailors  a  preference  in  employment  in  the  public  serv- 
ice and  upon  public  works. 

To  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  law  library 
In  each  county. 

Aisacnting  to  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  Aug. 
Zi\  1890,  in  aid  of  agricultural  colleges  in  the  various 
Statea. 

Approjpriating  $121,400  for  improvements  at  tho 
Bcform  bchool  at  Whittier. 

Appropriating  $125,000  for  additional  buildings  at 
the  Home  for  Feeble-minded  Children  at  Glenn  £llen, 
Sonoma  County. 

Appropriating  $25,000  for  completing  the  building 
for  tlie  State  Normal  School  at  Cnico. 

Appropriating  $05,000  for  additions  and  repairs  at 
the  rolsom  State  Prison. 

Appropriating  $55,000  for  improvements  at  the 
Southern  California  In&ane  Hospital. 

Appropriating  $37,000  for  additional  buildings  at 
the  normal  school  at  San  Jose. 

Edncatlon. — The  following  public-school  sta- 
tistics for  the  years  endine  June  30, 1889,  and 
June  30,  1890,  are  contained  in  the  last  report  of 
the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction : 


meafs. 

1889. 

1890. 

Children  between  5  an4  17  yean. . 
Number  attendloj;^  public  school.. 
Nnoiber  sttemlinfr  private  Bcbool. 
Number  not  atten<llDg  any  school. 
Cfaiirlren  of  all  ages  enrolled  in 
paMic  sehools 

976,802 

195.229 

21,044 

50,089 

215.905 

143,788 

1,151 

4,104 

$12,081,278 

280,882 

198,900 

21,460 

60,4(12 

221,756 

Avenge  daily  attei^ance 

Male  teariiers 

140,589 
1<162 

Female  teachers 

4^272 

Total  valne  of  school  proper^. . . . 

112,746,408 

The  securities  held  in  trust  by  the  State  Treas- 
urer for  the  School  fund  amounted  on  June  30, 
1890.  to  $3,368,350,  of  which  the  sum  of  |1,541,- 
500  was  in  State  bonds  and  $1,726,850  in  county 
bondsw  The  Superintendent  reports  that  the 
present  compulsory  school  law  can  not  be  en- 
forced efFectuallr  without  further  legislation. 

Charities. — At  the  Napa  Insane  Asylum  there 
were  1,378  patients  on  Nov.  15,  1890,  or  over  300 
beyond  the  proper  capacity  of  the  institution. 
At  the  Stockton  Insane  Asylum  the  number  of 
patients  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1890  was 
1,588.  To  relieve  the  crowded  conclition  of  these 
institutions  the  Legislature  of  1889  provided  for 
the  establishment  of  two  new  asylums  at  San 
Bernardino  and  at  Ukiah,  Mendocino  County. 
The  comer-st-one  of  the  asylum  at  Ukiah  was 
laid  on  Dec.  9, 1890,  of  that  at  San  Bernardino 
one  week  later,  and  the  work  of  construction  has 
continued  through  this  year.  In  addition,  the 
Insane  Asylum  at  Agnews,  originally  intended 
exclusively  for  incurable  patients,  has  been 
opened  to  all  classes  of  the  insane,  and  consider- 
aole  numbers  have  been  transferred  to  it  from 
the  Napa  and  Stockton  asylums. 

Prisons. — The  numlter  of  prisoners  at  the 
San  Qnentin  prison  on  June  30, 1889.  was  1,373, 
and  at  the  Folsom  prison  549.  On  June  30, 
1890,  the  number  at  both  prisons  had  consider- 


ably increased.  At  the  San  Quentin  prison,  since 
188^  tho  labor  of  convicts  has  b^n  devoted 
solely  to  the  manufacture  of  jute  goods.  The 
jute  Dags  manufactured  are  sold  at  a  low  figure, 
and  the  farmers,  who  use  them  in  sacking  their 
crops,  have  been  relieved  from  the  high  prices 
heretofore  exacted  by  tl)e  combination  of  indi- 
vidual dealers  in  imported  bagp^ing. 

Goal. — Although  coal  deposits  have  been  dis- 
covered in  many  of  the  counties  of  the  State  west 
of  the  Sierras,  no  mining  operations  on  a  com- 
mercial scale  have  been  prosecuted,  except  in 
Amador  and  Contra  Costa  counties.  Coal  was 
discovered  in  the  Mount  Diablo  district  in  1852, 
but  productive  mining  was  not  prosecuted  until 
after  the  year  1860.  This  district  now  furnishes 
the  major  portion  of  the  product  of  the  State. 
The  coals  of  California  so  far  as  at  present  known 
are  all  lignitic,  ceuerally  inferior  to  the  coals  of 
Washington  and  Oregon,  and  can  not  compete 
with  the  better  coals  supplied  bv  sea  from  Brit- 
ish Columbia  and  Australia.  The  total  product 
of  coal  in  California  during  the  calendar  year 
1889  was  121,820  short  tons,  valued  at  $288,232, 
showing  an  average  price  of  $2.31  per  ton  at  the 
mines.  The  average  number  of  persons  em- 
ployed during  the  year  was  283,  and  the  total 
wages  paid  $169,649. 

Lumber. — The  output  of  mills  in  California 
during  1890  was  as  follows :  Humboldt  and  Del 
Norte  counties,  180,744,142  feet;  Mendocino  and 
Sonoma,  165.775,261 ;  Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Clara, 
San  Mateo,  96,850,000 ;  Sierra,  Yuba,  El  Dorado, 
Placer,  91,500,000;  Nevada,  86,500,000;  Colusa, 
Tehama,  Butte,  Lake,  73,500,000 ;  Trinity,  Shas- 
ta, Siskiyou,  68,500,000;  Inyo,  Tulare,  Fresno, 
Mariposa,  31,575,000 ;  Amador,  Tuolumne,  Cala- 
veras, Mono,  27,222,027 ;  San  Diego,  San  Bernar- 
dino, Kern,  27,000,000 ;  Plumas,  Modoc,  Lassen, 
15,750,000.    Totel,  864,916,430  feet. 

Industrial.— For  1890  the  area  of  the  State 
devoted  to  wheat  raising  was  only  about  3,000,- 
000  acres,  or  900,000  acres  less  than  in  1889.  The 
crop  produced  was  about  1,000,000  tons,  or  400,- 
000  tons  less  than  in  1889.  The  heavy  rains  of 
the  winter  of  1889-90  so  flooded  the  low  lands 
that  the  crop  was  almost  entirely  grown  on  the 
high  lands.  Fully  70  per  cent,  of  it  was  raised 
in  the  southern  counties.  The  wool  product 
for  1890  is  estimated  at  36,000,000  pounds, 
against  34,008,370  pounds  for  1889.  The  vintage 
of  1890  is  estimated  at  17,500,000  gallons,  dis- 
tributed among  the  counties  as  follows:  Napa, 
4,500.000;  Sonoma,  3,000,000;  Alameda,  1,750,- 
000;  Santa  Clara  and  Santa  Cruz,  3,000,000; 
Fresno,  1,500,000 ;  Los  Angeles  and  other  south- 
em  counties,  1.500,000 ;  Sacramento  and  north- 
em  counties,  1,250,000 ;  all  other  districts.  1,000,- 
000.  In  addition,  about  1,000,000  gallons  of 
brandy  were  made,  consuming  about  5,000,000 
gallons  of  wine.  The  estimate  for  the  raisin 
product  of  1890  is  1,400,000  twenty-pound  boxes. 

CANADA,  DOMINION  OF.  See  Dominion 
OF  Canada. 

CAPE  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA. 
The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  is  a  British  colon v  in 
South  Africa  possessing  self-government,  ^he 
Governor  is  Sir  Henry  Brougham  Loch,  who  was 
transferred  from  Victoria  in  1889.  The  Prime 
Minister  in  the  beginning  of  1891  was  Cecil 
Rhodes, 


102  CAPE  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

Area  and  Population.— The  area  of  Cape  818,  of  1,881,268  tons.    The  coasting  tonnage 

Colony,  with  the  Transkei  and  Walfisch  Bay,  is  entered  was  2,894,946;  cleared,  2,390,077. 

233,430  square  miles.    By  the  incorporation  in  Communications. — The   Government   rail- 

the  territory  of  native  territories,  the  dispropor*  roads  in  the  beginning  of   1890  had    a  total 

tion  between  the  colored  and  the  white  popula-  length  of  1,608  miles.    All  except  63  miles  have 

tion  has  been  increasing,  and  it  is  predicted  that  been  built  since  1878,    The  capital  expenditure 

in  ten  years  the  natives  will  outnumber  the  has  been  £14,318,502,  or  £8,905  per  mile.    There 

whites  ten  to  one.    In  1865  the  native  population  were  3,259,590  passengers  and  541,671  tons  of 

was  one  and  a  half  times  larger  than  the  white,  goods  conveyed  in  1889,  and  during  that  year 

and  in  1891  the  proportion  was  three  to  one.    In  the  receipts  were  £1,759,832  and  the  expenses 

the  old  colony  the  whites  have  increased  42*32  £937,703. 

per  cent,  since  the  census  of  1875,  and  the  ab-  The  number  of  letters  posted  in  1889  was  13,- 

original  natives  only  18*35  per  cent    The  two  597,243 :  of  newspapers,  6,879,457. 

classes  there  are  nearly  equal  in  number,  the  The  telegraph  lines,  all  of  which  were  erected 

preliminary  returns  of  the  census  of  1891  giv-  bv  the  Government,  had  a  total  length  in  1889 

mg :  White  population,  337,000 ;  aboriginal  na-  of  4,510  mUes.    The  messages  sent  in  that  year 

tives,  340,405:  other  colored  people,  277,879;  numbered  1,375,929.    The  receipts  were  £94,- 

total,  955,284.    The  population  of  Griqualand  929 ;  expenses,  £67,232. 

West  in  1891  was  88,115,  of  whom  29,469  were  Polines.— The  roost  important  act  of  legis- 

whites  and  53,646  colored.    In  that  district  also  lation  in  1891  was  the  creation  of  banks  of  issue 

the  proportion  of  whites  has  increased,  being  on  the  model  of   the   national  bcnks  of   the 

35*4(5  per  cent,  as  compared  with  27*33  per  cent.  United  States.    Their  notes  are  protected  by  a 

in  the  census  of  1877.    In  the  native  territories  deposit  of  Government  securities,  and  will  be 

annexed  since  1875  there  were  262,705  inhabit*  redeemed  in  gold  by  the  treasury  in  case  the 

ants,  of  whom  only  2,561  were  whites.    In  1891  banks  fail  to  pay  them.    Provision  is  made  for 

there  were  10,343  whites  in  a  total  population  of  an  official  investigation  of  any  bank  on  applica- 

487,340.    The  grand  total  for  the  whole  colony  tion.    Mr.  Hof meyr,  leader  of  the  Dutch  party, 

is  1,525,739,  as  compared  with  1,082,966  at  the  who  dictates  the  policy  followed  by  the  Premier, 

last  preceding  enumerations.    The  average  den-  has  proposed  a  measure  that  is  intended  to 

sity  nas  increased  from  2*52  to  6*89  persons  to  curtail  tne  voting  power  of  the  natives,  not  by 

the  square  mile.    There  are  99*03  females  to  100  taking  away  the  franchise  from  any  who  now 

males,  a  larger  proportion  than  formerly,  owing  possess  it,  but  by  giving  a  double  vote  to  persons 

to  the  annexation  of  native  territories.  owning  a  certain  amount  of  real  property.    This 

Finance.  —  The    colonial   revenue    in    1889  suggestion  is  approved  by  Mr.  Rhodes,  although 

amounted  to  £4,338,114,  of  which  £1,595,458  the  political  predominance  of  the  Dutch  race 

were  derived   from  taxation,  £1,885,492  from  would  be  increased,  since  a  larffe  proportion  of 

railroads  and  other  services,  £299,833  from  pub-  English  mechanics,  miners,  and  traders  would 

lie  lands,  £55,330  from  fines  and  other  sources,  not  be  qualified  to  exercise  the  additional  vote, 

and  £502,000  were  raised  by  loans.    The  total  Mr.  Rhodes  looks  forward  to  a  united  and  har- 

expenditure  was  £3,524,858,  of  which  £1,049,295  monious  South  African  nation  stretching  up  to 

represented  the  service  of  the  public  debt,  £839,-  the  Zambesi,  in  which  there  will  be  no  jealousy 

794  were  for  the  railroad  service.  £142,633  for  or  divergence  of  interests  between  citizens  of 

defense,  £194,893  for  police,  £117,931  for  the  British  and    those  of  Afrikander  descent  in 

civil  establishment,  ana  £110,506  for  extraordi-  which  Cape  Colony  will  maintain  the  primacy 

'nary  expenditure.    The  revenue  for  1890  was  and  lead,  and  which  will  not  desire  to  sever  the 

£4,430,050.  and  for  1891  it  was  £4,147,736,  a  de-  connection  with  Great  Britain.    As  a  means  of 

crease  of  £282,314.  strengthening  the  national  sentiment,  he  has 

The  debt  of  the  colony  in  the  beginning  of  purchased  a  tract  near  Cape  Town,  on  which 

1890  was  £21,120,784.  will  be  built  a  South  African  university.    In 

Production  and  Commerce.~In  1890  Cape  the  Transvaal,  President  Kruger  was  not  in- 
Colony  and  its  dependencies  produced  1,983,108  clined  to  sanction  the  immediate  entrance  of  the 
bushels  of  wheat,  3.107,571  of  Indian  corn,  4,-  Republic  into  the  proposed  South  African  cus- 
484,665  gallons  of  wine,  1,115,306  of  brandy,  and  toms  union,  and  Gen.  Joubert  favored  a  com- 
4,090,376  pounds  of  tobacco.  There  were  18,-  mercial  league  with  Natal  against  Cape  Colony 
202,779  sheep,  4,767,921  goats,  313,747  horses,  on  condition  that  Zululand  should  be  thrown 
and  1,524,219  homed  cattle  in  the  colony  in  open  to  Boer  settlement.  The  customs  union 
1890;  The  total  value  of  imports  in  1889  was  proposed  by  the  Cape  Government  was  joined 
£10,841,454.  The  imports  of  merchandise  were  only  by  the  Orange  Free  State,  but  in  the  Swazi- 
£7,942,506,  and  the  exports  of  colonial  produce  land  convention  of  1890  the  Transvaal  Govem- 
£9,405,955  in  value.  The  principal  exports  and  ment  had  bound  itself  to  enter  the  union  within 
their  values  were  as  follow :  Diamonds,  £4,325,-  three  years.  The  Boers  complained  because  the 
137;  wool,  £2,251,375;  copper  ore,  £696,918;  British  Government  withheld  the  reasonable  eon- 
hides  and  skins,  £430,02i5 ;  ostrich  plumes,  £365,-  cessions  that  they  desired  in  Swaziland. 
884;  Angora  goat  hair,  £351,544;  wine,  £23,120 ;  Pondoland. — The  native  district  of  Pondo- 
grain,  £10.042.  The  wine  and  brandy  exports  land,  which  forms  a  part  of  the  territory  of  Cape 
fell  off  from  £529,000  gallons  in  1889-*90  to  Colony,  has  a  population  of  200,000,  ruled  by 
851,000  in  1890-'91.  Exports  of  wool  and  agri-  their  own  chiefs  under  the  supervision  of  a  com- 
cultural  produce  have  also  declined  since  1889.  missioner  of  the  Cape  Government.    The  coun- 

The  number  of  vessels  entered  in  1889  was  try  was  ravaged  in  the  early  part  of  1891  by  a 

835,  of  1,401,900  tons.    Of  these,  588,  of  1,196,-  war  between  the  rival  chiefs  Sigcau  and  Um- 

420  tons,  were  British.    The  number  cleared  was  hlangaso,  who  destroyed  the  crops  and  burned 


CAPE  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA.  103 

down  the  huts  in  all  directions.    The  Colonial  tralia,  under  the  control  of  a  native  protection 

Government  abstained  from  interfering,  except  board.     The  colonial  representatives   changed 

with  admonitions.    Sigcau  was  victorious.  the  language  of  the  clauses,  but  not  the  meaning, 

Natal. — The  colony  of  Natal,  which  was  sep-  in  such  a  way  as  to  meet  the  objections  of  the 
arated  from  Cape  Colony  in  1B56,  is  ne^tiating  Colonial  Office,  and  the  remodeled  bill,  approved 
the  basis  of  a  parliamentary  constitution  with  by  the  Legislative  Council  in  July,  was  pro- 
the  home  Government  The  Governor,  Sir  nounced  unsatisfactory  by  the  Imperial  Govern- 
Charles  B.  H.  Mitchell,  succeeded  Sir  A.  £.  ment  A  code  of  native  law  enacted  by  the 
Uavelock  in  1889.  The  area  of  the  colony  is  Legislative  Council  in  1890  was  vetoed  by  the 
estimated  at  21,150  square  miles,  and  the  popu-  Governor  on  the  p^und  that  it  would  interfere 
Ution  in  1889  at  5^,158,  comprising  87,890  with  the  prerogative  of  the  Imperial  Government 
Europeans,  who  are  mainly  English.  38,480  na-  to  make  laws  for  the  natives, 
tives  of  India,  and  459,288  Caffres.  The  increase,  Bechnanaland.— The  Crown  colony  of  Brit- 
over  50  per  cent,  on  the  total  for  1879,  has  been  ish  Bechnanaland  has  an  area  of  43,000  sguare 
little  greater  in  the  European  than  in  the  native  miles,  and  a  population  estimated  in  1885  at 
population.  In  1878-^84  there  were  4,526  as-  44,135.  Sir  Sidney  G.  A.  Shippard,  the  Admin- 
5isted  immigrants  brought  into  the  colony,  and  istrator,  is  also  Resident  Commissioner  for  the 
in  1889,  when  assisted  immigration  was  resumed,  British  Protectorate  of  Bechuanaland,  which  ex- 
759  European  colonists  were  introduced.  The  tends  northward  to  the  Zambezi,  having  Mata- 
revenue  of  the  colony  in  1889  was  £1,327,105,  beleland  on  the  east,  and  westward  over  the 
against  £990,014  in  1888  and  £600,177  in  1886.  Kalaharie  Desert  to  the  border  of  the  German 
The  expenditure  in  1889  was  £1,146,079.  The  Protectorate  in  Southwest  Africa.  In  May,  1891, 
customs  duties  collected  in  1890  were  £829.000.  the  tract  called  Bastards*  country,  lying  between 

The  revenue  from  railroads  in  1889  was  £458,-  the  twenty-first  meridian,  the  former  boundary 

698 ;  customs,  £869,460 ;  excise,  £23,471 ;  land  of  Bechuanaland,  and  the  twentieth  meridian, 

sales,  £84,613 ;  posts,  £44,965 ;  telegraphs,  £28,-  the  conventional  limit  of  the  German  Protecto- 

413 ;  and  £76,004  from   the   native  hut  tax.  rate  of  Namaqualand,  was  annexed  by  procla^ 

The  chief  expenditures  were  £512,698  for  rail-  mation.    The  reason  given  for  the  annexation 

roads,  £76,195  for  public  works,  £54,018  for  de-  was  that  peace  was  endangered  by  a  trek  of 

fense,  and  £24,678  for  education.     There  was  Boers  and  Damaras.    When  Mr.  Rhodes  was  in 

a  loan  expenditure  of  £790,370,  and  the  debt  England,  during  the  Anglo-Portuguese  negotia- 

at  the  end  of  the  year  amounted  to  £5,035.126.  tions  in  the  spring  of  1891,  he  obtained  for  the 

The  value  of  the  imports  in  1889  was  £4,527,015.  Cape  the  right  to  annex  Bechuanaland. 

and  of  the  exports  £1,656,318.    The  exports  of  German  Southwest  Africa.— In  1885,  in  the 

wool,  amounting  to  £752,182,  of  gold,  amount-  early  days  of  German  colonial  enterprise,  Herr 

in^  to  £584,938,  of  hides,  of  the  value  of  £55,-  LUoeritz,  a  German   merchant,  secured  from 

829,  and  of  skins.  Angora  hair,  and  other  prod-  native  chiefs  coast  lands  at  Angra  PequeQa,  in 

acts,  come  largely  from  the  neighboring  Boer  Damaraland,  and  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 

republics.     The    exports    of    Katal    products  continent  at  St.  Lucia  Bay,  in  Zulu^nd,  with 

amounted  to  £957,182,  the  chief  articles  being  the  expectation  of  planting  German  colonies, 

raw  sugar  and  rum.    The  number  of  vessels  en-  opening  up  communications  with  the  Trans- 

tered  in  1889  was  555,  of  513,360  tons.  vaal,  extending   German  trade  into  the  Zam- 

The  Legislative  Council,  under  the  present  besi  region,  and  establishing  a  zone  of  Ger- 
Constitution.  consists  of  24  elected  and  7  nomi-  man  influence  reaching  from  shore  to  shore 
nated  members.  A  bill  to  provide  for  the  estab-  north  of  the  regions  to  which  British  activity 
lishment  of  responsible  government  was  sub-  was  at  that  time  confined.  The  Gladstone 
mitted  to  the  Colonial  Office  in  April,  1891.  It  Government  was  spurred  to  action  by  the  pro- 
proposed  that  the  Legislative  Council  should  tests  of  Cape  Colonists.  A  gunboat  was  sent 
consist  of  87  elective  members,  but  had  no  pro-  from  Cape  Town,  which  planted  the  British  flag 
vision  for  an  upper  chamber.  As  in  former  at  St.  Lucia  Bay  only  a  few  days  before  the  Ger- 
negotiations  the  colonists  have  insisted  on  the  man  gunboat  arrived.  An  official  expedition 
control  over  native  afiFairs,  so  in  this  draft  it  was  was  conveyed  to  Damaraland  by  a  German  man- 
provided  that  the  authority  of  the  Goveinor,  as  of-war,  and  though  Dr.  Kachtigal,  its  head,  was 
paramount  native  chief,  should  be  exercised  by  unable  to  make  a  treaty  of  protection  with 
the  Governor  in  Council.  The  London  authori-  Kamahehero,  the  paramount  chief.  Dr.  Gdring, 
ties  refused  to  assent  to  this,  and  to  a  clause  set-  some  months  later,  induced  him  to  sign  one 
ting  apart  an  annual  sum  of  £20,000  for  native  which  he  has  since  desired  to  repudiate.  Though 
purposes,  but  giving  the  control  of  the  items  of  the  British  Government  refused  to  inter- 
expenditure  to  the  Legislative  Council.  Lord  fere  with  the  German  designs  on  the  south- 
Knutsford  was  firm  in  reserving  to  the  Gov-  west  coast,  the  Cape  Colonists  made  efforts  to 
emor,  as  the  representative  of  the  Crown,  free  defeat  them.  They  prevailed  on  the  Imperial 
from  the  influence  of  the  colonial  ministers,  the  Government  to  reoccupy  Walfisch  Bay,  the 
political  administration  over  the  native  commu-  chief  harbor  and  source  of  water  supply.  Robert 
nities  and  the  command  and  disposition  of  British  Lewis,  who  had  long  resided  among  the  Da- 
troops,  and  in  keeping  under  the  direction  of  the  maras,  procured  from  Kamaherero  a  concession 
home  Government  all  action  affecting  imperial  of  mining  rights,  of  the  right  to  build  railroads, 
interests  or  governing  the  fulfillment  of  interna-  and  of  other  commercial  privileges,  about  a 
tional  obligations.  Whatever  sum  was  stipu-  month  before  the  German  treaty  was  signed. 
Uted  in  the  compact  as  a  minimum  appropria-  The  German  Colonial  Com  pan  jr  for  Southwest 
tioii  for  the  welfare  and  education  of  the  natives,  Africa,  to  which  Ilerr  Lndentz  assigned  his 
he  proposed  to  have  placed,  as  in  Western  Aus-  rights,  found  itself  hampered  by  the  intrigues  of 


104  CAPB  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

the  Cape  Colonists,  who  got  the  natiyes  to  hinder  the  region  between  that  and  the  German  bdUnd- 
the  Germans  in  their  enterprises.  Lewis  was  ary,  and,  in  fact,  all  parts  of  Sonth  Africa  within 
prevented  from  making  use  of  his  mining  privi-  the  sphere  of  British  influence  and  not  hitherto 
leges  by  a  code  of  regulations  drawn  up  by  the  administered  by  British  officers  up  to  or  bevond 
German  officials.  After  he  and  two  Enfflisnmeu  the  ZsanhesL  Lobengula,  King  of  the  Mata- 
named  Ford  and  Bam  were  banished  from  Da-  beles,  a  tribe  numbering  200,000  souls,  has  an 
maraland  for  political  plotting  in  1800,  the  £ng-  army  of  about  15,000  men,  armed  with  modem 
lish  Government  intervened  diplomatically  to  rifles  obtained  from  the  English,  and  has  been 
urge  his  claim  before  the  Berlin  authorities.  The  accustomed  to  raid  and  pilUge  the  country  of 
Anglo-German  African  agreement  destroyed  the  the  Mashonas,  the  Makalakas,  and  other  sur 
hopes  of  profitable  trading  or  pastoral  operations,  rounding  tribes.  During  the  first  year  of  its 
and  left  nothing  but  the  mineral  resources  of  existence  the  chartered  comoany  built  an  exten- 
the  country  for  the  Germans  to  fall  back  upon,  sion  of  the  railroad  from  tne  Cape  to  the  dia- 
The  capital  of  the  Colonial  Company  was  eX-  mond  fields  of  Griqualand  West,  continuing  it 
haustea,  and  it  was  decided  to  organize  a  new  northward  from  Kimoerley  to  Vrybui^g,  126  miles, 
company,  with  offices  in  Hamburg,  and  appeal  This  section,  which  was  opened  Dec.  8.  1890, 
to  the  London  market  for  a  part  of  the  capital,  was  sold  to  the  Cape  Government  for  £700,000, 
The  German  Reichstag  in  February,  1891,  voted  and  the  compafl}[  went  to  work  on  a  further 
100,000  marks  to  continue  for  one  year  longer  a  extension  of  v8  miles  to  Mafekins;. 
staff  of  officials  and  a  force  of  40  or  50  police  in  The  climate  of  the  plateau  of  Mashonaland, 
Damaraland.  On  April  6  the  Colonial  Depart-  which  is  4,500  or  5,000  feet  above  the  sea.  and  of 
raent  of  the  German  Foreign  Office  declared  Matabeleland,  a  hilly  country  of  forests,  streams, 
Lewis's  general  mining  concession  of  Sept.  9,  and  pastures,  is  said  to  be  healthful  for  Euro- 
1885,  null  and  void,  on  the  ground  that  it  was  peans.  The  nights  are  cool  in  summer,  and  the 
obtained  with  the  political  object  of  withdrawing  long  winter  is  invigorating.  There  is  plenty  of 
Damaraland  from  German  infiuence  and  bring-  good  soil  easy  of  cultivation.  English  enter- 
ing it  under  the  rule  of  a  foreign  power,  and  prise  was  attracted  to  this  country  by  the  gold- 
could  not,  therefore,  be  regarded  as  a  private  Dearinff  reefs  that  were  known  to  exist  there 
contract  or  serve  as  a  basis  for  private  rights,  more  tnan  twenty  years  ago.  The  claims  raised 
Dr.  Golding,  the  Imperial  Commissary,  retired  by  Portugal  to  the  valley  of  the  Zambesi  im- 
in  April,  and  was  succeeded  by  Capt.  Von  Fran-  pelled  Cecil  Rhodes  and  his  associates  to  organ- 
9ois,  who  had  previously  commanded  the  police  ize  the  British  South  Africa  Company  for  the 
force.  The  new  German  company  expects  to  purpose  of  securing  for  England  all  the  high 
build  a  railroad  across  the  country.  Lewis  and  healthful  regions  and  the  auriferous  lands, 
transferred  rights  to  50,000,000  acres  near  Wal-  Mining  concessions  had  already  been  ^ranted  by 
fisch  Bajr  and  gold  fields  on  the  Orange  river  to  the  Portuguese  authorities  to  British  subjects, 
an  English  company  that  was  organiz^  in  Lon-  but  the  holders  were  bought  out  or  given  shares 
don  in  February^  1891.  in  the  chartered  company.     Alluvial  gold  is 

Ngamiland.  —  The    country   around   Lake  found  in  all  the  stream  beds,  but  seldom  in 

Ngami,  to  which  Germany  and  Great  Britain  paying  Quantities.    The  quartz  in  the  reefs  dis- 

both  laid  claim,  was  abandoned  to  Great  Britain  covered  uy  Thomas  Baines  in  1870  at  the  junc- 

by  the  Anglo-German  settlement  of  1890.    The  tion  of  the  Umfuli  and  Simbo  rivers  assays  3  or 

African  and  General  Exploring  Company  was  4  ounces  to  the  ton.    Attempts  to  work  the  Tati 

organized  to  investigate  the  mineral  and'  com-  mines  without  proper  raacninery  have  failed, 

mercial  resources  of  this  region     South  of  the  The  Jumbo  reef,  near  Fort  Salisbury,  has  many 

lake  a  large  number  of  quartz  reefs  have  been  old  shafts.    Four  gold  fields  were  opened,  besides 

discovered.     The  death  of  Morcmi,  head  chief  the  Manica  district,  and  mining  commissioners 

of  the  Towana  nation,  on  Nov.  4,  1890,  left  the  and  claim  inspectors  were  appointed  in  the  early 

country  in  a  disorganized  and  unsettled  con-  part  of  1891.    These  were  tne  Umfuli  and  Hart- 

dition.    The  next  heir  is  a  youth  named  Sec-  ley  Ilill,  Lo  Magondi,  Mazoe,  and  the  Kaiser 

home,  half-brother  of  Moremi  and  nephew  of  Wilhelm  or  Matoko  districts.    No  prospecting 

Khama,  the  Bechuana  king,  and  during  his  mi-  has  been  done  in  Matabeleland  for  fear  of  rous- 

nority  an  unpopular  chief  named  Dithapo  acts  ing  the  hostility  of  Lobengula.    As  soon  as  the 

as  regent.    The  Towanas  are  only  one  of  several  Chartered  Company  was  formed,  a  police  force  of 

tribes  settled  in  the  country,  but  under  Moremi  600  men  was  raised  to  take  possession  of  Zani- 

they  held  the  others  in  subjection,  except  the  besia.    A  telegraph  was  completed  to  Palapwe, 

invading  Namaquas,  who  disputed  with  them  in  Khama*s  country,  815  miles  from  Mafeking, 

the  soveoeignty  over  the  country.     From  the  in  British  Bechuanaland,  by  Oct.  14,  1890.    Tlie 

latter  the  Germans  obtained  their  title.  pioneer  expedition  of  180  picked  men,  escorted 

British  Zam besia. — The  country  reserved  to  by  a  part  of  the  police  force,  advanced  from  tlie 

Great  Britain  in  the  Anglo-German  and  Anglo-  Macloutse  river,  where  the  rest  of  the  police 

Portuguese  agreements  of  1890,  lying  north  of  remained  to  keep  open  communications  ana  pro- 

Bechuanaland  and  the  South  African  Republic,  tect  the  base.    Crossing  the  river  on  June  25, 

is  under  the  administration  of  the  British  South  1890,  they  built  a  road  as  they  marched,  and  in 

Africa  Company,  which  was  created  by  a  royal  ten  weeks  arrived  at  Mount  Hampden,  Mashona- 

charter  signed  Oct.^,  1889.    The  sphere  of  the  land,  800  miles  from  the  Macloutse,  with  their 

company's  activity  ii  present  comprises  Ma-  ox  wagons,  machine  guns,  a  steam  engine,  and 

shonaland,  VlatabeUland,  and  Manica.    It  is  em-  other  material.    A  fort  was  erected  at  the  Tuli 

powered  to  teke  over  *otlier  districts,  subject  to  drift,  one  at  Fort  Victoria,  on  the  edge  of  the 

the   approval   of   the   Government,    including  Mashona  plateau,  and  later  Fort  Charter  was 

Northern  BechuaoAiaiiil  or  Khama's  country,  built,  and  Fort  Salisbury,  near  Mount  Hampden, 


CAPE  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA.  106 

whicfi  was  made  the  headquarters  of  the  admin-  river,  to  Mount  Hampden  the  distance  is  only 
istratioQ.  The  company,  which  has  a  paid-up  880  miles,  of  which  120  miles  can  be  made  in 
capital  of  £1,000,000,  derives  its  revenue  from  small  steamers  on  the  river.  When  the  English 
trading  licenses,  repstration  fees,  and  mining  learned  of  this  route,  over  which  the  Portuguese 
concessions,  which  it  has  the  power  to  tax  to  expected  to  build  a  railroad  to  their  mines  in 
the  extent  of  50  per  cent  of  the  output  of  gold.  Manica,  the  railroad  that  had  been  begun  be- 
lt agreed  to  eive  a  subsidy  of  £9,000  a  year  to  tween  Vrvbur^  and  Maf eking  was  abandoned, 
the  African  Hakes  Company,  with  a  view  to  the  On  Dec.  o  Major  Forbes  took  formal  possession 
eventual  amalgamation  of  the  two.  The  local  of  the  whole  country  between  Manica  and  the  sea, 
administration  was  placed  in  charge  of  A.  R.  lying  between  the  rungwe  and  the  Bus!  rivers. 
Colquhoun  and  Dr.  Jameson.  The  former  went  On  Jan.  8, 1891,  Lieut.  Freire  went  to  Massikcssi 
secretly  into  Manica,  to  conclude  treaties  and  as  the  bearer  of  an  official  message  to  the  British 
obtain  concessions  that  could  be  set  up  as  coun-  officer  in  charge  informing  him  of  the  modus  vi- 
terc'Iaims  to  defeat  the  Portuguese  title.  On  vendi.  The  English  officer  refused  to  receive  the 
Sept.  14  he  made  a  treaty  with  Umtasa,  the  notice,  and  placed  the  messenger  under  arrest, 
local  chief  of  Manica,  who  is  said  to  be  inde-  An  expeditionary  force  of  volunteers  who  had 
pendent  of  Gungunhama  and  free  from  all  obli-  arrivea  from  Portugal  set  out  for  Massikessi  and 
gations  to  the  Portuguese.  The  Portuguese  Manica,  but^  were  kept  back  bjr  orders  sent  from 
claimed  sovereignty  over  the  independent  Ma-  Lisbon,  and'employed  in  workmg  in  the  harbors, 
shonas,  and  through  their  vassal  Gungunhama,  The  violation  of  the  agreed  boundary  and  the 
King  of  Gazalana,  over  Manica.  The  British  abduction  of  Portuguese  officials  in  Manica  after 
asserted  that  all  Mashonaland  and  the  Barotse  the  modus  vivendi  was  concluded,  seemed  likely 
country  north  of  the  Zambesi  were  tributary  to  to  result  in  a  collision  between  the  forces  of 
Lobengula,  whom  thev  claimed  as  a  vassal.  The  the  Chartered  Company  and  the  bands  of  young 
draft  agreement  of  Aug.  20, 1890,  which  fixed  Portuguese  who  volunteered  to  defend  their 
the  eastern  boundary  of  the  English  sphere  at  coun  try  *s  rights  in  Africa,  and  possibly  in  a 
the  Sabi  river  was  rejected  by  the  Portuguese  native  war  between  the  English  and  the  forces 
Cortes.  Seven  weeks  after  the  treatv  of  protec-  of  Gungunhama  or  Lobengula.  Sir  Henry  Loch 
tion  was  made  with  Umtasa,  Col.  Paiva  d'An-  and  Mr.  Rhodes  hastened  to  England  to  ward 
drade  and  the  half-cast  Gouveia,  otherwise  known  off  a  catastrophe  by  bringing  about  a  settlement 
as  Gen.  Manuel  de  Souza,  who  was  the  official  of  the  dispute  with  Portugal.  The  Mozambique 
administrator  or  CapitSo  Mor  of  the  district.  Company  reorganized  with  the  aid  of  French 
arrived  at  Umtasa's  kraal  engaged  on  a  survev  capital,  obtain^  a  regular  charter  conferring  the 
for  a  railroad.  They  were  met  there  by  Englisn  power  to  administer  and  exploit  these  regions 
officers  who  announced  the  British  annexation  of  Africa,  to  levy  taxes  and  impose  import  du- 
of  the  country.  Major  Forbes,  who  had  a  force  ties,  to  make  treaties  with  native  chiefs,  and  to 
of  police  within  cful,  at  a  public  meeting,  at  carry  on  or  grant  concessions  for  mining  and 
vhich  Umtasa  formally  acknowledged  that  he  other  undertakings.  The  companv  engaged 
had  ceded  his  country  to  the  Portuguese  twenty  within  a  specified  time  to  build  a  railroad  from 
years  before,  put  a  sudden  end  to  the  parley  by  Beira,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pungwe,  to  Massi- 
seizing  Col.  d*Andrade,  Baron  Rezende,  and  kessi,  on  the  borders  of  the  Manica  territory. 
Gouveia  in  the  presence  of  the  chief  and  his  The  country  handed  over  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
indunas  and  English  and  American  prospectors  the  company  was  that  bounded  on  the  north  by 
who  were  working  under  licenses  issued  by  the  the  Zambesi  down  to  its  mouth,  on  the  north- 
Mozambique  Company.  The  English  fiag  was  west  by  the  district  of  Tete,  on  the  west  by  the 
again  hoisted,  Massikessi  was  occupied  and  gar-  boundary  of  the  province  of  Mozambique,  on 
rjsoned,  and  the  Portuguese  officers  were  carried  the  soutn  by  the  Sabi  or  Save  river,  and  on  the 
prisoners  to  Fort  Salisbury.  At  various  places  east  by  the  ocean.  These  limits  included  about 
m  Mashonaland  where  the  Portuguese  fiag  was  9,500  square  miles  that  were  in  dispute,  includ- 
flying  the  chiefs  submitted  to  the  British  occu-  in^  Manica  and  the  gold  fields  there,  to  which 
pation  after  the  seizure  of  Gouveia.  Moloko,  miners  were  flocking  from  all  countries.  An 
the  paramount  chief  of  the  country  north  of  Anglo-American  company  had  been  formed  for 
Manica,  changed  his  allegiance  by  making  a  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  service  of  river 
treaty  with  P.  C.  Selous,  an  agent  of  the  Char-  steamers  and  wagons  by  the  Pungwe  route, 
tered  Company.  Negotiations  were  be^n  with  Several  Englishmen  who  attempted  to  import 
Gungunhama  to  make  him  transfer  his  allegi-  arms  or  who  refused  to  acknowledge  Portuguese 
ance  to  England.  authority  on    this   river  were   stopped.     The 

Before  these  events  were  known  in  Europe  a  "  Countess  of  Carnarvon,"  which  haa  gone  up 

modus  vivendi  was  signed  in  London,  on  Nov.  the  Limpopo  with  a  cargo  of  arms,  was  seized 

H,  1890,  by  which  the  British  and  Portuguese  by  a  Portuguese  gunboat  on  Feb.  28,  1891.    Dr. 

governments  agreed  to  preserve  the  status  quo^  Jameson  and  other  officials  of  the  British  South 

ftnd  each  to  respect  the  possessions  actually  held  Africa  Company  were  on   board  the  English 

by  the  other  pending  the  adjustment  of  disputes  steamer,  which  had  made  a  previous  voyage  on 

by  a  treaty  oi  delimitation.    The  temporary  ar-  the  Limpopo,  and  found  it  navigable  as  far  as 

ran^ment  was  valid  for  six  months.  the  junction  of  the  Nuanetsi,  at  the  boundary 

The  wagon  route  of  900  miles  from  Vryburg  line  of  the  territory  claimed  by  the  South  Africa 
▼as  not  adapted  for  the  transport  of  crushing  Company.  The  arras  (1,000  rifles  with  20,000 
machinery  and  miners'  supplies,  and  therefore  rounds  of  ammunition)  had  been  landed  on  the 
the  English  desired  to  obtain  possession  of  the  banks  of  the  Limpopo  to  enable,  it  was  sup- 
rood  from  the  east  coast  by  way  of  the  Pungwe  posed,  native  chiefs  in  the  district  of  Inhambane 
river.     From  Beira,  the  port  of  the  Pungwe  to  rebel  against  Portugal.    The  Governor-Gen- 


106  CAPE  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA. 

eral  of  Mozambique  declared  a  state  of  siege  in  miles  north  of  the  Zambesi,  thus  abandoning  the 
Sofala  and  Manica,  because  agents  of  the  South  cherished  idea  of  continuous  communication  un- 
Africa  Company  went  about  inciting  the  natives  der  British  jurisdiction  through  noithem  Zam- 
to  revolt.  The*  Portuguese  authorities  at  Beira,  besia  and  NyassaLand,  Lake  Tanganyika,  and 
while  leaving  the  route  open  on  condition  of  the  Uganda,  up  to  the  Soudan.  The  draft  of  a  new 
payment  of  3  per  cent,  transit  dues,  insisted  treaty  was  completed  in  London  on  May  14,  the 
on  the  recognition  of  Portuguese  sovereignty,  day  on  which  the  modus  vivendi  expired.  In- 
The  mails  had  to  pass  through  the  Portuguese  stead  of  the  narrow  triangle  of  land  north  of  the 
post-office,  and  when  Gen.  W  illou^hby,  at  the  Zambesi,  bounded  by  that  river  and  the  Shire  on 
nead  of  an  armed  expedition,  sailed  up  the  one  side  and  by  a  line  drawn  from  opposite  the 
Pungwe  in  the  "  Alice,  flying  the  British  flag,  Ruo  to  near  Tete  on  the  other,  the  new  treaty 
the  vessel  was  stopped  and  the  Portup^ese  flag  gives  to  Portugal  the  whole  north  bank  between 
hoisted.  While  negotiations  were  gomg  on  be-  the  Shire  and  the  Loangwe.  The  boundary 
tween  the  two  governments,  Gungunhama,  starts  from  the  Shire  just  below  its  junction 
whose  indunaa  had  signed  a  treaty  accepting  a  with  the  Shiwanga,  proceeds  by  an  irregular  line 
Portuguese  protectorate  at  Lisbon  in  lw5,  was  in  a  northwesterly  airection  to  the  intersection 
persuwied  to  send  an  embassy  to  London  to  pray  of  the  fourteenth  parallel  of  latitude  with  longi- 
for  a  British  protectorate.  The  Portuguese  col-  tude  83*  SC,  and  thence  in  a  southwesterly  direc- 
lected  an  army  of  10,000  natives  at  Sena  in  prep-  tion  to  where  the  fifteenth  parallel  intersects  the 
aration  for  the  hostilities  threatened  by  the  Loangwe  river,  and  follows  the  channel  of  the 
South  Africa  Company.  Natives  who  were  sub-  river  down  to  the  Zambesi  at  Zumbo.  In  Cen- 
ject  to  Gouveia*s  rule  revolted,  and  were  with  tral  Africa  the  English  sphere  is  made  coexten- 
difficulty  reduced  to  submission.  sive  with  the  Barotse  kmgdom,  which  is  sup- 
Sir  tfohn  Willoughby*s  party,  which  was  posed  to  reach  far  beyond  the  sources  of  the 
stopped  at  the  mouth  of  the  Pungwe,  was  only  Zambesi,  the  limit  laid  down  in  the  former 
the  advance  guard  of  a  large  body  of  immigrants  treaty,  and  approach  the  Portuguese  settlements 
that  the  agents  of  the  South  Africa  Company  had  on  the  Angola  coast.  South  of  the  Zambesi  the 
recruited  in  order  to  force  the  route  open  and  territory  fulotted  to  the  British  South  Africa 
flood  Manica  with  adherents  of  the  company.  Company  is  enlarged,  but  yet  the  Portuguese  re- 
Major  Johnston,  who  had  been  the  leader  of  the  tain  a  slice  of  Manicaland.  Along  the  south 
pioneers  into  Mashonaland,  followed  with  several  bank  of  the  Zambesi,  Portugal  has  tht^  ten-mile 
hundred  well-armed  miners.  Whom  he  conducted  strip  at  Zumbo  allowed  in  the  former  treaty, 
across  Portuguese  territory  from  the  coast.  After  a  few  miles  the  line  in  latitude  18°  sb* 
When  they  had  almost  reached  Massikessi  they  turns  sharply  to  the  southeast  and  strikes  the 
were  met  on  May  11  by  the  soldiers  of  the  Por-  Mazoe  at  at)out  33"  of  east  longitude,  and  thence 
tu^uese  outpost,  part  blacks  and  part  the  student  the  limit  of  the  British  South  Africa  Company's 
volunteers  from  Lisbon,  and,  after  fighting  sev-  territory  is  drawn  directly  southward  to  witKin 
eral  hours,  killing  seven  Portuguese  and  losing  a  few  miles  of  the  Limpopo,  where  it  turns  to 
some  of  their  own  men,  the  English  won  the  bat-  the  southwest,  leaving  the  mouth  of  that  river 
tie.  The  Portuguese  force,  commanded  by  Ma-  in  the  possession  and  control  of  Portugal.  The 
jor  Caldas  Xavier,  was  returning  from  an  un-  frontier  proposed  before  ran  south  from  the  Ma- 
successful  attack  on  the  fortified  post  of  Chovaa,  koe  along  the  thirty-third  meridian  for  about  a 
held  by  the  British  South  Africa  Company's  po-  degree,  and  then  turned  westward  and  followed 
lice,  four  miles  west  of  Massikessi.  the  course  of  the  Sabi  river,  giving  the  whole  of 
Anglo  -  Portuguese  Agreement.— To  pre-  Manica  to  Portugal.  In  the  new  frontier  a  di- 
pare  the  way  for  a  settlement  of  the  South  iour  is  made  near  Massikessi,  where  substantia 
African  controversies,  it  was  necessary  for  the  Portuguese  houses  and  large  stores  of  trade 
officers  of  the  South  Africa  Company  to  satisfy  goods  existed  at  the  time  when  it  was  seized  by 
the  claims  of  the  promoters  of  the  Mozambique  the  English,  in  possession  of  the  Portuguese, 
Company.  Arrangements  were  made  by  which  with  a  patch  in  the  neighboring  highlands  to 
individual  interests  were  secured,  and  English  which  Portuguese  officers  can  repair  in  hot 
capital  was  raised  to  enable  the  Portuguese  com-  weather.  Umtasa  is  left  to  the  English,  and  the 
pany  to  work  in  the  profitable  field  that  was  as-  line  in  Manica  is  drawn  along  the  eastern  slope 
signed  to  it.  Lord  Salisbury  offered  terms  that  of  the  plateau,  it  being  understood  that  all  terri- 
were  more  favorable  than  those  contained  in  the  tory  east  of  longitude  33"  will  be  Portuguese 
abortive  treaty  of  Aug.  20,  1890,  and  the  Portu-  and  all  west  of  32°  30'  will  belong  to  Great  Brit- 
guese  Cabinet,  knowing  that  a  refusal  of  these  ain.  The  exact  line  of  demarkation  is  to  be  set- 
would  result  in  the  loss  of  all  their  South  Afri-  tied  by  a  joint  survey. 

can  possessions,  hesitated  only  through  fear  of  In  Central  Africa  the  dividing  line  between 
popular  dissatisfaction  that  would  again  defeat  the  British  and  the  Portuguese  spheres  of  influ- 
the  treaty  and  drive  them  from  office,  and  pos-  ence  is  formed  by  the  middle  of  the  channel  of 
sibly  result  in  the  overthrow  of  the  monarchy,  the  Zambesi  from  the  Katima  cataracts  north- 
The  principle  followed  was  to  reserve  to  England  ward  to  the  Barotse  country,  and  then  follows 
all  the  healthful  highland  country  adapted  for  the  western  boundary  of  that  territory.  The  de- 
European  settlement  and  to  concede  to  Portugal  limit'ation  will  be  made  by  an  Anglo-Portuguese 
all  the  low-lying  territory  that  can  be  inhabited  boundary  commission,  and  any  disputes  that 
and  cultivated  only  by  colored  races.  To  carry  may  arise  will  be  referred  to  arbitration.  In  case 
out  this  idea  and  to  gain  Manica,  the  only  im-  either  country  desires  to  alienate  any  part  of 
mediately  attractive  gold  district  since  Matabe-  the  territory  south  of  the  Zambesi,  the  other 
leland  was  closed,  the  English  Government  made  shall  have  a  pre-emptive  option.  Portugal  guar- 
an  important  concession — that  of  50,000  square  antees  religious  freedom  in  all  her  possessions  of 


CAPE  COLONY  AND  SOUTH  AFRICA.  107 

East  and  Central  Africa.  For  twenty-fire  years  missioner,  who  will  reside  alternately  at  Louren- 
the  transit  dues  across  Portuguese  territories  co  Marques  and  Mozambique.  A  railroad  is  to 
shall  be  3  per  cent.,  unless  in  the  course  of  five  be  built  from  Quilimane  to  the  Shire  river.  The 
years  the  British  Government  commutes  the  territory  in  the  Zambesi  valley  will  be  handed 
dues  and  secures  perpetual  freedom  of  transit  over  to  chartered  companies, 
by  wing  to  Portugal  the  capitalized  value  of  Gan^nuhama's  Embassy.— The  intrigues  of 
£30fi60  per  annum  at  8  per  cent  interest — that  the  British  South  Africa  Company  to  acquire 
IS,  a  lump  sum  of  about  £1,000,000.  Precious  the  Portuguese  sea-coast  were  not  countenanced 
metals  and  specie  are  exemot  from  duty.  In  by  the  Marquis  of  Salisbury,  who  was  prepared 
the  districts  north  of  the  Zamoesi  above  the  con-  to  abate  the  British  pretensions  and  malce  sacn- 
fluence  of  the  Shire  and  south  of  the  Zambezi  fices  after  the  highhanded  acts  of  the  English 
above  the  Luenha,  British  merchandise  is  not  in  Manica  and  on  the  Pungwe  and  their  treach- 
subject  to  duty,  and  the  same  exemption  is  se-  erous  incitement  to  rebellion  of  the  black  sub- 
cured  for  Portuguese  merchandise  in  its  transit  jects  of  Portugal,  lest  a  Portuguese  revolution 
across  British  territory  in  Nyassaland.  Each  and  war  in  Europe  should  result.  The  coming 
power  has  the  right  to  construct  railroads,  roads,  of  Gungunhama's  envoys  did  not  shake  his  de- 
er telegraphs  across  the  territory  of  the  other  in  cision.  By  a  treaty  made  in  1817,  and  in  fuller 
the  same  regions,  subject  to  local  laws  and  regu-  terms  in  the  treaty  of  1847,  the  Gaza  country — 
lations.  £ach  power  shall  respect  all  rights  of  that  is,  the  whole  Mozambique  littoral  from  the 
private  property  and  mining  concessions  granted  Zambesi  to  Delagoa  Bay — was  recognized  by 
Dv  the  other  in  the  territories  hitherto  in  dispute  Great  Britain  as  belonging  to  Portugal.  Lord 
and  now  divided.  Disputed  titles  to  claims  Salisbury  declared,  to  the  chagrin  of  the  man- 
within  thirty  miles  of  the  frontier  shall  be  re-  agers  of  the  South  Africa  Company,  that  he 
ferred  to  arbitration.  Navigation  on  the  Zam-  would  have  nothing  to  do  with  Gungunhama. 
besi  and  the  Shire  shall  be  free  to  the  ships  and  The  monarch  of  the  Gaza  Zulus  is  a  grandson  of 
flags  of  all  nations  on  the  terms  laid  down  for  a  rebellious  vassel  of  King  Chaka  who  fied  with 
international  African  rivers  in  the  General  Act  his  followers  from  Zululand  and  conquered  the 
of  the  Congo.  The  Limpopo  is  not  made  an  in-  country  north  of  the  Limnopo  in  the  early  part  of 
temational  rirer ;  but,  except  on  the  Pungwe,  the  century.  Another  rebel  chief  migratea  west- 
the  Portugese  Government  enstiges  to  allow  ward  and  founded  the  Matabele  Kingdom.  Gun- 
and  to  facilitate  transport.  It  also  promises  to  gunhama,  when  visited  by  the  emissaries  of  the 
construct  a  railroad  from  the  coast  to  the  bor-  British  Company,  denied  that  he  owed  allegiance 
ders  of  the  South  Africa  Company's  territory,  to  the  Portuguese.  Though  he  ha<l  raised  their 
either  along  the  Pungwe  or  in  the  valley  of  the  flae  over  his  kraal  ever  since  his  succession,  he 
Bust.  The  surve3rs  for  the  railroad  must  be  com-  said  it  was  merely  a  token  of  friendship ;  that 
pleted  in  six  months  from  the  conclusion  of  the  Gouveia  paid  him  tribute  for  the  country  that 
treaty,  and  the  date  by  which  the  line  must  be  he  occupied ;  and  that  the  Portuguese  governor, 
finished  was  then  to  he  agreed  upon  by  the  two  in  sending  him  presents  at  regular  intervals,  ac- 

fovemments.     If  the  Portuguese  Government  knowledged  him  as  over-lord.    Eight  years  be- 

oes  not  carry  out  the  agreement,  it  must  allow  fore  he  had  petitioned  the  Natal  authorities  for 

a  company  to  be  chartered  by  some  neutral  British  protection.    Now  he  sent  Huluhulu,  his 

power  to  build  the  railroad.    It  promises  to  con-  ambassador  on  that  occasion,  and  Umfeti  to  the 

struct  a  line  of  telegraph  and  to  keep  open  a  **  Great  White  Oueen  "  with  the  message,    **  I 

highroad  from  the  Pungwe  to  the  British  front-  want  her  to  hold  me  up  and  be   my  shield.'* 

ier.    Outside  the  treaty  an  agreement  was  en-  Whilethese  messengers  were  on  the  way  to  Eng- 

tered  into  whereby  a  British  company  can  estab-  land,  the  faithless  King  sent  another  embassy  to 

luth  wharves  and  warehouses  on  tne  uhinde,  and  Lourengo  Marques  with  a  message  declaring  his 

a  Portuguese  company  shall  have  the  same  privi-  vassalage  and  fidelity  to  Portugal,  and  offering 

leee  on  the  southwest  shore  of  Lake  Nyassa.  to  fight  for  the  Portuguese  with  all  his  forces  if 

The  bases  of  the  new  treaty  were  si^ed  in  any  one  should  attack  their  dominions. 

London  on  May  28.    Lord  Salisbury  stipulated  The  Boer  Trek. — While  the  British  pioneers 

that  the  treaty  should  be  ratified  by  the  Cortes  were  pushing  their  conquests  into  Portuguese 

before  being  signed  by  the  British  Government,  territory,  they  had  to  protect  their  allotted  do- 

The  modus  vivendi  was  continued  by  agreement  main  from  the  long-tnreatened  Boer  invasion, 

for  another  month.     The  treaty  was  approved,  By  virtue  of  a  treaty  made  by  the  Banyai  chief 

with  only  six  dissentient  voices  in  the  Chamber,  Chibe  with  Commandant  Potyaieter  and  another 

on  June  6,  and  by  an  equally  large  majority  of  concession  secured  by  one  Adendorf,  the  Trans- 

the  Senate,  and  on  June  11  was  signed  at  Lisbon,  vaal  Boers  claimed  Banyailand,  the  most  fertile 

Senhor  Ennes  and  Major  Leverson,  the  Portu-  part  of  Mashonaland,  and  many  were  willing  to 

guc5e  and  English  boundary  commissioners,  went  join  an  expedition,  under  the  lead  of  Vorster, 

to  Manica  to  begin  the  delimitation  in  July.  Adendorf,  and  Col.  Ferreira,  for  the  purpose  of 

After  the  removal  of  the  differences  with  Eng-  taking  forcible  possession  of  that  region  and  es- 

land,  the  Portuguese  Government  relieved  itself  tablisning  a  republic.     Sir  Henry  Loch  sent 

of  the  expenses  connected  with  the  administra-  troops  from  the  Cape  to  relieve  the  Bechuana- 

tion  of  Mozambique,  estimated  at  £155,000  a  land  police,  and  the  latter  took  the  place  of  the 

year,  by  separating  it  from  the  province  of  Lou-  British  South  Africa  Company's  police,  enabling 

ren^  Maroues  and  delegating  all  its  sovereign  the  company's  officers  to  place  a  .strong  guard  at 

rights  soutn  of  the  Zambesi  to  the  Mozambique  every  crossing  of  the  Limpopo.    President  Kru- 

Company,  which  has  come  partly  into  the  con-  ^er  issued  a  vigorous  proclamation,  in  conform- 

trol  of  Englishmen.    The  head  of  the  local  ad-  ity  with  the  omigations  imposed  by  the  conven- 

ministration  on  the  coast  will  be  a  royal  com-  tion  of  August,  1800,  and  ne  was  sustained  by 


108                CAPE  COLONY.  CHEMISTRY. 

the  Volksraad,  which,  on  April  25,  decreed  the  CHEMISTRY.    Chemical  Theory.— In  his 

penalty  of  £500  fine  or  a  year's  imprisonment  address  on  assuming  the  chair  of  President  of 

with  hard  labor.    The  leader  of  the  Afrikander  the  American  Chemical  Society  for  1891,  Prof. 

Bond,  Mr.  Hofmeyr,  obtained  from  the  British  George  F.  Barker  spoke  of  the  discovery  of  the 

Government  a  promise  that  it  would  allow  a  peric^ic  law  as  marking  an  important  epoch  in 

Boer  republic  to  be  set  up  in  Swaziland.    This  the  progress  of  the  physics  of  chemistry  as  well 

and  the  offer  of  free  farms  of  3,000  acres  in  as  of  pure  chemistry.    For  not  only  does  that 

Mashonaland  to  any  Boer  who  would  accept  the  law  assert  that  the  purely  chemical  properties  of 

jurisdiction  and  conform  to  the  statutes  of  the  the  elements  are  periodic  functions  of  the  masses 

British  South  Africa  Company,  removed  the  rea-  of  their  atoms,  but  it  asserts  also  that  their  phys- 

son  for  a  hostile  invasion,  which  was  imminent  ical  properties  are  like  functions.  New  researches 

in  spite  of  the  military  preparations  of  the  Brit-  were  undertaken  by  the  chemist  to  fix  more  pre- 

ish  and  the  co-operation  of  the  authorities  of  the  cisely  these  atomic  masses,  new  calculations  were 

South  African  Republic    Several  thousand  trek-  made  upon  data  already  accumulated,  and  new 

kers  came  from  the  Orange  Free  State  and  en-  relations  were  experimentally  established  going 

camperl  near  Pretoria  in  May.    Having  gained  to  show  the  position  of  the  doubtful  elements  in 

without  fighting  the  right  that  the  English  Gov-  the  periodic  series ;  and  the  most  elaborate  ex- 

emment  has  hitnerto  denied  of  free  settlement  in  periments  were  begun  also  by  the  physicist  upon 

the  country  north  of  the  Limpopo,  the  trekkers  the  phenomena  of  solution,  of  density,  of  spe- 

disbanded.    Col.  Ferreira  still  wished  to  make  a  cific  heat,  of  refraction,  of  electric  conductivity, 

demonstration.    With  a  party  of  about  200  he  and  the  like,  in  order  to  connect  these  physical 

crossed  the  Limpopo  on  June  24,  at  the  Main  properties  with  the  mass  of  the  atom,  and  thus 

Drift.    The  main  body  on  the  opposite  bank  of  to  establish  the  predominant  infiuence  of  the 

the  river  prepared  to  make  a  forcible  entry.    Dr.  atom,  even  in  molecular  physics.    The  address 

Jameson  crossed  over  and  explained  that  they  was  devoted  to  outlining  some  of  the  important 

could  all  have  farms,  whereupon  many  expressed  relations  existing  between  chemistry  and  physics 

a  willingness  to  take  land  from  the  companv,  and  and  to  indicating  the  directions  of  investigation 

no  further  hostile  manifestation  occurred.  Many  in  this  borderland  between  the  two  sciences.   At- 

Boers afterward  entered  Banyailand  and  selected  tention  was  called  to  the  importance  of  making 

farms,  although  the  leaders  of  the  trek  had  insist-  the  terminology  of  the  two  more  in  harmony  and 

ed  that  the  titles  that  they  held  from  the  local  more  accurate,  particularly  of  observing  the  dis- 

chiefs  were  a  valid  conveyance,  whereas  the  com-  tinctions  in  the  use  of  the  terms  atom  and  mole- 


grant  of  lands  Hon  between  gases 

in  any  part  of  his  dominions,  but  only  mining  application  of  the  kinetic  theory  to  solutions; 

rights,  to  the  individuals  who  had  assigned  their  oi  the  study  of  electrolysis  and  of  spectrum 

concessions  to  the  British  South  Africa  Company,  anal^^sis  and'  the  later  theories  of  the  origin  and 

DeTelopment  of  Mashonaland. — ^After  the  relations  of  the  elements.  The  facts  thus  far 
settlement  of  the  Anglo-Portuguese  dispute,  a  brought  out  in  the  investigations  of  these  sub- 
part of  the  military  police  force  was  disbanded,  jects  indicate  "  a  tendency  toward  a  true  statics 
and  the  members  took  up  mining  claims.  Up  to  and  dynamics  of  atoms ;  toward  a  condition  of 
July  15  there  had  been  issued  1,557  prospecting  exact  science  which  will  confer  upon  chemistry 
and'  67  trading  licenses,  representing  as  many  the  power  of  prediction." 

individual  settlers.  Of  mining  claims  there  were  Of  the  two  methods  which  the  technologist 
at  that  date  5,967  in  force,  bedsides  2,872  proteo-  may  pursue  in  acquiring  his  art,  that  which  be- 
tion  certificates.  The  bulk  of  these  claims  were  gins  with  learning  the  scientific  principles  that 
situated  near  Fort  Tuli  and  in  the  Umfuli  dis-  lie  at  its  base  and  proceeds  to  the  application  of 
trict.  In  addition,  200  claims  for  silver  and  tin  them  is  called  by  Prof.  Meldola  the  synthetical 
found  in  the  Man ica  district  had  been  registered,  method,  while  tliat  in  which  he  first  seeks  pro- 
A  gold  claim  includes  150  feet  in  the  direction  ficiency  in  practice,  to  become  familiar  with  the 
of  the  reef  and  200  feet  on  either  side,  and  to  science  afterward,  is  called  the  analytical  mcth- 
make  it  valid  the  miner  must  sink  a  shaft  60  od.  Of  the  relative  merits  of  these  two  courses 
feet.  The  mining  operations  were  placed  under  in  application  to  arts  dependent  on  chemistry, 
the  direction  of  Mr.  Rolker,  an  American  engi-  Prof.  Meldola  says  that  the  analytical  method  is 
neer.  The  settlers  suffered  much  from  fever  and  too  cumbrous  and  too  circuitous  to  be  of  any  real 
dearth  of  food  during  the  rainy  season.  From  practical  use.  It  is  possible  to  lead  an  iiitelli- 
lack  of  tools  they  were  delayed  in  their  work,  gent  mechanic  from  nis  every-day  occupation  to 
The  tall  grass  anil  the  tzetze  flv  are  serious  hin-  a  knowledge  of  the  higher  principles  of  mechan- 
d ranees  to  transport.  A  road  was  built  from  ical  science  by  making  use  of  his  experience  of 
Fort  Salisbury  to  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  field,  180  phenomena  which  are  constantly  coming  under 
miles.  This  is  the  only  district,  except  in  Mani-  nis  notice.  But "  no  person  engaged  in  chemical 
ca,  where  placer  mining  promises  well.  For  a  industry  in  any  capacity,  whether  workman,  fore- 
long  period  Portuguese  traders  have  visited  it  to  man,  manager,  or  proprietor,  can  be  taught  the 
buy  gold  from  the  natives.  principles  of  chemical  science  out  of  his  own  in- 

'the  Mozambique  Companv  has  arranged  with  dustry  unless  he  has  some  considerable  knowl- 

Prench  engineers  for  the  building  of  a  railroad  edge  of  general  principles  to  start  with.     No 

from  Bcira  to  Massikessi,  a  telegraph  line,  and  person  who  is  not  grounded  in  such  broad  prin- 

docks.    The  capital  of  the  company  is  £1,000,-  ciples  can  properly  appreciate  the  explanation 

000.    The  Portuguese  Government  gets  the  rail-  of  the  phenomena  with  which  his  daily  experi- 

rood  for  nothing  at  the  end  of  thirty  years.  ence  brings  him  into  contact,  and  if  his  previous 


CHEMISTRT.  109 

tnininfl^  is  insutBdent  to  enable  him  to  under-  matter,  and  of  the  forms  of  energy  which  by 
stand  the  natare  of  the  changes  which  occur  in  their  mutual  reactions  constitute  the  universe  as 
the  course  of  his  operations,  he  can  not  deriye  it  is  manifest  to  our  five  senses.    Working  as  a 
any  advantage  from  technical  instruction.    These  chemist  in  the  laboratory,  the  author  had  found 
neiiiarks  will.  I  hope,  serve  to  emphasize  a  dis-  the  induction  spark  often  of  great  service  in  dis- 
tinction which  exists  between  tecnnical  chem-  criminating  one  element  from  another,  as  well 
istryandothertechnical  subjects .  .  .  The  reason  as  in  indicating  the  presence  of  hitherto  un- 
for  this  difference  in  the  mode  of  treatment  of  known  elements  in  other  bodies  in  quantities  far 
chemical  subjects  is  not  difficult  to  find.    The  too  minute  to  be  recognized  by  any  other  means, 
chemical  technologist — the  man  who  is  engaged  In  this  way  chemists  have  discovered  thallium, 
in  the  manufacture  of  useful  products  out  of  gallium,  germanium,  and  numerous  other  ele- 
certain  raw  materials — is,  so  far  as  the  purely  ments.    On  the  other  hand,  in  the  examination 
scientific  principles  are  concerned,  already  at  a  of  electrical  reactions  in  high  vacua  various  rare 
very  advanced  stage,  although  he  may  not  real-  chemical  elements  become  in  turn  tests  for  recog- 
ize  this  to  be  the  case.    The  chemistry  of  manu-  nizing  the  intensity  and  character  of  electric 
lecturing  operations,  even  when  these  are  of  an  energy.    Electricity,  positive  and  negative,  effect 
apparently  simple  kind,  is  of  a  very  high  order  respcKBtively  different  movements  and  luminosi- 
of  complexity.     There  are  many  branches  of  ties.    Hence  the  behavior  of  the  substances  ui>on 
chemical  industry  in  which  the  nature  of  the  which  electricity  acts  may  indicate  with  which 
chemical  changes  undergone  by  the  materials  is  of  these  two  kinds  we  have  to  deal.    In  other 
very  imperfectly  understood ;  tnere  is  no  branch  physical  researches  both  electricity  and  chemistry 
of  chemical  industry  of  which  the  pure  science  come  into  play  simply  as  means  of  exploration, 
can  be  said  to  be  thoroughly  known.    For  these       Chemical    Physics. — A  laboratory   of   low 
reasons  I  believe  that  I  am  justified  in  saying  temperatures  has  been  established  by  Prof.  Pictet 
that  the  chemical  technologist  is  working  at  a  at  ^rlin  by  the  aid  of  which  new  conditions 
high  level,  so  far  as  the  science  of  his  subject  is  for  investigating  the  properties  of  matter  are 
concerned,  and  this  explains  why  he  can  not  be  realized,  and  new  facts  have  been  brou&:ht  to 
dealt  with  by  the  analytical  method."  li^ht  in  various  branches  of  science.    The  re- 
MM.  Lecoq  de  Boisbaudran  and  A.  de  Lap-  fngerating  machinery  is  designed  to  withdraw 
parent  claim  priority  in  the  discovery  of  the  pe-  heat  from  the  objects  under  observation,  and  to 
riodic  law  of  the  chemical  elements  for  M.  B^^-  keep  them  as  long  as  may  be  reouired  at  any  de- 
yer  de  Chancourtois,  Chief  Engineer  and  Assist-  sired  temperature  between  —  20^  and  —  200^  C. 
ant  Professor  of  Geology  in  the  School  of  Mines,  Of  the  refri|^rating  processes  at  the  command 
who,  on  April  7, 1862,  presented  to  the  Academy  a  of  the  experimenter,  that  by  the  evaporation  of 
paper  **  On  a  Natural  Classification  of  the  Simple  liquids  is  preferred.    The  apparatus  is  adapted 
or  Kadical  Bodies  entitled*  The  Telluric  Screw,*"  to  the  production  of  three  stages  of  low  teni- 
and  followed  it  with  other  communications.  The  perature,  for  each  of  which  special  machinery 
telluric  screw  was  a  device  for  graphically  repre-  is    provided.     For  the  first  stage   the    Pictet 
senting  the  relations  of  the  atomic  weights,  from  lii^uid — a  mixture  of  sulphurous  and  carbonic 
the  examination  of  which  it  appeared  that  those  acids — is  used ;  for  the  second,  laughing  gas ;  for 
relations  corresponded  for  the  most  part  to  real  the  third  stage,  liquefied  atmospheric  air,  the 
analogies  in  the  properties  of  the  corresponding  evaporation  of  which  causes  (he  tnermometer  to 
elements.    Mr.  ^hn  Newland's  first  publication  fall  below  —  200"  C.   Under  the  experiments  with 
on  the  subject  was  made, July  80, 18&4,  the  pub-  these   apparatus  a  remarkable   difference  was 
lioations  of  Profs.  Mendeleef  and  Lothar  Meyer  noticed  m  the  radiation  of  heat    Material  eon- 
of  their  independent  and  simultaneous  discov-  sidered  as  non-conducting  does  not  appear  to 
err  of  the  same  truth  were  made  later.  affect  much  the  passage  of  heat  into  a  body  cooled 
Yhose  compounds  are  called  tautomeric  by  down  to  below  —  100* ;  or,  as  Prof.  Pictet  ex- 
L«ar  which  apparently  react  in  a  manner  indi-  presses  it,  "  the  slow  oscillations  of  matter  which 
cated  by  two  constitutional  formulie  differing  constitute  the  lowest  degrees  of  heat  pass  more 
from  one  another.    It  is  assumed  that  in  such  readily  through  the  obstruction  of  a  so-called  non- 
bodies  the  atoms  oscillate  between  two  different  conductor  than  those  corresponding  to  a  higher 
portions  of   equilibrium.     This    interpretation  temperature,  just  as  the  less  intense  undulations 
does  not  permit  the  use  of  the  term  constitutional  of  the  red  light  are  better  able  to  penetrate 
formula  in  its  proper  sense  which  would  permit  clouds  of  dust  or  vapor  than  those  of  tne  blue." 
onlyoneof  those  positions  recognized  from  allied  It  is  mentioned,  as  an  example  of  the  methods 
reactions)  to  be  considered  correcK    The  other  which  the  refrigerating  machine  permits  the  in- 
position  would  not  belong  to  the  substance  per  vestigator  to  employ,  that,  in  oraer  to  measure 
«,  because  the  reactions  according  to  which  it  the  elasticity  of  mercury,  Prof.  Paalzow  had  the 
has  been  derived  have  caused  a  change  of  posi-  metal  cast  into  the  shape  of  a  tuning-fork  and 
tion  of  the  atoms  within  the  moleciile.    Incor-  frozen  hard  enough  for  the  purpose  in  view.    On 
rpct  formulation  of  the  chemical  equations  for  this  occasion  it  appeared  that  quicksilver  can  be 
these  reactions  may  be  the  reason  for  the  appar-  shown  in  a  crystallized  state  in  fern-like  crystals, 
ent  contradiction  of  the  principles  of  structural  The  most  important  application  of  the  refriger- 
chemistry  which  these  phenomena  of   change  ating  machinery  is  in  the  purification  of  chloro- 
within  the  molecule  offer.  form,  by  which  that  exceedingly  unstable  sub- 
In  his  presidential  address  before  the  Institu-  stance  becomes  a  practically  unchangeable  liquid, 
tion  of  Electrical  Engineers,  Dr.  William  Crookes  Sulphurous  ether  is  also  produced  in  a  hitherto 
spoke  of  electricity  as  a  tool  by  the  judicious  use  unknown  degree  of  purity, 
of  which  we  may  gain  some  addition  to  our        Liquid  oxygen  has  been  hitherto  described  as 
scanty  knowledge  of  the  atoms  and  molecules  of  colorless,  and  so  it  appears  to  he  in  thin  layers ; 


110  CHEMISTRY. 

bat  M.  Olszewski,  in  the  coarse  of  his  investiga-  of  pyrites  contained  in  the  coaL     The  heat 

tion  of  the  absorption  spectram,  has  obtained  a  given  off  b^  the  combustion  of  pyrites  would 

sufficient  Quantity  of  the  liquid  30  millimetres  not  be  sufficient  to  raise  the  temperature  of  the 

thick,  and  nas  discovered  that  it  possesses  a  blue  adjacent  coal  to  the  ignition  pomt.    The  cause 

color  like  that  of  the  sky.    The  direct  experi-  of  spontaneous  ignition  is  to  be  found,  on  the 

ments  on  its  absorption  spectrum  show  that  this  other  hand,  rather  in  its  power — especially  when 

color  is  exactly  what  one  would  expect  from  its  finely  divided— of  absorbing  oxygen,  which  causes 

nature.    The  author  suggests  that  the  blue  color  the  slow  combustion  of  some  of  the  hydrocarbon 

of  the  sky  may  be  simply  due  to  the  atmospheric  constituents  even  at  ordinary  temperature.    The 

oxygen,  which'  in  gaseous  layers  of  such  extent  action  may  increase  under  favorable  conditions 

may  exhibit  the  same  color  as  when  compressed  until  ignition  of  the  coal  results.    The  risk  is 

into  a  few  centimetres  of  liauid.    Apart  from  greatest  with  large  masses  of  coal  and  with  the 

the  discussion  of  this  debatable  subject,  the  fact  ordinary  air  supply  on  board  ships.    The  oxida- 

is  of  interest  to  chemists  that  ordinary  oxygen  tion  increases  rapidly  with  the  ignition  temper- 

and  its  condensation  eJlotrope,  ozone,  when  com-  ature  of  the  coal,  so  that  coal  fires  are  found  to 

pressed  into  the  liquid  state,  are  thus  related  as  occur  most  often  on  ships  frequenting  tropical 

to  color,  the  former  possessing  a  light-blue  and  climates.    It  may  be  rouehly  estimated  that  the 

the  latter  a  deep-blue  tint.  absorbing;  power  of  a  coal  for  oxygen  is  propor- 

The  results  oi  an  examination  of  the  proper-  tional  to  its  power  of  taking  up  moisture.    Frot. 

ties  of  liquid  chlorine  have  been  publisned  by  Bedsen  said,  in  the  discussion  of  Prof.  Lewes's 

Dr.  Knictsch,  of  Ludwi^rshafen,  in  Liebig*s  "An-  paper,  that  in  heating  coal  dust  at  various  tem- 

nalen."    The  work  included  the  determination  of  peratures  up  to  140**  G.  he  had  noticed  that  in 

the  vapor  density  of  liquid  chlorine  at  tempera-  some  cases  combustible  gases  were  given  off  by 

tures  from  —  88°  C.  to  +146*"  0.  (its  cntical  the  coal. 

point),  a  complete  examination  of  its  behavior  Cumulative  evidence  has  been  gathered  by  Sir 
near  the  critical  point,  and  the  determination  of  Henry  Roscoe  and  Mr.  Scudder  of  the  deposi- 
its  specific  gravity  and  coefficient  of  exoansion  tion  of  iron  by  burning  water  gas  (which  con- 
for  a  range  of  temperature  between  —  80**  and  sists  of  carbon  monoxide  and  hydrogen)  upon 
+  80**.  Liquid  chlorine  generallv  appears  to  the  appurtenances  of  the  burners  and  upon 
possess  a  yellow  color.  When,  however,  the  whatever  objects  or  substances  it  comes  in  con- 
color  of  a  long  column  is  examined  it  is  found  to  tact  with.  The  amount  of  the  deposit  appears 
have  a  distinctly  orange  tint  The  absorption  to  increase  with  the  time  the  gas  has  been 
spectrum  does  not  exhibit  any  characteristic  stored  in  an  iron  cylinder,  till  at  length  the 
bands,  but  the  blue  and  violet  portions  of  the  gas  becomes  smoky  on  burning.  Upon  passing 
spectrum  are  completely  absorbea,  and  the  trans-  some  of  this  gas  through  a  tube  cooled  with  ice 
m  it  ted  spectrum  thus  consists  of  the  red,  orange,  a  few  drops  of  a  turbid  liquid  were  obtained, 
yellow,  and  green.  The  pressure  is  given  for  which  consisted  chiefly  of  iron  carbonyl.  The 
every  five  degrees  up  to  w"  C,  and  thence  for  turbidity  disappeared  on  the  addition  oi  hydro- 
every  ten  degrees  up  to  the  critical  point,  3*66  chloric  acid.  It  is  thus  evident  that  iron  car- 
atmospheres  at  0*",  5*75  atmospheres  at  15**,  11*5  bonyl  is  produced  in  the  cold  by  the  action  of 
atmospheres  at  40",  and  93*5  atmospheres  at  the  carbon  monoxide  contained  in  the  water  gas 
the  cntical  point,  146**.  Some  very  interesting  upon  the  iron  of  the  containing  cvlinder  A 
results  were  obtained  in  determining  the  critical  similar  deposit  of  metallic  iron  has  been  found 

goint,  the  yellowish-green  color  of  chlorine  per-  on  the  steatite  burners  from  which  ordinary  coal 

aps  assisting  in  rendering  the  appearance  of  pa  is  burned,  and  this  points  to  the  existence  of 

what  has  sometimes  been  termed  the  fourth  state  iron  carbonyl  in  our  common  illuminating  gas. 

of  matter  between  the  liquid  and  the  gaseous  This  conclusion  is  strengthened  by  the   fact 

more  distinct  than  usual.    At  140°  C.  extremelv  mentioned  by  Dr.  Thome  that  coal  gas  which 

small  bubbles  began  to  be  developed  through  has  been  compressed  in  iron  cylinders  and  al- 

the  mass  of  the  liquid,  at  t44°  the  hitherto  sharp  lowed  to  stand  for  some  time  is  unfit  for  lantern 

meniscus  began  to  disappear,  and  at  145**  the  projection  on  account  of  the  deep  stain  of  iron 

presence  of  a  liauid  was  evident  only  by  the  that  is  found  upon  the  lime  cvlinders. 
more  intense  yellow  color  and  the  higher  re-        Dr.  William  Crookes  described  at  the  meeting 

fractive  power  of  the  lower  portion  of  the  tube,  of  the  British  Association  his  experiments  on  the 

At  146**  the  contents  of  the  tube  were  homogene-  electrical  evaporation  of  metals  and  alloys.  Films 

ous  throughout,  the  critical  point  being  attained  of  ^old,  silver,  and  platinum  were  thus  obtained 

and  the  liquid  converted  into  a  gas.    On  cool-  whichcouldbepeeledoff  from  the  glass  on  which 

ing,  the  condensation  always  began  below  146**,  they  were  deposited  and   were  nomogeneous. 

with  the  fbrmation  of  a  cloud  and  a  fine  rain  of  Different  metals  treated  thus  evaporate  at  dif- 

minute  yellow  spheres  of  liquid  chlorine.    Liquid  ferent  rates.    A  few,  including  aluminum  and 

chlorine  is  proved  to  be  a  very  expansible  sub-  magnesium,  seem  to  be  non-volatile.    It  is  thu.< 

stance.    The  coefficient  of  expansion  at  80°  C.  is  possible,  in  the  case  of  the  gold  aluminum  alloy 

already  0<)0346,  nearly  eq^ual  to  that  of  gaseous  discovered  by  Prof.  Roberts-Austen,  to  separate 

chlorine,  and  is  rapidly  increasing,  so  that  be-  a  large  portion  of  the  gold  from  the  aluminum 

fore  the  critical  temperature  of  1&*  is  attained  by  electrical  evaporation, 
the  coefficient  of  expansion  will  be  considerably       C.  T.  Heycock  and  E,  H.  Neville  record  the 

higher  than  that  of  the  gas.  results  of  experiments    in    the  application  of 

The  experiments  of  Prof.  Vivian  fi.  Lewes  on  Raoult's  theorem — that  the  solution  of  any  sub- 

the  spontaneous  ignition  of  coal  led  him  to  re-  stance  in  any  solvent  lowers  the  freezing  point 

ject  the  explanation    of   Berzelius,  which  at-  of  the  solvent  in  a  fixed  degree — to  the  dissolu- 

tributes  spontaneous  ignition  to  the  oxidation  tion  of  metals  in    metala     Making   tin   the 


CHEMISTRY,  111 

solrent,  they  found  the  law  the  same  as  in  of  hydrogen,  and  the  peroxide  then  combined 
IUoaIt*8  experiments  with  other  substances,  viz.,  with  the  whole  of  the  hydrochloric  acid  to  form 
that  the  fall  in  temperature  of  the  solidifying  a  definite  **  solution  compound,"  represented  by 
point  is  directly  proportional  to  the  weight  the  formula  2HClHtOt.  It  is  interesting  to  ch- 
added, and  that  the  fall  in  temperature  is  in-  serve  that  suitably  decomposed  chlorine  water 
Tersely  as  the  atomic  (or  molecular  f)  weight  of  or,  in  its  stead,  a  mixture  of  CHC1+HC10+ 
tbe  metal  added.  The  experiments  were  tried  HClOi  in  a  proper  {}roportion  of  water  has  the 
with  zinc,  copper,  silver,  caamium,  lead,  mercury,  property  of  absorbing  energy  by  exposure  to 
alaminum,  and  antimony  dissolved  in  tin.  The  light,  very  much  like  that  possessed  by  the  green 
temperature  rose  with  antimony,  while  alaminum  leaves  of  plants. 

produced  a  fall  only  half  as  great  as  the  other       New  Sabstances. — A  new  antiseptic,  said  to 
elements.  possess  certain  decided  advantages  over  those 
The  resalts  of  experiments  on  the  crvstalliza-  nitherto  in  use,  has  been  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion  of  liquid  films  are  published  by  Prof.  Tito  tion  of  the  French  Academy  of  Medicine  by 
Martini,  oi  Venice.    He  nnds  that  a  strong  sola-  Prof.  Berlioz,  of  Grenoble.    It  is  called  micro- 
tion  of  sodium  sulphate,  when  cooled  to  near  its  cidine,  and  is  a  compound  of  naphthol  and  soda, 
saturation  point,  possesses  a  viscous  character  It  is  neither  poisonous  nor  irritant,  is  twenty 
that  enables  it  to  form  a  thin  film  on  a  metallic  times  as  active  as  boric  acid,  and  is  much  more 
ring.    On  rapid  evaporation,  such  a  film  crystal-  soluble  than  thymol  or  carbolic  acid.  It  is  a  gray- 
lizes  to  an  open  lattice-work  of  minute  crystals,  ish-white  powder.     A  solution  of  three  grammes 
which  preserve  their  transparencv  for  some  time  to  the  litre  of  water  is  slightly  colored,  but  it 
and  then   effloresce   and   crumble  to   powder,  does  not  soil  the  hands  or  bandages.    On  ac- 
Evea  more  satisfactory  results  were  ohtained  count  of  its  safety  and  strength  it  is  claimed  to 
with  a  transparent  film  of  liquid  sulphur ;  while  be  especially  adapted  to  family  use. 
experiments  with  ammonium  chloride  and  sodi-        A  new  compound  of  iron  and  carbon  monox- 
um  hyposulphite  were  unsuccessful.  ide,  analogous  to  a  nickel  compound  previously 
The  glow  of  phosphorus  is  ascribed  by  T.  E.  described  by  Messrs.  Mond,  Langer,ana  Quincke, 
Thorpe  to  the  "  depaded  combustion  "  of  phos-  has  been  obtained  by  Mr.  Berthelot.    To  prepare 
pborous  oxide,  which  is  formed  whenever  phos-  it,  carbon  monoxide  is  led  over  iron  in  a  very 
phorus  is  exposed  to  the  air.    When  phosphorus  finely  divided  state,  free  from  admixed  oxide,  at 
IS  placed  in  oxygen,  or  in  an  atmosphere  con-  a  temperature  of  45^  C.  when  it  issues  in  the 
taining  oxygen,  under  such  conditions  that  it  form  of  a  gas.    It  is  anticipated  that  by  the  aid 
volatilizes.  Uie  phosphorus  oxidizes,  partly  into  of  this  volatile  compound  some  furnace  reactions, 
phosphoric  oxide  and  partly  into  pnosphorous  as  yet  little  understood,  may  be  elucidated.    M. 
oxide.    Ozone  is  formed,  and  this  reacts  upon  Berthelot  is  of  the  opinion  that  it  majr  help  to 
the  residual  phosphorous  vapor  and  the  phos-  explain  the  formation  of  bubble  flaws  in  manu- 
phorons  oxide,  with  the  production  of  the  lumin-  facturcd  iron,  which  have  f reouently  led  to  un- 
cus effect  to  which  the  element  owes  its  name,  fortunate  results.    M.  Berthelot  also  describes 
The  glow  itself  is  nothing  but  a  slowly  burning  several    new    reactions    of    nickel-carbonyl  —  a 
flame,  having  an  extremely  low  temperature,  liquid  boiling  at  46**  C,  which  is  so  volatile  that 
caused  by  the  chemical  union  of  oxygen  with  its  vapor  tension  at  16"  C.  is  given  as  a  quarter 
the  vapors  of  phosphorus  and  phosphorous  oxide,  of  an  atmosphere.    A  drop  placed  upon  a  glass 
By  suitable  means  this  glow  can  be  gradually  plate  rapidly  volatilizes,  the  portion  last  to  dis- 
augmented  till  it  passes  by  regular  gradations  appear  being  for  a  few  moments  cooled  down  by 
into  the  active  vigorous  combustion  which  we  the  evaporation  of  the  first  portion  to  such  an 
ordinarilj  associate    with  fiame.     Many    sub-  extent  as  to  form  beautiful  little  crystals.  When 
stances,  m  fact,  may  be  caused  to  phosphoresce  suddenly  heated  to  70*"  C,  it  detonates,  the  de- 
in  the  same  way.    Prof,  Thorpe  and  A.  E.  Sut-  tonating  reaction  being  expressed  by  the  equation 
ton.  in  a  later  paper,  give  a  more  minute  descrip-  Ni(C0)4  =  2C0t  -I-  2C  -i-  Ni,    When  mixed  with 
tion  of  phosphorous  oxide,  and  show  that  it  has  oxygen,  simple  agitation  over  mercury  of  the 
a  well-marked  physiological  effect.   It  is  possible  tube  containing   it    brings    about    detonation, 
that  the  action  attributed  to  phosphorus,  espe-  When  oxygen  is  given .  slow  access  to  the  liquid 
cially  as  r^ards  its  influence  on  the  glycogenic  oxide  a  solid  substance  is  formed,  which  is  green 
functions  of  the  liver  and  on  tissue  cnange,  is  if  the  oxygen  is  moist  and  brownish  yellow  if  it 
really  due  to  this  substance.  is  dry.    In  contact  with  oil  of  vitriol  the  liquid 
A  research  earned  on  by  Dr.  G.  Gore  with  the  compound,  after  appearing  unaffected  for  a  few 
aid  of  the  voltaic  balance  shows  that  the  decom-  moments,  suddenly  explodes  with  production  of 
position  of  chlorine    water    b^  light  may  be  flame.    With  nitrous  oxide,  bright-blue  fumes 
divided  into  two  essentially  different  parts,  or  arc  produced  which  fill  the  vessel  and  eventually 
periods,  of  chemical  change.    During  the  first  subside,  forming  a  blue  solid, 
period  a  very  great  and  gradual  loss  of  voltaic        The  tannin  of  chestnut  wood  has  been  stud- 
energy  occurs,  attended  by  formation  of  hydro-  ied  from  specimens  prepared  by  himself  from 
chloric,  hydrochlorous,  and  chloric  acids.   During  the  beginning  by  Prof.  Henry  Tnmble  and  found 
the  second  period  a  moderate  and  slow  increase  closely  to  resemble  gallotannic  acid  in   phys- 
of  voltaic  energy  takes  place,  accompanied  by  ical  and  chemical  properties.     It  decomposes  at 
decomposition  of  the  hydrochlorous  and  chloric  200*  C.  intopyrogallic  and  metagallic  acids,  giv- 
acids,  a  further  formation  of  hydrochloric  acid,  ing  an  abundant  crop  of  crystals  of  the  former  sub- 
and  the  production  of  peroxide  of  hydrogen,  stance.    Each  of  the  three  fractions  in  which  it 
Cnder  the  influence  of  prolonged  sunlight  the  was  obtained  was  estimated  for  sugar.   The  first 
whole  of  the  oxygen  of  the  hydrochlorous  and  was  found  to  contain  10*48,  the  second  7*08,  and 
chloric  acids  united  with  water  to  form  peroxide  the  third  6*18  per  cent,  of  glucose.    An  acetyl 


112  CHEMISTRY. 

derivative  was  prepared  which  in  many  respects    by  Traube,  of  Berlin,  is  obtained  when  solations 
resembled  pentacetyl  tannin.  of  sulphuric  acid  containing  at  least  40  per  cent. 

Some  very  interesting  properties  and  reactions  of  acid  are  subjected  to  electrolysis  as  a  crystal- 
of  the  chlorides  of  selenium  are  described  by  M.  line  deposit  upon  the  anode.  It' is  not  the  anhy- 
Chabri^.  Treating  the  telrachloride  as  prepared  dride  of  an  acid,  but  a  neutral  oxide  of  a  sioii- 
by  Berzelius  for  determination  of  vapor  density,  lar  character  to  hydrogen  peroxide.  In  wat«r  it 
two  molecules  of  the  substance  were  dissociated  parts  with  its  oxygen  readily  and  is  reduced  to 
at  360^  C.  into  one  molecule  of  SetCU  and  three  ordinary  sulphuric  acid.  It  is  stable  in  a  mod- 
molecules  of  chlorine.  The  subchloride,  SesCU,  erately  concentrated  solution  of  sulphuric  acid, 
is  a  much  more  stable  body,  and  may  be  distilled  It  is  but  a  weak  oxidizing  agent,  but  under  cer- 
unchanged  at  860^  C.  Determinations  of  the  tain  circumstances  acts  as  a  powerful  reducing 
density  of  its  vapor  yield  values  closely  approxi-  agent. 

mating  to  7*95,  tne  theoretical  density  of  a  mole-        Two  gaseous  fluorides  of  carbon,  the  tetrafluor- 

cule  of  the  formula  SesCU.    Other  interesting  ide,  CF4,  and  the  difluoride,  CsF4,  have  been 

reactions  were  observed  between  selenium  tetra-  isolated  by  M.  Moisson  and  M.  Chabri^.    Fluor- 

chloride  and  benzine.    When  the  two  substances  ine  directly  attacks  carbon  with  varying  degrees 

are  brought  together  for  reaction,  the  selenium  of  energy,  according  to  the  form  in  which  the 

tetrachloride  is  decomposed  as  when  it  is  heated  carbon  is  presented.    Pure  lampblack  instantly 

to  SOO"*  C,  the  liberated  chlorine  reacting  with  becomes  incandescent  throughout.    The  action 

the  benzine  to  form  several  chlorbenzines,  and  on  the  other  forms  of  carbon  is  slower  in  propor- 

all  the  selenium  remaining  in  the  form  of  Ses-  tion  to  their  density,  and  in  the  harder  varieties 

CU.    When  the  benzine  and  ScCU  are  brought  has  to  be  assisted  at  first  by  the  application  of 

together  in  the  presence  of  aluminum  chloride,  heat    The  products  of  combination  are  gener- 

on  treating  the  mixture  with  water,  separating  ally  ^seous  mixtures  of  the  two  fluorides.    The 

and  distilling  the  oil  obtained,  three  distinct  f  rac-  t«tranuoride  is  a  colorless  gas  that  liauefles  un- 

tions  may  be  collected.    The  first  is  monochlor-  der  a  pressure  of  five  atmospheres  at  10"  C,  is  ab- 

benzine :  the  second,  at  227^-228'*  C.  under  a  re-  sorbea  and  decomposed  by  an  alcoholic  solution 

duced  pressure,  consists  of  phenyl  selenide,  a  vel-  of  potash  into  potassium  fluoride  and  carbonate, 

low  oil  of  specific  gravity  1*45  at  19'6°  C.    I'he  and  is  slightly  soluble  in  water  and  more  readily 

third  fraction,  boiling  between  245**  and  250**  C,  so  in  car^n  tetrachloride,  alcohol,  and  benzine, 

consists  of  another  new  compound,  Ses(CtHft)a-  The  most  convenient  way  of  preparing  it  depends 

CeHiCl.    It  is  a  red  oil,  of  specific  gravity  1*55  on  the  reaction  of  silver  fluoride  ana  the  vapor 

at  lO-O**  C.    On  allowing  it  to  stand,  it  deposits  of  carbon  tetrachloride.    A  gas  obtained  by  al- 

yellow  crystals  of  a  compound  of  powerful  odor,  lowing  fluorine  to  stream  through  red-hot  car- 

which  may  be  obtained  rccrystallized  from  alco-  bon  appears  to  be  the  C1F4  described  by  M. 

hoi  111  long  rhombic  prisms.   This  substance  is  se-  Chabne. 

leno-phenol,  CeH»SeII,  analogous  to  thiophenol        Fluoride  of  methyl,  CHiF,  obtained  by  MM. 

and  mercaptan,  and  in  alcoholic  solution  readily  Moisson  and  Merlaus  by  the  action  of  methyl 

reacts  with  salts  of  mercury  and  silver.  iodide  on  fluoride  of  silver,  is  a  gas  that  liquefies 

A  new  gaseous  compound  of  nitrogen  and  hy-  at  ordinary  temperatures  under  a  pressure  of 

drogen  has  been  discovered  by  Dr  Theodore  Curt-  32  atmospheres,  is  slightly  soluble  in  water,  and 

ius,  having  the  composition  HN|,  and  has  been  more  reaaily  so  in  methyl  iodide  or  methyl  alco- 

called  by  him,  after  its  derivation,  azoimide.  The  hoi,  is  very  stable,  and  saponifies  with  great  dif- 

gas  dissolves  in  wat«r  with  great  avidity,  forming  ficulty.    It  is  also  obtained,  but  of  inferior  puri- 

a  solution  which  possesses  strong  acid  properties,  ty,  by  the  action  of  pentafluoride  of  phosphorus 

and  dissolves  many  metals,  such  as  zinc,  copper,  on  methyl  alcohol. 

and  iron,  with  evolution  of  hydrogen  gas  and        Another  fiuoride  of  methyl,  isobutyl  fiuoride, 

formation  of  nitrides,  the  metal  taking  the  place  C4H9F.  prepared  by  the  action  of  isobutyl  iodide 

of  the  liberated  hydrogen.    In  view  of  this  prop-  upon  silver  fiuoride,  is  colorless,  and  in  the  liquid 

ertv,  the  name  azoimide   is  regarded  as    not  condition  mobile,  and  boils  at  16*  0.    The  gas 

sufhciently    descriptive,    hence     Prof.    Curtius  bums  on  ignition  with  deposition  of  carbon  and 

proposes  instead  StxekstoffwassersioJfHdure^  for  the  formation  of  clouds  of  hydrofiuoric  acid, 

which  the  nearest  English  equivalent  would  be  It  does  not  attack  glass.    M.  Moisson  has  pre- 

hyrazoic  acid.    HNi  possesses  a  fearfully  pene-  pared  by  means  of  the  reaction  of  silver  fluoride 

tniting  odor,  produces  violent  catarrh,  and  re-  with  the  iodides  of  the  corresponding  organic 

sembles  hydrochloric  acid  in  its  affinity  for  water,  radicles  the  fluorides  of  methyl,  ethyl,  propyl, 

Having  isolated  the  new  substance.  Prof.  Cur-  and  butyl,  and  finds  them  in  each  case  more 

tius  and  Herr  Radenhausen  have  found  it  to  be  stable  than  the  analogous  chlorine  compounds, 
a  clear,  colorless,  and  very  mobile  liquid  of  phe-        Methylene  fiuoride,  CH9F9,  prepared  by  M. 

nomenally  explosive   nature.    The  liquid  pos-  Chabri^,  is  a  gas  obtained  by  heating  methylene 

sesses  the  intolerable  odor  of  the  gas  and  the  chloride  with  silver  fluoride,  has  a  densitv  as 

aqueous  solution.    It  mixes  readily  with  water  compared  with  air  of  1*82,  and  is  absorbed  bv 

and  alcohol.    It  boils — when  the  operator  is  so  alcoholic  potash.    It  completes  a  series  of  which 

fortunate  as  to  carry  out  a  distillation  in  safety  the  chlorine,  bromine,  ana  iodine  members  have 

— without  decomposition  at  87**  C.    But  it  ex-  long  been  known.    M.  Chabrid  has  found  that 

plodes  with  extraordinary  violence  when  sud-  haid  Bohemian  glass  tubes  may  be  used  in  these 

denly  heated  or  when  touched  with  a  hot  bofly,  reactions  with  silver  fluorides,  for  with  them  the 

and  also  sometimes  without  apparent  provoca-  corrosion  is  so  insignificant  that  for  practical 

tion  at  the  ordinary  temperature,  with  produc-  purposes  it  need  not  be  regarded, 
tion  of  a  vivid  blue  flame.  Boron  iodide,  Bfi,  is  prepared  by  M.  Moisson 

The  new  peroxide  of  sulphur,  SO4,  discovered  by  three  methods,  the  most  convenient  of  which 


CHEMISTB7.  113 

is  by  the  action  of  hjdriodic  aoid  on  amorphous  also  be  obtained  by  immersing  heated  articles  in 

boron.    It  appears  in  cnrstals,  colored  reddish  a  solution  of  nickel-<iarbon-ozide  in  such  solvents 

parple  bj  a  small  taint  of  free  iodine,  but,  when  as  benzol,  petroleum,  tar  oils,  etc.,  or  by  apply- 

ponfied,  colorless,  transparent,  and  somewhat  ing  such  solution  to  the  heated  articles  with  tibe 

nacreous.     Exposed  to  light,  they  emit  iodine,  brush  or  otherwise. 

They  melt  at  43**  C.  into  a  liquid  which  boils  un-  Repeating  the  work  of  Messrs.  Mond,  Langer, 
decomposed  at  210^  G.    They  are  exceedingly  and  Quincke  on  the  remarkable  compound  of 
hrgrosoopic,  and  are  decomposed  by  the  moisture  nickel  and  carbon  monoxide,  Ni(C0)4,  M.  Han- 
they  attract,  and  are  instantaneously  decom-  riot  has  found  it  a  highly  poisonous  substance, 
posed  in  contact  with  water.    Boron  iodide  bums  far  more  deadly  than  caroon  monoxide  itself. 
readily  when  heated  in  air  or  oxygen.  Blood  poisoned  by  means  of  it  exhibits  the  char- 
When  boron  iodide  is  acted  upon  by  phos-  acteristic  absorption  spectrum  of  blood  contain- 
§  horns,  boron  phospho-di-iodide  BPIt,  is  pro-  ing  carbon  monoxide.    The  oxygen  of  the  air 
uced.    It   is  a  deep  red  amorphous  powaer ;  diminishes  somewhat  the  poisonous  action  of  the 
melts  between  190°  and  200°  C. ;  when  heated  in  compound,  inasmuch  as  it  promotes  dissociation 
a  vacuum   begins  to  volatilize  about  170°,  the  into  metallic  nickel  and  carbon  monoxide, 
vapor  condensing  in  the  cooler  part  of  the  tube  Mr.  Waldron  Shapleigh  exhibited  at  a  recent 
in  red  crystals :  is  very  hygroscopic  and  rapidly  meeting  of  the  Franklin  Institute,  Philadelphia, 
decomposed  by  water;  bums  spontaneously  in  some  forty  specimens  of  salts  of  what  are  called 
chlorine ;  and  mflames  when  slightly  warmed  in  the  rare  earths,  with  minerals  from  which  they 
oxygen.  are  obtained,  viz.,  samarskite,  zircon  crystals, 
A  second  phospho-iodide  of  boron  is  repre-  and  monazite  sand  from  North  Carolina,  mona- 
sented  bv  the  formula  BPI,  and  is  formed  by  the  zite  sand  from  Brazil,  gadolinite  from  Texas, 
action  ox  sodium  or  magnesium  on  a  solution  of  and  allanite  from  Virginia.    This  was  the  first 
the  di-iodide  just  descnbed,  or  by  heating  that  time  the  salts  of  praseodymium  and  neodymium 
subbtance  to  160°  C.  in  a  current  of  hydrogen,  have  been  shown  and  probably  separated  m  this 
It  is  obtained  as  a  bright-red  powder,  somewhat  coiintry ;  the  separation  of  these  elements  is  long 
hygroscopic    It  volatilizes  in  a  vacuum  without  and  teaious.    The  specimens  shown  had  under- 
f asion  at  about  210*  C,  and  the  vapor  condenses  gone  nearly  400  fractional  distillations,  and  had 
when  cooled  into  omnge-colored  crystals.  Heat^i  been  in  a  state  of  constant  preparation  since 
to  redness,  it  decomposes  into  free  iodine  and  early  in  1888.    Tons  of  cerite  and  monazite  sand 
phosphide  of  boron,  BP.   Bv  the  continued  action  had  been  used,  and  tons  of  the  salts  of  cerium  and 
of  diy  hydrogen  upon  the  heated  compound,  the  lanthanum  obtained,  but  the  yield  of  praaeo- 
iodide  and  a  portion  of  the  phosphoms  are  re-  dymium  was  only  a  few  kilogrammes.    Tne  per- 
moved  and  a  new  phosphide  of  boron,  BtPi,  is  centage  of  neodymium  was  much  higher.    Zir- 
obtained.  conium,  lanthanum,  and  cerium  should  no  longer 
A  specimen  of  iron-carbon-oxide  was  exhibited  be  classed  among  rare  earths,  as  hundreds  of 
at  the  British  Association,  obtained  by  Messrs.  tons  of  ores  from  which  they  are  obtained  have 
"Mond  and  Ijanger  as  an  amber-colored  liquid,  been  located  in  North  Carolina,  and  there  seems 
which,  on  standing,  deposits  tabular  crystals  of  no  end  to  the  deposits  of  monazite  sand,  one  of 
a  darker  color  and  solidifies  below  —  21°  C.  to  a  the  richest  ores,  and  containing  most  of  the  rare 
mass  of  needle-shaped  crystals.    It  boils  at  102°  earths.    In  Brazil  it  does  not  nave  to  be  mined, 
C  but  leaves  a  small  quantity  of  green-colored  as  it  is  in  the  form  of  river  sand.    In  North 
oil  behind.    Several  analyses  and  vapor-density  Carolina  it  is  found  in  washing  for  gold, 
determinations  have  been  made,  but  it  is  not  yet  A  new  crystalline  carbohydrate,  of  the  com- 
certain  whether  a  pure  substance  has  been  ob-  position  CisHasOie,  called  stachyose,  has  been 
tained  or  a  mixture  of  several  iron  carbonyls.  extracted  by  Drs.  Von  Planta  and  Schulze  from 
Specimens  of  nickel-carbon-oxide  and  metallic  the  bulbs  of  JStachys  iuberifera.    The  crystals 
nickel  obtained  from  it  were  exhibited  by  Ludwig  and  their  aqueous  solution  possess  a  faint,  sweet, 
Mond  at  the  meeting  of  the  British  Association,  sugar-like  taste,  and  the  solution  in  water,  which 
and  an  account  was  given  of  the  discovery  and  is  of  neutral  reaction,  rotates  the  plane  of  polarl- 
properties  of  the  compound.    Chemically,  nickel  zation  strongly  to  the  right.    From  its  proper- 
carbonyl  is  very  inactive,  and  experiments  made  to  ties  it  is  assigned  to  the  group  of  carbohydrates 
introduce  the  carbon  vl  group  by  its  means  into  or-  called  by  Prof.  Tollens  crystallizable  polysaocha- 
ganic  substances  had  Men  uniformly  unsuccess-  rides,  in  which  are  included  raffinose  or  mellitose, 
luL    Experiments  were  described  that  had  for  gentianose,  and  lactosine.    Stachjrose  resembles 
their  object  the  direct  extraction  of  nickel  from  lactosine  very  closely,  especially  in  the  forma- 
its  ores  by  means  of  carbon  monoxide.    As  long  tion  of  galactose  on  inversion,  but  is  distinguished 
as  the  nickel  was  combined  with  arsenic  or  sul-  from  it  by  its  lower  dextro-rotatory  power, 
phar  thejprocess  was  successful  on  a  laboratory  An  important  series  of  new  compounds — ^the 
scale.    The  ore,  matte,  or  speiss  was  calcined,  ketazines— has  been  obtained  by  Prof.  Curtius, 
reduced  by  water  gas  at  450°,  cooled  down  to  a  resulting  from  the  action  of  hydrazine  hydrate 
suitable  temperature,  and  treated  with  carbon  upon  ketones.    The  simplest  of  these,  which  is 
monoxide  in  a  suitable  apparatus.    On  exposing  obtained  by  the  action  of  hydrazine  hydrate 
a  heated  surface  to  the  gas  containing  nickef  upon  acetone,  is  a  clear  liouid  possessing  a 
carbon-oxide,  it  is  possible  to  produce  direct  from  sharp  odor  somewhat  resembling  that  of  alka- 
such  gas  articles  of  solid  nicKel  or  goods  jplated  loid  coniine.     By  employing  other  ketones,  a 
with  nickel,  resembling  in  every  way  those  ob-  large  number  of  the  Ketazines  have  been  pre- 
tained  by  galvanic  deposition  of  metals,  and  re-  pared.     Those   containing   fatty   radicles   are 
producing  with  the  same  exactitude  and  fineness  liquids,  and  those  containing  aromatic  groups 
any  design  upon  such  articles.    This  result  can  are  solids.    The  lowest  members  only  dissolve  in 

TOL.  XXXI. — 8  A 


114  CHEMISTBT. 

water,  with  a  solubility  rapidly  decreasing  with  strontium,  chlorate,  Tanadiam  chloride,  red  and 

increase   of  carbon  atoms.     Acids  decompose  black  oxides  of  manganese,  and  bismuth  chlo- 

them  in  the  cold,  with  assimilation  of  water,  ride  destroyed  the  rubber;  ferrous  nitrate,  sodi- 

into  their  constituents,  but  they  are  compara-  um  nitrite,  uranium  nitrate,  and  ammoDium 

tively  stable  toward  alkalies.    Light  exerts  a  vanadate  considerably  damaged  its  elasticity; 

decomposing    action   upon    them  ;    specimens  lead  chromate,  ferrous  sulphate,  zinc  acetate  and 

f>laced  in  bright  sunshine  rapidly  become  yel-  chloride,  tin  peroxides  and  perchloride,  chromic 

ow.    Reducing  agents  are  witnout  action  upon  acid,  and  lead  borate  only  sliehtly  damaged  it. 

them,  and  they  appear  further  to  be  incapable  Copper  salts  were  found  to  damage  it  even  in 

of  reducing  either  Fehling*s  solution  or  (except  minute  quantities  and  in  proportion  to  the  quan* 

after  long  ooiling)  ammoniacal  solutions  of  sil-  tity  of  copper  present.     EIxperiiAents  on   the 

▼er  salts.  action  of  different  cloths  and  cloths  of  different 

New  Processes. — India-rubber  is  usually  vnl-  colors  likewise  demonstrated  the  injurious  effect 

canized  by  heating  it  with  sulphur  until  chemical  of  copper.    Of  acids  of  a  strength  to  neutralize 

combination  takes  place.    A  different  method  is  equal  parts  of  a  lO-per-cent  solution  of  anhy- 

pursued  in  mfjcing  cloth  for  waterproof  garments,  drous  sodium   carbonate,  nitric  acid  was   de- 

The  cloth  is  washed  with  a  solution  of  chloride  structive,  while  hydrochloric,  sulphuric,  chromic, 

of  sulphur  in  bisulphide  of  carbon,  when  the  fa-  citric,  and  tartaric  acids  were  not ;  but  rubber 

brie  is  heated  to  evaporate  away  the  excess  of  those  soaked  in  the  strongest  sulphuric-acid  solution 

substances.    The  chemical  action  in  the  process  containing  10  per  cent  of  acid  was  destroyed  on 

is  supposed  to  be  represented  by  a  combination  being  heated  to  212°  F.    Peroxide  of  hydrogen 

of  the  sulphur  with  the  India-rubber,  producing  appeared  to  be  neutral  in  effect,  while  ozone 

vulcanization,  and  of  the  chlorine  with  the  hy-  had  been  previously  found  to  be  destructive, 

drogen  to  produce  hydrochloric  acid.    This  re-  The  opinion  of  manufacturers  that  over-masti- 

action,  Mr.  William  Thomson  believes,  is  not  cation  of  India-rubber  is  injurious  was  not  borne 

the  correct  one,  while  the  reverse  is  probably  out  by  the  experiments. 

more  in  accordance  with  the  facts,  viz.,  that  the  Having  found  that  gold  can  be  completely 
chlorine  of  the  sulphur  chloride  combines  with  precipitated  by  the  electric  current  from  its 
the  India-rubber  to  produce  vulcanization,  while  double  cyanides,  Edgar  F.  Smith  and  F.  Muir 
the  sulphur  is  left  free  or  onlv  partially  in  com-  attemptea  to  decide  what  metals  can  be  sepa- 
bination  with  the  rubber.  Mr.  Thomson  sup-  rated  from  gold  in  this  manner.  Their  experi- 
ports  this  view  by  citing  certain  results  of  his  ments  were  satisfactorily  successful  in  the  sepa- 
own  experiments.  A  suostitute  for  India-rub-  ration  of  gold  from  copper,  from  cobalt,  from 
ber  which  is  much  used  is  produced  bv  acting  nickel,  from  zinc,  and  from  platinum,  and  of 
on  vegetable  oils  with  the  solution  of  chloride  of  silver  and  mercury  from  platinum.  With  cad- 
sulphur  in  bisulphide  of  carbon.  The  oil  be-  mium  the  precipitate  was  never  free  from  plat- 
comes  converted  into  a  solid  substance  some-  inum.  The  electrolytic  separation  of  zinc  irom 
what  resembling  India-rubber,  but  more  brittle,  mercury,  cadmium,  and  silver  in  a  solution  of  ^ 
Mr.  Thomson's  analyses  of  this  substance  have  potassium  cyanide  was  effected  without  diffl-* 
invariably  shown  it  to  contain  a  much  greater  culty. 

proportion  of  chlorine  than  of  sulphur.  The  To  detect  contamination  of  water  with  sew- 
process  is  therefore  probably  a  vulcanization  by  a£;e,  Peter  Griess  dilutes  paradia  -  benzol  sul- 
chlorine  rather  than  by  sulphur.  The  substi*  pnuric  acid  with  100  parts  of  water  and  adds  a 
tutes  contain  considerable  quantities  of  oily  mat-  little  soda  lye  in  excess.  The  solution  roust  be 
ters  soluble  in  water,  which  have  also  been  found  used  when  freslL  as  it  soon  becomes  colored 
to  be  chlorine  and  sulphur  compounds  of  the  spontaneously.  If  when  it  is  introduced  into 
oils.  These  oily  matters  are  supposed  by  some  the  water  no  change  of  color  takes  place  within 
manufacturers  to  be  injurious  to  tne  rubber,  but  five  minutes,  the  total  absence  of  oiganic  secre- 
the  author  has  found  that  it  rather  acts  as  a  tions  or  products  of  decomposition  may  be  in- 
preservative  of  it.  Copper  salts  exert  an  injuri-  f erred.  A  yellow  color  shows  the  presence  of 
ous  effect  on  India-rubber,  and  cloth  that  has  such  matter  in  proportions  corresponding  with 
been  dyed  with  them  is  destructive  to  a  coating  its  tone.  With  this  test  the  author  has  made 
which  may  be  placed  upon  it  very  delicate  detorminations. 

The  authors  William  Thomson  and  Frederick  A  method  of  making  phosphorous  oxide  by 
Liewis  continued  their  experiments  on  the  action  burning  phosphorus  in  the  air  is  described  by  Prof, 
of  copper  and  other  metals  and  their  salts  on  T.  E.  Thorpe  and  A.  E.  Tutton.  Pure  phosphor- 
India-rubber.  A  sheet  of  India-rubber  was  us  oxide  crystallizes  in  thin  monoclinic  prisms, 
spread  on  paper  and  vulcanized.  The  sub-  melts  at  23*5%  solidifies  at 21^,  and  boils  uncnanged 
stances — filings  of  metals  or  solutions  of  salts—  in  an  atmosphere  of  nitrogen  or  carbon  dioxide 
were  placed  upon  small  squares  of  the  rubber  at  173^  When  heated  at  800**  it  decomposes,  and 
and  exposed  to  a  heat  of  i40°  F.  for  ton  days,  is  converted  into  phosphorus  and  phosphorous 
when  the  rubber  on  each  square  was  tosted.  tetroxide.  It  is  readily  acted  on  by  light  and  in 
Copper  was  found  to  have  a  destructive  effect  bright  sunshine  turns  yellow  and  eventually  dark 
far  beyond  that  of  the  other  metals.  The  fol-  red.  Cold  wator,  contrary  to  the  usual  statement 
lowing  metals  were  destructive  in  the  order  in  of  the  toxt-books,  has  very  little  action  upon  it. 
which  they  are  mentioned:  Platinum,  palladi-  Hot  water  acts  on  it  with  explosive  violence, 
nm,  aluminum,  and  lead.  Magnesium,  zinc,  cad-  and  the  red  sub-oxide,  phospnoric  acid,  and 
mium,  cobalt,  nickel,  iron,  chromium,  tin,  ar^  phosphoretted  hydrogen  result.  On  exposure  to 
senic,  antimony,  bismuth,  silver,  and  gold  had  the  air  or  oxygen  it  spontaneously  oxidizes  to 
no  effect  upon  the  rubber.  Of  salts,  besides  phosphorous  pentoxtde.  with  a  faint  luminous 
those  of  copper,  arsenic  iodide,  silver  nitrate,  glow  if  the  pressure  is  diminished.    It  has  well- 


CHEMISTRY.  115 

marked  physiological  effects,  and  some  of  the  weight  of  osminm  hare  heen  completed,  and  give 

action  heretofore  attributed  to  phosphorus  is  a  final  mean  value  of  190*3.    The  settlement  of 

probablj  due  to  it.    So  also  is  the  smell  that  this  question  is  regarded  as  very  important,  in- 

usually  accompanies  phosphorus,  whose  vapor  as  asmuch  as  it  removes  the  last  outstanding  exoep- 

sach  is  believed  by  SchSnbein  to  be  odorless.  tion  to  the  periodic  generalization.    On  the  sup- 

A  process  for  extracting  oil  patented  by  W.  position  that  the  chemical  and  physical  proper- 

T.  Forbes  consists  in  treating  oleaginous  ma-  ties  of  the  elements  are  functions  of  the  atomic 

terial  with  a  solvent,  then  expelling  the  dissolved  weight,  the  atomic  weights  of  the  four  metals  of 

oil  and  solvent  from  the  mass  by  centrifugal  the  gold-platinum  group  should  increase  from 

force ;  introducing  steam  to  vaporize  any  of  the  that  of  osmium  up  to  that  of  gold.    The  accepted 

solvent  remaining  in  the  residuum ;  and  drying  atomic  weights  of  these  metals  previous  to  1878 

the  same  by  applying  centrifugal  force.     Au  stood,  however,  in  the  reverse  order.    At  that 

the  different  steps  of  the  process  are  applied  time  Seubert  took  up  the  problem.    The  ato- 

while  the  material  operated  upon  is  contained  in  mic  weights  of  the  several  suDstances  were  giad- 

tbe  revolving  chamber  of  a  centrifugal  machine,  ually  corrected,  and  they  now  stand :  Osmium, 

In  his  coiorimetric  method  for  determining  190*3 ;  iridium,  192*5 ;  platinum,  194*3 ;  and  gold, 

tannin  in  barks,  S.  J.  Hinsdale  prepares  a  ferric  196*7 — ^an  order  fullv  m  accord  with  the  grada- 

lioaor  by  adding  solution  of  ferric  chloride  to  tion  of  chemical  ana  physical  properties  of  the 

solution  of  potassium  ferrocyanide.    A  tannic  substances. 

solution  is  then  made.  The  substance  in  which  The  atomic  weight  of  rhodium  has  been  rede- 
tbe  tannin  Ls  to  be  determined  is  brought  in  con-  termined  by  Prof.  Seubert  and  Dr.  Kobb^,  of  the 
tact  TTith  a  little  boiling  water,  and  the  solution  University  of  TUbingen,  with  an  accuracy  which 
is  diluted  with  cold  water.  Six  fiat-bottomed  is  reg^arded  as  leaving  no  doubt  that  the  value 
glasses  are  set  upon  white  paper,  and  in  the  first  of  this  constant  has  been  arrived  at  within  the 
are  put  5  drops  of  the  solution  to  be  titrated ;  ordinary  limits  of  inevitable  experimental  error, 
into  the  others  are  put,  respectively,  4,  5,  6,  7,  The  experiment  was  made  by  reaucing  the  heated 
and  8  drops  of  the  solution  of  tannin.  To  each  ammoniacal  salt  Khs(NHt)i«Clc  in  a  current  of 
are  then  added  5  o.  c.  of  the  ferric  liquor.  After  pure  hydrogen  to  metallic  rhodium.  The  mean 
the  lapse  of  3  minutes  the  experimenter  observes  of  ten  experiments  gave  0  =  15*96,  Rh  102*7 ;  or 
the  tint  of  the  tannin  solution  which  corresponds  0  =  16*103.  Rhodium  therefore  retains  the  place 
most  closely  with  the  solution  under  examination,  in  the  periodical  system  marked  out  for  it  by  its 
For  the  rapid  estimation  of  arsenic  in  ores,  F.  chemical  behavior,  between  ruthenium,  101*4, 
W.  Boam  uses  a  modific^ktion  of  the  *'  Uranium  and  palladium,  106*3,  and  in  the  same  vertical 
acetate  method,'*  which  is  applicable  to  all  ores  group  as  its  analogue  iridium, 
containing  arsenic,  and  whicn  are  attacked  by  Prof.  F.  P.  Venable  advocates  making  0  =  16 
HXO4.  The  author  has  tested  it  against  other  the  standard  of  reference  for  the  atomic  weights, 
methods,  and  finds  it  superior  to  all  for  rapidity  Hydro^n,  although  its  small  atomic  weight 
and  accuracy.  makes  it  the  most  convenient  unit,  does  not  fur- 
Atomic  vfeirhts. — ^The  Committee  of  Re-  nish  a  convenient  standard,  because  the  ratio  of 
vision  and  Publication  of  the  Pharmacopoeia  of  the  atomic  weight  of  only  a  few  of  the  elements 
the  United  States  has  published  a  table  of  ato-  can  be  compared  directly  with  it.  While  the 
roic  weights,  prepared,  at  its  request,  by  Prof.  F.  exact  ratio  of  oxygen  to  hydrogen  (usually 
W.  ClarKe,  upon  the  basis  of  the  most  recent  written  0=15*96)  would  furnish  the  most  suitable 
data  and  his  latest  computations.  The  com-  standard  were  it  fixedly  determined,  its  selection 
mittee  regards  it  as  highly  desirable  for  this  would  not  be  wise,  because  it  is  still  liable  to 
table  to  be  adopted-  and  uniformly  followed  by  correction.  Since  extreme  exactness  is  unattain- 
ehemists  in  j^eneral,  at  least  for  practical  pur-  able  and  a  compromise  is  necessary,  the  selection 
poses,  till  it  IS  superseded  bv  a  revised  edition;  suggested  offers  the  solution  freest  from  objection, 
and  it  requests  that  all  calculations  and  analyti-  *'  The  atomic  weights  are  but  relative  numbera 
cal  data  which  are  to  be  given  for  its  use  or  cog-  To  be  in  any  respect  constants,  thev  must  be  rel- 
ntzance  be  based  upon  Uie  values  in  the  table,  ative  to  but  one  single  element.  With  but  few 
The  basis  to  which  all  the  atomic  weights  in  the  exceptions,  the  ratio  to  oxygen  can  be  deter- 
table  are  referred  is  O  =  16.  mined.     In  revision  of  atomic  weights,  then, 

In  their  estimation  of  the  atomic  weight  of  this  should  receive  the  chief  attention.*' 

magnesium,  W.  M.  Burton  and  L.  D.  Vorce  em-  The  determination  of  the  atomic  weight  of 

ployed,  in  order  to  obtain  magnesium  of  excep-  lanthanum  by  Dr.  Brauner,  of  Prague,  is  con- 

tional  purity,  a  method  similar  to  that  described  tradictory  to  Winkler's  hypothesis  that  the  ele- 

bv  Dr.  H.  N.  Morse  for  the  preparation  of  pure  ment  should  be  regarded  as  tetravalent,  with  an 

zi'nc  by  distillation.    Weighed  portions  of  this  atomic  weight  of  180,  instead  of  being,  as  has 

pure  metal  were  converted  into  the  nitrate,  and  hitherto  been  accepted,  trivalent,  with  an  atomic 

this  was  ignited  to  the  oxide.    Thus  the  errors  weight  of  138*5.    Dr.  Brauner  reasoned,  from 

arising   from    the  presence  of  impurities  and  the  determinations  of  the  specific  heat  of  Ian- 

those  involved  in  determining  the  impurities  and  thanum,  that  the  old  figure  was  correct,  and  then 

correcting  them  are  believea  by  the  authors  to  proceeded  to  redetermine  the  atomic  weight.  His 

have  been  avoided.    The  atomic  weight  given  by  experimental  method   consisted   in  converting 

this  process  was  24*211.     Perfect   crystals  of  known  weights  of  the  oxide  into  sulphate.    His 

magnesium  were  obtained  during  the  experiments  value  obtained  for  the  atomic  weight  of  the  ele- 

and  made  objects  of  study,    .^rom  them  mag-  ment  is  138*2,  which  keeps  it  in  its  old  place  in 

nesiam  appears  to  be  more  closely  related  to  the  trivalent  group  of  the  periodic  system  marked 

benrllium  in  its  crystal  form  than  to  zinc.  off  for  it  by  its  basic  properties. 

Prof.  Seubert*8  determinations  of  the  atomic  The  atomic  weight  of  beryllium  has  been  de- 


116  CHEMISTRY. 

termined  by  Drs.  ErOss  and  Moraht  by  means  bol.    In  cotton  seed  the  proportion  of  lecithin 

of  what  is  probably  the  purest  oxide  ever  pre-  to  the  total  fatty  bodies  is  very  small,  yet  about 

pared.    The  value  obtained,  9'05,  is  rery  nearly  50  per  cent  of  tnose  substituted  glycendes  were 

a  whole  number,  being  nearer  to  0  than  any  left  in  the  material  after  extraction  with  ether 

Yalue  ever  previously  obtained.    It  therefore  ap-  for  &  period  of  fifteen  hours.    In  certain  other 

pears  that  the  whole  number  9  is  more  nearlv  varieties  of  seeds,  such  as  the  legumes,  beans, 

approached  the  purer  the  materials  are  with  peas,  vetches,  etc.,  the  total  ether  and  alcohol 

which  the  experiment  is  performed — ^a  result  extracts  were  composed   of   lecithins  varying 

that  has  an  important  bearing  in  favor  of  Prout's  from  25  to  45  per  cent 

hypothesis.  The  method  of  J.  Weirich  for  detecting  col- 

The  atomic  weight  of  copper  has  been  deter-  oring  matters  fraudulently  added  to  wine    is 

mined  by  T.  W.  Richards  from  the  analysis  of  founded  on  the  action  of  air  and  light  upon  the 

cuprio  bromide,  and  found — ^that  of  silver  being  coloring  matters  of  wine  spread  out  in  an  ex- 

10§— to  be  68*644.  tremely  thin  layer.    The  wine  is  applied  with  a 

Relations  have  been  detected  bv  M.  Prud'-  brush  upon  a  piece  of  paper  of  good  quality 
horn  me  between  the  shades  obtained  by  the  use  which  is  not  pervious.  It  is  kept  for  an  instant 
of  mordants  in  dyeing  and  the  atomic  weights  in  contact  with  the  paper,  which  is  then  drained 
of  the  substances.  The  shades  appear  to  under-  off  and  let  dry.  The  coloring  matters  of  wine 
gp  continuous  variations,  which  appear  very  dis-  give  the  paper  a  different  tone  from  those  of 
tinct  by  the  side  of  Mendeleefs  classification  of  the  coloring  matters — vegetable,  animal,  or  arti- 
the  elements  in  natural  groups  and  periodic  se-  tificial — which  serve  for  the  sophistication  of 
ries.  From  numerous  experiments  made  with  wines.  The  natural  colors  of  wine  and  veget&- 
some  thirty-six  elements,  the  author  concludes  ble  colors  are  transformed  upon  paper,  each  ac- 
that  in  each  of  Mendeleefs  groups,  if  we  con-  cording  to  its  nature.  The  artificial  colors  are 
sider  the  terms  of  the  periods  of  the  even  or  odd  transformed  either  very  slightly  or  not  at  all. 
rank,  there  is  a  continuous  variation  in  a  deter-  The  process  of  A.  Pagnoul  depends  on  the  prop- 
mined  direction  from  blue  to  red  or  from  red  to  erty  of  soap  lyes  to  destroy  the  natural  coloring 
blue.  The  author  continues  his  paper  with  more  matter  of  wines  without  giving  them  the  green- 
specific  accounts  of  the  variations.  ish  tint  communicated  by  other  alkaline  solu- 

Chemlcal  Analysis. — Prof.  Roberts- Austen  tions  and  without  affecting  strange  colors.  For- 
expressed  an  apprehension  in  his  address  at  the  eign  coloring  matters  which  are  not  decomposed 
chemical  section  of  the  British  Association  that  by  alkalies  at  an  ordinaij  temperature  (like  sa- 
the  wide  range  of  study  upon  which  a  metallur-  f  ran  in,  eosin,  etc.),  or  which  they  turn  to  a  vio- 
gical  student  is  rightly  expected  to  enter  may  let  (like  the  tropeolins  and  cochineal),  are  de- 
lead  to  diminution  in  the  time  devoted  to  ana-  tected  by  L.  Sostigni's  method  by  shaking  the 
lytical  chemistrv,  and  this  most  serious  question,  wine  for  five  minutes  with  a  solution  of  potassa 
he  said,  should  ()e  pressed  upon  the  attention  of  one  tenth  its  volume,  and  pouring  the  liquid 
all  who  are  responsible  for  the  training  of  our  into  a  filter  of  parchment  paper  in  contact  ex- 
future  chemists.  There  can  be  no  Question  that  temally  with  water.  After  some  hours  a  yellow 
sufficient  importance  is  not  attachea  to  the  esti-  liquid  containing  the  oxidation  products  of  the 
mation  of  **  traces,*'  an  analysis  being  considered  tannin  is  diffused.  The  coloring  matters  foreign 
satisfkctory  if  the  constituents  found  add  up  to  to  wine  are  fixed  upon  the  parchment  paper 
09'9.  although  a  knowledge  as  to  what  elements  with  their  own  colors.  Natural  wines  color  the 
represent  the  missing  O'l  may  be  more  useful  in  paper  yellow. 

affording  an  explanation  of  the  defects  in  a  ma-  The  reaction  with  nitric  solution  of  ammo- 

t^rial  than  all  the  rest  of  the  analysis.    This  nium  molybdate  is  applied  bv  G.  Deniges  for 

matter  is  of  growing  interest  to  practical  men,  distinguisliing  arsenical  spots  from  those  of  an- 

and  may  explain  their  marked  preference  for  timony.    The  suspected  spots  are  mixed  with  a 

chemists  who  have  been  trained  in  works  to  few  drops  of  nitric  acid ;  they  dissolve  instantly, 

those  who  have  been  educated  in  a  college  lab-  whether  they^  consist  of  antimony  or  arsenic, 

oratory.  Heat  is  applied  for  a  few  moments  and  a  few 

It  has  been  found  by  Prof.  E.  Shulze,  of  Zu-  drops  of  ammonium  molybdate  in  a  nitric  solu- 
rich,  and  W.  Maxwell,  of  Harvard  College,  that  tion  are  applied.  When  arsenic  is  present,  even 
in  the  estimation  of  fatty  matters  in  vegetable  if  only  in  traces,  a  vellow  precipiUte  soon  ap- 
organisms  the  substituted  glycerides  do  not  be-  pears,  showing  the  forms  of  crystals — fine  yel- 
come  wholly  separated  by  extraction  with  ether  low  stars  with  triangular  branches,  generally  six 
even  in  a  great  duration  of  time.  If  the  mate-  in  number,  arrang^  in  rectangular  planes  ae- 
rials which  had  been  already  extracted  with  cording  to  the  axes  of  a  cube— characteristic  of 
ether  were  still  further  extracted  with  absolute  ammonium  arsenio-molybdate.  Antimony  gives 
alcohol,  another  portion  of  substituted  glycer-  nothing  analogous. 

ides  was  obtained,  which  in  most  instances  was  G.  'N^rtmann  shows  that  in  the  determination 
greater  than  the  amount  separated  by  the  ether,  of  metals  by  electrolysis  of  their  solutions  it  is 
The  process  of  the  alcohol  extraction  consisted  essential,  first,  that  the  metal  be  separated  out 
in  merely  extracting  the  material  already  treated  quantitatively,  as  such  or  in  the  state  of  a  known 
with  ether  and  evaporating  off  the  alcohol,  and  compound;  and,  second,  that  the  precipitate  de- 
re-extracting  the  alcohol  extract  residue  with  tained  forms  a  imiform  coating  on  the  platinum 
ether.  The  reason  for  taking  up  the  lecithins  capsule  used  as  an  electrode  and  adheres  so  firmly 
out  of  the  alcohol  extract  was  that  it  had  been  that  no  loss  takes  place  on  rinsing  with  water 
observed  that  those  lecithins  which  were  orig-  and  alcohol,  and  that  it  undergoes  no  change 
inally  insoluble  in  ether  became  soluble  in  that  during  drying.  Among  the  metals  that  have 
menstruum  when  previously  acted  upon  by  alco-  been  hitherto  determined  electrolytically,  iron. 


CHEMISTRY.  117 

cobalt,  nickel,  zinc,  cadminm,  bismuth,  copper,  it  as  potassinm  carbonate,  as  is  nsnally  done, 

mercurj,  silver,  gold,  tin,  platinum,  and  anti-  This  simplifies  the  operation,  allows  the  analysis 

moDT  bare  been  separated  as  metals,  and  manga-  to  be  quickly  performed,  and  admits  of  greater 

nese  and  lead  as  peroxides.    Some  of  these  metals  accuracy  when  working  with  small  samples, 
present  difficulties  in  electrolysis,  because  they        For  the  complete  separation  of  copper  from 

form  a  uniform  adhesive  stratum  only  if  present  bismuth,  instead  of  the  inconvenient  process  of 

in  small  Quantities.    A  uniform  adhesive  coating  fusion  with  bismuth  sulphide,  Edwara  Matthey 

may  be  obtained  by  adding  such  metals  as  are  recommends  as  an  effective  method  to  fuse  the 

apt*  to  be  deposited  as  a  spongy  mass,  for  which  alloy,  and  at  a  temperature  a  little  above  its 

purpose  mercury  is  convenient.    By  this  method  melting  point  to  add   a  small  proportion  of 

Vortmann  has  made  a  series  of  very  interesting  sodium  monosulnhide. 

electrolyses,  which  are  described  in  detail  in  his        Hydriodic  acia  has  been  found  by  P.  A.  Gooch 

paper  in  the  Beriehte  of  the  Deutsche  Chemiwhe  and  E.  W.  Danner  a  satisfactory 'substitute  in 

(jtMUtthaft  the  separation  of  antimony  from  arsenic  for  the 

The  asbestos  method  of  milk  analysis  as  de-  ferrous  chloride  of  Fischers  original  method  and 

Grribed  by  Thomas  Macfarlane  to  the  Royal  So-  for  the  ferrous  sulphate  of  the  modification  of 

cietT  of  Canada,  in  May,  1887,  has  proved  so  Classen  and  Ludwig.   In  these  methods  the  chlo- 

satisfactory  at  the  Canada  Experimental  Farm,  rides  are  reduced  by  means  of  ferrous  chloride  or 

both  as  to  accuracy  and  rapidity,  that  it  has  ferrous  sulphate  and  ammonio-ferrous  sulphate, 

been  adopted  in  the  laboratory  of  the  farm.    Mr.  and  the  arsenic  is  volatiliased  by  repeated  dis- 

Frank  T.  Shutt  gives  accounts  of  experiments,  tillations  of  the  mixture  with  hyarochloric  acid, 
contrasting  this  process  with  others  in  which  the       Chemieal  Synthesis. — An  effort  toward  the 

total  solids  are  estimated  by  evaporation  in  plati-  solution  of  the  complex  problem  of  the  synthesis 

num  dishes,  and  in  which  the  fat  is  determined  of  the  proteids  has  been  made  b^  P.  SchQtzen. 

bj  wei^hin^  in  flasks  after  exhaustion  of  the  The  autnor  had  determined  in  previous  researches 

milk  solids  m  a  Soxhlet  tube.    In  the  former  ex-  the  terms  resulting  from  the  decomposition  of 

penments  the  solids  obtained  were  higher  by  the  the  proteic  matters  by  hydratation  under  the  in- 

platinum  method,  but  are  believed  to  have  been  fluence  of  bases.    The  question  arose  whether,  in 

too  hi|;h.    It  is  observed  that  while  the  milk  the  inverse  problem,  the  amides  and  amido-com- 

solids  m  the  asbestos  method  are  always  white,  pounds  of  a  relatively  simple  constitution  pro- 

those  in  the  platinum  method  are  more  or  less  duced  in  the  decomposition  could  be  recombmed 

brown,  showing  that  a  change  takes  place  in  the  so  as  to  form  complex  bodies  approaching  the 

latter  process  which  does  not  ensue  by  the  asbes-  proteic  matters  in  constitution  and  the  totality 

tos  method.    In  the  second  series  of  experiments  of  their  chemical  characters.    The  author  solved 

the  results  obtained  by  direct  weighing  were  this  question  in  the  affirmative,  and  succeeded, 

slightly  the  higher  of  the  two.    If  it  be  granted  by  eliminating  water  and  combining  the  ulti- 

that  the  total  solids  and  fat  can  be  accurately  mate  and  crysudlizable  products  derived  from  the 

determined  by  this  method,  Mr.  Shutt's  tables  decomposition  of  albumen  and  fibrin  under  the 

fhow  that  the  results  are  not  variable,  and  that  influence  of  baryta,  in  forming  a  nitrogenous 

Then  duplicates  are  performed  no  large  differ-  compound  presenting  great  analogy  with  the 

enc(^  will  have  to  be  averaged  in  order  to  arrive  peptones,  which  may  rank  in  the  class  of  the 

at  the  truth.  proteic  compounda 

It  is  remarked  by  Mr.  T.  W.  Hogg  that  the        The  mineral  hornblende  has  been  artificially 

method  of  determining  iron  in  its  alloys  by  de-  reproduced  in  well-formed  crystals  by  M.  Kron- 

composing  with  dilute  hydrochloric  or  sulphuric  tschoff.    His  process  essentially  consists  in  di- 

acid,  and  oxidizing  by  means  of  a  standara  solu-  gesting  together  in  the  presence  of  water,  for  a 

tion  of  bichromate  of  potash,  is  liable  to  error  long  period  of  time,  in  a  vacuum,  the  various 

vben  copper  is  present.    In  such  case  the  author  oxides  contained  in  natural  hornblende  amphi- 

advi^cs  solntion  in  dilute  hydrocloric  acid,  add-  boles.    These  ingredients  were  aaueous  solutions 

ing  potassic  chlorate,  and  boiling  to  expel  chlorine  of  silica,  alumina,  ferric  oxide  (all  dialyzed),  pure 

compounds.    The  iron  may  then  be  reduced  by  ferrous  hydrate,  lime  water,  hydrate  of  magnesia, 

means  of  a  solution  of  sodium  sulphite,  and,  and  caustic  soda  and  potash,  in  suitable  propor- 

after  boiling  away  the  excess  of  sodium  sulphite,  tions.    The  mixture,  which  presented  tne  ap- 

adding  the  bichromate  in  the  usual  manner.  pearance  of  a  gelatinous  mud,  was  heated  in  ex- 

For  detecting  metallic  silver  in  the  presence  tiansted  and  sealed  flasks  to  a  temperature  of 

of  lead.  Alexander  Johnstone  suggests  boiling  550"  C.  for  three  months.    At  the  end  of  this 

the  product  obtained  by  heating  the  mineral  time  the  mud  had  become  inuch  darker  in  color, 

with  fusion  mixture  in  nitric  acid ;  neutraliz-  with  numerous  brilliant  little  crystals,  almost 

jug  the  solution  with  sodium  carbonate,  but  leav-  black,  distributed  through  it.    These,  on  exam- 

ing  it  slightly  acid ;  and  inserting  in  the  pre-  ination,  were  found  to  consist  of  flattened  prisms 

pared  solution  a  strip  of  copper  and  one  of  zinc,  identical  in  character  with  hornblende. 
The  lead  of  the  solution  is  deposited  on  the  zinc.        The  compound  3Ti|N,+TiCyt,  which  is  oft- 

and  most  of  the  silver  on  the  copper.    This  is  en  found  in  iron  furnaces  on  smelting  titanifer- 

thcn  tested.    If  no  silver  is  present  in  the  solu-  ous  ores,  may  be  formed*  according  to  C.  Lude- 

tion.  the  copper  foil  when  placed  in  it  is  hardly  king,  of  St  Louis,  in  the  inner  flame  of  a  Bunsen 

coated.  burner,  which  is  made  slightly  luminous  by  a 

The  novelty  in  Herr  J.  Wiborgh's  volumetric  proper  regulation  of  the  supply  of  air.    On  ac- 

method  of  e^imating  carbon  in  iron  consists  in  count  of  the  characteristic  appearance  of  this 

the  direct  measurement  of  the  caibonic  acid  pro-  compound,  very  small  quantities  of  titanic  acid 

duoed  from  the  oxidation  of  the  carbon  in  the  can  De  quickly  detected.    The  snbstance  in  ques- 

sample  under  investigation  instead  of  weighing  tion  is  dissolved  with  a  little  sodium  carbonate 


118  CHEMISTRY. 

in  the  loop  of  a  thin  platinum  cone,  and  all  the  experimental  results  and  with  ^neral  ideas  to 

sodium  is  volatilized  in  the  inner  flame.    If  ti-  suppose  that  the  nodule-bactena  fixed  free  ni- 

tanium  is  present,  the  coppery-red  compound  trogen  within  the  plant,  and  that  the  higher 

represented  by  the  formula  is  found,  and  may  be  plant  absorbed  the  nitrogenous  compounds  pro- 

easily  recognized  on  the  platinum  wire.    In-  duced.    In  other  words,  there  was  no  evidence 

versely  the  reaction  serves  for  the  detection  of  that  the  chlorophvllous  plant  itself  fixed  free  ni- 

cyano^n  in  fiames.  trogen,  or  that  the  fixation  takes  place  within 

Indigocarmine,  the  commercially  important  the  soil,  but  it  was  more  probable  tnat  the  lower 

disulphonic  acid  of  indigo,  has  been  syntnetized  organisms  fix  the  free  nitrogen.    If  this  should 

by  UT,  Heymann  at  Elberfeld.     The  reaction  eventually  be  established,  we  have  to  recognize 

consists  meVelv  in  acting  with  excess  of  fuming  a  new  power  of  living  organisms — ^that  of  assimi- 

sulphuric  acia  upon  phenyl  ^rlycocoll,  the  am-  lating  an  elementary  substance.    But  this  would 

line  derivative  of  gly collie,  acid.    The  tints  ob-  onl}rbean  extension  of  the  fact  that  lower  or- 

tained  with  this  product  are  much  superior  in  ganisms  are  capable  of  performing  assimilation, 

beauty  and  clearness,  because  of  its  greater  pu-  a  work  which  the  higher  can  not  accomplish : 

rity,  to  those  obtained  with  even  the  better  kinds  while  it  would  be  a  further  instance  of  lower  or- 

of  commercial  indieocarmine.    Sixtv  per  cent  of  ganisms  serving  the  higher, 

the  theoreticalyiela  of  the  process  nas  been  ob-  According  to  the  researches  of  MM.  Berthclot 

tained  in  Dr.  Hevmann's  experiments.  and  Andr^,  plants  take  up  sulphur  incessantly 

The  mineral  aaubreelite,  or  schreibersite.  has  until    they   flower,  the  relative  proportion  of 

been  artificially  reproduced  by  M.  Stanislas  Meu-  the  element  being  greater  by  one  third  during 

nier  by  treating  at  a  red  heat  with  sulphuretted  the  first  period  of  vegetation.    The  sulphur  in 

hydrogen  (1)  a  mixture  in  the  proper  propor-  the  state  of  organic  compounds  reaches  its  maxi- 

tions  of  ferrous  chloride  and  chromic  chlonde ;  mum  during  inflorescence,  and  then  declines.  It 

(2)  very  finely  powdered  natural  chrome  iron  seems  as  if  the  sulphates  derived  from  the  soil 

ore ;  and  (3)  an  alloy  of  iron  and  chromium,  were  reduced  at  first  and  then  reipnerated  after 

The  last  method  yields  the  best  result  flowering  in  consequence  of  an  internal  oxida- 

A.  Baur  obtains  artificial  musk  by  the  nitration  tion.    But  this  supposes  that  the  sulphur  is  en- 

of  isobutyl toluene.    It  is  a  solid  substance,  crys-  tirely  derived  from  the  soil  in  the  state  of  sul- 

tallizing  in  small  white  laminie,  which  have  the  phates,  while  a  portion  may  be  derived  directly 

pure  odor  of  musk  in  extraordinary  intensity,  from  organic  sulphur  compounds  that  exist  in 

The  process  has  been  patented  and  sold  to  cer-  plenty  in  the  soil.  The  latter  opinion  is  supported 

tain  perfumers  in  Mulhouse.  by  the  fact  that  organic  sulphur  is  found    in 

Assuming  that  methyl  alcohol,  HtCOH,  is  the  Quantity  in  the  root<s,  except  at  the  beginning  of 

primordial  alcohol,  from  which  the  primary,  sec-  nowering.      Toward   the  end  of  fiowering  it 

ondary,  and  tertiary  alcohols  are  derived  by  the  abounds  at  once  in  the  roots  and  stems, 

respective  substitution  of  carbon  radicals  CaHz  The  occasional  existence  of  copper  in  cereals, 

for  one,  two,  or  throe  atoms  of  hydro^ren,  Paul  peas,  beans,  etc.,  as  a  natural  constituent  long 

Henry  has  effected  the  direct  synthesis  of  the  known,  has  been  brought  under  the  attention  of 

primary  alcohols  by  the  reaction  of  the  organo-  Mr.  William  Johnstone  in  a  manner  that  necessi- 

zinc  compounds  upon  the  simple  monoclinic  tated  the  examination  of  a  large  number  of  sam- 

methylic  ethers.  pies  of  wheat  and  barley.    Fifteen  per  cent,  of 

Agrlcnltaral  Chemistry.— The  experiments  the  samples  were  found  to  contain  greater  or 
at  Kothamstead  since  1880  on  the  fixation  of  free  less  proportions  of  copper.  The  author  supposes 
nitrogen  by  papilionaceous  plants  have  been  made  that  it  is  derived  from  the  sulphate  of  copper 
on  annual  plants  and  on  plants  of  longer  life,  with  which  the  ground  is  dressea  for  the  protec- 
In  the  first  experiments  the  results  at  mature  tion  of  the  seed  from  vermin, 
growth,  or  when  the  plants  were  nearly  ripe,  For  the  estimation  of  nitrogen  in  such  fer- 
were  observed.  It  was  found  that  without  mi-  tilizing  substances  as  dried  bloc^,  shoddy,  flesh- 
crobe  seeding  of  the  soil  there  was  neither  for-  ings,  soot,  etc.,  Vincent  Edwards  recommends  as 
mation  of  nodules  on  the  roots  nor  assimilation  an  accurate  and  reliable  method,  and  yet  not  too 
of  free  nitrogen.  In  another  series  of  experi-  costly,  a  modification  of  Kjeldahl's  process,  par- 
ments  the  roots  and  nodules  were  examined  at  ticularly  in  the  apparatus, 
different  stages  of  growth.  The  general  results  Percy  T.  and  (irace  G.  Frankland  have  been 
pointed  to  the  conclusion  that  in  the  case  of  the '  engage!!  during  the  last  three  years  in  endeavor- 
annual  when  the  seed  is  formed  and  the  plant  ing  to  isolate  the  nitrifying  or^nisms.  Nitri- 
is  more  or  less  exhausted  both  the  actual  fication  having  been  in  the  first  instance  induced 
amount  of  nitrogen  in  the  nodules  and  its  per-  in  a  particular  ammoniacal  solution,  was  carried 
centage  in  the  dry  substance  are  greatly  reduced,  on  through  24  generations.  Transferred  to  gel- 
but  that  with  the  plant  of  longer  life,  although  at  in,  the  organism  either  failed  to  grow  there, 
the  earlier-formed  nodules  become  exhausted,  or  growing,  refused  to  nitrify  after  being  passed 
others  are  formed,  making  provision  for  future  through  the  medium.  Experiments  were  then 
growth.  The  facts  at  command  did  not  favor  the  made  in  isolating  the  organism  by  the  dilution 
conclusion  that  under  the  infiuence  of  the  sym-  method :  and,  after  a  large  number  of  experi- 
biosis  the  higher  plant  itself  was  enabled  to  fix  ments,  the  authors  obtained  an  attenuation  of 
the  free  nitrogen  of  the  air  by  its  leaves.  Nor  about  one  millionth  of  the  original  nitrifying 
did  the  evidence  point  to  the  conclusion  that  the  solution  employed,  which  nitrified,  but  on  inoc- 
nodule-bacteria  became  distributed  through  the  ulation  with  gelatin-peptone  refused  to  grow, 
soil  and  there  fixed  free  nitrogen,  the  compounds  and  was  seen  under  the  microscope  to  consist  of 
of  nitrogen  so  produced  being  taken  up  ny  the  numerous  characteristic  bacilli  hardly  longer 
higher  plant.    It  seemed  more  consistent  with  than  broad,  which  may  be  described  as  bacillo- 


CHEMISTRY.  119 

ooocL  Although  the  bacillo-ooccns  obstinately  ture  of  boiling  water  in  order  to  sterilize  it  is 
refuses  to  grow  in  ^latin  when  inoculated  excessive.  Experiments  have  shown  that  in  the 
from  these  dilute  media,  it  produces  a  character-  majority  of  cases  the  steriJization  is  complete  in 
istic  thoDgh  slow  growth  in  broth.  Nitrification  half  an  hour  or  less  time, 
was  also  induced  in  ammoniacal  solutions  by  in-  An  albumose  and  a  ptomaine  have  been  iso- 
oculatiDR  from  such  broth  cultivations.  lated  by  B.  A.  von  Scnweinitz  from  the  prod- 
Chemistry  of  Foods. — When  milk  is  ster-  nets  severally  of  the  germs  of  the  hog  cholera 
ilized  by  heating  in  loosely  plugged  flasks  im-  and  the  swine  pla^ie.  The  names  sucholoioxin 
roersed  u  a  steam  bath,  surface  evaporation  does  and  tuehohaihumxn  have  been  given  to  the  sub- 
not  oocar,  and  little  or  no  pellicle  is  formed  on  stances  derived  from  the  hog-cholera  cultures, 
the  surface.  Dr.  A.  R.  Leeas  has  found  that  the  and  suolagaioxin  and  auplagoalbumin  to  those 
differences  in  the  behavior  of  raw,  boiled,  and  derived  from  the  swine-plague  cultures.  A  subcu- 
Eterilized  milk  when  treated  with  dilute  acid  taneous  injection  of  a  smallquantity  of  these  sub- 
were  not  as  striking  as  had  been  anticipated,  stances  is  sufficient  to  produce  death  in  guinea- 
But  when  ordinary  raw  milk  was  diluted  with  20  pigs  in  from  twenty-four  to  forty-eight  hours, 
times  its  volume  of  water  and  the  precipitate  If,  however,  a  much  smaller  quantity  is  injected 
was  filtered  oflf,  the  dilute  acid  filtrate  gave  on  and  the  injection  is  repeated  a  number  of  times, 
boiling  an  additional  precipitate.  MilE  which  the  animals  are  protected  from  the  correspond- 
had  been  heated  for  an  hour  (sterilized)  or  ing  disease  when  communicated  by  direct  mocu- 
boiled  for  half  an  hour  behaved  differently.  It  lation  with  the  germ.  The  author  and  Dr.  W.  H. 
gave  a  lar^r  amount  of  precipitate  with  dilute  Gray  have  also  produced  great  resistance  and  sub- 
acid, but  yielded  no  further  precipitate  on  boil-  sequently  immunity  from  diphtheria  in  guinea- 
ing  the  filtrate.  Plate  cultures  of  Swiss  con-  pigs  by  first  treating  them  with  the  chemical 
densed  milk  showed  it  to  be  entirely  sterile,  no  piquets  obtained  from  cultures  with  the  germ, 
bacterial  colonies  appearing  in  it  when  the  plates  Two  persons  in  Mansfield,  Ohio,  having  been 
were  kept  several  days.  Polariscopic  determina-  made  sick  by  eating  pie  made  from  canned  pump- 
tions  were  made  of  the  amount  of  milk-sugar  kin,  the  attending  physician  pronounced  the  case 
present  after  each  heating ;  the  raw  milk  con-  one  of  lead  poisoning.  A  specimen  of  the  canned 
taSned  4*18  per  cent  No  change  could  be  per-  pumpkin  was  examined  by  Prof.  H.  A.  Weber, 
ceived  till  the  end  of  six  hours  in  the  steam  who  found  that  it  contained  an  amount  of  stan* 
bath,  when  the  sterilized  milk  had  become  nous  salts  equivalent  to  6*4  maximum  and  51*4 
strongly  brownish  yellow,  like  an  infusion  of  minimum  doses  of  stannous  chloride  per  pound, 
coffee  to  which  a  laige  amount  of  milk  had  been  Another  can  from  the  same  lot  contained  tin 
added,  and  the  percentage  of  milk-sugar  had  salts  equivalent  to  7  maximum  and  66  minimum 
fallen  to  3*94.  It  then  st^bdily  diminished  until  doses  of  stannous  chloride  per  pound.  The  un- 
st  the  end  of  forty-eight  hours  the  milk-sugar  had  expected  large  amount  of  tm  salts  in  such  an  in- 
disappeared.  The  process  of  heating  to  prepare  sipid  article  as  canned  pumpkin,  and  the  ill  ef- 
the  sterilized  condensed  milks  of  commerce  is  fects  of  the  consumption  of  the  viand,  suggested 
not  carried  far  enough  to  lower  perceptibly  their  the  advisabilitv  of  extending'  the  investigation 
percentage  of  milk-sugar.  This  is  shown  by  to  other  canned  goods  in  common  use.  A  line 
an  analysis  of  both  an  American  and  a  Swiss  of  articles  was  purchased  in  open  market  as  sold 
preparation,  concerning  which  it  is  remarked  to  consumers,  no  pains  being  taken  to  procure 
that  the  composition  of  the  two  milks  is  sur-  old  samples.  The  collection  embraced  fhiits, 
prisingly  simitar  when  we  consider  that  the  cat-  vegetables,  fish,  and  condensed  milk.  Except 
tie  fed  on  the  Swiss  Alps  and  in  the  West  the  condensed  milk,'  every  ariicle  examined  was 
em  State  from  which  tne  American  sample  contaminated  with  salts  of  tin.  In  most  cases 
came  were  of  different  breed,  and  that  their  the  amount  present  was  so  large  that  there  could 
feeding,  care,  etc.,  were  also  widely  diverse,  be  no  doubt  of  danger  to  health  from  the  con- 
Condensed  milk*  properly  prepared  is,  in  fact^  sumption  of  the  food. 

sterilized  milk  in  a  concentrated,  convenient.  The  experiments  of  Dr.  J.  H.  Qarrett  as  de- 
and  portable  form.  It  is  important  to  compare  scribed  in  his  book  on  '*  The  Action  of  Water  on 
it  with  sterili^  milk,  prepared  and  sola  in  Ijead,'*  show  that  if  a  water  is  fairly  pure  it  will 
sterilized  flasks,  but  without  condensation,  act  upon  lead  or  dissolve  it  to  a  certain  extent. 
Samples  of  a  particuhu*  brand  of  sterilized  milk  even  if  no  acid  is  present.  The  author  observed 
obtained  in  midsummer  exhibited  a  separation  that  distilled  waters  that  are  neutral  or  even  veiy 
or  fats  in  masses  of  considerable  size.  Bv  mod-  faintly  alkaline  can  act  upon  lead.  The  lead,  it 
crate  warming  and  shaking  this  fat  could  be  par-  seems,  derives  the  oxygen  necessary  for  its  cor- 
tially  diffused  through  the  milk,  but  not  in  such  rosion,  not  so  much  from  the  free  oxygen  or  any 
a  manner  as  to  bring  the  steriHized  milk  back  to  other  oxygenous  gas  existing  in  solution  in  the 
the  appearance  of  oidinary  milk,  or  of  milk  water,  as  From  nitrates  and  nitrites  present.  The 
on  which  the  cream  has  risen  on  standing  and  quantity  requisite  for  action,  at  least  in  the  ab- 
then  has  been  shaken  up  again  with  the  milk,  sence  of  anv  alkaline-earthy  carbonates,  is  ex- 
Samples  obtained  in  DcK^mber  did  not  exhibit  tremely  small.  Its  origin  may  be  sought  '*  in  the 
thU  appearance,  but  resembled  rich  milk ;  and  decomposition  of  the  organic  matter  which  such 
the  separation  of  the  fat  in  the  former  case  was  waters  invariably  contain." 
probably  due  to  the  samples  having  been  kept  A  new  method  proposed  b^  Raoul  Bmll^  for 
for  some  time  in  the  laboratory.  The  most  detecting  olive  oil  and  seed  oil  in  natural  butters 
striking  feature  of  the  samples  was  their  high  and  oleomargarine  depends  on  the  changes  of 
percentage  of  solids.  The  author  is  of  the  color  produced  by  contact  with  solution  of  silver 
opinion  that  the  period  of  one  hour  usually  nitrate  in  ethylic  alcohol.  Olive  oils  sooner  or 
reoommeikted  for  Keeping  milk  at  the  tempera-  later  take  a  fine  green  color,  which  is  lighter  la 


120  CHEMISTRY. 

the  superior  qualities ;  pure  ootton-seed  oil  is  suboxide  or  to  a  corresponding  snbsalt,  the  sil- 
turned  black ;  oil  of  eartn-nuts  {Arciehia)  takes  a  Ter  presents  itself  in  one  of  its  allotropic  states, 
red-brown  color  and  finally  turns  green,  losing  The  facts  on  which  this  conclusion  is  based  lead 
its  transparency ;  oil  of  sesame  takes  a  deep-  to  the  question  whether  silver  exists  in  its  sub- 
red  color  and  remains  reddish ;  oil  of  colza  takes  salts  in  the  allotropic  form.  Among  the  facts 
yellowish-green  colors  and  becomes  turbid ;  nat-  that  support  this  view  is  the  rich  and  varied 
ural  butter  preserves  its  natural  color ;  oleo-  coloration  of  the  subsalts  corresponding  to  the 
margarine  becomes  a  brick  red,  and  this  mav  be  variety  of  color  of  allotropic  silver,  while  the 
detected  even  in  samples  containing  as  little  as  normal  salts  when  formed  with  colorless  acids 
5  per  cent,  of  margarine.  are  mostly  colorless.    On  the  other  hand,  the 

A  discussion  in  the  American  Chemical  So-  greater,  activity  of  allotropic  silver  and  its  less 

oiety  at  its  annual  meeting  for  1801  resulted  in  specific  gravity  seem  to  indicate  a  simpler  molec- 

the  conclusion  that  carbonate  of  ammonia  is  the  mar  constitution  than  that  of  normal  silver. 

best  substance  of  the  kind  for  use  in  making  To  obtain  a  fuller  knowledge  of  the  behavior 

bread  and  in  baking-powders.      Ammonia,  it  of  palladium  toward  the  electric  current,  Eldgar 

was  said,  makes  the  gluten  of  the  fiour  more  F.  Smith  and  Harry  F.  Keller  first  experimented 

soluble,  to  the  consequent  improvement  of  the  in  the  electrolysis  of  the  double  cyanide  in  an 

bread  in  digestibility.    Because  of  its  extreme  excess  of  potassium  cyanide.    Metallic  deposi- 

volatility,  the  salt  is  completely  expelled  from  tion  did  not  occur  until  after  the  expiration 

the  bread  in  the  process  of  hiakinff.    Experi-  of  thirty-six  hours,  or  till  the  excess  of  potas- 

ments  by  Prof.  J.  W.  Mallet  show  uirther  that  slum  cvanide  had  been  converted  into   tdkar 

the  ammonia  serves  to  neutralize  any  oiganio  line  carbonates.    The  deposition  was  black,  but 

or  lactic  acid  present  in  the  fiour.  the  precipitation  was  not  at  all  complete.    No 

Vegetable  transformations,  according  to  M.  deposition  of  oxide  was  noticed  on  the  positive 
Em.  Bourquelot,  go  on  in  mushrooms  even  after  pole.  With  a  feeble  current  acting  on  a  solution 
they  are  gathered,  and  may  in  a  few  hours  affect  of  palladious  chloride  in  the  presence  of  a  large 
the  disappearance  of  trehalose  and  the  produc-  excess  of  potassium  sulpho-cyanide,  the  deposi- 
tion of  mannite.  The  autJior  has  therefore  taken  tion  was  exceedingly  rapid,  accompanied  with 
the  precaution  of  plunging  his  mushrooms  into  noticeable  spongy  spots,  and  black.  The  next 
boihng  water  immediately  after  they  are  gath-  attempt  was  made  with  palladamonium  chloride, 
ered,  so  as  to  arrest  lUl  change.  in  just  sufficient  ammonium  hydroxide  to  retain 

A  manufactory  of  spurious  coffee  has  been  de-  it  in  solution.    The  precipitation  was  incomplete 

tected  at  Lille,  at  whicn  were  used  15  kilogrammes  after  a  night  of  action,  but  a  deposition  at  the 

of  chickory,  85  kilogrammes  of  fiour,  and  500  positive  pole,  which  first  gradually  increased  in 

grammes  of  iron  sulphate—the  last  to  imitate  massand  assumed  a  black  color,  had  disappeared; 

the  natural  color  of  the  grain.     Luster  was  and  in  all  instances  where  the  ammonium  hy- 

given  by  means  of  an  oil.  droxide  was  in  decided  excess  the  precipitation 

Miacellaneons.— Continuing   his   investiga-  of  oxide  at  the  positive  pole  was  not  observed, 

iions  of  allotropic'  silver,  Mr.  M.  Carey  Lea  has  The  palladium  thrown  out  upon  the  platinum 

found  that  the  gold  and  copper  colored  forms  on  dish  m  these  experiments  being  very  slow  in  dis- 

the  one  hand,  and  the  blue,  bluish-green,  and  solving,  the  platinum  dishes  were  in  subsequent 

steel  forms  stand  in  close  relations  to  each  other,  experiments  first  coated  with  a  layer  of  silver. 

Both  are  capable  of  passing  into  the  yellow  in-  In  these  experiments,  of  which  six  are  described, 

termediate  form  indifferent  to  reagents.    Blue  the  precipitations  were  complete,  the  differences 

silver  can  also  be  converted,  through  the  agency .  between  the  amounts  found  and  the  amounts 

of  sulphuric  acid,  into  yellow  at  ordinary  tem-  calculated  coming  within  the  limit  of  error,  and 

S3ratnres,  with  retention  of  its  active  properties,  the  deposits  were  bright,  metallic,  and  dense, 

y  other  experiments  the  author  finds  that  from  without  sponginess. 

a  single  solution,  and  using  one  substance  only  as  Continuing  his  experiments  •  in   electrolytic 

a  precipitant,  the  whole  range  of  different  forms  separations,   Mr.   Smith,   assisted    by   Lee '  K. 

of  allotropic  silver  can  be  obtained,  by  simplv  Frankel,  acting  iipon  the  observation  made  in 

varving  tne  proportions  of  the  precipitant.    A  the  palladium  experiments  that  the  deposition 

well-marked  tendency  of  acids  is  to  give  rise  of  that  metal  from  the  solution  of  its  double 

to  the  yellow  product,  and  of  alkalies  to  the  cyanide  was  not  possible  so  long  as  any  unde- 

blue.     Both  substances  can  be  obtained  from  composed  potassium  cyanide  remained  in  the 

neutral  solutions,  and  slight  changes  are  suffi-  solution,  attempted  the  separation  of  the  palla- 

cient  to  alter  the  product  While  the  presence  of  dium  from  the  metals  whicn  are  deposited  from 

an  organic  substance  has  been  found  most  usually  their  double  cyanide  solutions.    With  solutions 

conducive  to  the  production  of  the  allotropic  of   mereuric  chloride  and   palladium  chloride 

form,  this  is  not  essential,  and  the  author  has  ob-  phis  potassium  cyanide,  the  separation  of  meroury 

tained  it,  transitorily,  with  hypophosphorous  and  was  satisfactorily  effected  in  sixteen  hours.    The 

phosphorous  acids.    Light  mis  a  reversing  effect  separation  of  meroury  from  arsenic  likewise  pro- 

npon  this  form  of  silver,  first  exalting  its  sensi-  ceeded  without  difficulty.     The  separation  of 

tiveness,  and  then  destroying  it.   Thepnenomena  cadmium  from  arsenic  was  not  complete  unless 

connected  with  the  reduction  of  silver,  observed  the  arsenic  existed  in  the  solution  as  the  higher 

under  a  variety  of  conditions,  seem  to  lead  up  to  oxide.    Similar  conditions  control  the  separation 

thecondusion'that  when  the  reduction  is  direct—  of   silver  from   arsenic  «nd   of   copper  from 

from  the  condition  of  the  normal  salt  or  oxide  arsenic,  but  in  the  latter  case  a  stronger  current 

to  that  of  the  metal — ^the  reduced  silver  alwajrs  is  necessary.    Satisfactory  results  were  obtained 

appears  in  its  ordinary  form ;  but  when  the  re-  in  the  separation  of  copper  from  arsenic  in  a 

duction  is  indirect,  when  the  change  is  first  to  solution  containing  an  excess  of  ammonia ;  but 


GHILI.  121 

the  mediod  requires  skill  and  close  attention  to  there  are  IS^,  are  chosen  by  the  same  electors 
details.     Similar  experiments,  with  successful  (every  Chilian  having  a  vote  who  can  read  and 
results,  are  recorded  in  the  separation  of  mer-  write  and  is  twenty-one  years  of  age),  in  the  pro- 
cury,  silver,  and  cadmium  from  tungsten  and  portion  of  one  for  every  30,000  inhabitants  and 
from  molybdenum,  and  of  copper  from  bismuth,  fraction  thereof  in  excess  of  16,000  in  each  de- 
According  to  investigations  by  Prof.  W.  R  partment.    Jos^  Manuel  Balmaceda  was  elected 
Dunstan  and  T.  S.  Dymond  of  the  conditions.  President  in  1886,  to  serve  till  Sept.  18,  1891. 
under  which  hydrogen  peroxide  is  formed  from  The  ministry  constituted  on  May  80,  1890,  con- 
ether,  ordinary  ether,  prepared  from  methylated  sisted  of  the  following  members :  l^cretarv  of 
spirit,  yields  that  compound  when  it  is  exposed  the  Interior,  E.  S.  Saniuentes ;  Minister  of  For- 
for  several  months  to  sunlight  or  the  electric  eign  Affairs,  Worship,  and  Colonization,  J.  E. 
lights     Contrary,  however,  to  the  usual  state-  Mackenna;  Minister  of  Justice  and  Education, 
roents,  pure  ether  and  ordinary  ether  which  has  BaQados  Espinosa ;  Minister  of  Finance,  T.  N. 
been  purified  by  treatment  with  dry  chromic  acid  Gandarillas ;  Minister  of  War  and  Marine,  J. 
donotgiveatraceof  hydrogen  peroxide  when  ex-  Velasquez;    Minister  of   Industry  and  Public 
posed  to  light  under  similar  conditions.    Neither  Works,  J.  M.  Valdes  Carrere. 
water  nor  dilute  sulphuric  acid  was  found  to  Area  and  Popnlation. — The  area  of  Chili  is 
form  hydrogen  peroxide  when  exposed  to  light  293,970  square  miles,  including  75.292  square 
in  contact  with  air.    The  production  of  the  per-  miles  in  Patagonia  and  Tierra  del  Fuegos ;  the 
oxide  from  ether  was  referred  by  the  authors  to  territory  of  Antofagasta,  that  formerly  belonged 
the  presence  of  a  minute  quantity  of  impurity  to  Bolivia,  of  which  the  area  is  60,968  square 
in  the  ether  employed.    Hydrogen  peroxide  is  miles,  the  district  of  Tarapaca,  19.800  square 
formed  when  ozone  acts  on  ether  in  tne  presence  miles  in  extent,  that  was  ceded  by  Peru  in  the 
of  water,  and  is  also  produced  under  certain  con-  treaty  of  Oct.  20, 1888 ;  and  the  Tacna  province, 
ditions  during  the  slow  combustion  of  ether  in  with  an  area  of  8,685  square  miles,  the  inhab- 
contact  with  water.  Itants  of  which  are  to  decide  at  the  end  of  ten 
The  methods  in  use  for  the  disposal  of  sewage  years  whether  it  shall  be  Peruvian  or  Chilian 
are  divided  by  Mr.  C.  G.  Moore  into  three  classes :  territory.    The  population  of  the  23  provinces 
Lime  processes,  in  which  a  good  effluent  is  the  was  estimated  in  tne  beginning  of  1890  at  2,715,- 
only  tning  aimed  at,  while  the  sludge  is  worth-  400,  including  2,757  in  the  territory  of  Magal- 
W;  processes  in  which  lime  is  not  used,  the  lanes,  embracing  the  Chilian  possessions  south  of 
Ijest  known  of  which  is  that  of  precipitation  by  47°  of  south  latitude.   Santiago,  the  capital,  had 
A  mixture  of  clay,  alum,  and  charcoal  with  a  200,000  inhabitants  in  1885,  and  Valparaiso,  its 
little  blood,  whereby  a  sludge  of  some  little  value  seaport,  had  105,000.    The  next  largest  towns 
is  obtained ;  and  irrigation,  which  is  objection-  are  Talca  and  Concepcion,  with  24,000  each, 
able  on  practical  and  sanitary  grounds.     Mr.  There  were  87,077  foreign  residents  in  Chili  in 
Moore  proposes  a  way  of  distilling  ammonia  1885,  of  whom  57,882  came  from  Peru,  Bolivia, 
from  the  sludge  cake,  in  which  the  residue  is  and  the  Argentine  Republic,  6,808  were  Ger- 
made  to  descend  in  the  furnace  to  serve  as  fuel  mans,  5,803  British,  4,198  French,  4,114  Italians, 
for  the  succeeding  charge.     The  furnace  was  2,508  Spaniards,  1,275  Swiss,  1,164  Chinese.  924 
kept  burning  continuously,  and  fed  with  sludfre  Americans,  and  the  rest  from  other  parts  of  Eu- 
cake  alone.     The  sludge,  although  some  of  it  rope  and  America.    The  estimates  of  population 
contained  30  per  cent  of  water,  gave  ample  heat  are  based  on  the  census  of  1885,  which  is  known 
for  its  own  combustion ;  and  it  might  be  used,  to  be  imperfect.    The  countir  is  supposed  to 
if  desired,  to  raise  steam  in  the  same  furnace,  have  not  less  than  3,173,000  inhabitants,  indud- 
The  ammonia  comes  over  with  the  liquor  just  as  ing  50,000  savage  Indians, 
in  gas  works,  together  with  a  quantity  of  light,  Pinance. — Aside  from  the  nitrate  duty,  which 
buttery  tar,  which  floats  on  the  li(]^uor.    The  pays  one  third  of  the  expenses  of  the  state,  im- 
cakes  are  reduced  to  a  fine  ash,  which,  if  the  port  duties  constitute  the  main  source  of  reve- 
temperatnre  is  raised  bv  increasing  the  blast,  nue.    The  total  receipts  in  1888  were  stated  to 
can  be  changed  into  clinker.     A  very   slight  be  71,135.501  pesos,  or  dollars,  and  the  expendi- 
blast  is  sufficient  to  distill  with.  By  this  method  tures  46,135,501  pesos.     The  budget  for  1890 
the  author  obtained  80  per  cent,  of  the  theoreti-  made  the  revenue  90,645,785  pesos,  and  expendi- 
cal  yield  of  ammonia.  tures  69,387,200  pesos.    For  1890  a  revenue  of 
CHILI,  a  republic  in  South  America.    The  58,000,000  pesos  was  expected  in  addition  to  the 
executive  power  is  exercised   by  a  Presideht,  balance  of  31,257,526  pesos  brought  over  from 
elected  for  five  years  hy  the  indirect  vote  of  the  1889,  and  the  total  ordinary  expenditure  was  es- 
nation,  and  not  re-eligible  for  the  succeeding  timated  at  67,069,809  pesos.    The  public  debt  on 
term.    Re  is  assisted  by  five  Cabinet  ministers,  Jan.  1,  1890,  amounted  to  93,617,955  pesos,  in- 
in  charge  of  the  main  departments,  and  shares  eluding  22,487,916  pesos  of  paper  currency.    The 
his  authority  with  a  Council  of  State,  of  which  foreign  debt  was  47,116,460  pesos,  and  the  in- 
five  members  are  nominated  by  him  and  six  are  temal  debt  24,013,579  pesos, 
elected  by  Congress.    The  members  of  the  Cabi-  The  Army  and  Nary.— The  military  law  of 
net  are  members  of  the  Council  of  State  ex  offi-  Dec.  30, 1887,  fixed  the  strength  of  the  armv  at 
eto.    The  leg^islative  power  is  vested  in  the  Con-  5,835  men,  consisting  of  2  regiments  of  deld 
gress,  consisting  of  toe  Senate,  the  members  of  artillery,  a  battalion  of  coast  artillery,  8  battal- 
vhich  are  elected  for  six  years,  and  of   the  ions  of  infantry,  1  of  engineers,  and  3  re^ments 
Chamber  of  Deputies,  in  which  the  term  is  three  of  caviUry.     The  National  Guard  consisted  of 
years.     The   Senators,  forty   in    number,  are  48,530  men.    The  regular  army  had  5  major-gen- 
elected  to  represent  the  provinces  by  the  direct  erals,  7  brigadiers,  29  colonels,  76  lieutenant- 
vote  of  the  people,  and  the  Deputies,  of  whom  colonels,  and  824  subordinate  officers 


123  CHILL 

The  navy  in  January,  1890,  comprised  3  iron-  940  pesos  for  tea,  and  798,425  pesos  for  wine.   The 
clad  battle  ships,  1  deck-protected  cruiser,  2  tor-  exports  of  mineral  products  amounted  to  56.- 
pedo  cruisers,  3  corvettes,  3  rams,  2  transports,  2  452,089  pesos ;  agricultural  products,  7,481.479 
gunboat^  and  10  ftrst-class  and  2  second-class  pesos;  specie, 794,017  pesos;  manufactures, 52.966 
torpedo  boats.    The  "  Almirante  Cochrane  "  and  pesos ;  various  products,  55,453  pesos ;  re-exports, 
the  "  Blanco  Encalada  '*  were  built  in  England,  1,127,097  pesos.  The  values  exported  of  the  staple 
by  Sir.  E.  J.  Reed,  in  1874  and  1875,  and  each  articles  were  as  follow:  Nitre,  36,387,210  pesos, 
had  a  displacement  of  3,500  tons,  engines  of  aeainst  33,866,196  in    1888  and  28,690,970   in 
2,900  horse-power  and  compound  armor  9  inches  1087 ;  bar  copper,  5,689,329  pesos,  against  13,- 
at  the  water  line,  and  could  steam  12  knots  an  878,439  in  1888  and  6,993,137  in  1887;  silver, 
hour.    The  armament  of  the  former  consisted  of  4,906,791  pesos,  against  7,723,957  in  1888  and 
6  12Hon  guns  mounted  in  a  central  battery,  8,291,920  in  1887 ;  wheat,  2,915,215  pesos,  against 
and  that  of  the  latter  of  4  18-ton  and  2  7i-ton  4,548,729  in  1888  and  5,663,333  in  1887.    Of  the 
guns,  in  a  casemate  covered  with  8-inch  com-  total  imports  in  1889,  the  port  of  Valparaiso  re- 
pound  plates.    The  third  ironclad  isthe"Hu-  ceived 45,752,290 pesos;  Iquique, 5,575,521  pesos; 
ascar,"  built  in  1865,  and  captured  from  Peru  Talcahuana,  4,974,425  pesos;  and  the  rest  passed 
in  tiie  war  of  1879,  having  2,000  tons  displace-  through  Coauimbo,  Antofagasta,  Pisagua,  and 
ment,  1,050  horse-power,  4ihinch  armor  at  the  Coronel.    Of  the  total  exports.  Iquique  shipped 
water  line,  and  2  12-ton  guns  mounted  in  a  tur^  22,896,805  pesos;  Pisagua,  15,536,174  pesos;  v  al- 
ret,  protected  by  5i-inch  armor,  besides  2  40-  paraiso,  9,691,920  pesos ;  and  the  other  ports  be- 
pounders.    The  protected  cruiser  "  Esmeralda,"  tween  2,000,000  and  4,000,000  pesos  each.     The 
built  by  Armstrong,  in  1883,  is  of  2,810  tons  exports  to  Great  Britain  amounted  to  56.898,407 
displacement,  with  1-inch  armor  on  her  convex  pesos ;  to  Germany,  4,751,990  pesos ;  to  France, 
deck  running  down  below  the  water  line,  6,500-  4,295,055  pesos;  to  the  United  States,  2,070,304,- 
horse  engines,  a  speed  of  18^  knots,  a  cruising  694  pesos ;  to  Peru,  2,071,304  pesos.    In  188^  the 
radius  of  2,200  miles  at  10  knots  speed,  and  an  imports  from  Great  Britain  were  26,351,141  pesos 
armament  of  2  25-ton  breech-loaders  and  6  4-ton  in  value ;  from  Germany,  14,046,577  pesos ;  from 

funs,  besides  machine  guns  and  3  torpedo  tubes.  France,  6,181,513  pesos ;  from  the  United  States, 

he  **  Almirante  Lynch  "  and  the  "  Almirante  3,133,173  pesos ;  from  Peru,  4,345,497  pesos. 

Condell,"  twin  torpedo  cruisers  of  750  tons,  are  NaTlgation. — The  number  of  vessels  of  orer 

reputed  to  be  able  to  make  21  knots  an  hour  100  tons  in  the  Chilian  commercial  marine  on 

and  to  carry  coal  for  a  cruise  of  2,700  miles.  Jan.  1,  1890,  was  152,  of  the  aggregate  burden 

Besides  automatic  torpedoes,  they  carry  3  14-  of  102,891  tons,  and  of  these  29,  of  30,934  tons, 

pounder  and   4   3-pounder   rapid-firing  guns,  were  steamers.    During  1889  there  were  11,109 

The  other  vessels  are  of  old  types,  including  the  vessels,  of  9,723,998  tons,  entered,  and  11,286,  of 

"  O'Higgins  "  and  the  "  Chacabuco,"  wooden  ves-  10,174,173  tons,  cleared,  at  all  the  pOrts.  Of  these, 

sels  of  1,100  tons ;  the  ''  Magallanes  "  and  the  about  40  per  cent,  were  Chilian,  30  per  cent.  Brit- 

**  Pilcomayo,"  of  800  and  600  tons  respectively,  ish,  and  30  per  cent,  of  other  nationalities.    Eng- 

built  of  wood  and  iron ;  and  the  "  Abtao,"  also  a  lish,  French,  and  German  steamers  run  between 

composite  ship,  of   1,050  tons,  all   slow,  and  Chilian  ports  and  Europe  by  way  of  Cape  Horn, 

armed  with  light  guns.    In  1890  the  personnel  and  English  and  Chilian  lines  fdong  the  Pacific 

of  the  navy  comprised  5  rear-admirals,  59  cap-  coast  northward. 

tains,  27  lieutenants,  160  other  ofilcers,  and  1,609  Commimlcations.  —The  first  railroads  in 
sailors.  There  were  90  cadets  in  the  naval  South  America  were  built  in  Chili  by  American 
academy  at  Valparaiso.  The  "  Presidente  Pinto  "  engineers.  The  aggregate  mileage  open  in  li^ 
and  the  "  Presidente  Errazuriz,"  steel  deck-  was  1,700,  of  which  670  miles,  built  at  a  cost  of 
protected  cruisers  of  2,080  tons,  with  wood  and  48,247,398  pesos,  were  state  property.  The  tele- 
copper  sheathing,  calculated  to  steam  19  knots  graph  system  embraced  13,730  miles,  the  state 
and  carry  coal  for  a  voyage  of  4,500  miles,  and  owning  8,000  miles,  over  which  603,628  messages 
each  intended  to  carry  4  6-inch  and  2  4i-inch  were  dispatched  in  1889.  The  postal  traffic  con- 
Armstrong  breech-loaders,  10  rapid-fire  and  sisted  of  17,606,056  letters  and  24,715,629  news- 
machine  guns,  and  3  tubes  for  Whitehead  torpe-  papers  and  circulars. 

does,  were  then  building  in  France.  The  "  Capt-  Constitational  Conflict—The  Chilian  Con- 
tan  Pratt,"  a  steel  armor-clad  of  6,000  tons,  de-  stitution,  adopted  in  1833,  was  copied  from  that 
signed  to  steam  17  knots,  was  in  a  less  advanced  of  the  Unitea  States.  The  social  organization 
stage,  and  another  deck-armored  cruiser  of  4,500  of  the  country  was  rather  feudalistic  than  demo- 
tons  and  two  torpedo  gunbqats  were  begun.  cratic.  The  owners  of  the  soil  and  of  the  mines. 
Production  and  Commerce. — The  majority  descendants  of  the  Spanish  conquerors,  consti- 
of  the  population  follow  agriculture.  The  tuted  an  oligarchy  which  for  many  years  ruled 
wheat  crop  averages  21,000,000  bushels.  The  in  accordance  with  its  aristocratic  predilections 
annual  wine  product  amounts  to  24,000,000  and  the  views  of  the  clergy,  under  the  name  of 
gallons.  The  country  is  rich  in  valuable  min-  the  Partido  Conservador  or  Conservative  party, 
erals,  producing  an  average  of  750,000  tons  The  clash  with  modem  ideas  and  rivalrv  between 
of  nitrates,  ^,0^  tons  of  copper,  and  consider-  leaders  led  to  revolutionary  outbreaks  in  the 
able  quantities  of  silver  and  gold.  The  total  middle  of  the  century,  whicn  ended  in  the  tri- 
value  of  the  imports  in  1889  was  65,090,013  pesos,  umph  of  a  form  of  Liberalism  that  was  far  from 
of  which  10,887,636  pesos  represent  textile  man-  satisfactory  to  the  Radicals,  and  a  period  of 
ufactures,  6,766,985  pesos  stand  for  sugar,  5,083,-  quiet  process  succeeded  under  the  rigorous  ad- 
715  pesos  for  cattl^  2,992,905  pesos  for  coal,  2,-  ministration  of  President  Montt  and  his  minis- 
895,630  pesos  for  manufactures  of  iron,  1,415,246  ter,  Varas.  The  Constitution  was  revised  in 
pesos  for  bagging,  870,194  pesos  for  timber,  817,-  1874^  and  some  belated  reforms  were  introduced 


CHILI.  123 

in  tlie  w»7  of  extension  of  the  voting  franchise,  supremacy  in  Congress.  He  was  elected  by  an 
pablic  education,  and  religious  tolerance.  Save  overwhelming  majority,  'and  as  President  en- 
m  the  one  stru^^le  in  which  the  parties  resorted  joyed  an  unexampled  degree  of  popularity.  For 
to  arms,  the  political  development  of  Chili  was  two  or  three  years  the  politicians  who  had  been 
free  from  civil  disturbances,  and  the  ruling  class  his  partv  associates  worked  in  harmony  with  his 
was  distinguished  among  the  Spanish-American  ideas.  A  thorough  system  of  popular  education, 
oatioDs  not  only  for  wealth  and  education,  but  the  separation  of  church  and  state,  and  the  de- 
for  its  talent  for  government  and  love  of  con-  velopment  of  democratic  government  were  the 
stitutional  liberty.  The  republic  was  called  aims  he  followed  with  the  support  of  the  major- 
**the  England  of  South  America,"  and  it  was  a  ity  in  Congress.  A  system  of  normal  schools 
common  boast  that  in  Chili  a  ^TTonufieiamten^o  or  was  established,  and  expensive  school-houses 
t  revolation  was  impossible.  The  spirit  of  mod-  were  built  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  The  cem- 
em  Liberalism  became  more  prevalent.  The  eteries  were  secularized,  a  civil-marriaee  law  was 
Conservative  or  Clerical  party  withdrew  from  passed,  religious  freedom  was  decreed,  and  sec- 
electoral  contests,  although  it  still  exercised  a  re-  tarian  teaching  was  banished  from  the  schools 
straining  influence  in  political  life,  being  com-  and  colleges.  The  Government  carried  out  in- 
posed  01  the  wealthiest  families  and  the  whole  ternal  improvements  on  a  grand  scale,  building 
body  of  the  clergy.  The  Nationalists,  as  the  railroads,  dredging  harbors,  making  dry  dock^ 
Monttvaristas  came  to  call  themselves,  counting  wharves,  and  piers,  and  the  success  of  the  admin- 
intbeirranks  many  distinguished  lawyers,  judges,  istration  was  so  striking,  the  progress  and  pros- 
scholars,  and  diplomatists,  lost  ground,  and  the  perity  of  the  country  so  undeniable,  that  many 
Advanced  Liberals  grew  in  influence  and  power,  of  Balmaceda's  former  enemies  came  over  to  his 

As  the  Liberal  party  became  all-powerful  it  side.     At  the  flood  of  the  democratic  tide  he 

split  into  factions,  diviaed  by  questions  of  prin-  was  the  most  popular  man  in  South  America, 

ciple  and  by  struggles  for  leiadership  and  office.  But  when  the  old  territorial  families  saw  the 

Practices  have  sprung  up  in  the  system  of  gov-  seats  in  Congress  and  the  posts  in  the  civil  serv- 

emment,  foanded  rather  on  custom  than  on  con-  ice  that  had  been   their  prerogative   filled  by 

stitational  law,  by  which  it  is  assimilated  in  new  men,  and  fortunes  made  by  upstarts  where 

some  respects  to  the  responsible  or  parliamentr  all  chances  had  been  at  their  disposal,  then  a  re- 

ary  government  of  European  states,  and  espe-  action  set  in,  comiption  was  scented,  and  Mod- 

cially  of  England.    Almost  from  the  beginning  erate  Liberals,  joining  hands  with  the  Xational- 

it  has  been  the  custom  of  Presidents  to  choose  as  ists  and  the  reviving  Conservative  party,  formed 

ministers  representatives  of  the  dominant  ele-  an  opposition  of  respectable  strength.    In  the 

ments  in  Congress  and  to  dismiss  them  after  a  earlier  part  of   his  administration  Balmaceda 

vote  of  oensare.  Congress  can  withhold  supplies,  had  the  co-operation  of  the  Nationalists,  who 

and  has  another  e£Fective  check  over  the  Execu-  were  represented  in  the  Cabinet.    In  the  last  two 

live  in  the  annual  bill  to  fix  the  forces  on  land  years  of  his  term,  when  the  time  drew  near  for 

and  sea,  which  corresponds  exactly  to  the  English  selecting  his  successor,  defection  and  revolt  and 

matiny  act.    These  safeguards  nave  compelled  the  rivalries  of  aspirants  for  the  succession  threw 

Presidents  generally  to  act  in  harmony  with  the  the  party  into  disorder  and  an^red  its  hitherto 

majority  in  Congress.     The  patronage  of  the  unquestioned  leader.    After  the  resignation  of 

Chilian  President  is  enormous,  embracing  not  the  Cabinet  in  1888  the  Nationalists  declined  to 

only  the  general  civil  service,  but  local  officials,  take  part  in  the  next  one,  and  their  secession 

except  in  the  municipalities,  and  all  appoint-  was  followed  by  the  breaking  up  of  the  admin- 

ments  in  the  army  and  navy  and  in  the  teleeraph  istration  party  into  warring  factions.     When 

uid  railroad  services  and  tne  giving  out  of  con-  coolness  arose  between  him  and  the  leaders  of 

tracts.    The  President  has  always  been  able  to  the  party,  he  sought  other  advisers,  and  made 

select  his  successor,  and  has  exercised  this  power,  the  broker  Sanfuentes,  who  had  been  his  busi- 

Qfoally  in  harmony  with  the  wishes  of  influen-  ness  agent,  his  chief  confidant.    President  Bal- 

tial  statesmen,  sometimes  calling  a  conference  of  maceda  had  appointed  one  ministry  after  an- 

P^rty  chiefs  to  decide  on  a  candidate.  other,  seeking  to  satisfy  the  different  wings  of 

In  the  course  of  time  the  more  advanced  vring  the  Liberal  party.  The  ministry  of  October, 
of  the  Liberals  grew  more  numerous  than  the  1889,  of  which  Mariano  Sanchez  f'ontecilla  was 
Moderates.  The  most  radical  section  had  its  chief,  with  whom  were  associated  Isidore  Erra- 
nucleus  in  a  Reform  Club  in  Santiago,  composed  zuriz,  Pedro  Montt,  Juan  Costellon,  and  oth- 
o'  young  university  men,  of  whom  Balmaceda  ers  chosen  from  various  groups,  was  designed  to 
^as  the  finest  orator.  Entering  Congress  in  bring  about  harmony  in  the  party,  as  it  contained 
1968,  he  took  a  leading  part  in  debates.  He  was  the  chiefs  of  five  separate  lactions  of  the  Lib- 
one  of  the  founders  of  the  new  Liberal  party  eral  party,  and  at  first  it  had  a  majority  in  the 
that  demanded  large  changes  in  the  Constitution  Chamber  of  Deputies  of  73  to  64.  The  hostility 
and  gained  rapidly  in  strength,  particularly  when  that  the  Presiaent  had  aroused  in  society,  to 
the  wave  of  national  enthusiasm  that  followed  which  the  press  gave  free  expression,  was  very 
the  victory  over  Peru  swept  over  the  country,  bitter  before  the  opposition  m  Congress  grew 
Ho  added  greatly  to  his  reputation  by  his  serv-  fonnidnble.  and  he  had  obtained  the  power  of  the 
ices  as  minister  to  the  Argentine  Republic  dur-  Executive  and  given  grounds  for  charges  of  arbi- 
in^  the  Peruvian  war,  and  when  maae  Minister  trary  conduct  that  was  contrary  to  precedents,  if 
^f  Foreign  Affairs,  by  President  Santa  Maria,  in  not  against  the  letter  of  the  Constitution,  in 
1885,  he  was  the  most  popular  man  in  the  coun-  carrying  out  the  important  innovations  that  Con- 
try;  but  his  claim  to  tne  presidential  succession  gress  had  sanctioned  in  the  face  of  obstacles 
vas  contested  by  various  other  aspirants— older  raised  by  powerful  opponents.  When  the  Con- 
politicians  and  leaders  of  factions  striving  for  servatives  and  Monttvaristas  united  and  were 


124  CHILL 

joined  bj  dissentient  Liberals,  it  was  stispected  ernora  of  departments,  mtbdelegados  of  connties, 

that  the  coalition  interided  to  take  advantage  of  inspectors  of  police,  commanders  of  the  national 

the  division  in  the  Liberal  party  to  elect  the  guard,  and  chiefs  of  police  stood  at  the  beck  of 

head  of  the  Conservative  party,  Augustin  Ed-  Balroaceda,  ready  to  act  in  concert, 

wards,  to  the  presidency  and  undo  the  demo-  The  Congress,  when  it  met  in  ordinary  session 

cratic   reforms.     The  r resident,  on  the  other  on  June  1,  instead  of  summoning  the  ministers 

hand,  persisting  in  the  policy  that  had  at  first  before  it  for  explanations,  as  was  usual,  carried 

won  praise  from  every  quarter,  and  finding  new  a  vote  of  censure  in  both  houses,  and  showed  a 

agents  when  his  ola  coadjutors  stood  aloof  or  firm  determination  to  compel  the  President  to 

went  over  to  the  other  side,  was  accused  of  seek-  take  his  Cabinet  officers  from  the  majority  and 

ing  to  form  a  personal  party  in  order  to  perpet-  remove  all  officials  who  were  attached  to  his 

uate  his  power  bv  nominating  some  mere  tool  to  political  fortunes.     The  time  was  approaching 

succeed  him  as  President.    In  January,  1890,  the  for  the  election  of  municipal  officers.  Deputies, 

Opposition  were  strong  enough  to  place  their  and  Senators.    These  minor  elections  would  vir- 

candidate  in  the  chair  when  the  House  of  Rep-  tuallpr  decide  the  subsequent   election   of    the 

resentatives  organized.    The  ministry  resi&^ned,  President.     It  was  a  novel  thing  for  the  Con- 

and  a  conflict  between  the  Executive  and  legis-  gress  to  be  in  antagonism  to  the  President,  and 

lative  branches  of  the  Government  was  openly  for  it  to  attempt  to  secure  the  nomination  and 

begun  when  the  President  appointed  a  Cabinet  election  of  a  successor  opposed  to  his   policy, 

of  his  own  selection,  giving  a  portfolio  to  the  Yet  such  a  contingency  had  long  been  contem- 

obnoxious  Sanfuentes,  and  placing  at  its  head  plated  by  Balmac^a's  former  party,  which  had 

Adolfo  Ibafiez,  who  could  receive  no  support  adopted  the  principle  of  liberty  of  election  as 

from  Congress.    This  ministry  had  to  face  an  the  main  plank  in  its  platform,  and  proposed 

overwhelming   majority  a^inst  the  President,  schemes  for  purifying  the  ballot  and  taking  the 

which  treated  him  as  a  dictator  and  began  to  electoral  machinery  out  of  the  hands  of  the  Cen- 

pass  hostile  laws  and  resolutions  that  were  ve-  tral  Government.    To  deprive  the  President  of 

toed,  and  refused  to  consider  the  measures  that  his  power  to  control  the  elections  and  prevent 

he  recommended.  the  election  of  Sanfuentes,  who  was  already  an- 

The  ministers  were  cited  before  the  Chambers  nouncedasthe  official  candidate,  a  municipal  bill 

and  questioned  about  the  manner  of  their  ap-  was  introduced  in  Congress  which  would  have 

pointment.    They  either  declined  to  answer,  or  substituted  municipal  for  Executive  influence  at 

answered  in  a  way  that  increased  the  animosity  the  polls  verv  effectually.    This  bill  the  Presi- 

of  Congress,  which  flnalljr  passed  a  vote  of  cen-  dent  declarea  he  would  never  allow  to  become  a 

sure,  in  obedience  to  whicn,  as  was  usual,  the  law,  because  it  was  directed  a£;ainst  himself,  and 

Cabinet  resigned.    Then  Balmaceda  appointed  a  was  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  Constitution, 

ministry  in  open  defiance  of  Congress,  with  San-  The  outcry  against  Sanf^ientes  as  a  puppet  of 

fuentes  at  its  head,  the  man  who  was  already  Balmaceda  caused  the  President  to  ask  him  to 

spoken  of  as  his  selected  candidate  for  the  presi-  resign  his  portfolio  and  his  candidacy.     The 

dency.    He  prepared  for  the  strug&fle  that  he  Congress  attempted  to  force  the  President  to 

invited  by  removing  the  chiefs  of  the  adminis-  dismiss  his  personal  Cabinet  and  appoint  par- 

tration  of  the  departments  and  replacing  them  liamentary  ministers,  by  not  passing  the  con- 

with  men  devoted  to  himself  and  his  policy,  and  tribution  bill  for  the  collection  of  revenne  in 

making  changes  in  the  police,  the  militia,  and,  to  the  custom  house  and  other  branches  of  the 

some  extent,  in  the  army  and  navy  commands,  public  service.    The  period  of  eighteen  months 

The  press  denounced  him  as  a  dictator,  and  in-  lor  which  it  had  been  voted  expired  when  th<e 

dignation  meeting  were  held  in  every  town,  session  came  to  an  end  on  Sept.  30.     To  end 

Bidmaceda  and  his  supporters  protended  to  be  the  deadlock  by  a  settlement  6f  the  practical 

not  only  the  champions  of  the  people  a^inst  question  at  issue,  the  President  made  a  prop- 

the  aristocracy,  but  of  the  principle  of  Chili  for  osition  that  a  presidential  candidate  should  be 

the  Chilians.    The  banking  house  of  Edwards,  selected  by  a  convention  of  all  the  parties.    With 

the  firm  of  the  Conservative  leader,  was  associ-  the  object  of  enabling  the  Conservatives  to  take 

ated  with  Col.  North,  the  Englishman,  in  the  part,  he  suggested  that  no  political  programme 

ownership  of  vast  nitrate  deposits  in  the  north,  should  be  drawn  up,  and  in  order  to  insure  the 

The  Chilians  are  as  jealous  of  foreign  influence  election  of  a  candioiate  not  distasteful  to  either 

as  anv  of   the  South  American  peoples,  and  the  Nationalists,  the  Conservatives,  the  Radicals, 

looked  on  the  growing  activity  of  foreien  enter-  or  the  various  Liberal  groups,  he  ripquested  that 

prise  in  the  country  with  mistrust.    The  acqui-  a  two-third  vote  of  the  convention  should  be 

sition  of  railroads  not  already  owned  by  the  state  necessary  to  proclaim  a  candidate.    If  the  ma- 

and  the  reservation  of  mining  rights  for  Chilian  jority  in  Congress  thought  that  the  President 

citizens  formed  a  part  of  Balmaceda's  declared  could   influence  that    proportion,  they    might 

policy.    The  presence  of  European  workmen  in  make  it  a  three-fourth  vote,  or  four-fiftn,  or  any 

the  mines,  seaports,  and  nitrate  districts  was  re-  number  that  they  chose.    This  scheme  was  at 

sented  by  the  native  laborers,  and  in  June  a  flrst  regarded  with  favor,  but  on  the  following 

series  of  riots  broke  out  in  Valparaiso,  Coquimbo,  day  the  House  decided  to  reject  it,  and  continue 

Iquique,  Arica,  and  other  places.    These  were  the  contest  with  the  Executive, 

ascribed  by  the  Opposition  to  machinations  of  The  Capitol  was  filled  with  people  from  all  parts 

the  President,  whose  motives  were  supposed  to  of  the  country,  who  demanded  that  Balmaceda 

be  to  gain  a  popular  following  and  to  produce  should  make  terms  with  Congress  and  keep  the 

disturbances  that  would  fumisn  an  excuse  for  a  government  on  a  legal  basis  or  resign  the  presi- 

dictatorship.    The  administrative  personnel  was  dency.    A  committee  of  influential  citizens,  rep- 

80  changed  that  iniendentes  of  provinces,  gov-  resenting  all  parties  and  classes  of  society,  with 


CHILL  125 

the  Archbishop  of  Chili  for  their  spokesman,  ex-  summons,  and  when  Congress  passed  a  vote  of 
tncted  from  nim  an  agreement  that,  in  order  censure  the  chief  of  the  Cabinet  announced  that 
to  avert  reyolutionary  conditions,  he  would  dis-  the  ministers  were  responsible,  under  the  Const!- 
miss  his  Cabinet  and  return  to  the  methods  tution,  to  the  President,  and  would  retain  their 
of  responsible  government,  and  would  permit  places  as  long  as  they  possessed  his  confidence, 
presidential   candidates  to  be  put  forward  as  The  Presidents  of  both  houses  sent  a  note  to 
the  free  choice  of  party  conventions.    After  sev-  President  Balmaceda,  asking  him  to  order  his 
enl  conferences  with  the  citizens*  committee,  a  ministers  to  appear  and  explain  the  situation. 
Cabinet  was  named  which  gave  general  satis-  His  answer  was  the  immediate  closure  of  Con- 
faction,  consisting  of  Belisario  Prats,  Salustio  gress  on  Oct.  16.    He  acted  promptly  in  order  to 
Hernandez,  Gregorio  Donoso,  Macario  Vial,  Fe-  forestall  Congress,  which  had  before  it  a  motion 
derico  Errazuriz,  and  Enrique  Focomal.    The  to  impeach  the  Sanfucntes  ministry.    Under  the 
new  ministers,  after  taking  the  oath  of  office.  Constitution  a  ministry  can  be  impeached  while 
entered  the  hall  of  Congress  escorted  by  a  throng  in  office,  or  within  six  months  after  it  has  retired, 
of  citizens,  and  the  Prime  Minister  announced  on  articles  adopted  by  the  House  of  Deputies ; 
the  programme  that  had  been  agreed  on  between  and  while  the  trial  is  proceeding  in  the  Senate 
them  and  the  President.    There  would  be  no  the  President  has  no  right  to  prorogue  Congress, 
official  candidate  for  the  presidency,  and  the  The  Constitution  of  Chili  provides  for  a  pro- 
Eiecutive  and  all  his  subordinates  would  ab-  visional  chamber  called  the  Comision  Conserva- 
stain  from  interference  with  the  elections.    Offi-  dora,  composed  of  fourteen  members  from  both 
cials  disremrding  this  rule  or  molesting  any  houses,  which  sits  during  the  recess  to  supervise 
citizen  for  having  opposed  the  President  would  be  the  acts  of  the  Government,  and  possesses  advis- 
removed.    Things  ran  smoothlv  for  a  short  time,  ory  but  no  legislative  powers.    The  two  parties 
Many  bills  that  had  been  tabled  were  passed,  and  in  the  constitutional  controversy  prepared  for  a 
the  President  acted  in  harmony  with  his  minis-  crisis.    The  elections  took  place  in  November, 
ters.   The  legal  period  of  the  session  passed  with-  Balmaceda*s  party,  in  districts  where  it  was  nat- 
oat  the  passage  of  the  annual  military  bill  and  urally  in  a  minority,  either  carried  the  elections, 
the  appropriation  bilL   To  have  these  passed  the  or,  if  it  lost,  contested  the  results.    This  caused 
President  convoked  an  extra  session.  Differences  great  popular  excitement,  and  led  to  the  inter- 
arose  when  the  ministers  proposed  to  change  all  vention  of  members  of  Congress  and  questioning 
the  ifUendetUes  and  governors,  and  when  the  ma-  in  the  Comision  Conservadora,  and  the  appoint- 
jority  in  Congress  and  their  friends  outside  began  ment  of  semi-official  investigating  committees, 
to  form  committees  of  elections  and  canvass  the  The  police  began  to  interfere  with  freedom  of 
provinces,  and  entered  into  an  electoral  cam-  assembly  and  of  speech.    Without  constitutional 
paiffn  in  which  the  remnant  of  the  party  still  authority  the  President  declared  Congress  dis- 
laithful  to  Balmaceda  were  allowed  no  voice,  solved  and  the  elections  postponed.    The  Presi- 
On  consultation  with  his  old  advisers,  the  Presi-  dent  was  mobbed  when  he  went  to  open  the  new 
dent  decided  to  make  no  removals,  and  prepared  docks  at  Talcahuano,  at  Concepcion  on  his  way 
anew  for  the  contest.     The  popular  agitetion  back,  and  a  third  time  on  his  return  to  San- 
against  the  President  was  renewed.     Political  tiago.    Processes  and  prosecutions  were  insti- 
passions  rose  to  a  higher  pitoh  than  before  the  tutod  against  army  men  charged  with  disaffec- 
truce.     In  the  capital  the  iniendente  and  the  tion  toward  the  Administration,  and  a  feverish 
chief  of  police  increased  the  'police  force  and  activity  was  observed  in  the  Ministry  of  War,  at 
took  measures  for  the  public  safety.    The  Minis-  the  head  of  which  was  Gen.  Gana,  who  had  made 
ter  of  the  Interior  oraered  the  iniendente  to  re-  himself  very  popular  among  the  officers.     All 
more  the  chief  of  police,  and  when  he  refused  the  ministers  were  known  to  be  men  of  action 
appealed  to  the  President,  who  sustained  his  and  of  energy  and  deeply  committed  to  the  Presi- 
subordinate  against  the  minister.    The  minis-  dent's  side  in  the  controversy  with  Congress.  The 
ters  called  on  the  President  in  a  body,  and  in  President,  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  militarv 
answer  to  their  demands,  he  said  that  appoint-  forces,  ordered  the  arms  of  the  National  Guar^ 
ments  and  removals  were  the  prerogative  of  the  to  be  collected  in  the  arsenals,  brought  the  stand- 
chief  of  the  state ;  and  that,  having  appointed  ing  arin^  to  the  capital,  replacing  with  militia 
officers  in  whom  he  had  confidence,  he  would  the  garrisons  in  the  provinces,  and,  on  the  pre- 
not  dismiss  them  at  the  dictation  of  Congress,  text  of  maintaining  peace,  commanded  the  nre- 
and  would  by  no  means  take  orders  from  his  arms  in  the  possession  of  private  citizens  to  be 
secretaries.    This  decision  caused  Congress  to  delivered  up  to  the  authorities.    The  Comision 
shelve  the  bills  recommended  by  the  President,  Conservadora,  which  passed  a  resolution  per- 
pToriding  for  an  increase  in  the  salaries  of  cus-  mitting  Senators  and  Deputies  to  take  part  in 
tom-house  employes,  treasury  clerks,  employ^  its  proceedinsfs,  met  daily  to  discuss  the  situa- 
in  the  Department  of  Education  and  in  the  tion.     According  to, the  usual  procedure,  this 
courts,  and  of  army  officers,  and  for  a  savings  commission  called  on  the  President  to  summon 
bank  for  public  servants,  water  works  and  sew-  an  extraordinary  session  of  the  Congress  for  the 
ers  m  the  large  towns,  railroad  construction,  and  purpose  of  voting  the  annual  budget  and  pass- 
other  objects.  ing  the  regidar  army  and  navy  bilL    Balmaceda 
The  ministry  resigned,  and  a  new  one  was  im-  declined  to  comply,  saying  that  he  would  find  no 
mediately  appointed  with  Claodio  Vicufia  at  its  difficulty  in  carrying  on  the  Government.    To 
head  as  Minister  of  the  Interior.     When  the  notes  petitioning  him  to  change  his  ministers, 
Congress  was  informed  on  the  following  day,  and  pointing  out  that  after  Dec  81,  according 
the  President  of  the  Senate  invited  the  new  min-  to  the  Constitution,  no  salaries  could  be  legally 
isters  before  Congress  to  explain  the  intentions  paid  out  of  the  treasury,  no  public  works  con- 
of  the  President.    They  paid  no  attention  to  this  tinned,  no  taxes  or  duties  collected,  and  that  the 


126  CHILL 

legal  existence  of  the  army  and  navy  would  cease,  vainly  in  the  harbor  of  Valparaiso  for  a  favora- 

the  President  sent  no  reply.    During  November  ble  response  from  shore. 

and  December,  army  officers  not  in  sympathy       The  lack  of  an  army  bill  was  exemplified  by 
with  the  President  were  removed  from  com-  the  opinion  of  the  procurator  fiscal,  or  military 
mand,  military  men  were  placed  in  civil  posts,  judge,  that  there  was  no  authority  to  punish  or 
partisans  of  the  President  were  promoted  out  of  hold  a  deserter,  because  the  armv  haa  no  legT^l 
turn,  and  the  army  was  so  manipulated  that  it  existence  from  Dec  81,  1890.    ^he  procurator 
could  be  depended  upon  to  defend  the  Govern-  was   removed,  and   one  more  subservient    ap- 
ment  if  civil  war  should  result    Changes  were  pointed,  but  the  country  applauded  his  firmness 
made  in  the  naval  commands  more  cautiously  and  courage.    The  Supreme  Court  decided  that 
becatise  the  Opposition  had  many  adherents  in  the  President  had  no  power  to  pay  out  money 
that  branch  of  the  service.  Public  meetings  were  without  the  consent  of  Con^^ress,  the  question 
interdicted,  and  on  Dec.  19  the  Liberal  and  the  having  been  raised  hj  the  directors  of  the  Na- 
Conservative  Clubs  were  both  closed  by  the  po-  tional  Bank,  who  declined  to  honor  Balmaceda's 
lice.    Macario  Ossa,  a  young  member  of  the  Con-  drafts  lest  they  should  be  held  liable.    In  eonse- 
servative  party,  in  the  fray  that  took  place  when  quence  of  this  decision  the  judges  were  removed, 
a  meeting  at  the  Conservative  Club  was  sup-  The  Treasurer  of  the  republic  refused   to   pay 
pressed,  was  shot  by  the  police.    His  funeral  was  out  money  on  the  President's  order,  and  was  re- 
the  occasion  of  a  political  demonstration.   Diego  placed  by  another  man.    Balmaceda,  who  had 
Barros  Arana  and  the  other  members  of  the  alwavs  been  noted  for  his  urbane  manners  and 
commission  to  delimitate  the  Argentine  frontier  gentle  disposition  rather  than  for  determination 
resigned  as  a  protest  against  the  arbitrary  acts  of  and  self-will,  hesitated  before  plunging  the  coun- 
the  Gfovemment.    The  members  of  the  Montt-  try  into  civil  war,  and  is  said  to  have  written  out 
oarista,  the  Conservative,  the  Independent  Lib-  his  resignation.    If  he  thought  of  yielding,  he 
eral,  and  the  Radical  parties  united  and  organ-  was  dissuaded  by  Juan  Mackenna  and  other  res- 
ized and  decided  on  a  plan  of  action.  olute  and  uncompromising  counselors.    Officers 

Berolt  of  Congrress  and  the  Nary. — ^The  of  the  armv  who  asked  to  be  relieved  of  their 
year  expired  without  the  convocation  of  Con-  commands  because  they  thought  the  President's 
gress.    On  Jan.  1  the  Opposition  members  of  attitude  unconstitutional,  were  thrown  into  pris- 
Congress — those  of  them  who  were  ready  to  on.    Lauro  Barros,  who  retired  from  the  Mmis- 
proceed  to  extremities — ^held  what  they  called  an  try  of  Finance,  was  succeeded  by  Antonio  Mufloz, 
extraordinary  session,  although  the  Constitution  a  subordinate  official,  who  held  the  post  only  a 
provides  that  CongresSf  except  in  regular  ses-  few  days,  giving  it  up  on  Jan.  6  to  Julio  Car- 
sion  from  June  till  the  end  of  September,  can  rero,  ex-Minister  of  Public  Works, 
only  meet  when  it  is  called  together  bv  the       Balmaceda's   Manifesto.  —  The   President 
President.    A  solemn  act  was  signed  bv  all  the  forestalled   the    revolutionists    by  issuing  on 
members  present,  which  declared  the  President  Jan.  1  a  manifesto  assuming  a  virtual  dicta- 
unworthy  of  his  post,  and  no  longer  chief  of  the  torship,  although  disclaiming  the  name  of  die- 
state  or  President  of  the  republic,  because  he  tator,  and  defending  his  ac&  on  constitutional 
had  violated  the  Constitution  and  was  guilty  of  grounds.    His  right  to  choose  his  Cabinet  minis- 
treason.   The  Congressional  party  had  long  been  ters  was  based  on  the  text  of  the  Constitution, 
preparing  their  prontmeiamienio.    They  had  the  which  defines  among  the  powers  of  the  President 
lana-holding  anstocracy,  the  wealth,  the  clergy,  that  of  ^  appointing  and  removing  at  will  the 
and  the  foreign  element  at  their  back,  and  haid  ministers  and  the  clerks  of  all  the  executive  de- 
secured  the  co-operation  of  the  fleet,  and  still  partments."    The  parliamentary  system  upheld 
had  adherents  among  the  commanders  of  the  oy  the  coalition  against  him  he  declared  to  oe  in- 
armv,  who  would  be  able,  they  supposed,  to  seize  compatible  with  republican  government    "*  The 
the  Moneda  or  old  Spanish  mint  that  serves  as  parliamentary  regimen  is  monarchical  govem- 
the  state  Capitol,  and  permit  a  piopiilar  rising  to  ment  with  republican  ideas.    A  repubfic  with 
achieve  a  bloodless  revolution,    Tne  7th  of  Jan-  a    parliamentary  government  is  an  idea  that 
nary  was  the  day  selected.  The  Opposition  mem-  finds  no  place  within  the  experience  and  science 
bers  of  Congress  went  on  boara  the  '*  Blanco  of  modem  public  law.    Parliamentary  govem- 
Encalada,"  the  commander  of  the  fleet  having  ment  presupposes   an  irresponsible  hereditary 
invited  them  to  hold  the  session  of  Congress  sovereign.    The  chief  of  the  executive  in  sucn 
there,  since  there  was  no  safety  on  shore.    The  a  government  is  practically  the  minister  who 
ships  sailed  out  of  the  harbor,  and  on  the  follow-  commands  a  parliamentary  majority,  and  who 
ing  day  returned  and  hoisted  the  revolutionary  governs  in  its  name.    The  Government  of  the 
flag  that  was  expected  to  be  the  signal  for  the  republic  is  carried  on  by  a  chief  and  responsible 
overthrow  of  the  Government.  ministers  with  temporary  powers,  and  the  Presi- 

The  Government  had  received  timely  notice  dent  is  elected,  like  Confess,  by  the  people, 

of  the  design  from  some  officers  of  the  arm^,  The  chief  of   the  executive  power,  practically 

and  Godoy  and  the  other  ministers  and  their  and  by  the  Constitution,  is  the  President  of  the 

subordinates  acted  promptly  and  with  energ^r.  republic."    Chili  is  governed  under  the  repre- 

People  suspected  of  sympathy  with  the  Opposi-  sentative  system,  of  which  the  characteristics 

tion  were  arrested  in  hundi^ds.    The  Revolu-  are  a  responsible  chief  of  state,  an  administra- 

tionary  Committee  barely  escaped  with  their  tive  cabinet,  and  the  power  to  veto  laws,  not  to 

lives — some,  in  disguise,  to  the  snips,  and  others  dissolve  parliament,  vested  in  the  elective  head  of 

across  the  Andes  to  the  Argentine  Republic,  the  nation.    If  Congress  had  of  deliberate  pur- 

The  President  proclaimed  martin  law,  and  de-  pose  omitted  to  enact  laws  necessary  for  the 

clared  the  iniendetUes  and  governors  his  sole  legal  continuance  of  the  public  powers,  placing 

representatives  in  the  provinces.  The  fleet  waited  the  President  in  an  irregular  position,  its  mem- 


CHILL  127 

_  « 

bers  had  failed  to  discharge  their  duty  as  laid  Revolntionary  Committee  was  reorganized  and 
down  in  the  Constitution,  and  could  not  thereby  intermittent  communication  was  kept  up  with 
create  a  right  for  any  one  to  appeal  to  revolution,  the  navy  and  the  revolutionary  leaders.    The 
"Even  in  the  event  of  the  cnief  of  the  nation  families   of   Congressionalists   emigrated,  and 
being  liable  for  the  shortcomings  of  the  majority  thousands  of  suspected  partisans  fied  into  the 
<  t  Congress,  a  revolution  can  not  be  proclaimed  Andes  or  across  the  frontier.    The  armed  police 
i5  a  remedy.    The  Constitution  has   foreseen  force  in  the  capital  and  its  port  numbered  2,000. 
the  case  when  the  President  or  his  ministers  The  populace  of  Santiago  and  Valparaiso  and  of 
!Day  Tiolate  the  Constitution  and  laws,  and  estab-  most  of  the  southern  cities  and  of  the  farming 
ii'^ed  the  manner  and  procedure  for  making  districts  in  the  vallevs  of  the  Andes  generally 
effective    their  responsibility  for  such  action,  sympathized  with  Balmaceda,  and  regarded  him 
vbich,  on  the  part  of  any  one  else,  is  subversive  as  the  champion  of  the  democracy  against  the 
ijid  revolutionary.*'    He  had  refrained  from  in-  land  barons,  foreign  priests,  and  alien  capitalists, 
voking  Congress  to  an  extra  session  because  of  while  the  industrial  and  mining  population  sup- 
the  attitude  that  the  majority  might  assume,  ported  Congress.    The  soldiers  were  confined  m 
He  was  bound  to  follow  his  judgment  and  exer-  the  barracks,  and  the  sentiments  of  the  officers 
else  his  discretionary  powers  to  avert  danger  to  and  men  were  investigated,  the  less  trusty  troops 
the  public  welfare.    The  Constitution  char^  being  sent  away  and  replaced  by  drafts  from  acri- 
the  ^resident    with  the  duty  of  maintainmg  cultural  districts.    The  Congressionalist  leaaers 
public  order  at  home  and  lookmg  after  the  safety  were  not  prepared  for  the  energetic  measures  of 
of  the  republic  abroad,  and  declares  that  he  the  Admmistration,  which  prevented  any  rising 
shall  use  any  means  for  these  objects,  alwavs  in  the  capital  or  in  the  cities  of  the  south  that 
observing  the  Constitution  and  causing  it  to  be  they  counted  on.    When  the  banks  refused  to 
observed.    Without  the  civil  service  and  the  pay  out  money  on  Balmaceda's  orders,  they  were 
military  forces  he  could  not  discharge  this  duty,  declared  abettors  of  the  revolution,  the  directors 
The  laws  to  provide  for  these  are  not  exclu-  fled  from  arrest,  and  an  official  examiner  took 
sirely  in  the  power  of  Congress,  but  reouire  the  possession.    The  bank  of  Edwards  was  closed  by 
concurrent  assent  of  the  President  ana  of  the  order  of  the  Government,  and  all  the  officials 
Coancil  of  State.    The  same  situation  had  oc-  and  clerks  were  imprisoned.   The  National  Bank 
carred  before  in  his  term  of  office  when,  durine  and  the  Bank  of  Valparaiso  were  unable  to  pay 
January  and  a  part  of  Februair,  1887,  he  haa  the  6,000,000  pesos  that  thev  held  of  Government 
carried  on  the  Government  witnout  an  appro-  funds,  as  depositors  had  aitiwn  out  their  cash 
priation  bill  or  an  army  bill,  and  every  President  reserves  to  hoard.    The  directors  were  therefore 
since  the  establishment  of    the  republic  had  induced  to  sign  a  request  to  the  Government  to 
governed  the  country  for  days  and  even  for  issue  12,000,000  pesos  of  paper,  on  condition  that 
months  when  Confi:ress  had  neglected  to  pass  they  might  use  1,600,000  to  tide  over  their  diffi- 
these  acts  without  being  treated  as  a  tyrant  or  culties.    The  Government  resorted  also  to  whole- 
dictator.     ^  As   a   Chilian,*'  he  said   **  as    the  sale  confiscation  and  attached  the  bank  accounts 
Chief  of  the  State,  I  could  not,  with  my  convic-  of  all  the  Congressionalists. 
tions,  accept  the  political  position  that  the  par-  President  mlmaceda  increased  his  army  till 
liamentary  coalition   pretended  to  impose  on  he  soon  had  80,000  men  under  arms.    The  pay 
me."    He  assumed  no  dictatorship  because  he  of  the  soldiers  was  increased  to  $30  a  month, 
declined  to  submit  to  the  dictatorship  of  Con-  The  people  in  the  interior,  in  the  center,  and 
gress,  and  to  surrender  the  reins  of  government  south  showed  little  interest  in  the  struggle,  and 
to  those  who  traduced  his  purposes  and  sought  no  active  sympathy  with  Congress.    Ignorant 
to  deprive  him  of  his  constitutional  rights.  agriculturalists  were  drawn  to  the  army  by  boun- 
Prepanitlons  for  War. — The  President  had  ties,  leaving  the  wheat  fields  without  harvesters, 
the  standing  army  of  about  8,500  men  and  the  The  public  works  were  stopped,  and  a  large  pro- 
funds  in  the  tieasur}^,  amounting  to  several  portion  of  the  25,000  laborers  enlisted.    Admiral 
million  dollars,  partly  in  the  banks.    The  proc-  Viel  set  about  completing  the  fortifications  of 
lamation  of   the  Congressionalist  leaders  was  Valparaiso,  which  was  at  no  time  safe  from  bom- 
answered  by  one  from  Balmaceda  assuming  a  barament,  except  for  the  reason  that  the  city 
military  dictatorship,  and  declaring  the  whole  was  mainly  owned  bar  Congressionalists.    The 
country  under  martial    law.     All  newspapers  forces  were  placed  under  the  supreme  command 
were  suppressed,  except  two  offlciaJ  organs  that  of  the  Minister  of  War.    Having  all  the  railroads 
wore  ostaolished.  Cluos  and  societies  were  closed,  and  some  swift  transports  that  could  evade  the 
and  people  were  forbidden  to  leave  their  houses  fleet,  the  Government  re-enforced  the  garrisons  at 
after  five  o'clock.    Private  houses  were  watched  all  the  ports,  and  had  a  military  force  in  every 
and  searched,  and  men  of  social  position  were  district.    In  the  vicinity  of  the  capital  there 
bastinadoed  to  compel  them  to  rev^  the  hiding-  was  an  army  of  16,000  infantry,  1,200  cavalry, 
places  of  political  refugees.    The  prisons  were  and  six  batteries  of  field  artillery,  and  in  other 
choked  witn  persons  prominent  in  social,  pro-  parts  of  the  country  14,000  men  were  earrisoned. 
fessionaU  and  commercial  circles  who  were  iaen-  Balmaceda  issued  proclamations  ordering  the 
tified  with  the  various  parties.    The  farms  and  pay  of  officers  and  men  who  fell  in  battle  to  be 
states  of  leading  rebels  were  pillaged,  their  continued  permanently  to  their  families,  increas- 
(Tops  burned,    the   houses  sacked,  and  their  ing  their  salaries  bv  50  per  cent.,  and  offering 
blooded  horses  and  cattle  taken  to  mount  and  two  years*  pay  to  sailors  who  would  desert  to  the 
feed  the    troops.     Servants,    tradesmen,    and  Government  and  a  free  pardon  to  officers  who 
guests  acted  as  spies  in  every  house,  and  through  had  joined  the  insurrection  under  orders  from 
the  month  of  January  a  reign  of  terror  prevailed  their  superiors.    There  was  some  guerilla  fight- 
in  Santiago  and  Valparaiso.    Nevertheless,  the  ing  in  tne  center.    Bridges  and  railroads  were 


128  CHILL 

destroyed  to  cut  off  the  food  supply  of  the  capi-  firing  over  their  heads,  desiring  to  avoid  blood- 

tal.    When  insurgents  appeared  in  numbers  they  shed.    The  "  Blanco  Encalada  "  sailed  for  the 

were  driven  into  the  mountains.    On  Jan.  21  a  Strait  of  Magellan  to  intercept  the   corvette 

mutinv  broke  out  in  the  barracks  at  Valparaiso,  "  Abtao  "  and  the  two  new  torpedo  cruisers  ex- 

and,  thoueh  it  was  quelled,  many  soldiers  de-  pected  from  Europe.    Officers  declaring  for  the 

serted  with  their  arms.    Under  Cten.  Jos^  Fran-  Government  were  put  on  shore.    The  "Aeon- 

cisoo   O^ia  as  commander-in-chief,  the  army  cagua"  and  other  captured  vessels  of  the  Chilian 

was  organized  in  seven  divisions,  the  first  com-  Steamship  Company  were  converted  into  trans- 

manded  by  Maj.-Oen.  Barbosa,  vrith  headquar-  ports,  storeships,  or  armed  cruisers.     The  trans- 

ters  at  Santiago;  the  second  by  Col.  Guitterrez,  port  '*  Amazonas"  was  taken  with  a  regiment  of 

with  headquarters  at  Valparaiso ;  the  third  by  Government  troops  and  a  large  store  of  provisions 

Col.  Wood,  with  headquarters  at  Quillota;  the  bound  for  the  port  of  Antofagasta.  These  soldiers 

fourth  by  Lieut-CoL  Jarpa,  with  headquarters  readily  enlisted  in  the  Congressional  cause.     The 

at  Talca;  the  fifth  by  Col.  Ruiz,  with  head-  coast  was  declared  blockaded  by  the  Congres- 

quarters  at  Chilian ;  the  sixth  by  CoL  Soto  Zal-  sional  Junta.    President  Balmaceda,  in  proclaim- 

vidar,  with  headquarters   at  Angol ;   and  the  ing  the  rebel  fleet  outlawed  and  piratical  at  the 

seventh  by  Lieut-Col.  Garcia,  with  headquarters  outset,  had  hoped  for  the  intervention  of  Eu- 

at^oncepcion.  ropean  nations;  but,  following  the  lead  of  Mr. 

The  Congressionalist  proclamation,  appointing  Kennedy,  the  British  minister,  the  diplomatic 

Capt  Jorge  Montt  commander-in-chief  of  the  corps  offered  no  protest,  and  their  governments 

naval  division  for  the  restoration  of  constitu-  decided  to  i^ore  the  blockade,  since  to  reco^- 

tional  government,  was  signed  by  Waldo  Silva,  nize  it  would  involve  the  concession   of  bel- 

Vice-president  of  the  the  »Bnate ;  Ramon  Barros  ligerent  rights.    The  blockade  was  not  enforced 

Luco,  President  of  the  Chamber ;  Pedro  Montt,  against  foreign  vessels.    The  blockade  of  Val- 

leader  of  the  National  party ;  Sefior  Arana,  ex-  paraiso  began  on  Jan.  16.    The  fort  opened  fire  on 

President  of  the  Delimitation  Commission ;  Gen.  the  **  Blanco  Encalada,"  and  a  shell  exploded  in 


uardo  Matta ;  and  Senator  Altamirano.  Capi-  threatened  to  shell  the  fort  if  it  fired  again 
talists  pUced  their  fortunes  at  the  disposal  of  Campaign  In  the  North.— After  a  few  weeks 
the  Parliamentary  Committee,  ladies  sacrificed  of  drilling  at  Santa  Maria^  the  nucleus  of  the 
their  jewels,  and  money  and  credit  were  not  Congressional  army,  consisting  of  a  few  hundred 
lacking  in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  it  ardent  young  men,  embarked  on  the  fleet  for 
being  said  that  the  nitrate  speculators  were  the  northern  province  of  Tarapaca.  Half  the 
ready  to  give  material  aid  to  the  revolution,  men  had  no  arms  except  the  national  cuchiUo 
The  admirals  in  the  navy  held  themselves  neutral  or  dagger.  The  people  in  the  north  were  all  for 
or  sided  with  the  Government,  and  of  the  nine  Congress.  The  garrison  at  Pisagua  revolted  on 
generals  of  division  the  majority  kept  out  of  Jan.  19,  and  the  commander  of  the"  Magellanes," 
the  contest  Gen.  Urrutia  and  Commander  which  had  arrived  in  the  harbor  three  days 
Canto  organized  the  Congressional  Volunteers,  before,  took  possession  of  the  place  in  the  name 
who  were  encamped  on  the  island  of  Santa  of  Congress.  Government  troops  were  sent  from 
Maria,  in  the  southern  province  of  Arauca  Men  Iquique  to  recanture  it.  Fighting  took  place  at 
were  recruited  in  all  the  ports.  Parties  of  volun-  Zapiga  on  the  21st,  and  at  the  Izpiza  Hospicio 
teers  went  down  to  the  snore,  and  were  taken  off  in  front  of  the  town  on  the  23d,  which  resulted 
at  night  by  boats  sent  from  the  men-of-war.  in  the  defeat  of  the  Conffressionalists,  of  whom 
There  was  an  insufficient  supply  of  arms  that  100  were  killed,  but  the  Iquique  troops  did  not 
had  been  secretly  taken  from  the  Government  reoccupy  the  place  till  the  25tn,  when  they  came 
stores.  Men  came  on  rafts  and  boats  from  the  in  stronj^er  force,  and  marched  in  at  night  to 
mainland,  and  for  lack  of  muskets  were  trained  escape  being  fired  upon  bv  the  three  naval  vessels 
with  sticks  of  wood  in  the  practice  of  arms,  in  the  harbor.  Another  landinfi^  was  made,  and 
The  parliamentaiy  party  had  not  anticipated  a  the  Congressionalists  were  repeUed,  but  succced- 
war,  and  were  behind  the  Government  m  their  ed  in  bringing  "^^"^L  ^^"^  ^^  ^^  ^o^*  Canto's 
preparations.  .Gen.  Vaquedano  took  the  chief  scattered  soldiers.  The  first  attempt  to  gain  a 
command  of  the  land  forces,  and  had  under  him  foothold  in  the  nitrate  province  thus  proved  a 
Gen.  Urrutia,  Gen.  Saavedra,  Gen.  Sotomayor  failure.  A  large  part  of  the  patriot  force  was 
Col.  Canto,  and  others.  without  arms  and  ammunition,  and  the  squadron 
Movements  of  the  Fleet. — When  the  fieet  was  running  short  of  coal  and  provisions.  To 
revolted  the  squadron  at  Valparaiso  consisted  provide  these  a  landing  was  made  in  the  province 
of  the  ironclads  **  Almirante  Cochrane  "  and  of  Coquimbo.  At  the  rich  commercial  port  of 
"  Blanco  Encalada,"  the  latter  of  which  was  that  name,  which  is  the  outlet  of  a  fiourishine 
made  Admiral  Montt's  fiagship,  the  cruiser  mining  district,  the  Congress  party  were  received 
"  Esmeralda,"  the  ram  **  Magellanes,"  and  a  cor-  with  open  arms.  The  troops  of  the  Government 
vette.  The  '^Huascar,"  which  was  undergoing  made  only  a  pretense  of  resistance.  Balmaceda's 
repairs,  was  afterward  cut  out  by  the  rebels,  who  Minister  of  War  made  every  attempt  to  recover 
captured  the  torpedo  boats,  seized  all  the  tu^  the  province,  but  the  first  regiment  that  was 
and  launches,  took  all  the  stores  that  were  in  sent  by  land  from  Santiago  deserted  to  the 
the  harbor,  and  carried  off  the  Congressionalists  enemy.  This  province,  being  connected  by  rail- 
desiring  to  reach  the  fieet  who  could  evade  the  road  with  Santiago,  could  not  be  held  oy  the 
Solice  and  soldiery.  Troops  lining  the  esplanade  insurgents.  The  fleet  was  in  constant  need  of 
red  on  the  boats,  and  the  crews  answered  by  coal,  having  to  depend  on  the  colliers  that  were 


OHILL  129 

eioght  on  the  sea.  There  were  large  quantities  was  fought  on  Feb.  15.  The  Tictory  made  the 
stored  at  Coronel,  in  the  province  of  Arauco,  rebels  overconfident,  as  Col.  Robles  had  sue- 
opposite  the  island  of  Santa  Maria.  Before  the  ceeded  in  getting  away  with  only  200  men,  and, 
rebels  estaUished  themselves  in  Tarapaca  and  after  capturing  a  train  of  mules  left  by  a  party 
removed  their  milit«ry  base  from  that  island,  the  of  cavalry  that  wandered  into  their  camp  by 
fleet  captured  that  town,  which  is  the  shipping  mistake,  and  finding  the  baegage  to  consist  of 
point  for  the  principal  coal  mines  of  Chili,  and  200  rifles  and  200,(^  cartridges,  of  which  they 
carried  oft  all  the  stocks  at  the  water  side.  To  were  in  great  need,  they  determined  to  fight  the 
.prevent  this  the  Government  had  posted  a  strone  enemy  wherever  they  were  encountered.  They 
garrison  at  Coronel.  The  **  Esmeralda  "  steamed  met  them  again  at  Huara  and  underestimated 
into  the  harbor  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  their  strength,  for  CV)i.  Siiinas  had.  re-enforced 
the  town.  When  it  was  refused,  grape  and  Robles  with  the  entire  garrison  of  Iquique,  1,000 
ctnister  were  poured  into  the  town  without  pre-  regulars  and  militia.  An  important  reason  for 
hminarv  wamine  to  the  population,  and  solid  not  delaying  the  battle  was  the  fact  that  large 
shot  followed,  which  demolished  the  railroad  re-enforcements  of  Government  troops  were  ad- 
station,  burying  67  corpses  in  the  ruins.  After  vancing  by  forced  marches  from  the  north,  the 
that  the  commandant  capitulated.  ^  Imperiale  "  having  landed  a  division  in  the 

Having  supplied  themselves  with  cattle  and  Peruvian  port  of  Ite  and  the  "Santa  Rosa" 
other  provisions  at  Coquimbo  and  Serena,  and  another  at  Arica.  The  fight  began  in  the  after- 
about  200  rifles,  the  Congressional  expedition  noon  of  Feb.  17.  The  rebels  gained  ground 
retunied  to  the  northern  coast  with  the  in  ten-  until  they  had  discharged  the  whole  of  their 
tion  of  attacking  Iquique.  This  intention  they  fort^  rounds  of  ammunition,  and  then  they 
abandoned  wh^i  they  learned  that  Col.  Robles  fled  in  disorder,  with  the  loss  of  800  men,  and 
had  le-enforced  the  garrison  with  50O  regulars,  80  officers,  among  them  Col.  Manuel  Aguirre,  a 
landed  at  Patiblos.  They  determined  to  de-  large  number  of  rifles,  and  the  three  Gatline 
KTer  the  first  blow  at  Pisagua,  defended  by  only  guns  and  two  cannons  that  they  had  captured 
340  men*  under  Col.  Valensuela.  The  "  Coch-  at  Pisagua  and  San  Francisco, 
rane,*'  ^  O'Hlffgins,'*  "  Magellanes,"  and  **  Cacha-  I'he  troops  had  all  been  withdrawn  from  Iqui- 
poal "  entered  the  harbor  early  in  the  morning  que  to  inflict  this  severe  blow  on  the  land  foroe 
of  Feb.  6,  and  the  land  force  was  debarked  with  the  idea  that  the  town  could  easilv  be  re- 
under  cover  of  the  guns.  The  Congressionalists  captured  if  occupied  by  the  marines.  The  naval 
succeeded  in  gaininff  the  heights  and  capturing  forces  took  possession  of  the  place  on  the  16th. 
the  artillery  planted  there  to  receive  the  fleet.  On  the  19th  Col.  Soto  retumea  to  take  possession 
The  Government  force  in  the  town  and  forts  on  of  the  place,  which  was  garrisoned  by  only  40 
the  plain  was  between  two  fires,  and,  after  a  sailors,  who  were  ordered  on  board ;  but  Merino 
severe  infantry  engagement  and  a  bombardment,  Jarpa,  the  commander,  having  heard  of  the  re- 
wbich  destroyed  the  greater  part  of  the  town  verse  at  Huara,  determined  to  resist,  and  shut 
and  caused  many  deaths  as  the  result  of  ex-  himself  in  the  custom  house.  The  fight  lasted 
plosions  of  the  oil  tanks  and  nitrate  works,  from  dawn  till  daiic.  The  people  on  the  ships 
marines  landed  and  the  infantry  division  exe-  did  not  know  the  condition  of  affairs  till  noon, 
cutod  an  assault  from  the  other  side.  After  a  In  order  to  drive  out  the  little  band,  Soto*s  men 
brief  stniggle,  the  enem^  surrendered.  All  the  set  fire  to  the  neighboring  buildings,  and  the 
men  and  ofl^cers  remaining,  about  200,  were  whole  of  the  business  quarter  of  the  city  was  de- 
taken  prisoners  and  four  Krupp  guns  were  capt-  stroyed.  Great  damage  was  done  also  by  the 
nred.  The  people  of  the  district  were  eager  to  firing  from  the  ships  to  protect  the  men  beseiged 
volunteer,  and  with  the  rifies  captured  from  the  in  the  custom  house  ana  cover  the  landing  of  a 
enemy  a  division  of  1,200  men  was  formed  in  a  relieving  force.  Admiral  Hotham,  commanding 
few  days,  including  200  men  from  the  squadron,  the  British  naval  force,  endeavored  to  intervene 
This  force  set  out  for  Iquique  by  the  railroad,  to  prevent  the  destruction  of  pro]:)erty.  The 
It  was  calculated  that  if  the  advance  was  made  .  bombardment  enabled  the  Congressionalists  to 
by  land  the  Government  commander  would  be  achieve  a  complete  victory,  and  on  the  fol low- 
compelled  to  divide  his  forces  in  order  to  meet  ing  day  Col.  Soto  surrendered  the  city  and  the 
the  column  outside  the  town,  and  yet  leave  remnant  of  his  force  joined  the  Congress 
enough  to  prevent  the  town  from  being  occupied  party.  Troops  were  landed  to  hold  the  town  and 
by  ihd  naval  forces.  The  harbor  had  men  block-  strengthen  the  broken  ranks  of  Col.  Canto's  little 
aded  since  Jan.  20,  The  land  column  had  not  army.  The  intention  was  to  bring  up  troops 
advanced  beyond  Dolores  when  it  met  the  ad-  from  Pisagua  and  fall  upon  Col.  Robles,  who, 
vaooe  guard  of  Col.  Robles.  The  troops  of  after  the  loss  of  Soto's  command,  had  but  500  or 
Congress  drew  up  on  the  heights,  and  charged  600  men  remaining.  On  the  21st  1,000  of  the 
the  regular  troops  that  formed  in  line  on  the  Congressionalist  soldiers  arrived ;  but  the  contest 
plain  at  San  Francisco,  while  the  irregulars  took  was  put  off  because  one  of  the  Government  di- 
position  on  the  hill  bdiind.  Col.  Robles,  who  visions  joined  the  enemy  at  the  same  time,  and 
commanded  the  body  near  the  railroad,  had  to  on  the  24th  the  other  arrived.  For  this  reason 
retreat  with  all  the  men  he  could  get  away  at  the  Congressionalists  camped  in  the  town,  pro- 
the  first  onset.  The  men  on  the  hill  held  their  tected  by  the  guns  of  the  fleet,  until  they  could 
ground  till  both  commanders,  Villagran  and  organize  a  larger  force.  The  Congressional  navy 
Hequilene,  were  killed  And  few  of  their  men  left,  was  now  guarding  the  coast  enectually.  The 
The  Fourth  R^ment  was  reduced  to  60  men,  last  Government  re-enforcements  were  landed 
▼ho  joined  the  Congressionalists.    The  killed  on  on  Peruvian  territor^r,  for  which  due  apologies 

the  side  of  Congress  numbered  about  125.  and  on  were  demanded  and  ^ven.    However,  it  was  le- 

the  other  side  four  times  as  many.    This  battle  ported  that  a  third  division  was  advancing  across 

VOL.  XXXI. — 9  A 


130  CHILI. 

the  desert  from  Antofagasta,  and  the  Congres-  Arica  and  the  fertile  province  of  Tacna  in  the 
sionalists  therefore  made  up  their  minds  to  ad-  mountains  behind  Anca.    The  troops  of  Con- 
vanoe  upon  the  enemy's  position.    Col.  Canto  gress  had  no  difficulty  in  landing  at  Arica,  and, 
had  1,650  men  and  Col.  Bobles  about  an  equal  on  April  7,  both  places  were  taken  without  fight- 
number,  who  were  encamped  at  the  junction  of  ing.    Balmaceda  s  commander  had  a  division  of 
the  railroads,  but  retired  northward  and  took  up  1,600  men,  which  broke  up  on  the  appearance  of 
a  position  at  Pozo  Almonte,  about  SO  miles  east  the  rebel  forces,  a  part  going  over  to  Congress, 
oflquique.  The  Congressionalists,  who  bad  to  re-  while  the  rest  flea  into  Bolivia.    Caldera  and 
pair  the  railroad  that  was  destroyed  by  dynamite  other  points  south  of  the  desert  were  occnpied, 
oy  the  others  as  they  retired,  came  up  to  them  and  thus,  in  addition  to  the  nitrate  fields,  the 
on  the  evening  of  the  6th  of  March.   The  Chilenos  rebels  possessed  two  fertile  districts  from  which 
waste  hundr^s  of  cartridges  without  hitting  a  they  could  get  supplies,  and  had  full  command 
man :  but  in  hand-to-hand  conflict,  when  they  of  the  whole  of  northern  Chili  as  far  south  as 
throw  down  their  rifles,  disdaining  the  bayonet,  Copiapo.    President  Balmaceda  declared  all  the 
and  draw  their  knives,  the  combat  is  deadly,  ports  m  control  of  the  insurgents  to  be  clrjsed ; 
The  Congressionalists  advanced  to  the  attack  as  out  this  order  could  have  no  effect,  except  in 
soon  as  it  was  light  in  the  morning,  and  when  cases  like  that  of  a  German  vessel,  which,  after 
the  shock  was  over  1,000  men  lay  dead  or  help-  loading  with  nitrate,  put  into  a  Government  port, 
less  on  the  field,  and  the  Government  troops  were  where  the  cargo  was  confiscated  by  Balmaceda*s 
driven  back  away  from  the  railroad,  which  was  officials.    After  the  period  of  war,  famine,  and 
their  only  line   of  retreat.     They  broke  and  anarchy  was  over  the  nitrate  works  began  opera- 
scattered,  having  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  tions  again,  and  the  export  trade  revived  to  a 
700  men  and  many  officers,  and  400  taken  pris-  considerable  extent,  the  duties  being  paid  to  the 
oners.    On  the  other  side  about  400  men  and  officials  of  Congress.    Caldera,  betrayed  by  the 
officers  were  killed  or  disabled.    Col.  Robles  was  garrison,  fell  into  the  insurgents'  han!ls  on  April 
fatally  wounded,  and  while  in  an  ambulance  was  16.  Three  companies,  acoorain^  to  a  prearranged 
murdered  and   mutilated   by   the  savage   sol-  plan,  mutinied  when  drilling  m  the  plaza,  and 
dlerv.    The  conflict  assumed  early  a  cruel  and  lough t  flercelv  with  four  other  companies  and 
vindictive  character,  the  authorities  at  Santiago  the  police.    Ihe  gunners  in  the  fort  had  been 
having  set  the  example.    Robles  was  believed  to  won  over,  and  when  the  "Esmeralda"  steamed 
have  shot  all  prisoners  and  wounded  who  fell  into  the  port  they  turned  their  guns  on  the  Gov- 
into  his  hands,  and  to  have  done  so  by  order  of  emment  tiouse.    Upon  that  the  loyal  soldiers  and 
Balmaceda.    The  mutinous  regiment  which  de-  inhabitants  fled,  and  the  place  was  occupied  by 
livered  up  Pisagua  to  the  navy  massacred  the  the  Congressionalists.     In  the  sharp  hand-to- 
Balmacedist  officers,  and  when  the  place  was  re-  hand  fight  between  the  rebellious  ana  the  loyal 
taken  bv  Government  troops  every  captured  offl-  troops  about  200  were  killed, 
cor  of  the  Congressionalist  garrison  was  shot.  Tne  nitrate  provinces  of  Tarapaca  and  Ataca- 
The  last  battle  left  the  entire  seaboard  in  the  ma  afforded  tne  forces  of  Congress  a  safe  base 
hands  of  the  Congressionalists.    The  remaining  of  operations.    Balmaceda*s  army  was  ten  times 
forces  of  the  Government  retreated  to  the  city  of  as  numerous  at  that  time,  but  it  could  not  cross 
Tarapaca.    On  March  9  the  "  Esmeralda"  en-  the  150  miles  of  sand v' desert  and  impassable  ra- 
tered  the  harbor  of  Antofagasta,  and  demanded  vines.    The  loss  of  tne  nitrate  revenues,  in  or- 
the  surrender  of  the  town  within  three  davs  dinary  times  $2,600,000  a  month,  was  fatal  to 
under  a  threat  of  bombardment.    One  of  the  the  Crovemment  at  Santiago ;  while  the  greatly 
battalions  of  the  garrison  mutinied,  killed  the  reduced  receipts  would  enable  the  Congressional 
officers,  and  went  on  board  the  ship,  and  others  Junta  to  maintain  its  position  and  support  the 
were  willing  to  desert.    To  prevent  the  whole  fleet  and  its  army  of  5,000  or  6,000  men  till  Bal- 
oommand  from  going  over  to  the  enemy.  Col.  maceda's  term  of  office  expiied.     The  nitrate 
Camus,  taking  the  rolling  stock  of  the  railroad,  districts  produced  no  food,  but  with  money  they 
retreated  to  Calama,  180  miles  up  the  line.    En-  could  organize  a  commissariat  and  draw  sup- 

S'nes  were  found  in  the  hold  of  a  vessel  by  Col.  plies  from  the  southern  provinces  or  from  Peru, 

mto  after  he  had  occupied  the  place,  enabling  Bolivia,  or  California  as  long  as  they  held  the 

him  to  cross  the  desert  to  Calama,  where  the  sea.    From  the  ports  of  Iquique,  Pisagua,  Toco- 

Congressionalists,  after  a  week  or  two  of  prepara-  pilla,    Antofagasta,  and  Taltal  more  than  two 

Uon,  suddenly  appeared  in  force,  causing  the  Gov-  thirds  of  the  exports  of  the  country  were  sent  in 

ernment  commander  to  flee  into  Bolivia  with  1889  and  three  quarters  of  the  revenue  was  col- 

his  division  of  2,450  men,  leaving  behind  a  large  lected.   An  attempt  was  made  to  gain  possession 

quantity  of  munitions  of  war  and  commissariat  of  the  fertile  islands  of  the  Chiloe  reninsiila. 

stores.    Despite  the  repressive  measures  of  Col.  Both  parties  had  earnest  partisans  there,  and  in 

Camus,  who  nad  a  large  number  shot  who  showed  connection  with  naval  operations  an  insurrection 

signs  of  insubordination,  one  fourth  of  the  com-  was  begun.    This  came  to  naught,  because  the 

mand  got  away  and  joined  the  rebels.  Government  concentrated  troops  there  and  for- 

The  interior  of  Tarapaca  was  cleared  of  Bal-  tifled  the  seaports  and  important  positions, 
maceda's  soldiers.  The  fleet  was  augmented  by  Balmaceda*B  Congress.  —  The  elections  of 
the  transport  "Maipo,"  which  was  seized  by  members  of  Congress  and  of  presidential  elector? 
Capt.  Valaureso,  of  the  Santiago  garrison,  who  took  place  on  March  29.  CNomingo  Godoy,  the 
deserted  with  120  men,  and,  with  the  aid  of  ac-  Premier,  issued  orders  that  no  official  pressure 
complices  among  the  officers  at  Valparaiso,  got  should  be  exercised.  Nevertheless,  the  military 
away  with  the  ship  and  a  lar^  quantity  of  Gat-  had  charare  of  the  polls.  No  one  voted  but  mem- 
ling  guns,  rifles,  and  ammunition.  In  the  extreme  hers  of  Balmaceda's  party,  who  elected  a  Con- 
north  the  Government  still  held  the  port  of  gress  entirely  Liberal     The  President -elect. 


CHILI.  131 

Clwidk)  Viciilia,  who  had  been  put  forward  in  President  of  the  Senate ;  R.  Barros  Luoo,  Presi- 

the  place  of  Sanfnentes and  had  retired  from  the  dent  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies;   and  Jorge 

Cabmet  in  order  to  become  the  official  candidate,  Montt,  Commander  of  the  Squadron.    They  ap- 

was  a  man  of  wealth,  well  known  to  the  people,  pointed  a  Cabinet  consistingof  Isidor  Errazunz, 

hftTin^  held  several  Cabinet  offices.    The  Con-  Secretary  of  the  Junta  for  f^oreign  AfEairs,  Jus- 

gress  irregularly  elected,  when  most  of  the  offi-  tice,  and  Education ;  Joaauin  Walker  Martinez, 

oers  who  should  direct  and  supervise  the  elec-  Secretary  of  Finance ;  ana  CoL  Holley,  Secretary 

tioDs  were  in  prison  or  proscribed,  met  on  April  of  War  and  Marine. 

20,  to  hear  the  President's  messa^  in  which  Naral  Operations. — The  fleet  torpedo  cruis- 
cfaanges  in  the  Constitution,  to  deprive  Congress  ers  "  Lynch ''  and  "  Condell,'*  after  a  series  of 
ol  its  Dower  over  the  public  purse  and  its  con-  exciting  escapes  from  the  insurgent  vessels,  were 
trol  of  the  Executive,  were  recommended.  As  he  brought  safelv  into  port  at  Valparaiso  before  the 
vas  charged,  he  said,  with  the  duty  of  adminis-  middle  of  March.  Besides  tnese,  the  Govern- 
tering  the  state  and  guarding  the  internal  se-  ment  possessed  three  small  gunboats  and  a  fast 
curity,  the  position  of  Congress,  which  tended  to  armed  steamer,  the  "  Imperiale,"  chartered  from 
the  overthrow  of  the  established  order,  obli^d  the  Pacific  Steam  Navigation  Company,  which 
him  to  '*  assume  all  the  public  powers  and  brmg  had  successfully  run  the  blockade  nve  times  to 
together  the  elements  necessary  to  make  trium-  convey  troops  to  the  north.  The  "  Cousino," 
pl^t  the  principle  of  authority  in  Chili,  with-  another  converted  cruiser,  after  several  voyages 
out  which  nothing  durable  can  exists"  Under  was  captured  by  the  revolutionists,  who  made  an 
these  circumstances  he  found  imposed  on  him  the  attempt  to  seize  the  **  Piloomayo,"  a  new  gun- 
**  painful  duty  of  reducing  the  cniefs  and  promo-  vessel  that  was  waiting  in  the  harbor  of  Monti- 
ters  of  revolt  to  impotence  by  arresting  tnem  or  video,  with  a  full  force  of  sailors  and  marines, 
driving  them  away  from  the  scene  of  their  activ-  for  a  favorable  opportunity  to  make  the  voyage 
ity.*'  Among  the  cruelties  credited  to  Balmace-  to  Valparaiso  without  being  caught  by  the  Con- 
da  and  his  officers  the  worst  were  connected  gressional  cruisers.  A  party  of  armed  Chilians 
with  the  pursuit  of  supporters  of  the  revolution,  went  on  board  with  the  intention  of  surprising 
the  torture  of  their  friends  who  refused  to  reveal  the  crew ;  but  the  object  was  detected,  and  they 
their  asylums,  and  the  assassination  of  the  lead-  were  overpowered  after  a  pitched  battle  on  the 
ers  who  were  arrested.  The  nominating  con-  deck.  The  **  Blanco  Encalada  "  entered  Valpa- 
vention  chose  Claudio  Vicufia  as  the  candidate  raiso  in  a  dark  night  with  the  intention  of  blow- 
for  the  presidency  b^r  294  votes  out  of  296.  The  ing  up  the  "  Mary  Florence,"  a  tug  fitted  up  as 
Congress  passed  a  bill  of  indemnity  for  all  the  a  gunooat,  with  a  fish  torpedo,  ^is  missed  its 
acts  of  President  Balmaceda  since  Jan.  1,  and  mark  and  destroyed  the  dry  dock.  The  ship  es- 
another  conferring  on  him  extraordinary  pow-  caned  unhurt  from  the  fire  of  the  fort.  The 
ers.  He  was  authorized  to  arrest,  imprison,  and  "  Marv  Florence  "  and  a  torpedo  boat  that  stole 
ponish  any  person  inimical  to  the  Government ;  out  after  her  were  descried,  and  destroyed  with 
to  expend  the  public  revenue  according  to  his  their  crews'  by  shells  from  the  **  Blanco "  and 
own  judgment  without  being  called  upon  for  es-  the  "  O'Higgins,"  which  engaged  the  batteries  at 
timates ;  to  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  long  range,  and  during  the  battle  shells  from 
state  without  the  previous  authorization  of  Con-  the  fort  nit  the  hull  and  one  of  the  guns  of  the 
gress ;  to  suspend  the  judicial  power,  dismiss  *'  O'Higgins."  After  the  arrival  of  the  first  of 
judges,  and  deal  with  political  offenses  by  execu-  the  two  torpedo  catchers,  the  **  Condell,"  three 
tive degree;  tosuppresstherightsof  free  speech,  rebel  agents  went  into  Valparaiso  and  nearly 
public  meeting,  and  liberty  of  the  press ;  to  or-  succeeded  in  getting  possession  of  her.  The 
ganize  military  tribunals  and  define  their  juris-  whole  crew  and  the  officer  in  command  were  in 
diction  and  authority ;  and  to  declare  any  part  the  plot.  The  captain  from  on  shore,  seeing 
of  the  territory  of  the  republic  to  be  in  a  state  them  starting  the  engine,  got  aboard  before  the 
of  siege.  Tlie  gold  and  silver  reserve  held  by  gunboat  began  to  move,  and  before  he  was  seized 
the  treasury  against  the  paper  currency  was  and  bound  he  gave  the  alarm ;  so  that  before  she 
ordered  to  be  sold  by  Congress,  and  a  new  forced  could  get  x>ut  of  the  harbor  the  other  vessels  sur- 
loan  of  $20,000,000  was  authorized.  A  new  rounded  her.  A  revolutionist  named  Gomez 
ministry  was  appointed  by  President  Balma-  found  means  to  spike  the  Armstrong  guns  in 
ceda  in  June,  which  was  composed  as  follows :  Fort  Andes  at  Valparaiso.  The  Government  at 
Premier  and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Jules  Bar-  first  hesitated  to  risk  their  fiotil  la  in  active  oper- 
nabas  Espinoza^  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  ations,  expecting  soon  to  be  able  to  crush  the 
Worship,  Manual  Maria  Aldunate ;  Minister  of  rebellion  with  a  superior  naval  force.  The  "  Er- 
Justice  and  Education,  Francisco  Xavier  Con-  razuriz  "  and  **  Pinto  "  were  ready,  except  their 
cha:  Minister  of  Finance,  Manuel  Aristides  armament  and  crews.  A  severe  check  to  the 
Zanartu;  Minister  of  War  and  Marine,  Jos^Ve-  plans  of  Balmaceda  was  caused  by  the  refusal 
lasqoez;  Minister  of  Industry  and  Public  Works,  of  the  French  Government  to  let  them  leave 
Nicanor  Agulde  Espinoza.  On  July  25  the  France.  The  embargo,  granted  on  representa- 
eiectoral  ooll^g^  unanimously  elected  Claudio  tions  of  Congressional  envoys,  was  removed  in 
Vicufia  Presi£nt  of  the  republic  for  the  term  June  after  both  sides  were  heard,  but  the  French 
becinning  Sept.  18, 1891.  authorities  still  refused  to  allow  crews  to  be 
Organization  of  the  Janta«— A  Junta  de  recruited  in  France.  A  loan  of  £1,500,000,  that 
Oobiimo,  or  Provisional  Government,  was  for-  had  been  subscribed  in  Germany  for  the  con- 
mally  constituted  at  Iquique  on  April  12,  for  the  struction  of  railroads,  the  bankers  refused  to 
admmistration  in  the  name  of  Congress  of  the  allow  Balmaceda  to  divert  to  military  objects, 
eight  departments  held  bv  the  revolutionists.  His  offers  for  a  Greek  war  ship,  for  the  crack 
The  Junta  was  composed  of  Waldo  Silva,  Vice-  new  Argentine  cniiser,  and  for  fast  merchant 


132  CHILL 

steamers,  were  rejected.   Joaquin  Godoy  was  sent  harbor  at  full  speed  as  the  forts  opened  fire, 
to  Europe  to  endeavor  to  raise  a  loan  and  pur-  which  tiiej  dared  not  do  before  for  fear  of  de- 
chase  snips.    Meanwhile  people  were  ffrowin^  stroying  tne  Oovemment  vessels.    One  shell  fell 
tired  of  tne  tyranny  and  cruelties  of  the  mill-  on  deck,  dismounting  the  pivot  gun.    The  **  AI- 
tary  despotism,  and  to  save  the  failing  cause  it  mirante  Condell "  was  nearly  sunk  by  her  sister 
was  necessary  to  gain  some  success  over  the  revo-  gunboat.    On  the  '*  Magellanes  "  40  men  were 
lutionists,  who  were  protected  now  from  a  land  Killed,  and  on  the  other  vessels  double  that  num- 
attack  by  the  Atacama  desert.  ber.    The  torpedo  boat  **  Guacoida "  was  chased 
The  torpedo  gunboats  were  therefore  got  ready  and  sunk  by  the  "  Magellanes."    The  "  Lynch  " 
for  an  attack  on  the  rebel  fleet,  aided  by  the  and  **  Condell"  patrolled  the  coast  and  fired  at 
torpedo  boats,  with  the  "  Imperiale  "  as  tender,  long  range  into  tne  rebel  harbors.  The  officers  and 
On   April   23  the  torpedo   cruisers   surprised  crew  ran  the  torpedo  launch  "Gude"  out  of  Val- 
the  **  Blanco  Encalada "  at  anchor  in  Caldera  paraiso  Bay  to  hand  her  over  to  the  Congress 
Bay,  while  she  was  undergoing  repairs  and  un-  party.    The  "  Lynch  "  overtook  and  recaptured 
able   to   bring   her  guns  into  position.     The  ihe  launch  at  Papudo,  and  the  12  deserters  were 
attock  was  made  beiore  dawn.    The  ironclad  taken  to  Santiago  and  shot.    An  attempt  was 
had  no  torpedo  net,  had  no  picket  boats  out,  and  made  to  blow  up  both  the  ^*  Lynch  "  and  the 
did  not  use  search  lie'bts.    Captain  Moraga,  ap-  "  Condell  **  with  dynamite.    One  of  the  minor 
proaching  unobservea,  fired  end-on  at  a  distance  accomplices  in  these  plots  betrayed  the  instiga- 
of  110  yards  the  bow  torpedo,  which  missed  the  tors,  wno  were  a  quarter-master, 'who  killed  him- 
ironclad   and  sank  an  English  merchantman,  self  before  he  could  be  arrested,  and  a  respecta- 
The  torpedo  catcher  then  sneered  off,  and  at  65  ble  merchant  named  Ricardo  Cummin^  who 
yards  discharged  first  one  and  then  the  other  of  was  shot  with  the  man  who  betrayed  him  and 
the  port  torj^oes,  both  of  which  struck  the  another  agent  in  the  conspiracy. 
*'  Blanco  '*  in  the  bow.    When  first  struck,  the  Negotiations  for  Peace.— A  large  assembly 
ironclad  opened  a  heavy  mitrailleuse  fire  on  the  of  influential  citizens  who  had  taken  no  part  in 
**  Condell.''     The  '*  Lynch,"  following  in   the  politics  passed  resolutions  at  Santiago  on  Feb.  1, 
same  course  about  60  yards  behind  her  consort,  in  pursuance  of  which  a  committ^  waited  on 
likewise  sent  her  bow  torpedo  ahead  of  the  iron-  the  President  and  urged  him  to  change  his  ad- 
dad,  and  when  broadsiae-on  struck  her  amid-  visers  and  restore  peace.    One  of  the  committee 
ships.    Two  minutes  later,  nine  minutes  after  spoke  of  the  opportunity  he  had  of  following 
the  firing  of  the  **  Condell's  "  first  torpedo,  she  tne  patriotic  example  of  O'Higp^ns  and  resi^n- 
foundered.    The  weapons  were  self-acting  White-  ing,  on  which  he  closed  the  interview,  saying 
head  torpedoes,  of  which  each  boat  earned  five,  that  he  was  prepared  to'*  go  on  to  the  end. 
The  **  Lynch  "  was  manoeuvred  by  Capt.  Fuen-  After  the  Congrcssionalists  had  undisputed  pos- 
tes,  who  had  been  so  successful  in  evading  the  session  of  northern  Chili  the  Uruguayan  Gov- 
blockade  with  the  "  Imperiale."    Capt.  Goni,  of  emment  offered  to  mediate,  and  received  the 
the  "  Blanco  Encalada,"  was  rescued  with  about  reply  from  Balmaoeda  that  there  was  no  revolu- 
40  others,  but  180  of  the  crew  were  drowned,  tion,  but  a  local  revolt  that  would  be  suppressed 
The  torpedo  cruisers,  after  sinking  the  iron-  in  a  few  weeks.    Not  long  afterward  the  diplo- 
clad,  met  and  engaged  the  transport  '*  Aeon-  matic  body  arranged  a  conference  between  &1- 
cagua,"  which  had  1,300  revolutionary  soldiers  maceda  and  Congressional  delegates  to  discuss 
on  board,  as  she  was  entering  the  harbor,  and  terms  of  peace.    As  commissioners  of  the  insur- 
during  a  combat  lasting  an  hour  and  a  half  the  gents,  Eulogio  Alamarin,  Carlos  Walker  Marti- 
*'  Aconcagua,"  commanded  by  Merino  Jarpa,  fired  nez,  Pedro  Montt,  Gregorio  Donoso,  and  Belisa- 
190  shots  without  damaging  the  torpedo  catch-  rio  Prats  went  to  Santiago.    Bombs  were  thrown 
ers,  and  finally  forced  her  way  into  the  harbor,  into  the  room  during  a  Cabinet  meeting  and  at 
On  the  following  morning  the  two  torpedo  catch-  ministers  on  the  street,  upon  which  Balmaceda 
ers  and  the  **Sargoanto  Aldea'*  attacked  the  broke  off  the  conference  after  two  days.    He 
cruiser  "Magellanes"  in  Chafiaral  harbor.    The  accused  the  commissioners  of  having  instigated 
smaller  craft  manoeuvred  so  that  the  big  guns  the  bomb-throwing,  canceled  their  sale  conducts, 
could  not  be  brought  to  bear  on  them,  and  with  and  demanded  of  the  foreign  ministers,  who  had 
their  quick-firing  and  machine  ^ins  damaged  guaranteed  their  safety,  that  they  should  be  sur- 
one  of  the  battenes  and  the  rigging  of  the  ship  rendered  for  punishment.  The  ministers  received 
and  killed  22  of  her  crew,  but  they  suffered  them  in  the  legations,  and  extended  their  pro- 
more  severely,  each  of  them  being  nit    They  tection  until  they  were  got  on  board  the  United 
could  not  get  within  close  enough  range  to  use  States  cruiser  ^  Baltimore."    The  revolutionists 
their  torpedoes,  and  fired  only  one,  which  de-  supposed  that  the  bomb-throwing  was  a  trick 
stroyed  a  merchant  vessel.    On  April  28  the  planned  by  Balmaceda  or  his  associates  for  the 
**'  Magellanes "  stole  into  Valparaiso  harbor  in  purpose  of  putting  an  end  to  the  conference, 
the  night  time;  poured  a  broadside  into  the  because   it   took  place   immediately  after  the 
'*  Sargeanto  Aldea,"  riddling  her  and  killing  or  "  Blanco  Encalada    was  sunk, 
wounding  half  the  crew ;  £ed  on  the  "  Almir-  The  peace  proposals  first  emanated  from  Bal- 
ante  Lynch,"  receiving  a  heavy  fire  in  return ;  maceda*s  Government.    While  the  representa- 
blew  out  of  water  a  boat  with  10  men  sent  to  tiresof  England  and  Germany  were  treating  with 
attack  her  with  a  torpedo ;  slipped  astern  out  of  a  the  Congressional  authorities  at  Iquique,  Bal- 
murderous  cross  fire  of  the  "Lynch  "  and  "  Con-  maceda  signified  his  acceptance  of  the  media- 
dell,"  leaving  the  Government  vessels  firing  at  tion  of  Brazil,  France,  and  the  United  States, 
each  other  in  the  darkness ;  got  into  position  to  not  wishing  the  British  and  German  ministers 
rake  the  "  Lynch  "  vrith  a  broadside  that  dis-  to  take  part  in  the  negotiations,  notwithstanding 
mantled  every  gun ;  and  steamed  out  of  the  the  fact  that  they  had  taken  the  initiative  in  the 


CHILI.  133  I 

I 

i 

matter  with  his  knowledge  and  approyal.    The  marshal,  who  left  his  deputy  in  charge.    The 
representatiyes  of  Brazil,  France,  and  the  United  commander  of  the  Chilian  steamer  steamed  out 
States,  on  accepting  the  office  of  mediators,  pro-  of  port  when  he  was  ready,  with  the  United 
posed  that  botn  parties  should  formulate  tneir  States  officer  on  board.    He  was  afterward  put 
proposals  and  demands,  in  order  that  the  media-  on  a  pilot  boat. .  The  munitions  were  truisshipped 
tors  could  deduce  concrete  propositions  to  serve  at  ni^ht,  and  the  "  Itata  "  put  out  to  sea.    The 
as  a  bads  for  negotiations.     The  Provisional  question  of  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the 
Government    consented,   whereas   Balmaceda's  United  States  Government  was  a  matter  for  the 
minister,  Domingo  Godoy,  refused  to  present  earnest  consideration  of  the  authorities  at  Wash- 
his  views  in  writing  until  he  had  seen  the  con-  ington.    In  the  case   of  the  '*  Alabama "  the 
ditions  proposed  by  his  adversaries.     At  this  United  States  contended,  and  the  arbitration 
stag«  negotiations  were  abruptly  terminated.  The  court  at  Geneva  decided,  that  a  neutral  Govem- 
demands  of  the  insurgent  commissioners  were  ment  must  use  due  diligence  to  prevent  the 
the  resignation  and  impeachment  of  Balmaoeda,  equipment  or  fitting  out  of  armed  cruisers  or  the 
di:^bftndmeDt  of  army  and  navy,  and  reassem-  use  of  its  ports  and  waters  for  the  renewal  or 
biing  of  the  old  Congress  penaing  the  election  augmentation  of  military  supplies  or  arms.    In 
of  a  new  one.  the  State  Department  it  was  neld  that  the  Gov- 
On  May  27th  the  Bolivian  Government  issued  emment.  ha vmg  exercised  ordinary  vigilance  and 
a  decree  recognizing  the  belligerent  standing  exhausted  the  means  at  hand  to  prevent  a  viola- 
and  rights  of  the  Chilian  Junta  at  Iquique.  tion  of  neutral  obligations,  although  it  might 
The  Itata. — The  sinking  of  the  *' Blanco  En-  have  a  right  to  take  the  vessel  in  outside  waters, 
calada  ^  did  not  end  the  war  in  Balmaceda*s  was  not  £K>und  by  international  law  to  make  the 
favor,  as  he  expected  it  would.    The  revolution-  attempt    The  Attorney-General  and  the  Secre- 
ists.  though  disheartened,  were  morally,  finan-  tary  of  State  were  of  the  opinion  that  the  pur- 
cially,  and  strategically  stronger  than  the  Gov-  suit  and  capture,  if  possible,  of  the  escaped  vcs- 
erament    The  position  would  be  reversed  when  sel,  aside  from  the  question  of  vindicating  the 
the  ships  came  over  from  Europe,  or  if  Balma-  insulted  authority  of  the  United  States  Govern- 
eeda*s  Government  could  use  tne  credit  of  the  ment,  belonged  among  the  pacific  duties  of  a 
nation.    The  naval  blockade  could  not  be  long  neutral  and  friendly  state.     Accordingly,  the , 
continued,  owing  to  the  lack  of  coal,  and  to  cruiser  "  Charleston    was  ordered  to  give  chase, 
fml  the  force  in  the  north  provisions  must  be  She  was  much  faster  than  the  "  Itata,*'  but  the 
brought  from  distant  places.    It  was  necessarjr  latter  had  a  long  start,  and  her  course  and  where- 
to strike  at  Balmaceda  in  the  center  of  Chili,  abouts  were  unknown.    The  **  Esmeralda "  was 
For  this  purpose  an  army  must  be  raised  and  in  Mexican  waters,  waiting  to  convoy  the  trans- 
e<juipped.    Tne  main  want  was  arms  and  mu-  port,  or  to  take  off  her  cargo.    The  commander 
nition.    All  the  rifles  and  cannons,  and  even  of  the  Chilian  cruiser  was  Capt.  Silva  Palma, 
the  clothes,  of  the  Congressional  army  had  been  who  had  navigated  the  **  Itata,   with  an  armed 
taken  from  the  enemy.    There  was  no  difficulty  force  in  concealment  and  guns  masked,  into  San 
in  rporuiting  an  army  from  the  best  fighting  ma-  Diego,  and  carried  off  the  deputy  marshal,  re- 
terial  in  Chili.     While  Balmaceda  resorted  to  joining  his  vessel,  while  the  **  Itata  "  took  a  west- 
the  harshest  kind  of  conscription,  and  forced  erlv  course  to  elude  pursuit.    He  made  ready  to 
Peruvian  and  Bolivian  residents   to   join  his  fight  the  "  Charleston  *\  as  she  came  up.    On 
army,  and  even  drafted  into  it  the  convicts  in  board  the  American  war  ship  the  guns  were 
the  prisons,  the  Congressional  leaders  found  two  manned,  and  officers  and  crew  were  eager  for  the 
ea^r  volunteers  for  every  rifle  they  could  fur-  combat.    Such  a  complication  the  members  of 
nish.    In  their  seven  UUtles  in  Tarapaca  their  the  Junta  were  anxious  to  avoid,  for  it  would 
fighting  line  was  usually  smaller  than  the  ene-  prove  a  more  serious  drawback  to  their  cause 
my's ;  bat  reserves  were  sent  up  from  the  rear  than  the  loss  of  the  munitions.    Through  their 
to  snatch  the  arms  of  the  men  who  fell  and  representatives  in  Paris,  they  had  already  offered 
close  up  the  ranks.    To  arm  a  force  able  to  to  deliver  up  the  **  Itata "  to  the  American  naval 
meet  Balmaceda's  army,  Ricardo  Trumbull,  the  commander  at  Iquique  as  soon  as  she  arrived  at 
aeent  of  the  Provisional  Government,  purchased  that  port,  outside  which  the  American  cruiser 
inanitions  in  the  United  States,  some  of  which  **  San  Francisco  "  was  waiting  with  orders  to  in- 
reached  Chili.    The  largest  consignment,  con-  tercept  her.    She  was  met  by  the  "  Esmeralda  " 
sisting  of  10.000  Remin^on  rifles  and  2,500,000  off  the  Mexican  coast,  and  was  supposed  to  have 
cartridges,  was  taken  out  of  San  Francisco  on  transferred  a  part  of  her  cargo,  and  on  June  4 
the  American  schooner  "Robert  and  Minnie,'*  arrived  at  Iquioue  ahead  of  the  ** Charleston," 
vhioh  anchored  off  the  Catalina   Islands   on  and  was  surrenaered  to  Rear-Admiral  Brown, 
April  25.    The  Congressional  transport  "  Itata,"  commander  of  the  American  naval  forces,  in  ao- 
one  of  the  steamers  chartered  to  the  Provisional  cordance  with  a  promise  previously  made  to  him 
Government  by  the  Chilian  Transportation  Com-  by  the  Junta's  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.   When 
panv,  was  then  in  San  Diego  haroor,  taking  on  she  was  restored  to  the  custody  of  the  United 
a  cargo  of  meat,  flour,  and  other  provisions  for  States  district  court  at  San  Diego,  the  trial  was 
the  army.    The  collector  of  customs  at  Wilming-  continued,  with  the  result  that  the  court  dis- 
ton  asked  for  instructions,  and  was  told  in  a  tele-  missed  the  libel  on  the  ground  that  there  was  no 
gram  from  Secretary  Foster  not  to  interfere  with  violation  of  the  United  States  neutrality  laws, 
the  transfer  of  the  arms  to  the  "Itata,"  as  it  inasmuch   as   the    Provisional  Government  in 
▼onld  be  no  violation  of  the  neutrality  laws.  Chili  had  not  been  recognized  as  a  belligerent 
The  Attomey-G«neraI  held  a  different  view,  and.  As  this  decision  was  at  variance  with  the  prin- 
tokeep  the ''Itata"  from  carrying  off  the  arms,  ciples  laid  down  in  the  ''Alabama"  case,  the 
■be  was  seized  while  in  port  by  the  United  States  'United  States  Government  appealed  from  it,  in 


134  CHILL 

order  that  steps  may  be  taken  to  amend  the  Fed-  at  Iquiqne  on  Jane  27,  with  8,000  rifles  and 

era!  law,  if  the  court's  construction  of  the  stat-  other  war  material,  and  later  the  **  Esmeralda " 

ute  is  correct,  so  as  to  make  it  conform  with  in-  returned  with  a  larger  supply.    Balmaceda's  offi- 

temational  obligations.  cers  made  ready  for  a  campaign  in  the  Coquimbo 

The  New  Crmsenu — ^The  **  Presidente  Pin-  province,  where  tfie  revolutionists  landed  in  the 

to  '*  and  "  Presidente  Errazuriz,"  built  for  the  latter  part  of  June  and  occupied  the  seaport  of 

Chilian  Government  in  France,  were  completed,  Huasco.     Balmaceda's  forcea  levies  offered  no 


enable  the  President  to  cope  with  the  naval  also  when  the  Congressionalists  appeared,  and 
forces  of  Congress.  It  was  therefore  a  serious  immediately  afterward  was  retaken  by  the  strong 
disappointment  to  him  when  the  French  Govern-  force  of  presidential  troops  that  was  harried  np 
ment,  in  judicial  proceedings  taken  at  the  in-  from  Coquimbo.  The  insurgents  were  likewise 
stance  of  the  agents  of  the  Junta,  placed  an  re-enforced  by  foot  and  artillery  landed  from  the 
embargo  on  the  two  ships,  in  order  to  determine  ships  and  cavalry  advancing  from  Copiapo,  and 
whether  Balmaceda  was,  in  international  law,  again  drove  back  the  enemy.  Troops  were  sent 
the  ruler  of  Chili.  The  arguments  dragged  on  up  to  contest  the  ground,  a  severe  engagement 
till  the  middle  of  June,  and  resulted  in  the  de-  took  place  on  June  28,  and  skirmishing  was  con- 
cision of  the  court  thit  Balmaceda  was  President  tinned  for  some  weeks,  the  insurgents  taking  a 
de  fcicto  until  another  person  should  be  placed  strong  position  at  Villanar  that  they  could  main- 
in  the  seat  of  power.  The'  Junta  met  with  the  tain  against  a  superior  force.  The  Government 
same  response  when  it  appealed  to  the  Grovern-  generals  deemed  it  of  importance  to  regain  pos- 
ments  of  Europe  and  of  the  United  States  and  session  of  this  point,  for  from  the  valley  it  was 
the  sister  republics  in  South  America,  excepting  possible  for  the  rebels  to  strike  Cpquimbo  in  the 
Bolivia.  Financiers  to  whom  Balmaceda  applied  rear.  They  had  massed  their  army  at  three  points, 
for  aid  found  his  title  questionable,  and  he  met  holding  a  force  of  6,500  men  at  Coquimbo  and  La 
with  delays  in  getting  guns  and  in  hiring  crews  Serena,  where  the  next  struggle  was  expected  to 
%  and  paying  the  expenses  of  the  cruisers  after  be,  and  a  smaller  division  at  Concepcion.  ready 
they  were  released.  The  French  Government  for  an  attack  or  uprising  in  the  south,  besides 
prohibited  its  citizens  from  taking  service,  in  ac-  the  main  body  around  Santiago.  The  rainy  sea- 
cordance  with  its  municipal  law  of  neutrality,  son  made  rapid  movements  oi  troops  on  land  im- 
Lieut.  Armit  and  another  British  naval  officer  possible.  When  the  fighting  began,  Balmaceda 
accepted  Chilian  commissions,  and  enlisted  men  sent  re-enforcements  as  fast  as  he  could,  and 
who  shipped  on  the  '*  Errazuriz,**  who  took  her  after  a  while  there  were  from  10,000  to  12,000  of 
to  Lisbon.  Chilian  officers  and  marines  had  his  soldiers  in  Coquimbo.  The  operations  on  this 
eone  across  the  Atlantic  to  form  the  military  coast  were  in  reality  a  feint  intended  to  draw 
force  on  the  war  ships.  Men  who  joined  the  away  troops  from  Santiago  and  Valparaiso, 
crew  were  put  ashore  or  placed  in  irons  when  Balmaceda  and  his  generals  were  surprised 
they  demanded  advanced  pay,  according  to  con-  when  a  fleet  of  twenty  ships  anchored  in  Quin- 
tract.  Guns,  the  French  contractors  being  un-  teros  Bay,  north  of  Valparaiso,  on  Aug.  20,  and 
able  to  supply  them  in  time,  were  obtained  from  could  scarcely  believe  that  the  rebels  intended  to 
the  Armstrong  Arm.  The  officers  had  great  dif-  fight  his  army  of  twice  their  strength,  with  other 
ficulty  in  completing  the  crew  in  Lisbon,  for  the  forces  within  call  and  the  command  of  all  the 
Portuguese  Government  forbade  its  subjects  to  roads  and  strategic  positions.    There  was  doubt 

fo,  took  off  Frenchmen  at  the  request  of  the  as  to  what  part  of  the  coast  they  intended  to 
'rench  consul,  and  required  every  foreign  sea-  land  on.  Admiral  Brown  went  down  on  the 
man  who  shipped  to  show  a  passport  properly  "San  Francisco"  to  observe,  and  from  the  eir- 
vis^ed.  The  "  Presidente  Pinto  "  met  with  worse  cumstance  that  the  Government  troops  moved 
mishaps.  After  leaving  the  French  port,  prob-  down  to  Valparaiso  after  his  return,  the  Chilians 
ably  through  treachery,  for  the  Congressional  afterward  charged  that  American  sailors  must 
agents  were  fertile  in  resources,  she  ran  aground,  have  acquainted  Balmaceda's  friends  with  the 
and  after  being  got  off  again  and  repaired,  she  fact  of  troops  debarking  at  Quinteros,  within 
was  taken  to  Genoa  and  then  to  Kiel,  in  the  vain  20  miles  of  Valparaiso,  in  twelve  hours  all  their 
endeavor  to  get  on  board  the  armament  furnished  forces  were  landed,  consisting  of  8,200  infantry, 
by  the  Armstrongs,  which  the  neutrality  laws  8  batteries  of  field  artillery  and  a  naval  battery, 
would  not  permit  to  be  transshipped  from  the  making  800  artillery,  and  oOO  cavalry.  The  Sec- 
steamer  that  brought  the  guns  from  England  in  retary  of  War,  Befiados  Espinosa,  who  was  chief 
any  European  harbor.  The  "  Errazunz  *^  was  in  command  under  the  direction  of  Balmaceda, 
finally  able  to  start  for  South  America  with  a  had  time  to  place  in  the  first  line  of  defense,  in  a 
rough  crew  of  many  nationalities.  This  spurred  strongly  intrenched  position  at  Concon,  12  miles 
the  revolutionary  leaders  to  extraordinary  efforts  south  of  Quinteros,  an  anny  of  over  8,000  men. 
to  bring  the  conflict  to  an  end  before  the  Presi-  The  Government  commanders  were  Gen.  Barbosa 
dent  could  make  use  of  the  new  war  ship.  and  Gen.  Alzarreca.  Contrary  to  the  judgment 
The  Final  Campaign.— The  Congressional  and  instructions  of  Balmaceda,  who  intended 
army  was  trained  in  the  German  manner  of  fight-  that  his  generals  should  draw  the  enemy  inland, 
ing  by  Commandante  Kdnier,  who  had  served  and  not  engage  unless  they  could  oppose  a  force 
under  Moltke  on  the  Prussian  staff.  It  was  well  at  least  half  as  great  again  as  the  invading  army, 
supplied  with  modem  repeating  rifies,  not  only  Barbosa  determined  to  dispute  the  passage  of  the 
Winchesters  and  Remingtons,  but  Mannlichers,  Aconcagua  river,  because  beyond  was  the  railroad 
and  smokeless  powder.    The  **  Maipo  "  arrived  to  Santiago,  that  the  revolutionary  forces  could 


CHILL  135 

cut  bj  taking  the  fortified  position  at  ViOa  del  Mar  retreat  a  part  of  the  forces  went  off  in  good  or- 

vith  the  aid  of  their  ships,  or  by  turning  it  and  de-  der,  but  a  large  part  was  scattered,  and  many 

stroring  one  of  the  brioges  or  the  tunnel  between  ran  off  into  the  hills  and  eagerly  threw  off  their 

Qoilpae  and  Salto.    The  Congressional  army,  led  uniforms  and  put  on  ordinary  clothes  that  citi' 

by  Col.  Estanislao  del  Canto  as  comraander-in-  zens  gave  them. 

chief  of  the  land  forces,  was  divided  into  three  For  the  second  line  of  defense  Balmaceda  had 
brigades,  of  which  the  first  was  commanded  by  Vifla  del  Mar,  where  his  whole  army  of  13,000 
Col.  Annilial  Frias,  the  second  by  Col.  Salvador  men  was  intrenched  in  front  of  forts  that  com- 
Vergars,  and  the  third  by  Col.  Enrique  del  Canto,  manded  both  the  approach  by  sea  and  a  part  of 
They  marched  through  the  night  ol  Auff.  20,  and  the  land  approaches.  The  Junta's  army  marched 
took  a  position  in  the  same  order  in  which  they  down  the  south  bank  of  the  river  over  16  miles 
marched,  with  the  first  brigade  on  the  right,  the  of  broken  country,  driving  back  the  small  de- 
second  in  the  center,  and  the  third  on  the  left,  tachments  that  had  been  posted  at  favorable 
their  front  extending  for  three  miles  along  a  places  to  impede  its  advance.  In  the  evening  of 
ridge  of  hills  facing  the  enemy,  whose  line  of  Aug.  22  Gen.  Canto  arrived  in  front  of  the  main 
intrenchments  stretched  for  four  miles  along  line  of  defense  on  the  beach.  The  position  was 
the  opposite  bank  of  the  Aconcagua.  The  battle  protected  on  the  north  by  the  estiiary  of  YiOa 
was  opened  by  the  guns  of  Col.  Canto's  battery,  del  Mar,  and  the  intrenchments,  on  which  the 
and  was  taken  up  by  the  artillery  along  the  soldiers  had  been  busy  for  two  davs,  were  guard- 
vhole  line.  The '"  Esmeralda  "  and  three  smaller  ed  by  the  heavy  guns  of  Fort  Callao. 
vessels  in  Concon  Bay,  five  miles  from  the  ford,  On  the  morning  of  Sunday,  Aug.  28,  Canto  as- 
vith  heavy  batteries  and  machine  guns,  kept  up  sailed  this  formidable  position,  and  a  furious 
a  well-directed  fire  on  the  enemy's  position  dur-  battle  raged  during  the  greater  part  of  the  day. 
ing  the  cannonading,  which  lasted  an  hour  and  The  Congressionalists  oared  not  expose  their 
a  half.  A  naval  battery  of  12  Gardner  mitrail-  ships  to  tne  guns  of  the  fort,  and  therefore  the 
leases  and  a  regiment  of  sharpshooters  effectively  navy  could  only  aid  them  by  an  ineffective  bom- 
sQpported  the  three  brigades  from  good  positions  bardment  at  long  range,  except  on  shore,  where 
on  the  north  bank.  At  one  o'clock  the  infantir  all  the  men  that  could  be  spcured  from  the  ships 
crossed  the  swollen  river  and  climbed  the  hill  joined  the  land  forces  and  did  good  service  with 
under  a  hot  fire,  and,  after  an  hour's  hard  fight-  their  machine  and  ouick-firing  guns.  The  losses 
ing,  the  advanced  guard  of  the  Government  was  on  both  sides  were  heavy,  ana  the  combat  was  a 
driren  out,  falling  back  on  the  strongly  in-  drawn  battle,  as  Balmaceda,  who  had  come  to 
trenched  position  of  the  main  body  on  higher  the  front  to  take  command,  was  able  to  hold  his 
ground  beyond.  Supported  by  the  artillery,  the  forces  together  and  defend  the  narrow  line,  in 
Congressional  infantry  assailed  them  there,  and,  front  of  which  there  was  not  room  for  Canto  to 
after  two  hours  more  of  desperate  fighting,  the  deploy  his  infantry.  Finding  that  he  could  not 
President's  commander  drew  off  what  he  could  force  this  position  and  co-operate  with  the  navy 
save  of  bis  army.  He  began  the  fight  with  a  in  reducing  Fort  Callao,  the  northern  defense  of 
force  nearly  equal  to  the  enemy,  and  held  a  posi-  Valparaiso,  Gen.  Canto  could  not  continue  the 
tioQ  that  would  have  been  impregnable,  despite  campaign  without  parting  from  the  fieet  and  run- 
the  deadly  and  distracting  boml^rdment  from  ning  a  great  risk  of  having  his  retreat  cut  off. 
the  ships,  if  all  his  troop  had  the  heart  that  a  On  Aug.  24  he  drew  off  his  forces,  while  the  **E8- 
krge  part  of  them  displayed.  Such  strenuous  meralda  "  and  the  "  Cochrane  "  kept  up  a  fire  on 
and  courageous  fighting  between  two  tired  armies  the  forts  at  Vifia  del  ]f  ar  to  divert  the  attention  of 
has  rarely  been  seen.  The  commanders  knew  bet-  the  Government  troops,  and  pushed  inland.  Corn- 
ier than  Balmaceda  the  untrustworthy  elements  pie  ting  the  obstruction  of  the  railroad  at  Salto, 
of  which  his  army  was  largely  composed  and  the  they  rested  for  a  day  at  Quilpue,andon  the  26th 
dangerous  temper  of  the  population,  imbittered  proceeded  to  march  on  Valparaiso  by  way  of  Las 
by  his  barbarities,  which  he  had  crowned  the  day  Falmas  and  Placilla,  making  a  detour  around 
before  the  troops  of  Congress  landed  by  having  the  city  in  order  to  attack  it  from  the  south  side, 
shot  in  relays  OO  well-connected  youths  who  had  where  there  was  the  least  exposure  to  the  guns 
been  caught  meeting  for  some  political  purpose  of  the  forts.  Balmaceda  mancBuvred  to  maintain 
at  Los  CaAos,  an  estate  near  Santiago.  Kailroad  a  defensive  position.  When  the  enemy  a  p- 
communication  with  Santiago  was  iSready  closed  preached  Placilla,  he  took  up  a  strong  position 
by  friends  of  the  insurgents,  who  had  destroyed  on  the  heights  beyond  the  village,  two  miles 
the  bridges  with  dynamite.  There  were  enough  nearer  to  Valparaiso.  Desertions  from  Balma- 
troops  in  the  field  to  overwhelm  the  Congressional  ceda's  troops  swelled  the  Congressional  army  to 
army  if  the  President's  soldiers  would  fight.  The  about  12,0(K)  men. 
events  of  the  battle  field  at  the  Aconcagua  cross-        On  the  morning  of  Aug.  28,  long  before  day- 


killed  and  700  wounded,  their  complete  victory  ground  overlooking  the  Placilla   plain.     The 

turned  the  chances  of  war  in  their  favor.    Their  Government  troops  had  no  cavalry  scouts  out, 

loss  was  made  good  by  1,500  men  of  the  oppos-  but  held  their  cavalry  in  reserve  for  the  end  of 

ing  army  who  deserted  to  them,  some  of  them  the  battle,  which  the  Balmacedists  felt  sure  of 

^thout  breaking  their  formations.    They  took  winning  if  they  were  attacked,  for  their  artillery 

18  field  pieces  and  a  large  train  of  ammunition,  was  posted  on  hills  commanding  the  village  and 

On  the  Government  stele  two  whole  regiments  the  plain  in  front  and  on  the  right.      Under 

«ere  annihilated  and  the  killed  exceed^  1,000,  cover  of  the  darkness,  the  woods,  and  the  undu- 

the  wounded  a  much  greater  number.    In  the  lating  ground,  the  fixst  and  third  brigades  of 


136  CHILL 

Cantons  army  got  into  place  on  the  two  flanks  Valparaiso^and  Admiral  Mont t  went  ashore,  and^ 
nnobserved.     About  seven  o'clock  the  second  at  a  conference*  with  the  foreign  admirals  and 
brigade  descended  the  slopes,  and  the  Govern-  the  trUendente,  demanded  and  was  formally  tend- 
ment  batteries  opened  fire  on   them  as  they  ered  the  unconditional  surrender  of  the  city  and 
advanced  on  the  double  quick  over  the  plain,  of  all  the  officers  and  troops  as  prisoners  of  war. 
Thinking  them  the  leading  columns,  the  Gov-  The  members  of  the  Junta  arrived  from  Iqulque, 
emment  forces  were  concentrated  to  repel  an  and  were  installed  at  the  capital  on  Sept  S.    JBe- 
attack  in  front    The  wings  advanced,  and  first  fore  the  victors  took  possession  of  Santiago,  the 
the  infantry  on  the  Government  right  was  driven  chief  members  and  supporters  of  Balmaceda's  gov. 
back.    Soon  afterward  the  Congressional  right  emment  had  escaped  or  hidden,  or  taken  renige 
wing  began  to  advance,  and  at  the  end  of  two  in  the  foreign  legations,  where  the  hunted  objects 
hours  of  fighting  the  weakened  left  of  the  Presi-  of  their  vengeance  had  received  protection.    The 
dent  was  nearly  outflanked.    The  artillery  in  same  vindictive  fury  was  now  exhibited  by  their 
the  center  was  turned  to  this  quarter  and  checked  adversaries.    The  corpses  of  the  dead  generals 
the  advance.    The  Tarapaca  regiment  melted  were  paraded  through  the  streets  of  Valparaiso, 
under  the  destructive  fire.    K5rner,  coming  to  The  wounded  on  the  battle  field  were  murdered 
their  support  with  two  regiments,  by  a  long  di-  by  degraded  savages,  and  those  who  escaped  this 
tour  turned  the  enemy's  left  flank  completely,  fate  were  left  to  suffer  for  days  where  tney  lay 
In  the  mean  time  the  Congressional  left  was  gain-  by  their  victors,  who  neglectea  at  first  to  organ- 
ing  ground,  and  the  center  advanced  steadily,  ize  a  hospital  service  even  for  their  own  wounded. 
The  artillery  ammunition  at  the  front  began  to  The  houses  of  Balmaceda's  friends  were  burned 
run  short,  and  the  Grovernment  wines  had  both  and  their  estates  ravaged.    A  ceaseless  hunt  was 
spent  nearly  all  their  cartridges.    The  Congres-  kept  up  for  the  fallen  President    When  it  was 
sional  batteries  had  advanced  sufficiently  to  cover  suppo^  that  he  had  been  taken  on  to  the  **  San 
a  cavalry  attack  up  the  hiU  from  Placula.    The  Francisco,"  the  lives  of  Americans  were  not  safe, 
first  charge  was  beaten  back  with  great  loss  to  He  left  Santiago  on  Aug.  29,  in  the  hope  of  cs- 
the  insurgents.    A  second  follow^,  and   the  caning  on  the  **  Condell,    but  returned  on  Sept 
rifiemen  who  were  advanced  to  repel  it  were  de-  2,  oecause  the  passes  of  the  Andes  were  blocked 
ceived  by  a  detachment  which  gained  the  brow  with  snow,  and  remained  concealed  in  the  Argen- 
of  the  hill  where  Gen.  Barbosa  and  Gen.  Alzar-  tine  legation,  where,  on  Sept  19,  he  took  his  own 
reca  were  and  sabered  both  the  commanders,  life  (see  Obituaries,  Foreign).    The  vengeance 
Meanwhile  the  Congressional  right  had  gained  visited  on  Balmacedists  by  the  mob  was  not  coun- 
the  heij^hts,  havinir  both  fianked  and  pierced  the  tenanced  by  the  new  Government,  which  sought 
defendmg  line.    Tne  Government  infantry  broke  to  restrain  lawless  violence.     One  of  the  Dic- 
and  ran,  except  such  as  were  eager  for  a  chance  tator's  ministers,  Aldunate,  was  murdered  by  his 
to  throw  down  their  arms  and  surrender.    The  escort  at  Quillota.  The  military  authorities,  after 
gunners  still  stood  to  their  guns,  and  the  cavalry  the  capture  of  Valparaiso,  asked  for  the  surrcn- 
came  up  under  fire  and  charged  the  Congres-  der  of  the  military  and  civil  officers  of  Balma- 
sional  cavalry,  to  protect  the  retreating  infantry  ceda's  Government  who  had  escaped  to  the  for- 
as  it  fled  down  the  road  to  Valparaiso.    By  eign  vessels,  but  the  American,  German,  and  £ng- 
elc^ven  o'clock  the  battle  was  over.    Of  the  Gov-  lish  naval  commanders  refused, 
emment  troops,  8,000  were  taken  prisoners,  1,000       Bale  of  the  Junta. — When  the  Provisional 
were  killed,  and  1,500  were  wounded.    TheOppo-  Government  was  established  in  Santia£^>   the 
sitibn  had  400  killed  and  nearly  1,000  wounded.  United  States,  Germany,  and  the  other  foreign 
All  resistance  was  now  at  an  end,  and  nothing  countries  formally  recognized  it  as  the  de  facto 
remained  but  to  take  possession  of  the  town.  Government,  and  received  its  accredited  diplomat- 
Admiral  Viel,  the  intenderUe,  resided  his  au-  ic  representatives.    The  internal  administration 
thority  into  the  hands  of  the  foreign  admirals,  was  got  into  working  order  after  some  disturbance 
who,  in  conference  with  Gen.  Canto,  named  Car-  in  Coronel  and  other  places.   Balmaceda's  officials 
los  Walker  Martinez  as  provisional   governor,  were  dismissed,  and  many  of  the  old  ones  rein- 
The  victorious  army  began  to  enter  the  citv  at  stated.    One  of  the  first  acts  was  to  restore  the 
one  o'clock,  cheered  by  the   entire   populace,  judges,  who  had  all  been  removed  unconstitution- 
Capt.  Alberto  Fuontes,  of  the  "  Lynch,'  fled,  but  ally  by  Balmaceda,  because  they  would  not  give 
left  the  flag  flying,  and  the  boat  was  fired  on  legal  sanction  to  his  irregularities.    The  acts  of 
from  the  shore  until  the  colors  were  lowered,  confiscation  carried  out  by  the  Dictator's  officers 
Insufficient  guards  were  placed  in  the  streets,  were  requited  by  the  confiscation  of  their  proper- 
and  at  night  a  drunken  and  frenzied  mob  held  ty.   Balmaceda's  issues  of  paper  money,  amount- 
possession,  firing  buildings  and  terrifying  citi-  ing  to  27,000,000  pesos,  held  largely  by  the  banks, 
zens  by  the  reckless  firing  of  the  discarded  arms  presented  a  troublesome  problem.    To  avert  a 
of  Balmaceda's  troops,  murdering  about  600  financial  panic,  the  Junta  decided  to  recognize 
men,  women,  and  children.    The  behavior  of  the  certain  issues  and  to  assume  the  forced  loans 
victorious  army  was  exemplary,  with  few  excep-  raised  from  the  banks   by  B^maceda,  which 
tions.     President-elect.  VicuSfa,  Capt.  Fuentes,  amounted  to  9,000,000  pesos.    A  general  election 
ex-Minister   Godoy,  and  other  men  who  were  for  Senators,  Deputies,  municipal  officers,  and 

Erominent  in  Balmaceda's  Government  fled  on  presidential  electors  was  ordered  to  be  held  in 
oard  the  foreign  ships.  the  middle  of  October.  Two  months  before  his 
Early  in  the  morning  of  Aug.  29  Balmaceda's  fall,  Balmaceda  had  transferred  from  the  treasunr 
representatives  at  the  capital  asked  for  a  confer-  vaults  to  the  British  war  vessel  **  Espiegle  "  sil- 
ence with  a  view  to  its  surrender,  and  Gen.  Baque-  ver  bars  weighing  80  tons,  of  the  vuueof  fl,- 
dano  was  commissioned  to  act  for  the  Junta.  000,000,  which  the  gunboat  conveyed  to  Monte- 
The  Congicssional  fleet  entered  the  harbor  of  video  to  be  consigned  to  England  in  payment 


CHILI.  137 

for  an  Italian  Tessel  in  Montevideo  and  for  the  Junta,  although  supported  by  the  Spanish 

Armstrong  guns.    As  this  was  the  property  of  and  other  ministers  in  Santiago.    Special  ani- 

the  state  and  part  of  a  snecific  reserve  created  mosity  was  entertained  towanl  the  American 

br  law,  the  Junta  obtained  an  injunction  in  the  naval  officers  and  sailors,  because  they  were  be- 

English  courts  while  it  was  still  on  the  sea.  lieved  to  have  communicated  military  intelli- 

Tbe  Cabinet  of  the  Provisional  Government  was  genoe  to  Balmaceda's  army.    The  **  Baltimore  " 

completed  by  the  accession  of  Augustin  Edwards  really  performed  an  important  service  for  Bal- 

ss  Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Manuel  Alatta  roaceda  in  assisting  agents  of  the  American  Cable 

as  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.    This  formed  a  Companv  to  cut  the  cable  at  Iquique,  closing 

coalition  of  all  the  political  parties  except  the  telegrapnio  communications  with  the  insurgents 

Balmaoedista.     Minister  of  Justice   Errazuriz  and  opening  a  connection  with  Valparaiso, 

issued  many  orders  for  the  arrest  of  persons  ac-  On  Oct.  16,  when  two  boats'  crews  from  the 

cused  of  having  participated  in  acts  of  pillage,  *'  Baltimore  "  and  other  American  sailors  were 

in  flogging  or  torturing  friends  of  the  Junta,  in  ashore,  an  altercation  arose   between    Chilian 

riolating  the  mails,  in  the  massacre  at  Los  Cafios  sailors  and  some  of  the  '*  Baltimore's  "  men  in  a 

on  Aug.  18,  in  the  shooting  of  Cummings,  and  drinking  saloon,  and  one  of  the  Chilians  was 

other  outrages  committed  under  Balmaceda's  knocked  down.    The  Americans  were  then  as- 

Goremment.     In  the  elections  in  October  the  saulted  with  knives  and   other  weapons,  and 

Liberals  and  Radicals,  united  under  the  name  of  when  they  boarded  a  street  car  they  were  pur- 

the  Liberal  party,  obtained  a  majority  of  21  to  sued  by  a  great  mob  and  were  dragged  from  the 

5  m  the  Senate  and  of  56  to  88  in  the  Chamber  car.    The  affair  grew  into  a  riot.    Cnilian  sailors 

of  Deputies.     The  Liberals  and  Conservatives  and  police  constables  interfered  to  protect  the 

vere  tne  only  parties.    The  new  Congress  assem-  men  from  the  fury  of  the  armed  mob,  though 

bled  on  the   last  dav  of  that  month.    Waldo  certain  members  of  the  police  guard  were  said 

Silva  was  re-elected  Vice-president  of  the  Senate  by  the  sailors  and  other  witnesses  to  have  joined 

and  Barros  Luco  President  of  the  Chamber,  in  the  attack,  and  to  have  used  their  weapons  on 

The  Council  of  State  having  been  constituted  the  unarmed  stran^rs. 

without  giving  representation  to  the  Conserva-  Charles  W.  Riggin,  boatswain *s  mate,  who  was 
tire  part^.  Minister  of  the  Interior  Irrarazaval  believed  to  be  the  man  that  struck  the  Chilian, 
and  Minister  of  A^culture  Joaquin  Walker  was  shot,  and  died  in  the  arms  of  Petty  Officer 
Martinez  offered  their  resignations.  Afterward  Johnson,  who  thought  that  the  shot  was  fired  by 
arrangements  were  made  for  the  inclusion  of  a  policeman.  More  than  a  hundred  armed  men 
their  party,  in  conse()uence  of  which  they  con-  fell  upon  the  sailors  when  they  were  dracrged  off 
seuted  to  retain  their  portfolios.  Conventions  the  car.  George  Panter,  Patrick  McWilliams, 
of  both  parties  nominated  Admiral  Jorge  Montt  and  William  Tumbull,  coal-heavers,  David  W. 
to  be  the  next  constitutional  President^  and  he  Anderson,  painter,  John  Hamilton,  carpenter's 
was  elected  bv  the  electoral  colle^  in  November,  mate,  John  W.  Talbot t  and  Francis  D.  Williams, 
Pending  his  formal  election  and  inauguration  on  apprentices,  and  John  H.  Davidson,  landsman. 
Bee.  26,  he  was  empowered  by  Congress  to  as-  were  assaulted  with  clubs,  stones,  and  knives, 
some  all  the  authority  of  Chief  Executive.  Anderson,  Tumbull,  Panter,  Davidson,  and 
Difficiilties  with  the  United  States.— Dur-  Hamilton  received  dangerous  stab  wounds  in 
in^  the  civil  war  the  partisans  of  the  Junta  con-  the  back.  About  fifteen  were  slightly  injured, 
ceived  an  idea  that  Patrick  E^n,  United  States  Tumbull  subsequently  died  of  his  injuries, 
minister  in  Santiago,  was  hostile  to  their  cause.  American  sailors  not  of  the  party  that  began  the 
and  that  the  Government  at  Washington  acted  affray  were  set  upon  in  various  parts  of  the  city, 
in  an  unfriendlr  manner  in  the  **  Itata ''  incident  The  police  finally  suppressed  the  riot  and  ai^ 
and  in  withholaing  the  recognition  of  belligerent  restea  all  who  were  suspected  of  having  a  part 
rights.  Animositv  toward  uie  United  States  has  in  it.  The  Chilian  disturbers  easily  concealed 
been  felt  from  the  time  when  Chilian  miners  themselves,  only  three  being  arrested  at  the  time, 
were  driven  out  of  California,  and  was  revived  by  American  men-of-war's  men,  being  in  uniform 
the  attitude  of  the  American  Ooverament  dur-  and  having  no  place  to  escape  to,  were  arrested 
ing  the  Peruvian  war,  when  it  exerted  its  influ-  wherever  seen,  thirty-six  in  all,  and  while  be- 
ence  to  prevent  the  annexation  of  the  nitrate  ing  taken  to  jail  and  after  they  were  there  they 
provinces.  English  influences  contributed  to  were  subjected  to  ill  treatment  Apprentice 
the  misconstruction  of  Minister  Egan's  pacific  Williams  said  that  a  mounted  policeman  placed 
exertions  and  correctlv  neutral  conduct  The  catgut  nippers  around  his  wrists  and  then 
prejudice  against  Mr.  Eganand  the  country  that  spurred  his  horse,  throwing  the  prisoner  down, 
be  represented  afterwara  moderated  when 'it  be-  Quiglev,  a  coal-heaver,  while  Irving  to  escape 
came  known  that  throughout  the  war  he  had  from  the  mob,  was  struck  by  a  police  officer  with 
harbored  in  his  house  Augustin  Edwards  and  a  sword.  Hamilton,  dangerously  wounded,  was 
other  hunted  chiefs  of  the  Opposition.  During  dragged  to  prison,  and  one  of  his  mates  was 
the  period  of  reconstruction,  before  the  passions  threatened  with  a  clubbed  musket  for  trying  to 
of  the  war  had  abated  and  when  the  authority  relieve  him.  At  the  prison  the  sailors  were 
of  law  was  still  in  abeyance  and  public  order  made  to  sign  a  paper,  and  when  Khinehardt,  one 
constantly  disturbed,  it  was  remembered  that  of  the  prisoners,  asked  its  meaning,  he  was  told 
Mr.  Eean's  dispatches  to  his  Oovemment  belit-  that  it  was  a  formal  declaration  that  the  signer 
tied  tbe  rebellion  and  ma^ified  Balmaceda*8  was  not  engaged  in  the  trouble.  Commander 
strength,  and  the  anti- American  feeling  was  in-  W.  S.  Schley,  of  the  **  Baltimore,**  ordered  an  in- 
tensified through  his  demand  for  a  safe  conduct  vestigation,  the  results  of  which  he  telegraphed 
for  the  Balroaoedist  fugitives  who  found  an  to  Washington  on  Oct.  22.  On  receipt  of  his 
ssylum  in  the  legation,  which  was  refused  by  report,  President  Harrison  consulted  with  the 


138                         CHILI.  CHINA. 

Secretaries  of  State  and  of  the  Navy,  and  on  the  CHINA,  an  empire   in  eastern  Asia.      The 

day  following  a  dispatch  was  sent  to  Minister  reigning  sovereign,  Kwangsn,  born  in  1871 ,  was 

Egan,  in  which  he  was  instructed  to  demand  of  proclaimed  Emperor  on  the  death  of  Tungchi,  on 

the  Chilian  Government,  which  had  expressed  as  Jan.  22, 1875,  and  assumed  the  government  per- 

yet  no  regret  or  purpose  to  investigate  or  bring  sonally  in  March,  1887,  when  he  became  of  age, 

the  ^ilty  parties  to  justice,  whether  it  possessed  but  first  took  the  direction  of  affairs  in   Feb- 

q[ualifying  evidence  or  could  give  any  '*explana-  nmry,  1889,  when  he  married  and  the  Kinpress 

tion  of  an  event  which  has  deeply  pained  the  Dowa^r,  who  had  acted  as  Regent  during  his 

people  of  the  United  States,  not  only  by  reason  minonty,  retired. 

that  it  resulted  in  the  death  of  one  of  our  sailors  Area  and   Population. — The  area  of  the 
and  the  pitiless  wounding  of  others,  but  even  eighteen  provinces  forming  China  proper  is  esti- 
more  as  an  apparent  expression  of  unfriendliness  mated  at  1,297,990  square  miles  and  the  popula- 
toward'this  Government,  which  might  put  in  tion  at  883,000,000  souls.    The  outlying  aepend- 
peril  the  maintenance  of  amicable  relations  be-  encies,  exclusive  of  Corea,  are  Manchuria,  with 
tween  the  two  countries."    The  dispatch  con-  an  area  of  862,810  souare  miles  and  about  12,- 
eluded  with  a  demand  for  reparation.    The  at-  000,000  population ;  Mongolia,  of  which  the  area 
tack  on  American  sailors,  which  was  regarded  in  is  l,288,0(x)  square  miles  and  the  population 
Washington  as  a  national  insult,  since  they  wore  2,000,000;   Tibet,  having  an   area  of   651,^00 
the  uniform  of  the  American  navy,  occurred  at  square  miles  and  about  6,000,000  inhabitants ; 
a  time  when  the  relations  between  the  two  gov-  Jungaria,  covering  147,950  square  miles,  with 
emments  were  already  strained  through  the  ao-  600,000  inhabitants ;  and  eastern  Turkestan,  oc- 
tion  of  the  Junta  with  reference  to  the  refugees  cupying  an  area  of  431,800  square  miles,  with  a 
sheltered  by  Minister  Egan.    The  provisional  population  of  580,000.    The  Confucian  religious 
authorities  not  only  refused  to  grant  safe  con-  svstem  is  generally  accepted  among  the  Chinese, 
ducts  for  these  men,  but  demanded  their  sur-  though  there  are  multitudes  of  Buddhists  and 
render  on  the  ground  that  they  were  criminals,  many  adherents  of  Taoism.    The  Roman  Catho- 
and  when  the  American  minister  would  not  give  lie  Church  counted  in  1881  1,092,818  converts, 
them  up  a  p^uard  was  placed  near  his  house  and  ministered  to  by  41  bishops,  664  European  priests 
persons  gomg  in  and  out  were  arrested,  among  and  559  native  priests.    The  Protestant  Chris- 
them  three  American  citizens.  tians  were  estimated  in  1881  at  19,000  and  in 
The  "  Yorktown  "  and  **  Boston  "  were  ordered  1887  at  83,750.    The  number  of  foreigners  resid- 
to  Chili  to  back  up  the  demand  for  satisfaction,  ing  in  the  open  ports  on  Jan.  1, 1890,  was  7,905, 
The  reply  of  the  Junta  was  that  the  Govern-  of   whom    8.276  were    British    subjects,   1,061 
ment  of  the  United  States  formulated  demands  Americans,    794   Japanese,  596   Germans,  551 
and  advanced  threats  that  were  not  acceptable.  Frenchmen,  and  848  Spaniards.    About  half  of 
and  could  not  be  accepted  in  the  present  case  them  were  resident  at  ShanghaL 
nor  in  anv  case  of  like  nature ;  and  that  the  Finance. — The  total  receipts  of  the  imperial 
affair  would  be  investigated  and  dealt  with  ac-  treasury  from  the  land  tax,  the  grain  tax,  and 
cording  to  the  procedure  of  the  municipal  law  of  duties  on  salt,  customs  duties,  and  other  imposts 
Chili,  but  that  the  results  of  the  inquiry  would  are  supposed  to  amount  to  $125,000,000  annual- 
be  communicated  to  the  United  States  Govern-  ly.   The  land  tax,  partly  payable  in  silver,  fields 
ment,  without  recognizing,  however,  any  right  of  about  20,000,000  haikwan  taels.    (The  haikwan 
intervention  in  the  course  of  justice.   Iliis  reply,  or  customs  tael  is  a  weight  of  silver  of  the  value 
couched  in  terms  so  offensive  that  no  answer  was  of  $1.17.)    This  tax  varies  from  75  cents  in  the 
returned,  coupled  with  the  refusal  of  Judge  of  north  to  $8.25  in  the  south  per  acre.    The  mari- 
Crimes  Foster,  who  conducted  the  secret  pre-  time  customs,  which  are  unaer  European  super- 
Hminary  examination,  to  allow  American  officers  vision,  amount  to  23,200,000  haikwan  taels  a 
to  be  present,  gave  rise  to  fears  of   severely  year.    This  includes  the  likin  or  internal  transit 
strainea  relations  between  the  two  nations  that  duty  on  opium,  which  can  be  commuted  and 
might  end  in  a  diplomatic  rupture,  possibly  in  paid  in  at  tne  port  of  entr^  according  to  the  new 
war.    Judge  Foster  subsequently  consented  to  convention  witn  Great  Britain.   The  rice  tribute 
the  appearance  of  an  officer  of  the  **  Baltimore  "  is  estimated  at  2,800,000  taels  a  year,  the  salt  tax 
at  the  secret  inquiry,  and  agreed  to  furnish  the  at  9,600,000  taels,  the  native  maritime  and  inland 
American  representatives  with  copies  of  all  the  customs  at  6,000,000  taels,  transit  duties  on  opium 
depositions.     Before  taking  any  action  in  the  andother  foreign  and  native  products  at  11, 000,- 
matter,  the  United  States  Government  waited  to  000  taels,  and  license  fees  at  2,000,000   taels. 
give  the  Chilian  Government  time  and  opportu-  The  annual  expenditure  on  the  army  is  about 
nity  to  communicate  the  results  of  the  judicial  $75,000,000. 

investigation  and  to  reply  in  pertinent  and  satis-  The  foreign  debts  of  China  are  £627.675,  bor- 

factory  terms  to  the  representations  contained  in  rowed  at  8  per  cent,  in  1874,  and  £1,604,276,  bor- 

the  American  note  relating  to  the  incident.    If  rowed  in  1878  at  the  same  rate  of  interest,  both 

these  expectations  should  be  disappointed,  or  if  loans  being  secured  on  the  customs  revenue ;  a 

further  needless  delays  should  ensue,  President  silver  loan  of  £1,505,000  raised  in  1884 ;  loans 

Harrison,  in  his  annual  message,  announced  his  amounting  to  £2,250,000  contracted  in  1886 ;  and 

purpose  to  bring  the  matter  to  the  attention  of  one  of  £250,000  obtained  in  Germany  in  1887. 

Congress  in  a  special  message.    The  Procurator  The  ArmT.—- The  Chinese  Empire  is  divided 

found  three  Chilians  guilty  of  stabbing  Ameri-  into  five  military  districts,  corresponding  with 

cans,  and  Davidson  ^ilty  of  assaulting  a  Chilian,  political  divisions,  viz. :  Manchuria,  the  eighteen 

After  his  inauguration  and  the  reconstitution  of  provinces,  Chinese   Turkestan,   Mongolia,  and 

the  Cabinet,  President  Montt  directed  Minister  Tibet.     The  Manchus  or  soldiers  of  the  Eight 

Montt  to  withdraw  Matta*8  note.  Banners,  forming  the  old  imperial  army  and  en- 


CHINA*  139 

dowed  with  special  privileges,  number  about  goods,  8,975,476  taels ;  of  kerosene  oil,  2,876,490 
2s8,00O,  of  whom  only  about  90,000,  including  Uels;  of  coal,  2,376,777  taels;  of  timber,  2,854,- 
tfae  Pekin  garrison  of  18,000  men,  can  be  count-  000  taels ;  of  raw  cotton,  1,218,849  taels.  The 
ed  on  for  effective  service  in  war,  beinp^  drilled  quantity  of  tea  exported  fell  off  from  2,167,552 
in  the  European  manner  and  armed  with  mod-  piculs  of  138^  pounds  in  1888  to  1,807,808  piculs, 
em  firearms.  The  troops  of  the  eighteen  prov-  of  which  608,1^  went  to  Great  Britain,  296,148 
incest,  the  Qreen  Flag  or  Chinese  army,  numbers  to  the  United  States,  180,405  to  Hong-Kong, 
5:)9,000;  but  of  these  not  more  than  98,000  v«ns  189,628  to  Australia,  and  586,494  to  Russia.  The 
or  volunteers  and  161,000  Ijan^runa  are  effect-  value  of  the  tea  exports  was  28,257,000  taels, 
ire.  The  capital  province  of  Pecnili  is  defended  falling  a  little  behind  the  figure  for  raw  silk, 
bj  99,000  soldiers,  all  well  trained,  with  581  can-  which  was  28,257,000  taels.  Silk  manufactures 
n'ons,  of  which  245  are  of  the  patterns  now  used  were  exported  of  the  value  of  7,760,000  taels ; 
in  war.  In  the  province  of  Kwangsi  and  on  the  cotton,  5,045,000  taels;  sugar,  2,728,062  taels; 
LMand  of  Formosa  are  strong  bodies  of  instruct-  straw  goods,  2,083,775  taels ;  clothing,  1,709,591 
ed  and  disciplined  troops  provided  with  a  supe-  taels ;  paper,  1,422,825  taels ;  mats,  1,241,000 
rior  armament.  taels ;  fteworks,  1,215,000  taels ;  chinaware,  688,- 
The  frontier  provinces  of  eastern  Turkestan,  428  taels.  Of  the  total  imports,  agricultural 
Hi,  and  Tarbagatai  are  guarded  by  80,000  sol-  products  made  40  per  cent. ;  fishery  products, 
diers,  of  whom  8,100  have  received  military  in-  2*8  per  cent. ;  forest  products,  2*5  per  cent : 
stmction.  Mongolia  has  its  own  militia,  num-  mineral  products,  11  per  cent. ;  and  products  of 
bering  117,000  men,  and  Tibet  its  two  bodies  of  industries,  48*7  per  cent  Of  the  exports,  45  per 
militia,  numbering  64,000  men,  including  14,000  cent,  consisted  of  agricultural,  85*8  of  animal, 
cavalry ;  but  of  both  bodies  only  80,000  men  are  and  19*2  of  industriiu  products, 
kept  under  arms.  According  to  these  estimates,  The  report  of  the  Maritime  Customs  for  1890 
the  total  numerical  strength  of  the  Chinese  army  shows  an  increase  of  the  imports  to  127,093,481 
is  1,038,000  men,  of  which  number  not  more  than  taels,  while  exports  declined  to  87,144,480  taels. 
387,000  oonld  perform  service  in  case  of  war.  The  decline  was  due  to  inundations  and  the  in- 
The  Netj. — ^The  Chinese  Minister  of  Marine  creased  competition  of  India  and  Ceylon  in  the 
began  the  reor^nization  of  the  war  fleet  on  tea  trade ;  while  the  increase  of  14  per  cent,  in 
European  lines  m  1885.  The  three  squadrons-^  the  imports  was  owing  to  the  rise  m  the  gold 
those  of  Canton,  Foochow,  and  Shanghai — ^were  value  of  silver,  which  acted  also  as  a  deterrent 
then  ordered  to  be  combined  to  form  the  squad-  of  exportation.  There  was  a  much  greater  im- 
Ton  of  the  north  and  that  of  the  south.  The  port  of  rice.  The  import  of  cotton  goods  in- 
Northern  or  Pei-Yang  Squadron  consists  of  8  creased  25  per  cent  Tne  consumntion  of  Indian 
large  ironclads,  2  small  ironclads,  2  cruisers,  11  yam  expanded  in  a  remarkable  aegree,  the  im- 
pnboats,  4  torpedo  cruisers,  and  27  torpedo  ports  rising  from  678,558  piculs  in  1889  to  1,- 
boats.  The  Nan-Tang  or  Southern  Squadron  is  081,495  piculs.  valued  at  19,800,000  taels.  The 
still  in  process  of  formation.  There  are  9  cruis-  export  of  tea  fell  off  to  1,665,396  piculs,  valued 
ers,  3  gunboats,  and  9  dispatch  boats  in  the  Foo-  at  26,663,450  taels.  Silk,  raw  and  manufact- 
chow  sauadron.  The  Shanghai  flotilla  has  an  ured,  declined  from  86,401,967  to  80,255,905 
armor-clad  frigate,  a  gunboat,  and  several  wood-  taels.  The  duties  collected  by  th^  Maritime 
en  monitors,  and  the  Canton  flotilla  consists  of  Customs  in  1890  were  21,996,226  taels. 
about  a  dozen  river  gunboats.  Naylgatlon. — In  1889  there  were  20,145  ves- 
Commeree  and  Production.— The  value  of  sels,  of  tne  aggregate  capacity  of  28,517,884  tons, 
the  imports,  as  returned  by  the  Bureau  of  Mari-  entered  and  cleared  at  the  ports  of  China.  Of 
time  Customs  for  1889,  was  110,884,855  haikwan  these,  24,604,  of  22,684,132  tons,  were  steamers, 
taels,  and  the  value  of  the  exports  96,947,882  Of  the  total  number  15,768,  of  14,903,750  tons, 
taels.  The  direct  imports  from  Great  Britain  were  British;  9,427,  of  6,020,526  tons,  Chinese; 
were  21,167,357,  and  the  exports  to  Great  Britain  2,656,  of  1,582,648  tons,  German :  528,  of  441,667 
15.656,907  taels;  the  imports  from  Hong-Kong  tons,  Japanese;  179,  of  269,002  tons,  French; 
63^371,061,  and  exports  to  Hong-Kong  85,186,-  and  178,  of  75,077  tons,  American. 
644  taels;  imports  direct  from  India  7,906,579,  Communications.— The  coal  railroad  from 
and  exports  to  India  1,089,965  taels ;  imports  the  mines  at  Kaiping  to  the  head  of  navigation 
direct  from  the  United  States  3,806,664,  and  ex-  on  the  Petang  was  continued  by  wav  of  Taku  to 
ports  to  the  United  States  7,084,121  taels;  im-  Tientsin,  the  total  length  being  86  miles.  The 
ports  from  Russia  766,170,  and  exports  to  Rus-  order  to  extend  it  to  Tungchow,  near  Pekin,  was 
sia  7J389,322  taels;  imports  from  otner  European  rescinded,  and  nothing  has  yet  been  done  to 
countries  2,205,988,  and  exports  to  those  coun-  carry  out  the  great  scheme  for  a  strategic  rail- 
tries  17,633,707  taels ;  imports  from  Japan  6,-  road  from  Pekin  to  Hankow,  on  the  Y  angtse- 
^1»S33,  and  export-s  to  Japan  6,469,080  taels.  Kiang,  which  was  approved  by  the  Emperor  in 
These  figures  include  both  the  imports  and  ex-  1889.  The  net  of  telegraphs  connects  the  capi- 
portsof  the  open  treaty  ports  and  tne  junk  trade  tal  with  all  the  ports  and  the  chief  centers  in 
of  Hong-Kon^  and  Macao  with  the  south  of  the  interior. 

China,  which  is  declared  at  the  custom  houses  Anti-Christian  Riots. — The  enmity  of  the 

of  Kowloon  and  Lappa.  Chinese  toward  Europeans  spring  not  merely 

The  imports  of  cotton  goods  in  1889  had  a  from  race  antipathy  and  superstitious  prejudice, 

total  value  of  86,135,596  haikwan  taels,  of  which  The  natural  animosity  that  is  felt  in  all  parts  of 

13,019,000  taels  represent  cotton  yams ;  imports  the  world,  especially  among  the  ignorant  classes, 

of  opium,  80,444,^0  taels ;  of  metals,  6,728,894  against  people  alien  in  race  and  civilization,  is 

Ms;  of  rice,  6,021.000  taels;  of  beche  de  mer  intensified  m  China  by  intelligent  motives  of 

ftod  other  sea  products,  4,508,987  taels;  of  woolen  self-interest  arising  from  the  treaty  rights  and 


140  CHINA. 

privileges  secured  to  Europeans  as  the  result  of  the  army  that  put  down  the  rebellion  was  largely 
victorious  wars  and  enforced  by  gunboats.    The  drawn,  as  is  tne  Chinese  army  to-day,  from  the 
presence  of  Europeans  has  caused  a  great  in-  rude  and  truculent  peasantry  of  tUQ  Yangtse 
crease  in  the  imperial  taxes,  and  for  every  out^  country,  and  particularly  from  the  great  prov- 
break  of   mob  violence  a^nst  the  **  foreifi;n  ince  of  Hunan.    In  Hunan  was  founded,  about 
devils  "  a  heavy  indemnity  is  Exacted  from  the  fifty  years  ago  as  a  mutual  benefit  and  protective 
offending  district.    Before  the  French  and  Brit-  association,  a  secret  order  called  the  Kolao  Hui, 
ish  governments  assumed  the  protection  of  mis-  which  was  composed  in  the  beginning  entirely  of 
sionaries  and  made  their  grievances  a  plea  for  active  and  discharged  soldiers  of  the   Chinese 
demanding  humiliating  concessions,  the  Roman  army.    This  society  attained  great  power  among* 
Catholic  missionary  oraers  made  thousands  of  the  soldiers  engaged  on  the  imperial  side  during 
converts;  since  the  missionaries  were  made  a  the  Taiping  rebellion.    Its  chief  object  was  to 
counter  in  the  political  and  commercial  same  protect  them  from  the  plunder  and  extortion  of 
and,  relying  on  being  backed  bj  armed  lorce,  the  civil  officials,  who  used  them,  as  they  do 
assumed  offensive  airs  of  authonty,  their  labors  now,  to  embezzle  monev  appropriated  by    the 
have  not  been  fruitful,  and  they  have  provoked  Central  Government  for  the  pay  and  maintenance 
many  riotous  attacks,  ending  usually  in  the  de-  of  troops.    Authorities  who  lU- treated  the  sol- 
struction  of  their  churches  and  mission  build-  diers  incurred  the  vengeance  of  this  secret  soci- 
ings,  which  have  been  rebuilt  on  the  demand  of  ety.    Some  were  assassinated,  others  had  their 
the  European  diplomatic  representatives  at  the  houses  or  property  destroyed,  or  sometimes  their 
cost  of  the  native  communitjr.    The  Christian  punishment  consisted  in  sudden  and  turbulent 
converts  are  not  respected  or  liked  by  the  China-  disorders  that  were  incited  in  their  districts  for 
men  who  cling  to  toe  ideas  and  civilization  of  the  mere  purpose  of  bringing  about  their  oflScial 
their  fathers,  and  they  become  an  outcast  class,  disgrace.    Oaths  and  ceremonies  characteristic 
and  continue  so  even  when  they  have  fallen  away  of  Chinese  secret  societies  were  gradually  intro- 
from  their  Christian  teachings.    The  Taiping  duced,  such  as  killing  a  cock  and  drinking:  its 
sect  was  largely  composed  of  descendants  of  blood  in  wine  at  initiation,  and  the  importation 
Christian  converts,  ana  since  the  great  rebellion  of  the  supernatural  by  reading  the  oracles  traced 
conservative  Chinamen  have  regaraed  with  anx-  by  a  pencil  suspended  from  a  board  and  moved 
iety  the  prospect  of  a  spread  of  Christianity  and  involuntarily  by  superimposed  hands.     As  the 
of  European  influence   and  civilization.    The  society  grew  in  size  and  came  to  admit  civilians, 
anti-foreign  sentiment  is  strongest  in  the  places  as  well  as  soldiers  and  officers,  the  scope  and 
where  Europeans  have  most  recently  made  their  purposes  were  enlarged,  though  its  original  mil- 
appearance,  and  where  a  disturbance  of  the  cus-  itary  objects  were  not  lost  sight  of ;  and  it  pre- 
tomary  channels  of  trade  and  the  professions  by  served  its  secular  character,  keeping  free  from 
which  people  gain  their  living  is  anticipated  the  religious  tendencies  that  distin^ish  some  of 
from  their  competition  and  the  introduction  of  the  great  secret  societies,  and  thus  inclining  the 
steamboats  and  other  modem  inventions.  Ichang  more  readily  to  political  activity.    Like  others 
and  the  other  treaty  ports  on  the  Yangtse  river  of  these  bodies,  it  entertained  a  strong  hostility 
are  the  only  places  in  the  interior  of  China  in  toward  foreigners,  and  has  long  been  known  to 
which  Europeans  other  than  missionaries  are  be  specially  antaiiionistic  to  Christians  and  mis- 
permitted  to  reside  and  carry  on  business.    The  sionaries,  probably  owing  to  its  traditions  in  con- 
people  of  the  river  towns  have  been  exasperated  nection  with  the  Taiping  rebellion.    The  perse- 
lateiy  by  the  persistent  demands  of  the  English  cutions  of  the  Jesuit  priests  and  their  congrega- 
Oovemment  to  have  Chungking,  the  commercial  tions  in  Yunnan  and  Szechnan  have  been  attril>- 
capital  of  the  great  province  of  Szechuan,  made  uted  to  the  machinations  of  the  Kolao  Hui.    The 
an  open  treaty  port.    The  Chinese  authorities  society  is  supposed  to  have  a  membership  of  40,- 
resisted  this  claim  for  years,  denying  that  the  000,000.    Its  ramifications  extend  into  all  parts 
Chefoo  convention  required  them  to  open  that  of  northern  and  central  China.    It  has  repre- 
town  to  trade  or  the  Yangtse  to  foreign  ves-  sentatives  in  all  classes,  even  among  high-placed 
sels  beyond  Ichang.    The  place  was  nominally  mandarins.    Powerful  viceroys  have  endeavored 
opened  and  a  custom  house  inaugurated  at  last  to  crush  it  out,  but  it  has  continued  to  spread 
on  March  1, 1891,  though  the  fear  of  mobs  still  and  flourish,  owin{^  to  the  corruption  and  ti- 
prevents  the  English  from  taking  advantage  of  midity  of  local  officials.    In  troubled  times  it  is 
it,  for  they  have   obtained  no   concession  of  suspected  of  anarchistic  and  anti-dynastic  plots, 
wharves  and  building  sites  and  have*  agreed  not  ana  then  the  detection  of  a  ticket  oi  membership 
to  run  steamboats  in  the  upper  river.  The  popu-  is  followed  by  the  immediate  execution  of  the 
lace  in  the  Yangtse  valley  m  1891  was  in  a  con-  holder.    Apart  from  political  objects,  the  associ- 
dition  to  be  easuy  excited  against  the  Europeans  ation  has  a  criminal  character,  lor  members  are 
or  against  the  Government  that  had  shown  com-  sworn  to  avenge  one  another's  private  wrongs, 
plaisance  to  foreign  demands.    The  foreign  tea  When  Chinese  officials  give  offense  to  the  peo- 
trade  had  been  taken  away  from  them  by  the  pie,  it  is  a  common  practice  to  compel  them  to 
great  planters  of  Assam  and  Ceylon,  causing  an  amend  their  faults  by  producing  riotous  disturb- 
mcreasing  amount  of  idleness  and  distress  year  ances  that  have  no  immediate  connection  with 
by  year,  and  in  this  year  a  drought  had  pre-  the  oucstion  at  issue.    Any  matter  on  which  the 
vented  the  farmers  from  raising  crops  and  de-  mina  of  the  mob  can  be  easily  inflamed  will  ac- 
prived  farm  hands  of  work.  complish  the  object.  The  Kolao  Hui  has  recently 
This  country,  in  which  these  special  conditions  had  a  special  gnevance  in  the  discontinuance  of 
worked  together  to  cause  a  recrudescence  of  the  a  pension  of  w),000  taels  a  month  that  has  been 
anti-foreign  spirit  had  been  the  theatre  of  some  distributed  since  1864  among  the  veterans  of  the 
of  the  chief  conflicts  of  the  Taiping  war,  and  Taiping  war  by  the  Kiangnan  viceroy. 


CHINA.  141 

WliAteTer  was  the  inciting  cause,  a  series  of  dis-  ents  were  said  to  have  gone  to  the  mission  and 
torbanoes  that  could  only  be  due  to  a  wide-  there  discovered  human  bones  and  other  evi- 
spread  conspiracy  occurred  in  the  valley  of  the  dence  of  the  ghastly  crimes  charged  a^inst  the 
Yangtse-Kiaiig  in  1891.  The  avowed  object  was  missionaries.  Placards  were  posted  in  public 
to  drive  the  missionaries  out  of  the  country.  The  places  giving  circumstantial  details  and  the 
Kolao  Hui  was  suspected  both  by  the  Europeans  names  o{  parents  who  had  lost  their  children, 
and  by  the  Chinese  authorities  to  be  the  onlj  The  converts  were  said  to  be  bribed  to  join  the 
Agency  by  which  such  disorders  could  be  insti-  churches,  otherwise  they  would  not  commit  such 
gated  in  places  far  apart.  The  ultimate  object  a  breach  of  moralitv  and  custom  as  to  sit,  both 
wts  supposed  to  be  to  drive  Europeans  away  sexes  together,  in  the  congregations, 
from  Cmiiaand  revoke  their  treaty  rights.  There  A  few  days  before  the  riot  an  anonymous  let- 
was  a  suspicion  that  the  conspirators  even  aimed  ter  was  sent  to  the  priests  demanding  the  sur- 
at  the  overthrow  of  the  Manchu  dynasty,  either  render  of  certain  children  that  they  were  accused 
for  the  more  effectual  banishment  of  the  barba-  of  having  stolen,  on  pain  of  having  their  orphan- 
nans,  to  whom  the  ruling  powers  at  Pekin  were  age  burned  down.  They  applied  to  the  taotm, 
too  deeply  committed,  or  for  the  accomplish-  or  local  governor,  for  protection,  and  he  gave 
ment  of  the  designs  of  ambitious  statesmen,  or  them  a  guard  of  soldiers.  All  that  there  were 
the  realisation  of  the  dream,  which  has  more  in  the  place  was  60,  although  the  officials  re- 
thsn  onoe  cropped  out  in  troubled  times,  of  the  ceived  money  for  the  nay  and  maintenance  of 
restoration  of  native  Chinese  rulers.  ten  times  as  many.   On  may  10  two  Chinese  nuns 

When  it  is  the  object  of  agitators  to  incite  the  were  arrested  on  the  charge  of  having  drugged 
Chinese  mob  to  attack  the  Christian  missions,  it  two  children,  depriving  them  of  the  power  of 
is  only  necessary  to  revive  an  old  slander  that  is  speech.  On  May  13  a  woman  presented  herself 
readily  swallowed  by  the  ignorant,  and  even  by  at  the  gate  of  the  mission  and  beean  scream- 
some  who  make  pretensions  to  education.  It  is  ing  that  her  child  had  been  murdered.  In  a 
a  common  belief  that  the  Catholic  fathers  pro-  short  time  a  mob  of  10,000  people  gathered  about 
care  Chinese  babies  for  the  purpose  of  com-  'the  mission  buildings.  The  French  priests  were 
funding  a  medicine  of  their  eyes  and  other  rouffhly  handled,  but  allowed  to  escape.  The 
parts  ol  their  bodies.  That  the  missionaries  re-  builaings  were  sacked  and  burned.  Tnen  they 
ceire  deserted  and  sick  children  into  their  or-  tore  up  the  p^raves  in  the  Christian  cemetery  in 
phanages  is  a  fact  within  the  knowledge  of  all.  search  of  evidence  of  the  murderous  practices  of 
Among  these  children  the  mortalitv  is  necessarily  which  the  priests  were  suspected.  The  small 
great,  and  the  fable  has  arisen  from  the  fact  ^ard  of  soldiers  cotild  not  prevent  the  destruc- 
that  many  children  have  died  and  never  again  tion  of  the  new  cathedral  and  all  the  buildings, 
been  seen  bj  inquiring  relatives.  The  Catholics  The  iaoiai  issued  a  manifesto  warning  the  people 
seciade  their  pupils  and  keep  their  methods  of  to  disperse,  and  was  answered  by  a  fresh  placard 
instruction  out  of  the  public  view,  and  this  accusmg  him  and  the  military  commander  of 
secrecy  gives  greater  currency  to  the  report,  accepting  Christian  bribes  and  being  in  league 
The  Irotestants,  who  have  been  less  successful  in  with  the  oarbarians.  The  mob  had  acted  thus  far 
their  missionary  efforts,  sa^  that  their  rivals  res*  within  the  prearranged  programme,  which  they 
cue  children  from  infanticide  and  neglect  not  exceeded  when  they  destroyed  the  dwellings  of 
purely  from  humane  motives,  but  because  each  the  other  European  residents  and  attacked  the 
child  adds  one  to  the  list  of  converts  that  they  custom  house,  where  the  Europeans  of  the  town 
can  report  to  their  superiors  in  Europe.  had  taken   refuge.     The   men  stood  a  siege, 

At  tne  bottom  of  all  anti-foreign  outbreaks  in  keeping  guard  with  firearms  during  that  and 

China  have  always  been  men  of  the  numerous  the  following  da^.     At  one  time  they  charged 

litemry  class,  expectant  officials  who  have  passed  into  the  crowd  with  bayonets.    The  British  con- 

the  lower  examinations  and  hope  by  causing  the  sulate  was  looted,  and  the  consul  and  his  wife 

displacement  of  functionaries  to  obtain  offices,  escaped  with  difficulty  in  disguise.    The  arrival 

and  who  hate  Christianity  because  it  diminishes  of  3  Chinese  gunboats  that  were  escorting  a 

their  influence  over  the  people.  viceroy  to  his  province  put  an  end  to  the  uis- 

The  flrst  outbreak  of  fanaticism  occurred  early  turbances.  The  Chinese  officer  landed  250  ma- 
in Hay,  1891,  at  Yangchow,  where  a  mob  de-  rines,  who  fired  blank  cartridf;es,  scattering  the 
stroyed  the  property  of  the  Boman  Catholic  mob,  and  preserved  order  until  a  French  vessel 
miision.  This  was  followed  by  a  more  serious  came  to  relievo  them.  The  i<u>tai  issued  a  proc- 
disturbance  on  May  12  and  13  at  Wuhu,  a  treaty  lamation  in  which  he  called  upon  people  who 
port  of  100,000  inhabitants  on  the  lower  Yangtse,  found  that  the  Christian  institutions  steal  chil- 
about  60  miles  above  Nankin.  This  is  in  the  dren  to  lay  the  matter  before  the  proper  judicial 
ecclesiastical  province  of  Kiangnan,  covering  authorities.  Three  days  after  the  riot  a  violent 
243,000  square  miles,  where  the  French  Jesuits  incendiary  placard  invited  the  people  to  rise  in 
have  103  missions,  with  110  priests  and  a  Catho-  their  tens  of  thousands  on  the  20th  and  complete 
lie  population  of  100,000,  which  is  less  than  1  to  the  destruction  of  all  the  Catholic  and  Protes- 
erery  700  inhabitants.  In  Wuhu  the  jealousy  tant  mission  property  and  churches  in  the  dis- 
of  the  people  toward  the  priests  is  the  livelier  trict,  and  allow  none  to  be  rebuilt  Before  the 
because  the  latter  have  acquired  much  of  the  end  of  the  month  riots  occurred  at  Tanyang, 
best  real  estate  and  wharves,  for  which  they  col-  Wuhsih,  Nankin,  and  other  places  on  the  Yangste 
lect  high  rents.  Secret  agents  started  a  rumor  river,  the  object  in  all  cases  oeing  the  destruction 
that  female  kidnappers  had  been  detected  in  of  mission  buildings.  At  Nankin  a  mob  destroyed 
abducting  children  with  the  aid  of  stupefying  some  of  the  Catholic  buildings  on  May  25,  and 
drags  and  even  of  magic  and  brining  them  then  set  fire  to  the  girls*  school  of  the  American 
from  distant  places  to  the  Wuhu  mission.    Par-  Methodist  mission.    The  action  of  the  military 


142  CHINA. 

soon  checked  the  disorder  there,  although  the  French  and  Gennan  gunboats  arrived  at  the 
viceroy,  Liu  Kung-yi,  -seems  to  have  taken  little  places  where   disturbances    had    taken    place, 
interest  in  preserving  order.    The  missionaries  and   by   their    presence    prevented    their    re- 
had  all  fled  by  steamer,  having  been  warned  by  the  currence.    The  English  people  had  been  the  first 
authorities.    At  Wuchen,  on  Lake  Poyang,  the  to  ask  for  naval  protection,  but  none  of  their 
property  of  both  the  Catholic  and  the  Pcotestant  numerous  gunboats  had  been  sent  to  the  scene 
communities  was  destroyed  by  fire.    At  Wusih,  of  the  troubles.    The  French  minister  sent  all 
near  Suchow,  the  French  church  and  orphanage  the  French  men-of-war  to  the  threatened  ports, 
were  razed  to  the  ground.    In  a  riot  at  Taka-  with  orders  to  make  a  sufficient  display  of  force, 
tang  the  troops  that  were  sent  to  quell  the  dis-  and  even  to  fire  if  necessary  for  tne  protection 
turbance  joined  the  mob.    Riots  took  place  also  of  the  French  missions.    The  outrages  put  a  stop 
at  Ngankmg,  where  the  priestis  defended  them-  to  nearlv  all  missionary  work  in  the  middle  and 
selves  succ^sfuUy,  and  at  Wuchow.    At  Tan-  north  of  China.    In  the  course  of  a  few  days  the 
yang  the  old  French  church  that  had  stood  for  French  fathers  had  lost  many  millions  of  dol- 
two  hundred  years  was  burned  and  the  Christian  lars*  worth  of  property.    The  American  Baptist 
cemetery  dug  up.    The  mandarin  when  he  at-  and  Presbytenan  missionaries  in  the  neig-hbor- 
tempted  to   stop   these   proceedings  was  mal-  hood  of  Shanghai  and  at  Soochow  were  attacked, 
treated.    At  Hochow  the  mob  was  dispersed  by  and  by  the  advice   of    Consul-General    J.    A« 
soldiers.     Not  fewer  than  10  missionary  estab-  Leonard  they  went  to  Shanghai,  where  the  for- 
lishments  in  the  provinces  of  Anwhei,  Kiangsu,  eign  residents  raised  and  armed  a  strong  corps 
Hunan,  and  Szechuan  were  utterly  destroyed,  of  volunteers  to  defend  their  lives  and  property, 
their  churches,  orphanages,  foundling  asvlums,  declining  a  detachment  of  imperial  troops  that 
and  hospitals  burned  to  the  ground,  ana  their  the  ttiotai  offered  to  furnish  for  their  protection, 
inmates  compelled  to  flee,  all  within  a  few  weeks.        The  local  authorities  in  the  be^nning  of  the  dis- 
In  none  of  these  attacks  was  an  attempt  made  turbanoes  showed  their  usual  mildness  and  timid- 
on  the  lives  of  the  Catholic  fathers.    On  the  ity,  though  a  few  acted  with  prompt  energy.  After 
contrarv,  the  organizers  of  the  riots  seem  to  the  riots,  all  took  measures  to  prevent  a  repeti- 
have  taken  precautions  to  provide  them  always  tion,  posting  troops  to  ^^rd  Christian  prof>erty. 
with  some  way  of  escape,    x^or  in  anv  instance  The  Viceroy  of  Nankin,  within  whose  jurisdic^ 
were  their  converts  molested.    In  other  places  tion  the  greater  part  of  the  destruction  took 
about  30  churches,  schools,  and  hospitals  were  place,  asked  for  powers  to  deal  summarily  with 
burned  or  wrecked.  the  promoters  of  riot  and  sedition,  who  were, 
On  June  5  a  more  serious  outbrieak  occurred  at  he  said,  members  of  secret  societies  and  dis- 
Wusueh,  500  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Fangtse,  banded  soldiers.    According  to  his  request,  the 
situated  in  the  vice-royidty  of  Chang-Chihtung,  local  magistrates  were  authorized  to  try  persons 
who  is  Govemor-Qeneral  of  the  Hu  provinces,  accused  of  murder,  incendiarism,  and'  rioting, 
A  man  appeared  in  the  streets  with  four  chil-  and  to  the  Viceroy  the  Pekin  government  dele- 
dren  that  ne  had  brought  from  a  neighboring  gated  the  power  to  order  the  instant  decapitation 
town,  and  openly  told  the  people  that  he  was  car-  of  anv  one  found  guilty.    In  Wuhu  two  rioters 
rying  them  to  the  missionary  station  at  Kinkiang  were  beheaded,  and  the  magistrates  were  author- 
to  1^  cut  up  and  made  into  medicine.    The  ized  to  deal  peremptorily  with  all  who  could  be 
town  in  a  short  time  was  in  high  excitement  caught.     The  ministers  of  the  western  powers 
People  went  to  the  mandarin  and  asked  him  to  presented  a  collective  note  to  the  Tsungli-Yamen, 
take  the  children  away.    This  he  declined  to  do,  and  on  June  13  the  Emperor  issued  a  decree 
laughing  at  their  story.     Soon  a  mob  of  5,000  commanding  the  governors  or  viceroys  to  ar- 
persons  collected  around  the  English  Wesleyan  rest  at  once,  try,  and  execute  leaders  in  the 
mission  premises,  and  set  one  of  the   houses  riots,  put  down  with  a  ht^h  hand  such   acts 
afire.    The  only  male  Europeans  in  the  town,  a  as  the   printing    or    posting    of    incendiary 
young  missionary  named  Argent,  and  the  Eng-  placards,   and   take   measures  to   degrade  all 
lish  collector  of  customs,  whose  name  was  Green,  officials  suspected  of  connivance  or  remiss  in 
ran  to  the  spot  to  help  put  out  the  fire.    Mr.  their  efforts  for  the  protection  of  Christian  mis- 
Argent,  who  came  first,  was  instantly  set  upon  and  sionaries.    The  French  and  British  representa- 
killed.    The  same  fate  was  Mr.  Green's,  who  had  tives  presented  claims  of  indemnity  for  losses 
served  in  the  British  navy,  and  fought  desperately  amounting  to  6,500,000  taels.    France,    Great 
until  he  was  pierced  ana  hacked  with  more  than  Britain,    the    United    States,    and    Germany 
a  hundred  wounds.    One  of  the  mandarins  im-  strengthened   their    naval   forces   in    Chinese 
plored  the  mob  to  desist,  and  offered  his  own  waters.     The  Government  at  Washington  sent 
life  as  a  sacrifice  to  their  vengeance.  The  women  the  cruiser  "Charleston"  and  the  "Marion," 
and  childrQU  of  the  mission  escaped  to  the  cus-  "  Alert,"  and  "  Mohican  "  to  join  the  "  Monoo- 
tom  house,  where  they  were  bravely  defended  by  acy,"  the  •*  Palos,"  and  the  corvette  **  Alliance." 
the  Chinese  employ&.     They  haa  first  sought  Incendiary  placards  were  posted  in  Foochow, 
refuge  at  the  yamen  of  the  head  mandarin,  who  where  European  houses  are  scattered  and  not 
barlwrouslv  ejected   them.      The  three  ladies,  collected  in  a  compound  near  the  water.    No 
Mrs.  Prothero,  Mrs.  Warren,  and  Mrs.  Boden,  disturbance  took  place,  and  the  towns  on  the 
were  murderously    assaulted   after  they   were  Yangtse  remained  quiet,  for  they  were  guarded 
thrown  out  of  the  mandarin's  house.    Two  days  by  20  foreign  war  snips.    The  Chinese  fleet  re- 
later  the  premises  of  the  American  Presbyterian  mained  away.    At  Pekin  the  British,  French, 
mission  at  Kin-Kiang  were  attacked,  iSut  the  and  German  ministers,  acting  in  concert,  used 
Chinese  mandarin  there  acted  with  promptitude,  pressure  on  the  Tsungli-Yamen,  demanding  that 
and  placed  a  guard  of  soldiers  around  the  mis-  secret  societies  should  be   extirpated,  Hunan 
sion.     The   American   steamer  "  Palos "  and  thrown  open  to  foreign  commerce,  and  all  man- 


CHINA.  143 

darins  implicated  in  the  riots  degraded.  The  were  distributed  accusing  missionaries  of  shame- 
Gt^vemment  could  not  depend  on  the  local  offi-  ful  misdeeds  and  the  European  physicians  of 
cUIs  nor  on  the  army  to  carry  out  a  strong  pol-  criminal  malpractice.  At  Newchang,  in  Man- 
kj,  and  was  compelled  to  confess  that  if  the  churia,  Dr.  Oreig,  an  English  missionary,  was 
flowers  persisted  in  their  demands  they  would  murdered  in  August,  but  this  act  was  not  sup- 
bring  about  the  fall  of  the  dynasty  and  general  posed  to  be  connected  with  the  machinations  of 
anarchy.  The  Emperor's  edict  was  not  sent  by  secret  societies.  In  Hunan  a  society  was  organ- 
telegraph,  but  by  couriers.  After  a  long  delay,  ized  to  prevent  the  extension  of  the  telegraphs 
tva  persons  were  executed  for  the  muraers  at  and  cut  down  the  poles  already  erected.  In  the 
Wusaeh.  No  magistrate  was  degraded  except  province  of  Fukien,  at  Tehhua,  not  far  from 
the  Wusueh  mandarin,  who  tried  to  stop  tne  Foochow,  a  serious  riot  occurred  in  October. 
riots,  and  offered  his  life  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  About  8,000  insurgents  attacked  the  town  and 
fury  of  the  mob.  Five,  however,  were  reported  held  it  for  several  days,  until  a  detachment  of 
to  the  Pekin  authorities  for  negligence.    The  imperial  troops  arrived. 

tvo  viceroys  ruling  over  the  Tang^  districts,  When  the  troubles  began  to  assume  the  ap- 

&fter  Lord  Salisbury  had  made  a  menacing  com-  pearance  of  civil  war  the  provincial  authorities 

manication  to  the  Chinese  minister  at  London,  proceeded  with  energy  against  the  Kolao  Hui. 

settled  all  damajsres  claimed,  without  disputing  One  of  the  chiefs  of  the  society,  Chen  Kinlung, 

abont  amounts.    The  foreign  ministers  in  another  was  arrested  in  Shanghai,  and*  by  order  of  the 

collective  note  demanded  complete  satisfaction,  Kiungu^an  viceroy  was  put  to  the  torture  to 

ioolading  punishment  of  the  true  ringleaders  at  make  him  reveal  his  secrets  and  accomplices, 

Wohu.  but  in  vain.  Among  the  persons  arrested  for  in- 

Tbe  riotous  disturbances  broke  out  again  on  stigating  the  riot  at  Chinkiang  were  17  Manchu 

Sept.  3,  at  Ichan^,  600  miles  from  the  fijrst  vio-  officials.    In  Hankow  two  secret  printing  offices 

lent  demonstration.    The   same   marks    of    a  and  a  quantity  of  anti-Christian  pamphlets  were 

deliberate  plot   were  observable.     A    stranger  discovered. 

bioaght  an  unknown  child  to  the  Catholic  mis-  In  November  a  movement  began  in  Manchuria 
sion.    An  outcry  was  raised  that  it  had  been  and  Mongolia  similar  to  that  in  the  Ynngtse  val- 
stoien,  and  a  mob  of  beggars  and  disbanded  ley,  but  more  portentous,  because  the  active  troops 
soldiers  plundered  and  burned  some  of  the  build-  took  part  in  it.    Two  Belgian  priests  were  massa- 
ings  ana  those  of  the  American  Protestant  mis-  cred  at  Taku,  the  missions  were  everywhere  de- 
sion  and  others  belonging  to  the  few  European  stroyed.  and  the  missionaries  fled  to  save  their 
residents,  stHiring  only  the  British  consulate,  lives.    Large  numbers  of  native  Christians  were 
The  mob,  which  was  led  by  disguised  Hunan  sol-  slaughtered.     The  local  authorities,  who  did 
diers,  after  obtaining  a  rich  booty,  turned  their  nothing  to  check  the  atrocities,  fed  and  encour- 
attention  to  the  Europeans,  of  whom  twenty  aged  rands  of  insurgents  and  mutinous  troops 
escaped,  not  without  injuries,  to  a  steamboat,  that  marched  about  the  country  to  join  tne 
The  civil  and  military  mandarins,  although  they  main  body,  which  grew  into  an  army  and  ad- 
had  a  Iare;e  force  of  soldiers  within  call,  did  noth-  vanced  in  the  direction  of  Pekin. 
ing  to  check  the  outrages,  but  said  they  were  Secret  Societies. — The  Hui,  or  secret  broth- 
powerless.    No  steps  were  taken  afterward  to  erhoods,  in  China  have  always  followed  revoln- 
arrest  the  leaders.    A  force  of  British  sailors  tionary  aims,  and  often  have  assumed  the  char- 
wis  sent  on  a  steamer  to  protect  the  remaining  acter  of  a  religious  sect  for  the  purpose  of  cloak- 
buildings  of  the  foreign  settlement.  ing  their  real  objects.     Under  the  Tsing  dy- 
The   presence    of   European    forces    on  the  nasty  open  political  activity  has  been  repressed 
Yangtse  and  the  measures  taken  by  the  Pekin  with  inexorable  rigor.    The  Tartar  conquest  was 
authorities,  under  foreign  pressure,  to  repress  the  consummated  by  means  of  a  persecution  so  mer- 
TnoTeraent  suited  well  with  the  plans  of  its  secret  ciless  that  patriots  had  to  resort  to- a  sign  Ian- 
authors.    The  ferment  in  the  Yangtse  valley  ex-  guage  to  communicate  one  with  another.    Soon 
tended,  and  soon  took  the  form  of  organized  re-  after  the  overthrow  of  the  native  Ming  dynasty, 
voU«  The  Chinese  Government,  when  threatened  in  1644,  the  oldest  of  the  existin||p  secret  socie- 
vith  naval  action  of  the  powers  in  the  troubled  ties,  the  Kihing,  was  founded  for  its  restoration. 
districts,  which  portended  nothing  less  than  a  Patriots  have  never  ceased  to  deplore  the  loss  of 
joint  or  British  occupation  of  the  Yangtse  ports,  the  freer  national  life  under  the  Chinese  em- 
protested  its  ability  to  preserve  order,  and  or-  perors,  and  no  occupant  of  the  throne  has  been 
dened  the  North  China  and  Nankin  squadrons  to  exempt  from  the  dread  of  revolution,  or  has 
patrol  the  Tangtse.    In  Wuchang,  the  seat  of  failed  to  pursue  the  secret  fraternities  that  have 
the  viceroy  of  Hunan  and  Hupeh,  the  neighbor-  plotted  insurrections,  and  once  or  twice  have 
ing  city  of  Hankow,  one  of  the  largest  m  the  nearly  compassed  the  overthrow  of  the  foreign 
^or\d,  and  in  all  the  centers  of  population,  a  rulers.    In   peaceful    times   persecutions   have 
r^Iess  spirit  of  sedition  was  observed.    Anti-  ceased  because  they  would  rekindle  the  fires  of 
^reign  placards  were  posted  everywhere.    An  revolution.    In  times  of  political  unreet  the  pos- 
Knglish  custom-house  official  at  Shanghai  named  session  of  the  badge  of  membership  often  costs 
Mason  was  detected  in  attempting  to  smuggle  the  wearer*s  life,  and  often  high  officials  have 
irom  Hong-Kong  a  large  number  of  Winchester  suddenly  disappeared,  doomed  to  death  or  life- 
wd  Martini  rifles  and  a  quantity  of  dynamite  long  banishment  in  Tartary.    When  a  society 
destined  for  the  Kolao  Hui  in  Chinkiang.     Six  has  been  nearly  exterminated,  like  that  of  Pei- 
w  Beren  other  Europeans  were  arrested  on  sus-  linkoa,  or  the  White  Water  Lilv,  which  in  the 
pwon  of  being  engaged  in  a  similar  business,  early  part  of  this  century,  uncier  cover  of  re- 
Among  the  candidate  for  degrees  who  came  to  ligious  and  vegetarian  propaganda,  organized 
ofaADghai  for  the  annual  examinations  circulars  revolts  against  the  Emperor  iCianking,  others, 


144  CHINA, 

like  the  Eolao,  have  sprung  up  in  its  place,  ing  rebellion  was  that  of  the  Three  Societies. 
These  Chinese  Nihilists  not  only  plan  rebellions,  the  San  hop  Hui.    The  English  authorities  in 
but  give  aid  and  encouragement  to  revolts  not  Singapore  nave  several  times  attempted  to  sup- 
connected  with  their  schemes,  such  as  the  Mo-  press  the  secret  societies  there.    In  that  city 
hammedan  uprising  and  the  insurrection  of  the  about  ten  years  ago  the  rules  of  the  White  Lily 
Miaotsi  mountaineers.    Even  robbery  and  brig-  Society  were  discovered,  which  make  death  the 
andaspe  are  cultivated  to  bring  about  a  state  of  penalty  for  refusing  to  stand  by  a  fellow-mem- 
anarcny  that  will  lead  to  revolution.    In  this  ber  in  a  quarrel,  even  against  one*s  own  brother, 
way  the  societies  have  sometimes  degenerated  or  betravmg  him  to  the  police,  or  failing  to  aid 
into  gangs  of  robbers  and  secret  assassins,  and  him  with  means  to  escape  the  clutches  of  the 
been  joined  by  people  of  criminal  impulses  or  authorities  and  flee  from  the  country,  even    if 
who  have  private  grudges  to  wreak  on  their  ene-  one's  clothing  and  furniture  must  be  pawned, 
mies,  for  tne  rule  that  no  brother  shall  be  be-  The  literary  class  takes  a  leading  part  in  every 
trayed  to  the  authorities  for  any  cause  can  only  movement  against  the  dynasty,  b^use  the  prin- 
be  broken  under  penalty  of  death.    Formerly  ciples  of  the  Tartar  rule  seem  barbarous  to  the 
the  great  secret  societies  encouraged  thepropaffa-  educated  Chinese  mind.    Two  or  three  of  the 
tion  of  Christianity,  looking  to  Europe  lor  aid  in  Manchu   emperors   fostered  letters,  and    were 
expelling  the  Manchus.  The  Emperor  Kianking,  themselves  distinguished  writers.    The  majority 
who  was  compelled  to  keep  his  army  constantly  have  shown  themselves  apathetic  to  science  and 
under  arms  by  the  White  Lily  Society,  conceived  literature,  and  have  allowed  them  to  languish, 
a  bitter  hatred  of  all  religious  sects,  which  he  vis-  Some  have  been  distinctly  hostile,  like  Kiankine, 
ited  most  severely  on  the  Roman  Catholic  Chris-  who  said  that  it  was  more  becoming  for  a  noble 
tians,  causing  many  thousands  to  be  put  to  death,  to  master  archery  and  horsemanship  than  to  sit 
Under  these  circumstances  a  natural  sympathy  over  books.    The  present  rSgime  seems  to  the 
sprang  up  between  the  Christians  and  the  Taip-  Chinese  a  system  revolting  to  their  habit  of 
ing  sect,  composed  partly  of  survivors  of  the  mind,  that  of  a  milit4ury  despotism.    The  sale  of 
broken  Christian  congregations  and  children  of  offices,  resorted  to  in  recent  times  to  provide 
those  who  were  massacrS.    In  the  earlier  period  means  for  wars  and  armaments  against  Europe 
of  the  Taiping  rebellion  European  sympathy  was  because  the  Government  dared  not  impose  taxes, 
largely  with  the  revolution,  but  when  the  gov-  has  done  much  to  make  the  dynasty  hated, 
ernments  came  to  act  it  was  to  crush  it  and  save  It  is  supposed  that  a  revolution  to  be  suocess- 
the  dynasty,  exacting  in  return  concessions  th^t  ful  must  be  managed  by  persons  in  power.    Dur- 
the  Chinese  consider  prejudicial  to  their  inter-  ing  the  present  reign  Cliinese  statesmen  in  the 
ests  and  repugnant  to  their  national  honor.  Since  natural  course  of  events  have  come  to  the  front 
then  the  secret  fraternities  have  coupled  together  and  prominent  Manchu  administrators  are  pass- 
Europe  and  the  Manchu  conquerors,  and  the  ing  from  the  stage.    The  most  powerful  man  in 
next  great  revolutionary  society  that  sprang  up  China  is  the  ag^  Viceroy  of  Pechili,  Li-Hung- 
in  central  and  northeni  China  made  the  expul-  Chang,  who  has  the  defense  of  the  throne  and 
sion  of  the  Christians  a  prime  article  of  its  creed,  of  the  person  of  the  Emperor  in  his  care,  has 
The  Roman  Catholics  are  the  special  object  of  organized  and  commands  the  only  efficient  naval 
Chinese  animositv  because  of  the  losses  and  hu-  and  military  forces,  controls  to  a  great  extent 
miliation  inflicted  by  the  French  in  the  Tonquin  the  forei^  relations,  and  has  placed  his  friends 
war.    This  feeling  is  strongest  in  the  south  of  and  relatives  at  the  head  of  the  chief  provincial 
China.    There  the  Cantonese  Triad  Society  flour-  administrations.    His  policy  has  been  to  build 
ishes  and  but  few  representatives  of  the  Kolao  upon  the  military  traditions  of  the  Tartar  rule 
Hui  are  found,  and  therefore  the  present  move-  and  improve  the  defensive  resources  of  the  em- 
ment  has  not  penetrated  to  that  region.    The  pire,  in  order  to  bear  the  strain  of  European  re- 
organization of  a  native  militia  among  the  Chris-  lations  and  guard  the  frontiers  from  aggression, 
tian  converts  in  Tonquin  was  the  cause  of  an  out-  The  Aadlence  Question* — The  theory  that 
break  of  national  fury  and  fanaticism  in  south-  China  is  the  Middle  Kingdom  and  the  Emperor 
em  China  in  1884,  and  again  in  1886,  when  the  the  rightful  lord  over  all  nations  is  so  deeply 
scattered  Christian  communities  were  objects  of  rooted  that  France  was  compelled  to  accept  the 
savi^e  and  murderous  persecutions.  position  of  a  vassal  in  respect  to  Tonquin,  and 
After  the  suppression  of  the  Taiping  rebellion  Great  Britain  renders  nominal  homage  in  Bur- 
the  activity  of  the  Chinese  patriotic  organ iza-  mah  and  does  not  even  restrain  the  princes  of 
tions  was  conflned  for  many  years  to  saving  Himalayan  states  from  sending  tribute  to  the 
those  of  their  numbers  who  fell  under  suspicion  Sun  of  Heaven.    When  European  troops  had 
from  the  vengeance  of  the  Government,  bv  pro*  possession  of  Pekin  they  exacted  material  ad- 
viding  them  with  means  to  emigrate.    Thus  it  vantages,  but  did  not  venture  to  disturb  the  be- 
has  come  about  that  the  impulse  to  the  anti-  lief  in  the  universal  suzerainty  of  the  Emperor ; 
dynastic  movement  originates  to  a  great  extent  and  when  the  English  and  French  forces  assisted 
in  Singapore,  and  the  Chinese  papers  printed  in  put  ting  down  the  native  rebels,  the  Chinese  sup- 
there  reveal  the  national  aspirations  in  a  way  posed  it  was  an  act  of  fllial  duty  to  the  paternal 
that  is  impossible  under  the  strin^nt  press  su-  sovereign  of  **  all  under  heaven.      The  European 
pervision  that  has  been  exercised  in  China  ever  envoys,  after  gaining  admission  to  Pekin  thirty 
since  the  Manchus  achieved  their  sanguinary  years  a^  by  the  power  of  the  sword,  found  it 
conquest.    In  addition  to  the  famous  and  wide-  impossible  to  communicate  their  demands  and 
spread  secret  societies,  there  are  a  ^reat  many  representatives  to  the  competent  authorities  until 
having  similar  purposes  of  minor  importance,  fresh  menaces  and  displays  of  force  brought  about 
Every  province  has  one  or  more  of  its  own.  The  the  development  of  the'  Tsungli-Tanien  into  a 
organization  that  liad  most  to  do  with  the  Taip-  pi'oper  meuium  of  diplomatic  action.  They  never 


CHRISTIAX  ENDEAVOR.  CITIES.  AMERICAN.  145 

demanded  the  ri^ht  to  present  their  credentials  inational,  and  their  agency  in  promoting  the 
to  the  Emperor  in  person,  as  to  European  sov-  spirit  of  federation  and  Christian  fellowship.  AH 
er?ign&  Eneland  and  the  other  powers  have  the  local  societies  were  advised  by  resolution  to 
f^'und  anomaloas  relations  with  Oriental  despots  adopt  what  is  called  the  "  revised  pledge/'  con- 
ii  practical  advantage,  for  the  intemation^  prin-  taining  the  clause,  "  I  will  make  it  the  rule  of 
cipie  of  the  equality  of  states  would  otherwise  my  life  to  support  my  own  church  in  every  way, 
[reclude  them  from  forcing  the  admission  of  especially  in  attending  all  her  regular  Sunday 
<f ium,  dictating  a  tariff,  and  exercising  extra-  and  mid-week  services,  unless  prevented  by  a 
triritorial  sovereignty.  A  so-called  audience  reason  which  I  can  conscientiously  give  to  the 
785  granted  to  the  foreign  representatives  in  1873,  Saviour  " ;  and  the  lookout  committees  were  di- 
sbich  was  more  like  a  review.  During  the  mi-  rected  to  use  every  effort  to  promote  this,  as  well 
Dorityofthe  Emperor  the  audience  question  could  as  the  other  requirements  in  the  pledge.  To 
cot  be  pressed,  and  while  Chinese  ministers  in  emphasize  this  underlying  principle,  the  societies 
iMTOfie  were  received  with  ffreat  honor,  the  dip-  were  advised  to  submit  important  measures  and 
tomatic  corps  at  Pekin  has  been  humiliated  and  proposed  lists  of  officers  to  the  pastor  and  offi- 
redaoed  to  impotence  in  the  degree  in  which  the  cers  of  the  church  for  their  approval.  Union 
miiiUiT  power  of  China  has  been  strengthened,  with  societies  not  connected  with  any  evangel- 
After  the  Emperor  assumed  the  Government  the  ical  church  was  discouraged.  In  reaffirming  the 
European  envoys  be^n  to  press  to  be  received  at  principles  of  the  society,  prominence  was  given 
d'lart,  the  English  minister  taking  the  lead.  The  to  those  of  the  utmost  loyalty  to  their  respective 
Emperor  was  not  unwilling,  and  the  Tsungli-  denominations  on  the  part  of  all  the  societies, 
Tamen  arranged  the  forms  and  manner  of  an  and  steadfast  personal  love  and  service  for  the 
&adfence,  exacting  in  return  the  right,  always  local  church  of  each,  and  a  declaration  was  in- 
refosed  before  by  England,  of  maintaining  con-  sei-ted  that  "  Christian  Endeavor  interposes  no 
filirgeneral  and  other  consular  representatives  barrier  to  the  denominational  control  of  the 
in  flong-Kong,  Singapore,  and  other  cities  of  young  people,"  and  rejoices  when  denominations 
the  British  Empire.  The  place  and  ceremonial  suggest  s{)ecial  lines  of  duty  or  activity.  The 
were  diiicussed,  and  some  of  the  ministers  were  in-  convention  sermon  was  preached  by  the  Kev.  Dr. 
dined  to  draw  back,  but  they  finally  accepted  the  0.  H.  Tiffany.  The  president's  address  presented 
plan  proposed  by  the  Tsungli- Yamen.  The  re-  fidelity  and  fellowship  as  the  two  great  factors 
leption  took  place  on  March  5, 1891.  in  the  tze  of  the  society.  Papers  were  read  and  discussions 
k-mng  ko,  or  audience  hall,  in  which  the  Em-  held  at  the  several  sessions  on  various  topics 
peror  receives  the  envoys  of  Corea,  Annam,  and  pertaining  to  the  history,  work,  objects,  scope, 
other  vassal  states,  the  Chinese  ministers  having  and  infiuence  of  the  societies, 
orercome  their  objections  by  promising  that  a  CITIES,  AMERICAN,  RECENT  GROWTH 
special  edifice  for  the  reception  of  foreign  envoys  OF.  This  subject,  begun  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclo- 
>nould  be  built  without  aelay.  They  were  re-  piedia  *'  for  1886,  has  been  continued  through 
c^ired  in  a  body,  not  singly,  as  they  wished,  by  every  succeeding  volume.  In  the  six  volumes — 
the  Emperor,  who  replied  in  a  set  formula  to  the  1886  to  1891 — the  recent  progress  of  360  cities  is 
speech  made  by  Herr  von  Brandt,  the  Oerman  set  forth. 

minister,  which  was  interpreted  in  lilanchu  by  Aberdeen,  a  city  of  Washington,  the  largest 
IVince  Ch*ing,  kneeling  before  the  throne.  The  on  Gray's  Harbor,  at  the  apex  of  that  body  of 
Chinese  envoys  in  Europe  have  urged  the  ad  vis-  water,  16  miles  from  the  bar,  on  both  sides  of 
itnlity  of  placing  diplomatic  intercourse  at  Pe-  Chehalis  river,  about  a  mile  from  its  mouth. 
kin  on  the  same  footing  as  in  Europe  as  a  pre-  The  northern  part  of  the  city  is  divided  by 
bde  to  demanding  a  revision  of  the  treaties  and  Wishkah  river,  a  narrow  but  deep  stream,  which 
the  equal  treatment  guaranteed  by  international  affords  excellent  wharfage  for  vessels  of  the 
law.  A  more  important  step  than  the  March  larg[est  tonnage  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  is 
ftodienoewas  the  reception  of  the  French  and  navigable  16  miles  above  its  mouth.  The  Che- 
Russian  ambasstMlors  in  November  in  the  im-  halis  has  a  depth  at  Aberdeen  of  from  40  to  75 
perialpalaoe.  feet,  and  a  width  of  from  2,000  to  3,000  feet 

CHRISTIAN    ENDEAYOR,    SOCIETIES  The  entire  water  frontage  of  the  city  is  over  2 

OF.    The  tenth  International  Convention  of  miles,  easily  approached  by  two  channels  leading 

Christian  Endeavor  Societies  met  in  Minneap-  from  the  entrance  of  tlie  harbor,  one  on  the 

olU,  July  9.  President  Francis  E.  Clark  presided,  north  and  the  other  on  the  south.    The  harbor — 

The  report  showed  that  the  number  of  local  so-  named  from  Capt.  Kot)ert  Gray,  who  first  car- 

cieties  was  16,274  (against  11,018  in  1890),  and  ried  the  United  States  flag  around  the  world, 

of  members  1,008,980  (against  660,000  in  1890).  and  in  1791  discovered  Columbia  river,  establish- 

The  societies  had  been  organized  in  80  denom-  ing  the  claim  of  the  United  States  on  Oregon — 

inations.    The  five  churches  having  the  largest  is  one  of  the  safest  and  most  accessible  on  the 

number  of  societies  reported  were,  in  their  order.  Pacific  coast.    It  has  an  area  of  70,000  acres,  and 

l^resbfterian,  4,019  societies ;  Congregational ist,  a  depth  at  low  tide  on  the  bar  of  22  feet.    It  is 

3.545 ;  Baptist,  2,881 ;  Methodist,  2,068 ;  and  Dis-  completely  landlocked,  and  during  the  past  year 

ciples  of  Christ,  801.    Three  hundred  and  seven  more  than  100  sailing  vessels  and  from  4  to  6 

^^ieties  were  reported  in  foreign  countries,  of  steamers  a  month  have  crossed  the  bar  without 

^hich  120  were  m  England,  82  in  Australia,  30  accident.     It  is  350  miles  nearer  San  Francisco 

|n  India,  12  in  Turkey,  and  7  in  China.    Of  jun-  than  the  cities  of  Puget  Sound,  and  600  miles 

lor  societies,  855  were  reported,  and  the  exist-  nearer  Oriental  ports  than  that  city.    The  busi- 

<'nce  of  others  was  known.    Stress  was  laid  in  ness  portion  of  the  city  has  been  built  on  tide 

the  report  on  the  interdenominational  character  lands  reclaimed  at  great  expense,  and  a  short 

of  the  societies  as  distinguished  from  undenom-  distance  from  the  harbor  the  land  rises  by  easy 

VOL.  XXXI.— 10   A 


146  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Aksok,  Alpena.) 

erades  to  a  height  of  50  to  75  feet,  spreading  out  of  all  the  matches  made  in  the  United  States, 
into  level  plateaus,  wheie  the  fine  residence  por-  using  annually  8,000.000  feet  of  pine  lumber,  70 
tion  is  being  built.    The  Northern  Pacific  Kail-  tons  of  brimstone,  17,000  pounds  of  phosphorus, 
road  has  division  headquarters  within  the  coroo-  85,000   pounds  of   chlorate  of   potash,   80,000 
rate  limits,  owning  22  sections  of  land.    In  1890  pounds  of  glue,  and  50,000  pounds  of  paraffine 
the  road  was  operating  within  10  miles  of  the  wax.    Six  sewer-pipe  factories  are  supplied  from 
city,  and  there  are  regular  lines  of  steamers  to  inexhaustible  beds  of  clar,  long  one  oi  the  chief 
Portland  and  San  Francisco.      A  steam  ferry  contributions  to  the  wealth  of  the  city,  which  is 
plies  between  the  portions  of  the  city  separated  vitrified,  and  thus  rendered  Impervious  to  acid, 
oy  Chehalis  river,  and  two  bridges  will  shortly  steam,  or  gas.    There  are  also  9  stone-ware  works, 
be  erected  across  the  Wishkah.     Bonds  have  7  planing  mills,  5  foundries,  2  galvanized-iron 
been  deposited  for  an  electric  road  to  connect  works,  6  brick  and  2  fire-brick  works,  4  boiler 
with  Hoquiam,  to  cost  $100,000.    Six  years  ago  works,  8  breweries,  2  box,  8  soap,  1  chain,   1 
the  city  was  a  mere  mill  site.    By  the  census  of  church  furniture,  and  2  barrel  factories,  2  of  the 
1890  it  had  a  population  of  1,688.    Increase  is  largest  agricultural-implement  works  in  tlie  Unit- 
shown  by  the  post-ofBce  receipts,  which  for  the  ed  States  (employing  upward  of  1,000  men),  2 
quarter  ending  Jan.  1, 1890,  were  $450.96,  and  harness-specialty  factories,  4  stone  quarries,   2 
for  that  ending  Jan.  1,  1891,  $908.    The  sum  marble  works,  polishing  and  plating  works,  fac- 
of  $50,000  was  expended  by  the  city  during  the  toriesof  hard-rubber  goods,  woolen,  leather  belt- 
last  six  months  of  the  year  on  street  improve-  ing,  wagon-gear,  paper^sack,  and  other  factories 
ments.    Water  works  are  being  erected,  at  a  turning  out  machine  knives,  twine  and  corda^, 
cost  of  $75,000,  the  supply  being  obtained  from  flour  sacks,  gymnasium  supplies,  stoves,   files, 
springs  within  half  a  mile  of  the  city  limits  by  canal  boats,  etc.    Akron  was  founded  in  1835, 
the  Holly  principle  of  direct  pressure.    For  pro-  and  became  the  county  seat  in  1841.    The  popu- 
tection  against  fire,  water  is  pumped  from  the  lation  in  1870  was  10,006 ;  in  1880, 16,512 ;  and 
harbor  by  stationary  engines  running  night  and  in  1890,  27,601.    The  assessed  valuation  is  near 
day,  and  there  is  a  volunteer  fire  department  of  $15,000,000  and  the  tax  rate  in  1889  was  27*4. 
84  members.    Electric  lights  are  in  use.    The  The  debt  in  March,  1891,  was  $111,281.83.    There 
enrollment  In  the  2  graded  public  schools,  Oct.  are  12  miles  of  street  railway  (electric,  Sprag^e 
80, 1891,  was  272 ;  a  new  central  school  building  overhead  system),  costihc^  $800,000.'    Water  is 
is  to  be  erected,  to  cost  $25,000,  and  there  is  a  supplied  from  springs.    The  churches  number 
Catholic  schooL    The  Catholics  also  have  a  hos-  28,  and  there  are  a  Masonic  temple,  and  14  other 
pital.    There  are  five  churches.     The  monthly  halls,  in  addition  to  2  armories.    Five  banks,  3 
pay-roll  of  manufactures  aggregates  $85,000,  the  of  which  are  national,  have  a  total  capital  of 
city  having  the  onlv  foundry  on  the  harbor.  $575,000,  and  a  surplus  of  $102,000;  2  savings 
From  the  ship-yard  a  large  three-masted  schooner  institutions  have  a  capital  of  $150,000,  and   1 
was  launched  in  Septem^r,  1890.  Four  saw  mills  savings  and  loan  association  luis  a  capital   of 
have  a  combined  aaily  capacity  of  800,000  feet,  $100,000.    One  daily  paper  is  publishea,  2  tri- 
the  shipment  abroad  of  lumber  for  1890  being  weeklies,  4  weeklies  (1  m  German,  1  semi-month- 
83,000,000  feet,  and  the  amount  consumed  at  ly,  by  the  students  of  Buchtel  College),  and   2 
home  9,000,000.    Three  sash,  door,  and  blind  monthlies.    There  are  11  public  schools,  includ- 
factories,  2  planing  mills,  1  shingle  mill,  a  cigar  ing  the  high  school,  and  99  teachers  are  em- 
factory,  ana  an  ice  factory  are  in  operation ;  ployed.    The  enrollment  in  the  public  schools  in 
and  tne  yearly  pack  of  8  salmon  canneries  is  188*7-88  was  4,654,  and  in  the  private  and  pa- 
41,000  cases,  valued  at  $78,000.     There  are  2  rochial  schools  957.    Of  the  last  class, dare  Cath- 
banks  (1  national,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  olic,  1  Oerman  Lutheran,  and  1  Hebrew.    Two 
$550,000),  and  a  building  and  loan  association  business  colleges  and  a  school  of  design  are  flour- 
has  been  organized.    A  weekly  and  a  semi- week-  ishing;  Buchtel  College  (Universalist),  opened 
ly  newspaper  are  published.  in  1873,  has  14  professors  and  instructors.     The 
Akron,  a  city  of  Ohio,  county  seat  of  Summit  streets  are  well  laid,  and  the  principal  ones 
County,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  at  the  paved.    There  are  free  public  libraries,  8  parks, 
junction  of  the  Ohio  and  Erie  and  Pennsylvania  and  2  theatres.    The  Ohio  Canal  was  begun  July 
and  Ohio  Canals,  40  miles  from  Cleveland  and  4,  1825,  and  the  first  boat  for  it  was  builUon  the 
246  from  CincinnatL    It  is  400  feet  above  the  lower  basin  near  Lock  One,  at  Akron, 
level  of  Lake  Erie,  and  is  the  highest  point  of        Alpena,  a  city  of  Michigan,  county  seat  of 
the  Ohio  and  Erie  Canal.    The  rauroads  are  the  Alpena  County,  120  miles  from  Bay  City  and 
New  York,  Lake  Erie  and  Western,  the  Cleve-  250  from  Detroit,  by  water,  in  the  northeastern 
land,  Akron  and  Columbus  Valley,  the  Pitts-  part  of  the  State,  on  Thunder  Bay,  which  is  an 
burgh  and  Western,  and  the  Valley.    The  sur-  inlet  of  Lake  Huron,  10  miles  wide  at  its  mouth, 
rounding  oountrv  is  fertile,  and  wheat  is  export-  and  affords  one  of  the  safest  harbors  on  the 
ed,  together  with  mineral  fire-proof  paint  from  great  lakes.     There  are  8  lines  of  passeng^er 
deposits  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.    A  milling  steamers.  The  city  is  the  terminus  of  the  Detroit, 

Slant  established  at  Akron  in  1852  operated  the  Bay  City  and  Alpena  Railroad,  and  has  notable 

rst  oatmeal  mill  in  America,  in  1856,  with  ca-  manufacturing    interests,   chief  among    which 

pacity  of  20  barrels  a  day.    In  1890  the  total  are  14  saw  mills,  which  in  1889  exported  219,- 

product  of  5  mills  owned  'bv  it  was  2.500  bar-  915,000  feet  of  lumber,  58,986,000  laths,  36,610,- 

rels  daily.    A  capital  of  $10,000,000  is  invested  000  shingles,  242,570  railroad  ties,  145,000  cedar 

in  800  manufactories,  water  power  being  sup-  posts,  and  1,000  telegraph  poles.    There  are  also 

plied  (in  addition  to  steam)  from  the  Canal  and  2  large  engine  and  machme  works,  one  of  the 

Little  Cuyahoga  river.    These  include  the  largest  largest  sulphite  fiber  pulp  mills  in  the  United 

match  factory  in  the  world,  producing  one  fifth  States  (employing  75  nands),  5  shingle  and  4 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Arkansas  Citt,  Astoria,  Aurora.)  147 

planing  miUs,  2  foundries,  1  knitting  factory,  2  «  639 ;  in  1880,  2,803;  and  in  1890,  6,184.     The 
ci^r  factories,  and  industrial  works.    The  popu-  population  of  the  county  is  10,016.    By  the  con- 
lation  in  1880  was  6,153,  and  in  1890  (in  three  struction  of  the  Government  jetties  at  the  mouth 
v&rds)  11^383,  showing  an  increase  of  83'37  per  of  the  Columbia,  a  channel  has  been  created  of 
cent    The  first  settlement  was  made  in  1856  at  ample  depth  for  the  largest  ships  to  pass  in  safe- 
Alpena,  and  lumbering  was  begun  in  1858.    In  ty,  and,  accordingly,  ocean  steamers  call  at  the 
1964  there  were  674  inhabitants.    In  1871  it  was  port.    Five  or  six  lines  of  steamers  owned  in 
incorporated,  and  in  1872  was  devastated  by  a  Astoria  ply  daily  to  and  from  ports  on  the  rivers 
great  fire.    In  1879  water  works  of  the  Holly  and  bays  in  the  vicinity,  three  lines  of  bar  tugs 
system  were  erected,  with  a  pumping  capacity  have  headquarters  here,  and  lines  of  steamers 
of  3,000,000  gallons,  the  crib  being  placed  m  the  also  run  to  San  Francisco  and  Puget  Sound, 
bar,  and  the  wheel  (then  one  of  the  largest  in  One  line,  owned  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad, 
Michigan)  the  first  of  its  size  ever  constructed,  runs  between  the  city  and  Portland.    Astoria  is 
The  assessed  valuation  of  the  city  in  1889  was  the  headquarters  of  the  salmon  fisheries  of  the 
14,034,900,  and  the  debt  was  less  than  $10,000.  Columbia.    The  sum  of  $1,300,000  is  invested  in 
The  streets  are  wide,  and  in  1890  five  miles  were  the  industry,  the  product  of  which  in  1889  was 
paved  and  five  more  under  way.    Gas  and  eleo-  $1,416,177.    More  than  8,000  fishermen  are  em- 
tric  lighting  are  in  use,  and  there  are  12  churches,  ployed,  having  1,500  boats  and  nets;  while  the 
9  publio-schooi  buildings,  and  8  private  and  pa-  canneries  give  occupation  to  2,000  persons,  the 
roehial  schools.    Fishing  is  carried  on  extensive-  majority  of  whom  are  Chinese.    The  water  front 
Ir,  and  there  is  a  United  States  fish  hatchery,  of  the  city  measures  6  miles.    To  reach  deep  wa- 
Ktablished  in  1882,  from  which  30,000,000  youne  ter,  docks  and  warehouses  have  been  constructed 
white  fish  were  shipped  in  1883.    There  are  2  several  hundred  feet  out  from  the  shore,  and  the 
national  banks  and  an  opera  house.    Three  week-  business  streets  are  crowded  down  as  close  to 
W  newspapere  are  published,  and  1  monthly.  these  as  possible.    Several  streets  are  built  on 
irkansas  City,  a  city  of  Kansas,  in  Cowley  piles,  and  blocks  of  stores,  residences,  hotels,  and 
County,  near  the  Oklahoma  border  line,  on  Ar-  street  railroads  are  constructed  over  the  water, 
kansas  river  at  the  mouth  of  the  Walnut,  250  The  buildings  are  mostly  of  wood,  and  where 
miles  southwest  of  Kansas  City,  the  same  dis-  brick  is  used  the  foundations  are  of  stone  and 
tance  north  of  Fort  Worth,  200  from  Fort  Scott,  cement,  placed  on  piles  driven  to  a  great  depth 
and  14  from  Win  field,  the  county  seat.    It  is  in  and  cut  oif  below  the  water  line.    In  this  part 
the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  stock-rais-  of  the  city  no  sewers  are  reouired,  the  tide  carry- 
ing district,  and  with  its  3  great  systems  of  infi^  awa^r  all  refuse.    Resiaences,  churehes,  and 
railroads — the  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  F^,  other  buildings  are  extending  back  on  the  hills, 
the  Missouri  Pacific,  and  the  St.  Louis  and  San  and  streets  are  being  graded  up  steep  inclines. 
Francisco— controls  almost  the  entire  trade  of  Clatsop  County  is  about  30  miles  square,  and 
the  Indian  agencies,  reservations,  and  militAry  contains  but  one  township  of  open  land,  the  rest 
points  in  Indian  Territory.    It  is  the  end  of  a  di-  being  heavily  timbered  with  Oregon  pine,  spruce, 
vision  of  the  Santa  Fe  system,  and  has  a  round-  (;edar,  lareh,  hemlock,  maple,  and  cottonwood. 
house  and  machine  shops  of  that  road,  employ-  Only  along  the  streams  are  the  forests  largely 
ins  200  men,  in  addition  to  100  train-men  and  cut.    Three  saw  mills  have  a  daily  aggregate 
other  employ^.     In  1880  the  population  was  capacity  of  150,000  feet,  and  manufactured  lum- 
1,012,  ana  in  1890  (in  four  wards)  8.347.    Water  ber  is  shipped  east.    By  sea  it  is  sent  to  Cali- 
power  is  afforded  by  a  canal  5|  miles  long,  tap-  fornia,  Mexico,  South  America,  and  China.    On 
ping  Arkansas  river  4  miles  above  the  city  and  Young's  river  is  a  pulp  mill,  with  a  capacity  of 
flowing  into  the  Walnut  H  mile  below,  with  1,380  tons  annually.    A  capital  of  $85,000  is  in- 
f&ll  of  22  feet.    The  cost  of  the  canal  was  $200,-  vested  in  ship-building;  $575,000  in  manufact- 
000.   The  manufacturing  establishments  in  1890  ure  of  lumber,  with  output  of  $700,000  yearly ; 
were  3  large  flouring  mills,  1  planing  mill,  1  and  $39,000  in  sash  and  door  factories,  the  annual 
windmill  manufactory,  a  mattress  factory,  and  output  of  which  is  $33,000.    The  capital  in  foun- 
a  chair  and  car-seat  factory.    The  gas  works  dries  and  machine  shops  is  $90,000,  with  a  prod- 
have  a  capital  of  $100,000,  and  there  is  an  elec-  net  of  $125,000 ;  in  manufacture  of  beer  and  ice, 
trie-light  plant    There  are  17  miles  of  water  $25,000,  ^earlv  product,  $75,000.    In  addition  to 
mains,  3  banks  (2  national)  with  aggregate  capi-  an  electnc-liglit  plant,  there  are  gas  works.    Ex- 
tal  of  $425,000  and  surplus  of  $160,0^,  a  hotel  elusive  of  the  two  last  and  the  pulp  mill,  the  an- 
costing  $125,000,  an  opera  house  worth  $75,000,  nual  product  on  the  total  amount  of  capital  in- 
and  5  school-houses.    Two  daily  and  4  weekly  vested  ($844,000)  is  $1,018,000.    Coal  exists  in 
newspapers  are  published.  the  county,  but  no  mines  have  been  opened.   Pot- 
Astoria,  a  city  of  Oregon,  the  county  seat  of  ter*8  clay,  iron  ore,  and  jet  are  its  otner  mineral 
Clatsop  County,  on  the  south  shore  of  Columbia  resources.    Of  10  church  buildinffs  in  the  coun- 
riyer,  12  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  about  100  ty,  8  are  in  Astoria — viz..  Methodist,  Congrega- 
miles  from  Portland.    It  is  said  to  be  the  largest  tional,  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Episcopal,  Roman 
city  in  the  United  States  without  a  railroad,  but  Catholic,  and  2  Lutheran.     The  city  has  also 
one  is  now  under  construction,  to  connect  with  3  large  public  schools  and  1  Episcopal  parish 
the  transcontinental  lines  at  Portland.    It  was  school.    There  are  2    daily  newspapers,  and  4 
founded  in  1811,  and  named  in  honor  of  John  banks — 2  national,  with  a  capital  of  $800,000. 
Jacob  Astor,  chief  manager  of  the  American  Fur  The  possession  of  Astoria  was  the  principal  point 
Company.    After  the  war  of  1812  it  was  held  by  in  the  claim  of  the  United  States  to  Oregon, 
the  Hudson  Bav  Pur  Company  until  early  in  the  Aurora,  a  city  of  Illinois,  in  Kane  County,  in 
forties,  when  the  tide  of  emigration  set  in  from  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State,  37  miles  from 
the  Eastern  States.    The  population  in  1870  was  Chicago,  on  Fox  river,  which  flows  with  a  rapid 


148  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Bat  City.) 

current  through  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  fur-  an  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Michigan 
nishes    an    ample  water   power.     Aurora  was  enabling  the  consolidation  in  1891  of  Bay  City 
founded  in  1834,  and  in  1850  had  a  population  proper,  West  Bay  City,  and  Essexville  village. 
of  2,000.    In  1857  it  was  incorporated ;  in  1860  The  last  two,  in  lo90,  had  populations  respective- 
it  had  a  population  of  6,000 ;  in  1880  of  11.873 ;  ly  of  12,981  and  1,545.    The  total  population  of 
and  in  1890  of  19,688,  showing  an  increase  in  Bay  County  in  1890  was  56,412,  and  in  1891  the 
the  decade  of  65*82  per  cent.    Six  lines  of  the  assessed  valuation  of  property,  real  and  pecsonal, 
Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincj  Railroad  center  was  $27,000,000.    The  first  settlement  of  Bay 
here;  also  the  Chicago  and  >iorth western,  and  City  was  made  in  1838,  and  in  1858  the  county 
the  Belt  Line,  or  Elgin,  Joliet  and  Eastern,  was  organized  and  it  became  the  county  seat.   In 
The  city  was  the  first  in  the  West  to  adopt  elec-  1867  the  first  railroad  was  built  Transportation 
trie  lighting,  and  owns  its  plant.    Gas  works  is  now  afforded  by  3  lines,  and  in  1887  the  city 
were  established  in  1868,  which  in  1H90  owned  owned  119  craft,  aggregating  over  28,732  tons, 
33  miles  of  mains,  and  made  arrangements  for  and  yalued  at  $1,500,000.    The  same  year  the 
erecting  a  fuel  ^  plant  to  furnish  gas  at  40  total  value  of  city  property  was  $780,586.96,  and 
cents  a  thousaniL    The  water  works,  erected  in  its  bonded  debt  was  $367,000.    The  tax  rate  was 
1885-'86,  are  valued  at  $204,446,  and  in  1890  $1.84.   In  1891  there  were  30  miles  of  well-paved 
had  25  miles  and  90  feet  of  mains.    Five  steel  streets  and  50  miles  of  county  (macadamized) 
bridges,  2    \;>elonging   to   the    railroads,  cross  roads.    Water  works  of  the  Holly  system  were 
the  river,  the  longest  having  a  total  length  of  erected  in  1872,  and  in  1886  aOaskell  compound 
720  feet.    In  addition  to  the  high  school  there  engine  was  added,  making  the  total  quantity 
are  10  public-school  buildings.    The  school  en-  pumped  during  the  year  779,761,852  gallons.  The 
rollment  is  3,358 ;  72  teachers  are  employed,  value  of  the  water  works  in  1887  was  $426,773, 
Jennings  Seminary  has  as  adjuncts  a  normal  and  there  were  more  than  24  miles  of  sewers, 
school  and  a  business  college.    There  are  also  a  Two  free  bridges  span  Saginaw  river.     The  fire 
parochial   school,  a  Catholic   academy,  and  2  department  property  is  valued  at  $57,076,  and 
German  Evangelical  Lutheran  schools.     Five  the  electric-light  plant  at  $31,583.  The  gas  coin- 
national  l>anks  have  a  capital  of  $600,000,  and  pany  was  organized  in  1868.    The  sum  of  $63,- 
a  surplus  of  $68,000 ;  ana  there  are  2  building  600  has  been  invested  in  public  parks.     The 
and  loan  associations.    Five  daily  newspapers  school  property  in  1887  was  valued  at  $177,500 ; 
are  published,  and  4   weeklies,  1  in  German.  3,836  children  were  enrolled,  and  76  teachers  em- 
The  total  valuation  of  property  of  22  churches  ployed  in  10  public-school  buildings.   There  was 
is  $492,600,  and  the  Young  Men's  Christian  As-  an  enrollment  of  230  also  in  the  high  school, 
sociation  owns  its  buildings.    The  sloping  banks  There  is  also  a  commercial  college.    In  Bay  City 
of  the  river  furnish  excellent  drainage.    A  Driv-  proper  there  are  21  churches,  and  in  West  Bay 
ing-park  Association  was  organized  m  1889,  and  City  8.     Five  banks,  2  of  which  are  national, 
has  a  fine  tract  of  26  acres  within  the  city  lim-  have  an  aggregate  capital  of  $750,000,  and  a  sur- 
its.    The  city  horse  railway  was  purchased  in  plus  of  $240,000.    Three  daily  and  4  weekly 
1890  by  an  electric  company,  which  adopted  the  newspapers  are  published.    A  handsome  opera 
Sprague  overhead  system.    The  total  value  of  house  was  erected  in  1886.    The  depot  of  the 
city  property  is  $574,205.73.    The  City  Hall  is  a  Michigan  Central  Railroad  includes  two  build- 
fine  Duilding,  and  Memorial  Hall,  erected  by  the  ings,  and  is  286  by  50  feet,  and  three  stories 
Soldiers'  Monument  Association,  contains  the  high,  with  a  tower  104  feet. '  The  Masonic  Tem- 

Eublic  library.  The  City  Hospital  has  a  new  pie,  Craoo  Block,  and  Trinity  Church,  the  last 
rick  building  costing  $9,000,  and  there  is  an  costing  $60,000,  are  notable.  There  is  a  court 
orphana^  founded  by  private  benevolence.  The  house  and  a  public  libraiy.  The  leading  indus- 
sum  of  $75,000  has  been  appropriated  by  Con-  tries  are  ship-building,  lumber,  salt,  and  fish, 
gress  for  a  Government  building.  The  shops  of  The  first  ship-building  on  Saginaw  river  began 
the  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  Railroad,  in  1848 :  and  to  1887,  57  propellers  had  fc^n 
erected  in  1855-*56,  at  a  cost  of  $120,000,  ezclu-  built,  6  side-wheel  steamers,  ana  45  tugs,  as  well 
sive  of  machinery,  embrace  locomotive  works,  as  schooners,  scows,  and  barges.  Since  1886,  by 
car  shops,  and  a  chemical  and  physical  labora-  report  of  the  United  States  Census  on  transpor- 
tory ;  1,500  men  are  employed,  with  a  monthly  tation,  a  revolution  has  taken  place  in  the  mate- 
pay-roll  of  $60,000.  The  other  industries  include  rial  and  structure  of  floating  e(juipment  on  the 
iron  works,  one  of  the  largest  factories  of  wood-  Great  Lakes,  probably  more  rapid  and' complete 
working  machinery  in  the  United  States,  a  sil-  than  any  other  in  the  history  of  marine  archi- 
ver-plate  company,  a  sash,  door,  and  blind  fac-  tecture.  The  total  tonnage  of  Bay  City  in  1889 
tory,  stove  works,  cotton  mills,  a  corset  factory  was  553,219  tons,  of  which  486,973  were  ship- 
employing  600  hands,  agricultural  -  implement  ments  and  66,246  receipts.  The  first  sawmill 
works,  a  factory  for  well-sinking  machinery,  a  was  erected  in  1832,  ana  in  1886  the  shipment 
foundry  and  machine  shop,  a  watch  factory,  a  from  Bay  City  and  mills  south  reached  587,855,- 
smelting  and  refining  company,  2  factories  of  000  feet  of  lumber  and  118,394,000  shingles.  In 
door-hangers,  carpet-sweepers,  patent  oil-cans,  1887,  $4,085,000  were  invested  in  the  lumber  in- 
etc,  a  carriage  factory,  road-cart  works,  and  a  dustry.  In  1860, 2  salt  companies  were  organized, 
la^-wheeled  scraper  company.  and  prior  to  1869,  when  the  inspection  law  was 
Bay  City,  a  city  of  Michigan,  the  county  seat  passed,  3,282, 11 7  barrels  were  manufactured.  The 
of  Bay  County,  on  Saginaw  river  near  its  mouth,  total,  from  1869  to  1886,  was  34,100,468  barrels, 
in  Saginaw  Bay,  143  miles  from  Toledo,  Ohio,  and  Bay  County  in  that  year  had  81  "salt  companies, 
121  &m  Jackson  by  rail.  The  population  by  the  with  capacity  of  1,300,000  barrels.  About  500 
census  of  1890  was  27,839  (in  11  wanls),  showing  men  are  engaged  in  fishing  on  Saginaw  Bay, 
an  increase  of  7,146  over  20,693  in  1880.  In  1887  with  over  100  sail-boats.     In  winter,  spearing 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Beatrice,  Benton  Harbor,  Boisfi  City.)  149 

fi«h  through  the  ice  is  largely  carried  on,  and  at  quarts  of  berries  and  800,000  barrels  of  apples 

one  time  over  2,000  persons  have  camped  out  on  were  produced  by  Berrien  County  in  one  season, 

the  ice  in  small  shanties.    The  other  industries  in  adaition  to  other  fruits.     Two  canning,  evap- 

in  1887  included  2  flouring  mills  in  Bay  City  orating,  and  cider  factories  employ  250  persons 

and  2  in  West  Bay  City,  1  brewery,  10  furniture  during  the  season,  and  by  one  firm  400,000  cans 

manufactories,  7  planing  mills  (6  in  West  Bay  of  tomatoes  are  put  up  yearly.    There  are  also  a 

City  also),  4  boiler  shops,  6  factories  of  mill  ma-  cider  and  vinegar  factory  and  pickle  and  vine- 

chinenr,  6  foundries,  4  pump  factories,  5  brick  gar  works,  manufacturing  yearly  500,000  gallons 

works,  3  broom  factories,  14  carriage  factories,  5  of  cider  vinegar  and  10,000  barrels  of  pickles, 

cigar  and  4  lime  factories,  wood-pipe  works,  etc..  Another  large  plant  is  under  construction,  with 

in  addition  to  one  of  the  chief  railroad  machinery  warehouse  and  ofBce  in  Chicago.  Fruit-packages 

manufactories  in  the  United  States.    There  are  are  manufactured  by  several  firms.  2,000,000  pack- 

12  miles  of  street  railway.  ages  having  been  produced  in  1890,  exclusive  of 


ajnieultural  region.    Seven  railroads  center  in  works,  2  ship-yards,  8  planing  mills,  1  flouring 

the  citj,  8  from  Chicago  and  4  from  St.  Louis  mill  with  a  grain  elevator,  2  furniture  companies 

^nd  Kansas  City.    The  streets  are  paved  with  with  capital  of  $120,000,  a  chilled-plow  factory, 

brick  from  factories  in  the  city,  the  cost  of  grad-  2  shoe  factories,  a  wt^n  and  carriage  factory, 

in^,  paving,  etc,  to  April  11, 1890,  beine  $159,-  and  marble  works.    The  Standard  Oil  Company 

096.W).    The  cost  of  sewerage  to  same  date  was  has  invested  $5,000  in  a  disy*ibuting  plant,  and 

$40,832.    The  water  works,  of  the  Holly  system  a  cold-storage  plant  has  been  erected  at  a  cost 

are  valued  at  $85,000,  and  the  fire  department  at  of  $15,000.      Lumber,  received  bv  boat  from 

|3,500.    The  assessed  valuation  is  $1,100,000,  the  great  lumber  centers    north,  is  manufact- 

and  the  tax  levy  in  1889  was  18i  mills.    The  ured  and  shipped  inland.    One  saw  mill  turned 

total  debt,  bonded  and  floating,  is  $256,160.96.  out  1,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  mainly  hard-wood, 

There  are  gas  and  electric  lights,  horse  and  mo-  in  1890.     The  highest  grade  of  wood-working 

tor  lines  of  street  railway,  6  banks  (4  national),  machinery  will  be  produced  by  machine  works 


1  monthly  papers.  The  population  in  1880  was  Harbor  from  Detroit.  The  assessed  valuation  of 
2.447 ;  in  1800  it  was  13,886,  showing  an  increa<^  Benton  Harbor  is  $1,200,000.  In  1888,  $175,000 
of  465-43  per  cent.  A  million  and  a  half  dollars  were  invested  in  new  buildings ;  in  1889,  $266,- 
are  invested  in  manufactures.  During  1890  real-  960 ;  and  in  1890,  $268,600.  Two  banks  (one  na- 
wtate  transfers  numbered  1,774,  representing  a  tional)  have  a  capital  of  $50,000  each.  There  is 
value  of  $2,500,000.  The  churches  number  19,  also  a  building  and  loan  association.  Electric 
and  there  are  9  city  schools,  7  of  which  have  lights  have  been  in  use  for  more  than  two  years, 
brick  buildings,  a  private  academy,  a  Roman  and  the  gas  works  have  been  enlarged  to  a  ca- 
Catholic  school,  a  business  college,  and  a  State  pacity  of  240,000  feet  daily.  Water  works  were 
institute  for  feeble-minded  youth.  TheChautau-  under  construction  in  1891,  with  a  capacity  of 
qaa  Association  has  a  tabernacle,  at  its  grounds  8,000,000  p:allons  daily,  the  source  of  supply  be- 
on  the  river  just  beyond  the  city  limits,  capable  ing  a  senes  of  wells  40  feet  deep.  The  popu- 
of  seating  10,000  persons.  The  city  has  a  public  lation  in  1890  was  8,692.  Baptists,  Episcopa- 
library  and  2  opera  houses.  Hans,  Methodists,  Congregational ists,  and  African 
Benton  Harbor,  a  city  of  Michigan,  in  Ber-  Methodists  have  churches,  and  the  Catholics  are 
rien  County,  in  the  extreme  southwestern  por-  building.  Three  public  schools  and  a  normal 
tion  of  the  State,  at  the  confluence  of  the  St.  and  collegiate  institute  afford  educational  ad- 
Joseph's  and  Paw  Paw  rivers,  one  mile  from  Lake  vantages.  One  daily  and  2  weeklv  newspapers 
Michigan,  with  which  it  has  direct  connection  are  issued.  The  City  Hall,  a  brick  building,  con- 
by  a  ship  canal  of  ample  capacity  for  the  largest  tains  also  the  flre  department  and  jail.  A  com- 
lake  vessels  and  steamers,  60  miles  from  Chicago  pany  has  been  organized  to  develop  the  water 
by  water,  and  98  by  rail.  A  steamship  line  has  power  of  Paw  Paw  river,  by  a  dam  1,100  long, 
recently  been  established  with  daily  service  to  The  city  has  no  debt. 

Milwaukee,  and  there  are  2  lines  of  steamers  to  Bois^  City,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Idaho, 

Ohicajfo.      The  Chicago    and  West  Michigan,  county  seat  of  Ada  County,  in  the  southwestem 

the  Cincinnati,  Wabash  and  Michigan,  and  the  part  of  the  State,  on  the  north  side  of  Boise 

Vandalia  Railroads,  the  last  with  through  train  river,  50  miles  above  its  confluence  with   the 

to  St.  Ijouis,  afford  additional  transportation  ad-  Snake,  in  a  commanding  position  both  as  re- 

Tantages,  and  3  other  lines  are  under  construe-  gards  the  large  and  fertile  valley  in  which  it  lies 

tion  to  Kalamazoo,  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  South  and  the  rich  mineral  region  in  the  mountains 

Bend,  Ind.      Twenty-three  trains  arrive  daily,  beyond.    It  had  its  origin  in  the  establishment 

and  there  is  a  street  railway  to  the  contiguous  of  a  United  States  military  post  in  1863,  though 

fity  of  St.  Joseph.    Benton  Harbor  is  the  chief  the  name  belonged  to  a  fort  of  the  Hudson  Bay 

port  in  Michigan  shipping  domestic  fruits,  which  Company,  50  miles  below  the  present  site,  in 

CTow  in  the  surrouna ing  country;  to  great  per-  1835.     It  was  incorporated  Jan.  11, 1866.    The 

f'-H-tion.    The  annual  income  of  the  berry  ship-  population  in  1880  was  1,899,  and  in  1890, 8,391. 

pers  is  upward  of  $600,000,  and  as  many  as  16,-  Irrigation  is  carried  on  in  the  uplands,  and  the 

000  half-bushel  crates  of  strawberries  have  been  city  is  supplied  by  two  canals  wnich  send  little 

loaded  at  one  time  on  a  single  steamer ;  5,000,000  rivulets  through  every  street,  -^hade-trees  arc 


150  CITIES,  AMKBICAN.    (Buttk  City.) 

an  attractive  feature.    Ada  County  ranks  first  in  silver  only ;  75  mines  employ  6^302  men,  with  an 
the  State  in  the  yield  of  fruit  and  vegetables,  aggregate  monthly  pay-roll  of  $651,210.      The 
second  in  hay,  ana  third  in  grain.    The  city  en-  present  depth  ranges  from  80  to  1,500    feet, 
ioTS  terminal  advantages  of  the  Oregon  Short  and  the  capacity  of  noist  from  150  to  3,000  feet. 
Lime  lUdlroad,  by  means  of  a  branch  line  from  In    November,  1889,  a  fire  broke  out   in    the 
Nampa,  18|  miles  long,  operated  by  the  Union  depths  of  two  of  the  largest  min&s  and  ra^ed 
Pacific.    The  business  part  of  the  city  is  of  brick  for  months  among  the  wimemess  of  timbers  in 
and  stone,  and  fire  limits  have  been  established,  drifts,  slo{>es,  and    levels.     The  formation    is 
There  is    an    organized  fire  department,  and  granite,    with    occasional    porphyry,    and     the 
mountain  water  is  carried  through  a  complete  trend  of  the  veins  due  east  and  west.      Their 
system  of   water  works.      There   are    electric  dip  is  generally  south,  and  the  pitch  of  the  ore- 
lights,  a  telephone  exchange,  a  bank,  with  capital  shoots  almost  invariably  west.    The  larg^er  veins 
of  $100,000,  fiour,  grist,  saw,  and  planing  mills,  are  from  10  to  100  feet,  and  seem  to  extend 
2  breweries,  a  distillery,  brick  and  marble  works,  through  the  granite  like  channels,  filled  ^with 
and  a  board  of  trade.    Idaho  was  the  first  of  argentiferous  or   cupriferous   ores.     The    ore- 
the  Territories  to  provide  itself  with  a  perma-  shoots  (differing  in  t-neir  permanence  from   the 
nent  Capitol  building,  which  cost  $85,000.    It  is  ordinary  "  pocket  **)  vary  in  length  from  100  to 
in  the  center  of  Capitol  Square,  and  fianked  on  1,000  feet,  and  three  compartment  shafts   are 
one  side  by  the  court  house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  often  sunk  500  feet  without  cross-cuttings  to  the 
$68,000,    and    the    school-house,    which    cost  vein.    No  shaft  sunk  to  the  300-foot  station  has 
$50,000.    The  United  States  Assay  Office  is  of  ever  been  abandoned,  nor  has  a  mine  worked  to 
stone,  and  cost  $81,000.    During  1890  gold  and  that  depth  ever  been  worked  out.    The  ore  in 
silver  to  the  amouiA  of  $587,307  were  deposited,  sight  is  enough  to  last  for  fifty  years.    The  first 
Bois^  City  has  an  altitude  of  2.800  feet    In  smelter,  a  crude  affair,  was  erected  at  Batte  in 
summer   the    heat  is   tempered    by  mountain  1866,  and  the  first  quartz  mill  in  1868.      Prior 
breezes,  while  the  '^  chinooK,'*  or  warm  winds  to  1878  the  only  stamps  used  were  wet  crashers, 
from  the  coast,  in  winter  carry  off  a  snow-fall  The  difference  in  the  method  of  treating  free 
of  from  five  to  eight  inches  in  the  valley  in  and  base  silver  ores  is,  that  the  former   are 
one  day.  crushed  in  water  and  the  pulp  placed  in  the 
Bntie  City,  a  city  of  Montana,  county  seat  amalgamating  pans  for  treatment  directly,  and 
of  Silver  Bow  County,  the  largest  mining  city  in  the  latter  are  crushed  dry  and  then  roasted  with 
the  world,  on  a  cluster  of  hills  200  feet  hi^h,  in  salt  to  cause  ready  union  with  the  quicksilver 
an    amphitheatre   surrounded    by    the    Rocky  in  the  pans.    A  stamp  is  a  bar  of  iron  weighing 
mountains,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State.    It  from  750  to  900  pounds,  set  vertically,  lifted  by 
is   named   for  a  towering  solitary  peak  (Bi^  a  revolving  cam,  and  allowed  to  drop  upon  the 
Butte)  half  a  mile  west  of  the  present  limits.    U  ore  as  it  falls  beneath.    Five  stamps  compose  a 
is  the  railroad  center  of  the  State,  having  the  battery.    Five  stamp  mills  in  Butte  City  operate 
Union  Pacific,  the  Montana  Central  (connecting  800  stamps  and  crusn  more  than  500  tons  of  ore 
with  the  Manitoba),  and  the  Montana  Union,  daily ;  during  1890  they  pounded  out  $4.000,000 ; 
which  last,  at  Garrison,  52  miles  distant,  con-  9,175  tons  oi  Butte  ore  are  smelted  daily.     The 
nects  with  the  Northern  Pacific.    The  Montana  population  of  Butte  City  (in  7  wards)  in   1890 
Union  ships  about  1,500  tons  of  ore  a  day  from  was  10,723,  against  8,868  in  1880.    In  1875  the 
Butte  to  the  smelters  of  Anaconda.    By  a  cut-  city  site  was  removed  from  Dublin  Gulch  to  its 
off  line  from  Gallatin,  Butte  City  is  placed  on  present  location.    During  1890  the  post-offlce 
the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  which  business  of  Butte  consisted  of  2,198,697  letters 
road  has  also  a  line  from  Laurel  to  the  Rocky  received  and  1,186,784  sent  out;  five  carriers 
Fork  coal  mines.    Quartz  mines  were  discovered  are  employed.     The  city  has  2  electric-li^ht 
near  Butte  in  May,  1864,  and  placer  gold  was  plants  valued  at  $40,000,  and  1  gas  company 
found  on  Silver  Bow  Creek  in  October  of  the  with  works  worth  $30,000,  a  perfect  sewer  sys- 
same  year.    Placer  mining  was  carried  on  until  tem,  8  lines  of  street  railwav  (motor,  cable,  and 
1869  (the  greatest  excitement  being  reached  in  electric)  with  capitiU  of  $l60,000  each,  2  daily 
1867),  and  the  total  amount  of  placer  gold  mined  and  1  semi-weekty  newspapers,  a  telephone  sys- 
to  that  date  was  $8,540,000.    In  1874-*75  a  re-  tem,  2  messenger  service  companies,  6  banks  (2 
vival  of  the  district  took  place,  and  the  total  national)  with  capital  of  $100,000  each,  3   fire 
product  to  1880  is  estimatea  at  $3,000,000.    The  companies  with  electric  alarm  system,  and   a 
product  of  that  year  was  $1,000,000 ;  of  1882,  good  system  of  water  works.    In  addition  to  the 
$2,000,000 ;  of  1884,  $6,720,000 ;  of  1886,  $18,-  public  schools,  there  is  a  high-school  building 
246,500:  of   1888,  $19,500,000;   of  1889,  $22,-  -  and  also  a  parochial  school.    The  churvihea  nam- 
005,689 ;  and  in  1890,  by  report  of  the  United  ber  12.    The  Catholics  have  a   hospital,   and 
States  Director  of  the  Mint,  tne  total  product  of  there  is  a  free  public  library.     Exclusive    of 
Silver  Bow  County  was  $26,084,504,  or  more  mines  and  mining,  4.408  persons  are  employcMi 
than  half  of  the  total  product  of  the  State —  in  industries  which  incluae  2  foundries,  yalued 
$40,695,728.77.     Of  the  whole,  25,704  ounces  at  $150,000,  and  8  machine  shops,  $60,000;  4 
were  fine  gold,  valued  at  $531,316 ;   7,500,(X)0  lumber  companies,  aggregating  $1.5(X).000,  and 
ounces  silver,  valued  at  $9.696,750 ;  and  112,700,-  8  planing  mills,  $800,000 ;  8  breweries.  $150,000 : 
000  pounds  of  copper,  worth  $16,623,250.    Ten  6  brick  yards,  $150,000 ;  28  carpenter  and  12 
companies  at  Butte  City  are  the  great  producers,  blacksmith  shops,  1  lime  kiln,  1  cigar  factory. 
operating  about  40  mmes,  besides  buying  and  and  1  stone  works,  2  bottling  works,  etc.    Three 
reducing  the  product  of  many  more ;  six  pro-  railroad  shops  are  valued  at  $800,000.    The  conrt 
duce  copper  matte  carrving  gold  and  silver  (one  house  cost  $140,000.    The  altitude  of  Butte  City 
producing  bar  silver  also),  and  4  turn  out  bar  is  5,758  feet. 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Cakson  Citt,  Chippewa  Falls,  Colfax.)                151 

Canoii  Cltj%  the  capital  of  Nevada  and  enamerate  the  millions  of  shingles  and  laths 
cnuntj  seat  of  Ormsby  (joaBtr,  in  the  western  which  are  made  as  by-products.  The  saw  mill  Is 
part  of  the  State,  in  Eagle  ralley,  a  fertile  and  connected  by  a  steam-motor  line  with  the  large 
picturesque  region  near  the  foot  of  the  Sierra  planing  mill  and  yards,  wherein  one  may  see 
Nevada  mounUins,  on  Carson  river,  10  miles  between  $4,000,000  and  $5,000,000  worth  of 
from  Lake  Tahoe,  31  from  Virginia  City,  31  from  lumber  ready  for  shipping.  The  Chippewa 
Reno,  and  178  northeast  of  &n  Francisco.  It  Lumber  and*  Boom  Company,  the  Mississippi 
has  an  altitude  of  4,660  feet,  is  regularly  laid  River  Logging  Company,  the  Chippewa  River 
one,  with  abundance  of  shade-trees,  and  has  a  Logging  Company,  and  several  other  large  firms, 
fine  water  supply.  It  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  have  their  headquarters  in  the  city.  The  first 
State,  the  first  pernuuient  settlements  in  Nevada  company  above  named  is  controlled  by  the  Wey- 
having  been  made  in  Eagle  and  Washoe  valleys  erhauser  s^dicate,  which  has  several  mills  in  the 
in  1850,  and  was  named  for  the  famous  Kit  Car-  lumber  region  of  Minnesota,  and  has  recently  pur- 
son.  In  1859  a  telegraph  line  was  built  from  chased  several  hundred  thousand  acres  of  timber 
G^ioa^  and  in  1869  connection  by  rail  was  estab-  in  Washington.  The  Stanley  Manufacturing  Com- 
li^ed  with  Virnnia  City  by  means  of  the  Vir-  pany,  Leinenkugers  Brewery,  the  Flour  and 
ginia  and  Truckee  Railroad.  The  shops  of  this  Milling  Company,  with  3  large  mills  and  an  ele- 
road  are  at  Carson  City,  and  consist  of  a  foundry,  vator,  a  woolen  factory,  a  chair  factory,  and 
machine  shop,  and  round  house  in  one  building,  an  overall  factory,  are  among  the  other  indus- 
4S7  by  170  feet,  of  stone  and  iron,  at  a  cost  of  tries  of  the  place.  The  city  is  lighted  with 
1150,000.  The  principal  mining  and  mill  ma-  electricity,  and  has  a  complete  system  of  water 
chinery  of  the  State  is  manufactured  and  re-  works  and  sewerage.  Chippewa  Falls  is  one  of 
paired  here.  The  railroad  owns  also  the  lar^  the  most  healthful  places  in  the  United  States, 
v-fihaped  flume  from  the  Sierras  to  the  city  via  largely  owing  to  the  pure  water.  The  supply  of 
Clear  Creek  CaOon,  through  which  thousands  of  water  for  the  city  is  taken  from  a  spring  which 
cords  of  wood  and  millions  of  feet  of  lumber  bubbles  up  out  of  the  granite  rock.  Upon  anal- 
are  landed  yearly.  The  population  in  1890  was  vsis  it  was  found  to  be  nearly  pure,  there  being 
3,950,  showing  a  decrease  from  4,229  in  1880.  but  a  very  small  fraction  of  1  per  cent,  of  for- 
In  the  United  States  Mint  here  162,509  gold  eign  matter  in  it  Ex-Lieut.-Gov.  T.  C.  Pound 
pieces  were  coined  during  the  calendar  year  1890,  has  perfected  arrangements  by  which  he  ships 
valued  at  $2Jd68.180,  and  2,309,041  silver  dollars,  this  water  to  Chicago.  Several  tank  cars  hold- 
In  18^  stock  yards  were  established.  The  Capi-  in^  5,000  gallons  have  been  built,  and  regular 
tol  building  occupies  four  blocks  in  the  center  of  shipments  are  made.  Silver  Springs  Park,  on 
the  city,  and  is  surrounded  by  handsome  grounds,  the  east  side  of  the  river,  is  a  beautiful  little  sub- 
It  was  erected  in  1870  at  a  cost  of  $208,^90.  The  urban  resort,  which  has  been  laid  out  for  use 
Orphans*  Home,  erected  the  same  year,  cost  $26,-  during  the  summer  months.  There  are  8  fine 
000,  and  occupies  14  acres.  The  State  Prison,  school  buildings,  a  new  one  having  be^n  corn- 
built  in  1864,  cost  $127,000.  There  is  a  State  pleted  recently,  which  is  claimed  to  be  as  fine  as 
printing  establishment  and  a  United  States  any  in  the  State.  There  are  175  pupils  in  the 
ooilding.  Near  the  prison  are  Carson  Warm  high  school  and  1,500  in  the  public  schools. 
Springs.  The  average  attendance  at  the  public  There  are  several  parochial  schools,  and  a  busi- 
schook  is  (560,  and  11  teachers  are  employed,  ness  college.  Eight  churches  and  a  Catholic 
For  support  of  the  Indian  school  in  Ormsby  cathedral  provide  for  the  religious  wants  of  the 
County  ^10,000  were  appropriated  by  Congress  inhabitants.  Two  daily  and  5  weekly  newspa- 
in  1890.  There  are  2  daily  newspapers,  and  1  pers  are  published  in  the  city.  By  the  census  of 
bank  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  1890,  Chippewa  Falls  had    11,222  inhabitants. 

Chippewa  Falls,  the  county  seat  of  Chippe-  There  are  many  fine  business  blocks,  hotels,  and 
wa  County,  Wis.,  on  Chippewa  river,  about  100  private  residences,  an  electric  fire  -  alarm  sys- 
miles  east  of  St.  Paul  ana  Minneapolis.  It  is  on  tem,  and  a  good  fire  department.  The  prosper- 
the  main  line  of  the  Wisconsin  Central  Railroad  ity  of  the  city  has  depended  upon  its  lumber  in- 
running  between  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul,  and  terests,  and  it  has  long  stood  at  the  head  of  the 
thus  has  connection  witi^  the  Northern  Pacific  lumber  towns  of  the  State. 
Railroad.  Its  other  railway  connections  are  the  Colfax,  a  town  of  Washington,  county  seat 
Chicago,  St  Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Omaha,  a  of  Whitman  County,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
branch  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern,  and  State,  at  the  forks  oi  Palouse  river,  on  the  Union 
the  Chicago.  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad.  Pacific  Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  two  divisions. 
By  the  former  it  has  connections  with  the  ^  Soo  *'  It  is  the  commercial  center  of  the  extensive  and 
line  at  Cameron  Junction,  and  this  line  also  fertile  Palouse  oountrjr,  and  has  fine  water  power, 
brings  it  within  easy  distance  of  Ashland  and  The  heaviest  trade  is  m  agricultural  implements, 
Superior.  The  city  is  beautifully  situated  on  sales  being  made  to  farmers  throu|:nout  the 
both  banks  of  the  nver.  The  falls  of  the  Chip-  whole  wheat  belt  north  of  Snake  nver.  The 
pewa,  from  which  the  city  took  its  name,  were  volume  of  business  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  30, 
originally  a  series  of  caso&des  over  hard  granitic  1890,  was  upward  of  $2,500,000.  The  popula- 
trap  rock,  having  a  total  height  of  about  25  tion  in  1880  was  444 ;  in  1800, 1,649.  Electric 
feet.  This  great  water  power  has  been  utilized  lights  are  in  use.  Three  banks  (2  national)  have 
for  commercial  purposes.  The  lumber  interests  an  ag^gate  capital  of  $800,000. 2  with  branches 
are  the  most  important,  and  they  have  been  in  adjoining  villages.  Two  weekly  newspapers 
the  foundation  of  the  city's  prosperity.  Chip-  are  published.  There  are  2  saw  mills,  with  daily 
pewa  Falls  has  one  of  the  largest  saw  mills  m  capacity  of  75,000  feet,  2. foundries,  2  planing 
the  world.  Its  capacity  during  an  ordinary  sea-  mills.  1  machine  shop,  and  a  cigar  factory.  The 
son  is  about  70,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  not  to  Baptist  College  is  a  four-story  building,  with  100 


163 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Concobd.) 


pupils  enrolled.  There  are  also  2  large  district- 
school  buildings.  Six  denominations  own  build- 
ings.   The  court  house  cost  fOO,000. 

Concord,  the  capital  of  Nen'  Hampshire,  sit- 
uated on  Merrimack  river,  76  miles  north-north- 
west of  Boston  bv  rail ;  population  in  1890,  17,- 
OOl  Its  growtn  haa  been  steady  for  many 
jears,  the  laraieat  increase  being  in  the  last  dec- 
ade. The  Merrimack  rirer  divides  the  city 
north  and  south.  The  main  part  of  iho  city  is 
on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  and  comprisas  the 
compact  part  of  Concord,  the  village  of  West 
Concord,  and  part  of  Penacook  (formerly  called 
Pisherville),  on  Coutoocook  river,  6  miles  north 
of  the  State  House.  An  electric  railway,  T  miles 
long,  connects  all  these  sections  of  the  city,  in 
addition  to  sleam  railway  service  on  two  mads. 
The  village  of  East  Concord  and  nearly  all  of 


ried.  The  Abbot-Downing  carriage  manufactory 
is  one  of  the  liirgest  and  longest  establishiHl  in 
the  country,  and  its  products  are  found  in  every 
quarter  of  the  globe.  The  Page  Belting  Com'- 
pany  has  a  capital  of  f  500,000,  and  sends  its  prod- 
ucts all  over  the  world.  Some  of  the  other  larger 
industries  are  axle  works,  furniture,  flannels 
and  worsteds,  flouring  by  roller  process,  barac^;, 
boots  and  shoes,  and  silverware.  The  granite 
industry  is  conducted  by  many  companies,  the 
largest  of  which  is  the  New  England  Oranit« 
Company,  which  is  furnishing  tho  stone  for  the 
new  Congressional  Library  building  at  Washing- 
ton, D.  C.  The  quarries  from  which  hJI  the 
Blone  is  taken  are  on  Rattlesnake  Hill,  near 
West  Concord,  and  are  accessible  for  milroad 
transportation.  The  wholesale  and  retail  tmde 
is  large,  and  the  city  has  a  great  manj  fine 


the  territory  east  of  Merrimack  river  are  com- 
prised in  one  ward.  Concord  is  the  railway  cen- 
ter of  the  State,  and  has  one  of  the  largest  and 
most  conveniently  arranged  passenger  stations 
in  New  England.  It  possessesa  good  gravity  sys- 
tem of  water  works,  the  source  of  supply  being 
Penacook  lake,  which  contains  265  acres,  3j  miles 
from  the  State  House.  An  additional  high  serv- 
ice is  now  in  process  of  construction  from  the 
same  source.  There  are  43-89  miles  of  main  and 
distributing  pipes,  10-71  miles  of  service  pipe, 
183  hydrants  for  fire  purposes,  and  24  private 
hydrants.  There  are  several  miles  of  sewer  in 
the  streets  of  the  central  part  of  tlie  city  con- 
nected with  the  river.  There  is  a  eas  and  elec- 
tric-light company,  which  has  recently  erected  a 
commodious  station  (or  arc  and  incandescent 
lighting.    The  manufacturing  interests  are  va- 


stores  and  business  blocks.  Tlie  new  Oovem- 
ment  building,  which  cost  tSOO.OOO,  is  of  Con- 
cord granite,  and  is  one  of  the  most  beautiCul 
and  Mat-arranged  structures  of  ita  eiie  to  be 
found  in  the  country.  It  contains  the  post- 
offlce.  United  States  Pension  Offlce  for  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont,  and  United  States 
Court  room,  with  all  necessary  apartments  for 
olTlcers  of  the  court  and  jurors.  A  now  Stale 
Library  building  ia  in  process  of  erection  near 
the  State  House  and  Government  building.  The 
public-school  buildin|!s  are  unsurpassed  by  tho.«e 
of  any  city  of  its  size,  the  hlgn-school  build- 
ing, completed  last  year,  being  a  model  in  archi- 
tecture and  interior  arrangement.  There  is  a 
Roman  Catholic  parochial  school,  with  300  pu- 
pils, and  an  Episcojial  school  for  girls.  St.  Paul's 
School,  a  noted  institution  of  learning  for  boys. 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.  (Cobsicana,  Danbubt.)                                153 

2  mQes  west  of  the  railway  station,  has  more  largely  increasing  its  business.  The  water 
than  300  pupils  and  a  numerous  corps  of  in-  power  on  Contoocook  river  has  been  utilized  re- 
structors.  A  large  building  has  just  been  erect-  cently  by  the  erection  of  a  new  woolen  mill, 
ed.  which  makes  a  valuable  addition  to  the  hamlet  about  a  mile  west  of  Penacook,  by  the  Concord 
that  has  grown  up  around  the  school.  The  new  Manufacturing  Company  of  West  Concord,  and 
chapel,  reoentiy  completed,  is  unequaled  by  the  there  is  still  Targe  water  power  unused  on  the 
chapel  of  any  like  institution  of  learning.  The  Merrimack  river.  There  are  2  parks  in  the  cen- 
churches  of  Concord  are :  1  Advent,  3  Baptist.  1  tralpart  of  the  city,  and  another  at  the  outlet 
Free  Baptist,  2  Roman  Catholic,  4  Congrega-  of  Fenaoook  lake.  The  fire  department  com- 
tionai,  3  Episcopal  (including  the  one  at  St.  prises  178  men,  60  of  whom  belong  to  2  hand- 
PauFs  School),  3  Methodist,  1  Unitarian,  1  Uni-  engine  companies  in  East  and  West  Concord, 
Tei^list,  and  an  Episcopal  mission  at  East  Con-  and  the  others  to  steamer,  hose,  and  hook  and 
cord.  The  charitable  institutions  are  an  Or-  ladder  companies  in  the  central  part  of  the  city 
phans*  Home,  near  St  Paul's  School ;  an  Odd-  and  in  Penacook.  The  New  Hampshire  Asylum 
Fellows'  Home,  open  to  members  of  the  frater-  for  the  Insane  accommodates  850  patients.  The 
nity  in  the  State ;  a  Home  for  the  A^ed ;  and  State  Prison  is  a  model  penal  institution,  and,  to 
the'  Margaret  Pillsbury  General  Hospital,  just  the  credit  of  the  State,  is  only  about  half  filled, 
complete  at  an  expense  of  $70,000,  and  given  Corsicana,  a  city  of  Texas,  county  seat  of 
to  toe  cit^  bv  Hon.  George  A.  Pillsbury,  of  Navarro  Countv,  near  the  center  of  the  State,  60 
Minneapolis,  Minn.,  to  commemorate  his  golden  miles  from  Dallas  and  Waco,  at  the  intersection 
wedding.  It  has  accommodatiops  for  60  patients,  of  the  Houston  and  Texas  Central  and  the  St. 
There  are  2  Masonic  lodges,  1  chapter,  and  1  Louis  Southwestern  Railroad.  The  first  railroad 
commandery  of  Knights  Templars ;  3  Odd-Fel-  reached  the  city  in  1880,  from  Tyler.  Water  is 
jows*  lodges,  2  encampments,  and  1  canton  of  reached  in  wells  at  a  depth  of  from  10  to  40  feet. 
Patriarchs  Militant ;  1  Knights  of  Pvthias  lodge ;  and  there  are  numerous  tanks  or  artificial  lakes, 

3  Grand  Army  posts ;  a  Foresters  Court ;  St  5  of  which  around  Corsicana  have  a  water  sur- 
Patrick's  Benevolent  Society ;  French  Canadian  face  of  160  acres,  are  stocked  with  fi^h  and 
Society ;  and  other  benevolent  and  fraternal  or-  visited  as  resorts.  Corsicana  has  a  population, 
pnizations.  The  Odd  Fellows  have  a  fine  build-  by  the  census  of  1890,  of  6,285,  an  increase  of 
iog,  reoentiy  completed.  The  Fowler  Library  2,012  over  1880.  Good  county  roads  enter  the 
building,  containing  the  free  public  library  of  city.  Drainage  is  natural  from  north  to  south, 
16,000  volumes,  is  a  recent  gift  to  the  city  from  and  there  is  a  good  sewerage  system,  with  sev- 
a  son  and  a  daughter  of  the  late  Hon.  Asa  eral  miles  of  mains.  Water  works  have  been 
Fowler.    It  contains  a  room  for  the  meetings  of  erected  at  a  cost  of  $100,000,  and  there  are  gas 


is  open  to  the  public.    The  State  Library  has  school.     The  churches  number  11.     There  are 

OQtgrown    its    accommodations    in    the    State  8  national  banks,  one  with  a  capital  of  $100,000, 

Hou9e|,  but  in  due  time  will  be  removed  to  the  and  2  loan  agencies,  the  capital  of  one  of  which 

new  library  building,  which  will  also  contain  is  $400,000.    A  fire  department  was  organized  in 

rooms  for  the  accommodation  of  the  Supreme  1888.    One  daily  and  6  weekly  newspapers  are 

Court  when  holding  its  law  terms  and  special  published.    There  are  5  miles  of  street  railway, 

sessions.     The  State  House  Park   has  bronze  The  industries  include  a  wheat  elevator  and 

statues  of  Daniel  Webster  and  Gen.  John  Stark,  flouring  mill,  with  capacity  of  800  barrels  daily, 

and  one  of  the  late  Senator  John  P.  Hale  will  be  a  gin  factory,  iron  foundry,  bottling  works,  an 

placed  there  in  1892.    A  soldiers'  memorial  arch  ice  factory,  a  soap  factory,  carriage  and  wagon 

IS  soon  to  be  erected  at  the  entrance.    Concord  works,  a  cotton-seed-oil  mill,  machine  shops,  and 

has  3  national  banks  and  4  savings  banks,  the  a  cotton  compress  with  capacity  of  1,000  bales 

latter  having  over  $8,000,000  of  deposits  and  18,-  daily.    The  County  Court  House,  of  brick  and 

284  depoeitors  in  1880.    The  largest  and  oldest  of  stone,  cost  nearly  $85,000,  and  the  City  Hall  $20,- 

the  savings  banks  is  the  New  Hampshire,  with  000.    The  State  Orphans'  Home  consists  of  two 

13,786,000  deposits,  which  occupies  a  fine  block  large  buildings,  contains  100  children,  and  cost 

of  its  own.    All  the  banks  have  convenient  and  $50,000,  to  which  the  city  contributed  200  acres 

elepnt  rooms  for  the  transaction  of  business,  of  landL     There  is  also  a  State  Odd-Fellows' 

built  or  remodeled  within  the  past  few  years.  Home  worth  $80,000. 

The  First  National  Bank  has  the  best  banking  Danbnry,  a  city  of  Connecticut,  one  of  the 

rooms  in  the  State,  just  completed.    There  are  capitals  of  Fairfield  County,  in  the  southwestern 

2  daily  and  3  weekly  newspapers.    The  building  part  of  the  State,  20  miles'  from  Bridgeport,  28 

recently  erected  by  the  Republican  Press  Asso-  from  New  Haven,  and  65  from  New  York,  to 

ciation  as  a  home  for  the  Concord  **  Evening  which  last  city  there  are  14  passenger  trains 

Monitor  "  and  "  Independent  Statesman  "  is  one  daily.    Direct  communication  east  and  west  is 

of  the  best  arranged  and  most  complete  printing  afforded  by  the  New  York  and  New  England 

establishments  in  New  England.    It  is  lighted  and  the  Housatonic  Railroads.    The  city  is  the 

\>y  its  own  electric  plant.    This  association  first  northern  terminus  of  the  Danbury  and  ^Torwalk 

introduced  incandescent  lighting  in  the  city  six  Railroad,  and  has  also  the  New  York  City  and 

years  ago.    Electric  power  is  now  supplied  to  Northern.     The  first  settlement  was  made  at 

nin  small  machinery  and  printing  presses  by  the  Danbury  in  1684,  and  the  first  church  erected  in 

Street  Railway  Electric   Car   Company.     The  1696,  the  Indian  name  for  the  section  being  Pah- 

eleotrioal  railway  has  been  extended  about  a  quioque.    During  the  Revolution  it  was  made  a 

mile  through  the  west  end  of  the  city,  and  is  depot  of  supplies,  and  Gen.  Tryon,  marching 


154  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Dbcatue.) 

from  New  York,  April  25, 1777,  with  2,000  men,  ]>ecatar,  a  city  of  Illinois,  conntf  seat  of 
deployed,  on  the  following  day«  a  large  amount  Macon  County,  in  the  center  of  the  State,  on 
of   puolic  stores  and  private  property.    Gens.  Sangamon  river,  39  miles  east  of  Springfield^ 
Silliman,  Arnold,  and  Wooster  hurried  to  the  174  miles  from  Chicago,  and  108  from  St.  Louis, 
relief,  and  the  last  named  received  a  mortal  It  is  an  important  rauroad  center,  7  roads  reach- 
wound  at  Ridgefield,  and  expired  at  Danbury,  ing  out  in  13  directions,  penetrating  62  coun- 
where  he  was  buried.    In  1854  his  remains  were  ties  of  the  State.    Two  hundred  trains  enter  apd 
removed  to  their  present  resting-place  (Wooster  leave  the  city  every  day,  and  $700,000  are  re- 
Cemetery),  and  a  fine  monument  was  set  up  at  ceived  yearly  for  freight.    Decatur  is  the  prin- 
the  expense  of  the  State  and  his  brother  Masons,  cipal  city  on  the  main  line  of  tho  Illinois  Central 
Danbury  was  continued  as  a  Gh>vemment  depot.  Railroad,  and  the  offices,  shops,  round  houses, 
with  a  garrison,  and  in  1778  an  army  hospital  and  tracks  of  the  Wabash  Kailroad  here  are 
was  established.    For  several  weeks  Qen,  Gates  valued  at  $1,778,005.     Three  of   the  general 
camped  here  with  an  army  of  four  brigades.    In  offices  of  the  entire  system  are  in  Decatur,  as  are 
1784  it  became  a  shire  town,  and  in  1822  was  also  the  general  offices  of  the  Terre  Haute  and 
chartered  as  a  borough.    In  March,  1851,  the  first  Peoria.    The  city  is  sixty  years  old,  and  in  1880 
railroad  was  completed.    During  the  civil,  war  had  a  population  of  9,547;  in  1890  it  was  16,- 
1.300  citizens,  or  about  one  sixth  of  the  popula-  841,  showmg  an  increase  of  76*40  per  cent.     On 
tion,  entered  the  service  of  the  United  States,  Nov.  6, 1891,  it  was  shown  that  permanent  inl- 
and $154,566  were  contributed  to  the  war  fund,  provements  during  the  year  reached  the  sum  of 
The  city  was  incorporated  in  1889.    The  popula-  $1,166,088,  of  which  $508,000  were  for  public 
tion  in  1870  was  8,753;  in  1880, 11,619;  and  in  and  business  buildings,  $527,300  for  private  resi- 
1890,  19,473.    Danbury  is  the  chief  city  in  the  dences,  $66,288  for  sewers,  and  $29,500  for  pav- 
manufacture  of  hats  in  the  United  States.    The  ing.    For  the  last  item  $300,000  had  been  ex- 
first  f^tory  in  the  country  was  established  here  pended  to  June,  1890.    The  water  works  have 
in  1780,  by  Zadnc  Benedict,  who,  with  1  journey-  been  doubled,  and  there  is  a  superior  fire  depart- 
man  and  2  apprentices,  produced  3  hats  daily,  ment     In  addition  to  the  electric-light  plant 
In  1801,  20,000  hats  (mostly  of  far)  were  pro-  owned  by  the  city,  there  is  an  electric  company, 
duced  yearly  for  exportation.    In  1891  there  were  with  an  investment  of  $70,000,  under  the  sanae 
30  large  factories,  employing  over  3,000  per-  management  as  the  gas  company,  the  works  of 
sons,  and  turning  out  6,000,00^  hats  a  year ;  also  which  were  established  in  1868.    Two  electric 
2  mills  for  the  preparation  of  fur,  3  factories  street  railways  have  12  miles  of  road.    The  city 
for  wooden  hat-cases,  and  7  for  paper  boxes,  property,  exclusive  of  parks,  amounts  to  $48G.- 
The  other  industries  include  5  large  iron  mills  999,  and  the  debt  is  $60,490,  the  interest  on 
and  a  silver-plating  establishment     Water  is  which  is  paid,  with  an  excess  of  $800,  by  the  in- 
supplied   from   4  reservoirs,  and  there  are   2  come  from  the  water  works.    Four  banks  have 
natural  lakes  in  the  city.    There  is  a  paid  fire  an  available  capital  of  more  than  $1,000,000,  and 
department  with  electric  alarm,  and  a  line  of  there  are  3  building,  loan,  and  savings  associ- 
street  railway  connecting  with  the  borough  of  ations.    The  school  property  is  valued  at  $150,- 
Bethel  on  the  south,  and  traversing  the  princi-  000,  and  the  school  debt  is  $22,317.    In  addition 

f)al  thoroughfares  from  east  to  west.  Electric  to  the  high  school,  there  are  8  school  buildings, 
ighting  is  in  use  One  daily,  1  weekly,  and  1  in  which  50  teachers  were  employed  in  1890. 
monthly  papers  are  published.  Two  national  with  an  attendance  of  2,936  pupils.  In  addition 
banks  (one  of  which  has  a  stone  building  erected  there  are  3  private  schools,  a  college  of  music, 
at  a  cost  of  $35,000)  have  an  aggregate  capital  and  a  business  college.  The  churches  number 
of  $577,000,  and  surplus  of  $123,000.  There  are  23.  There  is  a  city  library,  of  nearly  10,000  vol- 
also  2  savings  banks.  Ten  religious  denomina-  umes.  Four  daily  and  5  weekly  newspapers  at« 
tions  are  represented,  with  buildings  of  their  published.  The  wholesale  and  jobbing  trade  of 
own.  Robert  Sandeman,  a  native  of  Scotland,  the  city  is  about  $6,000,000  yearly.  There  is  a 
the  founder  of  a  sect  with  400  followers  in  the  board  of  trade.  Decatur  is  in  the  center  of 
world,  40  of  whom  are  in  the  United  States, died  the  great  coal  fields  of  Illinois:  two  shafts  are 
in  Danbury  in  1771,  and  is  buried  here.  The  worked  within  the  city.  Over  $500,000  are  in- 
Sandemanian  church  at  Danbury  was  founded  in  vested  in  manufactures,  employing  2,500  persons. 
1875,  but  has  been  sold.  There  are  6  public-  The  products  include  brass  and  iron  work,  agri- 
school  buildings,  costing  $100,000.  The  attend-  cultural  implements,  special  machinery,  electric 
ance  is  2,100.  In  addition  to  private  institu-  dynamos,  motors,  etc.,  artificial  stone,  vitrified 
tions,  there  are  also  Roman  Catholic  and  Ger-  paving  stone,  brick,  automatic  grain  scales,  ele- 
man  Lutheran  parochial  schools.  The  library,  vator  supplies,  gas  machines,  galvanized-iron 
a  gift  to  the  city  from  the  family  of  E.  Moss  cornice,  carriages,  road  carts,  etc.,  wire  clothes- 
White,  occupies  a  fine  building.  Prominent  lines,  furniture,  windmills,  sash,  doors,  and 
charitable  institutions  are  the  hospital,  which  blinds,  incubators  and  brooders,  trunks,  tents, 
cost  $15,000,  and  the  Children's  Home  and  Re-  cigars,  pumps,  hose  supporters,  metallic  mats, 
lief  Society,  the  latter  incorporated  in  1884.  oik  barrels,  and  artificial  ice.  There  are  linseed- 
The  City  Hall  cost  $45,000,  and  an  appropriation  oil  mills,  a  brewery,  bottling  works,  lumber  eom- 
has  been  made  by  Congress  for  a  Federal  build-  panies,  a  yam  factory,  and  knitting  works.  A 
ing.  There  is  a  finely  equipped  club-house,  and  new  court  house  was  constructing  during  1891, 
the  city  has  two  boards  of  trade.  The  business  to  cost  $100,000,  and  an  opera  house  has  been 
streets  are  paved,  and  there  are  miles  of  good  completed,  with  seating  capacity  of  1,600,  oost- 
sidewalks,  shaded  by  elms,  some  of  which  are  ing  a  similar  amount.  The  Woman's  Club  is 
more  than  a  century  old.  The  Danbury  Agri-  erecting  a  building.  There  are  several  public 
cultural  Society  has  a  membership  of  20,000.  parks.     A  trotting  association  was  formed  in 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Faibhatbv,  Fabibault,  Gainbstille.)  155 

1889-'90,  which  owns  a  race  track  and  driving  railway  cars  to  vessels,  with  capacity  of  1,000 
p&riL  There  are  several  pleasure  resorts  on  the  tons  daily.  A  foundry  and  machine  shop  are  in 
river,  which  forms  nearly  a  semicircle  around  the  operation,  costiner  $75,000,  and  there  are  2  shin- 
city,  and  on  which  a  small  excursion  steamer  gle  mills,  2  sash,  door,  and  blind  factories,  3 
plies  in  summer.  In  consideration  that  Decatur  pressed-brick  works  with  capacity  of  15,000,000 
was  the  birthplace  of  the  Qrand  Army  of  the  per  annum,  8  stone  quarrying  and  cutting  plants, 
Republic  the  first  encampment  having  been  a  furniture  factory,  a  galvanized-iron  cornice 
organised  there  April  6,  1866,  the  twenty-fifth  works,  a  tent  and  awning  factory,  carriage  works, 
State  anniversary  encampment  was  held  there  potteries,  and  car  and  steamship  repair  shops, 
April,  1891.  A  large  memorial  hall  is  also  to  be  with  minor  industries.  The  scener}-  of  the  sur- 
erpcted.  The  citv  is  named  for  Commodore  rounding  country  is  picturesque,  and  there  is 
Stephen  Decatur.  tJ.  S.  N.  abundance  of  game  and  fish. 

FAirhATeii,acitvof  Washington,  in  Whatcom  Faribault,  a  city  of  Minnesota,  county  seat 
CouBty,  on  Bellingham  Bay,  an  arm  of  Puget  of  Rice  County,  on  Cannon  river  at  its  Junction 
Sound,  founded  in  1889.    By  the  census  of  1890  with  the  Straight,  53  miles  south  of  St.  Paul.    It 
it  had  a  population  of  4,076,  and  the  assessed  is  built  in  a  valley,  and  the  6  large  school  edi- 
val nation  was  $7,438,300.    It  is  the  Pacific  coast  fices  on  limestone  bluffs  overlook  the  landscape, 
terminus  of  the  Great  Northern  Railroad,  and.  The  Iowa  and  Minnesota  division  of  the  Chica- 
by  the  Fairhaven  and  Southern  and  the  Fair-  go,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul  Railroad  and  the 
haven  and  Xew  W^estminster  Southern,  connects  Cannon  Valley  division  of  the  Minneapolis  and 
with  the  Northern  Pacific  and  Canadian  Pacific  St.  Louis  enter  the  town,  and  seven  good  water 
systems.    The  Great  Northern  Railroad  has  con*  powers  afford  facilities  for  manufacturing.    The 
structed  ocean  wharves  on  the  fine  harbor  at  a  population  in  1870  was  8,045 ;  in  1880,  5,415 ; 
cost  of  $100,000.    Steamers  ply  between  it  and  and  in  1890,  6,520.    The  streets  are  shaded  with 
adjacent  cities,  and  the  port  is  visited  by  Pacific  maples  and  elms,  and  the  lawns  and  gardens  are 
steamships.    A  large  hotel  of  stone  and  brick  tastefully  kept.    It  is  the  business  center  of  one 
was  opened  September,  1890,  which  cost  $150,-  of  the  most  fertile  agricultural  districts  of  the 
000,  and  a  laige  brick  block  was  constructed  State,  in  which  a  change  from  wheat-growing  to 
during  the  year  valued  at  $50,000.    Two  schools  dairying  durin^^  the  past  decade  has  brought  re- 
represent  a  value  of  $70,000,  and  in  addition  to  newed  prospenty.    There  are  8  flouring  mills,  2 
more  than  200  buildings  completed,  100  were  in  grain  elevators,  a  woolen  mill,  a  furniture  fac- 
course  of  constniction  Jan.  1, 1891.    Four  banks  torv,  and  a  manufactory  of  windmills.    Quarries 
(2  national)  had  a  combined  capital  of  $300,000.  of  limestone  afforded  the  material  from  which 
There  are  telegraph,  telephone,  and  express  facili-  the  institutions  of  learning  were  erected.    These 
lies ;  street  improvements  completed  and  under  are  the  State  institutions  for  the  blind,  the  deaf 
contract  Jan.  1,  1891,  were  placed  at  $391,000 ;  and  dumb,  and  for  feeble-minded  children,  and 
and  a  sewerage  system  was  under  way,  to  cost  three  Protestant  Episcopal  schools.    Shattuck 
$100,000.    There  is  a  paid  fire  department,  while  School  for  boys  was  founded  in  1861,  to  which 
gravity  pressure  of  the  water  in  the  hydrants  is  have  been  added  Shumway  Memorial  Chapel  in 
sufficient  protection  in  the  lower  portion  of  the  1872,  which  cost  $30,000,  and  Shumway  Hall, 
city.    Water  is  conducted  from  Lake  Padden,  2  built  in  1886-*87  with  a  portion  of  a  legacy  of 
miles  from  the  city,  with  a  fall  of  418  feet,  and  $200,000  left  to  the  school  bv  Mrs.  Shumway,  of 
b  oondacted  through  a  12-inch  steel  pipe.    Gas  Chicago ;  Morgan  Hall  (1888-*89),  the  gift,  of  J. 
and  electric  lights  are  in  use,  and  'an  electric  S.  Morgan,  of  London,  England ;  and  the  Smy- 
street  railway  is  in  process  of  construction.    Five  ser  Memorial  (1889) :  an  armory  and  gymnasium  ; 
churches  have  been  completed,  and  there  is  a  Whipple  Hall ;  the  Lodge ;  and  several  cottages 
hoiipital  erected  by  the  Sisters  of  Peace,  costing  occupied  by  professors.    Two  hundred  pupils  are 
$50,000.     Eighteen  teachers  are  employed  in  the  trained  under  military  discipline  and  wear  uni- 
public  schools.    A  daily  and  a  tri-weekly  news-  form.    This  school  is  controlled  by  the  Bishop 
paper  are  published.    An  opera  house  is  under  SeaburyMission,  as  is  the  Divinity  School,  found- 
construction,  to  cost  $100,000,  and  there  are  sev-  ed  in   1859,  with  10  professors  and  instructors 
eral  public  halls.    The  city  has  no  debt,  and  the  and  30  students  in  1887-88.    St.  Mary's  Ball, 
receipts  of  the  treasurer  for  1890  were  $168,-  for  girls,  founded  bv  Bishop  Whipple  in  1866,  is 
736.65 ;  disbursements,  $144,201.92.    In  addition  a  handsome  stone  edifice,  with  about  100  pupils, 
to  the  immense  timber  resources,  the  count v  con-  There  is  also  a  Roman  Catholic  academy  and 
tains  deposits  of  coal  and  iron  yet  undeveloped,  convent.    Two  national  banks  have  a  capital  of 
gold  and  silver,  and  building  stone  of  fine  ouali-  $130,000.  Four  weekly  newspapers  are  published, 
ty,  which  last  is  being  quarried  south  ana  east  GaineSTllle,  a  city  of  Texas,  county  seat  of 
of  the  city.    Seattle  was  almost  entirely  rebuilt  Cooke  County,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  State, 
of  the  blue  sandstone  from  the  southern  extremi-  6  miles  south  of  Red  river,  the  boundary  between 
trof  Fairhaven  town  site,  and  the  Portland  post-  the  State  and  Indian  Territory,  in  a  rich  agricult- 
office  and  other  buildings  of  Portland  and  San  ural  country.    The  county  has  an  area  of  933 
Francisco  have  been  constructed  from  it    Graph-  square  miles,  or  697,120  acres.    Of  these,  36,091 
lie  and  asbestos  deposits  lie  in  sight  of  the  city,  acres  were  in  cotton  in  1890,  40,686  in  com,  21,- 
and  are  being  developed.    For  2  miles  along  the  308  in  wheat ;  oats,  barley,  millet,  and  other 
water  front  streteh  8  saw  mills,  with  total  capa-  grasses  are  raised  also,  and,  in  addition  to  stock- 
city  of  700,000  feet  a  day.    A  $2,000,000  steel  raising,  the  fruit  crop  is  large  and  increasing 
company  was  formed  in  1890  to  erect  smelting  yearly.     About  half  of  the  county  is  timber.    In 
works  at  the  city,  being  engaged  in  developing  1890, 1,857  farms  owned  13,586  horses,  39,240  cat- 
the  iron  resources  on  the  Skagit  river,  and  coal  tie.  and  14.699  hogs.    The  population  of  Gaines- 
bunkers  are  being  erected  to  load  directly  from  ville  in  1880  was  2,667,  and  in  1890  6,594,  show- 


156  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Great  Falls,  Habrihak.) 

ing  an  increase  of  147*24  per  cent.    In  1879  the  traceable  upon  the  surface  for   several  miles, 
first  railroad  reached  the  city  from  Denison,  and  Smelters  built  and  building  in  Oreat  Falls  in 
in  1886  the  Santa  Fd  system  built  through  from  1891  will  cost  $5,000,000,  and  an  iron  and  brass 
Galveston.    This  is  intersected  by  the  Missouri,  foundry  and  machine  shops  have  been  construct- 
Kansas  and  Texas*  absorbing  previous  corpora-  ed.    The  employment  of  electricity  in  treating 
tions,  and  giving  outlets  in  all  directions.    The  copper  matte  will  be  facilitated  bj  the  great 
division  headquarters,  round  house,  and  machine  wat«r  power  available,  and  an  electric-light  com- 
shops  of  the  Santa  ¥6  Railroad  are  here.    The  pany  is  already  in  existence.    Water  works  built 
ass^sed  valuation  of  property  in  the  city  in  1891  m  1889  cost  $150,000,  and  there  is  a  perfect  sys- 
was  $3,561,435.    Three  national  banks  have  an  tem  of  sewerage.    Five  miles  of  electric  street 
aggregate  capital  of  $375,000.    There  are  4  pub-  railway  were  in  operation  March,  1891,  soon  to 
lie  schools,  costing  nearly  $100,000,  in  which  are  be  increased  to  12.    The  churches  number  6,  and 
about  1,200  children.    The  Presbyterian  Synod-  there  are  as  many  banks,  8  building  and  loan 
ical  College  for  women  was  erected  in  1890,  and  associations,  a  public  library  building,  2  daily 
the  Gainesville  College  was  already  in  exist-  newspapers,  ana  steel  wagon  bridges  across  the 
ence.    There  are  11  churches  for  wnites  and  8  Missouri  and  Sun  rivers;  $5,000  were  expended 
for  colored  persons.    The  industries  embrace  2  during  1890  on  parks,  and  20,000  shade-trees 
flouring  mills,  an  iron  foundry,  a  planing  mill  have  been  planted.    The  citj^  has  a  board  of 
and  machine  shops,  an  ice,  a  broom,  a  cigar,  and  trade  and  a  Younp  Men's  Chnstian  Association, 
a  soap  factory,  bottling  works,  a  cotton  com-  In  addition  to  ol£>established  mills,  a  saw-mill 
press,   and    steam    brick   and    marble   works,  plant,  with  capacity  of  120,000  feet  in  ten  hours. 
Water  works  of  the  Holly  system  represent  a  is  erecting,  having  a  machine  shop  in  connection 
capital  of  $215,000,  the  supply  being  drawn  from  already  built,  the  capital  of  which  is  $1,000,000. 
the  Elm  Fork  of  Trinity  nver ;  and  there  are  5  One  of  the  smelters,  already  established,  will 
miles  of  street  railway,  a  telephone  exchange,  have  an  output  of  5,000  tons  of  sheet  copper  and 
gas  and  electric  lights,  8  halls,  and  several  fine  electric  wire  in  twenty-four  hours.    Large  stock 
club-rooms,  also  a  public  library.    The  city  was  ranges  are  tributary  to  the  city,  and  8,400,000 
founded  in  1849.    The  assessed  valuation  in  1890  pounds  of  wool  were  marketed  in  1890.  Irrigating^ 
was  $4,000,000.    Gainesville  has  an  altitude  of  ditches  are  under  construction  ;  one,  75  miles  in 
900  feet,  and  a  mean  annual  temperature  of  66°.  length,  30  feet  wide  at  top  and  15  at  bottom.  4 
Great  Falls,  a  city  of  Montana,  the  county  feet  in  depth,  to  irrigate  800,000  acres  in  Cho- 
seat  of  Cascade  County,  near  the  center  of  the  teau  and  C'ascade  Counties,  and  costing  $500,000, 
Stat«,  on  Missouri  river,  at  the  confluence  of  will  end  on  high  prairie  a  little  west  of  the  city. 
Sun  river,  where  begin  the  only  series  of  falls  in  The  altitude  of  Great  Falls  is  3,312  feet,  and  the 
the  Missouri  in  its  total  length  of  4,000  miles,  severity  of  the  winter  season  is  tempered  by  the 
It  is  on  a  level  prairie,  stretching  2  miles  along  rarity  and  dryness  of  the  atmosphere, 
the  river,  which  has  an  average  width  of  1,200  Harriman,  a  new  city,  in  Roane  County, 
feet,  and  within  a  distance  of  10  miles  has  a  fall  Tcnn.,  255  miles  south  oi  Cincinnati,  80  miles 
of  over  500  feet,  including  Black  Eagle  Falls,  north  of  Chattanooga,  50  miles  west  of  Knox- 
within  the  city  limits,  across  which  a  dam  has  ville,  and  125  miles  east  of  Nashville.    It  is  at 
been  built,  costing  more  than  $200,000,  giving  Emery  Gap,  the  natural  gateway  on  the  east  of  the 
a  water  power  estimated  at  1,000,000  horse  power,  great  Cumoerland  plateau,  and  was  founded  Feb. 
The  site  was  purchased  in  1884-*85  from  pub-  26,  1890,  by  Gen.  Clinton  B.  Fisk  and  associates, 
lie  lands  of  the  Government,  and  the  population  One  farm-house  and  a  few  cabins  and  shanties 
in  1890  was  4,750.    In  1888  the  assessea  valua-  then  marked  the  site.    As  it  was  not  a  corpora- 
tion was  $2,400,000;  in  1889,  $4,311,000;  and  in  tion,  but  merely  part  of  a  large  district,  when 
1890,  $8,646,548,  with  a  tax  levy  of  12  mills.  The  the  census  of  1890  was  taken,  its  population  then 
city  is  the  western  terminus  of  the  Great  North-  can  not  be  given.    On  Oct.  24,  i891,  a  commit- 
em  Railway,  and  the  eastern  of  the  Montana  tee  of  visitors  made  a  public  report,  saying:  "The 
Central,  by  which  it  is  connected  with  the  North-  activity  in  building  hues  will  oe  best  understood 
em  Pacific    By  the  Great  Falls  and  Canada  by  a  statement  of  the  fact,  based  upon  an  actual 
Railroad  it  is  joined  to  the  Canadian  Pacific,  count  by  two  of  our  number  who  drove  about 
and  over  the  Great  Falls,  Sand  Coulee,  and  Nei-  for  the  purpose,  that  in  the  eighteen  months 
hart  Railroad,  coal  is  shipped  from  the  Sand  since  the  beginning  of  building  operations  439 
Coulee  mines,  and  ores  from  the  Belt  mount-  houses  have  been  built,  not  including  51  in  dif- 
ains,  60  miles  away.     The  railway  tonnage  of  ferent  stages  of  construction,  also  34  brick  stores, 
the  city  is  already  greater  than  that  of  any  other  28  frame  stores  (besides  8  just  burned),  4  churches, 
city  in  the  State,  excepting  Butte.    The  Great  2  others  in  course  of  construction,  1  exposition 
Falls  and  Canada  Railroad    has  its  shops  at  building,  1  public  hall,  a  very  handsome  office 
Gniat  Falls,  and  plans  have  been  drawn  for  ex-  building  for  the  Town  Company,  2  hotels,  and  3 
tensive  establishments  of  the  Great  Northern,  schools.    The  number  of  stores  seems  out  of  pro- 
Adjacent  coal  fields,  covering  an  area  of  400  portion  to  the  houses ;  but  it  should  be  remera- 
square  miles,  have  an  average  thickness  of  10  bered  that  many  families  are  occupying  rooms  in 
feet    The  estimate  was  made  of  5,000  tons  daily  the  store  buildings.    We  believe  that  these  houses 
output  before  the  close  of  1891.    The  mineral  to-day  must  contain  over  8,000  people."    The 
zone  of  the  Little  Belt  mountains,  extending  25  compiler  of  a  city  directory,  in  Decemoer  follow- 
miles  along  the  range,   in  which  are  various  ins^,  reported  the  population  in  excess  of  4,000. 
mining  camps,  contains  large  deposits  of  lead,  The  city  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Walden's  Ridge 
carbonate,  and  galena  ore,  carrying  20  to  30  Division  of  the  East  Tennessee,  Virginia  and 
ounces  of  silver  per  ton ;  and  there  are  also  large  Georgia  Railroad  with  the  Cincinnati  Southern 
veins  of  hematite  iron  ore,  20  to  30  feet  in  width.  Railroad.    It  has  its  own  belt-line  railway,  which 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Joplin,    Kokomo.)  157 

is  part  of  the  Harriman  Coal  and  Iron  Railroad  Galena  are  the  largest  mining  camps,  at  equal 
sj^euLt  and  several  other  railroads  have  been  distance:^  from  the  cit}%  and  one  mining  company 
surveyed  to  and  through  it,  including  the  Ten-  alone  has  produced  upwuid  of  $8,000,000  in  ore. 
oessee  Midland,  now  building  west  of  Nashville.  A  large  percentage  of  the  ores  are  smelted  in 
It  is  a  natural  railroad  center,  and  is  at  the  head  Kansas,  at  Joliet,  111.,  Rich  Hill,  and  St.  Louis, 
of  navigation  on  Emery  river,  which  flows  into  but  Joplin  has  now  a  large  zinc  smelter,  and  two 
the  Clinch  3  miles  above  the  confluence  of  that  others  are  projected.  The  only  company  ui  the 
stream  with  the  Tennessee.  Rich  and  inex-  United  States  manufacturing  white  lead  by  the 
hsustible  deposits  of  bituminous  and  coking  coal  Lewis-Bartlett  patent  is  at  Joplin,  turning  out 
begin  on  the  city  site,  and  extend  many  miles  10,000,000  pounds  of  pig  lead  yearly  and  2,000,- 
ve>t.  north,  and  northeast,  with  fine  beds  of  can-  000  pounds  of  white  lead,  by  utilizing  the  fumes, 
n«l  coal  15  to  20  miles  northeast  in  the  Brushy  in  long  flannel  sacks.  The  value  of  the  plant  is 
Mountain  field,  to  which  the  Harriman  Coal  and  $800,000.  Railway  facilities  are  afforded  by  the 
Iron  Railroad  is  building.  Coal  for  factory  and  Missouri  Pacific,  the  Atchison,  Topeka  and 
domestic  use  is  mined  at  the  city*s  edge,  and  iron  Santa  F4,  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Scott,  and  Mem- 
ore  is  taken  out  inside  the  limits  of  the  town.  phis,  and  the  Kansas  City,  Fort  Smith  and 
Veins  of  rich  ore  extend  several  miles  eastward,  Southern  Railroads.  The  population  in  1880 
and  10  miles  to  the  south,  across  Ten neFsee  river,  was  7,088;  in  1890,  9,943,  an  increase  of  41*28 
are  iron-ore  ijeds,  tributary  to  Harriman,  esti-  per  cent.  The  population  of  Jasper  county  was 
mated  to  contain  over  50,000,000  tons.  The  best  in  1880,82,019:  in  1890,  50,500.  The  assessed 
building  stone  is  obtained  from  quarries  inside  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property  for  the 
the  city ;  and  pressed  brick,  fire  hrick,  etc.,  are  county  in  1889  was  $8,142,878.  Joplin  has  sev- 
made  from  clay,  also  inside  the  city  boundaries,  eral  large  foundries  and  machine  shops.  Four 
An  abundance  of  timber  of  all  kinds  is  accessi-  banks  disburse  $50,000  weekly  for  mining  pur- 
ble.  All  real  estate  in  the  city  is  sold  with  pro-  poses.  From  800  to  1,000  buildings  were  erected 
hibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  stipulated  in  title  m  1890,  including  a  new  opera  house  and  a  new 
dteds.  There  are  2  weekly  papers  and  1  daily,  high-school  building.  The  wholesale  trade  is 
electric  lights,  temporary  water  works  (with  a  $1,500,000  annually.  Two  electric-light  plants 
permanent  system  to  be  put  in  at  cost  of  $100,-  are  in  use,  and  4  miles  distant,  at  Grand  Falls, 
(JUO,  supplying  the  purest  of  mountain  water  an  electric  light  and  power  plant  is  constructing 
from  Hmery  river)  12  miles  of  graded  streets,  at  a  cost  of  $250,000,  claimed  to  be  the  largest 
part  of  them  macadamized,  a  central  graded  plant  in  the  world.  This  will  furnish  light  and 
school  of  the  highest  class,  the  Lookout  rolling  power  to  the  city  and  the  mines.  The  assessed 
mills,  considered  the  finest  in  the  South,  a  hoe  valuation  shows  a  taxable  wealth  of  $1,500,000, 
and  tool  factory,  a  tack  factory,  2  planing  mills,  on  a  one  third  basis,  and  the  tax  rate  is  00  cents 
1  saw  mil),  1  brick  yard,  lime  kilns,  nit  and  au^er  on  $100.  A  double-track  electric  street  railway 
works,  agncultural  works,  foundry  and  machine  is  in  operation,  also  6  miles  of  horse-car  line, 
shops,  an  oil  depot,  a  furniture  factory,  and  large  Three  daily  papers  are  published,  and  there  is  a 
wooden- ware  works,  8  hotels,  8  banks,  10  church  telephone  exchange,  good  water,  and  an  efficient 
organizations  with  7  churches,  a  Young  Men*s  fire  department 

Christian  Association  with  rooms  and  library,  Kokomo,  the  county  seat  of  Howard  County, 
ftnd  a  Women's  Christian  Temperance   (Jnion  Indiana,  a  city  of  12,000  inhabitants,  on  both 
temple  costing  $8,000.    The  business  organiza-  sides  of  Wildcat  river,  54  miles  north  of  Indi- 
tions,  exclusive  of  the  banks,  have  a  capital  of  anapolis  and  142  southeast  of  Chicago.    Three 
$7,8^,000.    Harriman  is  the  natural  outlet  and  lines  of  railway  pass  through  the  city — ^the  Pan 
source  of  supply  for  at  least  1,000  square  miles  Handle  (C.  St.  L.  and  P.),  tne  Natural  Gas  Route 
of  territory  rich  in  mineral  resources,  well  tim-  (L.,  E.  and  W.),  and  the  Clover  Leaf  (T.,  St.  L.  and 
bend,  and'  comprising  a  large  agricultural  area,  K.  C).    An  electric  street  railway  is  in  process 
with  beautiful  scenery  and  a  hetuthful  climate.  of  construction.    Kokomo  is  in  the  most  produc- 
Joplln,  a  city  of  Missouri,  in  Jasper  County,  tive  territory  of  the  Indiana  natural-gas  belt, 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  the  SUte,  in  the  and  since  the  discovery  of  gas  in  October,  1886, 
great  zinc  and  lead  mining  district,  the  zinc  ore  has  grown  with  remarkable  rapidity.     At  that 
produced  within  a  radius  of  15  miles  of  the  city  time  it  was  an  ordinary  county-seat  town  of 
being  75  per  cent  of  the  total  product  of  the  8,500  inhabitants,  with  no  manufacturing  inter- 
United  States,  and  one  seventh  of  that  of  the  ests  worth  mention,  and  its  commercial  condi- 
world.    The  production  of  lead  and  zinc  in  the  tion  insignificant.     Natural  gas  for  fuel  was 
Joplin  district  in  1889  was  worth  $4,000,000,  and  offered  free  to  manufacturers.    Kokomo  has  had 
in  1890,  $6,000,000.  The  ores  are  distributed  over  industrial  accessions  amounting  to  over  $8,000,- 
an  area  80  miles  square,  occurring  in  blanket  000.    The  chief  industries  are  furniture,  plate 
formations,  or  deposits,  mingled  for  the  roost  glass,  cutlery,  window  elass,  steam  boilers,  wood 
part  with  broken  flint,  reach^  at  a  depth  of  50  pulp,  paper,  pulp  boara,  strawboard,  opalescent 
to  100  feet,  and  extending  from  175  to  600  feet,  glass,  glass  bottles,  steel  safes,  steel  ranges,  brick, 
the  greatest  depth  yet  reached  by  steam  drills,  tile,  staves,  wagons  and  carriages,  canned  fruits 
Xo  profitable  zmo  mining  was  done  in  Missouri  and    vegetables,  and   grain    registers.     A  fine 
until  after  1864,  and  no  zinc  blende  was  profita-  water- works  system  has  been  put  in,  and  also  an 
biy  mined  and  smelted  until  1873.    By  report  of  clcctric-li^ht  plant  and  a  $200,000  natural-gas 
the  United  States  Census  for  1870,  the  product  plant.    The  city  has  9  churches,  5  public-school 
oi  lead  mining  in  the  State  was  $201,885,  it  being  ouildings,  2  national  banks,  a  new  .post-office 
the  second  lead-producing  State  at  the  time.   In  building,  and  free  delivery.    The  public  build- 
187:Uoplin  alone  produced  $500,000  worth  of  lead,  in^s  are  a  $100,000  court  £iouse,  a  $50,000  jail,  a 
Webb  City,  Carterville,  Lehigh,  Belleville,  and  $50,000  county  infirmary,  and  an  orphans'  home. 


158 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (La  Crosse,  Lafatbtts,  Lewiston.) 


La  CrosM)  a  city  and  the  county  seat  of  La 
Crosse  County,  Wis.,  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Black  and  Ija  Crosse  rivers  with  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  a  terminal  of  the  Chicago  and  Northwestern 
Railway,  the  Chica>^j,  Burlington  and  Northem,^ 
and  G^reen  Bay,  Winona  and  St.  Paul  Railroads, 
and  of  four  divisions  of  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee 
and  St.  Paul  Railway.  Its  population  in  1880 
was  14,505 ;  in  1890,  25,121.  The  growth  of  Its 
business  is  exhibited  in  the  following  table: 


rrKMs. 


Popolatioii  (official) 

Valae  of  Rfoods  mana- 

flustured 

Value   of   merchandise 

bandied 

Anregate   deposits    In 

Money  <»dei«  Issued  and 
paid 

Assessed  valoatlon  of 
property 

Railroad  tonnage   

Macadamized  streets. . . . 

BIdewalks 

Water  mains 

Fire  hydrants    

Bevenue  of  water  de- 
partment  

Building  operations  for 
ten  years,  $7,82:^,123. 


1881. 

1890. 

14,605 

^^l2l 

i6,8<7,38S 

$16,987,826 

$4,819,976 

$20,127,440 

$18,248,000 

$80,667,111 

$86,000 

$284,817 

$9,287,866 

176,640  tons 

0  miles 

80  miles 

0|  miles 

98 

$10,760,180 

620,870  tons 

16  mUes 

66  miles 

21  miles 

194 

$6,000 

$18,440 

{Mr  OMt. 

78-18 
$161  00 
$886  66 

$181  67 

$670  90 

$227  00 

19407 

66-66 

88  88 

121  00 

9S00 

$268  80 


It  is  connected  with  the  Minnesota  shore — 
from  which  it  draws  an  extensive  business — 
by  a  drawbridge  ot)ened  for  traffic  in  the 
autumn  of  1890.  The  bridge  has  the  longest 
span,  save  one,  on  the  Mississippi,  and  cost 
$200,000.  In  the  common  and  high  schools  not 
only  the  tuition  but  books  and  all  the  accessories 
of  education  are  furnished  free,  and  the  citjr  has 
a  free  library,  in  a  handsome  building  containing 
over  10,000  volumes.  There  are  45  churches,  6 
public  halls,  and  a  convenient  and  tastefully 
embellished  opera  house.  There  is  an  excellent 
system  of  water  works,  with  an  efficient  fire  de- 
partment The  city  is  lighted  by  gas  and  electric 
tiff  h  ts.  The  good  natural  drainage  is  supplement- 
ed by  a  complete  system  of  sewers.  The  town  is 
traversed  in  all  directions  by  street  cars.  There 
is  a  board  of  trade.  The  streets  in  the  residence 
portion  are  all  lined  with  shade-trees,  and  the 
effect  is  further  enhanced  by  the  ^neral  atten- 
tion paid  to  the  floral  and  horticultural  sur- 
roundings. The  dwellings  are  mostly  owned  by 
the  occupants,  even  the  laboring  classes  being, 
as  a  rule,  freeholders. 

Lafayette,  a  city  of  Indiana,  county  seat  of 
Tippecanoe  County,  on  both  sides  of  Wabash 
river,  at  the  head  of  navigation  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State,  64  miles  from  Indianapolis, 
120  from  Chicago,  and  180  from  Cincinnati.  Of 
5  railroads  traversing  the  countv,  4  pass  through 
the  city,  viz.,  the  Louisville,  I^ew  Albany  and 
Chicago,  the  Wabash,  the  Cleveland,  Cincinnati, 
Chicago  and  St  Louis  (Big  Four),  and  the  Lake 
Erie  and  Western.  A  belt  railway  connecting  all 
the  factories  with  the  main  roads  is  owned  by  a 
company  organized  in  1889  with  a  capital  of 
$250,000.  The  population  in  1880  was  14.860,  and 
in  1890, 16,248,  an  increase  of  9*31  percent  The 
assessed  valuation  of  the  city  is  $10,000,000. 
There  are  about  70  miles  of  improved  streets, 
with  an  area  of  3^  miles,  being  rapidly  laid  with 


improved  brick,  and  22  miles  of  free  gravel  roads 
connect  with  the  surrounding  country.     Four 
national,  1  private,  and  1  savings  bank  have  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $525,000,  and  deposits  of 
$3,000,000.    There  are  20  churches.    Three  daily 
and  6  weekly  newspapers  are  published,  electric 
lights  are  in  use,  and  there  are  4i  miles  of  elec- 
tnc  street  railway ;  also  a  competent  fire  depart- 
ment with  electnc  alarm.  The  water  works  were 
completed  in  1876  at  a  cost  of  $350,000.    The  9 
public  schools  have  an  average  attendance  of 
2,000  pupils,  and  there  are  in  addition  private 
and  sectarian  institutions.    The  city  is  also  the 
site  of  Purdue  University  (named  for  John  Pur- 
due, who  gave  to  it  $150,000),  which  comprises 
8  buildings,  and  has  a  United  States  agricultural 
experimental  station.    During  1890  tne  attend- 
ance of  students  was  550.    A  new  union  dep>ot 
has  been  completed,  and  a  public  library  erected, 
at  a  cost  of  $50,000,  containing  12,0(X)  volumes. 
Congress  appropriated    $80,000  for  a  Federal 
building  in  March,  1890,  and  the  County  Court 
House,  one  of  the  finest  and  most  elaborate  in 
the  State,  cost  $500,000.    North  of  the  city  is  the 
famous  battle-ground  where  the  Indians  under 
Tecumseh  were  defeated  by  Gen.  William  Henry 
Harrison  in  1811.    Natural  gas  is  supplied  in 
from  23  wells  in  Tipton  County,  with  a  registered 
pressure  of  800  pounds  at  the  wells.    The  indus- 
tries include  car  works  emploving  800  men,  5 
large  boot  and  shoe  factories,  ^  large  cooperage 
establishments,  iron  works,  foundries,  1  paper 
and  1  homing  mill,  4  breweries,  pork-houses,  and 
1  distillery.    In  the  public  square  is  an  artesian 
well  of  sulnhur  water.    The  city  is  the  larse^t 
of  the  24  places  in  the  United  States  named  in 
honor  of  tne  French  general.    The  surrounding 
country  is  rich,  and  there  are  many  beautifm 
suburlian  homes. 

Lewiston,  a  city  of  Idaho,  county  seat  of  Nez 
Percds  County,  on  the  western  line  of  the  State, 
at  the  junction  of  Snake  and  Clearwater  rivers. 
The  business  part  of  the  city  is  on  a  level  tract 
extending  from  Snake  river  on  the  west  about 
two  and  a  half  miles  easterlv  to  a  picturesque 
and  lofty  bluff,  varying  in  width  from  3(X)  yards 
to  a  quarter  of  a  mile  The  difficulty  and  ex- 
pense of  getting  water  on  the  plateau  to  the 
south,  which  has  an  average  elevation  of  80  feet 
above  the  business  quarter,  nas  con^ned  building 
largely  to  this  area;  but  water  works  of  the 
Holly  system,  costing  $100,000.  under  oonstruc 
tion  in  1890-*91,  will  obviate  this  difficulty.  A 
compound  duplex  pump,  operated  by  a  OO-liorse- 
power  steam  engine,  conveys  water 'from  Clear- 
water river  to  a  reservoir  of  1,500,000  gallons' 
capacity,  at  an  elevation  of  225  feet,  from  which 
it  is  distributed  in  two  mains,  8x10  inches, 
connecting  at  the  farther  end  of  the  city  and 
forming  a  complete  circuit,  which  can  be  oper- 
ated by  direct  pressure  or  gravitation,  the  press- 
ure in  the  busmess  portion  being  97  pounds  to 
the  square  inch,  and  on  the  plateau  to  the  south 
65  pounds.  A  canal  17  miles  long,  carrying 
water  from  Sweetwater  river  through  a  cafion  to 
a  strip  of  table-land  a  few  miles  in  rear  of  the 
city,  covering  25  square  miles,  is  another  under- 
taking of  great  importance.  Fruit-growing  and 
grain  and  stock  raising  are  the  principal  indus- 
tries of  the  county,  which  contains  90,477  acres 
of  improved  land.    The  larger  part,  however,  is 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Lima,  Madison.)  159 

incladed  within  the  Nez  Perofo  Indian  Beserva-  materials,  engines,  carriages,  paper  mills,  har- 
tioo,  the  lands  of  which  are  being  allotted  in  ness,  leather,  etc.  Limestone  is  quarried  for 
sereraltj.  and  500,000  acres  of  fine  aericnltural  building  stone  and  for  the  manufacture  of  lime, 
and  grazing  land  will  soon  be  opened  to  settle-  which  is  shipped  in  large  quantities.  In  1880 
ment  Vast  amounts  of  timber  will  also  be  the  county  had  168  manufacturing  establish- 
available.  Although  400  miles  from  the  sea,  ments,  with  capital  invested  to  the  amount  of 
the  altitude  is  only  600  feet,  and  two  crops  of  $8,248,700;  2,160  hands  were  employed,  with 
fruit  are  frequently  raised  the  same  summer,  wages  of  $670,000,  and  a  product  of  $4,468,160. 
Orchards  surround  many  of  the  dwellings  in  The  materials  used  were  valued  at  $8,178,850. 
Lewiston.  The  town  was  settled  in  1861  by  a  Madison,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Wisconsin, 
party  of  miners,  and  on  the  discovery  of  the  Sal-  county  seat  of  Dane  County,  in  the  southern  part 
roon  river  mines  there  was  an  influx  of  between  of  the  State,  76  miles  west  of  Milwaukee,  and 
12,000  and  15,000  persons;  but  in  June,  1868,  nearly  the  same  distance  from  the  western  bound- 
they  removed  to  the  Bois6  basin.  The  recent  ary  line,  on  a  narrow  neck  of  land  between 
growth  has  been  since  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Lakes  Mendota  and  Menona,  in  what  is  known 
was  completed  to  Riparia,  to  which  place  there  as  the  Four-lake  Region.  It  is  called  the  **  Lake 
are  now  two  steamers  a  week.  There  are  also  City.''  It  is  especially  noted  as  an  educational 
dailv  stage  lines  to  the  Oregon  Short  Line  and  center,  although  as  a  trading  and  distributing 
Spokane  and  Palouse  Railroads,  at  Pomerov  and  j)oint  it  ranks  second  to  Milwaukee,  lying  in  a 
L  niontown,  as  well  as  to  Washington  and  Idaho  rich  farming  country,  well  supplied  with  local 
towns.  The  population  of  Lewiston  in  1800  was  manufactories.  The  railroads  are  the  Chicago 
B49.  There  are  5  churches,  8  banks,  2  news-  and  Northwestern,  the  Chicac:o,  Milwaukee  and 
papers,  a  graded  school  with  high-school  de-  St.  Paul,  the  Madison,  Sun  Prairie  and  Water- 
partment,  and  a  convent  school  for  girls.  A  town,  and  the  Madison  and  Portage.  The  popu- 
complete  svstem  of  electric  lighting  is  Ming  put  lation  in  1850  was  1,525 ;  in  1860,  6,611 ;  in  1870, 
in  in  connection  with  the  water  works.  The  9,176;  in  1880, 10,824;  in  1890, 18,426;  showing  an 
Dew  Court  House  cost  $80,000,  and  is  one  of  the  increase  of  80*05  per  cent  In  1886,  when  the  site 
finest  in  the  State.  The  industries  consist  of  a  was  selected  for  the  capital,  it  was  entirely  unoccu- 
brewery,  a  flouring  mill  with  capacity  of  40  bar-  pied.  The  citv  has  an  altitude  of  788  feet  above 
rels  a  day,  a  saw  mill,  and  a  planing  mill.  Twelve  sea  level  and  210  above  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  a 
miles  from  the  town  there  is  a  fine  quarry  of  health  resort  for  consumptives.  The  Capitol  was 
limestone.  The  real-estate  transfers  during  1890  built  in  1860,  at  a  cost  of  $400,000,  and  has  since 
aggregated  $500,000.  Lewiston  is  the  seat  of  a  been  enlarged.  It  is  an  imposing  edifice  of  white 
Lnited  Stat^  land  office.  limestone,  with  a  dome  200  feet  above  the  base- 
Lima,  a  city  of  Ohio,  pounty  seat  of  Allen  ment.  The  park  around  contains  18  acres,  finelv 
County,  in  the  great  oil  and  gas  belt  of  the  north-  wooded.  Tne  University  of  Wisconsin,  on  Col- 
western  part  of  the  State,  on  the  Ottawa  river,  lege  Hill,  was  erected  in  1850,  and  reorganized 
70  miles  fTX>m  Toledo.  It  had  a  population  in  with  an  agricultural  department  and  experi- 
1890  of  15,081,  against  7,567  in  1880,  showing  an  mental  farm  in  1866,  ana  in  1870  a  college  for 
increase  of  111*19  per  cent  During  the  past  six  women  was  added  at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  In  1875  a 
years  the  growth  has  been  rapid.  The  railroads  hall  of  science  was  granted  $80,000  by  the  State, 
are  the  Pittsburgh,  Fort  Wayne  and  Chicago^he  and  from  1872  to  1876  annual  grants  were  made 
Cincinnati,  Hamilton  &  Dayton,  the  Lake  Erie  of  $10,000  each.  The  total  amount  voted  by  the 
and  Western,  and  the  Chicago  and  Erie ;  and  an-  Stat«  for  higher  education  (in  addition  to  the 
other  was  under  contract  in  1891,  400  miles  in  grant  by  Congress  of  72  sections  of  public  land, 
length,  from  the  coal  fields  in  the  southeastern  m  1888)  has  been  $1,208,877.84.    The  toUl  value 

?irt  of  the  State  to   northwestern  Michigan,  of  grounds,  buildings,  apparatus,  etc..  is  $925,- 

he  oil  development  has  reached  50,000  barrels  000,  and  the  total  income  $189,870.    Sixty-three 

daily,  and  there  are  large  refineries,  with  pipe  instructors  are  employed,  and  there   are   800 

lines  to  Chicaeo,  Toledo.  Cleveland,  and  Pitts-  students.  The  celebrated  Washburn  Observatory 

burgh,  in  addition    to   the  immense  quantity  is  also  connected  with  the  institution.    In  addi- 

trauiported  in  cars.    A  natural-gas  companv  has  tion  to  an  excellent  high  school  there  are  6  ward 

been  in  operation  since  1887.    The  cost  of  the  schools,  with  fine  buildings  and  all  modem  im- 

wiiter- works  plant  of  the  city  was  $400,000.   The  provements.    Fifty-four  teachers  are  emploved, 

drainage  and  sewerage  are  excellent.    An  electric  and  the  total  enrollment  is  about  1,800.    ^he 

street  railway  has  five  miles  of  track,  and  $40,000  State  and  city  have  each  free  libraries,  in  addi- 

have  been  expended  yearly  for  twenty  years  on  tion  to  those  of  the  university  and  of  the  State 

county  roads,  which  are  stoned  or  groveled.    The  Historical  Society,  the  latter  numbering  58,000 

court  house,  with  stone  jail  and  sheriff's  residence  volumes.    There  are  12  fine  church  buildings, 

on  the  same  block,  cost  $850,000,  and  was  erected  The  city  owns  the  water  works.    Gas  and  elec- 

in  1884,  of  Ohio  sandstone  with  red  ^;ranite  trim-  trie  lighting  are  in  use,  and  there  are  5i  miles  of 

mings.    The  city  building,  erected  m  1888,  cost  street  railway.    Madison  is  also  the  site  of  the 

l^tOOO.  and  is  of  brick,  8  stories  high.    The  State  Lunatic  Asylum  and  Soldiers'  Orphans* 

(assessed  valuation  of  the  city  in  1889  was  $4,-  Home.    One  large*  manufacturing  plant  has  a 

141,l$12,  while  the  tax  rate  was  82*6.    Six  banks  capital  of  $500,000.  and  there  are  about  a  dozen 

(3of  them  national)  have  a  capital,  in  all,  of  $600,-  smaller  ones.    Plows,  agricultural  implements, 

^.    One  monthlv,  8  daily,  and  6  weekly  papers  wagons,  and  woolen  goods  are  turned  out,  and 

are  published.    The  industries  include  car  shops  there  are  2  iarge  flouring  mills.     Fine  sum- 

0^2  railroads  employing  over  400  men,  factories  roer-hotels  on  the  banks  of  the  lakes  are  well 

ot  oil-mill  machinery  and  supplies,  light  locomo-  patronized.    Two  daily,  9  weekly,  and  1  tri- 

tives,  machinery,  doors,  sash,  and  blinds,  carriage  weekly  newspapers,  6  monthlies,  and  1  quarterly 


160  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Manchester,  Meadviu^  Michigan  Citt.) 

are  published.    Four  banks  (1  national)  had  a  electrotyping  departments,  and  employing  200 

capital  of  $275,000  in  1891.  (lersons.   Meadvule  has  the  best  of  graded  public 

Manchester,  a  city  of  Virginia,  in  Chester-  schools,  a  high  school,  a  business  college,  a  con- 
field  County,  on  James  river,  opposite  Richmond,  servatory  of  music,  and  a  public  library  of  5,000 
has  a  population  of  9,246,  showiug  an  increase  volumes.    Allegheny  College,  established  here  in 
of  61-39  per  cent,  over  5,729  in  1880.    By  the  1816,  has  250  students  and  a  library  of  12,500  vol- 
United  States  census,  the  population  of  Man-  umes.  The  Meadville  Theological  School  (Unita- 
Chester  magisterial  district,  including  the  city,  is  rian),  established  in  1844,  has  4  resident  and4  non- 
13,632.    Prior  to  the  civil  war  Manchester  was  resident  professors,  80  students,  and  a  library  of 
the  seat  of  many  tobacco  industries ;  since  then  20,000  volumes.     Meadville  has  15  churches,  2 
its  progress  has  kept  pace  with  that  of  Rich-  public  hospitals,  a  system  of  water  works,  natural 
mond.    The  building  improvements  were  valued  gas  for  fuel,  and  2  electric-light  plants.    It  was 
at  $147,450  during  1890, 155  new  houses  having  founded  in  1788,  and  celebrated  its  hundredth 
been  completed.    During  1891    the   industrial  anniversary  in  1888,  at  which  time  it  erected  a 
plants  erected  and  under  way  were  valued  at  pioneer  monnment  on  the  public  square ;  and  in 
$220,000.    The  shops  of  the  Richmond  and  Dan-  1890  it  erected  on  the  same  square  a  soldiers' 
ville  and  Atlantic  Coast  Line  Railroads  are  at  monument  at  a  cost  of  $10,000. 
Manchester,  and  the  city  has  telephone  connec-        Michigan  Citv,  a  city  of  Indiana,  the  only 
tion  with  Richmond,  and  also  with  Petersburg,  lake  port  in  the  State,  in  La  Porte  County,  near 
Electric  lighting  is  in  use ;  river  water  is  pumped  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan,  50 
to  a  tower  and  distributed  in  abundant  supplv :  miles  east  of  Chicago,  161  north  of  Indianapolis, 
a  perfect  sewage  system  has  been  planned.    The  and  12  from  Laporte,  the  county  seat.    The  pop- 
streets  are  paved  and  graded,  $100,000  having  ulation  in  1880  was  7,366;  in  1890, 10,776,  show- 
been  expended  for  the  purpose  in  1890.    One  ing  an  increase  of  46*29  per  cent.    Four  nulroads 
daily  paper  is  published.  The  churches  for  whites  run  through  the  city,  the  Michigan  Centiul,  the 
number  7,  and  for  colored  people  4.    The  2  Louisville,  New  Albany  and  Chicago,  and  the 
public  schools,  1  for  whites  and  1  for  colored  Lake  Erie  and  Western,  while  the  Elgin,  Joliet 
children,  cost  $12,000  each,  and  there  are  pri-  and  Eastern  crosses  every  road  running  into 
vate  schools  of  high  grade.    The  manufactures  Chicago.    The  site  of  Michigan  City  was  pur- 
employ  4,500  hands,  and  include  2  large  cot-  chased  in  1832  by  Major  Isaac  Elston,  who  sab- 
ton  mills,  a  paper  mill,  flouring  mills,  large  iron  sequently  realized  a  fortune  by  selling  to  a  land 
and  nail  works  on  Belie  Isle,  in  the  rapids  of  the  company.    In  1884  the  first  cargo  of  wheat  was 
river,  spike  mills,  2  large  tanneries,  2  sumac  shipped  from  the  harbor,  the  improvement  of 
and  barK  mills,  large  oil  works,  5  brick  yards,  which  was  undertaken  in  1864  by  private  enter- 
2  planing  mills,  a  mattress  factory,  2  sash  and  prise.  After  the  expenditure  of  $100,526,  the  work 
blind  factories,  a  very  large  tobacco  factory,  was  taken  in  hand  by  the  United  States  Govem- 
fertilizing  works,  a  furniture  factory,  granite  ment  in  1868.    In  1872  the  outer  or  harbor  of  ref- 
and  marble  ^ards,  an  ice  factorv  and  ice-machine  uge  was  begun,  and  in  1874 17,000,000  feet  of  lum- 
manufacturmg  plant,  iron  works,  a  canning  and  ber  were  received  by  the  lake.    At  present  not  less 
pickling  factory,  and  a  large  job-printing  ofiiee.  than  150,000,000  feet  are  received,  in  addition  to 
Between  the  city  and  Richmond  there  are  3^  which  amount,  in  1889,  50,000  cedar  posts,  350 
miles  of  horse  and  3  miles  of  electric  railway.  cords  of  wood,  3,000  tons  of  pig  iron,  120,000 

Meadrille,  a  city,  and  the  capital  of  Craw*  barrels  of  salt,  and  800  tons  of  coal  were  entered 
ford  County,  Pa.,  on  the  eastern  bank  of  French  as  receipts ;  while  the  shipments  were  8,000  tons 
creek,  and  on  the  New  York,  Pittsburg  and  Ohio  of  general  merchandise,  in  addition  to  hay.  oats, 
Railroad,  at  the  junction  of  the  Franklin  and  sand,  soft  coal,  and  cattle.  A  regular  line  of 
Oil  City  branch  and  the  Meadville  and  Line»-  steamers  carries  passengers  and  freight  daily  to 
ville  Railway,  82  miles  north  b^  west  of  Pitts-  and  from  Chica^,  and  during  the  summer  there 
burg,  and  84  miles  south  of  Ene.  The  popula-  are  three  excursion  boats  a  day.  The  lumber  in- 
tion  in  1850  was  2,578 ;  in  1860, 3,703 :  in  1870,  terest  has  been  the  most  effective  in  promoting 
7,103 ;  in  1880,  8,860 ;  and  in  1890,  9,502.  On  manufacturing  industries,  the  work  done  in  the 
the  western  bank  of  French  creek,  opposite  planing  department  of  one  lumber  company 
Meadville,  are  the  villages  of  Kerrtown,  String-  amounting  to  upward  of  $30,000  in  1889.  The 
town,  and  Vallonia borough;  and  adjacent  on  the  city  is  also  a  great  salt  market,  distributing  he- 
north,  south,  and  east  are  villages  swelling  the  tween  150,000  and  200.000  barrels  yearly.  The 
population  of  Meadville  proper  to  about  12,000.  plant  owned  by  the  Michigan  Salt  Association, 
It  IS  in  a  fertile  vallej,  surrounded  by  beautiful  of  East  Saginaw,  Mich.,  possesses  storage  capaci- 
scenery.  The  extensive  shops  of  the  New  York,  ty  for  50,(K)0  barrels,  and  shipments  are  made 
Pittsburg  and  Ohio  Railroad  are  here,  and  throughout  the  State,  and  into  Kentucky,  Ten- 
other  important  manufacturing  interests,  among  nessee,  Missouri,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.  The  as- 
which  are  boiler  and  engine  works,  machine  sessed  valuations  of  real  and  personal  property 
shops,  oil  supplies,  and  foundries;  while  in  aggregate  $2,125,265,  and  there  is  a  bonded  debt 
the  suburbs  are  glass  works,  a  tannery,  3  of  $35,000.  Two  banks  have  a  capital  of  $375,- 
breweries,  and  a  large  whisky  distillery.  It  000.  There  are  water  works  and  an  excellent 
has  5  banks,  and  1  daily  and  5  weekly  news-  system  of  sewage.  The  streets  are  paved,  lind 
papers.  The  large  publishing  house  of  the"  Chau-  there  are  both  gas  and  electric  lights,  as  well  as 
tauquan  Magazine "  is  here,  which  is  third  in  the  Gamewell  system  of  fire  alarm,  2  telegraph 
point  of  circulation  in  the  United  States.  The  and  2  express  companies,  a  street  railway,  2  week- 
Century  Press,  in  connection  with  it,  was  estab-  ly,  and  2  monthly  newspapers.  The  churches 
lished  here  in  1890,  and  publishes  all  the  Chau-  number  10.  and  there  are  1  high  and  3  public 
tauqua  books,  having  also  photo-engraving  and  schools,  having  a  total  value  of  $55,500,  for  which 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Moscow,  Nashua,  Nbwburtport.)  161 

the  total  expenditure  is  $15,617.    In  1889,  1,186  was  rendered  available  by  a  canal  8  miles  in 
pupils  were  enrolled  and  25  teachers  employed,  length  and  8  feet  deep,  constructed  in  1825-''26, 
while  2  lai^  school-houses  wen  under  construe-  In  1828  the  growth  of  the  city  began  in  conse- 
ti(»n.    Four  private  schools,  an  academy,  and  a  queuceof  the  establishment  of  the  Nashua  Man u- 
oimrent  afford  additional  educational  facilities,  factnrinff  Company  (at  present  capitalized  for 
Au  iron  bridge  across  the  harbor,  on  the  prin-  $1,000,000).     Other  cotton  mills  are  valued  at 
cifjal  street,  cost  $15,000.    The  city  is- the  site  of  $600,000.    There  is  an  embroidery  company,  a 
the  State  Prison  north.    Important  manufactur-  shearer  manufacturing  company,  an  iron  foun- 
in^  industries  are  4  planing  mills  and  lumber  dry,  an  iron  and  steel  companv  with  capital  of 
yards,  a  flour  mill,  4  chair  fictories,  refrigerator  $400,000,  a  card    and    glazed-paper  company 
Works,  large  car  works  (established  in  1868),  2  with  capital  of  $150,000,  a  lock  company  em- 
bonery  mills,  a  brewery,  cooper  show,  a  carriage  ploying  200  persons,  a  furniture  company  an  in- 
vi>xl-work  factory,  and  a  tannery.    The  Business  valid  nimiture  company,  edge-tool  works  with 
Men's  Association  numbers  100  members.     A  capital  of  $80,000,  sneeting  mills  (employing  80 
United  States  life-saying  station  is  located  at  the  persons)  with  capital  of  $300,000,  a  leather,  a 
eity,  and  ^  Hoosier  Slide  "  is  the  most  famous  of  spool,  bobbin,  and  shuttle  company,  and  a  freezer 
the  sand  hills  that  surroimd  it.    There  are  many  company  with  capital  of  $100,000.    The  water- 
tine  buildings  and  beautiful  residences.  works  were  incorporated  in   1858,  and  have  a 
Moscow,  a  city  of  Idaho,  the  county  seat  of  capital  of  $250,000.     Water  is  obtained  from 
Latah  County,  in  the  western  part  of  the  State,  Pennechuck  creek,  and  is  forced  two  miles  to  a 
in  the  midst  of  a  thickly  settled  farming  country,  reservoir  on  a  hill  north  of  the  city.    The  hy- 
Timber  in  inexhaustible  quantity  exists  on  the  drants  number  98.    In  1880,  $26,460.18  were  ex- 
mountains  a  few  miles  distant,  and  there  are  8  pended  on  highways  and  bridges,  $81,866  on 
saw  mills  in  the  county,  which  in  1890  sawed  sewers  and  drainage,  and  $12,099  on  electric 
15,000,000  feet  of  lumber.    At  the  date  of  the  street  lighting.    The  assessed  valuation  of  the 
erection  of  the  county.  May  14, 1888,  the  popula-  city  in  1888  was  $9,942,578,  and  in  1889  the  debt 
tion  of  Moscow  was  800 ;  by  the  census  of  1890  was  $250,000,  of  which  $12,574  were  for  the 
It  was  2,861,  and  the  place  is  rapidly  assuming  Soldiers'  and  Sailors'  Monument  (of  granite  and 
the  proportions  of  a  substantial  city.    Two  rail-  brass,  to  soldiers  and  sailors  of  Nashua  in  the 
roads  connect  with  the  town,  and  its  local  trade  civil  war),  and  $17,629  for  a  new  school  build- 
extends  over  a  large  district.     Latah  County  ing.    There  are  18  schools,  in  addition  to  a  hi^h 
etmtains    1,100  s()uare  miles,  three  fourths  of  school,  in  which  46  teachers  were  employed  in 
which  can  be  easily  cultivated,  springs  abound-  1887-'88,  the  enrollment  being  1,841,  and   in 
ing  and  irrigation  being  unnecessary.    The  as-  private  and  parochial  schools,  1,176.     Of  the 
sos8ed  valuation  is  $2,755,295,  and  the  debt  in  last  class  8  are  Catholic.    There  are  10  churches. 
1890  was  $45,818.    An  annual  yield  of  grain  and  A  legacy  of  $15,000  was  left  to  the  city  by 
seeds  agpegating    three  and  a  third  million  Moses  Hunt,  of  Cambridj^,  Mass.,  for  a  yearly 
bushels   has  been   attained.      The  receipts  at  course  of  free  and  instructive  lectures.    The  city 
Moscow  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  81, 18tf0,  in-  contains  a  home   for   aged  women,  a  Young 
eluded  450,000  bushels  of  wheat,  90,000  of  oats.  Men's  Christian  Association  building,  and  several 
^).000  of  barley,  and  200,000  of  flaxseed.    Two  halls.      Two  daily,   2  weekly,  and  2  monthly 
flouring  mills  at  Moscow  have  an  aggregate  ca*  papers  are  published.    The  7  banks  (8  national) 
pacity  of  160  barrels  a  day.    There  is  also  apian-  nave  a  total  capital  of  $495,000.    The  railroads 
ingmill,  a  sash  and  door  factory,  and  steam  orick  are  the  Boston  and  Maine,  the  Concord,  the 
works,  the  last  employing  from  50  to  75  men.  Nashua,  Acton    and  Boston,  the  Nashua  and 
The  streets  are  graded  and  side- walked.    There  Lowell,   the    Peterborough,    and    the    Wilton, 
are  2  volunteer  fire  companies.    The  drainage  is  There  are  several  miles  of  street  railway.    The 
good,  and  water  is  supplied  from  artesian  wells  population  in  1880  was  18,397;  in  1890,  19,811 ; 
and  pumped  by  2  pumps  of  65,000  gallons  capa-  showing  an  increase  of  44*14  per  cent 
city  an  hour.    There  are  28  fire  hydrants.    Elec-  Newbury  port,  a  city  of  Essex  County,  Mas- 
trie  lights  are  in  use.    There  are  2  weekly  news-  sfichusetts,  in  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of 
papers,  and  2  banks  and  8  churches.    Major  the  State,  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Merriraac 
Anderson  Post  No.  5,  G.  A.  R.,  is  the  strongest  river,  extending  from  its  mouth  5  miles  to  the 
in  the  State,  having  a  membership  of  over  100,  town  of  West  Newbury ;  on  the  south  and  west 
and  owns  its  hall,  costing  $8,000,  the  work  on  it  is  bounded  by  old  Newbury,  from  which  it  was 
which  was  performed  entirely  by  Grand  Army  set  off  in  1764.    As  a  settlement  it  is  two  hun- 
of  the  Republic  men.    The    Northern  Pacific  dred  and  fifty-six  Yfars  old,  and  it  was  chartered 
Railroad  is  erecting  a  handsome  passenger  and  as  a  city  in  1851.    The  river  bank  rises  gradually 
freight  depot  and  section  house.    There  are  1  in  about  one  third  of  a  mile  to  a  height  of  from, 
cigar  and  1  candy  factory,  4  blacksmith  and  70  to  100  feet,  and  then  slopes  to  the  long,  low 
wagon  shops,  and  40  business  concerns.    The  pastures  back  of  the  city.    For  two  hundreil 
new  Court  House  cost  $25,000.    By  act  of  Jan.  years  commerce  was  the  leading  industry,  and 
^,  1^9,  the  Legislature  of  Idaho  established  the  during    the  eighteenth    century   this  was  one 
State  University  at  Moscow,  appropriating  $15,-  of  the  most  important  ports  of  the  Atlantic 
000  to  begin  operations.    The  Seventh-day  Ad-  seaboard,  with  one  of  the  largest  merchant  fleets, 
ventists  also  were  considering  the  building  and  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  Kevolutionary  War, 
endowment  of  a  college  in  1890.    The  Ameri-  and  later,  when  the  American  navy^was  formed, 
can  Trotting  Association  has  a  fine  race  track.  it  became  a  great  central  recruiting  station,  and 
Naghna,  a  city  of  New  Hampshire,  in  Hills-  large  numbers  of  privateers  were  fitted  out,  sev- 
horough  County,  at  the  confluence  of  Merrimac  eral  frigates  being  built  on  the  Merrimac:   $2,- 
snd  Nashua  rivers,  the  water  power  of  which  500,000  were  furnished  by  the  town  toward  the 

▼ou  XXXI. — 11  A 


162  .     CITIES,  AMEEtlGAN.    (New  London.) 

expenses  of  the  war,  and  during  the  oomplica*  •  Trambull,  with  80  gnns,  gwds  the  mouth,  and 
tions  with  France  its  losses  amounted  to  nearly  a  United  States  naval  station  is  on  the  eastern 
$750,000.    In  a  single  month  of  1805  importa-  bank  of  the  river,  above  the  city.    Its  marine 
tions  were  made  to  the  amount  of  $800,000;  but  activity  is  now  confined  principally  to  coasting 
the  fire  of  1811,  followed  by  the  War  of  1812  and  trade.    The  first  line  of  steamers  to  New  York 
the  restrictive  acts  of  Government,  gave  a  finish-  and  New  Haven  was  established  in  1816,  and  the 
ing  blow  to  the  foreign  commerce.    Since  1888  first  railroad  (there  are  now  H)  was  opened   in 
no  ship  has  floated  on  the  Merrimac,  but  prior  to  1850.    The  first  telegraph,  to  Norwich,  was  op- 
that  date  2,000  vessels  in  ail  were  built,  with  an  erated  in  1847.    New  London  was  founded  by 
aggregate  tonnage  of  403,000.    Ship-building  was  Gov.  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  in  1646,  on  lands  of 
especially  active  during  the  penodof  ''clippers,*'  the  Mohegan  Indians,  a  branch  of  the  Pequot 
from  184b  to  1860, 6  large  yards  being  in  operation  tribe  exterminated  at  Groton  in  1637.    In  1645, 
employing  hundmls  of  men.    Among  the  vessels  having  obtained  a  grant  including  Fisher's  Is!- 
built  here  were  the  "  Racer  "  and  the  **  Dread-  and  the  year  previous,  he  began  erecting  a  house 
nought.    Fishing  was  carried  on  for  fifty  yeiurs,  and  arranged  for  the  mining  and  smelting  of 
6,000  to  35,000  barrels  of  mackerel  being  in-  iron  ore.    In  1658  the  name  was  changed  from 
spected  annually  at  the   port,  and  over  1,000  Nanmeag  in  honor  of  London,  England,  and  a 
men  employed.   Fishing  vessels  were  constructed,  custom  officer  was  appointed,  probably  the  first 
and  the  manufacture  of  cordage  was  extensively  in  the  colony.    In  1710  it  was  made  the  chief 
carried  on,  there  being  8  or  10  rope-walks  in  the  postal  station  in  Connecticut.     Ship-building 
town,  with  a  product  of  nearly  $100,000  yearly,  was  begun  in  1660,  and  a  Society  of  Trade  and 
Printing  and  publishing,  cigar-making,  wool-  Commerce  was  organized  in  1730.    In  1751  a 
pulling,  tanning,  and  morocco-dressing,  and  the  fieet  of  87  incoming  and  62  outgoing  vessels  rep- 
manufacture  of  combs,  hats,  chairs,  and  other  in-  resented  the  commerce  of  the  city,  which  suf- 
dustries,  in  small  establishments,  were  largely  car-  fered  during  the  French  and  Indian  War,  and  in 
ried  on,  and  rum  was  made  in  10  distilleries.    At  1776  (the  military  companies  of  the  town  having 
present  the  city  has  one  of  the  10  rum  factories  of  taken  part  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill)  the  first 
the  United  States,  8  of  which  are  in  New  England,  naval  expedition  of  the   colonial  government 
which  manufacture  2,500  barrels  yearly,  valued  at  fitted  out  at  the  port,  which  also  furnished  some 
$150,000.    The  manufacture  of  cotton  goods  was  of  the  most  famous  privateers.     On  Sept.  6, 
begun  in  1834,  and  in  1887  3  large  factories  1781,  Forts  Trumbull  and  Griswold  having  been 
were  in  existence,  employing  over  1,^  persons,  taken,  the  city  was  plundered  and  burned  by 
and  operating  82,872  spmdies  and  1,789  looms.  British  troops  under  Benedict  Arnold.    In  1784 
The  yearlv  product  or  the  shoe  industry  was  it  received  its  city  charter,  among  the  first  in 
nearly  $2,600,000,  more  than  2,000  persons  being  the  State,  and  commerce  with  the  West  Indies 
emploved.  with  annual  pay-roll  of  about  $750,-  and  other  foreign  ports  revived,  the  first  whaler 
000.    ^wo  silver  factories,  a  foundry  and  ma-  also  sailing  in  that  year.    In  1800,  when  the  pop- 
chine  works,  a   hat    factory,   a  patent-leather  ulation  was  reduced  to  4,095  whites  and  105 
company,  2  comb  factories,  a  bnck  yard,  and  colored  by  jrellow  fever,  and  during  the  War  of 
street  car  shops,  are  in  operation ;  and  other  1812,  the  shipping  interests  were  deeply  involved, 
industries  include   the  manufacture  of   steam  Since  the  civil  war  and  the  discovery  of  pctro- 
ditching  machines  and  paper  boxes.    The  city  leum  there  has  been  a  continual  depression  in 
has  4  national  and  2  savings  banks,  is  lighted  whale  fishing  and  in  the  foreign  trade.    New 
lighted  by  gas  and  electricity,  and  has  an  electric  London  is  deeply  interested  in  the  seal  fisheries 
street  railway  connecting  with  Amesbnry,  Merri-  of  Alaska.    The  population  in  1880  was  10,537 ; 
mac,  and  Plumb  Islana  (a  summer  resort),  also  in  1890, 18,757;  snowing  an  increase  of  80*56  per 
21  miles  of  horse-car  line.    Water  is  pumped  to  cent.    A  new  steel  bridge  across  the  Thames  is 
a  standpipe  35  feet  high,  at  an  elevation  of  150  claimed  to  be  the  longest  double-track  draw- 
feet.     Two    pairs  of   duplex   compound   con-  bridge  in  the  world,  having  a  draw  of  503  feet, 
densing  pumping  ensrines   have  a  capacity  of  with  2  clear  passageways  of  225  feet  each  for 
4,000,003  gallons  in  ^twenty-four    hours.    The  vessels.     The  total  length  is  1,423  feet    The 
assessed    valuation    of   the   city  in    1888   was  granite  wharf  of  the  Central  Vermont  Railroad 
$8,074,737.     The    13    public-school    buildings,  has  a  length  of  1,125  feet,  with  a  width  of  220  feet 
sites,    etc.,    were   valucKl  at    $99,700,    and    44  at  the  river  and  150  feet  at  the  shbre  end.    Silk 
teachers  were  employed,  while  1,600   children  mills  established  in  1865  have  a  capital  of  $320,- 
were  enrolled  in  ttie  public  and  800  in  private  000,  and  produce  $1,500,000  yearly;  and  a  cotton- 
and  parochial  schools.    The  population  oi  New-  ein  company,  with  works  covering  87.000  square 
buryport  in  1880  was  13,538,  and  in  1890,  13,947.  feet  of  fioonng,  employs  200  men  and  disburses 
Jetties   are  under  construction  by  the  United  between  $6,000  and  $9,000  monthly  in  wages. 
States  Government  to  deepen  the  channel  of  the  A  steam  woolen  mill  turns  out  23,000  yards  a 
Merrimac  on  the  bar.  month,  and  there  are  a  steam  saw  mill,  a  print- 
New  London,  a  city  of  Connecticut,  county  ing-press,  a  paper-box,  and  a  steam-heating  appa- 
seat  of  New  London  County,  on  the  western  side  ratus  factory,  and  brick  yards  with  capacity  of 
of  Thames  river  and  3  miles  above  its  mouth,  in  18,000,000  bricks  a  year.  Fertilizers,  gear-cutting 
Long  Island  Sound,  half-way  between  New  York  machinery,  boilers,  carriages  and  harness,   and 
city  and  Boston,  and  6  miles  from  Providence,  bed  comfortables  are  manufactured,  and  there  is 
R.  1.    The  l^^rbor  is  the  best  on  the  sound,  and  also  a  ship-building  and  sail-making  establLsh- 
onc  of  the  l)est  in  the  United  States,  3  miles  ment  and  bottling  works.    The  city  is  on  the 
long,  5    fathoms   deep,    thoroughly    protected  slopes  of  hills,  affording  fine  sewerage  and  per- 
agamst  storms,  and  against  floating  ice  also,  so  feet  drainage.     Water  is  supplied  from   Ijake 
that  it  is  an  especially  fine  wintering  port.  Fort  Konomoc,  6  miles  distant,  water  works  estab- 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Newport.)  163 

lished  in  1871  costing  in  all  $260,000.  The  an-  few  Jews  now  remain  in  the  city.  During  the 
nual  supply  is  530,28tf ,000  gallons,  and  the  height  Revolution  more  than  1,000  men  were  furnished 
and  force  of  the  water  give  a  head  of  from  80  to  by  the  city  alone  to  the  war  on  the  sea.  Newport 
1 70  feet,  dispensing  with  steam-power  fire  engines,  was  taken  by  the  British  on  Dec.  6,  1776,  and 
The  fire  department  numbers  260  officers  and  held  until  Oct.  25, 1779,  during  which  time  the 
men.  and  there  is  an  electric  fire  alarm.  There  sufferings  of  the  citizens  were  extreme ;  480 
are  12  churches.  In  1888-'80,  $40,000  were  ap-  buildings  (300  dwellings)  were  destroyed,  and<on 
pmpriated  for  school  buildings,  which  number  the  withdrawal  ofthe  British  all  the  public  build- 
7,  with  an  enrollment  of  2,0^  pupils  and  44  ings  were  left  untenantable,  with  the  exception 
teachers.  The  Bulkeley  Hiffh  School  for  boys,  of  Trinity  Church,  the  town  records  being  car- 
costing  $40,000,  was  founded  and  is  maintained  ried  away  also  and  sunk  in  Hell  Gate.  In  1780 
by  the  bequest  of  a  private  citizen.  It  was  the  city  was  the  headquarters  of  Rochambeau 
opened  in  1878.  There  are  8  national,  2  savings,  and  the  .French  fleet.  Touro  Park,  purchased 
and  1  union  bank,  with  total  capital  of  $850,000.  by  legacy  of  $10,000  from  Judah  Touro,  contains 
A  beautiful  new  public  library  building  was  the  famousold  stone  mill  and  a  bronze  statue  of 
completed  in  1800,  with  a  capacity  for  50,000  Commodore  0.  H.  Perry.  Among  other  notable 
volumes.  It  contains  also  the  Kew  London  antiquities  are  the  State  House,  dating  from 
County  Historical  Society.  The  Williams  Me-  1789;  the  City  Hall,  built  in  1768;  the  armory 
morial  Institute  contains  also  a  fine  library,  of  the  Artillery  Company,  organized  in  1741; 
There  are  a  theatre,  a  new  armory,  a  Masonic  and  the  Central  Baptist  Church,  1785.  Bishop 
hall,  an  Odd-Fellows'  hall,  and  other  public  George  Berkeley,  who  resided  at  Newport  from 
halls,  a  customs  house,  erected  in  1880,  a  fine  1729  to  1781,  writing  his  *' Minute  Philosopher'* 
new  depot,  and  a  court  house.  Gas  and  electric  at  the  Hanging  Rocks,  presented  an  organ  to 
lights  are  in  use,  and  2  daily  papers  are  pub-  Trinity  Church,  which  was  erected  in  1725. 
lisbed.  New  London  is  especially  noted  for  the  Redwood  Library,  originated  in  1780  and  incor- 
races  which  take  place  yearly  on  the  Thames  porated  in  1747,  contains  88,000  volumes,  and 
between  the  college  clubs.  Eietween  New  Lon-  there  is  also  a  public  library  with  26,000.  The 
don  and  the  Pequot  House,  a  summer  resort  two  opera  house,  erected  in  1867,  has  a  seating  ca- 
and  a  half  miles  distant,  to  which  there  is  a  pacity  of  1,000.  There  is  also  a  music  hall,  a 
fine  drive,  lies  Fort  Trumbull,  erected  in  1849  at  Masonic  temple,  a  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic, 
a  coet  of  $250,000.  Fort  Griswold,  the  scene  of  and  several  other  halls,  a  Yonng  Men*s  Christian 
the  bloody  massacre  of  Sept.  6,  1781,  which  is  Association,  an  Odd-Fellows'  building,  two  asy- 
comniemorated  by  a  shaft  127  feet  high,  is  now  lums,  a  hospital,  and  a  Business  Men  s  Associa- 
but  an  earthwork,  with  a  small  battery.  tion.  The  city  has  26  wharves,  with  daily  boats  to 
Newport,  a  citj  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  Providence  in  summer,  and  the  Old  Colony  line 
Rhode  Island,  a  United  States  port  of  ,entry  at  to  New  York  ;  also  the  Old  Colony  Railroad  and 
the  head  of  Narragansett  Bay,  on  the  west  shore  the  Newport  and  Wickford  Railroad  and  Steam- 
of  the  island  from  which  the  State  is  named,  5  boat  Company,  as  well  as  boats  to  Block  Island 
miles  from  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  19  from  Fall  and  other  points.  The  city  property  in  1880  was 
River,  Mass.,  80  from  Providence,  and  162  (by  valued  at  $700,875.25,  and  the  total  debt  was 
steamer)  from  New  York.  The  harbor  is  excel-  $248,000.  The  assessed  valuation  in  1888  was 
lent,  anchorage  being  80  feet  between  Fort  $28,804,800.  The  street  improvements  in  1889 
Adams  (one  of  the  largest  fortifications  in  the  reached  $54,708.36,  and  $19,908  were  expended 
country),  on  Brenton  Point,  and  Goat  Island,  on  sewers.  The  fire  department  had  property 
where  are  the  headquarters  of  the  torpedo  divis-  valued  at  $64,985.  Gas  works  were  established 
ion  of  the  United  States  navy.  On  Coaster's  in  1858,  and  electric  lights  introduced  in  1885. 
Harbor  Island  is  the  Naval  War  College,  estab-  There  are  14  public  fountains,  18  churches  and 
lished  in  1884,  and  consolidated  with  the  tor-  2  chapels,  and  10  public-school  .buildings  valued 
pedo  station  by  act  of  March  2, 1889.  Nearly  at  $157,828,  in  which  42  teachers  are  employed, 
a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars  are  disbursed  yearly  with  over  2,500  pupils.  In  addition  there  is  an 
by  the  Government  at  these  points.  Newport  industrial  school  lor  girls,  and  a  parish  school, 
was  first  settled  in  1688-'89,  and  in  1640  the  first  In  1886  land  for  a  public  park  was  presented  to 
public  school  in  America  was  established  (pos-  the  city  by  Hon.  Levi  P.  Morton.  In  1643  the 
sibly  the  first  in  the  world),  accessible  to  all,  first  Quakers  settled  in  the  city,  which  for  more 
supported  by  public  charge.  The  city  also  claims  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  years  has  been  the 
the  first  Baptist  church  m  America.  In  1648  it  seat  of  the  annual  meetings  of  the  Society  of 
was  chartered  with  Providence  and  Portsmouth  Friends.  The  Historical  Society  of  Newport 
nnder  the  name  of  Providence  Plantations,  and  was  founded  in  1853,  and  the  Natural  History 
in  1730  the  population  was  4,640.  In  1738  more  Society  in  1888.  Newport  has  also  the  oldest 
than  100  vessels  were  owned  at  the  port,  and  in  newspaper  in  the  United  States,  founded  in  1758 
the  French  War,  1756-'63, 50  vessels  were  engaged  by  a  nephew  of  Benjamin  Franklin.  Two  daily 
in  privateering,  and  more  than  1(X)  were  lost  by  and  8  weeklv  newspapers  are  published,  and 
capture.  In  1763-'64, 182  vessels  were  engaged  also  1  monthly.  There  are  11  banks,  6  of 
in  foreign  and  852  in  coastwise  trade,  the  sea-  which  are  national,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
men  numbering,  including  those  in  fishing  ves-  $970,000.  A  system  of  electric  street  railway 
gels,  2,200.  Until  1769  the  commerce  of  New-  was  opened  in  1889.  As  a  summer  resort,  New- 
port exceeded  that  of  New  York.  In  1774,  80  port  nas  5  large  hotels.  There  are  4  beaches 
distilleries  were  in  operation ;  the  population  was  for  surf  bathing,  and  the  Hanging  Rocks, 
9.209,  and  there  were  300  families  of  Jews.  The  Spouting  Rock,  and  "  Purgatory,"  a  chasm  16() 
oldest  synagogue  in  the  United  States  (erected  feet  long,  50  feet  deep,  and  with  width  at  bottom 
in  1762)  is  found  here,  still  in  use,  though  but  of  from  2  to  24  feet,  at  top  of  from  8  to  14  feet, 


164  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (New  Westminstee,  Noeth  Bat,  Olympu.) 

are  famous.    There  are  two  grand  drives,  Belle-  North  Baj,  a  town  of  Ontario,  Canada,  incor- 
vue  avenue  being  2  miles  long.    The  principal  porated  in  1890  by  act  of  Parliament^  with  a 
industries  are  a  brass  foundry  and  several  cotton  population  of  2,500,  is  on  Lake  Nipissing,  in 
mills.    The  population  in  1880  was  15,693 ;  in  Nipissing  district,  and  is  a  divisional  point  on 
1800,  19,457,  an  increase  of  23*99  per  cent.  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad, 
New  Westminster,  a  citv  of  British  Colum-  where  the  Northern  and  Northwestern  divisions 
bia,  on  Fraser  river,  16  miles  from  its  mouth  of  the  Grand  Trunk  join  it.    The  workshops  of 
and  12  miles  from  Vancouver,  in  the  center  of  the  corporation  established  here  pay  out  in  wages 
Westminster  district,  the  finest  agricultural  re-  $20,000  a  month.    The  Nipissing  and  James  B&y 
gion  of  the  province.    It  is  the  fresh-water  ter-  Railroad  has  been  surveyed  to  Lake  Temisca- 
minus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  and  the  mingue,  80  miles  to  the  north,  where  are  silver 
western  terminus  of  the  Westminster  Southern  mines  now  in  operation,  but  which  have  not  been 
(a  continuation  of  the  American  Great  North-  extensively  worked  hitherto,  owing  to  the  heavy 
em),    being    thus   directly  connected*  with  all  cost  of  transportation.   Vast  forests  lie  alon^  the 
American  and  Canadian  railwajr  systems  by  the  line  of  the  road,  and  large  numbers  of  fur-bear- 
two  great  competing  transcontinental  lines.    It  ing  animals  are  reported  to  exist.    The  Ottawa 
is  also  the  terminus  of  seven  steamboat  lines,  ship  canal,  up  Ottawa  and  Mattawa  rivers  to  Lake 
and  has  direct  and  regular  connection  with  Vic-  Nipissing,  and  down  French  river  to  Georgian 
toria,  Nanaimo,  Vancouver,  Portland,  and  all  Bay,  has  also  been  surveyed,  giving  a  short  route 
settlements  on  the  river.    For  several  years  the  to  the  seaboard  from  the  Great  Lakes.    During 
National  Government  has  been  carrying  on  ex-  1890, 125  new  structures  were  erected,  in  addi- 
tensive  works  for  the  improvement  of  the  Fraser,  tion  to  a  Masonic  hall  and  opera  house ;  and  a 
which  is  navigable  as  far  as  the  city  by  vessels  system  of  water  works  is  being  put  in,  which  will 
drawing  22  &et  of  water,  and  will  be  open  to  afford  ample  fire  protection.     A  contract  has 
those  of  the  largest  draught  when  these  works  been  let  for  a  public   school  to  cost  $6,000. 
are  completed.    Several  cargoes  of  lumber  and  There  are  Presbyterian,  Anglican,  Roman  Catho- 
salmon,  the  principal  exports,  have  been  shipped  lie,  and  Methodist  churches,  a  weekly  newspa- 
direct  to  foreign  ports.    Three  fourths  of  the  per,  a  Mechanics*  Institute  belonging   to   the 
fish-canning  establishments  of  the  province  lie  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad,  and  a  court  house  and 
between  the  city  and  the  mouth  of  tne  river;  and  jail,  the  latter  erected  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.    The 
during  the  ye&r  1890  produced  246,000  cases  of  lumbering   industrv   is    promising,  and    Lake 
salmon,  paying  out  in  wages  $500,000.     Four  Nipissing,  60  miles  long  and  20  wide,  affords  the 
large  saw  mills  lie  within  or  adjacent  to  the  city,  attractions  of  a  summer  resort, 
with  capacity  of  500,000  feet  in  twenty-four  Olympia,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Washing- 
hours,  and  a  &fth  has  its  foundations  laid  within  ton,  county  seat  of  Thurston  County.    It  is  one 
the  city  limits.    The  only  woolen  mill  of  the  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  the  State,  on  Puget 
province  is  also  here;  and  there  are  several  foun-  Sound,  Where  Des  Chutes  river  flows  into  Budd's 
dries  and  machine  shops,  sash  and  door  and  fur-  inlet.    The  citv  is  on  the  east  side  of  the  river, 
niture  factories,  and  a  tannery.    The  assessed  on  a  hillside  sloping  to  the  water*s  edge,  in  a 
valuation  in  1888  was  $862,511;  in  1889,  $2,540,-  framing  of  dense  green.    West  of  the  center 
245;  in  1890,  $3,577,815;  and  in  1891.  $5,287,-  there  is  a  depression,  and  the  eastern  side  lies  on 
520.    The  tax  rate  in  1891  was  15  mills  on  the  the  ^ntle  slope  facing  the  water  and  the  higher 
dollar.    During  the  first  half  of  the  year,  $700,-  portion.    Olvmpia  was  platted  in  1851,  selected 
000  were  expended  on  new  buildings,  and  the  as  the  capital  in  1853,  and  incorporated  in  1859. 
value  of  all  erected  during  the  past  three  years  The  population  in  1880  was  1,232 ;  in  1890  the 
is  placed  at  $2,000,000.    Water  works  are  being  three  wards  contained  4,698  inhabitants.     At 
constructed,  at  a  cost  of  $380,000,  to  supply  Tumwater,  one  mile  distant,  is  one  of  the  best 
water  from  a  pure  mountain  lake.    The  electric-  water  powers  of  the  State,  Des  Chutes  river  hav- 
light  works,  for  both  public  and  private  light-  ing  a  fall  of  85  feet  in  a  horizontal  distance  of 
ing,  are  owned  by  the  city,  which  nas  expended  1,500  feet,  in   three   distinct  waterfalls,  with 
$60,000  upon  them,  and  a  similar  amount  upon  rapids  between.    It  has  been  utilized  for  many 
a  bridge  to  Lulu  Island,  famous  for  its  farming  years,  and  in  1890  a  dam  was  constructing  across 
lands.    It  also  owns  the  steam  ferry  across  Fraser  the  river.    Capital  to  the  amount  of  $209,100 
river,  costing  $27,000.    During  the  past  three  was  invested  in  manufactures  in  1890,  the  output 
years  $200,000  have  been  expended  upon  streets,  for  1889  being  $211,000,  and  that  estimated  for 
There  is  a  gas  company,  telephone  service  ex-  1890,  $389,000 ;  226  persons  were  employed,  with 
tending  to  Vancouver,  and  an  electric  street  rail-  annual  wages  of  $80,500 ;  8  saw  mills  were  in 
way.    A  similar  means  of  communication  will  operation,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  60,000  feet, 
shortly  connect  both  Vancouver  and  Lulu  Island  and  there  were  also  a  planing  mill,  a  brewery,  and 
with  the  city.    There  are  free  high  and  public  a  wooden-water-pipe  factory,  the  only  one  of  its 


$24,000,  and  parks  and  agricultural-exhibition  standing  a  greater  pressure  than  the  heaviest 
buildings  have  cost  the  corporation  $60,000.  The  cast  iron.  Over  200  miles  of  pipe  were  made  in 
provincial  penitentiary  and  lunatic  asylum,  the  one  year  and  found  a  ready  market  throughout 
central  prison  for  the  mainland,  and  the  Domin-  the  West.  The  undeveloped  resources  of  the 
ion  and  provincial  land  offices,  are  at  New  West-  county  include  valuable  coal  mines,  only  one  of 
minister,  and  there  is  also  a* court  house  and  a  which  has  been  opened,  that  at  Bucoda,  the  out- 
land-registry  office.  The  city  was  founded  in  put  of  which  in  1889  was  42,675  tons.  The 
1859.    The  population  is  upward  of  4,000.  present  facilities  are  sufficient  for  16,0(K)  tons  a 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Paloubb  Citt,  Pabkebsbu&g,  Pktbbsbubg.)  165 

month.  A  belt  of  timber,  from  Olympia  to  the  Parkersbniv,  a  city  of  West  Virginia,  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  extends  from  the  Satsop  west,  county  seat  of  Wood  County,  on  the  left  bank  of 
and  consists  of  20  townships,  having  over  00,000  Ohio  river,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Little 
feet  to  the  acre  of  fir  and  cedar.  There  are  10  Kanawha,  95  miles  from  Wheeling,  and  12 
mills  in  the  county.  Within  three  miles  of  the  miles  below  Marietta,  884  miles  by  rail  from 
city  good  iron  ore  is  found  in  large  quantities  Baltimore  and  195  from  Cincinnati.  It  is  the 
and  very  accessible,  and  bog  iron  from  five  to  western  terminus  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
eight  mUes  distant.  A  quarry  of  li^ht-blue  sand-  Railroad,  and  has  also  the  main  offices  and  shops 
stone  has  been  opened  seven  or  eight  miles  away,  of  the  Ohio  River  Railroad,  the  wealthiest  m 
and  native  copper  is  found  within  eighteen  miles,  proportion  to  its  mileage  in  the  United  States. 
Boats  can  not  reach  the  wharves  of  the  city  ex-  The  railroad  bridge  erected  in  1869-'71,  one  mile 
oept  at  high  tide,  and  a  long  wharf  has  been  and  a  third  in  length,  cost  more  than  $1,000,000, 
built  out  to  deep  water— 4,000  feet.  A  narrow-  and  has  six  spans  over  the  nver  in  addition  to 
eau^  railroad  meets  the  Northern  Pacific  at  approach)es.  Little  Kanawha  river  is  navigable 
Tenino,  and  the  Port  Townsend  Southern,  con-  for  88  miles,  and  with  its  tributaries  lows 
structiuK  in  1891,  wUl  pass  through  the  city  to  through  the  best  lumber  districts  in  the  State. 
Portlana,  Ore.  The  Tacoma,  Olympia  and  Gray*s  Large  quantities  of  poplar,  walnut,  oak,  cherry. 
Harbor  Railroad  was  building  the  same  year  to  and  other  woods  are  brought  to  the  city,  where 
Aberdeen.  There  are  several  miles  of  logging  they  are  manufactured.  The  output  of  one  mill 
branches  also.  Two  or  three  steamers  ply  daily  goes  altogether  to  Europe.  A  furniture  corn- 
to  and  from  the  cities  on  the  sound.  During  pany,  established  in  1880,  employs  100  persons, 
1889  $1,000,000  were  spent  by  the  city  on  public  and  there  is  also  a  veneer  and  panel  company, 
improvements,  and  since  Jan.  1, 1890,  over  500  manufacturing  sheets  thin  as  tissue  paper  out  of 
houses  have  been  put  up.  The  Capitol  is  a  the  heaviest  logs,  also  all  kinds  of  veneer,  panels, 
frame  building,  two  stories  high,  with  a  dome,  bed  rails,  etc.  Other  industries  are  8  iron 
There  are  also  a  court  house,  a  county  jail,  4  'foundries,  5  machine  shops,  2  boiler  shops 
public  parks,  fair  grounds  with  race  track,  2  chemical  works,  2  barrel  factories,  an  oil  and  soap 
academies  (1  Methodist  and  1  Roman  Cath-  plant,  a  coflfee  company  with  capital  of  $100,000, 
olio),  3  publie  schools  wiih  an  attendance  of  and  bottling  works.  Within  25  miles  lie  the  rich- 
800,  a  Roman  Catholic  hospital,  7  churches,  est  oil  fields  of  the  State,  the  Volcano  yielding  in 
and  a  fine  hotel.  A  street  railway  was  ineor-  1889  71,500  barrels  of  crude  petroleum.  There 
porated  in  1889,  and  there  is  a  motor  line  to  are  5  oil  refineries.  Natural  gas  has  been  found 
Tumwater.  Two  national  banks  have  a  capital  in  large  quantities  within  a  convenient  distance, 
of  $210,000.  Two  daily  and  8  weekly  news-  and  a  company  was  organized  early  in  1891  to 
papers  are  published.  The  State  library  has  bring  it  to  the  city  for  manufacturing.  The 
0,000  volumes,  and  that  of  the  Good  Templars  population  of  the  city  proper  was  6,582  in  1880 
2.000.  The  Masons,  Odd  Fellows,  and  Good  and  8,408  in  1890.  The  city  limits  have  never 
Templars  have  fine  halls.  been  extended  since  the  earliest  days,  and  out- 
Palouse  Citj,  a  town  of  Washington,  in  side  growth  is  therefore  larger  than  that  re- 
Whitman  County,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  ported.  The  streets  are  well  naved  and  shaded. 
State,  18  miles  east  of  Colfax  and  65  south  of  and  lighted  with  electricitv  and  gas.  The  water 
Spokane  Falls,  on  the  Spokane  and  Palouse  Rail-  supply  is  excellent,  and  tne  pressure  in  the  by- 
road (a  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific),  where  it  drants  is  sufficient  for  fire  protection  without 
crosses  Palouse  river.  The  population  in  1888,  .engines.  Four  banks,  all  national,  have  an  ag- 
when  the  railroad  arrived,  was  800.  In  the  same  gregate  capital  of  $656,000.  Two  daily,  2 
year  it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  but  it  has  been  re-  weeKly,  and  1  monthly  newspapers  are  published, 
built,  fire  limits  established,  and  by  the  census  There  are  6  public-school  buildings  and  a  high 
of  l^^had  1,119  inhabitants.  It  is  an  important  school.  There  are  12  churches,  a  court  house, 
grain  and  stock  shipping  point,  but  the  leading  and  a  fine  new  Federal  building, 
industry  is  the  manufacture  of  lumber,  there  Petersbnrg,  a  city  of  Virgmia,  formerly  in 
being  8*  large  saw  mills  with  cut  of  20,000,000  Chesterfield,  Dinwiddle,  and  Prince  George*8 
feet  yearly,  and  2  planing  mills,  manufactur-  Counties,  but  now  independent,  22  miles  south  of 
ing  sash,  doors,  ct<;. ;  200  men  are  employed  in  Richmond,  at  the  heaci  of  tide-water  on  Appo- 
the  wood-working  establishments.  Two  large  mattox  river,  12  miles  west  of  its  confluence  with 
flouring  mills  also  are  kept  active.  Four  grain  the  James.  By  the  census  of  1890  it  has  a  popu- 
warehouses  have  a  combined  capacity  of  350,-  lation  of  22,680,  an  increase  of  1,024  since  1880. 
000  bushels.  Water  works  have  been  erected  at  The  Appomattox  is  navigable  for  large  vessels 
a  cost  of  $8,000,  a  Holly  pump  raising  water  to  the  wharves  of  the  city,  which  is  the  natural 
from  a  well  to  a  100,o60-gallon  reservoir  204  market  of  a  broad  expanse  of  fertile  country, 
feet  above  the  town.  The  sum  of  $5,000  was  and  has  the  largest  export  trade  for  manufact- 
cxpended  in  street  grading  during  1890,  and  urcd  tobacco  of  any  city  in  the  United  States. 
there  is  an  electric-light  plant.  The  Chris-  In  1885  the  exports  reached  4,840,118  pounds,  an 
tians,  Methodists,  Baptists,  and  Roman  Catho-  excess  of  1,071,519  pounds  over  the  year  pre- 
lics  have  chureh  edifices.  In  addition  to  the  vions,  and  the  home  consumption  amounted  to 
public  schools,  in  which  7  teachers  are  employed,  4,307,810  pounds.  The  sales  and  inspections 
and  which  are  attended  by  nearly  400  children,  at  the  five  warehouses  aggregated  15,365,856 
there  is  a  Catholic  school  of  50  pupils.  The  pounds.  Between  $300,000  and  $400,000  are  in- 
Catholics  are  also  building  a  hospital,  Two  vested  in  the  industry,  and  9  factories  employ 
banks,  1  of  which  is  national,  have  an  aggre-  2,097  persons,  to  whom  $332,147  were  paid  in 
irate  capital  of  $110,000.  A  weekly  newspaper  wages  in  1885.  The  tax  paid  to  the  United 
IS  published.  States  was  $345,424.80.    A  large  portion  of  the 


166  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Po&t  Hubon.) 

peft-nut  cr6p  of  Vir^nia  and  North  Carolina  is  post)  and  maintained  for  two  years.    In    1790 
also  handled  in  Petersburg;  6  factories  for  as-  7  French  families  settled  on  a  favorite  camping' 
sorting,  cleaning,  and  preparing  the  nuts  for  efound  of  the  Indians.    The  place  was  origi^nally 
market  being  in  operation  m  1885,  with  output  known  as  Desmond,  but  the  name  was  chan^^ed 
Talued  at  ${^,000.  During  the  season  of  1890-  to  Port  Huron  in  1837,  and  in  1857  the  city  was 
'91, 1,750,000  bushels  were  sold,  realizing$l,250,-  incorporated.    In  1859  the  Grand  Trunk  'Kail- 
000.     The  Atlantic  and  Coast   Line  Kailroad  way  was  completed  from  Detroit,  and  the  con- 
and  the  Norfolk  and  Western  pass  through  the  struction  of  tne  Port  Huron  and  Lake  Michi|:ran 
city;  while  the  Upper  Appomattox  Canal,  for  Kailroad  was  begun  ten  years  later.     In    1879 
half  a  century  one  of  the  great  feeders  of  the  the  first  section  of  the  Port  Huron  and  North- 
city,  controls  100  miles  of  water-way  with  ample  western  was  opened  to  Croswell,  which  in  1889 
facilities  for  manufacturing  enterprises,  and  is  was  piirchasea  by  the  Flint  and  Pere  Marquette, 
exempt  forever  from  taxation  by  city,  county,  or  The  Erie  and  Huron  Railway  terminates  at  Sar- 
State.    Daily  transportation  is  afforded  by  two  nia,  Canada,  opposite  the  city,  and  in  1891  the 
lines  of  steamers.    In  1889  the  receipts  of  the  great   submarine  tunnel  was  opened  between 
city  treasury  were  $329,248,  and  the  disburse-  the  two  cities,  connecting  the  Orand  Trunk  Rail- 
ments  $820,667 ;  of  which  $7,308  were  for  the  way  of  Canada  with  lines  under  Grand  Trunk 
fire  department,  $15,511  for  police,  and  $24,500  management  in    the  United  States  (see  "  An- 
for  puolic  schools.    The  assessed  valuation  of  nualCyclopedia."forl890,  page  283).  More  than 
real  and  personal  property  in  1890  was  $9,706,-  75,000  cars  pass  through  Can&a  yearly,  requir- 
445,  and  the  rate  of  taxation  $1.60  per  $100.  ing  manifesting  and  inspection  at  Port  Huron, 
The  total  bonded  debt  of  the  city  was  $1,223,200.  and  over  1,200  oars  arrive  laden  with  foreig^n 
Of  this  amount  $100,000  w*ere  incurred  in  baild-  merchandise  under  consular  seal  for  transporta- 
ing  water  works.  Two  high  schools  and  9  grain-  tion  to  the  interior,  valued  at  $1,000,000.    The 
mar  schools  employ  53  teachers ;  and  3,288  chil-  city  is  the  headauarters  of  the  customs  district 
dren  are  enrolled.    There  are  also  2  female  col-,  of  Huron,  and  the  amount  of  duties  collected  in 
leges.    The  churches  number  16.    The  streets  are  1890  was  $54,545.53.    For  the  year  ending  June 
well  paved,  with  fine  shade-trees,  and  there  are  80, 1891,  the  amount  was  $180,815.32,  an  increase 
many  elegant  residences  and  spacious   parks,  of  $126,269.79,  attributed  to  the  building  of  the 
adorned  with  lakes  of  pure  spring  water,  stocked  intemationid  tunnel.     The  exfiorts  to  foreign 
with  fish,  and  beautified  with  fiowers  and  shrub-  countries  in  1890  were  $10,447,553,  and  for  1891, 
bery.     The  manufacture  of  cotton  in  5  factories  $9,026,239.    The  imports  for  1890  were  $2,082,- 
is  second  only  to  that  of  tobacco.    Fertilizers  124,  and  for  1891,  $2,809,982.     Thousands  of 
also  are  made,  and  the  granite  quarries  furnish  Immigrants  enter  the  port  yearly.    For  the  year 
superior  stone,  which  was  used  m  building  the  ending  June  80,  1891,  the  arrivals  of  vessels  at 
Rip  Raps,  the  United  States  Custom  House  in  the  the  port  werel,0(X$,  with  a  tonnage  of  264,481  tons, 
city,  and  the  State  Central  Lunatic  Asylum  in  and  the  departures  were  1,032,  tonna^  283,751. 
the  suburbs.    Much  is  also  shipped  for  monu-  The  total  number  of  vessels  owned  m  the  dis- 
ments.    Three  fiour  and  6  com  mills  are  in  trictis443;  by  the  city  proper,  58.    Nearly  800,- 
operation,  the  former  run  by  water  and  the  lat-  000  people  are  carried  annually  by  the  ferry  com- 
ter  by  water  and  steam  power ;  and  3  bark  and  panics.    The  territory  covered  by  the  city  is 
sumac  factories  have  $100,000  invested  as  capi-  about  5  square  miles.    The   assessed  valuation 
tal  and  employ  150  persons,  while  5,000  areoccu-  is  $4,738, 7oO,  of  which  $825,900  is  personal  and 
pied  during  several  months  in  gathering  and ,  $3,914,850  real  estate,  on  a  valuation  of  50  per 
curing  the  leaves  of  sumac.    Three  foundries  cent.    The  population  in  1880  was  8,884,  and  in 
manufacture  tobacco  and  cotton  presses,  locomo-  1890,  13,543.     There  are  nearly  12    miles  of 
tive  and  stationary  engines,  boilers,  saw,  grist,  streets,  mostly  paved  with  cedar  blocks,  but  a 
and  sumac  mills,  elevators,  steamboat  works,  few  graveled,  and  the  sewerage  mileage  is  the 
dredges,  castings,  forgings,  and  all  varieties  of  same.     Water  works,   costing   $300,000,  were 
steam  and  hydraulic  machinery,  as  well  as  agri-  erected  in  1873,  and  consists  of  two  sets  of  pump- 
cultural    implements,    finding    their    markets  ing  machinery,  with  34  miles  of  mains  and^  174 
throughout  the  Southern  States.    There  are  also  fire  hydrants.    Two  paid  companies  constitute 
silk  mills,  factories  of  bags,  shirts,  shucks,  but-  the  fire  department.     There   are  3   handsome 
ter  boxes,  berry  baskets  and  crates,  hats,  brooms,  parks  within  the  city  limits — 1  presented  bv  the 
and  candies,  and  bottling  works.    Gas  and  elec-  United  States  Government,  of  21  acres,  and  an- 
tricity  are  employed  in  lighting,  and  street  rail-  other  containing  a  hospital  and  home.    Another 
ways  run  from  the  center  to  the  suburbs  of  the  park,  2  miles  north,  is  reached  by  an  electric 
city.    There  are  1  national,  1  savings,  and  1  pri-  railway.    Another  electric  line  of  street  railway 
vate  bank.  2  public  libraries,  and  2  daily,  5  is  projected.    There  are  13  churches  and  8  pub^ 
weekly,  1  bi-monthly,  and  1  monthly  paper.  Pe-  lie-school  buildings,  with  42  teachers  and  an  en- 
tersburg  was  settled  in  1733,  and  built  on  the  site  rollment  of  2,500  in  1890.    There  is  also  a  busi- 
of  an  Indian  village  destroyed  during  6acon*s  ness  college,  an  academy  (Catholic),  and  several 
rebellion.     It  was  incorporated  in  1748,  and  a  parochial  schools,  also  1  private,  the  total  cn- 
second  time  in  1781.    During  the  civil  war  it  rollment  being  700.    The  residences  number  3.- 
was  a  strategic  point  of  great  importance.  500,  and  there  are  531  other  buildings.    There 
Port  Hnron,  a  city  of  Michigan,  the  county  are  several  public  halls  and  an   opera  house, 
seat  of  St.  Clair  County,  on  the  most  easterly  Four  banks  (1  national  and  2  savings)  have  ag- 
point  of  territory  in  the  Stat«,  at  the  head  of  St.  gregate  capital  of  $385,000.    One  daily  and  5 
Ulair  river  and  on  both  sides  of  Black  river,  weekly  newspapers  are  published,  also  a  monthly, 
three  miles  from  Lake  Huron.    The  first  white  the  organ  of   the  Michigan  Maccabees.     The 
settlement  was  made  in  1686  (a  French  military  United  States  Signal  Office  is  in  the  Federal 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Portsmouth,  Poet  Townsknd.)  167 

Bailding,  which  was  completed  in  1875  at  a  dude  a  hospital,  a  home  for  indigent  women,  a 

cost  of  $250,000.    There  is  also  a  handsome  citv  female  asylum,  and  a  home  for  children.    There 

HaIL     The  locomotive  shops  of  the  Grand  Trunk  is  a  board  of  trade.    The  manufactures  embrace 

Railway  are  in  the  city,  and  car  construction  2  breweries,  2  planing  mills,  a  copper  and  brass 

and  repair  shops   at  Fort  Gratiot,  adjoining,  foundry,  a  factory  of  hosiery  and  gloves,  a  roa^ 

Port  Huron  has  7  grain  elevators,  with  a  com-  chine  and  a  shoe  company,  a  sc«p  factory,  and 

bined  storage  capacity  of  1,450,000  bushels ;  8  the  oldest  marble  works  in  New  England.  Many 

flouring  mills,  3  dry  docks  (employing  100  men,  of  the  residences  are  old  and  surrounded  by 

with  an  ontput  in  1890  of  1200,000),  2  planing  large  gardens,  while  the  streets  are  shaded  witn 

mi  lis,  lumber  yards,  a  sulphite  fiber  company  handsome  trees.    Among  the  notable  antiqui- 

<with  capital  of  $250,000,  manufacturing  paper  ties  are  Gov.  Wentworth's  House  (2  miles  di»> 

from  spruce  wood),  a  paper-clothing  company,  8  tant)  which  was  erected  in  1760,  and  St.  John's 

boiler  shops,  2  engine  works,  4  foundries  and  Church.    Portsmouth  is  the  headquarters  of  the 


post-office  building. 

ness  factories,  a  coJd>storage  plant   valued  at  The  United  States  courts  are  held  here,  alter- 

$30,000,  4  bottling  works,  and  other  industries,  nately  with  Concord. 

Portsmooth,  a  city  and  the  only  seaport  of       Port  Townsend,  a  city  of  Washington,  the 
New  Hampshire,  a  United  States  port  of  entry,  county  seat  of  Jefferson  County,  on  Puget  Sound, 
and  one  of  the  two  county  towns  of  Rocking-  where  that  body  of  water  joins  the  strait  of  Juan 
ham  County,  on  a  peninsula  8  miles  from  the  de  Fuca,  90  miles  from  the  Pacific  Ocean,  40  from 
mouth  of  Piscataqua  river,  57  miles  from  Boston  Seattle,  06  from  Tacoma,  and  35  from  Victoria, 
by  rail.    The  harbor,  which  is  free  from  ice  and  British  Columbia.    It  is  on  Quimper  peninsula, 
has  a  depth  of  from  35  to  75  feet,  is  capable  of  which  is  7  miles  long  and  from  3  to  5  miles  wide, 
containing  2,000  vessels.     The  Kittery   Nkvy  washed  by  Port  Discovery  and  Port  Townsend 
Yard,  on  Continental  Island,  half  a  mile  distant,  bays  on  either  side  and  has  an  available  shore 
to  which  there  is  a  ferry,  is  in  Maine,  but  is  re-  line  of  25  miles.    It  is  the  port  of  entry  for  the 
garded  as  belonging  to  Portsmouth.    It  is  pro-  Puget  Sound  district,  and  in  the  fiscal  year  end- 
vided  with  a  fine  balance  dry  dock,  350  by  105  ing  July  1, 1890, 1,029  American  vessels  cleared 
feet.     It  is  one  of  the  4  United  States  naval  sta-  for  foreign  and  181  for  coastwise  ports,  the  total 
tions  now  in  use  as  construction  yards,  but  is  for  tonnage,  including  foreign  vessels,  being  957,847 
wooden  vessels  only.    It  contains  170  acres.  The  tons ;  while  the  entrances  were,  in  all,  1,862  with 
first  settlement  at  Portsmouth  was  in  1628,  and  total  tonnage  of  1,066,174  tons.  Import^  in  bond 
thirty  years  later  the  township  received  its  name,  were  made  during  1^9  to  the  amount  of  $792,341, 
In  1849  the  city  was  incorporated.    The  popula-  the  principal  article  being  tea  to  the  amount  of 
tion  in  1850  was  9,738,  in  1870  it  was  9,2ll.  in  $656,789.    The  goods  in  bond  in  transit  through 
1880  it  was  9,690,  and  in   1890  it  was  9,827.  the  United  States  between    foreign   countries 
Ship-building  has  always  been  the  principal  in-  were  valued  at  $208,372.    The  exports  reached 
dostry.    Among  the  famous  vessels  built  at  the  $2,643,344.  of  which  the  largest  item  was  lum- 
port  were  the  '*  Falkland,"  in  1690,  carrying  54  her,  107.326,280  feet,  valued  at  $1,209,717;  893,- 
gans;  the  **  America,"  of  50  guns,  in  1749 ;  and  in  137  bushels  of  wheat,  and  18,566  barrels  of  fiour, 
1777  the ''Ranger,"  which,  under  the  command  of  aggregating  $797,626.    The  city  is  the  center 
John  Paul  Jones,  received  the  first  salute  to  the  of  the  AlasKa  trafRc.    Daily  steamboat  conneo- 
American  flag  by  a  foreign  nation.    The  rail-  tions  are  made  with  the  ^forthem  Railroad  at 
roads  entering  are  the  Boston  and  Maine,  the  Tacoma,  the  Union  Pacific  at  Portland,  and  the 
Concord  and  Portsmouth,  the  Portland,  Saco  Canadian  Pacific  at  Vancouver.    The  Port  Town- 
and  Portsmouth,  the  Portsmouth,  Great  Falls  send  Southern  Railroad  was  constructing  dur- 
and  Conway,  and  the  Portsmouth  and  Dover,  ing  1891  to  Portland,  through  Olympia,  being 
The  assessed  valuation  in  1888  was  $6,353,925.  completed  to  Quilcene  in  June.    Its  tenninal 
Th^  debt  of  the  city  in  1890  was  $192,500,  and  grounds,  wharves,  and  warehouses  at  Port  Town- 
receipts  and  expenditures  were  $304,789.77  and  send  are  extensive  and  substantial.    Two  other 
$204,^24.97.    The  fire  department  has  a  mem-  roads  are  projected, to  the  city  from  the  east.    A 
bersbip  of  126,  and  a  fire-alarm  tele^^ph.    Wa-  site  has  been  recommended  for  a  naval  station 
ter  is  supplied  by  private  corporations.    A  gas  and  Government  dry  dock  at  the  head  of  Port 
company  established  in   1850  has  a  capital  of  Townsend  Bay,  and  the  Government  has  reserved 
$77,000.' Six  banks,  3  of  which  are  national,  have  as  sites  for  fortification  Point  Hudson,  Admi- 
a  total  capital  of  $800,000,  and  there  are  2  loan  ralty  Head,  Point  Partridge,  and  Marrowstone 
eompanies.    Three  daily  and  3  weekly  newspa-  Point.    A  canal  will  also  l:^  opened  between  the 
pers  are  published.    The  total  value  of  the  12  city  and  Oak  Bay,  affording  a  more  direct  route 
public-school  buildings  in   1890  was  $178,100,  to  Hood's  Canal,  Seattle,  and  Tacoma.    Port 
and  the  expenditures  for  schools  during  the  year  Tovmsend  was  first  laid  out  in  1852.    The  prin- 
were  $24,909.    The  sum.of  $75,606.84  has  been  cipal  growth  took  place  between  1888  and  1890. 
appropriated  for  new  buildings,  of  which  $30,-  The  real-estate  transfers  for  the  vear  ending 
144.82  were  expended  in  1890;  45  teachers  are  Sept.  1, 1890,  were  $6,000,000.  The  building  im- 
employed,  and  the  enrollment  is  1,152.    There  provements  projected  and  completed  in  the  same 
are  6  private  institutions,  including  a  commer-  period  aggregated  $3,000,000.    The  population 
cial  college.    There  are  11  churches,  1  theatre,  m  1880  was  917;  in  1890  it  was  4,558,  the  figures 
and  numerous  halls.    The  Athenieum  has  a  11-  for  Jefferson  County  being  at  the  same  dates  re- 
brary  of  16,000  volumes,  and  there  is  a  public  spectively  1,712  and  8.368.    The  city  has  3  lines 
library  also  of  9,381  volumes.    The  charities  in-  of  street  railway— 2  operated  by  electricity  and 


168  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Pukblo,  Rkho.) 

1  by  steam  motor— agfljegatinp  14  miles  in  1890.    employ  900  men,  with  a  monthly  pay  roll  of 
Gas  and  electricity  are  employed  in  lighting,    $54,000.    There  are  also  large  iran  and  brass 
and  water  works  are  constructing  to  cost  $500,-    foundries  and  shops,  one  devoted  mostly  to  rail- 
000,  bringing  water  by  gravitation  from  Little    road  castings,  another  to  mining  tools  and  ma- 
Quilcene  river.    Preliminary  steps  have  also  been    chinery,  another  to  brass  and  copper  articles,  one 
taken  toward  a  perfect   system    of   sewerage,    to  wrought  and  cast  iron  fencmg,  and  one  to 
There  are  churches  of  7  denominations.    There    barb  wire.    Fire-brick  works  have  been  estab- 
are  graded  public  schools,  and  a  normal  and    lished.  and  there  are  nearly  a  dozen  brick  yards, 
a  business  college.    There  are  6  banks  (2  national)    In  1890  an  artiftcial-ice  factory  was  established, 
and  a  chamber  of  commerce.    A  rich  country  is    and  800,000  head  of  cattle  were  handled  at  the 
tributary,  in  agricultural  products,  minerals,  and    Union  Stock  Yards.    The  real-estate  transactions 
especially  timl^r.    One  company  has  $50,000  in-    for  1890  were  $10,491,541,  and  the  expenditures 
vested  in  salting  and  smoking  cod,  halibut,  her-    for  improvements   were    $1,011,000,  of  which 
ring,  and  salmon,  for  eastern  markets.    The  only    $87,500  were  for  grading  of  streets,  $45,000  for 
works  in  the  State  for  the  manufacture  of  pig    water  mains,  $60,(K)0  for  city  water  reservoirs  and 
iron  are  at  Port  Townsend^  and  furnish  employ-    mains,  $25,000  for  private  water  works,  $34,000 
ment  for  700  men.    The  production  in  1889  was    for  bridges,  and  $74,000  for  street-ear  lines.     In 
$350,000.      In    1889   engineering   works    were    1891  25  miles  of  electric  street  railway  were  in 
erected  for  marine  engineering,  steamboat  con-    use.    Electric   lighting   is   supplied    by  three 
struction,  and  repairs.    A  foundry,  in  operation    plants.    The  monthly  cost  of  the  fire  depart- 
for  six  years,  has  doubled  its  capacity,  and  em-    ment  is  $3,000.    The  churches  number  20,  and 
ploys  100  men.    The  cut  of  2  saw  mills  in  1880    there  are  12  school  buildings,  the  Centennial 
was  45,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  7,500,000  laths,    School  building  being  one  of  the  handsomest  in 
and  307,855  pickets,  and  there  are  also  sash,    the  State.    During  1890  $45,000  were  expended 
door,  and  blind  manufactories,  brick,  terra-cotta,    on  school-houses.    A  fine  opera  house  was  also 
and  cornice  works,  cigar  factories,  a  brewery,    completed  and  a  Board  of  Trade  building.    A 
and  an  ice  factory.    The  United  States  Custom    public  library  was  Incorporated,  and  there  is  a 
House  and  Post-office  is  estimated  to  cost  $250,-    nourishing  \  oung  Men's  Christian  Association. 
000,  the  Court  House  $100,000,  a  new  public-    The  city  has  6  national,  1  savings,  and  3  private 
school  building  $60,000,  and  a  large  hotel  $100,-    banks,  and  3  daily  and  9  weekly  and  1  monthly 
000.    The  mean  temperature  in  1889  was  52*55".    newspapers  are  published.    The  water  power  of 
Paeblo,  a  city  of  Colorado,  the  county  seat  of    Arkansas  river,  which  has  a  fall  of  17  feet  per 
Pueblo  County,  on  both  sides  of  Arkansas  river,   'mile,  is  unimproved.    The  city  is  the  geograph- 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Fountain  qui  Bouille,  40    ical  center  of  the  famous  coal  fielos  of  Las 
miles  east  of  the  Royal  Gorge,  120  from  Denver,    Animas,  Huerfano,  and  Fremont  Counties,  the 
170  from  Leadville,  and  635  from  Kansas  City,    product  of  which,  with  Kl  Paso  County,  in  1890, 
Mo.    It  is  the  metropolis  of  southern  Colorado,    was  1,519,934  tons,  or  two  thirds  of  the  total 
and  the    largest   manufacturing  pomt  in  the    product  of  the  State.    Within  30  miles  of  the  city 
State,    save  one.     The  Atchison,  Topeka  and    are  30  oil  wells,  and  a  pipe  line  is  being  laid  to 
Santa  Fe  Railroad  was  the  first  to  reach  the    the  city  from  Florence  to  convey  12,000  barrels 
city  in  1876,  followed  by  the  Missouri  Pacific    a  day.    Iron  ore,  zinc,  and  valuable  clays  con- 
in  1887.    It  is  now  the  center  of  five  trunk    stitute  the  mineral  resources.     The  Colorado 
lines,  with  outlets  in  all  directions,  and  is  the    Mineral  Palace  is    a  unique  and  magnificent 
second    distributing    or    supply  point    in  the    building,  of  Egyptian  design,  in  which  a  perma- 
State.    The  population    in  1870  was  666 :   in    nent  exhibition  of  the  minerals  of  the  State  is 
1830,  3,217;  in  1890  it  was  24,558,  an  increase    held.    The  State  Insane  Asylum  is  west  of  the 
of  603-33  per  cent.    The  assessed  valuation  of    city.    The  altitude  of  Pueblo  is  4,660  feet, 
property   m    1887    was    $4,041,695 ;    in    1888,        Reno,  a  citv  of  Nevada,  the  county  seat  of 
$6,264,350;   in   1889,  $9,444,630,  and  in   1890,     Washoe  County,  on  Truckee  river,  in  the  western 
$11,381,947.   Inl889,  28,237  car-loads  of  freight,     part  of  the  State,  52  miles  from  Virginia  City 
representing  564,700,000  pounds,  were  received,     and  154  from  Sacramento,  Cal.    On  the  line  o'f 
The  largest  iron  and  steel  works  between  Missouri    the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  it  ranks  first  both 
river  and  the  Pacific  Slope  are  at  Pueblo,  capital-    as  a  distributing  and  as  a  shipping  point ;  it  is 
ized  at  $10,000,000.    All  the  raw  material  used  is    also  the  terminus  of  the  Virginia  and  Truckee 
produced  within  the  State,  from  mines  owned  by    and  the  Nevada  and  California  Railroads.     The 
the  company.    In  1890  two  large  blast  furnaces,     population  of  the  county  in  1890  was  6.437,  it 
with  a  daily  capacity  of  240  tons  of  pig  iron,     fcetng  one  of  the  two  counties  in  the  State  that 
were  in  operation,  and  another  was  constructing ;     showed  an  increase  in  the  decade.    The  pK)pnla- 
the  steel  works  were  under  improvement,  and     tion  of  Reno  was  5,000.    In  1889  Reno  had  520 
the  plant  consisted,  in  addition,  of  two  5-ton    residences,  fine   business   blocks,    and    county 
converters,  a  blooming  mill,  rail,  merchant-bar,    buildings.    It  is  lighted  by  gas  and  electricity, 
and  nail  mills,  a  pipe  foundry,  and  machine    and  water  is  supplied  from  mountain  streams  to 
shops.    The  output  in  1890  was  23,436  tons  of    a  reservoir  with  capacity  of  26,000,000  gallons, 
pig  iron,  28,564  tons  of  steel  blooms,  25,439  of    with  a  fall  of  182  feet,  arid  pressure  of  73  ponnds 
steel  rails,  31.500  of  steel  ingots,  8,380  of  mer-    to  the  square  inch.    There  are  2  steam   fire- 
chant  iron,  and  3,333  kegs  of  spikes.    From    engines.    The  University  of  Nevada  at   Reno 
1.200  to  1.500  men  were  employed.    During  the    was  erected  in  1885-'90.  at  a  cost  of  $58,000  for 
year  800.000  tons  of  coal  and  125,000  tons  of    building  and  site.     Bishop  Whittaker's  school 
coke  were   shipped    from  the  company's  coal    for  girls.  Mount  St.  Mary's  Academy  (Catholic), 
mines.    Three  large  smelters  have  an  annual    3  public   schools,  and  a  higrh-schobl   building, 
output  of  200,000  tons,  valued  at  $9,500,000,  and    costing  $25,000,  afford  additional  educational 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Salem,  Shebman.)  169 

advantages.     Six  denominations  have  chnrch  is  two  cents  on  the  dollar.    In  1888  the  assessed 

baildings,  and  the  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows  valuation  of  Salem  was  $1,613,000.     In  1889 

have  fine  halls.    Two  banks  have  a  cash  capi-  there  were  12  miles  of  graded  streets  and  16  of 

tal  of ~  " 

weekly 
erected 

State  Prison,  a  stone  building:,  begun  in  1874,  hydrants  and  6  cisterns  for  fire  protection.    The 
196.500;    and  the  State   Agricultural   Society  fire  department  consists  of  3  engine  and  hose 
buildings,  |36,000.    Annual  fairs  are  held  here,  companies  and  1  hook  and  ladder.    Electric  and 
and  there  is  a  fine  race  track.    The  opera  house  gas  lights  are  in  use.    A  street  railway  was  in- 
cost  $30,000.     Smelting  and  reduction  works  oorporated  in  1888.    The  city  has  14  fine  church 
handle  ores  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  buildings.    The  public-school  property  is  valued 
there  are  2  flouring  mills,  a  soap  factory,  sash,  at  $52,120;  17  teachers  are  employed,  and  1,000 
door,  and  blind,  powder,  and  broom  factories,  children  enrolled.     There  are  4  public-school 
operated  by  steam  as  well  as  the  water  power  of  buildings,  and  also  private  and  parochial  schools. 
Truckee  river.    Two  breweries  and  a  planing  Willamette  University  was  founded  in  1858  by 
roill  complete  the  industries.    The  altitude  c3  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.     Its  faculty 
Reno  is  4,480  feet,  and  the  climate  is  dry  and  embraces  30  professors   and    instructors,    and 
healthfoL     Various   stage    lines  connect  with  there  are  nearly  400  students.    There  is  also  a 
agricultaral  and  mining  towns.     The  city  is  Catholic  academy  for  girls  and  a  business  col- 
named  in  honor  of  Gen.  Jesse  L.  Reno,  who  was  lege.   The  State  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb 
killed  at  South  Mountain,  Md.,  Sept.  15, 1862.  and  the  Oregon  School  for  the  Blind  are  at 
Salem,  a  city  of  Oregon,  the  capital  of  the  Salem,  as  is  the  Asylum  for  the  Insane,  occupv- 
Stat«,  and  countv  seat  of  Marion  County,  on  the  ing  a  tract  of  290  acres,  and  accommodating  m 
right  bank  of  V^illamette  river,  in  a  beautiful  lw8  586  patients.    The  Orphans'  Home  is  a  fine 
prairie,  52  miles  from  Portland,  on  the  Southern  building,    and    the    Oregon  Penitentiary    has, 
Facific    or   Oregon    and    California    Railroad,  within  a  wall  inclosure  1,753  feet  long  and  16 
Boats  connect  also  ^ith  the  Oregon  Pacific  and  feet  hi^h,  6  large  brick  structures  for  workshops, 
Oregon   Railway  and  Navigation  Companies  at  in  addition  to  the  main  building,  260  feet  long 
Albany  and  Portland.    A  Methodist  mission,  and  36  feet  high,  with  a  wing  85  feet  in  length, 
one  of  the  first  settlements  in  the  county,  was  The  Court  House  cost  $110,000.  The  State  House, 
established  bv  Jason  Lee,  9  miles  below  the  of  iron,  brick,  and  stone,  was  begun  in  1873, :  it 
present  site  of  Salem,  in  1834,  and  the  city  is  one  has  a  tower  180  feet  in  height,  and  is  surrounded 
of  the  oldest  in  the  Northwest.    It  was  incor-  by  a  handsome    park,  covering  8  blocks.    The 
porated  in  1853,  and  became  the  State  capital  in  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows  have  libraries ;  there 
I860.     It  is  handsomely  laid  out  on  an  undulat-  is  a  large  opera  house,  2  daily  papers  are  pub- 
ing  tract  of  land,  the  streets  being  100  feet  wide  lished   with    weekly  editions,   and  a  monthlv 
and  the  blocks  330  feet  square,  exclusive  of  16-  periodical  is  issued  by  the  deaf-mute  school, 
foot    alleys.      Numerous   beautiful    residences.  There  are  4  banks  (2  national),  with  capital  of 
with  fine  gardens,    city  parks,  and  abundant  $485,000.     Five    miles  north    of  the   city,    at 
shade-trees,  render  it  exceptionally  picturesque.  Chewama,  is  the  Government  Indian  Industrial 
A  free  bridge  across  the  Willamette,  2,240  leet  School.      The    mineral   resources   of    Marion 
long,  in  three  spans,  and  86  feet  above  the  water,  County  consist  of  gold  and  silver  in  quartz,  coal, 
connects  Marion  and  Polk  Counties.    The  pop-  limestone,  and  bog-iron  ore.    The  lumbering  in- 
olation  of  East,  North,  and  South  Salem  precmcts  dustry  is  supplied  from  the  forests  of  the  Cascade 
in  1890  was  10,585.   Fine  water  power  is  afforded  slopes.    The  average  annual  rainfall  is  42  inches. 
by  Willamette  and  Santiam  rivers,  conveyed  in  Sherman,  a  city  of  Texas,  the  county  seat  of 
an  18-miIe  canal ;  and  over  $1,000,000  were  in-  Grayson  County,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 
vested  in  manufacturing  industries  in  1890,  viz.,  State.    It  is  the' northern  terminus  of  the  Hous- 
$75,000  in  a  woolen  mill,  $450,000  in  two  of  the  ton  and  Texas  Central  Railroad,  and  the  north- 
largest  flouring  mills  on  the  coast,  a  stove  foun-  western  of  the  St.  Louis,  Arkansas  and  Texas.' 
dry  employing  250  men,  a  mill  and  lumber  com-  The  Texas  and  Pacific,  in  1890, was  constructing  to 
pany,  2  planing  mills,  2  sash  and  door  factories,  the  northeast  through  the  coal  fields  of  Indian 
a  fruit-canning  establishment,  a  large  evaporator  Territory,  and,  in  addition,  the  Denison,  Bonham 
and  f mit-drying  plant,  a  $75,000  brewery,  a  large  and  New  Orleans  and  the  Wichita  Railroads  pass 
fence  mannfactory,  1  foundry  and  machine  shop,  though  the  county,  which  contained  168  miles  of 
1  tannery,  2  wagon  and  carriage  shops,  a  vine-  track  in  1888.    In  1889,  195,000,000  pounds  of 
par,  fmit-preserving  and  pickle  factory,  3  large  freight  were  received  and  120,000,000  forwarded, 
cigar  and  tobacco  factories,  agricultural-imple-  Fifty  miles  distant  lie  the  great  Ardmore  coal 
ment  works,  tile  works,  and  2  brick  kilns,  in  field's,  and  the  surrounding  country  is  one  of 
addition  to  a  kiln  at  the  Penitentiary.    Patent  the  richest  agricultural  districts  in  Texas.   More 
fniit  evaporators  are  also  manufactured.    The  than  600,000  acres  are  under   cultivation,  of 
soil  of  Marion  Countv  is  remarkably  productive,  which  80,000  were  in  cotton  in  1889-'90,  and 
wheat  being  the  staple  product,  but  of  late  years  85,000  in  com,  which  produced  3,400,000  bush- 
fruit-growing  has  increased  extensively,  all  va-  els.      The  business    transactions    of    Shermim 
rieties  of  fruit  that  grow  in  the  temperate  zone  in  1889  amounted  to  $8,500,000;  and  manufact- 
reaching  perfection.    Stock-raising  is  also  fol-  ures  include  one  of  the  largest  cotton-seed  oil 
lowed   witn  profit.    The  winter  weather  lasti*  mills  in  the  South,  a  large  cotton  gin  costing 
two  to  six  weeks  in  December  and  January,  and  nearly  $250,000,  claimed  to  be  the  largest  in  the 
in  summer  the  heat,  tempered  by  sea  breezes,  is  world,  3  flouring  mills  with  daily  capacity  of 
never  excessive.    The  total  tax  for  all  purposes  600  barrels,  2  iron  foundries  and  machine  stops. 


170  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Skohomish,  South  Omaha,  Spbaoub.) 

marble  works,  steam  saw  mills,    brick  yards,  the  largest  in  the  State)  and  2  sash  and  door 

planing  mills,  cigar,  chair,  furniture,  soap,  ice,  factories,  most  of  them  established  since  188tii» 

oroom,  mattress,  candy,  and  carriage  factories.   A  valued  at  $475,000,  and  employing  400  persons. 

fine  public-school  system  is  in  operation,  and  the  The  output  for  1890  was  40,000,000  feet  of  lam- 

Nortli  Texas  B^emale  College  and  Conservatory  ber,  and  45,000,000  shingles,  valued  at  $600,000. 

of  Music  is  here.  There  are  also  the  Sherman  In-  The  value  of  other  manufactured  articles  was 

stitute,  St  Joseph's  Academy  (Catholic),  Austin  $100,000.     Five  denominations  have  churchesC, 

College  (Presbyterian)  for  boys,  and  a  commer-  and  the  Masons  and  Odd  Fellows  have  large  axid 

cial  college.    Two  banks  (1  national),  have  an  convenient  buildings. 

aggregate  capital  of  $li00,000,  and  2  daily  and  Sonth  Omaha,  a  city  of  Nebraska,  in  Doa^- 
3  weekly  newspapers  are  published.  The  water  las  County,  8  miles  from  Omaha,  with  which 
works  have  15  miles  of  mains,  and  there  are  2  city  and  with  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  it  is  con* 
lines  of  street  railway,  1  horse  and  1  electric,  nected  bv  an  electric  street  railway.  In  1885 
There  are  7  churches,  a  $40,000  opera  house,  the  population  was  150,  and  in  1890  it  was  8,062. 
a  $63,000  court  house,  and  a  $95,000  jail.  Elec-  The  railroads  are  the  Missouri  Pacific,  the  Chi- 
trio  lights  are  in  use,  and  there  is  an  adequate  cago,  Milwaukee  and  St.  Paul,  the  Union  Pacific, 
fire  department.  The  population  in  1870  was  the  Rock  Island  and  Pacific,  and  the  Elkhom 
1,439 ;  m  1880,  6,093 ;  and  in  1890, 7,335.  Within  and  Missouri  Vallev.  In  1888  150,879  tons  of 
a  very  recent  period  the  city  has  advanced  in  a  freight  was  receivea  and  88,607  forwarded.  The 
remarkable  degree  from  a  small  inland  point  building  permits  in  1890  reached  $648,400.  Six 
to  a  commercial  and  shipping  center.  It  is  67  miles  of  streets  have  been  paved,  and  20 
miles  from  Dallas,  150  from  Marshall,  and  270  curbed;  and  there  are  10  miles  oi  sewers,  2  via- 
from  Austin.  The  altitude  is  about  1,000  feet  ducts  costine  $75,000,  and  a  complete  system 
Snohomish,  a  city  of  Washington,  the  county  of  water  worKs.  The  assessed  valuation  of  prop- 
seat  of  Snohomish  County,  in  the  northwestern  crty  in  1889  was  $9,068,073.  Electric  lighting  is  in 
part  of  the  State,  on  Snohomish  river,  at  the  use,  and  there  are  a  telephone,  3  telegraph,  and  5 
nead  of  low- water  navigation,  15  miles  from  express  companies.  Five  banks  (3  national)  have 
Puget  Sound,  on  the  line  of  the  Seattle,  Lake  a  total  capital  of  $412,000.  Five  daily  news- 
Shore  and  Eastern  Railroad,  28  miles  north  of  papers  are  published.  The 'churches  number  15, 
Seattle,  with  which  place  there  is  a  daily  com-  and  there  are  12  school  buildings,  attended  by 
munication  by  steamer  also.  The  city  was  about  2,0(X)  children.  South  Omaha  claims  to 
founded  In  1871  by  E.  C.  Ferguson  and  W.  B.  be  the  third  largest  packing  center  in  the  world. 
Sinclair,  and  in  1880  had  only  149  inhabitants.  The  aggregate  business  of  4  packing  houses  in 
In  1887  it  had  800,  and  it  was  incorporated  in  July,  1890  was  $28,692,000,  and  it  has  also  the  third 

1890,  with  a  population  for  the  precinct  of  2,409.  largest  stock  yaixis  in  the  country.  The  receipts 
Snohomish  County  had  a  population  of  8,514,  at  these  in  1890  were  606,699  cattle,  1,673,314 
against  1,387  in  1880.  It  has  an  area  of  20,000  hogs,  156,186  sheep,  and  5,318  horses.  There 
sauHremiles,of  which  800  have  been  surveyed.  In  are  40  stock  commission  firms.  Additional  in- 
1880  the  real  estate  was  valued  at  $218,715,  and  dustries  are  carbon  works,  6  large  brick  manu- 
personal  property  at  $116,583.  In  1890  the  total  factories,  2  breweries,  and  large  cooper  shops, 
assessed  valuation  was  $4,008,211,  of  which  One  of  the  2  public  parks  contains  70  acres. 
$3,027,184  were  real  and  $671,431  personal  prop-  There  is  a  paid  fire  department 

erty.  The  total  tax  of  all  kinds  was  less  than  Spragne,  a  town  of  Washington,  the  county 
15  mills  on  the  dollar.  During  1890  incorpora-  seat  of  Lincoln  Countv,  in  the  eastern  part  of 
tions  were  made  in  the  county  to  the  amount  of  the  State,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pa- 
$985,000,  Gold,  silver,  high-grade  galena  ore,  cific  Railroad,  41  miles  west  of  Spokane  Falls, 
coal,  iron,  the  finest  marble,  sandstone,  and  It  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Idaho  division  of 
granite  exist,  and  placer  mining  has  been  carried  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  has  large  repair  shops 
on  for  twenty-five  years  on  Sultan  river,  a  branch  and  round  houses,  the  former  employing  2oO 
of  the  Snohomish.  The  Seattle  and  Montana  men  and  turning  out  new  rolling  stock,  in  ad- 
Railroad,  a  branch  of  the  Great  Northern,  was  dition  to  cars  rebuilt.  There  are  a  handsome 
built  along  the  Sound  on  the  western  line  of  the  headquarters  building,  coal  bunkers,  ice  houses, 
county  daring  the  last  six  months  of  1890,  and  stock  yards,  and  other  accessories.  The  town  is 
the  county  has  been  bonded  for  $80,000  to  im-  built  in  a  narrow  valley,  and  about  a  mile  away 
prove  and  extend  public  roads.  In  Snohomish,  begins  the  great  plateau  of  the  Big  Bend  coun- 
street  improvements  are  under  way  to  cost  $40,-  try,  the  largest  continuous  'body  of  wheat  land 
000,  and  an  electric  motor  line  of  street  railway  in  the  Pacific  Northwest,  extending  in  an  un- 
is  projected.  Its  electric-light  plant  cost  $30,-  broken  line  to  Columbia  river.  The  receipts 
000,  and  its  water  works  $15,000,  while  a  pump-  and  shipments  of  three  large  grain  elevators  to 
ing  system,  worth  $30,000,  was  constructmg  m  Jan.  1,  1891,  were  in  all  480,000  bushels,  with  a 

1891.  It  has  a  stream  fire  ensfine,  a  telephone  reserve  of  250,000.  The  place  is  one  of  the  most 
system,  2  banks  (1  national,  with  capital  of  $50,-  important  shipping  points  for  stock  in  eastern 
000),  1   daily  and  2  weekly  newspapers.    The  Washington.     At  one  point  near  the  .city  more 


two  business  blocks,  $10,000  and  $7,000;  and  a  plcted  costing  over  $50,000,  and  fire  limits  have 

Catholic  school  and  boys'  home,  $4,000.   In  1880  been  established.    The  streets  are  broad  and  well 

less  than  $10,000  were  invested  in  manufactures  graded,  with  pknk  sidewalks.    There  is  an  elec- 

in  the  entire  county.    In  1891  the  city  had  8  trie-light  company,  with  a  plant  valueil  at  $20,- 

saw  and  8  shingle  mills  (one  of  the  last  being  000.     The  water  works  consist  of  a  Holley  pump 


CITIES,  AMEHICAN.    (Spungfibld,  Stamford.)  171 

raising  water  from  a  well  to  a  resenroir  of  100,-  interior  is  handsome,  with  marble   finishings, 
OOU  gSloQs  capacity  150  feet  above  the  city,  and  frescoes,  etc.,  and  contains  a  memorial  hall,  on 
there  are  26  hydrants.    The  fire  department  is  the  ground  floor,  in.  which  are  the  battle  flags  of 
Toluntary.    The  graded  public  school  has  a  two-  Illinois  regiments  during  the  civil  war  and  other 
story  brick  building,  to  which  an  addition  was  relics.    There  are  also  museums  of  agriculture 
built  in  the  summer  of  1800  at  a  cost  of  $6,000.  and  natural  history  accommodated  within,  as 
It  has  a  high  -  school  department  and  an  at-  well  as  the  Supreme  Court  and  State  Board  of 
tendance  of  about  400.     There  are  2   Catho-  Health.    The  tk>urt  l}ouse,  formerly  the  State 
Uc   schools   also.     Five    denominations    have  Capitol,  is  a  three-story  building,  which  cost 
church  tniildings.    One  daily,  one  semi-weekly,  $320,000,  and  there  is  a  Federal  building  and  an 
and  one  weekly  newspaper  are  published.   There  exceptionally  handsome  executive  mansion.    The 
is  one  national  bank  and  a  building  and  loan  home  of  Lincoln,  owned  by  the  State,  contains  a 
as:«ociaUon  with  capital  of  $100,000.    The  Court  collection  of  memorials  of  him.    The  Lincoln 
House  is  a  two-story  brick  structure,  costing  monument,  of  granite  from  the  quarries  of  Bidde- 
$10,000.    A  public  park  of  25  acres  has  been  ford,  Me.,  cost  $240,000.    It  was  completed  in 
laid  out,  adjoining  Colville  lake.     The  indus-  1871.    The  statue,  of  bronze,  as  are  the  four 
tries  include  a  flour  mill,  1  planing  and  2  chop-  groups  at  the  comers,  was  the  design  of  Lark  in 
ping  mills,  2  brick  yards^  and  a  creamery  and  G.  Mead.    It  was  unveiled  Oct.  15,  1874,  in  the 
coid-stonge  company.  presence  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee.    The 
Sprin^lleld,  a  city  and  the  capital  of  Illinois,  artillery  and  cavalrv  groups  were  placed  in  posi- 
county  seat  of  Sangamon  County,  in  the  center  tion  in  1882  and  ldo3,  the  infantry  and  naval  in 
of  the  State,  5  miles  from  Sangamon  river,  on  1887.    Sangamon  Fair  Association  has  grounds 
the  main  line  of  the  Chicago  ana  Alton  Railroad,  outside  the  city.     Five  national  banks  have  a 
183  miles  from  Chicago.    Seven  other  railroads  capital  of  $1,135,500,  and  there  is  a  loan  and 
branch  out  in  13  different  directions,  with  88  trust  company  with  a  capital  of  $60,000. 
passenger  trains  daily.     The   capital  was  re-  Stamford,  a  town  and  borough  of  Conneeti- 
moved  to  Springfield  from  Vanaalia  in  1837,  cut,  in  Fairfield  County,  on  Long  Island  Sound, 
and  the  city  was  incorporated  in  1840.    It  has  at  the  mouth  of  Mill  or  Rippowam  river,  78 
an  area  of  4  square  miles.    The  population  in  miles  distant  from  Hartford  and  84  from  New 
1850  was  4,600:  in  1860,  9,800;  in  1870,  17,000;  York  city.    The  railroad  connecting  those  two 
in  1880,  19,743 ;  and  in  1890,  24,963,  showing  an  cities  passes  through  the  place,  and  there  is  also 
increase  in  the  last  decade  of  26*44  per  cent.    In  a  daily  steamer  to  New  York.    In  population  it 
addition  to  its  being  a  political  center,  it  is  im-  is  the  eleventh  and  in  wealth  the  seventh  city 
portant  from  an  industrial  point  of  view,  as  it  is  of  Connecticut.     Originally  a  Puritan  settle- 
in  a  rich  agricultural  and  coal-mining  region,  ment,  it  had  its  origin  in  a  dispute  among  the 
Thirteen  large  coal  shafts  are  in  constant  opera-  colonists  at  Wethersfield,  which  led  to  the  re- 
tion  in  the  vicinity.    The  water  works  owned  by  moval  of  the  dissatisfied  minority  to  lands  of 
the  city  cost  $300,000,  and  have  an  average  daily  the  Rippowam  Indians  and  the  purchase  of  the 
consumption  of  2,500,000  gallons.    There  are  35  site  of  the  present  town  (named  for  Stamford, 
milesof  mains  and '148  fire  hydrants.    There  are  Lincolnshire,  England).    On  Dec.  22, 1841,  the 
also  33  miles  of  sewers,  an  electric-light  plant  second  centennial  of  the  town  was  celebrated, 
valued  at  $75,000,  21  miles  of  pavcKl  streets,  In    1830    its    borough    charter    was   obtained, 
electric  police  and  fire  alarms,  a  telephone  sys-  amended  in  1882,  the  present  limits  extending 
tern,  2  Imes  of  street  railway,  a  paid  fire  depart-  10    miles    north  and   south  and  from  5  to  6 
ment,  and  a  public  library  of  13,700  volumes,  in  miles  east  and  west.    In  1848  the  railroad  was 
uldition  to  the  State  Library  of  36,000  volumes,  opened,  from  which  time  the  growth  of  popula- 
Four  daily,  7  weekly,  and  8  monthly  papers  are  tion  has  been  steady.    In  1820  it  was  3,284 ;  in 
published.     The   streets   are    broiid    and  well  1850,5,000;  in  1880, 11,298;  and  in  1890, 15,700, 
shaded  by  maples.    In  1889  the  expenditure  for  an  increase  of  89  per  cent.    The  taxable  property 
the  fire  department  was  $26,827.    The  taxable  is  placed  at  $8,863,486,  and  in  1890  the  rate  of 
property  is  placed  at  $20,000,000.    There  are  25  tax  was  12  mills.     A  system  of  sewerage  has 
chupehes,  many  of  them  handsome  edifices,  an  been  completed  at  a  cost  of  $125,000,  and  during 
opera  house,  2  female  seminaries,  in  additicm  to  1890   $20,000  were  expended  in  macadamizing 
a  fine  high-school  building,  a  business  college,  the  principal  thoroughfares.    The  cost  of  local 
and  11  public  schools,  in  which  77  teachers  are  improvements   for   tne   year  was  $382,000,  of 
employed.     The  enrollment  is  8,261,  and   the  which  $29,000  were  for  extensions  of  the  water 
value  of  school  property  $240,302.    Two  thou-  works  and  $40,000  in  additions  to  the  electric- 
sand  children  were  also  enrolled  in  private  and  light  plant.     In  1889  $150,000  were  expended 
parochial  schools.     A  watch   company,  estab-  by  the  gas  company  for  a  new  tank,  of  200,000 
lished  in  1870.  is  t|ie  leading  industry.   It  covers  feet  capacity,  and  mains.    In  1886  an  appropri- 
16  acres  of  ground  and  employs  800  persons,  ation  was  secured  from  Congress  for  improvc- 
tuming  out  400  watch  movements  daily.    There  ments  of  the  harbor  of  Stamford,  which  were 
is  also  a  furniture  factory,  a  foundry  and  ma-  carried  on  until  April,  1891 ;  a  new  survey  has 
chine  shop,  woolen,  paper,  and  planing  mills,  also  been  provided  for.    In  1886  a  street  railway 
engine  and  boiler  works,  and  factories  of  trunks,  companv  was  incorporated,  with  capital  of  $100,- 
carriages,  fence,  brooms,  cigars,  and  tiles.    The  000.      There    are    4    banks,   2   national,    with 


of  a  Greek  cross,  399  by  286  feet    Prom  the    safe -deposit  company.      Seventy -five  teachers 
ground  to  the  top  of  the  dome  is  865  feet.    The    are  employed  in  the  public  schools ;  there  is  a 


172  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Texabkana,  The  Dalles,  Tiffin.) 

hi^h  school,  and,  in  addition  to  numerous  small  nins  through  the  first  street  of  the  city,  near  the 
primary     institutions,     there    are     2     private  high-water  line,  and  the  passenger  and  freig^ht 
seminaries  for  youn^  ladies  and   1   for  boys,  depots  are  in  the  eastern  portion.    The  princi- 
There  is  also  a  busmess  college,  and  a  Roman  pal  business  center  is    a  mile  and  a  half  west 
Catholic  school,  free.    The  churches  number  14.  of  the  foot  of  Tum water  Rapids  (11  miles  in 
A  board  of  trade  was  organized  in  1890.    The  length),  where  begin  the  great  salmon-fishing 
manufactures    include  Yale   locks,   differential  industries  of  the  county.    The  first  salmon  can> 
pulley  blocks,  crabs,  winches,  cranes,  etc.,  post-  nery  was  established  in  Oregon  on  the  Columbia, 
office  equipments,  carriages  and  wagons,  curled  twentv-two  years  ago,  by  William  Hume,  the 
hair,  piano  castings,  billiard    tables,  phosphor  pack  being  4,000  cases.     The  catch  of  Wsf^o 
bronzes,  hats,  and  shoes.    There  are  wood- work-  County  during  1890  was  115,000  cases,  amount- 
ing companies,  2  stone  and   marble  works,  1  ing  to  8,050,0%  pounds,  to  which  are  to  be  added 
foundry,  which,  in  addition  to  castings  for  agri-  750,000  pounds  of  fresh  fish  shipped  in  ice  to 
cultural  implements  and  machinery,  turns  out  Eastern  markets.    The  method  of  catching  in  by 
stoves  and  grates,  a  {)ottery   for  manufacture  wheels,  all  suptirfluous  fish  being  released  by  a 
of  stove  fittings,  fire  bricks,  drain  pipe,  and  other  tank  into  the  open  current,  and  allowed  to  as* 
pottery  goods,  and  1  camphor  and  wax  factory,  cend  the  river  to  the  spawning  grounds.   On  the 
One  of  the   82    profit-sharing    manufacturing  Wasco  side  of  the  river  there  are  19  such  wheels, 
establishments  in  the  United  States  is  at  Stam-  and  4  in  Washington  also  find  their  market  here, 
ford.    The  oyster  industry  is  prominent,  and  of  The  entire  process  of  fishing  and  canning  is  corn- 
recent  years    oysters  have   been    exported    to  pleted  in  two  hours.      \^^isco  County,  which 
Europe.'    Special  pains  have  been  taken  of  late  since  its  organization  in  1854  has  been  subdivid- 
to  improve  and  beautify  the  streets  and  parks,  ed  into  1«3  counties,  comprises  8,200  square  miles, 
and  tne  town  is  one  of  the  most  charmmg  in  of  which  954  are  at  present  withheld  from  filing 
New  England.     The  Town  Hall  cost  $150,000,  or  settlement ;  30  to  50  per  cent,  is  excellent 
and,  in  ikldition  to  an  auditorium  seating  1,000  farming  and  grazing  land;  the  rest  is  covered 
persons,  contains  the  post-office  and  the  courts,  with  valuable  timber.    The  total  assessed  valu- 
Four  weekly  papers  are  published.  ation  is  $8,758,066,  and  the  indebtedness  $927,- 

Texarkana,  a  city  of  Arkansas  and  Texas  900.  The  imports  of  The  Dalles  for  1889  were 
jointly,  the  county  seat  of  Miller  County,  Ark.,  22,800  tons  of  general  merchandise,  6,000  tons 
and  Bowie  County,  Tex.,  on  the  State  line,  25  of  wood  and  lumber,  and  8,000  tons  of  coal, 
miles  from  the  northeast  comer  of  Louisiana  The  exports  were  5,864,400  pounds  of  wool,  2.- 
and  the  same  distance  from  the  southeast  comer  000,000  bushels  of  wheat  and  445,625  of  other 
of  Indian  Territory.  The  site  is  at  the  eastem  grains,  500  car-loads  of  live  stock,  800  of  lumber 
apex  and  highest  point  of  a  plateau  formed  by  and  wood,  and  1,000  tons  of  fmit  and  mill  prod- 
Ited  and  Sulphur  nvers,  10  to  25  miles  wide,  and  uce.  On  the  western  boundary  of  the  city  flows 
600  to  700  feet  above  sea  level.  Rich  bottom  a  creek  supplied  from  the  snows  of  Mount  Hood, 
lands,  from  5  to  10  miles  wide  on  either  side,  On  it  a  milling  company,  with  capital  of  $125.- 
produce  2,000  pounds  of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre,  000,  operates  15  miles  in  the  timber,  floating 
while  many  kinds  of  hard  and  soft  timber  are  wood  and  sawed  lumber  into  the  city  by  means 
found  on  the  uncleared  portions.  The  output  of  a  large  V-shaped  trough,  made  of  timber,  16 
of  yellow  pine  from  mills  in  the  immediate  miles  long.  Fifty  men  are  employed  in  mills 
vicinity  in  1889  was  250,000,000  feet,  and  the  which  by  the  same  water  power  plane  and  recut 
hard  wood  is  still  untouched.  The  city  is  one  of.  the  timber.  The  city  is  the  site  of  a  Unitecl 
the  largest  lumber  centers  of  the  South,  and  also  States  land  office  and  a  signal  station.  There 
an  important  railroad  center,  having  eight  roads,  is  a  board  of  trade,  and  water  and  electric-light 
and  is  moreover  the  terminus  of  tne  St.  Louis,  works  are  in  use.  The  railroad  shops  employ  250 
Iron  Mountain  and  Southern  Railroad;  28  pas-  men,  and  there  are  large  flouring  mills.  Daily 
senger  trains  arrive  and  depart  daily,  and  over  steamers  ply  between  the  city  and  Cascade  Rap- 
1,0%  men  are  employed.  The  population  (in  ids,  43  miles,  and  make  connection,  after  a  port- 
both  States)  in  1890  was  6,880,  against  8,228  in  age  of  five  and  a  half  miles  by  rail,  with  other 
1880.  There  are  20  miles  of  graded  streets,  and  steamers,  to  Portland.  There  are  6  churches,  3 
2  systems  of  water  works,  with  capacity  of  larce  public  schools,  an  independent  academy, 
6,0()6,00C  gallons  daily,  gas  and  2  electric-light  ana  a  Catholic  college.  Two  national  hanks  have 
systems,  4  miles  of  street  railway  in  operation  an  aggregate  capital  of  $100,000,  and  there  is  a 
and  4  more  in  process  of  construction,  and  private  bank  with  capital  of  $150,000.  The  ele- 
churches  of  many  denominations,  with  property  vation  of  the  city  is  350  feet;  the  average  annual 
valued  at  $80,000.     Three  banks,  all  national,  rainfall  is  21*06  inches. 

have  an  aggregate  capital  of  $335,000.  One  Tiffin,  a  citjr  of  Ohio,  the  county  seat  of  Sen- 
daily,  8  weekljr,  and  2  semi-monthly  news-  eca  County,  m  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
papers  are  published.  The  tax  rate  is  from  1^  to  State,  42  miles  from  Toledo,  on  both  banks  of 
2  per  cent,  in  the  city.  The  Union  depot  cost  Sandusky  river,  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  in  a 
$75,000,  and  $100,000  have  been  appropriated  by  rich  agricultural  region.  It  has  3  railroads — 
Congress  for  a  Federal  building.  Th#e  are  a  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  the  Indiana,  Bloom- 
court  house  and  an  opera  house.  In  addition  to  ington  and  Westem,  and  the  Northern  Ohio, 
the  public  schools,  there  are  2  colleges.  The  population  was  7,879  in  1880  and  10,801  in 

Tne  Dalles,  a  city  of  Oregon,  the  county  seat  1890,  snowing  an  increase  of  37*09  per  cent, 

of  Wasco  County,  on  the  south  bank  of  Columbia  The  assessed  valuation  in  1889  was  $8,379,690, 

river.  206  miles  from  its  mouth.    The  main  line  with  a  tax  rate  of  29*1.    Two  daily  and  5  week- 

of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company  Iv  newspapers  are  published,  also  3  monthlies, 

(now  a  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad)  Three  banks  (1  national)  have  a  total  capital  of 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Tyleb,  Waco,  Waltham.)  173^ 

$375,000.     FiTe  and  a  half  miles  of  street  rail*  river,  which  is  nayigable  most  of  the  year,  is 

war  were  opened  in  1888.    In  addition  to  6  pub-  spanned  by  a  suspension  bridge  erected  at  a  cost 

iic-school  buildings,  valued  at  f  125,000,  in  which  of  |140,060  in  1871.     The  railroads   are   the 

the  enrollment  is  over  1,300  and  30  teachers  are  Houston  and  Texas  Central,  the  St.  Louis,  Ar- 

employed,  there  is  a  high  school  and  a  college  of  kansas  and  Texas,  and  the  Missouri,  Kansas  and 

Unuline  Sisters.    The  city  is  the  site  of  Heidel-  Texas,  and  in  1800  Waco  was  the  terminus  of  a 

berg  College,  opened  in  1850,  which  has  5  pro-  division  of  the  San  Antonio  and  Arkansas  Pass 

lessors  and  instructors ;  also  of  Heidelberg  The-  Railroad.  Each  of  the  three  great  trunk  lines  has 

dogical   Seminary,  belonging  to  the  Reformed  its  own  depot,  and  the  city  is  a  shipping  point  for 

Church,  established  in  1851.    The  manufactures  cotton,  wool,  p^rain,  and  live  stock.  In  1888  the  as- 

inelade  bolt  and  nail  machinery,  iron  and  tool  sessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal  property  in 

works,  chums,  washboards,  woolen  goods,  bugg^  the  county  was  $15,197,522,  and  the  total  aebt'wtis 

and  carriage-building  materials,  bent  wood,  agri-  $27,301,  the  rate  of  taxation  being  25  cents  on 

cultural    implements,    well-boring    machinery,  $100.    In  1885  the  assessed  valuation  of  Waco 

stoves,  furniture,  sash,  blinds,  and  doors.   There  was  $4,800,000  and  in  1800  over  $8,000,000.  Fifty 

ftre  foundries  and  machine  shops,  stone  and  tile  thousand  acres  in  the  county  produced  20,725 

works,  a  box  factory,  all  kinds  of  light  cooperage  bales  of  cotton,  valued  at  $963,712  in  1888,   The 

factories,  and  2  breweries.  city  is  regularly  laid  out  and  presents  an  appear- 

Tyler,  a  city  of  Texas,  the  county  seat  of  ance  of  uniformity.    The  streets  are  wide,  well 
Smith  County,  m  the  northeastern  part  of  the  paved  and  shaded,  lighted  with  gas  and  elec- 
State,  at  the  intersection  of  the  main  line  of  the  tricity,  and  there  are  14  miles  of  electric  street 
St.  Louis,  Arkansasand  Texas  Railroad  and  the  railway.     A  rapid- transit  line  was  under  con- 
Troupe  and  Mineola  branch  of  the  Intemation-  struction  the  same  year  to  encircle  the   city, 
al  and  Great  Northern.    It  is  also  the  beginning  There  are  two  systems  of  water  works,  one  with 
point  of  the  Kansas  and  Gulf  Short  Line,  which,  reservoir    capacity   of   6,000,000   gallons,    and 
ranning  southeast,  passes  through  a  fine  iron-ore  another,  an  artesian,  which  by  initial  pressure 
region  and  the  loxig-leaf  yellow-pine  forests  of  lifts  the  water  from   5  wells,  with    ag^egate 
the  Sabine  valley.    A  road^  has  also  been  pro-  capacity  of  5,000,000  gallons,  into  stand-pipes  90 
jected  from  the  coal  fields  of  Indian  Territory  to  feet  high  on  a  hill  85  feet  high.    The  tempera- 
Alexandria,  La.,  passing  through  Tyler.     The  ture  of  the  water  is  103"  F.  The  population  was 
divlMon  roundhouses  and  machine  shops  of  the  7,295  in  1880  and  14,445  in  1890,  showing  an  in- 
St  Louis,  Arkansas  and  Texas  Railroad,  employ-  crease  of  98*01  per  cent.  Two  daily  and  8  weekly 
ing  500  men,  are  here,  as  are  also  the  general  newspapers  are   published,   also   8    monthlies, 
omces,  roundhouses  and  machine  shops  of  the  Seven  banks  (4  national,  1  savings,  and  2  pri- 
Kansas  and  Gulf  Railroad.    The  cit^  is  a  ship-  vate),  have  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,245,000. 
ping  point  for  cotton  and  fruit,  and  is  beginning  There  are  an  opera  house  and  a  public  hall.    The 
to  assume  importance  as  a  manufacturing  point.  8  public  schools  have  an  enrollment  of  over 
The  commercial  transactions,  exclusive  of  cotton,  2,300  pupils  and  36  teachers.     Waco  Female 
(luring  1890  were  $3,000,000.   The  assessed  yalu-  College  (Methodist),  founded  in  1857,  has  100 
ation  of  property,  real  and  personal,  in  Smith  pupils  and  11  teachers.    Baylor  University,  one 
(Viunty  in  1888  was  $5,617,042.    There  are  8  of  the  largest  coeducational  institutions  in  the 
banks  (2   national  and   1   private)  with  aggre-  United  States,  established  in  1846,  has  over  400 
gate  capital  of  $400,000.    Three  large  public-  students   and   22  professors    and    instructors, 
school  buildings — 2  for  white  and  1  for  colored  There  is  also  a  commercial  college  and  a  convent, 
children — are  valued  at  $50,000,  the  attendance  The  churches  number  14.    In  1888  58  manu- 
being  on  an  average  1,000  out  of  a  total  enumer-  facturing  establishments  had  a  capital  invested 
ation  of  1,395.    The  public  buildings  consist  of  a  of  $1,272,500,  employing  911  hands,  with  wages 
United    States  court  and  post-ofilce  building  of  $337,660,  and  yearly  output  of  $2,031,000. 
costing  $35,000 ;  a  city  hall  which  cost  $20,000;  Woolen  mills,  with  a  capital  of  $400,000,  were 
an  appellate  court  building,  $10,000,  county-  twice  enlarged  in  the  six  years  prior  to  1891,  and 
court  buildings  valued  at  $50,000;  and  an  opera  a  cotton  factory,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000,  man- 
house  which  cost  $50,000.    During  the  fruit  sea-  ufactures  heavy  goods,  tents,  wagon  sheets,  col- 
son  over  50,000  cases  are  ship^d  yearly  from  lar  pads,  etc.      There  are  2  fiouring  mills,  2 
the  canning  establishments  at  Tyler,  and  there  cotton-seed-oil    mills,    2  cotton  compresses,    2 
are  also  a  car  and  lumber  company,  employing  foundries,  4  carriage  and  wagon  works,  4  brick 
I'M)  men,  with  a  yearly  product  valued  at  $1,500-  and  tile  and  1  lime  manufactories,  4  factories  of 
O0();aleathercompany  with  capital  stock  of  $60,-  saddlery  and  harness  representing  a  capital  of 
000  and  output  from  the  tannery  of  50,000  ricks  $200,000,  2  planing  mills,  2  ice  factories,  2  caii- 
of  leather  vearly;  a  chair  factory ;  a  foundry  and  ning  establishments,  marble  works,  and  minor 
machine  shop;  a  harness  and  saddle  and  a  horse-  industries.    In  1889  $20,000  were  expended  on 
collar  factory.    The  city  has  a  board  of  trade,  the  sti-eets,  which  are  paved  with  ceaar  blocks. 
The  population  was  2,423  in  1880,  and  6,908  in  and  the  cost  of  public  and  private  buildings 
1890,  snowing  an  increase  of  185*10  per  cent,  erected  that  year  was  $750,000. 
Rid^ht  miles  of  street  railway  are  in  operation,  Waltham,  a  city  of  Massachusetts,  in  Mid- 
with  capital  of  $100,000.    One  daily  and  2  week-  dlesex  County,  9  miles  from   Boston,  on  both 
Iv  newspapers  are  published.  sides  of  Charles  river.    It  had  a  population  of 

Waco,  a  city  of  Texas,  county  seat  of  Mc-  18,707  in  1890,  against  11,712  in  1880,  showing 

l^ennan  County,  near  the  center  of  the  State,  an  increase  of  59.73  per  cent.    It  is  especially 

in  a  rich  agricultural  country  on  either  bank  of  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  watches,  having 

Brazos  river,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Bisque,  95  the  oldest  and  largest  factory  of  the  kind  in  the 

luiles  from  Austin  and  250  from  Galveston.  The  United  States,  upon  which  the  growth  of  the 


174  CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Wate&bdbt.) 

city  has  been  dependent  since  its  establishment  of  not  over  35  per  cent.,  and  taxation  i^  at  the 
in  1853.  The  large  building  extends  over  800  rate  of  10  mills.  The  growth  by  houses  is  400  a 
feet,  with  wings,  towers,  courts,  and  offices,  and  year.  The  cit^  appropriations  for  1890  were 
is  bordered  with  lawns,  shrubbery,  and  flowers.  $226,000,  of  which  $43,000  were  for  streets,  $15,- 
No  strike  has  ever  occurred  among  the  opera-  000  for  sewers,  $12,000  for  the  fire  department, 
tives,  of  whom  more  than  2,700  are  employed,  of  and  $22,000  for  police.  The  city  property  is 
whom  1,100  are  women,  the  majority  beine  about  placed  at  $l,432,000~including  schools,  $7G0.- 
twenty  veal's  of  age  and  unmarried.  No  children  000;  water  works,  $800,000,  the  rents  from 
are  employed  under  sixteen  vears  of  age.  Only  which  reach  vearly  $42,000;  and  sewers,  $150.- 
120  are  of  foreign  birth,  hoarding  houses  are  000.  The  bonded  debt  is  $490,000  (with  $120,- 
maintained  by  the  establishment,  and  more  than  000  due  the  city),  and  the  floating  indebtedness 
one  fourth  of  the  operatives  own  their  own  $98,000.  Four  railroads  enter  the  city,  and 
homes.  The  sanitation  is  excellent,  and  the  there  are  10  trains  daily  to  and  from  New  Tork, 
death  rate  less  than  one  half  of  1  per  cent,  per  8  to  and  from  Boston,  and  12  to  Hartford.  Tide 
annum.  There  is  a  mutual  relief  association  water  is  reached  at  Wilson's  Point,  Long  Island 
belonging  to  the  factory  for  visiting  the  sick,  Sound,  40  miles  distant,  at  Cromwell,  on  the  Con- 
and  numerous  clubs  are  maintained  for  enter-  necticut,  and  at  New  Haven  and  Bridgeport, 
tain inent  and  instruction.  During  midsummer  each  30  miles  away.  There  is  a  large  union  de- 
a  fortnight's  vacation  is  granted  to  all  emplov^s.  pot,  and  350,000  tons  of  freip^ht  are  handled 
The  wages  average  $15  a  week  for  men  and  half  yearly.  Reservoirs  on  high  hills  at  some  dis- 
that  amount  for  women.  The  highest  price  paid  tance  from  the  city  supply  1,500,000  gallons  of 
to  women  is  $2.50  a  day  and  to  men  $5.  The  water  daily,  having  a  combined  capacity  of  200,- 
capacity  of  the  works  is  2,000  watches  a  day,  and  000,000  gallons.  In  the  lower  portion  of  the  city 
to  1889  4,000,000  had  been  manufactured,  the  pressure  is  very  great.  Electric  lights  are  in 
More  than  150  separate  pieces  are  required  for  use,  and  there  are  3  telegraph  lines.  A  horse 
an  ordinary  watch,  and  more  than  3,700  opera-  street  railway  is  in  operation,  and  2  lines  of  elec- 
tions to  make  a  stem-winder.     The  mayor  in  trie  roads  have  been  chartered.    Four  national 

1889  was  a  foreman  in  one  of  the  departments  of  banks  have  a  comlffned  capital  of  $1,000,000. 
the  watch  factory.  Four  of  the  alderman  were  There  are  1  State  and  3  savings  banks,  the  de- 
also  emploved  there,  and  also  two  directors  of  posits  in  the  latter  amounting  to  $3,000,000.  A 
the  public  library  and  the  chief  of  the  flre  de-  board  of  trade  was  organiz^  in  1889.  In  the 
partment.  Many  workmen  and  some  work-  center  district  alone  are  16  public-school  build- 
women  are  stockholders  in  the  companv,  and  the  ings,  and  78  teachers  are  employed.  The  school 
factory  owns  a  band  which  gives  performances  enumeration  for  1889  was  6,998.  In  addition  to 
iu  the  park.  The  assessed  valuation  of  Waltham  the  high  school  are  6  public  evening  schools, 
in  1888  was  $12,298,745,  and  in  1889  $13,958,-  There  is  a  Catholic  diocesan  school  for  girls,  a 
330,  of  which  $10,700,200  was  real  estate.  It  convent  with  a  large  school  in  connection,  a 
has  3  banks,  1  of  which  is  national  and  has  a  parochial  school,  2  others,  and  an  industrial 
capital  of  $150,000.  Two  daily  and  3  weekly  school  for  girls  under  the  management  of  Prot- 
newspapers  are  published.  The  expenditure  estant  women.  There  are  14  churehes,  many  of 
for  police  in  1889  was  $10,850.  The  railroads  them  supporting  missions  and  chapels  in  the 
are  the  Fitchburg  and  the  Boston  and  Maine,  suburbs.  The  Bronson  Free  Library  is  claimed 
The  churches  number  10.  There  is  a  hospital,  to  be  the  largest  and  wealthiest  in  the  State, 
incorporated  and  organized  in  1885.  The  library  numbering  44,000  volumes.  A  city  hospital  has 
contains  16.810  volumes.  The  streets  are  lighted  been  erected,  largely  by  popular  subscription, 
with  gas  and  electricity,  and  there  are  38  miles  Three  daily  and  4  weekly  papers  are  published, 
of  water  mams.  The  14  public-school  buildings  The  city  is  practically  a  county  seat,  the  district 
are  valued  at  $245,202 ;  64  teachers  are  em-  court  covering  several  townships,  and  the  Snpe- 
ployed  and  the  enrollment  is  over  3,000.  A  rior  Court  holding  both  criminal  and  civil  terms, 
street  railway  connects  the  city  with  Newton,  It  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Second  Regiment, 
The  first  large  cotton  mill  in  the  United  States  Connecticut  National  Guard,  and  has  2  of  the 
was  established  at  Waltham  in  1814,  and  is  still  largest  companies.  There  are  3  large  hotels,  an 
in  operation,  with  a  bleaching  and  hosiery  de-  armory,  a  rink,  3  halls,  an  opera  house,  and  a 
partment.  The  other  industries  include  2  iron  handsome  Masonic  temple.  A  driving-park  as- 
and  brass  foundries,  3  planing  mills,  2  wagon  sociation  has  been  lately  incorporated.  A  steam- 
works,  1  brick,  1  box,  1  blind-fastener,  2  chalk,  boiler  inspection  company  and  an  indemnity  as- 
1  chemical,  and  2  cigar  factories,  also  an  incu-  sociation  nave  headquarters  at  the  citv.  Water- 
bator  company.  bury  is  known  as  the  "  Brass  City,*'  from  its 

Waterbary,acityof  Connecticut,  in  New  Hav-  large  bi-ass-working  establishments,  several  of 

en  County,  near  the'center  of  the  State,  two  and  a  which  cover  from  four  to  five  acres  each.    There 

half  hours  distant  by  rail  from  New  York  city  and  are  large  rolling  mills,  and  machine  shops  for 

five  hours  from  Boston.    It  is  on  Naugatuck  river,  fine  and  special  machinery  for  automatic  opera- 

and  is  built  upon  hills  having  an  altitude  of  700  tions.    Pins,  needles,  hosiery,  webbing,  lamps, 

feet.    The  population  in  1880  was  20,270,  and  in  malleable  iron,  silverware,  electric  goods,  alumi- 

1890  had  increased  to  33,202.  The  city  was  in-  num.  carriages,  beer,  paper  boxes,  and  blank 
corporated  in  1853,  when  it  had  a  population  of  books  are  produced,  while  watches  are  a  special- 
5,137.  In  1860  the  manufacturing  capital  was  ty,  and  a  large  percentage  of  all  the  buttons 
$3,750,000,  and  in  1890  it  was  $8,500,000,  em-  used  in  the  world,  of  whatever  material,  are 
ploying  6,000  pei-sons  and  disbursing  annually  made  here.  The  manufacture  of  buttons  and 
$3,000,000  in  wages.  The  general  valuation  was  clocks  at  an  early  period  led  to  the  development 
$31,000/}00;  property  being  listed  on  an  average  of  the  brass  industries.    The  city  park  is  shaded 


CITIES,  AMERICAN.    (Whbelino.)  COLOMBIA.  175 

▼ith  fine  elms  and  contains  a  costly  drinking  river  by  night.    Next  to  the  iron  and  steel  in- 
fountain  and  a  monument  to  the  900  soldiers  dustries  come  the  ^lass  factories,  the  first  of 
furnished  by  Waterbary  during  the  civil  war.  which  was  built  and  operated  in  1821,  making 
Wheellii|r«  the  larp;est  city  m  West  Virginia,  window  glass  a  specialty.    In  1820  a  cut-glass, 
the  county  seat  of  Ohio  County,  in  what  is  known  and  in  1885  a  fiint-glass  factory  was  set  up,  and 
as  the  ''Pan  Handle,"  on  Ohio  river,  and  on  an  the  product  of  half  a  dozen  plants  in  1891  is 
i5land  in  that  stream  connected  with  the  main-  shipped  to  Europe  (largely  to  Germany),  as  well 
land  by  a  suspension  bridge  1,010  feet  long.    It  as  tnroughout  the  United  States.     Numerous 
is  known  as  the  **  Nail  City  "  from  its  leading  factories  are  also  maintained  by  Wheeling  capi- 
industry,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  well-  tal  in  the  neigborhood  and  across  the  river  in 
ealtivated  agricultural  region.    For  the   most  Ohio.    Three  potteries  have  a  capital  of  $700,-  * 
part  the  site  is  on  bottx>m  lands  40  to  50  feet  000  and  employ  900  persons  when  in  full  opera- 
above  low  water  in  the  river,  and  the  altitude  is  tion,  the  nro^ress  in  pottery  having  been  re- 
«bout  650  feet  above  sea  level.    Bluffs  on  the  markable  aunng  the  past  fifty  years.    Steel,  gas, 
east  rise  400  feet  above  the  river,  which  is  navi-  and  steam  pipe,  tacks,  sheet  steel,  tin  roofing, 
gable  to  Pittsburg.    The  city  was  first  settled  in  metal  coiling,  leather  and  harness,  paper  and 
1709  \yy  three   brothers   named   Zane,   thence  cigar  boxes  of  all  kinds,  are  also  manufactured, 
called  Zanesburg,  and  in  1774,  in  consequence  of  There  are  a  hinge  company,  employing  150  men ; 
apprehended  Indian  hostilities.  Fort  Fincastle  a  lantern  company,  employing  250 :  a  brewery, 
was  erected,  the  name  of  which  was  changed  two  turning  out  40,000  barrels  yearly ;  an  axle  com- 
vears  later  to  Fort  Henry,  in  honor  of  Patrick  pany,  with  output  of  from'20,000  to  80,000  sets 
^enry,  the  first  patriot  Governor  of  Vir^nia.  of  axles  yearly ;  brick  works ;  and  woolen  mills ; 
The  structure,  which  was  near  the  present  mter-  and  another  important  manufacturing  interest  is 
section  of  Main  and  Eleventh  Streets,  was  a  par-  that  of  cigars  and  tobacco,  2,267,270  pounds  of 
allelogram,  150  by  75  feet  surrounded  by  pali-  smoking  and  nearly  6.000  pounds  of  plug  tobac- 
sades  15  feet  high,  the  strongest  defense  on  the  co  having  been  manufactured  in  1889,  as  well  as 
Western  frontier  next  to  Fort  Pitt.     It  was  millions  of  cigars,  mostly  "stogies."    Natural 
never  regularly  ganisoned,  but  the  defense  was  gas  is  supplied  by  2  companies.    Canning  and 
intrusted  to  settlers.    In  1777  it  was  besieged  preserving  of  fruits  have  assumed  large  propor- 
and  in  1781  was  attacked,  the  savages  and  their  tions  of  late  years,  one  establishment,  dating 
allies  being  repelled.    In  1782  it  was  aeain  be-  from  1875,  employing  100  persons.    The  citv  has 
sieged  by  §00  Indians  and  40  British  soldiers,  42  a  large  wholesale  and  joboing  trade,  and  large 
men  withstanding  a  siege  of  thirtv-six  hours,  quantities  of  wool  are  shipped  yearly.    Ginseng 
Uere  the  last    blood   was  shed    (of   one   man  is  exported  almost  exclusively  to  China.    Wheel- 
wounded)  and  the  last  gun  fired  in  the  War  of  ing  nas  11  public  -  school  buildings,  valued  at 
the  Revolution.    Soon  afterward  the  name  was  $^,828;  the  enrollment  is  nearly  5,000,  and 
changed  to  Wheeling.    In  1796  it  contained  40  112  teachers  are  emploved.    The  streets  are  well 
hoases.    It  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1800,  p&ved  and  broad.     Eleven  banks  (1  national) 
and  as  a  city  in  1836.    In  1863  it  was  made  the  nave  an  aggregate  capital  of  $1,210,000.    Four  . 
capital  of  the  State  on  its  admission  to  the  d&Wj  and  7  weekly  newspapers  are  published,  1 
Union.    The  seat  of  Government  was  changed  semi-weekly,  and  2  monthlies.    There  are  more 
to  Charleston   in  1870.  restored  in  1875,  and  than  5  miles  of  horse,  8  of  steam  motor,  and  5  of 
•gain  transferr^  in  1885.    The  population  was  electric  street  railway.    The  City  Hall  and  Post- 
500  in  1800.  1.567  in  1820.  8,793  m  1840,  20,000  ofiioe  are  fine  buildmgs,  and  the  Young  Men*s 
In  1860. 23,000  in  1870,  80,737  in  1880,  and  85,-  Christian  Association  have  a  building  of  their 
013  in  1890.    In  addition  to  the  river,  transpor-  own.    There  is  a  home  for  aged  women  at  Mount 
tation  is  afforded  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Belleview.    Wheeling  Park  is  reached  by  the 
Railroad,  two  divisions  of  the  Pennsylvania  sys-  Wheeling  and  Elm  Grove  Railway.    The  ordi-  i/ 
tern,  the  Cleveland,  Lorain  and  Wh'eeling,  con-  narv  expenditures  of  the  city  yearly  are  placed        [^    ' 
necting  with  the  Lake  Shore  and  the  Ohio  River  at  $882,867.  or  $9.49  per  capita.                                   ^ 
Railroad.    Two  million  dollars  have  been  ex-        COLOMBIA,  a  republic  in  South  America, 
pended  by  the  Wheeling  Bridge  and  Terminal  It  was  formerly  a  confederation  consisting  of  the 
Company  on  a  bridge  across  the  Ohio  (one  of  the  nine  States  of  Antioouia,  Bolivar,  Boyacd,  Cauca, 
arches  of  which  is  the  largest  span  save  one  in  Cundinamarea,  Magaalena,  Panama,  Santandar, 
America)   and    three   double  -  track   terminals,  and  Tolima.    The  Constitution  of  Aug.  4, 1886, 
Another  bridge  was  constructing  in  1891,  costing  reduced  the  States  to  departments,  administered 
1150,000.    The  superior  quality  and  abundance  by  governors  appointed  by  the  President  of  the 
of  coal  near  Wheeling  place  her  beyond  compe-  republic,  whose  term  of  office  was  lengthened 
tition  in  the  manufacture  of  nails,  and  the  prod-  from  two  to  six  years.    Each  department  elects 
uct  of  8  nail  factories  is  used  throughout  the  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  for 
country.    The  first  iron  mill  was  established  in  each  60.000  inhabitants,  and  sends  3  members  to 
1834,  and  the  first  exclusive  nail  mill  in  1847  the  Senate.    The  President  nominates  6  more 
*ith  40  machines.    Seven  nail  mills  in  1890,  Senators.    Every  citizen  who  can  read  and  write 
with  1,140  machines,  had  an  aggregate  capital  or  has  an  income  of  500  pesos  is  entitled  to  a 
of  14.100.000,  and  an  annual  capacity  of  2,830,-  vote.    Each  department  has  its  legislature,  which 
^  kegs  of  steel  nails.    Three  Bessemer  steel  has  authority  to  legislate  on  financial  matters. 

Slants  represent  a  capital  of  $1,300,000,  pro-  The  President  is  Dr.  Rafael  Nuftez,  who  was  in- 

ucing  210,000  tons  of  soft  steel  yearly,    Tnere  augurated  on  June  4,  1887.     The  Vice-Presi- 

arealso  3  sheet  and  2  bar  mills,  7  blast  furnaces,  dent  is  Carlos  Helguin.     The  Cabinet  is  made 

&nd  naroerous  foundries,  forges,  and  machine  up  as  follows:  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  An- 

sbops,  which  present  a  striking  view  from  the  tonio  Roldan ;  Minister  of  Finance,  Jos6  Manuel 


176  COLOMBIA. 

Goenaga ;  of  Education,  Jos^  L.  Tnijillo ;  of  which  588,  of  768,908  tons,  were  steamers.    Of 

War,  Olegario  Rivera;  of  the  Interior,  Marce-  the  steamers,  851  were  British,  there  being  15 

lino  Velez;  of  Justice,  Luis  A.  Meza;  of  the  English    steamers,  9  American,  4  German,   3 

Treasury,  Primitivo  Crespo ;  of  Public  Works,  French,  and  1  S{>anish  making  regular  montbl j 

Marcelino  Arango.  calls  at  the  ports  of  Colombia. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Colom-  Commonlcatlons.  —  With  the  exception  of 

bia  is  estimated  at  504,778  square  miles.    The  the  rivers,  which  are  navigable  for  certain  dis- 

population  is  estimated  at  3.878.600.    Bogota  tances  by  boats  of  light  draught,  and  9  short 

the  capital,  hos  about  100,000  inhabitants.  lines  of  railroad  having  a  total  length  of  218 

Finance. — The  revenue  for  the  biennial  peri-  miles,  the  only  mode  of  transportation  is  by 

od  1891-'92  is  estimated  at  20,851,100  pesos,  and  mule  trains.  The  Panama  Railroad  in  1889  trans- 

the  expenditure  at  28,911,515  pesos.    There  is  a  ported  192,845  tons  of  merchandise,  a  falling  off 

funded  internal  debt  of  5,087,810  pesos  and  a  of  2,564   tons  as  compared  with  the  previous 

floating  debt  of  24.568.241  pesos,  besides  a  debt  year,  owing  to  a  decrease  in  the  New  York  trade, 

of  7,500.000  pesos  due  to  the  last  war,  and  1 1,-  There  are  5.250  miles  of  telegraph  in  opera- 

982,780  pesos  of  paper  currency.    The  foreign  tion.    The  post-office  in  1888  earned  1,068,504 

debt,  raised  in  England,  was  £2.878,203  in  1890,  letters  and  post  cards, 

including  the  defaulted  interest  for  ten  years.  Tlie  Panama  Canal.— The  canal  projected 

Commerce  and  Prod  action.— Coffee  has  su-  by  Ferdinand  de  Lesseps  had  absorbed  up  to  the 
perseded  cinchona  bark  as  the  principal  article  middle  of  1886  the  sum  of  772,545,412  francs,  and 
of  export.    The  latter  still  exists  in  vast  quanti-  it  was  then  estimated  that  it  would  take  at  least 
ties  and  of  the  best  quality,  and  the  cessation  as  much  more  to  complete  the  work.    A  loan  of 
of  the  trade  is  owing  to  the  cost  of  transporta-  600,000,000  francs  was  offered  in  December,  1888. 
tion,  which  is  so  great  that  it  can  not  compete  for  subscription,  but  failed.    After  a  vain  effort 
with  the  cultivate  product  of  the  East  Inaies.  to  reorganize  under  a  new  charter,  the  company 
Cacao  is  also  raised  and  exported  in  large  quan-  went  into  liquidation,  and  on  March  15,  1889,  all 
tities.    Cotton  and  bananas  flourish,  but  the  ex-  payments  were  suspended  aud  work  on  the  canal 
ports  are  small ;  and  sugar,  vegetables,  and  ce-  was  stopped.    The  Civil  Tribunal  of  the  Seine 
reals,  though  the  soil  is  adapted  for  them,  are  appointea  provisional  administtators.    A  corn- 
imported  for  the  use  of  the  people.    Tobacco  of  mittee  of  the  French  Chamber  of  Deputies  was 
excellent  quality  is  exported  to  Germany.    Cat-  directed  to  examine  into  the  affairs  of  the  com- 
tle  raising  is  a  common  pursuit.    The  hides  and  pany,  with  a  view  to  the  completion  of  the  canal 
horns  are  usually  sent  to  the  United  States,  with  the  aid  of  the  credit  of  tne  French  Govem- 
Coal  and  iron  exist  in  many  parts  of  Colombia,  ment  if  such  a  plan  was  feasible.    In  December, 
but  are  not  mined  except  in  one  or  two  places.  1890,  an  arrangement  was  effected  with  the  Co- 
Gold  and  silver  are  important  products,  and  lombian  Government  by  parties  interested  in  the 
could  be  extracted  in  much  greater  quantities  canal,  in  accordance  with  which  the  time  al- 
but  for  lack  of  capital  and.  means  of  trans-  lowed  for  its  completion  was  extended  for  a 
portation.    The  largest  mines  now  worked  are  further  period  of  ten  years,  on  the  understanding 
m  Antioquia  and  Tolima,  and  are  owned  by  that  a  new  company  should  be  formed  to  take 
Englishmen.    Of  late  American  enterprise  and  over  the  entire  assets  of  the  old  one,  and  that 
capital  are  entering  the  fleld.    The  value  of  the  the  work  of  construction  should  be  actively  re- 
imports in  1889  was  $11,777,624    The  chief  im-  sumed  before  Feb.  28,  1898.     For  this  conces- 
ports  are  articles  of  food  and  textile  fabrics,  sion  the    promoters  agreed  to  pay   10,000,000 
The  exports  amounted  to  $16,199,718  in  value,  francs  in  gold  and  5.000.000  francs  in  shares 
consisting  of  coffee,  Peruvian  bark,  pea-nuts,  of  the  new  company,  besides  providing  for  a 
corn,  silver  ore,  cacao,  dye  stuffs,  live  animals,  ^uard  of  250  soldiers  to  protect  the  canal  dur- 
hides,  and  tobacco.    In  1890  the  chief  imports  mg  construction.    The  committee  of  the  French 
from  the  United  States  were  wheat  flour  of  the  Chamber  recommended  the  completion  of  the 
value  of  $248,086,  machinery  of  the  value  of  canal  by  an  international  arrangement,  by  which 
$147,097,  refined  sugar  of  the  value  of  $141,929,  other  governments  besides  the  French  should 
and  for  less  amounts  manufactures  of  iron,  coal,  share  in  the  guarantee  and  other  nations  be  in- 
sewing  -  machines,  lard,  petroleum,  and  many  vited  to  contribute  the  additional  capital.    It 
other  articles.    The  exports  to  the  United  States  advised  the  Ministry  of  Justice  to  investigate 
were  coffee  of  the  value  of  $2,170,968,  hides  of  the  affairs  of  the  defunct  company,  to  find  if  the 
the  value  of  $927,866,  nuts  and  fruits  of  the  value  contractors  had  obtained  exorbitant  prices  by 
of  $829,388,  cacao  of  the  value  of    $128,024,  fraud,  or  been  paid  for  work  that  was  not  done. 
India-rubber  of  the  value  of  $294,606,  and  small  Bonndary  Qnestions.— Differences  regard- 
quantities  of  dyewoods,  cinchona,  raw  sugar,  ing  the  boundary  lines  dividing  Colombia  and 
and  other  merchandise.     The  share  of  Great  the  neighboring  republics  of  Cost*  Rica  and  Ven- 
Britain  in  the  imports  for  1889  was  $4,547,628 ;  ezuela  were  referred  to  the  Spanish  Government 
that  of  France,  $2,411,585;  that  of  Germanv,  for  arbitration.     On  the  Venezuelan   frontier 
$1,321,390;  that  of  the  United  States,  $1,230,476.  Colombia  established  her  claim  to  Goajira.  San 
Of  the  exports,  $4,547,628  went  to  Great  Britain,  Francisco,  and  Arauca.     On  the  Costa  Ricjin 
$3,950,531  to  the  United  States,  $1,781,619  to  border  she  laid  claim  to  the  lands  between  Chi- 
France,  and  $1,410,688  to  Germany.    The  total  riqui  and  the  river  Sicsola.  and  even  asserted  an 
coffee  exports  amounted  to  $8,516.298 ;  gold  bars  historical  title  to  the  territory  extending  on  the 
and  dust,  $2.460,718 ;  other  minerals,  $4,464,750 ;  Atlantic  side  to  the  frontier  of  Honduras,  and 
hides,  $1,188,911 ;  tobacco,  $798,029.  on  the  Pacific  side  to  Lake  Nicaragua,  embra<v 

Navigation. — In  1889  the  number  of  vessels  ing  the  whole  of  Costa  Rica  and  the  greater  part 

entered    inward  was  894,  of  798,762  tons,  of  of  Nicaragua. 


COLORADO,  177 

COLORADO,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  280.937.24.    Included  in  the  assessment  are  11.- 

the  Union   Aug.  1,  1876 ;  area.  108,025  square  646,510  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $38.605,565.70 ; 

miles.    The  population.  Hccording  to  the  de-  improvements  on  lands,  valued  at  $7,200,282.48 ; 

oenniAl  censas,  was  104,327  in  1880,  and  412,108  town  and  city  lots,  valued  at  $78,200.222 ;  min- 

in  1800.    Capital,  Denver.  mp  property,  valued  at  $5,727,657;  railroads  and 

OoTemmeBt.— The  following  were  the  State  railroaa  property,  valued  at  $81.411,021.22 ;  180,- 

officers  daring  the  year:     Governor,  John  L.  724  horses,  valued  at  $5,560,410;  0,410  mules, 

Roatt,  Republican;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Will-  valued  at  $400,000;  760.823  cattle,  valued  at 

iam  Story;  Secretary  of  State,  Edwin  J.  Eaton ;  $7,053,370.70;  657,546  sheep,  valued  at  $758,- 

Treasurer.  James  N.  Carlile:  Auditor,  John  M.  584;  20,230  swine,  valued  at  $73,850. 

Henderson ;  Attorney-General,  Joseph  H.  Mau-  Leglslatire  Session.  —  The  eighth  General 

pin;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Na-  Assembly  met  at  Denver  on  Jan.  7,  and  adjourned 

than  R  Coy ;  Railroad  Commissioner,  William  on  April  7.    In  its  early  days  the  session  was 

A.  Hamill :  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  marred  hj  disorderly  struggles  for  supremacy 

Joseph  C.  Helm ;  Associate  Justices,  Charles  D.  between  rival  factions  in  the  Xower  House.  The 

Hoyt  and  Victor  A.  Elliot;   Court  of  Appeals  Speaker  of  that  bodv,  elected  on  the  opening 

(established  this  year  by  act  of  the  Legislature),  day,  was  James  W.  Hanna,  who  in  the  Renul^ 

Presiding  Judge,  George  Q.  Richmond ;  Judges,  lican  caucus  had  been  unanimously  selectea  for 

Oilbert  B.  Re^  and  Julius  B.  Bissell.    Messrs.  that  honor  after  a  single  ballot.    He  had  no 

Carlile,  Manpin,  and  Coy  are  Democrats ;  the  sooner  been  elected,  however,  than  charges  were 

other  officials  are  Republicans.  made  that  bribery  had  been  practiced  in  his  in- 

Flnanees. — ^The  State  debt  on  Nov.  80, 1800,  terest,  that  he  intended  to  make  up  the  House 

was  ais  follows :  Outstanding  warrants,  bearing  6  committees  unfairly,  and  that  he  was  not  fit  for 

per  cent  interest,  $1,803,854.47;    outstanding  the  place.    A  faction  of  14  Republicans,  aided 

certificates  of  indebtedness,  bearing  6  per  cent  by  tne  Democratic  members,  thereupon  under- 

interest,  $86,800.40 ;  outstanding  looo-weed  cer-  took  to  deprive  him  of  the  right  of  appointing 

tificates,  no  interest,  $16,010.24 ;  Capitol-building  committees. 

bonds,  bearing  3|  per  cent  interest  and  held  by  The  coalition  thus  formed  controlled  a  major- 
the  Public-School  Investment  fund,  $150,000 ;  ity  of  the  House,  but  the  Speaker  and  his  adher^ 
total,  $1,647,155.20.  To  offset  this  amount  there  ents  stoutly  resisted  their  efforts  to  abridge  his 
was  $232,088.57  to  the  credit  of  the  general  rev-  prerogatives,  and  on  Jan.  0  he  announced  a  list 
enae  fund  on  Nov.  80, 1800,  leaving  as  the  prin-  of  committees  selected  by  him.  Disorder  reigned 
cipal  of  the  outstanding  indebtedness  $1,414,-  during  this  session,  in  the  midst  of  which  the 
216.63.  Of  the  $1,808,854.47  outstanding  war-  Speaker  declared  the  House  adjourned.  On  Jan. 
rants,  the  State  holds  $048,084.67  in  the  several  12  the  contest  was  renewed.  During  the  debate 
investment  funds.  These  warrants  have  been  of  this  day  distinct  charges  of  bribery  were 
gradually  accumulating  since  the  admission  of  made  so  openly  that  an  investigating  committee 
the  State  to  the  Union.  Successive  Legislatures  was  at  once  appointed.  Finally,  on  Jan.  14,  the 
hnve  violated  the  State  Constitution  by  making  Speaker  rulea  that  the  House  loumal  of  Jan.  0, 
appropriations  in  excess  of  the  revenue  availa-  containing  his  appointment  of  committees  and 
ble  to  pay  them,  and  the  Auditor  has  issued  his  the  record  of  adjournment,  stood  approved,  and 
warrant  against  all  appropriations.  A  decision  refused  to  entertain  an  appeal  or  motion  reopen- 
of  the  State  Supreme  Court  in  1880  put  an  end  ing  the  question.  A  member  of  the  coalition  there- 
to this  practice  by  declaring  all  appropriations  upon  moved  that  the  office  of  Speaker  be  declared 
in  excess  of  the  revenue  available  to  pay  them  vacant  another  member  put  the  motion  to  vote 
to  be  void.  As  this  decision  cast  doubt  upon  and  declared  it  carried  by  a  vote  of  28  to  21,  and 
the  validity  of  the  outstanding  warrants  so  far  the  coalition  then  proceeded  to  elect  Jesse  White 
as  they  were  drawn  to  pay  appropriations  made  as  Speaker.  Speaker  Hanna  and  his  supporters 
in  excess  of  revenue,  the  Legislature  this  vear  refused  to  surrender  the  chair,  and  the  anomaly 
undertook  to  revive  such  warrants  by  providing  was  presented  of  two  rival  Houses  attempting 
that  they  should  be  paid  out  of  any  unappro-  to  do  business  in  the  same  hall.  Thereafter 
priated  money  at  any  time  in  the  State  treas-  each  House  held  daily  sessions,  and  when  the 
ury.  But  as  snch  payment  can  be  made  out  of  day  arrived  for  choosing  a  United  States  Sena- 
the  revenue  of  any  year  only  after  the  appropri-  tor,  each  House  went  through  the  form  of  vot- 
ationsand  fixed  charges  for  that  year  are  paid,  ing.  The  law  requires  that  the  Senate  and  the 
it  is  likelv  to  be  many  years  before  they  are  en-  House,  after  voting  separately,  shall  meet  on  the 
tirely  redeemed.  Various  special  funds  in  the  next  day  in  joint  session  to  announce  the  result 
State  treasury'  contain  large  sums  of  money,  of  the  ballot  taken  on  the  day  preceding,  and  if 
hut  these  are  unavailable  to  pav  these  warrants,  no  choice  has  been  made  by  both  branches,  to 
The  State  is  therefore  paying  i  per  cent,  inter-  continue  balloting  in  one  body.  The  question 
est  on  them,  while  she  has* about  $800,000  locked  at  once  arose  as  to  which  of  the  two  rival  Houses 
np  in  the  treasury  in  special  funds  which  can  should  be  recognized  as  legally  constituted  and 
not  be  used.  should  meet  with  the  Senate  in  joint  session. 

The  Constitution  limits  the  State  tax  to  4  By  agreement  of  the  faction^  a  member  of  the 

mills  on  the  dollar,  which  is  the  rate  annually  House,  other  than  the  two  rival  Speakers,  was 

levied.    Of  this,  about  2J  J  mills  is  levied  for  selected  to  preside  over  the  joint  session,  in  con- 

the  general  revenue  fund,  the  remainder  for  junction  with  the  President  of  the  Senate ;  and 

special  objects.  when  the  question  arose  respecting  the  vote  of 

Ttlnations. — The  total  assessed  valuation  of  the  House  on  the  preceding  day,  it  was  niled 

property  in  the  State  for  1800  was  $220,544,064.-  after  some  discussion  that  no  choice  had  been 

^,  an  increase  over  the  figures  for  1860  of  $27,-  made  by  that  body.    The  joint  session  then  pro- 

TOL.  XXXL— 12  A 


178  COLORADO. 

eeeded  to  ballot  for  United  States  Senator,  with  ink  for  all  ballots  furnished  by  him  at  any  one 

the  following  result:   Henry  M.  Teller,  Repub-  election.    There  shall  be  but  one  ballot-box  at 

lican,  47 ;  Caldwell  Yearaan,  Democrat,  27 ;  and  each  polling  place.    The  ballots  shall  be  of  such 

the  former  was  declared  elected.    On  Jan.  24  form,  and  the  indorsement  thereon  so  printed. 

Gov.  Routt  sought  to  secure  a  settlement  of  the  that  they  may  be  folded  in  the  middle  icneth- 

dispute  between  the  rival  Houses  by  addressing  wise  and  then  crosswise,  so  that  when  folded 

a  letter  to  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the   indorsement  sliall  be  visible,  and  not  the 

which  recited  the  circumstances  of  the  attempted  contents  of  the  ballot.    At  each  polling  place  at 

deposition  of  Speaker  H anna,  and  asked  tneir  least  one  voting  booth  or  compartment  for  every 

opmion  as  to  who  was  the  legally  elected  Speaker  50  voters  who  voted  in  the  district  at  the  last 

of  the  House.     Arguments  were  heard  by  the  election   shall  be  furnished,  and  a  guard   rail 

court,  and  on  Jan.  2§  a  decision  was  reiiderod  to  shall  be  so  constructed  that  no  person  outside 

the  effect  that**  as  a  purely  legal  proposition,  thereof  can  approach  within  six  feet  of  the  booths 

the  House  of  Representatives  has  the  power,  by  and  ballot-box,  both  of  which  shall  be  in  plain 

a  vote  of  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  view  of  persons  outside  the  rail.    The  voter  shall 

members  elected,  to  remove  its  Speaker  from  indicate  his  choice  by  marking  a  cross  opposite 

ofHce  in  the  manner  stated  in  the  executive  the  name  of  the  candidate  to  be  voted  for,  or  he 

comtnunication  submitted."    The  court  did  not  may  vote  for  all  the  candidates  of  any  party  by 

expressly  say  who  was  the  le^l  Speaker,  but  the  marking  a  cross  above  such  list  and  near  the  de- 

opmion  appeared  so  conclusive  of  the  rights  of  vice  or  emblem  of  the  party,  which  shall  be  print- 

the  parties,  that  Speaker  Hanna  and  his  friends  ed  on  the  ballot  above  the  partv  name.    He  shall 

withdrew  their  .claims,  and  Jesse  White  was  rec-  fold  his  ballot  so  as  to  conceal  his  choice,  and  so 

ognized  as  Speaker  for  the  remainder  of  the  ses-  that  the  official  indorsement  shall  appear.    To 

sion.    On  Feb.  4  the  Bribery  Investigating  Com-  each  ballot  shall  be  attached  two  stubs  contaiii- 

mittee,  appointed  on  Jan.  12,  made  its  report,  ing  only  the  number  of  the  ballot,  one  of  which 

stating  tnat  the  testimony  received  tended  to  shall  be  retained  by  the  election  clerk  who  gives 

show  that  four  or  five  members  of  the  House  out  the  ballots  to  the  voters  and  who  shall  write 

had  been  approached  and  offered  bribes  to  sup-  his  initials  on  the  other  stub,  and  such  other  stub 

port  Spei^ker  Hanna,  and  recommending  that  shall  be  retained  by  the  officer  who  receives  the 

the  grand  jury  of  Araphoe  County  inquire  into  ballots.    Both  officers  shall  keep  a  record  of  the 

the  matter.    The  evidence  all  came  from  the  name  of  the  voter  and  the  number  of  his  bal- 

enemies  of  Hanna,  and,  although  some  indict-  lot.    The  officer  receiving  the  ballots  shall  write 

ment^  were  found  by  the  grand  jury,  no  strong  on  one  comer  the  number  of  the  ballot  in  the 

proof  to  support  them  could  be  procured,  and  order  it  is  received  by  him  (of  which  number  he 

the  cases  were  never  tried.  shall  keep  a  record),  and  shall  turn  back  and 

An  Australian  or  secret-ballot  law  was  passed  paste  down  or  seal  the  corner,  so  that  the  num- 

at  this  session.    It  provides  that  all  ballots  cast  ber  written  shall  be  invisible.    Such  pasting  or 

in  elections  for  public  officers  shall  be  printed  sealing  shall  not  be  disturbed  except  in  ca^  of  a 

and  distributed  at  countj  expense,  except  that  contested  election.     Electioneering  within  100 

ballots  to  be  used  in  municipal  elections  shall  be  feet  of  any  polling  place  is  forbidden.    The  elec- 

printedand  distributed  at  theex()ense  of  the  city  tion  day  in  N^ovember  shall  be  a  legal  holiday, 

or  town.    Candidates  may  be  nominated  by  the  Employes  shall  be  allowed  two  hours  for  voting 

convention  or  caucus  of  a  political  partv  which  without  loss  of  pay.    This  act  shall  not  apply  to 

at  the  last  preceding  election  polled  at  least  10  elections  of  scnool  officers  that  occur  at  any 

per  cent,  of  the  entire  vote  cast  in  the  State,  other  time  than  on  the  regular  election  day  for 

county,  or  other  divisions  for  which  the  nomi-  St«te,  county,  and  city  officers, 

nation  is  made,  or  by  nomination  papers  signed  There  was  also  enacted  a  registration  law  ap- 

by  voters  residing  within  the  district  for  which  plying  to  all  cities  of  the  first  and  second  class,  and 

the  nomination  is  made  to  the  number  of  500  to  all  other  cities  having  over  15,000  inhabitants, 

when  the  nomination  is  for  the  whole  State,  to  An   act  to  punish  crimes  against  the  elective 

the  number  of  100  when  the  office  is  to  be  filled  franchise  establishes  severe  penalties  for  bribery 

by  the  voters  of  a  district  less  than  the  State  and  of  voters  in  any  form,  forbids  betting  by  candi- 

greater  than  a  county  or  by  the  voters  of  a  coun-  dates  upon  the  result  of  any  election,  makes  in- 

ty  or  citT,  and  to  the  number  of  50  in  other  cases,  timidation  or  coercion  of  voters  unlawful,  es- 

In  municipal  elections  the  city  or  town  clerk,  pecially  when  practiced  by  employers  upon  their 

and  in  otner  cases  the  county  clerk,  shall  pre-  workmen,  ana   requires  candidates  and  party 

pare  the  ballots  and  cause  them  to  be  distribut-  committees  to  file  with  the  Secretary  of  State  or 

ed.     The  names  of  all  candidates  duly  nomi-  county,  city,  or  town  clerk  itemized  sworn  state- 

nated  shall  be  printed  on  each  ballot,  those  of  ments  of  election  expenses, 

each  political  party  being  arranged  in  a  column  To  forward  the  construction  of  the  Capitol 

under  the  name  and  device  of  the  party  to  which  building,  $150,000  was  transferred  from  the  In- 

they  belong,  and  just  above  each  name  shall  be  ternal  Improvement  fund  to  the  Capitol  Building 

the  designation  of  the  office  for  which  the  can-  fund,   provision   being  made  for  repaying  the 

didate  named  is  nominated.    On  the  back  shall  former  fund  with  interest.    An  act  was  also 

be  printed  the  words  **  Official  ballot  for,"  to-  passed  submitting  to  the  people  at  the  election 

gether  with  the  name  of  the  election  precinct  or  in  November,  1891,  the  question  whether  mldi- 

division,  the  date  of  the  election,  and  a/a<;-«i7ni7e  tional  State  bonds  to  the  amount  of  $300,000, 

of  the  signature  of  the  clerk  preparing  the  bal-  should  be  issued  and  sold  to  raise  more  money 

lots.    Each  county,  city,  or  town  clerk  shall  use  for  this  building.    The  act  of  1889  creating  a 

precisely  the  same  quality  and  tint  of  paper  and  Supreme  Court  commission  was  repealed,  while 

kind  of  type  and  quality  and  tint  of  plain  black  by  another  act  a  court  of  appeals  was  created 


COLORADO. 


179 


havingr  similar  powers.  The  system  by  which 
eonnty  officers  were  entitled,  in  lieu  of  a  fixed 
salary,  to  ail  official  fees  received  by  them  was 
changed  so  as  to  require'  such  officers  to  turn 
over  to  the  State  all  fees  collected  in  excess  of  cer- 
tain fixed  sums  which  should  form  their  salaries, 
and  at  the  same  time  the  fees  chargeable  by  such 
officers  were  reduced  by  from  one  fifth  to  one 
half  of  the  former  figures.  The  State  Treasurer 
was  required  to  give  a  bond  compelling  him  to 
ttim  over  to  the  State  all  interest  received  on 
Dublic  funds  in  his  hands,  and  preventing  him 
irt)m  deriving  any  personal  gain  or  benefit  from 
SQch  funds. 

The  State  was  redistricted  for  members  of 
the  Legislature  in  such  a  manner  as  to  increase 
the  number  of  Senators  to  35,  and  of  Represent- 
atives to  65.  The  First  Congressional  District 
was  formed  out  of  the  counties  of  Larimer,  Boul- 
der, Weld,  Morgan,  Logan,  Washington,  Sedg- 
wick, Phillips,  Yuma,  Arapahoe,  Jefferson,  Park, 
and  Lake,  and  the  Second  District  out  of  the  re- 
maiDder  of  the  State.  There  was  appropriated 
the  sum  of  $100,000,  to  be  used  in  securing  a 
suitable  exhibit  from  the  State  at  the  World's 
Fair.  To  raise  naoney  for  paying  claims  arising 
out  of  the  so-called  L  te  war  the  levy  of  a  specid 
lax  of  one  half-mill  was  authorized.  An  amend- 
ment to  the  revenue  law  provides  that  taxes 
shall  be  payable  semi-annually. 

Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

To  encourage  and  promote  the  oiganization  of  agri- 
cultural and  mechomcal  fair  associations. 

Accepting  the  act  of  Congress  that  appropriatos  a 
portion  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public  lands  to  the  en- 
dowment and  support  of  agrictdtural  and  mechanical 
eollfTfea. 

Repealing  the  acts  of  1887  and  1889  which  prevent 
Qi^n-reaident  aliens  from  acquiring  real  estate  in  the 

State. 

I'rohibiting  the  appointment  of  non-residents  as 
jpwial  officers  for  the  purpose  of  preserWng  the  pub- 
Iw  {Krace. 

Appropriating  $21,250  for  the  assistance  of  agricult- 
nrt  and  the  relief  of  settlers  in  the  counties  of  Sedg- 
wick, Logan,  Phillips,  Yuma,  Washington,  Kit  Car- 
f*'n.  Arapahoe,  and  Cheyenne. 

Pnividing  a  new  law  to  protect  and  punish  wrongs 
to  children. 

Abolishing  the  office  of  State  Dairy  Commissioner. 

Providinff  for  the  dismolution  of  corporations. 

To  provide  for  the  incorporation  and  regulation  of 
^'^t  companies. 

,  To  prevent  the  expenses  of  any  county  from  exceed- 
'Hi?  itti  ivvenues. 

BuiMDgthe  age  of  consent  in  females  to  sixteen 

I)efinJng  larceny  of  live  stock,  and  providinor  pen- 
alties therefor.  »         f  »i- 

l*Tohibitin^  the  sale,fn^ng,  or  furnishing  of  tobac- 
«».  or  anv  article  made  in  whole  or  in  part  of  tobacco, 
t^>any  child  under  sixteen  years,  without  the  written 
"™«r  of  the  father  or  gUArdian  of  such  child. 

Topwhibit  the  sale  or  giving  to  any  Indian  of  flre- 
'"iDfi  ammunition,  or  other  munitions  which  can  be 
'^^  in  fire-arms. 

Ainonding  the  frame  laws. 

rn>ridinjr  that  the  expenses  of  the  family  and  the 
^iu«*aiion  of  the  children  shall  be  chargeable  upon 
^Y  Pwperty  of  both  husband  and  wife,  or  either  of 
"'f«n,  and  that  they  may  be  sued  jointly  or  separately. 

Amendinff  the  jurv  law. 

To  prohibit  the  sale  of  liquors  near  public  works 
■Do  ffTiiding  camps  of  railroads. 

forbidding  railroad  companies  from  reauiring  any 
<»iiduc-tor,  telegraph  operator,  or  other  tramman  who 


has  worked  eiffhteen  consecutive  hours,  to  go  on  duty 
till  he  has  had  at  least  eight  hours'  rest. 

Requiring  all  saloons  to  be  closed  from  midnight 
to  six  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  throughout  every 
Sunday,  and  forbidding  saloon  keepers  from  keeping 
any  wine  room  or  other  place  in  connection  with  tneir 
saloon  where  women  may  enter  and  be  supplied  with 
liouor. 

To  authorize  school  directors  to  purchase  United 
States  flags  and  display  them  on  school  buildings. 

Edncation.— The  following  public  -  school 
statistics  cover  the  school  years  ending  June  80. 
1889,  and  June  30, 1890 : 


ITEMS. 


Number  of  scbool-houses 

Talne  of  school  propertv 

h  umber  of  school  dlstricU 

Children  of  school  age 

Enrolled  in  public  schools 

Avenge  dally  attendance 

Number  of  male  teachers 

Number  of  female  teachen 

Keceipts  fW>m  all  sources. 

Expended  for  teachers'  wages. . 
Total  expenditures 


1889. 


09» 

$8,E88,853 

1,1S8 

8fi.624 

8&,0M 

687 

1,667 

18.067,251  98 

♦718,971  78 

$1,686^19  U 


1890. 


1.190 
H£87,809  40 

1,884 
90,187 
6fi,4£0 
88,714 


1.768 

18.606,948  47 

1(818,604  66 

$1,944,907  88 


Under  the  present  State  law  local  school  di- 
rectors are  permitted  to  own  the  text  books  used 
in  the  schools  and  to  furnish  them  free  to  pupils 
in  attendance.  At  the  close  of  the  school  year 
1890  201  districts  had  availed  themselves  of 
this  privilege,  and  the  system  has  proved  gen- 
erally advantageous. 

At  the  State  University  at  Boulder  there  were 
151  students  during  the  school  year  1889-90, 
and  167  on  Jan.  1,  1891.  The  attendance  at  the 
Agricultural  College  in  1890  was  109,  a  decrease 
of  10  from  the  previous  year.  The  Normal 
School  at  Greeley  was  opened  on  Oct.  6,  1890, 
and  soon  had  an  attendance  of  76  normal  stu- 
dents and  255  students  in  the  model  school. 
The  buildings  for  this  institution  have  been 
erected  by  the  city  of  Greeley  and  the  county  of 
Weld. 

Charities.— For  the  two  years  ending  Nov. 
30,  1890,  the  report  of  the  State  Insane  Asylum 
at  Pueblo  is  as  follows:  Patients  on  Nov. 
30.  1888,  171 ;  admitted  during  the  two  yeare, 
278;  discharged,  175;  remaining  on  Nov.  30, 
1890,  274.  The  property  of  the  institution  con- 
sists of  two  hospital  buildings,  with  out-build- 
ings and  80  acres  of  land,  the  whole  valued  at 
about  1400,000.  At  the  Mute,  Deaf,  and  Blind 
Institute  there  were  111  pupils  in  November 
1890.    . 

The  Industrial  School  at  Golden  on  Nov.  30. 
1888,  had  164  inmates.  Received  during  the 
two  years,  205 ;  discharged,  221 ;  remaining  on 
Nov.  80. 1890,  148. 

Coal. — The  total  amount  of  coal  mined  in  the 
State  in  1889  was  2,400,629  tons:  in  1890  it  was 
3,075,781  tons.  The  coke  produced  in  1889  was 
184,819  tons ;  in  1890  it  was  228,487  tons.  The 
value  of  the  product  for  1890  was  $4,657,220.26. 
The  average  number  of  persons  employed  in  the 
coal  mines  is  reported  to  be  6.172,  the  average 
price  per  ton  that  is  paid  to  the  miners  is  78-4 
cents,  and  the  average  wages  received  by  miners 
$3.60  a  day. 

Agrlciiltnre  and  Cattle  Raising.— The  to- 
tal area  of  actual  agricultural  lands  in  the  State 
is  4,706,744-06  acres,  while  the  grazing  lands 
proper  cover  7,095,704'70  acres.    There  are  9,950 


180*  COLORADO. 

acres  of  fniit  lands  under  cultivation.  Mesa  Xetolved,  That  we  petition  the  President  and 
County  furnishes  1.500  acres  of  this  number,  and  Conjrreea  of  the  United  States  to  once  more  attempt 
Fremont  1.000.  The  live  stock  of  Colorado  is  to  bnng  around  an  international  recojfnition  and  ad- 
valued  at  $30,500,000.  Of  this  amount  the  cat-  i"?^"?°J  ""r"  ^  "*  ^on^j'^and,  should  thi«  effort 
*«uc«  oi^  yw,ww,            V    *,       «      U..I.  *'"\.)_J1  tail,  that  a  limited  ajrreement  be  sought  with  the  na- 

l^foS  «*i^^^°rni*  P^f^  ^\  *l^'i^\^Sri  .**^®^?'  ti<""  o^^^  Latin  Union,  whereby  the  mints  of  those 

f4.806,55o.     The  wool  product  lor  18»0  is  val-  nations  may  airain  be  opened  for  the   ooinatre  of 

ued  at  $12,000,000.  silver.         -^  "»              *^                            -es 

Irrigation. — ^Official  reports  to  the  National  mur.               j-          i*         ».   t.  r\      x.    ^ 

Bureau  of  Agriculture  sho^hat  there  are  about  Octolt  ^"^"^  adjourned,  to  meet  at  Omaha  in 

6,316  miles  of  irrigating  canals  in  the  State,  the  toLt^**^  i      a                 x^u-^t*.-      tti 

total  area  that  fs  at  present   irrigated  being  „  ^?y^*^1^-7A^'Sr^'/'l£^i^^'!S'V^ 

4,004,409  acres.     The  Estimated  cdst  of  the^  was  the  only  btote  officer  to  be  elected  this  y«ir. 

canals  is  $10,950,000.  2°. ^^n  ^  "^  convention  of  the  Peoples  party 

Tran8.Mi88i98ippi  Commercial  Congress,  t^?!  ^LP^^^Tilwi^t?.'!!^      "^^ 
-Under  this  name  a  convention  of  about  500  J**!^®,^^-,  J*'®  following  is  a  part  of  the  plat- 
delegates,  representing  the  States  and   Tern-  lorm  adopted: 

tones  west  of  Mississippi  river,  met  at  Denver  We  are  opposed  to  the  constitutional  amendments 

on  May  19  to  discuss  the  needs  and  interests  of  proposed  by  the  Eighth  General  Assembly  providing 

that  section.    The  sessions  continued  through  f^fMiincjeaM  of  the  taxing  power  and  the  voting  of 

four  davs,  in  the  course  of  which  the  silver  and  *T>:??^n^vl^tln^^^^                  o  .^«          i 
;.*:,»f:AJ  .^»^ui«»«o  «««»  ;it»»,.o»»^   -♦   i^^^u  ^^^*  convention  is  in  tavor  of  a  strong  employers^ 
irrigation  problems  were  discussed  at  length,  liability  and  mechanics'  lien  act            »       *'    - 
Resolutions  were  adopted  urging  the  establish-  _    ^        ««  .     t^             •    «        /- 
ment  of  steamship  lines  between  the  Gulf  ports  ^^  Sept.  29  the  Democratic  State  Convention 
and  Latin-American  states  and  the  speedy  com-  met  at  Denver,  and  nominated  Luther  M.  Qod- 
pletion  of  the    Nicaragua  Canal;   demanding  ^^d-    The  platform  includes  the  following : 
lepslation  by  Congress  to  prevent  mines  and  We  favor  the  tree  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver, 
mineral  lands  from  becoming  the  property  of  and  repeat  our  condemnation  of  the  act  or  the  Rcpub- 
railroad  corporations  under  their  land  grants;  lican  party  which  struck  down  the  currency  or  the 
urging  that  the  geological  survey  be  devoted  to  people  in  the  interest  of  and  at  the  dictation  of  the 
the  purposes  for  which  it  was  established ;  favor-  m^ieyed  aristocrBcv  of  this  countnr. 
ing  the  improvement  of  Mississippi  river,  a  deep-  u^^n^^J*^''^  ?*!if"*^  completion  of  the  State  Capitol 
warier  harlS>r  at  Galveston,  anrthe  immediaE;  ^^^^'^or^^J^.^TSr^.a^ 
construction  of  the  Hennepin  Canal ;  declaring  not  be  interrupted, 
that  naturalization  laws  should  be  more  strin- 
gent, and  that  United  States  courts  only  should  On  the  same  day  the  Republican  Convention 
have  power  to  naturalize;  favoring  the  admis-  *>^et.   at   Glenwood  Springs,  and    renominated 
sion  of  all  the  Territories;  recommending  the  Chief-Justice  Helm.    The  platform  approves  the 
repeaX  of  the  law  of  Congress  preventing  non-  administration  of  President  Harrison,  while  not 
resident  aliens  from  owning  mining  property  agreeing  with  him  on  the  silver  Question;  ap- 
and  other  real  estate  in  the  Territories ;  urging  proves  the  action  of  the  last  Legislature  in  en- 
the  restriction  of  immigration ;  and  favoring  acting  the  Australian  ballot  law  and  the  salarv 
the  passage  of  the  Torrey  Bankrupt  bill  by  Con-  and  fee  biU ;  urges  the  speedy  ratification  of  the 
grass.    Respecting  the  subject  of  irrigation  and  treaty  for  the  removal  of  the  Utes  from   the 
the  silver  question,  the  following  resolutions  State;  reaffirms  the  doctrine  of  protection  and 
were  adoptea :  reciprocity ;  and  contains  the  following  para- 

Besolced,  That  it  is  the  sense  of  this  Congress  that  ®    ^ 


the  General  Government  should,  under  proper  re-        This  convention  earnestly  recommends  to  the  peo- 


.  ---..      .. ^ mines  or  other  hazardous  occupa- 

can  citizen  who  shall  at  the  tune  of  said  purchase  be  tions  from  every  danger  that  can  be  removed  or  di- 
an  actual  citizen  of  the  State  or  Territory  in  which  minished;  the  adjustment  of  differences  between  em- 
said  land  shall  be ;  and.  ploy^s  and  employer  by  arbitration  ;  and  such  Wis- 

Retfolved,  fuHher,  That  such  State  or   Territory  lation  as  may  be  needed  to  facilitate  and  protect 

shall  apply  the  funds  arising  from  the  sale  of  said  orj?anizations  of  farmers  and  wajre  workeni  for  tho 

lands  to  the  reclamation  of  the  same  and  to  school  proper  and  lawful  promotion   of  their  mutual   in- 

purposes.  terests. 

lusoleed,  That  the  Congress  of  the  United  States  The  monetary  condition  of  the  world  durimr  the 

be  hereby  petitioned  to  repeal  all  laws  which  in  their  last  seventeen  years  has  demonstrated  that  the  di- 

ctt'ect  work  dishonor  upon  or,  in  the  least,  challenge  monetization  or  silver  by  the  United  States  was,  if 

the  sovereignty  of  the  silver  dollar  as  an  absolute  not  a  crime,  a  stupendous  blunder,  and  bimetallism  is 

measure  of  values,  and  to  restore  to  silver  the  place  necessary  to  the  welfare  and  prosperity  of  all  coni- 

given  it  as  perfect  money  by  the  fVamers  of  our  Gov-  mcreial  people.    We,  therefore,  in  tne  iuterestA  of  the 

eminent  working  and  pnxlueiiifir  classes  of  all  countries,  de- 

Remlped,  That  the  only  modification  of  the  above  mand  the  full  recognition  of  silver  as  a  money  metal 

which  we  will  accept  is  tne  limiting  of  the  operation  by  the  opening  of  the  mints  of  the  United  States  to 

of  tho  law  to  the  silver  product  of  the  United  States,  the  full  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver, 

and  this  wo  will  accept,  believiiig  it  will  be  but  a  *    i.i       i      •       .     ^t 

change  of  method  which  will  reach  at  once  the  same  At  the  election  m  November  the  Republican 

desired  result  candidate  was  successful. 


COLUMBUS'S  FIRST  LANDFALL. 


181 


COLUMBUS'S  FIRST  LANDFALL.    The  til  Friday  rOct.  12],  when  they  reached  a  small 

exact  place  where  ColumbQS  first  landed  on  the  island  of  the  Lucayos  called  Chtanahani  by  the 

western  continent  has  long  been  a  matter  of  natives."    This  island  he  called  San  Salvador, 

oonjectare.     All  that  is  known  on  the  subject  is  and  he  described  it  as  "  very  large  and  verv  level, 

taken  from  Las  Caaas's  abridgment  of  Ck>lum-  and  has  very  green  trees  and  abundance  of  water 


^9  jonmal  or  log-book.  Under  date  of  Oct.  11  and  a  very  large  lagoon  in  the  middle,  without 

It  says :  "  Two  hours  after  midnight  the  land  ap-  any  mountain,  and  all  is  covered  with  verdure 

P^&r^,  about  two  leagues  off.    They  lowered  all  most  pleasing  to  the  eye.''    Subsequently  he  re- 

the  sails,  leaving  only  a  storm  square  sail,  which  fers  to  a  "  reef  of  rocks  which  entirely  surrounds 

u  the  mainsail  without  bonnets,  and  lay  to  un*  that  island,  although  there  is  withm  it  depth 


182 


COLUMBUS'S  FIRST  LANDFALL. 


WATLING 


TNI  MM  MLVAOM 
or  COLUHBUt. 


•.  W.  Mint 


MmMCtCtHMMMt 

•CALC  or  «n.ia 


enough  and  ample  harbor  for  all  the  vessels  of  a  north  and  south  coast,  surrounding  reefs,  a 
Christendom,  but  the  entrance  is  very  narrow/'  large  lagoon  in  its  middle,  a  headland  nearly  cnt 
It  is  conceded  that  Columbus  first  saw  one  of  the  from  the  mainland  by  the  action  of  the  sea^  and 
Bahama  Islands,  that  he  anchored  consecutively  a  spacious  harbor  near  by  with  a  narrow  entrance, 
at  four  others,  and  that  from  the  last  one  he  The  second  island,  which  he  called  Santa  Maria, 
went  to  Cuba.  Of  the  Bahama  group,  according  must  have  coasts  approximating  north  and  south 
to  the  present  enumeration,  it  was  possible  for  and  east  and  west,  and  must  m  south  or  south- 
him  to  have  landed  on  one  of  86  islands,  687  cays,  west  from  San  Salvador  about  26  miles.  The 
and  2,414  rocks ;  but  the  choice  of  his  first 
landfall  has  been  restricted  chiefly  to  the 
following  islands:  San  Salvador  or  Cat, 
Watling,  Orand  Turk,  Mari^ana,  and  Sa- 
mana  or  Attwood  Cay.  A  discussion  of  the 
claims  of  each  of  these  is  given  in  Vol.  II 
of  Winsor's  **  Narrative  and  Critical  History 
of  America,"  and  perhaps  more  fully  in  Ap- 

Sendix  No.  18  of  the  "  Report  of  the  United 
tates  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  "  for  1880, 
where  Capt  Gustavus  V.  Fox  makes  "  An 
Attempt  to  solve  the  Problem  of  the  First 
Landing -Place  of  Columbus  in  the  New 
World.  The  results  of  his  researches  were 
to  the  effect  that  Samana  or  Attwood  Cay 
was  the  exact  locality.  Such  was  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  when  in  June,  1891,  the 
Chicago  "  Herald "  sent  Walter  Wellman 
and  Charles  Lederer  to  the  Bahamas  to  fix 
the  spot  with  exactness.  They  landed  first 
at  Nassau,  and  there  were  received  by  the 
Governor  of  the  Bahamas,  who  provided 
them  with  a  letter  requesting  the  authorities 
"  to  assist  and  promote  in  every  wajr  in  their 
power  the  obiects"  of  the  expedition.  A 
steamer  was  chartered,  and  they  proceeded 
first  to  Cat  Island,  but  found  there  no  coast 
along  which  Columbus  could  row  in  his 
boats  "  in  a  northeasterly  direction  to  see  the 
other  side,  which  was  on  the  other  side  of  the 

east  "(Columbus's  log-book),  for  there  is  no  north-  third  island,  called  Femandina  bv  Columbus, 
north-east  coast  in  the  island.  The  eastern  coast  must  be  visible  from  the  second;  it  must  have 
is  north-northwest  and  south-southeast,  and  if  a  long  coast  running  south-southeast  and  north- 
he  had  landed  there  and  taken  his  boats  '*  to  see  northwest ;  it  must  have,  somewhere  along  its 
the  other  side,"  he  must  have  steered  either  north-  shores,  a  bit  of  coast  running  cast  and  west,  and 
west  or  southeast.  If  he  had  steered  north-  near  by  must  be  a  harbor  with  several  narrow 
northeast,  or  even  due  north,  he  would  have  gone  entrances.  The  fourth  island,  named  Isabella  by 
right  out  into  the  ocean.  lif,  perchance,  he  had  Columbus,  must  not  be  visible  from  the  third, 
landed  on  the  southern  shore,  where  Port  Howe  but  must  be  almost  due  east  from  the  south  cap 
is,  he  would  have  been  compelled  to  row  south-  of  Femandina;  it  must  have  a  rocky  islet  at  its 
east  or  southwest  **  to  see  the  other  side."  Again,  northern  extremity,  with  a  lagoon  near  by;  to 
if  he  had  anchored  on  the  southern  side  of  the  the  south  of  it  must  lie  another  island,  separated 
island  the  natives  would  not  have  told  him  to  from  Isabella  by  but  a  narrow  channel  (so  nar- 
"round  the  island  to  the  southward"  to  go  to  row  that,  without  close  examination,  it  might  be 
the  southwest  in  search  of  gold,  as  Columbus  says  mistaken  for  an  inlet);  and  this  ad  jacent  island 
thev  did.  Cat  Island  has  no  large  lagoon  in  its  must  be  surrounded  at  its  southern  extremity  by 
middle ;  it  has  no  **  rcef  running  all  round  it " ;  shoals  that  extend  south  and  east.  Moreover,  all 
it  has  no  such  harbor  as  that  which  Columbus  these  islands  must  be  so  located  that  in  sailing 
says  he  saw ;  it  has  no  piece  of  land  like  an  island  southwest  from  the  northern  point  of  the  fourth 
and  yet  not  like  an  island,  but  which  could  easily  island  a  navigator  would  be  able  to  calculate 
be  made  an  island;  it  is  not  very  level,  and  neither  with  approximate  correctness  his  distance  and 
in  its  physical  features  nor  in  its  position  relative  direction  from  the  southern  cape  of  the  third 
to  other  islands  that  Columbus  visited  does  it  island;  they  must  so  lie  that  a  ship  sailing  cer- 
meet  the  requirements  of  the  first  voyage.  It  tain  prescribed  distances  west  and  southwest 
was  decided  that  Cat  Island  was  not  the  first  would  come  upon  a  chain  of  seven  or  eight  isl- 
landing-place,  and  the  steamer  was  turned  east-  ands  lying  north  and  south  (designated  as  Islas 
ward  toward  Watling  Island.  This  they  found  to  de  Arena  by  Columbus),  with  shoal  water  five  or 
conform  to  the  historical  evidences,  and  geomet-  six  leagues  to  the  south  of  them.  Finally,  the  Islas 
rically  to  be  unerringly  the  first  landfall.  The  de  Arena  must  lie  where  a  voyage  of  68  miles 
^conditions  required  by  any  theorj'  of  the  first  south  from  them  would  bring  a  navigator  in  sight 
voyage  are  those  indicated  by  Columbus  himself,  of  Cuba,  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  a  wide  river 
These  are  that  the  island  first  touched,  which  he  which  affords  a  good  harbor.  That  Cat  Island 
named  San  Salvador,  must  have  such  features  as    was  an  impossible  San  Salvador  has  already  been 


T 


COLtlMBUS'S  FIRST  LANDFALL. 


Fhown.  Grand  Tnrk  Island  is  almost  nnworthf 
of  cnnsiclcratton,  and  Lieut.  J.  B.  Murduck, 
L'.  S.  N.,  in  a  paper  publisheil  in  the  "  Proceed- 
ing? of  the  United  States  Naval  Inslitiita  "  for 
April,  1884.  entitled  "  The  Cniiae  of  Columbus 
in  the  fishaniBS.  1492."  mjB  of  this  island,  orijfi- 
nalty  proposed  br  Navarrete:  '*  It  is  hardly  pos- 
sible to  imagine  that  his  tnaV.  is  derived  from 
the  iog  at  all."  Concerning  Hariguana  and 
,Sani*n»,  neither  answere  to  the  description  given 
hy  Columbus.  Neither  has  the  nortn-and- south 
oisfit  nor  the  lagoon.  So  far  as  the  charts  show, 
nt^ither  has  the  remarkable  headland  with  a  har- 
bor with  a  narrow  entrnnee  beside  it  Watliiig 
lE^Und  alone  seems  to  complv  with  the  conditions. 
Annrding  to  (he  Chicago  "  Herald"  expedition, 
'  Watling  Island  is  the  Guanahani  oi  the  ni^ 
tires,  the  San  Salvador  of  Columbus,  the  scene 


miles  north ;  seventh,  out  to  sea,  and  (hen  turn- 
ing back  to  a  cape  or  point  of  the  coast  farther 
north ;  eighth,  to  Rum  Cay ;  and  ninth,  to  Wat- 
ling  Island."  The  exact  spot  on  Watllng  Isl- 
and where  Columbus  first  landed  can  not  l>e  pos- 
itively determined,  but  it  is  safe  to  assume  that 
he  first  anchored  off  the  eastern  shore.  He  was 
Bailing  westward  at  two  o'clock  in  the  morning 
of  Oct.  12,  and  the  two  hills — one  two  and  the 
other  three  miles  south  of  Cut  Point— would  act- 
ually havB  been  the  first  bits  of  land  to  show 
above  the  horizon  in  the  moonlight.  The  loca- 
tion of  the  reefs,  of  the  harbor  with  the  narrow 
entrance,  ot  the  piece  of  land  like  an  island,  Co- 
lumbus's use  of  the  words  *>  round  the  island  to 
the  south"  in  order  to  go  to  the  southwest,  the 
voyage  in  the  boats  outride  the  reefs  along  the 
shore  to  the  north- northeast— all  indicate  that  h« 


of  Ihe  most  nioment'>ns  event  in  history,  because 
it  is  the  only  island  which  in  itself  agrees  with 
thg  discoverer's  description,  and  because  it  is 
the  only  islMid  from  which  the  log  can  be  fol- 
'™ed  to  the  five  other  islands  visited  by  him. 
It  we  were  to  take  the  log.  with  the  directions 
uiil  distances  sailed,  descriptions  of  coasts,  isl- 
*nd5,  snd  harbors,  and  trace  the  track  backward 
Imir  Port  Gibura,  Cuba,  or  any  of  the  adjacent 
anchorages,  with  no  thought  of  Wfttling  or  any 
"t  Ihe  other  proposed  landfall  islands,  a  track  so 
itKced  would  run  firat  to  Bagged  Islands ;  sec- 
ond, to  the  rooky  islet  or  Bird  Rock:  third,  to 
rortane  Island  and  the  shoals;  fourth,  to  the 
jwky  islet  again ;  fifth,  to  Cape  Verd ;  si»lh,  to 
(wtnce  H^wr  and  the  east-and-west  coast  two 


ment  by  the  expedition  to  commemorate  the 
first  landing  of  Columbus.  The  monument,  as 
shown  in  the  engraving,  is  a  rectangular  struct^ 
ure.  flanked  at  the  cnmera  bv  eight  buttresses, 
faced  with  an  appropriate  tablet  of  marble  with 
the  inscription:  "On  this  spot  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus first  set  foot  upon  the  soil  of  Ihe  New 
World,  Erected  by  the  Chicago  ■  Herald.'  June 
IB.  1891."  In  front  was  a  grotto  in  which  whs 
placed  a  marble  globe,  on  whose  surface  was 
traced  the  outlines  of  the  New  World,  and  the 
site  of  Chicago  marked  l)y  a  silver  star,  A  rough 
shaft,  capped  with  a  blocfe  ot  granite,  surmounted 
the  structure.     The  shaft  contained   pieces  ot 


184 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


stone  from  various  buildings  in  Chicago  and  a 
large  bundle  of  newspapers,  containing  copies  of 
the  principal  journals  of  the  United  States.  The 
monument  is  about  20  feet  in  height.  The  dedi- 
catory ceremonies  included  a  prayer  by  S.  W. 
Roberts,  a  brief  address  by  Capt.  Maxwell-Nairn, 
the  local  magistrate,  and  an  oration  by  Walter 
Well  man. 

COMMERCE  AND  NAYIGATION  OF 
THE  UNITED  STATES.  The  total  value  of 
the  trade  of  the  United  States  with  other  coun- 
tries for  the  twelve  months  ending  June  30, 
1891,  was  $1,729,397,006,  exceeding  by  $82,257,- 
913  that  of  1890,  which  was  greater  than  the 
commerce  of  anv  previous  year,  and  $241,797,860 
in  excess  of  the  total  for  1889.  The  value  of  the 
merchandise  imports  was  $844,916,196,  the  larg- 
est in  the  history  of  American  commerce,  exceed- 
ing the  total  for  the  fiscal  year  1890  by  $55,605,- 
787.  The  exports  of  merchandise  reached  the 
sum  of  $884,480,810,  exceeding  those  of  1890  by 
$26,652,126.  The  values  of  the  total  imports  of 
merchandise  and  of  the  exports,  domestic  and 
foreign,  for  the  last  four  years  have  been  as 
follow : 


TEARS. 

Imports. 

DomMtiB 
•xporto. 

•icporto. 

Totolcxportk 

1883... 
1889... 
1890... 
1891... 

$798,957,114 
745^181,602 
789^10,409 
844,916,196 

•688,862,104 
780.23^609 
845,998,898 
872,870,988 

$12,092,408 
12,118,766 
12,584,856 
12,210,587 

$695,954,007 
742,401,875 
807,828,684 
884,916,196 

$620,659,640,  an  increase  of  $49,210,646 ;  and  the 
value  brought  in  foreign  sailing  vessels  was  $55,- 
855,123,  an  increase  of  $3,561,017.  Of  the  toUl 
exports,  the  merchandise  carried  in  cars  and 
other  land  vehicles  was  $30,116,869  in  value, 
or  $201,077  less  than  in  1890;  the  value  car- 
ried in  American  steamers  was  $42,967,  li^, 
or  $6,058,419  more ;  the  value  carried  in  Ameri- 
can sailing  vessels  was  $33,938,428,  a  decrease 
of  $4,534,251 ;  the  value  carried  in  foreign 
steamers  was  $675,537,455,  an  increase  of  $30,- 
959,672;  and  the  value  carried  in  foreign  sail- 
ing vessels  was  $89,710,333,  a  decrease  of  $5,- 
806,308.  The  foreign  exports  carried  in  cars 
declined  from  $2,631,956  to  $1,806,570,  those 
carried  in  American  sailing  vessels  from  $947,- 
721  to  $651,080,  and  those  carried  in  foreicni 
sailing  vessels  from  $898,749  to  $394,167 ;  while 
the  value  carried  in  American  steam  vessels  ad- 
vanced from  $1,172,959  to  $1,411,341,  and  that 
carried  in  foreign  steam  vessels  from  $6,883,471 
to  $7,947,369. 

Imports.— The  values  of  the  principal  articles 
and  classes  of  articles  exempt  from  duty  im- 
ported into  the  United  States  during  the  twelve 
months  ending  June  30,  1891,  compared  with 
the  figures  for  the  preceding  year,  are  given  in 
the  following  table : 


ARTICLK  FREE  OF  DUTY. 


In  1888  there  was  an  excess  of  imports  over 
exports  amounting  to  $28,002,607.  In  1889  the 
imports  increased,  but  the  exports  recovered  so 
as  to  nearly  balance  them,  the  whole  merchan- 
dise movement  of  the  year  showing  a  balance  of 
$2,730,277  against  the  United  States.  In  1890 
the  expansion  of  the  export  trade  was  extraor- 
dinary, and  while  the  consumption  of  foreign 
products  went  on  at  a  more  rapid  rate,  the  bal- 
ance of  trade  in  favor  of  the  United  States 
reached  the  large  amount  of  $68,518,275.  In 
1891  we  see  the  same  steady  growth  in  the  pro- 
ductive capacity  of  the  country  as  measured  by 
the  increase  in  the  exportable  surplus,  and  as  a 
result  of  this  continuea  prosperity  a  more  rapid 
expansion  of  the  import  movement,  which  never^ 
theless  left  a  balance  in  favor  of  the  United 
States  of  $39,564,614.  The  value  of  merchandise 
imported  free  of  duty  was  $366,241,352  in  1891, 
an  increase  of  $100,572,723.  The  value  of  dutia- 
ble merchandise  was  $478,674,844,  a  decrease  of 
$44,966,936.  The  difference  in  the  proportion 
of  free  and  dutiable  imports  was  caused  mainly 
by  the  transfer  of  suf^r  and  of  certain  textile 
materials  from  the  dutiable  to  the  free  list. 

The  value  of  the  imports  and  exports  carried 
in  cars  and  other  land  vehicles  in  1891  was  $72.- 
856,194,  as  compared  with  $73,571,263  in  1890, 
$66,664,378  in  1889,  $54,356,827  in  1888.  $48,- 
951,725  in  1887,  and  $43,700,350  in  1886.  Of 
the  total  imports,  goods  of  the  value  of  $40,932,- 
755  were  brought  in  cars  and  other  land  vehicles, 
an  increase  of  $311,394;  the  value  brought  in 
American  st«am  vessels  was  $74,211,783,  which 
was  $3,959,778  more  than  in  1890;  the  value 
carried  in  American  sailing  vessels  was  $53,259,- 
895,  or  $1,437,048  less  than  in  the  previous  year ; 
the  value  brought  in  foreign  steam  vessels  was 


Animals  for  breddlng 

Articles,  prod  actt  of  U.  S.,  returned 

Works  of  American  artists. 

Asphaltam  or  bitumen,  crude .... 

Bark,  hemlock 

Bolting  cloths 

Books,  maps,  engravlnga  etc 

Alixailne 

Argal  or  crude  tartar 

Cinchona  bark 

Cochineal 

Logwood  and  other  dye  woods . . . 

Gums 

Indigo , 

Liooriee  root 

Lime,  chloride  of 

Mineral  waters 

Opium,  crude 

Potash,  muriate  of 

Potash  chlorates,  nitrates,  etc 

Quinia,  salts  of. 

Boda,  nitrate  of 

Sulphur 

Vantlia  beans 

A II  other  chemica]s,drugB,  and  dyes 

Chicory  root    

Cocoa  or  cacao,  crude 

CofFee 

Cork  wood  and  bark 

Cotton,  unmanufectured 

Diamonds  and  precious   stones, 

nneut 

Egn. 

Farinaceous  substances 

Fertilizers 

Fish,  fresh 

Bananas 

Cocoa-nuts 

Currants 

Dates 

Other  fruits  and  nuts 

Furs  and  f^  skins 

Hair 

Hats  and  bonnets,  materials  for. . . 

Goat  skins , 

Other  skins 

Personal  ellbcts  of  immigraots,  etc. 
India-rubber  and  gutta-percha. . . . 

Needles  for  hand  sewing 

Bhot-gun  barrels,  rough  IxHred. . . . 

Ivory  

Vegetable  Ivory 

Matting,  straw. 


1890. 


4,281,992 
400,12s 
190,056 
164,276 
821,124 

1415,858 
£5^882 

2,798,688 

288,715 

42,485 

1,T25,1«T 

^«7,^80 

1,821,987 
794,508 

1,88.%080 

481,679 

(Dutiable) 

249,350 

(DntiaUe) 

902,060 

2,709,181 

2.186.559 
550,867 

4,28a718 
(Dutiable) 

2,812,781 
78,267,482 

1,218,876 

1,892,728 

202,858 

2,074.912 

1,108,726 

1,218,980 

880,208 

4,668,779 

822,810 

(Dutiable) 

(Dutiable) 

1,891.081 

2,165,218 

2,866.281 

(Dutiable) 

9,106,oira 

i2,n5,ao4 

2,785,099 
14.854,612 
(Dutiable) 
(Dutiable) 
843,105 
61.4n 
(Dutiable) 


1891. 


$2,465,110 
4,4661279 

89^S98 

258,410 

274,8^ 

296i,0S8 
1,65S;514 

667,862 
2,197,607 

801,070 

19,779 

2.0ia485 

6,906^14 

1.600,680 

896,597 
1,429.609 

86fi,8(X) 
•9SI.68S 

928.589 
•842,995 

688,260 
2.928374 
2,451,618 

004^744 
6,444.714 

•86,612 

2.817,168 

96,128.7n 

1.249,006 

2,82^004 

804,826 

1 1,058,964 

548,700 

1,625,884 

1 260,886 

^854,752 

913,288 

•1,246,074 

•618,S45 

1.789,910 

2.822,166 

2,265,714 

•  1Ji49.726 

11.488.745 

16,497.014 

2.920,030 

18,020,304 

•286.182 

•63,il8 

886.8^9 

76,887 

•1,489.096 


COMMEBCB  AND  NAVIGATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


185 


IBTICLKS  nUZ  OF  DUTY. 


0D&,  And  or  expronaed 

Uito«  mlsCUe  or  eswntUl 

Ores,  gold-beariDf 

Orts,  sUrer-boarlng 

Pftper  stock 

{■ItflJiiim 

PhuDlngo. 

beed« 

Hik,  nw,  eocooDfl,  And  waste 

6^ertt  uQgroimd 

Bonr,  beet,  nnrefiDfld 

l^llgVf  eaM  and  other,  tinreflned.. 

MoiaMca 

T« 

Jaie  ud  Jato  batt* 

Muiis  hemp 

Sisal  gnaa, 

Cairyarn 

Other  textile  gnaaes  and  flbera. . . 

Tifl  1o  Uoeka,  beta,  pifra,  etc 

Wood,  nnmaDufactiued 

Ardclea  trvm  the  Hawaiian  lakoda 
All  utfaer  free  artietoa 


Total  free  of  datf. 


1890. 


904,991 

91,679 

T.T48,679 

ft,261,44S 

707v848 

578,M1 

&69,1S8 

94,>iS&,&81 

2,978,994 

(Dutiable) 

(Dntiabie) 

(Dutiable) 

Ii3l7,498 

S Dutiable  I 
Dutiable) 
Dutiable) 
92.921 
987,904 
8,898,909 
4,24S,0t)5 
12,068,667 
7,609,889 


1266.668,629 


1891. 


1,081,266 

I,2b8,l67 

214,808 

8,968,608 

6,013,tf48 

926,066 

&U9,8U9 

88U,8U4 

19,077,866 

2,6$9,161 

lb«,870,809 

1 84,606,607 

X  1,964,967 


•2,644,968 

•  6,218,264 

•  4,4M,678 

167,462 
1,697,680 
7,977,546 
^276,972 
10,749,462 
9,40MM 


$866,241^ 


•  From  Oet.  6, 1890,  only.  For  the  preceding  period  the 
Ttlw  b  giren  in  the  uble  of  dutiable  articlea. 

t  Cp  to  Oct.  %  1890.  J*'or  the  remaining  period  aee  the 
tabie  of  dntiabie  imjiorta. 

$  iTom  April  1, 1891.  For  the  preceding  nine  months  see 
thetabtabakm. 

The  importitiji:  price  or  cost  in  the  foreign 
market  whence  they  were  imported  of  the  cattle 
brought  in  free  of  duty  has  sunk  from  $56  in 
1884  to  $18  in  1891,  while  the  quality  of  horses 
iniDorted  for  breeding  purposes  has  advanced, 
and  the  average  cost  has  risen  from  $121  to 
|311.    The  price  of  asphalt  per  ton  in  1891  was 
|3.61,athira  higher  than  in  the  preceding  year; 
the  price  of  alizarine  advanced  from  17  to  20 
cents  a  pound,  and  that  of  cochineal  from  21  to 
23  cents,  while  that  of  cinchona  remained  at  10 
cents,  argal  fell  from  11  to  10  cents,  and  logwood 
was  lower  in  price.    Of  the  gums,  camphor  has 
ru«en  in  four  years  from  12  to  27  cents  a  pound, 
while  gum  Arabic  has  declined  from  84  to  12 
cents.    Indigo  was  77  cents  a  pound  in  1891,  as 
compared  with  65  cents  in  1890.    Chloride  of 
lime  or  bleaching  powder  averaged  1  cent  a 
poand  in  both  years.    Licorice  root  was  2  cents 
a  pound,  double  the  price  in  1890.    Sulphate  of 
quinia  continued  to  decline,  falling  from  80  to 
25  cents  per  ounce,  a  quarter  of  the  price  in 
1881    The  price  of  soda  nitrate  remained  the 
same ;  but  tnat  of  sulphur  advanced  25  per  cent. 
Vanilla  beans  showed  some  falling  off.    Un- 
manufactured cocoa  remained  unchanged;  but 
coffee  rose  from  16  to  19  cents  a  pound.    Eggs 
vere  15  cents,  a  cent  more  a  dozen.    Guano  rose 
from  $13.26  to  $1750  a  ton.  while  phosphates 
fell  off  in  price  at  the  port  of  embarkation  from 
110.02  to  $8.68.    Salmon  was  a  cent  a  pound 
cheaper,  partly  owing  to  the  imposition  of  a 
duty,  but  other  fresh  fish  averagea  the  same  in 
price.     India-rubber  advanced  from  44  to  52 
cents  a  pound.     Ivory  was  $8.64  a  pound,  about 
8  per  cent,  cheaper.    The  fixed  oils  were  6  cents 
a  pound,  an  advance  of  1  cent,  while  the  votatile 
oils  fell  from  63  to  55  cents  per  i>ound.    The 
price  of  rags  did  not  vary.    Raw  silk  declined 
imm  $8.92  to  $3.66  a  pound,  while  waste  silk 
and  cocoons   shoi^ed  a  considerable    advance. 
The  price  of  nutmegs  was  a  cent  a  pound  higher, 
that  of  pepper  fell  from  12  to  10  cents,  and  other 
apices  averaged  15  per  cent,  lower  prices.    The 


average  price  of  tea  advanced  from  15  to  17 
cents  a  pound. 

The  number  of  cattle  imported  free  of  duty  in 
1891  was  2,740,  a  decrease  of  1,192 ;  of  horses,  the 
number  was  6,444,  or  4,424  less  than  in  1890; 
and  the  number  of  sheep  was  9,606,  a  decrease  of 
6,697.  The  quantity  of  American  spirits  stored 
abroad  and  reimported  was  1,791,591  gallons, 
771,395  gallons  more  than  in  the  preceding  year. 
The  quantity  of  asphaltum  im potted  was  nearly 
the  same.  The  import  of  hemlock  bark  was 
two  thirds  grater  in  quantity.  In  the  imports, 
that  of  alizarine  and  madder  increased  60  per 
cent.,  that  of  crude  tartar  declined  12  per  cent., 
that  of  the  barks  from  which  quinine  is  extracted 
was  slightly  greater,  and  that  of  cochineal  was 
only  about  two  fifths  as  large.  In  the  import  of 
logwood  there  was  an  increase  from  65,870  to 
84,155  tons.  The  import  of  gum  arable  fell  off 
10  per  cent,  in  quantity,  and  that  of  camphor  15 
per  cent.,  while  that  of  gambler  or  terra  japonica 
increased  85  per  cent.,  and  that  of  shellac  35  per 
cent.  Of  inai^o  about  a  quarter  less  was  im- 
ported, of  licorice  root  about  the  same  quantity, 
of  chloride  of  lime  about  8  per  cent  more,  of 
muriate  of  potash  20  per  cent,  more,  of  quinine 
and  alkaloids  of  the  same  nature  a  very  little 
more,  of  nitrate  of  soda  10  per  cent,  more,  of 
sulphur  15  per  cent,  less,  and  of  vanilla  beans  18 
per  cent.  more.  The  import  of  cocoa  was  larger 
oy  one  sixth,  and  that  of  coffee  increased  from 
499,159,120  to  519,528,432  pounds.  There  was 
an  increase  of  25  per  cent,  in  the  import  of  guano 
and  of  13  per  cent,  in  that  of  phosphates  for 
fertilizing  purposes.  The  imports  of  rubber  and 
gutta-percha  increased  from  83,842,874  to  84,- 
672,924  pounds.  In  rags  for  paper-making  there 
was  an  increase  in  quantity  of  20  per  cent.  The 
import  of  raw  silk  fell  off  from  5,948.860  to 
4,917,688  ()ounds,  that  of  cocoons  from  162,531 
to  82,058  pounds,  and  that  of  silk  waste  from 
1,404,549  to  1,300,789  pounds.  The  importation 
of  sufi^ar  was  enormously  stimulated  by  the  re- 
moval of  the  duty.  The  same  is  true  in  a  less 
degi"^  of  jute,  sisal  grass,  and  other  raw  ma- 
terials that  were  transferred  to  the  free  list.  The 
effect  of  the  competition  of  the  Spanish  and 
English  colonies  and  of  Europe  is  not  noticeable, 
except  in  the  prices,  in  the  returns  of  imports  of 
brown  sugar  from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  which 
were  more  than  a  third  greater  than  in  1890. 

The  following  table  gives  the  values  of  the  prin- 
cipal articles  and  classes  of  dutiable  merchandise 
imported  in  1891  and  the  last  preceding  year : 


DITTIABLB  ABTldO, 


Anlmala.  live , 

Art  worics 

Booka,  niapa.  enfrniTlnga 

Braaa.  and  mannfacturea  thereof. 

Breadatuib 

Bristlea 

Bruahea 

Biittona 

Cement. 

Coal-tar  txAon  and  dyea 

Glycerin 

Logwood  and  other  dyea 

Opium,  crude 

Opium,  prepared  for  amoking. . . . 
Potash,  nitrate  of,  or  aaltpeter. . . 

Cauatlc  Boda 

Bal  soda  and  soda  ash 

Other  aalts  of  soda 

Sumac,  ground 


1890. 


$8,270,277 

1J96,872 

2,878,717 

166.6€8 

0,084,272 

1.286,219 

767,128 

8.207,128 

2,172,952 

l,7S7.6ft8 

928,985 

218.106 

1,188,712 

260.5S6 

8P6.499 

1,470,885 

8,498,288 

184.4J^7 

24&,086 


1891. 


12,480,255 
2,014,510 
2,571,889 

284.848 
4.484,449 
1,857,988 

868.578 
2,096,411 
4,021,998 
1,678,864 

996,686 

274,409 
•220,748 

567,085 
•181,816 
1,874,700 
4,882.917 

162,079 

8C2,875 


186 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


DUTLABLS  ARTICLES. 


1890. 


Other  chemieals,  drugs,  and  dyeii. 

Clays  or  earths 

Clocks,  and  parts  of. 

'Watches,  and  parts  uf 

Coal,  bitainlnons 

Copper  ore 

Cupper,  and  manofactores  of 

Coraets 

CottOD  cloth 

Clothinje,  cotton 

Cotton  knit  goods 

Cotton  laoea,  edgings,  embroideries 

Cotton  thread  and  yam 

Other  manaftctures  of  cotton  .... 
Karthen,  stone,  and  china  ware . . . 


IX>lls  and  toys 

Feathers  

Artiflcla!  flowers  and  feathers 

Perttamery  and  cosmetics 

Pipes  and  smokers^  articles. 

Other  Ikocy  articles 

Fish,  fhesh 

Fish,  cured  and  preserved 

Fha 

Hemp,  and  sabstltutes  for 

Jute 

Bisal  grass  snd  other  textile  fibers. 
Flax,  nemn,  and  Jate  mannfkctares 

Fruits  and  nuts 

Furs  and  maunflKtores  of  ftir . . . . 

Glass  and  gbssware 

Hair,  and  manufactures  of. 

Hats,  bonnets,  hoods,and  materials 

Hay 

Hops 

India-rubber  manulhctures 

Iron  ore 

Iron  and  steel  and  mannlhetnres. 
Jeweby,  and  gold  and  silver  wares 
Precious  stones  and  Imitations... 

Lead,  and  manufltctures  of 

Leather 

I^eather  manufhctures 

Malt,  barley 

Malt  liquors 

Marble  and  slone 

Metal  compositions  J^  manuftct's. 

Mineral  snb6tanoes 

Musical  iustruraents 

Oils 

Faints  and  colors 

Paper,  and  manufa<!tures  of 

Provisions  and  dairy  products .... 

Bice  and  rice  flour 

Salt 


Seeds 

Silk  manuihetures 

Soap 

Spices,  ground 

Spirits.  distUled 

Sponges. 

Sugar,  beet 

Sugar,  cane 

Molasses 

Sugar,  refined,  and  confectionery. 

Tobacco,  leaf 

Tobacco,  manufhctured 

Vegetables 

Wines,  sparkling 

Wines,  still,  in  casks 

Wines,  still.  In  bottles 

Wood,  and  manulhctures  of 

Woola,  clothing 

Wools,  combing 

Wools,  carpet  and  other.  

Woolen  manufhetiiree 

Zinc,  specter,  and  manufactures  of. 
All  other  dutiable  articles 


Total  dutiable  articles. 


4,67&,8S1 

882,081 

4«»,406 
1.674,87R 
8,087,760 

8»8«808 

122,221 

968,129 
&,508,241 

886,655 

7,148,080 

11,447,670 

904.185 
6.677,824 
7,060,801 
(FrM  of  dnty.) 
2,070,659 
1,448,61)2 
1,190.690 

428,968 

278,978 
2,818,491 
(Ptm  of  daty.) 
8,710,882 
2,183,021 
7,841.956 
8,249,926 
7,061,1S4 
28,421,279 
18,878,801 
5,888,608 
7,852,518 

160,885 
8,898,657 
1,148,445 
1,058,616 

867.617 

2,415,714 

41,679,501 

li861,104 

12,180,4S2 

657,658 
6,229,886 
6,206,244 

161,666 
1,427,608 
1,297,687 
4,284,082 

108,250 
l,7c»8,129 
1.581,739 
1,848,457 
2,816,860 
2,011,814 
2,042.120 

950,925 

8,530,681 

88,586374 

558,440 

249,077 
2,214,200 

416,718 

18348.417 

66,187,726 

^159,481 

89,060 

17,605,192 

4,105,262 

4,455,874 

4,752,672 

2,450,174 

1.657,210 

12,999,881 

8.894,760 

l,90^970 

9,468^58 

56,562,432 

140,700 
6,200,202 


1891. 


6.125,674 

487,226 

800,492 

1,984,414 

8,588,278 

52e,568 

808.189 

1 262,604 

4,407,644 

1,201,278 

6,786,6^0 

10,591,616 

867,645 

^9 17,798 

8381^88 

1181,681 

2.279,121 

1,775,924 

1348,569 

444.964 

852,684 

1,129,211 

1884.926 

4,409,816 

1,656,779 

1,781,896 

•  1,217,890 

•  1374.941 
84,024,094 
16360,822 

7,006,603 
8,864,818 

148,019 
•672,896 

446.461 
1,797,406 

854.646 

8,480,160 

58,241.028 

1,868,898 

12,466,976 

8,560,886 

6319,688 

6368,721 

78.48  ( 

1,76^7U8 

1302,718 

7,222,670 

11«,108 
1,444,756 
1,662,468 
1,489,127 
8,081,464 
2,108,891 
4,148,910 

988,889 

2385,926 

87,880,148 

579328 

862,682 
2,209.786 

481,878 

19361,968 

142,499,263 

i  698,197 

2»8,094 

18,284,162 

8.886,899 

7.076,874 

6,615,872 

2,641,816 

1.749,872 

14,611,214 

6319,918 

1,551.490 

9,759.969 

41,060,080 

129,587 
6,481,986 


$523,641,780    $478,674,844 


•  Prior  to  Oct.  6, 1890.  For  the  remaining  period  see  the 
preceding  table. 

t  From  Julv  1  to  Oct  6,  1890.  Since  the  Utter  classed 
under  manufiutares  of  cotton,  flax,  silk,  or  wool,  according  to 
materials  of  chief  value. 

i Since  Oct.  «,  1890.  only. 
For  nine  months  ending  March  81.  1691.    For  the  re* 
ling  three  months  see  the  preceding  table. 


The  declared  prices  of  cattle  in  the  foreign 
markets  averaged  $5.56  a  head  in   1891,  bar- 
ing fallen  from  $18.47  in   1887;   the  average 
price  of  the  horses  imported  was  $78.05,  against 
$49.74  in  1890.    There  was  an  advance  of  25  per 
cent,  and  upward  in  the  average  cost  of  cereals. 
Crude  opium  advanced  from  $2.50  to  $2.86  a 
pound.    Sal  soda  and  caustic  soda  remained  1 
and  2  cents  a  pound  respectively.    Copper  rose 
from  7  to  8  cents.    Unbleached  cottons  were 
still  9  cents  a  yard,  while  bleached  and  dyed 
goods  went  up  from  18  to  14  cents.    Flax  was  a 
little  lower,  hemp  was  25  per  cent  below  the 
ruling  prices  in  18i90,  lute  fell  off  almost  as  mach, 
and  sisal  grass  a  full  third.    The  prices  of  figs 
and  prunes  were  double  those  of  the  previous 
year,  while  raisins  and  nuts  did  not  vary.  Higher 
prices  for  window  glass  account  partly  for  the 
increase  in  the  value  of  the  glass  imports.    The 
imports  of  hops  fell  from  6,589,516  to  4,019,003 
pounds,  but  tne  value  was  nearly  75  per  cent, 
greater  because  the  price  went  up  from  16  to  45 
cents  a  pound.    Linseed  went  down  7  per  cent, 
in  price.    Baw  suear  averaged  8  cents  a  pound 
in  both  years.    Tobacco  imported  for  cigar  wrap- 
pers was  58  cents  a  pound,  or  8  cents  less  in 
1891.    Clothing  wools  were  21  cents  a  pound,  2 
cents  less;  combing  wools  were  28  cents,  hav- 
ing fallen  2  cents;  and  carpet  wools  were  11     ; 
cents,  a  cent  lower.    The  carpets  imported  were    { 
of  much  higher  grade  than  m  vears  past    The 
imports  of  dutiable  live  animals  included  9,652 
cattle,  16.098  horses,  and  836,159  sheep,  against 
26,760  cattle,  88,248  hones,  and  877,491  sheep 
in  1890.    The  imports  of  barley  fell  off  from 
11,382,545  to  5,078,788  bushels,  and  those  of  other 
grain  and  flour  in  a  like  ratio,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  wheat     The  importation  of   cement, 
though  at  higher  prices,  was  nearly  80  per  cent 
greater  in  Quantity.    The  imports  of  unbleached 
cotton  cloth  increased  from  1,508,289  to  1,802,- 
897  square  yards,  and  those  of  other  piece  goods 
from  26,251,402  to  81,055,214  square  yards.    The 
imports  of  cured  fish  were  greater  m  quantity 
than  in  1890.    The  imports  of  flax  fell  off  2^ 
per  cent,  and  those  of  hemp  to  less  than  a  third 
of  the  quantity  imported  m  the  previous  year. 
Of  the  fruits,  those  that  rose  in  price  were  im- 
ported in  smaller  quantities,  while  the  rest  show 
a  considerable  expansion  of  trade.    A  larger  sum 
than  the  entire  increase  in  the  value  of  uie  iron 
and  steel  manufactures  is  represented  by  the  in- 
creased imports  of  tin  plate  in  anticipation  of 
the  duty,  the  total  imports  being  1,086,489,074 
pounds,  of  the  value  of  $85,746,920,  as  compared 
with  680,060,925  pounds,  of  the  value  of  $20,928,- 
150,  in  1890,  at  the  same  average  price  of  3  cents 
a  pound.    The  imports  of  linseed  declined  from 
2.891,175  to  1,515,546  bushels.    The  imports  of 
brandy  were  less,  those  of  champagne  15  per 
cent  more  in  quantity,  and  those  of  still  wines 
showed  about  naif  that  increase.    The  imports 
of  flne  wool  for  cloth  manufacture  amounted  to 
82,280,985  pounds,  nearly  double  as  much  as  in 
1890 ;  those  of  the  combing  wools  were  over  10 
per  cent  less,  and  those  of  carpet  wools  were  10 
per  cent,  greater.    While  the  imports  of  carpets 
were  larger  in  quantity  and  nearly  twice   as 
great  in  value  as  in  the  preceding  year,  the  im- 
ports of  cloth  decreased  from  16,847,562  to  12,- 
109,825  pounds,  and  those  of  dress  goods  from 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATEa 


187 


118^,488  to  86,644,096  square  yards.  Those 
of  shoddj  and  rags  fell  from  4,980,827  to  1,185,- 
591  pounds,  and  those  of  yams  from  3,473,219  to 
2,004,093  pounds. 

A  large  increase  in  the  import  of  sugar  was 
caused  by  its  transfer  to  the  free  list  three  months 
before  the  end  of  the  fiscal  ^ear  1891.  The  total 
importation  of  raw  suear,  including  the  import 
from  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  was  8,479,260,785 
pounds,  Talued  at  $  105,566,855,  against  2,938,982.- 
m  pounds,  of  the  value  of  $96,085,971,  in  1890. 
A  material  increase  in  the  value  imported  is  ob- 
serTed  in  the  following  articles  from  the  free 
lis(:  Coffee,  of  which  the  imports  were  $17,856,- 
345  more  in  value  than  in  1890 ;  hides  and  skins, 
which  show  an  increase  of  $6,048,878 :  chemicals, 


lected  on  dutiable  merchandise  was  46*26  per 
cent,  in  1891,  44*41  per  cent,  in  1890,  45*13  per 
cent  in  1889,  45-68  per  cent,  in  1888,  and  47*10 
per  cent,  in  1887.  Taking  free  and  dutiable 
merchandise  together,  the  duties  averaged  25*25 
per  cent  in  1891,  29*12  per  cent  in  1890,  29*50 
per  cent  in  1889,  29*99  per  cent,  in  1888,  and 
81*02  per  cent  in  1887. 

Exports. — The  total  value  of  the  exports  of 
domestic  merchandise  for  the  fiscal  year  1891 
was  $872,270,288,  which  was  greater  than  in  any 
previous  year  except  1881  and  $26,976,455  in  ex- 
cess of  the  domestic  exports  of  1890.  The  val- 
ues of  the  chief  staples  of  the  export  commerce 
for  the  last  three  years  are  given  in  the  follow- 
ing table : 


PRINCIPAL  KXPORTB. 


Cottoa.  Aod  mannfhetorea  of 

PkPfWoiM,  emnprialiig  total  and  dairy  prodaota. 

BreMUtafli 

MtDciaioito 

ADiniab 


Into  tad  stodL  and  ouuiaftotiires  ot,  Indndlng  ore. 

Word,  and  mannteetnrea  of 

Tobafeo,  and  iiumallMtiirea  of 

lint  her,  and  maaolhetunia  o£ 

Cod ..... 


()il  eake  and  oll<ake  meal 

Copper  ore. 

MigarandmolaiuMi. 

QMmlcala,  dniaa,  drea,  and  nudldaea. 
V\A 


SpUts  of  turpentine 

lopper.  and  maaaftfCtarea  ol^  not  indndlng  ore. 
T«fMibleoUay 


Total. 


1880. 

1890. 

1891. 

$247,987,914 

$280,988,089 

$M4,817,766 

104,182,444 

188,284,508 

189,017,471 

lSa,878,Ml 

154.9^^927 

128,181.868 

49,9;8,«n 

51,408,089 

62,026,784 

ia374,60S 

88.888,128 

82,985,088 

21.158.109 

25,542,206 

88,909,614 

86.910,872 

28,274,529 

26,870,040 

22,809,688 

26,8S^801 

85.220,472 

10,747,710 

12,488,847 

18,878,847 

8,890,479 

8.868,088 

8,891,026 

8,927.919 

7.999.928 

7,462,094 

7,518,258 

6.058,288 

7,260,898 

2,117,588 

8,029,418 

7.099,788 

5,542,758 

6,224,604 

6.64&.851 

6,989,985 

8.040,828 

4,996,681 

8,777.625 

4,690,961 

4,668,140 

2,848,964 

2,849,892 

4,614,597 

1,585,788 

5,672,441 
$777,627,661 

4,802,986 

$888,178,092 

$805,429,184 

drugs,  and  dyes,  of  which  $4,825,324  worth  more 
were  imported ;  fmits  and  nuts,  the  imports  of 
which  were  $8,555,144  ^eater;  and  crude  rub- 
ber and  gatta-percha,  imports  of  which  were 
13.166,292  more  in  value,  in  the  list  of  dutiable 
articles  the  imports  of  iron  and  steel  and  the  man- 
ufactures thereof  were  $11,575,976  more  in  value ; 
metals,  metal  compositions,  and  manufactures 
thereof  show  an  increase  of  $2,988,588 :  raw  wool 
was  imported  to  the  amount  of  $2,967,289  more ; 
and  vegetables  came  in  to  the  amount  of  $2,725,- 
722  more.  The  transfer  of  jute,  sisal  grass,  and 
other  fibrous  materials  to  the  free  list  caused  a 
decrease  of  $13,863,081  under  the  head  of  flax, 
hemp,  and  jate  in  the  dutiable  list,  which  was 
more  than  offset  by  an  increase  of  $14,608,019 
under  the  head  of  textile  grasses  and  vegetable 
fibers  in  the  free  list  There  was  a  decrease  of 
15,249,450  in  the  imports  of  unmanufactured  silk 
among  the  free  articles,  and  among  the  dutiable 
articles  the  laraest  decrease  was  $15,522,852  un- 
der the  head  of  wool  and  woolen  manufactures. 
The  imports  of  manufactures  of  flax,  hemp,  jute, 
and  allied  substances  fell  off  $4,897,185. 

The  total  value  of  imported  merchandise  free 
of  duty  entered  for  consumption  in  1891  was 
$3^8.064,404,  against  $266,103,047  in  1890,  $256,- 
574,630  in  1889,  $244,104,852  in  1888,  and  $238.- 
093,6.')9  in  1887.  The  total  value  of  dutiable 
merchandise  entered  for  consumption  was  $466,- 
455,173  in  1891,  $507,571,764  in  1890,  $484,856,- 
708  in  1889,  $468,143,774  in  1888,  and  $450,325.- 
332  in  1887.  In  1891  the  amount  of  duty  col- 
lected was  $215,790,686.    The  average  rate  col- 


These  articles  constituted  91*5  per  cent  of  the 
total  domestic  exports  in  1889,  91-99  per  cent  in 
1890,  and  92*34  per  cent  in  1891. 

Grouped  according  to  the  source  and  nature 
of  the  articles,  the  domestic  exports  of  the  last 
two  years  are  classified  as  follow : 


DOMESTIC  EXPORTS. 

1890. 

1891. 

AflTicaltunil  DrodoctB 

|(»9,786,917 

151,181,297 

82.851,746 

89,478,084 

7,498.044 

A<»«ST40 

$642,751,844 

lAnutacturea  prodaeU 

MiDenl  prodactB 

168,927,815 
22,054,970 

Forest  DrodactA 

28,715,718 

Flsherv  Drodncta 

6,208,577 

Other  Ditxinctfl 

8,612364 

Total  

$845,298,828 

$872,^70,2^8 

Products  of  agriculture  constituted  78*69  per 
cent  of  the  total  value  of  exports  in  1891,  and 
in  1890  they  made  74'51  per  cent,  of  the  whole. 
The  proportionate  value  of  the  mineral  products, 
whicn  include  mineral  oils,  declined  from  2-04 
to  2*53  per  cent.,  that  of  forest  products  from 
8-48  to  3-29  per  cent,  that  of  fishery  products 
from  '89  to  '71  per  cent.,  and  that  of  miscellane- 
ous products  from  '60  to  -41  per  cent.,  these  vari- 
ations being  caused  by  the  larger  absolute  and 
relative  exportation  oi  manufactured  products, 
which  formed  19*37  per  cent  of  the  whole  in 
1891,  as  compared  with  17*88  per  cent  in  1890. 

The  values  of  the  articles  or  classes  of  articles, 
the  produce  or  manufacture  of  the  United  States, 
exported  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 1891, 
compared  with  the  values  for  the  preceding 
year  are  prci^ented  in  the  following  table : 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OF  THE  tTNITED  STATES, 


Atrrkniinnl  ImplamwU.. 

AHwtiAi.'.'.'.'.'.'.'...','.'.'.'.'.'. 

SUk,  DirUimlna 

Bltlkrd  UblM 

Btocktu 

RODH,  bOOfrt  lUd  hOfHB, ' ' 

Pookfl.  mftps^  and  flnjTnTlii 
Bnn,  ud  amnofanurei  ol 

Bricki '.'.""  y'V."'. 


ChtIich  utd  bona-un  . . 
Can.  nlJrnMl 

CfaarabDala,  dnvB,  and  dyei. 
ClockaNHl  witcliM,  and  p* 
CeaL  uUinella 


Cation.  Bu  tiland. 

Cotton.  nOer.  n* 

ColMli  dnthl.  co1oi«d. 


*,im.:«j     Wool,  Duini 


ARTICXSi. 

18*0. 

ia»i. 

lenotTpaand  d«!trMn»  pla«« 

MSN 

IK 

s 

1M,I(W 

Tgboooa,  munaliDlhcnind 

Tnuti  Had  tr-Telliiic  twRi 

Vagauwl^ 

VetKliuldtofonKiwn 

Lamlwr.  thnbar.  ai^d  i^od  inaiHl- 

181  .TM 

TotaldooMtlaaiinta. 

»8Ts^ii.as« 

SM.M4 
4T0.MS 

i,a3S.tu 


SIMM 

78.290 


Theeiporteof  live  animals  included  374.670 
c&ttle,  ezport«d  Kl  the  aTeraff«  price  of  $61.26  « 
head,  as  compttt«d  with  3H83S,  &t  the  export 
pHce  of  $79.18.  !n  ltt90 1 05.654  hogs,  worth  (11.00 
apiece,  against  01,148,  worth  «9.S7 ;  3,110  borees, 
of  the  average  value  of  f  259.SH,  against  3,001,  at 
1194.35  each ;  2,184  mules,  worth  (127.59  each ; 
and00,047 sheep,  worth  |:4.38each.  Theeiportof 
wheat  was  55,131,948  bushels,  at  OS  cents  a  bushel, 
against  64.387,787,  at  83  cents,  in  1600;  that  of 
corn  fell  off  from  101,978.717  bushels,  at  40  cents. 
to  30,768,313  bushels,  at  57  cenU;  that  of  wheat 
flour  declined  from  13,331,711  to  11,344.304 
barrels,  of  the  total  values,  respectivelv,  of  $o7,- 
036,168  and  (54,705.016;  of  oata,  onlj  953,010 
bushels  were  esported,  against  13,893.776  in 
1890 ;  atid  of  rye,  333,730  bushels,  against  3,357.- 
877.  Ginseng,  once  prominent  amonfc  the  minor 
exports,  is  found  in  decreasing  quantities,  anil  the 
price  has  risen  from  (1.99  a  pound  in  1885  to 
(3.39  in  1801,  when  the  export  amounted  to 
883.000  pounds.  The  export  of  copper  ore  in 
1801  was  38,563  tons,  an  increaee  of  1,723  tons; 
that  of  copper  ingots  and  lara  and  old  copper 
was  34,554,517  pounds,  an  inerease  of  14,317.106 
pounds,  at.  13  cents  a  pound,  2  cents  better  than 
in  1890.  The  export  of  Sea  Island  cotton  was 
14.588.002  pounds,  an  increase  of  6..167.273 
pounds,  at  21  cents  a  pound,  4  cents  below  the 
price  in  1891.  The  price  of  raiddling  upland 
fell  from  11  to  10  cents,  while  the  cotton  export, 
including  Sea  Island,  increased  from  S,(I20.9\3 
bales,  or  2,471.790.853  pounds,  in  1890,  to  5,830,- 
779  bales,  or  3.907,858,795  pounds,  in  1801.  The 
exports  of  colored  cloths  amounted  to  39,016.083 
yards,  which  was  8,398,088  yards  less  than  in  1890 ; 
but  theincreasein  the  quantity  of  exports  of  un- 
colored  cloths,  of  which  135.530,500  yards  were 
exported,  made  the  gain  in  cotton  manufactures 
eqnaUy  large  in  quantity  and  in  value,  for  the 
price  for  both  descriptions  of  cloth  continued  to 
average  7  cents  a  yard.  There  was  little  varia- 
tion in  the  fish  exports,  except  those  of  canned 
salmon,  which  fell  off  from  ^,681,661  to  22.367,- 
235pound9.  Undcrtheheailof  fruitthedrnp  in 
the  export  ol  apples  from  453,506  to  135.307  bai^ 
rcls,  and  that  of  dried  apples  from  30,861,462  to  6,- 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATED  189 

973,168  pounds,  is  particularly  noticeable,  prices  of  spirits  not  much  larger,  though  prices  were 
adrancing  only  30  per  cent.  The  export  of  glucose  much  higher.  The  wine  ex|x>rted  in  casks  in- 
was  58,149,427  pounds,  an  increase  of  19,893,206  creased  from  393,823  to  548,192  gallons  at  65  in- 
poands,  at  2  cents,  the  price  for  the  last  three  stead  of  61  cents  per  gallon.  The  export  of 
years.  Hops  were  exported  to  the  amount  of  spirits  of  turpentine  increased  from  11,248,920 
>^,736,060  pounds,  1,195,226  pounds  more  than  to  12,243,621  gallons,  at  88  cents  a  gallon,  a  de- 
last  year,  at  27  cents,  or  12  cents  more  a  pound,  cline  of  8  cents.  The  export  of  refined  sugar  in- 
Among  the  iron  and  steel  exports  there  was  creased  from  27,018,002  pounds  at  7  cents  to 
some  increase  in  sewing  machines,  boilers,  wire,  108,228,620  pounds  at  6  cents.  The  average  ex- 
bailders'  hardware,  miscellaneous  machinery,  port  price  of  leaf  tobacco  was  9  cents  a  pound  in 
castings,  cutlery,  and  fire-arms ;  a  large  increase  both  years,  while  the  ouantity  of  unmanufactured 
in  the  number  and  value  of  locomotive  engines ;  tobacco  exported  declined  from  255,047.026  to 
and  a  decrease  in  scales,  saws  and  tools,  station-  249,232,605  pounds.  The  prices  of  lumber  and 
ary  engines,  nails,  and  printing  presses.  The  ex-  timber  were  considerably  lower,  and  therefore,  in 
ports  of  lamps,9add]ery,  furniture,  jewelry,  organs  spite  of  lai^er  exports  and  the  growth  of  the 
and  piano-fortes,  toilet  soap,  matches,  paints,  and  trade  in  wood  manufactures,  the  total  value  was 
various  fine  manufactures  show  a  steady  growth,  less  than  in  1890.  The  material  increase  in  the 
while  those  of  paper  hangings  and  writing  values  of  the  principal  domestic  exports  was 
paper,  boots  and  shoes,  sole  leather,  plated  ware,  $39,744,106  in  raw  cotton,  $4,237,360  in  refined 
trunks,  and  varnish  were  smaller  in  1891  than  sugar,  $3,605,580  in  cotton  manufactures,  $3,367,- 
in  the  preceding  year.  The  export  of  rosin  in-  406  in  iron  and  steel  and  their  manufactured 
creased  from  1,601,377  to  1,790,251  barrels.  The  products,  $2,752,965  in  provisions  and  dairy 
oil  cake  and  oil  meal  shipped  abroad  was  633,-  products,  $2,265,206  in  copper,  $1,534,938  in 
34i851  pounds,  a  decrease  of  78,359,522  pounds,  coal,  $1,491,428  in  refined  mineral  oil,  $1,305,- 
The  exports  of  lard  and  of  whale  oil  were  con-  940  in  paraffine  and  parafiine  wax,  $1,216,903 
siderably  less  in  quantity.  The  kerosene  export  in  hops,  and  $1,207,657  in  copper  ore.  Against 
increased  from  523,295,090  to  571,119,805  gal-  these  gains  must  be  set  a  decrease  of  $26,804,271 
Ions,  the  price  remaining  7  cents,  while  the  ex-  in  the  value  of  breadstuffs,  $2,004,489  in  wood 
port  of  crude  petroleum  was  91,415,095  gallons,  and  wood  manufactures,  $1,939,434  in  gold  and 
1035.558  gallons  less  than  in  1890,  at  6  cents,  a  silver  ores,  $1,624,754  in  fruits,  $1,425,229  in 
cent  lower  per  gallon.  The  cotton-seed  oil  ex-  furs  and  fur  skins,  $1,369,505  in  vegetable  oils, 
Dort  was  11,008,160  gallons,  a  decrease  of  2,381,-  and  $1,044,205  in  the  fish  exports. 
235  gallons,  the  price  falling  from  39  to  36  cent«,  The  total  value  of  foreign  merchandise  re- 
owing  to  competition  in  Egypt  and  elsewhere,  exported  in  1891  was  $12,210,527,  against  $12,- 
The  export  of  oleomargarine  or  imitation  butter  534,856  in  1890.  The  re-exports  of  dutiable 
was  smaller,  but  that  of  the  oU,  which  is  the  form  merchandise  were  $7,049,819  in  1891,  against 
in  which  the  bulk  of  it  is  sent  abroad,  increased  $7,992,493  in  1890 ;  and  those  of  free  merchan- 
from  68,218,098  to  82,133,876  pounds,  still  at  the  dise  were  $5,160,708,  against  $4,542,363. 
areiage  price  of  10  cents  a  pound.  Among  the  MoTement  of  the  Preeiona  Metals.— The 
other  beef  exports  we  see  an  increase  in  the  imports  of  gold  during  the  fiscal  year  1891  amount- 
qaantity  of  canned  beef  from  82,638,507  to  109,-  ed  to  $18,^2,567,  and  those  of  silver  to  $18,026,- 
585,727  pounds,  and  in  that  of  fresh  beef  from  880,  making  a  total  of  $36,259,447,  while  the  ex- 
173,237,596  to  194,045.638  pounds,  at  an  advance  ports  of  gold  amounted  to  $86,362,654,  and  those 
in  price  fix>m  7  to  8  cents,  while  the  export  of  of  silver  to  $22,590,988,  a  total  of  $108,953,642, 
pickled  or  salted  beef  declined  from  97,508,419  which  gives  an  excess  of  exports  of  specie  over 
to  90,286,9*^  pounds,  with  but  little  difference  imports  of  $72,694,195.  There  was  an  excess  of 
in  the  total  value,  owing  to  higher  prices;  and  exports  amounting  to  $18,172,094  in  1890,  when 
the  tallow  export  111,689,251  pounds,  showed  a  $12,943,342  in  gold  and  $21,032,984  in  silver 
slight  falling  off  but  an  improvement  in  the  were  imported  and  $17,274,491  in  gold  and  $34,- 
TaJae.  The  export  price  of  bacon  and  hams  has  873,929  in  silver  were  exported.  In  1899  $67,- 
been  8  cents  for  two  years.  In  the  export  of  678,460  of  specie  were  drained  from  the  country, 
bacon,  514,675,557  pounds,  there  was  a  falling  the  exports  being  $59,952,285  in  gold  and  $36,- 
off  of  17,224,120  pounds  in  quantity  and  $1,744,-  089,248  in  silver,  and  the  imports  $10,284,858  in 
646  in  value,  and  the  difference  in  the  value  not  gold  and  $18,678,215  in  silver.  The  year  before 
quite  made  good  by  the  increase  in  the  ship-  that  there  was  a  net  importation  of  $12,928,803, 
ments  of  hams  from  76.591,279  to  84,410.108  and  for  a  long  time  previous  the  movement  of 
pounds,  in  those  of  pickled  pork  from  79,788.-  specie  was  to  the  United  States.  These  figures 
^  to  81,317,364  pounds,  and  in  the  lard  do  not  include  the  metals  not  yet  extracted  from 
export  at  7  cents  a  pound,  as  in  1890,  from  ores  and  copper  matte,  of  which  $283,545  in 
471.083,598  to  498,843.927  pounds.  The  exports  gold  and  $8,252,036  in  silver  were  imported,  and 
of  butter  fell  off  from  29,748,042  to  15,187,114  $100,226  in  gold  and  $283,545  in  silver  were  ex- 
pounds, and  those  of  cheese  from    95,376,053  ported  in  1891. 

to  82.133,876  pounds ;  and  the  decline  was  offset  Commercial  Relations.— The  tables  on  page 
hj  no  advance  in  prices,  which  remained  14  190  show  the  distribution  of  the  commerce  of  the 
cents  for  butter  and  9  cents  for  cheese.  The  ex-  United  States  by  countries  during  the  year  end- 
port  of  rum  increased  from  555,749  to  1,025,226  ing  June  30, 1891. 

gallons,  and  there  was  an  export  of  136,529  gal-  The  imports  from  European  countries  formed 

Ions  of  brandy  against  3,334  gallons  in  1890,  53*02  per  cent,  of  the  total  imports  in  1881,56-27 

while  the  export  of  alcohol  was  25  per  cent,  per  cent  in  1886,  and  57*01  per  cent,  in  1891 ; 

larjfcr,  but  a  falling  off  of  more  than  50  per  cent,  and  of  the  domestic  exports  85*46  per  cent,  went 

in  the  exports  of  whisky  made  the  total  exports  to  Europe  in  1881,  80*13  per  cent,  in  1886,  and 


190 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


COUNTRIES. 


Oreat  Britain  and  Ireland 

Oermany 

France 

Belgium  ....' 

Italy 

Netnerlands 

British  North  America  . . 

Mexico 

West  Indies 

Brazil 

China 

Britiah  Eaat  Indies 

Jamin , 

All  other  ooontries. 

Total 


DooMille  •zporU. 


|441,M9.807 
91,684,9S1 
6e,S2«,789 
86L(»4,lfiO 

28,818,814 

87,84fi,5l6 

14,199,080 

8a,4ie,178 

14.049.278 

8,700,808 

4,899,541 

4,800,600 

95,809,970 


FonlfB  ncportia 


18,814,219 

1,110,475 

868.451 

846.274 

119,651 

297,168 

2,098.240 

770,540 

1,048.278 

70,978 

TOO 

669 

7,048 

1,164,966 


$$72,270,288    $12,210,527 


Xmporta. 


$194,728,262 
97,416,888 
76,688w995 
10,945.672 
21,678,206 
12,422.174 
89,484,586 
27,^9^992 
86,461,705 
88,280,596 
19.821,850 
28.856,989 
19,809,198 
182,780.688 


$844,916,196 


Totid 


$640,187,288 

190,111,889 

187,882,185 

88.48«,096 

87,725,188 

86,588,151 

78,878,290 

42,265.612 

120.921.156 

97.850,841 

28.022.S58 

27,757.092 

24.116,891 

229,705,574 


$1,729,897,006 


of  fanporte 


•  $250,690^84 

4,520,927 

15l995i,»]5 

•16.a»4,T&2 

.\6>(1,2S8 

^11,891.868 

•9,220 

12328.8T2 

82,002.254 

80.1101,849 

1O.02O.S42 

18,958.688 

14,501,505 

85,755,702 


•  $89,684,814 


•  Excess  of  exports. 
Between  the  grand  divisions  of  the  globe  the  trade  of  1891  was  divided  as  follows : 


GRAND  DIVISIONS. 


EnroDe. 

North  America 

South  America  . . , 
Asia  and  Ooeanica 

Africa. . , 

All  other  oountries 

Total 


DamMtfe  tsporta. 


$897,614,106 

92,888,252 

88.22&401 

48,818,519 

4,788,847 

489,158 


$872,270,288 


FonfgB  •xpdffti. 


$7,188,941 

4,l«0,8n 

481,889 

861.590. 

19,060 

8,180 


$12,210,537 


loiporta. 


$469,805,872 

168,226,079 

118,786.688 

97,898,366 

4207,148 

1,547,576 

$844,918,196 


Total 


$1,164,108,419 

2S9,775,20S 

152,444.958 

142,088,465 

8,965.048 

2,089,918 


$1,729,897,006 


of 

•xpoat*. 


•  $245,492,875 

68,878,950 

65.02S378 

58^718,247 

•550,751 

1,05^287 


•  $89,584,614 


•  Ezoess  of  exports. 


79-97  per  cent,  in  1891.  In  1881  Great  Britain 
and  Ireland  furnished  27*15  per  cent,  of  the  im- 
ports ;  Prance,  10*86  per  cent. ;  Germany,  8*25  per 
cent. ;  other  European  countries,  6*76  per  cent. ; 
the  West  Indies,  13*10  per  cent. ;  British  America, 
5*92  per  cent. ;  South  America,  12*55  per  cent.  ; 
Asia  and  Oceanica,  11*40  per  cent. ;  Mexico,  1*30 
per  cent. ;  Central  America,  0*54  per  cent. ;  and 
all  other  countries,  2*12  per  cent.  In  1891  Great 
Britain's  share  in  the  imports  was  23*05  per  cent. ; 
Germany's,  11*52  per  cent. ;  that  of  France,  9*08 
per  cent. :  of  the  rest  of  Europe,  10*71  percent. ;  of 
the  West  India  islands,  10*23  per  cent. ;  of  British 
America,  4*67  per  cent. ;  of  Mexico,  8*23  per 
cent;  of  Central  America,  1*19  per  cent.;  of 
South  America,  14*05  per  cent.;  of  Asia  and 
Oceanica,  11*59  per  cent.:  of  other  countries, 
0*68  per  cent.  Great  Britain  took  54*01  per 
cent,  of  the  domestic  exports  in  1881  and  50*62 
per  cent,  in  1891 ;  France  took  10*16  per  cent,  in 
1881  Gnd  6*86  per  cent,  in  1891 :  Germany  took 
7*79  per  cent,  in  1881  and  10*49  per  cent,  in  1891 ; 
other  European  countries  took  13*50  per  cent,  in 
1881  and  12  per  cent,  in  1891 ;  British  possessions 
in  North  America  took  4*05  per  cent,  in  1881  and 
4*29  per  cent,  in  1891 ;  the  West  Indies  took  3*29 
per  cent,  in  1881  and  3*83  per  cent,  in  1891 ; 
Mexico  took  1*04  per  cent,  in  1881  and  1*63  per 
cent,  in  1891 ;  the  rest  of  North  America  took 
0*27  per  cent,  in  1881  and  0*a5  per  cent,  in  1891 ; 
South  America  took  2*78  per  cent,  in  1881  and 
3*81  per  cent,  in  1891 ;  Asia  and  Oceanica  took 
2*55  per  cent,  in  1881  and  5*02  per  cent,  in  1891 ; 
and  all  other  countries  took  0*56  per  cent,  in 
1881  and  0*60  per  cent,  in  1891. 

The  trade  with  the  United  Kingdom  forms  55 
per  cent,  of  the  American  trade  with  Europe,  and 
about  37  per  cent,  of  the  total  foreign  commerce 
of  the  United  States.  Next  in  value  is  the  trade 
with  North  America,  including  the  West  Indies. 


The  commerce  with  North  America,  iDcluding 
Mexico,  Central  America,  and  the  West  Indies, 
amounted  in  1891  to  $259,775,208,  in  which  sum 
the  imports  stand  for  $163,226,079  and  the  ex- 
ports for  $66,676,950.  Owing  to  defective  col- 
lection of  statistics  on  the  Canadian  and  Mexi- 
can frontiers  the  exports  to  those  countries  are 
probably  stated  too  low  by  at  least  $30,000,000. 
As  compared  with  the  figures  for  1890  there  was 
an  increase  in  1891  of  $10,813,735  in  the  domes- 
tic exports  to  Prance,  of  $7,869,766  in  the  ex- 
ports to  Germany,  of  $5,756,518  in  those  to 
China,  of  $2,146,777  in  those  to  Brazil,  of  $1,- 
871,620  in  those  to  Spain,  of  $1,723,598  in  those 
to  Australasia,  of  $1,532,972  in  those  to  Mexico, 
of  $1,475,641  in  those  to  Central  America,  and 
of  $1,329,226  in  those  to  Holland.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  exports  of  domestic  products  to  the 
Argentine  Republic  fell  $5,604,552;  those  to 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  $2,859,202 ;  those  to 
Russia,  $2,769.553 :  and  those  to  British  North 
American  possessions,  $1,198,939.  The  imports 
from  Brazil  were  $23,911,839  more  in  1891  than 
in  1890,  those  from  the  West  Indies  were  $8,- 
457,464  more,  those  from  Great  Britain  $8,234,346 
more,  those  from  Mexico  $4,605,077  more,  those 
from  China  $3,061,379  more,  those  from  British 
India  $2,552,670  more,  those  from  Australasia 
$1,961,345  more,  those  from  Central  American 
states  $1,746,678  more,  those  from  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  $1,581,689  more.  There  was  a  decrease 
of  $6,425,417  in  the  imports  from  the  Philippine 
Islands,  of  $4,607,059  in  those  from  the  Nether- 
lands, of  $1,794,126  in  thase  from  Japan,  and  of 
$1,521,800  in  those  from  Germany.  The  total 
imports  from  South  America,  the  West  Indies. 
Central  America,  and  Mexico  in  1891  amounted 
to  $242,512,577,  which  was  28*70  per  cent  of  the 
total  imports  of  merchandise.  The  exports  to 
the  same  countries  were  $90,413,516,  or  10*22 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


191 


per  oent  of  the  total  exports  of  domestic  |)rod- 
ucts.  The  import  and  export  trade  with  those 
countries  has  increased  gradually.  In  1870  the 
imports  from  them  amounted  to  $117,398,951, 
and  the  exports  to  them  were  $55,140,822  in 
ralae.  In  1880  the  imports  from  them  were 
1178,985,906,  and  the  exports  to  them  $61,546,- 
474.  The  trade  with  the  countries  to  the  south 
has  already  begun  to  expand  as  the  result  of  the 
recently  concluded  reciprocity  treaties.  In  1870 
the  trade  with  them  constituted  20*82  per  cent, 
of  the  total  foreign  commerce  of  the  United 
Sutes,  in  1880  it  was  15*99  per  cent.,  and  in  1891 
it  was  19*21  per  cent.  Of  the  imports  from 
Mexico  in  1891,  85*58  per  cent,  consisted  of  mer- 
chandise free  of  duty;  of  those  from  Central 
America,  99*38  per  cent. ;  from  the  West  Indies, 
48-66  per  cent. ;  from  South  America,  93*04  per 
cent  The  percentage  of  dutiable  goods  from 
the  entire  group  was  23*36  per  cent.,  and  under 
the  new  tariff  it  is  expected  to  be  not  more  than 
10  per  cent.  The  principal  articles  imported 
from  these  countries  are  sugar,  coffee.  India-rub- 
ber, hides  and  skins,  silver  ore,  tobacco,  and 
fruits,  of  which  only  tobacco,  silver  ore,  and  cer- 
tain fruits  are  now  dutiable. 

The  trade  with  the  different  countries  of 
South  and  Central  America  is  shown  in  the  fol- 
lowing table,  which  gives  the  imports  from  each 
one  in  1881  and  the  exports,  domestic  and  foreign 
together : 


OOVKTBOS. 


Iffcxkn 

British  HoodniM. 

G\ 

Ki 


rosu 

Mvtd«r 

HoodurM 

Cuhs  ud  Panto  Rko ... 

Hrttish  WMt  Indies 

Other  WeM  India  totendB 

Coloicbte 

VeiMnieh 

RritisbOaiftna 

Dntdi  Ga*uio 

TVenrb  Outena 

RnzU 

Irayaay 

Aryreatloe  RepoMIe 

cbm 

BoliTto. 

IVru. 

Eaador 


unportk 


219,000 
M16.199 
l,70fi,9«l 
2..'»2,905 
1,788,066 

618T&605 

16,298,184 

&,89<\016 

4,76K3M 

12,079,541 

4.883,206 

724,190 

4«.020 

88,880.S05 

2,8fi6,789 

5,976,544 

8,448.290 

8,7*4 

886,518 

886,487 


Total I  $242,612,577 


Eipotta. 


$14,969,620 

462.889 

1,9974M4 

1,692.942 

1,881.049 

1,160,460 

610,921 

14.H80,122 

9.779,188 

ia800,191 

8,182.644 

4.784,956 

1,858,742 

258,988 

155,954 

14,120,24$ 

1,076,575 

2,820,066 

8,145,625 

6,880 

1399,991 

908,189 


$:  9,418,51 6 


The  chief  exports  from  the  United  States  to 
this  group  of  countries  have  been  manufactures 
of  iron  and  steel,  cotton  manufactures,  manu- 
factures of  wood,  wheat  flour,  refined  petroleum, 
and  agricultural  implements. 

NarigatiOD. — The  number  of  vessels  in  the 
foreign  trade  entered  at  the  seaports  of  the 
I'nited  States  during  the  year  ending  June  30, 
1891,  was  18,197,  of  15,394,611  tons,  of  which 
5,778,  of  3.670,372  tons,  were  American,  and  12,- 
419,  of  11.724,239  tons,  were  foreign.  Of  the 
American  vessels,  4,5,58,  of  3,031,162  tons,  arrived 
with  cargoes,  and  5,778,  of  8,670,372  tons,  in  bal- 
last ;  andof  the  foreign  vessels,  10,325,  of  10,023,- 
127  tons,  were  with  cargoes,  and  2,094,  of  1,701,- 
112  tons,  in  ballast.  The  number  of  entrances 
at  the  port  of  New  York  was  5.420  vessels,  meas- 
uring 6,452,877  tons,  of  which  1,423  vessels,  of 


935,067  tons,  were  American  vessels  with  car- 
goes; 1,424,  of  935,172  tons,  were  American  ves- 
sels in  ballast ;  and  3,996,  of  5,517,705  tons,  were 
foreign  vessels  with  cargoes.  At  Boston  and 
Charlestown  the  entrances  numbered  2,472,  of 
1,502,215  tons,  of  which  386,  of  196,826  tons,  were 
American,  and  2.086,  of  1,305,389  tons,  were  for- 
eign vessels;  at  Philadelphia,  316  American  ves- 
sels, of  202,528  tons,  ana  992  foreign  vessels,  of 
1,148.938  tons,  were  entered ;  at  San  Francisco, 
485  American  and  370  foreign  vessels,  of  516,159 
and  579,617  tons,  respectively ;  at  Puget  Sound, 
1,308  American  and  173  foreign  vessels,  of  944,- 
219  and  134,009  tons,  respectively;  at  New  Or- 
leans, 216  American  vessels,  of  114,349  tons,  and 
624  foreign  vessels,  of  771,436  tons ;  at  Balti- 
more, 175  American  vessels,  of  65,673  tons,  and 
448  foreign  vessels,  of  646,160  tons;  at  Pensa- 
cola,  40  American  vessels,  of  20,544  tons,  and 
361  foreign  vessels,  of  291,723  tons ;  at  Passama- 
quoddy,  215  American  vessels, of  215,177  tons,  and 
519  foreign  vessels,  of  54,684  tons ;  at  SavanniUi, 
9  American  vessels,  of  3,333  tons,  and  270  for- 
eign vessels,  of  178,927  tons;  at  Galveston,  31 
American  vessels,  of  6,906  tons,  and  152  foreign 
vessels,  of  161,152  tons.  The  tonnage  entered  at 
some  of  the  other  seaports  was  as  follows :  Kev 
West,  131,466;  Pearl  River,  108,576;  Mobile, 
108,284 :  Charieston,  94,869 ;  San  Diego,  90,927 ; 
Portland  and  Falmouth,  89,690 :  Brunswick,  84,- 
508;  Willamette,  77,597;  Oregon,  68,306;  Wil- 
mington, N.  C,  65,664;  Wilmington,  Cal.,  54,- 
079. 

The  total  number  of  vessels  cleared  at  the 
ocean  ports  during  the  fiscal  year  1891  was  18,- 
327,  of  15,411,160  tons,  of  which  5,932,  of  3,716,- 
083  tons,  were  American,  and  12,395,  of  11.695,- 
077  tons,  were  foreign.  Of  the  American  ves- 
sels, 4,058,  of  2,859.100  tons,  were  cleared  with 
cargoes,  and  1,874,  of  856,983  tons,  in  ballast ;  and 
of  the  foreign  vessels,  9.272,  of  11,019,092  tons, 
were  cleared  with  cargoes,  and  8,123,  of  675,985 
tons,  in  ballast.  At  the  port  of  New  York  1,007 
American  vessels,  of  785,194  tons,  and  3.805  for- 
eign vessels,  of  5,263,590  tons,  were  cleared  dur- 
ing the  year:  at  Boston  and  Charlestown,  474 
American  vessels,  of  189,374  tons,  and  1,902  for- 
eign vessels,  of  1,037,443  tons;  at  Puget  Sound, 
1,412  American  vessels,  of  1.021,665  tons,  and  179 
foreign  vessels,  of  188,490  tons ;  at  San  Francisco, 
450  American  vessels,  of  523,325  tons,  and  352 
foreign  vessels,  of  544,958  tons ;  at  Philadelphia, 
262  American  vessels,  of  184,210  tons,  and  735 
foreign  vessels,  of  807.753  tons;  at  Baltimore, 
161  American  vessels,  of  48,316  tons,  and  545 
foreign  vessels,  of  853,641  tons :  at  New  Orleans, 
186  American  vessels,  of  94,338  tons,  and  636 
foreign  vessels,  of  787,424  tons. 

The  number  of  vessels  entered  at  the  lake  poris 
during  1891  from  the  ports  of  the  Dominion  of 
Canada  was  14,881,  of  2,809,684  tons,  making 
the  total  number  of  vessels  in  the  foreign  trade 
entered  at  all  the  ports  of  the  United  States 
32,578,  and  the  aggregate  tonnage  18,204,295. 
The  clearances  at  the  lake  ports  numbered  14,- 
376,  representing  2,849,672  tons,  making  the 
aggregate  of  shipping  cleared  at  ail  ports  32,708 
vessels,  of  18,260,832  tons.  Of  the  vessels  entered 
at  the  lake  ports,  8,096,  of  349,735  tons,  were 
American  vessels  with  cargoes;  2,172,  of  360,- 
697  tons,  were  American  vessels  in  ballast ;  6,- 


192 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


209,  of  1,286,882  tons,  were  foreign  vessels  with 
cargoes ;  and  2,004,  of  812,870  tons,  were  foreign 
vessels  in  ballast  Of  the  total  number  cleared 
at  lake  ports,  2,154,  of  442,007  tons,  were  Ameri- 
can vessels  with  cargoes :  3,096,  of  297,812  tons, 
were  American  vessels  in  ballast;  4,210,  of  1,- 
299,753  tons,  were  foreign  vessels  with  cargoes ; 
and  4,916,  of  10,600  tons,  were  foreign  vessels  in 
ballast. 

The  number  of  vessels  entered  from  the  va- 
rious foreign  countries,  with  their  tonnage,  is 
given  in  the  following  table : 


COUNTRIES. 


Argentine  Repal>lto. , 

Austria- llcuiguy , 

Relglain 

BnudI , 

Central  American  States : 

CoaUBIca 

Onatemala 

llondaras 

Klcaragna 

Salvador 

ChlH 

China 

Colombia 

Denmark 

I>enmark,  colonies  of 

Ecuador 

France 

France,  colonies  of 

Oermany 

Germany,  «>lonie8  ot   

Oreat  Britain  nnd  Ireland . . 
Qreat  Britain,  colonies  of: 

Canada  

British  Colombia 

Maritime  provinces. 

Newfoundland 

British  West  Indies 

British  Honduras 

British  Ouliina 

Australia  

New  Zealand  and  Tas- 
mania   

Hong-Kong 

British  India. 

Cape  Colony 

Other  British  colonies. . . 

Greece 

Hayti    

Hawaii 

lUly 

Japan  

Liberia 

Moziod 

Netherlands 

Netherhuids,  colonies  of: 

Dntch  West  Indies 

Dutch  Guiana. 

Dutch  East  Indies 

Peru 

Portugal 

Portugal,  colonies  of. 

Bnssla  in  Europe. 

Bnssla  in  Asia 

Banto  Domingo 

Spain 

Spain,  colonies  of: 

Cuba 

Puerto  Bico 

Philippine  Islands 

Canary  Islands 

Sweden  and  Norway 

Turkey 

Turkish     possessions     in 

Africa ... 

TJruifusy 

Venezuela 

All  other  countries 

Whale  fisheries 


KNTVBED. 


No.    i  romuigw. 


89 


7 
72 

4 

8 

157 

49 

1 

44 

10 

111 


Total  vessels  entered . . 


88 
8 
6 

57 
1 
8 

<M 

^870 

1,487 

1,0S9 

67 

460 

8 

56 

87 

10 
28 
85 

4 
15 


18,810 


18,648 
84,599 

1,041 

2,657 

70,414 

27,278 

448 

87,617 

11,120 

158,14S 


120 
1S9 

6 
26 

8 
855 


82 

8 


9 

8 

21 


8 

49 

5 

874 

59 

5 


41 
11 
22 


6,881 

847 
9.291 

18,838 

i,in 

404 
185,871 

718,676 

1,882,590 

487,709 

6,946 

157,017 

697 

84.147 

48,861 

6,181 

51,187 

40,958 

1,466 

6,199 


84,.^S1 

114,788 

6,7*23 

86,979 

951 

10^088 


18,082 
8,775 


7,777 
1,5:.'2 
8,096 


589 

8ri,89S 

4,898 

680,842 

16.821 

6,688 


49.878 
4,126 
8,076 


No.     I  Tunuva. 
190      150,789 
16        82,210 


199 

481 

45 

5 

109 

78 


450,947 
891,581 

88,950 

^065 

8a972 

89,158 


75 
22 
88 
8 
47 


2«'4 

78 

796 


1,888 

9,194 
198 

8,7i9 
85 
968 
81 
89 
90 

10 
88 
77 
61 
16 
18 

117 
89 

884 
52 


149 
182 

17 

1 

80 

25 

68 
99 
11 
4 
41 
279 

819 

128 

28 

41 

42 

2 

28 

11 
19 


91,068 
29,069 
49,474 
18,290 
88,199 


866,811 

5.%416 

1,595,145 


4,056,318 

8,119,807 

150.267 

601006 

10,480 

507,210 

11.607 

50,868 

188,504 

7.819 
n.786 

148,164 
47,166 
20,985 
28,698 
95,691 
85,989 

457.266 
81,752 


111JMW) 
258,978 

5,818 

819 

44,952 

25.818 

45.544 

118,708 

5.966 

1,777 

18,5«2 

828,877 

686,706 
62,665 
84.476 
49.224 
86,791 
978 

17,768 

12,441 

9,660 


11.046  4,880,804;  21,582  18,823.491 


The  steam  vessels  entered  at  the  ocean  ports 
in  1891  numbered  8,283,  of  11,116,028  tons,  of 
which  2,626,  of  2,898,904  tons,  were  Americ-an, 
and  5,607,  of  8,782,124  tons,  were  foreign  steam- 
ers. There  were  cleared  8,291  steamers,  of 
11,153,898  tons,  of  which  2,694,  of  2,874.069  tons, 
were  American,  and  5,597,  of  8,779,324  tons, 
foreign. 

The  number  of  vessels,  American  and  foreign, 
cleared  for  ports  of  the  Argentine  liepublic  in 
1891  was    127,  of  85,785   tons;    for  Austrian 
ports,  21,  of  15,769  tons;  for  Belgium.  235,   of 
499,937  tons;  for  Brazil,  300,  of  253,191  tons; 
for  Costa  Rica,  41,  of  24,670  tons ;  for  Guate- 
mala, 86,  of  22,018  tons;    for  Honduras.   240, 
of  94,585  tons;   for  Nicaragua,  134,  of  64,365 
tons :  for  Salvador.  8,  of  896  tons ;  for  Chili,  55, 
of  48.216  tons ;  for  China,  54.  of  70,041  tons ;  for 
Colombia,  187,  of  203.992  tons;  for  Denmark,  43, 
of  55,153  tons;  for  Danish  colonies,  72,  of  46,563 
tons ;  for  Ecuador,  11,  of  6,451  tons ;  for  French 
Atlantic  ports,  472,  of  766,819  tons ;  for  French 
ports  on  the  Mediterranean,  92,  of  117,508  tons; 
for  Miquelon,  Lan^ley,  and  St  Pierre,   85,  of 
4.866  tons;  for  the  French  West  Indies,  157,  of 
70,318  tons;  for  French  Guiana,  21,  of  4,042 
tons;  for  French  possessions  in  Asia,  4.  of  5.313 
tons;  for  French  possessions  in  Oceanica,  18.  of 
6,531  tons ;  for  French  possessions  in  Africa,  25, 
of  10,261  tons ;  for  Germany,  888,  of  1,643,838 
tons ;  for  German  possessions,  8,  of  453  tons ;  for 
England,  2,195,  of  4,122,619  tons ;  for  Scotland, 
312,  of  513.257  tons ;  for  Ireland.  286,  of  357.986 
tons ;  for  Gibraltar,  28,  of  88,682  tons ;  for  Nova 
Scotia,  New    Brunswick,  and  Prince    Edward 
Island,  4,998,  of  1.110,452  tons:    for  Quebec, 
Ontario,  Manitoba,  and  the  Northwest  Territorv, 
14,417,  of  2,868,564  tons;  for  British  Columbia. 
1.727,  of  1,388.702  tons;  for  Newfoundland  and 
Ijabrador,  154.  of  30,954  tons;  for  British  Hon- 
duras, 25,  of  12,778  tons;  for  the  British  West 
Indies,    1,066,    of    432.594    tons;    for    British 
Guiana,  116,  of  51,507  tons;  for  the  British  East 
Indies,  60.  of  104,312  tons ;  for  Hong-Kong,  55, 
of  113,353  tons;  for  Australia.  178,  of  194,474 
tons;  for  New  Zealand  and  Tasmania,  25,  of 
15.90iB  tons;  for  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  57,  of 
27.766  tons;  for  British  possessions  on  the  west 
coast  of  Africa,  20,  of  7,129  tons;    for  other 
British  possessions,  10.  of  4,013  tons ;  for  Greece, 
3,  of  4,174  tons ;  for  Havti,  249,  of  189,028  tons ; 
for  the  Hawaiian  Islands,  187,  of  119.847  tons; 
for  continental  Italy,  160,  of  157.602  tons ;  for 
the  islands  of  Italy.  41,  of   27,764  tons;    for 
Japan,  62,  of  103,588  tons;  for  Liberia,  4.  of 
1,358  tons;  for  Mexico  on  the  Gulf,  282,  of  164.- 
889  tons;    for  Mexico  on  the  Pacific,  204,  of 
63,623  tons ;  for  the  Netheriands,  240.  of  869,520 
tons;  for  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  24,  of  8,282 
tons ;  for  Dutch  Guiana.  12,  of  4,941  tons ;  for 
the  Dutch  East  Indies,  52,  of  58,371  tons;  for 
Peru,  27,  of  21,768  tons;  for  Portugal,  126,  of 
03,512  tons ;  for  the  Azores,  Madeira,  and  Cape 
Verde  Islands,  86,  of  15,274  tons ;  for  Portugue4>e 
possessions  in  Africa,  3.  of  1.828  tons;  for  Rus- 
sia on  the  Baltic  and  the  White  Sea,  60,  of  51.836 
tons ;  for  Russia  on  the  Black  Sea.  4,  of  2.997 
tons;  for  Asiatic  Russia,  9,  of  2,155  tons:  for 
Santo  Domingo,  65,  of  30,177  tons;  for  Spanish 

gorts  on  the  Atlantic,  84,  of  60.265  tons;   for 
pain  on  the  Mediterranean,  153,  of  135,034  tons ; 


COMMERCE  AND  NAVIGATION.  CONGO  FREE  STATE.           193 

for  Cuba,  1,229,  of  859,957  tons;    for  Puerto  tons.    The  iron  vessels  built  during  the  year 

Rico,  106,  of  49,662  tons;    for  the  Philippine  measured  105,618  tons,  of  which  57,989  tons 

Islands,  4,  of  4,30^  tons;  for  the  Canary  Islands,  represent  vessels  built  at  the  lake  ports. 

21,  of  6,928  tons ;  for  other  Spanish  possessions,  CONGO  FREE  STATE,  an  independent  state 

2,  of  176  tons ;  for  Sweden  and  Norway,  69,  of  in  Central  Africa,  constituted  by  the  general 

51,954  tons;    for  Turkev  in  Europe  and  Asia,  act  of  the  Congo,  signed  at  Berlin  on  Feb.  26. 

2,  of  ly384  tons ;  for  Turkev  in  Africa,  9,  of  5,659  1885,  which  defines  the  limits  of  the  territory 

tons;  for  Uruguay,  57,  of  34,909  tons ;  for  Vene-  and  declares  it  to  be  neutral  under  an  intema- 

zuela,  72,  of  81,136  tons ;  for  all  other  countries,  tional  guarantee.    The  Congo  was  declared  to 

ports,  and  islands,  19,  of  7,636  tons ;  for  the  be  an  international  and  neutral  river  free  to  the 

vh&le  fisheries,  21,  of  3,239  tons.  commercial  flags  of  all  nations,  and  police  juris- 

Anerican  Hhippinr. — In  1858  over  73  per  diction  over  the  stream  was  confided  to  an  in- 
oent  of  the  exports  ana  imports  was  carried  in  temational  commission,  which  was  empowered 
American  bottoms,  and  in  1861  the  sea-going  to  levy  tolls  and  navigation  dues  sufficient  to 
tonnage  in  the  foreign  trade  reached  2,642,628,  defray  the  expenses.  These  commissioners  were 
the  highest  point  in  the  histoiy  of  the  country,  to  be  appointed  by  the  powers,  but  only  a  mi- 
During  the  four  years  of  the  civil  war  the  ton-  nority  of  them  named  their  commissioners,  and 
oa^  was  reduced  to  1,602,583,  and  since  then,  the  commission  has  never  been  constituted,  its 
owing  to  the  removal  of  early  discriminations  in  functions  being  discharged  by  the  officers  of  the 
faror  of  American  shipping  and  the  stimulation  Free  State.  lipoid  II,  King  of  the  Belgians, 
of  iron  ship-building  by  other  governments,  it  was  authorized  by  the  Belgian  Parliament  in 
hfts  farther  declined,  until  in  1891  less  than  13  1885  to  assume  the  title  and  dignity  of  Sovereign 
per  cent  of  the  maritime  commerce  was  done  by  of  the  Congo  State.  The  supreme  Government, 
American  ships.  The  registered  tonnage  in  which  is  composed  of  the  King  and  heads  of  de- 
1891  was  1,005,960,  the  number  of  vessels  being  partments,  has  its  seat  at  Bmssels.  Freedom  of 
1,587,  comprising  988,719  tons  in  the  foreign-  trade,  which  was  decreed  for  the  whole  basin  of 
going  ocean  trade  and  17,231  tons  in  the  whale  the  Congo  in  the  original  act,  the  powers  reserv- 
n^faery.  Of  the  commercial  tonnage,  236,070  ing  for  themselves  the  right  of  deciding  after 
tons  were  steam  vessels  and  752,649  were  sailing  twentv  years  whether  free  entry  should  he  con- 
vessels.  The  enrolled  and  licensed  tonnage  tinuea,  was  modified  bv  the  International  Anti- 
oomprised  3,609,876  tons  documented  under  Slavery  Congress  at  Brussels  in  1890.  By  the 
Federal  laws  as  engaged  in  the  coastwise  trade  act  then  signed  and  afterward  ratified  by  all  the 
on  the  oceans,  lakes,  and  rivers,  and  68,933  tons  treaty  powers,  with  the  exception  of  France, 
licensed  for  the  fisheries,  the  total  number  of  HoUana,  Portugal,  and  the  United  States,  the 
▼easels  being  22,312,  of  3,678,809  tons.  These  Free  State  was  enabled,  in  order  that  it  might 
make  with  the  registered  vessels  a  total  number  of  co-operate  efficiently  in  the  suppression  of  the 
23J^,  and  a  total  documented  tonnage  of  4,684,-  slave  trade,  to  levy  certain  duties  on  imports. 
959  tons.  There  is  an  enormous  undocumented  The  Government  of  the  Netherlands  was  the 
tonnage,  consisting  of  unrigged  barges,  flat  only  one  to  object  to  this  clause.  On  Aug.  2, 
boats,  canal  boats,  etc.,  that  on  the  Ohio  and  its  1889,  King  Leopold  executed  a  will  by  which  he 
tributaries  above  Cincinnati,  amounting  alone  to  bequeathe  to  Belgium  all  his  sovereign  rights 
2,470,547  tons.  Of  the  total  docnmented  ton-  in  the  Congo  Free  State ;  and  on  July  3,  1890, 
nage.  2,016,264  tons  were  steam  vessels  and  the  Free  State  and  Belgium  entered  into  a  con- 
2,M8,495  sailing  or  other  craft.  The  docu-  vention  by  which  the  former  conceded  to  the 
mented  tonnage  on  the  Northern  lakes  at  the  latter  the  right  after  the  lapse  of  ten  vears  to 
close  of  the  fiscal  year  1891  was  1,154,870  tons ;  annex  its  territories,  which  on  July  31  of  the 
on  the  Western  rivers,  308,348  tons ;  on  the  At^  same  year  were  declared  inalienable,  although  a 
l&ntic  and  Oulf  coasts,  2,780,683  tons;  on  the  prior  convention  had  given  to  France  a  pre- 
Pacific  coast,  440,858  tons.  The  documented  emotion  claim  next  to  that  of  Belgium, 
inm  tonnage,  including  that  on  the  Western  The  officials  emplo}red  in  the  general  admin- 
rivers,  was  741,598  tons.  That  on  the  sea-coasts  istration  at  Boma  and  in  the  other  districts  num- 
was  554,963  tons,  and  on  the  lakes  281,724  tons,  ber  69.    The  12   administrative   districts   are 

The  registered  tonnage  during  1891  received  Boma,  Banana,  Matadi,  the  Congo  Cataracts, 

ft  net  increase  of  59,254  tons,  and  the  enrolled  Stanley  Pool,  Kassai,  the  Equator,  Ubangi,  the 

Mid  licensed  tonna^  was  increased  by  201,007.  Aruwimi   and   Welle.  Stanley  Falls,  Lualaba, 

The  documented  sailing  tonnage  increased  62,-  and  East  Kwango.    The  authority  of  the  State 

324   tons,    and    the   steam    tonnage    157,175  is  recognized  wherever  there  are  missions  and 

tons.    The  number  of  new  vessels  built  and  factories,  and  has  recently  been  defied  only  in 

documented  during  the  year  ending  June  30,  the  Bolobo  country,  where  it  was  considered 

1H91,  was  1,884,  of  369^02  tons,  of  which  733,  of  necessary  to  make  an  example  of  the  rebellious 

144,290  tons,  were  sailing  vessels ;  488,  of  185,037  natives,  and  in  Lukungu,  where  an  afpent  of  the 

tons,  were  steam  vessels :  and  163,  of  39,975  tons.  State  was  killed.    The  general  administration  in 

'fere  barges  and  canal  boats.    There  were  944  Africa  is  directed  by  a  governor-general.    The 

new  vessels,  of  218,392  tons,  built  during  the  post  for  a  year  or  two  has  been  vacant,  the  chief 

Tear  on  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts,  as  com-  administrative  officer  being  Vice-Govemor-Gen- 

P^red  with  663,  of  156,756  tons,  in  1890 ;  on  the  eral  Coquilhat.    A  judiciary  has  been  organized 

Pacific  coast,  122  vessels,  of  19,070  tons,  as  com-  and  a  criminal  code  has  been  in  operation  since 

Gred  with  93,  of  12,335  tons ;  on  the  Northern  1886.    For  civil  and  commercial  affairs  the  Bel- 

tes,  204,  of  111,856  tons,  as  compared  with  191,  gian  law  is  in  force,  with  certain  modifications. 

of  108,526  tons;   on  the  Western  rivers,  114.  of  The  natives  are  beginning  to  take  their  quarrels 

10^  tons,  as  compared  with  104,  of  16,506  into  the  courts  for  adjudication. 

VOL.  XXXI. — 18  A 


194  CONGO  FREE  STATE. 

Area  and  Popnlation.  —  The  area  of  the  make  efforts  not  otherwise  necessary  in  the  way 

Congo  State  is  estimated  at  2,091,000  8()uare  kil-  of  exploring  and  making  treaties  at  the  extremi- 

ometres,  or  804,230  square  miles.    Estimates  of  ties  of  the  region  assigned  to  it  in  the  Congo 

population  vary  from  12,000,000  to  40,000,000.  act.    A  dispute  with  Portugal  relating  to  the 

The  number  of  Europeans  in  1885  was  254,  of  inclosed  territory  of  Kabinda  was  referred  to  the 

whom  46  were  Belgians.    At  the  close  of  1889  Swiss  Federal  Council  for  arbitration, 

there  were  420,  of  wnom  175  were  Belgians ;  and  In  another  dispute  relating  to  the  Muata  Yan- 

on  Dec.  81, 1800,  the  number  was  744,  of  whom  vo*s  Empire  of  Lundaor  Ulunda,  the  Portuguese 

888  were  Belgians.    The  mortality  among  Eu-  Government  refused  to  admit  the  arbitration  of 

ropeans  has  declined  from  7'08  per  cent,  in  1886  Switzerland.    This  native  kingdom,  the  largest 

to  4*80  per  cent,  in  1890,  a  result  that  is  ascribed  and  most  populous  in  the  Congo  basin,  embraces 

to  hygienic  progress  and  experience.  the  greater  part  of  the  territory  between  the 

Commeroe. — The  general  ex{)ort  trade  in  1887  Kwango  and  the  Kassai,  containing  nearly  100,000 

was  valued  at  7,667,969  francs ;  in  1888,  at  7,892,-  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  some  2,000,000, 

848  francs ;  in  1889.  at  8,572,519  f rancsL   In  1890  ruled  by  300  or  more  chiefs  and  kin^  who  are  all 

it  leaped  to  22,851,980  francs.    The  special  ex-  vassals  of  the  Muata  Yanvo,  paying  tribute  in 

Sorts,  consisting  of  the  produce  of  the  Con^  ivory,  skins,  com,  cloth,  and  salt  to  him  and  to  a 
tate  only,  increased  from  1,980,441  francs  m  queen  called  the  Lukoshesha.  The  Kalunda  im- 
1887  to  2,609,300  francs  in  1888,  and  4,297,544  port  textile  goods,  iron  ware,  and  copper  from  the 
francs  in  1889,  and  in  1890  to  8,244,199  francs,  south  and  southeast,  and  export  ivory  and  slaves. 
Special  imports  in  1890  were  valued  at  12,720,000  trading  with  Arab  slave-dealers  from  the  east  and 
francs.  Tne  principal  articles  in  the  general  with  the  Portuguese  on  the  west.  When  the 
export  returns  for  1889,  which  include  merchan-  Congo  State  proposed  to  establish  its  power  in 
Hise  brought  down  from  regions  outside  the  lim-  this  region  and  erect  a  station  called  the  Eastern 
its  of  the  State,  were  ivory  of  the  value  of  2,528,-  Kwanj^,  the  Portuguese  Government  objected, 
000  francs ;  caoutchouc,  2,187,000  francs ;  palm  asserting  that  Lunda  was  within  the  limits  of 
kernels,  1,039,000 francs;  coffee,  1,169,000 francs;  its  sphere.  An  arrangement  was  reached  by 
palm  oil,  982,000  francs ;  gum  copal,  149,000  direct  negotiation  between  the  two  govem- 
irancs  ;  ground  -  nuts,  142,(K}0  francs.  In  1889  ments  whereby  the  eighth  parallel  of  south  lati- 
944  vessels,  of  208,246  tons,  called  at  the  ports  of  tude  forms  the  southern  boundary  of  the  tern- 
Banana  and  Boma.  tory  of  the  Congo  State  as  far  as  its  intersection 

The  Cong[o  is  navigable  for  a  distance  of  450  of  the  Kassai,  l^yond  which  it  follows  the  ri^ht 
miles  from  its  mouth  to  Vivi.  Above  that  point,  bank  of  that  river.  This  divides  Lunda,  leaving 
for  a  distance  of  upward  of  200  miles,  naviga-  the  greater  part  to  Portugal, 
tion  is  interrupted  by  rapids  up  to  Stanley  Pool,  A  difficulty  seemed  likely  to  arise  between  the 
beyond  which  the  main  stream  is  navigable  as  Congo  State  and  Great  Britain  in  relation  to  the 
far  as  Stanley  Falls,  a  distance  of  1,000  miles,  right  to  another  powerful  native  state  in  the 
and  many  of  the  tributaries  are  navigable  for  same  part  of  Africa.  Msiri's  kingdom  of  Garen- 
lon^  distances.  About  7,500  miles  of  river  navi-  ganze  or  Katanga,  oocupying  the  country  be- 
gation  have  already  been  opened  to  the  steamers  tween  the  Luapala  and  the  TiUalabEi,  the  head 
of  the  State  and  oi  the  missions  and  commercial  streams  of  the  Congo,  to  the  west  of  Lake  Bang- 
houses.  The  Congo  Railroad  Company,  oonsti-  weolo  and  Lake  Moero,  is  an  elevated  region  of 
tuted  under  Belgian  laws  with  25,000,000  francs  mountains  and  table-lands,  one  of  the  few  spots 
capital,  completed  in  1888  the  surveys  for  a  rail-  in  the  territory  assigned  to  the  Congo  State  that 
road,  250  miles  long,  between  Matadi,  on .  the  is  suitable  for  European  colonization.  This  coun- 
lower  river,  and  Leopoldville,  on  Stanley  Pool,  try  is  known  to  abound  in  copper,  and  is  sup- 
the  route  running  parallel  with  the  river  at  an  posed  to  be  very  rich  in  gold  and  other  mineral, 
average  distance  of  80  miles  from  the  south  bank.  When  the  British  South  America  Company  i:n- 
Construction  has  been  begun,  and  the  road  is  dertook  to  annex  to  the  British  Empire  the  vast 
expected  to  be  open  for  traffic  before  the  close  region  reaching  from  the  Transvaal  to  the  great 
of  1893.  lakes,  relpng  chiefly  on  gold  discoveries  for  re- 

The  Congo  State  maintains  an  armed  force  of  payment  of  the  expense,  this  promising  mineral 

eight  companies,  commanded  by  European  offi-  district  offered  much  better  returns  than  the 

cers,  which  are  stationed  at  Boma,  Lukungu,  neighboring  territory  in  Nyassaland  to  which 

Leopoldville,  on  the  upper  course  of  the  Lu-  England  made  good  ner  title.    Although  it  was 

kungu,  where  there  are  two,  one  at  Bangala,  and  plainly  included  in  the  limits  of  the  Congo  State 

the  other  two  at  the  mouth  of  the  Aruwirai  and  secured  by  the  general  act  of  the  Congo,  Joseph 

at  Stanley  Falls.    The  total  number  of  soldiers  Thomson  and  other  British  emissaries  visited  tne 

is  2,800,  besides  whom  there  is  a  body  of  1,000  country  in  1890  and  1891  for  the  purpose  of  ac- 

native  militiamen,  and  at  need  all  the  employes  quiring  territorial  treaty  rights  for  what  they 

and  workmen  of  the  Government  can  be  called  were  worth,  and,  what  was  of  more  importance, 

upon  to  serve  as  an  auxiliary  corps.    Belonging  mineral  rights  that  would  render  the  pnor  claim 

to  the  Government  are  four  steamers  on  the  of  the  Congo  State  of  little  value  and  lead  to  the 

lower  Congo  and  eleven  on  the  upper  course.  eventual  transfer  of  the  country  to  Great  Britain. 

Bonndary  Questions.  —  The  limits  of  the  British  activity  compelled  the  Congo  Govem- 
Congo  Free  State  were  fixed  by  treaty  before  ment  to  send  agents  to  the  same  district.  A 
the  scramble  for  Africa  began  and  the  doctrine  Belgian  expedition  was  sent  out  in  the  summer 
of  effective  occupation  was  laid  down.  The  co-  of  1890  to  reach  Katanga  b^  the  Lomami  river 
lonial  projects  of  England  and  Germany  on  the  route.  In  connection  with  it,  in  order  to  fore- 
east  side  of  Africa,  and  of  England  and  Portugal  stall  the  British  South  Africa  Company,  an  An- 
in  the  south,  forced  the  Congo  Government  to  glo-Belgian  company  was  formed,  under  the  pat- 


CONGO  FREE  STATE.  I95 

ronage  of  the  King,  for  working  the  mines  of  Ka-  coast  region.    Whatever  abuses  are  practised  by 
tanga  and  the  development  of  the  whole  region  individuals,  the  system  countenanced  by  the  an- 
above  Riba  Riba,  on  the  Lomami,  including  thorities  is  that  followed  also  in  British  East 
M&nyuema,  Urua,  and  Katanga.    The  abandon-  Africa,  of  hiring  slaves  for  fixed  terms  from 
roent  of  the  South  Africa  Company's  pretensions  their  masters  and  allowing  them  wages,  to  be  ap- 
to  the  Portuguese  territory  north  of  tne  Zambesi  plied  to  buving  their  freedom.    Slave  raids  aie 
lessened  the  immediate  danger  of  a  British  an-  checked  wherever  the  authority  of  the  Congo 
Delation  of  this  region.    The  Katanga  Companv,  State  is  exercised,  at  one  time  as  far  east  as 
st  least  one  half  of  whose  shares  must  be  held  Stanley  Falls.     After  that  station  was  aban- 
bT  Belgians,  undertakes  within  three  years  to  doned  the  co-operation  of  Tippoo  Tib  was  se- 
place  three  steamers  on  the  upper  Congo,  to  es-  cured  at  the  time  of  the  Stanley  expedition  for 
tabljsh  three  or  more  new  stations,  and  to  organ-  Emin  Pasha's  relief.    More  recently  Lieut.  Des- 
i2e  a  force  of  police.    The  Couffo  State  Concedes  champs,  meeting  a  band  of  7,000  slavers  on  the 
to  the  com|Mnj  one  third  of  the  public  lands  in  River  Sankuru,  put  them  to  flight  with  200 
that  district,  with  right  to  work  the  minends  trained  native  soldiers  and  released  1,000  slaves, 
for  ninety-nine  years.     Commander   Cameron  The  ultimate  results  of  Emin's  rule  in  the  equa- 
icted  for  the  English  promoters,  who  furnished  torial  provinces  and  of  Stanley's  expedition  for 
one  third  of  the  capital  of  3,000,000  francs.    The  hLs  relief  depend  on  future  developments.  Egypt 
first  expedition,  lea  by  M.  Deloommune,  was  fol-  still  asserts  ner  claim,  England  tacitlv  includes 
lowed  in  1891  by  one  equipped  by  the  Katanga  it  in  her  sphere  of  activity,  Germany  b^  the  aid 
Company,  the  leader  of  which,  Lieut.  Lemarinel,  of  accomplished  facts  may  establish  a  right,  and 
induced  Msiri,   whose  refusal  to  treat  a   few  Belgium  nas  aspirations  based  upon  its  co-oper- 
months  before  with  Mr.  Sharpe,  the  British  South  ation  in  the  Stanley  expedition.    Activity  in  the 
Africa  Company's  agent,  had  saved  the  Congo  northeastern  part  of  the  Free  State's  territory, 
State  from  a  vexatious  boundary  dispute,  to  ac-  where  so  many  rivals  were  seeking  to  extend 
knowledge  the   suzerainty  of  the  Free  State,  their  influence,  was  a  matter  of  necessity.    On 
Captain  Stairs  led  a  weil-equipped  expedition  the  western  side  of  the  continent  the  fourth  jpar- 
fram  the  east  coast  across  German  temtorv  for  allel  of  north  latitude  was  flixed  as  the  northern 
the  purpose  of  taking  actual  possession  of  the  boundary  of  the  Congo  State  by  agreement  with 
country  on  behalf  of  the  Anglo-Belgian  Katanga  France.    The  region  of  the  Welle,  which  is  the 
Company  and  the  Congo  Free  State.  upper  course  of  the  Mobsngi,  may  be  claimed  as 
Finance  and  Taxation. — ^The  budget  of  the  Hinterland  by  either  the  French,  the  Germans, 
Congo  State  amounts  at  present  to  about  4,000,-  or  the  Congo  'State.    North  of  that  river,  in  6° 
nOOfraocs  a  year.    The  Ivingof  the  Belgians  has  of  north  latitude,  Capt.  van  Gele  in  1890  made  a 
made  great  sacrifices  to  institute  and  maintain  treaty  with  the  poweriul  chief  Bangasso,  who  rules 
the  State,  and  recently  contributions  have  been  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Mbumo  tributary 
made  by  the  Belgian  treasury  in  the  shape  of  a  of  the  Mobangi.    A  subseouent  expedition,  con- 
loan  of  25,000,000  francs  authorized  by  the  Cham-  sistingof  800  soldiers  anct  8  European  olOBcers, 
ber,  5,000,000  francs  to  be  advanced  immediately  with  5,000  carriers,  was  dispatched  under  Capt. 
after  the  passage  of  the  bill  on  July  8, 1800,  and  van  Kerkhoven,  whose  object  was  to  ascend  the 
2.000,000  francs  a  year  for  the  next  ten  years,  at  the  banks  of  the  Welle,  and  penetrate  beyond  its  source 
end  of  which  Belgium  can  annex,  if  she  will,  the  .  into  the  Nile  basin  and,  if  possible,  to  reach  the 
Congo  State  with  all  its  possessions.   At  no  time  Bahr-el-Gazelle  or  Lado,  on  the  White  Nile, 
h&s  the  State  been  able  to  pay  more  than  one  This  considerable  force  got  under  way  in  March, 
third  of  its  expenses  out  of  the  taxes  and  imposts  1801.    In  the  early  summer  an  Arab  slave  con- 
collected.   The  protection  and  facilities  for  trade  voy  was  defeated  between  the  Aruwimi  and  the 
afforded  by  the  Congo  Free  State  have  attracted  Welle,  and  2,000  slaves  were  set  free.     Capt. 
merchants  of  various  nationalities  to  its  domin-  Ponthies  led  an  expedition  to  the  upper  Himbiri 
ions  and  caused  a  wonderful  expansion  of  the  Koubi,  with  the  object  of  proceeding  thence  to 
export  commerce.    The  progress  thus  achieved  the  northward,  erecting  a  Ime  of  fortified  camps 
lias  entailed  a  corres|ionaing  increase  in  the  ex-  as  a  bulwark  against  Arab  slave  raiders.    He 
penses  of  administration  ana  police.    The  whole  had  several  encounters  with  parties  of  these  that 
cost  was  sustained  by  the  gratuitous  sacrifices  he  met. 

of  King  Leopold  until  it  biegan  to  exceed  his  The  cost  of  these  distant  expeditions,  the  ne- 

means,  when  a  partial  monopoly  of  the  ivory  cessity  under  which  the  Free  State  was  placed  of 

trade  was  established  and  other  resources  were  engaging  in  the  scramble  for  Africa,  and  the 

vork^  for  the  benefit  of  the  Government.    As  concomitant   work   of   suppressing   the   slave 

the  merchants  complained  of  this  the  ivory  mo-  trade,  together  with  the  growing  expense  of 

nopoly  was  abandoned  on  condition  that  house  protecting  commerce,  placed  the  State  in  a  diffi- 

and  land  taxes,  export  duties,  and  duties  on  ex-  cult  financial  position.    When  an  export  tax  of 

ports  should  be  substituted.    These  taxes  were  10  per  cent,  was  levied  on  ivory  from  the  banks  of 

necessarily  high.    The  co6t«  of  the  Government  the  Congo,  of  25  per  cent,  on  ivory  from  else- 

▼ere  greatly  enhanced  by  the  efforts  made  to  where,  and  of  10  per  cent,  on  rubber,  in  addition 

suppress  the  slave  trade,  which  was  one  of  the  to  heavy  taxes  on  houses  and  building  land,  and 

niain  objects  for  which  the  State  was  founded,  a  duty  of  from  10  to  SO  francs  for  every  servant, 

Knemies  of  the  Free  State  alleged  that  the  officials  the  Dutch  merchants  who  had  settled  on  the 

of  the  Free  State  were  themselves  slave-holders  Belgian  bank  of  the  Congo  threatened  to  go 

or  employers  of  slave  labor.    As  slavery  is  the  over  to  the  Portuguese  bank  to  escape  a  portion 

custom  of  Africa,  there  is  often  no  other  labor  to  of  the  taxation.  To  relieve  the  State  and  enable 

he  had,  as  the  English  and  Germans  have  dis-  it  to   fulfill  its  international  obligations,  the 

covered  in  their  attempts  to  exploit  the  east-  powers  at  the  Brussels  conference  authorized  it 


196  CONGRBGATIONAUSTS. 

to  impose  certain  itnoort  duties  for  a  limited  members.  Amount  of  benerolent  contributions, 
term  of  years.  Under  the  terms  of  the  act  so  far  as  reported  from  4,042  churches :  for  for- 
the  sale  of  spirits  was  forbidden  where  their  use  eign  missions,  $349,733 ;  for  education,  f  2;^,- 
has  not  yet  been  introduced — ^that  is,  beyond  the  412;  for  church  building,  $169,513;  for  home 
Inkissi  riyer  and  in  the  whole  of  the  upper  missions,  $468,042 ;  for  the  American  Missionary 
Congo  district.  The  Congo  State  desired  also  Association,  $163,795;  for  Sunday  schools,  $50,- 
to  place  heavy  restrictions  on  the  importation  733 ;  for  the  New  West  Education  Society, 
ot  fire-arms  and  ammunition,  and  to  discourage  $43,314;  for  minister's  aid,  $19,173;  other  con- 
the  sale  of  spirits  in  the  zone  where  the  Brussels  tributions,  $772,446 ;  for  home  expenditures 
conference  had  placed  no  interdiction.  To  this  (4,094  churches),  $6,091,221.  Of  the  churches, 
end  high  license  duties  were  imposed  in  1890,  8,468  are  recorded  as  "supplied"  and  1,349  as 
which  were  repealed,  however,  the  abolition  of  li-  vacant  or  supplied  by  licentiates.  Of  the  min- 
censes  to  take  effect  on  Jan.  1, 1892,  because  Port-  isters,  3,062  are  in  pastoral  work  and  1,537  are 
ugal  had  not  supported  this  action  with  a  similar  without  charge. 

measure.    Personal  effects  and  agricultural  and        The  seven  theological  seminaries  return  46 

industrial  implements  were  still  to  be  admitted  professors,  35  instructors  or  lecturers,  9  resident 

free,  and  theduties  on  other  articles  were  not  high,  licentiates  or  fellows,  33  members  of  advanced 

but  they  would  be  sufficient  to  allow  the  more  or  graduate  classes,  and  549  undergraduate  stu- 

burdensome  of  the  existing  taxes  to  be  lightened  dents. 

and  would  relieve  King  Lipoid  of  a  part  of  his  The  Congregational  Sundaj^-school  and  Pub- 
contributions,  although  he  expected  still  to  have  lishing  Society,  Chicago,  received,  during  1890, 
from  one  third  to  one  naif  of  the  cost  of  adminis-  $57,7&,  and  expended  $57,841. 
tration  to  pay.  The  ratifications  of  the  Brussels  The  New  West  Education  Commission  reported 
act  were  to  be  exchanged  on  July  2.  After  a  full  in  1890,  32  schools  in  Utah  and  New  Mexico, 
discussion  of  the  import  and  export  duties  in  with  75  teachers,  3,284  punils,  of  whom  967 
the  French  Chamber,  the  proposed  scheme  failed  were  Mormons  and  212  were  Mexicans,  and  1,900 
to  receive  the  assent  of  that  body,  and  the  pupils  in  Sunday  schools.  Its  income  for  the 
French  Government  obtained  an  extension  of  year  had  been  $75,301  and  its  expenditures 
the  term  allowed  for  ratification,  which  most  of  $79,629,  and  it  was  indebted,  on  account  of  build- 
the  powers  had  given  in  due  time.    The  United  ings,  $9,328. 

States  Government,  being  unable  to  act  before        The  library  of  the  American  Congregational 

the  meeting  of  the  Senate,  likewise  obtained  an  Association,  Boston,  contains  29,403  volumes, 

extension.    The  French  Chamber  finally  ratified  55,960  pamphlets,  and  34,086  unbound  numbers 

the  convention  on  obtaining  a  modification  of  the  of  periodicals. 

ivory  duty.  From  Feb.  9,  1891,  the  duty  on  American  Congregational  Union. — The  thirty- 
ivory  was  fixed  at  the  rates  established — that  is,  eighth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Congre- 
10  and  25  per  cent,  ad  valorem^  and  that  on  rub-  gational  Union  was  held  in  New  York  city,  Jan. 
ber  at  10  per  cent. — and  the  direct  and  personal  8.  The  Rev.  William  M.  Taylor,  D.  D.,  LL.  D„ 
taxation  was  lowered  to  one  third  of  the  former  presided.  The  receipts  of  the  society  during  the 
rates.  This  was  in  pursuance  of  a  protocol  year  had  been  $155,530,  $18,724  having  been  re- 
signed by  France,  Portugal,  and  the  Congo  ceived  for  parsonages.  One  hundred  and  twenty- 
State,  by  which  they  arranged  between  them-  eight  churches  h^  been  aided  with  $117,546. 
selves  to  impose  a  duty  of  10  per  cent,  on  salt,  whereby  $465,663  worth  of  property  was  brought 
fire-arms,  and  ammunition  imported  on  the  west  into  service;  while  the  payment  of  $16,470  to 
coast  of  Africa,  and  of  6  per  cent,  on  other  mer-  build  47  parsonages  had  brought  property  to  the 
chandise.  The  United  States  also  signed  a  sep-  value  of  $51,769  into  use.  The  total  amount  of 
arate  agreement  admitting  the  establishment  of  .  receipts  since  the  first  institution  of  the  AltMiny 
import  duties.  As  soon  as  ratifications  were  ex-  fund  in  1852  and  of  the  Forefathers'  fund  in 
changed  between  the  other  signatories  of  the  1856,  and  including  those  funds,  had  been  $2,- 
antLsIavery  declaration  and  act  of  the  Brussels  041,623,  of  which  $109,527  had  been  received  for 
conference,  the  Congo  Government  fixed  a  tariff  the  building  of  parsonages  since  1^2.  The 
to  go  into  force  on  Sept.  1.  French  merchants  Union  had  since  1864  loaned  $194,284  to  212 
resisted  the  imposition  of  different  duties  on  ivory  churches,  of  which  $65,840  had  been  refunded, 
so  effectually  that  the  King's  representatives  while  some  had  made  contributions  more  than 
agreed  to  abolish  the  separate  tariff  zones  and  equivalent  to  the  grants  they  had  received.  The 
levy  a  uniform  10-per-cent.  duty.  The  other  loan  accounts  of  ^  of  these  churches  had  been 
tarifb  were  the  same  that  had  been  agreed  upon  closed.  In  the  department  of  parsonage  loans 
between  the  three  powers  having  possessions  on  $90,938  in  all  had  been  loaned  to  270  churches, 
the  west  coast  in  tne  Congo  region.  51  of  which  had  paid  up. 

CONGREGATIONALISTS.     I.  Conrrega-        American  Home  Missionary  Society. —  The 

tionalists  In  the  United  States.— The  follow-  sixty-ninth  annual  meeting  of   the  American 

ing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  the  Congre-  Home  Missionary  Society  was  held  in  Saratoga 

gational  churches  in  the  United  States  as  thev  Springs,  N.  T.,  June  2.  The  executive  committee 

are  given  in  the  *'  Congregational  Year-Book  '*  reported  that  $460,999  had  been  received  during 

for  1891 :  Number  of  churches,  4,817;  of  minis-  the  year  from  legacies  and  contributions,  and 

ters,  4,619;  of   members,  506.832;   of  families,  $174,181  had  been  reported  by  the  auxiliaries  as 

341,043 :  of  additions  during  the  year  by  confes-  received  and  expended  in  their  respective  fields ; 

sion  of   faith,  27,592:    of    baptisms.  1,255    of  the  expenditures  had  been  $802,566,  and  had  been 

adults  and  9,892  of   infants :    of  members  of  met  by  the  current  receipts,  balances,  and  loan 

Sunday  schools,  645,976;  of  Young  People's  Soci-  from  bank.    Nineteen  hundred  and  twelve  mis- 

eties  of  Christian  Endeavor,  2,540,  witn  122,204  sionaries  had  been  employed  in  45  States  and 


CONOBEGATIONALISTS.  197 

Territories,   serving   8,270  congregations   and  schools,  87,750 ;  whole  number  under  instruction, 

missionary  districts,  of  whom  5  had  been  com-  46,408 ;  amount  of  native  contributions,  so  far 

missioned  to  congregations  of  colored  people,  as  reported,  $114,587. 

and  191  had  preached   in  foreign  languages,  The  board  was  in  control  of  permanent  funds 

namelT :  10  to  Welsh  congregations,  88  to  uer-  to  the  amount  of  1372,655.    A  committee  was 

man,  102  to  Scandinavian,  24  to  Bohemian,  8  to  appointed  at  the  meeting  to  obtain  increased 

Polish,  2  to  Indians.  8  to  French,  8  to  Mexicans,  subscriptions  to  the  missionary  funds   to  the 

and  1  to  Italians.    Two  hundred  and  ninety-two  amount  of  $100,000,  and  $50,000  were  pledged 

Deir  Sunday  schools  had  been  organized  during  to  that  purpose  before  adjournment.    A  com- 

the  year ;   and  the  whole  num^r  of   Sunday  mittee  was  appointed  to  urg^e  upon  the  Govem- 

schools  under  the  special  care  of  the  missionaries  ment  the  damis  of  the  mission  churches  in  cer- 

WS9  2,295,  in  whicn  were  154,722  pupils.    The  tain  of  the  Pacific  islands  for  restitution  for 

additions  on  confession  of  faith  numbered  7,244.  outrages  committed  against  them  by  the  Spanish 

Two  hundred  and  twelve  churches  had  been  or-  authorities.    A  resolution  was  adopted  favoring 

ganized,  and  56  mission  churches  had  become  the  closing  of  the  Columbian  Exhibition  at  Chi- 

>elf-supporting ;  171  houses  of  worship  had  been  cago  on  Sunday.    A  letter  was  received  from  the 

cnmpleted,  and  25  were  in  course  of  erection ;  12  president  of  the  board,  the  Rev.  R.  S.  Storrs,  D.  D., 

chapels  had  been  built,  and  72  parsonages  pro-  expressing  his  desire  not  to  be  continued  longer 

Tided ;  and  145  men  connected  with  the  mission  in  that  omce.    He  said  that  he  had  served  in  it 

churches  were  preparing  for  the  ministry.    The  for  four  years  in  obedience  to  the  successive 

women's  auxiliary  societies  had  contributed  $41,-  commands  of  the  bofu^l,  but  it  now  seemed  to 

^  to  the  treasury  of  the  society.    Besides  the  him  that  it  was  his  clear  right  to  ask  to  be  re- 

reoeipt  and  expenditure  of  money,  the  society  Jieved  from  the  duties  of  tne  office.    The  year 

had  distributeu  $66,964  worth  of  supplies  to  just  closing  had  been  "one  of  luninterrupted 

missionaries  in  the  field.     A  new  constitution,  harmony  in  the  councils  of  the  board  and  of  its 

prepared  and  recommended  bv  the   executive  Prudential  Committee;  of  the  largest  contribu- 

com mittee,  was  amended  and  adopted.    Resolu-  tions  ever  made  to  its  treasury  in  the  customary 

tions  were  adopted  emphasizing  the  importance  annual  donations   and    legacies ;   of   inspiring 

of  mission  work  in  cities,  in  view  of  the  fact  progress  in  its  foreign  work.    So  far  as  I  can 

that  the  frontier  was  rapidly  moving  "from  M in-  see,  no  threatening  cloud  appears  in  its  sky. 

nesota  to  Massachusetts";  advising  the  establish-  The  progress  steadily    made   in   recent   ^ears 

ment  of  a  woman's  society  in  every  church ;  urg-  along  definite  and  accepted  lines  of  administra- 

ing  that  Christian  Endeavor  Societies  and  Sun-  tion  offers,  in  my  judgment,  a  sure  guarantee  of 

day  schools  be  trained  to  bear  their  part  in  aid  future  prosperity.    It  is  therefore  a  fitting  time 

of  evangelization ;  and  requesting  the  commis-  for  me  to  ask,  and  for  you  to  consent,  to  have 

sioners  thereof  to  close  the  doors  of  the  Colum-  another  name  substituted  for  mine  in  connection 

bian  Exhibition  on  Sunday.  with  the  public  leadership  of  this  great  institu- 

American  Board.^-^The  eighty-first  annual  tion."  Dr.  Storrs  was,  nevertheless,  unanimous- 
meeting  of  the  American  Boara  of  Commission-  ly  re-elected,  and  accepted  the  result  as  repre- 
ers  for  Foreign  Missions  was  held  in  Pittsfield,  senting  the  cordial  feeling  of  the  whole  board 
Mass.,  Oct.  18.  The  total  receipts  of  the  society  that  he  had  been  entirely  fair,  candid,  and  cour- 
for  the  year  had  been  $824,812,  while  the  direct  teous  in  his  treatment  of  its  members.  The 
expenditures  in  the  mission  fields  had  been  other  officers  of  the  board  were  re-elected. 
$767,439.  Of  the  receipts,  $484,468,  or  $66,542  American  JUtMionary  Assoeiation.—ThefoTij' 
more  than  in  the  preceding  year,  had  been  de-  fifth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Mission- 
rived  from  donations,  $184,844  from  the  three  ary  Association  was  held  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  be- 
Woman*8  Boards,  and  $206,458  from  legacies;  ginning  Oct  22.  The  executive  committee  re- 
the  advance  in  the  contributions  through  the  ported  that  the  total  receipts  of  the  society  for 
Woman's  Boards  having  been  $15,688,  and  in  the  the  year  had  been  $480,974  and  the  expenditures 
amonnt  received  from  legacies  $6,656  over  those  $480,355,  in  addition  to  which  an  income  had 
of  the  preceding  year.  Of  the  Swett  bequest,  been  received  from  the  Daniel  Hand  fund  of 
$42,000  nad  been  spent  to  meet  special  calls  in  $53,534.  The  extended  and  increasing  work  ac- 
Japan  and  China ;  of  the  Otis  bequest  for  new  complished  by  this  fund  had  benefited  thousands 
missions,  $80,908  had  been  been  spent  in  Africa,  of  the  needy  people  for  whom  it  was  given,  and 
China,  Japan,  and  Mexico.  was  opening  new  channels  of  usefulness  to  those 

The  following  is  the  general  summary  of  the  who  in  their  turn  were  thus  enabled  to  elevate 

reports  from  the  missions :  Number  of  missions,  their  race.    The  year  had  been  one  of  general 

21:   of    stations,  97;   of   out  -  stations,   1,186;  religious  interest,' and  had  been  remarkable  in 

places  for  stated  preaching,  1,287;  average  con-  the  thoroughness  of  the  educational  work  that 

gregatioDS,  70,829 ;  number  of  ordained  mission-  had  been  done.    The  churches,  though  among 

anes  (11  being  physicians),  182;  whole  number  the  poor,  had  raised  $28,858  toward  their  own 

of  laborers  sent  irom  this  country,  538 ;  number  support,  and  had  contributed  $3,465  to  mission- 

of  native  pastors.  204;  total  of  native  laborers,  ary  purposes.     The  educational  work   in  the 

2.648 ;  total  of  American  and  native  laborers,  Soutn  included  6  chartered  institutions,  23  nor- 

3,186;  nnraber  of  churches,  410;  of  church  mem-  mal  and  graded  schools,  and  51  common  schools 

bers,  38,226 ;  added  during  the  year,  3,554 ;  whole  —80  schools  in  all — ^with  373  instructors  and 

niimberfrom  the  first,  as  nearly  aJs  can  be  learned,  13,845  pupils.    A  new  school  had  been  under- 

1]H..507;  number  of  theological  seminaries  and  taken  at  Cappahosic.  Va.,  and  a  large  educa- 

.otation  classes,  20;  of  colleges  and  high  schools,  tional  institution  was  beginning  at  Orange  Park, 

62 ;  number  of  boarding  schools  for  girls,  54 ;  Fla.    The  "  mountain  work  *'  was  growing  more 

of  common  schools,  980;  of  pupils  in  common  rapidly  than  means  were  afforded  for  its  sup- 


198  CONGREQATIONALISTS. 

port,  so  that  while  enlarged  in  some  directions  the  people.'*    Another  resolution  urged  legisla- 

it  had  been  necessary  to  contract  it  in  others,  tive  representatives  to  stand  firm  in  demanding 

It  was  represented  in  an  educational  aspect  by  that  Parliament  enact  a  bill  for  immediate  pro- 

the  academy  at  Williamsburg,  Ky.,  and  schools  hibition  of  the  liquor  traffic  unassociated  with 

at  Blowing  Rock  and  the  Saluda  Seminary  in  other  issues. 

North  Carolina.  Among  the  Indians  there  were  The  Congregational  Union  of  Nova  Sootia 
9  churches,  with  96  members,  85  missionaries  and  New  Brunswick  reported  22  churches,  12 
and  teachers,  887  pupiH  &nd  1,344  in  Sunday  ministers,  1,078  members,  3,604  persons  under 
schools.  The  missionaries  in  Alaska  were  in  pastoral  care,  with  an  average  attendance  on 
charge  of  a  school  of  800  pupils.  The  Normal  worship  of  2,190,  25  Sunday  schools  with  147 
Training  School  at  Santee  bad  in  twenty-one  teachers  and  1,061  registered  pupils,  21  oersons 
years  furnished  instruction  to  nearly  a  thousand  admitted  during  the  year  on  profession,  18  adults 
persons.  The  work  among  the  Chinese  included  and  87  infants  baptized,  23  church  buildings 
17  schools,  37  missionaries,  and  1,054  pupils.  A  valued  at  $65,100,  and  11  parsonages  valued  at 
historical  sketch  of  the  association  was  read  by  $15,900.  Amount  of  benevolent  contributions 
Secretarv  Strieby,  who  showed  that  it  originated  estimated  at  $10,989.  The  Union  met  at  Kings* 
in  1846  by  the  co-operation  of  a  number  of  small  port,  Nova  Scotia,  July  10.  The  Bev.  J.W.  Cox  was 
organizations  which  were  endeavoring  to  carry  elected  chairman  for  the  year.  Resolutions  were 
on  a  missionaiy  work  free  from  all  connection  passed  approving  the  Young  People's  Societies 
with  churches  in  which  slaveholding  was  toler-  of  Christian  Endeavor,  and  advising  ministers 
ated.  It  had,  however,  never  been  in  affiliation  and  members  of  churches  to  co-operate  with  the 
with  tha4;  party  of  the  anti-slavery  men  who  de-  friends  of  prohibition  to  procure  legal  enact- 
nounced  tne  Church  and  the  Constitution  of  the  ment  therefor  with  provision  for  enforcement. 
United  States.  A  committee  appointed  at  the  The  Canada  Congregational  Missionarv  So- 
preceding  meeting  to  consult  with  the  executive  ciety  is  in  its  fifty-second  year.  It  received  dur- 
officers  respecting  the  increasing  needs  of  the  ing  the  year  ending  in  June,  1891,  $10,274,  and 
association  and  the  adaptation  of  its  present  returned  four  trust  funds  amounting  to  $33,090. 
methods  to  the  enlarged  conditions  of  its  work  It  sustains  home  missions  at  manv  points  in  the 
presented  a  report,  which  was  adopted.  It  rec-  provinces  of  British  Columbia,  Manitoba,  On- 
ommended  the  adoption  of  a  policy  looking  for-  tario,  and  Nova  Scotia. 

ward  to  the  endowment  of  the  educational  insti-  The  Canadian  Congregational  Foreign  Mis- 

tutions  and  to  leading  them  up  to  self-depend-  sionary  Society,  which  completed  its  tenth  year 

ence ;  efforts  to  extend  the  influence  of  Congre-  at  its  anniversary  in  June,  nad  received  during 

gationalism,  and    awaken   an   enthusiasm    for  the  year  $2,557.    It  sustained  three  missionaries 

self-government  and  self-support ;  and  the  rec-  in  the  Portuguese  province  of  Angola,  West 

ognition  of  the  right  in  the  missionaries  of  im-  Central  Africa,  who  are  laboring  in  co-operation 

mediate  appeal  to  the  executive  committee,  and  with  the  American  Board.    The  Woman's  Board 

of  their  unabridged  freedom  to  correspond  with  received  $1,829,  $1,200  of  which  were  for  foreign 

co-operating  and  auxiliary  societies.  work.   The  Woman's  Missionary  Society  of  Nova 

IL  Gongregationalists  in  British  Nortli  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick,  which  co-operates 

Amerioa. — In  the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  the  with  the  Canada  Congrerational  Missionary  So- 

island  of  Newfoundland  there  are  two  Congre-  ciety,  received  in  1890-'9l  $329.   The  Newfound- 

gational  Unions — those  of  Ontario  and  Quebec  land  Congreg[ational  Home  Missionary  Society 

and  of  Nova  Scotia  and  New  Brunswick.    They  co-operat^  with  the  Colonial  Missionary  Society 

return  together  128  churches,  69  preaching  sta-  in  sustaining  missionary  churches  at  four  of  the 

tions,  95  ministers,  and  10,689  members.    The  outposts. 

Congregational  Union  of  Ontario  and  Quebec  The  Congregational  Provident  Fund  Society 

reported  at  its  meeting  in  Guelph,  June  10,  63  returned  assets  of  $14,539  in  its  Widows' and  Or- 

pastors  in  office,  117  preaching  stations  on  the  phans'  branch.    It  received  $1,157,  and  paid  to 

Ijc>rd*s  day,  an  average  attendance  on  religious  annuitants  $780.   On  the  Retiring  Ministers'  ac- 

serviced  oi  16,593,  a  total  of  25,896  persons  un-  count,  its  assets  were  $5,843,  and  its  receipts  and 

der  pastoral  care,  9,079  members,  104  Sunday  disbursements  had  been  $1,315.    The  Congrega- 

schools,  with  1,175  officers  and   teachers  and  tional  Publishing  Company  publishes  a  weekly 

9,783  pupils  on  the  rolls,  653  baptisms  during  journal  and  a  year-book,  and  manages  a  Sunday 

the  year  of  adults  and  62  of  infants,  805  persons  school  and  book  room. 

admitted  during  the  year  on  profession,   105  III.    British     Gongregationalisto.  —  The 

church  edifices  valued  at  $740,'aX)  and  provid-  whole  number  of   churches,  branch  churches, 

ing  33,039  sittings,  and  29  parsonages  valued  at  and  missions  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland,  and  the 

$&,950.    Amount  raised  for  all  purposes,  $142,-  islands  of  the  British  seas  (not  including  mis- 

603,  of  which  $2,713  were  for  foreign  missions,  sion  stations  in  Scotland  and  Ireland,  but  in- 

The  Rev.  Hugh  Pedley,  of  Manitoba,  presided  at  eluding  the  churches  of  the  Evangelical  Union 

the  meeting  of  the  union.    In  reply  to  memori-  of  Scotland),  is  given  in  the  reporis  for  1891  as 

als  from  the  Knights  of  Labor,  the  Single  Tax  4,821  against  4,817  in  1890.   The  Congregational 

Association,  and  other  societies,  the  body  ex-  Union  of  England  and  Wales  returns  a  total 

Eressed  its  sympathy  "  with  every  effort  that  seating  capacity  in  its  4,589  churches  and  mis- 
armonizes  with  Christian  principle  in  the  up-  sion  stations  for  1,647,500  persons.  The  Con- 
lifting  of  the  suffering  poor,"  and  its  willing-  gregational  Union  of  Scotland  returns  97 
ness  ^  to  co-operate  with  them  in  any  direction  churches  and  104  ministers,  16  of  whom  are 
not  inconsistent  with  the  teaching  of  Jesus  without  pastoral  charge;  that  of  Ireland,  29 
Christ,  believing  that  with  the  growth  of  true  churches,  29  ministers,  of  whom  8  are  without  ' 
religion  there  will  be  also  the  sure  progress  of  charge ;  and  95  preaching  stations,  at  which  the 


CONGREGATIONALISTS.  199 

ministers  are  assisted  hj  46  lay  preachers ;  and  tumnal  session  of  the  Union.    The  assembly, 

the  Congregational  Union  of  the  Channel  Isl-  while  expressing  gratification  at  the  introduo- 

ands,  9  chnrches,  2  branch  churches,  and  5  min-  tion  of  the  bill  for  providing  free  education  in 

isters  in  charge.  public  elementary  scnools,  urged  that  the  grant 

About  400  churches  in  Sweden  and  Norway,  for  the  purpose  should  appear  on  the  annual 
with  a  membership  of  100,000,  are  formed  on  the  estimates,  and  that  increased  mnts  of  public 
Congresstional  model.  There  are  also  Congre-  money  to  denominational  schools  should  be  oon- 
eational  churches  in  France,  Russia,  Germany,  ditional  on  their  being  subjected  to  the  control 
Spain,  and  Belgium.  With  the  McAU  mission  of  managers  appointed  by  the  public ;  and  that 
are  connected  129  stations  in  Paris  and  different  there  should  also  be  unsectanan  schools,  man- 
cities  and  towns  of  France,  Algeria,  and  Corsica,  aged  by  school  boards,  within  reach  of  the  chil- 
which  are  assisted  bnr  contributions  from  Great  dren  of  every  locality.  A  council  of  secondary 
Britain,  the  United  States,  and  Canada.  education  was  provided  for,  whose  duty  it  shaft 

In  Australia  and  New  Zealand  are  7  Congre-  be  to  attempt  to  secure  the  recognition  and 

gational  Unions,  172  churches,  156  pastors,  and  operation  of  the  principle  of  religious  equality 

59  resident  ministers  without  pastoral  charge.  in  all  the  public  schools  and  throughout  idl  de- 

Fifty-seven    Congregational   churches,    with  partments  of  the  secondary  and  higher  educa- 

7.000  members,  are  returned  in  the  Sandwich  tion ;  to  endeavor  to  secure  the  liberal  and  im- 

Islands.    The  Theological  Institute  at  Honolulu  partial  administration  of   the  local   grammar 

educates  ministers  for  both  the  home  and  the  schools,  and  aid  in  the  creation  of  a  public 

foreign  field.  ^E!"^^  favorable  to  their  free  government  and 

Lwdon  Missionary  Society, — The  ninety-sev-  efficient  management ;  to  promote  the  organi- 

euth  annual  meeting  of  the  London  Missionary  zation,  equipment,  and  standard  of  attainment 

Society  was  held  in  London,  May  13.    The  re-  of  non-conformist  schools ;  and  to  seek  the  oo- 

port  embodied  a  review  of  the  last  ten  years  of  operation  of  the  representatives  of  other  free 

the  work  of  the  society,  from  which  it  appears  cnurches  in  carrying  out  its  objects.    The  spe- 

that  the  income  in  1881  was  £108,247 ;  in  1891,  oial  committee  appointed  at  the  annual  meetmg 

£114,293.    It  reached  the  highest  point,  £125,-  of  1890  to  oonsiaer  what  measures  might  be 

250,  in  1889.    In  1888  it  was  £124,860,  and  in  taken  by  the  churches  to  increase  their  power  in 

1890,  £121,455.    The  society  was  now  in  debt  dealing  with  prevalent  religious  indifference  re- 

£12,597.    The  number  of  missionary  agents  was  ported,  recommending  the  appointment  of  a  spe- 

44  higher  than  in  1881.    In  ten  years  189  new  cial  social  questions  committee,  the  principal 

missionaries  had  been  sent  out,  and  95  names  function  of  which  should  be  to  give  information, 

had  dropped,  27  of  them  bj  death.    There  were  advice,  and  other  assistance  in  furtherance  of 

now  12  more  ordained  missionaries  than  in  1881,  upward  social  movements.  Regarding  the  meas- 

but  10  fewer  than  in  1871.  ures  pending  in  Parliament  concerning  mar- 

The  Ladies'  Association  (missionary)  had  re-  riages  in  non-conformist  places  of  worship  as 

ceived  £7,276,  or  £582  more  than  in  1890,  and  inaaequate   for   their   intended    purposes,  the 

employed  39  women  as  agents,  against  86  in  meeting  expressed  the  opinion  that  a  public  in- 

18W).  quiry  into  the  operation  of  the  present  marriage 

CongregcUional  Union, — ^The  annual  meeting  laws  should  precede  further  attempts  at  legisla- 

of  the  Congregational  Union  of  England  ana  tion,  and  that  early  steps  should  be  taken  for 

Wales  was  held  in  London,  beginning  May  10.  obtaining  information  and   eliciting   non-con- 

The  Bev.  Dr.  Herber  Evans  was  elected  chair-  formist  opinion  on  the  subject.    The  assembly 

roan.    Notice  was  taken  of  the  report  of  the  thankfullv   recognized   the   resolution   of   the 

death  of  the  secretary  of  the  Union,  the  Rev.  House  of  Commons  condemning  the   opium- 

Dr.  Hannay,  and  the  progress  of  the  effort  to  licensing  system  in  India  as  morally  inaefen- 

erect  a  suitable  memonal  of  him.    The  arrange-  sible,  and  urged  that  the  license  be  abolished, 

ments  had  been  made  for  the  International  Con-  except  as  to  the  legitimate  demand  for  medical 

gregational  Council,  to  be  held  in  July,  and  the  purposes. 

prospect  was  good  for  a  satisfactory  meeting.  .  The  autumnal  meeting  of  the  Union  was  held 
The  publication  department  had  had  a  prosper-  at  Southport,  beginning  Oct.  12.  The  most 
ous  year.  The  receipts  of  the  Union  had  been  important  business  concerned  the  election  of  a 
£10,751,  and  a  credit  balance  of  £602  was  re-  secretary  to  succeed  the  Rev.  Dr.  Alexander 
turned.  In  view  of  the  necessity  of  choosing  a  Hannay,  deceased,  in  connection  with  which  the 
new  secretary,  a  special  report  on  the  nature  and  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose  in  May 
duties  of  the  office  was  presented  by  a  sub-com-  presented  ajpaper  on  the  nature  and  duties  of 
mittee  of  the  General  Committee.  It  gave  rise  the  office.  The  paper  declared  that  the  secretary 
to  discussion  in  which  the  opinion  seemed  to  of  the  Union  should  clearly  recognize  that  Con- 
prevail  that  great  deliberation  should  be  exer-  gregationalism  is  truly  Catholic ;  that  he  should 
cised  in  the  choice  of  a  permanent  secretary,  have  a  perception  of  the  natural  unity  of  all  the 
and  fuller  consideration  should  be  given  to  the  denominational  interests,  and,  without  forcing 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  office;  after  anything,  should  carefull;^  and  wisely  inquire 
which  a  resolution  was  unanimously  adopted,  how  far  they  can  be  legitimately  consolidated : 
affirming  the  principle  that  any  person  appoint-  that  he  should  have  faith  in  the  elasticity  and 
ed  secretary  of  the  Union  should  be  a  minister  progressiveness  of  Congregationalism,  and  should 
holding  a  leading  position  in  the  churches,  and  always  regard  the  revision  of  the  Constitution  of 
referring  ail  matters  relating  to  the  duties  of  the  Union  as  a  possible  contingency;  that  he 
that  office  to  a  special  committee  which  should  should  be  in  sympathy  with  all  the  churches, 
report,  with  a  recommendation,  at  a  special  busi-  should  give  his  whole  time  to  the  Union  and  be 
nes8  meeting  to  be  convened  at  the  next  au-  paid  correspondingly;  and  that  he  should  be 


200  CONGREOATIONALISTS. 

interested  in  public  questions  affecting  the  wel-  Qreat  Britain ;  Prof.  L.  F.  Steams,  of  Bangor, 
fare  of  the  community,  such  as  those  of  religious  Me.,  for  America ;  and  the  Rev.  Evan  Jenkins, 
equality,  temperance,  education,  peace,  and  social  for  Wales.  On  "  The  Economy  of  Congregar 
reforms  generally.  The  report  was  adopted,  and  tionalism,"  the  Rev.  Dr.  A.  H.  Quint  spoke  of 
the  Rey.  Dr.  Alexander  Mackennal  was  chosen  "  The  Place  of  American  Congregational  Coun- 
Secretary.  He  subsequently  declined  to  accept  oils";  the  Rev.  A.  H.Bradford, of  Montclair,N.  J., 
the  office.  A  resolution  was  adopted,  to  be  for-  on  ''  Doctrinal  Conditions  of  Church  Member- 
warded  to  representative  bodies  of  other  free  ship " ;  the  Rev.  A.  H.  Ross,  D.  D.,  of  Michigan, 
churches,  inviting  a  congress  of  free  churches,  on  the  '*  Effective  Orsranization  of  Congregation- 
with  a  view  to  the  cultivation  of  closer  relations  alism'';  the  Rev.  Tnomas  Greene,  of  ^hton- 
between  them.  It  assumed  that  those  churches  under-Lyne,  on  ^  Doctrinal  Schedules  in  Trust 
had  not  only  common  principles  to  maintain  and  Deeds  ";  and  the  Rev.  William  H.  Moore,  of  Hart- 
common  interests  to  guard,  but  they  had  a  com-  ford.  Conn.,  on  "  Church  Statistics."  **  The  Place 
mon  work  to  do,  which  was  seriously  hampered  of  Congregationalism  in  the  Making  of  Great 
by  the  want  of  a  better  understanding  among  Britain,  of  New  England  and  the  United  States, 
themselves.  There  was  a  wide-spread  and  grow-  and  of  the  British  Colonies  "  was  considered  by 
ing  conviction  that  sectarian  competition  was  a  the  Rev.  J.  Guinness  Rogers,  of  London,  the 
disaster  to  all  parties  engaged  in  it,  and  a  griev-  Rev.  B.  M.  Fullerton,  of  Waltham,  Mass.,  and 
ous  dishonor  to  the  Lord.  Despite  the  differ-  the  Rev.  Dr.  Jefferis,  of  Australia.  The  subject 
ences  in  the  extent  and  grounds  of  their  non-  of  the  third  day's  discussions  was  *'  Congrega- 
oonformity,  it  was  increasingly  felt  that  tho  tionalism  in  its  Relations  to  the  Nation."  The 
various  free  churches  were  united  by  spiritual  papers  were  on*' Home  Missions,*' by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
affinities  and  interests  which  were  deeper  and  J.  H.  McLean,  of  California ;  **  The  Method  of 
stronger  than  any  theological  or  ecclesiastical  meeting  the  Wants  of  Growing  Towns,  the  Needs 
diversities.  The  assembly  was  of  the  opinion  of  Scattered  Populations,  and  Decaying  Districts.*' 
that  it  was  desirable  that  opportunity  should  be  by  the  Rev.  W.  F.  Clarkson,  of  London,  and  the 
afforded  for  the  development  and  manifestation  Rev.  Hugh  Pedley,of  Manitoba;  **The  Attitude 
of  this  essential  unity.  of  the  Churches  toward  Aggressive  Agencies  Out- 
JfUemational  CongregationcU  Council.  —  The  side  of  and  Independent  of  the  Churcnes,"  by  the 
International  Congre^tional  Council  met  in  Rev.  Alfred  Rowland,  of  London;  "Congrega- 
London,  July  18.  This  was  the  first  time  that  tionalism  as  affected  by  the  Relations  between 
representatives  of  the  Congregational  or  Inde-  Church  and  State  "  in  the  United  States,  by  Pres- 

Eendent  churches  from  all  quarters  of  the  earth  ident  Cyrus  Northrup ;  in  England,  by  the  Rev. 
ad  met  in  a  general  conference  since  their  Dr.  Albert  Goodrich ;  in  Wales,  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
origin.  The  preliminary  steps  taken  bv  the  Con-  Herber  Evans ;  and  in  Australia,  by  the  Rev. 
gre^ational  bodies  of  Great  Britain  ami  America  Dr.  LI.  D.  Bevan.  In  a  conference  on  **  The 
to  the  assembling  of  the  Council  are  related  in  Churches  and  Social  Ethics,"  "The  Attitude  of 
the  volumes  of  the  *'AnnualCyclopflBdia"  for  1889  the  Church  to  the  Social  Movements  of  the 
and  1890.  The  Council  was  composed  of  300  Time  "  was  presented  by  the  Rev.  George  Glad- 
delegates,  of  whom  100  were  from  Great  Britain,  stone,  of  Glasgow ;  "  The  Relations  of  Labor  and 
100  from  America,  and  100  from  Wales,  Scot-  Capital,"  by  Dr.  W.  Gladden,  of  the  Unit^xi 
land,  Ireland,  the  colonies,  and  other  countries.  States,  and  Mr.  Ben.  Tillett,  of  England ;  "  The 
Previous  to  the  opening  of  the  meeting  a  break-  Land  in  its  Relations  to  National  Prosperity," 
fast  was  given  to  the  delegates  by  the  committee  by  Mr.  Albert  Spicer ;  and  **  Laws  respecting  the 
of  the  Liberation  Society.  The  Rev.  Robert  W.  Sale  of  Spirituous  Liquors,"  by  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Dale,  D.  D.,  of  England,  presided  over  the  ses-  Richard  Cordley,  of  Kansas.  The  question 
sions.  The  address  of  welcome  to  the  delegates  **  What  have  the  Churches  gained  and  lost  in 
was  made  by  the  Rev.  John  Brown,  D.  D.,  late  Spiritual  Influence  t "  was  discussed  in  the  divis- 
chairman  of  the  Congregational  Union  of  Eng-  ions :  *'  Through  Changes  that  have  taken  place 
land  and  Wales.  The  proceedings  of  the  Conn-  in  Doctrinal  ftliefs,"  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  E.  R.  Con- 
cil  consisted  in  the  reading  of  papers  and  discus- .  der,  of  London ;  **  Through  Changes  in  the  Type 
sions  of  subjects  concerning  the  religious  life  of  Social  Piety,"  by  the  Rev.  W.  Hewgill,  of 
and  the  aspects  and  relations  of  Congregational-  Farnworth,  Endand ;  and  "  What  is  lost  through 
ism.  The  opening  sermon  wto  preached  by  the  the  Defective  Realization  of  the  Ideal  of  the 
Rev.  K  P.  Goodwin,  D.  D.,  of  Chicago.  The  Church,"  by  the  Rev.  G.  S.  Barrett,  of  Norwich, 
president's  address  was  on  "  The  Divine  Life  in  An  extemporaneous  discussion  followed  the  read- 
Man."  The  first  subject  to  be  discussed  was  ing  of  these  papers.  In  a  conference  on  ^  The 
**'  Domestic  Congregationalism ;  the  Importance  Training  of  Ministers,"  Prof.  Fisk,  of  Chicago, 
in  the  Churches  of  the  Congregational  Idea  of  described  the  method  of  the  American  semina- 
the  Church ;  Pastoral  Oversight  and  Actual  Guid-  ries,  and  Prof.  Vaughan  Price,  of  New  College, 
ance  by  Church  Officers  of  Members  in  their  the  English  system.  The  **  Federation  of  Eng- 
Work  ";  under  which  the  papers  were  on  "  The  Ob-  lish-speaking  Peoples  for  International  Arbitra- 
ligation  of  Personal  Service  in  Christian  Work,"  by  tion,  Univereal  Peace,  and  Furtherance  of  Na- 
the  Rev.  H.  Arnold  Thomas,  of  Bristol ;  **  The  tional  Righteousness  "  was  discussed  by  the  Rev. 
Service  of  the  Young,"  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Dunning,  F.  Herbert  Stead  and  the  Rev.  Dr.  F.  Newman 
of  Boston,  Mass. ;  "  Guilds,"  by  Robert  F.  Horton,  Hall,  of  England,  and  Ex-Senator  J.  W.  Patter- 
of  Hampstead ;  and  **  The  Society  of  Christian  son,  of  New  Hampshire.  Concerning  "  Congrega- 
Endeavor,"  by  Mr.  Nehemiah  Boynton,  of  Boston,  tionalism  ai^  the  Church  Catholic,"  papers 
Mass.  The  "  Present  Direction  of  Theological  were  presentcid  bv  the  Rev.  Drs.  Allon,  of  Lon- 
Thought  in  Congregational  Churches  "  was  de-  don,  and  W.  M.  Taylor,  of  New  York,  the  Rev. 
scribed  by  President  Simon,  of  Edinburgh,  for  James  Stark,  of  Aberdeen,  the  Rev.  S.  B.  Hand- 


CONGRESa    (Thb  Pbb8Ident*8  Mbssagb.)  201 

ley.  of  Stafford,  and  voluntary  speakers.    •*  The  ment  for  the  last  fiscal  year.    Only  the  more  impor- 

Lird'   ~                 -    -                 -     "              "  ..._.._._.                  ,   ,.  .         , 

the 

Little,  ^„„  ,„„ ,.      ^-„...«« 

Modem  Unl^liet'*  that  of  one  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  menrhiTbeenlraDsk'S^                     departments 

James  Brand,  of  Oberlin,  Ohio;  and  "Congre-  durinff  the  year  with  faithfulness, enenry, and  suc- 


Conmuiritiestkroughourthe  World' on  tEe¥vm-  or  embezzlement    An  eomeet' effort  haj  b«m  made 

m  Eneland  and  America  were  presented  by  S.  ^ork  done  by  them  has  almost  wholly  escaped  unfa- 
>.  Jackson,  M.D.,  or  Kingston,  Ontano,  for  Uana-  vorable  criticism.  I  speak  of  these  matters  with 
da ;  Mr.  Josiah  Mullins,  of  Sydney,  N.  S.  W.,  freedom  because  the  credit  of  this  j?ood  work  is  not 
for  Australia;  the  Rev.  W.  Mann,  of  D'Urban,  mine,  but  is  shared  by  the  heads  of  the  several  de- 
Natal,  for  Africa ;  and  the  Rev.  Henry  A.  Stim-  pftrtments  with  the  great  body  of  faithful  officers  and 
son,  of  St  Louis,  for  churches  on  the  American  f ^P^^?^  ^^^  serve  under  them.  The  clo^t  scru- 
f-Tlj-  ^  .„  J  4ZJ  ^\,^  A#^*«««  .ni'eoi^no  Doo«-r>«  tiHy  of  CongTcss  18  luvitcd  to  all  tho  mcthods  of  ad" 
froQtier  and  for  the  Afncan  m^ion^  ,,  ^*f^^  ministration  and  to  every  item  of  expenditure. 
Moore,  of  Dordrecht,  spoke  in  behalf  of  the  Con-  The  friendly  relations  of  our  couiStty  with  the  na- 
gregationalists  of  the  Netherlands ;  the  Kev.  A.  tions  of  Europe  and  of  the  East  have  been  undis- 
W .  Clark,  of  Prague,  for  those  of  Bohemia ;  and  turbed,  while  the  ties  of  good  will  and  common  inter- 
Mr.  Deacon  Holmes,  of  Montclair,  N.  J.,  repre-  est  that  bind  us  to  the  states  of  the  Western  Hemi- 
wnted  the  American  Missionary  Association.  8p^e«  ^aye  been  notably  strengthened  by  the  con- 
The  Rev.  R.  Wardlaw  Thompson  spoke  of  the  g™'^^'®  ^^^^  »^*^«  capital  t»  consider  measures  for 
method  of  d«Jing  with  comi^unitie?  that  have  S^n^rfy^^i^^^^^ 

passed  out  of  heathenism,  but  have  not  yet  b^  independent  state  orSie  Aipencan  continent  and  of 

quired  a  steadfast  Christian   moral  sense  and  Hayti  met  in  conference  in  this  capital  in  October, 

parpose  and  power.    Dr.  N.  G.  Clark.  Secretary  1889^  and  continued  in  session  until  the  19th  of  last 

of  the  American  Board,  introduced  the  subject  April.     This  important  convocation  marks  a  most 

of  -Congregationalism  and  the  Great  Commis-  interesting  and  influential  epoch  in  the  history  of  the 

sion,"  and  was  followed  by  representatives  of  the  ,^**^™  Hemisphere.    It  is  noteworthv  that  Brazil, 

?r"i^HT>!^'iS-    A  vyictoi.  address  was  iSIl^J^l^p^.t  J^tiTd^^^^^^^^ 
(leliTered  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Joseph  Parker.     Pro-  ^^^^  conferehce.    The  recommendations  of  this  con- 
cision was  made  for  holding  a  second  meeting  of  ference  were  all  transmitted  to  Congress  at  the  last 
the  Council  in   the  United  States,  for  which  session. 

parpose  the  National  Congregational  Council  of  The  International  Marine  Conference,  which  sat  at 
the  United  States  was  requested  to  issue  a  call  Washington  last  winter,  reached  a  very  CTatifying  re- 
al iU  meeting  in  1892,  naming  such  year  for  the  f^^  The  regulations  suggested  havel)een  brought 
rtt^^i^^  «-  :*  .^;o.U4>  A^^iA^  »n/^*,  iL^oi*<iA<i  mi^  to  the  attention  of  all  the  governments  represented, 
meeting  as  it  might  decide  upon.    Besides  me-  ^^  ^^^^    ^^^^1  adoption  is  confldentiy  expected. 

monal  excursions  to  Scrooby  and    Plymouth,  jj^e  legislation  of  Congress  at  the  last  sisioS  is  in 

places  associated  with  the  history  of  the  Amen-  conformity  with  the  propositions  of  the  conference, 

can  Pilg^ms,  the    American  dele^tes  to  the  and  tiie  proclamation  therein  provided  for  will  be 

Council,  with  some  of  the  others,  visited  Leyden,  issued  when  the  other  powers  nave  given  notice  of 

Holland,  where  a  tablet  erected  to  the  memory  thdr  adhesion.         ^  „        , 

of  the  Rev.  John  Robinson,  pastor  of  the  Church  The  conference  of  Brussels,  to  devise  means  for 

ofthePUgrims^w,«unveu4    The  tablet,  which  ^^^^^^^l^'^::^^^^^^ 

ttof  bronae,  bears  the  following  mscnption:  Xmerici  people  feel  in  tiiat  great  work.    It  soon 

The  Mavflower,  1620.    In  memoiy  of  Kev.  John  became  evident  that  the  measure  proposed  would  tax 

Kobin9on,M.  A.^  pastor  of  the  English  churoh  wor-  th©  resourees  of  the  Congo  Basin  beyond  the  reve- 

•*ipin<r  over  against  this  spot,  a.  d.  ie09-1625,  whence  nues  available  under  the  general  act  of  Berlin  of  1884. 

« his  >romptiiMf  went  forth  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  to  The  United  States,  not  being  a  party  to  that  act, 

Mttte  Kew  England  in  1680.   Buried  under  this  house  could  not  share  in  its  revision,  but  by  a  separate  act 

ot  woTship,  4  Mar.  1626,  aet  XLIX  years.    In  me-  the  independent  state  of  the  Congo  was  freed  from 

iDAria  etema  erit  Justus.    Erected  by  the  National  the  restrictions  upon  a  customs  revenue.    Thedemor- 

f'ouncil  of  the  Congregational  Churohes  of  the  U  nited  alizing  and  destructive  traffic  in  ardent  spirits  among 

States  of  America,    a.  d.  1891.  the  tnbes  also  claimed  the  earnest  attention  of  tiie 

A  presentation  address  committing  the  tablet  conference,  and  tiie  delegates  of  the  United  States 

to  the  care  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Commissioners  were  foremost  in  advocating  measures  for  its  repres- 

of  Leyden  was  made  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Ray  ^i?*?-,  ^^^  "T'ilfT  ^*^ilt«;?nv?r  /"Jw^^^^ 

Palm/r,  TJe  charge  wi  accepted  by  the  burgi  rs"s^V;L'^tife:il^^ 

master  m  behalf  of  the  commissioners,  and  an  of  tbe  Netherlands,  for  a  time  withheld,  the  general 

Mdress  was  made  by  Prof.  Kuenen,  who  called  acts  will  be  8ubmitt45d  for  ratification  by  the  Senate, 

attention  to   the  fact  that  Mr.  Robinson  had  Meanwhile  negotiations  have  been  opened  for  a  new 

^n  a  member  ol  the  University  of  Leyden.  and  complete  treaty  of  friendship,  commerce^  and 

CONGRESS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  navigation  between  the  United  States  and  tiie  mde- 

began  on  Dec  1,  1890.    The  annual  message  of  ^^^  monarohical  goveminent  on  tiic  western  conti- 

the  President  was  sent  m,  and  read  as  follows :  j^^^x^  that  of  Brazil,  ceased  to  exist,  and  was  succeeded 

7f>  the  Senate  and  House  of  JiepreserUativ€9  :  by  a  republic.    Diplomatic  relations  were  at  once  es- 

The  reports  of  the  several  executive  departments  tablished  with  the  new  Government,  but  it  was  not 

which  will  be  laid  before  Congress  in  tiie  usual  course  completely  recognized  until  an  opportunity  had  been 

*iU  exhibit  in  detail  the  operations  of  the  Govern-  aflbnied  to  ascertain  that  it  had  popular  approval  and 


202  CONGRESS.    (The  President's  Hessage.) 

support    When  the  course  of  events  had  yielded  as-  On  the  22d  day  of  August  last  Sir  Edmund  HoDMn, 

surance  of  this  fact,  no  time  was  lost  in  extending  to  the  arbitrator  selected  under  the  treaty  of  Dec  6, 18S8, 

the  new  Government  a  full  and  cordial  welcome  in-  rendered  an  award  to  the  eillpct  that  no  compensation 

to  the  family  of   American  commonwealths.    It  is  was  due  from  the  Danish  Government  to  the  United 

confidently  believed  that  the  ffood  relations  of  the  States  on  account  of  what  is  commonly  known  as  the 

two  countries  will  be  preserved,  and  that  the  future  Carlos  Butterfield  claim. 

will  witness  an  increased  intimacy  of  intercourse  and  Our  relations  with  the  French  Republic  continue 

an  expansion  of  their  mutual  commerce.  to  be  cordial.    Our  representative  at  that  court  has 

The  peace  of  Central  America  has  again  been  dis-  very  diligently  uiged  the  removal  of  the  restrictions 

turbed  tiirough  a  revolutionary  change  in  Salvador,  imposed  upon  our  meat  products,  and  it  is  believed 

which  was  not  recognized  by  other  st^«s,  and  hostil-  that  substantial  progress  has  been  made  toward  a  just 

ities  broke  out  between  Salvador  and  Guatemala,  settlement 

threatening  to  involve  all  Central  America  in  con>  The  Samoan  treaty,  signed  last  year  at  Berlin  by 

fiict  and  to  undo  the  j>rogress  which  had  been  made  the  representative  of  the  United  States,  Germany, 

toward  a  union  of  their  interests.    The  efforts  of  this  and  Great  Britain,  after  due  ratification  and  exchazi^e. 

Government  were  promptly  and  zealously  exerted  to  has  begun  to  produce  salutary  effects.   The  formation 

compose  their  differences,  and  through  the  active  ef-  of  the  government  agreed  upon  will  soon  replace  the 

forts  of  the  representative  of  the  Umted  States  a  pro-  disorder  of  the  past  oy  a  stable  administration,  alike 

visional  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  Aug.  26,  whereby  just  to  the  natives  and  equitable  to  the  three  nowcrs 

the  right  of  the  Republic  of  Salvador  to  choose  its  most  concerned  in  trade  and  intercourse  with  tne  Sa- 

own  rules  was  recognized.     Gen.  Szeta,  the  chief  moan  Islands.    The  chief  justice  has  been  chosen  by 

of  the  Provisional  Government,  has  since  been  con-  the  King  of  Sweden  and  ^Norway,  on  the  invitation 

firmed  in  the  presidency  by  the  Assembly,  and  diplo-  of  the  three  powers,  and  will  soon  be  installed.    The 

matic  recognition  dulv  followed.  land  commission  and  the  municipal  council  are  in 

The    killing  of   Gen.   Barrundia  on  board   the  process  of  organization.    A  rational  and  evenlv  dis- 

Paoifio  mail  steamer  Acapulco,  while  anchored  in  tributedschemeof  taxation,  both  municipal  ana  upon 

transit  in  the  i>ort  of  San  Jos4  de  Guatemala,  de-  imports,  is  in  operation.    Malietoa  is  respected  as 

manded  carefiil  in(|ttiry.    Having  failed  in  a  revolu-  King. 

tionary  attempt  to  invade  Guatemala  fVom  Mexican  The  new  treaty  of  extradition  with  Great  Britain,  aft- 

territory.  Gen.  Barrundia  took  passage  at  Acapul-  er  due  ratification,  was  procliumed  on  the  25th  of  last 

00  for  ranama.    The  consent  of  the  representatives  March.    Its  beneficial  working  is  already  apparent 

of  the  United  States  was  sought  to  effect  his  seizures  The    difference   between   me    two   governments 

first  at  Champerioo.  where  the  steamer  touched,  ana  touching  the  fUr-seal  question  in  the  Behring  Sea  is 

afterward  at  San  «fos4.    The  captain  of  the  steamer  not  yet  adjusted,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  correspond- 

refiised  to  give  up  his  passenger  without  a  written  ence  which  will  soon  be  laid  before  Congress.    The 

order  from  the  United  States  minister;   the  latter  offertosubmitthequestion  to  arbitration,  as  proposed 

Aimished  the  desired  letter,  stipulating,  as  the  con-  by  Her  Majesty's  Government  has  not  been  accepuxl, 

dition    of  his    action,  that    Gen.  Barrundia^s    life  for  the  reason  that  the  form  of  submission  proposed  is 

should  be  spu^  and  that  he  should  be  tried  only  not  thought  to  be  calculated  to  assure  a  conclusion 

for  offenses  j^rowing  out  of  his  insurrectionary  move-  satisfactOTy  to  either  party.    It  is  sincerely  hoped 

ments.    This  letter  was  produced  to  the  captain  of  that  before  the  opening  of  another  sealing  season 

the  Acapulco  by  the  military  commander  at  ban  Jos^,  some  arrangement  may  bo  effected  which  will  assure 

as  his  warrant  to  take  the  passenger  from  the  steamer,  the  United^tates  a  property  right,  derived  from  Kus- 

Gen.   Barrundia  resisted  capture  and  was  killed,  sia,  which  was  not  disregarded  bv  any  nation  for 

It  being  evident  that  the  minister,  Mr.  Mizner,  had  more  than  eighty  years  preceding  the  outbreak  of  tiie 

exceeded  the  bounds  of  his  authority  in  intervening,  existing  trouble. 

in  compliance  with  the  demands  of  the  Guatemalan  In  the  tariff  act  a  wrong  was  done  to  the  Kingdom 

authorities,  to  authorize  and  effect,  in  violation  of  of  Hawaii  which  I  am  ix)und  to  presume  was  wholly 

precedent,  the  seizure  on  a  vessel  of  the  United  States  unintentional.    Duties  were  levied  on  certain  com- 

of  a  passenger  in  transit  charged  with  political  of-  modities  which  are  included  in  the  reciprocity  treaty 


exception  in  favor  of  that  kingdom.    I  nope  Congres 

recall  him  f^m  his  post  will  repair  what  might  otherwise  seem  to  oe  a  breach 

The  Nicara^a  Canal  project,  under  the  control  of  of  faith  on  the  part  of  this  Government 
our  citizens,  is  making  most  cncourai^ing  progress.  An  award  in  favor  of  the  United  States  in  the  mat- 
all  the  preliminary  conditions  and  initial  operations  ter  of  the  claim  of  Mr.  Van  Bokkelen  against  Ilayti 
having  been   accomplished   within   the  prescribed  was  rendered  on  the  4th  of  December,  1888,  but  owing 
time.  to  the  disorders  then  and  afterwanl  prevailing  in 

During  the  past  year  negotiations  have  been  re-  Hayti  the  terms  of  pavment  were  not  observed.    A 

newed  for  the  settlement  of  the  claims  of  American  new  agreement  as  to  tne  time  of  payment  has  been 

citizens  against  the  Government  of  Chili,  principally  approved  and  is  now  in  force.    Other  just  claims  of 

? 'rowing  out  of  the  late  war  with  Peru.    The  reports  citizens  of  the  United  States  for  redress  of  wrongs 

rom  our  minister  at  Santiago  warrant  the  expecta-  suffered  during  the  late  political  conflict  in  Hayti 

tion  of  an  early  and  satisfactorv  adjustment  will,  it  is  hopeoL  speedily  yield  to  fHendly  treatment 

Our  relations  with  China,  wnioh  have  for  several  Propositions  lor  the  amendment  of  the  treaty  of  ex- 
years  occupied  so  important  a  place  in  our  diplomatic  tradition  between  the  United  States  and  Italy  are 
nistoiv,  have  called  for  careful  consideration  and  now  under  consideration, 
have  Seen  the  subject  of  much  correspondence.  You  will  be  asked  to  provide  tiie  means  of  accept- 

The  communications  of  the  Chinese  minister  have  ing  the  invitation  of  theltalion  Government  to  tuse 

brouffht  into  view  the  whole  subject  of  our  conven-  part  in  an  approaching  conference  to  consider  the 

tioniu  relations  with  his  country ;  and  at  the  same  adoption  of  a  universal  prime  meridian  from  which 

time  this  Government,  through  its  legation  at  Pekin,  to  reckon  longitude  and  time.    As  this  proposal  fol- 

has  sought  to  arrange  various  matters  and  complaints  lows  in  the  track  of  the  reform  sought  to  be  initiated 

touching  the  interests  and  protection  of  our  citizens  by  the  Meridian  Conference  of  Washington,  held  on 

in  China.  the  invitation  of  this  Government,  the  Uinted  States 

In  pursuance  of  the  concurrent  resolution  of  Oct  should  manifest  a  friendly  interest  in  the  Italian  pro- 

1,  1890,   I  have    proposed  to  the  governments    of  posal. 

Mexico  and  Great  Britiun  to  consider  a  conventional  In  this  connection  I  may  refer  with  approval  to  tiie 

regulation  of  the  passage  of  Chinese  laborers  across  suggestion  of  my  prodecessors,  that   standing  pro- 

our  southern  and  northern  f^ntieis.  vision  be  made  for  accepting,  whenever  deemed  ad- 


CONGRESS.    (The  President's  Message.)  203 

visftble,  the  frequent  invitations  of  foreign  ffovem>  by  a  spirit  of  impartiality  and  a  high  sense  of  justice, 

znents  to  share  in  conferences  looking  to  the  aavance-  and  an  incident  which  was  for  many  years  the  sub- 

ment  of  international  reforms  in  regard  to  science,  ject  of  discussion  between  the  two  governments  has 

sanitation,  commercial  laws  and  procedure,  and  other  oeen  disposed  of  in  a  manner  alike  honorable  and 

matters  affecting   the   intercourse  and  progress  of  satisfactory  to  both  parties.   For  ^e  settlement  of  the 

modem  communities.  claim  of  tne  Venezuela  Steam  Transportation  Com- 

In  the  summer  of  1889  an  incident  occurred  which  pany,  which  was  the  subject  of  a  joint  resolution 

for  some  time  threatened  to  interrupt  the  cordiality  adopted  at  the  last  session  of  Congress,  negotiations 

of  our  relations  with  the  Government  of  Portugal,  are  still  in  progress,  and  their  early  conclusion  is  an- 

That  Government  seized  the  Delagoa  Bay  Eailway,  ticipated. 

which  was  constructed  under  a  concession  granted  to  ,     The  legislation  of  the  past  few  years  has  evinced 

an  American  citizen,  and  at  the  same  time  annulled  '  on  the  part  of  Congress  a  growing  realization  of  the 

the  charter.    The  concessionary,  who  had  embarked  importance  of  the  consular  service  in  fostering  our 

his  fortune  in  the  enterprise,  having  exhausted  other  commercial  relations  abroad  and  in  protecting  the 

means  of  redress,  was  compelled  to  mvoke  the  protec-  domestic  revenues.    As  the  scope  of  operations  ex- 

tion  of  his  Government.    Our  representations,  made  pands  increased  provision  must  oe  made  to  keep  up 

coincidently  with  those  of  the  British  Government,  the  essential  standard  of  efficiency.    The  necessity 

whose  subiects  were  also  laively  interested,  happily  re-  of  some  adequate  measure  of  sui>ervision  and  inspoc- 

suited  in  tne  recognition  by  rortugal  of  the  (propriety  of  tionhas  been  so  often  presented  tiiat  I  no^  only 

submitting  the  claim  for  indemnity,  growing  out  of  commend  the  subject  to  your  attention. 

its  action,  to  arbitration.    This  plan  of  settlement  The  revenues  of  the  Government  fVom  all  sources 

having  been  a^ed  upon,  the  interested  powers  read-  fbr  the  fiscal  year  ending  Juno  30,  1890,  were  $468,- 

ilv  concurred  in  the  proposal  to  submit  the  case  to  963}080.55,  and  the  totaf  expenditures  for  tiie  same 

the  judgment  of  three  eminent  jurists,  to  be  dosig-  penod  were  $358,618,584.52.    The  postal  receipts  have 

nated  by  the  President  of  the  Bwiss  Republic,  who  not  heretofore  been  included  in  the  statement  of  these 

upon  the  joint  invitation  of  the  governments  of  the  aggregates,  and  for  the  purpose  of  comparison  the 

United  States,  Great  Britian.  and  Portugal,  has  se-  sum  of  $60,882,097.92  should  oe  deducted  from  botii 

lected  persons  well  qualified  for  the  task  Before  them,  sides  of  the  account    The  surplus  for  the  year,  in- 

The  revision  of  our  treaty  relations  with  the  £m-  eluding  the  amount  applied  to  the  sinking  fund,  was 

fnre  of  Japan  has  continued  to  be  the  subject  of  con-  $105,844,496.03.    The  receipts  for  1890  were  $16,030,- 

sideration  and  of  correspondence.    The  questions  in-  923.79  and  the  expenditures  $15,739,871  in  excess  of 

volved  are  both  grave  and  delicate ;  and,  while  it  those  of  1889.     The  customs  receipts  increased  $5,- 

wHl  be  my  duty  to  see  that  the  interests  of  the  United  885,842.88,  and  the  receipts  from  internal  revenue  $1 1,- 

States  are  not  b^  any  changes  exposed  to  undue  dis-  725,191.89 ;  while  on  the  side  of  expenditures,  that 

crimination,  I  sincerely  hope  tnat  such  revision  as  for  pensions  was  $19,312,075.96  in  excess  of  the  pre- 

will  satisfy  the  legitimate  expectations  of  tiie  Japan-  ceding  year. 

eee  Government  and  maintain  the  present  and  long  The  Treasury  statement  for  the  current  fiscal  year, 
existing  Mendl^  relations  between  Japan  and  the  partly  actual  and  partiy  estima^ted,  is  as  follows :  He- 
United  States  will  be  effected.  ceipts  from  all  sources^  $406,000.000 ;  total  expendi- 

The  friendship  between  our  country  and  Mexico,  tures,  $354,000,000,  leaving  a  surplus  of  $52,000,000 — 

bom  of  close  neighborhood   and   strengthened  by  not  taking  the  postal  receipts  into  the  account  on 

many  considerations  of  intimate  intercourse  and  re-  either  side.    The  loss  of  revenue  from  customs  for  the 

ciprocal  interest,  has  never  been  more  conspicuous  last  quarter  is  estimated  at  $25,000,000,  but  from  this 

than  now,  nor  more  hopeful  of  increased  benefit  to  is  deducted  again  of  about  $16,000,000,  realized  dur- 

both  nations.    The  intercourse  of  the  two  countries  ing  the  first  four  months  of  the  year, 

br  rail,  already  i^at,  is  making  constant  growth.  For  the  year  1892  the  total  estimated  receipts  are 

The  establishea  lines,  and  those  recently  projected,  $373,000,000  and  the  estimated  expenditures  $357,852,- 

add  to  the  intimacy  oi  traffic  and  open  new  channels  209.42.  leaving  an  estimated  surplus  of  $15,147,790.- 

of  access  to  fresh  areas  of  demand  and  supply.    The  58;  which,  with  a  cash  balance  of  $52,000,000  at  the 

importance  of  the  Mexican   railway  s^rstem  will  be  beginning  of  the  year,  will  give  $67,147,790.58  as  the 

fhither  enhanced,  to  a  degree  almost  impossible  to  sum  available  for   the    redemption  or  outstanding 

forecast,  if  it  should  become  a  link  in  the  projected  bonds  or  other  uses.    The  estimates  of  receipts  and 

intercontinental    railway.      I  recommend    that    our  expenditures  for  the  Post-Oflice  Department,  being 

minion  in  the  city  of  Mexico  be  raised  to  the  first  e<]ual,  are  not  included  in  this  statement  on  cither 

class.  side. 

The  cordial  character  of  our  relations  with  Spain  The  act  ^  directing  the  purchase  of  silver  bullion 

warrants  the  hope  that  by  the  continuance  of  methods  and  the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  thereon,"  approved 

of  friendly  n^otiation  much  may  bo  accomplished  in  '^^  " '  """'^  ^^      ^              ,..,,.,     « 
the  direction  of  an  adjustment  of  pending  questions 

and  of  the  increase  of  our  trade.    The  extent  and  de-  circulation  at'  the  earliest   possTl 

velopment  of  our  trade  with  the  island  of  Cuba  in-  monthlj^  amounts  of  Treasury  notes  contemplated  by 

vest  the  commercial  relations  of  the  United  States  and  its  provisions,  and  at  the  same  time  to  give  to  the 

Sp«in  with  a  peculiar  importance.    It  is  not  doubted  market  for  suver  bullion  such   support  as  the  law 

that  a  special  arrangement  in  regard  to  commerce,  contemplates.    The  recent  depreciation  in  the  price 

based  upon  the  reciprocity  provision  of  the  recent  of  silver  has  been  observed  with  regret.    The  rapid 

tariff  act,  would  operate  most  beneficially  for  both  rise  in  price   which    anticipated  and  followed  the 

^vemments.    This  subject  is  now  receiving  atten-  passage  of  the  act  was  influenced  in  some  degree  by 

tion.  speculation,  and  the  recent  reaction  is  in  part  the  re- 

The  restoration  of  the  renudns  of  John  Ericsson  to  suit  of  the  same  cause  and  in  part  of  the  recent  mone- 

Sweden  afforded  a  gratifying  occasion  to  honor  the  tary  disturbances.    Some  months  of  further  trial  will 

memory  of  the  great  inventor  to  whose  genius  our  be  necessary  to  determine  the  permanent  effect  of  the 

country  owes  so  much,  and  to  bear  witness  to  the  un-  recent  legislation  upon  silver  values,  but  it  isgratify- 

broken  friendship  which  has  existed  between  the  ing  to  know  that  the  increased  circulation  secured  by 

land  which  bore  nim  and  our  own,  which  claimed  the  act  has  exerted  and  will  continue  to  exert  a  most 

him  as  a  citizen.  beneficial  infiuence  upon  business  and  upon  general 

i)n  the  2d  of  September  last  the  commission  ap-  values, 

pointed  to  revise  the  proceeding  of  the  commission  While  it  has  not  been  thought  beet  to  renew  for- 

under  the  claims  convention  oetween  the  United  mallj  the  suggestion  of  an  international  conference 

States  and  Venezuela  of  1866  brought  its  labors  to  a  looking  to  an  agreement  touching  the  full  use  of  silver 

close  within  the  period  fixed  for  that  purpose.    The  for  coinage  at  a  unifonn  ratio^  care  has  been  taken  to 

proceedings  of  the  late  comnussion  were  characterized  observe  closely  any  change  in  the  situation  abroad, 


204  CONGRESS.    (The  Pbbsideht's  Message.) 


and  no  favorable  opportunity  will  be  lost  to  promote  adjudication  of  pension  claima.    On  the  80th  day  of 

ft  result  which  it  is  confidently  believed  would  confer  June  laat,  though  over  800,000  new  calls  had  come  in, 

very  large  benefits  upon  the  commerce  of  the  world.  there  was  not  a  single  case  that  had  not  been  examined 

The  recent  monetary  disturbances  in  England  are  and  answered. 

xK>t  unlikely  to  suggest  a  re-examination  of  opinions  I  concur  in  the  recommendations  of  the  Secretary 

upon  ^is  subject     Our  very  large  supply  of  gold  that  adequate  and  regular  appropriations  be  continued 

^11,  if  not  lost  by  impulsive  legislation  in  the  sup-  for  coast-defense  works  and  ordnance.    Plans  have 

posedinterestof  silver,  give  us  aposition  of  advantage  been   practically    agreed   upon,    and  there  can  be 

in  promoting  a  permanent  and  saw  international  agree-  good  reason  for  delaying  the  execution  of  them; 

ment  for  ^e  free  use  of  silver  as  a  coin  metal.  while  the  defenseless  state  of  our  great  seaports  fur- 

The  efforts  of  the  Secretary  to  increase  the  volume  nishes  an  ui^ent  reason  for  wise  expedition, 
of  money  in  circulation,  by  keeping  down  the  Treas-  The  encouragement  that  has  been  extended  to  the 
ury  surplus  to  the  lowest  practicable  limit,  have  been  militia  of  the  States,  generally  and  most  appropriate!  v 
unremitting  and  in  a  very  high  degree  successfUL  designated  the  ^*  National  Guard,^^  should  be  continued 
The  tables  presented  by  him,  showing  the  increase  of  and  enlai^ed.  These  military  organizations  •consti- 
money  in  circulation  during  the  last  two  decades,  and  tute  in  a  large  sense  the  armv  of  the  United  States, 
especially  the  table  showini^  the  increase  durinjg:  the  while  about  five  sixths  of  tne  annual  cost  of  their 
nineteen  months  he  has  aaministored  the  affurs  of  maintenance  is  defVayed  by  the  States, 
the  department,  are  interesting  and  instructive.  The  The  report  of  the  Attorney-General  is  under  tlie 
increase  of  money  in  circulation  during  the  nineteen  law  submitted  directly  to  Congress,  *  but  as  the  De- 
months  has  been  m  the  aggregate  $98,866,813,  or  about  partment  of  Justice  is  one  of  the  executive  depart- 
$1.50  per  capita,  and  of  tiiis  increase  only  $7,100,000  ments,  some  reference  to  the  work  done  is  appropriate 
was  Sie  to  the  recent  silver  legislation.    That  this  here. 

substantifid  and  needed  aid  given  to  commerce  resulted  A  vigorous,  and  in  the  main  an  effective,  efibrt  h&s 

in  an  enormous  reduction  of  the  public  debt,  and  of  been  made  to  bring  to  trial  and  punishment  all  vio- 

the  annual  interest  charge,  is  matter  of  increased  sat-  latere  of  the  laws ;  but  at  the  same  time  care  has  been 

isfaction.    There  have  been  purchased  and  redeemed  taken  that  frivolous  and  technical  offenses  should  not 

since  March  4,  1889,  4  and  4i  per  cent,  bonds  to  be  used  to  swell  the  fees  of  olficere  or  to  harass  well- 

the  amount  of  $211,882,450,  at  a  cost  of  $246,620,741,  disposed  citizens.    Especial  attention  is  called  to  the 

resulting  in  the  reduction  ox  the  annual  interest  charge  facts  connected  with  the  prosecution  of  violations  of 

of  $8,967,609,  and  a  total  saving  of  interest  of  $51,-  the  election  laws,  and  of  offenses  against   United 

576,706.  States  oiiicers.    The  number  of  convictions  secured, 

I  notice  with  great  pleasure  the  statement  of  the  very  many  of  them  upon  pleas  of  guilty,  will,  it  is 

Secretary  that  the  receipts  from  internal  revenue  have  hoped,  have  a  salutary  restraining  infiuence.    There 

increased  during  the  last  fiscal  year  nearly  $12,000,-  have  been  several  cases  where  postmastere  appointed 

000,  and  that  the  cost  of  collecting  this  laiiger  revenue  by  me  have  been  subjected  to  violent  interference  in 

was  less  by  $90,617  than  for  the  same  purpose  in  the  the  discharge  of  their  official  duties,  and  to  persecu- 

preceding  year.    The  percentage  of  cost  or  collecting  tions  and  personal  violence  of  the  most  extreme  char- 

the  customs  revenue  was  lees  for  the  last  fiscal  year  acter.    Some  of  these  cases  have  been  dealt  wiUi 

than  ever  before.  through  the  Department  of  Justice,  and  in  some 

The  customs  administration  board  provided  for  by  cases  the  post-offices  have  been  abolished  or  sus- 

the  act  of  Juns  10, 1890,  was  selected  with  ^reat  care,  pended.    I  have  directed  the  Postmaster-General  to 

and  is  composed  in  part  of  men  whose  previous  expe-  puraue  this  couihc  in  all  cases  where  other  efforts 

rience  in  the  administration  of  the  old  customs  regu-  fiuled  to  secure  for  any  postmaster,  not  himself  in 

lations  had  made  tiiem  familiar  with  the  evils  to  bo  fault,  an  opportunity  peacefully  to  exercise  the  duties 

remedied,  and  in  part  of  men  whose  legal  and  judi-  of  his  otfice.    But  such  action  will  not  supplant  the 

cial  acquirements  and  experience  seemed  to  fit  them  efforts  of  the  Department  of  Justice  to  bring  the  par- 

for  the  work  of  interpreting  and  applying  the  new  ticular  offendcre  to  punishment, 

statute.  The  vacation  by  judicial  decrees  of  ftnudulent  cer- 

The  chief  aim  of  the  law  is  to  secure  honest  valua-  tificates  of  naturalization,  upon  bills  in  equity  filed  by 

tions  of  all  dutiable  merchandise,  and  to  make  these  the  Attorney-General  in  the  circuit  court  of  the  United 

valuations  uniform  at  all  our  ports  of  entry.    It  had  States,  is  a  new  application  of  a  familiar  equity  juris- 

bcen  made  manifes^  by  a  congressional  investigation,  diction.    !N early  one  hundred  such  decrees  have  been 

that  a  system  of  undfervaluation  had  been  long  in  use  taken  during  the  year,  the  evidence  disclosing  that  a 

by  certain  classes  of  importers,  resulting  not  only  in  very  large  number  of  fraudulent  certificates  of  natu- 

a  rreat  loss  of  revenue,  but  in  a  most  intolerable  dis-  ralization  have  been  issued.    And  in  this  connection 

cnmination  against  honesty.    It  is  not  seen  how  this  I  beg  to  renew  my  recommendation  that  the  laws  he 

legislation,  when  it  is  understood,  can  be  regarded  by  so  amended  as  to  require  a  more  full  and  searching 

the  citizens  of  any  country  having  commercial  deal-  inauiry  into  all  the  facts  necessary  to  naturalization 

ings  with  us  as  unfriendly.    If  any  duty  is  supposed  betbre  any  certificates  are  granted.    It  certainly  is 

to  DC  excessive  let  the  complaint  be  lodged  there.    It  not  too  much  to  reouire  that  an  application  for  Amer- 

will  surely  not  be  claimed  oy  anv  well-disposed  peo-  con  citizenship  shall  be  heard  with  as  much  care  and 

pie  that  a  remedy  may  bo  sougnt  and  allowed  m  a  recorded  with  as  much  fonnalit}[  as  are  given  to  coses 

system  of  ^uairi-smuggling.  involving  the  pettiest  property  ri^ht 

The  report  of  the  secretary  of  War  exhibits  several  At  thelast  session  I  return^  without  my  approval, 

gratifying  results  attained  during  the  year  by  wise  a  bill  entitled  "  An  act  to  prohibit  book-making  and 

and  unostentatious  methods.    The  percentage  of  de-  pool  selling  in  the  District  of  Columbia,^^  and  stated 

sertions  from  the  army  (an  evil  for  which  both  Con-  my  objection  to  be  that  it  did  not  prohibit,  but  in 

gress  and  the  department  have  long  been  seeking  a  fact  licensed  what  it  purported  to  prohibit.    An  effort 

remedy)  has  been  reduced  during  the  past  year  24  will  be  mode  under  existing  laws  to  suppress  tiiis 

i>er  cent,  and  for  the  months  of  August  and  Scptem-  evil,  though  it  is  not  certain  that  they  will  be  found 

ter,  during  which  time  the  favorable  effects  of  tiio  adequate. 

act  of  June  16  were  felt,  88  per  cent  as  compared  The  report  of  the  Postmaster-General  shows  the 

with  the  same  months  of  1889.  most  gratif^inj?  progress  in  the  important  work  com- 

The  results  attained  by  a  reorganization  and  con-  mitted  to  his  direction.  The  business  methods  have 
solidation  of  the  divisions  having'  charge  of  the  hos-  been  greatly  improved.  A  large  economy  in  expendi- 
pital  and  service  records  of  the  volunteer  soldiers  are  tures  and  an  increase  of  four  and  three  quarter  mill- 
very  remarkable.  This  change  was  effected  in  July,  ions  in  receipts  have  been  realized.  The  deficiency 
1889,  and  at  tiiat  time  there  were  40,654  cases  awaiting  this  ^^ear  i»  $5,786,800  as  against  $6,350,188  lost  year, 
attention,  more  than  half  of  these  being  calls  from  notwithstanding  the  great  enlargement  of  the  service, 
the  Pension  Oifice  tor  information  necessary  to  the  MaU  routes  have  been  extendea  and  quickened,  and 


CONGRESS.    (The  Pbesidbht^s  Message.)  205 

neater  accancy  and  dispatch  in  distribution  and  de-  tions  in  the  field  was  recalled  and  added  to  the  work- 

u?eiY  have  been  attained.    The  report  will  be  found  in|^  force  of  the  office.    The  examination  and  adjudi- 

to  be  full  of  interest  and  suggestion,  not  only  to  Con-  cation  of  claims  have,  by  reason  of  improved  meth- 

^rresB,  but  to  those  thouffhttul  citizens  who  may  be  ods,  been   more  rapid  than  ever  before.     There  is 

mieKsted  to  know  what  business  methods  can  do  for  no  economy  to  the  Government  in  delay,  while  there 

that  department  of  public  administration  which  most  is  much  hardship  and  injustice  to  the  soldier.    The 

nearly  touches  all  our  people.  anticipated  expenditure,  while  very  lar^e,  will  not,  it 

The  passage  of  the  act  to  amend  oertun  sections  of  is  beheved,  be  in  excess  of  the  estimates  made  before 

the  Bevised  Statutes  relating  to  lotteries,  approved  the  enactment  of  the  law.    This  liberal  enlaiigrement 

Sfpt  19, 1890,  has  been  received  with  great  and  de-  of  the  general  law  should  sugffest  a  more  careful 

Mrved  popular  favor.    The  Post-Otlice  Department  scrutiny  of  bills  for  special  rcliei,  both  as  to  the  cases 

and  the  Department  of  Justice  at  once  entered  upon  where  relief  is  granted  and  as  to  the  amount  allowed, 

the  enforcement  of  the  law  with  sympathetic  vigor.  The  increasing  numbers  and  influence  of  the  non- 

and  alreadv  the  public  mails  have  been  largely  freea  Mormon  population  in  Utah  are  observed  with  satis- 

from  the  nmudiuent  and  demoralizing  appeals  and  faction.    ThereoentletterofWilford  Woodruff,  Pres- 

lileratiire  emanating  ftom  the  lottery  companies.  idont  of  the  Mormon  Church,  in  which  he  advised 

The  construction  and  equipment  of  the  new  ships  his  people  "  to  refrain  from  contracting  any  marriage 

for  the  navy  have  made  very  satisfactory  progress,  forbidden  by  the  laws  of  the  land,"  has  attracted 

Since  March  4, 1889,  nine  new  vessels  have  been  put  wide  attention,  and  it  is  hoped  that  its  influence  will 

in  commission,  and  during  this  winter  four  more,  be  highlv  beneficial  in  restraining  infhtctions  of  the 

incloding  one  monitor,  will  be  added.    The  construe-  laws  of  tne  United  States.    But  the  fact  should  not  be 

bon  of  the  other  vessels  authorized  is  being  pushed,  overlooked  that  the  doctrine  or  belief  of  the  ohurch 

both  in  the  Government  and  private  yards,  with  en-  that  polygamous  marriages  are  rightM  and  supported 

tTfYj  and  watched  with  the  most  scrupulous  care.  by  divine  revelation  remains  unchan^;^.    President 

The  experiments  conducted  during  the  year  to  test  Woodruff  does  not  renounce  the  doctrine,  but  refVuns 

the  relative  resisting  power  of  armor  plates  have  been  from  teaching  it,  and  advises  against  the  practice  of 

to  valuable  as  to  attract  great  attention  in  Europe,  it  because  the  law  b  against  it    Now.  it  is  quite  true 

The  only  port  of  the  work  upon  the  new  ships  that  is  that  the  law  should  not  attempt  to  deal  with  the  faith 

threatenea  by  unusual  delay  is  the  armor  plating,  or  belief  of  any  one ;  but  it  is  quite  another  thing, 

aod  every  effort  is  being  made  to  reduce  that  to  the  and  the  only  safe  thing,  so  to  deal  with  the  Territory 

minimum.    It  is  a  source  of  congratulation  that  the  of  Utah  as  that  those  who  believe  polygamy  to  bio 

inticipated  influence  of  these  modem  vessels  upon  rightful  shall  not  have  the  power  to  maJke  it  lawful, 

the  aprtl  d*  corpa  of  the  officers  and  seamen  has  been  The  admission  of  the  States  of  Wyoming  and  IdiUio 

fully  realiiod.    Confidence  and  pride  in  the  ship  to  the  Union  are  events  full  of  interest  and  congratu- 

unong  the  crew  are  equivalent  to  a  secondanr  battery,  lation,  not  only  to  the  people  of  those  States  now  hap- 

Vour  favoiable  consideration  is  invited  to  the  recom-  pily  endowed  with  a  full  participation  in  our  privi- 

mendations  of  the  Secretary.  leges  and  responsibilities,  but  to  all  our  people.    An- 

The  report  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  exhibits  otner  belt  of  States  strotcnes  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 

▼ith  gr^  fullness  and  clearness  the  vast  work  of  Pacific. 

that  department  and  the  satisfactory  results  attained.  The  work  of  the  Patent  Office  has  won  from  all 

The  suggestions  made  by  him  are  earnestly  com-  sources  very  hisrh  commendation.    The  amount  ac- 

inendeoto  the  consideration  of  Congress,  though  they  oomplished  has  ocen  very  largely  increased,  and  all 

can  not  all  be  given  particular  mention  nere.  the  results  have  been  sucn  as  to  secure  confidence  and 

The  several  acts  oi  Congress  looking  to  the  reduc-  consideration  for  the  suggestions  of  the   oommis- 

tion  of  the  laixcr  Indian  reservations,  to  the  more  sioner. 

mpid  settlement  of  the  Indians  upon  inaividual  allot-  The  enumeration  of  the  people  of  the  United  States 

luf  nts,  and  the  restoration  to  the  public  domiun  of  under  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  March  1, 1889,  has 

lands  in  excess  of  their  needs,  have  oeen  largely  car-  been  completed,  and  the  result  will  be  at  once  offi- 

ried  into  effect,  so  far  as  the  work  was  confiaed  to  cially  communicated  to  Congress.    The  completion  of 

the  Executive.     Agreements  have  been  concluded  this  decennial  enumeration  devolve  upon  Congress 

since  March  4,  1889,  involving  the  cession  to  the  the  duty  of  making  a  new  apportionment  of  Beprescnt- 

I'nited  States  of  about  14,726,000  acres  of  land.    These  atives  ^  among  the  several  atates  according  to  their 

ootitracts  have,  as  required  by  law,  been  submitted  to  respective  numbers.*^ 

ToDgress  for  ratification  and  for  tJie  appropriations  At  the  last  session  I  had  occasion  to  return  with 
iMceflBary  to  cu|^  them  into  effect  Those  with  the  my  objections  several  bills  making  provisions  for  tiio 
8iflM!ton  and  Wahpeton,  Sao  and  Fox,  Iowa.  Potta-  erection  of  public  buildings,  for  &o  reason  that  the 
vattamies  and  Absentee  Shawnees,  and  Cceur  d^  Al^ne  expenditures  contemplated  were  in  my  opinion  greatly 
tribes  have  not  yet  received  the  sanction  of  Congress,  in  excess  of  any  public  need.  No  class  of  legislation 
Attention  is  also  called  to  the  fact  tiiat  the  appropri-  is  more  liable  to  abuse,  or  to  degenerate  into  an  un- 
atioDs  made  in  the  case  of  the  Sioux  Indians  have  seemly  scramble  about  the  puolic  Treasury,  than 
not  covered  all  the  stipulated  payments.  This  should  this.  There  should  be  exerciMd  in  this  matter  a  wi^e 
k*  proniptiy  correcteo.  If  an  agreement  is  confirmed,  economy  based  upon  some  responsible  and  impartial 
all  of  its  tenns  should  be  complied  with  without  de-  examination  and  report  as  to  each  case,  under  a  gen- 
tar*  and  full  appropriations  should  be  made.  eral  law. 

The  policy  outlined  in  my  last  annual  message  in  The  report  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  deserves 

T^lation  to  tne  patenting  of  lands  to  settlers  upon  the  especial  attention  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  year 

public  domain  nas  been  carried  out  in  the  adminis-  has  been  marked  in  a  very  unusual  degree  by  agita- 

tntioD  of  the  Land  Office.    No  general  suspicion  or  tion  and  organization  among  the  farmers  looking  to 

imputation  of  fraud  hw  been  aflowed  to  delay  the  an  increase  in  the  profits  of  uieir  business.    It  will  be 

hearing  and  adjudication  of  individual  cases  upon  found  that  the  efforts  .of  the  department  have  been 

their  merits.    The  purpose  has  been  to  perfect  the  intelligently  and  zealously  devoted  to  the  promotion 

title  of  honest  settieiv  with  such  promptness  that  the  of  the  interests  intrusted  to  its  care, 

valueof  the  entry  might  not  be  swallowed  by  the  ex-  A  very  substantial  improvement  in  the  market 

p*rnse  and  extortions  to  which  delay  subjected  the  prices  of  the  leading  flirm  products  during  the  year 

claimant.    The  average  monthly  issue  of  agricultural  is  noticed.    The  price  of  wheat  advanced  from  81 

patents  has  been  increased  about  6.000.  cents  in  October,  1889,  to  $1.00f  in  October,  1890; 

The  disability  pension  act,  whicn  was  approved  on  com,  from  81  cents  to  50^  cents :  oats,  from  19i  cents 

the  '/7th  of  June  lastj  has  been  put  in  operation  as  to  43  cents ;  and  barley,  from  68  cents  to  78  cents, 

nipidly  as  was  practicable.    The  increased  clerical  Meats  showed  a  substantial  but  not  so  large  an  in- 

force  provided  was  selected  and  assigned  to  work,  and  crease.    The  export  trade  in  live  animals  and  fowls 

a  conaderable  part  of  tiie  force  engaged  in  examino-  shows  a  very  large  increase ;  the  total  value  of  such  ex- 


206  CONGRESS.    (The  PRSsiDEirT's  Hessags.) 

ports  for  the  year  ending  June  80, 1890,  wad  $88,000,-  side  of  New  York  the  increase  was  111  per  ceut^ 

000,  and  the  increase  over  the  preceding  year  was  over  These  figures  show  that  the  increase  in  the  volume 

$15,000,000.    Nearly  200,000  more  cattle  and  over  45,-  of  business  was  veiy  general  throughout  the  country. 

000  more  hogs  were  exported  than  in  the  preceding  That  this  large  busmess  was  being  conducted  upon  a 

year.    The  export  trade  in  beef  and  {K>rk  products  safe  and  profitable  basis  is  shown  by  the  fact  that 

and  in  dairy  products  was  very  lai^gelv  increased,  the  there  were  800  less  failures  reported  in  October,  1890, 

increaae  in  the  article  of  butter  alone  being  from  15,-  than  in  the  same  month  of  the  preceding  year,  with 

604,978  pounds  to  29,748,042  pounda,  and  the  total  in-  liabilities  diminished  by  about  $5,000^000. 
crease  in  the  value  of  meat  ana  dairy  products  exported        The  value  of  our  expoits  of  domestic  merchandise 

beinz  $84,000^000.    This  trade,  so  directly  helpftd  to  during  the  last  year  was  over  $115,000,000  greater 

the  rarmer,  it  is  believed  will  be  yet  further  and  very  than  uie  preceding  year,  and  was  onlv  exoeedM  once 

largely  increased  when  the  s^^stem  of  inspection  and  in  our  history.    Aoout  $100,000,000  or  this  excess  was 

sanitary  supervision  now  provided  by  law  is  brought  in  agricultural  products.    The  production  of  pig  iron 

ful  ly  into  operation.  —  alwavs  a  g<x>d  gauge  of  seneral  proepen^  —  is 

'uie  efi'orts  of  the  Secretary  to  establish  the  health-  shown  oy  a  recent  census  bulletin  to  nave  been  158 
fulness  of  our  meats  against  the  disparaging  imputa-  per  cent  greater  in  1890  than  in  1880,  and  the  pro- 
tions  that  have  been  put  upon  them  abroad  have  re-  auction  <^  steel  290  per  cent  greater.  Mining  in 
suited  in  substantial  progress.  Veterinary  surgeons  coal  has  had  no  limitation  except  that  resuldng  rrom 
sent  out  by  the  department  are  now  allowed  to  par-  deficient  transportation.  The  general  testimony  is 
ticipate  in  the  inspection  of  the  live  cattle  fVom  this  that  labor  is  everywhere  fully  employed,  and  the  re- 
oountry  landed  at  the  English  docks,  and  during  the  ports  for  the  last  year  show  a  smaller  number  of  em- 
sevcrai  months  they  have  been  on  duty  no  case  of  ployis  aflfected  by  the  strikes  and  lockouts  than  in 
contagious  pleuro-pneumonia  has  been  reported.  This  any  other  year  since  1884^  The  depression  in  the 
inspection  aboad  and  the  domestic  inspection  of  pnces  of  agricultural  products  had  wen  greatly  re- 
live animals  and  pork  products,  provided  for  by  the  ticved,  and  a  buoyant  and  hopefiil  tone  was  begin- 
act  of  August  80, 1890,  will  afford  as  perfect  a  giiar-  ning  to  be  felt  by  all  our  people, 
antee  for  the  wholesomeness  of  our  meats  ofierMl  for  These  promising  influencee  have  been  in  some  de- 
foreign  consumption  as  is  anywhere  inven  to  any  gree  checked  by  tne  suiprising  and  very  unfavorable 
food  product,  and  its  non-acceptance  will  quite  clearly  monetair  events  which  nave  recentiy  taken  place  in 
reveal  the  real  motive  of  anv  continued  restriction  ol  Englana.  It  is  gratifying  to  know  that  these  did  not 
their  use ;  and  that  having  oeen  made  clear,  the  duty  ffrow  in  any  degree  out  of  the  financial  relations  of 
of  the  Executive  will  be  very  pliun.  London  with  our  people  or  out  of  any  discredit  at- 

The  information  given  bv  the  SecretaiT  of  the  prog-  tached  to  our  securities  hold  in  that  market    The 

ress  and  prospects  of  the  oeet-eugar  inaustry  is  iml  return  of  our  bonds  and  stocks  was  caused  by  a  money 

of  interest    It  has  already  pass^  the  experimental  stringency  in  England,  not  by  any  loss  or  value  or 

sta^  and  is  a  commercial  success     The  area  over  credit  in  the  securities  themselves.    We  could  not, 

which  the  sugar  beet  can  be  sucoessfVilly  cultivated  however,  wholly  escape  the  ill  effiects  of  a  foreifi^ 

is  very  laive,  and  another  field  crop  of  great  value  is  monetary  agitation  accompanied  by  such  extraoroi- 

ofiered  to  Uie  choice  of  the  farmer.  nary  incidents  as  charactenzed  this.  It  is  not  believed. 

The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  concurs  in  the  rec-  however,  that  these  evil  incidents^  which  have  fbr  the 

ommendation  of  the  Secretarv  of  Agriculture  that  the  time  unfavorably  affected  values  m  this  country,  can 

official  supervision  providea  by  uie  tariff'  law  for  long  withstand  the  strong,  safe,  and  wholesome  influ- 

sugar  of  domestic  production  shall  be  transferred  to  ences  which  are  operating  to  give  to  our  people  profit- 

the  Department  of  Agriculture.  able  returns  in  all  brandies  of  legitimate  traae  and 

The  law  relating  to  the  civil  service  has,  so  far  as  I  industry.    The  apprehension  that  our  tariff"  may  again 

can  learn,  been  executed  by  those  having  the  power  and  at  once  be  suojected  to  important  ^neral  changes 

of  appointment  in  the  classified  service  with  fidelity  would  undoubtedly  add  a  depressing  mfinenoe  of  uie 

and  impartiality  ^and  the  service  has  been  increasing-  most  serious  character. 

ly  satisfactory.    The  report  of  the  commission  shows  a        The  general  tariff  act  has  only  partially  gone  into 

larffe  amount  of  good  work  done  during  the  year  operation,  some  of  its  important  provisions  being  lim- 

witn  very  limited  appropriations.  ited  to  take  effect  at  dates  yet  in  the  future.    The 

I  congratulate  the  Congress  and  the  country  Ujpon  general  provisions  of  the  law  have  been  in  force  less 

the  passage  at  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty-first  Con-  uan  sixty  davs.    Its  permanent  effects  upon  trade 

gress  of  an  unusual  number  of  laws  of  very  high  im-  and  prices  still  laively  stand  in  coz^jecture.    It  is  cu- 

portanoe.    That  the  results  of  this  legislation  will  be  rious  to  note  that  uie  advance  in  the  prices  of  articles 

the  quickening  and  enlaigment  of  our  manufacturing  wholly  unaffected  by  the  tariff  act  was  by  many 

industries,  larger  and  better  markets  for  our  bread-  hastily  ascribed  to  that  act    Notice  was  not  taken  of 

stuffs  and  provisions  bqth  at  home  and  abroad,  more  the  fact  tiiat  the  general  tendency  of  the  markets  was 

constant  employment  and  better  wages  for  our  work-  upward,  ftx>m  influences  wholly  apart  fVom  ike  recent 

ing  people,  and  an  increased  supply  of  a  safe  currency  tariff  legislation.    The  enlargement  of  our  currency 

for  the  transaction  of  business,  1  do  not  doubt    Some  by  the  silver  bill  undoubtedlv  gave  an  upward  tend- 

of  these  measures  were  enacted  at  so  late  a  period  ency  to  trade,  and  had  a  marKed  effect  on  prices ;  but 

that  the  beneficial  effects  upon  commerce  which  were  this  natural  and  desired  effect  of  the  silver  legislation 

in  the  contemplation  of  Congress  have  as  yet  but  was  by  many  erroneously  attributed  to  the  tariff  act 
partially  manifested  themselves.  There  is  neither  wisdom  nor  justice  in  the  sugges- 

The  general  trade  and  industrial  conditions  through-  tion  that  the  subject  of  tariff  revision  shall  be  again 

out  the  country  during  the  year  have  shown  a  marked  opened  before  this  law  has  had  a  fair  triaL   It  is  quite 

improvement    For  man^  years  prior  to  1888  the  mer-  true  that  every  tariff  schedule  is  subject  to  objections, 

chandise  balances  of  foreign  trade  had  been  largely  in  No  bill  was  ever  framed,  I  suppose,  that  in  aU  of  its 

our  favor,  but  during  that  year  and  the  year  follow-  rates  and  classifications  had  the  full  approval  even  of 

ing  thev  turned  against  us.    It  is  very  gratifying  to  a  party  caucus.    Such  legislation  is  always  and  neces- 

know  tnat  the  last  fiscal  year  again  shows  a  balance  sarily  the  product  of  compromise  as  to  details,  and 

in  our  favor  of  over  $68,000,000.    The  bank  clearings,  the  present  law  is  no  exception.    But  in  its  general 

which  furnish  a  good  test  of  the  volume  of  business  scope  and  effect  I  think  it  will  justify  the  support  of 

transacted,  for  the  first  ten  months  of  the  year  1890  those  who  believe  that  American  legislation  should 

show,  as  compared  with  the  same  months  of  1889,  an  conserve  and  defend  American  trade  and  the  wages 

increase  for  tne  whole  country  of  about  8*4  per  cent,  of  American  workmen. 

while  the  increase  outside  of  the  city  of  New  York        The  misinformation  as  to  the  terms  of  the  act,  which 

was  over  18  per  cent    During  the  month  of  October  has  been  so  widelv  disseminated  at  home  and  abroad, 

the  clearings  of  the  whole  country  showed  an  in-  will  be  corrected  oy  experience,  and  the  evil  auguries 

crease  of  8*1  per  cent  over  October,  1889,  while  out-  as  to  its  results  confounded  by  the  market  reports. 


CONGRESS.    (Thb  Presideiit's  Message.)  207 

the  MvingB  banks,  intemattonal  trade  balances,  and  to  them  waa  so  obvious  that  to  have  gratuitonslj  aban- 
the  general  pfosperity  of  our  people.  Already  we  doned  this  opportunity  to  enlai^ge  our  trade  would 
be^  to  hear  from  abroad,  and  fVom  our  custom  have  been  an  unpardonable  error, 
houses,  that  the  prohibitoi^  effect  upon  importations  There  were  but  two  methods  of  maintalninjB^  control 
imputed  to  the  act  is  not  justified.  The  imports  at  of  this  question  open  to  Con^^rese :  to  place  alfof  these 
the  port  of  New  York  for  the  first  three  weeks  of  No-  articles  upon  the  dutiable  list,  subject  to  such  treatv 
vemoer  were  nearly  8  per  cent  greater  than  for  the  agreements  as  could  be  secured,  or  to  place  them  all 
same  period  in  1889,  and  29  per  cent  greater  than  in  presently  upon  the  fi«e  list,  but  subject  to  the  reim- 
the  same  period  of  1888 ;  and  so  far  fh>m  being  an  act  position  of  specified  duties  if  the  countries  from  which 
to  limit  exports,  I  confidently  believe  that  under  it  we  received  them  should  refuse  to  aive  to  us  suitable 
ve  shall  secure  a  lamr  and  more  profitable  partici-  reciprocal  benefits.  This  latter  meuiod,  I  think,  pos- 
pstion  in  foreign  traae  Uian  we  have  ever  ei^joyed,  sesses  great  advantages.  It  expresses  in  advance  ike 
and  that  we  shall  recover  a  proportionate  participa-  consent  of  Congress  to  reciprocity  arrangements  affect- 
tion  in  the  ocean  carrying  trade  of  the  world.  ins  these  products,  which  must  otherwise  have  been 
The  criticisms  of  the  bill  that  have  come  to  us  delaved  and  unascertained  until  each  treaty  was  rati- 
from  forei^  sources  may  well  be  rejected  for  repug-  fied  bv  the  Senate  and  the  necessary  legislation  en- 
nancy.    If  these  critics  really  believe  that  the  adop-  acted  by  Conmss. 

tion  oy  US  of  a  free-trade  policy,  or  of  tariff  rates  Ex^rience  nas  shown  that  some  treaties  looking 

haring  reference  solely  to  revenue,  would  diminish  to  reciprocal  trade  have  failed  to  secure  a  two-thirds 

the  puticipation  of  their  own  countries  in  the  com-  vote  in  the  Senate  for  ratification,  and  others,  having 

meroe  of  the  world,  their  advocacy  and  promotion  bj  passed  that  stage,  have  for  years  awaited  the  concur- 

speeeh  and  other  forms  of  oi^anized  effort  of  this  rence  of  the  House  and  Senate  in  such  modifications 

movement  among  our  people  is  a  rare  exhibition  of  of  our  revenue  laws  as  were  necessary  to  give  effect  to 

onaelfiahnesB  in  trade.    And,  on  the  other  hand,  if  their  provisions.    We  now  have  the  concurrence  of 

they  sincerely  believe  that  the  adoption  of  a  protect-  both  Houses  in  advance,  in  a  distinct  and  definite 

ive-tariff  policy  by  this  ooimtry  inures  to  their  profit  offer  of  &ee  entry  to  our  ports  of  specific  articles, 

and  our  hurt,  it  is  noticeably  strange  that  they  should  The  Executive  is  not  required  to  deal  in  coi^ecture 

lead  the  outcij  against  the  authors  of  a  policy  so  as  to  what  Congress  will  accept    Indeed,  this  reci- 

helpfiil  to  their  countrymen,  and  crown  with  their  procity  provision  is  more  than  an  offer.    Our  part  of 

favor  those  who  would  snatch  ftom  them  a  substantial  the  bargain  is  complete;  deliverv  has  been  made; 

share  of  a  trade  with  other  lands  already  inadequate  and  when  the  countries  from  whicn  we  receive  suffar, 

to  their  necessities.                                   *  coffee,  tea,  and  hides  have  placed  on  their  fVee  nsts 

There  is  no  disposition  among  any  of  our  people  to  such  of  our  products  as  shall  be  agreed  upon,  as  an 

promote  prohibitorv  or  retaliatory  lenslation.    Our  equivalent  for  our  concession,  a  proclamation  of  that 

policies  are  adopteci,  not  to  the  hurt  of  others,  but  to  fact  completes  the  transaction ;   and,  in  the  mean 

secure  for  ourselves  those  advantages  that  ffurlv  grow  time,  our  own  people  have  free  sugar,  tea,  coffee,  and 

oat  of  our  favored  position  as  a  nation.    Our  form  ot  hides. 

government,  with  its  incident  of  universal  suffrage,  The  indications  thus  far  given  are  very  hopeAil  of 

makes  it  imperative  that  we  shall  save  our  working  early  and  favorable  action  b^  the  countries  from 

people  from  the  agitations  and  distresses  which  scant  which  we  receive  our  larse  imports  of  coffee  and 

WOK  and  wages  that  have  no  mai^gin  for  comfort  sugar;  and  it  is  confidently  believed  that  if  steam 

alwavs  beget    But  after  all  this  is  done  it  will  bo  communication  with  these  countries  can  be  promptly 

found  tiiat  our  markets  are  open  to  friendly  commer-  improved  and  enlarged,  the  next  year  will  show  a 

cial  exchanges  of  enormous  value  to  the  other  great  most  gratif)nng  increase  in  our  exports  of  breadstufiii 

powere.  and  provisions,  as  well  as  of  some  important  lines  of 

From  the  time  of  my  induction  into  oflice  the  duty  ot  manufactured  goods. 

QsiDg  every  power  and  influence  given  by  law  to  the  In  addition  to  the  important  bills  that  became  laws 

executive  department  for  the  development  of  lai^^er  before  the  adjournment  of  the  last  session,  some  other 

markets  for  our  products,  especially  our  fflrm  products,  bills  of  the  highest  importance  were  well  advanced 

has  heea  kept  constantiy  in  mind,  and  no  effort  has  toward  a  final  vote,  and  now  stand  upon  the  calendars 

been  or  will  be   spared  to  promote  that  end.    We  of  the  two  Houses  in  favored  positions.    The  present 

are  under  no  disadvantaffe  in  any  foreign  market,  ex-  session  has  a  fixed  limit,  and  if  these  measures  are 

ccpt  that  we  pay  our  workmen  and  workwomen  better  not  now  brought  to  a  final  vote  all  the  work  that  has 

wages  than  are  paid  elsewhere — better  abstractly,  bet-  been  done  upon  them  bpr  this  Congress  is  lost    The 

ier  relatively,  to  the  cost  of  the  necessaries  of  lire.    I  proper  consideration  of^thescj  of  an  apportionment 

do  not  douDt  that  a  very  largely  increased  foreign  Dill,  and  of  the  annual  appropriation  bills,  will  reouire 

trade  is  accessible  to  us  without  bartering  for  it  either  not  only  that  no  working  day  of  the  session  shall  be 

our  home  market  for  such  products  of  the  farm  and  lost,  but  that  measures  of  minor  and  local  interest 

shop  as  our  own  people  can  supply  or  the  wages  of  shall  not  be  allowed  to  interrupt  or  reUird  the  prog- 

our  working  people.  ress  of  those  that  are  of  universal  interest    In  view 

In  many  oi  the  products  of  wood  and  iron,  and  in  of  tiiese  conditions  I  refhiin  from  bringing  before  you 

meats  ana  breadstuffs,  we  have  advantages  that  only  at  this  time  some  suggestions  that  woukI  otherwise 

need  better  facilitiee  of  intercourse  and  transportation  be  made,  and  most  earnestly  invoke  your  attention  to 

ta  secure  for  them  large  foreign  markets.    The  reci-  the  dutv  of  perfecting  the  important  legislation  now 

procity  clause  of  the  tariff  act  wisely  and  effectively  well  aavanced.    To  some  of  these  measures,  which 

opens  ti^e  way  to  secure  a  large  reciprocal  trade  in  seem  to  me  most  important,  I  now  briefly  call  your 

exchange  for  the  fVce  admission  to  our  ports  of  certain  attention. 

products.  The  right  of  independent  nations  to  make  I  desire  to  repeat,  with  added  urgency,  the  recom- 
spedal  reciprocal  trade  concessions  is  well  established,  mendations  contained  in  my  last  annual  message  in 
and  does  not  impiur  either  the  comity  due  to  other  relation  to  the  development  of  American  steamship 
powers  or  what  is  known  as  the  **  favored-nation  lines.  The  reciprocity  clause  of  the  tarilf  bill  will  be 
clause,"  so  generally  found  in  commercial  treaties,  largely  limited,  and  its  benefits  retarded  and  dimin- 
^hat  is  given  to  one  for  an  adequate  agreed  consid-  ished,  if  provision  is  not  contemporaneously  made  to 
eration  can  not  be  claimed  by  another  fi^lv.  The  encoura^  the  establishment  of  first-class  steam  com- 
itate of  the  revenues  was  such  that  we  could  dispense  munication  between  our  ports  and  the  ports  of  such 
^th  any  import  duties  upon  coftee,  tea,  hides,  and  nations  as  may  meet  our  overtures  for  enlai^^ed  com- 
the  lower  grades  of  sugar  and  molasses.  That  the  mercial  exchanges.  The  steamship,  carrying  tiie 
l^vve  advantage  resnltiii^  to  the  countries  producing  mails  statedly  and  frequently,  and  offering  to  pas- 
ma  exportinff  tiiese  articles  by  placing  them  on  the  sengers  a  comfortable^  safe,  and  speedy  transit,  is  the 
ffee  list  entitled  us  to  expect  a  fair  return  in  the  way  first  condition  of  foreign  trade.  It  carries  the  order 
of  customs  concesaions  upon  articles  exported  by  us  of  tiie  buyer,  but  not  all  that  is  ordered  or  bought  It 


208  CONGRESS.    (The  Psesioent's  Message.) 

gives  to  the  Bailing  vesselB  such  cargoes  as  are  not    tion  with  these  countries  and  any  agreements  that 
urgent  or  perishable,  and,  indirectly  at  least,  promotes    may  be  made  for  reciprocal  trade  may  not  be  hin- 


America, _ 

as  to  increased  trade  that  will  give  a  double  value  to  business. 

your  prompt  action  upon  this  question.  The  bill  for  the  relief  of  the  Supreme  Court  has*. 

The  present  situation  of  our  mail  communication  after  many  years  of  discussion,  reached  a  jposition 

with  Australia  illustrates  the  importance  of  early  where  final  action  is  easily  attainable,  and  it  is  hope*l 

action  by  Congress.    The  Oceanic  Steamship  Com  that  any  differences  of  opinion  may  be  so  harmonized 

pany  maintains  a  line  of  steamers  between  San  Fran-  as  to  save  the  essential  features  of  this  very  important 

Cisco,  Sydney,  and  Auckland,  consisting  of  three  ves-  measure.    In  this  connection  I  earnestly  renew  my 

sels,  two  of  which  are  of  United  States  registry  and  recommendation  that  the  salaries  of  the  judges  of  the 

one  of  foreign  registry.   For  the  service  done  by  this  United  States  district  courts  be  so  readjusted  that 

line  in  carrying  the  mails  we  pay  annually  the  sum  none  of  them  shall  receive  less  than  $5,000  per  annum, 

of  $46,000,  oeing,  as  estimated,  the  fldl  sea  and  United  The  subject  of  the  unadjusted  Spanish  and  Moxi- 

States  inland  postage,  which  is  the  limit  fixed  by  law.  can  land  grants  and  the  invent  necessity  for  provid- 

The  colonies  of  New  South  Wales  and  New  Zealand  ing  some  commission  or  trfbunal  for  the  trial  of  queis- 

have  been  paying  annually  to  these  lines  £87,000  for  tions  of  title  growing  out  of  them  were  twice  broujgfat 

carrying  the  muls  from  Sydney  and  Auckland  to  San  by  me  to  the  attention  of  Congress  at  the  last  seesioiL 

Francisco.    The  contract  under  which  ^is  payment  Bills  have  been  reported  from  the  proper  committees 

has  been  made  is  now  about  to  expire,  and  those  col-  in  both  Houses  upon  the  subject,  and  I  very  eamedtly 

onies  have  reflised  to  renew  tiie  contract  unless  the  ho]9e  that  this  Conmss  will  put  an  end  to  the  delay 

United  States  shall  pay  a  more  equitable  proportion  which  has  attended  the  settiemcnt  of  the  disputeA  as 

of  tiie  whole  sum  necessary  to  maintain  the  service.  to  title  between  the  setUers  and  the  dsdmants  under 

I  am  advised  by  the  Postmaster-General  that  the  these  grants.  These  disputes  retard  the  prosperity 
United  States  receives  for  carrying  the  Australian  and  disturb  the  peace  of  lai»e  and  important  com- 
mails,  brought  to  San  Francisco  in  tiiese  steamers,  by  munities.  The  Governor  of  New  Mexico,  in  his  last 
rail  to  Vancouver,  an  estimated  annual  income  of  report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  suggests  some 
$75,000 :  while,  as  I  have  stated,  we  are  paying  out  for  modifications  of  the  provisions  of  the  pending  bills 
the  support  of  the  steamship  line  that  orings  this  relating  to  the  small  holdings  of  farm  lands.  I  corn- 
mail  to  us  only  $46,000,  leaving  an  annual  surplus,  mend  to  your  attention  the  suggestions  of  the  Secre- 
resulting  from  this  service,  of  $29,000.  The  traae  or  tary  of  the  Interior  upon  this  subject 
the  United  States  with  Australia,  which  is  in  a  con-  The  enactment  of  a  national  bankrupt  law  I  still 
siderable  part  carried  by  these  steamers,  and  the  regard  as  very  desirable.  The  Constitution  having 
whole  of  which  is  practically  dependent  upon  the  given  to  Congressjurisdictionofthis  subject,  it  should 
mail  communication  which  tJiey  maintain,  is  largely  Be  exercised,  and  uniform  rules  provided  for  the  ad- 
in  our  favor.  Our  total  exports  of  merchandise  to  ministration  of  the  affairs  of  insolvent  debtors  The 
Australasian  ports  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  inconveniences  resulting  from  the  occasional  and  t«m- 
80, 1890,  were  $11,266,484;  while  tiie  total  imports  of  porary  exercise  of  this  power  by  Congress,  and  from 
merchandise  from  these  ports  were  only  $4,277,676.  the  conflicting  State  codes  of  insolvency  which  come 
If  we  are  not  willing  to  see  this  important  steamship  into  force  intermediately^  should  be  removed  by  the 
line  withdrawn,  or  continued  with  Vancouver  substi-  enactment  of  a  simple,  inexpensive,  and  permanent 
tuted  for  San  Francisco  as  the  American  terminal,  national  bankrupt  law. 

Congress  should  put  it  in  tiie  power  of  the  Postmas-  I  also  renew  my  recommendation  in  favor  of  leis- 
ter-General to  make  a  libei^  increase  in  the  amount  lation  affording  just  copyright  protection  to  foreign 
now  paid  for  the  transportation  of  this  important  authors,  on  a  footing  of  reciprocal  advantage  for  our 
mail.  authors  abroad. 

The  South  Atlantic  and  Gulf  ports  occupy  a  very  It  may  still  be  possible  for  this  Congress  to  Inaugu- 

favored  position  toward  the  new  and  important  com-  rate,  by  suitable  legislation,  a  movement  looking  to 

merco  which  the  reciprocity  clause  of  the  tariff  act  uniformity  and  increased  safety  in  the  use  of  couplers 

and  the  postal  shipping  bill  are  designed  to  promote,  and  brakes  upon  freight  trains  engaged  in  interstate 

Steamship  lines  from  these  ports  to  some  northern  commerce.    The  chief  difilculty  in  uie  way^  is  to  se- 

port  of  South  America  will  almost  cert^nlv  effect  a  cure  agreement  as  to  the  best  appliances,  simplicity, 

connection  between  the  railroad  systems  of  the  con-  effectiveness,  and  cost  being  considered.  ^  This  difn- 

tinents  long  before  any  continuous  line  of  railroads  culty  will  only   yield  to  legislation,  which  should 

can  be  put  into  operation.    The  very  laige  appropri-  be  based  upon  full  inquiry  and  Impartial  tests.    The 

ation  made  at  the  last  session  for  the  harbor  of  6al-  purpose  should  be  to  secure  the  co-operation  of  all 

veston  was  justified,  as  it  seemed  to  me,  bv  these  con-  well-disposed  managers  and  owners,  but  the  fearful 

siderations.    The  ^reat  Northwest  will  reel  the  ad-  fact  that  every  year^  delay  involves  the  sacrifice  of 

vantage  of  trunk  lines  to  the  South  as  well  as  to  the  two  thousand  lives  and  the  maiming  of  twenty  thou- 

East,  and  of  tiie  new  markets  opened  for  their  sur-  sand  voung  men  should  plead  both  with  Congress 

plus  food  products  and  for  many  of  their  manufact-  and  tne  managers  against  any  needless  delay, 

ured  products.  The  subject  of  the  conservation  and  e^ual  dlstribu- 

I  had  occasion  in  May  last  to  transmit  to  Congress  tion  of  the  water  supply  of  the  arid  regions  has  had 

a  report  adopted  by  the  International  American  Con-  much  attention  from  Congress,  but  has  not  as  yet 

ference  upon  the  subject  of  the  incorporation  of  an  been  put  upon  a  permanent  and  satisfactory  basis, 

international  American  bank,  with  a  view  to  facili-  The  urgency  of  the  subject  does  not  grow  out  of  any 

tating  money  exchanges  between  the  states  repre-  large  present  demand  for  the  use  of  these  lands  for 

sented  in  that  conference.   Such  an  institution  would  agriculture,  but  out  of  the  danger  that  the  water  sup- 

freatiy  promote  the  trade  we  are  seeking  to  develop,  ply  and  the  sites  for  tlie  necessary  catch  basins  may 
renew  tiie  recommendation  that  a  careful  and  well-  fall  into  the  hands  of  individuals  or  private  corpora- 
guarded  charter  be  granted.  1  do  not  think  the  pow-  tions  and  be  used  to  render  subservient  the  large  areas 
ers  granted  should  include  those  ordinarily  exercised  dependent  upon  such  supply.  The  owner  of  the  wa- 
by  trust,  guarantee,  and  safe-deposit  companies,  or  ter  is  the  owner  of  the  lands,  however  the  titles  may 
that  more  Dranches  in  the  United  States  should  be  run.  All  unappropriated  natural  water  sources  and 
authorized  than  are  strictly  necessary  to  accomplish  all  necessary  reservoir  sites  should  be  held  by  the 
the  object  primarily  in  view,  namely,  conven-  Government  for  the  equal  use,  at  fair  rates,  of  the 
lent  foreign  exchanges.    It  is  quite  important  that  homestead  settlers  who  will  eventually  take  up  these 

Srompt  action  should  be  taken  in  this  matter,  in  or-  lands, 

er  tnat  any  appropriations  for  better  communica-  The  United  States  should  not,  in  my  opinion,  un- 


CONGRESS.    (The  Presidbnt*8  Mbssaob.) 


S09 


dertake  the  eonstractioii  of  dams  or  canals,  but  should 
limit  its  work  to  such  swrvejB  and  obsenrationB  as 
will  detennine  the  water  sapply,  both  surface  and 
»abterTanean,  the  areas  capable  of  irrigation^  and  the 
location  and  storage  capacity  of  reservoirs.  This 
done,  the  use  of  the  water  and  of  the  reservoir  sites 
mijiTht  be  granted  to  the  respective  States  or  Territories, 
or  ti^  individuals  or  associations,  upon  the  condition 
that  the  necessary  works  should  be  constructed  and 
the  water  furnished  at  fair  rates,  without  discrimina- 
tion, the  rates  to  be  subject  to  supervision  bj  the 
lezisltttures,  or  by  boards  of  water  commissioners 
dolv  constituted.  The  essential  thing  to  be  secured 
U  tte  coDUDon  and  equal  use  at  fair  rates  of  the  ac- 
cunulated  water  supply.  It  were  almost  better  that 
these  lands  should  remain  arid  than  that  those  who 
occupy  them  should  become  the  slaves  of  unrestrained 
EDonopolies  controlling  the  one  essential  element  ot 
land  values  and  crop  results. 

The  use  of  the  telegraph  by  the  Post-office  Depart- 
ment as  a  means  for  ^e  rapid  transmission  of  written 
communications  is,  I  believe,  upon  proper  terms  quite 
deeirable.  The  Grovemment  does  not  own  or  operate 
the  railroads,  and  it  should  not,  I  think,  own  or  oper- 
ate the  telegraph  lines.  It  does,  howev  cr,  seem  to  be 
otnte  pmcticablc  for  the  Government  to  contract  with 
me  teie^rraph  companies,  as  it  does  with  the  railroad 
companies,  to  carrv  at  specified  rates  such  communi- 
cations as  the  senders  may  designate  for  this  method 
oftnosmission.  I  recommend  that  such  legislation 
be  enacted  as  will  enable  the  Post-office  Department 
fairly  to  test  by  experiment  the  advantages  of  such  a 
use  of  the  telegraph. 

If  any  intelngent  and  loyal  company  of  American 
citizens  were  required  to  catalogue  the  essential  hu- 
man conditions  of  national  life,  I  do  not  doubt  that 
with  absolute  unanimity  they  would  begin  with  **ftt« 
and  honest  elections."  And  it  is  gratiiVing  to  know 
that  generally  there  is  a  growing  ana  nonpartisan 
demand  for  better  election  laws.  But  against  this 
si?n  of  ho|)e  and  progress  must  be  set  the  depressing 
and  undeniable  fact  that  election  laws  and  methoos 
are  sometimes  cunningly  contrived  to  secure  minor- 
ity control,  while  violence  completes  the  shortcom- 
ing of  fraud. 

In  my  last  annual  message  I  suggested  that  the 
development  of  the  existing  law  providing  a  Fed- 
eral Bupcrvision  of  congressional  elections  offered  an 
effective  method  of  reforming  these  abuses.  The 
need  of  such  a  law  has  manifested  itself  in  many 
pens  of  the  country,  and  its  wholesome  restraints  and 
penalties  will  be  tisefiil  in  all.  The  constitutionality 
of  such  lejBTtslation  has  been  affirmed  by  the  Supreme 
Court.  Its  probable  effectiveness  is  evidenced  by  the 
character  ot  the  op|>osition  that  is  made  to  it.  ft  has 
been  denounced  as  if  it  were  a  new  exercise  of  Fed- 
eral power  and  an  invasion  of  the  rites  of  the  States. 
Nothing  could  be  further  from  the  truth.  Congress 
has  already  fixed  the  time  for  the  election  of  mem- 
bers of  Congress.  It  has  declared  that  votes  for  mem- 
bers of  Congress  must  be  by  written  or  printed  bal- 
lot;  it  has  provided  for  the  appointment  oy  the  cir- 
cait  contt  in  certain  cases,  and  upon  the  petition  of  a 
certain  number  of  citizens,  of  election  supervisors, 
and  made  it  their  duty  to  supervise  (ho  registration 
of  voters  conducted  by  the  State  officers;  to  chal- 
lenge persona  offering  to  register;  to  personiUly  in- 
spect and  scrutinize  the  registry  lists,  and  to  affix 
their  names  to  the  lists  for  the  purpose  of  identifica- 
tion and  the  prevention  of  frauos  ^  to  attend  at  elec- 
tions and  remain  with  the  boxes  till  the  votes  are  all 
ca«t  and  counted ;  to  attach  to  the  registry  lists  and 
election  returns  any  statement  touching  the  accuracy 
and  fairness  of  the  registry  and  election,  and  to  take 
and  tranamit  to  the  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Bepreseiit- 
atives  any  evidence  of  fraudulent  practices  which 
jP»y  be  presented  to  them.  The  same  law  provides 
i^r  the  appointment  of  deputy  United  States  mar- 
shals to  attend  at  the  polls,  support  the  supervisors 
in  the  discharge  of  their  duties,  and  to  arrest  persons 
Violating  the  election  laws.    The  provisions  of  this 


familiar  title  of  tiie  Revised  Statutes  have  been  put 
into  exercise  by  both  the  great  political  parties,  and 
in  the  North  as  well  as  in  the  Bouth,  by  the  filing 
with  the  court  of  the  petitions  required  by  die  law. 

It  is  not  therefore,  a  question  whether  we  shall 
have  a  Federal  election  law,  for  we  now  have  one, 
and  have  had  for  nearly  twenty  years,  but  whether 
we  shall  have  an  effective  law.  The  present  law  stops 
just  short  of  effectiveness,  for  it  surrendere  to  the  local 
authorities  all  control  over  the  classification  which 
establishes  the  prima  facie  right  to  a  seat  in  the 
House  of  Representatives.  This  defect  should  bo 
cured.  Equality  of  representation  and  the  parity  of 
the  electors  must  be  maintained,  or  everything  that 
is  valuable  in  our  system  of  government  is  lost.  The 
qualifications  of  an  elector  must  be  sought  in  tiie  law, 
not  in  the  opinions,  prejudices,  or  fears  of  any  class, 
however  powerful.  The  path  of  the  elector  to  the 
ballot  box  must  be  free  from  the  ambush  of  fear  and 
the  enticements  of  ftuud ;  the  count  so  true  and  open 
that  none  shall  gainsay  it  Such  a  law  should  be 
absolutely  nonpartisan  and  impartial.  It  should  g[ive 
the  advantage  to  honesty  and  the  control  to  minor- 
ities. Surely  there  is  nothing  sectional  about  this 
creed,  and,  if  it  shall  happen  that  the  penalties  of  laws 
intended  to  enforce  these  rights  fail  here  and  not 
there,  it  is  not  because  the  law  is  sectional,  but  be- 
cause, happily,  crime  is  local  and  not  universal.  Nor 
should  it  oe  foi^tten  that  every  law,  whether  relaV-^ 
ing  to  elections  or  to  any  other  subject,  whether  en- 
acted by  the  State  or  by  the  nation,  has  force  behind 
it;  the  courts,  the  marshal  or  constable.' the  pone 
eotnitatusy  the  prison,  are  all  and  always  Dehina  the 
law. 

One  can  not  be  justly  charged  with  unfriendliness 
to  any  section  or  class  who  seeks  only  to  restrain  vio- 
lations of  law  and  of  personal  right  No  community 
will  find  lawlessness  profitable.  No  community  can 
afford  to  have  it  known  that  the  officers  who  are 
charged  with  the  preservation  of  the  public  peace  and 
the  restraint  of  tne  criminal  classes  are  themselves 
the  product  of  fraud  or  violence.  The  magistrate  is 
then  without  respect  and  the  law  without  sanction. 
The  floods  of  lawlessness  can  not  be  leveed  and  made 
to  run  in  one  channel.  The  killing  of  a  Dnit^  States 
marshal  carrying  a  writ  of  arrest  for  an  election  of- 
fense is  full  of  prompting  and  suggestion  to  men  who 
are  pursued  by  a  city  marshal  for  a  crime  against  life 
or  pro|)erty. 

But  it  is  said  that  this  legislation  will  revive  raoe 
animosities,  and  some  have  even  suggested  that  when 
the  peaceflil  methods  of  fraud  are  made  impossible 
they  may  be  supplanted  by  intimidation  and  violence. 
If  the  proposed  law  gives  to  any  qualified  elector,  by 
a  hair^s  weight,  more  than  his  equal  infiuence,  or  de- 
tracts by  so  much  fVom  any  other  qualified  elector,  it 
is  fatally  impeached.  But  if  the  law  is  equal  and  ttit 
animosities  it  is  to  evoke  grow  out  of  the  fact  that 
some  electors  have  been  accustomed  to  exercise  the 
franchise  for  others  as  well  as  for  themselves^  then 
these  animosities  ought  not  to  be  confessed  without 
shame,  and  can  not  be  given  any  weight  in  the  dis- 
cussion without  dishonor.  No  choice  is  left  to  me 
but  to  enforce  with  vigor  all  laws  intended  to  secure 
to  the  citizen  his  oonstitutional  rights,  and  to  reoom- 
mend  that  the  inadequacies  of  such  laws  be  promptiy 
remedied.  If  to  promote  with  zeal  and  ready  interest 
every  project  for  the  development  of  its  material  in- 
terests, its  rivers,  harbors,  mines,  and  factories,  and 
the  intelligence,  peaoe^  and  security  under  the  law  of 
its  communities  and  its  homes,  is  not  accepted  as 
sufficient  evidence  of  friendliness  to  any  State  or  sec- 
tion, I  can  not  add  connivanoe  at  election  practices 
that  not  only  disturb  local  results,  but  rob  the  electors 
of  other  States  and  sections  of  their  most  prioeloss 
political  rights. 

The  preparation  of  the  general  appropriation  bills 
should  De  conducted  with  the  greatest  care  and  tho 
closest  scrutiny  of  expenditures.  Appropriations 
should  be  adequate  to  the  needs  of  the  public  servicSi 
but  they  should  be  absolutely  free  from  prodigality. 


210  CONGBESa    (Thb  Dirsct-Taz  Bill.) 

I  venture  again  to  remind  you  that  the  brief  time  hereinafter  mentioned  the  leffal  owner,  or  is  the  heir 

remaining  for  the  consideration  of  the  important  le^-  at  law  or  devisee  of  the  le«u  owner  of  such  landd  a» 

islation  now  awaiting  your  attention  offera  no  maii^in  were  sold  in  the  parishes  of  St  Helena  and  St.  Luke^s 

for  waste.     If  the  present  duty  is  disohaiged  with  in  the  State  of  South  Carolina,  under  the  said  acts  ot 

diligence,  fidelity,  and  courage,  the  work  of  tne  Fiftv-  Congress,  the  value  of  said  lands  in  the  manner  fol- 

llrat  Congress  may  be  confldentlv  submitted  to  tne  lowing,  to  wit :  To  the  owners  of  the  lots  in  the  town 

oonaiderate  judgment  of  the  people.  of  Beaufort,  one  half  of  the  value  assessed  thereon  for 

Bknj.  Habrisoit.  taxation  by  the  United  States  direct-tax  commissioners 

ExxounvB  Mansion,  Dee,  1, 1890.  for  South  Carolina ;  to  the  owners  of  lands  which  were 

«»-.%•       ^^       •»•««      mi.  *    -i.  1  rated  for  taxation  by  the  State  of  South  Carolina  as  bc- 

The  Direct-Tax  Bill.— This  much  discussed  ing  usually  cultivated,  $5  per  acre  for  each  acre  thereof 

measure  was  finally  disposed  of.    It  had  passed  returned  on  the  proper  tax  book ;  to  the  owne»  of  all 

the  Senate  the  first  session  of  this  Congress,  and  other  lands,  $1  per  acre  for  each  acre  thereof  returned 

the  House  took  it  up  and  pa^  it  Feb.  24, 1891,  on  sud  tax  book :  Provided,  That  in  all  cases  w-here 

amended  as  follows :  «"5^  owners,  or  persons  claimiM  under  them,  have 

redeemed  or<purchaBed  said  lands,  or  any  part  therc- 

A  bill  to  credit  and  pa^  to  the  several  States  and  of,  from  the  United  States,  they  shall  not  receive 

Territories  and  the  District  of  Columbia  all  moneys  compensation  for  such  part  so  redeemed  or  purchased : 

oollected  imder  the  direct  tax  levied  by  the  act  of  and  any  sum  or  sums  held  or  to  be  held  by  the  said 

Congress  approved  Aug.  5, 1861.  State  of  South  Carolina  in  trust  for  any  such  owner 

Be  it  enacted^  etc.  That  it  shall  be  the  du^  of  the  under  section  8  of  this  act  shall  be  deducted  from  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  credit  to  each  State  and  sum  due  to  such  owner  under  the  provision  of  this  sec- 
Territory  of  the  United  states  and  the  DUtrict  of  Co-  tion :  And  provided  further.  That  in  all  cases  where 
lumbia  a  sum  equal  to  all  collections  by  setoft  or  other-  sud  owners  have  heretofore  received  from  the  United 
wise  made  from  said  States  and  Territories  and  the  States  the  surplus  proceeds  arising  from  the  sale  of 
District  of  Columbia,  or  from  any  of  the  citizens  or  their  lands,  such  sums  shall  be  deducted  ftom  the 
inhabitants  thereof  or  other  persons,  under  tiie  act  of  sum  which  they  are  entitled  to  receive  under  this  act. 
Congress  approved  Aug.  5, 1861,  and  the  amendatory  That  in  all  cases  where  penons,  while  serving  in  the 
•eta  thereto.  army  or  navy  or  marine  corps  of  the  United  States,  or 

Sao.  2.  That  all  moneys  still  due  to  the  United  who  had  been  honorably  discharged  from  said  service. 

States  on  the  quota  of  direct  tax  apportioned  by  sec-  purchased  any  of  said  lands  under  section  11  of  the  act 

tion  8  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  5,1861,  of  Congress  approved  June  7, 1862,  and  such  lands 

are  hereby  remitted  and  relinqui^ed.  afterward  reverted  to  the  United  States,  it  shall  bo 

Sbc.  8.  That  there  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  pay  to 

any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otnerwiso  appropri-  such  persons  as  shall  in  each  case  apply  therefor,  or 

ated,  such  sums  as  may  be  necessary  to  reimburse  to  their  heirs  at  law,  devisees,  or  grantees,  in  good 

each  State,  Territory,  and  the  District  of  Columbia  faith  and  for  valuable  consideration,  whatever  suin 

for  all  money  found  aue  to  them  under  the  provis-  was  so  piud  to  the  United  States  in  such  case.    That 

ions  of  this  act ;  and  the  Treasurer  of  the   United  before  paying  any  moncv  to  such  persons  the  Secre- 

States  is  hereby  directed  to  pay  the  same  to  the  gov-  taiy  of  the  Treasury  shall  require  the  person  or  per- 

emora  of  the  States  and  Territories  and  to  the  com-  sons  entitled  to  receive  the  same  to  execute  a  release 

missioncrs  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  but  no  money  of  all  claims  and  demands  of  everv  kind  and  deecrip- 

ahall  be  paid  to  any  State  or  Territory  until  the  Leg-  tion  whatever  against  the  Unitea  States  arising  out 

islature  thereof  shall  have  accepted  by  resolution  the  of  the  execution  of  said  acts,  and  also  a  release  of  all 

snm  herein  appropriated  and  the  trust  imposed,  in  right,  title,  and  interest  in  and  to  the  said  landk 

fill!  satisfaction  of  all  claims  against  the  Uriited  States  That  there  is  hereby  appropriated,  out  of  any  money 


money  for  the  use  and  purposes  aforesaid.  Provided^  for  said  lots  and  lands. 
That  where  the  sums  or  anv  part  thereof^  credited  to  moneys  in  the  Treasurv  derived  in  any  manner  from 
any  State,  Territory,  or  tne  District  or  Columbia,  the  enforoement  of  said  acts  in  said  parishes,  and  not 
have  been  collected  by  the  United  States  from  the  otherwise  appropriated.  That  section  1063  of  the 
citizens  or  inhabitants  thereof,  or  any  other  person.  Revised  Statutes  is  herebjr  made  applicable  to  claims 
either  directly  or  by  sale  of  property,  such  sums  shall  arising  under  this  act  without  limitation  as  to  the 
be  held  in  trust  bv  such  State,  Territory,  or  the  Dis-  amount  involved  in  such  claim :  Andprovided/uriher^ 
trict  of  Columbia  for  the  benetit  of  those  persons  or  That  any  sum  or  sums  of  money  received  into  the 
inhabitanta  fh>m  whom  they  were  collectea,  or  their  Treasury  of  the  United  States  from  the  sale  of  lands 
legal  representatives :  And  provided  further.  That  bid  in  for  taxes  in  any  State  under  the  laws  de- 
no  part  of  the  money  collectea  fh>m  individuals  and  scribed  in  the  iirst  section  of  this  act  in  excess  of  the 
to  be  held  in  trust  as  aforesaid  shall  be  retfuned  by  tax  assessed  thereon  shall  be  paid  to  the  owners  of 
the  United  States  as  a  setoff  against  any  indebtedness  the  land  so  bid  in  and  resold,  or  to  their  legal  heirs  or 
alleged  to  exist  against  the  State,  Territory,  or  Dis-  representatives. 

^""il^l^^lr*  i?A  "^^tLT^  ^  was  collected :  T^e  amounts  levied,  oollected.  and  remaining 

i:^^>T^^1:^/i:^^^  unpaid  under  the  din^ct-tax  la^  were  given  J 

emor  of  any  State  or  Territory  or  any  other  person  to  shown  in  the  table  on  the  next  pace, 

any  attorney  or  agent  under  any  contract  for  services  To  these  Estimates  should  be  added  the  sum  of 

now  existing  or  heretofore  made  between  the  repra-  $500,000  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  section  4 

sentative  of  any  State  or  Territory  and  any  attorney  of  the  bill. 

or  sgent  All  claims  under  the  trust  hereby  created  The  following  was  the  vote  on  the  passage  of 
shall  be  filed  with  the  governor  of  such  State  or  Ter-  ^Jjq  y^m .  t  -o 
ritory  and  the  commissioners  of  the  District  of  Colum- 
bia, respectively,  within  six  years  next  after  the  pas-  Yeas— Adams,  Allen  of  Michigan,  Anderson  of  Kan- 
sago  or  this  act ;  and  all  claims  not  so  filed  soall  sas,  Arnold,  Atkinson  of  Pennsylvania,  Atkinson  of 
be  forever  barred,  and  the  money  attributable  thereto  West  Virginia,  Baker,  Banks,  Bayne,  Belden,  Bel- 
shall  belong  to  such  State,  Territory,  or  the  District  knap,  Bergen.  Biggs,  Bingham,  Bliss,  Boothman, 
of  Columbia,  respectively,  as  the  case  may  be.  Boutelle,  Bowaen,  nrewor,  orosius,  Brow^er,  Browne 
Sxo.  4.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  Virginia.  J.  B.  Brown,  Buchanan  of  New  Jen^cy, 
of  the  Treasury  to  pay  to  such  persons  as  shall  in  eacn  Burton.  Caldwell,  Campbell,  Cannon,  Carter,  Oaa- 
case  apply  therefor,  and  fUmlsh  satisfactory  evi-  well,  Coeadle,  Cheatliam,  Clark  of  Wyoming,  Coga- 
denoe  that  such  applicant  was  at  the  time  of  the  sales  well,  Coleman,  Comstock,  Cooper  of  Indiana,  CoUi- 


CONGRESa    (The  Dibect  Tax-Bill.) 


211 


CaUoRiia 

Cblondo 

Coaneetieai. 

Ikkoto 

Delaware 

District  of  CoSombi*. 

yicridjfc. 

Giwi|gtofc«.  ..• 

DHooif 

lodiaoA. 

lorn 

KjBBlfl 

KcBtoekjr 

ImMmba 

lUbM 

JI«7lUMl 

MiaMdn 

Midiifn. 

litamttoU 

IfiMia 

Sarth 

Booth  Ckrolln«.. 

Vtaioori 

JiAntkM 

Nevadft. 

New  Hampahlre. 

Kew  Jcney 

NewM«zioo.... 

KewTofk. 

Ohk> 

OtCgQQ.... ..... 

Shod*  bind... 

TeBDciaee.. 

TexM 

Utah 

Vonuot 

Tirdate 

VekTiiginkL.. 
Waifalii|;toa  .... 
Wisoooain 

ToCaL 


$029318  88 
861^88  UO 
254.588  er 

28,900  88 

808,814  00 

8,841  88 

74,688  88 

49.487  88 

77,088  67 

084^97  88 

1,146,001  88 

904,670  88 

408,088  00 

71,748  88 
718,690  88 
880,886  67 
480,886  00 
486^8  88 
884J»1  88 
001,766  88 
108,024  00 
418,064  67 
076,194  67 
868^70  67 
761,187  88 

19,818  00 

4,008  67 

816,406  67 

400,184  00 

68,648  00 
8,606,918  67 
1,067,069  88 

8^140  67 

1,946,719  88 

116.968  67 

669,496  00 

850,106  67 

86,988  00 
811,068  00 
789,071  08 
808,479  60 
7,760  88 
019,688  67 


■ad  tobenAiadtd. 


cwnnriition  sllowfld. 


$88,680  84 
104,701  18 
888,950  41 

82.189  96 

861,981  90 

8,841  88 

70,888  88 

48,487  88 
4,766|86 
117,968  89 
974,568  68 
769,144  08 
884^74  60 

60,981  88 
606,611  08 
88^886  67 
857,708  10 
871,899  88 
709,894  14 
426,496  88 

98,245  00 
118,884  66 
877,408  61 
888,896  86 
646,908  88 

19,818  00 

8,908  77 

18^640  67 

888,614  88 

68,648  00 
8,81^880  86 
1,388,080  98 

89.860  07 
1,604,711  48 

99,419  11 
892,004  48 
180,841  01 

"m'ioi'w 

442,406  09 

161,806  98 

4,269  16 

446,560  41 


$81,068  86 
'4^88816 
"i^SO 


$10,827,682  08 


171,988  70 

180.781  80 

67318  80 

10,761  00 

107,054  80 

"(0^188*96 
65,088  60 

188,687  19 
70.264  00 
16,878  00 


114,169  10 

""ise'io 

88,761  00 
67319  17 

insNioei'si 

880,068  40 

^871  10 

898,007  90 

17344  06 


81,660  80 
iw*,i  18*78 


BalanetdiM  to  ba 


$006,798  09 
107,164  88 

7i5*87 


78,706  41 
466,884  44 


899,760  01 
198.748  06 
141,174  81 


78,158  86 


$8306,985  67 


877,498  58 

174.865  16 

86,962  00 

'886^668'98 

"8^487*17 


$8,562,401  89 


nun.  Covert,  CulbcrtBon  of  PenxiBylvania,  Cutcheon, 
DalxelL  Daiiington,  De  Lano,  Dibble,  Dinglev,  Dol- 
lircr,  Doney,  Dunnell,  Evaiis,  Faii^uhar,  Finley, 
Flick,  Flower,  Gear,  Gest,  Gibson,  Gilford,  Green- 
liali?e,  Grosvenor,  Groat,  Hall,  Hansbrough,  Harmer, 
Haoiren,  £.  B.  Ha^s,  Haynes,  Heard,  Hemphill, 
Henderson  of  Illinois,  Henderson  of  North  Carolina, 
Hitt,  Holmao,  Hoptdns.  Houk,  Kennedy,  Ketcham, 
Kinsey^  Knapp,  LMsey,  Laidlaw,  Lan^ton,  Lansing, 
Lawa,  Lee.  Lenlbach,  Lester  of  Georgia^  Lind,  Lod^e, 
Maosur,  Martin  of  Indiana,  Masoxi,  McOlellaiL  Mc- 
Oomaa,  McCord,  McConnick,  McDuffie,  McKenna. 
McKinley,  Miles,  Miller,  Millikcn,  Moffitt,  Moore  of 
^ew  Hampshire,  Morey,  Morrow,  Morse,  Mudd,  Nie- 
diinirhaDs,  Nate,  O'Donnell,  O^Ferrall,  O^Neall  of 
Indiana,  O^Neill  of  Pennsylvania,  Osborne,  Oathwaite, 
Oven  of  Indiana,  Owens  of  Ohio,  Parrett,  Payne, 
Paynter,  Payson,  Perkins,  Penr,  Pindar.  Post, 
I^igsley,  Raines,  Kav,  Beybom,  Bife.  Rockwell,  Row- 
til,  Riuaell.  Sanforo,  Scranton,  Scull,  Seney.  Sher- 
man, Smith  of  Illinois,  Smith  of  West  Virginia, 
Smmr,  Snider,  Spooner,  Stephenson,  Stiyers,  Stock- 
bridge,  Stone  of  Pennsylvania,  Struble,  Tavlor  of 
Illinois,  Taylor  of  Tennessee,  E.  B.  Taylor,  J.  D.  Tay- 
lor, Thomas,  Thompson,  Tillman,  Townsend  of  Col- 
ondo,  Townsend  or  Pennsylvania,  Turner  of  New 
Yorij,  Vandever,  Van  Schaick,  Waddill,  Wade,  Walk- 
er, Wallace  of  Massachusetts,  Wallace  of  New  York, 


ian,  Forman,  Forney,  Fowler,  Fnnston,  Geissenhainer, 


Goodnight,  Grimes,  Hare,  Hatch,  W.  I.  Hayes^erbert, 
Hill,  Hooker,  Kelley,  Kerr  of  Iowa,  Kerrof  Pennsyl- 


Bankhead,  Barnes,  Bland.  Blount,  Boatner,  Brecken- 
ndj(e  of  Arkansas,  Brooksnire,  Buchanan  of  Viiginia, 
fiunn,  Bynumj  Candler  of  Geonria,  Carlton,  Caruth, 
Catehings,  Chipman,  Clements,  Olunie,  Cobb,  Cowles, 
CraiiL  Crisp,  Culberson  of  Texas^ummings,  Dan^an, 
DaTidson,  Dickerson,  Dockery,  JDunphy,  Ellis,  Fith- 


ler,  Norton,  Oates^  O'Neil  of  Massachusetts,  Peel,  Pen- 


ington,  Peters,  Pierce,  Price,  Qulnn,  Reillv^  Ricnard- 
son,  Robertson,  Rogers,  Sayers,  Shively,  Sainner,  Spi- 
nola.  Springer,  Stewart  of  Texias,  Stewart  of  Vermont, 
Stockdale,  Stone  of  Kentucky,  Stone  of  Missouri, 
Sweney,  Tucker,  Turner  of  Georgia,  Turner  of  Kansas, 
Vaux,  Washington,  Whitelaw.  Whiting.  Wike,  Will- 
cox,  Williams  of  Illinois,  Wilson  of  Missouri,  Wil- 
son of  Washington,  Wilson  of  West  Viiyinia — 101. 

Not  VonifG — Alderson,  Allen  of  MisHissippi,  Bar- 
tine,  Barwig,  Beckwith,  Blanchard,  Breckinnoge  of 
Kentuckv,  Brickner,  T.  M.  Browne,  Brunner,  Bucka- 
lew,  Bidlock,  Burrows,  Butterworth,  Candler  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, Clancy,  Clarke  of  Alabama,  Clark  of  Wis- 
consin, Connell,  Cooper  of  Ohio.  Craig,  Edmunds, 
Enloe,  Ewart,  Featherston,  Fitch,  Flood,  frank,  Geary, 
Henderson  of  Iowa.  Hermann,  Kilgore,  La  FoUette, 
Magner,  Maish,  McMillin,  Moore  of  Texas,  Pickler, 
Quackenbush,  Randall.  Reed  of  Iowa,  Rowland,  Rusk, 
Sawyer,  Simonds,  Stanlnecker,  Stewart  of  Georgia, 
Stump,  Sweet,  Tarsney,  Tracey,  Wheeler  of  Alabama, 
Whitthome,  Wilkinson,  Wright,  Yoder— 56. 

The  Senate  concurred  on  the  House  amend- 
ment, Feb.  27, 1891,  and  the  President  approved 
of  the  measure  March  2, 1891. 

Ctrcntt  Conrt  of  Appeals.— At  the  first  ses- 
sion of  this  Congress  the  House  passed  a  bill  '*  to 
define  and  regulate  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts 
of  the  United  States,"  the  purposes  of  which  was 


212  CONGRESS.    (Cibcuit  Coubt  op  Appeals.) 

to  relioTe  the  Supreme  Court  by  the  creation  of  likewise  embrace  a  yery  large  number  of  conn- 

a  circuit  court  of  appeals.    The  Senate  passed  terfeiting  cases. 

the  House  bill  with  amendments,  and  a  conference  "  From  every  Federal  tribunal  in  this  conntry 
committee  agreed  upon  a  report  concurring  in  these  infamous  offenses  may  be  taken  by  writs 
the  Senate  amendments.  This  report  was  adopted  of  error  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
Feb.  27, 1891.  States.  Therefore,  not  only  is  the  primary  con- 
In  the  discussion  of  it  Mr.  Rogers,  of  Arkansas,  sideration  for  which  legislation  was  songnt  de- 
said  :  feated,  but  the  evil  which  was  attempted  to  be 
**  No  member  upon  the  floor  of  the  House,  I  remedied  is  intensified,  I  think  I  am  safe  in  say- 
think,  has  been  a  more  earnest  advocate  of  a  re-  ing,  by  at  least  from  three  hundred  to  one  thou- 
organization  of  the  Federal  judiciary  system,  sand  cases  annually  which  will  be  carried  to  the 
and  the  remuneration  of  its  judges,  than  1  have  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  from  this 
during  the  past  eight  years  of  my  congressional  great  domain  over  which  it  has  never  heretofore 
life ;  so  that  the  observations  I  shall  now  make  exercised  an^r  appellate  jurisdiction.  The  result 
I  make  from  the  most  friendly  standpoint  to  the  will  be  that,  inaependent  of  the  civil  cases  which 
object  sought  to  be  attained  by  legislation  on  have  the  right  of  appeal  or  writ  of  error  from 
this  subject.  the  district  and  circuit  courts  of  the  United 
**  The  primary  motive,  or  rather  the  primary  States  to  the  Supreme  Court  under  the  terms  of 
consideration  or  object  of  legislation  upon  this  the  bill,  and  in  which  field  the  number  of  cases 
point,  was  to  relieve  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  is  greatly  diminished  by  the  bill,  this  new  crim- 
tlnited  States,  whose  dodcet  is  now  congested  by  inal  appellate  jurisdiction  which  is  imposed  upon 
some  seventeen  hundred  cases,  or  more,  perhaps,  the  Supreme  Court  will  more  than  overbalance 
than  four  yeara  of  consecutive  work  if  no  other  the  number  of  cases  which  are  cut  oS  by  the 
business  was  added  to  it.  I  say  that  was  the  creation  of  the  intermediate  courts  of  appeal.  I 
primary  object.  Incidental  to  that  object  were  think  I  have  made  that  point  clear,  or,  if  I 
two  other  objects.  One  was  the  divorcement  of  have  not,  I  have  been  unfoitunate. 
the  district  from  the  circuit  courts  and  the  di-  **  A  vice  of  the  present  organization  of  the 
vorcement  of  the  Supreme  Court  from  the  infe-  Federal  judicial  system  is  that  there  are  eight 
rior  courts;  in  other  words,  that  we  should  have  circuit  judges  exercising  original  jurisdiction, 
a  system  rather  than  a  medley;  that  the  great'  and  exclusive  iurisdiction  almost,  over  the  great 
reservoir  of  original  jurisdiction  should  rest  in  domain  of  civu  liti^tion  of  all  classes  and  kinds, 
the  district  courts  of  the  United  States ;  that  These  eight  circuit  iud|;es  are  compelled,  in  the 
the  circuit  courts  should  be  abolished  and  an  in-  discharge  of  their  duties,  to  gallop  all  oyer  the 
termediate  court  of  appeals  established  between  conntry,  consuming  a  large  proportion  of  their 
the  district  courts  and  the  Supreme  Court,  whose  time  in  traveL  To  illustrate,  take  the  eighth 
appellate  jurisdiction  should  be  final,  and  thereby  circuit,  composed  of  Nebraska,  Minnesota,  Iowa« 
limit  the  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  Missouri,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  and  North  and  South 
Court  and  give  it  conseqiient  relief.  Dakota,  all  this  vast  domain,  extending  almost 
^  I  am  sorry  to  say  this  conference  report  de-  from  the  Gulf  to  Canada,  is  now  in  one  circuit 
feats  all  of  tnese  objects ;  every  single  one  of  presided  over  by  a  single  circuit  judge,  and  of 
them.  As  I  said,  there  are  now  seventeen  hun-  course  his  time  was  very  largely  absorbed  in 
dred  cases,  or  somewhere  between  fifteen  and  travel  while  his  duties  were  mscharged  by  the 
seventeen  hundred  cases,  on  the  Supreme  Court  district  judges. 

docket.    By  the  terms  of  this  bill  every  one  of  "  Now,  our  bill  sought  to  abolish  the  circuit 

these  cases  will  remain  on  that  docket  to  be  courts   as  courts  of  originnl  jurisdiction  and 

finally  determined :  and  that  court  will  have  to  thereby  get  rid  of  that  evil,  and  confer  idl  oriff- 

do  four  yeara  of  consecutive  hard  work  to  get  inal  jurisdiction  on  the  district  courts ;  then  add 

rid  of  the  docket  now  pending  in  that  court.  one  or  more  cireuit  judges  to  each  cireuit,  and 

**  This  is  not  only  true,  but  here,  by  the  terms  organize  with  these  cireuit  judges  one  circuit 

of  this  bill,  the  congestion  of  the  docxet  is  to  be  court  of  appeals  with  appellate  jurisdiction ;  but 

intensified  to  an  extent  that  no  one  of  us  can  this  bill  intensifies  the  evil  by  assigning  two  cir- 

foresee  at  this  time.    By  the  terms  of  the  fifth  cuit  judges  to  each  cireuit  to  do  the  same  kind 

section  of  the  bill  appeals  are  granted  from  of  service,  and  eallop  all  over  the  country  in  the 

the  district  and  cireuit  courts  of  the  United  old  way.    To  illustrate  further  the  vice  of  this 

States  in  all  cases  of  capital  or  other  infamous  system,  I  think  I  speak  within  bounds  when  I  say 

crimes.  as  to  the  four  courts  in  my  own  State  that  no 

^*  An  infamous  crime  has  been  decided  by  the  cireuit  judge  or  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  to  be  any  Court  of  the  United  States  has  ever  appeared  at 

offense  which  may  be  punished  by  imprison-  any  of  them  but  one ;  and  I  think  I  may  safely 

ment  at  hard  labor  in  the  penitentiary.    The  ef-  add  that  no  circuit  judge  and  no  associate  justice 

feet  of  this  provision  of  the  bill  will  be  to  ex-  of  the  Supreme  Court  ever  in  his  life,  at  any  one 

tend  the  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  time,  spent  more  than  two  weeks  in  the  Stat«, 

Court  of  the  United  States  over  almost  tne  en-  and  sometimes  they  do  not  go  there  for  one, 

tire  criminal  code  of  the  United  States,  involv-  two,  or  three  years.    The  fact  is,  that  the  whole 

ing  a  large  number  of  internal-revenue  cases;  circuit-court  system  as  organized  now  and  as 

involving  a  large  number  of  felonies  from  the  proposed  by  this  bill  Is  vicious  and  a  failure, 

district  courts  at  Fort  Smith,  Ark., and  at  Paris,  "But  I  now  invite  your  attention  to  another 

Texas.,  and  other  courts  exercising  exclusive  ju-  vice  in  this  system.     These  nine  intermediate 

risdiction  over  certain  defined  territory  of  the  ap{>ellate  courts  are  organized  by  this  bill,  and 

United  States.    It  likewise  will  embrace  almost  their  first  terms  are  to  be  held  at  such  times 

all  the  violations  of  the  postal  service.    It  will  as  the  court  may  appoint ;  but  when  these  nine 


CONGRESS.    (CntcuiT  CouBt  of  Appeals.)  213 

ocmits  meet  in  their  nine  respective  places  there  company  with  my  political  associates,  support 
will  not  be  a  single  case  npon  their  docket  to  be  and  vote  for  this  measure.  As  the  bill  is  now 
tried.  These  great  tribunals,  with  all  the  dig*  constructed  I  would  not  rote  for  it  under  any 
nity  of  the  supreme  court  of  a  great  State,  aro  circumstances,  believing  it  is  better  to  have  no 
organized  and  directed  to  go  to  hold  court,  and  legislation  rather  than  legislation  which,  while 
not  a  case  to  be  heard  in  any  one  of  them,  and  it  corrects  some  evils,  intensifies  others  and  fails 
this,  too,  when  1,700  cases  are  on  the  Supreme  utterly  to  correct  the  one  primarilv  sought  to  be 
Court  docket,  three  fourths  of  which  should  be  corrected,  and  concerning  which  the  complaints 
certified  to  them  for  trial ;  but  there  is  no  pro-  are  general,  severe,  and  of  long  standing — name- 
vision  on  this  bill  that  those  cases  which  by  the  Iv,  relief  for  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
terms  of  the  bill  itself  in  future  shall  go  to  these  States." 

tribunals  by  writ  of  error  or  appeal  shall  be  cer-  Mr.  Culberson,  of  Texas,  said : 
tified  down  their  for  immediate  consideration.  "  Mr.  Speaker,  the  House  bill  relieved  the 
-*  Then  by  the  terms  of  this  bill  there  are  ere-  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  duty  in  circuit 
ated  nine  additional  officers — marshals  of  the  courts,  thus  enauling  them  to  devote  their  en- 
United  States.    There  is  no  necessity  whatever  tire  time  to  the  business  in  the  Supreme  Court, 
for  the  appointment  of  a  single  additional  mar-  "  The  circuit  court  of  appeals  consisted  of 
shal,  beciMise  the  marshals  already  authorized  three  circuit  court  judges  m  each  circuit,  and 
where  these  courts  are  held  could  discharge  ev-  was  required  to  hold  one  term  in  each  year  at  a 
ery  duty  required  by  the  terms  of  this  bill.  That,  place  designated  in  each  circuit, 
however,  is  a  defect  that  may  readily  be  cured.  *'  If  for  any  reason  a  quorum  of  the  court 
**  And  while  I  make  these  objections  to  the  bill,  should  fail  to  attend,  it  was  provided  that  a  dis- 
candor  comnels  me  to  say  that  I  think  the  only  ex-  trict  judge  or  judges  might  be  assigned  to  this 
igency  which  would  have  compelled  the  majority  duty. 

of  the  House  conferrees  to  consent  to  this  bill  is  **  This  plan  of  reorganization  provided  for  a 

the  fact  that  the  parliamentarv  status  and  busi-  review  oi  every  civil  case  and  of  nearly  every 

nessof  the  two  Houses  is  such  that  it  was  thought  criminal  case  which  might  be  tried  in  the  court 

impossible  otherwise  to  get  through  a  bill  of  of  original  jurisdiction,  either  by  the  circuit 
any  description ;  and,  secondly,  because  the  vices  .  court  of  appeals  or  by  the  Supreme  Court,  and 

which  I  have  pointed  out  are  of  such  a  charac-  in  some  cases  by  both. 

ter  as  will  compel  Congress  in  a  short  time  to  "  This  secured  to  every  litigant  the  right  to 

adopt  three  or  four  amendments  such  as  I  have  have  his  case  reviewed  by  a  court  of  last  resort, 

suggested  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  relief  and  thus  overthrew  the  judicial  despotism  we 

which  was  the  only  motive  and  almost  the  sole  have  been  accustomed  to  in  some  sections  of  the 

purpose  of  the  le^lation  sought  country. 

^  £  have  now,  m  the  brief  time  allowed  me,  "  In  respect  to  the  relief  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

tried  to  point  out  the  reasons  which  compelled  I  may  say  that  the  division  of  the  appellate  ju- 

me  to  dissent  from  this  conference  report,  and  risdiction  now  exercised  by  the  Supreme  Court 

which  will  induce  me  to  vote  against  it.    In  and  the  new  appellate  jurisdiction  created  by 

short,  and  finally,  the  bill  gives  no  relief  to  the  the  bill  was  made  substantially  upon  this  basis : 

Supreme  Court  now,  and  it  is  exceedingly  doubt-  All  cases  tried  in  the  court  of  ori^nal  jurisdic- 

ful  whether  in  its  present  condition  it  ever  wilL  tion  might  be  reviewed  in  the  circuit  court  of 

Indeed,  it  is  probaole  that  it  will  result  in  an  appeals,  and  if  there  should  be  no  Federal  oues- 

increase  of  its  already  overburdened  docket.  tion  involved  (as  if  jurisdiction  should  have  been 

**  Second,  it  perpetuates  the  vice  of  the  pre9-  acquired  by  the  court  of  original  jurisdiction 

ent  system  in  not  abolishing  the  circuit  courts,  upon  the  ground  of  citizenship)  the  judgment  of 

as  courts  of  original  jurisdiction,  and  condemns  the  court  of  appeals  should  be  final,  but  if  a 

eighteen  instead  of  nme  circuit  judges  to  a  life  Federal  question  was  involved  the  iudgment  of 

of  travel  rather  than  a  life  of  judicial  usefulness,  the  circuit  court  of  appeals  might  be  reviewed 

♦*  Third,  it  makes  the  circuit  courts  of  appeal,  by  the  Supreme  Court 
instead  of  being  organized,  stable,  and  independ-  "  I  propose  to  support  the  Senate  amendment, 
ent  tribunals,  with  one  set  of  judges  each— it  not  because  I  prefer  the  plan  proposed  by  the 
makes  of  them  courts  whose  judges  are  con-  Senate  to  that  proposed  oy  the  House,  but  for 
stantly  shifting  and  changing,  because  no  jud^e  the  reasons  which  induced  me  to  support  the 
can  sit  in  the  trial  of  any  cause  in  the  circuit  House  bill.    The  same  objects  and  results  sought 
court  of  appeals  wherein  he  had  presided  in  the  to  be  attained  by  the  House  proposition  are  se- 
court  below,  whether  he  be  a  circuit  or  district  cured  by  the  Senate  amendment 
judge.  "  A  moment  now  as  to  the  scheme  of  relief  pro- 
**  Foarth,  it  does  not  disassociate  the  Chief  posed  by  this  amendment.    It  provides  for  the 
Justice  and  associate  justices  of  the  Supreme  appointment  of  only  nine  circuit  judges.    A  cir- 
Coart  of  the  United  Statra  from  the  circuit  cuit  court  of  appeals  is  created  in  each  circuit 
court  work.  It  consists  of  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  and 
"  Fifth,  it  converts  our  great  constitutional  two  circuit  judges.    It  is  required  to  hold  one 
court,  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  term  each  year  at  a  place  designated  in  the  cir- 
into  an  appellate  court  to  try  not  capital  cases  cuit    The  appellate  jurisdiction  is  divided  be- 
only,  but  criminal  cases  of  almost  every  class,  tween  these  courts  of  appeal,  as  shown  by  the 
except  misdemeanors  of  the.  lowest  grades.  following  synopsis  of  the  bill : 

"Finally,  it  provides  for  nine  United  States  ^^  it  provides  for  appeals  from  the  district  courts 

nmrshals,  for  whom  there  is  no  earthly  use.    If  and  from  the  cirouit  courts  direct  to  tho  Supreme 

these  evils  were  corrected,  I  would,  from  a  sense  Court  in  tho  following  instanoes  only : 

of  pfof6ttnd  duty,  even  at  the  sacrifice  of  parting  a.  Where  a  question  of  jurisdiction  is  raised ; 


214  CONGRESS.    (Salaubs  of  District  Judovs.) 

b.  Final  decrees  in  prize  causes ;  serre  a  higher  and  greater  consideration  than 

«.  Cases  of  crime  punishable  by  death ;  another,  it  seems  to  me  that  a  judgment  wfaiich 

d.  Cases  involving  the  consfaTiction  or  application  takes  life  or  liberty  falls  within  it 

of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  but  not  in  « It  is  true,  Mr.  Speaker,  that  this  measure,  if  it 

Sfc'o™'?''^        construcuon  or  apphcatoon  of  acte  ^^^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^.^  th^^int- 

«.  Cwes  in  which  the  constitutionality  (only)  of  ment  of  nine  circuit  judges  by  this  Adnunistrar 

any  law  of  the  United  States,  or  the  validity  or  con-  tion. 

struction  of  a  treaty,  is  drawn  into  question ;  "  But  I  take  it  that  the  true  question  is,  not 

/.  In  cases  in  which  the  law  of  a  State  is  claimed  whether  this  necessary  judicial  force  is  to     be 

to  be  in  contravention  of  the  Constitution  of  the  furnished  from   the  Republican   party  or   the 

I  UleIi!^thejurisdictionofthe8unremeCourtin  ^fS?^^^  ^^^'  ''''  ^^^  combined,  but,  is  it 

respect  of  cases  brought  from  the  highest  court  of  a  '^^S?^;,  ^,      ,           -.    *  ^.l     i.        •  xu     tt   -^   j 

StiOe.  as  the  law  now  is.  "Shall  the  demand  of  the  bar  of  the  United 

9.  it  gives  the  court  of  appeals  juiisdiotion  to  re-  States,  without  regard  to  party,  be  ignored  f  Shall 
view  decisions  of  the  district  and  oirouit  courts  in  all  the  best  interests  of  the  country,  so  long  oat^- 
other  oases. raged  and  disgraced  by  the  law's  delays,  continue 

10.  It  provides  that  the  judgments  of  the  court  of  ^  ^e  neglected  because  the  President  of  the 

Taffn  wtc^'^'^^^^^^            dependent  upon  United  states  may  fill  these  pUces  with  his 

the  character  of  the  suitors,  as  citizens  or  aliens  •  P* .  J  ^^®^^ «_                         jT'Ui.       i-*.t 

[h)  In  cases  arising  under  the  patent  laws ;  So  far  as  I  am  concerned,  1  yield  to  what  1 

\e)  In  cases  under  the  revenue  laws;  believe  to  be  the  best  interests  of  the  country. 

Id)  In  cases  under  the  criminal  laws ;  and  without  regard  to  party.    Regretting  sincerely 

«)  In  admiralty  cases  other  than  prize.  to  differ  wuh  Democratic  colleagues  on  the  eom- 

11.  It  authorize  the  court  of  appeals  to  certify  to  j^at^  j  shall  yote  for  this  conference  report." 
the  Suprome  Court  questions  of  law.  Qu  Maroh  8, 1891.  the  President  approved  of 

12  It  authonzes  the  Supreme  Court  m  the  cases  .»         •i'*"**^"  "»  *cw*,  «"»  *  *.«»«««•*  ^t'f 

last  mentioned  to  review  the  whole  case,  »'*^2.  '?®*?*'®'  --^,  ...-rj            rv     -a  %.  h  m 

18.  It  also  authorizes  the  Supreme  Court  to  require  Salaries  01  District  Judges.— On  Feb.  14, 

the  court  of  appeals  to  send  up  for  consideration  any  1891,  the  House  passed  a  bill,  i)reyiously  passed 

case  pending  therein.  by  the  Senate,  **  nzing  the  salaries  of  the  several 

14.  In  all  other  cases  in  the  court  of  appeals  it  au-  judges  of  the  United  States  district  courts  at 

thorizes  an  appeal  to  tiie  Supreme  Court  from  the  ^5  q^q  per  annum."   The  considerations  in  favor 

^  tlW  '                             ""  controversy  ex-  Jj  '^.j^^  Measure  are  thus  presented  in  the  report 

These  are 'the  broad  and  leading  features  of  the  »'  the  House  Judiciary  Committee: 


fVom  reviewing—             ..,.,.         -  ,.         ,.       ,  Justice  and  $8,600  for  the  associate  justices.   Fob.  20, 

L  Caaes  in  which  the  jurisdiction  of  Uie  national  igjg  thgy  ^g^  changed  to  the  sum  of  $5,000  for  Uio 

courts  depends  u^on  the  character  of  suitors.  Q^^^f  Jugtice  and  $2,000  for  the  associate  justice*. 

II   All  cases  arising  under  tiie  patent  laws.  ^aroh  8, 1855,  they  were  again  raised  to  $6,500  and 

III.  All  cases  under  the  revenue  laws.  $6,000:  March  8,  1871,  to  $8,500  and  $8,000;  and 

IV.  All  cases  under  tiie  criminal  laws.  ^^^i  •    jg^j    {^  ^^o  500  and   $10,000,  at  which 

V.  All  admiralty  cases  other  than  pnze.  amount  they  have  ever  since  remainei 

'*  It  will  be  seen  from  this  statement  that  the  These  justices  stay  in  Washington  oontinnously 
division  of  labor  between  these  courts  and  the  from  October  to  Ma;r  each  year,  and  not  a  little  is  ex- 
Supreme  Court  is  better  arranged  and  less  ex-  V^^,  ^i  <^em  socially     The  expenses  of  UviM  in 
pen'sive  to  litigants  than  that  proposed  in  the  C^^^e^^J^l^^^^^^ 
House  measure.                               ...      .  u^    *  high  tiiero.    Besides,  as  before  stated,  the  justices  of 

"  There  is  no  restnction  upon  the  nght  of  re-  the  Supreme  Court  do  more  or  less  circuit  work  in 

view,  and  in  my  judgment  there  is  no  Question  their  respective  cirouits  each  summer,  and  have  trav- 

of  the  efficiency  of  the  plan  to  give  ample  relief  eling  expenses  then  to  meet 

to  the  court.  On  Sept  1, 1857,  Associate-Justice  Benjamin  Bob- 

"My  colleague  on  the  committee  thinks  that  ^i°f  9^^^^  of  Boston,  tenderwi  his  roaignation  aa 

^'r^vf±lorer3he"^^^^  Lt,iThrfntWriSWrh?s^^^^ 

provision  to  remove  the  causes  now  pending  m  ^^  ^^j      ^  ^„  ^^^  ^he  salary  was  so  small-it  was 

the  Supreme  Court  of  which  the  cirouit  court  of  then  $6,000— he  could  not  support  his  family  in 

appeals  would  have  jurisdiction  under  this  bill  Washington  without  expending,  in  addition  to  hU 

to  the  proper  circuit  court  of  appeals  was  a  salary^  his  entire  private  moome,  and  that  he  did  not 

grave  mistake,  and  will  result  in  postponing  the  deem  it  his  duty  to  do  so. 

relief  sought  to  be  given  the  Supreme  Court  by  After  his  resignation  he  entered  at  once  utou  the 

f hi'Q  moAsiim            a                      Mr                       ^  practice  of  his  profession,  and  was  so  engaged  until 

If  T^!Sf-!^^!.*i«  fl.o.f  «r»{«io«  a«^  Knlin^n  fKof  if  t«  ^cath.    HU  brother,  Mr.  George  Ticknor  Curtis, 

I  concur  m  that  opinion  and  believe  that  it  ^f  ^ew  York,  in  his  bioiraphy  of  Ihe  ex-justice,  says 

was  a  grave  mistake,  and  1  have  no  doubt  that  that  his  aggregate  professional  receipts  from  the  time 

Congress  will  rectify  it  as  soon  as  practicable.  of  his  resignation  until  his  death,  a  period  of  nearly 

'*  Mr.  Speaker,  in  respect  to  the  objection  to  seventeen  years,  were  about  $650,0(x).    This  would 

the  provision  which  secures  a  defendant  in  a  make  an  average  annual  income  of  a  little  over  $38,- 

case  of  conviction  of  a  capital  or  otherwise  in-  ?00.  But  even  Uiat  is  not  so  large  an  income  wi  many 

famous  crime  an  appeal  direct  to  the  Supreme  1?VS"  *"?  *^IS^"^.*'^  t '?JI^'^i.  "S^ 

Court  of  the  Unit^^tes,  I  desire  to  say  that  ^^"^  ^oiiiST^ 

I  believe  that  a  more  meritorious  provision  could  circuit  ,A%«.— The  act  providing  for  the  ap- 

not  be  inserted  in  this  measure.  pointment  of  circuit  judges  fixed  their  salary  at  the 

"  If  there  is  any  class  of  judgments  which  de-  sum  of  $6,00Q,  and  it  has  not  been  changed.    These 


CONGRESS.    (Imtkbnational  Coptbight.)  215 

jodgta  haye  laboriooB  duties  to  perfbnn  and  matters  have  asoertained  the  amount  of  salaries  paid  to  the 

of  threat  importance  and  magnitude  submitted  to  them  judges  of  the  courts  of  England  and  some  of  her  col- 

for  adjudication.    They  have  to  hold  court  in  the  onies,  and  to  the  judges  of  the  courts  in  the  States  of 

various  diatricts  in  their  respective  circidts.    The  this  country  where  Uie  salary  equals  or  exceeds  the 

fint  circuit  embraces  four  States,  the  second  three,  lowest  amount  paid  to  our  Fed!eral  district  judges, 

third  thi>eo,  the  fourth  five,  the  fifth  six,  the  sixth  which  I  give  below. 

foar.  the  eeveath  three,  the  eighth  seven,  and  the  In  England  the  Lord  Chancellor  receives  a  salaiy 

ninui  three.     In  several  of  the  States  there  are  two  of  £10,000,  the  lords  of  appeal  in  ordinary  £6,000 

tliHtricts,  and  in  some  three.    Most  of  these  judges,  each.    In  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature,  the  mas- 

tberefore,  have  to  travel  a  good  deal  and  to  bo  away  ter  of  the  rolls  receives  £6,000,  and  the  loros  iustioes 

from  home  the  larger  part  or  the  time  on  expense.  £5,000  each.    In  the  High  Court  of  Justice,  tne  jus- 

Since  provision  was  made  for  their  appointment,  tices  receive  £5,000  each.    In  the  Queen^s  Benoh,  the 

two  at  least,  Judges  Dillon  and  McCrearv,  of  the  Lord  Chief  Justice  of  England  receives  £8,000,  and 


New  York  and  tiie  latter  in  Kansas  City.    Both  are  courts  of  London,  in  the  Lord  Mayor's  Court,  the 

enjraged  in  practice,  and  undoubtedly  have  an  income  judges  receive  £3,500  each.    In  the  City  of  London 

muchlargcrthanthesalary  of  a  circuit  judge.   Judge  Court.  £2,400  each,  and  in  the  county  courts  in  the 

Lowell,  of  the  fir^t  circuit,  has  also  resign^  and  re-  neighborhood  of  the  metropolis,  £1,500  each. 

Mmed  practice  in  Bost^  He  was  also  an  able  judge.  7^^  measure  was  approved  by  the  President 

lie  did  not  resign  perhaps  on  account  of  the  small  p  i^  01 

tslarv,  as  at  Uie  time  of  his  resignation  he  is  under-  ,   S^LI  J4.1  ^in     -ii-a      r\    -n,      o  ioaa 

■tood  to  have  been  in  independent  circumstances,  but  ,,  InternatlOlial  Copyrlgllt.— On  Dec.  8, 1800, 

he  undoubtedly  felt  that  he  was  entitled  to  a  respite  the  House  passed  an  international  copyright  bill, 

from  heavy  work.  Among  the  provisions  was  a  prohibition  against 

By  act  of  Congress  pamed  March  8, 1887,  provision  the  importation  of  copyrignted  books,  except 

was  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  second  circuit  two  copies  for  use  on  special  permission  to  the 

iud«e  in  the  second  circuit,  composed  of  the  States  of  importer  from  the  owner  of  the  copyright  in 

.rrS^ia^r^-^"^^^^  thi^country.  Ther.  wa.  also  a  provisfoii  gainst 

the  place.    He  qualified  and  entered  upon  the  duties  importing  more  than  two  copies  of  any  maga- 

of  hU  office  in  June  of  that  year,  so  that  now  there  is  zine  or  newspaper.    In  the  henate  the  House  bill 

aMinior  and  a  junior  circuit  judge  in  that  cireuit  was  amended  in  some  respects,  the  most  impor- 

Didrici  Judge$. — The  judiciary  act  of  September,  tant  changes  being  on  these  two  points.    The 

nH9,pTovidedforthirteendistrict  courts,  with  a  judge  Senate  amendments  provided  for  the  importa- 

'°/*^*'*iS"''^*f^l.**Sl^®^'!*l"?^?^^^t  j"^^?®*  tion  of  foreign-made  books,  like  other  articles, 

"^^  ^.^ylf^fZ^'^^'thl^^J^^'^^Jh;  ^^  the  payment  of  duty,  and  also  provided  for 

CT^aisea  m  number,  so  that  now  there  are  nfty-eight  ^^^  :.„™,f„f:^„  ^#  #^««;«.«  .^««;«>i;«<5«      rru^  ksii 

The  galariea  of  thcie  judges  have  also  been  increased.  ^^^  importation  of  foreign  penodical&     The  bill 

At  the  present  time  one  of  these  judges  receives  $6,-  as  amended  passed  the  senate  J<eb.  18, 1891.    A 

(K»<),  one  ^4,500,  eleven  $4,000  each,  and  the  remain-  conference  committee  was  appointed,  and  after 

ing  forty-five  $3,500  each.    The  one  receiving  $5,000  some  delay  and  discussion  an  agreement  was 

ifl  Judge  Hoffixian,  of  San  Francisco.    The  one  re-  reached  and  a  report  made,  March  2,  in  favor  of 

ceiving  $4,500  is  Judge  Billings,  of  New  Orleans  the  bill  in  the  following  form,  the  House  accept- 

The  eleven  receiving  $4,000  m^  Judjw  Blodgett  of  j       ^he  less  important  Senate  amendments  and 

ChicaiFO,Nomsof  Baltimore,  Nelson  of  Boston,  IN ixon  .  ««,„.^«^,„;„«  vfo;..«,  ^„»u^a  r»«  *u«  ,^^^  :^.^«. 

of  Ti^tin,  Brown  of  New  York,  Benedict  of  Brook-  f  compromise  being  reached  on  the  more  impoiv 

Ijn,  Coxe  of  Utica,  Sage  of  Cincinnati,  Butler  of  tant  ones: 

Philadelphia,  Acheson  of  Pittsbuig,  and  Koss  of  Los  Be  it  enacted,  etc.,  That  section  4962  of  the  Kevised 

Ansreles.  Statutes  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as 

These  judges  usually  work  onl^  in  their  respective  to  read  as  follows: 
districts,  but  in  many  of  these  districts  court  is  now  **  Sec.  4962.  The  author,  inventor,  designer,  or  pro- 
held  in  two  different  places,  and  in  some  of  them  in  prietor  of  any  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musi- 
three,80  that  these  judges  aliso  are  obliged  to  be  away  cal  composition,  engraving,  cut,  print,  or  photograph 
from  home  considerably  on  expense.  These  Judges,  or  negative  thereof,  or  of  a  painting,  drawing,  chromo, 
besides  holding  district  court,  also  hold  cireuit  court  statue,  statuary,  and  of  moaels  or  designs  intended  to 
in  the  absence  of  the  circuit  judge,  and  in  some  of  be  perfected  as  works  of  the  lino  arts,  and  the  exec- 
the  circuits  do  perhaps  as  much  or  more  of  the  cir-  utors,  administratore,  or  assigns  of  any  such  person 
cuit  work  than  the  circuit  judge  does,  as  in  some  of  shall,  upon  complying  with  the  provisions  of  this 
the  circuits  it  is  not  possible  for  the  circuit  judge  to  chapter^  have  the  sole  liberty  of  printing,  reprinting, 
Pit  into  each  district  more  than  twice  a  year,  and  then  publishing,  completing,  copving,  executing,  finishing, 
not  for  a  long  time.  and  vending  the  same ;  ana,  in  the  case  of  dramatio 
In  addition  to  the  foregoing^  salaries,  all  of  these  composition,  of  publicly  performing  or  representing 
judjo^  arc  now  allowed  to  retire  after  ten  years  of  it  or  causing  it  to  be  performed  or  represented  by 
ftervioe  and  after  reaching  the  age  of  seventy  years,  others  *,  and  authors  or  their  assigns  shall  have  ex- 
upoQ  the  salary  they  have  been  receiving,  and  to  elusive  right  to  dramatize  and  translate  any  of  their 
draw  it  as  long  as  they  live.  works  for  which  copyright  shall  have  been  obtained 

There  are  now  nine  Federal  judges  living  who  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States.^^ 

have  retired  and  are  receiving  their  salary.    Justice  Sec.  2.  That  section  4954  of  the  Revised  Statutes 

Stronir,  of  the  Supreme  Court  3  Circuit  Judge  Dnun-  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  read  as 

mond ;  District  J  udges  Erskme,  Bryan,  and  Treat ;  follows : 

Judges  Loring  and  I)n^ce,  of  the  Court  of  Claims ;  "  Ssc.  4954.  The  author,  inventor,  or  designer,  if 

«nd  Judges  Wylie  and  McArthur,  of  the  Supreme  he  be  still  living,  or  his  widow  cr  cnildren,  if  he  be 

Court  of  the  District  of  Columbia.  dead,  shall  have  tlio  same  exclusive  right  ooutinued 

It  should  be  said  also  that  all  these  appointments  for  the  further  term  of  fourteen  years  upon  recording 

>re  for  life  or  during  good  behavior,  and  tnat  in  that  the  title  of  the  work  or  description  of  the  article  so 

respect  the  terms  of  the  Federal  Judges  differ  from  secured  a  second  time,  and  complying  with  all  otiier 

joftt,  and  perhaps  all,  of  those  of'^the  judges  of  our  regulations  in  regard  to  original  copyrights,  within 

State  courts.  six  months  before  the  expiration  of^  the  first  term ; 

For  purposes  of  comparison  and  at  some  trouble  I  and  such  peraons  shall,  within  two  months  from  Uie 


216  CONGRESS.    (IimiufATioNAL  Coptright.) 

dBte  of  said  renewal,  cause  a  copy  of  the  record  there>  "  And  it  is  hereby  made  the  duty  of  the  LibrariBii 

of  to  be  published  in  one  or  more  newspapers  printed  of  Congress  to  famish  to  the  Secretazy  of  the  Treasury 

in  the  United  SStates  for  the  space  of  four  weeks.^  oo])ies  of  the  entries  of  titles  of  all  books  and  other 

Sko.  8.  That  section  4956  of  the  Bevised  Statutes  articles  wherein  the  copyriffht  has  been  completed  by 

of  the  United  States  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  the  deposit  of  two  copies  of  such  book  printed  from 

amended  so  that  it  shall  read  as  follows :  type  set  within  the  limits  of  the  United  states,  in  ao- 

"  Sbo.  4956.  No  person  shall  be  entitled  to  a  copy-  oordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act.  and  by  the 
right  unless  he  shiul,  on  or  before  the  day  of  publica-  deposit  of  two  copies  of  such  other  article  made  or 
tion  in  this  or  any  foreign  country,  deliver  at  the  office  produced  in  the  United  States:  and  the  Secretary  of 
of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  or  aeposit  in  the  mail  the  Treasury  is  hereby  directed  to  prepare  and  print, 
within  the  United  States,  adareHsed  to  the  Librarian  at  inter^'als  of  not  more  than  a  week,  catalogues  or 
of  Congress,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  a  printed  cop^r  of  such  title  entries  for  distribution  to  the  collectors  of 
the  title  of  the  book^  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  customs  of  the  United  States  and  to  the  poetmasterB 
oomposition,  engraving,  cut,  print,  photography  or  of  all  post-offices  receiving  foreign  mails,  and  such 
chromo,  or  a  description  of  the  painting,  drawing,  weekly  lists,  as  they  are  issued,  snail  be  fumished  to 
statue,  statuary,  or  a  model  or  design  for  a  work  of  all  parties  desiring  them,  at  a  sum  not  exceeding  ^ 
the  fine  arts  for  which  he  desires  a  copyright,  nor  un-  per  annum ;  and  the  Secretarr  and  the  Postmaster- 
less  he  shall  also,  not  later  than  the  day  of  the  pub-  General  are  hereby  empoweroa  and  required  to  make 
lication  thereof  in  this  or  any  foreign  country,  deliver  and  enforce  such  rules  and  regulations  as  shall  prevent 
at  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Wash-  the  importation  into  the  United  States,  except  upon 
ington,  D.  C,  or  deposit  in  the  mail  witliin  the  the  conditions  above  specified,  of  all  articles  pronib- 
Unit^  States,  addressed  to  the  Librarian  of  Con-  ited  by  this  act" 

gress,  at  Washington,  D.  C,  two  copies  of  such  copy-  Sxo.  6.  That  section  4959  of  the  Revised  Statutes 

right  book,  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  compo-  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  read  as 

sition,  engraving,  chromo,  cut,  print,  or  photograph,  follows : 

or  in  case  of  a  painting,  drawing,  statue,  statuiuy,  ^Sbc.4959.  Theproprietorof  evervcopi^ght  book 
model,  or  design  for  a  work  of  the  fine  arts,  a  photo-  or  other  article  shall  deliver  at  the  office  of  the 
graph  of  the  same:  Provided^  That  in  the  case  of  a  Librarian  of  Congress,  or  deposit  in  the  mail,  ad- 
DOOK,  photograph,  chromo,  or  lithograph,  the  two  dressed  to  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington, 
copies  of  tiie  some  required  to  be  delivered  or  de-  District  of  Columbia,  a  copy  of  every  subseouent  edi- 
posited  as  above  shall  be  printed  from  type  set  within  tion  wherein  any  substantial  changes  ^all  be  made  : 
the  limits  of  the  United  States,  or  from  plates  made  Pntvided.,  hotoevery  That  the  alterations,  revisions, 
theref^m,  or  from  negatives  or  drawings  on  stone  and  additions  made  to  books  by  foreij^  authors  here- 
made  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States,  or  from  tofore  published,  of  which  new  additions  shall  appear 
transfers  therefrom.  Dnrizig  the  existence  of  such  subsequently  to  the  taking  effect  of  this  act,  shall  be 
copyright  the  importation  into  the  United  States  of  held  and  deemed  capable  of  being  oopvrighted  as 
any  book,  chromo,  lithograph,  or  photograph  so  copy-  above  provided  for  in  this  act,  unless  tney  form  a 
righted,  or  any  edition  or  editions  thereof,  or  any  part  of  the  series  in  course  of  publication  at  the  time 
plates  of  the  same  not  made  from  type  set,  negatives  this  act  shall  take  effect*^ 

or  drawings  on  stone  made  within  the  limits  of  the  Sbo.  6.  That  section  4968  of  the  Bevised  Statutes 

United  States,  shall  be,  and  it  is  hereby,  prohibited,  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  read  as 

Except  in  the  cases  specified  in  parai^raphs  512  to  516,  follows : 

inclusive,  in  section  2,  of  the  act  entitied  *■  An  Act  to  **  Sbo.  4968.  Every  person  who  shall  insert  or  im- 

redttce  the  revenue  and  equalize  the  duties  on  im-  press  such  notice,  or  words  of  the  same  purport,  in  or 

ports,  and   for  other  purposes,*    approved    Oct   1,  upon  any  book,  map,  chart^  dramatic  or  musicsl  com- 

1890;  and  except  in  the  case  of  persons  purchasing  position,  print,  cut,  engraving,  or  photcwraph,  or  other 

for  use  and  not  for  sale,  who  import  subject  to  the  article,  for  which  he  lias  not  obtained  a  oopv right, 

duty  thereon  not  more  than  two  copies  of  such  book  shall  be  liable  to  a  penaltv  of  $100.  recoverable  one 

at  any  one  time ;  and  except  in  the  case  of  newspapers  half  for  the  person  who  snail  sue  ror  such  penalty 

and  magazines,  not  containing  in  whole  or  in  part  and  one  half  to  the  use  of  the  United  States.** 

matter  copyrighted  imder  the  provisions  of  this  act,  Sec.  7.  That  section  4964  of  the  Revised  Statutes 

unauUionzed  by  the  author,  which  are  hereby  ex-  be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  read  as 

empted'  fVom  prohibition  of  importation:  Provided^  follows: 

nevertheless,  Ijiat  in  the  case  of  books  in  foreign  **  Sbc.  4964.  Every  person  who,  after  the  recording 

languages,  of  which  only  translations  in  English  are  of  the  title  of  any  book  and  the  depositing  of  two 

oopynffhted,  the  prohibition  of  importation  snail  ap-  copies  of  such  book,  as  provided  by  this  act,  shall, 

ply  only  to  the  translation  of  the  same,  and  the  im-  contrary  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  within  the  term 

portation  of  the  books  in  the  original  language  shall  limited,  and  without  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  of 

be  permitted.**  the  copyright  first  obtained  in  writing,  signed  in 

■    Sbo.  4.  That  section  4958  of  the  Revised  Statutes  presence  of  two  or  more  witnesses,  pnnt,  publish, 

)>c,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  that  it  will  dramatize,  translate,  or  import,  or,  knowing  tine  same 

[read  as  follows :  to  be  so  printed,  published,  dramatized,  translated,  or 

'.    ^  Sbc  4958.  The  Librarian  of  Congress  shall  receive  imported,  shall  sell  or  expose  to  sale  any  copy  of  such 

from  the  persons  to  whom  the  services  designated  are  book,  shall  forfeit  evcr^r  copy  thereof  to  sucn  proprie- 

rendered  the  following  fees :  tor,  and  shall  also  forfeit  and  pay  such  damages  as 

**■  First  For  recording  the  titie  or  description  of  may  be  recovered  in  a  civil  action  by  such  proprietor 

any  copyright  book  or  other  article,  50  cents.  in  any  court  of  competent  Jurisdiction.** 

^  Second.  For  every  copy  under  seal  of  such  rec-  Sbc.  8.  That  section  4965  of  the  Revised  Statutes 

ord  actually  given  to  the  pereon  claiming  the  copy-  bo,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  so  amended  as  to  read  as 

right,  or  his  assigns,  50  cents.  follows : 

^  Third  For  recording  and  certif^'ing  any  instru-  ^^  Sec.  4965.  If  any  person,  after  the  recording  ot 

ment  of  writing  for  the  assignment  of  a  copyright,  $1.  the  title  of  any  map,  chart,  dramatic  or  musical  coin- 

**  Fourth.  For  every  copy  of  an  assignment,  $1.  position,  print,   cut,   engraving,  or  photograph,  or 

**  All  fees  HO  received  snail  be  paid  into  the  Treos-  chromo,  or  of  the  description  of  any  painting,  draw- 

ury  of  the  United  States :  Provided,  That  the  charge  ing,  statue,  statuary,  or  model  or  design  intended  to 

for  recording  the  titie  or  description  of  any  article  be  perfected  and  executed  as  a  work  of  the  fine  arts, 

entered  for  copyright,  the  production  of  a  person  not  as  provided  by  this  act,  shall,  contnuy  to  the  provis- 

a  citizen  or  resident  of  the  United  States,  snidl  be  $1,  ions  of  this  act  within  the  term  limited,  and  without 

to  be  paid  as  above  into  the  Treasury  of  the  United  the  consent  of  the  proprietor  of  the  copyright  first 

States,  to  defVay  the  expenses  of  lists  of  copyrighted  obtained  in  writing,  signed  in  presence  or  two  or  more 

■rtioles  as  hereinafter  provided  for.  witnesses,  engrave,  etch,  work,  copy,  print,  publish, 


CONGRESS.    (Intsbhational  Coftkight.)  217 

dmnatize,  tnanlate,  or  import,  either  in  whole  or  in  614.  Books,    engravings,    photographs,    etchings, 

pari,  or  by  var>-inff  the  main  design  with  intent  to  bound  or  unbound,  maps  and  cliarts  imported  by  au- 

evade  the  law,  or,  knowing  the  same  to  be  so  printed^  thori^  or  for  the  use  of  the  United  States,  or  for  the 

published,  dramatized,  translated,  or  imported,  shall  use  ot  the  Library  of  Congress, 

sell  or  expose  to  sale  any  copy  of  such  map  or  other  615.  Books,  maps,  lithographic  prints  and  charts 

article  as  aforesiud^  he  snail  forfeit  to  the  proprietor  specially  imjx>rtea,  not  more  than  two  copies  in  any 

all  the  plates  on  wnich  the  same  shall  be  copied  and  one  invoice  in  good  faith,  for  the  use  or  any  society 

everv  uieet  thereof,  either  copied  or  printed,  and  incorporated  for  educational,  philosophical,  literary, 

shall  fbrther  forfeit  $1  for  ever^  sheet  of  the  same  or  religious  purposes,  or  for  the  encouragement  of  the 

found  in  his  possession,  either  pnntizij^,  printed,  cop-  fine  arts,  or  for  the  use  or  by  order  of  any  college, 

led,  published,  imported,  or  exposed  for  sale,  and  in  academy,  school,  or   seminary  of  learning   in  uie 

case  of  a  painting,  statue,  or  statuary,  he  shall  forfeit  United  States,  subject  to  such  regulations  as  tlie  Sec- 

$10  for  every  copy  of  the  same  in  his  possession,  or  retary  of  the  Treasury  shall  prescribe, 

by  him  sold  or  expose!  for  sale :  one  half  thereor  to  616.  Books,  or  libraries,  or  parts  of  libraries  and 

the  proprietor  ana  tiio  other  half  to  the  use  of  the  other  household  effects  or  persons  or  families  from 

United  States.**  foreign  countries,  if  actually  used  by  them  not  less 

Skc.  9.  That  section  4967  of  the  Bevised  Statutes  than  one  year,  and  not  intended  for  any  other  person 

be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  amended  so  as  to  read  as  or  persons,  nor  for  sale. 

follows  •  u  u  11  ■  *  V  "  The  provisions  of  law  as  just  read  by  the 
r„h^^/^„^;rw^re7^thrt'r"^^S?^f  f^^^  »»>°^  the  book,  U«t  ^L  i„  free  «Ur 
the  snthor  or  proprietor  first  obtained  shall  be  liable  the  oresent  law  and  which  will  continue  to  come 
to  the  auUior  orproprietor  for  all  damages  occasioned  ^^  "^^  ^  this  bill  should  pass.  Among  the 
by  such  iiriury.^  books  thus  admitted  free  are  books  in  other  Ian- 
Sac.  10.  That  section  4971  of  the  Revised  Statutes  guagcs  than  English.  Thev  are  permitted  to 
be,  and  the  same  is  hereby,  repealed.  come  in  free,  notwithstanding  the  copyright 
Sec.  U.  That  for  the  purpose  of  tills  act  each  vol-  j^w.  Books  published  in  all  languages  except 
nme  of  a  book  in  two  or  more  volumes,  when  such  ^j^^  ^j^j  j^  /  habitually  speak  and  read  can 
volumes  are  published  separately  and  the  first  one  ».«»vm  »»«  «  ^  •»*  »  o^/i-»«.  »«««  ,;o«  v«i* 
shall  not  have  been  Issued^b^re^  this  act  shall  take  ^o^^  into  the  country  without  payment  of  duty 
effect,  and  each  number  of  a  periodical  shall  be  con-  ^  heretofore.  ^ 
sidered  an  independent  publication,  subject  to  the  ^  The  writitij?s  of  Confucius  m  Chinese,  or  the 
form  of  oojjyrighting  as  above.  Koran,  or  books  in  Sanskrit  or  any  other  Ian- 
Sac.  12.  That  this  act  shall  go  into  effect  on  the  guage  not  ordinarily  spoken  in  this  country,  are 
1st  day  of  JTuly,  ad.  1891.  admitted  without  the  payment  of  duty,  but  books 
ofl"£iL\^^r.SfL*n  wh°.^^^^^^  in  the  knguage  whicVwe  ordinarily  speak  or 
or  •n^^^fts'to  d^ J^^^^^  jead  are  ef luled  by  this  bill.  I  sWljV^nted 
America  the  benefit  of  copyright  on  substantially  the  to  call  attention  to  this  matter  to  show  that 
same  basis  as  its  own  citizens ;  or  when  such  foreign  Congress  is  now  making  a  discrimination  against 
state  or  nation  permits  to  citizens  of  the  United  States  the  mother-ton^e." 
of  America  copvright  privileges  substantially  similar  Mr.  Kerr,  of  Iowa,  said : 
to  those  provided  for  in  this  act ;  or  when  such  for-  u  As  the  gentleman  from  Illinois  has  just  said, 
eign  state  or  naUon  is  a  party  to  an  international  ^^is  bill  in  its  present  form  is  an  absolute  pro- 
oT^^^htbJ  ^Zl^Zl^'l/^^^'Z^^Lr^l  Jibition  of  the  Fmportation  into  this  count^  of 
United  SUtes  of  America  mav  at  its  pleasure  become  foreign  books.  Under  previous  laws,  I  Mieve, 
a  oaky  to  such  agreement  ^he  exwtence  of  either  they  were  admitted  by  paying  a  dutv  of  80  per 
or  the  conditions  aforesaid  shall  be  determined  by  cent. ;  and  the  American  publishers  had  the  ad- 
the  Preffident  of  the  United  States,  by  proclamation  vantage  of  25  or  80  per  cent,  in  the  publishing 
made  from  time  to  time,  as  the  purposes  of  this  act  of  books  in  this  country.  Under  the  law  now 
may  require.                                   ...  proposed  to  be  enacted,  we  shall  be  left  entirely 

There  were  bitter  protests  against  the  measure  at  the  mercy  of  American  publishers, 
m  this  form  in  both  the  Senate  and  the  House  "  The  present  bill  pretends  to  be  in  the  inter- 
of  Representatives.  In  the  latter  body,  March  est  of  the  American  author;  but  it  affords  him 
2,  Mr.  Springer,  of  Illinois,  said :  no  protection  whatever.  Both  the  American  au- 
•*  Mr.  Speaker,  m  the  onnnal  bill  there  was  a  thor  and  the  American  reader  are  left  entirely 
prohibition  of  certain  books  coming  into  this  at  the  mercy  of  the  great  publishing  houses  of 
country  under  any  circumstances.  The  Senate  the  country.  Hereafter,  if  this  bill  should  be- 
amended  that  by  what  is  known  as  the  Sherman  come  a  law,  no  American  can  buy  a  book  that  he 
amendment,  so  as  to  subject  such  books  to  the  can  read  (unless  he  first  learns  a  foreign  Ian- 
duty  imoosed  by  the  existing  tanff  law.  Now,  guage)  without  paying  just  such  price  as  the 
the  conference  committee  have  modified  that  American  publisher,  operating  without  competi- 
amendment  by  sijecifvmg  what  the  exceptions  tion  from  any  other  souree,  may  see  fit  to  place 
are  that  are  oermitted  to  come  m,  and  I  desire  ^pon  it.  This  is  in  effect  a  Chinese  wall  against 
to  have  read  from  the  clerk  s  desk  paragraphs  intelligence  " 

512  to  516  inclusive  of  the  McKinley  bill,  which  Mr.  Breckenridge,  of  Arkansas,  said : 
are  the  paragraphs  referred  to  m  this  report,  »« xhis  evidently  is  not  a  copyright  proposition 
and  which  have  not  been  considered  by  the  disentangled  from  other  questions.  If  it  were 
House  and  are  new  matter  entirely.  that,  or  if  it  were  within  any  reasonable  limit  an 
The  clerk  read  as  foUows :  approximation  to  that,  I  should  be  among  its 
512.  Books,  engravings, nh^ographsj bound  or  un-  warmest  supporters;  for  I  believe  in  the  copy- 
bound,  etchonga,  maps,  wd  charts,  which  shall  have  ^ght  doctrine  (if  it  may  be  so  defined)  quite  as 


l:fM?5"eS^  A'^'ofto^SSr""""'  *""    "tangly  as  ^j  gentl/man  here.  .But^am  re- 

513.  ^ooks  and  pamphlets  printed  exclusi^ 
languages  other  than  English ;  also  books  and  ___.  . 

in  nuaed  print,  used  exclusively  by  the  blind.  privileges  or  guarantees  provided  for  in  this  bilL 


twenty  veare  at  the  date  of  importation.  "",,  T'^  *"  Ti"^  K^^""*^"""'  "^^"'-  .^"J^^  ""IT 

513.  Books  and  pamphlets  printed  exclusively  in    Polled  more  than  some  others  are  by  those  mat- 
kmniAirM  other  than  Exurlish :  abio  books  and  music    ters  which  are  associated  with  the  copyright 


218  CONGRESS.    (Istebnational  Coptbight.) 

"  When  we  have  a  protective  tariflf  on  books,  Wyominpr,  Cof?Bwell,  Coleman,   Conwtock,    Covert, 

which  is  an  inducement  and  a  compulsion  to  Craig,  Culbertaon, of  PeiiMylvania,Cumming^Dal- 

that  extentto  have  the  .P^-t  oM^^^^^  iW-^F^F^atST^^^^^^^ 

put  up  m  this  country,  it  is  enough,  without  our  oeiienhiinep,   Gibson,    Giienhalgi,    Grout,    Hali; 

smghng  out  books  so  essential  for  human  ad-  Haii«brouffh,Harmer,Hernuinn,  Kerr  of  Pennsylvania, 

vancement  and  making  the  protective  feature,  Keteham7Kin8ey,Knapp,LaFollette,Laidlaw,Lans- 

upon  those  articles  absolutely  prohibitory,  which  ing,  Lawler,  Lee,  Lehloach,  Lodge,  M.aL»h,  McComaa, 

we  do  in  the  terms  of  this  bill.    It  is  not  wise  McCormick,  McDuffie,  McKenna,  McKinley,  Miles, 

legislation,  it  is  not  just  to  the  people  of  this  Miller,  Moffltt,  Moore  of  New  Hampshire,  Morey. 

country,  that  we  should  protect  tW  feature  of  ^^;?ri:„«H>^  o}N.n?^of "^.nS^w^  L^^^ 

our  commerce  by  absolut^  prohibition.  Maaaachusetts,   O'NciU  .of  Pennaylvania,    Parrett, 

"Of  course 


by  some  means ;  out,  su  iiu:  us  luipuiLs  airv  uuu-  yei 

cemed.  the  publishers  in  this  country  can  put  West  Vireinla,  Smyser,  Snider,  Spinola.  Spooner, 

up  the  price  upon  the  works  of  a  foreign  author  Stewart  of  Vermont,  Stockbridge,  Stone  of  Pennsyl- 

to  any  extent  that  they  may  please,  if  they  can  vania,  Stump,  8wee^  Tar8ney,jTylor  of  Temi«»ee. 

S?.r£  ^hrm'i^J'^^^ind  mu^J  cSlSe^ut  ol  ^^^^^^  t'^fi^^^^i'^t^'''^^^^ 

pnce  which  they  mav  demand  must  come  out  of  ^^     Walker,  WalliJoe  of  New  YorkTwickhain^ 

the  buyer  of  the  book  before  he  can  get  access  to  willcox,  Williams  of  Ohio,  Wilson  of  WashiDgton, 

it.    In  scientific  matters  and  in  many  lines  of  Wilaon  of  West  Virginia,  Wright,  Yaidley,  Yodcr— 

study  which  enter  into  our  industries,  this  is  a  127. 

question  of  exceeding  importance.  Nats— Abbott,  Alderson,  Atkinson  of  Pennsvlva- 

"The  gentleman  from  Illinois  alludes  to  our  nia,  Bankhead,  Barnes,  Barwig,  Beiigen,  Blanchard, 

w'^JT^ffv^rvT^So'^^^^  iRBTw^Bulhi^l^rvliI^^^^^^ 

We  have  a  very  large  foreigp  element  mthis  Catchings,   Clements,   Coope?  T  Indiana,  6owle^ 

country,  and  we  know  that  it  is  necessary  that  it  q^j^^  crisp,  Dibble,  Dickerson,  Dockery,  DoUiver, 

should  steadily  assimilate  with  the  mass  of  our  Edmunds,   Ellis,    Forney,   Fowler,   Gest,    Grimes, 

people.    When  we  make  it  easy  for  our  foreign-  Grosvenor,  Hatch,  Haugen,  Haynes,  Heard,  Herbert, 

bom 


guage, 

^gni«  as  neoesiary  for  our  social  and  politi-  S^Jy-S^?f,i^«5-K^  'S^^T^k^^. 

ca  welfare.                           ,.       x         ..       ,.  O^eall  of  Indiana,  Owens  of  Ohio,  Paynter,  Peel, 

I  do  not  believe  m  seeking  to  nationalize  a  Perkins,  Ray,  Sogers,  Seney,  Skimier,  Smith  of  Hli- 

community  by  banishing  a  particular  tongue  nois.  Springer,  Stephenson,  Stockdale,  Stone  of  Mis- 

from  the  schools,  by  forbidding  parents  from  edu*  soun,  Sweney.  J.  1).  Tavlor,  Thomas,  Washington, 

eating  their  children  in  any  laiiguage  that  they  Wbitelaw,  Williams  of  Illinois,  Wilson  of  Kentucky, 

please.    I  do  not  believe  in  those  arbitrary  met h-  '^iJ^^'*  ?/ Missouri--77.             .    ,     .    .    ^ 

ods  which  obtain  in  the  more  despotic  govern-  ^^or  Votino— Allen  of  Mississippi,  Anderson  of 

ments  of  Europe  But  I  believeTt  isf^^^^^^^  iar^^yt^4;'i^,1^Xn^ 
wrong  to  legislate  against  that  nationalization  Bland^  Blount,  Boothmai,BnK5kiAndge  of  Kentucky, 
and  assimilation  of  sentiment  and  of  speech  as  Brewer,  Brower,  T.  M.  Browne,  Buchanan  of  New 
we  are  doing  in  this  bill.  Jersey,  Bullock,  Campbell,  Candler  of  Georgia, 
"  There  is  another  feature  of  this  matter  to  be  Candler  of  Massachusetts,  Cannon,  Carlton,  Cheat- 
considered.  When  certain  general  conditions,  ham,  Chipman,  Clancy  Cli^ke  of  Alabama,  9^ 
not  here  accurately  defined,  are  fulfilled,  then  Wisconsin.  Clunie,  Cobb  Connell,  Cooper  of  Ohio, 
♦i.«  x>»»»;;i^nf  «o«  ./^f  fUi^  low  ;«f**  ^r^.«4-;^»  u^  Cothran,  Culberson  of  Texas,  Cutcheon,  Dargan, 
the  President  can  nut  this  law  into  operation  by  jy^i^j^^j,  Davidson,  Dorsey,  Enloe,  Ewak,  Fidey^ 

proclamation ;  and  when  those  conditions,  being  Fithian.  Flick,  Flood/FormaL  Frank,  Gear^Giflord; 

very  general  m  their  character,  are  not,  in  his  Goodnight,  Hare,  W.  I.  Hayes,  E.  R,  Hays,  Hemphill, 

judgment  complied    with,  he  can   revoke   the  Henderson  of  Illinois,  Henderson  of  Iowa,  Hender- 

operation  of  the  law.    It  is  a  new  and  not  a  son  of  ^orth  Carolina,  Hill,  Hitt,  Hopkins,  Houk,Kel- 

good  feature  of  our  policy  when  we  take  a  step  ley,Kilgore,Langston,LanhiOT,Laws,Le8tCTof  Gw^ 

like  this,  which  is  virtually  legislation  by  procla-  g^J^^f^  m^^'  ^f^TelT'  M^  iSi'^M^ 

°^*^i2r"'                 .              i-    11    1     •  1  *•  Mutokler.  Norton,  Nute,  Gates,  Osborne,  Outiiwaite,' 

"We  are  reiyemg practically  leg^^^  Owen  of' Indiani,  Payson,Terry,  Petora,  Pickler! 

m  the  hands  of  the  Chief  Executive  of  this  conn-  Pierce,  Post,  Pugsley,  Quackenbush.  Reed  of  Iowa, 

try.     He  is  to  judge  of  situations.     We  are  not  Richard8on,RobertBon, Rock well,Howland,  Rusk,  San- 

accurately  defining  them.    He  is  not  simply  to  foTd,SayerB^cranton,Stahlnecker,StewartofGeoivia, 

proclaim  a  law  we  pass,  but  to  judge  of  situations  ?!»^?rt  of  Texas,  Stivers,  Stone  of  Kentucky,  Stru- 

and  proclaim  the  recall,  and  is  empowered  to  ^^  Tavlor  of  IUinois,E.  B.  Taylor,  Townsend  of 

prom'ulgate  as  well  as  recalL    It  is^n  un^se  ^^^TJ^  IStJ^Ta<^'  '^W:^l^'t^ 

policy,  a  policy  that  I  think,  if  there  were  noth-  wheeler  of  Alabama,  Wheeler  of  Michigan,  Whiting, 

mg  else  in  the  bill  that  I  objected  to,  would  m-  Whitthome,  Wike,  Wiley,  Wilkinson— 126. 
duce  me  to  vote  against  it,  coupled  as  it  is  with 

other  impolitic  provisions.*'  In  the  Senate,  March  8,  Mr.  Sherman,  of  Ohio, 

The  conference  report  was  adopted  by  the  fol-  said : 

lowing  vote :  "  Now,  the  question  is  whether  the  Senate  of 

v         A  J          All  ^     r  i#'  v          A*i'           «  the  United  States  are  willing  to  enter   upon 

wlrv^n'iTBantMne^^eX^^^  this  new  field    of    legislation^  to   abandon^ 

Boutelle,  Bowden,  Brosius,   Browne  of  Virginia;  practice,  whether  good  or  bad,  which  has  existed 

Brunner.  Burrows,   Burton,   Butterworth,   Bvnum.  'or  over  a  hundred  years,  bjr  which  anybody  can 

Caldwell,  Carter,  Oaruth,  Caswell,  Cheadle,  Clark  or  print  any  book  published  in  a  foreign  country 


COKOKESS.     (IsfTBBKATIOyAL  COFTBIOHT.)  219 

it  will  and  pleasure  and  sell  it  to  the  people  of  triplicate  invoice.  Anybody  who  undertakes  to 
the  United  States.  This  bill  departs  from  that  purchase  a  suit  of  clothes  or  anything  of  that 
old  practice  and  adopts  a  new  one,  to  give  to  the  Kind  from  abroad  has  to  have  a  tripbcate  in- 
author  his  right  of  authorship  and  the  exclusive  voice  signed  by  the  consul  in  London,  the  cost 
right  to  sell  his  books  in  the  United  States  of  of  which  I  do  not  know,  but  it  is  considerable 
America.  But  it  goes  beyond  that  It  gives  to  for  every  invoice.  It  costs  lust  as  much  to  make 
the  publisher  employed  by  the  author  the  exclu-  out  an  invoice  for  two  books  as  it  would  cost  for 
sire  right  to  publish  the  book  without  competi-  a  thousand  books,  and  he  can  only  make  this  in- 
tion  with  foreign  countries.  It  is  that  theory  and  voice  for  two  books  and  no  more.  He  has  to  pay 
that  principle  which  has  been  twice  negatived  by  at  least  from  #1.60  to  |8  for  the  expense  of  in- 
the  decidea  vote  of  the  Senate,  and  that  now  has  voicing.  Then,  further,  is  the  expense  of  trans- 
been  surrendered.  portation,  and  besides  he  has  to  pay  the  duty ; 

**  The  effect  of  the  proposition  as  it  now  stands  so  that  in  effect  the  cost  would  be  added  to  so 
is  to  make  the  copyright  granted  an  exclusive  great  an  amount  in  this  favor  that  is  granted  to 
monopoly  to  publish  a  book  in  the  United  States  the  American  people  to  import  b(K>ks  from 
▼ithout  any  competition  from  forel^i  countries  abroad  that  no  one  except  a  very  rich  man  could 
except  that  contained  in  two  provisions.  First,  afford  to  import  anj  books  whatever. 
1  win  refer  to  the  provision  offered  by  the  Sen-  **  In  other  words,  it  is  a  denial  to  the  people  of 
ator  from  TC^nxMo,  It  takes  the  heart  and  life  the  United  States  of  the  right  to  import  any 
out  of  that  proposition.  The  proposition  of  the  books  that  have  been  copyrighted  in  this  conn- 
Senator  from  Kansas  was  to  allow  magazines  try  except  at  an  expense  which  would  place  this 
and  newspapers  of  current  literature  to  come  privilege  far  beyona  the  reach  of  ordinary  peo- 
into  the  oountry  free.  Most  of  it  comes  in  free  pie.  So  none  but  the  rich,  who  are  indifferent 
of  all  duty  whatever  under  the  existing  law.  to  the  cost  of  importation,  could  indulge  in  this 
But  now  if  the  London  *  Times '  contains  a  bounty  given  to  the  people  of  the  United  States, 
chapter  of  a  book  that  is  copyrighted  in  this  *'  Now,  the  rie;ht  to  import  books,  the  right  to 
coantrv  it  must  be  excluded.  Take  the  great  read  books,  the  love  of  books,  is  more  general  in 
magaxmes  with  which  we  are  familiar,  '  Black-  this  country  than  anywhere  else,  as  1  said  this 
wood*s '  and  the  various  other  magazines  pub-  afternoon ;  and  yet  this  ri^ht  which  every  Amer- 
lished  in  England,  some  of  which,  it  is  said,  nave  ican  citizen  has  enjoyed  smce  the  declaration  of 
a  larger  circulation  in  the  United  States  than  in  American  independence  is  so  limited  and  cribbed 
EngUnd.  If  such  a  magazine  contains  portions  by  the  operations  of  this  proposed  law  that  it 
of  chapters  or  extracts  from  an  author,  in  cer-  can  not  be  exercised  practically ;  and  it  would 
tain  cases  it  would  be  in  violation  of  this  rule,  be  better  entirely  to  strike  out  this  provision  and 
and  consequently  it  could  not  to  be  imported  here,  leave  it  to  a  broad  inhibition  to  prohibit  abso- 

"  The  liability  of  any  book  or  magazine  or  lutely    the   importation   of   any   books   from 

paper  being  oonflsoAted  by  the  revenue  officers  abroad." 

because  it  contains  matters  that  have  been  copy-  In  condemnation  of  these  criticisms,  Mr.  £v- 
righted  in  this  country  would  be  a  new  de-  arts,  of  New  York,  said : 
partare  from  anything  that  has  ever  happened  ^  Mr.  President,  we  can  not  discuss  the  fun- 
before.  It  would  be  an  embarrassment  without  damentals  of  copyright.  What  we  are  to  discuss 
limit  It  practically  nullifies  the  clause  inserted  is  how  we  will  extend  the  privilege  of  copyright, 
upon  motion  of  the  Senator  from  Kansas.  All  which  involves  the  monopoly  of  copyright  of 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  ordinary  quarter-  foreign  authors  for  the  benedt  of  the  people  of 
lies  and  reviews  and  monthlies  of  England  know  this  country.  Two  arguments  reach  the  subject : 
that  the  great  body  of  those  magazines  rest  upon  the  benefit  we  are  to  nave  from  foreign  author- 
re?iews  and  criticism  involving  extracts  from  ship  made  in  our  country  valuable  to  the  writer, 
works  that  are  copyrighted  in  this  country  or  ana  the  reciprocal  advantage  to  our  authors  in 
that  are  supposed  to  be  copyrighted  in  this  their  authorsnip  in  the  foreign  oountry. 
oountry.  '*  We  have  been  treated  this  afternoon  to  an 

"  Now  as  to  the  other  proposition,  the  object  hour's  discussion  on  minor  and  trivial  topics, 

of  the  amendment  that  was  finally  formulated  The  arrangement  now  laid  before  the  Senate 

by  the  Senator  from  Kentucky,  the  idea  of  which  would  dispose  of  all  those  obiections.    We  were 

I  first  suggested,  is  that  there  ought  to  be  com-  told  that  a  rich  man  or  a  scholar  loving  books 

petition  between  the  publishers  in  England  and  should  be  at  liberty  to  have  handsome  books, 

the  publishers  in  our  own  oountry,  a  competition  costly  books,  with  good  type  for  his  failing  eyes, 

in  accordance  with  our  general  laws,  which  by  We  were  told  it  was  absurd  that  returning  trav- 

duties  on  imported  books  gives  to  the  home  pub-  elers  bringing  their  books  for  their  use  on  ship- 

Ibher  a  great  advantage.  board  should  have  to  throw  them  overboard  when 

**  These  books  can  not  be  introduced  here,  except  they  reach  here.    That  has  been  disposed  of. 

that  two  copies  may  be  ordered  by  a  single  per-  "We  were  told  that  foreigners  coming  here 

son.    So  if  I  desire  to  send  to  England  for  a  should  not  be  cut  off  from  their  relations  to 

book  that  has  been  copyrighted  in  this  country,  their  foreign  authorship  and  their  foreign  affec- 

l  have  the  privilege  to  do  s(^  but  at  what  cost  tions  in  literature.    That  has  all  been  disposed 

and  expense!    If  I  send  an  older  for  two  books  of.    All  these  things  are  now  brought  into  the 

to  a  London  bookseller  and  have  them  directed  discussion  b^  the  enemies  of  the  copyright.    But 

to  me  here,  I  have  the  right,  according  to  this  these  objections  amount  to  nothing, 

proposition,  upon  pa]ring  the  duty,  to  import  them.  **What  is  there  left,  then  f    It  is  seriously 

But  what  is  that  right  worth  f  In  the  first  place,  nothing  but  this,  that  whereas  now  all  foreign 

I  have  to  buy  the  books  at  the  retail  price.  A  man  literature  may  be  appropriated  to  the  consump- 

c^  not  get  books  into  this  country  except  by  a  tion  and  the  enlargement  of  knowledge  there- 


220  CONGRESS.    (AppoRnoMXBNT  of  ItEPBKSEsrrATiyEs.) 

from  without  cost  and  without  protection  to  the  portionment  the  number  to  which  Buch  State  mar  be 

author,  if  we  recognize  the  copyright,  cheap  lit-  entitled  in  the  Fifty-thiid  and  each  Rubsequent  Con- 

erature  and  cheap  access  to  knowledge  will  be  fJ^  «^a"  .V®  ^^"^^  ^X  districts  compoBed  of  con- 

bnrdpned  tiguoua  territory  and  containing  as  nearly  as  practi- 

»4t[#     t!»L    •!     *  au        •        XL*       •     XV  X  u  i.  cable  an  equal  number  of  inhabitants.    7%e  aaid  dLs- 

Mr.  President,  there  is  nothmff  m  that  but  tricts  shall  be  equal  to  the  number  of  the  Kepreeenta- 

the  mere  question  whether  you  will  give  copy-  tivesto  which  such  State  may  beentiUed  in  Congress, 

right  protection  to  foreip^n  authorship.    Foreign  no  one  district  electing  more  than  one  Representative, 

authorship  can  not  get  it  in  the  spint  separated  Sec  4.  That  in  case  of  an  increase  in  the  number 

from  the  body.    The  body  in  which  literature  of  Eeprwentatives  which  may  be  given  to  any  State 

appears  is  by  type  and  print  and  publishing,  ^^^^l  ^«  apportionment,  such   additional  ^epre- 

That  is  what  neecfe  to  be  protected,  not  thoughts  ""J«tive  or  Hepr^ntatives  shall  be  elected  by  ^e 

L'l        '^  "w**  "'=^«/'  w  fc/«  •^.*/w^v,.«.v*,  .*vw  "  Y^s"«'^  State  at  lanre,  and  the  other  Representatives  by  the 

while  not  committed  to  the  public,  while  diffused  districts  now  prescribed  by  law  imtil  the  Legislature 

by  conversation,  or  public  knowledge  that  is  in  of  such  State  in  the  manner  herein  prescribed  shall 

the  mind  until  it  is  promulgated ;  but  the  au-  redistrict  such  State,  and  if  there  be  no  increase  in 

thor  has  no  mode  of  protection  at  home  or  abroad  the  number  of  Representatives  from  a  State  the  Kep> 

except  in  the  vehicle  of  publication  by  which  reeentatives  thereof  shall  be  elected  from  the  districts 

readers  are  open  in  access  to  his  thoughts  and  ??^  prescribed  by  law  until  such  State  be  redis- 

the  revenue  from  that  patronage  shall  anse.  f^  •*  ^^^^°  prescribed  by  the  Legishitupe  of  said 

"  Therefore,  when  Senators  tell  us  that  for  g ^q.  g.  t^^^  ^j  ^^  ^^  ^  ^^  ^^  inoonaistent 

yeai;s  they  have  been  in  favor  of  copyright,  in  ^th  this  act  are  hereby  repealed, 
favor  of  protecting  foreign  authorship,  in  favor 

of  justice  and  duty,  and  then  tell  us  that  they  In  presenting  the  measure  Mr.  Bunnell  said: 
are  not  for  this  measure  here  to-night,  what  *'  Mr.  Speaker,  it  seems  to  me  that  I  shall  have 
worth  is  it  that  they  have  all  those  noole  senti-  discharged  my  duty  as  chairman  of  the  Com- 
ments in  favor  of  the  protection  of  literature  f  *'  mittee  on  the  Eleventh  Census  if  in  a  few  words, 

The  Senate  ooncurml  in  the  conference  com-  and  a  very  few  words,  I  shall  explain  the  pro- 

mittee's  report  by  the  following  vote :  visions  of  the  bill.    It  appears  here  responsive 

V  .-  Aij,:«v  Aii««  nv.„,»^i«..  Tk--,^  Ti:-^«  to  the  requirements  of  the  second  section  of  Ar- 
DoT^h  id^'^.S'FlJl*Sl,''Fr7et'SkwltrH?Br^  "fl?  ^iKf  the  Constitation  of  the  United 
Hoar,  Jones  of  Nevada,  McMillan,  Morrill,  Pasco,  states,  and  is  based  upon  the  eleventh  census. 
Pieroe,  Piatt,  Sawvor,  Shoup.  Spooner,  Stanford,  Stew-  that  was  officially  announced  on  the  26th  of  No- 
art,  Warren,  Washburn,  Wilson^  Wolcott— 27.  vember  last. 

Nays— Bate,  Berry,  Call,  Carlisle,  Casey,  Coke,  Cul-  ♦*  The  first  section  of  the  bill  prorides  for  the 

lorn,  Daniel,  Faulkner,  Gorman,  Gray,  Ingalls,  Ken-  number  of  Representatives  that  shall  be  allowed 

W*l^Sf-19   ^  ^^'^'''             '           ""'  Sherman,  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  j^  ^^^  Fiftv-third  and  subse- 

Absent -Allison,    Barbour,    Blackburn,    Blair,  quentC^ngrewea    It  provides  for  a  member- 

Blodgett,  Brown,  Butler.  Cameron,  Carey,  Cockrell,  ^^^P  of  356,  which  is  an  mcrease  of  24  members 

Colquitt,  Davis,  Eustis,  Evarts,  George,  Gibson,  Hale,  over  the  present  number.    Later  I  will  call  at- 

Hampton,  Uarris,  Higelns,  Jones  of  Arkansas,  Mc-  tention  to  the  method  that  has  been  used  in  as- 

Connell,  McPherson,  Manderson,  Mitchell,  Moody,  certaining  the  number  to  which  each  State  is  en- 

Padd(»k,  Payne,  Power,  Pu^,  Quay,  Reagan,  San-  titled  under  the  census.    The  first  section  simply 

V  ";  vSUivS^^  ^"^^  ^*'"^'''  ^""^'^  ^"'*^'  alludes  to  the  membership  as  it  shall  be  in  the 

vest,  vooriieefr-40.  Fifty-third  and  subseauent  Congresses.    Before 

Later  in  the  day  an  attempt  was  made  to  I  proceed  to  define  tie  method  by  which  the 

recall  the  bill  from  the  House  and  have  it  re-  number  was  ascertained  I  shall  say  in  a  general 

considered,  but  the  effort  failed.    The  measure  way  that  sections  2,  8,  4,  and  6  are  almost  iden- 

was  approved  by  the  President  March  8, 1S91.  tical  with  the  corresponding  sections  as  they 

Apportionment  of  Representatives. — Mr.  appear  in  the  apportionments  based  upon  the 
Bunnell,  of  Minnesota,  from  the  Committee  on  ninth  and  also  upon  the  tenth  census.  There 
the  Eleventh  Census,  reported,  Dec-  16,  1890,  is  no  new  provision  incorporated  in  those  see- 
the following  bill  for  the  apportionment  of  Rep-  tions,  and  they  are,  as  I  have  already  said,  sub- 
resentatives  among  the  States  on  the  basis  of  stantially  the  same.  There  was  no  contest  in 
that  enumeration :  the  committee  over  these  sections  except  such  as 

B6  U  enacted,  etc.  That  after  the  8d  of  March,  1898,  ^^ 'P^'^ly  ▼prbaL  ^^     ^    ^     ^ 

the  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  "Twenty-flve  of  the  forty-four  States  will  rc- 

856  members,  to  be  apportioned  among  the  several  ceive  under  this  bill  the  same  number  of  Repre- 

States  as  follows :  Alabama,  9 ;  Arkansas,  6 ;  Califor-  sentatives  which  they  now  have.    There  are  tnir- 


Rouri,  15;  Montana,!:  Nebraska,  6:  Nevada,  1- New  chusetts,  Michigan,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Ore- 
Hampshire,  2:  New  Jersey,  8 ;  New  York,  84 ;  North  gon,  Washington,  Wisconsin.  There  are  two 
Carolina,  9  \  North  Dakota,  1 ;  Ohio,  21 ;  Oregon,  2 ;  additional  members  allowed  under  the  bill  to 
Pennsylvania,  80 ;  Rhode  Island,  2 ;  South  Carolina,  each  of  the  following  States :  Illinois,  Minnesota, 


the  Union  the  Representative  or  Representatives  as-    ^^^  census  of  this  year,  upon  which  the  new  ap- 

signed  to  it  shall  be  in  addition  to  the  number  856.       portionment  of  members  has  been  made.    I  could 

Bxo.  8.  That  in  each  State  entitled  under  tiiia  ap-    do  so  with  pride  as  an  American  citizen,  in  not- 


CONGRESS.    (APFOBTiomisNT  of  Rbpseskntatites.)  221 

tn^  tb6  greftt  growth  of  the  popalation  of  the  chnsetts,  Oregon,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina, 

United  States  compared  with  the  population  a  South  Dakota,  Texas,  Vermont,  Virginia,  and 

hundred  jears  ago.    On  page  4  of  the  report  Wisconsin.    Using  the  maior  fractions  as  they 

will  be  seen  the  figures  of  the  population  of  1790,  were  found  to  exist,  the  additional  17  members 

3.929,214.    The  population  01  the  United  States  were  secured  and  there  was  no  major  fraction 

this  year  is  62,622,260.    But,  Mr.  Speaker,  I  do  left,  so  that,  approximately,  complete  justice  was 

not  consider  it  necessary  to  dwell  upon  this  in-  done  to  all  the  States. 

crease  in  our  population.    It  will,  however,  be  a  *'  As  I  said  a  moment  ago  there  were  those 

matter  to  be  considered  when  we  discuss  the  upon  the  committee  who  desired  to  retain  the 

question  whether  our  present  representation  shall  present  number,  but  it  was  found  that  that  could 

remain,  or  whether  it  shall  be  mcreased  accord-  not  be  used  without  contravening  what  seemed 

iug  to  the  provisions  of  this  bill.  to  be  the  universal  sentiment  of  the  House,  be- 

**  There  is  a  diversity  of  opinion  among  the  cause  very  many  States  would  lose  one  from 

members    of  the  House,  and  there  was  some  their  present  representation.     There  would  be 

among  the  members  of  the  committee,  upon  that  ten  States  that  would  lose  one  member  each, 

point.    There  were  those  upon  the  committee  Letting  this  fact  guide  us,  there  was  found  to  be 

favoring  the  present  number  of  members.  There  no  other  number  that  we  could  reasonably  make 

was  also  upon  the  committee  one  gentleman,  the  use  of  than  856,  and  no  other  ratio  than  178,901. 

member  from  South  Carolina,  who  advocated  a  *'  Mr.  Speaker,  this  bill,  in  m^  judgment,  is  an 

large  increase  in  the  membership  of  the  House,  eminently  fair  one,  and  I  think  it  must  commend 

The  committee  finally  decided  to  accept  and  itself  to  all  the  members  of  this  House  as  fair 

adopt  the  number  856.    I  shall  be  asked  why  and  just.    Reconiizing  the  wish  of  the  House 

this  number  rather  than  any  other  was  selectea.  that  there  ^ould  be  no  diminution  of  member- 

I  reply  that  it  was  selected  because  it  was  found  ship,  the  committee  were  forced,  as  I  have  said, 

to  be  the  number  first  reached  between  882  and  to  the  acceptance  of  the  number  856.    Gentle- 

373  that  would  secure  to  each  State  its  present  men  will,  of  course,  see  that  some  number  ulti- 

representation.  mately  must  be  used^  and  some  ratio  ultimately 

**  The  committee  discovered  in  the  House  a  de-  must  control  the  committee.   Three  hundred  and 

cided  nnwiliingness,  almost  universally  enter-  fifty-nine  is  a  number  that  would  let  in  three 

tained  and  very  largely  expressed,  to  consent  to  adaitional  Representatives.     A  good  argument 

any  redaction  in  the  present  number  of  members  can  be  made  in  favor  of  that  number.    It  would 

assigned  to  any  State.    This  bill,  therefore,  pro-  give  the  State  of  Arkansas,  the  State  of  Minne- 

vides  that  no  State  shall  suffer  a  decrease  in  its  sota,  and  the  State  of  New  York  ope  additional 

present  representation.     This  was  one  object  member  each.    I  made  the  motion  in  the  com- 

songht  in  the  apportionment  which  has  been  mittee  that  859  be  adopted,  but  it  did  not  meet 

made.    The  number  856  is  also  fortunate,  as  was  the  concurrence  of  the  committee, 

found,  in  this,  that,  using  it  primarily  as  a  di-  **  The  difficulty  in  increasing  to  859  will  be 

visor  in  the  aggregate  population  of  the  United  seen  by  an  examination  of  the  tables  presented 

States,  after  subtracting  the  population  of  the  in  the  report.    It  will  be  seen  that  by  using  the 

District  of  Columbia  and  the  four  Territories,  a  ratio  which  would  then  be  necessary,  namely, 

ratio  was  obtained  which,  divided  into  the  popu-  172,448,  and  going  through  with  all  the  States 

lation  of  each  State,  gave  the  most  favorable  re-  in  that  way,  were  would  remain  to  some  States 

salts.    That  ratio  was  178,901.    With  this  as  a  fractions  unprovided  for  as  large  as  the  fractions 

ratio,  the  present  bill  has  been  constructed.  The  which  now  remain  unprovided  for  to  Arkansas, 

outcome  has  already  been  stated  to  the  House.  Minnesota,  and  New  York.    And,  if  we  were  to 

**  As  I  have  already  said,  there  has  been  an  in-  step  forward  2,  8,  4,  or  any  given  number,  we 

crease  to  thirteen  States  of  one  member  each,  would  have  a  different  ratio,  and  therefore  a  dif- 

Four  States  get  two  additional  members  each,  and  ferent  condition  of  the  remaining  unprovided 

one  State  gets  three  additional  members.   Using  for  fractions. 

that  number,  173,901,  as  the  divisor,  the  ratio,  it  "  So  that,  Mr.  Speaker,  there  is  a  necessity  for 

was  discovered  in  its  use  that  there  would  be  stopping  somewhere.    No  State  is  really  legis- 

left  no  fraction,  and  no  State  unprovided  for  latea  against,  because  no  State  having  a  major 

having  a  fraction  more  than  one  half.    That  was  fraction  is  left  out.    If  I  recollect,  Mr.  Speaker 

not  found  to  be  true  with  any  other  ratio  than  — and  I  was  a  member  of  the  House  when  the 

178,901.    If  gentlemen  will  turn  to  page  18  of  apportionment  bill  based  upon  the  ninth  census 

the  report  they  will  see  that  no  major  fractions  and  also  the  bill  based  upon  the  tenth  census 

remain  in  making  up  the  number  of  members  pa^ed — ^a  major  fraction  absolutely  controlled 

assigned  to  the  Itouse.    On  an  even  division  by  m  both  of  those  cases.    We  are  making  no  de- 

this  ratiA  the  number  of  members  found  was  889.  parture,  therefore,  when  we  insist  that  the  num- 

This  statement  will  be  found  substantially  pre-  .ber  856  has  been  properly  taken  and  may  be 

sented  on  the  third  page  of  the  report  accom-  properly  adhered  to.    If  we  depart  from  it  we 

panving  this  bill.  shall  find  ourselves  liable  to  do  injustice  to 

**  in  order  to  obtain  the  number  856,  after  hav-  another  class  of  States,  while  no  State  is  really 

ing  obtained  the  number  889,  whether  pursuing  unjustly  treated  by  the   proposed   apportion- 

the  old  or  the  new  method,  fractions  were  sought  ment." 

which  would  entitle  a  given  State  to  an  addi-  Mr.  Flower,  of  New  York,  attacked  the  appor- 

tional  member,  as  17  additional  members  were  tionment  on  the  ground  that  the  enumeration  of 

needed  in  order  to  make  the  total  number  856.  the  population  of  New  York  citv  was  incorrect : 

The  following  States  were  found  to  have  major  "  Under  this  bill  the  State  of  New  York  will 

fractions :   Alabama,  California,  Georgia,  Indi-  have  84  Representatives  in  Congress,  the  same 

aoa,  Iowa»  Kentucky,  Maine,  Maryland,  Massa-  number  that  it  now  ha&    It  is  my  purpose  to 


222  CONGRESS.     (ApFORTIONMBKT  of  RsPBESSNTATirES.) 

present  to  this  House  some  reasons  why  that  duties  they  wei^  to  perform,  but  mainly  upon  the 

number  should  be  increased  upon  the  basis  of  recommendation  of  local  Republican  political 

173,902.  organizations,  were,  to  say  the  least,  incompe- 

"  The  Federal  census  showed  a  population  in  tent, 

the  city  of  New  York  of  1,513,000,  and  the  sub-  "  There  is  not  the  slightest  reason  in  the  world 

sequent  police  census  showed  a  population  of  for  believing  that  the  police  officers  of  New  York 

1,710,715,  a  difference  of  nearly  200,000.  city  were  either  incompetent  or  intentionally  in- 

''Section  9  of  the  census  act  is  as  follows :  accurate,  and  in  this  state  of  the  case  the  Terr 

y.   ,„,,,     ,.-,               .       Au-  least  that  might  be  reasonably  expected  of  tho^ 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  each  enumerator,  after  bemg  ,„^„  «.!,«.«  Jr<^«^i„^  *k«  ^..4-«;^#  .»^w^..4-.;.«;»»  ♦»,«. 

qualified  in  the  ma£ner  aforesaid,  to  visit  pereonally  ^P^?  whom  devolves  the  duty  of  asc^rtaimng  the 

each  dwelling  house  in  his  subdivision,  and  each  ^*iOl«  number  of  inhabitants  of  a  State  is  that 

family  therein,  and  each  individual  living  out  of  a  thejr  would  take  the  necessary  steps  to    verify 

family  in  any  place  of  abode,  and  by  inquiry  made  of  their  own  enumeration,  especially  when  the  law 

the  head  of  such  family,  or  of  the  member  thereof  clearly  provides,  as  does  the  act  of  March   1, 

deemed  most  credible  and  worthy  of  trust,  or  of  such  1889,  for  the  verification  of  returns, 

individual  living  out  of  a  family,  to  obtain  each  and  "These  local  authorities,  after  making  their 

every  item  or  information  and  all  the  particulars  re-  «„„^«-„*:^«    o«i««+«^  ^«r^»v^i:4.;^i  ^;,»;«;^«  ^0 

quir^  by  this  act,  as  of  date  June  1, 1890.    And  m  f?^?®?^^^it  selected  one  Doliti(Ml  division  of 

case  no  person  shall  be  found  at  the  usual  place  of  ^^^  State— the  Second  Ward— for  the  purpose  of 

abode  of  such  family  or  individual  living  out  of  a  companson  with  the  Federal  enumeration.    The 

family  competent  to  answer  the  inquiries  made  in  Federal  enumeration  had  shown  in  that  ward  a 

compliance  with  the  requirements  of  this  act,  then  it  population  of  927.     The    police    enumeration 

shall  be  lawM  for  the  enumerator  to  obtain  the  re-  showed  a  population  of  1,340,  a  difference  of  413. 

ouiPod  information  as  nearly  as  may  be  practicable  jt  ^ag  found  upon  comparison  that  the  Federal 

from  the  family  or  familie^  ^^«"<>^  <>^  V^^"^  1^^'"  enumerators  had  included  some  that  were  not 

UMr  nearest  to  such  place  of  abode.  wm«miwi«uy«o  **-**  **iv.*«^«?vk  a^u*^  i.u<»v  ircx^  uwi. 

^                        ^  included  m  the  local  enumeration.    This  show- 

*<  This  section  of  the  law  clearly  and  specifi-  ing  was  made  the  main  basis  of  the  application 

cally  sets  out  the  duty  of  the  enumerators  and  to  the  Federal  authorities  for  the  retaking  of 

leaves  no  reasonable  excuse,  under  ordinary  cir-  the  census  for  that  city. 

cumstances,  for  a  failure  to  make  a  substantially  "  The  selection  of  the  Second  Ward  was  made 
correct  enumeration.  If  the  occupants  of  the  because  of  the  small  territory  covered  by  it  and 
house  are  not  at  home  and  can  not  be  reached  the  comparatively  small  jpopidation.  It  was  a 
for  the  purpose  of  personal  inquiry  of  them,  it  is  ward  the  population  01  which  is  composed 
the  plain  duty  of  the  officers  to  resort  to  the  next  largely  of  persons  residing  in  business  houses, 
sources  of  information  concerning  those  persons,  and  while  it  is  not  pretended  that  the  discrep- 
The  mere  fact  so  frequently  found  set  out  in  the  ancy  throughout  the  whole  city  is  proportion- 
returns  of  the  enumerators,  that  certain  houses  atelv  as  great  as  here,  the  selection  was  not 
were  closed,  is  no  justification  for  their  failure  maae  because  of  the  larger  proportion  of  thedis- 
to  ascertain  the  number  of  persons  occupying  crepancy  in  this  ward,  but  wholly  for  the  reason 
those  houses.  that  I  have  stated. 

**  Inquiry  of  those  residing  or  doing  business  "  Affidavits  of  several  hundred  of  the  inhab- 

in  the  neighborhood  would  in  nearly  all  cases  itants  of  the  ward  were  taken  by  the  local  au- 

provide  them  with  information  which,  if  not  thorities,  all  showing  that  these  persons  were 

sufficiently  accurate  to  enable  them  to  make  residing  at  the  same  places  when  the  local  au- 

proper  returns,  would  at  least  afford  grounds  for  thorities  enumerated  tnem  at  which  they  resided 

more  particular  inquiry  at  those  places  from  on  the  first  day  of  June,  and  throughout  the 

which  the  usual  inhabitants  were  then  absent,  continuance  of  the  Federal  enumeration,  and 

and  the  local  authorities,  when  it  was  made  their  that  they  had  been  omitted   by  the   Federal 

duty  to  ascertain  the  number  of  persons  within  enumerators.    Some  attempt  was  made  by  the 

the  territory  to  which  they  were  assigned  to  Superintendent  of  the  Census  to  discredit  some 

make  an  enumeration,  resorted  to  these  sources  of  these  affidavits  in  the  hearing  before  the 

of  information  with  perfectly  satisfactory  re-  Census  Committee ;  but  of  all  the  hundreds  of 

suits.   The  Federal  enumerators  had  their  sched-  affidavits  there  presented  there  was  nothing  ap- 

ules  so  loaded  down  with  impertinent  questions  preaching  successful  contradiction  in  more  than 

concerning  the  mental,  physical;  and  moral  con-  two  or  three  cases.    And  to  that  hearing,  which 

ditions  of  the  people  that  they  did  not  seem  to  is  soon  to  be  printed,  I  invite  the  attention  of 

think  it  worth  while  to  be  especially  particular  this   House.    There   is   set   forth  clearly   the 

in  acquiring  information  as  to  the  exact  num-  grounds  upon  which  the  city   of  New  York 

bers  that  were  within  their  particular  bailiwicks,  claims  that  she  is  entitled  to  a  re-enumeration, 

**  If  the  Federal  enumerators  had  properly  per-  and  the  evidence  of  the  inaccuracy  of  the  work 

formed  their  duties,  the  subsequent  enumeration  of  the  Federal  enumerators.    The  argument  and 

made  by  the  police  officers  of  New  York  city  the  evidence  together  are  somewhat  voluminous, 

would  have  presented  to  the  country  a  most  re-  and  I  shall  not  occupy  the  attention  of  the 

markable  spectacle  of  the  inaccuracy  of  those  House  in  going  thoroughly  into  the  matter, 

most  familiar  with  the  people  and  the  localities  "  About  the  only  pretense  set  up  as  an  excuse 

of  their  own  citv.    This  variance  of  numbers  is  for  refusing  a  re-enumeration  tnat  is  at   all 

within  itself,  in  the  absence  of  anv  well-grounded  worthy  of  attention  is  that  an  enumeration  made 

charge  of  fraud  or  purposed  false  enumeration  now  would  show  a  very  different  number  of  in- 

by  the  local  authorities,  a  sufficient  reason  to  habitants  from  that  shown  bv  an  enumeration 

arouse  a  proper  suspicion  that  the  Fedei'al  enu-  taken  June  1.    I  say  worthy  01  attention ;  but  I 

merators,  selected  not  because  of  their  special  think  that  very  slight  attention  will  satisfy  any- 

fitness  for  the  positions  they  were  to  fill  and  the  body  that  this  is  a  mere  pretense. 


CONGRESS.    (Apportionment  of  Representatives.)  223 

"  The  people  can  be  relied  upon  to  disclose  to  our  people.    Political  screeds,  promulgated  from 

the  enamerators  on  the  first  of  June  everything  the  Interior  Department,  ana  directed  at  the 

conoeming  their  private  affairs,  their  mental  Chief  Executive  of  our  State,  will  not  answer  the 

and  bodily  ailments,  that  the  census  schedules  just  demand  of  our  people  to  have  themselves 

called  for,  but  they  can  not  be  relied  upon  to  give  counted  in  the  eleventh  census." 

truthful  answers  at  this  time  as  to  whether  or  Mr,  Holman,  of  Indiana,  criticised  the  meas- 

not  they  were  residents  of  certain  localities  at  ure  for  increasing  the  membership  of  the  House : 

the  time  that  they  should  have  been  enumerated  **  The  present  number  is  832.    The  number 

under  the  law.    This  is  the  sum  and  substance  fixed  by  the  last  apportionment  was  825  and  7 

of  this  whole  matter.    If  the  people  of  New  members  added  since  by  the  admission  of  new 

York  city  can  be  trusted  to  give  truthful  an-  States,  and  this  bill  increases  the  number  from 

swers  to  questions  directed  at  their  sanity  and  882  to  856.    The  evidence  around  us  on  all  hands 

chronic  diseases,  they  can  be  trusted  now  to  is  that  even  the  present  number  of  members  is 

giTe  truthful  answers  to  the  only  other  question  too  large  for  safe,  prudent,  and  intelligent  legis- 

that  it  is  necessary  for  them  to  reply  to  m  order  lation.    Certainly  gentlemen  will  admit  that  to 

to  verify  the  enumeration  taken  in  June.  secure  intelligent  legislation  each  member  must 

"  Sir,  this  demand  for  a  re^numeration  is  no  have  an  opportunity  to  understand  fully  what  is 

unusual  or  unreasonable  proposition.    It  is  a  transpiring.    That  can  not  be  done  even  now. 

mere  repetition  of  a  demand  that  is  made  by  Indeed,  Mr.  Speaker,  it  is  obvious  that  even  now, 

T&rious  municipalities  and  States  once  every  ten  with  832  memoers  in  this  House,  it  is  impossible 

years.    It  is  a  very  rare  thing,  if  indeed  it  ever  for  all  gentlemen  to  keep  the  run  of  current 

occurs,  that  a  census  is  taken  in  this  country  business.    Many  are  too  remote  from  the  clerk's 

which    passes   wholly   unquestioned   in   every  desk  to  even  hear  in  the  midst  of  the  confusion 

locality,  and  I  believe  that  never  yet  has  there  incident  to  a  large  assembly  the  reading  of  bills 

been  a  stronger  showing  of  inaccuracy  of  any  on  which  they  are  called. 

census  heretofore  taken  as  there  has  been  as  to  *'  I  have  not  indulged  the  hope  that  there 

the  eleventh  census  in  the  city  of  New  York.  would  be  any  reduction  in  the  number  of  Repre- 

^  Certainly  there  has  never  been  as  strong  a  sentatives  from  the  present  number.    It  would 

demand  so  persistently  and  unanimously  urged  require  a  very  strong  sentiment  of  reform  in 

by  any  locality  as  that  which  has  come  up  from  Congress  to  effect  that,  and  a  large  amount  of 

my  citv :  and  yet  time  and  again  recounts  have  self-denial  on  the  part  of  the  statesmen  of  the 

b^  allowed.    While  General  Grant  was  Presi-  several  States  of  the  Union.    Indeed,  as  has  been 

dent  of  the  United  States  a  recount  was  allowed  alreadjr  stated  by  the  gentlemen  from  Minnesota, 

in  New  York  and  Philadelphia,  both  on  a  much  ever  smce  the  organization  of  our  Government, 

slighter  showing  than  we  nave  now  presented,  when  the  number  of  members  of  this  House  was 

Kansas  City,  Mo.,  and  various  other  cities  and  65 — never  since  that  time,  except  on  one  occa- 

localities  throughout  the  country  have  had  a  re-  sion,  has  the  House  of   Representatives  been 

enumeration  to  verify  the  first  returns  of  this  willing  to  reduce  the  numbers,  and  in  every 

census.    The  whole  State  of  South  Carolina  was  other  apportionment  the  number  has  been  in- 

le-enumerated  under  the  tenth  census ;  and  the  creased.    That  exception  was  in  1848.    That  was 

instances  of  these  re-enumerations  have  been  too  a  very  interesting  iieriod  of  our  history.    The 

frequent  and  too  many  to  justify  any  attempt  apportionment  of  1848  was  an  incident  to  the 

upon  my  part  to  state  them  all.  political  contest  of  1840. 

*"  It  is  not  a  crime  to  ask  to  be  counted,  and,  **  The  spirit  of  reform  had  taken  at  that  period 

until  the  undignified  and  vituperative  responses  a  stronger  hold  on  the  American  people  than 

of  some  of  the  Federal  officials  to  the  requests  has  occurred  at  any  other  period  in  our  history, 

of  the  New  York  authorities  were  promulgated.  The  political  ground  swell  of  1840  had  in  the 

the  people  of  that  city  and  State  were  not  aware  main  grown  out  of  the  surplus  in  our  Treasury 

that  there  was  any  special  obloquy  attached  to  a  in  previous  years,  the  result  of  excessive  tariff 

request  for  a  full  and  fair  enumeration.  taxation  and  the  excessive  inflation  of  the  cur- 

**  If  New  York  city  is  allowed  to  have  her  rencjr  with  worthless  paper  money,  and  the  re- 
people  counted  she  will  be  entitled  certainly  to  coil  mcident  to  them  which  prostrated  every  in- 
one  more  Representative  than  this  bill  provides  dustry  and  brought  our  people  face  to  face  with 
for,  and  prooably  to  two ;  and  it  is  the  plain  the  demand  for  searching;  reforms  in  the  Govern- 
duty  of  this  Congress  to  afford  her  every  reason-  ment.  That  canvass  of  1840  produced  a  won- 
able  opportunitv  to  show  the  full  number  of  her  derful  effect  upon  the  public  mmd. 
inhabitants,  and  especially  so  in  view  of  the  fact  **  It  was  a  political  cyclone  in  which  the  old 
that  there  have  recently  been  admitted  to  the  party  organizations  were  badly  broken  to  pieces. 
Union,  the  States  to  which  I  have  referred,  and  The  party  triumph  in  that  campaign  turned  to 
which  will  have,  under  any  circumstances,  a  ashes,  but  its  purifying  effect  was  felt  for  years 
power  and  influence  in  the  Government  wholly  afterward  in  tne  economic  methods  as  well  as  in 
disproportioned  to  their  population.  the  general  policv  of  our  country.    So  that,  look- 

•*  The  city  of  New  York  is  readv  at  any  time  ing  back  to  the  history  of  that  period,  it  is  not 

to  afford  every  facility  to  the  Feaeral  authori-  remarkable  that  the  statesmen  of  that  era  were 

ties  to  make  any  investigation  and  any  enumera-  able  to  look  at  the  question  of  the  number  of 

tion  that  they  mav  be  disposed  to  make.    The  members  of  this  House  with  self-denying  impar- 

police  officers  of  that  city  are  at  the  command  tiality,  with  no  object  in  view  except  the  pub- 

of  the  census  authorities  to  join  with  them  in  lie  good.    The  good  of  our  country  is  undoubt- 

making  a  canvass  of  the  population.    Anything  edly  the  desire  of  all  of  us  now,  but  local  consid- 

less  than  an  enumeration  oi  all  the  inhabitant  erations  and  patriotic  pride  in  our  several  States 

of  that  city  will  be  a  plain  denial  of  justice  to  control  in  a  very  large  degree  our  political  ac- 


224 


CONGRESS.    (Appobtionxekt  of  Bxfbesektatitbs.) 


tion.  We  shrink  from  an  apportionment  that 
would  reduce  the  power  of  our  respective  States 
in  this  hall  and  in  the  electoral  college,  yet  some 
time  or  other  this  will  be  inevitable. 

"  I  am  in  favor  of  an  ample  number  of  mem- 
bers to  represent  in  Congress  every  possible  in- 
terest of  tne  people  of  the  several  States  of  the 
Union,  I  wisn  to  have  every  State  fully  repre- 
sented so  that  no  interest  shall  be  left  without  a 
voice  on  this  floor.  But  in  mv  humble  judg- 
ment that  end  is  already  reached  and  more ;  the 
832  members  now  authorized  to  be  elected  to 
Congress  do  represent  every  conceivable  interest 
of  the  American  people.  Even  with  the  present 
number  it  is  said  that  the  House  is  no  longer  a 
deliberative  bod)r.  If  it  is  not,  we  have  no  wise 
or  intelligent  legislation. 

^  What,  sir,  are  the  evils  of  an  excessive  num- 
ber of  Representatives,  a  House  composed  of 
members  beyond  a  reasonable  number?  What 
are  the  evils  attending  a  lep^islative  body  too 
large  for  intelligent  deliberation  f 

**  In  the  first  place,  it  diminishes  the  personal 
responsibility  of  members.  In  fact,  it  dwarfs 
the  individual  member,  no  matter  how  great 
and  intelligent  the  constituency  he  represents. 
As  a  result  of  diminished  responsibility,  with 
increased  numbers,  the  number  of  efficient  mem- 
bers and  the  legislative  power  and  intelligence 
of  the  House  are  absolutely  diminished.  I  take 
up  the  record  of  yesterdav's  proceedings,  the 
last '  Congressional  Record  issued,  and  I  refer 
to  the  vote  upon  two  important  bills,  the  only 
measures  votea  upon  yesterday  by  yeas  and  nays. 
In  one  case  the  affirmative  vote  was  91,  the  neg- 
ative vote  105,  those  not  voting  135,  and  this  bill 
involved  a  probable  expenditure  of  $15,000,000 ; 
so  that  even  with  a  House  of  832  members  the 
absentees  actually  exceeded  the  number  voting 
for  or  against  the  proposition. 

**In  the  other  case,  on  a  bill  involving  very 
considerable  public  interests,  the  affirmative  vote 
was  73,  the  negative  vote  80,  while  the  absensees 
numbered  169,  the  absentees  actually  exceeding 
in  number  both  the  affirmative  and  negative 
votes.  This  is  a  fair  sample  of  the  condition  of 
our  legislation  with  a  membership  of  332.  What 
will  it  be  when  you  add  24  to  that  number  f 
What  will  it  be  m  the  next  decade  f  Such  ab- 
senteeism would  be  impossible  with  the  number 
fairly  responsible.  I  have  heard  the  example  of 
the  Britisn  House  of  Commons  repeatedly  quoted 
as  an  argument  in  favor  of  enlarged  representa- 
tion on  this  floor.  That  example  is  constantly 
quoted,  and  we  are  told  that  our  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives is  framed  on  the  British  model.  There 
are  670  members  of  the  British  House  of  Com- 
mons, and  I  deny  that  there  is  any  analogy  in 
fact  between  our  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  British  House  of  Commons. 

*'  But  what  is  the  result  of  so  large  a  House  f 
A  quorum  is  40 ;  so  that  in  a  legislative  body 
composed  of  670  members — a  larger  number 
that  can  by  any  human  possibility  aeliberate  in 
legislation^40  members  constitute  the  legislative 
assembly  and  can  enact  laws.  Is  this  much  of 
an  argument  for  following  the  British  example 
in  legislation?  That  is  a  result — and  perhaps 
one  of  the  inevitable  results — of  excessively  large 
legislative  bodies.  The  power  in  all  such  bodies 
is  finally  vested  in  a  few  great  committees  and 


the  Speaker  of  the  House.  Does  not  the  present 
state  of  the  rules  in  this  House  and  the  power  of 
the  Speaker  and  a  few  chairmen  admonish  gen- 
tlemen of  the  result  and  peril  of  excessive  num- 
bers? There  is,  however,  another  consideration 
which  I  want  to  mention  very  briefly,  and  which 
to  my  mind  is  of  still  greater  importance  than 
any  other  that  can  be  urged. 

**  By  the  greatly  increased  number  of  members 
of  Congress  you  not  only  diminish  individual 
responsibility,  create  absenteeism,  and  render 
deliberation  and  prudent  and  intelligent  legis- 
lation impossible,  but  the  tendencv  of  ^reat 
Houses  of  Congress  (Senate  and  House)  is  to 
dw^  the  local  legislatures  of  the  several  States. 
Such  I  think  is  the  inevitable  tendency  at  least 
in  its  effect  on  the  public  mind,  when,  in  fact, 
in  the  nature  of  things,  the  State  Legislatures 
dealing  in  all  that  concerns  the  local  and  do- 
mestic fl^airs  of  our  people,  in  all  their  wide- 
spread and  countless  forms,  do,  except  as  to  a 
few  great  and  important  matters  of  national  con- 
cern, affect  the  welfare  of  our  people  more  than 
the  proceedings  of  Congress." 

Tne  following  table  was  given  in  illustration 
of  the  apportionment : 


Total  popnlation  of  the 
BtatM,  61,908,906. 

Bado,  1:178^1. 

STATES. 

No.oricp- 
OB  ervB 

dlTltte. 

mshlBf. 

mahtfor 

AlabaiiM 

Arkaosos 

California 

Colorado. 

1,M8,01T 

1,128,1T9 

1,208,180 

412,198 

746,S58 

168,498 

891,428 

1,887,808 

64,8S6 

8,826^1 

2,192,404 

1,911,896 

1,497,096 

1.808,685 

1,118.687 

661,086 

1,042,890 

2,288,948 

2,098,889 

1,801,826 

1,289,600 

2,679,164 

182,169 

1,088,910 

40,761 

876,080 
1.444,988 
0,997.608 
1,617.947 

182,719 
8,672,816 

818,767 
0,206,014 

840,006 
1,101,149 

826.808 
1.767,018 
2,280/^28 

8S2,422 
1,65^960 

849.890 

762,794 

1,686,880 

60,700 

8 
6 
6 
9 
4 
1 
9 

10 
1 

93 

19 

10 
8 

10 
6 
8 
6 

19 

12 
7 
7 

10 
1 
6 
1 
9 
8 

84 
9 
1 

91 
1 

80 
1 
6 
1 

10 

19 
1 
9 
2 
4 
9 
1 

121,609 
84.778 

164,724 
644^ 
00,«54 

48,690 
98^848 

029 

100.092 
172,886 
80,888 
119,620 
70,181 
189.888 
172,880 
102,181 

7,on 

84,019 
72,298 
70,668 

'"1K064 

98^728 

68,720 

80,219 

02.88S 

8^818 

20,895 

189,866 

40,984 

171,605 

107,748 

154,907 

96,006 

148,711 

156,091 

90,87t 

1,086 

67,190 

191,771 

9 
6 
7 
9 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

4 
1 

9 

Oeonrla 

11 

Idaho 

1 

ininoifl 

99 

Indiana.. 

18 

Iowa 

11 

Kansaii 

8 

KentQckf 

Louisiana 

Maine 

11 
6 

4 

Maryland 

MassachuBetts. . . . 
Michigan 

6 
18 
19 

Minnesota 

MissiBstppl 

Missouri 

7 

7 
10 

Montana. 

1 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

6 
1 

New  Hampshire.. 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina... 
North  Dakoto.... 
Ohio 

2 

8 

84 

9 

1 
21 

Oreiron 

2 

PennsylTania .... 
Rhode  Island .... 
Booth  Carolina. . . 
South  Dakota.... 

Tennessee 

Texas 

80 

2 

7 

2 

10 

18 

Vermont 

2 

Virginia 

10 

Washington 

WestViiTfinia.... 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming. 

2 

4 

10 

1 

ToUl 

61,908,906 

889 

8,884,469 

856 

The  bill  passed  the  House  on  Dec.  17, 1890,  by 
a  vote  of  187  yeas  to  82  nays — not  voting,  6S. 


CONGBES&    (Immigration  Bill.)  225 

The  measure  passed  the  Senate  on  Jan.  29, 1891,  the  second  proviso  of  said  section  the  words  "  or  any 

after  a  moderate  discussion,  by  a  vote  of  87  yeas  relative  or  personal  friend."          ,   „  ,  .       . 

to  24  nays— absent,  27.    The  President  approved  ,  ^f^:  ^-  ?»?^  P^  Ig"^^  ^^^  *^?^^  ^^^  ^^^  °' 

•;       S  t%AvSftn                      i«w*Acuu  a^^  V  fjKA  ^^^  j^  ^^  United  States  by  vessel  or  otherwise,  or 

It  on  Ueb.  10,  lt»l.  ^Ij^j  ghjQl  3i^  j^  ijrijj^  into  ^^^  1^^  in  ^l^^  xJnited 

InmiirratiOll     Bill.— This     measure,    **  m  ^^^  ^y  vessel  or  otherwise,  any  alien  not  lawfully 

amendment  of  the  various  acts  relative  to  im-  entitled  to  enter  the  United  States,  shall  be  deemed 

migration  and  the  importation  of  aliens  under  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall,  on  conviction,  be 

c*:>ntract  or  agreement  to  perform  labor,"  was  in-  punished  by  a  fine  not  exceeding  $1,000,  or  by  im- 

f reduced  in  Uie  House  by  Mr.  Owen,  of  Indiana,  prisonment  for  a  term  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by 

and  referred  to  the  Committee  on  Immigration  ^J'^S^^l'S.t  )S£!^?  «f^^,;«f.n^«T.f  nf  «™«,; 

J  xr^4 i£»4.:^^      14.  «,—  •^.v^.^.^wi   Vv»^L.  Aio  Sbo.  7.  That  the  office  oi  supenntendent  of  immi- 

sod  Naturalization.    It  was  reoorted  back,  dis-  ^^^  is  hereby  created  ancfestablished,  and  the 

cussed,  and  amended,  and  passed  the  House,  Feb.  President,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 

25, 1891,  as  follows :  Senate,  is  authorized  and  directed  to  appoint  such 

officer,  whose  salary  shall  be  $i,000  per  annum,  pay> 

Be  it  enacted,  etc^  That  the  following  classes  of  able  monthly.    The  superintendent  of  immigration 

«ii«Ds  shall  bo  excluded  from  admission  into  the  shall  be  an  officer  in  tJie  Treasury  Department,  un- 

Unitfed  States,  in  accordance  with  the  existing  acts  der*  the  control  and  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of 


puiifcriiig  from  a  loathsome  or  a  dangerous  contagious  of  the  Treasury  shall  require.    The  Secretary  shall 

diiicaee,  persons  who  have  been  convicted  of  a  felony  provide  ^e  superintendent  with  a  suitably  furnished* 

or  other  infamous  crime  or  misdemeanor  involving  office  in  the  city  of  Washiitftonj  and  with  such  books 

EQond  turpitude,  polygambto.  and  also  any  person  of  record  and  facilities  for  the  discharge  of  the  duties 

whoae  ticket  or  passive  is  paid  for  with  the  money  of  of  his  office  as  may  be  necessary.    He  shall  have  a 

mniher  or  who  is  assisted  oy  others  to  come,  unless  it  chief  clerk,  at  a  salary  of  $2,000  per  annum,  and  two 

if  atfirroatiTely  and  satisfactorily  shown  on  special  in-  first-class  clerks. 

qmiy  that  such  person  does  not  belong  to  one  of  the  Sxc.  8.  That  upon  the  arrival  by  water  at  any  place 

^>re^ing  excluded  classes,  or  to  the  class  of  contract  within  the  UnitcKl  States  of  any  alien  immigrants  it 

I&brtrers  excluded  by  the  act  of  Feb.  26, 1885.    But  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  commanding  officer  and  the 

thid  section  shall  not  be  held  to  exclude  persons  liv-  sgents  of  the  steam  or  sailing  vessel  by  which  they 

iojr  in  the  United  States  from  sending  for  a  relative  came  to  report  the  name,  nationality,  last  residence, 

or  friend  who  is  not  of  the  excluded  classes,  under  such  and  destination  of  every  such  alieii,  before  any  of 

rvirulations  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  pre-  them  are  landed,  to  the  proper  inspection  officers,  who 

scribe:  IVonded,  That  nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  shdl  thereupon  go  or  send  competent  assistants  on 

construed  to  apply  to  or  exclude  persons  convicted  board  such  vessel  and  there  inspect  all  such  aliens, 

of  a  politicfd  onense,  notwithstanding  said  political  or  the  inspection  officer  may  order  a  temporary  re- 

oUtme  may  be  desiipiated  as  a  ^  felony,  crime,  infa-  moval  of  such  aliens  for  examination  at  a  designated 

moos  crime,  or  misdemeanor  involving  moral  turpi-  time  and  place,  and  then  and  there  detain  them  until 

tude^  by  the  laws  of  ^e  land  whence  lie  came  or  oy  a  thorougn  inspection  is  made.    But  such  removal 

the  court  convicting.  shall  not  oe  considered  a  landing  during  the  pend- 

Sec.  2.  That  no  suit  or  proceeding  for  violations  of  enc>'  of  such  examination. 
mA  set  of  Feb.  26, 1885,  prohibiting  the  importation  llie  medical  examination  shall  be  made  by  sur- 
and  mij^ration  of  foreigners  under  contract  or  a^ree-  eeons  of  the  Marine  Hospital  Service.    In  oases  where 
meat  to  perform  labor,  shall  be  settled,  compromised,  tne  services  of  a  marine  hospital  surgeon  can  not  be 
or  discontinued  without  the  consent  of  the  oourt  en-  obtained  without  causing  unreasonable  delay,  the  in- 
tered  of  record  w^ith  reasons  therefor.  spector  may  cause  an  alien  to  be  examined  by  a  civil 
t>Ec.  8.  That  it  shall  be  deemed  a  violation  of  said  surgeon,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  fix 
act  of  Feb.  26, 1885,  to  assist  or  encourage  tibe  importa-  the  compensation  for  such  examinations.  ^ 
tion  or  migration  of  any  alien  by  promise  of  employ-  The  inspection  officers  and  their  assistants  shall 
meat  through  advertisements  printed  and  published  have  power  to  administer  oaths,  and  to  take  and  con- 
in  any  foreign  country ;  and  any  alien  coming  to  this  sider  testimony  touching  the  right  of  any  such  aliens 
coontry  in  oonsequenoe  of  such  an  advertisement  shall  to  enter  the  United  States,  all  of  which  shall  be  en- 
be  tRAted  as  coming  under  a  contract  as  contemplated  tered  of  record.    During  such  inspection  after  tem- 
bv  Bach  act;  and  the  penalties  by  said  act  imposed  porary  removal  the  superintendent  shall  cause  such 
fttall  be  applicable  in  sdch  a  case :  Provide  This  aliens  to  be  properly  housed,  fed,  and  cared  for,  and 
J^tion  shall  not  apply  to  States,  and  immigration  also,  in  his  discretion,  such  as  are  delayed  in  proceed- 
bureaus  of  States,  imvertisiiu;  the  inducements  they  ing  to  their  destination  after  inspection. 
<^>irer  for  immigration  to  suchStatee.  All  decisions  made  by  the  inspection  officers  or 
Sic.  4.  That  no  steamship  or  transportation  com-  their  assistants  touching  the  right  of  any  alien  to 
P«ny 
««»*nta, 

li'iiLs  solicit,  invite,  or  enoourage't^e  immigration    _ 

any  alien  into  the  United  States  except  by  ordinary  tary  of  the  Treasurr.    It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 

commercial  letten,  ciroulars,  advertisements,  or  oral  aforesaid  officers  and  agents  of  such  vessel  to  adopt 

representations,  stating  the  sailings  of  their  vessels  due  precautions  to  prevent  the  landing  of  any  alien 

and  the  terms  and  facilities  of  transportation  therein ;  immigrant  at  any  place  or  time  other  than  that  desig- 

and  for  %  violation  of  this  provision  any  such  steam-  nated  by  the  inspection  officers,  and  any  such  officer 

Hhip  or  tnmsportation  company,  and  any  such  owners  or  agent  or  person  in  oharve  of  such  vessel  who  shall 

of  vessels,  and  the  agents  by  them  employed,  shall  be  either  knowingly  or  negligently  land  or  permit  to 

!»ubject«d  to  the  penalties  imposed  by  tne  third  sec-  land  any  alien  immigrant  at  any  place  or  time  other 

tioQ  of  said  act  of  Feb.  26, 1885,  for  violations  of  the  than  that  designated  by  the  inspection  officers,  shall 

Vravlf ions  of  the  first  section  of  said  act  be  deemed  guuty  of  a  misdemeanor  and  punished  by 

Sec.  5  That  sectiqn  5  of  said  act  of  Feb.  26, 1885  a  fine  not  exceeding  $1,000,  or  by  imprisonment  for  a 

!*nall  be,  and  hereby  is,  amended  by  adding  to  the'  term  not  exceeding  one  year,  or  by  both  suoh  fine  and 

^ond  proviso  in  said  section  the  words  ^  nor  to  min-  imprisonment 

the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  may  prescribe 

'  inspection4uong  the  borders  of  Canada,  Brit- 

Columbia,  and  Mexico  so  as  not  to  obstruct,  or 

T0L.XZZI.— 16    A 


226  CONGRESa    (Postal  Subsidt.) 

unnecessarily  delay,  impede,  or  annoy  panengera  in  any  distance  less  than  1,000  miles  sailed  after  the 
ordinary  travel  between  said  countries:  Ptavided^  first  1,000  mUes.  The  payments  were  to  continue 
That  not  exoeedmff  one  inspector  shall  be  appointed  ^^  ^hat  rate  for  ten  ySrs,  and  thereafter  for  a 
for  each  customs  distnct,  and  whose  salary  shall  not  L«^«^  ^^JZ  ^r  ^Jw.  vT--!  - f  -  «Ii«!r4^«  !li  o 
exceed  $1,200  per  year.  v^cotid.  term  of  mne  years  at  a  reduction  of  3 

All  duties  miposed  and  powers  conferred  by  the  cents  per  year.  The  second  measure  was  known 
second  section  of  the  act  of  Aug.  8, 18^2,  upon  State  AS  the  postal  subsidy  bill,  and  it  authorized  the 
oomniidsionerB,  boards,  or  ofiicersacdng  under  contract    Postmaster-General  to  enter  into  contracts  for 

with  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shidl  be  performed  not  less  than  five  years,  nor  more  than  ten,  with 
and  exercised,  as  occasion  may  arise,  by  the  inspection    American  citizens  for  carrying  the  mail  in  Amer- 

offlcers  of  the  United  States.  ican  steamships  at  certain  fixed  rates  of  com- 

Sbo.  9.  That  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace  and  -^-,.„fi^-,      rrt«  ^rx«^;f;«,,  ♦«  ♦!.«„«  u;ii«  :«  ^u^ 

in  Older  that  arrests  may  be  made  for  criJ^under  Pfn^ation-    The  opposition  to  these  bills  in  the 

the  laws  of  the  States  where  the  various  United  States  Howse  was  determined,  and  it  was  only  with 

immigrant  stations  are  located,  the  officials  in  charge  Rreat  difficulty  that  the  former  was  brought  up 

of  such  stations,  as  occasion  may  require,  shall  ad-  lor  discussion.    It  was  debated  Feb.  26  and  27, 

mit  therein  the  proper  State  and  municipal  officers  1891,  on  the  usual  lines  of  party  argument,  and 

charged  with  Uie  enforcement  of  such  laws,  and  for  finally  it  was  sent  back  to  the  Committee  on 

the  purposes  of  this  section  the  junsdiction  of  such  MprphAnt  MrHtia  unH  FinhAriPs  with  nrrlArc  to 

officers  and  of  the  local  courts  shaU  extend  over  such  f?!^rt  Lu  *?u®    ?     1«  isnenes,  witn  onlers  to 

statioM.  wui^w  Duui  c*wu«  vvof  DUi.li  rpport  forthwith  m  its  place  the  latter  measure. 

Sec.  10.  That  all  aliens  who  may  unlawftilly  come  ^'^^  *  reduction  of  33  per  cent  on  the  maxi- 

to  the  United  States  shall,  if  practicable,  be  immedi-  mum  rates  of  compensation.   The  postal  subsidy 

ately  sent  back  on  the  vessel  b^r  which  they  were  bill  was  reported  at  once  and  passed  by  a  vote  of 

brought  in.    The  cost  of  their  maintenance  while  on  139  yeas  to  120  nays — not  voting,  70.    The  fol- 

land,  as  well  as  the  expense  of  the  return  of  such  lowing  is  the  text  of  the  measure : 
aliens,  shall  be  borne  by  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  ° 

vessel  on  which  such  aliens  came ;  and  if  any  mas-  Be  it  efuu^sd^  ttc^  That  the  Postmaster-General  is 
ter,  agent,  consignee,  or  owner  of  such  vessel  shall  re-  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to  enter  into  con- 
fuse to  receive  back  on  board  the  vessel  such  aliens,  tract  for  a  term  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  ten 
or  shall  neglect  to  detain  them  thereon,  or  shidl  ro-  years  in  duration,  with  American  citizens,  for  the 
fuse  or  neglect  to  return  them  to  the  port  from  which  carrying  of  mails  on  American  steamships,  between 
thev  came,  or  to  pay  the  cost  of  their  maintenance  ports  ofthe  United  States  and  such  ports  in  foreiifn 
while  on  land,  such  master,  agent,  consignee,  or  owner  countries,  the  Dominion  of  Canada  excepted,  as  in  his 
shiUl  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  shall  judgment  will  beet  subserve  and  promote  the  postal 
be  punished  by  a  fine  not  less  than  $300  for  each  and  and  commercial  interests  of  the  United  States,  the 
every  otfcnsej  and  any  such  vessel  shall  not  have  mail  service  on  such  lines  to  be  eouitably  distributed 
clearance  from  any  port  of  the  United  States  while  among  the  Atlantic,  Mexican  Gull,  and  Pacific  ports, 
any  such  fine  is  unpaid.  Such  contracts  shall  be  made  with  the  lowest  ivttpoD- 

Skc.  11.  That  any  alien  who  shall  come  into  the  sible  bidder  for  the  performance  of  said  scr\'iec  on 
United  States  in  violation  of  law  may  be  returned,  as  each  route,  and  the  Postmaster-General  shall  have 
bv  law  provided,  at  any  time  within  one  year  there-  the  right  to  reject  all  bids  not  in  his  opinion  reason- 
alter,  at  the  expense  ofthe  person  or  persons,  vessel,  able  for  the  attaining  ofthe  purposes  named, 
transportation  company,  or  corporation  bringing  such  ,  Sbo.  2.  That  before  making  any  contract  for  carn- 
alien  into  the  United  States,  and  if  that  can  not  be  ing  ocean  mails  in  accordance  with  this  act  tlic  Po^t- 
done,  then  at  the  expense  of  the  United  States ;  and  master-General  shall  give  public  notice  by  adverti."*- 
any  alien  who  becomes  a  public  charge  wiUiin  one  ing  once  a  week  for  tliree  months  in  such  daily  papers 
year  after  his  arrival  in  the  United  States  from  causes  as  he  shall  select  in  each  of  the  cities  of  Boston,  New 
existing  prior  to  his  landing  therein  shall  be  deemed  York,  Philadelphia,  Baltimore,  New  Orleans,  St 
to  have  come  in  violation  of  law  and  shall  be  returned  Louis,  Charleston,  Norfolk,  Savannah,  Galveston,  and 
as  aforesaid.  Mobile,  and  when  the  proposed  sen'ice  is  to  be  on  tlie 

Sbo.  12.  That  nothing  contained  in  this  act  shall  be  Pacific  Ocean,  then  in  San  Francisco,  Tacoma,  and 

construed  to  afifect  any  prosecution  or  other  proceed-  Portland.    Such  notice  shall  describe  the  route,  the 

ings,  criminal  or  civil,  oegim  under  any  existing  act  time  when  such  contract  will  be  made,  the  duration 

or  acts  hereby  amendea,  but  such  prosecution  or  other  of  the  same,  the  size  of  the  steamers  to  be  used,  the 

proceedings,  criminal  or  civil,  shall  proceed  as  if  this  number  of  trips  a  year,  the  times  of  sailing,  and  the 

act  had  not  been  passed.  time  when  the  service  shall  commence,  which  shall 

Sbo.  18.  That  the  circuit  and  district  courts  ofthe  not  be  more  than  three  veara  after  the  contract  shall 
United  States  are  hereby  invested  with  full  and  con-  be  let  The  details  of  the  mode  of  advertising  and 
current  jurisdiction  of  all  causes,  civil  and  criminal,  letting  such  contracts  shall  be  conducted  in  the  man- 
arising  under  any  of  the  provisions  of  this  act:  and  ner  prescribed  in  chapter  viii  of  Title  XL VI  of  the 
this  act  shall  go  into  effect  on  the  first  day  of  April,  Revised  Statutes  for  the  letting  of  inland  mail  con- 
1891.  tracts  so  far  as  the  same  shall  be  applicable  to  the 

ocean  mail  service 

The  measure  passed  the  Senate  Feb.  27,  and       Sbc.  8.  That  theVessels  employed  in  the  mail  serv- 

was  approved  by  the  President  March  8,  1891.  ice  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  be  American- 

Posial  Subsidy.— At  the  first  session  of  this  huilt  steamships,  owned  and  officered  by  American 

Congress  the  Senate  passed  two  bills  in  aid  of  <"»tizen8,  in  conformity  with  the  existing  laws,  or  8o 

American  shipping.     The  first,  known  as  the  ^L''±!?l°h^^i,!?,t'^fi^^^ 

shipping  or  to^n'nale  bill,  P-vided  for  the  pa.y-  S^  p'^^rorthf  ^^^ 

ment  to  any  vessel  of  more  than  500  tons  regis-  the  United  States,  to  wit:  During  the  flret  two  yeara 

ter,  whether  sail  or  steam,  constructed  and  owned  of  such  contract  for  carrying  the  mails,  one  fourth 

in  the  United  States,  and  engaged  in  the  foreign  thereof;  during  the  next  three  succeeding  ^eans  ono 

trade,  the  sura  of  15  cents  per  gross  registered  third  thereof;  and  during  the  remaining  time  of  the 

ton  for  the  first  500  miles  or  fraction  thereof  oontinusnoeof  such  contract  at  least  onehalfthen^f; 

sailed  outward,  and  the  same  sum  for  the  first  ^^  !5*i^  ^  constructed  after  the  latest  and  most  ai)- 

wvi\L:iio  !>rVll«f;X«  *K^ZLf  ««{Toi  w^^^^^^a,  proved  types,  with  all  the  modem  improvements  and 

500  miles  or  fraction  thereof  sailed  homeward ;  ippUanc^s^r  ocean  steamers.  They  ihall  be  di vidt.! 

and  80  cents  per  gross  registered  ton  for  each  into  four  classes.    The  first  cla.w  shall  be  iron  or  st^^el 

1,000  miles  sailed  thereafter,  and  pro  rata  for  screw  steamships,  capable  of  maintaining  a  speed  of 


CONOBESS.    (Cattlb  Inspectiok.)  227 

90  knots  an  boor  at  sea  in  ordinary  weather,  and  of  be  required  to  perform  sncb  daties  as  appertain  to  the 

a  ^rroas  registered  tonnage  of  not  leas  than  8,000  tons,  merchant  service. 

Xo  vessel  except  of  said  first  class  shall  be  accepted  8eo.  8.  That  said  vessels  shall  take,  as  cadets  or 

for  said  mail  service  m!ider  the  provisions  of  this  act  apprentices,  one  American-bom  hoy  under  twenty- 

between  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  one  years  of  age  for  each  1,000  tons  gross  register,  and 

The  second  class  shall  be  iron  or  steel  steamships,  one  for  each  majority  fraction  thereof,  who  shall  be 

cap«blo  of  maintaining  a  speed  of  16  knots  an  hour  at  educated  in  the  duties  of  seamanship,  rank  as  petty 

sea  in  ordinaiy  weather,  and  of  a  jnoss  rtegistered  ton-  officers,  and  receive  such  pay  for  their  services  as  may 

Oii^  of  not  less  than  5,000  tons.  The  thira  class  shall  be  reasonable. 

be  iron  or  steel  steamships,  capable  of  miuntaining  a  Seo.  9.  That  such  steamers  may  be  taken  and  used 

speed  of  14  knots  an  hour  at  sea  in  ordinary  weather,  by  the  United  States  as  transports  or  cruisers,  upon 

and  of  a  gross  registered  tonnage  of  not  less  than  payment  to  the  owners  of  the  fair  actual  value  of  the 

2^500  tons.    The  fourth  class  shafi  be  iron  or  steel  or  same  at  the  lime  of  the  taking,  and  if  there  shall  be  a 

woodm  steamships,  capable  of  maintaining  a  speed  disagreement  as  to  the  fair  actual  value  between  the 

of  ]  2  knots  an  hour  at  sea  in  ordinary  weather,  and  of  United  States  and  the  owners,  then  the  same  shall  be 

a  gross  registered  tonnage  of  not  less  than  1,500  tons,  determined  by  two  impartial  appraisers,  one  to  be  ap- 

It  shall  be  stipulated  in  the  contract  or  contracts  to  pointed  by  each  of  said  parties,  they  at  the  same  time 

be  entered  into  for  the  said  mail  service  tliat  said  ves-  selecting  a  third,  who  snail  act  in  said  appndsement 

aels  may  carry  passengers  with  their  baggage  in  ad-  in  case  Uie  two  shall  fail  to  agree. 

dition  to  said  mails,  and  may  do  all  ordi^UT  business  rm.     o       i.              j  xi.     vn         m-      i.  n       j 

done  by  steamshinel  The  Senate  passed  the  bill  on  March  2,  and 

Sec.  4.  That  allsteamships  of  the  first,  second,  and  the  President  approved  it  on  March  3. 

third  classes  employed  as  above  and  hereafter  built  Cattle  Inspection. — Ou  March  2,  1891,  the 

shall   be   constructed  with   particular  reference  to  House  passed    the    following    measure    as   an 

prompt  Slid  economical  conversion   into  auxiliary  amendment  by  way  of  substitute  to  the  Senate 

navaf  cruisers,  and  according  to  olans  and  specifics-  bjn  f^r  cattle  inspection  passed  at  the  first  ses- 

tions  to  be  agreed  upon  by  and  between  the  owners  „•  „  «#  4i,«  n^^~^^ . 

and  the  Secrltary  o^the  llJavj,  and  they  shall  be  of  ^^^^  ®^  ^^«  Congress : 

sufficient  strength  and  stability  to  carry  and  sustain  Be  it  enacted^  etc.^  That  the  Secretary  of  Agricult- 

the  working  and  operation  of  at  least  four  effective  ure  shall  cause  to  be  made  a  careful  inspection  of  all 

rifled  cannon  of  a  caliber  of  not  less  than  6  inches,  cattle  intended  for  export  to  foreign  countries  fVom 

and  shall  be  of  the  highest  rating  known  to  maritime  the  United  States,  at  such  times  and  places,  and  in 

commerce.    And  all  vessels  of  said  three  classes  here-  auch  manner,  as  he  may  think  proper,  with  a  view  to 

tofore  built  and  so  employed  shall,  before  they  are  ascertain  whether  such  cattle  are  free  from  disease ; 

accepted  for  the  mail  service  herein  provided  for,  be  and  for  this  purpose  he  may  appoint  inspectors,  who 

thoroughly  inspected  by  a  competent  naval  officer  or  shall  be  authorized  to  give  an  official  certificate  clearlv 

constructor  detailed  for  that  service  by  the  Secretary  stating  the  condition  in  which  such  animals  are  found., 

of  the  Navy ;  and  such  officer  shall  report,  in  writing,  and  no  clearance  shall  be  given  to  anv  vessel  having 

to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  who  shall  transmit  saia  on  board  cattle  for  eiroortation  to  a  foreign  country 

report  to  the  Postmaster-General ;  and  no  such  vessel  unless  the  owner  or  shipper  of  such  cattle  has  a  cer- 

not  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  as  suitable  tiflcate  from  the  inspector  nercin  authorized  to  be  ap- 

for  the  service  reouired  shall  be  employed  by  the  pointed,  stating  that  said  cattle  are  sound  and  free 

Postmaster-General  as  provided  for  in  this  act  nom  disease. 

Sec.  5.  That  the  rate  of  com|>ensation  to  be  j>aid  for  Sso.  2.  That  the  Secretary  of  A^culture  shall  also 
such  ocean  mail  service  of  the  sud  first-class  ships  shall  cause  to  be  made  a  carefhl  inspection  of  all  live  cat- 
not  exceed  the  sum  of  $4  a  mile,  and  for  the  second-class  tie  the  meat  of  which  is  intended  for  exportation  to 
ships  $2  a  mile,  by  the  shortest  practicable  route,  for  any  foreign  country,  at  such  times  and  places,  and  in 
each  outward  voyage ;  for  the  third-class  ships  shall  such  manner,  as  he  mav  think  proper,  with  a  view  to 
not  exceed  $1  a  mile,  and  for  the  fourth-class  ships  ascertain  whether  said  cattle  are  free  from  disease 
two  thirds  of  $1  a  mile  for  the  actual  number  of  miles  and  their  meat  sound  and  wholesome,  and  may  ap- 
required  by  the  Post-Office  Department  to  bo  traveled  point  inspectors,  who  shall  be  authorized  to  give  an 
on  each  outward-bound  voyage:  Provided^  That  in  official  certificate  clearly  statinjEf  the  condition  in 
the  caAQ  of  failure  from  anv  cause  to  perform  tlie  which  such  cattle  and  meat  are  found ;  and  no  clear- 
regular  voyages  stipulated  for  in  said  contracts,  or  ance  shall  be  given  to  any  vessel  havinjB^  on  board 
any  of  them,  tkjfro  rata  deduction  shall  be  made  fVom  any  fVesh  beef  lor  exportation  to  and  sale  m  a  foreign 
the  compensation  on  account  of  such  omitted  voyage  country  ftom  any  port  of  the  United  States  until  tne 
or  voyages ;  and  that  suitable  fines  and  penalties  may  owner  or  shipper  shidl  obtain  from  an  inspector  ap- 
be  imposed  for  delays  or  irregularities  in  the  due  per-  pointed  under  the  provisions  of  this  act  such  certin- 
formance  of  service  according  to  the  contract,  to  be  cate. 

determined  by  the  Postmaster-General :  Provided  fitr-  The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  cause  to  be  in- 

tker.  That  no  steamship  so  employed  and  so  paid  for  spected  prior  to  their  slaufchter  all  cattle,  sheep,  or 

carrying  the  United  States  mails  shall  receive  any  hogs  which  are  subiects  of  interstate  commerce,  and 

other  bounty  or  subsidy  from  the  Treasury  of  the  which  are  to  be  slaughtered  at  slaughter-houses, 

United  States.                        ^  canning,  salting,  packing,  or  rendering   establish- 

Sec.  6.  That  upon  each  o'f  said  vessels  the  United  ments  in  any  State  or  Territory,  all  carcasses,  the 

State*)  shall  be  entitled  to  have  trans^rted.  fVee  of  products  of  which  are  to  bo  exported  and  sold  for  hu- 

chai]ge,  a  mail  messenger,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  man  consumption  into  any  other  State  or  Territory 

receive,  sort,  take  in  cnaige,  and  deliver  the  mails  to  or  the  District  of  Columbia ;  and  in  addition  to  the 

and  fVom  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  be  pro-  aforesaid  inspection  there  may  be  made  in  all  cases 

vided  with  suitable  room  for  the  accommodation  of  where  the  Secretary  may  deem  necessary  or  expe- 

himself  and  the  mails.  dient,  under  rules  and  regulations  to  be  by  him  pre- 

Sxc.  7.  That  officers  of  the  United  States  Navy  may  scribed,  a  post-mortem  examination  of  the  carcasses 

volunteer  for  service  on  sud  mail  vessels,  and  when  of  all  cattle,  sheep,  and  hogs  about  to  be  prepared  for 

accepted  by  the  contractor  or  coptractors  may  be  as>  human  consumption  at  any  slaughter-house,  canning, 

rigncsd  to  such  duty^  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  salting,  packing,  or  rendering  establishment  in  anv 

whenever  in  his  opinion  such  assignment  can  be  State  or  Territory  or  the  District  of  Columbia,  which 

made  without  detriment  to  the  service,  and  while  in  are  the  subiecto  of  interstate  commerce, 

aaid  employment  they  shall  receive  f\irlough  ^ay  Sec.  4.  Tiiat  said  examination  shall  be  made  in 

from  the  Government,  and  such  other  compensation  the  manner  provided  by  rules  and  r«)gulations  to  be 

from  the  contractor  or  contractors  as  may  oe  agreed  prescribed  by  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture ;  and  after 

upon  by  the  parties :  I^tyvidsd,  That  they  shall  only  said  examination  the  carcasses  and  producto  of  all 


228  CONGRESS.    (Free  Goinaos.) 

catdOf  sheepf  and  swine  found  to  be  fVee  of  diseafle,  any  one  month ;  and  the  Secretaiy  of  the  Treasniy 

and  wholesomef  sound,  and  fit  for  human  food,  shall  shall  issue  in  payment  for  such  puTchases  of  silver 

be  marked,  stamped,  or  labeled  for  identiftcation  as  bullion  Treasury  notes  of  the  United  States  of  the 

may  be  provided  oy  said  rules  and  regulations  of  the  same  form  and  description  and  having  the  same  le- 

Secretaiy  of  Agriculture.  gal  qualities  as  the  notes  provided  for  by  the  said 

Any  person  who  shall  foi^e,  counterfeit,  or  know-  act    And  such  Treasury  notes  shall  be  a  lecral  ten- 

ingly  and  wrongfully  alter,  deface,  or  destroy  any  of  der  and  be  reoeived,  reaeemed,  and  reissued  in  the 

the  marks,  stamps,  or  other  devices  provided  for  in  same  manner  and  to  the  same  extent  as  other  Treaa- 

the  regulations  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  of  any  uiv  notes. 

such  carcasses  or  their  products,  or  who  shall  foive,        oxc.  2.  That  the  compulsory  requirement  of  de- 

counterfeity  or  knowin^y  and  wrongfully  alter^  de-  posits  of  United  Btates  bonds  w^ith  the  Treasurer  of 

face,  or  destrov  anv  certificate  provided  in  said  legu-  the  United  States  by  national  banks  having  a  capital 

lationa,  shall  oe  aeemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  of  not  more  than  $50,000  is  hereby  limited  m  amount 

and  on  conviction  thereof  snail  be  punished  by  a  fine  to  $1^000  of  bonds  for  each  and  every  national  bank : 


Sko.  5.  That  it  shall  be  unlawAil  for  any  person  to  And  provided  further^  That  this  act  shall  not  apply 

transport  from,  one  Stat«  or  Territory  or  the  District  to  the  deposits  of  bonds  which  may  be  requirea  by 

of  Columbia  into  any  other  State  or  Territory  or  the  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasuir  to  secure  depoeita  of 

District  of  Columbia,  or  for  any  person  to  deliver  to  public  moneys  in  the  national  banks, 

another  for  transportation  from  one  State  or  Territory  Seo.  8.  That  upon  any  depof^its  already  or  bere- 

or  the  District  or  Columbia  into  another  State  or  Ter-  after  made  of  any  United  States  bonds  bearinc:  in- 

ritozy  or  the  District  of  Columbia  the  carcasses  of  terest,  in  the  manner  required  by  law,  any  national 

any  cattle,  sheep,  or  swine,  or  the  food  products  banking  association  making  the  same  shall  be  en- 

thereof,  which  have  been  examined  in  accordance  titied  to  receive  from  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency 

with  the  provisions  of  sections  8  and  4  of  this  act,  circulating  notes  of  different  denominationa.  in  blank, 

and  which  on  said  examination  have  been  declared  registered  and  countersigned  as  provided  bv  law.  not 

b^  the  inspector  making  the  same  to  be  unsound  or  exceeding  in  the  whole  amount  the  par  value  or  the 

diseased.    Any  persona  violating  the  provisions  of  bonds  deposited :  Jh^tided^  ThatTat  no  time  shall  the 

this  section  shall  be  deemed  guilty  of  a  misdemeanor  total  amount  of  such  notes  issued  to  any  such  asso- 

and  punished  for  each  offense  as  provided  in  section  elation  exceed  the  amount  at  such  time  actually  paid 

4  of  this  act.  in  of  its  capital  stock. 

Sko.  6.  That  the  inspectors  provided  for  in  sections  Sko.  4.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasuiy  is  here- 

1  and  8  of  this  act  shall  be  authorized  to  give  oliicial  by  authorized  to  issue,  in  a  sum  or  sums  not  exoeed- 

oertiflcates  of  the  sound  and  wholesome  condition  of  ing  in  the  aggregate  $200,000,000,  coupon  or  regis- 

theoattle,sheep^  and  swine,  their  carcasses  and  prod-  tered  bonds  of  the  Unilea  States,  in  such  form  as 

uots,  described  in  sections  8  and  4  of  this  act,  and  he  may  prescribe,  and  of  denominations  of  $50  or 

one  copy  of  every  certificate  granted  under  the  pro-  some  multiple  of  that  sum,  redeemable  .in   lawful 

visions  of  this  act  shall  be  med  in  the  Department  money  at  the  pleasure  of  the  United  States,  on  and 

of  Agriculture,  another  copy  shall  be  delivered  to  after  July^  1, 1900,  and  bearing  interest  payable  semi- 

the  owner  or  shipper,  and  when  the  cattle,  sheep,  and  annually  in  such  money  at  the  rate  of  2  per  cent  per 

swine,  or  their  carcasses  and  products  are  sent  aoroad,  annum.    And  he  is  authorized  to  sell  or  dispose  of 

a  third  copy  shall  be  delivered  to  the  chief  officer  of  any  of  the  bonds  issued  under  this  act  at  not  less 

the  vessel  on  which  the  shipment  shall  be  made.  than  their  par  vrJue  for  any  lawful  money  of  the 

Sko.  7.  That  none  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  shall  United  States,  or  for  gold  or  silver  certificates,  and 

be  so  construed  as  to  apply  to  any  cattie,  sheep,  or  to  apply  the  proceeds  Uiereof  to  the  redemption  of  or 

swine  slaughtered  by  anv  farmer  upon  his  rarm,  to  the  purchase  of  any  of  the  bonds  of  tne  United 

which  may  be  transported  ftom  one  State  or  Terri-  States,  and  for  no  other  purpose  whatever.    And  a 

toiy  or  the  District  of  Columbia  into  another  State  or  sum  necessary  to  pay  the  expense  of  preparing,  issu- 

Territory  or  the  District  of  Columbia:  I^otfided,  ing,  advertising,  and  disposing  of  said  bonds  is  here- 

however^  That  if  the  carcasses  of  such  cattle,  sheep,  or  by  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  the  Treasury 

swine  go  to  anv  packing  or  canning  establishment  not  otherwise  appropriated. 

and  are  intendea  for  transportation  to  any  other  State  Seo.  5.  Whenever  the  market  price  of  silver  bull- 

or  Territorjr  or  the  Distnct  of  Columbia  as  herein-  ion  shall  have  been  continuously  for  a  period  of  one 

before  provided,  they  shall  there  be  subject  to  the  year  $1  or  more  for  371*25  grains  of  pure  silver  all 

post-mortem  examination  provided  for  in  sections  8  purchasing  of  silver  bullion  by  the  Secretary  of  the 

and  4  of  this  act  Treasury  shall  cease,  and  thereupon  and  thereafter 

The  Senate  concurred  in  the  House  amend-  ^^  owner  of  silver  bullion  not  too  base  for  the  oper- 

j    •-^"-•^                ^     .j^.JZ         \1     *i    IvT  ations  of  the  mint  may  deposit  the  same  m  amounta 

mendment,  and  the   President   approved    the  oftiie  valueof  not  leitii^$100atany  mintof  the 

measure,  March  8.  United  States  to  be  formed  into  standard  doUare  or 

Free  Colnai^e. — One  of  the  much  discussed  bars  for  his  benefit  and  without  charge ;  and  at  the 

measures  in  this  session  of  the  Congress  was  that  said  owner^s  option  he  may  receive  insteful  the  eaui  v- 

"  to  provide  against  a  contraction  of  the  cur-  ^^^^  thereof  in  the  Treasury  notes  of  the  said  act 

rency."    It  was  brought  up  in  the  Senate  Dec  app«)ved  July  14, 1890. 

80,  1890,  and  was  reporteS  from  the  Finance  >,« sf^LJv *^Sl!.St^f^a«L^if  T^S^ ^f"^ 

r«~.«uJ««  ;«  ♦»,«  #rviiJr«>;«^»  #rv«,»  .  he  is  hereby,  authorized  to  cause  the  subsidiary  silver 

Committee  m  the  following  form  :  ^^^^  ^f  the  bnited  States  now  in  or  which  may  here- 

Be  it  enacted,  ete,^  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Treas-  afler  be  received  into  the  Treasury  and  subtreasuries 

ury  is  hereby  directed  to  purchase  from  time  to  time,  of  the  United  States,  which  are  abraded,  worn,  mu- 

during  the  calendar  year  1891,  silver  bullion  to  the  tilated,  defaced,  or  otherwise  unfit  for  ciivulation,  or 

itfgregate  of  12,000,000  ounces  at  the  market  price  are  of  denominations  for  which  there  is  no  current 

£ereof,  not  exceeding  $1  for  871.25  grains  of  pure  demand,  to  be  recoyied  at  the  mints  of  the  United 

silver,  in  addition  to  the  amount  required  to  be  pur-  States  into  such  denominations  of  silver  coins  now 

chased  by  the  act  approved  July  14,  1890,  entitled  authorized  by  law  as  may  be  required  to  meet  the 

"  An  Act  directing  the  purchase  of  silver  bullion  and  demand  therefor.    That  tine  loss  incident  to  the  re- 

the  issue  of  Treasury  notes  thereon,  and  for  other  coinage  of  such  uncurrent  silver  coins  into  new  coins 

purposes,"  of  which  sum  of  12,000,000  ounces  there  shall  oe  paid  from  the  gain  arising  fVom  the  coinage  of 

shall bepurchased,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Secretary  silver  bullion  into  coin  of  a  nominal  value  exceeding 

of  the  Treasury,  not  exceeding  8,000,000  ounces  in  the  cost  thereof,  denominated  **  the  silver  profit  fUnd? 


CONGRESS.  (Fbbb  C!oinage.)                                          229 

Sic  7.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  is  hereby  the  ancient  remedy  which  has  been  used  for 

•uthorixed  and  directed  to  issue  Treastiry  notes  of  thousands  of  years  and  never  failed  to  cure  when 

the  act  approved  July  14, 1890,  to  an  smoimt  equal  the  mines  of  gold  and  silver  were  prtxiuctive. 

to  be  formed  fit>m  other  trade  doliare,  and  also  upon  ^j  furnish  a  wund  currency  for  the  prewnt, 

the  bolUon  value  of  10,000,000  of  the  abraded  and  and  may  be  sufficient  m  quantity  for  an  mdefi- 

otherwise  nncurront  subsidiaiy  idlver  coin  now  in  nite  time.     It  will  certainly  give  time  to  dis- 

th«  Treasury.  cover  some  other  remedy,  if  any  exists,  to  pre- 


ballion  shall  be  carried  on  at  the  mints  of  the  Umted  ^„„u„     it«,«««  ^^a  <^.»ki^.»  ;«  ,»^»«»  k«  ^vi- 

States  and  at  the  assay  office  at  New  York,  be  amended  results.    Usurers  and  gamblers  in  money  by  this 

by  inserting,  after  the  word  "law "in  the  fourth  line,  great  outrage  have  attracted  public  attention  to 

the  following  words:  **and  fit>m  the  proceeds  of  the  the  methods  by  which  they  rob  and  enslave  the 

sde  of  by-products  resulting  from  the  operations  of  masses.    Theoretically  every  government  in  the 

the  refinery."  so  that  the  paragraph  shall  read :  civilized  world  is  empowered  to  make  money,  and 

^-ijid  it  shall  be  lawfuf  to  ^ply  the  moneys  arm-  jt  was  assumed  that  this  sovereign  authority  was 

in^  from  charges  collected  from  depositors  fortiiese  ^j    exercised  in  the  interest  of  the  peopla    It 

operations  pursuant  to  law,  and  from  the  proceeds  of  iT\:J^TZ.^  Zu- ♦  «  !2trJ!t*  l\ll:*^-^  i.*^*^ 

lEe  sale  of  V-P«>diicts  resulting  from  the  operations  »  now  seen  that  a  ring  of  parasites  at  every  cap- 

of  the  refinery,  so  far  as  may  be  necessary,  to  the  de-  "^  City  in  the  United  States  and  Europe  has 

fraring  in  mil  of  the  expenses  thereof,  including  from  time  immemorial  had  exclusive  control  of 

liily>r,  materials,  and  wastage."  the  law-making  power,  and  has  created  or  de- 

Sic.  9.  That   an   act  to  authorize  the  receipt  of  stroyed  the  circulating  medium  as  would  best 

Tnited  states  gold  coin  in  exchange  for  gold  bare,  gerve  the  purposes  of  extortion." 

approved  May  26, 1882,  be  amended  to  read  as  fol-  ^^  Reaffan\of  Texas,  gave  notice  of  an  amend- 

•^fhat  the  superintendentB  of  the  coinage  mints  and  ™®"i,^®''  ^?®  same  purpose.    He  said : 
of  the  United  States  assay  office  at  New  York  may,  The  coinage  of  dollars  was  suspended  by  the 
with  the  approval  of  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  but  not  act  of  1873,  and  the  silver  dollar  was  then  sub- 
otherwise,  receive  United  States  gold  coin  from  any  stantially  retired  from  use  as  a  part  of  our 

holder  tliereof,  in  sums  of  not  less  than  $6,000,  and    money.    Silver  had  been  '  — ^  '^ ^*" 

pav  and  deUver  i^  exchange  therefor  gold  bars  in  tionai  cur«»ncy,  at  par  ^ 

rJue  equaling  auch  corn  so  revived:  Bvvtded,  Th^t    ^^      ^^  the  time^  th.  ^ ^ 

the  Director  of  the  Mmt,  with  the  approval  of  the  iSm  «\,*{i  *K«  ».«>.^  ^f  ♦kJIXT^f  iQ'yft 

Swretary  of  the  Treasury,  may  impost  for  such  ex-  ^^JJ»*^"  ^'^^  paMaffe  of  the  act  of  1878. 

change  a  charge  which  in  his  judgment  shall  equal  The  passage  of  the  act  demonetizing  the  sil- 

the  cost  of  manufacturing  the  bars?  ver  dollar  inflicted  on  this  country  greater  injury 

Sbc.  10.  That   it  is  ^e  continued  poliov  of  the  than  was  probably  ever  inflicted  on  this  or  any 

Tnited  States  to  use  both  gold  and  silver  as  roll  legal-  other  country  by  a  single  act  of  legislation.    It 

tender  money  under  the  ratio  now  existiM  in  the  caused  a  reduction  of  values  of  all  property  and 

t^^^u!S'^?'■'*'*^™"5'J^  IBIS'S?!;  ?tK^^^^  products  about  38  per  cent.    It  tookTrom  the 

the  Umted  States,  acting  m  accord  with  other  nations ;  £L^^u  fu^  «»«  «#  «k1x,<.4>  ^.«»  i«.i«  «#  ♦!»«  .^^^.i 

and  the  Unitedfetatesls  willing  to  join  with  othe^  P«>P*«  ^^tJ^  of  about  one  half  of  the  metal 

commercial  nations  in  a  conference  to  adopt  a  common  money  of  the  country,  and  it  increased  the  bur- 

roio  between  gold  and  silver,  with  a  view  of  estab-  dens  of  all  mdebtedness  from  one  third  to  one  half. 

li«h'mg,  internationally,  the  use  of  both  metab  as  **  This  was  done  in  the  face  of  the  fact  that  the 

fiill  l<^-tender  money,  and  securing  fixity  of  rela-  United  States  was  then,  as  now,  the  greatest  sil- 

Uve  value  between  them.    Ajid  when,  in  the  judg-  ver-produoing  country  in  the  world,  producing 

^Jlj^u  1^'^^^^  5  sufficient  number  oTsucTi  j^^j^  ^^^^^  Jg         ^^^^  ^f  ^^  the  silver  being 

nations  shall  have  entered  mto  such  international  ar-  -_,i„^  i_  fu.  „tZ}A      Tf  ^o.  ,i^««  ,•«  ♦!,«  #«^  J^ 

Twgement  he  may  declare  the  ratio  so  fixed  to  be  the  JJ*°5^  J^i  ^^f  ^    \^'  .^f$  ^f»,  ^^^^  in  the  face  of 

existing  ratio  in  the  United  States,  and  all  coinage  ^^^  *act  that  the  United  states  was  at  that  time 

thcrei&r  shall  be  at  such  ratio  until  changed  by  law.  one  of  the  great  debtor  nations  of  the  world, 

The  iWident  shall,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con^  our  national  debt  then  being  about  $2,600,000.- 

aent  of  the  Senate,  appoint  'oommissioneKS,  not  exceed-  000 ;  when  most  of  the  States  were  large  debtors ; 

£i^*"^  ^J*^  ^^^  ^^^  *°y  ?"^  ooiiference  on  ^hen  most  of  the  municinal  corporations  of  the 

twL^l^^f  Yu'^  ^A^  *S*^  S'^T/^'^^  ^^i!!  country  were  largely  indebted;  when  the  rail- 

their  domgs  to  the  President,  who  shall  transmit  the  ^^^  ^^^^^ti^^T  r^4  fii^  ^n«*fL,  »».»i  ♦k-^  «« 

•fmetoCongreas.    Said  commissioners  shall  receive  ?^  ^???^^'*^^®5^?'  **'®  ^"°,*^  ^'^^tv  ^'?  *"' 

the  sum  oflS,000  each  and  their  reasonable  expenses,  ^^^^  billions  of  dollars,  most  of  their  obligations 

to  be  approved  by  the  Secretuy  of  State;  and  the  being  held  in  Europe,  and  when  other  corpora- 

amoont  necessary  to  pay  such  compensation  and  ex-  tions  and  private  citizens  were  lar&^ly  indebted, 

pcnsea  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of  any  money  in  for  we  had  before  that  time  an  abundant  cur- 


people 
gaged  in  the  silver  mining,  in  which  business 

Hr.  Stewart,  of  Nevada,  submitted  an  amend-  tens  of  thousands  of  our  people  found  employ- 
ntent  involving  free  coinage,  and  supported  that  ment  which  furnished  support  for  hundreds  of 
policy  in  an  elaborate  speech.  Among  other  thousands  of  other  people.  One  of  the  conse- 
things,  he  said :  quences  of  this  demonetization  of  silver  was  that 

)*  The  scheme  reported  by  the  Finance  Com-  after  the  ffdl  of  prices  caused  by  it  it  required 
nuttee  is  another  doee  of  the  ordinary  quack  med-  double  the  amount  of  the  products  of  the  soil, 
^^u^eprescribed  by  dealers  in  money  for  financial  double  the  number  of  days'  work,  to  pay  either 
di^rden  which  their  previous  prescriptions  have  the  public  or  the  private  indebtedness  of  the 
produced.   The  silver  men  propose  a  return  to    oountry. 


230  COKGRESa    (Fbbb  Coikage.) 

''  That  that  act  was  inspired  hj  the  selfish  and  the  stock  of  gold,  being  on  Nov.  1.  1890,  as 

greed  of  bondholders,  monometallists,  and  monejr-  stated  hj  the  Director  of  the  Mint,  $024,010.Si85, 

holders  I  think  there  can  be  no  doubt    That  it  is  so  large,  being  nearly  twice  as  large  as  that  of 

was  the  deliberate  purpose  on  their  part  (whether  silver,  that  its  sudden  withdrawal  from  use  as 

understood  by  members  of  the  two  Houses  or  money  would  create  a  contraction  possibly  of 

not,  I  know  not)  to  sacrifice  the  interest  of  the  greater  stringency  than  has  ever  been  known  by 

great  body  of  the  people  in  order,  by  an  unjust  our  people.    The  one  hundred  and  seventy-five 

and  iniquitous  law,  to  promote  their  own  fort-  millions  of  gold  certificates  outstandini^,  cover- 

unes  there  can  be  no  doubt.    No  such  legislative  ing  gold  in  the  Treasury,  may  at  any  moment 

crime,  in  my  opinion,  has  ever  been  committed  drop  out  of  circulation,  if  not  already  hoarded, 

in  this  country ;  and  I  do  not  know  in  the  his-  Of  course  the  clouds  now  hovering  over  as,  even 

tory  of  any  legislation  a  crime  of  equal  magni-  with  a  silver  lining,  do  not  fail  to  be  widely  re- 

tude  to  it.  garded  as  portentous. 

*'  The  passage  of  such  an  act  under  drcum-  ^  The  production  of  gold  in  the  world  in  1889 

stances  tnat  show  that  neither  the  House  of  Rep-  was  $llo,882,000,  being  more  than  in  any  vear 

resentatives  nor  the  Senate  understood  it,  passed  save  one  since  1878 ;  and  the  amount  of  gold  re- 

substantially  without  discussion — ^for  the  special  ceived  at  our  mints  and  assay  offices  every  year 

question  of  demonetizing  silver  was  not  dis-  from  1880  to  1889,  inclusive,  has  far  exceeded 

cussed  in  either  House — is  a  thins:  that  ought  to  that  of  silver,  bein^  $612,526,877  of  gold  and  only 

attract  the  profound  attention  of  the  American  $879,046,208  of  silver.    Notwithstanding  large 

people,  and  it  did  not  fail  to  attract  their  pro-  exports  of.  gold  last  year  our  present  stock  is 

found  attention  when  they  came  to  know  what  supposed  to  equal  that  of  all  Eiurope.    Yet  one 

had  been  done  in  this  respect.    And  from  the  would  infer  from  the  tenor  of  the  debat«  that 

time  the  people  came  to  know  what  had  been  {fold  was  about  as  near  extinction  on  the  Amer- 

done  in  tne  demonetization  of  silver  they  com-  ican  Continent  as  the  buffalo,  and  say  *  nobodv 

menced  the  struggle  to  rratore  its  coinage ;  at  ever  sees  it.'    The  vitriolic  denunciations  of  gold 

least  they  commenced  that  struggle  as  soon  which  periodically  leap  out  here  clearly  indicate 

as  the  Democracy  of  the  countr^r  got  the  con-  that  nothing  less  than  the  absolute  domination 

trol  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  that  of  silver  and  the  expulsion  of  gold  from  our 

struggle  was  kept  up  until,  in  1878,  the  House  country  is  the  real  ana  supreme  object  aimed  at. 

of  Representatives  passed  a  bill  providing  for  It  is  my  deliberate  opinion,  however,  shared  by 

the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver.    That  business  men  generally,  that  whenever  a  prac- 

bill  came  to  the  Senate,  and  was  so  amended  as  tical  divorce  between  gold  and  silver  shall  occur 

to  strike  out  the  provisions  for  free  coinage  and  in  the  United  States,  silver  will  have  lost  its 

to  substitute  one  authorizing  the  Government  to  most  powerful  friend,  and  will  suffer  greater  de- 

purohase  not  more  than  four  million  nor  less  gradation  in  its  commercial  and  money  value 

than  two  million  dollars*  worth  of  silver  per  than  it  has  recently  experienced, 

month,  and  to  coin  that.  ^'  One  subterranean  purpose  can  not  be  con- 

"That  act,  instead  of  making  silver  a  unit  of  cealed.  though  softly  deni^,  and  that  is  to  scale 

value  and  money,  as  it  had  stood  from  the  time  all  debts,  public  and  private,  or  to  supply  medium 

of  the  passage  of  the  act  of  1792  to  the  passage  for  their  liquidation  at  a  cost  largely  reduced 

of  the  act  of  1878,  made  silver  a  commodity  from  that  required  and  existing  at  tHe  time  of 

which,  like  wheat  or  cotton,  or  other  products  of  the  original  contracts. 

the  soil,  was  to  be  valued  by  its  gold  value,  and  "  At  the  last  session  of  Congress  it  was  often 

not  allowed  to  possess  the  money  value  which  it  urfi;ed  that  if  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  had 

had  possessed  before  that  value  was  taken  from  only  purchased  to  the  full  limit   of   law  the 

it  by  the  act  of  1878.  $4,000,000  worth  of  silver  instead  of  two  millions 

""but  the  people  were  not  content  with  this  per  month  everything  would  have  been  lovely, 

disposition  of  the  question,  and  the  struggle  was  money  plentiful,  silver  at  par,  and  the  silver 

kept  up  from  year  to  year  until  last  year,  when  eoose  cooked,  and  that  no  further  demand  in  be- 

we  passed  another  bill  which  mad^  some  conces-  half  of  silver  or  anything  else  would  have  been 

sion  to  the  demands  of  the  people  of  this  country,  made.    The  new  law,  therefore,  was  passed  for 

but  still  preserved  silver  as  a  commodity  to  be  the  purchase  of  4,500,000  ounces  of  pure  silver 

valued  by  gold  and  did  not  make  it  money.  That  per  month,  equal  in  coinage  value  to  more  than 

that  was  done  in  the  interest  of  the  bondholders  $5,000,000  per  month,  or  over  sixty  millions  an- 

and  moneyed  class,  and  asrainst  the  interest  of  nually,  and  yet  the  cry  here  is  now  more  vocifer- 

the  great  body  of  the  people,  1  think  there  can  ous  than  ever  for  more,  for  a  larger  dose.    Not 

be  no  doubt.  even  the  permanent  and  high-salaried  national 

**  Now,  again,  Mr.  President,  the  question  comes  Executive  Silver  Committee,  long  planted  as  the 

back  to  us — as  I  stated  in  the  Senate  a  year  ago  advisers  of  Congress  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue, 

in  debate  upon  this  question  that  it  would  come  will  jog  one  and  nudge  another  and  claim  that 

back  and  continue  to  come  back  until  justice  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  has  b€«n  a  laggard, 

should  be  done  and  until  silver  can  be  restored  or  that  he  has  not  purchased  all  the  silver  possible 

to  the  place  it  occupied  under  the  Constitution  under  the  latest  law,  and  yet  the  contest  of  the 

and  in  the  traditions  of  this  country  side  by  side  silver  men  for  more  is  like* that  of  Macbeth : 
with  sold  " 

Mrl^herman,  of  Ohio,  said,  in  opposition  to  "I>amned  be  him  thrt  first  cries, 'Hold,  enough!' 

free  coinage :  ^  It  may  be  well  to  probe  the  silver  problem 

"  With  a  silver   supremacy  gold  would   no  to  the  bottom— to  discover,  if  possible,  Its  mer- 

longer  be  in  sight  as  money,  out  would  be  held  its.    It  is  now  manifest  that  the  Government's 

as  a  commodity  to  be  sold  to  the  highest  bidder,  purchase  and  locking  up  of  one  half  of  the  an- 


CONGRESa    (Free  Coiitage.)  231 

nual  silver  product  of  the  world  has  not  pro-  Germany,  and  Germany  parted  with  so  much  of 

mot«d  the  increase  of  its  value,  which  to-day  is  it  that  all  the  agricultural  interests  of  Germany 

fully  four  cents  per  ounce  less  than  it  was  on  were  in  arms  against  the  further  parting  with 

the  passage  of  the  silver  act  of  the  last  session,  it.    When  they  made  their  appeal  to  Bismarck, 

thoagh  its  price  then  had  been  lifted  by  the  gen-  Bismarck  said,  *  We  have  already  too  much  war 

e»l  anticipation  of  some  such  measure.    It  is  ter  in  the  soup,  and  it  is  too  thin.'    He  said  on 

now  ureed  that  the  United  States  markets  and  another  occasion :  *  Too  many  people  are  pulling 

mints  ^all  be  opened  to  the  whole  silver  prod-  for  this  gold  blanket,  and  somebody  has  got  to 

uct  of  the  world.    The  patient  is  either  to  be  be  left  out  in  the  cold  if  vou  attempt  to  cover 

cared  or  killed.    The  audacity  of  such  an  experi-  yourselves  with  gold  alone, 

meot  solely  at  our  risk,  it  appears  to  me,  is  more  '*  Now,  Mr.  President,  I  insist  that  a  proposi- 

conspicuous  than  its  financial  soundness.    It  can  tion  that  is  simply  a  return  to  the  flnanciid  sys- 

not  be  possible  to  hold  the  price  of  silver  in  tem  that  has  been  in  vogue  all  over  the  world 

America  at  from  15  to  80  per  cent,  above  its  for  the  last  two  or  three  hundred  years  at  least, 

price  in  Europe.    Tet  we  are  asked  to  attempt  in  the  use  of  metal  that  has  been  thus  in  com- 

this  miracle,  as  if  it  were  a  very  little  thing.  mon  use  as  money,  I  say  that  it  is  incumbent  on 

*'  There  is  much  uncertainty  whether  or  not  the  opponents  of  that  proposition  to  come  here 

oor  action  may  not  encourage  all  European  na-  with  something  besides,  as  I  said,  declamation, 

tioDs  to  farther  depreciate  the  value  of  silver  by  assertion,  and  prophesy,  and  that  is  all  they  have 

wholly  discarding  its  use  except  as  subsidiary  ever  come  here  with. 

eoioage.    If  silver  is  in  purgatory  now,  it  will  "Mr.  President,  there  has  never  been  an  argu- 
not  do,  by  our  further  action,  to  sink  it  to  hades,  ment  made  here  during  the  years  I  have  b^n  a 
where  it  would  be  past  praying  for.    All  the  sil-  member  of  this  body  that  has  deserved  the  name 
Ter  States,  except  Nevada,  have  interests  para-  of  argument  to  show  that  the  fears  of  these  dan- 
mount  to  that  of  silver,  and  that  of  itself  is  be-  gers  to  result  have  the  slightest  foundation.    It 
liered  to  be  more  prosperous  than  unv  industry  has  been  ignorant  assertion  on  the  part  of  the 
of  all  other  Statet».    Its  price  very  likely  for  a  opponents  of  the  measure,  which  they  can  not 
brief  time  might  be  increased  by  some  extrava-  prove  and  do  not  attempt  to  prove.    I  challenge 
pnt  act  of  Congress — a  bomb  of  great  noise  and  the  gentlemen  who  take  that  side  in  this  discus- 
ooUow  sound — but,  if  our  massive  present  ac-  sion,  and  who  are  asserting  that  there  is  danger 
cumulations  were  to  be  so  broadly  extended  as  in  this  proposition,  to  tell  us  wherein  that  dan- 
to  bring  about  such  a  short-lived  result,  would  ger  lies.    If  there  is  a  troop  threatening  danger, 
it  be  any  more  justifiable  than  the  buying  and  who  is  the  captain  of  the  troop,  who  heads  it, 
hoarding  for  a  higher  price  the  entire  crop  of  and  under  what  banner  does  it  comef 
cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  or  com,  iron,  or  tobacco f  "They  tell  us  Spain  will  send  it  here,  that 
"If  we  consent  to  the  issue  of  United  States  France  will  send  it  nere,  when  the  whole  history 
Treasurv  notes  on  silver,  why  refuse  them  on  of  the  world  is  against  their  assertion,  more  par- 
Undf  ^me  large  profits  would  doubtless  accrue  ticularly  when  they  touch  France  than  any  other 
to  the  rich  owners  of  silver  mines  by  free  coinage  country  in  the  world.    If  Senators  think  that 
until  the  coin  itself  should  drop  to  the  level  of  India  would  adopt  the  gold  standard  and  aban- 
the  commercial  value  of  silver  buUion,  but  every  don  silver  they  reckon  without  their  host,  for 
farthing  of  these  large  profits  realized  above  the  the  British  power  made  them  abandon  the  gold 
commercial  value  wonid  be  at  the  loss  of  the  standard,  wnich  they  did  years  ago  and  adopted 
Oovemment,  and,  therefore,  at  the  loss  of  the  silver,  because  it  was  to  the  interest  of  the  British 
P^ple.    For  the  sake  of  argument  let  it  be  ad-  Government  that  they  should  have  that  silver 
mitted  that  there  is  a  temporary  need  of  an  in-  standard.    And  it  is  to  their  interest  to-day,  and 
crease  of  circulating  currency,  yet  the  proposi-  you  could  no  more  get  the  British  Government 
tion  is  not  merely  to  bridge  over  a  fleeting  exi-  to  consent  that  India  should  abandon  silver  and 
gency  by  pouring  out  a  flood  to  satisfy  a  sudden  establish  a  gold  standard  than  you  could  get  her 
thirst,  but  the  design  is  to  pour  out  a  continuous  to  agree  to  abandon  gold  and  adopt  silver  in  their 
flood  for  all  time  to  come.    The  Government  is  own  country— not  a  particle." 
to  take  all  the  silver  offered  at  a  fixed  price  for-  Mr.  Evarts,  of  New  York,  defended  the  legis- 
ever,  being  a  dollar  for  each  871^  grains,  and  pay-  lation  of  the  previous  session:  "  Mr.  President, 
able  by  the  issue  of  legal-tender  notes,  whether  there  is  nothing  whatever  that  should  change 
more  currency  shall  be  needed  or  not,  the  in-  our  satisfaction  with  the  resolution  that  we  came 
crease  not  being  based  upon  any  reasonable  or  to  in  July  last.    If  we  have  been  disappointed  in 
probable  ratio  of  the  increase  of  population  or  there  being  less  activitv  on  the  part  of  the  Ex- 
business.    Large  power   and  advantage  would  ecutive  in  promoting  by  diplomatic  means  an 
•ocrue  to  the  happy  owners  of  silver,  to  whom  opportunity  of  a  resolution  oi  this  peat  difficul- 
legal-tender  paper  oy  millions  must  be  exclusive-  ty  abroad,  we  have  found  nothing  m  the  experi- 
1t  issued  for  their  silver  bullion,  but  in  the  end  ence  of  this  countrv  that  could  show  us  that  we 
that  advantage  would  perish  in  the  general  dis-  erred  when  we  took  our  stand  then,  or  that  we 
aster  that  would  overtake  the  whole  country  by  should  now  be  any  wiser  than  we  would  have 
the  vain  attempt  of  men  to  increase  their  property  been  if  we  had  undertaken  free  coinage, 
by  computing  it  in  a  cheap  dollar."  **  Mr.  President,  the  people  of  this  country, 

Hr.  Teller,  of  Colorado,  argued  against  the  the  people  of  commercial  countries  in  Europe, 

potion  that  free  coinage  would  result  in  silver  can  not  hide  from  themselves  the  severity  of  tnis 

"Sports:  relation,  putting  these  two  metals  so  wide  apart, 

**  I  have  asserted  over  and  over  again  for  ten  as  was  accomplished  by  the  sequel  of  what  hap- 

y«rs  that  there  is  no  country  in  the  world  that  pened  in  1873.    All  invective  against  the  errors 

▼ants  to  part  with  its  silver,  save  and  except  of  Germany  and  the  errors  in  our  legislation  do 


232  CONGRESS.    (Thx  Fedejul  Ehmmov  Bill.) 

not  bring  us  any  nearer  to  the  solution  of  the  the  goal  at  which  we  aim,  and  that  is  a  restoi 

mischief  that  was  wroueht  on  all  the  methods  tion  of  the  parity  of  silver  and  gold  in  the  money 

and  the  gradual  approaches  by  which  this  great  of  the  worla." 

consummation  can  be  reached.    Impatience  is       The  measure  was  variously  amended  in  the 

no  teacher.    Experience  is  the  only  teacher  by  Senate,  and,  finally,  on  Jan.  14, 1891,  the  follow^ 

which  we  should  be  guided.    And  now,  without  ing  substitute  was  adopted  and  passed: 
disturbance  of  either  foreign  exchanges  or  domes-        g.  4e76.  A  biU  to  provide  agunst  the  contraction 

tic  deranj|[ement,  we,  under  the  wise  result  that  we  of  tho  currency,  and  ror  other  purpoBes : 
reached  six  months  ago,  are  asked  to  take  this        That  from  and  after  the  date  of  the  paaeage  of  thi^> 

action  merely  from  impatience,  because  the  cure  act  the  unit  of  value  in  the  United  States  shall  be  the 

could  only  be  in  some  degree  as  long  as  the  evil  dollw-,  and  the  same  may  be  coined  of  412*  gnins  of 

had  nroirressed  atandapd  silver,  or  of  26*8  grains  of  Btandard  gold^  and 

u  T&-  T>~v-M««*  ««  T  :,,o:»fo.^  ♦!»««  »^  T  ,«„o4.  the  said  coin  shall  be  a  Wal  tender  for  all  debts. 

"  Mr.  President,  as  I  insisted  then^  so  I  must  public  and  private.    That  hereafter  any  owner  of  «1- 
insist  now,  the  great  enemy  of  the  effort  for  the  ver  or  gold  bullion  may  deposit  the  same  at  any  mint 
parity  of  the  metals  in  the  affairs  of  the  world  of  the  United  States,  to  be  formed  into  standard  dol- 
ls this  rash  patronage  of  the  silver  mines  that  laro  or  bars  for  his  benefit  and  without  chane ;  but  it 
makes  a  prominent  and  easy  but  an  obvious  sug-  shall  be  lawAil  to  refltse  any  deposit  of  less  value 
gestion  of  activitv  in  that  direction.    1  know,  than  $100  or  any  bullion  so  base  as  to  be  unsuitable 
and  I  appreciate  t)ie  fact,  that  those  who  favor  for  the  operations  of  the  mint  ,   ^^  .      .^ 
♦K«  4..-.^  J««f«i«  .«  T  Ar^  .»«J  «^4-  »^«T»,.n^,i  K»  .  ,!«_        "BO.  2.  That  the  provision  of  section  8  of  **  An  Act 
the  two  metals  as  I  do  are  not  governed  by  a  de-  ^  authorize  the  coibage  of  the  stendaid  silver  dollar 
sire  to  patronize  the  mines ;  but,  nevertheless,  and  to  restore  its  W-tender  character,"  which  be- 
those  who  avow  both  an  interest,  as  we  all  feel,  came  a  law  Feb.  28, 1878,  is  hereby  made  appUcable 
in  the  patronage  of  the  products  of  the  mines  as  to  the  ooinafe  in  tins  act  provided  for. 
of  the  nelds  in  our  country,  with  a  concurrent  in-        Seo.  8.  That  the  certificates  provided  for  in  the  sec- 
terest  and  duty  on  their  part  to  restore  an  equali-  ond  section  of  this  act  shall  be  of  denominations  of 
ty  between  the  metals  in  the  world  at  large,  not  less  tiian  one  or  more  thanone  hundred  dolUi». 
»k^.,i^  «^<-  a,.4*<^,.  4.k«;»  ^^^-.noAia  ^w^A  fk*.,*-  k^^i  wid  such  ccrtificato  shall  be  redeemable  in  com  of 
should  not  suffer  their  counsds  and  their  hopes  ^tandaid  value.    A  sufficient  sum  to  carry  out  the 
and  their  plans  to  be  so  biased  and  overclouded  provisions  of  this  act  is  hereby  appropriated  out  of 
by  the  lesser  interests  that  they  will  not  take  any  money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropri- 
counsel  from  the  lar^r  sphere  of  the  experience  ated.    So  much  of  the  act  of  July  14, 1890.  entitled 
of  the  nation,  which  is  the  only  one  that  we  can  ^  An  Act  directing  the  purchase  of  silver  bullion  and 
learn  a  lesson  from.  ^^  iaaue  of  Treasury  notes  thereon,  and  for  other 

"  Mr.  President,  it  is  enough  for  me  to  say  that  PjW*^  as  requires  tiie  purchase  of  4,600,000  ounces 

r  my  guidance  the  intent  or  casual  influences  Kwali^      ^'' ""       '     '  "^^ " 

m  this  or  that  derangement  of  the  affairs  in  our      %^^^  That  tiie  certificates  provided  for  in  this  act 

great  cities  or  in  our  European  relations  are  no  and  aU  silver  and  gold  oertificatee  already  issued 

counsel  for  us  at  all.    Just  as  long  as  Congress  shall  be  receivable  for  all  taxes  and  dues  to  the 

«its,  just  so  long  in  this  country  if  Congress  does  United  States  of  every  description,  and  shall  be  a 

not  become  wise  enough  to  turn  its  face  against  1<^^b1  tender  for  the  payment  of  all  debts,  public  and 

them,  there  will  be  efforts  to  make  this  Govern-  pn^ate.  ^v  «.      ,       .    .  - 

ment  a  bank,  not  only  of  issue  and  deposit,  but  .v.iTt?;J\^l?![2^»^^^'*H><>'*  deposited  for  coinage 

of  discount,  and  I  k/ow  no  more  palt^e^^^^  S1ie''c:;?U^^'"pdXor%T 

tion  than  that  by  which  the  two  Houses  of  Con-  bullion  shall  besubsequentiy  coined, 
gress  are  to  be  appealed  to  at  every  juncture  of       rw*i^^  _^x^  ^^  <.,  ^  __         ...    ....  ^  , 

our  affairs,  howeveHocal.  however  tomnorary.  or  .T^f  ^^  °^  **^«  P»«^  °'  <^^«  ^'^  "^  ^  ^^' 
however  serious,  that  we  are  to  be  resolved  into  * 

a  board  of  bank  directore  or  the  managers  of  ,  Ykas— Allen,  BarW,  Bate,  Berry JBlackbum,But- 

a  clearing  house.    No,  just  as  soon  as  Congress  afi£fr??^S:.^^"'JS^''%^    n 

which  we  placed  them  six  months  ago  and  with  Mitehell,  MoDpm,  PaddwSTPasoo,  Powei,  Pu^h,  Rea- 

such  liberalization  as  is  proposed  in  the  enlarge-  aran, Sanders,  Shoup,  Stanford,  Stewart,  Teller, Turpie, 

ment  of  the  paper  issues  of  the  country  either  by  Vance,  Vest,  Voorhees,  Walthall,  Wolcottr-99. 
bulks  or  in  the  Treasury  or  in  the  tender  notes,        Nats— Aldrich,  Allison,  Carey,  Casey,  CuUom,  Da- 

the  country  will  go  on  and  on.  ^  P^^fr.  I>olph,  Edmunds,  Evarts,  Frye,  Ilale, 

»  What  have  we  seen  that  has  already  come  to  SSri^k^-ffS:  51*^q  '  ^^'eJ^'Jl'^??^  S*^ 

our  advantage  in  regard  to  the  value  It  sUverf  W.SSiSi,'^^r^o?!^^^^^ 

It  has  risen  as  it  now  stands  to  105,  something  __27.  ^  -,      -^   ^/^^wjiMtu 

over  80  cents  in  the  dollar,  when  we  started  from       AssBn^Blair,  Blodgett,   Brown,  Call,  Carlisle, 

it  at  something  like  70  cents,  and  if  there  was  a  ChaIldlffi^  Colqmtt,  Dawes,  Farwell,  Qeorire,  Gray, 

miscalculation,  or  if  the  combinations  of  specula-  Harris,  Heaivt,  McPherson,  Moody,  Morrill,  Payne, 

tors  suddenly  forced  up  the  price,  and  the  coun-  Pettigrew,  Pieree,  Plumb,  Banaom,  Squire— 22. 
try  or  the  people  were  disappointed  at  the  sud-       The  title  of  the  measure  was  changed  to  read : 

denness  of  relief  being  followed  by  a  recoil,  that  "  A  bill  to  provide  a  unit  of  value,  and  for  the 

does  not  teach  us  to  abandon  the  wisdom  by  coinage  of  gold  and  silver  and  other  purposes.** 

which  we  are  to  move  step  by  step,  maintaining  In  the  House  the  Committee  on  Coinage,  W  eights 

our  own  control  of  the  situation  and  not  plunge  and  Measures  reported  adversely  to  the  bill,  and 

by  an  irrevocable  step  in  a  disaster  from  which  it  fell  by  the  way. 
we  can  not  retreat.  The  Fedenl  EleetlOM  BllL— No  measure 

••  No,  Mr.  President,  this  is  our  position  now,  considered  by  this  Congress,  except  the  tariff 
as  it  was  six  months  ago,  and  we  are  waiting  and  bill,  was  so  voluminous,  aroused  so  much  par- 
must  expect  to  wait  a  slow  procession  toward  tisan  feeling,  or  was  so  fully  ddwted  as  that  **  to 


for 
in 


CONGRESS.    (Apfbop&iations— Minor  Measures.) 


233 


amend  and  supplement  the  election  laws  of  the 
Cnited  States,  and  to  provide  for  the  more  ef!i- 
eient  enforcement  of  snch  laws,  and  for  other 
parposes."  Indeed,  the  defeat  of  the  measure  is 
eoQ^ered  the  greatest  triumph  gained  by  the 
Democrats  in  the  Fift^-first  Congress.  It  was 
passed  at  the  first  session  hj  the  House,  July  2, 
1890.  and  the  Senate  postponed  its  consideration 
until  the  second  session.  It  was  taken  up  at  the 
beginning  of  the  session,  and  occupied  the  atten- 
tinn  of  uie  Senate  largely  until  Jan.  17, 1891. 
Elaborate  speeches  were  made  in  opposition  to 
iU  and  it  was  clearly  the  intention  of  Demo- 
cratic Senators  to  talk  against  time  rather  than 
Sermit  the  bill  to  come  U>  a  vote.  The  Repub- 
can  leaders,  to  meet  this  device,  proposed  an 
amendment  to  the  Senate  rules  providing  for 
catting  off  debate, "  when  any  bill,  or  resolution, 
or  other  question,  shall  have  been  under  consid- 
eration for  a  reasonable  time,  it  shall  be  in  order 
for  anv  Senator  to  demand  that  debate  thereon 
shall  be  closed.  On  such  demand  no  debate 
shall  be  in  order,  and  pending  such  demand  no 
other  motion,  except  one  motion  to  adjourn,  shall 
be  made.  If  such  demand  be  seconded  by  a  ma- 
jority of  the  Senators  present,  the  question  shall 
forthwith  be  taken  thereon,  without  debate.  If 
the  Senate  shall  decide  to  close  debate  on  any 
bill,  resolution,  or  other  question,  the  measure 
shall  take  precedence  of  any  other  business  what- 
soever, and  the  question  shall  be  on  all  pending 


been  lost,  or  shall  have  failed  of  a  second,  it 
shall  not  be  in  order  to  renew  the  same  until  one 
Senator  shall  have  spoken  on  the  pending  meas- 
ure, or  one  vote  upon  the  same  shall  have  inter- 
vened. Pending  proceedings  under  the  forego- 
ing rule,  no  proceeding  in  respect  to  a  quorum 
shall  be  in  order  until  it  shall  have  appeared 
upon  a  division  or  on  taking  a  yea-aiid-nay  vote 
that  a  quorum  is  not  present  and  voting.  All 
questions  of  order,  whether  upon  the  bill  or  oth- 
erwise, shall  be  decided  without  debate,  and, 
pending  proceedings  under  the  foregoing  rule, 
no  obs&ictive  or  dilatory  motion  or  proceedings 
of  any  kind  shall  be  in  order."  This  change  of 
rules  was  limited  to  the  remainder  of  the  ses- 
sion, and  there  was  added  to  it  a  resolution  ap- 
plying it  to  the  election  bill.  The  attempt  to 
enforce  this  cloture  system  failed,  and  by  a  com- 
bination between  the  Democrats  and  several 
Republican  Senators  anxious  for  the  adoption  of 
free-coinage  legislation  the  election  bill  was 
forced  out  of  the  way  to  take  up  apportionment 
and  subsequently  the  free-silver  measure.  So  it 
came  to  pass  that  this  measure,  which  was  called 
by  its  opponents  "  the  Force  bill,"  failed  to  be- 
come a  law. 

Appropriations. — ^The  appropriations  of  the 
Fifty-first  Congress  were  very  heavy,  as  a  whole, 
and  the  following  table  will  show  the  points  of 
increase  and  decrease  as  compared  with  the  Fif- 
tieth Congress: 


TABLE  COMPARING  BT  ACTS  THE  APPROPRIATIONS  HADE  BT  THE  FIFTIETH  AND  FIFTT-FIRST  CONGRESSES. 


FUBFOSB  OF  ACTS. 


AgricnltimL 

Atibj 

DipmBStie  and  ooDsnlar 

District  of  CohnnbiA 

FortillMtioiia. 

lodiu 

Leflaiatfye,  etc 

MUituy  Academy 

Hi»y 

Frashni... 

Pbet^oflee 

River  and  harbor 

fioiMfay  dvtt. 

DeOdenclea 

IflaeeUaneooa 


Total 

Fenxtanent  aannal. 


Grand  total. . 


Hat 


FMUdk  CoBgrtw, 
fboil  ymn  1889 
1880. 


|8,88ft,7SO00 

48,787.915  78 

8,40^,490  00 

10,728,820  28 

fi,206,6»4  00 

16L84],154  18 

41,601.79J)  88 

1,217,810  60 

41,e8&.84&  02 

175,017,400  00 

127,465,578  02 

92,897,616  20 

51,618,146  49 

24^8,901  56 

20,426,607  84 


|608,6!)2,004  95 
224,881,854  85 


$817,968,860  80 


Flfty^flnt  OoBfTWi, 
rwnl881 
andlSM. 


•4,827.268  60 
48,820,000  98 

8,867,740  00 
11,866,669  82 

8,007.788  00 

28,648^00  88 

48,058,427  00 

887^60  75 

55,677,690  81 

1 288,829,751  09 

150,188,921  60 

25,186,295  00 

67,148,646  21 

82,667,686  94 

11,267,486  87 


1764,294,868  55 
224,115,261  00 


1988,410,129  65 
817,968,869  80 


Inamm,  Ttfly-Am 

CoiifrtMOvtr 
FMItotb  Congiwi. 


'11,441,478  60 
82,085  25 

''**«Bt7,849  09 
2,802,144  00 
7,807,146  70 
1,456,688  12 

"14,(042^69 

118,812,851  69 

•22,66^,848  58 

2,788,678  10 

15,580,499  72 


1181,969,549  44 


$170,446,269  75 


$181,969,549  44 
11,528,279  69 


$170,446,269  75 


Omgrut  from 
FUUrth 


$40,150  00 


880,449  75 


1,726,264  60 
9,160,221  4T 


$11,806,685  64 
216,698  84 


$11,528,979  60 


*  Indndea  $a,50a0Q0Deiiit|oii  defSciendea  for  1888,  paased  at  the  first  aeaaton  of  the  Fiftieth  Congreaa,  and  $8,000,000 
penafaHi  defldondes  for  18^,  passed  at  the  seeond  session  of  the  Fiftieth  Congress. 

t  Inclndee  $25j8il.007J5  pension  defideodes  Ibr  1890,  passed  at  the  first  session  of  the  Fifty -first  Congress,  and 
$29,88Si«ao&84  pcnalon  defldendea  ibr  1891,  passed  at  the  second  session  of  the  Fifty-first  Congress. 


amendments,  if  any  are  then  pending,  and  upon 
the  measure  in  its  successive  stages,  according  to 
the  rules  of  the  Senate,  but  without  further  de- 
bate, except  that  every  Senator  who  may  desire 
shall  be  permitted  to  speak  upon  the  measure, 
including  all  amendments,  not  more  than  once 
and  not  exceeding  thurty  minutes.  If  the  Sen- 
ate shall  have  decided  to  close  debate  as  herein 
provided  no  motion  shall  be  in  order  but  a  mo- 
lion  to  adjourn  or  to  take  a  recess.  When  such 
motion  shall  be  seconded  by  a  majority  of  the 
Senate,  when  either  of  such  motions  shall  have 


Minor  Measures. — Among  the  minor  meas- 
ures passed  was  the  bill  transferring  officers  on 
the  retired  list  of  the  army  from  the  limited  list 
to  the  unlimited ;  the  bill  for  preserving  disci- 
pline among  customs  officers;  the  bill  for  the 
relief  of  mission  Indians  in  California ;  the  bill 
extending  the  benefits  of  the  act  of  Feb.  8, 1887, 
providing  for  the  allotment  of  land  in  severalty 
to  Indians  in  various  reservations ;  the  bill  en- 
abling the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to  carry  out 
the  provisions  of  the  act  dividing  the  reservation 
of  the  Sioux  Indians  in  Dakota ;  the  bill  to  pro- 


234  CONNECTICUT. 

hibit  the  use  of  tobacco  by  minors  under  the  age  Andrews ;  Associate  Justices,  Elisha  Carpenter, 
of  sixteen  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  the  bill  Edward  W.  Seymour,  and  David  Torrance, 
to  amend  the  act  for  the  forfeiture  of  railroad  There  is  one  vacancy  on  the  Supreme  Bench, 
land  grants ;  the  bill  to  prevent  book  making  caused  by  the  failure  of  the  General  Assembly 
and  pool  selling  in  the  District  of  Columbia ;  the  to  confirm  the  renomination  by  Gov.  BuJkeley  of 
bill  to  provide  for  the  erection  of  a  prison  for  Jud^  Dwight  Loomis,  whose  term  expired  early 
the  confinement  of  United  States  prisoners ;  the  in  the  year.  The  terms  of  Insurance  Commis^ 
bill  regulating  junk  dealers  and  pawnbrokers  in  sioner  Fyler  and  Railroad  Commissioner  Scy- 
the District  of  Columbia ;  the  bill  to  provide  for  mour  expired  on  July  1.  As  the  General  As- 
the  adjudication  of  claims  arising  out  of  Indian  semblv  refused  to  confirm  the  action  of  Gov. 
depredations ;  the  bill  to  promote  the  construe-  Bulkeley  in  renominating  them,  the  latter,  on 
tion  of  a  safe  deep-water  narbor  on  the  coast  of  Jul^  1,  issued  an  order  reappointing  them  for  a 
Texas ;  the  bill  to  provide  for  a  United  States  period  extending  till  sixty  days  after  the  meet- 
land  court  in  the  Territories ;  the  bill  to  prevent  mg  of  the  next  General  Assembly.  The  Deino- 
counterfeiting  and  provide  penalties  therefor;  crats  claim  that  these  renominations  are  void, 
the  bill  for  the  construction  of  industrial-school  on  the  ground  that  Gov.  Bulkeley  has  no  right 
buildings  for  Indians  in  Wisconsin  and  other  to  exercise  any  of  the  prerogatives  of  the  Gor- 
States ;  the  bill  to  regulate  the  granting  of  leases  emor*s  office.  ' 

at  Hot  Springs,  Arkansas ;  the  bill  relating  to  Finances. — For  the  fiscal  year  ending  July  1, 

the   treaty  of  reciprocity  with  the    Hawaiian  1891,  the  State  Treasurer  midces  the  following 

Islands;  the  bill  to  facilitate  the  collection  of  report:  Balance  in  the  treasury,  July  1,  1890, 

commercial  statistics ;  the  bill  for  the  inspection  $897,674.26 ;  total  receipts  for  the  year  ensuing, 

of  vessels  in  the  cattle  trade.  $1,843,913.71 ;  total  expenditures,  $1,757,511.87 ; 

Pabllc  Buildings.— Bills  were  passed  pro-  balance  on  Jul^  1,  1891,  $984,076.10.  The  re- 
Tiding  for  the  construction  of  public  buildings  ceipts  were  derived  from  the  following  sources : 
at  Portland,  Ore. ;  at  Younfi;stown,  Ohio ;  at  St.  Tax  on  mutual  insurance  companies,  $1^7,048.18 ; 
Paul,  Minn. :  at  Roanoke,  Va. ;  at  Norfolk,  Va. ;  tax  on  stock  of  non-residents,  $90,972.52 ;  savings- 
at  Fort  Dodge,  Iowa;  at  Sioux  City,  Iowa;  at  bank  tax,  $261,758.85;  railroad  tax,  $817,516.76; 
Madison,  Ind.;  at  Pawtucket,  R.  I.;  at  Sioux  military  commutation  tax,  $123,903.60;  tax  on 
Falls,  S.  D. ;  at  Mankato,  Minn.;  at  Saginaw,  investments,  $80,524.47;  collateral  inheritance 
Mich. ;  at  Taunton,  Mass. ;  at  Stockton,  Cal. ;  at  tax,  $74,758J3d ;  tax  on  telegraph  companies, 
Staunton,  Va. ;  at  Kansas  City,  Mo. ;  at  Bea-  $10,653.4i5 ;  received  from  Commissioner  of  In- 
trice.  Neb. ;  at  Lewiston,  Me. ;  at  St.  Albans,  surance,  $51,65452 ;  interest  on  cash  balances  in 
Vt. ;  at  Newburgh,  N.  Y. ;  at  Worcester,  Mass. ;  the  treasury,  $38,879.66 ;  miscellaneous  receipts, 
at  Clarksville,  Tenn. ;  at  Rock  Island,  111. ;  at  $51,247.76.  The  one-mill  tax  on  property,  which 
Haverhill,  Mass. ;  at  Racine,  Wis. ;  at  New  York  has  heretofore  been  paid  by  the  towns,  and  which 
city ;  at  San  Diego,  Cal. :  at  Danville,  111. ;  at  for  the  year  ending  June  80, 1890,  amounted  to 
Philadelphia,  Pa. ;  at  Camden,  Ark. ;  at  Pueblo,  $354,557.65,  was  remitted  this  year  by  the  State 
Col. ;  at  Savannah,  Ga. ;  at  Bloomington,  III. ;  at  Treasurer  under  authority  conferred  by  a  statute 
South  Bend,  Ind. ;  at  Plattsburgh,  N.  Y. ;  at  of  1889.  Notwithstanding  this  loss  of  revenue, 
Reidsville,  N.  C. ;  at  Rome,  Ga. ;  at  Akron,  Ohio ;  the  receipts  for  the  fiscal  vear  exceeded  the  ex- 
at  Rockford,  III.;  at  Fargo,  N.  D. ;  at  Daven-  penditures  by  the  sum  of  $86,401.84. 
port,  Iowa ;  at  Portsmouth,  Ohio ;  at  Richmond,  llie  State  debt  was  reduced  during  the  year  to 
Ky.  $3,440,200  by  the  redemption  on  Dec.  1  of  bonds 

CONNECTICUT,  a  New  Engh&nd  State,  one  of  1887  to  the  value  of  $100,000.    An  important 

of  the  original  thirteen :  ratified  the  national  suit  against  the  New  York,  New  Haven,  and 

Constitution  Jan.  9,  1788;  area,  4,990  square  Hartford  Railroad  Company,  which  involved  the 

miles.    The  population,  accordi^  to  each  de-  right  of  the  State  to  collect  a  large  amount  of 

cennial  census,  was  237,946  in  1790 ;  251,002  in  taxes  claimed  to  be  due,  and  aggregating  about 

1800 ;  261,942  in  1810 ;  275,148  in  1820 ;  297,675  $100,000,  was  decided  against  the  State  during 

in  1830 ;  309,978  in  1840 ;  370,792  in  1850 ;  460,-  the  year. 

147  in  1860 ;  537,454  in  1870 ;  622,700  in  1880 ;  Legislative  Session  and   Election   Con- 

and  746,258  in  1890.    Capitol.  Hartford.  test.— The  General  Assemblv  convened  at  Hart- 

OoYemment. — The  following  were  the  State  ford  on  Jan.  7  for  its  regular  biennial  session, 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Morgan  G.  Each  House  was  divided  politically  as  follows : 
Bulkeley,  Republican,  holding;  over  after  the  ex-  Senate — Republicans  7,  Democrats  17.  House— 
piration  of  tne  term  for  which  he  was  elected,  Republicans  133,  Democrats  119;  the  Repub- 
m  consequence  of  the  failure  of  the  (General  As-  licans  having  a  majority  of  4  on  joint  l^lot. 
sembiy  to  declare  the  result  of  the  election  of  The  Senate  was  organized  on  the  opening  day 
November,  1890,  at  which  his  successor  was  cho-  by  the  election  of  David  M.  Read,  Democrat,  as 
sen;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Samuel  E.  Merwin,  President  oro  ^em.,  and  the  House  by  the  election 
Republican ;  Secretary  of  State,  R.  Jay  Walsh,  of  Allan  W.  Paige,  Republican,  as  Speaker.  On 
Republican ;  Treasurer,  E.  Stevens  Henry,  Re-  the  same  dajr  the  returns  of  the  November  elec- 
publican  (the  last-mentioned  three  officials  held  tion  were  laid  before  the  House  for  its  actiou,  in 
over  under  the  same  tenure  as  the  Governor);  accordance  with  the  Constitution.  They  were 
Comptroller,  Nicholas  Staub,  Democrat;  Secre-  referred  to  a  joint  committee  on  canvass  of  vote^^, 
tary  of  the  State  Board  of  Education,  Charles  D.  and  then  transmitted  to  the  Senate.  These  re- 
Hine;  Insurance  Commissioner,  Orsamns  R.  turns,  on  their  face,  indicated  the  election  of  the 
Fyler ;  Railroad  Commissioners,  George  M.Wood-  Democratic  candidates  by  the  following  major- 
ruff,  William  H.  Haywood,  William  0.  Seymour ;  ities :  Governor,  Luzon  B.  Morris,  26 ;  Lieutenant- 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Charles  B.  Governor,  Joseph  W.  Alsop,  558 ;  Secretary,  John 


COKNECTICUT.  236 

J.  Phelftn,  544 ;  Treasurer,  Marvin  H.  Sanger,  legislative  day  should  extend  over  every  such  re- 
290;  ComjptroUer,  Nicholas  Staub,  1,662.  (See  cess  and  nntil  a  resolution  of  ad joumraent  should 
**  Annual  UTcloptDdia  "  for  1890,  page  Si42.)  They  be  adopted.  The  Senate  continued  its  sessions 
aboshowea  that  the  local  election  officers  in  cer-  throu^n  Jan.  13,  adjourning  on  that  dav  till  Jan. 
Uin  towns  and  election  districts  had  thrown  out  20.  Before  adjournment*  on  Jan.  IB,  the  Demo- 
many  Prohibition  and  other  ballots  for  alleged  cratic  candidates,  whom  it  had  by  resolution  de- 
techmcal  irregularities ;  and  it  was  claimed  by  clared  elected,  appeared  before  it  and  took  the 
the  Republicans  that  these  ballots,  if  counted,  oath  of  office  administered  by  one  of  its  mem- 
woald  so  change  the  result  that  there  would  be  bers.  The  officials  so  qualified  then  demanded 
no  choice  by  the  people,  because  no  candidate  possession  of  their  respective  offices  from  the 
voold  have  a  majority  over  all  opponents.  The  Republican  incumbents,  and  were  refused  on  the 
prorisions  of  the  State  Constitution  governing  ground  that  theywere  not  legally  entitled  there- 
the  action  of  the  General  Assembly  in  this  mat-  to.  When  the  House  reassembled,  on  Jan.  20, 
ter  are  as  follow :  its  investigating  committee  was  not  ready  to  re- 

A  fair  list  of  the  persons  and  number  of  votes  icriven  port,  but  on  Jan.  28  a  majority  and  a  minority 

for  each,  Uwether  with  the  returns  of  the  presiding  report  were  submitted.    The  Republican    ma- 

offieen  ^f  election  in  each  town  or  district)  shall  be,  jority  of  the  committee  set  forth  its  findings  as 

hj  the  Treasurer.  Secretary,  and  Comptroller,  made  follows : 
aod  lud  before  tne  General  Assembly  then  next  to 

\k  bolden,  <m  the  first  day  of  the  session  thereof.  It  appears  from  the  face  of  the  returns  that  there 

Said  Assembly  shall,  after    examination  of  the  were  m  the  whole  State  1,289  general  ballots  rejected: 

t4Qje,  declare  the  person  whom  they  shall  find  to  be  459  for  being  "  double,**  which,  since  the  passage  of 


votes, _    _  

eqoal  and  the  greatest  number  of  said  votes,  then  said  ballots  were  rejected  for  the  following  causes,  none  of 

A«anbIv,on  Die  second  day  of  their  seasion,  by  joint  which  assignment  of  causes,  in  the  opinion  of  the 

ballot  of  both  Houses,  shall  proceed  without  debate  to  committee,  justifies  the  rejection  of  a  ballot,  to  wit : 

ehooM  a  Governor  f^om  a  list  of  tiie  names  of  the  two  u  inMai «  sew  Britaiii  15 

penoQs  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes,  or  of  the  « iu^i|]|«*  KiUlngworth!  !..!!!!.!'.'.!.!.!.!!!!!!!.!!*.!     8 

Dames  of  the  persons  having  an  equal  and  highest  •-  For  baring  on  the  woitl '  for,*  **  Brooklyn ............     4 

number  of  votes  so  returned  as  aforesaid.  **R«cauBeorword 'for,***  Waterbuxy 48 

U.  .11.  1    -t  •  •  **  Prohibition  votes  not  printed  in  conformity  with  the 

appears  from  the  above-quoted  provisions        law,** Norwalk 80 

that  the  General  Assembly  shall  examine  the  re-  ** ^^  printed  aocordinff  to  law,**  Stratford li 

turns  and  declare  the  persons  whom  it  finds  le-  -Notasppeacribedbylaw,**  Woloott .^ 

g^ly  chosen.    The  question  that  arose  at  this  TotaL ill 

time,  on  which  the  two  parties  were  divided,  was,  ,.  a,^i,«1 « JvJ  lo-i  «^«^,-.i  i.«n^fo«,«,-»  «« 

>»A*r  «*f«.n^{«,<.    »..    Aw^nTTna^^.'^n  ^f  *u^  «»l.,Jr^  It  further  appcaiB  that  121  general  ballots  were  re- 
how  extensive   an  examination  of  the  returns  ^^^  ^^  nTcause  assigned  tlierefor. 

was  contemplated  by  this  lan^uaee  of  the  Con-        your  committee  ftirther  find  from  the  face  of  said 

ftitution.    The  Senate,  immediately  after  organ-  returns  that  in  many  towns  throughout  the  State  the 

izing,  declared  the  Democratic  position  in  the  nmnber  of  votes  for  State  ofiicere  counted  and  re- 

following    resolution,   which  was  sent    to  the  turned  by  the  counters  and  nioderaton)  exceeds  the 

HoQse  for  concurrence,  and  was  there  referred  to  ^H";!*®'  of  votes  oast  in  said  towns  respectively, 
a  committee  •  when  your  committee,  in  pursuance  of  their  duties, 

proposed  to  examine  eviaence  explanatory  of  said  re- 
as  called  for  by  questions  arising  on 
returns,  the  Democratic  minority  re> 

^  ,  .^ Ji  the  committee,  on  the  ground  that 

ffid  any  alteration  of  the  count  of  ballots  as  made  by  neitlier  the  committee  nor  the  General  Assembly  had 

the  offlcerB  of  the  several  electors'  meeting  power  to  take  any  extrinsic  evidence  regarding  the 

Re9oh€dy  That  the  General  Assembly  is  a  legisla-  returns, 
tive  body  and  is  not  a  judicial  body,  and  ou^ht  not        your  committee,  in  pursuance  of  their  duties,  ex- 

to  hear  and  determine  any  question   conoeminjar  the  amined  the  evidence  explanatory  of  8aid  returns,  and 

election  of  State  ofiiceis,  except  to  declare  the  persons  flud  that  in  the  Fourth  district  of  the  town  of  Norwich 

whom  they  shall  find  to  be  legally  chosen  after  an  gg  general  ballots  were  returned  as  counted  in  excess  of 

examination  of  such  fair  list  of  the  perrons  and  num-  the  number  of  general  ballots  ca«t  in  that  district,  and 

bjr  of  votes  given  for  each,  together  with  the  returns  i^  excess  of  tJie  number  of  names  checked  as  voting 

of  the  presiaing  officers,  and  all  other  questions  shall  ^q  f^\^  district 

he  heard  and  determined  by  the  ordinary  judicial  tri-        your  committee  ftirther  find  tliat  20  of  said  wrong- 

bunals  m  the  due,  orderly,  and  customary  course  of  fuUy  returned  general  ballots  were  counted  for  tihe 

judicial  procedure.  Democratic  candidates  for  Governor,  Lieutenant-Gov- 

In  accordance  with  this  view  the  Senate,  after  emor.  Treasurer,  and  Secretary,  and  10  of  them  for  the 

receiving  the  returns  from  the   House  on  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Comptroller,  by  reason  ofa 

opening  day,  at  once  examined  them,  and  by  a  clencal  errwin  footing  the  number  of  votes  counted 

aL^^«  ^  ^^  1  -. .  "    J    1      J  au      1    1  •        «  A V.  for  them  respectively.   Your  committee  have  been  un- 

Kncs  of  resolutions  deckred  the  election  of  the  .^j^  ^  flncTfor  whom  the  remaining  18  votes  were 

democratic  candidates.    When  these  resolutions  counted,  or  the  cause  of  tlieir  being  counted, 
^ere  sent  to  the  House  on  the  following  day,        your  committee  further  find  that  126  Republican 

J*n.  8,  that  body,  instead  of  taking  action  there-  general  ballots  were  rejected  in  tlie  Fifth  District  of 

on,  voted  that  a  special  investigating  committee  Bridgeport  for  having  an  alleged  distinguishing  mark. 


J,   •                         '   "^  «  A»       •wr     *^  ^   ■»!               \  won.  aim  was  u 

Q\mng  any  recess  of  the  House.    It  was  then  ingofthelaw. 

▼oted  that  a  recess  be  taken  till  Jan.  20,  a  new  Your  committee  ftirther  find  that  108  general  bal- 

tuB  haying  been  first  adopted  by  which  the  first  lots,  which  are  part  of  the  class  of  111  hereinbefore 


236  CONNECTICUT. 

referred  to  as  rejected,  were  rejected  solely  because  were  offered  by  the  House  no  prospect  of  a  set- 

tlie  word  "for"  was  printed  tnereon  as  part  of  the  tlement   appeared  for   several    weeks.      About 

^^'A  v^,f^^  office  voted  for,  and  that  therefore  the  ^^rch  17  the  House  passed  a  bill,  known  as  the 

aaid  ballots  were  Illegally  r^jecteci       ^  ^_  ^  ^^  ^  Judson  bill,  which  prodded  that  any   person 

The  committee  found  a  total  of  808  ballots  voted  for  at  the  recent  election  may  bring  a  p^ 

rejected  for  illegal  reasons,  and  20  ballots  il-  tition  to  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  within 

legally  counted  in  Norwich  for  the  Democratic  fifteen  days  after  the  passage  of  the  act,  and 

candidates.    Assuming  all  these  rejected  ballots  that  the  decision  of  this  judge  shall  be  subject 

to  be  Republican,  it  found  that  the  only  candi-  to  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Errors.     The 

date  having  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  was  bill  empowers  the  court  to  open  the  ballots-boxes, 

the  Democratic  candidate  for  Comptroller,  if  the  General  Assembly  is  not  in  session  when 

The  report  of  the  Democratic  minority  of  the  final  judgment  is  rendered,  the  person  adminis- 
committee  declared  all  the  Democratic  candidates  tering  the  office  of  Governor  is  directed  to  con- 
to  be  duly  elected.  vene  the  Assembly,  which  shall  correct  tbe  elee- 

Prolonged  debates  upon  these  reports  con-  tion  returns  in  accordance  with  the  finding  of 

sumed  the  time  of  the  House  for  nearly  a  week,  the  court. 

On  Feb.  3,  by  a  strict  party  vote,  the  resolutions  When  this  bill  reached  the  Senate,  several 
recommended  by  the  majority  of  the  committee  counter-propositions  in  the  form  of  bills  for 
were  passed.  These  resolutions  declared  the  facts  effecting  a  settlement  were  introduced  and  dis- 
f  ound  by  the  majoritv  of  the  committee  to  be  true,  cussed  in  that  body.  Finally,  on  Marcb  26,  all 
and  postponed  any  further  action  by  the  House  these  were  referred  to  a  Senate  committee  of  two 
till  the  Senate  should  join  with  it  in  an  examina-  Republicans  and  two  Democrats,  in  order  that 
tion  of  the  returns.  The  Senate  replied  bv  a  resolu-  jt  might  agree  upon  a  measure  that  both  parties 
tion  declaring  that  on  the  first  day  of  the  session  would  support.  This  committee,  on  Aprfl  1,  re- 
it  had  made  all  the  examination  of  the  returns  ported  no  agreement  possible.  The  Senators 
it  could  lawfully  make  and  had  declared  the  re-  then  withdrew  their  several  propositions,  and 
suit,  and  that  it  could  lawfully  take  no  further  the  Senate  refused  to  pass  the  Judson  bill.  It 
action  in  the  premises.    The  House  then  passed  further  resolved 

a  resolution  proposing  a  conference  committee  of  ,j^  ^.   ^      .^j        ^^        ^^            ^ 

five  members  from  ea^h  House,  which  should  j^oking  toward  a  compromisTor  settlement,  i>  lon^ 

take  into  consideration  the  report  of  the  House  as  the  House  maintains  its  present  attitude  towa^ 

investigating  committee.    The  Senate  refused  to  the  Constitution,  and  will  not  receive  or  entertain  any 

accede  to  this,  but  proposed  a  like  committee  to  bill  or  resolution  relating^  to  tiie  State  officers,  emanat- 

take  into  consideration  the  separate  action  of  lug  from  the  House,  unul  the  House  ha&  performed 

the  two  Houses  regarding  the  late  election.  This  ^^  constitutional  duty. 

resolution,  after  considerable  debate  and  some  This  action  was  no  sooner  taken  than   the 

misunderstanding  between  the  two  Houses  re-  HousepassedaresolutionadjoumingtillNov.il. 

garding  the  use  of  the  word  "  late  "  therein,  was  The  Senate  then  adioumed  from  week  to  week. 

finally  adopted  by  the  House.    The  committee  holding  only  a  brief  session  on  each  Tu^av, 

was  appointed  on  Feb.  10,  and  on  Feb.  12  it  re-  till  April  27,  when  it  adjourned  to  May  14.     On 

ported  that  no  basis  of  agreement  respecting  the  that  oay,  after  a  short  session,  it  adjourned  to 

controversy  could  be  reached.    The  House  then  June  15,  from  that  dav  to  June  29,  and  from 

gassed  a  resolution  declaring  Nicholas  Staub  to  June  20  to  Sept.  7,  without  taking  any  action 
e  elected  Comptroller,  by  virtue  of  which,  on  on  the  bills  pending  before  it  As  the  appro- 
Feb.  16,  the  office  was  peaceably  surrendered  to  priations  made  by  the  preceding  General  Assem- 
him  by  Comptroller  Wright  Bv  another  reso-  bly  covered  only  the  two  years  ending  July  1, 
lution  at  the  same  time  the  House  expressed  1891,  the  failure  of  the  Senate  to  act  on  the  ap- 
its  willingness  to  unite  with  the  Senate  in  the  propriation  bills  passed  by  the  House  caused  con- 
passage  of  a  joint  resolution  requesting  the  ad-  siderable  embarrassment  to  the  State  and  to  tbe 
vice  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  on  all  public  institutions. 

questions  of  law  involved  in  their  differences,  When  the  House  adjourned  from  April  1  to 
and  oledged  itself  to  abide  bj  their  decision.  Nov.  11  without  having  declared  the  election  of 
The  Senate  refused  to  accept  this  offer,  insisting  any  State  officers  except  the  Comptroller,  the 
that  there  was  nothing  to  be  arbitrated  or  de-  Democrats  decided  to  bring  their  case  into  the 
cided.  It  claimed  that  Luzon  B.  Morris  and  his  courts,  and  on  April  14  two  writs  of  quo  tpor- 
Democratic  associates  on  the  State  ticket  were  rarUo  were  filed  in  the  Superior  Court  at  New 
the  only  legal  State  officials,  and  it  further  re-  Haven,  one  brought  by  Luzon  B.  Morris  against 
fused  to  transact  any  business  of  legislation  acting-Gov.  Bulkeley,  and  the  other  by  Joseph 
whatever  till  the  House  should  declare  them  W.  Alsop  against  acting-Lieut-Gov.  Merwm. 
elected.  It  also  refused  to  recognize  in  any  man-  These  cases  involved  a  decision  of  the  legality  of 
ner  Gov.  Bulkeley  and  the  other  hold-over  Re-  the  action  of  Gov.  Bulkeley  and  Lieut-Gov. 
publican  officials.  Gov.  Bulkeley,  on  Feb.  17,  Merwin  in  retaining  possession  of  their  respect- 
sent  several  communications  to  the  Senate,  among  ive  offices.  On  May  8  the  defendants  filed  their 
them  the  renomlnation  of  Judge  Loomis  of  the  answers,  and  early  in  June  replications  were 
Supreme  Court,  but  it  refused  to  receive  any  filed  by  the  plaintiffs.  Later,  m  June,  Joseph 
such  communications,  and  numerous  messages  W.  Alsop  diea,  and  his  case  was  therefore  dis- 
sent by  him  subsequently  were  likewise  refused,  continued.  No  hearing  had  been  held  in  the 
In  the  House  several  bills  were  passed,  among  other  case  when  the  Senate  reassembled  on 
them  the  regular  appropriation  Dills,  but  the  Sept.  7.  It,  therefore,  again  adjourned  to  Nov. 
Senate  ripdly  adhered  to  its  purpose  of  obstruc-  10,  after  listening  to  eulogies  of  Dr.  Alsop.  On 
tion,  and  although  several  other  propositions  Oct  16,  before  Judge  Thayer  of  the  Superior 


CONNECTICUT.  237 

Tonrt,  the  defendant  in  Morris  v,  Bnlkeley  filed  existed  for  their  payment,  and  was  instructed  that 

&  demurrer  attacking  the  jurisdiction  of  the  in  such  case  he  might  legally  draw  orders  for  all 

Mort,  and  the  judge  reserved  all  questions  of  expenses  necessary  to   maintain   the  essential 

law  inToWed  in  the  case  for  the  Supreme  Court,  operations  of  the  State  f^ovemment,  those  opera- 

That  tribunal  heard  arguments  on  Nov.  28  and  tions  being  essential  which  the  General  Assembly 

H  and  reserved  its  decision.     As  the  Repub-  had  by  law  commanded  to  be  performed,  as  dis* 

lioms  had  hitherto  shown  anxiety  to  have  the  tinguished  from  those  which  it  had  merely  au- 

di«pnte  settled  by  the  courts,  it  was  scarcely  thorized  or  permitted.    Treasurer  Henry  at  first 

expected  that  they  would  raise  the  objection  to  refused  to  pay  any  orders  except  those  drawn 

the  jurisdiction  set  out  in  their  demurrer.    Ear-  against  the  unexpended  balances  of  former  ap- 

Her  in  the  year  Marvin  H.  Sanger  had  brought  propriations,  but  informed  the  holders  of  State 

a  writ  of  quo  warranto  against  Treasurer  Henry,  orders  that  the  ^tna  Life  Insurance  Company 

and  the  case  came  up  for  a  hearing  in  the  Supe-  would  cash  them  at  their  full  value  upon  presen- 

rior  Court  on  Nov.  10.    Judge  Thayer  continued  tation  at  its  office,  the  company  trusting  to  fu- 

it  to  await  the  decision  in  Morris  v.  Bulkeley  *  ture  legislation  for  reimbursement.    Early  in 

The  State  Senate  reassembled  on  Nov.  10,  and  August,  however,  the  Treasurer  obtained  legal 

again  adjourned  to   Dec.  7,  from  which  date  advice  that  he  might  pav  orders  issued  for  all 

it  adjourned  to  Jan.  6,  1892.    The  House  assem-  services  authorized  by  the  Constitution  or  by 

bled  on  Nov.  11,  and  adjourned  to  Jan.  6, 1892.  any  act  of  the  General  Assembly,  in  the  same 

One  of  the  few  duties  of  the  General  Assembly,  manner  as  if  a  special  appropriation  had  been 

the  performance  of  which  was  not  prevented  by  made  therefor,  and  that  the  distinction  made  by 

the  dispute  between  the  two  Houses,  was  the  the  advisers  of  Comptroller  Staub  between  acts 

election  of  a  United  States  Senator.    The  Re-  which  the  General  Assembly  had  commanded 

publican  caucus  early  in  January  unanimously  and  those  which  it  had  authorized  should  not  be 

renominated  Senator  0.  H.  Piatt,  and  at  a  joint  observed.     Under  this  opinion,  the  Treasurer 

j<ession  of  the  General  Assembly  on  Jan.  21  he  was  justified  in  paying  nearly  every  order  pre- 

was  re-elected  by  a  vote  of  141  to  134  for  Carlos  sented.    But  the  Comptroller,  under  the  advice 

French,  the  Democratic  nominee.  of  his  counsel,  ref usea  to  draw  orders  for  any 

Loral  Complications. — Earlv  in  his  term  objects  not  strictly  essential  to  the  maintenance 

the  Democratic   State   Comptroller  refused  to  of  the  government.    Among  others,  he  refused 

draw  an  order  for  the  monthlv  salary  of  the  to  issue  orders  for  the  expenses  of  the  encamp- 

(TOYemor's  private  secretary,  on  the  ground  that,  ment  of  the  National  Guard  at  Niantic,  and 

a.4  Gov.  Bulkeley  was  illegally  holding  his  office,  Paymaster  Fenn  brought  a  writ  of  mandamus  to 

anr  person  appointed  by  him  as  private  secre-  compel  the  issue  of  such  orders.    The  case  had 

tarr  should  not  be  recognized  as  a  legal  State  not  oeen  tried  at  the  end  of  the  year, 

official.    Secretary  Austin  Brainard  thereupon  Under  the  State  law  the  Comptroller  and  the 

brought  a  writ  of   mandamus  late  in  March  Treasurer  are  required  to  meet  as  a  Board  of 

a^inst  Comptroller   Staub,    in   the   Superior  Equalization  to  examine  and  correct  the  returns 

Court,  to  compel  him  to  issue  the  order.    The  of  insurance  companies  as  to  the  value  of  their 

defendant  filed  an  answer  on  April  7,  alleging,  capital  stock,  etc.    When  the  time  for  meeting 

among  other  things,  that  Gov.  Bulkeley  had  no  came  in  October,  Comptroller  Staub,  who  had 

title  to  the  ofilce  held  by  him.    On  motion  to  never  officially  reco^ized.  Treasurer  Henry,  in- 

strike  out  this  part  of  the  answer.  Judge  Hall,  vited  the  Democratic  claimant,  Marvin  H.  San- 

Ute  in  June,  ruled  that  the  validity  of  the  Gov-  ger,  to  meet  with  him  and  examine  the  returns, 
eroofs  title  was  a  collateral  question,  which  ,  Treasurer  Henry  did  not  assert  his  right  to  act 

could  not  be  passed  upon  in  the  present  case,  as  one  of  the  board,  but  declined  to  accept  the 

On  a  trial  of  toe  case  on  its  merits  before  Judge  value  placed  by  Messrs.  Staub  and  Sanger  upon 

Kobinson  of  the  same  court,  a  decision  was  ren-  the  insurance  stock,  or  to  recognize  any  of  their 

dered  about  Nov.  15  to  the  effect  that,  as  the  acts  as  legal.    He  announced  his  willingness  to 

plaintiff  was  de  facto  private  secretary  of  a  de  receive  checks  from  the  insurance  companies  to 

j^io  Governor,  it  was  the  duty  of  the  Comp-  the  amount  of  the  value  placed  by  tne  latter 

troller,  as  a  purely  ministerial  officer,  to  draw  upon  their  stock,  and  to  credit  them  on  account, 

h»  order  in  payment  of  the  salary,  regardless  of  but  would  not  accept  such  checks  in  full  pay- 

the  title  under  which  the  plaintiff  held.    An  ap-  ment  for  taxes. 

peal  was  taken  to  the  State  Supreme  Court.    For  Ijate  in  FebruaryGov.  Bulkeley  issued  a  requi- 

the  reason  alleged  in  this  case  the  Comptroller  sition  upon  Gov.  David  B.  Hill,  of  New  York, 

^Iso  refused  to  draw  orders  for  the  salaries  of  for  the  return  of  one  Fardon,  who  was  charged 

Treasurer  Henry  and  other  hold-over  officials  and  with  the  crime  of  burglary.    When  the  papers 

appointees  of  Gov.  Bulkeley.  were  presented  to  Gov.  Hill,  on  Feb.  24,  ne  re- 

On  July  1  the  period  expired  for  which  the  fused  to  honor  them,  on  the  ground  that  he 

appropriations  were  made  oy  the  General  As-  could  not  recognize  Gov.  Bulkeley  as  the  legal 

sembly  of  1889.    Comptroller  Staub   at   once  Governor  of  Connecticut,  believing  that  he  was 

^^ght  the  advice  of  counsel  respecting  his  an-  a  usurper,  and  that  Judge  Morris  was  entitled 

thority  to  draw  orders  when  no  appropriation  to  the  office.    On  March  5  he  refused  another 

— requisition  from  Gov,  Bulkeley  for  the  return  of 

m!U?*  ®Jf*?*.®?'"!TT^^  ISJ*®*,"^?"'  !?  <>««l!?on  'n  one  Colbert,  charged  with  horse  stealing. 

&411SMJaS2^,^S^/^^^^  Deci8ioii.-In  the  suit  of  Fields  m  Osborne 

^t  to  bold  over  till  both  hoiuM  of  the  General  AsBemblr  the  State  Supreme  Court,  early  m  June,  rendered 

NWoM  oaite  In  dMbirioff  the  election  of  hte  svocesBor  wm  af-  a  decision  that  indirectly  settled  some  of  the  dis- 

™fl.   The  qnesttniw  in  dUpnte  between  tlie  two  hoiuet  -.„*.pj   niiPsttonB  invnlvprl    in    thp   nnntMf-    nvnr 

''nnitogthertichtoftheGttionilAManiblytogobeWndtlie  PJ^^f^*  cmestions  invon  ea  m  tne  coniest  over 

'vtom  were  not  eonsldend.  State  officers.    The  suit  turned  upon  the  validi- 


238                  CONNECTICUT.  COREA. 

ty  of  certain  ballots  which  contained  the  word  ManufaetureB.— The  following  summary  of 
^  for  "  before  the  name  of  each  office  to  be  filled,  the  business  of  686  manufacturing  establishments 
and  which  also  contained,  in  some  cases,  the  in  the  State  is  reported  by  the  State  Labor  Ck>m- 
words  "  For  Judge  of  Probate,  Henry  H,  Stead-  missioner :  Value  of  gooos  manufactured,  $125,- 
man/'  and  in  other  cases  the  words  "  and  ex  officio  723,066.51 ;  yalue  of  stock  and  materials,  $67,- 
Registrar  of   Births,    Marriages,  and  Deaths,"  228,878.72;  cost  of  manufacture  (less   rent,  in- 
printed  after  the  words  *'  Town  Clerk,*'    The  terest,  and  taxes),  $45,541,069.81 ;  rent,  interest, 
court  held  that,  as  no  office  of  judge  of  probate  and  taxes,  $2,892,008.90;  net  profits,  $10,561,- 
was  to  be  filled  at  the  election  in  which  these  114.08.    The  capital  emplojea  was  $117,361,- 
ballots  were  used,  and  as  the  statutes  provide  for  485.13 ;  the  amount  paid  for  labor,  $32,720,- 
the  election  of  a  town  clerk,  and  not  for  any  offi-  018.18 ;    and  the  number  of  hands  employed, 
cer  called  town  clerk  And  ex  officio  registrar,  etc.,  75,191.  The  amount  paid  for  wages  was  28*41  of 
the  addition  of  the  above-quoted  phrases  vitiated  the  cost  of  goods  manufactured ;  and  the  value 
the  ballots  under  the  provisions  of  the  ballot  law  of  stock  and  material  58*87  per  cent, 
of  1889.    This  ruling  was  decisive  of  the  case ;  Loeal  Option. — At  the  town  elections  held 
but  the  court  went  further  and  intimated  its  throughout  the  State  early  in  October,  83  towns 
opinion  that  the  word  "  for  "  printed  before  the  voted  for  license  under  the  local-option  law  and 
name  of  each  office  was  not  such  an  addition  to  85  against  license.  There  were  few  changes  f rora 
the  ballots  as  to  render  them  void,  unless  it  the  results  of  the  preceding  October  election, 
should  be  added  for  a  fraudulent  purpose  in  COREA,  called  by  the  natives  Ta  Cho-sQn 
order  to  identify  them.    As  the  local  election  (Great  or  All  Cho-siin),  an  independent   king- 
officers  in  many  cases  at  the  election  of  Novem-  dom  in  Asia,  between  China,  the  Yellow  Sea, 
ber,  1890,  had  rejected  so-called  *'  for  "  ballots  as  and  the  Sea  of  Japan.    The  name  means  Mom- 
illegal,  this  decision  seemed  to  sustain  the  con-  in^  Radiance.    From  the  Russian  province  of 
tention*of  the  Republicans  as  to  the  illegality  of  Pnmorskala  it  is  separated  by  the  Tumen,  and 
such  action.    The  case  arose  out  of  a  local  eleo-  from  the  Chinese  province  of  Shin^-King  by  the 
tion  in  the  town  of  Branford.  Yalu  river.    It  thus  closely  adjoms  the  three 

Edaeatlon. — The   following   statistics  from  powerful    nations — China,    Russia,  and   Japan 

the  latest  report  of  the  State  Board  of  Educa-  (see  map  in  "  Annual  Cyclopapdia "  for  1885, 

tion  cover  the  school  year  1889-*90 :  Children  of  page  264).    Long  supposed  to  be  a  peninsula, 

school  age  in  the  State,  159,241 ;  number  enrolled  though  by  first  European  travelers  of  the  seven- 

in  the  public  schools,  126,505 ;  enrolled  in  other  teenth  century  asserted  to  be  an  island,  Corea 

schools,  19,066 ;  not  enrolled  in  any  school,  23,-  has  a  complete  water  boundary.    On  the  north- 

562 ;    average  daily  attendance  in  the  public  em  frontier,  in  north  latitude  42°  and  longitude 

schools  in  winter,  86,275;  in  summer,  81,038;  127*  42',  rises  the  main  peak  of  the  ever- white 

number  of  male  teachers  in  the  public  schools  in  mountains,  named  Paik-Tu,  or  White  Head,  in 

winter,  460 ;  in  summer,  356 ;  female  teachers,  the  crater  of  which  lies  the  Dragon's  lake.     Out 

in    winter,  2,766;    in  summer,  2,852;  average  of  this  fiow  the  two  rivers  that  divide  Corea 

monthly  wages,  male  teachers,  $76.24 ;  average  from  Russia  and  China,  making  the  country  an 

monthly  wages,  female  teachers,  $39,34.    The  island.     In  descending  the  Talu   river  on  the 

total  receipts  for  school  purposes  during  the  year  west   a   striking  difference  is  noted   in  flora, 

amounted  to  $2,015,667,  of  which  the  sum  of  fauna,  and  man.    The  Chinese,  dressed  in  blue, 

$119,430  was  derived  from  the  income  of  the  plow  their  fields,  using  horses,  on  lands  from 

school  fund,  $238,861  from  the  State  tax  for  which  deciduous  trees  have  been  mostly  cleared 

schools,  $953,890  from  town-school  taxes,  and  away.    The  Coreans,  dressed  in  white,  use  oxen 

$580,010  from  district-school  taxes.    On  June  as  beasts  of  draught  and  burden,  and  the  trees 

30. 1890,  the  principal  of  the  State-school  fund  are  mostly  evergreen.    The  area  of  Corea  is  esti- 

was.  $2,020,073.  mated  at  82,000  square  miles  and  its  sea-coast 

The  Normal  School  buildings  at  New  Britain  line  at  1,740  miles.    The  most  careful  estimates, 

have  been  enlarged,  and  the  buildings  for  the  based  on  Oovemment  reports,  give  Corea  a  popu- 

new  school  at  Willimantic  are  under  way,  lation  of  12,000,000. 

During  the  school  year  1889-*90  372  pupils  History.— The  present  race  of  p^eople  in  Corea 

were  enrolled  at  New  Britain  and  70  at  Willi-  is  a  composite  formed  of  many  tribe^  and  emi- 

mantic.  grants  from  the  north  and  west.     Tradition 

Sayings  Banks. — On  Oct.  1, 1890,  there  were  shows  the  movement  of  large  bodies  of  men  from 

86  saving  banks  in  the  State,  having  assets  and  Manchuria  into  this  river-made  island,  but  tradi- 

liabilities  amounting  to  $123,432,832.24.    The  tion  and  written  history  gather  around  the  name 

deposits  therein  amounted  to  $116,406,675.39,  of  Ki  Ja  ^r  Ki-shi)  as  the  civilizer  of  the  country, 

and  they  had  accumulated  a  surplus  of  $4,177,-  Leaving  China  on  the  fall  of  the  Chow  dynasty, 

383.50.    Since  Oct.  1,  1889,  the  mcrease  of  de-  1122  b.  c.,Ki  Ja  entered  the  present  northeastern 

posits  had  been  $6,035,713.09,  and  of  surplus  province  of  Ping-an  with  5,000  followers.   He  re- 

$375,856.32.    There  were  305,863  depositors,  an  duced  the  various  tribes  to  order,  began  the  capital 

increase  of  10,967  in  one  year.     Eight  State  city  that  still  bears  the  name  of  Pin^-an,  promul- 

banks,  eight  trust  companies,  and  ten  invest-  gated  laws,  divided  the  country  mto  adminis- 

ment  companies  also  do  business  in  the  State.  trative  districts,  and  introduced  Chinese  writing. 

Tobacco. — ^The  number  of   planters  in  the  literature,  art,  medicine,  and  measures.    Intend- 

State  during  the  census  year  1890  was  2,815 ;  ing  to  reflect  the  glories  of  China,  his  model, 

the  area  devoted  to  tobacco,  6,331  acres ;  the  he  named  the  country  Cho-sfin,  or  Morning  Ra- 

product,  8,874,924  pounds :  and  the  value  of  the  diance.    His  smccessors  reigned  until  about  221 

crop  to  the  producer,  estimated  on  a  basis  of  B.  c,  from  which  time  until  9  a.  d.  Corea  was  in 

actual  sales,  $1,132,111.  disorder  or  annexed  to  China.    The  era  of  the 


COREA.  239 

three  kingdoms  lasted  from  a.  d.  9  to  960,  dur-  civilization   respectively,   forms  what  mav   be 

tng  whien  period  border  conflicts,  feudalism,  called   the  national  politics  of  Corea.     Local 

Buddhism,  wars  with  China  and  Japan,  and  politics  are  conditioned  by  the  constant  avarice 

trade  with  the  Arabs  were  the  chief  features  of  and    rapacity  of    the   magistrates    with    their 

liistory.    In  960  A.  D.  Wu  Wang  extinguished  hordes  of  paid  dependents  and  the  countervail- 

the  rival  states  and  gave  political  unity  to  the  ing  struggles  of  the  euilds  of  the  working  classes 

eountry  under  the   name   Koria  (whence   our  and  the  jealousy  of  tne  nobles  and  their  followers. 

Corea),  and  fixing  his  capital  at  Sunto,  north  of  Climate,  Soil,  and  Crops. — The  eight  prov- 

Seoul,  a   splendid  city  now  largely  in  ruins,  inces  are  formed  by  natural  features,  and  are,  in 

The  Mongol  invasion  and  the  first  recorded  use  general,  river  basins  bounded  by  mountains.    In 

of  the  mariner's  compass,  used  in  navigating  a  the  north  the  winters  are  long  and  the  cold  se- 

Chinese  fleet  to  Corea,  a.  d.  1122,  occurred  dur-  vere.    Here  also  is  the  haunt  of  the  tiger.    In 

log  this  period.    In  1392,  on  the  fall  of  the  Mon-  the  southern  half  fertile  plains  abound,  and  the 

gols,  Tai  Jo  became  paramount,  fixed  his  seotd,  amount  of  arable  land  ana  the  area  of  plantation 

or  capital,  on  Han  river,  and  founded  the  pres-  on  the  almost  innumerable  islands  are  large, 

ent  dynasty  and  methods  of  political  adminis-  The  climate  is  bracing,  except  during  the  rainy 

tntion.    Han-vang  the  capital,  is  in  the  prov-  season,  which  is  from  June  to  September.    The 

inoeof  Klung-kai,  and  is  known  to  Europeans  autumn  is  nearlv  cloudless,  and  the  winter  means 

as  Seoul,  or  S5ul.    The  invasions  of  the  Japanese  usually  a  stretch  of  clear  weather,  except  during 

in  1592-'97  and  the  Manchus  in  1627,  the  long  the  plentiful  snow.    Many  of  the  rivers  are  fro- 

isolation  of  the  country  from  any  but  Chinese  in-  zen  over  during  four  months  of  the  year.    It  is 

fiuencesytheintroductionof  Christianity,  and  the  admirably  adapted  to   agriculture.     Hitherto, 

modem  opening  of  the  country  by  treaties  with  owing  to  the  wretched  system  of  government,  by 

foreign  nations  are  the  chief  events  in  modem  which  the  people  are  systematically  plundered  by 

Cho-siln.    The  present  Hap-mun,  or  King,  is  the  the  magistrates  and  their  minions,  little  incen- 

twenty-eighth    sovereign  of  his  line,  and  his  tive  to  cultivate  the  soil  to  the  fullest  extent  has 

name,  like  most  Corean  words  when  Romanized,  existed.    Besides,  there  was  no  foreign  outlet  for 

has  a  different  spelling  and  pronunciation,  ac-  surplus  produce,  even  were  the  means  of  trans- 

oording  as  it  is  expressed  in  Corean,  Chinese,  or  portation  adequate  to  move  the  crop  products 

Japanese.    This  trilingual  presentation  of  Co-  beyond  the  region  of  growth.    The  cost  of  trans- 

rean  vocables  explains  the  apparent  confusion  portation  across  the  country  at  its  narrowest 

in  geographical  and  other  nomenclature.  width  is  about  8  per  cent,  of  the  value  of  the 

GoYemment. — The  Govemment  ia  an  abso-  goods.    Now,  the  demand  from  foreign  ports, 

late  monarchy  of  the  patriarchal  tvpe,  greatly  the  better  prices  obtainable,  and  the  improve- 

modified  by  surviving  and  powerful  features  of  ment  in  water  transportation  have  greatly  stim- 

feadalism.    The  nobles,  by  means  of  their  fain-  ulated  the  farmers  to  increased  efforts,  and  the 

ily  influence,  hereditary  privileges,  and  numer-  acreage  of  cultivation  is  larger  than  ever.    On 

oas  retainers*  possess  great  power  and  compel  land,  bulls  and  ponies  are  still  the  sole  means  of 

the  policy  of  the  Government.  The  King  govems  transport.     The  ports  of  Chemulpo,  near   the 

with  three  councilors,  forming  a  triple  premier-  capital,  and  Fusan  and  Wensan  are  open  by 

ship,  aided  by  the  six  departments  of  tne  executive  treaty;  but  occasional  visits  to  other  ports  are 

— m.,  revenue,  rites,  war,  justice,  public  works,  cautiously  allowed  to  foreign  vessels, 

and  ceremonies.     With  the  six  generals  who  Foreign  Trade. — The  foreign  trade  for  the 

command  respectively  the  left,  right,  front,  mid-  year    1890  increased  beyond  all  expectations, 

die,  rear,  and  special  guards  or  barracks,  so  the  total  value  being  more  than  douole  that  of 

called,  resides  the  balance  of  power ;  for  under  1889 : 
the$e  are  the  military  governors  of  the  ei^ht 


provinces,  and,  in  effect,  so  also  are  the  civil  movimknt. 

lunctionaries.    In  this  way  the  authoritv  of  the    «^^^ 
King  is  hampered  and  often  completely  nega-    iSpartB. '/.*.. **.!.'.... 
tivei    These  eight  provinces  take  their  names 


1889. 


|l,88ft,680 
8,016,M6 


1890. 


18,668,620 
&,210,445 


from  the  union  of  the  first  half  of  the  names  of  Corean  beans  make  the  best  soy  and  mifto,  arti- 

the  two  principal  cities  in  each.  cles  used  in  Japan,  and  the  former  is  exported 

Classes  ana  Domestic  Politics. — ^The  gen-  to  Europe  as  the  basis  of  several  condiments.   In 

end  division  of  the  people  is  into  the  yang-ian^  1889,  2d,455  tons  were  exported,  and  in  1890, 

men  of  high,  and  9ong-nam^  men  of  low  rank —  41,209  tons.    In  the  same  years  the  export  of 

that  is,  the  scholar  class  and  the  common  peo-  rice  was  2,031  and  64,711  tons,  respectively.    This 

pie.    As  in  China  and  old  Japan,  "  the  four  increase  of  rice  export  promises  to  be  permanent, 

classes**  consist  of  the  literary,  agricultural,  ar-  and  much  Japanese  capital  has  been  m vested  in 

tisan,  and  trading.    Yet  there  is  no  fixed  birth  rice  husking  and  cleaning  mills  at  Fusan  and 

caste,  and  the  higher  classes  are  being  continu-  Chemulpo,  the  white  rice  finding  its  way  to 

*lly  recruited  from   the   lower,  wealth    being  Europe.    Dried  fish  is  exported,  the  amount  in 

^isnally  the  factor  that  decides  social  position,  1890  reaching  2,200  tons.    At  present  the  Japan- 

at  least  locally.    In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  ese  get  the  largest  share  of  the  trade,  and  nearly 

in  the  north  Chinese  ideas  and  customs  prevail,  monopolize  the  fisheries.     In  1890  716  fishing 

while  in  the  south  the  influence  of  the  Japanese  boats,  employing   8,500    men,  were  registered, 

language  and  civilization  is  strikingly  manifest,  the  average  annual  net  earnings  of  each  boat 

China  claims  the  right   of   interference  with  being  fOOO.   They  also  have  22  boats,  employing 

Corea's  foreign  policy,  which  an  increasing  sen-  256  men,  for  capturing  whales,  and  the  17  caught 

timent  resents.    The  varying  adherence  of  rival  in  1890  netted  f  10,000.    As  the  Corean  national 

parties  to  the  ideas  of  Chinese  or  of  Japanese  dress  is  white  cotton,  handsomely  and  glossily 


240  COREA. 

starched  in  snmmer,  and  heavily  padded  in  win-  No  account  is  here  taken  of  the  export  of  gin- 

ter,  there  is  little  demand  for  woolens ;  but  cot-  seng,  which  is  a  Goremment  monopoly,  and  one 

ton  goods,  mostly  from  Manchester,  England,  of  the  chief  sources  of  revenue,  netting  the  Gov- 

flnd  a  st^y  sale.    In  1890  shirtings  to  the  emment  annually  over  $600,000. 

value  of  $1,474,745  and  lawns  and  muslins  worth  Religion.— The  Coreans  were  formerly  Bud- 

$890,020  were    imported,   against   the   figures  dhists,  this  form  of  faith  having  been  introduced 

$903,100  and  $189,070  for  the  same  articles  in  from  Tibet  and  China,  a.  d.  853.    It  spread  over 

1889.    Thus  far,  the  natives  seem  to  prefer  the  the  country,  and  reached  its  height  oi  power  in 

British  textiles,  even  with  their  heavy  loading  the  fourteenth  century,  the  nation  being  then 

of  size.     These  they  wash  and  bleach,  sizing  priest-ridden,  the  country  filled  with  monasteries, 

them  heavily  again  with  starch  in  order  to  give  and  the  court  favorites  and  most  influential  men 

them   that  peculiar  luster  which   the  Ck)rean  about  the  King  being  Buddhist  monks.    To  this 

women  so  skillfully  impart.     In   their  com-  period  belong  not  only  the  colossal  sculptures, 

mercial  dealing  the  people  are  almost  bigot-  twin  images  or  granite  monoliths,  cut  out  of  the 


eoods, 

it,  even  for  a  manifestly  better  article.    Most  of  a  few  still  remain.    It  is  said  that  the  substitu- 
the  yam  imported  comes  from  Bombay.    Three  tion,  by  a  priest  named  Shi  Ton,  of  an  ill^ti- 
fourths  of  tne  silk  imported — to  the  amount  of  mate  son  lor  the  king's  heir  precipitated  the 
$129,360  in  1889  and  $225,805  in  1890-~comes  fall  of  the  ruling  dynasty  and  forever  sbol- 
from  China.    American  drills  and  sheetings  are  ished  the  power  of  the  Buddhist  priests^     The 
not  in  much  demand.    About  $222,000  worth  of  founder  of  the  present  roval  house  forbade  for- 
zinc  and  tin  and  $245,000  worth  of  copper  were  ever  the  entrance  of  a  Buddhist  priest  or  monk 
imported,  chiefly  for  the  minting  of  cash ;  but  the  within  the  walls  of  the  ro^^al  capital.    Hence 
people  much  prefer  the  old  ti>  the  new  money.  The  there  is  no  Buddhist  temple  in  Seoul,  and  in  the 
conservative  instinct  is  shown  also  in  the  steady  other  cities  Buddhism  is  in  exceedingly  low  es- 
U9e  of  American  petroleum,  notwithstanding  the  tate.    The  monks  are  still  allowed  to  occupy  the 
Russian  efforts  to  introduce  a  cheaper  article ;  monasteries,  but  in  reality  they  act  as  a  clerical 
while  against  all  competitors,  German  quinine,  militia,  and  the  monastic  buildings,  often  forti- 
flrst  in  the  field,  obstinately  holds  its  own.   Tele-  fied  and  in  strategic  positions,  form  part  of  the 
graph  materials  figure  in  the  list  of  imports,  for  military  system  of  defense  under  the  control  of 
the  building  of  a  line  of  wire  between  Seoul  and  the  King's  generals.    Unlearned,  often  illiterate, 
Gensan.     There   are   telegraph    lines  between  and  under  a  social  and  political  ban,  most  of  the 
Fusan  and  Seoul,  and   from  Seoul  to  Pekin.  monks  have  degenerated  into  mountebanks  and 
Notwithstanding  the  excellence  and  cheapness  beggars.    The  majority  of  the  people  follow  the 
of  the  native  tobacco,  and  its  strong  fiber,  fitting  Confucian  ethics ;  but  superstition  is  rife,  and  the 
it  for  wrappers,  American  cigarettes  were  im-  worship  of  local  deities  or  patrons  in  the  form 
ported  to  tne  amount  of  $9,575.    Foreign  manu-  of  heroes,  or  even  of  sacrea  beasts,  is  common 
factures  amounted  in  all  to  $3,951,805.    Trade  Shamanism   is   prevalent,  and  the  number  of 
across  the  Russian  frontier  has  also  been  steadily  mythical  animals  believed  in  is  lar^e.    Geoman- 
maintained,  amounting  in  the  aggregate  to  $78,-  cers,  necromancers,  and  fortune-tellers  abound. 
860.    In  the  treaty  ports  the  number  of  foreign        Christianity  was  introduced  in  1777  by  Gorean 
settlers  has  increased.    The  Chinese  at  Chemulpo  students  who  accompanied  the  annual  embassy 
have  obtained  a  new  concession  of  land  for  settle-  to  Pekin.  and  obtained  books  from  the  Jesuit 
ment,  and  the  Japanese  have  made  a  similar  ap-  missionaries  there.    Companies  of  Christian  be- 
plication  for  more  room.    The  total  number  of  lievers  were  formed,  and  m  1836  the  first  French 
ships   entering  the  three  o|>en    ports  in  1889  priest,  in  disguise,  "  violated  the  frontier,"  and 
was :  Of  sailing  ships,  975,  aggregating  29,485  was  soon  followed  by  others,  despite  the  martyr- 
tons  burden ;  steamers,  249,  aggregating  74,352  dom  of  several,  which  was  followed  by  the  men- 
tons.    In  1890,  2,939  sailing  vessels  oi  37,457  ace  of  French  ships  of  war.     In  1800  4  bishop 
tons,  and  1,958  steamers  of  276,890  tons.     In  and  18  priests  had  secretly  entered,  and  tne 
this  work  of  transport  the  following  fiags  were  Roman  Catholics  claimed  a  following  of  60,000 
represented :  converts.    Dreadful  persecutions,  culminating  in 


NATIONALITT. 


Oorean 

JaMoese. . . 
Chinese . . . . 
GemnAn. . . . 
NonreglM 


Total 


1,621 


VVMll. 

TooiiBga. 

89 

6,608 

1,486 

284,001 

69 

7,989 

81 

12,298 

7 

8.108 

1866,  when  9  French  priests  were  publicly  be- 
headed, have  crimsoned  the  Christian  martyr 
roll  of  Corea  with  probably  10,000  names.  There 
are  now  50.000  Roman  Catholics  in  Corea,  and 
the  strong  force  of  missionaries  who  minister  to 
them  are  all  from  the  Soci^t^  des  Missions  £tran- 
gires,  of  Paris.  Protestant  Christianity  is  repre- 
818,847       sented  (1891)  by  21  missionaries,  most  of  whom 

have  recently  arrived.    This  work  began  in  1884. 

The  chief  articles  of  export  are  beans,  rice.  In  the  Presbyterian  church  107  persons,  in  1890, 
hides,  bones,  grain,  cattle,  fish,  and  silk.  The  had  been  baptized,  and  in  the  Methodist,  50. 
imports  include  textiles,  metals,  kerosene,  ma-  The  various  evangelistic  agencies  are  prosecuted, 
chmery,  manufactured  tobacco,  matches,  arms,  and  the  hospital,  printing-press,  and  school  are 
and  ammunition.  The  deA'elopment  of  trade  made  use  of,  and  tracts,  books,  and  Scriptures 
since  1885  is  shown  herewith :  In  1885,  $1,912,-  are  circulated.  In  the  tours  made  by  the  mis- 
430;  1886.  $1,486,590;  1887,  $3,017,030;  1888,  sionaries  the  country  has  been  widely  explored. 
$3,098,175;  1889,  $3,458,740;  1890,  $6,910,035.    The  Protestant  missions  are  English,  American, 


COSTA  RICA.  241 

Canadian,  and  Australian,  and  in  denomination  Flnanee.  —  The    revenue  for  1889 -'90  was 

Presbyterian,  Methodist,  and  Episcopalian.  Steps  |5,078,166,  and  the  expenditure  $5,924,915.    The 

have  been  taken  for  the  translation  of  a  standard  chief  items  of  expenuiture  were  12,046,647  for 

version  of  the  Bible,  the  first  efforts  in  thisdirec-  the  debt,  $549,112  for  war,  $980,517  for  public 

tion  having  been  made  by  the  Rev.  John  Ross,  of  works,  and  $449,877  for  education.    The  foreign 

Mukden,  China,  ten  years  ago.  debt,  contracted  in  England  at  6  and  7  per  cent. 

Medical  Seience.— Corean  medical  literature  interest  in  1871  and  1882,  amounted  to  £2.691,- 
enjoys  a  good  reputation  in  China.  Several  300,  and  the  interest  in  default  to  £2,691,300 
standard  works  in  the  art  of  therapeutics  have  in  1887,  when  the  whole  was  converted  into  a 
long  been  known  in  Japan  also.  Nevertheless,  loan  of  £2,000,000  paying  5  per  cent,  interest. 
the  treatment  of  their  own  sick  is  rude  and  bar-  The  debt  was  disputed  by  the  Costa  Rican  Gov- 
barous  from  the  standpoint  of  Western  science,  emment,  which  expended  $500,000  in  an  unsuc- 
The  poor  and  the  infected  are  cast  out  from  their  cessf  ul  suit  against  the  London  bankers,  because 
homes,  and  left  with  food  and  water  in  rude  huts  of  the  total  nominal  sum  of  $26,218,425  only 
of  straw  on  the  waste  lands  beyond  the  city  $4,877,865  had  reached  the  treasury.  The  con- 
gates.  The  Government,  appreciating  the  value  verted  debt  is  guaranteed  on  the  customs  rev- 
of  the  medical  skill  displayed  by  an  American  enue,  and  since  1888  the  interest  has  been  regu- 
phy$ician,  H.  N.  Allen,  after  the  eoup  d'4tat  and  larly  paid.  All  the  debts  outstanding  in  1890 
the  battle  between  the  Chinese  and  the  Japanese  amounted  to  $17,712,338  in  silver.  A  land  and 
in  1884,  has  established  the  Royal  Corean  Hos-  loan  company  with  a  capital  of  $5,000,000  has 
pital  in  Seoul.  Served  by  American  physicians  been  granted  important  concessions  for  the  sake 
on  modem  principles  and  methods,  11,000  cases  of  promoting  agriculture  and  immigration, 
were  treated  in  this  hospital  in  1889.  TheMetho-  Commerce  and  Prodactlon.  —  The  chief 
dist  hospital  treated  8,000  cases  in  the  same  year,  commercial  products  are  coffee  and  bananas. 
There  is  also  a  Japanese  hospital  at  Fusan.  Out  of  a  total  exportation  valued  in  1889  at 

Edoeation  ana  Literatare.— The  basis  of  $6,965,371,  coffee  stood  for  $6,186,656,  and  ba- 
education  is  the  Chinese  literature.  Appoint-  nanas  for  $569,020.  About  three  fifths  of  the 
ments  to  the  Government  service  are  through  coffee  went  to  England  and  the  remainder  and 
the  literary  examinations  held  at  stated  intervals  all  the  bananas  to  the  United  States.  Other  ox- 
in  the  provincial  and  national  capitals.  At  ports  are  hides,  skins,  cocoa-nuts,  cacao.  mother- 
Seoul,  in  the  Royal  Corean  Government  College,  of-pearl,  cedar  wood,  and  gold.  Rice,  com. 
Western  languages  and  science  are  taught,  the  wheat,  and  potatoes  are  cultivated  in  addition  to 
three  chief  instructors  being  Americans,  gradu-  tropical  products.  The  total  value  of  the  im- 
ates  of  colleges  in  the  United  States.  Several  ports  in  1889  was  $6,306,408. 
young  men,  graduated  at  this  institution,  are  now  The  shipping  entered  at  Costa  Rican  ports  in 
employed  in  Government  service.  Education  for  1889  consisted  of  309  vessels,  of  367,052  tons, 
the  people  is  entirely  a  matter  of  private  enter-  Communications.— There  were  180  miles  of 
prise.  Libraries  and  book-shops  are  found  in  railroad  completed  before  the  beginning  of  1890, 
the  large  cities,  but  there  is  little  true  vernacular  to  which  51  miles  have  been  added,  uniting  Port 
literature,  the  books  containing  serious  informa-  Limon  with  San  Jos^,  the  capital, 
tion  being  in  Chinese.  There  is  a  genuine  native  The  telegraphs  in  1889  had  a  total  length  of 
alphabet,  consisting  of  25  letters,  11  vowels  and  600  miles.  The  number  of  dispatches  in  1888 
14  consonants,  and  classified  according  to  the  was  112,639. 

organs  of  speech.    It  is  phonetic,  and  is  one  of  Pablie  AlTairs. — Since  the  last  Central  Amer- 

the  simplest  and  most  perfect  in  the  world.  This  ican  war,  Costa  Rica  has  made  peaceful  progress 

Un-mun  alphabet  was  mvented  in  the  fourteenth  in  developing  her  great  agricultural  resources 

century,  at  about  the  same  time  that  movable  and  building  railroads  with  the  aid  of  American 

metal  types  were  used  for  printing,  wooden  types  capital  and  in  improving  the  sanitation  of  the 

having  been  known  since  181^,  and  authentic  towns  and  advancing  education.    A  plot  against 

printed  Corean  books  bearing  the  date  1317-'24  the  Government  was  suspected  or  discovered  in 

A.  D.  being  extant.    The  apparatus  for  the  study  April,  1891,  and  several  persons  were  arrested, 

of  Corean  by  Europeans  now  consists  of  a  lar^e  but  no  disturbance  of  the  peace  occurred, 

dictionary  and  a  grammar  hy  the  French  mis-  Reciprocity. — A  treaty  of  commercial  reci- 

sionaries,  a  grammar  and  dictionary  in  English  procity  between    Costa    Rica  and  the  United 

by  the  Rev.  H.  G.  Underwood,  a  dictionary  by  States  was  negotiated  in  1885.  which  was  never 

H.  Scott,  and  phrase  books  and  critical  articles  ratified  by  the  two  governments.    Under  it,  su- 

by  W.  G.  Aston,  John  Ross,  and  others.               '  gar,  coffee,  cacao,  pea-nuts,  ginger,  Imnanas,  po- 

C08TA   RICA,  a  republic  in  Central  Amer-  tatoes,  pita  or  hat  straw,  gums,  dye  woods,  rub- 

ica.    The  executive  autnority  is  concentrated  in  ber,  hides,  timber,  and  other  Costa  Rican  prod- 

the  hands  of  a  President,  who  is  elected  for  four  ucts  were  to  be  admitted  free  into  the  United 

years,  and  the  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  States,  and  cattle,  salt,  petroleum,  coal,  preserved 

single  chamber,  called  the  House  of  Representa-  meat,  bricks,  lime,  mining  and  agricultural  ma- 

tives,  composed  of  26  members,  elected  indirectly  chinery.  and  cotton  from  the  United  States  into 

for  four  years,  one  half  retiring  each  second  Costa  Uica.    In  1891  negotiations  were  reopened 

year.    Joe^  Joaquin  Rodriguez  was  elected  Pres-  for  a  treaty  containing  the  same  provisions.   The 

ident  on  May  8,  1890.  Costa  Rican  Government  was  bound  not  to  im- 

Area  and  Popalatlon. — ^The  republic  is  esti-  pair  the  security  of  the  foreign  debt,  for  which 

mated  to  have  an  area  of  20,000  square  miles,  the  customs  receipts  are  pledged,  and  therefore 

and  its  population  in  1889  was  estimated  at  209,-  sought  to  make  an  arrangement  with  the  Eng- 

644.    In  tnat  year  there  were  9,151  births,  5,238  lish  bondholders  to  release  this  lien  and  free  its 

deaths,  6,330  arrivals,  and  3,706  departures.  hands. 

VOL.  XXXI. — 16  A 


CRISP,  CHAKLES  FREDERICK. 


CBISP,     CHARLES     FREDERICK,    an 

American  8Utet)inaii,Uiirty-!econ<lSpeakerot  the 
United  Stiktea  Uou!<e  ul  Representatives,  bom  in 


Sheffield,  England,  Jan.  30,  ltj45.  lUn  parents 
were  actors,  and  were  ou  a  profesBJujial  visit  to 
England  ut  the  time  ot  the  son's  birth,  'i'hefather, 
William  U.Crisp, awttiveoIKnglHud,  whkh  natu- 
ralized dtizen  of  the  United  Stales.  Anolderson 
and  two  daughters  adopted  the  players'  profession, 
but  all  are  now  dead.  Charles  was  brought  bock 
to  the  United  Statex  while  atill  an  infant,  and  was 
educated  in  the  schools  of  Savannah  and  Alacon. 
,  In  May,  lt:IS4,  he  enlisted  in  the  Tenth  Virginia 
infantry  (Confederate),  with  which  he  served  lor 
thruiyeers,  becoming  a  lieutenant,  when  in  May, 
.llSiJie  was  made  a  prisoner  of  war  and  was  sent 
to  t'oH  Delaware,  llere  he  remained  in  conflne- 
ment  until  June,  1865,  when,  the  war  being  over, 
be  was  released.  His  parents  being  in  Kiraville. 
he  went  thither,  and  soon  afterward  began  the 
stud)'  of  law  in  Americus.  He  was  admilte<l  to 
the  liar  in  1066,  and  began  practice  in  EUaville. 
removing  in  1873  to  Americus,  which  is  still  his 
home.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  Solicitor-general 
ot  the  Southwestern  Judicial  District  of  Georgia, 
and  the  next  year  he  was  reappointed)  for  a  term 
of  four  years.  In  June.  1877,  he  was  appointed 
judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  (Jeorgin  tor  the 
Southwestern  Circuit,  and  in  1878theTjegi3lBtiini 
elected  him  to  that  olTice.  In  I860  he  was  re- 
elected for  four  years;  but  two  years  later  he  re 
signed  the  judgeship  and  accepteil  a  nomination 
for  member  of  Congress  from  the  Third  District 
of  Georgia.     He  has  served  continuously  in  that 


body  ever  since.  In  1883  he  presided  over  the 
Georgia  Democratic  Slate  Convention.  In  the 
House  of  Representatives  he  has  been  known  as 
a  faithful  attendant,  seldom  absent 
from  his  seat,  and  a  hard  worker  and 
ready  debater.  He  was  chairman  of 
the  Committee  of  Elections  in  the 
Fiftieth  Congress,  and  has  served  on 
those  on  Commerce,  Manufactures, 
and  the  Pacific  iUilnMids.  The  large 
Democratic  majority  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  Fitty-secund 
Congress  threw  the  contest  for  the 
Spealtership  into  the  Democratic  cau- 
cus. The  foremost  aspirants  were 
Roger  a  Mills,  of  Texas,  and  Mr. 
Crisp.  Mr.  Mills  was  the  candidiate 
ot  those  who  favored  the  nominatioii 
of  Grover  Cleveland  fur  the  presi- 
dency in  18S3  and  a  radical  reduction 
of  the  tariff.  Mr.  Crisp  is  understood 
to  be  a  free-trader  in  theory,  but  prac- 
tically more  conservative  than  Mr. 
Mills.  He  is  also  understood  to  favor 
the  free  coinage  of  silver.  Other  aspi- 
rants for  the  nomination  were  Messra. 


was  a  long  contest,  and  thirty  ballots 
were  necessary  before  a  nomination 
was  made.  It  was  pointed, out  that 
Mr.  Crisp's  support  came  principally 
from  those  States  that  invariably  give 
Democratic  majorities ;  that  those 
Slates  which  favored  his  nomination 
cast  120  Democratic  votes  in  the  elec- 
toral college,  while  those  that  favored 
Mr.  Mills  cast  but  38.  The  adherents 
of  Mr.  Mills  based  their  argument  on 
the  desirability  of  gaininpf  victories  in 

States    herelj^fore    Republican,     The   following 

table  is  a  record  of  the  ballots: 


Nin««iii 

TwFDtlftl 


1'HrDty-ftiiiRli.. 

Twentj-aftb.... 


•  HUeh  wniidrrw  ni  voted  ftar  Criip. 


CUBA  AND  PUERTO  RICO.  243 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Brown,  of  Indiana,  the  nomi-  tion  of  Tolunteers  numbering  63,115.    In  Puerto 

nation  was  made  unanimous.    Mr.  Crisp,  being  Rico  8,566  troops  are   stationed.      A  fleet   of 

notified  and  called  for,  addressed  the  caucus  as  68  gunboats  cruises  about  the  shores  of  both 

follows :  islands. 

„  r  X.     ji         ..  i- 1  i-  Commerce. — Sugar  and  tobacco  are  the  staple 

Bepresektattves :  I  am  profoundly  grateful  for  -^-.,^„««.„  ^f /s.Uo      'ri,«  ^i^^A  ^4  <»,^«.  i^  iuuo 

rhl.  nmrk  of  your  confidence  and  e8tJem.    I  pledge  P^'^^^«%.''i  V     *"     ^iK^^®^?  ^'  ^Tg?L?3^ 

m%«.lf  here  and  now  to  devote  whatever  of  industry  Zf^  656,719  tons,  and  of  molasses  15/,791  tons, 

and  ability  I  posaea8  to  the  advancement  of  the  real  a  he  annual  production  of  tobacco   is  300,000 

intert-Ati;  of  tne  Democratic  party.     I  beg  to  say  to  bales.    In  18w8  there  were  182,636  bales  exported 

vou  now,  as  I  speak  to  you  my  first  words  since  I  am  from  Havana,  besides  220,000,000  cigars.    The 

y.ur  M:lection  for  Speaker,  that  my  election  means  forests  contain  valuable  woods,  and  the  mineral 

!i..  ^U|p  b^kward  m  tantf  reform.    I  beg  to  say  to  ^g^lth  of  the  country  is  very  great,  consisting  of 

;;^t'^St^i7i:^iie'^vrn?s:ic^^^^^  s^^i^  ^^^i^y^^^r^r^^^^ 

tiriif  reform  than  I  do.     After  the  long  struffgle  asphalt,  and  beautiful  marbles.    1  he  whole  island 

tbmuifh  which  we  have  passed,  when  Representatives  w  exceedingly  fertile,  yet  only  one  tenth  of  the 

nv  fatigued,  when  other  officers  are  to  be  nominated,  surface   is  cultivated.     All  tropical  fruits  and 

i:  doe*  not  become  me  to  consume  your  time.    1  beg  some  that  are  natives  of  the  temperate  zone  can 

to  siy.  however,  that  during  tlie  progress  of  this  can-  be  easily  raised.    The  commerce  is  chiefly  with 

s^l  have  said  no  word  respectimf  any  indiv-idual  Sp^in,  the   United  States,  and  Great  Britain. 

which  would  at  all  justify  hiin  in  havimr  any  hareh  mA,^  •«n*««;»v«i  {*»r^^-fo«w>«iU.,-  o«u»^  ^^r.^:  i^^ 

f«liiur  of  any  kind''  agaibst  me.    I  havT  felt  that  it  /  ^^  pnnc  pal  imports  are  flour,  salted  provisions. 

^i*  a  triendl V  struggll.    1  have  felt  that  we  were  all  ^^^^\  ^«*^^e  manufactures,  hardware,  glass  and 

Deiu<»crats,  and  I  have  felt  that  whoever  might  bo  crockery,  and  machinery.    The  United  States  in 

ohfven  Speaker,  whenever  this  House   meets   and  1889  imported  from  Cuba  1,000,000,000  pounds  of 

"r^nmizes  we  start  as  one  body,  working  and  laboring  sugar,  valued  at  $86,277,489,  molasses  of  the 

f«>r  a  common  cause— the  principles  of  the  Demo-  value  of  $3,416,754,  tobacco  and  cigars  for  $9,- 

cnrfic  party.    I  thank  you  again  for  your  confidence  287,836,  and  fruits  and  nuts  for  $1,576,751.   The 

and  for  vour  kindness  and  abjure  you  that  this  whole  principal  exports  from  this  country  to  Cuba  were 

cc^nu-st  has  lefl  m  mv  bosom  no  unkmd  feclimr  toward  ^""^^'K"*  ^-^i;^**'*'"^*"  »'""' ^'"""  j      ^"*o  <7Jii 

anv  member  of  the  llouse.  ^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  products  of  the  value  of  $3,257,- 

888.  iron  and  steel  manufactures  of  the  value  of 

On  Tuesday,  Dec.  8.   Mr.    Crisp   was   duly  $1 ,988,018,  breadstufPs  of  the  value  of  $1,836,047, 

elected  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  wood  and  its  manufactures  of  the  value  of  $1,- 

The  Republican  minority  cast  their  votes  for  110,946,  and  coal  of  the  value  of  $581,095. 
ex-Speaker  Thomas  B.  Reed.  Puerto  Bieo. — Puerto  Rico,  or  Porto  Rico, 

CUBA  AND  PUERTO  BICO,  two  islands  is  the  fourth  largest  island  of  the  Antilles,  and 

which  constitute  the  Spanish  possessions  in  the  is  said  to  be  the  most  healthful  and  fertile.    The 

West  Indies.    The  area  of  Cuba  is  86.018  square  area  is  8,550  square  miles.    The  population  num- 

miles,  inclusive  of  that  of  the  Isle  of  Pinos  and  bers  784,709  persons,  of  whom  about  800.000  are 

other  islands  and  keys.    The  population  on  Dec.  negroes.    The  Captain-General,  who  administers 

•31,  1890,  was  officially  estimated  at  1,681,687  the  Government— Luis  Daban  in  1891— is  assisted 

persons,  of  whom  65  per  cent,  are  white.     Ha-  by  a  council  of  military  officers  nominated  by 

Tana,  the  capital,  has  250,000  inhabitants.    The  the  Crown.    The  estimated  revenue  for  the  year 

colony  is  administered  by  a   govemorHroneral,  1888-'89  was  8,863,100  pesos,  and  the  estimated 

who  is  responsible  to  the  Minister  of  the  Colonies  expenditure  8,978,491  pesos.    There  are  470  miles 

in  Madrid,  but  has  power  in  certain  cases  tosus-  of  railroad  and  a  telegraph  system  uniting  the 

pend  the  action  of  any  law  or  decree  of  the  home  principal  towns. 

authorities.    Over  each  of  the  six  provinces  is  a        The  principal  products  are  sugar,  coffee,  to- 

ciril  governor,  who  acts  under  the  direction  of  baoco,  cotton,  rice,  cattle,  and  tropical  fruits, 

the  Governor-General.    The  island  is  represented  especiallv  plantains  and  bananas.    Tnere  are  salt 

in  the  Spanish  Cortes  by  2  Senators  from  each  baiBins  that  are  exploited  by  the  Government, 

province  and  by  30  Deputies.  Valuable  cabinet  woods  and  timber  are  obtained 

Finances. — ^The  revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  in  the  forests.    The  foreign  commerce  in  1889 

1890-'91  was  estimated  at  25,815,376  pesos,  and  consisted  of  $14,177,557  of  imports  and  $11,066,- 

the  expenditure  at  25,446,807  pesos.    Of  the  rev-  688  of  exports.    There  was  an  increase  of  $1,095,- 

enue,  14,791,300  P^os  were  the  estimated  receipts  560  over  the  exports  of  1888,  owing  to  larger 

from  ci^toms.    The  debt  called  for  an  expendi-  crops  of  sugar  and  tobacco,  higher  prices  for 

tore  of  10,447,267  pesos,  the  Ministry  of  War  for  coffee,  and  an  increased  exportation  of  cattle  to 

6^29.427  pesos,  and  the  Ministrv  of  the  Interior  the  neighboring  West  India  islands.    Of  63,610 

for  4.237,862  pesos.    The  capital  of  the  debt  is  tons  of  sugar  exported  38,724  tons  went  to  the 

stated  at  $181,000,000,  and  the  customs  revenue  United  States,  and  of  20,703  tons  of  molasses  the 

is  pledged  to  pay  the  interest.    Besides  the  gen-  United  States  took  17,949  tons.    The  exportation 

eral  taxation,  amounting  to  over  $25,000,000  a  of  this  article  was  less  than  in  the  previous  year, 

year,  the  153  municipalities  levy  $8,000,000  a  because  more  was  used  for  making  rum.    Of  the 

Tear.    The  total  annual  income  of  the  people  is  total  imports,  $3,920,147  came  from  Spain,  $8,- 

estimated  at  $80,000,000.    To  complete  the  rail-  778,015  from  the  United  States,  $3,109,433  from 

way  system,  which  now  has  a  length  of  about  England,   $1,477,321   from  Germany,   $945,088 

1. 000  miles,  a  loan  of  $40,000,000  has  been  au-  from  Cuba,  and  the  rest  from  France,  Denmark, 

thorized.    The  Government  owns  2,810  miles  of  Uruguay,  the  Argentine  Republic,  Belgium,  and 

telegraphs.  other  countries.    The  importation  of  flour  from 

The  Arm  J  and   Nayj. — The  armed  force  the  United  States  was  $1,610,033;  of  lard,  $451,- 

maintained  by  the  Spanish  Government  in  Cuba  581 ;  of  pork  and  hams,  $214,892.    These  figures 

is  26,340  meni  besides  which  there  is  an  organiza-  represent  the  bulk  of  the  imports  of  those  arti- 


244 


DELAWARE. 


cles.    Of  other  proYisions  imported  the  United  meats,  bacon  and  hams,  lard,  and  tallow ;  pre* 
States  furnished  35  per  cent. ;  of  metals,  13  per  served  and  fresh  fish  and  shell  fish ;  oats«  barley, 
cent. ;  of  glassware  and  porcelain,  15  per  cent. :  rye,  buckwheat,  and  flour  from  these  cereals,  and 
of  lumber,  60  per  cent. ;  of  hoops  and  staves,  93  starch  and  alimentary  products  of  maize,  except 
per  cent, ;  of  coal,  70  per  cent.  corn  meal ;  cotton-seea  oil  and  oil  cake ;   hay, 
Reciprocity  Treaty  with  Spain. — In  Jan-  straw,  and  bran ;  fruits,  fresh,  dried,  and  pre- 
uary,   lo91.  Secretary   Blaine  opened  a  corre-  served,  except  raisins,  and  vegetables  and  other 
spondence  with  the   Spanish    Government    in  garden   products;  tar,  pitch,  and  turpentine; 
which  he  proposed  a  new  treaty  of  commerce  in  lumber,  timber,  and  cooperage  materials,  boxes, 
which  the  reciprocity    provisions  of   the  new  and    doors,    frames,  and  sashes;  wagons   and 
American  tarifc  law  would  be  applied  to  the  carts ;  sewing  machines ;  crude  petroleum ;  coal ; 
products  of  Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico,  in  return  for  and  ice.    Corn  and  com  meal  are  admitted  at  a 
compensating  advantages   to  American  trade.  tarifF  of  25  cents  per  100  kilo^ammes,  wheat  at 
Dunng  the  negotiations  Seflor  Canovas  asked  30  cents,  and  wheat  flour  at  f  1,  and  the  duties 
for  a  reduction  or  complete  remission  of  the  on  butter  and  cheese,  on  refined  petroleum,  and 
heavy  tobacco  duties  of  the  McKinley  tariff,  in  on  boots  and  shoes  are  reduced  25  per  cent.     As 
regard  to  which  the  United  States  Government  a  definitive  arrangement,  going  into  force  on 
could  make  no  arrangement,  because  new  legis-  July  1, 1892,  earthy  matters  and  stone,  mineral 
lation  would  be  required.     Minister  John  W.  waters,  ice,  coal,  crude  petroleum,  resins  and 
Foster  stood  out  for  the  abolition  of  the  duties  turpentine,  bricks  and  tiles,  pig  iron,  and  iron 
on  flour  that  were  raised  in  1889  for  the  pro-  castings  for  building,,  wrougnt-iron  manufact- 
tection  of  Castilian  wheat  growers  and  millers,  ures,  raw  cotton,  animal  greases,  books,  timber 
and  although  he  was  unable  to  secure  the  free  and  wood  manufactures  as  enumerated  above, 
admission  of  flour,  he  obtained  such  a  reduction  fertilizers,  agricultural   and    mechanical  tools, 
of  the  duty  as  will  permit  the  United  States  to  machinery  and  wagons,  materials  for  railroads 
recover  and  increase  the  lost  trade  in  cereals.  The  and  other  public  works,  ship-building  materials, 
Spanish  (Government  was  constrained  to  make  salted  meat  and  provisions  as  enumerated  above, 
concessions  prejudicial  to  Spanish  producers,  lard  and  butter,  cheese,  fish  and  shell  fish,  the 
and  to  sacrince  about  $6,000,000  of  revenue  by  cereals  and  cereal  products  made  free   in  the 
the  pressure  brought  to  bear  by  the  people  of  temporary  arrangement,  and  also  the  fniits  and 
Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico,  who  have  been  driven  to  vegetables  and  the  forage  described  above,  plants 
the  verge  of  rebellion  by  protective  duties  and  and  seeds,  and  tan  bark  are  permanently  exempt- 
other  onerous  burdens,  ana  who  deputed  a  com-  ed  from  duty.    The  duties  on  com,  wheat,  and 
mission  of  notables  to  press  their  demands  for  flour  specified  in  the  transitory  schedule  are 
reciprocity  with  the  United  States,  in  order  to  made  permanent,  and  railroad  and  street  cars 
escape  the  injury  that  would  result  from  dis-  are  not  to  pay  a  higher  duty  than  1  per  cent 
criminating  duties  against  their  sugar  and  coffee  cid  valorem.     On  carved    and  polished  stone, 
and  free  tnemselves  from  the  monopoly  prices  glassware,  glazed  tiles,  earthenware,  fine  iron 
that  they  have  paid  for  Spanish  fiour  and  other  manufactures,  steel  and  iron  axles  and  springs, 
manufactures.    The  most-favored-nation  clauses  scales,  needles  and  cutlerjr,  tin  plate,  copper  and 
in  commercial  treaties  with  Great  Britain,  Bel-  brass  manufactures,  furniture,  straw  and  wicker 
gium,  and  other  countries  necessitated  the  new  manufactures,    crackers,    pastes    and    farinas, 
Spanish  treaty  into  two  parts,  one  of  which  will  canned  goods,    preserves   and    pickles,  sauces, 
not  go  into  effect  till  after  those  treaties  expire  rubber  manufactures,  and  rice  are  admitted  at  a 
on  June  30,  1892.     The  treaty  was  signed  at  reduction  of  50  per  cent.    A  reduction  of  25  per 
Madrid  on  June  26,  1891.    Tne  United  States  cent,  is  allowed  in  the  permanent  schedule  on 
afi^es    to   admit  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  and  refined  mineral  oil,  cotton  manufactures,  rope 
hides,  the  produce  of  the  Spanish  West  Indian  and  cordage,  colors  and  varnishes,  soap,  medicines 
colonies,  free  of  duty.    Under  the  first  or  transi-  and  drugs,  candles,  printing  and  wall  paper, 
tory  schedule,  which  entered  into  operation  on  wrapping  paper  and  paper  ooxes,  leather  and 
Sept.  1, 1891,  the  following  articles  of  American  skins  of  all  kinds,  boots  and  shoes,  trunks  and 
produce  or  manufacture  are  admitted  free  into  traveling  bags,  harness  and  saddlery,  watches 
Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico :  Salted,  smoked,  or  canned  and  clocks,  and  carriages. 


D 


DELAWARE,  a  Middle  Atlantic  State,  one 
of  the  original  thirteen;  ratified  the  Federal 
Constitution  Dec  7,  1787;  area,  2,050  square 
miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  de- 
cennial census,  was  59.096  in  1790;  64.273  in 
1800 ;  72,674  in  1810 ;  72,749  in  1820 ;  76,748  in 
1830;  78,085  in  1840;  91,532  in  1850;  112,216  in 
1860;  125,015  in  1870;  146,608  in  1880;  and 
168,493  in  1890.    Capital,  Dover. 

GoTernment. — Tne  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Robert  J. 
Reynolds  (Democrat) ;  Secretary  of  State,  David 


T.  Marvel;  Treasurer,  Wilbur  P.  Bumite ;  Audi- 
tor, John  P.  Dulaney;  Attorney-General,  John 
Biggs ;  Insurance  Commissioner,  Isaac  N.  Pooks ; 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Joseph  P. 
Coraegvs :  Associate  Justices,  Ignatius  C.  Grubb, 
John  W.  Houston,  and  Charles  M.  Cullen ;  Chan- 
cellor, Willard  Saulsbury. 

Finances. — The  balance  in  the  State  treasury 
on  Dec.  31,  1889,  was  $79,101.18 ;  the  total  re- 
ceipts for  the  year  ensuing  were  $289,086.47; 
the  total  expenditures  were  $270,428.45;  and 
the  balance  remaining  on  Dec.  31,  1890,  was 


^ 


DELAWARE.  245 

197.759.20.     The  separate  figures  for  each  of  The  sum  of  $25,000  was  appropriated  to  the 
;hf  three  funds,  which    make    up    the    totals  Delaware  College  for  buildings  to  be  used  by  the 
stjore  given,  are  as  follow :  General  fund,  bal-  Department  of  Agriculture  and   the  Mechanic 
A.W  on  Dec.  31, 1889,  $53,626.05;    receipts  for  Arts.   To  provide  for  the  collection  and  arrange- 
rtf  Tear   ensuing,   $170,243.09;    expenditures,  ment  of  the  products  of  the  State  at  the  World's 
^I.><6i)7.46;  balance  on  Dec.  31, 1890,  $65,171.-  Fair  at  Chicago,  $10,000  was  appropriated,  and 
(IS.  Oyster  fund,  balance  on  Dec.  31,  1889,  $10,-  a  State  World's    Fair  commission    appointed, 
n]'<.43':  receipts  for  the  year  ensuing,  $7,437.48;  consisting  of  one  Republican,  one  Democrat,  and 
rxfienditures,  $5,278.84;  balance  on  Dec  81, 1890,  one  woman  from  each  county.    An  act,  known 
112.177.07.    School  fund,  balance  on  Dec.  31,  as  the  Five   Commissioners'  bill,  the  terms  of 
I'^V,  115,456.70;  receipts  for  the  year  ensuuig,  which  were  much  discussed  before  its  final  pas- 
1111.405.90;  expenditures,  $106,452.15;  balance  sage,  reconstructs  the  levy  court  of  New  Castle 
on  Dec.  31,  1890,  $20,410.45.     The  sources  of  County,  an  ancient  institution  for  the  manage- 
^(ate  revenue  are  the  income  from  investments  ment  of  county  affairs.    The  commissioners  of 
and  the  taxes  derived  from  the  use  of  franchises  this  court  are  now  to  be  elected  by  the  people — 
granted  to  railroad  companies  and  other  quasi-  one  from  each  of  the  five  districts.    The  county 
public  corporations,  so    that    no    tax,    except  treasurer  and  «  county  comptroller  are  also  to 
iic«n!)e  fees,  is  levied  upon  the  citizens.    The  be  elected  by  the  people.    The  former  ofiicial  is 
hooded  State  debt  is  $899,750,  to  meet  which  the  empowered  to  receive  all  county  taxes,  but  such 
State  holds  in  its  general  fund  securities  to  the  taxes,  when  unpaid  after  a  fixed  time,  shall  be 
smoant  of  $673,0M).    Among  these  securities  is  placed  in  the  hands  of  collectors  of  delinquent 
A  mortgage  for  $400,000  on  the  property  of  the  taxes,  who  are  to  be  appointed  by  the  levy-court 
Janction  and  Breakwater  Railroad,  which  be-  commissioners.    By  two  other  acts  the  duties  of 
(Avae  due  this  year.    By  an  act  of  the  General  the  levy  court  in  Kent  and  Sussex  Counties  are 
Assembly  passed  earlv  m  the  year,  the  State  has  changed,  and  provision  is  made  for  the  election 
agreed  on  payment  of  $215,000  on  the  principal  by  the  people  of  a  county  treasurer  in  each 
of  this  mortgage,  to  continue  on  mortgage  the  county.    Two  registration  acts,  one  for  the  city 
balance  of  $185,000  for  a  period  of  forty  years,  of  Wilmington  and  another  for  the  remainder 
at  3  per  cent,  interest.    Another  mortgage  for  of  the  State,  were  passed  at  this  session.    Two 
I200.O0O,  given  by  the  Breakwater  and  Frank-  amendments  to  the  State  Constitution  were  pro- 
ford  Railroad,  is  to  be  similarly  renewed.  posed — one  amending  Article  IX  by  substituting 
Legislatiye  Session. — The  regular  biennial  general  election  day  for  the  third  Tuesday  of 
session  of  the  G^nend  Assembly  began  on  Jan.  May,  the  other  amending  Article  IV  so  as  to 
6.  and  ended  on  May  16.    On  Jan.  21,  by  joint  legalize  the  use  of  the  Myer's  voting  machine, 
resolution,  Wilbur  F.  Bumite  was  chosen  State  so-called. 
Treasurer  and  John  P.  Dulaney  State  Auditor.  Other  acts  were  as  follow : 
Early  in  the  session  a  bill  was  passed  providing  To  prohibit  the  taking  or  sending  out  of  the  State 
that  the  question  of  calling  a  constitutional  con-  — or.  oy  a  non-reHident,  out  of  the  county — of  any 
vention  snould  be  submitted  to  the  people  on  quail,  partridge,  robin,  woodcock,  English  snipe,  or 
the  third  Tuesday  of  May.     An  important  re-  wild  rabbit,  under  a  penalty  of  $5  for  each  bird  or 

suit  of  the  session  was  a  secret-ballot  Uw.    It  ™Fot  f^e  T>rotectaon  of  mamoose  or  vounir  sturffeon 

provides  that  all  voting  rooms  shall  be  furnished  y^^  the  protection  of  registered,  bandJS,  mST  honi- 

with  booths — at  least  one  for  each  150  voters —  ing  pigeons. 

so  constructed  that  the  election  inspectors  may  To  provide  for  the  appointment  of  commissioners 

easily  see  whether  they  are  occupied.    No  person  for  the  promotion  of  unirormity  in  legislation. 

except  applicants  to  vote  and  election  officials  To  punish  procurore  and  procuresses. 

shall  be  aUowed  within  30  feet  of  the  entrance  The  act  concerning  peach  yellows  applies  to  that 

to  the  voting  room.    There  shall  be  a  roped  ?*^:?M^«  ^^t!^w^fn^.''TJi.r?^i^^^ 

.   -  ^      .  •,          1  o/\  *    i.  1          Ai u  Ilundreds  goes  mto  eliect  Oct.  1,  and  provides  for  the 

paa»ge  4  feet  wide  and  80  feet  long  through  eradication  of  all  diseased  trees;  except  that  the  in- 

which  the  voters  enter.    Blanket  ballots  are  to  upectore  may,  in  their  discretion,  pass  such  trees  as 

be  used,  with  the  nominees  of  each  party  col-  are  being  doctored  with  favorable  results. 

lected  by  columns,  each  column  headed  by  the  Abolishing  militia  encampments  and  evciything 

name  of  the    party    and    the    party    emblem,  pertaining  thereto. 

Voters  are  to  mark  their  ballots  by  a  stamp.  Prohibiting^  the  unauthorized  weanng  of  the  msig- 

Anv  names  not  on  the  ballot  tnust'be  written  niaofthe  ^^]^l'' ^Jf^'^JfJ^'^^-.^  ^  ..      ^„  „ 

r'}^C    ^if^  ^"*^^  ^.H^  provides  that  ,,^:S^l7r^rV^!r^l^no  TtLr' ^:: f^stl 

text-books  shall  be  supplied  in  the  public  schools  ^^  claim. 

at  the  expense  of  the  State,  appropriates  $9,000  To  punish  the  embezzlement  orfVaudulent  abstrac- 

—13,000  for  each  county — to  colored   schools,  tion  or  misapplication  of  money  or  other  articles  of 

and  places  these  schools  and  the'  expenditure  of  value  by  cashiers,  servants,  agents,  or  clerks. 

the  money  in  the  control  of  the  county  superin-  ,  To  prevent  life-insurance  companies  aiid  agents 

tendents.    It  also  makes  the  Governor  President  ^o/"^  r**^T  '^^"^  ^^^  ^"^  discriminating  in 

1?.'  ^^*1  ^^  "'  ^ucation,;  instead  of  the  -^,  re'Xte^uJ'fT^^^  State  bonds.  (Pro- 
J'residentof  Delaware  College,  who  now  holds  viding  for  a  reissue  of  the  $75,000  bonds,  first  ortlered 
that  office.  Another  act  apprc«priates  $8,000  tobeissued  in  1889,  forthe  purehaseof  theDeloware 
for  the  erection  of  buildings  •  for  a  college  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Famhurst,  and  pro- 
of agriculture  and  the  mecnai^c  arts,  to  be  viding  that  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  these  bonds 
open  exclusively  to  colored  itudents,  and  shall  be  applied  to  paying  off  the  floating  debt  of 
diverts   to   its   maintenance    20 ;  per    cent,  of  New  Castle  County.) 

the  money  coming  to  the  State  from  the  Federal  Edneatlon. — There  is  no  State  Superintend- 

-Oovernment  for  support  of  such  institutions,  ent  of  Public  Schools,  and  no  figures  covering 


I 


246 


DELAWARE. 


DENMARK. 


the  schools  of  the  whole  State  are  arailable.  A 
recommendation  of  the  Governor  that  the  ap- 
pointment of  such  an  official  be  authorized  was 
rejected  by  the  General  Assembly  of  this  year. 
Another  recommendation  that  text-books  in 
the  public  schools  be  supplied  free  to  pupils  was 
adopted.  The  increase  m  the  revenue  for  school 
purposes  derived  from  liquor  licenses  will  enable 
this  law  to  be  enforced  without  the  levy  of  any 
additional  tax  upon  the  people,  the  revenue  from 
these  sources  being  $23,689.57  for  1889,  under 
the  old  license  law,  and  $65,783.34  for  1890,  un- 
der the  new  law. 

For  the  school  year  ending  in  June  81  pupils 
were  enrolled  at  the  State  College,  a  large  in- 
crease. The  prospects  of  the  institution,  educa- 
tionally and  nnancially,  are  promising.  A  new 
buildine^  to  accommodate  the  Department  of  Me- 
chanic Arts  will  soon  be  erected,  under  authoritj 
of  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  passed  this 
year. 

Militia.— The  National  Guard  of  the  State, 
consists  of  557  officers  and  men,  organized  into 
one  regiment  of  infantry  (8  companies)  and  one 
squadron  of  cavalry.  Encampments  have  been 
held  each  year  at  an  annual  cost  to  the  State  of 
about  $10,000 ;  but  by  an  act  of  the  General  As- 
sembly of  this  year  they  are  hereafter  abolished. 

Charities. — On  Jan!  1  there  were  163  patients 
at  the  State  Insane  Hospital,  of  whom  93  were 
males  and  70  females.  On  Oct.  1,  the  number 
had  increased  to  181,  of  whom  103  were  males 
and  78  females. 

Population  by  Baee8.~-The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  in  the  Federal 
census : 


COUMTIES. 


Kent 

New  Castle. 
SoAsex 


The  Sute. 


WHnra. 


1800. 


24,418 
82,440 
88,571 


189,429 


1880. 


24,700 
ft$,074 
80,826 


120,160 


OOLOBBD. 


1800. 


8,248 

14,708 

6,076 


29,022 


1880. 


8,114 

12,686 

fi,692 


26,442 


There  were  also  38  Chinese  and  4  Indians  in 
the  Stat«  in  1890. 

Treasury  Inyestlgation.— Late  in  February 
rumors  were  current  that  the  retiring  State 
Treasurer,  William  Herbert,  had  found  difficulty 
in  settling  with  his  successor,  and  that  State  se- 
curities to  a  large  amount  were  missing  from  the 
Treasurer's  office.  On  March  2,  a  committee  of 
the  House  appointed  to  secure  information  on 
the  subject  reported  as  follows : 

The  books  of  ex-Treasurer  Herbert  were  delivered 
to  Treasurer  Bumite  on  Feb.  26,  and  by  them  it  ap- 
pears that  the  balance  due  the  State  at  the  time  of  his 
entrance  upon  the  duties  of  the  office  was  $146,142.14 
On  Feb.  10  Mr.  Herbert  paid  over  to  Mr.  Bumite 
$94,725.39,  and  on  Feb.  26  he  paid  over  two  checks, 
one  for  $20,000  and  one  for  $31,417.75.  The  check 
for  $20,000  Mr.  Bumite  was  authorized  to  use  at  once; 
but  later  two  checks,  one  for  $17,000  and  one  for  $3,- 
000,  were  substituted  for  it,  and  the  check  for  $17,000 
was  paid  by  the  bank  on  which  it  was  drawn,  leav- 
ing two  checks  amounting  in  all  to  $34,417.75  yet  un- 
paid. Subsequent  to  this  report,  further  negotiations 
took  place  between  Mr.  Herbert  and  his  successor,  the 
result  beini?  that  the  amount  due  the  State,  as  finally 
■4ju8ted,  was  found  to  be  $37,397.54.    This  sum  was 


pwd  over  by  Mr.  Herbert  on  April  8,  he  and  hu 
oondsmen  receiving  a  full  discharge. 

In  the  committee  report  above  quoted  no  men- 
tion was  made  of  the  missing  State  securities. 
This  subject  was  left  to  a  joint  investigating 
committee  appointed  on  the  same  day,  March  2, 
and  having  authority  to  send  for  persons  and 
papers.  At  the  outset  this  committee  found 
that  securities  supposed  to  be  held  by  the  State 
to  the  amount  of  over  half  a  million  ooUars  were 
missing,  and  probably  had  not  been  in  the  cus- 
tody oi  any  State  Treasurer  for  a  score  of  years. 
The  missing  assets  consisted  of  a  Breakwater  and 
Frankford  Railroad  mortgage  of  $300,000,  8,714 
shares  of  Farmers'  Bank  stock,  254  shares  of 
Union  National  Bank  stock,  114  shares  of  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Smyrna  stock,  and  57  shares  of 
stock  of  the  National  Bank  of  Delaware.  They 
were  supposed  to  be  in  a  tin  box,  which  was 
passed  from  one  treasurer  to  another  but  which 
no  one  ever  took  the  trouble  to  examine  in  de- 
tail. When  Treasurer  Bumite  examined  the  box 
he  found  its  contents  to  comprise  only  a  Junc- 
tion and  Breakwater  Railroad  mortage  of  $400,- 
000,  and  a  State  bond  of  $156,750  belonging  to 
the  School  fund.  None  of  these  missing  securi- 
ties were  discovered  by  the  committee ;  but  the 
mortgage  for  $200,000  was  found  to  be  duly  re- 
corded amone  the  public  records  of  the  county, 
and  the  loss  of  the  original  could  not  thereby  prej- 
udice the  right  of  the  State.  In  the  matter  of  the 
bank  stock  the  committee  secured  written  ac- 
knowledgments from  the  several  banks  that  the 
State  owned  the  shares  for  which  it  was  supposed 
to  have  certificate.s.  Evidence  before  the  com- 
mittee brought  out  the  fact  that  some  of  the 
banks  in  question  had  never  issued  certificates  to 
the  State,  while  in  other  cases  certificates  had  been 
issued  early  in  the  century.  As  such  certificates 
could  be  of  no  value  in  the  hands  of  any  private 
person,  the  State  is  well  protected  from  loss,  in 
spite  of  the  carelessness  of  its  servants. 

Special  Election.— Pursuant  to  the  law  en- 
acted early  in  the  year,  a  special  State  election 
was  held  on  May  19  to  ascertain  the  sense  of  the 
people  respecting  a  convention  to  revise  the  State 
Constitution.  A  total  of  17,220  votes  was  cast, 
of  which  17,105  were  in  favor  of  the  convention 
and  115  against  it.  Under  the  provisions  of  the 
existing  Constitution,  the  vote  necessary  to  call 
a  convention  must  be  equal  to  a  majority  of  the 
highest  number  of  votes  cast  in  the  last  three 
preceding  general  elections.  Under  this  require- 
ment, about  17,600  affirmative  votes  were  needed; 
but  as  the  number  polled  was  500  below  that 
figure,  the  convention  can  not  be  called.  In  1887 
an  election  was  held  for  the  same  purpose,  with 
the  same  result, 

DENMARK*  a  monarchy  in  northern  Europe. 
The  legislativef  power  is  vested  in  the  Rigsdag 
or  Diet,  consisUng  of  the  Landsthing,  or  upper 
house,  of  66  diembers,  of  whom  54  are  elected 
indirectly  by  restricted  suffrage  and  12  are  nomi- 
nated for  life,/ and  the  Folkething,  of  which  the 
102  members  sire  chosen  by  direct  household  suf- 
frage in  the  ijatio  of  1  to  16,000  of  population. 
The  Rigsdag  vneets  annually  on  the  first  Monday 
in  October,  anid  must  conclude  its  business  by  the 
1st  of  April.  /All  money  bills  must  be  introduced 
by  the  Gover^iment  in  the  Folkething. 

The  reignitig  sovereign  is  Christian  IX,  bom 


DENMARK.  247 

April  8, 1818.    He  was  the  fourth  son  of  Duke  sources.    The  expenditure  for  the  year  ending 

Wilhelm    of   Schleswig .  HoUtein  -  Sonderburg -  March  31, 1891,  is  estimated  at  62,306,803  kroner, 

GlQcksbuTK  and  of  Princess  Louise  of  Hesse-  of  which  10,286,309  kroner  are  for  mililary  pur- 

Cassel,  and  was  selected  in  1852  by  the  great  poses,  6,620,611  kroner  for  the  navy,  6.941,611 

powers  as  heir  to  the  childless  Frederick  VII,  at  kroner  for  the  debt,  3,469,978  kroner  for  justice, 

whose  death,  on  Nov.  15, 1863,  the  male  line  of  3,324,584   kroner   for   finance    administration, 

the  house  of  Oldenburf"  that  had  reigned  since  3,326,644  kroner  for  the  interior  department, 

1448  became  extincL   'Ae  heir-apparent  is  Prince  3,430,490  kroner  for  pensions,  2,476,501  kroner 

Fredenk,  bom  June  3,  1843.    His  eldest  sister,  for  public  worship  and  education,  1,223,240  kroner 

Princess  Alexandra,  bom  Dec.  1, 1844,  married  for  the  civil  list,  411,544  kroner  for  foreign  af- 

the  Prince  of  Wales  in  1863 :  his  brother,  Prince  fairs,  306,616  kroner  for  the  Rigsdag  and  Uoun- 

Wiihelm,  bora  Dec.  24,  1845,  was  elected  King  cil  of  State,  94,664  kroner  for  Iceland,  8.712.745 

of  the  Hellenes  by  the  Greek  Assembly  in  1863  kroner  for  improvement  of  state  property  and 

under  the  title  of  Geomos  I ;  the  second  sister,  reduction  of  the  debt,  and  11,674,856  Kroner  for 

Marie  Dagmar,  bom  Nov.  26,  1847,  married  in  extraordinary   purposes   of   state.     The   total 

1866  the  Czarevich,  now  the  Emperor  of  Russia ;  amount  of  the  debt  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year 

Princess  Thyra,  the  third  sister,  married  the  1889  was  190.331,149  kroner.    The  foreign  debt 

Duke  of  Cumberland  in  1878;  and  Prince  Wal-  is  only  11.677,700  kroner,  paying  4  per  cent,  in- 

demar,  the  youngest  brother,  bom  Oct.  27, 1858,  terest,  while  the  interest  of  the  l>ulk  of  the  debt 

married  the  Princess  Marie,  eldest  daughter  of  held  in  the  country  is  3^  per  cent.    The  reserve 

the  Due  de  Chartres  in  1885.     The  executive  fund  amassed  in  the  Treasury  for  sudden  emer- 

power  is   exercised  through   a  State  Council,  fi^enciesamountedon  March  31, 1889,  to  17,821,796 

which  was  composed  in  1891  of  the  following  kroner.    The  total  available  funds  amounted  to 

merobers :   President  and  Minister  of  Finance,  81,905,797  kroner,  nearly  half  the  capital  of  the 

Jacob  B.  S.  Estrup,  appointed  June  11,  1875;  debt. 

Minister  of  the  Interior,  H.  G.  Ingerslev,  appoint-  The  Army. — The  soldiers  of  the  first  ban,  in 

ed  Aug.  7,  1885 ;  Minister  of  Justice  and  Minis-  which  the  period  of  service  is  from  the  age  of 

ter  for  Iceland,  J.  M.  V.  Nellemann,  appointed  twenty-two  to  that  of  thirty  years,  are  trained  for 

June  11,  1875 ;  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Otto  six  months  in  the  infantry  and  nine  for  the  cav- 

Ditlev,  Baron  Rosenoera-Lehn,  appointed  Oct.  airy,  and  afterward  may  be  called  out  for  thirty 

11,  1875;  Minister  of  War,  Col.  J.  J.  Bahnsen,  days  to  take  part  in  the  annual  manoeuvres.    The 

appointed  Sept.  13,  1884 ;  Minister  of  Marine,  second  ban  comprises  all  able-bodied  Danes  be- 

Commander  N.  F.  Ravn,  appointed  Jan.  4, 1879 ;  tween  the  ages  of  thirty  and  thirty-eight  years. 

Minister  of  Education  and  Ecclesiastical  Affairs,  The  annual  conscription  is  about  11,000  men. 

J.  F.  Scavenius,  appointed  Aug.  24,  1880.  The  total  war  effective  is  59,562  men.    In  the 

Area  and  Population. — ^The  kingdom  has  first  ban  were  enrolled  in  1890  1,176  ofiicers  and 

an  area  of  14,124  square  miles.    The  population,  41,733  rank  and  file,  and  in  the  second  ban  294 

according  to  the  decennial  census  taken  on  Feb.  1,  officers  and  16,318  non-commissioned  officers  and 

1890,  was  2,185,159,  consisting  (without  the  12,954  soldiers. 

inhabitants  of  the  Faeroe  Islands)  of  1,059,222  The  scheme  of  national  defenses  adopted  by 

males  and  1,112,983  females.    The  population  of  the  Grovemment  in  1882  includes  the  fortifica- 

the  city  of  Copenhagen  was  312,387 ;  of  the  islands  tion  of  Copenhagen  on  both  the  sea  and  the  land 

of  the*  Baltic,  91 7,&7 ;  of  the  peninsula  of  Jut-  sides,  and  the  construction  of  forts  and  intrenched 

land.  942,361.    For  each  of  the  two  last  decennial  camps  at  the  chief  strategic  points.    This  was 

periods  the  increase  has  been  10  per  cent.,  or  at  expected  to  cost,  with  additions  to  the  fleet,  the 

the  rate  of  1  per  cent  per  annum.    The  town  sum  of  72,000,000  kroner.     The  Rigsdag  has 

popuh^ion  has  increased  28*7  per  cent,  in  the  last  persistently  refused  to  consent  to  this  expendi- 

ten  years,  and  the  rural  population  3*77  per  cent.  ture.  Nevertheless,  the  Government  has  built  the 

The  population  of  Copenhagen  with  the  suburbs  maritime  fortifications  of  Copenhagen,  levying 

was  375,251 ;  thatof  Aarhuus,  33,808 ;  of  Odense,  taxes  and  making  payments  in  accordance  with 

30J277;  of  Aalborg,  19,503;  of  Hersens,  17,290;  the  estimates  approved  by  the  Landsthing.  but 

of  Randers,  17.617.    The  number  of  marriages  in  rejected  by  the  Folkething,  and  promulgated  by 

1888  was  15,091 ;  of  births,  69,220 ;  of  deaths,  royal  decree  on  April  1,  the  day  following  the 

43,661 ;  surplus  of  births,  25.559.    Emigration,  closure  of  each  session.    Minister  of  War  Bahn- 

which  is  mostly  directed  to  the  United  States,  sen,  in  August,  1891,  announced  that  the  fortifi- 

took  away  8,967  people  in  1889,  as  compared  with  cation  of  Copenhagen  would  be  completed  in  two 

8,659  in  1888.  years  more  ac  a  total  cost  of  35,000,000  kroner. 

The  Faroe  Islands,  340  square  miles  in  extent,  of  which  17,000,000  are  for  fortifications  on  the 

form  practically  a  part  of  the  kingdom.    Their  land  side,  12,000,000  for  sea  forts,  and  6,000,000 

population  in  1890  was  12,954,  comprising  6,225  for  guns, 

males  and  6,71^  females.  The  NaTj. — The  efficient  ships  in  the  Danish 

Finance. — The  revenue  was  estimated  for  1889  navy  comprise  5  armored  vessels  of  the  first  class, 

at  54.457,514  kroner,  or  Danish  crowns,  of  the  3  of  the  second  class,  1  first-class,  2  second-class, 

value  of  27  cents,  and  expenditure  at  57,251,480  and  6  third-class  cruisers,  8  iron  gunboats,  and 

kronen    For  1891  the  budget  makes  the  revenue  10  first-class  and  10  second-class  torpedo  boats. 

54,683,727  kroner,  of  which  29,861,000  kroner  are  The  "  Iver  Hvitfeldt "  is  a  barbette  ship  of  3,260 

derived  from  customs  and  excise,  9,635.900  kroner  tons,  built  in  1886,  carrying  2  28-ton  guns,  hav- 

from  direct  taxes,  3,916,988  kroner  represent  the  ing  ll|-inch  armor  at  the  water  line,  and  a  speed 

interest  on  State  assets,  2,630,000  kroner  come  from  of  15^  knots.    The  "Helgoland,*'  a  central-bat- 

starop  duties,  2,103,000  kroner  from  judicial  and  tery  ironclad,  launched  in  1878,  has  12-inch  side 

legistration  fees,  and  6,586,837  kroner  from  other  armor,  is  armed  with  1 36-ton  and  4  22-ton  guns. 


248  DENMARK. 

and  can  steam  18i  knots.    The  other  ironclads,  381  vessels,  of  408,649  tons,  entered,  and  29,617, 

built  on  older  models,  have  thin  armor  and  lighter  of  473,375  tons,  cleared. 

Kuns.     The  "  Tordenskjold,*'  launched  in  1880,        The  merchant  fleet  in  1890  comnrised  3,096 

is  a  torpedo  cruiser  protected  by  deck  armor,  sailing  vessels,  of  185,393  tons,  and  311  steam 

carrying  1  heavy  gun,  a  50-ton  or  14-inch  Krupp  vessels,  of  108,824  tons,  showing  an  increase  in 

breechloader  in  an  armored  barbette,  and  2  swift  one  year  of  45  sail  vessels,  of  10,103  tons,  and 

torpedo  launches,  besides  appliances  for  ejecting  in  the  steamers  an  increase  of  18  in  the  number 

Whitehead  torpedoes.    Her  speed  is  13^  knots,  and  8,178  in  the  tonnage. 

The  "  Fyen  *'  is  a  protected  cruiser,  launched  in  Commnnleatlons.  —  The  state  railroads  in 
1888,  of  2,700  tons  displacement,  capable  of  mak-  1890  had  a  length  of  1,000  miles.  The  total  cost 
ing  13^  knots,  and  having  an  armament  of  18  was  160,240,362  kroner.  There  were  besides  280 
light  guns.  The  "  Valkyrie,"  launched  in  the  miles  of  private  railroads.  The  length  of  tele- 
same  year,  has  a  displacement  of  3,000  tons,  2^-  graph  lines  was  3,674  miles,  of  which  2,700  miles 
inch  steel  plating  on  the  sloping  deck,  2  10-ton  belonged  to  the  Government.  The  total  length 
and  6  ^-ton  guns,  and  engines  of  5,000  horse-  of  wires  was  10,280  miles.  The  number  of  mes- 
power  capable  of  propelling  the  cruiser  at  the  sages  in  1889  was  1,539,665,  of  which  545,493 
rate  of  17  knots  an  hour.  were  domestic,  960,908  foreign,  and  33.264  official. 

Commerce  and  Prodnction. — Nearly  half  The  post-office  in  1888  conveved  45,258,000  let- 

the  area  of   Denmark  is  pasture  and  meadow  ters  and  post  cards,  and  2,932,000  samples,  circu- 

land,  and  one  third  arable  land    In  1889  the  lars,  etc. 

harvest  of  wheat  was  4,825,311  bushels:  of  rve,        Iceland. — ^The  chief  of  the  dependencies  of 

16,798,647  bushels ;  of  barley,  19,323,617 bushels;  Denmark  is  Iceland,  which,  under  the  charter  of 

of  oats,  25,758,591  bushels ;  of  potatoes,  16,913,-  Aug  1,  1874,  legislates  for  itself  and  administers 

832  bushels ;  of  other  root  crops,  28,825,434  bush-  its  own  affairs,  under  the  direction  of  the  Danish 

els.    The  value  of  the  agricultural  produce  was  minister  for  Iceland,  through  a  governor,  who 

274,396,459  kroner.    There  were  37d,538  horses  has  under  him  an  amimand  for  the  western  and 

and  1,459,527  horned  cattle  in  1888,  and  during  one  for  the  northern  division  of  the  island.    The 

that  year  17,753  horses  and  89,404  head  of  cattle  legislative  authority  is  Tested  in  the  Althing, 

were  exported,  and  besides  these  59,155  sheep  and  having  36  members,  of  whom  30  are  elected  by 

goats  and  16,926  hogs.    Provisions,  live  animals,  the  people  and  6  are  named  by  the  King.    The 

and  cereals  constitute  70  per  cent,  of  the  exports  area  of  Iceland  is  36,756  square  miles.    The  pop- 

of  the  country.    The  export  of  butter  to  Great  ulation  in  1880  was  72,446.    It  has  diminished 

Britain  has  increased  fivefold  in  twenty  years,  through  emigration  to  the  United  States  and  the 

and  now  represents  about  three  Quarters  of  the  Canadian  northwest,  and  at  the  end  o)  1888  was 

exports  of  provisions,  which  make  nearly  half  reduced  to  69,224. 

the  total  exports  of  the  countir.    The  total  value        Colonies. — The  habitable  shore  of  Greenland 

of  the  imports  in  1888  was  274,401,000  kroner,  constitutes  a  Danish  colony,  which  has  an  area 

and  that  of  the  exports  was  192,699,000  kroner,  estimated  at  46,740  square  miles.    The  popula- 

The  values  of  the  principal  exports  were  as  follow:  tion  at  the  end  of  1888  was  10,221,  comprising 

Colonial  products,  6,785,888  kroner ;  beverages,  4,838  males  and  5,383  females.    The  colony  im- 

2,818,166  kroner ;  textile  manufactures,  4,450,466  ported  from  Denmark  in  1889  goods  of  the  value 

kroner ;  metals  and  metal  goods,  3,106,926  kron-  of  453,425  kroner,  and  exported  to  Denmark  prod- 

er ;  coal,  1,657,746  kroner ;  timber  and  wood  man-  uce  worth  558,445  kroner, 
ufactures,  3,824.154  kroner;    grain,  15,466,086        The  most  productive  of  the  colonial  possessions 

kroner ;  live  animals,  29,799,234  kroner ;  butter,  of  Denmark  are  the  three  little  sugar  islands  in 

egg^,  and  pork  products,  92,455,704  kroner.  the  West  Indies,  called  the  Danish  Antilles.    St 

The  share  of  each  country  in  the  imports  of  Croix,  or  Santa  Cruz,  is  74  square  miles  in  ex- 

1888  was :  Germany,  100,280,790  kroner ;  Great  tent,  and  has  a  population  of  18,430 ;  St.  Thomas 

Britain,  62,548,128  Kroner ;  Sweden  and  Norway,  has  an  area  of  only  23  square  miles,  but  contains 

43,467,882  kroner;    Russia,  25,657,146  kroner;  14,389 ;  and  St.  John,  2l  square  miles,  supports 

United  States,  9,656,802  kroner;  Holland,  6,401,-  944  inhabitants.     The  bulk  of  the  population 

988  kroner ;  Belgium,  5,889,798  kroner ;  France,  consists  of  negroes.     The  sugar  exports  have 

5,131,188  kroner;    Danish    colonies,  3,321,818  greatly  declined  in  recent  times. . 
kroner ;  the  rest  of  America,  567,860  kroner.    Of       Politics  and  Legislation. — A  section  of  the 

the  exports,  Great  Britain  took  116,126,046  kron-  Left,  having  grown  tired  of  the  barren  struggle 

er;  Germany,  35,909,988  kroner;   Sweden  and  between  the  executive  and  legislative  branches 

Norway,  25,589,412  kroner;  Danish  colonies,  3,-  of  the  Government  that  has  impeded  legislative 

781,368  kroner ;  Russia,  3,516,570  kroner ;  United  progress  and  nullified  the  Constitution  for  twenty 

States,  1,979,136  kroner ;  France,  1,589,886  kron-  years,  entered  into  negotiations  with  the  Con- 

er;   Holland,  1,012,098  kroner;  Belgium,  818,-  servatives  during   the    session  that   ended  on 

226  kroner ;  minor  American  countries,  22,590  March  31,  1891,  and  came  to  an  agreement  with  * 

kroner.  them  on  the  question  of  the  allotment  of  garden 

The  imports  of  precious  metals  in  1888  were  land  to  agricultural  laborers  and  on  the  sugar 

4,000,000  and  the  exports  2,500,000  kroner  duties.    Subsequently  they  concurred  in  impor- 

Narigatlon. — The  number  of  vessels  entered  tant  changes  in  the  poor  laws,  and  made  the  be- 
at Danish  ports  in  1889  was  26,833,  of  2,034,140  ^nning  to  a  thorough  revision  of  the  tariff  and 
tons,  and  the  number  cleared  was  26,198,  with  internal  revenue  laws.  The  constitutional  con- 
550,261  tons  of  cargo.  Of  those  entered,  11,992,  flict,  which  hinges  on  the  question  of  responsible 
of  1,335,099  tons,  were  steamers ;  and  of  those  or  Parliamentary  government,  has  not  been 
cleared,  11,854,  of  424,218  tons.  This  was  exclu-  abandoned  by  the  Liberals  who  thus  joined  with 
dve  of  the  coasting  trade,  which  embraced  28,-  the  Government  party  for  the  purpose  of  carry- 


DENMARK.  DICTIONARIES,  NEW.           249 

ing  through  measures  not  involved  in  the  inter-  the  practice  of  farming  them  out  is  prohibited, 

minable  controversy  between  the  majority  in  the  Husband  and  wife  must  not  be  separated  if  they 

Folkething  and  the  Estrup  ministry.    One  of  conduct  themselves  properly ;  aged  persons  must 

the^  was  the  establishment  of  a  free  port  of  not  be  subjected  to  annoying  or  disturbing  sur- 

entry  at  Copenhagen,  a  project  that  first  came  roundings ;  and  children  must  not  be  placed 

under  discussion  in  1887.    An  area  is  set  apart  under  immoral  influences.    If  persons  who  have 

and  treated  as  foreign  territory,  not  subject  to  received  aid  are  able  afterward  to  support  them- 

custom  duties  or  regulations  until  the  goods  selves  and  their  families  entirely  by  their  own 

stored  or  manufactured  therein  are  actually  sold  efforts,  their  debt  to  the  parish  is  Canceled,  and 

and  enter  into  the  commerce  of  the  country,  they  are  restored  to  all  the  rights  of  citizenship, 

when  they  are  treated  as  imported  wares.    The  The  poor  law  was  supplemented  by  an  act  to 

project  is  expected  to  cost  10,000,000  kroner,  provide  superannuation  pensions  for  the  indus- 

ooth  the  mercantile  and  the  industrial  depart-  trious  poor.    All  persons  lacking  means  of  sup- 

ment  will  be  committed  to  a  joint-stock  companv,  port  are  to  be  provided  for  and  maintained  from 

which  will  carry  the  scheme  into  operation  with-  the  completion  of  their  sixtieth  year  tiU  their 

in  two  years  after  receiving  the-  cession  of  the  death,  not  as  paupers,  but  as  pensioners  on  the 

requisite  area  for  the  free-port  domain.     The  state,  provided  they  are  of  good  character,  have 

companr  must  pay  to  the  harbor  department  a  never  been  convicted  of  crime,  have  not  impov- 

specified  proportion  of  its  income,  to  take  the  erished  themselves  by  improvident  living  or  by 

place  of  navigation  dues,  which  were  abolished  bestowing  their  property  on  their  children,  and 

by  act  of  the  Rigsdag.    The  Government  reserves  have  not  received  poor  relief  for  the  ten  years  im- 

the  right  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  within  the  mediately  preceding  their  superannuation.    The 

free  port  of  articles  that  are  duty  free,  but  the  ma-  communal  authorities  are  directed  to  carry  out 

teriHis  of  which  are  dutiable,  such  as  books,  oleo-  these  provisions  from  July  1, 1801,  and  the  Gov- 

margarine,  and  artificial  fertilizers.  The  duties  on  emment  will  contribute  1,0(K),000  kroner  a  year 

sugar,  which  have  been  heretofore  4},  8^,  9^,  and  for  the  first  four  vears,  and  after  that  2,000,000 

13^  9re  per  pound,  or  approximately  from  1^  to  kroner  a  year,  to  be  divided  in  proportion  to  the 

3f  centfi,  were  reduced  to  1,  2,  3,  and  6  5re,  and  expense  entailed  by  the  act  on  each  commune, 

the  tax  on  the  domestic  manufacture  of  beetrroot  It  is  calculated  that  this  will  divide  the  cost 

sugar  was  lowered  to  2^  5re  from  8i  5re.    The  equally  between  the  parishes  and  the  national 

import  duty  on  chocolate  was  also  lowered,  and  treasury. 

that  on  petroleum  was  fixed  at  2  Ore  per  pound.  The  division  between  the  democratic  groups  of 

half  the  former  rate.     To  compensate  lor  the  the  Left  and  the  Moderates  became  more  clearly 

loss  of  revenue  excise  and  import  duties  were  defined  when  the  followers  of  Berg  and  H^rup 

placed  upon  beer,  to  go  into  effect  on  Oct.  1, 1891,  joined  with  the  Socialist  party  led  by  Holm  in  a 

at  the  same  date  as  the  reduction  in  the  customs  protest  against  any  compromise  or  dealings  with 

tariffs.    It  was  intended  to  abolish  the  rice  duty,  the  unconstitutional  ministry.    The  Moderates 

but,  owing  to  the  opposition  of  the  agricultural  were  as  firm  as  before  in  their  opposition  to  the 

interest  and  the  reluctance  of  the  Government  fortification  of  the  capital,  and  to  the  ri^ht 

to  make  any  greater  sacrifice  of  revenue  than  it  claimed  by  the  ministry  to  remain  in  office  with 

was  compelled  to,  the  duty  was  retained  for  the  the  support  of  the  Lanasthing  alone,  or  to  decree 

present.    The  question  of  the  beer  tax  caused  so  a  provisional  budget  and  spend  the  public  funds 

serious  a  split  in  the  ranks  of  the  Left  as  to  give  without  the  consent  of  Parliament.     As  both 

the  Government  partv  a  hope  that  it  could  gain  King  and  people  are  weary  of  the  quarrel,  there 

a  majority  in  the  Folkething,  though  it  also  was  is  a  prospect  that,  unless  a  majority  is  found 

divided  on  the  same  question.    On  one  side  it  that  accepts  the  Conservative  view,  the  ministry 

was  contended  that  the  tax  would  fall  almost  will  give  place  to  one  owning  responsibility  to 

entirely  on  the  poor,  who  ar3  the  chief  consumers  Parliament.     Minister    Scavenius   resigned  on 

of  beer,  and  on  the  other  that  it  would  promote  July  6,  and  Minister  of  Justice  Nellemann  took 

temperaneeby  discouraging  beer  drinking.  There  char^  of  the  Department  of  Public  Worship  od 

has  been  heretofore  no  excise  duty  on  beer.    The  interim, 

duty  was  fixed  for  the  first  four  years  at  7  kroner  DICTIONARIES,  NEW.  In  October,  1891, 
and  after  Oct.  1,  1895,  at  10  6re  per  ionde  of  29  appeared  the  twenty-fourth  and  last  number  of 
^lons.  Imported  beer  pays  10  5re  per  pound  "The  Century  Dictionary,"  an encyclopiedic  lex- 
in  bottles  and  4  Ore  in  the  cask  for  four  years,  icon  of  the  English  language,  prepared  under 
and  thereafter  15  and  6  5re  respectively.  The  the  superintendence  of  William  Dwight  Whit- 
poor  laws  have  been  very  liberal  in  Denmark,  ney.  Professor  of  Comparative  Philology  and 
The  parish  authorities  must  provide  the  neces-  Sanskrit  in  Tale  College,  and  the  managing 
saries  of  life  to  all  who  can  not  maintain  them-  editorship  of  Benjamin  E.  Smith,  late  of  Johns 
selves,  either  in  their  own  houses  or  in  the  public  Hopkins  University.  It  contains  7,046  pages 
poor-houses,  or  by  putting  them  out  to  be  cared  in  the  body  of  the  work,  and  costs  $60  unbound, 
for.  No  one  is  permitted  to  starve  or  to  go  with-  It  has  the  largest  vocabulary  of  all  the  diction- 
out  clothing  or  shelter.  Whoever  accepts  aid  as  aries  now  complete.  Todd's  "  Johnson  "  has 
a  pauper  for  himself  or  his  family  forfeits  his  68,000  words ;  **  Worcester's  "  latest  edition, 
political  rights.  If  at  any  time  he  becomes  able,  116,000 ;  "  Webster,"  118,000 ;  "  The  Imperial," 
he  is  obliged  to  payback  to  the  municipal  au-  130,000;  "The  EncyclopiBdic,"  180,000;  "The 
thorities  the  sum  they  have  expended  for  his  Century,"  about  215,000  words  and  50,000 
maintenance  as  a  pauper.  The  custom  has  been  phrases.  It  takes  up  all  the  words  of  literature, 
for  the  authorities  to  give  out  the  care  and  science,  and  art,  professions  and  trades,  and  also 
maintenance  of  the  town  poor  to  the  lowest  bid-  provincial  and  colloquial  words,  abbreviations, 
der.    By  the  law  passed  in  the  session  of  1890-'91  and  foreign  words  and  phrases  which  are  in 


250  DICTIONARIES,  NEW. 

familiar  use  in  English  books  and  conversation.  The  definitions  are  concise,  the  illustrations 
Several  particulars  are  noticeable  iii  the  articles,  comparatively  inexpensive,  the  encyclopiedic 
A  systematic  attempt  is  made  for  the  first  time  matter  easy.  The  page  is  smaller  than  that  of 
to  give  the  colloquial  as  well  as  the  formal  pro-  "  The  Century  "  or  "  Murray,"  making  a  more 
nunciation  of  each  familiar  word.  The  deriva-  convenient  book  to  handle.  The  columns  are 
tion  of  each  word  and  its  relation  to  other  words  comparatively  narrow,  and  the  matter  printed  in 
in  kindred  languages  are  more  thoroughly  given,  brief  paragraphs,  set  up  so  as  to  be  easily  dis- 
by  Prof.  Whitney^  special  collaborator  in  this  tinguished.  The  whole  is  admirable  for  con- 
department,  Dr.  (J.  P.  G.  Scott,  than  in  any  other  venient  popular  use. 

general  dictionary.    The  affixes  and  suffixes  have  A  new  edition  of  **  Webster's  Dictionary  "  also 

their  full  articles.    The  laws  of  phonetic  change  appeared  in  1890.    It  is  called  *'  The  ihtema- 

are  kept  in  mind  throughout,  and  the  whole  tional."     The  publishers   recognized    that  the 

etymology  is  freshly  done  on  the  basis  of  the  progress  of  linguistic  science  demanded  a  new 

latest  authorities.                     *  working  over  oi  the  old  unabridged  "  Webster," 

A  very  lar^o  number  of  new  definitions  of  which  dated  from  1864,  and  they  have  had  a 

common  words  have  been  added,  thousands  of  large   corps  of  workers  occupied  upon  it   for 

non  -  technical  words  and    familiar  meanings,  more  than  ten  years,  embodymg  the  amnlifica- 

which  one  is  surprised  to  find  have  not  been  in  tion  and  enrichment  of  the  language  during 

formei  dictionaries.    Then  there  are  definitions  another  generation,  under  the  supervision  of 

of  an  immense  number  of  scientific  terms,  the  Noah   Porter,  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  ex-President  of 

work  of  eminent  specialists  in  science  and  art,  Yale  College.     The  new  vocabulary  has  1,681 

and  given  with  scientific  accuracy.    The  writers  pages  for  the  1,538  of  the  old  one,  and  the  pap 

do  not,  however,  confine  themselves  to  explica-  is  somewhat  larger.    The  primary  object  of  the 

tion  of  the  words,  but  deal  with  the  oDJects  revision  has  been  the  incorporation  of  the  new 

named,  after  the  manner  of  a  cyclopaEklia,  de-  words  and  meanines  that  have  come  int«  use. 

scribing  and  illustrating  by  diagrams  and  pict-  The  plan  has  included  whatever  recasting  of  the 

ures.     There  are  7,500  illustrations,  many  of  earlier  matter  was  required  by  the  advance  of 

them  beautiful  pictures.    The  work  is  in  every  philology,  as,  for  instance,  in  the  supervision  and 

way  a  splendid  specimen  of  the  printer's  art.  readjustment  of  the  etymology,  by  Prof.  Edward 

Abiout  800,000  illustrative  quotations  are  given.  S.  Sheldon,  of  Harvard.    Occasion  has  also  been 

American  writers  are  represented  with  greater  taken  for  a  comprehensive  and  minute  scrutinr 

fullness  than  in  any  similar  work.  and  rectification  of  the  entire  work.    The  presi- 

The  philological  attitude  of  Prof.  Whitney  ure  of  new  material  of  value  and  the  limitation 

and  his  collaborators  is  further  shown  in  the  of  a  one-volume  dictionary  have  enforced  both 

declaration  of  principles  adopted  in  the  orthog-  condensation  and  selection  and  forbidden  any 

raphy.    The  preface  says :  "The  essentially  pho-  attempt  merely  to  swell  the  list  of  words.    Upon 

netic  rule  of  spelling,  that  of  two  or  more  forms  a  general  survey  of  the  new  "  Webster  "  in  com- 

which  have  equal  authority,  or  are  equally  sup-  parison  with  the  old  one,  the  reader  notices  the 

ported  by  usage,  the  one  is  to  be  preferred  which  respellmg  of  the  vocabulary  words  for  pronun- 

is  simplest  or  nearest  the  phonetic  standard,  has  ciation,  the  careful  indication  of  the  sounds  of 

been  adopted."  the  unaccented  syllables  by  a  freer  use  of  ob- 

And  at  the  end  of  the  work  is  printed  a  "  List  scure  sounds,  and  the  emplo^ent  of  abridgment 

of  z\mended    Spellings   recommended    by  the  in  printing,  sometimes  to  an  inconvenient  degree. 

Philological  Society  of  London  and  the  Ameri-  A  closer  examination  shows  many  and  important 

can  Philological  Association."    The  list  occu-  additions  and  changes  in  every  column.     The 

pies  seven  pages.    '*  The  corrections  are  in  the  new  material  is  most  conspicuous  in  the  depart- 

mterest  of  etymological  and    historical   truth,  ments  of  science  and  technologjr.    These  have 

and  are  to  be  confined    to   words  which  the  been  defined  and  illustrated  by  eminent  scientists 

changes  do  not  much  disguise  from  the  general  and  by  the  aid  of  freely  provided  and  admirably 

reader."    The  list  is  printed  in  **  The  Century  drawn  pictorial  illustrations.    The  brief  history 

Dictionary,"  Prof.  Whitney  says,  as  a  record  of  of  the  language  by  Prof.  Hadley  has  been  re- 

an  important  movement  which  promises  to  be  vised  by  Prof.  Kittredge,  of  Harvard.    The  in- 

of  special  interest  to  lexicographers  in  the  near  troductory  discussion  of  pronunciation  has  been 

future.    **It  may  be  confidently  predicted  that  replaced  by  a  new  and  more  acute  treatise  by 

future  English  dictionaries  will  be  able  to  rec-  Prof.  Samuel  Porter,  stated  in  the  language  of 

ognize  to  the  full,  as  this  dictionary  has  been  Mr.  BelFs  system  of  phonetics,  so  far  as  that 

able  to  recogfnize  in  part,  the  right  of  the  Eng-  applies.    The  "  Dictionary  of  Noted  Names  of 

lish  vocabulary  to  be  rightly  spelled."  Fiction  "  in  the  appendix  has  been  much  en- 

The  first  volume  of  *'  The  Encyclopiedic  Die-  lar^d  and  improved  by  Prof.  Henry  A.  Beers, 
tionary  "  bears  the  date  of  1888,  and  it  is  now  of  Yale.  Some  new  grammarian  ought  to  have 
complete.  It  is  styled  "A  new  and  original  taken  in  hand  the  "Pronouncing  Vocabulary  of 
work  of  reference  to  all  the  words  in  the  English  English  Christian  Names,  with  their  Derivation, 
language,  with  a  full  account  of  their  origin.  Signification,  etc."  The  other  material  of  the 
meaning,  pronunciation,  and  use,  with  numer-  appendix  is  as  good  as  ever.  "  As  a  comprehen- 
ous  illustrations."  The  general  plan  is  like  that  sive  popular  dictionary,"  the  publishers  have 
of  "  The  Century,"  but  it  is  not  pitched  so  high,  reason  to  say,  "  we  believe  that  'Webster's  Inter- 
It  is  a  less  costly  book  every  way.  The  pronun-  national  *  is  worthy  to  retain  thatpre-eminence 
ciation  is  simple,  not  entering  into  niceties  of  which  has  long  been  held  by  *  Webster's  Un- 
unaccented  svllables  or  colloquial  use.    The  ety-  abridged/  " 

mology  in  the  early  part^  is  much  like  the  old  The  publishers  of  "  Worcester's  Dictionary  " 

"  Webster,"  in  the  later  like  "  Skeat "  abridged,  are  preparing  a  new  edition  of  that  favorite 


DICTIONARIES,  NEW.  DISASTERS  IN  1891.             251 

work :  and  Messrs.  Funk  &  Wagnalls,  with  the  about  any  word  before  the  slips  of  Dr.  Murray 
assistance  of  a  large  number  of  American  and  have  been  examined.  One  hundred  and  eighty- 
English  scholars,  are  preparing  a  new  "  Standard  three  meanings  of  the  verb  east  are  found,  sixty- 
Dictionary  of  the  English  Language,"  which  is  three  of  them  obsolete.  Most  of  them  are  older 
to  be  very  comprehensive  in  the  number  of  words  than  Shakespeare.  Many  a  word  makes  a  book, 
treated — more  than  200,000  in  all.  The  fol-  The  further  working  up  of  the  dictionary — the 
lowing  are  some  of  the  features  embraced  in  the  etymology,  the  pronunciation,  the  orthography — 
plan  of  this  work :  1.  The  etymology  is  placed  is  worthy  of  the  historic  material.  Seven  parts 
after  the  definition.  2.  In  the  definition  of  a  have  now  been  issued.  Two  appeared  during  the 
word  the  roost  common  meaning  is  given  first,  year  1891,  352  pages  in  one  and  344  pages  (irom 
preference  being  given  to  "  oraer  of  usage  "  e  to  every)  in  the  other,  the  last  being  under  the 
rather  than  the  historical  order.  3.  The  dif-  editorship  of  Henry  Bradley,  President  of  the 
ferent  parts  of  each  science  are  so  treated  that  Philological  Society,  the  first  from  Dr.  Murray. 
the  student  can  easily  trace  the  definition  of  all  The  vocabulary  of  this  dictionary  is  larger  than 
its  branches,  and  have  before  him  the  full  mean-  that  of  any  other,  the  number  of  meanings  much 
ing  of  the  science— that  is,  while  the  terms  be-  greater.  In  linguistic  interest  no  dictionary 
longing  to  each  branch  or  subordinate  branch  of  compares  with  it.  It  is  not  encycloptedic ;  it  has 
a  science  are  defined  in  their  proper  vocabulary  no  pictures. 

places,  the  references  to  their  superior  and  their  The  German  dictionary  begun  by  Jacob  and 

subordinate  branches  are  so  given  that  the  defi-  William  Grimm,  the  prototype  of  the  great  his- 

nition  of  the  science  as  a  whole  can  easily  be  torical  dictionaries,  of  which  the  first  number 

traced  and  collected,  and  when  so  collected  will  was  issued  in  1854,  is  going  steadily  on  under 

be  found  by  the  student  to  be  a  full  and  harmo-  the   care   of    Drs.   Heyne,   Hildebrand,  Lexer, 

nious  exposition  of  the  entire  science.    4.  Not  and  Wtllcker.     In  1891   Hildebrand  advanced 

only  is  the  author  of  each  quotation  given,  but  in  g  to  geriesel^  Heyne  in  r  to  rvck.  Lexer  in 

the  edition,  volume,  and  page  where  the  quota-  t  to  toc&Uag,  Wtllcker  in  «  to  verleihen.    It  is 

tion  is  found.    5.  When  thought  important,  the  likely  to  be  completed  during  the  present  cent- 

antonvms  as  well  as  the  synonyms  of  words  are  ury.     Meantime  Heyne  is  editing  a  "  German 

recoraed.      6.  The   scientific    alphabet    recom-  Webster." 

mended  by  the  American  Philological  Associa-  DISASTERS  IN  1891.  Startling  as  are  the 
tion  is  used  in  giving  the  pronunciation  of  words,  figures  ^iven  herewith,  ther  fall  far  snort  of  the 
7.  The  amended  spellings  of  about  4,000  words  truth.  If  all  losses  of  life  and  property  were 
recommended  by  the  American  Philological  As-  recorded  as  published  in  the  daily  press  the  list 
iK)ciation  and  the  Philological  Society  of  London  would  greatly  exceed  any  reasonable  limit.  In 
are  created  as  recognized  forms  of  words  and  the  case  of  train  accidents  alone  is  an  approxi- 
placed  in  the  dictionarv  in  their  proper  alpha-  mate  degree  of  accuracy  attainable,  since  the 
betical  order.  8.  The  large  amount  of  matter  statistics  are  from  semi-official  sources,  as  com- 
usually  given  in  the  appendix  of  a  dictionary  piled  by  the  "Railroad  Gazette.'*  Minor  acci- 
is  in  the  ^  Standard  *'  grouped  under  a  single  dents  involving  the  loss  of  one  life,  the  maiming 
alphabet.  of  one  or  two  individuals,  or  the  destruction  of  a 
Quite  different  from  all  these,  and  still  more  comparatively  small  amount  of  property,  are 
worthy  of  record  as  important  dictionary  work,  usually  omitted.  The  summaries  at  the  end  of 
is  the  '^  New  English  Dictionary  on  Historical  each  month's  record  include  all  train  accidents, 
Principles,  founded  mainly  on  the  materials  whether  mentioned  in  the  context  or  not 
collected  bv  the  biological  Society  a^^^^  ^.^^  ^.^^^^^  ^^  g^^  31^. 
by  James  A.  H.  Murray,  with  the  assistance  of  Washington,  D.  C,  valuable  works  of  art/ and  fur- 
many  scholars  and  men  of  science.  The  coUec-  niture  damaged ;  State  Prison  burned,  Clinton,  N. 
tion  of  the  materials  for  this  dictionary  has  been  y.,  Iobs  $176,000.  Trains  wrecked :  O»kaloo«a,  Iowa, 
a  public  interest  of  the  English-speaking  nations  i  killed,  several  hurt;  Wichita,  Kan.,  2  killed;  Pat- 
for  three  generations.    The  materials  are  quota-  ereon,  N.  J.,  2  killed,  2  hurt 

tions   from   books  to  exhibit  the  meanings  of  ^  2.  Fires :  20  youuK  girls  badly  burned  at  a  8chool 

every  word.     To  provide  them,  it  was  necessary  feeUval,  Le^s,  Enjfland.     New  \ork:   2  theatres 

c»vij  ^"'"*     *"  F'^    Y     ,        '  ,  1.V     : ^«4.„^*  burned,  the  Fifth  Avenue  and  Hermann's,  with  much 

tc  read  all  the  early  books  and  the  important  J^'Sie  adjacent  block.    Train  wreckeii  near   New 

Uter  books  and  copy  out  the  seeded  passages.  Durham,  N.  J.,  6  hurt,  cause,  fog. 

The  Philological  Society  calied  for  volunteers.  3^   Grade-crossing    accident    near   Northampton, 

Thirteen  hundred  readers  have  responded,  and  Mass.,  sleighing   party   run  over,  2  killed,  4  hurt 

three  and  a  half  millions  of  quotations  from  more  Fires :  large  brewery,  Kichmond,  Va. ;  tannery,  Ful- 

than  five  thousand  authors  were  gradually  col-  ton,  N.  Y.Joss,  $100,000:  inills,  Providence,  R.  I., 

lectcd.    The  University  of  Oxford  assumed  the  jo«,  flOO.OOO;  hotel  ^u^ed  (o^jcan^^^ 

.                      •i^'^*J       M      uii     *,x^^  ..^  TA.  lost    Explosion  in  a  mine,  Ostniu,  I'olana,  bO  ki Ilea. 

necunuiry  responsibilities  of  publication,  and  Dr.  J^jii^i^n^  ^  .^a :  steamer  Caix)line'  sunk  in  the  Eng- 

Murray,  with  thirty  or  more  subeditors  and  a  jj^j^  (jhannel. 

great  host  of  eminent  helpers,  is  working  up  the  4.  y\t^  in  Aurora  Mo.,  loss,  $30,000. 

dictionary.     The  primary  interest  is  in  the  his-  5.  Hoisting  ^ear  breaks  in  the  shaft  of  Utica  mine, 

toric  materials.     By  classifying  the  slips  under  near   San  Andreas,  (^al.,  12    killed.    Pesth,    Hun- 

their  words,   and  "arranging  the  slips  of  each  gary:  ice  breaks  m  Danube  river,  many  drowned. 

word  in  order  of  time,  a  complete  biography  of  ,  6.  Three  lost  children  found  ^"f^f^J^^^S^^: 

each  word  is  drawn  up  veriflSi  year  bf /ea?  by  ^J:^\^: ^^^,  '"S^L^LI^  bl^^'lln 

exact  quotation    of    the  original  records.     So  Europe. 

much  unsuspected  knowledge  is  brought  out  in  7.  h^  ^t  Cairo,  111.,  loss,  $100,000.    Train  derailed 

this  way,  that  the  most  accomplished  students  of  near  Gatl'ney  City,  S.  C,  4  itlllcdi  2  hurt 

English  feel  as  if  they  know  next  to  nothing  8.  Cyclone  in   Texas,  much   damage   done   near 


252  DISASTERS  IN  1891. 

ShermaiL    Explosion :  2  men  killed  by  a  cartridge,  8.  Train  wrecked  near  Cory,  Pa.,  2  killed,  3  hurL 

Amherst,  Mor}.    Lancaster,  Pa. :  2  men  killed  by  a  4.  Mines  flooded  at  Jeansville.  Pa.,  18  drowned. 

fall  from  a  scaffold.  and  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.,  8  drownei     Fires :  Board  of 

9.  Severe  weather  in  Europe.    Snow  as  far  south  as  Trade  building  burned,  Dubuque,  Iowa,  loss,  $20.rMX) ; 

Algiers.  Winneba^ro,  111.,  loss,  $50,000;  railroad   warehouse 

11.  Fire :  a  lumber  mill  burned,  Norfolk,  Va.^  loss,  burned,  Findlay,  Ohio. 

$100,000.    Steamers  in  collision  on  the  Firth  of  1?  orth,  5.  Fire :  poorhouse  burned,  Waterville,  Me.,  1  life 

13  drowned.    Locomotive  falls  from  elevated  railroad,  lost.    Train  wrecked  near  Shelby,  Ala.,  3  killed. 

New  York  city,  engineer  hurt,  signals  misunderstood.  6.  Explosion :  giant  powder  near  Kokomo,  Col.,  2 

12.  Damage  from  ice  gorges  in  tlie  New  England  killed,  3  hurt  Landslide,  Switzerland,  22  wood-cut- 
rivers    and   disastrously    high  tides  on  the    coast  ters  buried. 

Steamer  City  of  Washington  damaged  by  a  hurricane,  7.  Explosions :  giant  j^wder  near  Wyoming,  Pa.,  2 

2  lives  lost    Fires:  Canibridgeport,  Mass.,  loss,  $50,-  killed,  1  hurt;  steam  boiler,  Kiedsville,  Ga.,  6  killed. 

000;    Chicago,    111.,  stables    burned,   loss,    $40,000.  Blizzard  in  the  Northwest     Fire:   Ellisville,   III-. 

Avalanche  in  Bosnia,  17  killed.  almost  wholly  destroved. 

13.  Shipwreck :  schooner  Otter  on  the  Long  Island  8.  Blizzard  in  North  and  West,  wires  down,  trailic 
coast,  2  drowned.  Locomotive  boiler  bursts  near  blockaded.  Shipwrecks:  supposed  loss  of  steamer 
Ashland,  Pa.,  2  killed.  France :  ice  breaks  in  the  Simon  Dumois ;  steamer  Chiswick  aground  off  Scilly 
Seine  river,  9  drowned.  Isles,  11  lives  lost 

14.  Runaway  car  near  Westport,  N.  Y.,  4  killed.  9.  Violent  wind  at  Helena,  Mont,  much  damage. 
Grade-crossing  accident  near  Clyde,  Ohio :  sleighing  Train  derailed,  Randalia,  Iowa,  19  hurt,  wreck 
party  run  over,  4  killed.    Fire :  Richmond,  Va.,  loco-  burned. 

motive  works  burned,  loss,  $25,000.  11.  Train  wrecked  near  Ingleside,  Mo.,  2  killed,  4 

16.  Siberia :  a  pestilence  prevails,  said  to  be  '•''  the  hurt 

black  death,^  thousands  die.  12.  Explosions :   natural  gas  at  Marietta,    Ind.,  2 

16.  Earthouake :  a  shock  of  considerable  violence  in  hurt;  steam  boiler  at  Quebec,  20  killed. 

New  Hampsnire.    Snow  storm  in  southern  Italy.  14.  Fire  in  the  general  post-office,  New  Y'ork,   1 

17.  Fire:  carpet  mills  in  Philadelphia,  loss,  1^500.-  killed,  $25^000  damage.  Train  \iTecked  near  Sus- 
000.    Explosion :  brewery  in  Aurora,  Ind.,  2  killea,  quehanna.  Pa.,  2  kill(^,  10  hurt. 

4  hurt    i^evere  cold  threatens  the  lives  of  peasantry  15.  Fire :  carpet  factory  burned,  Philadelphia,  loss, 

in  manv  parts  of  Europe.  $150,000,  cause,  an  electric  wire. 

18.  Explosion:  natural  gas  at  Findlay,  Ohio,  a  hotel  16.  Explosion  in  a  mine,  Scottsdale,  Pa.,  4  killed, 
wrecked,  8  killed,  6  hurt  Fire :  tin  warehouse  in  A  rock  tails  upon  a  passenger  trun  near  Duquesne 
Pitteburg,  loss,  $45,000.  Heights,  Pa,  1  woman  killed,  8  men  hurt    Fires  :  St 

19.  Severe  weather  in  Europe^  many  deaths  and  Mary^s  hospital  burned,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  oil  cars 
widespread  suffering.  Train  derailed  by  robbers  near  burned,  Philadelphia,  1  explodes,  4  hurt;  build- 
Brownsville,  Texas,  2  hurt,  passengers  locked  in  ings  burned,  New  Westminster,  British  Columbia, 
freight  car,  express  robbed.  loss,  about  $500,000, 1  killed. 

20.  Fires :  Electric  works  in  Chicago,  loss,  $142,-  17-20.  Destructive  floods  in  the  Ohio  watershed, 
000.    Earthquake  in  Switzerland.  all   industries   suspended,  2,500   houses  flooded    in 

21.  Fires:  Hillsborough,   N.  Dak.,  loss,   $70,000;  Wheeling  alone. 

opera  house  burned,    Winona,    Minn.     Esmlosion:  17.  Fire:  steamer  burned  at  Wuhu,  China,  about 

flre-damp  in  a  Russian  mine,  about  100  killea.  200  lives  lost 

22.  Ileavpr  rains  cause  much  damage  in  the  Middle  18.  Shipwreck :  Italian  bark  Mascotta,  sunk  in  New 
and  New  England  States.  York  harbor,  4  lives  lost    Fire :   tenement   house 

23.  An  aged  man  and  his  wife  run  over  and  killed  burned,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  a  mother  and  4  children 
by  a  train  near  Washington.    Fire :  in  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  perish. 

loss,  $250,000, 1  fireman  killed,  4  hurt  19.  Fires:  a  keg  of  powder  explodes  in  burning 

24.  Fires:  in  Jersey  City,  8  killed,  6  hurt,  most  of  building,  Watseka,  111^  several  hurt;  opera  house 
them  firemen ;  fire  engine  run  down  by  a  railway  burned,  Rochester,  N.  Y. ;  roundhouse  burned,  Kan- 
train,  its  driver  killed.    Germany :   explosion  in  a  sas  City,  with  18  locomotives. 

mine,  40  killed.  20-28.  Floods  in  Arizona^Yuma  nearly  destroyed. 

25.  Disastrous  storm  on  the  north  Atlantic  coast:  at  20.  Train  wrecked,  New  York  city,  6  killed,  9  huzt, 
Birmingham,  Conn.,  damage  to  the  amount  of  l^l  ,000,-  wreck  fired. 

000  has  been  done  within  a  few  days.    Fires :  paper  21.  Fire  :  tenement  house  burned,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.. 

mill  burned,  Appleton,  Wis.,  loss,  $175,000 ;  Spokane  6  lives  lost    Shipwreck :  British  Steamer  Iowa,  sunk' 

Falls,  Wash.,  loss,  $61,000.    Train  wrecked  near  Butte,  by  ice,  all  hands  saved  by  steamer  Chester,  422  cattle 

Mont,  1  killed,  8  hurt.  lost 

2a  Explosion :  flre-damp  in  coke  works.  Mount  22.  Shipwreck :  ship  Elizabeth,  off  San  Francisco, 
Pleasant,  Pa,  110  killed.  Army  transport  train  18  lives  lost  Fires :  buildings  burned,  Kansas  City, 
wrecked  by  collision  near  Florence,  Kan.,  3  soldiers  estimated  loss,  $240,000 ;  opera  house  burned,  Evans- 
killed,  10  hurt,  many  cavalry  horses  killed  and  hurt  ville,  Ind. 

29.  Three  foot  passengers  killed  by  a  railway  train  25.  Tornado :  many  buildings  destroyed  in  In- 
near  Gallitzin,  Pa    Blizzard  in  the  Northwest,  traffic  diana 

generally   stopped.    Faulty    construction :    Omaha,  26.  Fires :  Minneapolis,  loss,  $75,000 ;  grain  eleva- 

Westem  Art  Association  building  falls,  many  valu-  tor  and  warehouse  burned,  Chicago,  estimated  loss, 

able  works  ruined.    Landslide  in  Greece,  25  killed.  $150,000. 

30.  Fire:  Cygnet,  Ohio,  6  blocks  of  buildings  28  Tram  cable  breaks  in  the  Marion  County  mines, 
burned,  2  lives  lost  Tennessee,  2  killed,  11  hurt 

31.  Faulty  construction :  hoisting  gear  gives  way.  Summary  of  train  accidents  in  February :  98  col- 
Harrisburg,  Pa.,  2  killed.  lisions,  93  derailments,  10  miscellaneous;  total,  196. 

Summary  of  train  accidents  in  January :  106  col-  Killed :    52  employes,  7  passengers,  2   trespassers ; 

lisions,  93,  derailments,  12  miscellaneous;  total,  211.  total,  61.     Hurt:    161  employes,  108  passengers,    6 

Killed:  38  employes,  8  passengers ;  total,  46.    Hurt:  trespassers,  total,  275. 

118  employ^,  90  passengers,  2  trespassers ;  total,  210.  Maroh  1.  Lightning  strikes  4  churohes  and  many 

Fefanuuy  1.    Fire:  jail  burned   at  Friar's    Point,  dwellings   in   MassachusettD.      Fire:    20   buildings 

Miss.,  3  lives  lost    Train  wrecked  near  Dillon,  Mont,  burned,  Hermon,  N.  Y.,  loss,  $75,000. 

2  killed,  several  injured.  2.  Explosion :  steam  boiler,  Charleston,  Mo.,  3  killed. 

2.  Blizzard  in    the    Northwest,   many  fishermen  Floods  continue  in  Arizona    Gale  on  the  Jamcj*  river, 

adrift  on  Lake  Huron.    Train  wrecked  near  Griffen,  Virginia,  20  lives  lost 

Ga,  14  hurt  8.  Pontoon  bridge,  St  Charies,  Mo.,  wrecked  by 


DISASTERS  IN  1891.  263 

ice,  lofiSL  #20,000,5  men  BuppoBCil  to  be  1o«it.    Fire:  8.  Fire:  oil  works  burned,  Pittsburg,  loss.  $150,000. 

dve  works  burned,  Roxbury,MaH8.,  loss,  $75,000,  cause,  Explosion:   flre-damp    in  an    English    colliery,  10 

alanip  explneion.  killed,  several  hurt 

5.  s»now  slide  in  Utah,  4  killed.   Fire :  steamer  City  4.  Severe  storm  on  the  north  .Atlantic,  much  dam- 

of  Richmond  burned  in  New  York,  loss,  $200,000.  age  to  shipping  on  the  New  England  coast. 

ti.  Trains  in  coUiaion  near  Mineral  Point,  Pa.,  7  6.  Fire :  bunding  burned,  Rochester.  Pa.,  9  lives 

huTL  lost    Train  derailed  near  Westfleld,  Mass.,  8  hurt, 

s.  Tornado  in  Mississippi,  2  killed.    A  father  and  cause,  ties  maliciously  placed  on  track. 

hii  2  daughters  killed  by  a  train  near  Lima,  Ohio.  7.  Explosion :  natural  gas  in  a  Pittsbui)]^  tenement 

»-10.    Destructive  "blizzard"   in    Great   Britain,  house,  11  hurt    Fire :  gas  works  burned  St  Augus- 

railway  traffic  blocked  all  over  the  kingdom,  deaths  tine,  Fla. 

from  cold,  shipwrecks,  and  much  suffering  everv-  10.  Explosion  in  the  Sultanas  palace,  Zanzibar,  13 

where,  about  70  lives  lost    Train  wrecked  near  iTa-  killed,  20  hurt 

vans,  111.,  8  killed,  11  hurt  11.  Fire:  Chicago,  several  buildings  burned,  esti- 

10.  Fire:  business  building  burned,  Buffiolo,  esti-  mated  loss, $1,000,000.     Drowned:  4 men  at  Orange, 

niated  lotas,  $225,000.  Mass.    Explosion  of  glycerine  at  Pittsburg^  8  killed. 

12.  Floods :  levees  give  way  on  the  Mississippi  18.  Five  men  drowned  at  St  Louis.    Trains  in  col- 
river.    Explosion :  steam  boiler  bursts  at  Elliingham,  Usion  near  Tryon  City,  N.  C,  5  killed,  10  hurt 
IIU  3   killed.    Derrick  falls  in  Boston,  2    killed.  14.  Fire :  stock  sheds  burned,  Pittsburg,  with  187 
Fires :  banks  burned,  Pittsbura,  Pa.,  loss,  $800,000  cattle,  loss,  $40,000.    Trains  in  collision  near  Mount 
<itt&ared  $225,000) ;  Omaha,  Neb.,  loss,  $150,000  (in-  Sterling,  Ohio,  3  killed. 

Bund  $180,000) ;  cotton  mills  burned,  Pacola,  S.  C,  15.  Tnun  accident  near  Santa  F6,  New  Mexico,  8 

e:<timated  loss,  $90,000.    Destructive  floods  in  Russia  killed    Fires :  coal  breaker  burned,  Olyphant  Pa., 

and  Snun.  500  men  out  of  work,  loss,  $100,000 ;  Albany,  N.  T., 


lost;  .  .         .    .     ,       ,  ^  ^         - 

Findlay,    oEio,  glass  works  burned,  loss,  $40,000.'  in   collision.     Train   accident  near   Fallston,  Md., 

Shipwreck :  United  States  steamship  Galena  on  Gay  bridge  breaks,  wreck  burned^  4  killed,  1  hurt,  cause^  an 

He«d,  Martha^  Vineyard ;  Government  tug  Nina  lost  unsound  trestle.    Fires :  gram  elevator  burned,  Utica, 

at  the  same  time  and  place ;  U.  S.  torpedo  ootA  Triana  N.  T.,  loss,  $50,000 ;  Evansville,  Ind.,  loss,  $90,000. 
wrecked  while  on  the  way  to  offer  aid.    (The  Galena        17.  Shipwreck :   British  ship  St  Catharis,  off  the 

was  afterward  floated  oS,j  Caroline  Islands,  90  lives  lost    Tornado :   Marion, 

15.  Fire :  glass  works  bunied,  Foetoria,  Ohio,  loss,  Ind.,  buildings  wrecked^  several  persons  hurt  Five 
$30,000.  men  drownea  near  Addison,  W.  va. 

16.  Explosion  in  the  arsenal  at  Omdurman,  E^pt,  18.  Trains  in  collision  near  Kipton,  Ohio,  9  killed, 
about  100  dervishes  killed.  Shipwreck  :  British  4  hurt  Explosions :  at  Aspen,  Col. ;  and  Norristown, 
steamer  Roxborough  Castle  sunk  in  collision  off  Scilly  Pa.,  5  killed.  Fire :  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  loss,  $500,000. 
blands,  22  lost  21.  Fire :  smelting  works  burned,  St  Louis,  loss, 

17.  Fire :  business  blocks  burned,  New  York  cit^,  $50,000. 

loss,   $1,500,000.     Explosion:   blasting    powder    in        22.  Fires:  business  blocks  burned,  Rome,  N.  Y., 

Beadie  colliery.  Pa.,  2  killed.    Train  wrecked  near  loss,  $500,000;   furniture    factory  burned,  Chicago, 

Greencastle,  Mo.,  1  killed,  12  hurt,  cause,  a  broken  loss,  about  $100,000. 
wheel  28.  Poisoned :  5  died,  several  sickened  by  tainted 

1^  Shipwreck :  steamer  Utopia  sunk  in  collision  water  in  Burlington,  Iowa.  Fires :  mach'^ine  shop 
with  British  iit>nclad  at  Gibraltar,  560  lives  lost  burned,  Denver,  loss,  $125,000  (insured  $60,000).  Ex- 
Fires  :  New  York,  tenement  house  burned,  4  killed,  plosion  of  gasoline  in  Chicago,  several  buildings  de- 
ceverel  hurt;  Johet,  Ul.,  opera  house  burned,  loss,  stroyed,  2  persons  killed.  Explosion  in  a  fort  near 
$50,000.  Rome,  Italy,  7  killed,  many  hurt 

19.  Fires:  engine  house  burned,  Houghton,  Mich.,        26.  Tnun  derailed  near  Indianapolis,  6  hurt,  cause, 

loss,  $30,000 ;   opera  house  burned,  Detroit,  Mich.,  broken  rail,  flaw  undiscoverable. 
loss,  1^15,000.  28.  Trains  in  collision  near  Warings,  Md.,  wreck 

iO.  Fires :  store  burned,  St  Joseph,  Mo.,  estimated  burned,  4  killed,  1  hurt    Fires :  cotton  house  burned, 

lots,  $110,000;  ice  houses  burned,  Oswego,  111.,  loss.  Honey  Grove,  Texas,  loss,  $125,000;  elevator  burned, 

$62,000.    Train  wrecked  near  Barry  Station,  Pa.,  8  Kansas  City,  loss,  $50,00i). 
killed,  4  hurt  29.  Bad  construction :  opera  house  falls  at  Troy, 

22.  Flood :  levees  give  way  on  the  lower  Missis-  Ala.,  2  killed,  many  hurt    Fire  in  Chattanooga,  loss, 

sippi.  $180,000. 

24.  Trwn  wrecked,  Racine,  Wis.,  1  killed,  4  hurt,  Summary  of  train  accidents  in  April :  67  collisions, 
wreck  fired  108  derailments,  6  miscellaneous;  total,  181.    Killed: 

25.  Shipwreck  :  steamer  Strathairly,  on  the  North  52  employ^,  4  trespassers ;  total,  56.    Hurt :  100  em- 
Carolina  coast,   19   lost      Train    accident :  Racine  ploy^,  42  passengers,  7  trespassers ;  total,  149. 
Juiction.  Wis.,  2  killed  may  1.  Great  forest  flres  in  New  Jen^y  and  Penn- 

27.  Shipwreck :    Norwegian    bark    Dictator   near  sylvania.  Explosion :  fireworks  factory  iii  New  York, 

Cape  Henry,  9  lives  lost     Fires:   hotel,  Jackson-  4  girls  killed. 

ville,  Fla. ;    court  house,    Cork,   Ireland.      Trains        2.  Fires :  the  towns  of  Austin,  Minn.,  and  St  Kil- 

wreoked:  Las  Vegas,  New  Mexico,  1  killed.  4  hurt;  ian.  Wis.,  were  nearly  destroyed;  Altoona,  $75,000 

Wtlls  Bridge,  N.  Y.,  1  killed,  8  hurt,  wreck  flred.  loss ;   Tyrone,  Pa.,  $20,000  loss. 
'2t(.  Severe  gale  in  the  North  and  Middle  Atlantio        4.  Fire :  Upper  Marlborough,  Md.,  5  lives  lost 

States,  many  vessels  wrecked.    Fire :  Camden,  N.  J.,        5.  Fire :  iron  works  burned,  Breaker^s  Island,  N. 

milroad  buildings  burned.  Y.,  loss,  $400,000;  coal  mine  damaged,  Edwards  ville, 

30.  Explosion:  smelting  furnace  bursts, Terre  Haute,  Pa.,  loss,  $250,000. 

Ind.,  2  killed  6.  Fire :  wheel  factory  burned,  Sidney,  Ohio,  loss, 

•Nummary  of  train  accidents  in  March :  74  collisions,  $100,000. 

128  derailments,  10  miscellaneous ;  total,  212.  Killed :        7.  Explosion  in  a  West  Virginian  mine,  4  killed 

^  employ^  6  passengers,  3  trespassers;  total,  44.        8.  Shipwreck:   brig  Edith  sunk  by  collision  in 

Hurt :  96  employes,  90  passengers,  5  trespassers ;  total,  Chesapeake  Bay. 

191.  9.  Cfhurch  building  falls  while  under  repair,  at  Ash- 
April  2.  Train  wrecked  near  Homellsville,  N.  Y.,  3  land,  Ky.,  4  killed.    Train  derailed  near  Trinidad, 

killed,  2  hurt    Fires :  5  buildings  burned,  Campello,  Col.,  8  men  and  3<)0  cattle  killed.    Forest  fires  in  Wis- 

Mass. ;  several  houses  bmned,  Brockton,  Mass.  connin  and  Michigan. 


264  DISASTERS  IN  1891. 

10.  Trains  in  ooUisioD  near  Cloverdale,  Vs.,  2  killed,  9.  Train  collision  near  Frink,  Kan.,  8  killed,  6 

1  hurt,  and  near  Shepherd,  Mich.,  S  killed,  18  hurt,  hurt 

Train  cut  otf,  wrecked  and  burned  by  forest  fires  near  10.  Fires :  opera  house,  Baltimore ;  hotel,  Birmin^yr- 

Moore^s  Kun,  Pa.,  sevural  lives  lost    Fire :  Salem,  ham,  Ala. ;  court  house,  rort  Pierre,  8.  Dak.,  all  rec- 

S.  Dak.,  elevators  burned,  loss,  $50,000 ;  opera  house  ords  burned, 

and  other  buildings,  Piano,  111.  11.  Train  wrecked  near  Roots  Station,  Pa.,  S  killed, 

11.  Fires:   factor^'  burned.  New  York  city,  loss,  8  hurt 

$140,000 ;   planing  mill  and  dwellings,  Slatington,  16.  Train  wrecked  near  Port  Costa,  Cal.,  2  killeii, 

Pa.,  loss,  $00,000.     Explosion:   petroleum  gas,   on  several  hurt    Train  derailed  near  Chilton,  Wis.,  10 

steamer  Tancarville,  at  Newport,  England,  8  killed,  hurt 

25  hurt  16.   Train   derailed  near  Coon    Rapids,    Iowa,  3 

12.  Forest  fires  destroy  several  towns  in  Wiscon-  killed,  20  hurt,  obstacle  maliciously  placed  on  track, 
sin,  and  damage  farm  and  oil  property  in  Pennsyl-  Train  accident:  Switzerland,  130  killed,  manv  injured, 
vania.  Cloud-burst:  Newmansville,  Texas,  several  Duifdingi* 

13.  Floods  sweep  away  several  villages  on  the  Rio  destroved.    Fires :  Buffalo,  loss,  $40,000 ;    Mondovi, 
Grande.    Explosion :  boiler  bursts  at  Germania,  W.  Wis.,  loss,  $35,000 ;  Seabright,  N.  J.,  loss,  $dOO,(XX>. 
Va.,  4  killed,  2  hurt  19.  Train  wrecked  near  Sauve,  La.,  6  killed,  4 

14.  Fires :  elevators  burned.  Bozeman,  Mont,  loss,  hurt  Four  men  ttom  revenue  cutter  Bear  drowned 
$75,000 :  oil  refinery  burned,  Pniladelphia,  loss,  $100,-  in  Icy  Bay,  Aloska. 

000 ;  stores  in  Haray,  Neb.,  loss.  $50,000.  20.  Escaping  gas :   8  girls  killed  in   New   York. 

16.  Mining  accident,  Pl^moutn,  Pa.,  3  killed.  Five  men  and  2  women  drowned  near  Baltimore. 

16.  Fire:  about  300  buildings  burned.  Muskegon,  Fires:  factory  in  St  Louis,  loss.  $70,000 ;  Marquette, 
Mich.,  estimated    Iohs.  $500,000  (^insurea  $800,000);  Mich.,  and  Milford,  Me.,  heavy  losses. 

Lines ville.  Pa.,  loss,  $76,000;   Pnnceton,  Mo.,  loss,  21.  Train  derailed  near  Dover.  Ohio,  1  killed,  30  hurt 

$25,000;  many  other  fires  of  less  importance.  Fire:  Naval  workshops  bumea,  Pola,  Austria.  Train 

17.  Volcanic  eruption  in  Armenia,  several  villages  accident  near  Londonderry,  Ireland,  several  killed, 
destroyed  and  many  lives  lost    Train  wrecked  on  and  many  hurt. 

Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  2  killed,  8  hurt  22.  Fires :  Fall  River,  Mass.,  loss,  $60,000 ;  Jeifer- 

18.  Train  ^Tecked  near  Phelan^  Ala..  2  killed,  1  son,  Texas,  loss,  $75,000. 

hurt     Fires:    factory  burned,  Joliet,  111.;    Seattle,  28.  Train  wrecked.  White  Plains,  N.  Y.,  11  hurt 

Wash.,  loss,  $40,000 ;  Lamonte,  Mo.,  incendiary,  loss.  Earthquake,  (slight),  Charleston,  S.  C.   Train  accident 

$20,000.                                                               '  near  Mellion.  Ky.,  4  killed. 

19.  Explosion:  on  construction  train,  near  Tarry-  24.  Cloud- ourst :  Cherokee  Co.,  N.  C,  2  killed, 
town,  N.  Y..  18  killed,  22  hurt,  cause,  careless  hand-  much  damage  done.  Disastrous  storms  in  western 
ling  of  higli  explosives.     Sewer  breaks  at  Provi-  Iowa. 

dence,  R.  I.,  11  men  buried,  4  killed.    Fires :  business  25.  Train  derailed  near  Van  Buren,  Ark.,  1  killed,  21 

blocks  burtied,  Jacksonville,    Fla.,  estimated    loss,  hurt    Fires :  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  loss,  $75,000 ;  New  Lon- 

$500,000 ;   hotel  and  cottages,  Hancock,  N.  H.,  loss,  don.  Conn.,  loss,  $75,000 ;   Birmingham,  Ala.,  loss, 

$20,000.  $20,000. 

20.  Destructive  hail  storms  in  Texas.  Fire :  linseed-  26.  Tornado :  Mount  Carmel,  Pa.,  7  killed.  Grade- 
oil  works,  Sioux  City,  Neb.,  loss,  $150,000.  crossing  accident,  Grafton,  Neb.,  2  women  killed. 

21.  Train  wrecked  near  Borden,  Texas,  1  soldier  Train  derailed  by  washout  near  Rosebud,  Mont.  14 
killed,  4  hurt    Tornadoes  in  Missouri,  Kansas,  and  hurt 

Illinois.    Fires  in  Minneapolis,  West  Albany,  N.  Y.,  27.  Fires :  Seventy-flrat  Regiment  Armory,  New 

Houston,  Texas,  and  Logansport,  Ind.  York,  destroyed :  Elwood,  Ind.,  glass  works  oumed, 

22.  Explosion:  6  miners  killed  near  Birmingham,  loss,  $60,000:  Kowburyport,  Mass.,  loss,  $75,000; 
Ala.  Cleveland,  Ohio,  loss.  $50,(K)0. 

28.  Tornadoes  in  Minnesota,  the  Dakotas,  and  Ne-  28.  Fire :  coffee  mill,  Baltimore,  loss,  $100,000. 
braska.    Fires:  prison  buildings,  Jefferson  City,  Mo.,  29.  Falling  wall,  Milwaukee, 3  killed.  Fires :  store- 
loss,  $170,000;  Detroit,  Mich.,  loss,  $250,000 ;  hotels  house  burned,  St  Louis,  Mo.,  loss,  $250,000;  fumi- 
in  Richmond,  Ky.,  loss,  $80,000.  ture  warehouse  burned,  Rockrord,  111.,  loss,  $100,000. 

25.  Grade-crossing  accident,  Latrobe,  Pa.,  2  killed,  30.  Forty -three   persons  poisoned  by  eating  ic^ 

2  hurt  cream,  al  Brushton,  N.  Y. 

29.  Explosion :  Frankfort,  Ind.,  steam  boiler  bursts,  Summary  of  train  accidents  in  June :  50  collisions, 
2  killed,  6  hurt  109  derailments,  8  miscellaneous ;  total,  167.    Kille<l : 

80   Explosion :   dynamite  in  a  mine,  near  Silver  50  employ^,  5  passengers,  6  ti'espaasers ;  total,  60. 

Plume,  Col.,  4  killed.    Fires :  business  houses  burned.  Hurt :  180  employ^,  107  passengers ;  total,  237. 

Wahpeton,  N.  Dak.,  loss,  $100,000 ;  Rice  Lake,  Wis.,  Ji^  2.  Tornadoes  in  Iowa,  Miissouri,  and  in  Rhen- 

stores  and  dwellings  burned,  loss,  $87,000.  ish   Prussia,  many  buildings  wrecked.     A  tourist 

31.  Hurricane:  Lake  Ilman,  Russia,  many  lumber  fell  into  the  crater  of  Vesuvius  and  perished, 

vessels  lost  with  their  crews.  8.  Trains  in  collision,  Ravenna,  Ohio,  21  killed,  27 

Summary  of  train  accidents  in  May :  67  collisions,  hurt,  wreck  burned. 

80  derailments,  19  mitK;cllaneous;  total,  166.    Killed:  4.  Train  derailed  near  Charleston,  West  Va.,  17 

54  employ^,  2  passengers,  7  trespassers ;  total,  68.  killed,  48  hurt    Obstruction  wired  to  rail  near  Lans- 

Hurt:  98  employes,  50  passengers,  8  trespassers ;  total,  ing,  Iowa,  train  thrown  into  Mississippi  river.    Many 

156.  fatal  accidents  fh>m  fireworks  and  the  like.    Achuruo 

June  1.  Explosion :    Milford,  Va.,  boiler  bursts,  8  and  4  dwellings  burned  in  San  Francisco,  value,  $100,- 

kllled.    Fires :  a  church  and  business  block  burned  000,  cause,  fireworks.    Lightning :  3  students  killed 

in  Los  Angeles,  Cal. ;  theatre  burned  in  Nashville,  and  several  hurt  at  St  Inlgoes  Villa,  Maryland. 

Tenn.  5.  Train  wrecked  near  Aspen   Junction,  Col.,  9 

2.  Tornado   near   Watertown,  S.  Dak.,  8   killed,  killed,  6  hurt    Hurricane  at  Galveston,  Texas,  much 

Heavy  damage  by  storms  in  the  Western  States.  damage  to  shipping.     Fire :  theatre  burned,  St  Paul, 

8.  Explosion :  Bedford,  Ind.,  boiler  bursts,  6  killed.  Minn.     Drowned:    18   soldiers   in  the  Aar  river, 

6.  Fire :  factory  burned,  Cleveland,  Ohio,  loss*,  $150,-  Switzerland. 

000  (insured  $100,000).  6.  Tornado  in  Louisiana  and  Mississippi,  10  killed, 

7.  Explosion :  dynamite  blast  Chattanooga,  8  killed,  about   50   hurt  some   fatally.     Explosion :    powder 

1  hurt    Earthouake  shocks  in  Italy  and  New  Jersey,  mill  at  Jermyn,  Pa.,  2  killed.    Fires  at  Portland,  Ore., 
in  Italy  8  killeo^  many  hurt  Duluth,  Minn.,  and  Jetfeison ville,  Ind. 

8.  Train  collision  near  Savannah,  Ga.,  wreck  burned,  8.  Fires  :  hat  factory  in  Cincinnati,  estimated  loss 

2  killed,  6  hurt    Floods  in  tlie  Red  river  region,  nearly  $1,000,000;    tobacco  warehouse,  Clarksville, 
Texas,  many  cattle  drowned.  Tenn.,  loss,  $160,000. 


DISASTERS  IN  1891. 


255 


9.  Fire :    saw  mill  burned^    Jennings,  Mich.,  loss 

I'j.  Extensive  forest  fires  near  Marquette,  Mich. 

!:<  Fire :  hotel  burned,  Duluth.  Minn. 

1.).  Train  wrecked  near  Ute  Paaj*,  Colorado,  brakes 
r'luled  to  work,  11  ore  and  bullion  cars  ran  away 
'Iowa  grade  and  were  wrecked,  2  killed.  Fires: 
ti.R-r  works,  Shawmut,  Me.,  loss,  $200,000 ;  ice  houses, 
hrvwery,  etc^,  Sandusky,  Ohio,  loss,  $170,000;  busi- 
f.(x<>  block  in  Altoona,  Pa. 

U.  Tornado,  West  Superior,  Wis.,  40  men  buried 
m  a  wrecked  buildinf,  many  killed. 

17.  Fires:  Lynn,  Mass.,  $200,000  damage;  business 
I  ItH'k?  burned,  Glaseow,  Ry. 

>.  Train  wrecked  near  Manchester,  England,  11 
killt-d.  Five  men  drowned  in  Tennessee  nver  near 
Murray.  Trestle  falls  near  Pittsbui^,  Pa.,  8  men 
dp)wn*td.  Litfhtning :  Clinton,  Wis.,  2  killed.  De- 
structive fires  in  Roundhead,  Ohio,  and  Gosport,  Ind. 

I^.  Lightning :  2  killed  in  North  Carolina. 

»'.  Fire:  the  village  of  Sawyerville,  Mich.,  de- 
Ktniycd,  loea,  nearly  $300,000. 

21.  Explosion :  steam  boiler  at  Lake  View,  Mich^ 
^  killed,  several  hurt.  Shipwreck  :  steamer  Circe,  on 
Aiiti^>OEtU  Island. 

TL  Train  wrecked  near  Glenbrook,  Nev.,  8  killed, 
•i  hurt  Explosion :  thrashing  machine,  in  Edmond- 
hon  I'ounty,  Ky^  8  killed,  6  badly  hurt.  Destructive 
hail  storms  in  Minnesota  and  South  Dakota. 

^i.  Tnun  collision :  Carlisle,  Col..  5  killed,  4  hurt 
Tin:  textile  mills  burned  In  Philadelphia,  loss, 
about  $1,000,000. 

2.).  Excursion  train  wrecked  near  Middletown,  Ohio, 
T  killed,  many  hurt  Landslide  at  Idaho  Springs. 
Boat  upsets  at  Seven  Islands,  St  Lawrence  nver,  7 
«in>wned.  Fires:  hotel  and  buildings  burned  at 
Newport  News,  Va.,  4  lives  lost;  warehouses,  etc.,  at 
Dallas,  Texas,  loss,  $800,000. 

)i^.  Earthouake  (slight).  Evansville,  Ind.  At  a  pic- 
nic near  Wneeling,  W.  Va.,  a  lady  was  killed,  an- 
other wounded,  and  a  man  hurt  by  the  dischai^e  of 
a  iiun  aimed  in  jest 

I'T.  Grade-crossing  accident  at  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  6 
kill«^.  5  of  them  women.  Fires  in  Blair,  Wis.,  loss, 
i:o,«NMj,  and  Little  Rock,  Ark.,  loss.  $60,000.  Train 
wTKked  at  St-Mandd,  France,  48  killed,  about  100 
hurt    Lightning :  8  killed  at  Aylesbury,  England. 

2\  Destructive  hail  at  Elm  Creek,  Neb.  Fire 
(inct»ncliary)  at  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  factory  burned. 
Ion*  $:*(».0<X). 

8ummar>'  of  train  accidents  in  July :  73  collisions, 
$1  derailments,  5  miscellaneous ;  total,  169.  Killed : 
29  employ^  54  passengere,  9  trespassers ;  total,  92. 
Hurt:  91  employe,  120  passengers,  1  trespasser;  total, 
211 

Aanst  5.  Train  wrecked  near  Champliun,  N.  Y.,  2 
killtd,  12  hurt  Train  derailed  near  Kalamazoo, 
Mich.,  60  hurt 

K*.  Tnun  collision  near  Branford,  Conn.,  10  hurt 

lt2.  Faulty  construction :  deck  of  an  excursion  barge 
jrivw  way  near  Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y.,  14  killed,  about 
6<Jhuit 

l)i.  Train  wrecked  near  Brighton,  Col.,  2  killed, 
Ihurt 

17.  Trains  wTecked  near  Berne,  Switzerland,  14 
killeil,  manv  hurt.  Flood  in  Ilayti,  bridge  gives 
way,  14  lives  lost 

1^.  Hurricane  at  Martinique,  all  the  shipping  in 
itort  wrecked,  manv  buildings  destroyed,  aoout  840 
livcA  lo«t  the  official  estimate  places  damages  at  $10,- 
^HHVHio.  Giant  powder  explodes  near  Bourke,  Idaho, 
♦i  killed. 

i\.  Severe  storms  in  tKe  West  and  South  with 
^hquake  shocks  and  disastrous  floods.  Fires : 
^ytmkIt>p,  Mass.,  2  men  and  10  horses  suffocated; 
New  Orleans,  La., loss,  $400,000 ;  Hillsborough.  Texas, 
lo!«,  $65,000.  Violent  stonn  in  the  English  Channel. 
•i±  Buildings  fall  in  Park  Place,  New  York,  61 
killed,  cause,  overloaded  floors.    Many  fatal  accidents 

to  individuals. 
28.  Fire:   toy  store  burned  in    New  York,  loss, 


$110,000.    Extensive  forest  flres  in  Nevada  and  Idaho. 
A  cloud-burst  destroys  property  in  Pottsville,  Pa. 

24.  Destructive  flood  in  the  Schuylkill  valley. 
Three  children  locked  in  a  chest  by  playmates,  and 
forgotten,  all  perish  (Ironton,  Ohio). 

25.  Fires :  stores  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  loss,  $100,000 ; 
court  house  and  other  buildings  burned,  Charleston, 
Ark.,  loss,  $50,000.  Shipwrecks :  an  Italian  steamer 
and  2  cutters  at  Senegal,  Africa,  18  lives  lost 

26.  Severe  storm  on  the  coast  of  England. 

27.  Train  deraik-d  near  Statesville,  N.  C,  22  killed, 
17  hurt  Lightning :  several  persons  killed  in  Trieste, 
Austria.  LnglancL  crops  in  the  midland  and  south- 
em  counties  ruined  by  rain. 

28.  Newark,  N.  J.,  a  tornado  destroys  many  build- 
ings. Collision  at  sea :  steamers  Eas()y  and  Gambler 
near  Sydney,  26  lives  lost 

29.  Balloon  accident,  Detroit,  aeronaut  killed. 
Prairie  fire  in  South  Dakota,  standing  crops  burned. 

80.  Severe  storm  and  much  damage  on  the  New 
Jersey  coast.  Fire :  Natrona,  Pa.,  salt  works  burned, 
loss,  100,000 ;  Quanah,  Texas,  business  blocks  burned, 
loss,  $60,000.  Explosion  in  a  church  at  Bourbon, 
Ind.,  building  wrecked. 

81.  Trains  wrecked :  near  Webster,  Cal.,  2  killed,  10 
hurt;  Tell  Citv,  Ind.,  4  killed,  20  hurt^  and  near 
Louisville,  18  killed,  18  hurt  Fire:  Winnemucca, 
Nev.,  estimated  loss,  $190,000.  Explosion  in  a  Somer- 
setshire colliery,  England,  10  killed,  12  hurt  Ty- 
phoon in  Japan,  about  250  lives  lost 

Summary  of  train  accidents  in  August :  111  collis- 
ions, 110  clerailmcnts,  2  miscellaneous;  total,  223. 
Killed:  86  employes,  42  passengers,  13  trespassers; 
total,  91.  Hurt :  152  employ^,  186  passengers,  8  tres- 
passers ;  total,  841. 

Saptember  1.  Fire  at  Pella,  Iowa,  estimated  loss, 
$30,000.  Shipwreck:  British  steamer  Dumurray 
capsized^  8  lives  lost. 

2.  Prairie  Are  near  Grand  Forks,  N.  Dak.,  5^000 
acres  of  hay  land  burned  over,  cause,  a  locomotive. 
Ireland,  destructive  flood  in  the  Kiver  Barrow. 

8.  Shinwreck :  schooner  Pannonia,  near  Hawaii, 
11  lives  tost  Lightning  strikes  near  Magnolia,  Ark., 
4  killed. 

4.  Fire:  business  block  burned,  Attalla,  111.,  esti- 
mated loss,  $75,000. 

5.  Djnamite  exploded  ^presumably  by  malice)  in  a 
thrashing  machine  near  Findlay,  Ohio,  1  killed. 4 hurt 
Forest  flres  in  the  Cascade  Range,  Wash.,  uiucn  valu- 
able timber  burned. 

6.  Many  persons  poisoned  by  impure  water  from  a 
well  near  Dundee,  Mich..  5  died,  20  sickened.  Collis- 
ion at  sea,  steamship  Arizona  sinks  an  unknown 
sailing  vessel. 

7.  Train  derailed  on  bridge  near  Clay  City,  Ky., 
2  killed. 

9.  Locomotive  explosion,  Oyster  Bay,  N.  Y.,  8 
killed,  1  hurt.  Earthquake,  San  Salvador,  about  40 
killed,  60  hurt 

10.  Train  derailed,  near  Montezuma,  Iowa,  cause,  a 
broken  rail,  14  hurt 

11.  Shipwrecks:  steamers  Tounnania  (Italian)  and 
Thessalia  (Greek)  in  collision  oli  the  coast  of  Greece, 
Tourmania  sinks,  64  lives  lost ;  schooner  Goorgiana 
capsized  near  Halifn.\}  N.  S.,  16  lives  loKt;  steam 
launch  sunk  in  collision  near  Dublin,  Ireland,  15 
lives  lost  Warren,  Ohio,  8  persons  run  over  and 
killed  by  a  railway  train. 

12.  Saultsburg,  Pa.,  a  scaffold  falls,  4  killed.  Fire : 
iron  works  burned,  Nowcsstle,  Del.,  estimated  loss, 
$300,000,  800  hands  out  of  work. 

18.  Train  derailed  near  Beaver  Brook,  Col.,  700 
passengers  on  board.  4  killed,  23  hurt 

14.  Fires :  saw  mill  destroyed,  Condon  Kiver,  Mich., 
estimated  loss,  $200,000;  several  manufactories,  Me- 
nosha.  Wis.,  estimated  loss,  $85,000. 

15.  Flootls  in  the  Spanish  provinces  of  Toledo 
and  Almcria  drown  about  2,<XK)  persons  and  damage 
property  to  the  amount  of  $4,(HK),(X)0.  Fire:  New 
York  City,  building  of  the  "Commercial  Advertiser" 
burned. 


266 


DISASTERS  IN  1891. 


16.  Fire :  Portland,  Me.,  tannery  burned,  etttimated 
I068,  $25,000.  Slight  earthauake  in  Or^on.  Ship- 
wreck :  8  Bchooners  lost  off  Labrador,  13  lives  lost. 

17.  Mining  accident  near  Vii^inia  city,  Nev.,  6 
killed.  Fires:  Menii)hi8,  Tenn.,  theatre  burned; 
HastinffSj  Minn.,  factories  burned. 

18.  Boiler  explosion  near  Chardon,  Ohio,  5  killed. 
Train  collision  near  Pont  Ncuf,  Idaho,  5  killed,  4 
hurt  (with  one  exception  the  casualties  wore  tres- 
passers).   Fire :  Belair,  Md.,  factories  burned. 

19.  Fires :  a  tenement  house  in  Chicago,  6  lives  lost ; 
Lancaster,  Pa.,  paper  mill,  loss,  $25,000 ;  Needles,  Cal., 
business  houses  burned,  estimated  loss,  $87,000.  Col- 
lierv  disaster  in  Belgium,  29  lives  lost.  Collision  near 
Idano,  5  killed,  7  hurt 

20.  Train  wrecked  near  Greensburg,  Pa.,  8  killed, 
1  hurt  Fires :  paper  mill  burned.  Lions,  Iowa,  esti- 
mated loss,  $75,000  ($80,000  insurance) ;  hotel  and 
stores  burned,  Shclfield,  Ala.,  estimated  loss,  $110,000. 

21.  Boat  ufwet  near  Newburgh,  N.  Y.,  5  drowned. 
Severe  storm  in  Great  Britain,  many  wrecks  by  land 
and  sea. 

22.  Tornado  in  South  Dakota  and  Minnesota, 
buildings  and  crops  destroyed.  Fires:  hotel  ana 
building6  burned.  Fort  Worth,  Texas,  estimated  loss, 
$150,000  ($22,000  insurance).  Destructive  prairie 
fires,  Nortn  Dakota,  crops  burned. 

28.  Fires:  basket  factory  and  other  buildings 
bume<L  Ellsworth,  Wis.,  loss,  $72,000;  knitting  mills, 
Sand  Lake,  K.  Y.,  loss,  $40,000;  chemical  works, 
Brooklyn^  N.  Y.,  loss,  $25,000.  Train  denuled  near 
PlantersviUc,  Texas,  1  killed,  5  hurt 

24.  Train  collision  near  Burgos,  Spain,  14  killed,  24 
hurt  Fire:  Minneapolis,  factory  and  grain  elevator 
burned,  loss,  $167,000  insured  $117,700).  Train  col- 
lision near  Zclinople,  Pa.,  6  killed,  5  hurt 

25.  Explosion :  Newark,  N.  J.,  a  mortar  bursts 
while  llnng  a  salute,  11  killed.  80  hurt  Fire :  Savan- 
nah, Ga.,  store  burned,  loss,  about  $400,000  ($240,000 
insurance). 

26.  Fires  at  Greenville,  111.,  Chattanooga,  Tenn., 
and  Dallas,  Texas.   Forest  fires  in  Chippewa  Co.,  Wis. 

27.  Prairie  fire,  Minnesota,  a  family  of  5  persons 
perish.  Fire:  factory  burned,  St  Louis,  Mo.,  loss, 
$50,000.  Violent  wind,  Minnesota,  numerous  build- 
ings wrecked  in  Beltrami  and  Itasca  Counties.  Trains 
in  collision  near  Cumberland,  Md.,  2  killed,  1  hurt. 
Earthquakes  of  considerable  violence  in  the  North 
Middle  States. 

28.  Fire:  fruit  works  burned,  Bouckville,  N.  Y.,  loss, 
about  $80,000.  Forest  flte:  Eldorado  County,  Cal., 
600  square  miles  burned  over. 

80.  Trmn  wrecked  near  Kent,  Ohio,  4  killed,  24 
hurt  Fires:  lumber  yards  burned,  Wausemon, 
Wis.,  loss.  $100,000  (insured  $50,000) ;  cement  factory, 
Chicago,  loss,  about  $50,000;  Morris,  Minn.,  grain 
elevator  burned,  with  80,000  bushels  of  wheat ;  Cin- 
cinnati, factory  burned,  loss,  $80,000. 

Summary  of  train  accidents  in  September :  139  col- 
lisions, 92  derailments,  6  miscellaneous;  total,  287. 
Killed:  54  employ^  6  passengers,  5  trespassers; 
total,  65.  Hurt :  95  employes,  95  passengers,  8  tres- 
passers; total,  198. 

Ootober  1.  Prairie  fire  in  North  Dakota,  several 
thousand  square  miles  burned  over.  Fire:  woolen  mill 
burned,  Oxford,  Me.,  loss,  about  $140,000;  factories 
burned,  Chicago,  loss,  about  $50,000. 

2.  Fire :  Hafifax,  N.  S.,  estimated  damage,  $400,000. 

8.  Colliery  explosion.  Glen  Carbon,  Pa.,  7  men 
buried,  4  probaol  v  killed.  Explosion :  dynamite, 
Butte,  Mont,  2  killed,  several  hurt 

4.  Explosion:  steam  tu^  boat,  Chicago,  7  killed, 
many  injured.  Fire :  gr^^^  elevator  burned,  Balti- 
more, $500,000  damage,  35,000  bushels  of  grain  burned ; 
Indianapolis,  packing  works  burned,  loss,  $200,000. 

5.  Fire :  tenement  nouse  burned.  New  York,  4  lives 
lost,  several  injured  ;  East  Cambridge,  Mass.,  packing 
house  burned,  loss,  $200,000. 

6.  Fire:  Indianapolis,  a  wall  falls  from  the  jar  of  a 
passing  train,  5  firemen  buried,  8  killed ;  Yale  Uni- 
versity, a  dormitory  partiy  bumea,  loss,  $50,000.  Bun- 


over  at  grade  crossin|^,  Staten  Island,  N.  Y.,  8  killed. 
Severe  gale  in  the  Insn  Sea,  much  damage  to  ships. 

7.  Fires :  2  blocks  of  business  houses,  Columbui^ 
Junction,  Iowa,  loss  about  $150,000;  Lima,  Ohio, 
"  Times"  building  and  othere,  loss,  $100,000  (insured 
$65,000). 

8.  Fire :  house  of  August  Belmont,  New  York,  hjss 
about  $100,000. 

9.  Shipwreck :  United  States  steamer  DciKpatoh 
ashore  off  Assateague,  Md.,  total  loss,  all  handK 
saved. 

10.  Kailway  collision  near  Hyde  Park.  N.  Y.,  3 
killed.  Fires  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  Pittsburg,  Pa., 
Boston,  and  Cincinnati. 

11.  A  wheat-laden  barge  simk  by  collision  in  the 
Sault  St-Marie  Canal,  all  tratfic  blocked  for  two  weeks. 
Fires :  Lynchburg,  Va.,  bark  and  sugar  mills  burned, 
loss,  about  $100,000 ;  Burleysville,  Me.,  oil-cloth  fac- 
tory, loss,  about  $100,000. 

12.  Earth<iuake  in  Napa,  Sonoma,  and  elsewhere, 
many  buildings  damaged. 

18.  Mining  accident  near  Niagara,  hoisting  gear 
gives  way,  8  killed,  2  hurt  Violent  storm  on  north 
Atlantic  coast  of  America  and  on  the  Britifih  Isles. 

14.  Explosion  on  United  States  steamer  Atlanta, 
6  hurt  Bain  ruins  several  million  bushels  of  wheat 
in  Minnesota  and  Dakota.  Earthquake  in  San  Fran- 
cisco. Machinery  breaks  in  a  factory  at  Manchester, 
N.  H.,  8  killed,  several  hurt  Kailwav  accident  near 
Crete,  111.,  4  killed.  Fires :  paint  works,  Springfield, 
Mass.,  loss,  about  $60,000:  Yiroqua,  Wia.,  biusiness 
houses  burned,  loss,  about  $50,000. 

15-20.  Continued  and  terribly  destructive  gales  in 
Great  Britain. 

17.  Fires :  Binnswater,  N.  Y.,  factories  and  storen, 
loss,  $800,000 ;  also  in  Frederick,  Del.,  and  Paoli,  Ind. 

18.  Fire :  coal  houses  burned,  Norwich,  Conn.,  loss, 
$80,000. 

19.  Locomotive  boiler  bursts  near  Potts ville.  Pa.,  3 
killed,  1  hurt 

20.  Fire :  brewery  burned  by  tramps,  New  Bruns- 
wick, N.  J.,  loss,  $80,000. 

21.  Bailroad  accident  Chicago,  Burlington  and 
Quincy  Railroad,  4  killed,  many  hurt  Fires  m  Minne- 
apolis, Amesburj^,  Brooklyn,  St  Paul,  Charleston,  I lU 
Louisville,  Cincinnati,  and  New  York,  total  losses, 
fully  $500,000. 

22.  Boiler  of  a  thrashing  machine  bursts  near  May- 
ville,  N.  Dak.,  4  killed.  Fires:  Greenville,  Texas, 
Glcndale,  Mass.,  Castle  Rock,  Minn.,  Childress,  Texas, 
and  Natural  Bridge,  Vil,  losses,  about  $500,000.  Dam- 
age by  floods  in  Great  Britain,  France,  and  So^n. 

23.  Violent  stonn  of  snow  and  wind  along  Uie  New 
England  coast  Fires  at  Mount  Vernon,  N.  Y'.,  Lan- 
caster, Ky.,  Hot  Springs,  S.  Dak.,  losses,  about  $100,000. 

24.  Shipwreck :  schooner  Red  Wing,  oflf  the  coast  of 
Delaware.  14  lives  lost  Fires  at  Bowling  Green, 
Ky.,  Bira^s  Point,  Mo.,  and  Chicago,  losses,  about 
$200,000. 

25.  Fire:  Meiringen,  Switzerland,  almost  wholly 
destroyed. 

26.  Boiler  bursts,  Louisville,  Ky.,  several  killed, 
damage,  $60,000.  Fire:  Pino  Grove,  Kv.,  almost 
wholly  destroyed.  Collision  at  sea:  Brftish  bark 
Charlwood  sunk  by  steamer  Boston  off  Eddystoiie 
Light,  16  drowned.  Train  wrecked  near  Moirans, 
France.  15  killed,  about  50  hurt 

27.  Earthquake  shocks  in  South  Carolina.  Rail- 
way collision  near  Thomas  Station,  Minn.,  5  killed.  7 
hurt  Defective  machinery,  Greenville.  Pa.,  2  killed, 
8  hurt  Cyclone,  Conneau^  Ohio,  80  Duildings  de- 
stroyed. Fires  at  Evansville,  Ind,,  Newinan,  Ga., 
Springfield,  Mass.,  Marshalltown,  Iowa,  and  Forsyth, 
Ga.,  losses,  about  $200,000. 

28.  Earthquake  in  Japan,  estimated  loss  of  life,  7,000 
to  10,000  persons.  Explosion:  powder  works  near 
Youngstown,  Ohio,  2  killed  Fires:  Newman,  Ga., 
loss,  $200,000  ;  Muncie,  Ind,  loss,  $52,000 ;  Virden, 
Manitoba^  loss,  $50,000. 

29.  Train  collision  near  Taopi,  Minn.,  8  killed. 
Fires:    Steamboat,  Oliver   Bieme,  near   MillikenV 


DISASTERS  IN  18ftl.  257 

Bend,  20  lives  lost ;  destractive  prairie  flres  in  South-  ness  houses,  Para^uld,  Ark. ;  oil  mills,  Memphis, 

onlndiana   *'      '         ^    -     ^       .     ,    ,,     ,  ,  ». 

Rice  Lak( 

8»».  Lani 

Clinton,  N.  J^  1 9  buildinirs,  loss,  $1 00,000 ;  Cleveland,  Fires :  shoe  factory,  Minneapolis,  loss.  $S50,600 :  hotel, 

Ohio,  business  and  dwelling  houses,  loss,  $100^000 ;  Beverly,  Mass.,  loss,  $90,000 :  puolic  library,  Masonic 

Peoria,  111.,  elevator, loss,  $90,000 ;  Loda,  111.,  business  Hall,  and  stores.  Ilion,  N.  Y.,  loss,  $60,000.    Train 

houat«,  loss,  $75,000 ;   Pittsburg,  Pa.,  factories,  loss,  wrecked  near  Aloerton,  la.,  1  killed.  5  hurt 
|T5.<iiX) ;  Brazil,  Ind.,  factory,  loss,  $40,000 ;  Nashville,        25.  Landslide  near  Canton,  Wasn.,  railroad  track 

Tenn^  gas-works  office,  loss,  $85,000.  buried,  25  or  more  lives  said  to  have  been  lost    Fires  ■ 

Summary  of  train  accidents  in  October:  120  col-  factories  in  Fremont,  Ohio,  loss,  $850,000 ;  packini? 

Unions,  91  denulmcnts,  18  miscellaneous;  total,  224.  houses, Dallas, Texas, loss  $200,000;  hotel,  Marshidl- 

Killfd:  42  employ^,  18  passengers,  8  trespassers;  town,  Iowa,  loss,  $75,000. 

t!>tal,  58.    Ilurt :  100  employ^  74  passengers,  5  tres-        26.  Fire :  church  and  business  blocks,  St  Albans, 

yai*vn :  total,  179.  Vt,  loss,  $100,000. 


residence  of 

eriy,  Mass., 

\(^  $:200,000;^£llwood  City,  Pa.,  post  oiilce  and  29.  Ship\mck :  brig  lost  at  sea  with  270  persons. 

buitmess houses,  loss,  $60,000 ;  Newark,  N.  J.,  hat  fac-  Fires:   Lynn,  Mass..  loss,  $80,000;  church   Dumed, 

torr,  loss,  $40,000 ;    Carsonville,  Mich.,  nearly  dc-  Columbus,  Ga.,  loss,  $40.000 ;  Escambia,  Mich.,  heavy 

&t7»yed;  Ludin^n,  Mich.,  lumber  mill  and  ware-  loss  in  gntin,  flour,  ana  coal.    Earthquake  (slight), 

house  burned ;  >  orth  Baltimore,  Ohio,  business  houses,  Seattle.  Wash. 

lom,  |:»0,000.  80.  Bridire  breaks  near  Kalispell,  Mont,  6  killed, 

I  Fires  in  Maoon  and  Albanjr,  Ga.,  Martin's  Ferry,  10  hurt.  Fires :  6  blocks  of  buildings,  Winnebsffo, 
Ohio,  Jeraey  City,  N  J.,  St  Louis,  Mo.,  and  Portland,  111. ;  electric-light  company,  Chicago,  loss,  $800,000 ; 
Me.    Train  wrecked  near  Danville,  Va.,  1  killed,  8  car  sheds,  St  Joseph,  Mo.,  loss^  $70,000. 

huit  Summarv  of  train  accidents  in  November:  112  col- 

4.  Hoisting  gear  breaks.  Anaconda  mine,  Nevada,  lisions,  110  derailments,  4  miscellaneous;  total,  226. 
17  killed.  Fires  in  Indianapolis,  Pittsbuig,  and  New-  Killed:  46  employ^,  17  passengers,  6  trespassers; 
ark,  total  loss,  $150,000.  Train  wrecked  near  Waco,  total,  69.  Hurt :  184  employ^  64  passengers,  9  tres- 
Tex«  4  killed,  1  hurt  passers ;  total,  207. 

5.  Fires  in  New  York,  Arthur's  Bay,  Mich.,  Browns-  DecNUiiber  1.  Bridge  breaks  at  North  Fork,  Colum- 
boig,  Ind.,  losses,  about  $184,000.  bia  river,    Mont,  8  killed,  8  hurt    Fires:   pottery 

6.  Fires :  Luray,  Va^  hotel  burned,  Ashley  junc-  works.  North  Cambridge.  Mass.,  loss,  $45,000 ;  rolling 
tioQ,  S.  C,  losses,  about  $170,000.  mills,  Owatonna,  Minn.,  loss,  $40,000. 

7.  Explosiona  :  giant  powder  at  Clipper  Gap,  Cal.,  2.  Explosion :  dvnamitc,  Haveratraw,  N.  Y.,  6 
S  killed;  blasting  caps  at  Last  Chance  mine,  Idaho,  8  killed.  Train  acciacnt  near  Harlem,  N.  Y.,  2  killed, 
killed.    Fire:  Orange,  Mass.,  loss,  $200,000.  several  hurt    Fires:  Detroit,  5  lives  lost;  Dewitt, 

b.  Explosion  of  gas  in  a  mine,  Nanticoke,  Pa..  12  Ark.,  8  lives  lost ;  wagon  works.  Sterling,  III.,  loss, 

killed,  4  hurt    Li^tning :  Louisville,  Ky.,  Board  of  $100,000 ;  paint  works,  Lincoln,  l^eb.,  loss,  $80,000. 

I'rade  building  struck,  loss,  $50,000.    Fire :  Canton,  8.  Train  wrecked  near  Pennington,  N.  J.,  4  killed, 

Ohio,  loss,  $75,000.  15  hurt    Fire :  Plainfield.  N.  J.,  loss,  $150,000. 

9.  Cvclone  in  the  Bay  of  Bengal :  many  shipwrecks  4.  Ten  barges  sunk  on  Haverstraw,  N.  J.,  several 

It  Cafeutta,  about  150  lives  Tost  at  the  Andaman  lives  lost    A  falling  wall  kills  10  men  in  St  Paul. 

Islands.  Four  trains  wrecked  near  East  Thompson,  Conn.,  7 

1<^.  Explosion :   dynamite   at   Haywaid,  Wis.,  10  killed.    Blizzard  in  the  Northwest,  snow  blockade, 

hart,  8  fatally.  Fires :  cotton  mills.  Dcs  Moines,  Iowa,  loss,  $150,000: 

11.  Fires:  Augusta,  Ga., loss, $125,000,  San  Antonio,  mill  at  Cceur  d^AUnc,  Idaho,  with  400,000  feet  of 

Texas,  loss,  $47,000,  Findlay,  Ohio,  loss,  $40,000.   De^  lumber ;  toy  factory,  Sheboygan,  Wis. ;  bookbindery, 

structive  storms  in  England.    Train  wrecked  near  Buffalo,  N.'Y.,  loss,  $88,000. 

Adrian,  N.  Y^  1  killed.  10  hurt  6.  Explosion :  fire-damp  in  a  mine  at  St-Etienne, 

II  Fires :  Warsaw,  N.  Y. ;  Duluth,  coal  piles ;  Sla-  France,  about  70  killed.  Fire :  publishing  house  in 
ter,  Mo. ;  Tampa,  Fla.,  cigar  factories ;  London,  Eng-  Philadelphia,  loss,  $200,000. 

land ;  total  loss,  about  $377,000.  7.  Shipwreck :  steamer  Fountain  City  supposed  to 

13.  Fires:  Columbus,  Onio,  5  lives  lost;   Silver  be  lost  in  a  recent  gale  on  the  Lakes.    Violent  gale 

City,  Iowa;  Pittsbuiv,  ra. ;  losses,  about  $175,000.  in  the  English  Channel,  24  lives  lost    Mining  aoci- 

15.  Fire :  Cleveland,  Ohio  ($200,000).  dent  in  Poland,  killed.  180  (estimated). 

17.  Destructive  wind  storm  on  the  New  Jersey  8.  Explosion :  Buffalo,  1  killed,  several  hurt  Train 

coast    Fires :  Minneapolis  factories  burned ;  Kear-  wreckea  near  West  Plains,  Mo.,  4  killed,  19  hurt 

ney,  N.  J.;  Chattanooga/Tenn. ;  St  Louis,  Mo.,  dam-  Scaffold  falls,  Leighton,  Pa.,  2  killed,  5  very  badly 

a*^,  nearly  $1^860,000 ;  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  72  families  hurt 

honielwA  9.  Firos :  Louisville,  Ky.,  12  lives  lost  loss,  $500.000 ; 

1**.  Train  wrecked  near  Greensburg,  Pa.,  8  killed,  business  houses.  New  Richmond,  Wis.,  loss,  about 

Fires :  warehouses,  St  Paul,  estimated  loss,  $950,000 ;  $75,000 ;  theatre  burned,  Cleveland,  loss,  $75,000. 

onyx  works.  New  York  city,  loss,  $75,000 ;  two  build-  10.  Fires :  business  section  of  Ardmore,  Indian  Ter- 

iiVN  Pine  Bluff,  Ark.,  loss,  $45,000.  ritory,  loss,  $100,000 ;  Pinos  Altos,  New  Mexico,  al- 
ii^. Fires :  storehouse,  Birmingham,  Ala.,  loss,  $60,-  most  burned  up,  only  two  buildings  left,  loss,  $100,000 ; 

<X^;  hotel  and  stores,  Edgarton,  Mo.,  loss,  $50,000;  buildings  burned^  Frankton,  Ind.,  loss,  $40,000;  busi- 

canning  factory,  Kansas,  ifl.,  loss,  $40,000.  ncss  block,  Williamsburg,  Iowa  (incendiary) :  hotel 

20.  Explosion:  steam  boiler,  Mentoga,  Tenn.,  2  and  printing  offices  burned,  Dodgeville,  Wis.    Disas- 

killed.  trous  gales  on  English  waters,  many  small  vessels 

i\.  Water  conduit  breaks,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  4  men  lost    Balloon  burst  at  Bombay,  aeronaut  killed. 

buried,  water  famine  threatened.  11.  Storm  on  the  Pacific  coast,  many  lives  lost 

fcl  Shipwrecks :  two  barges  on  Lake  Michigan,  18  Fires :   factory  burned,    Seattle,  Wash.,  loss,  $140,- 

"vcs  \cmL  000 ;  business  block,  Bed  Key,  Ind.,  loss,  $50,<XX>. 

,  ^  Tornado  in  Washington,  1  killed,  several  in-  12.  Violent  and  destructive  gale  in  southern  Cali- 

jiut!d,and  several  buildings  wrecked.     Destructive  fomia.     Fires:   mill  burned,  Attleborough,    Ma^i., 

rtorma  in  Virginia  and  Slaryland.     Fires :    hotel,  loss,  |^,000 :  rice  mill.  New  Orleans,  los8,  $40,000 ; 

Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  4  lives  lost;  business  blocks  in  large  bam,  Maynard,  Mass.,  103  cows  and  6  horsct- 

Middleburg,  Vt,  and  two  bridges,  loss,  $150,000 ;  busi-  burned. 

VOL.  XXXL— 17  A 


258         DISCIPLES  OF  CHRIST.  DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 

18.  Fire :  buBiness  house  burned,  Cincinnati,  lofls,  and  206  Sunday  sohools  were   organized,  and 

$80,000.    Renewed  BtormB  in  Great  Britain.  8,907  conversions  were  reported.    The  receipts 

^'}S  ^i"^  *• .  w'''^?'  ^a'''\  *^^t?*^*'i  ?V  ^**r  I  ^OT  Church  extension  had  been  $18,280,  or  $2,097 

hfe  lost;  Toil  tanks,  Bndgeton.^.  J.,  1  life  lost;  8  ^^       ^  ^^^     ^  fund  of  $105,413  had 

buildinin,  Centraha,  Pa.,  several  persons  imured  In  J""*"   •'"""  T^  ^jTm     ll.          ,      v^^^'y 

a  rush.    Shipwreck:  ship  Enterkln  lost  otf English  ^  accumulated  for  tlus  work.    Reports  were 

coast,  80  drowned.  niade  of  the  progress  of  negro  evangelization, 

16.  Train  wrecked  near  Pittsbuiv,  4  killed,  many  from  which  it  appeared  that  there  were  now 
hurt  By  other  train  accidents,  8  killed,  6  hurt  25,000  negro  members  among  the  disciples.  The 
Fires:  mill  burned,  Riverside,  N.  J.,  loss,  $60,000;  Foreign  Christian  Missionary  Society  had  re- 
factones  burned,  Lebanon,  Mo.,  loss,  $50,000 ;  busi-  ceivwT  $62,619  and  expended  $67,555,  drawing 

S^k'?"^/r'^;\^S  S^V^^^  -P-  the  surplus  froSr  the  previous  year  t! 

survivor  make  up  for  the  deficiency  in  receipts.     From 

17.  Fires :  miU,  BurrillviUe,  R.  L,  loss,  $85,000 ;  the  mission  fields  were  returned  41  members  in 
store.  La  Crosse,  wis.,  loss,  $40,000 :  factorv,  Aurora,  China,  245  in  Japan,  51  in  India,  and  659  in 
111.,  loss,  $30,000 ;  tin  factory,  Laurel  Hill,  N.  Y.,  loss,  Turkey ;  with,  in  all  these  fields  together,  1  A^l 
$75,000.                              ,,.«.,       ^.  pupils  in  Sunday  schools  and  822  in  day  schools ; 

18.  Earthquake :  violent  fhooks  m  Sicily.     Fire :  §3  native  helpers  in  India  and  8  in  Turkey ;  and 

GS^tteJ^rSprT           ^^        ^    ^^      ^  a dispensarv,  orphanage,  and  book  shop  In  con- 

19.  Fires:  buildiMs  burned,  Croton  Landing, N.Y.,  nection  with  the  Indian  mi^ion.  In  Denmark 
loss,  $50,000;  hoteVNeedham,  Mass.,  loss,  $50,000.  there  were  141  members,  with  120  pupils  in  Sun- 

20.  Fires :  nearly  half  of  Truckee,  CaL,  burned,  day  schools ;  and  in  England,  at  Southampton, 
loss,  $50,000.  Famine  officially  recognized  in  12  Fulham,  Cheltenham,  and  Birkenhead,  589  mem- 
provinces  in  Russia.  bers  and  772  in  Sunday  schools.    The  Christian 

22.  Shipwrecks  -.steamer  wrecked  at  Pimta  Arena,  Women's  Board  of  Missions  had  received  during 

p!i\*w^^hwTVtMni]L^^^   w  the  year  $48,184.    This  board  had  in  seventeeS 

Fire :  business  block,  Hutchinson,  Kan.,  loss,  $140,-  ^^^  contributed  $243,000  for  missions. 

28.  Fires :  scale  factory.  New  York  city,  loss,  $116,-  DOMINION  OP  CANADA.    The  historical 

000 ;  potteries,  Trenton.  N.  J.,  loss,  $100,000 ;  mills,  events  of  Canada  in  1891  were  somewhat  mo- 

Detroit,   Mich.,  loss,   $150,000   (insured    $80,000);  mentous. 

warehouse,  Sacramento,  Cal.,  loss,  $90,000 ;  dye  house.  The  Censns  of  the  Dominion,  taken  in  com- 

Providence,  R.  L,  loss,  $60,0<X) ;  hotel,  Quincy,  111.,  nion  with  that  of  the  rest  of  the  British  Empire, 

loss,  1100  000  ;totol  for  the  dsy,  $805,000    fexplo-  simultaneously,  in  1801,  presented  some  pecSlUr 

Sero  2^illS                                   ^^  incidents,  owin^  to  the  extent  and  chaiWter  of 

24.'  Train  wrecked,  near  Hastings,  N,  Y.,  15  killed,  the  country.    Under  the  dejure  system  adopted. 

7  hurt  the  staff  of  enumerators  numbered  only  about 

22-25.  Dense  fog  in  England,  traffic  generally  sus-  4,800  persons,  who  had  to  traverse  the  immense 

pended.  area  of  Canada  by  every  imaginable  mode  of 

26.  Fir^ :  insane  «»yluni,  Pontiac,  ^ch.,  inmates  locomotion,     A  steamer  with  enumerators  on 

"Sr^i>^^''*^''^"'ZT;d**^*fl^'?2^L  board  went  in  and  out  the  deep  indenU  of  the  ' 

27.  Panic  caused  by  alarm  of  fire  in  a  theatre  in  -n^  -n^  ««„«4.  ij««  «„  #««  «„  ai.^iT.  -«^  «^k^»^  f« 
Gateshead,  England,  10  killed,  many  hurt  Shoe  Pacific  coast-line  as  far  as  Alaska,  and  thence  to 
houses,  Bcitonrbumed,  loss,  $450,000.  Queen  Charlotte  Islands,  to  enumerate  the  peo- 

28.  Fires:  cotton  in  cars,  81.  Louis,  loss,  $50,000;  ple.  Pack-horses  were  required  m  the  mount- 
factory,  Msspeth,  L.  I.,  loss,  $40,000.  ain  regions  of  British  Columbia  to  canr  the 

Smnmary  of  train  accidents  in  December:  125  col-  enumerators  and  their  portfolios  through  the 

lisions,  101  derailments,  8  miscellaneous;  total,  282.  yalleys  amonir  the  "sea  of  mountains.'*^   Dog 

?J"i^iU®%r^^*'?^«L£TT«'!Jnl'!lP*?1SSl^  trains  were  I  necessity  in   the  Saskatchewan 

^«-tot2?8i         ^^    '^^^  «««°t^-     To   obtain    the  jwpulation    on   the 

^^maryohrainacoident8forl891: 1,187 collisions,  northern  slope  of  the  ** Height  of  Land"  in 

1,206  dfiiailments,  108  miscellaneous ;  total,   2,448.  Ontano  and  Quebec,  a  canoe  expedition  set  out 

Killed :  550  employ^  177  passenffers,  68  trespassers ;  from  the  head  waters  of  the  Lievre  river,  to  go 

total,  790.     Hurt:  1,447  employto,  1,188  passengers,  by  lake  and  river  portages  to  Albany  river,  at 

56  trespassers ;  total,  2,686.  James's  Bay.    Camping  outfits  and  oanoes  were 

DISCIPLES  OFCHBIST.    The  meetings  in  requisite  to  enable  the  enumerators  to  Uke  the 

connection  with  the  Oeneral  Christian  Missionary  population  in  the  Nipissing  district,  just  beyond 

Convention  were  held  at  Allegheny  City,  Pa.,  the  "Height  of  Land."    The  enumerators  in 

Oct  17   to  21.      The  receipts    for    the    year  Manitoba  had  now  to  foot  it,  now  to  go  by 

for    home-mission    work    had    been    $37,418.  buck-board,  and  now  by  boat;    and,  in   one 

Sixty-one    missionaries    had    been    employed,  intance,  the  man,  losing  himself,  could  only 

under  whose  labors  82  new  places  had   been  save  his   own  life  by  killing  and    eating  his 

visited,  26  new  churches  organized,  and  1,287  horse.    Manv  townships  in  Algoroa  had  to  be 

conversions  reported.    The  reports  of  the  work  taken   by  slow   and    toilsome    pedes trianism. 

of  the  State  organizations,  which  is  additional  For  the  north  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 

to  that  of  the  General  Convention  but  co-opera-  rence  a  schooner  was  chartered,  the  enumerators 

tive  with  it,  had  not  yet  been  made  up  for  the  put  on  board,  and  dropped  at  different  points 

year;  but  the  summaries  for  the  year  ending  until  the  Straits  of   Belle  Isle  were  reached, 

Dec,  1,  1890,  showed  that  it  included  in  that  from  which  point  the  schooner  was  directed  to 

year  |147,142  contnbuted  by  State  and  district  the  Isle  of  Anticosti,  the  census  of  which  having 

boards  and  mission  stations,  1140,198  of  pledges  been  taken,  she  returned  to  the  straits  and  sailed 

for  local  and  future  work,  and  the  whole  or  part  along  the  coast  of  Labrador,  picking  up  the 

time  labors  of  309  evangelists,  by  whom  255  new  enumerators  and  returning  to  the  mouth  of  the 

and  unorganized  places  were  visited,  142  churches  Saguenay. 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


259 


PROTIMGia. 

1871. 

1881. 

InrwMB. 

Ferccntage. 

1891. 

I««M. 

PiVOCDtaft. 

Sot*  Sootte. •..••(•..4«(..^     » 

887,800 

285,594 

94,021 

440,572 
821,288 
106,891 

58,772 
85,689 
14,870 

18-61 
12-48 
1719 

450,588 
821.294 
109.068 

9,951 

61 

197 

A  .  AlP 

2*25 

Prinee  £dward*s  Island. 

002 

O'lS 

Totals  lot  the  group 

767,415 

870,696 

108,261 

18-45 

880,905 

10,209 

1-17 

4%  Lawrence  JHver. 
Quebec 

1.191,516 
1,620,851 

1,859,027 
1,926,922 

167^511 
806,071 

1405 
16*68 

l,4cXS,OOv 

8,112,969 

129,569 
186,067 

Ontario 

958 

9*65 

Toula  Ibr  the  group. 

2,812,867 

8.265,949 

478,582 

16-88 

8,601,575 

815,626 

9-60 

Manitoba 

2^2^8 

18,000 

88,586 
80,000 

62,260 

85,515 

40,459 
80,981 

87,088 

7,515 

1^878 
981 

146-78 

41-75 

47*26 
8-10 

154,448 

67,554 

92.767 
82,168 

92,188 

42,089 

484)08 
1,287 

AHiniboia        } 

AlberU             V 

148*06 

BukatdiewmD  \ 

Britfftb  Colombia. 

164 -T6 

L'norgaaiied 

87-56 

4*00 

Totals  fbr  tiie  gmap 

106,614 

166,165 

61,851 

57-48 

846,981 

178,766 

•^S^M     A£^   . 

106*80' 

Total  popolatloii 

8.686^ 

4,824,610 

686,214 

17-81 

4,829,411 

504,601 

11*66 

The  result  shows  that,  as  in  the  United  States 
and  in  other  oountries,  there  has  been  within  the 
pftst  decade  a  marked  gravitation  of  population 
from  the  rural  to  the  urban  districts,  a  fact 
▼hich  mainly  accounts  for  the  actual  decrease  of 
population  in  some  of  the  census  districts. 
Thoa,  while  the  total  population  of  the  Dominion 
shows  an  increase  during  the  decade  1881-'91 
of  11*66  per  cent,  the  urban  population  has 
been  as  follows :  Cities  and  towns  having  over 
5,000  inhabitants,  40-8  per  cent;  over  3,000, 
44-9  per  cent^ ;  over  1,500,  20*3  per  cent  The 
above  table  is  a  statement  of  the  population  of 
Canada  for  1871, 1881,  and  1891,  bj  provinces. 

A  parliamentary  general  election  was  held  on 
March  5.  The  result,  in  brief,  was  that  the  ex- 
isting ministry  was  sustained  at  the  polls  by  a 
majority  not  notably  less  than  that  which  liad 
sustained  them  in  the  last  Bouse  of  Commons. 
On  April  29,  this,  the  seventh  Parliament  of 
Canada,  met  in  its  first  session,  Hon.  Peter 
White  having  been  elected  Speaker,  and  was 
formally  opened  by  His  Excellency  Lord  Stanley 
of  Preston,  Governor-General,  with  the  follow- 
ing speech: 

Honorable  OentUmen  of  the  Senate  :  Gentlemen  of 
the  Houee  of  Commons:  I  am  glad  to  weloome  you  to 
the  duties  of  the  fiist  aeesion  of  a  new  Parliament, 
which  I  hope  will  be  memorable  for  wise  delibera- 
tions and  for  meaanree  adapted  to  the  progress  and 
development  of  the  Dominion. 

The  Mason  in  which  vou  are  assembled  has  opened 
auspiciouslv  for  the  inaustries  of  our  people.  Let  us 
hope  that  their  labors  may  be  crowned  with  fVuitful 
returns  from  land  and  sea,  and  that  the  great  resources 
of  Canada  mav  continue  to  reward  the  toil  and  entei^ 
priiie  of  its  inhabitants. 

My  advisera,  availing  themselves  of  opportunities 
which  were  presented  m  the  dosing  months  of  last 
jear,  caused  the  Administration  of  the  United  States 
to  be  reminded  of  the  willingness  of  the  Qovemment 
of  Canada  to  join  in  making  efforts  for  the  extension 
ud  development  of  the  tnule  between  the  republic 
and  the  Dominionp  as  well  aa  for  the  friendly  adjust- 
ment of  those  matters  of  an  international  character 
which  remain  unsettled.  1  am  pleased  to  say  that 
theae  representations  have  resulted  In  an  assurance 
^at,  in  October  next,  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  will  be  prepared  to  enter  on  a  conference  to 
consider  the  best  means  of  arriving  at  a  practical  so- 
lution of  these  important  questions.  The  papers  re- 
iatiDg  to  this  subject  will  be  laid  before  you. 


Under  these  circumstances,  and  in  the  hope  that 
uie  proposed  conference  may  result  in  arrangements 
beneficial  to  both  countries,  you  will  be  called  upon 
to  consider  the  exi>ediency  of  extending,  for  the  pres- 
ent season,  the  principal  provisions  ot  the  protocol 
annexed  to  the  Washmgton  treaty,  1888,  known  as 
the  Modue  Vivendi, 

A  disposition  having  been  manifested  in  the  United 
Kingdom  to  impose  on  sea-going  ships  engaged  in  the 
cattle  trade  increased  safeguards  fbr  life  and  greater 
restrictions  against  improper  treatment,  a  careKil  in- 
<iuiry  has  been  made  as  to  the  incidents  of  that  trade 
in  so  far  as  this  country  is  concerned.  The  evidence 
elicited  on  this  inquiry  will  be  laid  before  you.  Whi  le 
I  am  glad  to  learn  that  our  shipping  is  tVee  from  re- 
proach in  that  regard,  vour  attention  will  be  invited 
to  a  measure  which  will  remove  all  reasonable  appre- 
hensions of  abuses  arising  in  the  fiiture  in  connection 
with  80  important  a  branch  of  our  commerce. 

The  early  coming  into  force  of  the  Imperial  Statute 
relating  to  the  vice-admiralty  courts  of  the  Empire 
has  made  it  necessary  to  revise  the  laws  in  force  in 
Canada  respecting  our  courts  of  maritime  jurisdic- 
tion, and  a  measure  will  therefore  be  laid  befoi^  you 
designed  to  reorg>anize  those  tribunals. 

A  code  of  criminal  law  has  been  prepared,  in  order 
that  this  branch  of  our  jurisprudence  may  be  simpli- 
fied and  improved,  to  which  your  best  attention  is 
invited. 

Measures  relating  to  the  foreshores  of  the  Dominion 
and  to  the  obstruction  of  its  navigable  waters  will  be 
submitted  to  you ;  and  vou  will  also  be  asked  to  con- 
sider amendments  to  tfte  acts  relating  to  the  North- 
west Territories,  to  the  Exchequer  Court  act,  and  to 
the  acts  relatinja^  to  trade  marks. 

Gentlemen  of  the  House  of  Commons  :  The  accounts 
for  the  past  year  will  be  submitted  to  you.  The  rev- 
enue, after  providing  for  the  services  to  which  you 
appropriated  it,  has  left  a  surplus  for  the  works  which 
you  designed  to  be  carried  on  by  capital  expenditure. 

The  estimates  for  the  coming  year  will  be  laid  be- 
fore you  at  an  early  date. 

Honorahle  Gentlemen  of  the  Senate  :  Gentleman  of 
the  House  of  Commons  :  I  pray  that,  in  the  considera- 
tion of  these  matters  and  in  the  performance  of  all  tiie 
labors  which  will  devolve  on  you,  your  deliberations 
may  be  divinely  aided,  and  that  your  wisdom  and 
patriotism  may  enlarge  the  proepenty  of  the  Domin- 
ion and  promote  in  every  way  the  well-being  of  its 
people. 

Death  of  the  Premier.— The  measures  fore- 
shadowed in  the  vicerepil  speech  received  event- 
ually their  due  attention  but  the  more  impor- 
tant practical  legislation  of  the  session  was,  in 
the  main,  suspended  through  the  sudden  illness 


260 


DOMINION  OF  CANADA. 


and  speedy  decease  of  the  Premier,  Sir  John  that  we  laid  up  m  the  smkiMftnd  a^nrt  our  debt 

^  i^val^ VflJSnna^d  on  the  flth  of  June     After  and  for  the  reduction  of  our  debt  $1,779,237  ;  and  had 

Alexander  Macdonald.  ®"J'*®  J"^^*^^^"f ;  .^"V  a  surplus  of  $3,886,898,  which  we  placed  over  a^ains^t 

the  ex-mmisterV  obsequies,  the  Hon.  Senator  J.  J  ^^^^^  ^   *  ^     »^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^"fth  an 

J.  C.  Abbot  was  called  upon  by  the  Governor-  increage  of  debt  of  only  $8,170. 
General  to  form  a  new  Government,  as,  accord-  ,       .  .       *  ..u    i.    -i.                     j 
ine  to  British  usage,  all  ministers  resign  upon  No  general  revision  of  the  tanflf  was  prop<^d, 
the  death  or  resignation  of  the  Premier.    Mr.  but  the  duty  on  sugar,  amounUng  to  about  $3,- 
Abbot  invited  the  ex-ministers  to  resume  their  500,000  annually,  was  wholly  swept  away.    On 
several  portfolios,  which  was  done,  and  the  work  the  other  hand,  small  additional  duties  were  im- 
of  legislation  was  resumed.    There  was  the  usual  posed  upon  malt  and  malt  liquors,  spirits,  and 
annual  protracted  debate  upon  prohibition  of  tobacco,  and  a  few  other  articles, 
the  manufacture  and  sale  of  intoxicating  liauors.  Frauds  DiscoTered.— The  principal  cause 
terminatine  in  the  adoption  of  a  ministerial  mo-  of  the  session's  being  protracted  to  an  inordi- 
tion  to  appoint  a  royifi  commission  to  inquire,  nate  length  was  the  startling  discovery  of  al- 
durintf  the  recess,  into  the  results  of  the  liquor  leged  frauds  on  the  part  of  certoin  public  oft- 
traffic?    In'the  course  of  his  budget  speech,  the  cials,  and  of  other  persons  aviated  therein 
Finance  Minister  remarked :  with  departmental  officers.    Ihis  led  to  along 

With  reference  to  the  foreign  trade  for  the  year  ^^.^^^^^JJ^^  ^°^^^*«^',I?"k  w?l^*  ^-^f^-?^^^ 

ISSN'S),  I  may  say^at  the  ag^gate  trade  was  ime  mittee  of  the  House,  in  which  both  Minist^nabsts 

$14  000,000  in  excess  of  that  of  toe  preceding  year,  and  Oppositionists,  as  a  rule,  obviously   used 

and  marked  one  of  the  best  years  in  the  history  of  the  their  best  eflforts  to  unearth  the  suspicious  facts 

confederation,  being  some  $66,000,000  in  excess  of  the  and  to  fix  the  blame  where  it  belonged.    The 

trade  in  1878-'79,  the  last  year  of  the  Administration  jj,q,^  startling  and  momentous  of  the  transac- 

which  preceded  the  present  Government    The  ex-  ^^^^^  j^  question  occurred  in  connection  with 

ports  for  the  last  y^^arjmder  review  ^     ^^T^b  the  Board  of  Works  Department,  and,  in  a  minor 

more  than  they  were  m  the  year  1888-'89,  ana  some  ^"^^    ""^  .  .     ,     rk«-.— *«,««♦  ^#  ♦!»«  rJ.«-A^r>^     ^t 

$25^000,000  in  ad/ance  of  Uie  exports  Tor  the  year  degree,  with  the  Department  of  the  Intenor.    It 

1878-'79.  There  was  a  gratifying  increase  of  the  trade  was  maintained  by  those  who  assumed  the  part 

between  Canada  and  Great  Britain  of  $7,000,000  over  of    prosecutors    that    certain    contractors  and 

and  above  the  year  1888-'89,  and  om-  trade  increased  would-be  contractors  had  glaringly  used  bribery 

to  a  greater  or  lesser  dewee  with  France,  Germany,  ^^^^   other  currupt  schemes  in  tneir   relations 

Portugal,  Italy,  IIolland,^ek:ium,  China,  Japaiit^d  ^^^^  department  officials  in  order  to  secure  Gov- 

Bwitzerland-    There  was  a  decrease  of  about  $1^000,-  ^--,^^„r_-_^-.^^-  -„,i  ^  enftblo  them  to  "aeamo" 

000  in  our  trade  with  the  United  States  of  America,  a  ernment  contracts  ana  to  enaoie  tnem  to    scamp 

Xht  decrease  in  our  txade  with  Spwn,  and  some-  their  work  with  impunity  when  contracts  were 

what  larger  with    Newfoundland  and  with  South  thus  obtained.     In  other  instances  it  was  ae- 

America  and  the  West  Indies.  .  .  Our  interprovinoial  dared  that  departmental  subordinates  had  thero- 

trade,  which  year  by  year  has  been  becoming  more  and  selves  boldlv  swindled  the  Government  which 


an  unerring  means  ot  denoting  Dy  stausticai  recoros  ,               willing  to  hponmp  thwr  fuiftomnliw<^ 

what  the  exact  increase  in  the  volume  of  this  trade  is,  f/^o  ^^re  willing  to  become  tneir  aocompiieejs 

yet  from  certain  large  indications  that  we  get  we  are  It  was  maintoined  m  certain  quarters  that  these 

assured  that  it  is  a  constantly  increasing  mctor,  and  fraudulent  proceedinfifs  had  reached  such  pro- 

that  it  carries  with  it  all  that  increased  energy  and  portions  ana  had  arrived  at  such  a  degree  of 

life  and  prosperity  which  come  from  such  a  branch  effrontry  that  even  some  of  the  ministers  them- 

of  industry.  selves  could  not  have  been  unaware  of  the  frauds ; 

After  referring  to  the  large  increase  in  railway  that  at  least,  if  they  did  not  connive  at  these 

traffic  and  in  mining  activity  during  the  year,  proceedings,  thev  were  highly  censurable  for 

Mr  Foster  went  on  to  say :  their  lack  of  vigilance  and  general  remissness  in 

I  think  we  can  congratulate  ourselves  upon  the  thedischaree  of  their  duties.    At  least  one  mcm- 

buovant  nature  of  the  revenue  of  the  past  financial  ber  of  the  House  of  Commons  was  implicated  m 

year— a  revenue  the  laigest  in  the  history  of  this  these  charges.    Early  in  the  course  of  the  invcs- 

country— a  revenue  which  did  not  come  from  in-  tigations  referred  to  there  was  a  flutter  among 

creased  taxation  as  a  result  of  charges  and  additions  the  parties  implicated.      As  revelations    were 

to  the  tariff,  but  which  is  an  evidence  of  the  power  evolved  numbers  of  departmental  officials  were 

S  financial  condition.  V .  .^Taking,  then,  into  con-  request.    Several  of  them  have  judicioaslv  gone 

sideration  the  fact  that  the  revenue  gave  more  than  to  parts  unknown.    Meanwhile  one  member  ol 

L  anticipated,  that  the  actual  expenditure  fell  below  the  House  of  Commons  was,  on  motion  of  the 

the  receipts,  I  am  able  to  say  to  the  House  that,  on  Minister  of  Justice,  expelled  the  House,  and  a 

Consolidated  fund  account,  Mter  all  the  services  for  ^rit  ^^s  issued  for  a  special  election  to  choose 

vtrhich  appropriations  have  been  made  had  been  tak-  j^jg  successor. 

^?'^*'5.'?.«L?«^  ^.""^^"^^^Jn^rTT^X^  VSI;  While  the  investipition  was  still  going  on 

rs^^o?,'h^?v^  r^^^^  the  Minister  of  PubTic  Works  thougift  it\ise 

8S5  898  actually  in  pocket    There  are  capital  expen-  to  resign  his  portfolio,  although  at  the  clo^e 

ditures  as  follows:  Railways  and  canals,  $8,419,132;  of  the  committee's  proceedings  the  majority  re- 

on  public  works,  $495,421 ;  Dominion  lands,  $133,-  port  exonerated  that  gentlemen  (Hon.  Sir  Bec- 

832 ;  Northwest  Rebellion  claims,  $47,000 ;  to  whidi,  toy  Langevin)  from  all  knowledge  of  or  part  in 

if  we  add  the  railway  subsidies,  %\M%bO0,  and  the  ^j^^  reprehensible  transactions  in  which  some  of 


ure  01  ,.o,r.o,ovx.   ..  uiu.  U.C  ,      ibordinates  figured.    The  minority  reiK>rt 

account  as  a  wnoie  or  expenditure  and  income  comes  of  the  committee  in  question  declined  to  accede 

hi  this  way  :  That  we  took  care  of  the  ordinary  ex-  to  that  of  the  majority  on  this  point    The  vote 

penses  of  the  country  out  of  the  Consolidated  fund ;  was  a  strictly  party  one.     Legal  proceedings 


EARTH,  AREA  AND  POPULATION  OF  THE.  261 

liftTe  been  instituted  by  governmental  direction  ending  Dec.  81, 1890,  was  as  follow :  Nova  Scotia, 

a^nst  several  of  the  more  prominent  of  the  im-  $6,636,445 ;  New  Brunswick,  |2,699,055 :  Quebec, 

plicated    for  conspiracy,  fraud,  embezzlement,  11,615,120;  Prince  Edward  Island,  |1, 041, 109; 

S!ttting  money  unaer  false  pretenses,  and  simi-  Ontario,  12,009,637;  British  Columbia,  |3,481,- 

r  charges,  and  have  been  prosecuted  with  vig-  432 ;  Manitoba  and  Northwest  Territories,  $232,- 

or.    As  an  important  result  of  this  commotion,  104;  total,  |17,71 4,902,  against  |17,655,256  in 

one  of  the  earliest  acts  of  the  new  Premier,  Mr.  the  preceding  year.    The  total  number  of  vessels 

Abbot,  was  to  move  for  the  appointment  of  a  and  boats  employed  in  the  fisheries  in  1890  was 

royal  commission  to  examine  thoroughly  and  re-  30,872,  valued  at  $3,077,136 ;  of  men  encaged  in 

}K>rt  upon  the  whole  subject  and  the  working  this  industry,  63,725;  of  nets,  6,541,285  fathoms, 

of  the  Canadian  civil  service.    The  commission  valued  at  $1,695,358.  The  other  fishing  material 

hss  been  appointed,  the  four  members  of  which  was  valued  at  $2,600,147. 

tre  regarded  with  eeneral  commendation,  and  RailwaTS. — The  Dominion  Government  has 

they  entered  upon  tneir  labors  in  the  last  week  expended  $139,745,691  in  the  form  of  bonuses,  at 

of    November.      The     commissioners — George  different  times,  to  different  railways,  down  to 

Hague,  manner  of  the  Merchants'  Bank;  Judge  the  close  of  1890,  which  sum  represents  a  con- 

fiurbrid^   K  Barbeau,  and  J.  M.  Courtnev,  siderable  portion  of  the  public  debt,  and  is  di- 

deputy  Minister  of  Finance,  with  J.  H.  Flock,  rectly  productive  to  the  country  at  large,  al- 

b&rrister,of  London,  as  secretary — are  to  examine  though  it  brings  in  no  immediate  return  to  the 

into  the  condition  of  the  civil  service  in  Ottawa,  Government.    In  addition  to  this  sum  paid  by 

and  consider  suggestions  from  experienced  per-  the  Dominion Govemment,'8ub6idies  of  Dominion 

sons  as  to  the  b^t  method  of  correcting  irregu-  lands — ^principally  to  lines  in  Manitoba  and  the 

larities.    It  is  understood  that  the  instructions  Northwest   Territories — have  been  granted  at 

to  the  commissioners  will  empower  them  to  in-  various  times,  amounting  altogether,  down  to 

quire  into  and  report  upon  the  matter  of  ap-  the  close  of  1890,  to  46,499,483  acres.    If  these 

pointmentSjpromotionSydiscipline,  and  duties,  in-  lands  are  placed  at  the  lowest  estimate,  $2  an 

eluding  hours  and  extent  of  service  and  absence,  acre,  they  represent  a  sum  amounting  to  $93.- 

salaries,  and  superannuation  of  members  of  the  998,866 ;    if   valued  at  the    present  valuation 

service.    The  investigation  will  cover  all  the  de-  placed  on  their  unsold  lands  by  the  Canadian 

rartments,  as  well  as  the  staff  of  the  Senate  and  Pacific  Railway  Company,  based  on  an  average 

House  of  Commons.     The  commissioners  are  of  the  sales  of  1889  and  1890,  $3.57  an  acre,  they 

^Ten  power    to  summon  witnesses.    The  par-  would  represent  a  sum  of  $166,002,965.  In  1890, 

liamentary  session  closed  on  the  30th  of  Septem-  the  paid-up  capital  that  had  been  invested  in 

ber,  and  was  the  longest  on  the  records  of  the  railways  amounted  to  $786,447,812.  The  progress 

Dominion.  of    Canadian  railroad    construction  is   briefly 

Nayigatlon. — In  the  registered  tonnage  of  shown  by  the  following  figures :  1840,  16  miles 

its  mercantile  marine  the  Dominion,  taken  sep-  in  operation  ;  1850, 71 ;  1860, 2,087 ;  1870, 2,497 ; 

anitely,  still  retains  its  position  as  the  third  1880,  6,891 ;  1890, 13,256;  and  in  1891,  14,820. 

country  in  the  world.    It  is  surpassed  in  this  re-  Crops.— In  anticipation  of  the  completion  of 

?l>ect  only  by  the  United  Kingdom  and  the  Ger^  the  statistical  returns  relative  to  the  agricult- 

man  Empire,  Norway  coming  next  as  owner  of  ural  harvest  of  1891,  it  can  only  be  said  that, 

shipping.  taking  the  Dominion  throughout,  the  product 

Fisheries. — The  value  of  the  product  of  the  for  that  year  was  considerably  in  excess  of  that 

fisheries  of  Canada,  by  provinces,  for  the  year  of  every  preceding  year. 


E 

EARTH,  AREA  AND  POPULATION  OF  of  China  was  estimated  at  405,000,000.    Later 

THE.    In  1866  Dr.  Ernst  Behm  estimated  the  investigations  showed  that  this  was  an  excessive 

population  of  the  earth  at  1,350,000,000.    This  estimate,  and  when  the  seventh  issue  appeared  it 

calculation  was  revised  from  time  to  time  in  ac-  was  reduced  to  350,000,000.    The  difference  was 

cordance  with  newer  statistics  and  estimates  of  partly  offset  by  higher  estimates  of  the  popula- 


Geography  at  G5ttingen, 
published  a  critical  analysis  and  compilation  of  of  statistics  of  the  area  and  population  of  the 
ihe  available  statistics  of  the  area  and  popula-  earth  in  the  "  Bulletin  "  of  the  International 
tion  of  all  countries  and  continents  as  a  supple-  Statistical  Institute.  He  made  the  total  popula- 
ment  to  "Petermann's  Mitteilungen,"  of  which  tion  1,483,000,000.  In  1891  the  geographical  es- 
Dr,  Behm  was  editor.  New  issues  of  their  "Be-  tablishment  of  Justus  Perthes  issued  an  eighth 
vOlkenmg  der  Erde,"  in  which  all  the  figures  edition  of  the  "  BevOlkerung  der  Erde,"  Prof, 
were  brought  down  to  date,  were  published  at  Wagner,  who  has  worked  up  the  figures  for  Eu- 
intenrals  of  about  two  years,  till  1882.  Dr.  Behm  rope  and  Asia,  having  found  a  coadhitor  in  Dr. 
(ii(»d  while  the  eighth  issue  was  in  preparation,  A.  Supan,  the  present  editor  of  "  Petermann's 
and  it  was  not  completed,  because  Prof.  Wagner  Mitteilungen,"  who  looked  after  the  sections 
was  not  able  to  do  the  work  alone.  In  the  sixth  dealing  with  Africa,  America,  Australia,  Ocean- 
issue  (Gotha,  1880)  the  estimate  of  the  worid's  ica,  and  the  polar  regions.  In  regard  to  coun- 
population  was  1,456,000,000.    The  population  tries  that  have  no  censuses,  such  as  Turkey  in 


262  EARTH,  AREA  AND  POPULATION  OF  THE. 

Earope  and  Asia  and  most  of  the  countries  of  and  censuses  for  026,000,000  out  of  the  total  of 

Asia  and  Africa,  Dr.  Supan  has  instituted  special  1,401,000,000,  or  44  per  cent  of  the  estimated 

investi^tions.     The  varying  estimates  of  the  population  of  the  world.    Since  then  exact  enu- 

population  of  China  and  of  the  less  known  parts  merations  have  been  substituted  for  ▼ague  esti- 

of  Africa,  which  are  little  better  than  guesses,  mates  in  regard  to  09,000,000,  making  836,000,- 

are  the  chief  cause  of  the  divergence  between  the  000  out  of  1,480,000,000,  or  between  66  and  57 

computations  of  the  world's  population  made  by  per  cent  of  the  population  of  the  earth,  that 

different  authorities.    The  vagxieness  of  the  data  can  be  calculated  bv  means  of  precise  data, 

relating  to  those  and  other  regions  makes  it  im-  although  thb  includes  the  103,000,000  of  the 

possible  to  determine  the  total  for  the  whole  Russian  Empire,  where  a  general  census  in  the 

world  within  50,000,000  or  possiblv  100,000,000.  modem  sense  has  only  been  taken  in  one  or  two 

Levasseur,  who  in  1886  reckoned  the  earth's  in-  provinces. 

habitants  at  3,000,000  more  than  Wagner  and  The  area  assigned  to  continents  by  varioas 
Supan  in  1891,  took  higher  estimates  both  for  geographers  differs  not  only  on  account  of  differ- 
Ghma  and  for  Africa.  Mr.Ravenstein,inhi8es8ay  ences  in  the  measurements,  but  becauae  authors 
on  "  Lands  of  the  Globe  still  available  for  Euro-  differ  with  regard  to  boundaries.  Dr.  Wagner, 
pean  Settlement,*'  printed  a  short  time  before  in  giving  the  area  of  Europe,  excludes  the  Ca- 
Wagner  and  Supan  published  their  results,  ac-  naries,  Madeira,  the  Azores,  and  the  Marmora 
cepted  a  lower  estimate  of  the  pooulation  of  Islands,  as  well  as  the  polar  and  Atlantic  islands 
Africa  than  theirs  by  30,000,000,  ana  made  the  and  Iceland ;  that  given  for  Asia  is  witiiout  the 
world's  population  12,000,000  less  than  their  Arctic  islands,  and  that  of  Africa  does  not  in- 
total  Tne  apparent  growth  of  the  world's  pop-  elude  Mada^eascar  and  other  islands,  but  in  the 
ulation  between  1866,  when  Dr.  Behm  made  his  area  given  &r  Australia  is  counted  that  of  Ta&- 
first  computation,  and  1880,  when  the  sixth  edi-  mania.  The  area  assigned  to  America  does  not 
tion  of  the  *' BevOlkerung  der  Erde"  was  issued,  include  the  polar  regions.  The  area  of  Europe 
w&s  106,000,000.  This  was  due  rather  to  more  as  given  by  Dr.  Warner  varies  only  a  few  hun- 
accurate  information,  which  led  the  editor  to  dred  square  miles,  within  the  same  limits,  from 
take  higher  estimates  of  the  population  of  many  the  results  reached  by  Strelbitskv,  who  has  spent 
countries.  Two  years  later,  while  thev  reduced  years  in  measurements  and  calculations.  The 
the  estimate  for  China  by  55,000,000,  tney  added  area  of  Europe  in  the  narrowest  natural  limits, 
83,000,000  to  the  figures  for  the  rest  of  the  •  making  the  eastern  boundary  follow  the  crest 
world.  Deducting  the  excess  credited  to  China  of  the  Urals,  the  Manytch  river,  and  the  north - 
in  1880,  the  population  of  the  earth,  according  ern  slope  of  the  Caucasus,  would  be  8,570,030 
to  the  tables  of  Behm  and  Wagner,  was  1,401,-  square  miles.  Drawing  the  line  along  the  Ural 
000,000  in  that  year.  In  1891  the  estimate  of  crest,  the  Ural  river,  and  the  crest  of  the  Cau- 
350,000,000  for  China  proper  is  retained,  though  casus,  the  area  is  3,790,604  square  miles.  This 
that  of  Sir  Richard  Temple  is  about  68,000,000  is  the  boundary  accepted  by  Strelbitsky,  who 
less.  The  estimate  for  the  continent  of  Africa  includes,  moreover,  Iceland  and  Nova  Zero- 
has  been  reduced  by  38,000,000,  and  15,000,000  bla,  making  the  total  3,866,605  square  miles, 
have  been  deducted  from  the  total  for  Asia.  New  calculations  for  the  area  of  Asia  have  been 
Deductions  have  been  made  also  from  the  former  niade  for  Wagner  and  Supan's  work  by  B.  Trog- 
estimates  for  Arabia  and  some  other  regions,  nitz,  who  makes  it  167,570  square  miles  less  than 
On  the  other  hand,  explorations  have  afforded  the  previously  accepted  estimate.  The  results  of 
data  for  estimating  the  population  of  countries  Wagner  and  Supan's  calculations  of  the  area 
that  were  left  out  in  former  calculations,  or  for  and  population  of  the  grand  divisions  of  the 
increasing  the  former  estimates,  and  natural  earth  s  surface  are  as  follow : 
growth  has  made  the  fibres  higher  in  countries 


that  have  precise  statistics.    The  apparent  in-  grand  divisions. 

crease  since  1B80;  taking  the  subsequently  cor 


rected  figures  for  China,  has  been  79,000,000.     Kwpe 


The  estimate  for  1891  is  56,000,000  higher  than  AiHa .... 
the  one  arrived  at  in  1882.    There  are  still  re-  America!'.!!'.'.! 
gions  of  wide  extent  which  Wagner  and  Supan  A'^*^'?'*?i*i " 
leave  out  of  their  calculations,  because  they  have  pSS^JSiJcS 
no  data  for  an  approximate  estimate  of  the  pop- 
ulation.    Such  are  the  Niger  Protectorate  of         Total 

Great  Britain  and  the  British  East  Africa  Com- 


Bqvut  mO«. 


8,768,860 
17,680,686 
11,S7T,864 
14,801,408 

i,991.442 
788,180 

1,780,810 


62,821.6S4 


Piofmlatloa. 


867.879.000 

886i964,000 

168,968,000 

121,718,000 

8.280.000 

7,420,000 

80,400 


1,479,729,400 


?any's  sphere.    Houtum-Schindler*s  estimate  of        According  to  these  estimates,  tJie  density  of 

,653,000  for  Persia,  which  was  accepted  by  Wag-  population,  ranring  from  16  to  the  square  mile 

ner  in  1882  and  is  still  retained,  is  more  than  a  m  Norway  and  Finland  up  to  865  in  Holland, 

million  less  than  competent   authorities   have  480  in  England,  and  580  in  Belgium,  averages 

more  recently  credited  that  country  with  now  94  to  the  square  mile  for  the  whole  of  Europe, 

having.    Corea  is  credited  with  10,500,000  by  In  Asia  the  mean  density  is  47  to  the  square 

Wagner  and  Supan,  who  have  reduced  the  pop-  mile,  in  Africa  it  is  14,  in  the  two  Americas, 

ulation  of  Arabia  to  8,472.000,  less  than  a  third  not  including  the  almost  uninhabited  Arctic 

of  Rashid  Bey*s  estimate  of  10,725,000  made  in  regions,  there  is  an  average  of  8  persons  to 

1875.   Africa  was  believed  a  few  years  ago  to  have  each    square    mile,    and   the   islands   of    both 

at  least  220,000,000  inhabitants.    This  estimate  oceans  have  an  average  of  10,  while  the  isl- 

has  been  reduced  by  Supan  to  164,000,000,  and  and  continent  of  Australia   averages  scarcely 

Ravenstein  cuts  it  down  to  184,000,000.    In  1880  more  than  1  inhabitant  to  everv  souare  mile  of 

there  were  data  based  on  actual  enumerations  surface. 


EAST  AFRICA.  263 

EAST  AFRICA.  Some  of  the  enthusiagts  the  Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  and  therefore  was  in- 
who  conceived  the  idea  of  founding  a  German  eluded  in  his  cession  to  them.  On  Julj  1, 1890, 
colonial  empire  that  would  afford  a  marlcet  for  a  more  complete  treaty  was  made  between  Great 
German  manufactures  and  divert  emigration  Britain  and  Germany  for  the  settlement  of  all 
from  the  United  States  schemed  to  bring  under  territorial  questions  in  Africa.  Germany  obtained 
German  dominion  the  respon  of  the  great  lakes  from  the  Sultan  of  S^nzibar  the  absolute  cession 
in  East  Africa,  where  uiere  are  healthful  and  of  the  coast  within  the  limits  of  the  German 
productive  countries  suitable  for  European  col-  sphere  in  return  for  a  payment  of  4,000,000 
onization,  and  where  a  flourishing  commerce  marks.  Germany  agreed  to  {>ay  the  further  sum 
already  existed.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzibar  exer-  of  6,000,000  marks  for  the  indemnification  of 
cised  sovereignty  alonff  the  coast,  where  all  the  private  sufferers  from  bombardment  and  other 
harbors  were  held  by  nim,  and  his  officers  col-  operations  in  suppressing  the  insurrection  in 
lected  duties  on  all  goods  passing  through.  In  German  East  Africa,  mostly  Indian  subjects  of 
tlie  interior  he  had  anned  forces  at  certain  posts  Great  Britain.  England  renounced  claims  ad- 
OQ  the  trade  routes  and  furnished  escorts  to  car-  vanced  to  the  shores  of  Tanganyika  and  the 
avans.  In  1885  the  German  East  Africa  Com-  country  between  that  lake  and  the  Victoria 
pany  obtained  an  iniperial  charter  after  having,  Nyanza,  and  recognized  the  German  sphere  as 
through  Dr.  Peters,  Count  Pfeii,  and  other  em  is-  extending  to  the  bounds  of  the  Congo  Free  State, 
saries,  made  treaties  of  protection  with  native  and  allowed  the  line  of  demarkation  to  be  drawn 
chiefs  ruling  over  countries  between  the  coast  from  the  Umba  or  Tana  river  northwestward, 
and  the  lakes.  North  of  the  lakes  the  Germans  with  a  deflection  to  include  the  whole  of  Mount 
hoped  to  acquire  the  Equatorial  Province,  which  Kilimandjaro  in  the  German  sphere,  till  it 
Emin  Pasha  continued  to  administer  after  it  was  strikes  Victoria  Nyanza  in  latitude  V  south, 
abandoned  by  E^ypt.  The  company  founded  sev-  West  of  the  lake  it  follows  the  first  parallel 
end  stations,  and  began  planting  and  trading  in  till  it  comes  to  Mpororo,  where  an  indentation 
the  coast  region.  The  ^tio^i-protection  formerly  is  made  to  include  Mount  Mfumbiro  in  the 
exercised  by  Great  Britain  over  the  Sultan  of  Zan-  British  sphere.  By  this  arrangement  Germany 
zibar  having  been  relinquished,  a  lease  was  exe-  gave  up  her  pretensions  to  Uganda  and  to 
cuted  in  April,  1888,  by  which  the  Sultan  ceded  Emin's  province,  and  agreed  further  to  hand 
to  the  German  company  for  fiftv  years  the  cus-  over  Vitu  to  the  British  company,  to  renounce 
toms  and  administration  of  the  narbors  and  the  all  claims  to  the  port  of  Lamu  and  the  islands 
strip  of  coast  over  which  he  exercised  sovereignty  of  Manda  and  Patta,  and  to  acknowledge  an 
as  far  north  as  Wanga,  thus  giving  the  Germans  English  protectorate  over  the  dominions  of  the 
control  of  all  the  caravan  routes.  The  English  Sultan  of  Zanzibar,  now  reduced  to  the  islands 
were  chiefly  anxious  at  that  time  to  induce  the  of  Zanzibar  and  Pemba.  When  this  protectorate 
Germans  to  g^ive  up  the  territorial  rights  they  was  declared  the  northern  ports  of  Kismayu, 
had  acquired  in  Zufuland  and  restrict  their  ex-  Brava,  Merka,  Magadosho,  Warsheik.  and  Maroti 
pansion  on  the  west  coast,  where  established  Brit^  were  transferred  to  Italy,  which  declared  a  pro- 
ish  commercial  interests  were  threatened.  Sub-  tectorate  over  the  sultanate  of  Obbia  in  Febru- 
sequently  the  British  Government  determined  to  ary,  1880,  over  the  Somali  coast  northward  as 
acquire  a  foothold  on  the  east  coast,  in  order  to  far  as  8**  8'  of  north  latitude  in  the  April 
establish  a  presumptive  claim  to  the  region  of  following,  and  in  November  over  the  Benadir 
the  npper  Nile  and  compete  for  the  possession  of  coast  from  Obbia  southward  to  the  limit  of  the 
the  lake  region.  In  1886  the  German  and  British  British  East  Africa  Company's  territory  at  the 
f^)vemment«  came  to  an  agreement,  delimitinp^  river  Jub.  In  1891  England  recognized  the 
their  spheres  of  influence.  The  Sultan  of  Zanzi-  part  of  Somaliland  as  lying  within  the  Italian 
bar  was  recoeniz^  as  the  sovereign  of  a  strip  of  sphere  of  interest.  A  full  cession  of  its  part  of 
coast  10  mi^  in  width,  extending  from  Cape  tne  Zanzibar  coast  and  of  the  leased  islands  was 
Delgado,  the  northern  limit  of  the  Portuguese  obtained  from  the  Sultan  of  S^nzibar  by  the  Im- 
possessions  in  the  south,  to  Kipini,  on  the  Ozi  perial  British  East  Africa  Company, 
river  in  the  north,  and  north  of  Kipini,  of  the  British  East  Africa.— The  territory  of  the 
points  where  he  had  garrisons,  viz.,  Liamu,  Kis-  British  East  Africa  Company  is  conterminous 
mayn,  Brava,  Merka,  Magadosho,  and  Warsheik.  with  German  East  Africa  in  the  south,  following 
The  German  sphere  of  influence  embraced  the  the  line  that  runs  northwestward  from  the 
interior  from  the  river  Rovuma  in  the  south  to  mouth  of  the  Umba  to  the  shore  of  Lake  Vic- 
the  Umba  in  the  north,  and  the  English  sphere  toria,  and,  crossing  the  lake,  extends  westward  to 
took  in  the  whole  country  north  of  the  Umba  the  border  of  the  Congo  State,  which  forms  the 
except  the  strip  belonging  to  Zanzibar.  A  Brit-  western  boundary.  The  boundarv  between  the 
ish  East  Africa  Company,  established  by  Sir  British  and  Italian  spheres  of  influence  follows 
William  Mackinnon,  obtained,  on  Sept.  8, 1888,  the  left  bank  of  the  Jub  river  in  a'northwesterly 
a  royal  charter  granting  the  privilege  of  admin-  direction  up  to  8"*  of  north  latitude,  and  thence 
istering  and  exploiting  the  British  sphere.  The  extends  westward  along  the  borders  of  Galla- 
British  company  acquired  from  the  Sultan  of  land  and  Abvssinia  to  the  western  watershed  of 
Zanzibar  the  cession  for  flfty  years  of  the  coast  the  Nile.  Thus,  the  region  of  the  White  and 
and  harbors  and  the  right  to  collect  customs  Blue  Nile,  including  the  Equatorial  Province  and 
from  the  Umba  to  Kipini.  In  1889  the  Sultan  parts  of  Kordofan  and  Darfur,  which  are  still 
ceded  also  his  ports  north  of  Kipini  and  the  nominally  subject  to  Egypt,  is  claimed  and  con- 
islands  of  Lamu,  Manda,  and  Patta.  The  sul-  ceded  by  Uermanv  to  lie  within  the  British  sphere, 
tanate  of  Vitu  was  claimed  by  Grermany  by  vir-  which  embraces  further  a  great  part  of  Somali- 
tue  of  a  protectorate  accepted  by  its  sultan,  land,  Usogo,  Uganda,  Unyoro,  Gambara^ra, 
while  the  English  asserted  that  it  was  subject  to  Toro,  Ankori,  Mpororo,  a  part  of  Ruanda,  Smgo, 


^ 


264  EAST  AFRICA. 

Buera,  and  Koki.    The  total  area  is  estimated  Pemba  40,000.    The  city  has  been  the  center  of 

to  be  more  than  1,000,000  square  miles.  the  export  and  import  trade  of  East  Afhca,  but 

The  Imperial  British  East  Africa  Company,  now  divides  the  business  with  the  ports  on  the 

which  is  empowered  to  govern  and  exploit  these  German  coast.    The  exports  were  formerly  $4,- 

countries  after  the  fashion  of  the  old  East  India  000,000  a  year  and  the  imports  from  $5,000,000 

Company,  has  a  capital  of  £2,000,000,  of  which  to  $6,000,000.     Cloves   are  cultivated  on  the 

£1,000,000  was  subscribed  hj  the  public.    Sir  islands.    The  present  Sultan  or  Seyyid,  AH  bin 

William  Mackinnon  is  its  president.    The  oper-  Said  bin  Sultan,  bom  in  1855,  a  brother  of  the 

ations  of  the  company  were  confined  at  first  to  late  Seyyid  Khalife  and  his  predecessor  Burg- 

the  coast  region.    The  harbor  at  Mombasa  was  hash,  came  to  the  throne  in  February,  1890. 

improved  and  the  town  largely  rebuilt  in  the  The  sultans  while  they  were  independent  ruled 

modem    style.      The   customs  duties  in  1888  as    absolute    monarchs.     In  September,   1891, 

were  $36,000,  and  in  1889  $56,000.     In  1890  Gerald  Portal,  the  English  resident,  induced  the 

the  collections  in  the  southern  ports  alone,  ex-  Sultan  to  reorganize  the  system  of  government, 

elusive  of  those  ceded  to  Italy,  were  expected  to  accepting  a  fixed  sum  as  a  civil  fist  and  ap- 

amount  to  $96,000^    The  trade  is  mainlv  in  the  pointing  ministers  who  should  act  on  the  advice 

hands  of  Banyan  merchants  from  British  India,  of  the  British  consul-general,  without  whose 

many  of  whom  have  migrated  from  the  German  consent  no  item  in  the  oudget  can  be  altered, 

to  the  English  part  of  the  coast    The  imports  The  Sultan*s  army  and  police  were  placed  under 

are  cotton  gooas,  iron  and  copper  wire,  and  the  command  of  Englian  officers  and  the  harbor 

beads.     The  chief  exports  are   cloves^    ivory,  and  the  light-houses  were  handed  over  to  the 

sesame,  gum  arable,  copra,  orchilla  weed,  coir,  administration  of  Englishmen, 
and  hides.    The  company  has  a  body  of  800        Uganda.— The  most  powerful  of  the  native 

Soudanese  soldiers,  many  of  whom  served  with  states  in  East  Africa  is  Uganda  or  Buganda,  oc> 

Emin  Pasha  in  the  Equatorial  Province,  and  cupying  the  northern  shore  of  Victoria  Kyanza> 

200  Sikhs  from  India,  m  addition  to  a  large  The  area  of  the  kingdom  proper  is  20,000  square 

force  of  native  levies,  all  trained  and  commanded  miles.    Beyond  the  Somerset  Nile  are  Usoga  and 

by  Endish  officers.    A  railroad  from  Mombasa  other  vassal  states,  and  others  west  of  the  Ny- 

to  LaEe  Victoria  Nyanza,  a  distance  of   450  anza  swell  the  area  to  more  than  70,000  square 

miles,    has   been    surveyed   and   construction  miles.    The  ruling  class  are  the  Wahuma,  a  con 

begun,  and  along  the  route  a  line  of  forts  is  quering  tribe  of  Galla  origin.    The  mass  of  the 

being  built.    Gen.  Sir  Francis  de  Winton,  the  population,  estimated  at  from  8.000,000  to  5,000,- 

chief  administrator,  has  his  seat  of  govemment  000,  are  of  the  negroid  stock  of  Central  Africa, 

at  Mombasa.    A  permanent  post  has  been  estab-  speaking  a  language  of  the  Bantu  class.     The 

lished  at    Machakos,   situated  on  a  healthful  countr^r  has  been  the  scene  of  fierce  wars  origi- 

platoau,  250  miles  from  the  coast,  and  another  nating  in  the  rival  teachings  of  Mohammedanism 

at  Mengo,  the  capital  of  Uganda.  and  Christianity,  and  latterly  the  competition 

Panltiye  Expedition  to  Yitn. — In  Septem-  between  French  Catholic  and  British  Protestant 

ber,  1890,  after  tne  transfer  of  Vitu  to  England,  missionaries  has  led  to  civil  war.    Having  a  de- 

the  natives  rose  against  the  Europeans  and  mas-  veloped  agricultural  and  pastoral  industry  and 

sacred  nine  Germans     Sir  E.  R.  Fremantle,  the  communications    with    the    Congo  valley,  the 

British  naval  commander  at  Zanzibar,  conducted  Tanganyika  region,  the  Nile  countries,  and  the 

an  expedition  to  punish  the  Sultan  and  people  Zanzibar  coast,  Uganda  has  always  been  a  cen- 

of  Vitu  for  these  murders.    A  force  of  sailors  tral  distributing  point  for  the  slave  and  ivory 

and  marines  was  landed  at  Kipini.    After  sev-  trade.     Mtesa,  a  subtle  and  strong  ruler,  wel- 

eral  skirmishes  the  main  body  of  the  Sultan's  comed  missionaries,  and  at  one  time  nominally 

forces  was  routed  on  Oct.  28.    The  blue-lackets  embraced  Christianity,  and  at  another  Moham 

entered  the  deserted  town  and  destroyed  every  medanism.    Propagandists  of  both  creeds  were 

building  with  fire  or  dynamite.     The  Sultan,  encouraged,  and  Protestant  missionaries  were 

Fumo  Bakari.  who  was  res{X)nsible  for  some  of  invited  to  enter  the  field  in  competition  with  the 

the  murders,  was  deposed,  and  Fumo  Omaree  French  priests.  Thus  enlightenment  and  civiliza- 

was  declared  Sultan  m  his  stead.     G.  S.  Mac-  tion  displaced  heathen  savagery,  and  at  the  same 

kenzie,  director  of  the  British  East  Africa  Com-  time  religious  animosities  were  awakened  be- 

pany  and  Consul  Berkeley  proceeded  to  Gk)ngani,  tween  different  schools  of  young  reformers.     He 

m  the  center  of  Vitu,  whither  the  inhabitants  of  died  in  1884,  and  his  son  and  successor,  Mwanga, 

the  city  had  fled,  and  there  concluded  a  treaty  likewise  had  both  Christian  and  Mohammedan 

with  the  chiefs  and  notables,  who  handed  over  advisers,  but  reverted  to  paganism  and  older 

the  administration  to  the  company's  officials  and  methods  of  rule  and  planned  to  get  rid  of  both 

agreed  to  the  abolition  of  slavery,  masters  em-  classes  of  reformers.    The  consequence  was  that 

ploying  slave  labor  in  cultivating  plantations  they  united  and  deposed  him,  placing  his  elder 

oeing  allowed  five  years  of  grace,  at  the  end  of  brother,  Kiwewa,  on  the  throne.    He  was  inclined 

which,  on  May  24. 1891,  all  slaves  shall  be  eman-  to  Christianity  and  progress  until  the  Germans 

cipated.  occupied  the  east  coast,  when  the  King  fell 

Zanzibar. — The  sultanate  of  Zanzibar,  com-  under  the  influence  of  the  Arabs  and  Swaheli. 
prising  the  island  of  Zanzibar,  having  an  area  He  placed  Christians  of  both  creeds  and  Moham- 
of  625  square  miles,  and  that  of  Pemba,  360  medans  in  the  chief  offices  and  in  command  of  the 
square  miles,  was  proclaimed  a  British  protec-  troops,  but  when  the  Arabs  convinced  the  King 
torate  in  accordance  with  the  Anglo  -  German  and  the  people  that  the  presence  of  white  mis- 
treaty  signed  at  Berlin,  July  1, 1890.  The  popu-  sionaries,  more  of  whom  were  on  the  way,  would 
lation  of  the  city  of  Zanzibar  is  about  100,000,  lead  to  the  subjugation  of  the  country  by  the 
that  of  the  rest  of  the  island  25,000,  and  of  Germans  and  English  and  the  suppression  of 


EAST  AFRICA.  '  265 

sl&Teiy,  he  consented  to  the  expulsion  of  all  the  proceed   to   Uganda.    He    had    ascended    the 
Protestant  and  Catholic  missionaries  in  October,  Sabaki  river,  which  he  recommends  as  the  route 
18^    The  Christians  fled  to  the  country  of  the  for  the  proposed  railroad,  and  was  engaged  in 
Wasongora  and  to  the  islands  of  the  lake.    The  building  a  station  when  the  order  came.    With 
heathen   vassals  of  Ueanda  with  whom  they  his  force  of  300  Soudanese  and  Zanzibaris  he 
allied  themselves  had  all  the  boats,  and  Mwanga  marched   northward,   entered    Usogo    through 
turned  to  the  missionaries  and  offered  to  em-  Kavirondo,  and  on  Deo.  18,  six  weeks  after  he 
brace  Christianity  if  they  would  form  an  array  set  out  from  Kikuyu,  he  was  on  the  Nile,  which 
of  their  followers  to  restore  him  to  the  throne,  forms  the  boundary  between  Usogo  and  Uganda. 
While  the  Protestant  missionaries  advised  him  and  five  davs  later  in  Mengo.    Seizing  a  position 
to  apply  to  the  British  East  Africa  Company,  on  a  hill,  ne  demanded  tnat  the  King  should  ' 
manv  of  their  native  adherents  joine  i  those  of  sign  a  treaty.     The  Protestant    natives  were 
the  trench  priests  and,  aided  by  the  Eneflish-  scarcely  less  hostile  to  the  English  than  the 
man  Stokes,  who  had  been  a  missionary,  then  a  Catholics,  who  were  only  restrained  by  their 
trader,  and  has  latterly  been  in  the  service  of  bishop  from  annihilating  the  British  force.    The 
the  Germans,  the  Christians  defeated  Kiwewa's  King  was  too  politic  and  timorous  to  consent  to 
army  and  re-established  the  exiled  Mwanga  in  an  attack,  ana  on  Dec^  26  he  gave  way  to  Lu- 
power  in  the  summer  of  1889.    Not  long  after^  gard's  threats  and  signed  a  treaty  for  two  years, 
ward  Dr.  Peters  arrived,  and  Mwanga,  who  had  He  had  sent  envoys  to  the  coast  to  inquire  into 
applied  in  vain  to  Mr.  Jackson,  the  representative  the  political  situation,  and  after  signing  he  said 
of  the  British  East  Africa  Company  for  aid  in  that  if  the  Germans  had  not  abandoned  Uganda 
his  difficulties,  made  overtures  for  placing  the  to  the  English  he  would  revoke  the  treaty  and 
kingdom  under  the  protectorate  of  German  v.  accept  their  protectorate.     In  February,  Capt. 
He  was  convinced  that  it  must  fall  eventually  W.  U.  Williams  arrived  with  a  body  of  troops  to 
under  the  dominion  of  the  Europeans,  who  had  re-enforce  Capt.  Lugard,  who  had  built  a  strong 
established  their  power  in  the  coast  region,  and  fort  at  Mengo.     The  Protestants  suffered  in 
thought  that  he  could  choose  among  the  Euro-  consequence  of  the  presence  of  the  British.  They 
pean  rulers  the  suzerain  that  would  offer  him  the  were  plundered  and  murdered  by  the  King  s 
most  advantages.    For  an  English  protectorate  party,  Capt.  Lugard  not  daring  to  interfere  till 
he  had  an  aversion,  and  when  nothing  came  of  Capt.  Williams  arrived,  when  he  demanded  that 
his  first  proposals  to  Germany  he  turned  to  the  the  King  should  see  that  they  had  justice.    The 
Catholic  priests  and  offered  to  give  his  alles^ance  Catholics  and  the  heathen  united  with  the  in- 
to France,  having  first  rejected  Mr.  JacKson^s  tention  of  expelling  the  Protestant  natives  and 
offer  to  assume  for  the  British  East  Africa  Com-  attacking  the  British  fort.    To  avert  civil  war, 
pany  the  entire    government  of  the  country.  Mwanga  turned  to  Capt.  Lugard,  and  by  his  ad- 
The  company  propped  to  dispose  of  the  revenues,  vice,  supported  by  his  prestige,  the  disputes 
control  trade,  and  maintain  order,  and  to  retire  about  land  and  slaves,  which  were  at  the  bottom 
the  King  and  the  chief  dignitaries  on  pensions,  of  the  difiiculty,  were  equitably  arranged.    Lest 
After  the   Anglo-German  agreement  of  July,  the  civil  strife  should  be  rekinaled,  Capt.  Lugard 
1890,  confirmed  their  claim  to  the  country,  the  proposed  to  the  King  to  call  his  warriors  to  arms, 
British  East  Africa  Company's  officials,  although  and  with  the  aid  of  his  own  troops,  with  their 
the  countries  forming  the  Empire  of  Uganda  repeating  rifles  and  Maxim  guns,  to  give  battle 
were  the  immediate  gSal  of  their  enterprise,  con-  to  the  exiled  Mohammedans  and  Arab  slavers, 
tented  themselves  with  making  their  position  who,  having  obtained  aid  from  the  Mahdists,  and 
secure  on  the  coast,  hoping  with  the  transit  formed  an  alliance  with  the  Wanyoro  and  Ka- 
duties  to  keep  expenses  within  the  revenue  and  brega,  were  gathered  in  great  force  near  the 
distribute  some    surplus    among    shareholders  frontier,  ready  to  overwhelm  the  Christians  with 
while  building  docks,  roads,  and  a  railroad,  and  an  army  of  10,000  men.    In  October  the  King's 
extending  gradually  inland  their  political  ad-  and  Capt.  Lugard's  forces  were  reported  to  have 
ministration.    When  Emin  Pasha  advanced  in  met  the  Mohammedans  and  defeated  them  in  a 
the  direction  of  Uganda  they  feared  that  accom-  pitched  battle  in  Unyoro. 
plished  facts  might  upset  treaty  arrangements.        The  expense  of  maintaining  an  armed  force  in 
The  news  of  the  Anglo-German  treaty  assigning  Uganda  exhausted  the  capital  of  the  British 
Uganda  to  England  was  brought  by  iir.  Walker,  E^t  Africa  Company,  which    applied  to    the 
an  English  missionary,  on  Nov.  1, 1890,  and  was  English  Government  for  a  guarantee  of  interest 
confirmed  shortly  afterward  by  Erain  Pasha's  to  enable  it  to  raise  fresh  capital  for  the  con- 
note declining  to  take  possession  of  the  country  struction  of  the  railroad  from  Mombasa  to  the 
in  the  name  of  Germany.    The  King  and  his  lake.     Such    a   guarantee    would   not   merely 
ministers,  all  followers  of  the  Roman  Catholic  pledge  the  credit  of  the  Government,  but  would 
priests,  proclaimed  a  French  protectorate,  and  virtually  commit  it  to  send  British  troops  to 
were  ready  to  fall  upon  the  Protestant  party  and  protect  the  property  in  which  it  was  interested 
drive  the  British  missionaries  from  the  country,  m  case  the  East  Africa  Company  excited  the 
when  an  army  of  Mahdists,  whose  aid  the  Arab  hostility  of  the  natives.    For  this  reason  Sir 
slave-dealers    had    obtained,  appeared   on   the  William  Harcourt  declined  to  allow    to    pass 
northern  frontier  to  conquer  the  country  for  through   Parliament  without  full  discussion  a 
Mohammedanism  before  it  could  be  occupied  by  preliminary  bill  to  grant  £20,000  for  a  Govem- 
C'hristian  forces.    All  parties  united  and  drove  ment  survey  of  the  railroad  route  and  for  the  ex- 
l^k  the  invaders.    Lest  the  King*s  preference  ploration  of  the  commercial  resources  of  British 
for  Germany  should  impel  hifti  to  place  Erain  East  Africa.    Unable  to  continue  the  expensive 
Pasha  in  control  of  the  country,  the  British  East  occupation  of  Uganda,  or,  perhaps,  with  the  ob- 
Africa  Company  ordered  Capt.  F.  D.  Lugard  to  ject  of  bringing  the  pressure  of  public  opinion 


266  EAST  AFRICA* 

to  bear  on  the  opponents  of  GoYemment  as-  and  the  rest  being  disposed  of  in  garrisons, 
slstanoe,  the  companj  announced  in  the  autumn  Major  yon  Wissmann  and  Dr.  Karl  Peters  each 
that  unless  imperial  aid  was  secured,  it  would  accepted  the  office  of  commissary  for  East 
be  compelled  to  withdraw  its  forces  and  abandon  Africa,  at  the  disposal  of  the  Governor. 
Uganda.  The  company  asked  of  the  Govern-  Einin  Pasha's  Expedition. — When  Emin 
ment  a  subsidy  of  £40,000  a  year  for  the  ^riod  Pasha  reached  the  coast  of  Zjanzibar  with  Stan- 
that  was  e^cpected  to  elapse  before  the  nulroad  ley's  relief  expedition  at  the  close  of  1889  he 
could  be  built  and  a  paying  business  developed,  took  service  under  the  German  East  Africa 
Without  waiting  for  the  action  of  Parliament,  Company,  and  in  April,  1890,  departed  at  the 
the  company  proceeded  to  make  a  final  survey,  head  of  a  large  military  force  officered  by  Ger- 
obtaining  the  services  of  Capt.  Macdonald,  of  tie  man  military  officers^  with  an  abundant  supply 
Royal  fmgineers,  for  the  purpose.  The  cost  of  of  military  stores  and  trade  ^poods,  for  the  pur- 
the  railrot^  is  estimated  at  £1,800,000.  pose  of  establishing  stations  m  the  interior  and 
German  East  Africa. — The  German  sphere  reopening  the  caravan  routes  that  had  remained 
of  influence  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  closed  during  the  rebellion  of  the  coast  tribes, 
territory  of  the  British  East  Africa  Company,  Major  von  Wissmann  had  great  confidence  in 
and  on  the  west  it  is  divided  from  the  Congo  the  local  infiuence  and  knowledge  of  Charlie 
State  by  a  line  starting  in  the  north  l"*  south  of  Stokes,  an  old  resident  in  the  country,  who  was 
the  equator  near  the  head  of  Albert  Edward  married  to  the  daughter  of  a  powerful  chief,  and 
Nyanza,  and  continued  by  the  Rusisi  river  and  expected  Emin  to  work  in  conjunction  with  him 
the  whole  length  of  Lake  Tanganvika.  On  the  in  the  peaceful  extension  of  German  influence 
southwest  it  is  divided  from  the  British  protec-  and  the  development  of  trade  with  the  p^jple  in 
torate  of  Nyassaland  by  a  line  defined  in  the  the  lake  region.  When  Emin  went  on  to  Tabora 
treaty  of  1890  which  is  drawn  from  the  south  and  raised  the  German  flag,  Stokes  made  corn- 
end  of  Lake  Tanganyika  to  the  north  end  of  plaint,  and  when  the  Pasha  advanced  into 
Lake  Nyassa  in  such  a  way  as  to  leaye  the  Usonga,  took  sides  in  a  local  war  and  estab- 
Stevenson  road  on  the  Bntish  side  of  the  lishea  one  of  the  rival  chiefs  in  power,  and 
boundary,  which  is  continued  southward  through  afterward  broke  up  a  caravan  and  released  a 
about  half  the  length  of  Lake  Nyassa  till  Portu-  large  number  of  captive  slaves  belonging  to  in- 
guese  territory  is  reached,  from  which  the  G^r-  fluential  Arabs  in*  Tabora,  Stokes  wrote  to 
man  sphere  is  separated  by  the  Rovuma  river  Wissmann  that  he  was  destroying  German  in- 
flowing northeastward  into  the  Indian  Ocean  at  fluence.  Emin  went  forward  to  make  ready  a 
Cape  Delgado.  The  area  is  estimated  at  845,000  station  on  Victoria  Nyanza  for  floating  a  steam- 
square  miles,  and  the  population  at  1,760,000.  boat,  severing  communication  with  Stokes,  and 
The  value  of  the  exports  in  1889  was  2,847,000  Wissmann,  fearing  that  he  might  advance  into 
rupees.  The  export  of  ivory  was  1,197,251  ru-  Uganda  and  proclaim  a  German  protectorate 
pees ;  of  gum  copal,  864,289  rupees ;  of  sesame,  over  that  country,  not  knowing  that  a  delimita- 
250,679  rupees;  of  caoutchouc,  806,805  rupees,  tion  treaty  had  been  concluded  between  Ger- 
The  German  Government  is  represented  in  East  many  and  England,  sent  orders  for  him  to  t^ 
Africa  by  an  imperial  commissary.  The  German  turn  to  the  coast  as  soon  as  he  had  established  a 
flag  was  raised  in  the  place  of  that  of  the  Sultan  lake  station.  Major  von  Wissmann's  charges  of 
of  Zanzibar  at  Ba^moyo  and  other  points  on  the  insubordination  againt  Emin  Pasha,  which  were 
coast  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  and  notice  was  given  that  based  on  the  representations  of  Stokes,  were  not 
goods  would  be  allowed  to  be  imported  or  ex-  approved  by  Chancellor  von  Caprivi,  and  this 

gorted  only  at  the  ports  of  Tanga,  Pangani,  was  one  of  the  reasons  for  replacing  him  with  a 
aadani,Bagamoyo,Dar-es-Salaam,Kilwa,Lindi,  civil  administrator.  He  complained  that  Emin 
and  Mikindani.  A  uniform  duty  of  5  per  cent  had  far  exceeded  the  limit  flxed  for  the  cost  of 
was  placed  on  imports  from  Zanzibar.  Major  the  expedition,  but  later  enough  ivory  was  sent 
von  Wissmann,  who  organized  the  Schuiztruppe  to  the  coast  to  more  than  repay  the  expenses  up 
or  military  force  of  the  protectorate,  and  as  the  to  date.  While  Lieut.  Langheld  and  Lieut, 
first  imperial  commissary  acted  also  as  com-  Sigl,  two  of  his  military  subordinates,  were  fight- 
mander-in-chief  during  the  operations  for  the  ing  a  number  of  battles  with  the  hostile  Wan- 
suppression  of  the  Arab  revolt  in  1889-'90,  was  gonis,  a  warlike  tribe  of  Zulu  origin,  whom  they 
relieved  in  April,  1891,  and  in  his  place  was  ap-  finally  subdued  with  the  aid  of  the  Wanyam- 
pointed  as  civil  Gk>vemor,  Baron  von  Soden,  wesi,  Emin  was  engaged  in  building  a  permanent 
formerly  Governor  of  Cameroons.  The  com-  station  at  Bukoba,  on  the  west  shore  of  Lake  V*ic- 
mand  of  the  Schuiztruppe  was  given  to  Lieut,  toria,  where  he  arrived  on  Oct.  81,  1890,  having 
von  Zalewski,  who  had  authority  to  act  for  the  first  established  a  station  at  the  south  end.  At 
Governor  when  the  latter  was  absent.  Baron  Bukoba  he  obtained  a  large  grant  of  land  from 
von  Soden  expected  to  reduce  the  Schuiztruppe,  the  local  chief  with  a  view  to  establishing  there 
changed  into  an  imperial  force,  for  East  Africa  the  chief  depot  for  the  German  trade,  as  the 
was  transformed  into  a  crown  colony  under  the  climate  is  mild  and  the  place  healthful.  The 
immediate  direction  of  the  GFerman  Government,  place  to  buy  ivoiy  was  the  neighboring  kingdom 
and  to  increase  the  revenue  by  raising  import  of  Kara£:we,  which  has  always  been  the  chief 
duties  and  taxing  natives,  so  as  to  obtam  2,000,-  market  for  all  the  countries  around.  He  received 
000  marks  per  annum,  which  was  considered  suffi-  a  cordial  invitation  from  the  ruler  of  Karagwe, 
cient  to  defray  all  expenses  of  administration,  im-  and.  in  February,  1891,  went  to  plant  a  small 
prove  communications  and  open  roads,  and  pro-  station  there,  leaving  Lieut.  Langheld  with  a 
tect  missions  and  companies.  A  military  force  of  garrison  at  Bukoba.  In  Karagwe  be  founded  a 
1,000  men,  half  the  former  number,  was  con-  German  station  at  Kafuro,  where  he  left  an  offi- 
sidered  sufficient,  200  forming  a  fiying  column  cer  and  a  guard  of  soldiers.    King  Kigeri,  of 


BAST  AFRICA.  367 

Ruanda,  a  country  that  has  hitherto  been  closed  the  ivory  trade  to  Bagamoyo  and  Dar-es-Salaam 
both  to  Europeans  and  Arabs,  invited  the  Pasha  were  the  chief  care  of  the  German  officers,  who 
to  visit  him,  and  when  the  central  station  in  Kar-  made  no  attempt  to  establish  their  authority 
agwe  was  completed  he  went  thither  with  his  ex-  over  the  wild  tnbes  in  the  south  between  Lake 
pedition,  the  most  powerful  of  any  that  had  visited  Nyassa  and  the  sea.  The  people  of  Usagara  and 
this  part  of  Africa  with  the  exception  of  the'  force  the  Swaheli  half-castes  of  the  coast,  after  Bushiri 
with  which  he  and  Stanley  marched  from  Al-  was  hanged  and  Banaheri  banished,  and  their 
bert  Nyanza  to  the  coast.  It  was  the  proximity  fight  for  the  slave  trade  was  over,  returned  to 
of  Emin  Pasha  that  impelled  the  British  East  peaceful  planting  and  trading.  The  Germans 
Africa  Company  to  bankrupt  itself  to  fit  out  a  did  not  interfere  with  slavery,  but  accepted  it  as 
hurried  expedition  and  sent  Capt.  Lugard  by  a  necessary  condition  of  tropical  agriculture,  and 
forced  marches  to  Mengo  in  order  to  be  before-  employed  slaves  on  their  own  tob^co  and  cotton 
hand  in  making  a  treaty  of  protection  with  plantations.  The  English  found  themselves  com- 
Uganda.  King  Mwanga  aesired  a  German  pro-  pelled  to  do  the  same,l)ut  by  their  decree  of  future 
tectorate.  He  had  been  willing  to  treat  with  emancipation  and  their  system  of  enablinc^  slaves 
Dr.  Peters,  whose  action  was  disclaimed  by  the  to  earn  their  freedom,  they  prevented  planting 
German  Government.  When  Emin  Pasha  was  operations  on  their  coast,  except  experiments 
on  the  lake,  he  sent  envoys  to  offer  his  allegiance  instituted  by  the  company.  Tne  Arab  slave 
to  Germany.  Emin  had  then  learned  of  the  traders  of  the  coast  districts  and  of  Tabora  and 
Anglo-German  agreement,  and  he  returned  an-  other  centers  in  the  interior  could  still  carry  on 
swer  that  Ugan&  was  in  the  English  sphere,  their  business  in  secret  by  avoiding  German 
After  they  had  secured  the  treaty  with  Uganda  troops  and  the  old  trading  stations.  The  semi- 
the  English  were  still  afraid  that  Emin  Pasha  civilized  natives  of  Unyamwesi  and  Earagwe 
woald  return  to  Wadelai  and  raise  the  German  were  reconciled  to  German  sovereignty  by  Stokes 
flag  o?er  the  province  he  had  formerly  ruled  as  and  Emin.  Not  so  the  warlike  tribes  in  the 
the  Khedive's  Governor,  as  that  was  not  ex-  north,  the  Watuta  and  Wangoni,  extreme  out- 
pUeitlj  resigned  to  England.  Emin  had  a  plan  posts  of  the  Zulu  migration.  The  latter  were 
to  go  from  Ruanda  to  Lake  Tanganyika  to  pre-  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Stokes,  but  were  af  ter- 
pare  stations  for  trade  and  make  arrangements  ward  so  severely  punished  b^  Emin's  lieutenants 
for  launching  steamers.  Such  a  continuation  of  that  they  sued  foi  peace  m  February.  After 
the  expedition  would  be  dangerous,  for  the  that  there  was  nothing  to  impede  the  regular 
Arabs  were  massed  at  the  north  end  of  Tan^an-  channels  of  traffic  and  transportation  in  the 
yika,  killing  people  and  carrying  off  captives,  neighborhood  of  Lake  Victoria,  althou£^h  the 
and  they  were  prepared  to  maxe  a  desperate  small  German  forces  were  there  only  by  the  suf- 
fight  for  the  slave  trade.  He  conceived  an  am-  feranceand  support  of  the  inhabitants,  who  aided 
bilious  project,  and  to  carry  it  out  he  only  needed  them  in  putting  down  the  unrulv  tribes.  It  was 
a  few  more  rifles  and  a  supply  of  cartridges,  near  the  other  end  of  the  trace  route,  within 
This  was  to  pass  through  the  northeast  comer  striking  distance  of  the  coast,  that  a  serious  in- 
of  the  Congo  State's  territory  into  the  unclaimed  terf  erence  with  trade  continued  to  exist.  Another 
and  unexplored  regions  lying  north  of  the  fourth  Zulu  tribe,  the  Wahehe,  formerly  occupied  an  ele- 
paiallel,  which  form  the  Hinterland  of  Cam-  vated  plateau  north  of  the  Ruaha  nver,  about 
eroons,  and  make  his  way  across  the  continent  100  miles  southwest  of  Bagamayo,  and  150  miles 
to  the  German  colony  on  the  western  coast.  from  the  north  end  of  Lake  Nyassa.  They  were 
The  Zalewski  Expedition. — Trade  revived  successful  cattle  breeders  and  agriculturalists,  and 
and  caravans  began  to  come  down  to  the  coast  added  to  their  possessions  by  frequent  raids  on 
along  the  old  caravan  routes  as  soon  as  the  Arab  their  neighbors.  About  twenty  years  ago  they 
revolt  was  put  down  by  Major  von  Wissmann  in  conquered  the  great  chief  of  the  Warori,  and  ex- 
1890.  The  task  to  which  the  German  military  tended  their  dominion  over  Urori,  Ubena,  and 
forces  were  confined  was  to  guard  the  trade  Usango.  They  received  ?umgo  or  tribute  from 
rentes  from  the  attacks  of  predatory  tribes,  such  the  whole  country  between  the  Ruaha  and  the 
as  the  Massai  in  the  north  and  scattered  Zulu  Ruflii,  and  as  allies  of  Bushiri,  with  whom  their 
tribes  in  other  parts  of  the  German  sphere.  No  chief  had  sworn  blood  brotherhood,  they  con- 
attempt  was  made  to  defend  the  peaceful  tribes  tinned  to  wage  a  savage  war  against  the  Germans 
that  were  being  annihilated  by  Arab  slave  raid-  bv  plundering  the  caravans  that  passed  through 
ers,  or  to  stop  the  new  routes  that  the  slave  Ugogo,  and  robbing  villages.  The  chiefs  were 
traders  had  made,  though  whenever  a  slave  cars-  warned  by  Baron  von  BQlow,  commandant  at 
van  was  encountered  bv  a  German  detachment,  Mpwapwa,  and  made  promises  of  amendment, 
the  slaves  were  liberatea  and  the  ivory  was  con-  but  continued  their  depredations.  He  had  not 
flscated.  In  the  Kilimandjaro  region  the  two  force  enough  to  cope  with  them.  When  Baron 
companies  had  to  compete  for  the  customs,  and  von  Soden  and  Lieut,  von  Zalewski  were  settled 
the  Germans  exerted  tnemselves  to  improve  the  in  their  posts,  they  concluded  that  it  was  neces- 
roads,  prevent  Massai  depredations,  and  attract  sary  to  punish  the'  Wahehe.  An  expedition  was 
as  mucn  trade  as  possible  to  their  ports.  Major  fitted  out,  which  started  from  Mpwapwa  on  July 
von  Wissmann.  in  February,  1891,  built  a  forti-  90.  The  chiefs,  Mamkussa  and  Manamtua,  in 
fied  station  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  and  lefc  the  Rubeho  mountains,  fied  before  them,  and 
a  body  of  soldiers  there,  after  chastising  the  they  burned  the  villages  as  they  advanced. 
Great  Arusha  tribe  and  other  Massai  marauders.  Passing  through  Marore,  they  crossed  the  Ruaha 
Dr.  Peters,  who  had  re-entered  the  service  of  the  at  Masombi.  burned  about  fifty  villages  in  the 
German  East  Africa  Company,  was  active  later  thickly  peopled  plat^u  of  Mage,  and  on  Aug.  17, 
in  developing  commerce  and  improving  its  se-  when  entering  a  thick  forest  on  the  march  to 
cority  in  the  frontier  region.    The  old  routes  qf  Mdwaro,  they  were  set  upon  by  the  Wahehe, 


268  ECUADOR. 

who,  armed  only  with  spears  and  shields,  rushed  tween  Colombia  on  the  north  and  Peru  on  the 
in  before  the  advanced  guard  could  fire  twice,  routh.  A  boundary  treaty,  somewhat  reducing 
and  the  Askari  soldiers  fleil  in  confusion.  Lieut,  the  t«rritory  formerly  claimed,  has  been  signed 
von  Zalewski  and  mo^t  of  his  officers,  with  more  with  Peru  and  ratified  bv  the  Ecuadorian  Con- 
than  half  the  soldiers,  died  on  the  battle-field,  fipess,  but  a  section  of  the  Peruvian  Congress 
Lieut,  von  Tettenborn,  with  a  small  band  of  Sou-  demahded  further  concessions.  The  area  is  esti- 
danese,  took  position  on  a  treeless  hill,  where  he  mated  at  nearly  120,000  square  miles.  The 
was  joined  bv  Lieut,  von  Heydebreck,  who  first  population  is  about  1,300,000.  There  are  100.- 
made  a  stand  in  a  hut.  Thev  remained  till  the  000  whites,  800,000  of  mixed  blood,  and  an  In- 
evening  of  the  next  day,  in  oraer  to  save  any  who  dian  population  that  is  estimated  at  900,000,  but 
had  escaped  from  the  fight,  which  took  place  about  can  not  be  determined  by  a  census  because  these 
two  miles  from  there.  Including  the  wounded,  people  will  give  no  information  about  them- 
4  Europeans,  2  Arab  officers,  62  soldiers,  and  74  selves.  Quito,  the  capital,  has  60,000  inhabit- 
porters  were  brought  away,  while  10  Europeans,  ants,  and  Guayaquil,  the  chief  port,  about  45,- 
about  250  soldiers,  and  90  porters  perished.  The  000.  The  republic,  though  very  backward  in 
chief,  Kuava,  and  about  700  of  his  warriors,  who  commerce  ana  communications,  has  made  prog- 
numbered  not  fewer  than  8,000  altogether,  fell  in  ress  in  education,  especially  in  the  two  chief 
the  battle,  and  the  Wahehe,  being  without  a  cities.  In  the  schools  and  higher  institutions, 
leader,  did  not  attack  the  remnant  of  the  expe-  according  to  an  educational  census  taken  in 
dition,  but  during  the  retreat  marched  in  a  par-  1891,  there  are  1,187  teachers  and  53,000  pupils, 
allel  line,  keeping  at  a  distance.  Finance. — The  receipts  for  1889  were  officially 

The  disaster  that  overtook  the  Zalewski  column  stated  to  be  $9,81 5,549  in  the  silver  currency  of  the 

undid  the  work  of  months,  destroying  to  a  great  country,  the  silver  aucri,  or  Ecuadorian  dollar, 

extent  the  German  influence  that  had  been  ob-  being  equal  in  value  to  the  five-franc  piece, 

tained  through  Emin*s  mission  in  the  lake  region.  This  sum  .includes  $5,044,163  of   loans.    The 

and  rendering  the  caravan  trade  impossible,  un-  custom-house  receipts  are  more  than   half  of 

less  each  caravan  was  accompanied  by  a  strong  the  ordinary  revenue,  amounting  in  1889  to  $2,- 

armed  force.    Baron  von  Soden  and  the  German  473,740.    The  expenditures  balance  the  receipts 

Government  were  unwilling  for  the  present  to  in  the  budget  for  1889,  the  chief  items  being 

undertake  the  subjugation  of  the  Wahehe  and  $4,308,339  for  the  public  debt,  $2,999,436  for 

the  many  other  tribes  that  were  encouraged  to  financial  and  internal  administration,  and  $1,- 

fight  the  Germans  by  the  reverse  the  latter  had  099,261  for  war  and  marine.    The  public  debt  on 

sustained.     The  determination  of  Baron  von  Jan.  1, 1890,  amounted  to  $18,382,560,  of  which 

Soden  not  to  develop  military  activity  in  the  $5,424,398  represent  the  internal  and  $12,958,- 

lake  country  made  a  change  in  the  plans  Of  M»-  162  the  foreign  debt,  which  is  mainly  held  in 

jor  von  Wissmann,  who  was  making  arrange-  England. 

ments  to  float  a  steamer  on  Lake  Victoria.    The  The  Army  and  Nary.— Although  a  national 

steamer  had  been  bought  by  popular  subscrip-  con vention  in  1884  fixed  the  strength  of  the  stand- 

tions,  and  to  raise  money  for  transporting  it  to  ing  army  at  1,200  men,  there  were  reported  to 

the  Nyanza  a  lottery  was  proposed,  which  failed,  be  266  officers  and  2,492  soldiers  in  active  serv- 

however,  to  obtain  the  sanction  of  the  Prussian  ice  in  1890.    The  naval  force  of  the  republic 

legislature,  although  the  Kin^  was  in  favor  of  consists  of  a  small  cruiser,  a  gunboat,  and  a 

the  plan.    After  the  Zalewski  disaster,  Wissmann  transport,  with  an  armament  of  6  guns  in  all. 

proposed  to  recruit  several  hundred  Soudanese  Commeree    and    Commnnications. — The 

and  Zulu  soldiers  to  enable  him  to  carry  out  his  value  of  the  imports  in  1889  was  $9,681,456  and 

intended  operations  on  the  lake.    When  the  co-  that  of  the  exports  $7,910,210.    The  chief  ex- 

lonial  authorities  declined  to  incur  the  risk  and  ports  were  cacao,  of  the  value  of  $5,^1,000: 

expense,  which   the  votes  obtained  from   the  vegetable  ivory,  $530,000;  coffee,  $511,000;  In- 

Reichstag  in  the  late  session  would  not  cover,  dia-rubber,  $262,000:  hides,  $171,000;  tobacco. 

Major  von  Wissmann  asked  leave  to  retire  from  $100,000.    The  figures  given  above  do  not  in- 

the  colonial  service.  elude  the  export  of  precious  metals,  amounting 

EGUADOB,  a  republic   in  South  America,  in  1889  to  $810,000.    The  export  of  Peruvian 

The  executive  power  is  exercised  by  a  President,  bark,  which  amounted  to  over  $500,000  in  1882, 

elected  for  four  years  by  900  electors  chosen  by  the  declined  to  $40,000  in  1889.    The  chief  imports 

people.    The  Congress  consists  of  a  Senate,  in  are  dry  goods,  clothing,  hardware,  drugs,  and 

which  each  of  the  16  provinces  is  represented  by  wine.    In  1889  the  number  of  vessels  entered 

2  members,  and  a  House  of  Representatives,  the  was  669,  of  883,346  tons.    The  only  means  of 

members  of  which  are  elected  by  the  general  internal  land  communication,  except  a  railroad 

vote  of  all  Roman  Catholic  citizens  of  full  age  57  miles  in  length  and  an  unfinisned  highway 

who  can  read  and  write,  in  the  proportion  of  1  between  Guayaquil  and  the  capital,  are  bridle 

to  every  80,000  inhabitants.    The  term  in  the  paths  for  pack  animals,  which  are  impassable 

Senate  is  four  years,  and  in  the  lower  house  two  during  the  rainy  season,  which  lasts  7  months, 

years.    Gen.  Antonio  Flores  was  elected  Presi-  At  that  time  of  the  year  the  rivers  Guale,  Danle, 

dent  on  June  30, 1888,    The  President  may  sum-  and  Vinces,  which  traverse  the  low-lying  agri- 

raon  an  extraordinary  Congress  in  certain  con-  cultural  lands  west  of  the  Cordillera,  are  navigable 

tingencies,  but  has  no  power  to  dissolve  or  pro-  for  river  steamers,  of  which  there  are  about  a 

rogue  the  House  of  Representatives.    A  bill  to  dozen  of  American  construction.    The  capitals 

which  he  has  refused  assent  can  be  passed  over  of  all  the  provinces  are  connected  bv  abont  1.000 

his  veto  by  a  simple  majority  vote.  miles  of  telegraphs.    In  an  extraordinary  session 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Ecuador  called  in  1890  tne  Ecuadorian  Congress  granted 

is  in  doubt  because  of  boundary  disputes  be-  a  concession  for  a  railroad,  in  length  about  150 


EGYPT,  269 

miles,  from  Guayaquil  to  Riobamba,  including  ing  the  rank  of  Sirdar,  has  charge  of  the  mili- 

the  section  already  built  to  Chimbo,  7  per  cent,  tary  organization. 

interest  on  $10,000,000  capital  being  guaranteed  Area  and  Popnlatlon. — Egypt  proper,  to 
for  thirty-three  years  by  the  Government,  which  which  the  authority  of  the  Khedive  is  limited 
will  become  absolute  owner  of  the  property  at  the  since  the  evacuation  of  the  Soudan  at  the  de- 
end  of  fifty  years.  The  line  traverses  the  three  mand  of  the  British  Government  in  1884,  ez- 
ranges  of  the  Andes  before  reaching  Riobamba,  tends  to  the  second  cataract  of  the  Nile  at  Wady 
and  can  be  continued  to  Quito  at  comparatively  Haifa,  beyond  which  a  part  of  the  Mudirieh  of 
smaU  exoense.  Another  line  was  authorized  to  Dongola  has  since  been  occupied.  In  the  east 
connect  Quito  with  the  port  of  Bahia,  the  distance  the  governorships  of  the  Isthmus  of  Suez,  El 
being  180  miles.  On  this  railroad  the  Govern-  Arisb,  in  Syria,  and  Kosseir,  or  Suakin,  on  the 
ment  guarantees  6  per  cent  interest  for  fifty  Red  Sea  coast,  are  under  the  immediate  do- 
Tears,  and  will  take  it  over  without  other  com-  minion  of  the  Khedive,  and  in  the  west  the 
pensation  at  the  end  of  seventy-five  years.  oases  of  the  Libyan  desert.  The  total  area  is 
A  new  tariff,  which  went  into  effect  on  Jan.  1,  400,000   square    miles,    though    12,976    square 

1891,  increased  the  specific  duties  on  many  arti-  miles,  forming  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Nile  and 
cles  of  import  and  added  an  extra  ad  valorem  its  delta,  include  the  whole  settled  and  cultivated 
doty  of  25  per  cent,  on  read^-made  clothing  and  area ;  and  of  this,  4,750  square  miles  are  barren  or 
of  20  per  cent,  on  all  other  imports,  and  in  ad-  covered  with  water.  The  population  in  1882 
dition  to  that  a  special  duty  of  10  per  cent,  to  was  6,817,265,  divided  into  3,401,498  males  and 
meet  interest  and  provide  a  sinking  fund,  in  pur-  8,415,767  females.  The  foreign  population  at 
suance  of  an  arrangement  made  with  the  foreign  the  time  of  the  census  was  90,886,  about  two 
bondholders  An  export  duty  of  64  cents  per  fifths  being  Greeks,  one  fifth  Italians,  more  than 
Quintal  is  levied  on  cocoa,  coffee,  and  hides,  and  one  sixth  French,  one  twelfth  Austrians,  and 
to  on  rubber  and  tobacco.  one  fifteenth  English.    The  number  of  resident 

EGYPT,  a  principality  in  northern  Africa,  foreigners  has  greatly  increased  since  then,  and 

tributary  to  Turkey.    The  Government  is  an  ab-  the  proportions  have  changed  in  consequence  of 

solute  hereditary  monarchy,  under  a  prince  who  the  British  occupation. 

has  borne  since  June  26, 1867,  by  a  perpetuiU  con-  Finance. — In  the  budget  for  1891  the  total 

cession  of  the  Sultan  of  Turkey',  the  title  of  revenue  was  estimated  at  9.820,000  Egyptian 

Khedive  or  Viceroy.    The  reigning  Khedive  of  pounds  (1  £  E.  =|4.07).     The  land  tax,  date 

E^pt  and  Sovereign    of  Nubia,  the  Soudan,  taxes,  etc.,   were  reckoned  at  £  E.  5,100,000; 

Kordofan,  and  Darxur  in  1891  was  Mohammed  professional  and  urban  taxes,  etc.,  £  E  155,000 ; 

Tewfik,  bom   Nov.  19,  1852,  died  in  January,  customs,  £  E.  1,880,000;  octrois,  £  E.  280,000; 

1892,  who  succeeded  his  father,  Ismail,  when  ttie  salt  and  natron  taxes,  £  E.  230,000;  fisheries, 
latter  was  compelled  to  abdicate,  on  June  26.  £  E.  80,000 ;  navigation  dues,  £  E.  74.000 ;  rail- 
18G9,  bythe  English  and  French  governments  roads,  £  E.  1,850,000;  telegraphs,  £  E.  25,000; 
intervenii^  in  behalf  of  the  European  bond-  portof  Alexandria,  £E.  110,000;  posts,  £E.  246,- 
holders.  ^rom  that  time  till  1882  the  Govern-  000 ;  light-houses,  £  E.  90,000 ;  Ministry  of  Jus- 
ment  was  conducted  under  a  dual  control,  those  tice,  £  £).  865,000 ;  exemption  from  military  serv- 
govemments  each  appointing  a  controller-gen-  ice,  £  E.  100,000 ;  rent  of  Government  property, 
eral,  without  whose  recommendation  or  consent  £  E.  70,000 ;  Governorship  of  Suakin,  £  E.  13,- 
no  measure  affecting  the  financial  condition  of  000 ;  pension  fund,  £  E.  55,000 ;  other  receipts, 
E^t  could  be  token.  In  1882  Arabi  Pasha,  a  £  E.  147,000.  The  total  expenditure  was  fixed 
colonel  in  the  Egyptian  army,  headed  a  military  at  £  E.  9,820,000,  divided  under  the  several  heads 
revolt  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a  popular  as  follows :  Public  debt,  £  E.  4,061,035;  tribute 
representative  system  of  government  and  abol-  to  the  Sultan,  £  E.  665,041 ;  the  Khedive's  civil 
ishingthe  rule  of  English  and  French  officials,  list,  £  E  100,000 ;  civil  list  of  ex-Khedive  Is- 
The  French  Government  having  declined  to  mail  Pasha,  £  E.  114,127;  the  Khedive's  private 
take  part  in  the  bombardment  of  Alexandria  Cabinet,  £  E.  54,420 ;  Ministry  of  Public  Works, 
and  the  invasion  of  Egypt,  British  troops  de-  £  E.  458,300 ;  Ministry  of  Justice,  £  E.  867,448 ; 
feated  the  Egyptian  army  and  occupied  the  administration  of  provinces,  £  E.  353,716 ;  Min- 
country.  The  dual  control  was  abolished  by  khe-  istry  of  Finance,  £  E.  116,797;  Ministry  of  the 
divial  decree  on  Jan.  18,  1883,  and  an  English  Interior,  £  E.  110,793;  Ministry  of  Public  In- 
financial  adviser,  whose  concurrence  is  requisite  struction.  £  E.  88,478 ;  other  ministries,  £  E.  125,- 
in  all  financial  measures  and  who  has  a  right  to  711 ;  administration  of  customs,  £  E.  116,469 ; 
sit  in  the  Council  of  Ministers  and  to  take  part  octroi  administration,  £  E.  42,359 ;  salt  and 
in  the  deliberations  was  appointed.  The  min-  natron  monopolies,  £  E.  63,157 ;  fisheries,  £  E.  8,- 
istnr  at  the  beginning  of  1891  was  composed  as  392 ;  navigation,  £  E.  3,433 ;  railroads,  £  E.  635,- 
foUows:  President  of  the  Council,  Minister  of  211;  telegraphs,  £  E.  85,000;  port  of  Alexan- 
the  Interior,  and  Minister  of  Finance,  Riaz  dria,  £  E  195,000;  posts  ana  postal  boats. 
Pasha;  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Zulfikar  £  B.  218,611;  light-houses,  £E.  26,769;  public 
Pasha ;  Minister  of  Justice,  Fakhri  Pasha ;  securitv,  military,  police,  prisons,  and  army  of 
Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  Ali  Mubarek  occupation,  £  E.  679,839;  Suakin,  £  E.  111,428; 
Pasha;  Secretory-General,  Kahil  Pasha.  The  pensions,  £  E.  435,000;  abolition  of  corvie,  £  E. 
British  diplomatic  representative  and  consul-  250,000 ;  other  expenditures,  £  E.  58,786. 
genera],  who  is  the  financial  adviser  of  the  The  capitol  of  the  Egyptian  debt  at  the  be- 
Khedive,  is  Sir  Evelyn  Baring.  Sir  Colin  ginning  of  1891  was  £  E.  106,937,760,  made  up 
Scott- Moncrieff  has  presided  over  the  Depart-  as  follows:  Guaranteed  loan  at  3  per  cent., 
ment  of  Public  Works  since  the  British  control  £  E.  9,069.100 ;  privileged  debt  at  3i  per  cent., 
was  established,  and  Gen.  F.  W.  Grenfell,  hold-  £  E.  29,500,000 ;  unified  debt  paving  4  per  cent. 


270  EGYPT. 

interest,  £  E.  55,088,480;  Daira  Sanieh  loan  at  present  a  streng^th  of  about  18,000  men.    The 

4  per  cent.,  £  E.  17,299,860;  Domains  loan  at  5  per  British  army  of  occupation,  under  the  command 

cent.,  £  E.  5,080,820.     The  interest  on  these  of  Gen.  Sir  James  Dormer,  numbered  3,300  men 

various  loans  for  1891  amounted  to  £  E.  4,112,-  in  the  beginning  of  1890. 
969,  in  addition  to  which  there  was  to  pay       Agricaltare. — ^The  cultivated  area  in  Egypt 

£  E.  198,800  interest  on  Suez  Canal  shares  held  is    4,963,460   feddans,    about    6,112,000    acres, 

by  the  English  Gk)vernment,  £  E.  84,870  to  the  Over  three  fifths  of  the  population  are  engaged 

I)aira  Sanieh  loan  commissioners,  and  £  E.  153,-  in  agriculture.    The    winter    crops    are  com, 

846  on  account  of  the  Moukabala,  or  internal  wheat,  and  various  other  grains.    Summer  crops 

debt,  which  was  commuted  into  an  annuity  of  of  rice,  sugar,  and  cotton  are  cleared  off  in  time 

that  amount  running  till  1930.  for  the  winter  sowing  in  October  or  November. 

In  1890  the  Egyptian  Government  collected  a  Between  July  and  October   sorghum  and  all 

larger  revenue  dian  in  any  previous  year  since  kinds  of  vegetables  grow  from  the  seed  to  ma- 

the  reign  of  Ismail  Pasha.      The   total    was  turit^r.    In  Upper  Eg^pt  the  old  8}[stem  of  sub- 

£  E.  10,237,000.    Of  the  surplus,  amounting  to  merging  the  land  at  nigh  Nile  is  still  practiced. 

£  E.  599,000,  only  £  E.  270,000  was  available  for  In  the  delta,  for  the  sake  of  the  cotton  and  sugar 

public  needs  and  the  remission  of  taxation,  the  crops,  this  has  been  to  a  large  extent  super- 

oalanoe  being  retained  by  the  Commissioners  of  seded  by  simple  irrigation.    I^d  thus  treated 

the  Public  Debt,  in  accordance  with  the  condi-  is  not  renewed  by  the  fertilizing  alluvium  held 

tions  attached  by  France  to  her  sanction  of  the  in  suspension  in  the  Nile  at  flood  time,  and 

conversion  scheme.    The  reserve  fund,  which  gradually  becomes  alkaline  and  sterile.     The 

was  constituted  in  1887,  amounted  to  nearly  canals  traversing  the  delta  in  every  direction 

£  £.  1,745,000  at  tlie  end  of  1890,  including  a  are  kept  full  at  low  Nile  by  means  of  the  great 

special  reserve  of  £  E.  400,000  that  is  likewise  dam,  called  the  barrage,  that  has  been  completed 

available  against  any  extraordinary  deficiency  in  by  Sir  Colin  Sqott-Moncrieff.    The  average  yield 

the  revenue  or  extra  works  of  public  utility,  of  cotton  is  825  pounds  an  acre.    In  1890  the 

The  regular  expenditure  of  the  Public  Works  cotton   crop    covered   864,400    feddans.      The 

Department  in   1890  was  £  E.  900,000,  and  in  number  of  aate-palm  trees  in  Upper  and  Lower 

*    adaition  to  this  £  E.  435,000  were  expended  for  Egypt  is  3,452,674    The  number  of  farm  ani- 

extraordinary  purposes,  for  which  a  further  sum  mals  and  cattle,  including  camels,  is  stated  to 

of  £  E.  335,000  was  appropriated  in  1891.    The  be  1,668,860.    In  1889  the  area  of  the  wheat  crop 

sacrifices  of  revenue  made  in  the  last  few  years  was    971,678   feddans ;   of   maize   and   durra, 

are  stated  to  be  £  E.  656,000,  viz.,  £  E.  410,000  1,406,073;  of  clover,  864,680;  of  beans,  546,7(^ ; 

for  the  abolition  of  forced  labor  :£E.  123,000  for  of  barley,  485,651;  of  lentils,  47,182;  of  rice, 

the  remission  of  professional  taxes ;  and  £  E.  123,-  115,988 ;  of  fenugreek,  146,823 ;  of  potatoes  and 

000  for  abolishing  weighers*  fees  and  other  relief  other  vegetable  crops,  46,747 ;   of  sugar  cane, 

to  tax  payers.    The  net  revenue  from  customs  in  58,611 ;  of  vetch,  27,624;  of  melons,  30,101 ;  of 

1890  was  £  E.  1,300,000,  the  increase  of  £  E.  360,-  lupins,  tobacco,  peas,  flax,  henna,  indigo,  cas- 

000  being  chiefly  due  to  the  raising  of  the  to-  tor-oil  plant,  sesame,  etc,  42,679.   iThe  area 

bacco  duties  and  the  prohibition  of  the  native  producinp^  two  crops  was  922,000  feddans.    In 

cultivation  of  tobacco.    Of  the  duty  collected  on  Lower  Keypt  four  crope  are  obtained  in  three 

tobacco,  £  E.  510,000  was  estimated  to  be  due  to  years  and  m  Upper  Egypt  seven  crops  in  six 

importations  in  anticipation  of  the  increased  tax  years.    In  1889  the  failure  of  the  Nile  threw  298.- 

on  tobacco.    The  remission  of  taxation  carried  745  feddans  out  of  cultivation.   In  1890  the  yield 

out  in  1890  amounted  to  £  E.  53,000,  the  sheep  and  of  cotton  was  nearly  400,000,000  pounds,  that  of 

goat  tax  and  the  octroi  duty  on  oil  having  been  sugar  was  60.000  tons,  exceeding  oy  ^  per  cent, 

abolished.    Telegraph  rates  were  i-educed  50  per  the  great  crop  of  1886,  and  all  kinds  of  cereals 

cent.,  making  them  as  low  as  anywhere  in  Eu-  yielded  abundant  crops.    Having  completed  the 

rope,  and  the  price  of  postal  cards  was  lowered,  barrage,  the  Government  gave  i&  attention  to  a 

The  total  amount  of  flscal  relief  involved  in  the  scheme  for  irrif^ating  Upper  Egypt  by  means  of 

measures  carried  through  in  1890  was  estimated  storage  reservoirs.    The  ambitious  scheme  of  the 

by  Sir  Evelyn  Baring  at  £  E.  175,000.     The  late  M.  de  la  Motte  for  damming  up  the  Nile 

Daira  Sanieh  deficit,  which  was  £  E.  268,000  in  and  making  it  navigable  up  to  Khartoum  was 

1886,  was  reduced  in  1890  to  £  E.  80,000,  and  pronounced  impracticable    oy  an  English  en- 

the  European  managers  expected  in  1891  to  be  ^neer,  Mr.  Willcocks,  who  went  over  the  ground 

able  to  snow  a  small  surplus.    The  powers  were  m  1891  and  worked  out  a  plan  for  a  barrage  at 

asked  for  their  consent  to  the  application  of  £70,-  the  first  cataract  that  would  submerge  the  ruins 

000   of  the  proceeds   of   octroi  duties  to  the  of  Philoe.   Others  proposed  dams  between  Wady 

improvement   of  the  sewers  and  sanitary   ar-  Haifa  and  Assouan,  ponding  up  the  river  in  the 

rangements  of  Cairo.      An   edict   prohibiting  narrow  valley,  reservoirs  in  the  delta,  or  the 

direct  imports  of  tobacco  from  Greece,  France,  restoration  of  the  Raiyan  basin  of  Lake  Moeris. 

and  Turkey,  with  the  object  of  checking  smug-  Finally,  the    Government  decided  to  call  an 

gling,  was  objected  to  and  recalled  as  being  a  international  commission  of  engineers  to  meet 

violation  of  the  capitulations.    A  further  step  in  at  Cairo  and  fix  upon  a  site  for  a  storage  reser- 

the  conversion  scneme  was  consummated  by  a  voir  within  the  present  limits  of  Egypt, 
contract  made  by  the  Rothschilds  of  London        Commerce. — The  exports  of  merchandise  in 

and  Paris  on  March  5,  1891,  for  the  conversion  1889  had  a  total  value  of  £  E.  11.953,200,  as 

of  the  Ottoman  5-per-cent.  loan  of  1877  into  4-  compared  with  £  B.  7,738,343  in  1888  and  £  E 

per-cent.  bonds,  to  sixty  years.  8,137,054  in  1887;  the  value  of  the  imports  was 

Military  Forces.— The  Ejjyptian  army,  com-  £  E.  7,02C,960,  as  compared  with  £  E.  10,418.218 

manded  by  about  60  English  officers,  has  at  in  the  preceding  year  and  £  E.  10,876,417  in 


EGYPT. 


271 


1887.  The  shares  of  foreign  countries  in  the 
external  trade  of  1889  is  shown  in  the  following 
table: 


oovymas. 


Great  Brttiln  and  British  fXM- 
In  the  Medttemp 


Tnrke  J 

Fnaee  and  Algeria . 
AoatriarHangarT. . . 

Italy. 


India,  China,  etc. 
Oreeee 


Other  eoontrtea. . 


Total 


Impocii* 


Kzporti. 


££.2,648,517 

£E.7,776,8()6 

1,422,960 

820.668 

TlB,70O 

908,631 

8&7,(I87 

986,680 

8l8,ft01 

816,(177 

8&8,i^ 

647,876 

601,161 

l^&76 

07,066 

81,602 

68,014 

22.988 

864,602 

M8,414 

£E.  7,020,961 

£E.  11,968,106 

The  import  of  cotton  goods  in  1889  was  valued 
at  £  E.  1,310,820;  of  silk,  linen,  woolen,  and 
other  textile  manufactures,  £  E.  599,349 ;  of  coal, 
£  E.  440,983 ;  of  clothing  and  hosiery,  £  E.  317,- 
711 ;  of  timber,  £  E.  288,540 ;  of  coffee,  £  E.  254,- 
d02 ;  of  wine,  beer,  and  spirits,  £  E.  243,810 ; 
of  tobacco  and  cigars,  £  E.  272,042 ;  of  petroleum, 
£E.  351,276:  of  machinery.  £  E.  103,943 ;  of  iron 
aod  steel  manufactures,  £  E.  264,207;  of  indigo, 
£  K.  177,057;  of  fresh  and  preserved  fruit, 
£  £.  176,265;  of  live  animals,  £  E.  71,724;  of 
wheat  and  flour,  £  E.  219,635 ;  of  rice,  £  E.  128,- 
624;  of  refined  sugar,  £  E.  40,282.  The  values 
exported  of  the  principal  commercial  products 
of  the  country  were  as  follow :  Cotton,  £  E.  8,- 
547,716;  cotton  seed,  £  E.  1,453,892;  sugar, 
£  E.  496,795  ;  beans,  £  E.  326,836 ;  wheat, 
£  K  165,606;  rice,  £  E.  74,809;  Indian  com, 
££.2.669;  hides  and  skins.  £  E.  86,118;  onions, 
£  E.  63,214 ;  wool,  £  K  6i3,000 ;  flour,  £  E.  5,- 
678 ;  lentils,  £  E.  10,762 ;  gum  arabic,  £  E.  2,- 
566.  Of  the  petroleum  m  1889  the  United 
States  furnished  27  per  cent  and  Russia  73. 

Inlemal  Commnnieatlons.— The  railroads 
of  E^pt  have  a  total  length  of  1,123  miles.  The 
receipts  in  1889  were  £  E.  1,301,529  and  the  ex- 
penses £  E.  585,000.  There  were  4,378,453  pas- 
senger tickets  sold,  and  about  150,000  tons  of 
go(3s  transported.  The  telegraph  lines  of  the 
Government  had  in  1889  a  total  length  of  3,640 
miles,  with  5,704  miles  of  wire.  The  number  of 
messages  in  that  year  was  693,640.  The  postal 
traffic  in  1888  comprised  5,529,000  domestic  and 
3,110,000  international  letters,  478,000  post  cards, 
and  4,446,000  newspapers,  samples,  etc. 

NaTigation. — Tne  number  of  vessels  entered 
at  the  port  of  Alexandria  during  1889  was  2,224, 
tonuaj^  1,549,961 ;  the  number  cleared  was 
2,216,  tonna^  1,528,977.  Of  the  number  entered, 
621,  of  666,383  tons,  were  British ;  142,  of  261,- 
565  tons,  were  French ;  1,154,  of  259,255  tons, 
were  Ottoman ;  67,  of  99,910  tons,  were  Russian ; 
69,  of  58,004  tons,  were  Italian ;  and  the  rest  were 

grincipally  Greek,  Swedish  and  Norwegian,  and 
panish.  At  other  ports  besides  Alexandria 
4^28  vessels  were  entered  or  cleared,  of  which 
1^16,  of  2,958,291  tons,  were  British. 

The  Saez  Canal.  —  The  canal  is  87  miles 
long,  including  21  miles  of  lakes.  The  share 
capital  is  197,338,500  francs.  The  indebtedness 
is  233,367,603  francs,  paying  3  and  5  per  cent, 
interest  The  net  profits,  in  excess  of  5  per 
cent  interest  on  the  capital  stock,  in  1889  were 
37,212,821  francs,  of  wnich,  according  to  the 


statutes^  71  per  cent  was  divided  among  the 
holders  of  the  394,677  shares,  2  per  cent,  went 
to  the  employes  of  the  company,  2  per  cent,  to 
the  managing  directors,  10  per  cent,  to  the  100,- 
000  founders'  shares,  and  15  per  cent,  to  the 
Egyptian  Government.  Of  the  394,677  shares, 
176,602  are  held  by  the  British  Government, 
having  been  purchased  from  the  Khedive  Ismail, 
who  had  alienated  the  dividends  up  to  1894,  till 
which  date  the  Egyptian  Government  is  obliged 
to  pay  5  per  cent  interest  on- their  face  value. 
During  1889  the  number  of  vessels  that  passed 
through  the  canal  was  3,425,  of  9,605,745  tons. 
Of  these,  2,611,  of  7,478,369  tons,  were  British; 
168,  of  547,602  tons,  were  French ;  194,  of  463,- 
225  tons,  were  German;  103,  of  279,331  tons, 
were  Italian ;  146,  of  859,722  tons,  were  Dutch  ; 
54,  of  168,707  tons,  were  Austro- Hungarian; 
33,  of  101,792  tons,  were  Spanish ;  48,  of  90,046 
tons,  were  Norwegian ;  23,  of  57.254  tons,  were 
Russian ;  22,  of  31,376  tons,  were  Turkish ;  8,  of 
6,743  tons,  were  Egyptian ;  3,  of  5,680  tons,  were 
Japanese ;  5,  of  3,l05  tons,  were  American ;  and 
the  rest  were  Belgian,  Chinese,  Portuguese,  and 
Danish.  The  number  of  passengers  who  made 
the  transit  in  1889  was  180,594. 

French  Ob8tnictlon.~British  direction  and 
supervision  of  the  Government  have  increased 
the  national  wealth,  though  the  present  pros- 
perity has  been  achieved  at  the  cost  of  the  per- 
manent impairment  of  the  soil  by  cotton  cullr 
ure.  The  finances  of  the  Government  have 
been  placed  on  so  secure  a  foundation  that  Sir 
Evelyn  Baring  asserts  in  his  report  for  1891  that 
it  would  require  a  series  of  untoward  events,  the 
occurrence  of  which  is  in  the  highest  degree  im- 
probable, to  endanger  the  solvency  of  the  Egyp- 
tian treasury.  There  was  a  surplus  of  £  E.  599,- 
000  at  the  end  of  1890,  much  more  than  was 
calculated  on,  and  for  1891  a  surplus  of  £  E.  500,- 
000  was  anticipated.  The  unified  debt,  which  is 
mainly  held  in  France,  fell  to  30  in  consequence 
of  the  rebellion  of  Arabi  Pasha,  and  since  the 
British  occupation  has  risen  to  within  4  per  cent 
of  par.  A  part  of  the  surplus  revenue,  viz., 
£  £f.  312,000  a  year,  was  obtained  by  the  conver- 
sion of  the  privileged  debt  and  the  loan  of  1888 
and  the  Daira  Sanieh  and  Domain  mortgage 
bonds.  France  cave  a  conditionaJ  assent  to  the 
application  of  the  economies  thus  resulting  to 
tne  abolition  of  the  corvSe  and  to  increasing  the 
military  and  police  forces.  All  the  other  treaty 
powers  having  consented,  there  was  no  corvie  in 
Egypt  in  1890,  probably  for  the  first  time  in  the 
history  of  the  country,  all  the  cleaning,  repairs, 
and  extension  of  the  canals  and  embankments 
having  formerly  been  done  by  the  forced  and 
unpaid  labor  of  the  feUaheen,  who  were  often 
called  away  when  their  crops  needed  their  atten- 
tion, and  compelled  to  maintain  themselves  dur- 
ing the  sixty  days  when  the  Government  required 
their  labor.  In  1884  the  army  of  laborers  thus 
pressed  into  the  service  of  the  state  was  85,000 
m  number.  This  method  was  so  uneconomical 
that  the  English  engineers  were  able  to  re- 
duce the  number  gradually  and  still  carry  out 
the  most  important  achievement  of  the  British 
control — the  improvement  of  the  irrigation  sys- 
tem, by  which  the  water  distribution  has  been  in- 
creased,  the  area  of  cultivation  enlarged,  and  the 
fluctuations  of  the  Nile  regulated  to  a  oonsidera- 


272  EGYPT. 

ble  extent.    Without  cont^ting  the  benefits  of  hands  of  the  administration  of  justice,  which  is 
English  rule  as  manifested  in  the  re-establish-  connected  with  the  national  religion  and  the  only 
ment  of  Egyptian  credit  and  the  restoration  and  department  of  Government  still  remaining  un- 
corapletion  of  the  barrage,  which  was  originally  der  native  control,  the  proposition  was  resisted  by 
a  French  work,  and,  in  a  minor  deme,  in  the  the  Prime  Minister  ana  bv  the  Minister  of  Jus- 
removal  of  some  oppressive  taxes,  the  abolition  tice,  who  declared  that  the  courts  worked  saU 
of  forced  labor,  the  reorganization  of  the  hospital  isfactorily.    The  Cabinet,  notwithstanding  Mr. 
and  prison  services,  and  the  suppression  oi  the  Scott's  pfx)test8,  referred  the  question  to  a  corn- 
slave  trade  and  gradual  abolition  of  slavery,  the  mission,  consistinp^  partly  of  officials  of  the  De- 
French  Government  has  preserved  an  obstructive  partment  of  Justice  ana  of  judges.    Before  the 
attitude  in  regard  to  the  diversion  of  revenues  idea  of  subverting  the  laws  of  Islam  was  enter- 
for  the  accomplishment  of  these  reforms,  in  order  tained,  and  before  Justice  Scott,  who  had  prac- 
to  remind  Great  Britain  of  the  broken  promises  ticed  law  in  Egypt  for  ten  years  before  entering 
concerning  the  evacuation  of  Egypt,  which  Mr.  on  his  judicial  career  in  Inaia,  had  been  sent  for, 
Gladstone  originally  declared  should  take  place  the  British  officials  gave  their  attention  to  the 
in  a  few  months.    In  spite  of  the  material  benefits  crime  of  brigandage,  which  has  grown  more  fre- 
that  they  have  conferred  on  Egypt,  the  English  (juent  in  proportion  to  the  extension  of  foreign 
have  not  been  able  to  extirpate  the  historical  in-  interference.    It  is  an  Oriental  method  of  revolt 
fluence  of  the  French,  and  nave  made  themselves  against  the  rule  of  the  infidel,  consisting  of  or- 
hated  in  the  country,  because  they  have  super-  ffanized  attacks  by  bodies  of  armed  men  upon 
seded  the  native  rule,  reduced  the  Khedive  and  houses  and  villages.    Sir  Evelyn  Baring  sup- 
his  ministers  to  ciphers,  and  governed  as  over  a  ported  the  suggestion  that  when  murder  was 
conquered  people.    All  direct  demands  for  the  committed  the  leaders  of  the  band  and  the  or- 
evacuation  of  Egypt  come  from  the  country  ganizers  of  the  attack  should  be  held  equally 
immediately  interested,  Turkey,  which  is  the  guilty  with  the  actual  perpetrator  of  the  deeJ. 
suzerain  power,  prompted  by  France,  and  some-  This  proposition  was  revolting  to  Mohammedan 
times  supported  by  Russia.  But,  havineGermany  ideas  of  justice ;  and  when  the  Sheikh-el-Abassi, 
and  the  central  powers  for  allies,  the  Tory  Gov-  the  chief  expositor  of  the  sacred  law,  was  con- 
ernment  of  England  has  treated  with  indifference  suited    by   the   Government,  he   submitted  a 
the  inquiries  of  the  Porte  regarding  the  date  of  counter-project,  proposing  for  a  brigand  caught 
evacuation,  making  the  condition,  which  is  the  before  committing  robbery  imprisonment  until 
restoration  of  order  and  the  re-establishment  of  he  eave  sign  of  real  reformation ;  for  one  who 
the  authority  of  the  Khedive,  appear  more  and  has  oeen  convicted  of  robbery,  amputation  of  the 
more  remote  and  impossible.    The  authority  of  right  hand  and  left  foot;  and  capital  punish- 
the  Khedive  has  been  purposely  reduced  to  a  ment  accompanied  with  amputation  or  cnici- 
nuUity  and  the  spread  of  anarchy  and  the  in-  fixion,  accoraing  to  the  decision  of  the  Faculty 
crease  of  crime,  which  are  the  direct  result  of  of  the  Iman,  for  all  who  are  guilty  of  murder, 
English  rule,  are  now  alleged  as  the  chief  grounds  without  the  right  of  pardon,  either  by  the  Khe- 
for  the   continued    military  occupation.     The  dive  or  the  heirs  to  the  victim.    These  sugges- 
same  grounds  are  advanced  for  the  substitution  tions,  making  the  Mohammedan  law  more  cer- 
of  a  European  judicial  system  for  Mohammedan  tain  and  severe,  were  rejected  as  savoring  of 
law,  which  is  the  boldest  step  yet  taken  to  per-  barbarism  by  the  English  advisers  of  the  Govem- 
petuate  British  dominion  in  the  Nile  valley.    To  ment,  although   approved    by  the    Leeislative 
this  the  French  Government  made  strenuous  ob-  Council.     Notwithstanding  the  opposition   of 
jections,  which  it  could  only  enforce  to  the  extent  the  ministry  and  of  the  commission  of  repre- 
of  revoking  its  qualified  consent  to  the  applica-  sentative  E^ptians,  Sir  Evelyn  Baring  insisted 
tion  of  the  sum  saved  by  the  debt  conversion,  on  the  nomination  of  a  committee  of  three  to 
compelling  the  Government  to  hoard  uselessly  in  supervise  the  working  of  the  Egyptian  courts,  to 
the  treasury  £  E.  312,000  a  year  until  the  veto  consist  of  Justice  Scott,  with  Judge  Moriondo. 
is  withdrawn.    This  does  not  interfere  with  the  an  Italian,  and  the  Egyptian  Procureur-G^neral 
abolition  of  the  corvie^  which  the  prosperous  state  as  his  subordinate  colleagues,  on  the  addition  of 
of  the  finances  permits  of  being  continued  inde-  another  English  judge  to  the  Court  of  Appeals, 
pendently.    The  decree  imposing  the  same  pro-  and  on  the  appointment  of  Justice  Scott  to  the 
lessional  tax  on  Egyptians  and  Europeans  was  position  of  judicial  adviser  to  the  Government, 
also  rejected  by  France,  on  the  ground  that  the  with  the  right  to  attend  Cabinet  meetings  and  to 
text  differed  from  the  proposition  originally  sub-  be  heard  on  all  questions  connected  with  the 
mitted  to  the  powers,  but  the  objection  was  with-  administration  of  justice.    When  the  Khedive 
drawn  when  it  was  restored  to  the  original  form,  yielded  to  English  pressure,  although  he  is  said 
Notwithstanding  the  extraordinary  efforts  that  to  have  told  the  French  diplomatic  agent,  the 
have  been  made  to  supplant  the  French  language,  Comte  d'Aubignjr,  that  he  would  resist  if  France 
more  than  three  fourths  of  the  7,307  pupils  in  would  support  him  with  her  army  and  fleet,  the 
the  subsidized  schools,  of  which  there  are  47,  ministers  offered  their  resignations,  but  were  in- 
choose  to  learn  French  in  preference  to  English,  duced  to  remain.    The  French  Government  re- 
and  20  Egyptians  are  sent  to  France  to  be  edu-  called  M.  d'Aubigny  because  he  failed  to  prevent 
cated  to  one  that  is  trained  in  England.  the  appointment  of  an  English  judicial  adviser, 
J adlclal  Reform. — Justice  Scott,  of  Bombay,  appointing  the  Marq^uis  de  Reverseaux  in  his 
was  intrusted  with  the  task  of  working  out  a  place.     In   Constantinople  the  French  minis- 
plan  for  reforming  judicial  methods.    He  pro-  ter  lodged  a  protest  witn  the  Porte  against  the 
posed,  among  other  things,  the  appointment  of  a  appointment.     When  the  Judicial  Committee, 
committee  to  superintend  the  native  tribunals,  appointed  Feb.  10, 1891,  had  been  at  work  for  a 
As  this  involved  the  resignation  into  English  month  collecting  statistics  showing  that  there 


EGYPT.  273 

▼as  A  murder  to  everj  12,000  inhabitants,  more  new  ministry  agreed  to  the  vagrancy  law  and  a 
than  double  the  annual  average  in  England,  and  disarmament  act  for  the  suppression  of  bri^nd- 
thai  out  of  6,500  criminal  cases  brought  to  trial  Ase.  By  a  decree  of  the  Court  of  Appends  all 
in  the  preceding  year  the  public  prosecuting  cmbs,  hotels,  lodging-houses,  and  places  of 
officers  were  non-suited  in  2,300  eases  and  failed  amusement  were  declared  to  be  subject  to  police 
to  convict  in  half  the  remainder,  a  Cabinet  meet-  regulation  and  supervision.  Europeans  pro- 
ing  was  called,  to  which  Justice  Scott  was  not  tested  against  this  decision  and  against  the  new 
?ammoned«  nor  was  he  to  subsequent  meetings,  prof essional  tax.  The  Legislative  Council  passed 
On  March  31  the  Khedive  appointed  his  English  the  acts  asked  for  by  Mr.  Scott  and  Col.  Kitche- 
secretarv,  Corbett  Bey,  and  M.  Bernard,  a  Bel-  ner,  including  measures  giving  the  police  more 
^n  judge  of  the  native  courts,  to  be  additional  power  for  the  investigation  of  crime,  punishing 
ludges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  On  April  6  vagrants  and  able-bodied  beggars,  regulating  by 
Kitchener  Pasha,  Adjutant-General  of  the  Egyp-  license  the  carrying  of  flre-arms,  enforcing  wort 
tian  army,  was  appointed  to  take  temporary  com-  and  discipline  in  prison,  giving  single  judges 
mand  of  and  to  reorganize  the  police.  Johnson  jurisdiction  in  minor  cases,  and  providing  for 
Pasha  was  appointed  Inspector-General  in  the  speedy  trials  and  the  execution  of  sentences. 
Criminal  Investigation  Department,  and  Coles  The  Oeoapatlon  of  Tokar. — In  1888  a  strate- 
Pbiba  Inspector-General  of  police.  Reforms  in  sic  advance  was  made  beyond  the  boundary  at 
the  tribunals  and  the  police  that  were  proposed  by  Wady  Ha\t&,  and  since  then  the  Egyptian  Gov- 
the  Judicial  Committee  comprised  a  law  for  the  ernment  has  held  a  part  of  the  Dongola  district, 
organization  of  village  police  on  the  basis  of  regu-  A  second  and  more  significant  move  toward  the 
iar  salaries  and  punishment  for  neglect  of  duty ;  reconquest  of  the  Soudan  was  carried  out  in 
the  introduction  of  the  French  law  of  vagrancy  February,  1891,  from  Suakin,  the  Egyptian  base 
to  punish  the  bands  without  visible  means  of  on  the  Red  Sea  coast.  The  Arab  robbers  and  slave 
subsistence  that  infested  the  provinces ;  an  in-  dealers,  who  profited  by  the  state  of  anarchy  that 
creased  number  of  petty  tribunals  of  summary  for  some  ulterior  motive  the  English  Governmnt 
jurisdiction ;  provisions  to  secure  co-operation  promoted  in  the  eastern  Soudan,  and  who  were 
of  the  police  and  the  tribunals  for  the  detection  known  collectively  as  Osman  Digma's  dervishes, 
and  repression  of  crime  and  an  improvement  in  although  their  relations  to  that  chieftain  were 
the  personnel  of  the  bench  and  the  police  depart-  not  known,  and  it  was  not  even  certain  that  he 
ment;  and,  in  general,  greater  energy  and  strin-  was  still  alive,  recommenced  their  depredations 
eency  in  the  criminal  administration  in  every  on  Jan.  27,  1891,  by  carrying  oft  cattle  from 
branch.  Justice  Scott  proposed  further  to  intro-  under  the  very  walls  of  the  forts  at  Suakin. 
duce  the  system  of  fining  villaces  in  which  crime  The  raiders  were  pursued  and  beaten,  and  the 
is  prevalent.  For  civil  cases  he  suggested  that  Governor-General  took  the  opportunity  to  begin 
courts  should  be  established  in  every  district  the  advance  that  had  been  planned.  On  the 
within  easy  access  of  the  suitors.  *  next  day  a  force  of  Soudanese  infantry  and 
Change  of  Ministers. — Riaz  Pasha,  on  May  Egyptian  cavalry  captured,  after  some  resistance, 
12.  after  a  hopeless  struggle  against  the  judicial  the*  town  of  Handoub.  the  nearest  base  from 
reforms,  handed  his  resignation  to  the  Khedive,  which  the  rebels  have  been  permitted  for  years 
In  making  up  a  new  ministry  the  Khedive's  for-  to  defy  the  Egyptians  and  plunder  friendly  na- 
eign  advisers  found  few  statesmen  of  established  tives.  This  place  was  occupied  and  fortified, 
reputation  ready  to  countenance  their  innova-  and  on  Feb.  3  the  Arab  in-egulars  in  the  Egyp- 
tions.  Mustapha  Pasha  Pehmy,  who  succeeded  tian  service  pushed  on  to  Tamai.  Re-enforce- 
Riaz  as  Prime  Minister  and  Minister  of  the  In-  ments  were  drawn  from  the  Nile  frontier,  and 
tenor,  had  the  portfolios  of  the  Interior  and  War  Sir  F.  W.  Grenfell  went  to  Suakin  to  direct  the 
and  Marine  in  Nubar's  Cabinet,  and  remained  operations  against  Tokar,  which  was  the  object- 
as  Minister  of  War  and  Marine  under  Riaz  till  ive  point  of  the  advance,  being  a  fertile  and 
1890.  Rushdi  Pasha,  the  new  Minister  of  Fi-  populous  district  in  the  midst  of  the  desert,  the 
nance,  was  Minister  of  Public  Works,  and  tem-  possession  of  which  has  enabled  the  hostile 
porarily  had  charge  of  the  Ministry  of  Educa-  Arabs  to  continue  their  harassing  operations  in 
tion  under  Nubar.  Zeki  Pasha,  wfio  was  made  this  region.  A  force  of  2,000  Egyptian  and 
Minister  of  Public  Works,  held  that  post  for  a  Soudanese  troops  was  landed  at  Trinkitat  On 
brief  period  under  Riaz,  and  was  Minister  of  Fi-  Feb.  16  they  beffan  the  march  through  the  desert 
nance  under  Nubar.  The  Ministry  of  Foreign  to  El  Teb,  which  was  occupied  without  fighting. 
Affairs  was  given  to  Tigrane  Pasha,  a  Christian,  At  daybreak  on  Feb.  19  they  advanced  on  Tokar, 
who  had  been  Under  Secretary  in  that  depart-  where  they  first  saw  the  enemy.  The  Egvptian 
ment  when  Nubar  Pasha  was  Prime  Minister,  troops  pushed  on  quickly,  and  succeeded  in 
and  after  serving  for  a  time  as  Under  Secretary  gaining  possession  of  the  mined  Government 
of  the  Interior  under  Riaz  was  restored  to  his  buildings.  The  dervishes  secured  the  shelter  of 
old  post.  Yacub  Pasha  Artin,  Under  Secretary  some  of  the  other  houses,  and  endeavored  to 
in  the  Department  of  Education,  was  promoted  surround  the  Arab  position.  At  one  time  Osman 
to  be  Director-General  of  Education.  He  is  a  Naib,  the  dervish  commander,  almost  succeeded 
Christian.  The  only  minister  of  the  Riaz  Cabi-  in  gaining  the  rear  of  the  Egj-ptian  line  with  his 
net  who  was  retained  was  Fakhri  Pasha,  the  cavaliT,  while  his  infantrj'  kept  up  a  determined 
Mini'rter  of  Justice,  who  had  renounced  his  ob-  attack' in  front  on  the  center.  The  better  arms 
JHCtions  to  judicial  reform  and  was  willing  to  and  training  of  the  troops  told  heavily  against 
place  his  experience  at  the  disposition  of  Justice  the  Arabs,  who  numl)ered  2.000  in  the  fighting 
Scott,  who  was  to  be  the  real  head  of  the  minis-  line  and  as  many  more  in  reserve.  When  they 
try.  Choukdhi  Pasha,  the  new  Minister  of  War,  were  driven  out  of  the  houses  with  severe  losses 
had  previously  held  a  subordinate  post.  The  the  fight  was  virtually  won,  and  at  noon,  after  a 
VOL.  XXXI. — 18  A 


274  EGYPT.  EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION. 

stubborn  battle  lasting  an  honr  and  a  half,  they  &^>la  Mahdi.  In  Algeria  and  Morocco  the  Snossi 
were  completely  defeated  and  put  to  flight.  The  nave  not  been  able  to  gain  a  firm  foothold,  be- 
dervishes  nad  been  disposed  so  as  to  give  battle  cause  in  those  countries  the  powerful  order  of 
from  the  cover  of  a  thick  wood,  but  the  Egyp-  Muley  Thaib  is  established,  the  chief  of  which, 
tians  flanked  them  by  the  quick  march  on  the  Sidi  el  Sladj  Abd  es  Ssalm,  pretends  to  be  the 
buildings,  and  thus  spoiled  6sman  Digma's  plan  most  direct  descendant  of  the  Prophet.  When 
of  battle.  In  the  repeated  assaults  on  the  Egyp-  the  Mahdists  were  driven  out  of  Tokar  the  Ital- 
tian  position  700  dervishes  were  killed,  and  many  ians  were  notified  at  Massowah,  because  Osmau 
more  were  shot  during  the  retreat.  Nearly  Digma  was  reported  to  have  retired  to  Kassala. 
every  emir  fell  on  the  field  of  battle.  The  Egyp-  Afterward  he  was  heard  from  in  Omdurman, 
tians  took  the  rebel  camp,  with  tents,  stores,  where  he  took  counsel  with  the  MahdL 
arms,  and  banners,  4  guns  and  much  ammunition  ETANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION.  The  fol- 
in  the  arsenal  at  Tokar,  and  2  more  guns,  with  lowing  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  this 
supplies  of  various  kinds,  at  Afafit,  a  large  town  Church  as  they  were  published  in  September. 
4  miles  beyond  Tokar,  which  was  deserted  at  the  1891 :  Number  of  itinerant  preachers,  1,227;  of 
approach  of  the  troops.  The  Egyptians*  who  were  local  preachers,  619;  of  members,  150,234;  of 
commanded  by  Col.  Rolled  Smith,  lost  an  Eng-  Sunday  schools,  2.535,  with  28,613  ofiicers  and 
lish  officer,  Capt.  H.  L.  Barrow,  and  12  soldiers  teachers  and  177,639  pupils;  of  catechumen 
killed,  and  another  Englishman,  Capt  J.  R.  classes,  761,  with  9,514  pupils;  baptized  during 
Beech,  and  4  Egyptian  officers  wounded,  with  42  the  year,  2,390  adults  and  9,833  children ;  2,062i 
Egyptian  soldiers.  The  dervishes  were  all  mem  -  churches,  having  a  probable  value  of  $5,168.- 
bers  of  distant  tribes,  Bagguraft  or  Djaalin.  In  210 ;  and  699^  parsonages,  valued  at  $873,058. 
the  district  were  found  abundant  growing  crops.  Amounts  of  benevolent  contributions :  For  con- 
c^^irra  or  sorghum  and  cotton.  The  conquered  ference  claimants,  $8,825;  for  the  Missionary 
district  of  Tokar  was  placed  under  an  Egyptian  Society,  $134,443 ;  for  the  Sunday-school  and 
civil  governor  and  under  the  military  command  Tract  Union,  $2,445 ;  for  the  Orphan  Home,  $533. 
of  Capt.  Hackett  Pain,  who  had  a  garrison  of  The  controversy  in  this  association,  of  which 
1.500  men  at  Afafit,  with  detachments  at  El  an  account  was  given  in  the  ''Annual  Cyclopae- 
Tob,  Port  Dolphin,  and  Trinkitat.  The  hostile  dia  "  for  1890,  has  continued,  and  has  resulted 
tribes  on  the  coast  took  advantage  of  a  general  in  the  meeting  of  two  bodies,  each  claiming  to 
amnesty  proclaimed  by  Gen.  Grenfell  before  be  the  General  Conference,  and  in  the  division  of 
leaving  Suakin  on  March  8,  except  300  persons  the  Church.  A  Genei*al  Conference  representing 
who  were  arrested  and  kept  as  prisoners  or  de-  the  majority  party  (recognizing  Bishop  Esher 
ported  to  Lower  Egypt.  The  Soudan  contains  and  Bowman)  met  at  Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Oct.  1. 
14,125,000  feddans  of  cultivable  land,  of  which  It  was  supported  by  a  large  majority  of  the  an- 
only  212,418  feddans  were  cultivated  in  1887.  The  nual  conferences  as  well  as  of  tne  church  mem- 
most  fertile  part  is  the  region  of  the  Atbara  and  bers,  and  was  recognized  by  all  the  boards  and 
the-  Nile  tributaries  of  Abyssinia  and  the  afflu-  ofiicers  of  the  Church.  The  place  of  meetincf 
ents  of  the  Blue  Nile,  where  there  are  three  was  designated  by  a  committee  which  the  pre- 
months  of  rainfall,  a  soil  containing  the  same  vious  General  Conference,  failing  to  name  the 
constituents  that  enrich  the  delta,  and  a  climate  place,  although  it  appointed . the  time  for  the 
extremely  favorable  to  the  ripening  of  wheat  meeting,  liad  authorized  to  select  the  place.  All 
and  other  cereals  and  of  cotton,  which  is  indige-  the  general  officers  of  the  Church  but  one  (Bishop 
nous  to  the  country  and  comes  to  maturity  when  Dubs)  and  representatives  of  all  the  annual  con- 
there  is  no  rain  nor  dew.  The  recapture  of  ferences  but  two  were  present.  The  conference 
Tokar  is  supposed  to  be  intended  as  a  counter-  was  opened  with  an  address  in  German  by  Bishop 
stroke  to  an  Italian  occupation  of  Kassala,  con-  Esher.  A  temporary  chairman  was  appointed 
firming  the  Egyptian  claim  and  the  English  re-  preliminary  to  making  the  usual  inauiry  into 
version  of  the'  whole  of  the  eastern  Soudan,  the  character  of  the  bishops.  The  triai  and  sns- 
The  power  of  the  Khalifa  or  Mahdi,  who  has  his  pension  of  Bishop  Dubs  were  reported.  Bishops 
seat  atOmdurman,  the  political  and  spiritual  chief  Bowman  and  Esher  made  stat«ments  respecting 
of  Osman  Digma  and  his  hordes  in  the  western  certain  disorders  that  had  occurred  at  conference 
Soudan  and  the  equatorial  regions,  is  declining  meetings  growing  out  of  the  divisions  in  the 
before  the  purely  religious  influence  of  the  son  Church  and  the  charges  against  them,  and  their 
or  sons  of  Sidi  Mohammed  ben  Ali  el  Snussi,  cases  were  referred  to  a  committee  for  exami- 
whose  residence  is  in  the  convent  of  Djarabub,  nation.  This  committee  reported  that  the  pre- 
in  the  western  part,  of  the  oasis  of  Jupiter  Am-  liminary  examination  by  three  elders,  on  which 
mon.  The  heir  or  heirs  to  the  older  Aiahdi  6r  they  haH  been  acquitted,  and  which  they  held, 
final  Mohammedan  prophet  can  not  come  into  rendered  nugatory  their  subsequent  trial  and 
actual  conflict  with  the  successor  of  the  Don-  condemnation,  constituted  a  legal  bar  to  fur- 
gola  Mahdi,  because  the  Snussi  are  a  religious  ther  proceedings;  and  therefore,  that  the  sub- 
order posse:>sing  small  material  means  and  no  sequent  trial  and  suspension  of  those  bishops 
armed  forces.  Their  teachings  had  penetrated  were  invalid.  The  report  was  unanimously 
all  the  oases  west  of  Egypt,  the  whole  region  adopted.  The  trial  of  Bishop  Dubs  was  found 
south  of  Tripoli,  and  the  kingdoms  of  northern  by  the  committee  appointed  to  examine  the  rec- 
Central  Africa  as  far  as  the  Senegal  some  years  ord  to  have  been  regular  and  the  charges  to  have 
before  Abdallah  V)en  Mohammed  ))en  Achmed  been  sustained ;  and  the  conference,  upon  its 
proclaimed  himself  Mahdi  at  Dongola  in  1883,  recommendation,  declared  him  deposed  from  his 
and  in  Wadai,  Darfur,  and  Kordofan  the  follow-  office  as  bishop  and  preacher  and  expelled  from 
ersof  Sidi  Mohamrawl  Snussi  have  counteracted  the  Church.  Bishops  Esher  and  Bowman  were 
and  eflfectually  excluded  the  power  of  the  Don-  re-elected  bishops  for  another  term  of  four  years. 


EVANGELICAL  ASSOCIATION.  275 

ftnd  the  Rev.  S.  C.  Breyfogel  and  the  Rev.  W.  Conference  had  no  right  to  delegate  the  appoint- 
Hom  were  elected  additional  bishops  An  ap-  ment  to  a  commission,  the  East  Pennsylvania 
fiellate  court  was  constituted,  to  be  composed  of  Conference,  as  the  oldest,  named  Philadelphia 
fifteen  members  chosen  by  the  general  confer-  as  the  place  of  meeting,  and  the  designation  of 
(nee  from  thirty  candidates  nominated  by  the  Indianapolis  by  a  committee  of  the  former  Gen- 
bishops.  An  order  was  adopted  condemning  the  eral  Conference  was  regarded  as  invalid.  There 
formation  of  a  general  conference  by  the  minor-  being,  by  reason  of  the  suspension  of  Bishop 
ity  partv  as  a  violation  of  the  letter  and  spirit  Dubs,  no  bishops  present  authorized  to  act,  the 
of  the  laws  and  usages  of  the  Church  and  a  Rev.  C.  S.  Haman  was  elected  chairman.  No 
grave  offense  against  it ;  and  declaring  that  "  all  delegates  were  present  from  seventeen  of  the 
persons  who  have  heretofore  actively  supported,  annual  conferences  and  none  of  the  ex  officio 
and  now  are  actively  supporting  or  participating  members  of  the  conference.  Bishop  Dubs  was  in- 
in.  such  disorganizing  movements  have  thereby  vited  to  present  the  case  of  his  trial  and  suspen- 
thronm  off  their  alleg^iance  to  our  Church  and  siou  before  the  General  Conference  for  review. 
have  disentitled  themselves  to  any  of  the  privi-  The  cases  of  Bishops  Bowman  and  Esher  were 
leges  of  membership  therein  until,  upon  ref-  also  reviewed,  but  in  their  absence.  The  proceed- 
ormation,  they  have  been  duly  readmitted  '* ;  ings  in  the  trial  of  Bishops  Esher  and  Bowman 
and  **  that  no  preacher  so  acting  heretofore  is  were  approved,  and  they  were  declared  deposed 
qualified  to  vote  at  any  annual  conference  or  to  and  expelled,  while  the  verdict  in  the  case  of 
officiate  as  a  preacher  without  being  received  Bishop  Dubs  was  reversed,  and  he  was  reinstated 
anew  after  reformation  and  accepted  in  due  form  in  his  episcopal  and  ministerial  relations.  Bish- 
bv  some  duly  constituted,  annual  conference  of  op  Dubs  was  elected  for  another  term,  and  the 
the  Church.  The  Board  of  Bishops  was  given  Kev.  C.  S.  Haman  and  the  Rev.  W.  M.  Stanford 
power,  by  an  amendment  to  the  "  Discipline,"  to  were  chosen  additional  bishops.  Persons  were 
decide  by  a  majority  of  votes  all  disputed  qucs-  chosen  to  fill  all  the  official  positions  of  the  church 
tions  of  Church  law,  their  interpretations  to  be  which  were  under  the  control  of  the  majority 
binding  upon  all  preachers  and  members  of  the  party,  including  the  editorships  of  the  official  pa- 
Church.  Presiding  elders  were  authorized  and  pers,  their  salaries  to  begin  when  they  enter  upon 
directed  during  the  interims  of  General  Confer-  the  discharge  of  their  duties.  The  report  on  the 
ences  to  take  steps  to  prevent  ministers  of  the  state  of  the  Church  embodied  a  review  of  the 
minority  party  from  performing  any  official  tmnsactions  that  had  led  to  the  division  as 
actions  in  any  of  the  churches  under  their  juris-  viewed  from  the  side  of  the  minority  party,  and 
diction.  An  order  was  passed  under  which  min-  action  was  taken  upon  all  the  questions  at  issue 
isters  and  members  of  churches  who  adhere  to  with  a  view  to  estaolishing  the  lawfulness  of  the 
the  minority  organization  shall  be  regarded  as  position  of  the  minority.  A  measure  of  lay  del- 
having  by  that  fact  withdrawn  from  the  Church,  egation  was  adopted,  to  be  recommended  to  the 
and  their  names  shall  be  stricken  from  the  roll,  annual  conferences.  Ex  officio  membership  in 
Steps  were  taken  looking  to  the  introduction  of  the  General  Conference  was  abolished. 
lav  delegation  in  the  General  and  annual  con-  Laymen's  Conrentlons. — Laymen's  conven- 
forences.  The  mission  in  Japan  was  constituted  tions  met  in  connection  with  both  general  con- 
into  an  annual  conference.  A  report  on  the  ferences.  The  Hon.  W.  Grote,  of  Elgin,  111. 
proposition  to  submit  the  difficulties  in  the  was  chosen  president  of  the  convention  of  the 
Church  to  arbitration  was  adopted  unanimously,  majority  party  at  Indianapolis,  and  Mr.  Isaiah 
although  the  subject  had  not  been  formally  pre-  Bower,  of  Pennsylvania,  of  that  of  the  minority 
sented  to  the  Conference.  It  declared  that  there  party  in  Philadelphia.  Fraternal  greetings  and 
existed  neither  occasion  nor  ground  for  such  a  expressions  of  a  desire  for  peace  were  exchanged 
compromise ;  that  if  a  wrong  nad  been  commit-  by  telegraph  between  the  two  conventions.  The 
ted  on  the  part  of  the  majority,  it  only  had  to  be  first  message  was  sent  by  the  convention  of  the 
proved  to  have  it  corrected  according  to  the  Word  minority  to  that  of  the  majority,  and  embodied 
of  God,  "for  to  compromise  between  right  and  a  unanimous  request  that  the  laymen  of  the 
wrong  would  be  treason  and  sin ;  that  it  would  be  majority  would  join  those  of  the  minority  '*  in 
a  sign  of  weakness  calling  in  Question  the  right  of  recommending  to  our  ministerial  brethren  an 
existence  for  the  Church  witn  its  excellent  dis-  adjustment  of  our  present  difficulties  by  arbitrar 
cipline  to  submit  the  adjustment  of  its  affairs  to  tion  by  disinterested  Christian  brethren  of  other 
an  outside  board  of  arbitrators;  that  if  each  denominations,  and  save  our  beloved  association 
member  was  faithful  to  his  obligations  as  such,  from  total  disruption."  The  majority  conven- 
and  each  preacher  obeyed  his  ordination  vows,  tion  replied :  "  Dear  brethren,  we  are  yours  for 
all  occasion  for  compromise  would  at  once  cease ;  peace  and  unity,  and  shall  be  glad  to  give  our 
and  that  the  behavior  of  the  minority  was  such  influence  to  any  measure  looking  to  that  end 
that  their  proposals  of  compromise  were  a  "  sac-  (the  settlement  of  difficulties)  which  is  in  ac- 
rilegious  mockery,"  bore  "  the  stamp  of  hypocrisy  cordance  with  our  Discipline  and  the  Word  of 
and  deceit,**  and  deserved  no  further  attention.  God."  The  minority  convention  responded  pro- 
GeDeral  Conference  of  the  Minority. —  posing  the  names  of  eleven  men  of  eminence 
The  General  Conference  of  the  minority  party,  m  thei^  several  denominations  and  of  recognized 
which  sustains  Bishop  Dubs,  met  in  Philadel-  positions  before  the  public  as  arbitrators.  To 
phia,  Oct  1.  Its  claim  to  lepal  constitution  was  this  the  president  of  the  convention  at  Indianap- 
based  on  a  clause  in  the  Discipline  directing  that  olis  answered  that  the  convention  had  adjourned 
when  the  General  Conference  and  the  bishops  and  many  of  the  delegates  had  gone  home.  He 
fail  to  appoint  the  time  and  place  of  the  next  had  talked  with  some  privately,  and  the  opinion 
session,  the  oldest  annual  conference  shall  do  so.  was  that  the  proposition  of  the  minority  conven- 
Holding  that  in  view  of  this  clause  the  General  tion  was  not  m  accordance  with  the  Discipline. 


276 


EVENTS  OP  1891. 


EYENTS  OF  1891.  The  y;ear  opened  with 
the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  in  armed  revolt, 
but  they  all  surrendered  before  the  middle  of 
January.  The  most  considerable  war  of  the  year 
was  that  in  Chili,  which  began  on  Jan.  7  and 
ended  in  August  with  the  complete  triumph  of 
the  popular  party.  The  Government  of  the 
United  States  was  obliged  to  take  a  firm  stand 
with  Chili  because  of  an  attack  upon  American 
sailors  in  Valparaiso.  England  by  force  of  arms 
subdued  a  formidable  revolt  in  her  Indian  pos- 
sessions, and  was  very  near  hostilities  with  Por- 
tugal about  certain  conflicting  claims  in  Africa. 
Apart  from  these  the  actual  and  possible  wars  of 
Christendom  have  been  immaterial.  Diplomatic 
negotiations  of  considerable  moment  nave  re- 
sulted in  reciprocity  treaties  of  great  commercial 
importance  between  the  United  States  and  many 
foreign  countries,  and  the  threatened  difficulties 
with  England  regarding  the  Bering  Sea  have 
been  happily  adjusted.  The  list  that  follows 
embraces  only  such  occurrences  as  are  held  to 
be  of  somewhat  general  interest.  More  detailed 
accounts  will  be  K>und  under  the  propei  headings, 
alphabetically  arranged,  in  the  body  of  the  book. 

Jftniuurr  1.  Baltimore,  Md.:  Boman  Catholic  Me- 
morial Church  of  Corpus  Christi  consecrated  by  Car- 
dinal Gibbons.  Pittsburg,  Pa. :  Strike  of  500  Hun- 
garian steel  workers,  3,000'  men  out  of  work  in  conse- 
quence. Africa :  Germany  takes  formal  possession  of 
her  new  territory. 

2.  Washin^n :  A.  L.  Drummond,  of  New  York, 
appointed  chief  of  the  Treasury  Secret  Service. 

4.  Ireland:  The  Viceroy  issues  a  declaration  re- 
garding: a  famine  in  the  western  counties. 

5.  Fi^lit  vrith  Indians  near  Pine  Rid^e  agency. 
Supreiue  Court :  Henry  B.  Brown,  of  Michigan,  take.s 
the  outh  OS  Associate  Justice.  Scotland:  Fight  be- 
tween ruilwav  strikers  and  police  at  Motherwell. 

6.  Scotland,:  Continued  encounters  between  strikers 
and  the  authorities  at  Glasgow. 

7.  Gen.  Miles's  forces  surround  the  hostile  Indians 
in  Pino  Kidgo  reservation.  Secretary  Tracv  relieves 
Commander  Keiter  of  his  ship  on  account  or  the  Bar- 
rundia  affair.  Meeting  of  International  Monetary  Con- 
ference in  Washington.  Chili :  Balmaceda  assumes 
the  dictatorship  and  part  of  the  navy  rovolti». 

8.  Lieut.  Casey  killed  by  Indians  at  Pine  Ridge. 

9.  Rochester,  N.  Y. :  The  great  shoe  strike  de- 
clared off. 

10.  Fnmce:  The  Irish  Nationalist  leaders  hold  a 
conference  at  Boulogne.  France :  The  new  Govern- 
ment loan  promptly  taken. 

11.  Hostile  Indians,  8,000  strong,  approach  Pino 
Ridge  with  a  view  to  surrender.  Mahoning  Valley, 
(Jhio :  Sixteen  blast  furnaces  shut  down,  10,000  men 
out  of  work :  object,  to  force  railroads  and  coke  com- 
panies to  reuuce  prices. 

12.  Canada  bnngs  suit  before  the  United  States 
Supreme  Court  in  re  seizures  of  vessels  in  Bering  Sea. 
San  Francisco :  St.  Mary's  Cathedral  dedicated. 

18.  California:  Leland  Stanford  (Rep.)  re-elected 
United  States  Senator. 

14.  Conference  of  Indian  chiefs  with  General  Miles 
at  Pine  Ridge ;  tliey  agree  to  surrender. 

15.  Scottish  railway  strikers  try  to  wreck  a  train 
near  Greenock. 

17.  George  Bancroft  dies  at  Washington,  aged  91 
years ;  flags  on  all  Government  buildings  are  placed 
at  half-mast  until  after  the  funeral. 

19.  General  Miles  officially  announces  the  Indian 
outbreak  at  an  end  and  congratulates  his  troops.  A 
British  squadron  ordered  to  Chili. 

20.  Kulakauo,  King  of  Hawaii,  dies  at  San  Fran- 
cisco. Governors  are  inaugurated  in  several  States. 
United  States  Senators  elected :  Connecticut,  Orville 
H.  Piatt  (re-election);  New  Hampshire,  Dr.  J.  H. 


Oallinger  (BepO ;  North  Carolina,  Zebulon  B.  Vanoe 
(re-electioB).  Texas :  Fifteen  masked  men  wreck  and 
rob  a  train  near  Brownsville.  Waahington :  Meeting 
of  the  United  States  Potters^  Association.  Baltimore': 
Annual  Convention,  American  Brotherhood  of  Steam- 
boat Pilots.    French  war  ships  sent  to  Chili. 

21.  Gov.  David  B.  Hill  (DenO,  of  New  Y'ork,  elect- 
ed United  States  Senator.  The  following-named 
Senators  are  re-elected:  Henry  M.  Teller  (Bep.),  of 
Colorado;  Daniel  W.  Voorhees  (Dem.),  of  Indiana; 
J.  D.  Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania;  W.  C.  Squire,  of 
Washington ;  James  K.  Jones  ( Dem.^,  of  Arkansas^ ; 
Geoigo  G.  Vest  (Dem.),  of  Missouri.  New  York : 
Fortieth  annual  meeting  of  the  American  Society  of 
Civil  Engineers.  The  Hon.  John  Lothrop  eucceedi* 
Judge  Devins  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  Maaaachu- 
setts. 

22.  England:  Parliament reassemhles.  Riusia:  The 
Tsar  expels  Hehrews  from  Moscow. 

23.  North  Dakota  elects  the  Hon.  H.  C.  Hansbrough 
^Rep.)  United  States  Senator.  Belgium:  Prmce 
Baudouin,  the  heir-apparent,  dies  suddenly.  Brazil : 
A  new  ministrj^  is  formed. 

24.  Boston :  Centennial  celebration  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society. 

26.  Spain  agrees  to  a  reciprocity  treaty  between  the 
United  States  and  Cuba.  A  delegation  of  recently 
hostile  Indian  chiefs  selected  to  visit  Washington. 
Chili:  The  insuigents  bombard  Coronel. 

27.  Wisconsin:  Ex-Secretary  Vilas  (Dein.)  chowai 
United  States  Senator  vice  John  C.  Spooner  (Rep.). 

28.  Connecticut:  The  Le^slature  declares  that 
there  was  no  choice  of  State  ofllcers  in  the  late  election 
save  in  the  case  of  the  Comptroller.  Oberiin  College : 
William  Gay  Ballentme  elected  president  Kansat»: 
The  Legislature  elects  William  A.  Peffer  (Farmers' 
Alliance)  to  be  United  States  Senator  vice  John  J. 
Ingalls. 

29.  Death  of  William  Windom,  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury.  Nevada:  Senator  J.  P.  Jones  re-elected. 
Chili :  fcjuiaui  recaptured  by  the  Government  foret*. 

81.  Umteu  States  steamer  Newark  accepted  by  tlie 
Navy  Department  Portugal:  Three  regiments  of 
the  line  revolt  at  Oporto,  mutiny  quelled  by  loyal 
troops.  France:  Death  of  Meissonier,  the'  artK-'t 
Caroline  Islands:  Natives  attack  the  Spanish  gur- 
rison,  90  killed. 

Febnuunr  1.  Alabama :  Race  riot  at  Carbon  Hill, 
troops  called  out,  4  negroes  killed. 

2.  Washington:  The  Supreme  Court  decides  that 
it  has  jurisdiction  in  the  case  of  the  schooner  Say- 
ward.  Spain :  A  general  election  results  in  Conserva- 
tive victorv ;  rioting  at  Bareelona. 

8.  Canada :  Parliament  dissolved  on  the  reciprocity 
question. 

4.  Ohio :  Charies  F.  Thwing  installed  President  of 
Western  Reserve  Univereity.  Italy:  A  Cabinet 
crisis,  Gen.  Vias  summoned  by  the  King  to  fonu 
a  new  ministry. 

6.  The  President  signs  a  reciprocity  treaty  with 
Brazil.  Maine:  Keels  of  two  new  United  Statt-j* 
cruisers  laid  at  Bath.  New  York:  Strike  of  lv'>*><» 
cloak-makers. 

7.  Washington:  Conference  with  Sioux  chiefs  at 
the  Interior  Department 

9.  Connellsville,  Pa.:  Strike  of  10,000  miner*. 
Strike  on  the  Pittsburg  and  Western  Railroad.  Italy : 
New  Cabinet  sworn  in  by  tlie  King. 

10.  Strike  of  30<)  men  on  the  Pittsburg  and  West- 
em  Railroad.  The  courts  in  St  Louis  decide  that 
certain  clubs  in  that  city  are  illegal  as  regards  tlie 
liquor  law. 

11.  Idaho:  Judge  William  H.  Claggett  chown 
United  States  Senator.  Washin^n:  Close  of  the 
conference  with  the  Sioux  delegation. 

12.  England:  Messrs.  Dillon  and  O^Brien  surren- 
der to 
France. 
Threatl  Works. 

13.  Washington:  Death  of  Admiral  David  Dixon 
Porter. 


0  the  iwlice  at  Folkestone  on  their  arrival  fr»rii 
ce.    Kearney,  N.  J. :  Strikers'  riot  at  the  Clark 


EVENTS  OP  1891.                                                  277 

14  New  Toik :  Death  of  Gen.  William  TecumBeh  of  the  Building  Trades  Council.    Chili :  Government 

Shennan.  troops  defeated  at  Poaso  Almonte. 

lb.  Carlisle,  Pa. :  A  delegation  of  Sioux  chiefs  visits  8.  Washin^n  (State)  appropriates  $100,000  for  the 

the  Government  Indian  schools.    Fall  Elver,  Mass.:  Columbian  Exhibition.    Africa:  600  natives  killed 

A  compromise  ends  the  weavers'  strike  at  the  Cornell  by  a  French  expedition  on  the  Niger. 

MiU.  9.  France  accepts  the  invitation  to  participate  in 

16.  Sooth  Dakota :  I.  H.  Kyle  elected  Umte4  States  the  Colimibian  Exhibition.  Jamaica,  X.  I. :  Polish 
Senator.         ,  cloak-makers  attack  their  employer,  throwing  vitriol. 

17.  Arlington,  Ya. :  Interment  of  the  late  Admiral  11.  Illinois :  John  M.  Palmer  (Republican;  chosen 
Porter.  Providence,  B.  I. :  Meeting  of  the  National  United  States  Senator  vice  Farwell.  Kilgoro,  Ky. : 
Electric  Light  Association.  Caroline  Islands :  A  6  men  killed  and  several  wounded  at  a  dance.  Wash- 
Spanish  force  repulsed  by  natives,  losing  120  men.  ington :  2  battalions  (colored)  of  the  National  Guard 

18w  Minnesota :  The  American  Base-ball  Associa-  disbanded  because  Congress  failed  to  make  an  appro- 

tion  witixdraws  from  the  national  agreement  priation  for  armories. 

19.  New  York:  Funeral  obsequies  of  Gen.  Sher-  12.  Providence,  R.  L :  Strike  of  800  weavers  against 

man.    England  :  The  House  of  Commons  rejects  a  alleged  excessive  fines  for  imperfect  work.   England : 

motion  for  disestablishment  in  Wales.    Egypt :  Os-  The  House  of  Commons  votes  a  laiige  credit  lor  the 

maa  Digma  defeated  at  Tokar.  famine  in  Ireland. 

ii.  I<uhQ:  The  Legislature  passes  an ^^ Australian**  18.  California:  Anti-Chinese  bill  passed  by  the 

ballot  bill.    Rhode  Island :  Cnarles  H.  Page  elected  lower  house  (see  article  on  Caufornia)  ;  vote,  49  to 

Member  of  Congress.    Egypt :  Battie  wiui  Osman  6.    New  Orleans :  The  jury  fails  to  convict  a  num- 

Did^ma's  foroes  near  Tokar,  tnc  Egyptians  victorious,  ber  of  Italians  accused  of  the  murder  of  Chief  of  Po- 

i2-28.  Washington:  Meetinff  of  the  Women^a  Na-  lice  Hennessy;  popular  indignation  at  alleged  rais- 

tional  (Council,  Fnnoes  £.  Willard,  President.  carriage  of  justice. 

£$  (Monday).  General  celebration  of  Washington's  14.  New  Orleans,  La. :  11  Italians,  believed  to  be- 

biithday.    Kansas  City :  Meeting  of  delegates  utvor-  lon^  to  the  murderous  ^  Mafia  ^  society,  lynched  in  the 

in^  a  general  federation  of  labor.    Resignation  of  the  parish  prison.     Bridgeport,  Conn. :   r.  T.  Bamum 

Norwegian  Cabinet     Formation  of  a  new  Servian  presents  a  building  to  the  historical  and  scientific 

DiinistiT.  societies  of  the  city. 

S4.  Oklahoma  Territory :  Large   immigration  of  15.  The  Italian  minister  ofiicially  protests  against 

Dei?roes  ftx>m  Arkansas.  the  New  Orleans  lynching.    California :  Funeral  of 

i&.  United  States  of  Brazil :  Gen.  de  Fonseca  elected  the  late  Senator  Hearst  at  San  Francisco.    Ireland : 

President  Election  fight  at  Newry. 

26.  Nebraska:  Passage  of  a  strict  maximum  fVeight  16.  The  Kev.  Howard  MacQueaiy  (Presbyterian), 

MIL    Chili :  Capture  and  pillage  of  louioui  by  the  of  Canton,  Ohio,  found  guilty  of  heresy.    Newburgh, 

Congressional  puty.    England :  Launcn  or  two  men-  N.  Y. :  Dedication  of  a  monument,  known  as  tlie 


.^  benns  at  DubliiL.  with  accompanying  riots.  to  the  crown  of  France.    His  second  son,  Louis, .» 

27.  Washington :  Henry  W.  Blair,  of  New  Hamp-  designated  by  will  as  head  of  the  house  of  Bonaparte, 

shire,  appointed  minister  to  China,  Truxton  Beale,  20.  Indianapolis:  The  strike  of  journeymen  onnters 

of  California,  minister  to  Persia,  and  Morton  A.  ends  in  compromise.   Philadelphia:  Keystone  Nation- 

Knapp,  of  New  York,  Interstate  Commerce  Commis-  al  Bank  closed  bv  the  Comptroller  of  the  Currency, 

sioner.  21.  Oxford  defeats  Cambridge  in  the  annual  boat 

28  Satiafiactory  test  of  the  new  gunboat  Benning-  race  on  the  Thames,  England,  r^ewfoundland:  Great 

ton.    England :  Fight  with  strikers  at  the  Albert  excitement  and  indignation  against  the  proposed  ac- 

DockSi  several  killed.  tion  of  the  English  Parliament    Washington :  Death 

Kam  2,  Centenary  of  John  Wesley^  death ;  Meth-  of  Gen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  late  Confederate  Stetes 

odaMn  celebrate  the  event  all  over  the  world ;  a  statue  Army.                       ^ 

in  his  honor  is  unveiled  in  London;  Archdeacon  £4.  Maine:  The  Legislature  adopts  on  ^Australian*' 
Farrar,  of  the  Churoh  of  Englandj  makes  the  address,  ballot  system.    The  republic  of  Honduras  agrees  to 
Soman  Catholics  celebrate  the  eighty-first  birthday  particioate  in  the  Columbian  Exposition, 
of  the  Pope.    Providence,  B.  I. :  Strike  of  800  weav-  25.  Great  Britein  accepts  the  President's  in  vita- 
en  because  of  reduced  wages.  tion  to  participate  in  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

3.  Washington :    Gold  medal  of  the  Life-saving  26.  C^alifomia  appropriates  $300,000  for  the  Colum- 
Bervice  awaraed  to  Capt  Alfred  Mitchell,  ot  Buffalo,  bian  Ein>osition. 

for  gallantry  in  saving  the  crew  of  the  steamer  Annie  27.  Chicago :  Strike  ends  by  agreement  between 

Young  in  (October,  1B90.    One  hundredth  anniversary  the  boss  carpenters  and  journeymen  through  a  con- 

of  the' approval  by  Washington  of  the  act  authorizing  ference  committee. 

b  mint  at  Philadelphia.    The  President  signs  an  act  28.  Holyoke,  Mass :  Chinese  students  assaulted  by 

authorizing  a  new  mint  building  in  the  same  city,  a  mob. 

^'hili :  A  detachment  of  Government  troops  desert  80.  India :  Nearly  500  native  troops  in  the  British 

and  join  the  Congressional  forces.  service  have  been  killed  by  insurgents.   Connellsville, 

4.  Washington :   A^oumment   of  the   Fifty-first  Pa :  Coke  strikers  destroy  the  company's  propertv. 
Con^rreas  sifu  die  by  limitation  of  its  term ;  the  Copy-  81.  Italy  indicates  her  feeling  in  the  matter  or  the 
ri>rbt  bill  was  passed  among  its  last  acts.  New  Orleans  lynching    by  recalling  Baron  Fava, 

<».  Pennsylvania :  The  Monongahela  Valley  coal-  minister  resident  at  Washington. 

miners'  stzike  for  fair  wages  ends  in  a  victory  for  the  April  1.  Rhode  Island  State  election :  No  choice  in 

ftrikers.    Army :  Enlistment  of  2,000  Indians  author-  many  cases  of  officers  and  legislators.  Maine :  Passage 

i«d  by  the  Secretary  of  War.    Navy:  Official  ac-  of  a  strict  law  regarding  liquor  traffic    New  Ham^ 

ceptance  of  United  States  cruisers  San  'Francisco  and  shire  appropriates  $40,000  for  the  Columbian  Exposi- 

PHiladelphia.    Alabama :  Raid  of  Government  otfi-  tion.    Cnili :  Elections  result  in  a  Liberal  victory. 

«ere ;  arrest  of  80  "  moonshiners."    AfHca :  A  Ger-  2.  Connellsville,  Pa. :  Fight  between  coke  strikers 

man  expedition  under  Baron  von  Wissmann  nearly  and  deputy  sherifis,  11  killed,  40  wounded, 

exterminates  a  native  tribe.    Chili:  Bloody  battle  8.  Pennsylvania:  Two  regiments  of  the  National 

fought  Congressional  troops  victorious.  Guard  on  duty  at  Connellsville  to  suppress  rioting. 

7.  The  President  appoints  James  H.  Beat^  to  be  Washington :  Strike  of  journeyman  pnnters  for  in- 

dit^trict  judge  for  Idano.    Rochester,  N.  Y. :  Lockout  crease  of  wages. 

of  elothing  manufacturers,  affecting  many  thousand  4.  Arkansas  and  Maine :  State  Legislatures  adjourn, 

people.    Indiiuapolis :  1,500  carpenters  idle  because  5.  San  Francisco :  Chinese  merehants  formally  pro- 


278 


EVENTS  OF  1891. 


test  a(y^inst  tho  appointment  of  Mr.  Blair  as  minister 
to  China. 

6.  New  York :  Journeymen  painters  strike  for  eight 
hours  and  $8.50  a  day.  Kirtland,  <Jhio:  Thirty- 
ninUi  annual  conference  of  tho  Reorganized  Church 
of  Latter-Day  Sfunts.  New  York :  The  Methodist 
£piscopal  Conference  votes  against  the  admission  of 
women  as  delegates.  India:  Kevolt  agunst  British 
rule  in  the  Puiyab.  Bridgeport,  Conn. :  Death  of  P. 
T.  Bamura  (see  Obitcabiks). 

8.  Washington :  Opening  of  the  centennial  celebra- 
tion of  the  Patent  Office.  Xynn,  Mass. :  Strike  of  tlio 
morocco  workers  ends  in  defeat.  Marion,  Ind. :  Strike 
of  tramway  employes  for  better  wages.  New  Hamp- 
shire :  Passage  of  ^Australian -^  ballot  law  by  the  Sute 
Senate.  In£ana :  Prof.  Coulter  appointed  President 
of  the  State  University.  Cambridge,  Mass.:  The 
Harvard  overseers  vote  against  shortening  the  uni- 
versity course. 

9.  Kansas :  Two  towns  have  elected  women  as  po- 
lice justices.  Pennsylvania:  Several  deputy  shentfis 
arrested  on  charges  of  murder  at  the  coke  riots  of 
April  2.  India:  British  troops  under  Lieut.  Grant 
defeat  a  force  of  insurgent  Manipuris. 

10.  Washington :  Formation  of  a  National  Associ- 
ation of  Inventors.  New  York  city :  Celebration  of 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  New  York  "  Tribune." 
Pittsburg,  Pa. :  The  convention  of  miners  and  opera- 
tors fails  to  agree  as  to  the  eight-hour  question.  W  aah- 
ington:  Lorenzo  Crounse,  of  Nebraska,  appointed 
Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  A  company  of 
surveyors  sails  for  Central  America  to  examine  the 
route  to  connect  North  and  South  America  bv  rail. 

11.  Kentucky:  Adjournment  of  the  State  Constitu- 
tional Convention.  New  Hampshire:  A^jourmnent 
of  the  State  Legislature.  Chili:  Successes  reported 
on  the  part  of  the  Congressionalists. 


Britain.    England :  Riotous  weavers  at  Bradford  are 
dispersed  by  troops. 

li.  Pennsylvania:  The  Lower  House  passes  an 
^  Australian "  ballot  bill.  Turkey  :  A  Russian  war- 
ship witi^  railroad  materials  and  workmen  for  the 
Black  Sea  is  stopped  at  the  Dardanelles.  The  Presi- 
dent leaves  Wasnmgton  for  a  trip  through  the  South- 
em  States. 

15.  The  President  visits  Chattanooga  and  Atlanta. 
Secretary  Tracy  inaugurates  a  system  of  civil-service 
reform  m  the  navy  yards.  Chili :  The  Congres- 
sional troops  defeat  a  Government  force  at  Copia^K). 

16.  The  President  is  well  received  on  the  route 
throu|^  Alabama. 

17.  Rhode  Island:  Justice  Charles  Matteson  is 
elected  Chief  Justice  by  the  State  Legislature. 

18.  The  President  reaches  Galveston.  Texas,  and  is 
received  by  the  authorities.  Pennsylvania:  Fight 
between  coke  strikers  and  sheriff^s  poHse.  Newark, 
N.  J  :  Strike  declared  off  in  the  Clark  Thread  Works, 
most  of  ^e  men  resume  work. 

20.  Army:  Col.  A.  V.  Kantz  promoted  brigadier- 
general  vtee  Gibbons,  retired.  Africa:  A  British 
steamer  was  flred  upon  by  the  Portuguese. 

21-24.  Washington:  Annual  meeting  of  the  Na- 
tional Academy  of  Sciences. 

21.  Cincinnati :  Annual  meeting  of  the  League  of 
Republican  Clubs.  The  President  at  El  Paso,  Texas ; 
Mexicans  join  Americans  in  the  reception.  London : 
Mutinous  conduct  in  the  Grenadier  Guards.  Africa : 
Natives  in  Portuguese  Guinea  revolt  and  raise  the 
French  flag.  Navy:  Commander  Reiter,  disciplined 
because  of  tho  Barrundia  affair,  is  restored  to  duty 
in  command  of  the  Thetis.  The  President  passes 
through  Tucson,  Arizona,  to  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  Con- 
nellsville,  Pa, :  More  fighting  in  the  coke  region. 

22.  New  Orleans:  A  general  strike  ordered  of  the 
building  trades  unions.  Detroit:  Traffic  almost  en- 
tirely suspended  on  the  tram  lines,  owing  to  tho 
strike  of  the  employes.  James  S.  Clarkson  chosen 
President  of  the  nepublicon  National  League. 


23.  Detroit :  The  trom-cor  striken  sucoefisfully 
defy  the  police,  rails  are  torn  up  in  various  narts  of 
the  city.  Chicago :  A  strike  of  laborers  at  the  World's 
Fair  site  ends.  Chili :  The  Government  suffers  a  de- 
feat at  Iquiqui.  Wisconsin  appropriates  $65,000  for 
tho  World's  Fair. 

24-26.  Scranton,  Pa. :  Convention  of  the  Interna- 
tional Young  Women's  Christian  Assooiatloo. 

24.  Germany :  Death  of  Count  Von  Moltke  (see 
Obituabiks).  India:  The  Manipuri  insui)gents  are 
subdued  by  tho  British  and  severely  punished. 
Portugal  accedes  to  England^s  ultimatum  in  regard 
to  the  African  question.  Washington:  Meeting  of 
managers  of  National  Homes  for  Disabled  Volunteer 
Soldiers ;  General  W.  B.  Franklin  chosen  preeident 

25.  The  President  reached  San  Francisco.  Detroit : 
The  tramwav  strike  ends  with  mutual  consent  to  ar- 
bitration. Employ^  of  the  MicJiigan  Car  Works 
(Detroit)  strike  for  shorter  hours.  C^ili :  The  Con- 
gressional man-of-war  Blanco  Encoladm  blown  up  by 
a  torpedo,  200  killed. 

26.  Woshini^n :  Secretary  Noble  appoiots  a  com- 
mission to  adjust  differences  between  the  Indians  of 
South  Dakota. 

27.  The  President  reviews  the  school  children  of 
San  FranciBco  and  the  detachment  of  rogulan  of  the 
Presidio  garrison.  New  York:  Ground  broken  for 
the  foundation  of  the  Grant  monument.  The  South- 
em  Memorial  Day  was  observed  by  survivon  of  tho 
Confederacy. 

28.  China  formally  objects  to  the  Hon.  Henrv  W. 
Blair,  as  minister  from  tho  United  States.  Wash- 
ington: Forty-fifth  annual  meeting  of  superintend- 
ents of  aylums  for  the  insane.  India:  British 
forces  have  entered  Manipur  after  sharp  fighting. 

29.  New  York :  Oi^ganization  of  American  tin-plate 
manufacturers.  Denver,  Col. :  A  verdict  of  **■  nc^t 
guilty  "  returned  in  the  Millington  murder  case,  one 
of  the  most  noted  trials  ever  held  in  the  West 

80.  The  President  arrived  at  Monterey.  Hartford, 
Conn. :  Congress  of  the  American  Sons  of  the  Revo- 
lution. The  Rev.  Phillips  Brooks,  D.  D.,  chosen 
Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  Massachusetts.  Cana- 
da :  Opening  of  the  Dominion  Parliament 

Mmj  1.  Riotous  labor  agitation  expected  throughout 
Christendom  and  repressive  measures  taken  where 
possible.  Many  stnkes  for  higher  wages  in  thi» 
country,  but  only  one  riot  (at  Cleveland).  In  Europe 
troops  were  called  out  in  Italv,  France,  and  elsewhere. 
The  President  returned  to  San  Francisco.  Another 
Russian  man-of-war  stopped  at  tho  Dardanelles. 
2.  The  President  entertained  at  a  banquet  at  San 
Francisco.  Washington:  Annual  meeting  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Medicine.  Europe:  Labor 
riots  in  Belgium  and  France.  Chili :  The  Con^n^- 
sional  party  have  secured  control  of  ei^ht  provinces 
and  oiiganized  a  government  Italy :  A  ^  green  book  ^ 
has  been  issued  on  the  New  Orleans  Ivncning.  Lon- 
don :  Naval  exhibition  opened  by  the  iMnce  of  Wales. 

4.  The  President  sails  for  Ore^n.  Two  coke  strik- 
ers killed  by  deputy  sheriffs  m  the  Connellsnllc 
region.  Pennsylvania:  Celebration  of  the  one  hun- 
dredth anniversary  of  the  arrival  of  the  first  Poli»h 
immlGrrants. 

5.  The  President  is  received  at  Salem  and  Port- 
land, Ore.  Nebraska:  The  Supreme  Court  (State) 
decides  in  favor  of  Thayer,  the  Republican  claimant 
of  the  Governorship. 

6.  San  Diego,  Cal. :  Steamer  Itata  seiied  bv  the 
United  States  marshal  at  the  request  of  the  CLilian 
miniHter.  Kansas  Citv:  Twentv-ninth  Convention 
of  the  Youn^  Men^s  Christian  Association.  Pi^- 
burg :  Tho  National  Convention  of  Machinists  votes 
to  exclude  negroes  fVom  membership. 

7.  Son  Dieffo :  The  Chilian  steamer  Itata  puts  to 
sea  carrying  tne  United  States  deputy  marshal.  Tho 
President  begins  his  return  journey  to  the  eastward 
over  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad.  Honduras:  An 
insurrection  announcoil. 

8.  The  President  visits  the  State  capital  of  Idaho. 
Philadelphia :  Failure  of  the  Spring  Garden  National 


EVENTS  OP  1801.  279 


ingham,  Ala. :  Forty- 

Soimiera  Baptists.    Italy  addresses  a  circular  letter  ation  bocauHO  of  the  Northwestern  strike.    Pittsbur||(: 

trt  the  European  powers  in  regard  to  the  New  Or-  The  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  begins  its  sos- 

ieana  lynching.  sions  (sirty-second  synod^.    Navy :  The  Charleston 

9.  The  United  States  cruiser  Charleston  sails  in  reaches  Calao  without  having  seen  the  Itata. 
pursuit  of  the  Chilian  steonier  Itata.    The  President  28.  Pennsylvania:  Acjjoummentof  the  Legislature, 
vistits  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.    Gennany :  .Adjourn-  Washin^n:  Oi^anization  effected  of  an  *^  Amori(^n 
ment  of  the  Reichstag.    Opening  of  the  German  Ex-  University."     Navy :   Liout-Com.    Bicknell   found 
hibition  in  London.  K^ilty  of  negligence  in  the  loss  of  the  Galena.    South 

10.  California :  Schooner  Robert  and  Minnie  seized  Africa :  An  encounter  between  British  and  Portu- 
br  a  United  States  marshal  off  San  Pedro;  Hhe  is  guese  forces  on  the  Bemb^  river;  the  British  aru 
cnaived  with 'having  delivered   arms  to  the  Itata.  victorious. 

Honduras :  Suppression  of  the  attempted  revolution.  29.  Detroit :  The  Presbyterian  General  Assembly 

11.  Richmona :  Memorial  services  neld  in  honor  of  disapprovea  the  appointment  of  Prof.  Briggs  in  Union 
the  Confederate  dead  at  Oakwood  cemetery.  Theological  Seminary. 

12.  Buffalo,  N.  Y. :  Opening  of  a  new  political  club  80.  Memorial  Day  observed  as  a  holiday  through- 
house.  **  The  Cleveland  Democracy";  an  address  waB  out  the  United  States ;  a  Grand  Anny  post  mobbed 
made  oy  ex-PT«sident  Cleveland.  Philadelphia :  An-  at  Whit^sville,  Ky.  Intercollegiate  athletic  games : 
nual  meeting  of  the  Catholic  Knights  ol  America.  Harvard  wins  the  Berkel^  cup.  Hayti :  A  revolution 
J^an :  The  Russian  Czarewitch  attacked  and  wound-  breaks  out  in  Port  au  Pnnce. 

ed  Dy  a  supposed  maniac    Much  financial  excitement  81.  New  York :  First  Sunday  opening  of  the  New 

in  the  European  exchanges.  York  Museum  of  Art  10,000  visitons. 

13.  The  President  speaks  at  Hastings  and  Omaha.  JuM  1.  England :  Opening  of  the  ^  baccarat  trial," 
New  York :  The  Ameneon  Bible  Society  oelebrateH  its  involving  the  Prince  of  Wales  and  others  of  the  aris- 
seventT-flfth  anniversari'.    Indianapolis :  Eighteenth  tocraov. 

annual  conference  of  Cnarity  and  Correction  Asso-  2.  Detroit :  Adjournment  of  the  Presbyterian  Gen> 

ciad<»]&    Columbia,  S.  C. :  Celebration  of  the  one  end  Assembly.    French  cruisera  interfere  with  fish- 

hundredth  anniversary  of  the  first  State  Legislature,  ermen  in  Newfoundland. 

Serious  native  revolt  in  Dutch  Guiana.    Anti-Euro-  8.  Galena,  111. :  Bronze  statue  of  Gen.  Grant  un- 

pjean  riots  in  China.    Anti-Hebrew  riots  in  Corfu,  veiled,  presented  to  the  city  by  H.  H.  Koblsaat.  of 

J%ypt :   A  new  ministry  formed.  Chicago.    Jackson,  Mississippi :  Monument  unveiled 

14.  Diocesan  convention  of  the  Protestant  Episco-  in  memory  of  Confederate  solaierB.  Maryland :  Monu- 
pal  Church  at  Suwanee,  Ga.,  the  Rev.  Thomas  F.  mcnt  dedicated  in  memoir  of  Leonard  Calvert,  first 
Gaylor  chosen  Bishop  of  Georgia.  Tennessee :  Fail-  Governor  of  the  State,  it  stands  on  a  promontory 
nre  of  the  People's  Bank  at  Knoxville.  Louisville,  of  St  Marv's  river.  Washington :  A  committee  of 
K V. :  Annual  meeting  of  the  Scotch-Irish  Society,  the  Sevcntn  New  York  Regiment  presents  a  medal  to 
China  accepts  the  President's  invitation  to  partici-  the  President  commemorating  the  centennial  of  Wash- 
pate  in  the  World'fe  Fair.  ington's  inauguration.      AsDury  Park.  N.  J. :   The 

15.  The  President  returned  to  Washington  after  General  Sync^  of  the  Refoniied  Churcn  in  America 
his  trip  to  the  Pacific  coast  opens  its  annual  session.      Lake  Mohonk,  N.  Y. : 

1<S.  Chicago  :*  The  Supreme  Council  of  the  United  Second  annual  meeting  of  the  Negro  Conference,  ex- 

Onler  of  Trainmen  meets  to  consider  the  strike  in  tlie  President  Hayes  chairman. 

Northwest    Boston:  Meeting  ofthc  Oriental  Society.  4.  Chili:    The  transport  Itata   surrenders  to  the 

Trotwood,  Ohio :  Annual  meeting  of  the  Dunkarus  United  States  squadron  at  Iquioui.    New  York :  The 

from  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  directors  of  Union  Theological  Seminary  resolve  to 

17.  Navy :  Rear-Admiral  McCann  placed  in  com-  support  Prof.  Briggs. 

mand  of  the  South  Pacific  Squadron.  5.  Washington,  Ind. :  Six  hundred  striking  miners 

18.  New  York :  It  is  decided  to  open  the  Metropol-  resume  work,  agreeing  to  abide  by  arbitration.  Lon- 
itan  Museum  on  Sundays.  Louisville,  Ky. :  Sixth  don :  The  Bering  Sea  bill  passecf  the  House  of  Corn- 
annual  meeting  of  the  Benevolent  and  Protective  Or-  mons.  Norristown,  Pa. :  Monument  to  Gen.  Ilartranft 
der  of  ElksL  Cincinnati:  Opening  anniversaries  of  unveiled.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. :  Monument  to  «r  S.  T. 
the  Baptist  societies.    Armv:  Silver  life-saving  medal  Stranahon  unveiled. 

^tven  to  Corporal  Curtis  Harrison  for  gallant  conduct  6.  New  York :  During  the  week  ending  this  day 

in  rescuing  several  persons  from  drowning  in  Red  17,166  immigrants  landed  in  tliis  port    St  Louis: 

river,  Texas.  comer-stonelaid  of  a  new  city  hall.    Canada :  Death 

19.  Denver:  Sessions  of  the  Transmississippi  Con-  of  Sir  John  Macdonald.  (see  Obituaries). 

ffreas  begun.     New  York :   Annual  meeting  of  the  8.  Boston :  Thirty-ninth  annual  convention  of  the 

Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers.  International  Typographical  Union.    Hayti :  Mussa- 

SO.  Orange,  N.  J.:  Meeting  of  representatives  of  cres  of  opponents  of  President  Hyppolitc 

women's  cfube.  •  9.  Fort  Wayne,  Ind. :   General' convention  of  rail- 

21.  Washington :  The  President  opens  to  settle-  way  employe,  reprcsentinjap  the  principal  protective 

ment  about  1,600,000  acres  of  the  Fort  Berthold  In-  associations.     Buffalo :  Unitarian  conference  of  the 

*  dian  reservation,  houth  Dakota.    Detroit :  The  Pres-  Middle  States  and  Canada.    Chili :  Engagement  off 

byterian  General  Assembly  convenes,  one  hundred  Iquiqui,  Government  vessels  driven  on.     London: 

and  third  annual  meeting.    Vienna:  Opening  of  the  Strike  of  omnibus  drivers  adjusted  by  compromise 

International  Postal  Congress.  Cincinnati :  Convocation  of  Roman  Catholic  bishops. 

23.  Africa :  Encounter  between  English  and  Portu-  10.  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. :  Riotous  strike  of  tram- 

gue«e  colonists  at  Delagoa  Bay.  way  cmplov^.    Buffalo :  Annual  convention  of  the 

^M.   Grand  Army  posts  attend  Memorial  Sunday  American  Protestant  As-sociation  (membership  100,- 

aervioes  tiiroughout  the  United  States.  000).     Fredericksburg,  Va. :  Monument  unveiled  to 

26.  Boston:  Sixty-sixth  annual  convention  of  the  the  memor}'  of  the  Confeiicrate  dead.    Canada:  Fu- 

American  Unitarian  Association.    Baltimore:  Con-  ncral  of  Sir  John  Macdonnld  at  Ottawa. 

Mcration  by  Bishop  Paret  (Protestant  Episcopal)  of  11.    Commencement  exercises  at  Johns  Hopkins 

the  Mother  House  of "  All  Saints  Sisters  of  the  Poor.''  University    and   many  other  schools  and  colleges. 

Tallahassee,   Fla:  Wilkinson  Call  (Democrat)  re-  England:  The  Bering  Sea  bill  is  approved  by  the 

elected  United  States  Senator.    France:  Riotous  strike  Queen.      End  of  the  baccarat  trial,  the  Prince  of 

of  stage  drivers  in  Paris.    England :  Steps  have  been  wales  severely  criticised. 

taken  looking  to  compromise  in  the  Newfoundland  12.  .\rmy:  The  graduating  class  of  the  Military 

fisheries  question.                              *  Academy  receives  its  diploimis. 


280                                                    EVENTS  OF  1891. 

16.  The  President  proclaims  a  doee  sealing  season  The  German  Emperor  is  received  in  state  by  the 

in  Bering  Bea.    The  diplomatic  correspondence  pub-  Prince  of  Wales  at  Shecmess,  and  by  the  Queen  at 

lished.  Windsor. 

16.  Ohio :  State  Republican  Convention  meets  at  6.  W.  K.  Vanderbilt's  yacht  Alva  rescues  the  crew 

Columbus;   William  McKinley,  Jr.,  nominated  for  of  a  wrecked  schooner  near  Newport.    England:  The 

Governor.    Anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill  Emperor  of  Germany  reviews  the  household  troops, 

celebrated  in  Boston,  and  by  the  Sons  and  Daughters  6.  Steuben ville,  Ohio :   Convention  of  American 

of  the  Revolution  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.    Pensacola,  fflass  workers ;  one  of  the  laigest  labor  parades  ever 

Fla. :  Dedication  of  a  monument  to  the  Confederate  held.     England :   Marriage,  at  Windsor   Castle,  of 

dead.    Canada :  A  new  ministry  formed,  with  J.  J.  Princess  Louise  of  Schlcswig-Holsteiu  and  Prince 

C.  Abbott  as  Premier.  Aribert  of  Anhalt 

18.  The  President  and  his  family  go  to  Cape  Mav  7.  Four  murderers  executed  bv  electricity  at  Sing 

for  Uie  summer.    Commencement  exercises  at  Cornell,  Sing,  N.  Y.     Chicago:  More  tnan  1,000  delegates 

Colgate,  Dickinson,  and  other  colleges.    Wisconsin:  meet,  representinjy^  young  people^s  societies  or  the 

The  Rev.  Isaac  L.  Nicholson,  D.  D.,  of  Philadelphia,  Baptist  denomination, 

elected  Bishop  of  Milwaukee  (Protestant  Episcopal).  b.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasnrv  has  accepted  $500 


by  Congo  Free  State  troops, 

the  factory  bill.  9.  Washington :  Prof.  T.  C.  Mendenhall  appointed 

20.  Chili :  Government  troops  desert  to  the  C^n-  Superintendent  of  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Sur\-ey. 

ffressional  party.     Chicago :  Strike  of  architectural  A  second  libel  suit  Hied  afainst  the  Itata  for  violation 

iron  workers.    Announcement  of  a  customs  league  of  the  neutrality  laws.    Lookout  Mountiun,  Tenn. : 

between  Qenuany,  Austro-Hungary,  Italy,  and  Swlt-  Session  of  the  Southern  Educational  Society, 

aerland.  10.  The  Squadron  of  Evolution  has  a  sham  battle  in 

22.  Labor  riots  in  France  and  Hungary.  Boston  harbor,  the  Massachusetts  Naval  Reserve  par- 

28.  Texas  t  Rain-making  experiments  under  the  ticipating. 

management  of  the  Agricultural  Department    Com-  11.  Minneapolis :  Conference  of  Christian  Endeiiv- 

mencement  exercises  at  Harvard.   Yale,  Wellesloy,  or  Societies.    England:   The  German  Emperor  re- 

Amherst,  Dartmouth,  and  other  colleges.  viewed  regular  and  volunteer  troops  at  Wimbledon. 

24.  Brooklyn:  Bronze  statue  unveiled  of  Henry  Representatives  of  the   New  Yonc  Athletic    Club 

Ward  Beecher.    Fordham,  N.  Y. :  Statue  unveiled  of  break  a  record  at  the  games  of  the  London  Athletic 

Archbishop  Hughes  at  St  John^s  College.    Otumwa,  Club. 

la.:  The  Democratic  State  Convention  renominates  12.  Minneapolis:  Fourteen  thousand  deleg:ates  pres- 

Gov.  Boies.  ent  at  the  reunion  of  Christian  Endeavor  Societies. 

20.  Harvard  defeats  Yale  in  the  annual  boat  race  at  18.  Navy :  The  White  Souadron  leaves  Boston  for 

New  London.  New  York.    Boston  :  The  Socialistic  Labor  party  is 

27.  The  one  hundred  and  thirteenth  anniversarv  of  forbidden  to  meet  on  the  Common.    France :  Pfcsi- 

the  Battle  of  Monmouth  celebrated  on  the  battlc-neld  dent  Camot  is  flred  at  by  a  lunatic  in  Paris ;  the 

by  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution.    Pittsburg :  Strike  of  French  navy  manoeuvres  m  the  Gulf  of  Lyons  and 

stone  masons  ends,  500  men  returning  to  work  at  makes  a  practice  attack  on  Toulon.    England :  The 

the  old  rates.    China:  A  considerable  ileet  of  Euro-  German  Emperor  leaves  for  Scotland, 

pean  gunboats  IS  gathering  to  protect  foreign  residents.  li.  Toronto,  Ontario:  Annual  convention  of  the 

Chili :  Commanders  of  United  States  vessels  are  noti-  National  Education  Association  of  the  United  Statx.^ 

fled  that  it  is  unsafe  for  American  sailors  to  go  ashore,  London  :   Opening  of  the  International  Congrega- 

owing  to  the  lawless  state  of  affairs.  tional  Council.     Buffalo :   Annual  meeting  of  Uie 

29.  A  lake  mysteriously  appears  in  the  lowlands  of  Photographers^  Association  of  America.  California : 
the  Colorado  desert  Prince  George  of  Greece  arrives  Cargo  of  the  Itata  libeled  at  San  Di^o.  Salt  Lake 
at  Chicago.  City :  Meeting  of  the  Afro-American  League.    Scot- 

80.  Washington:  The  Weather  ]^ureau  is  trans-  land:   The   German   Emperor   inspects   the   Forth 

ferred  to  the  Agricultural  Department   Canada :  The  Bridge  and  sails  for  home.    France :  Anniversary  of 

widow  of  Sir  John  A.  Mocdonald  has  been  raised  to  the  fall  of  the  Bostile  celebrated  throughout  France, 

the  pem^^e.  Chili :   Naval  engagement  otf  Valparaiso,  the  Con- 

Juj  1.  The  President  announces  that  Great  Britain,  gressionalists  victorious. 

France,  Belgium,  and  Switzerland  have  taken  action  16.  Franco :  The  Chamber  of  Deputies  passes  the 

regarding  the  Copyright  act    (Jhio :  2.000  coal  min-  act  admitting  American  pork.  England :  Tne  Society 

ers  strike  in  the  ^*'  railroad  mines  ^'  for  nine  hours  a  of  Authors  celebrates  the  adoption  of  t^e  American 

day  and  the  ^* Columbus  scale";  600  mill  hands  at  Copyright  act 


epis- 
copal Churoh  celebrate  its  one  hundred  and  fiftieth     ly  1,000  miners  overawe  the  militia  guard  and  corn- 
anniversary  :  a  tablet  was  unveiled  in  honor  of  the    pel  the  withdrawal  of  the  convict  miners. 


2.  Washington :   W.  E.  Simonds,  of  Connecticut,  the  oration, 

appointed  Commissioner  of  Patents,  vice  Mitchell,  re-  22.  Allegheny,  Pa. :  Strike  of  the  steel  workers 

signed ;  A.  L.  Snowden,  of  Pennsylvania,  minister  to  ends  on  Uie  company's  terms.    London :  Mutinous 

Greece ;  R.  Pacheco,  of  California,  minister  to  Guate-  conduct  of  the  Coldstream  Guards, 

mala:  Alexander  Walker,  United  States  marshal  for  28.  Southampton,  Mass.,  celebrates  the  one  hun- 

New  I  ork  (eastern  district).  Chili :  The  Congressional  dred  and  ilflieth  anniversary  of  its  incorporation, 

army  occupies  Huasco.    Prince  Geoiige  of  Greece  is  Judge  Coxc.  of  the  United  Stat.cs  Circuit  Court,  de- 

loyallv  welcomed  by  Greek  residents  of  New  York.  cides  tliat  tne  Brush  Electric  Company  practically 

8.  Buffialo :  Meeting  of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  holds  a  monoiwly  of  the  stoniffe-battery  business.    It 

the  Potomac.    Frederick  Douglass  resigns  his  po^t  as  is  announced  tlmt  France  wul  return  Russian  fags 

minister  to  Ilayti.    The  Emperor  of  Germany  touches  captured  in  the  Crimean  War. 

at  the  Hague  and  Rotterdam,  and  sails  for  England.  24.  Dr.  William  R.  Harper  is  appointed  principal 

4.  Independence   Day  celebrated  in  all  parts  of  of  the  Chautauqua  system, 
tlie  United  States   and  in  many  foreign  countries.  25.  Barnstable  County,  Mass. :  Reception  and  ban- 
Prince  George  of  Greece  sails  for  Europe.    England :  quet  to  ex-Presid^nt  Cleveland  at  Sandwich.    Sandy 


EVENTS  OP  1891.                                                    281 

Hook.  N.  J. :  Sneoeaaful  trial  of  smokelefis  powder  Vennont :  The  Governor  appoints  Rcdfleld  Proctor  to 

inth  neavy  guns.  succeed  Mr.  Edmunds  in  tne  United  States  Senate. 

2t>.  France :  Attempted  assassination  of  officials  by  25.  The  President  visits  St.  Albans,  Vt.,  making 

means  of  infernal  machines.  several  speeches  on  the  way. 

i7.  London :  The  Lord  Mayor  entertains  the  Amer-  26.  The  President  mitkes  addresses  at  Richmond, 

ican  W<H4d^  Fair  delegates  at  a  dinner.  Waterbury,  Montpelier,  Plainfield,  and  St  Johns- 

29.  Washington:  Senator  Quay  resigns  the  chair-  bury,  Vt     Boston:  Meeting  of  the  American  Bar 

miDshipof  the  Bepublican  National  Executive  Com-  Association.     Ocean  Grove:  Camp  meeting,  80,000 

mittee  and  CoL  Dudley  resigns  the  troasurership.  people  on  the  ground.    End  of  strike  on  uie  Lake 

Maryland :  PiT>hibition  State  Convention   held  at  Erie  and  Western  Railway  and  at  Peoria,  111.    Min- 

Glrndon.    Strike  of  switchmen  on  the  "•  Big  Four  ^  neapolis :  Meeting  of  Sons  of  Veterans, 

rulroada  ends  in  failore.    Saratoga,  N.  Y. :  Annual  27.  The  President  makes  speeches  at  Bellows  Falls 

meeting  of  the  Pa{>er  Manufacturers'  Association.  and  elsewhere  in  Vermont 

ImvuI  1.  Washington:   Reciprocitv   treaty   with  28.  Chili:  Valparaiso  surrenders  to  the  Congres- 

San  Domingo  made  public    Switzerland :  Six  hun-  sional  forces ;  American,  English,  French,  and  Ger- 

dredth  anniveraary  or  National  independence.  man  forces  assist  in  preserving  order. 

8.  Kentucky  :  State  election  carried  by  the  Demo-  29.  Coal-miners  strike  at  Duouoin,  Iowa,  ended  by 

crats.    The  Worlds  Fair  Commission  reaches  Berlin,  mutual  agreement  after  lasting  nve  months. 

4.  Detroit :  Twenty-fifth  annual  reunion  of  the  81.  Chui :  Santiago  taken  by  the  Congressionalists ; 
Gnmd  Army  of  the  Republic;  about  40,000  men  flightof  Balm  aceda;  the  war  practically  ends.  Sara- 
preeent  for  parade.  Utah  :  First  election  under  na-  toga,  N.  Y. :  Meeting  of  the  American  Social  Science 
tic»iial  party  lines ;  reault  close,  but  slightly  in  favor  Association.  Tennessee :  Extra  session  of  the  Le^is- 
ofDcanocrats.  Ocean  Grove,  N.  J. :  Quarter  centen-  laturo  to  consider  the  convict  svstem.  A  Russian 
Dialof  the  Freedmen's  Aid  and  Southern  Education  man-of-war  permitted  to  pass  tnrough  the  Darda- 
Society  (Methodiat).  nelles. 

5.  l^he  White  Star  steamer  Majestic  broke  the  BeptemlMr  1.  China:  Anti-foreign  riot  at  Tchang, 
ocean  record  from  Queenstown  to  Sandy  Hook  ;  time,  the  British  consulate  and  the  American  missionary 
five  daya,  eighteen  hours,  eight  minutes.  Kentucky :  house  destroyed.  Another  riot  at  Lung-Chow.  Rec- 
Tbe  new  Constitution  adopted  bv  nearly  100,000  ma-  iprocity  with  Spain  goes  into  effect  Kentucky :  Gov. 
jofity.  Washington:  Twenty-nrat  annual  conven-  Brown  inaugurated  at  Frankfort  Chicago:  Union 
tioQ  of  the  Catholic  Total  Abstinence  Society.  Bos-  cabinet  makers  strike  for  eight  hours  a  day.  Train 
too :  Convention  of  the  Army  and  Navy  Union.  De-  robbed  by  seven  masked  men  near  Cotopaxi,  Cal. 
tmit:  Ninth  annual  meeting  of  the  Woman's  Relief  2.  State  Prohibition  Convention  of  New  York  meets 
Corps,  Grand  Arm^  of  the  Republic.  St  Louis:  at  Albany.  Meeting  of  National  Columbian  Com- 
Tbiid  annual  meeting  of  the  Letter  Carriers*  Asso-  mission  in  Chicago. 

elation.    Chautauqua,  N.  Y. :  Opeping  of  the  annual  8.  Hamilton  College :  Horace  B.  Silliman  chosen 

•deembly.  president    Gettysburg :  Three  monuments  dedicated 

fi.  Naiitasket  Beach,  Mass. :  Meeting  of  the  Na-  to  Illinois  regiments.    Austria  and  France :  Autum- 

tiooal  Bar  Association.    Capt  John  Palmer,  of  Al-  nal  army  manoDUvres  begun. 

banv,  elected  commander-in-chief  Grand  Army  of  4.  Chili :  A  provisional  government  formed  with 

the  Republic  Jorge  Montt  as  President    The  President  appoints 

7.  Two  vessels  seized  in  Bering  Sea  for  unlawful  John  S.  Durham,  of  Pennsylvania,  to  be  minister  to 

BiAliiig.  Hayti  vice  Frederick  Douglass,  resigned. 

10.  London :  International  Congress  of  Hygiene  6.  Germany  removes  restriction  on  the  importation 
ind  Demography  opened.  Berne,  Switzerland :  In-  of  American  pork.  Creedmoor,  N.  Y. :  The  New 
temational  Geographical   Congress    begins  its  ses-  York  team  wins  the  Interatate  Rifie  Match. 

sioQ.  6.  Colored   cotton   pickers  oiiganize  in  Texas  to 

11.  Wasbiogton :  Fourteenth  annual  meeting  of  the  secure  better  pay. 

^ietv  of  Microscopists.    Shasta,  Cal. :  Secret-serv-  7.  The  President  officially  recognizes  the  new  Gov- 

ice  otiicials  break  up  illicit  opium  works  managed  by  emment  of  Chili.    England :  Trades  Union  Congress 

(hinameru    Springfield.  Mass. :  Meeting  of  the  Na>  opens  at  Newcastle.    The  Hague :  Opening  of  Inter- 

tlooal  Association  of  Fire  Engineers.    Gettysburg,  national  Agricultural  Congress.    General  Alikhanotf 

Pa. :  Fourth  annual  convention  of  the  Patriotic  Sons  arrested  in  Afgahnistan  as  a  Russian  spy. 

of  America.    Canada :  Charges  of  corruption  in  the  8.  Groton,  ConrL :  Celebration  of  the  one  hundred 

Department  of  Public  Works;  Sir  Hector  Langevin  and  tenth  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of  Groton  Heights, 

denies  the  charges  and  resigns.  Denmark  removes  prohibition  against  the  importation 

12.  Cambridge,  Mass.:    Death  of  James    Russell  of  American  pork.    The  City  of  New  York  breaks 
LowelL    Cleveland,  Ohio :  The  Association  of  Fac-  the  record  of  quick  trips  to  the  eastward :  Japan  mails 
torv  Inspectors,  United  States  and  Canada,  holds  its  reach  Queenstown  in  twenty  days  from  Yokohama, 
fifm  annual  meeting.    Washington:  Annual  meeting  9.  New  Y'ork :  State  Republican  Convention  meets 
of  Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations.  at  Rochester.  Strike  of  freight  conductors,  Louisville 

13.  Bormah:   The  Senaputty  of  Manipur  hanged  and  Nashville  Railroad. 

by  order  of  a  British  court  of  inquiry.  10.  National  Association  of  Railway  Postal  Clerks 

19.  Bennin^n,  Vt :  Battle  monument  transferred  meets  at  Watortown,  N.  Y.     China :  Anti- American 

to  the  State  with  imposing  ceremonies ;  speeches  by  riot  at  Tchang.    International  Electrical  Convention 

the  President  and  others.    Washington :  Meeting  of  in  Montreal  closes. 

the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  12.  Emily  Huntington  Miller  chosen  Principal  of 

Science.    The  Teutonic  runs  from  Queenstown  to  the  Women's  College,  North  Western  University. 

Sandy  Hook  in  five  days  sixteen  hours  thirty-one  18.  The  Pacific  mail  steamer  China  reaches  San 

minutes,  beating  all  previous  records.    St  Louis,  Mo. :  Francisco  in  twelve  days  eleven  hours  fifty-five  min- 

National  Convention  of  Railway  Postal  Clerks.    Eng-  utes  from  Y'okohama. 

land:  The  French  fieet  arrives  at  Cowes.  14.  St  Louis,  Mo. :  Meeting  of  the  Brotherhood  of 

^\  Milwaukee,  Wis.:   Cardinal  Gibbons  delivers  Telegraphers.     Indianapolis,  Ind.:  Meeting  of  the 

the  pallium  to  Archbishop  Katzer  with  great  cere-  Coopers'  International  Union.    A  BritiMh  force  lands 

niony.  on  tne  Turkish  island  of  Mitylene,  causing  much  ex- 

il.  The  President  visits  Saratoga,  N.  Y^.  England :  citcment  throughout  Europe. 

Review  of  French  and  English  fleets  by  the  Queen  15.  New  York :  State  Democratic  Convention  meets 

off  Cowes.  at  Saratoga.    Florida :  R.  H.  M.  Davidson  appointed 

24.  Washington,  D.  C. :  Meeting  of  the  Society  of  United  States  Senator  vice  ('all,  deceased.  Wash- 
Geologists.  Africa:  Defeat  of  dervishes  by  Emin  ington:  The  President  returns  from  Cape  May. 
Piaha.    Peru:  Cabinet  crisia;  the  ministry  resigns.  The  United  States  Veterinary   Association    meets. 


282 


EVENTS  OP  1891. 


Utah :  Meeting  of  tho  Irrigatioii  Coniipress  at  Salt 
Lake  City,  800  delegates  present.  Mexico :  Meeting 
of  Conereaa.    Holland :  Opening  of  Parliament. 

16.  !New  York :  State  l>emoc'ra.tic  Convention  at 
Saratoga.  Francis  IlendricKs  appointed  Collector  of 
Customs  at  New  York.  Massachusetts:  Republican 
Convention  at  Boston.  Montreal :  Meeting  of  the 
Brotherhood  of  Locomotive  £ngineei8.  France  and 
Italy  recognize  the  Provisional  Government  of  Chili. 

if.  Colmnbus,  Ohio :  Meeting  of  the  Society  of  the 
Army  of  the  Cumberland.  The  steamship  Fuerste 
Bismark  reduces  the  record  ftx>m  New  York  to  South- 
ampton by  6  minutes. 

18.  Nebraska:  State  Democratic  Convention  at 
Grand  Island. 

19.  Opening  of  the  St  Clair  river  tunnel.  Ilamil- 
ton,  Ohio,  celebrates  its  one  hundredth  anniver- 
sary. The  Pope  receives  a  deputation  of  French 
workmen,  and  addressee  them  on  the  labor  question. 
Suicide  of  Balmaced^L  the  deposed  President  of  Chili. 

21.  Great  Britain,  France,  uenuany,  and  the  United 
States  agree  to  enforce  the  protection  of  foreigners  in 
China.  Saratoga,  N.  Y. :  National  Conference  of  Uni- 
tarians. St  Louis:  Meeting  of  the  Order  of  Odd 
Fellows. 

22.  Washington :  Meeting  of  the  American  Asso- 
oiation  of  Inventors  and  Manufacturers.  Meeting  of 
the  American  Pomological  Society.  Congress  of 
American  Physicians  and  Suiveons.  Trov,  N.  Y.: 
National  Cotmcil  of  United  American  Mechanics. 
Great  Britain  recognizes  the  Provisional  Government 
of  Chili.    Oklahoma :  Now  lands  opened  to  settlers. 

24.  The  Porte  addresses  a  circular  letter  to  the  Eu- 
ropean powers  regarding  the  Dardanelles  incident 
China :  A  fleet  dispatched  to  the  scene  of  late  riots. 
Nebraska:  Kcpublican  State  Convention  meets  at 
Lincoln. 

26.  Tennessee:  Determined  revolt  of  convicts  at 
Bryceville. 

27.  Bohemia :  The  Austrian  Emperor  visits  Pn^ue. 
Missouri :  The  village  of  San  Antonio  plundered  by 
robbers. 

29.  England :  Five  bishops  consecrated  in  St  Paul's 
Cathedru,  London.  Steamship  Teutonic  reaches 
Quecnstown  in  five  days  sixteen  hours  thirty-one 
minutes  from  New  York. 

80.  Savannah,  Ga. :  General  strike  of  wharf  laborers 
and  others;  higher  pa^  demanded.  Belgium:  Gen. 
Boulangei  commits  suicide  near  Brussels.  Canada: 
Parliament  prorogued. 

Ootober  1.  Kalcigh,  N.  C. :  Southern  Interstate  Ex- 
position opened.  California :  A  new  university,  named 
a^r  Leland  Stanford.  Jr.,  opened  at  Palo  Alto. 
Pottsville,  Pa, ;  Dedication  of  a  soldiers'  monument 
Pittsburg,  Pa. :  General  strike  of  railroad  coal  miners. 
Chicago :  Convention  of  the  International  League  of 
America.  Snow  falls  in  the  northern  United  States 
and  British  possessions. 

2.  Rome :  French  pilgrims  desecrate  Victor  Em- 
manuel's tomb,  and  are  mobbed  for  the  act  Vene- 
zuela :  Congress  passes  a  bill  of  rights. 

3.  HarrisDur^,  Pa. :  Thirty-fourth  Annual  Conven- 
tion of  the  National  Local  Preachers'  Association. 

6.  Galcsbuiy,  111. :  Meeting  of  the  Brotherhood  of 
Railway  Trainmen;  400  delegates  present  Kings- 
ton,  N.  Y. :  Mob  violence  threatened  against  the 
wrecken  of  a  local  savings  bank ;  the  miritia  called 
out 

6.  Washington:  Meeting  of  the  Society  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  Revolution,  Mrs.  Harrison  presiding. 
Pittsburg,  Pa. :  Tenth  annual  convention  of  the  Order 
of  United  Friends ;  delegates  from  19  States.  Glen 
Summit,  Pa. :  Twentieth  annual  convention  of  tho 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers.  England : 
Death  of  Charles  Stewart  Pamell,  tho  Irish  leader 
(see  Obituaries). 

7.  Washington :  Opening  of  the  Methodist  CEcu- 
mencial  Council.  Chicago :  Equestrian  statue  of  Gen. 
Grant  unveiled.  Cornell  University :  Opening  of  new 
library  buildings  given  by  Henry  W.  Sage  and  ex- 
President  White. 


8-20.  Washington:  <Ecnmcnical  Council  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

8.  Indianapolis :  German  Evangelical  Congress  in 
session.  Ada,  Ohio :  Joint  debate  between  Major 
McKinley  and  Gov.  Campbell.  Chicago:  Me^tint; 
of  the  Society  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee ;  Gen.  T. 
M.  Dodge  chosen  president 

9.  Indian  conference  at  Lake  Mohonk. 

10.  Pittsburg,  Pa. :  Annual  CongressWthe  National 
Prison  Association.  Brazil :  Rioting  at  Rio  de  Ja- 
niero. 

11.  Italpr:  A  party  of  6  Anstrians  attacked  by  a 
mob  in  Pisa ;  1  supposed  to  be  killed. 

12-16.  Pittsfield^  Mass. :  Meeting  of  the  American 
Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missionsw 

12.  Washington :  The  Supreme  Court  meets  for 
the  October  term.  Montevideo :  A  revolt  quelled  by 
troops ;  several  insurgents  killed. 

14.  MasBachnaetts :  Consecration  at  Boston  of  Phil- 
lips Brooks  as  Protestant  Episcopal  Bishop  of  tlie 
State.  Reading,  Pa. :  National  encampment  of  the 
Union  Veteran  Legion.  Evansville,  Ind. :  Fir^t 
meeting  of  the  National  Waterways  Commission. 
Salem^  uass. :  End  of  the  Searles-Hopkins  will  case, 
involving  several  millions  of  dollars. 

15.  Bunalo,  N.  Y. :  Annual  convention  of  the  Coun- 
cil of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church.  Boston : 
Meeting  of  the  Supreme  Lodge  (colored)  Knights  of 
Pythias. 

16.  Pittsbui]^,  Pa. :  Annual  convention  of  the  mis- 
sionary societies  of  the  Church  of  the  Diaciples  of 
Christ 

17.  Chili :  Sailors  of  United  States  steamer  Balti- 
more attacked  in  Valparaiso ;  2  killed,  18  hurt 

18.  Washington :  Comer-stone  laid  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church  of  the  Holy  Name;  Home  and  Bible 
College  for  Missionaries  deuicated.  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. : 
Beecher  Memorial  Church  dedicated. 

20.  Cincinnati  :  Annual  meeting  of  the  United  Ty- 
pothetffi  of  America.  Kansas  City:  Annual  meeting 
of  the  American  Public  Health  Association.  Alle- 
jrheny.  Pa. :  Annual  convention  of  the  Foreiffn  Chris- 
tian Missionary  Society.  Russian  war-shipslaunche<l 
at  Cronstadt,  commemorating  the  anniveraaiy  of  the 
battle  of  Navarino. 

21.  Atlanta,  Ga. :  Unveiling  of  the  Grady  Monu- 
ment Worcester,  Mass. :  Biennial  convention  of  the 
Universalist  Church.  Chili :  General  election ;  Lib- 
eral victory. 

22.  Omaha,  Neb. :  Transmississippi  Coiurrcs.H. 
Pittsburg,  Pa. :  Meeting  of  the  Women's  Christian 
Missionaiy  Association. 

23.  Sioux  falls,  N.  Dak. :  Indictment  of  officers  of 
the  Louisiana  Lotterv  under  United  States  law. 

24.  Washington:  Manuel  I.  Morales  presents  his 
credentials  as  minister  fh>m  Salvador.  United  States 
cruiser  Boston  sails  from  New  York,  bound  for  Chili. 

26.  Washington :  Secretary  Blaine  resumes  his  du- 
ties at  Washington;  an  explanation  demanded  from 
Chili  regarding  the  attack  on  United  States  seamen 
(Oct  11).  Dublin,  Ireland :  Office  of  the  "  National 
Press"  maliciously  wrecked  by  the  explosion  of  a  boini>. 

27.  New  York :  The  Court  of  Appeals  decides  the 
Tilden  will  case  in  favor  of  the  heirs. 

28.  Chili  replies  to  the  inquiry  of  the  United  States 
regarding  tho  alfair  at  Valparaiso  (see  Oct  17).  Senor 
Pedro  Montt  is  recognized  by  the  President  as  repre- 
senting the  Provisional  Government  of  Chili.  Balti- 
more: Launch  of  the  United  States  steam  cruiser 
Detroit  Boston :  The  Massachusetts  Supreme  Court 
sets  aside  the  decree  expelling  Dr.  E.  0.  S.  Smvthe 
from  Philins  Academy.  Annual  convention  ot  the 
American  Institute  of  Architecture.  England:  In- 
cipient mutiny  among  tho  household  troops,  London. 

29.  Richmond,  Va. :  Statue  unveiled  of  Gen.  Will- 
iam Carter  Wickham.  late  Confederate  States  Anny. 
Bucksport,  Ark. :  Fight  at  a  political  meeting,  6  killed, 
so  vera!  hurt  Cork,  Irelana:  Desperate  street  fights 
between  opposing  political  factions. 

30.  Bryceville,  Tenn. :  300  convicts  sot  free  by  riot- 
ous miners.     Madagascar :  A  French  officer  and  S 


i 


EVENTS  OP  1891. 


283 


fioldien  murdered  by  natives.  Scotland:  Mr.  Balfour 
elected  Chancellor  of  Edinburffh  University. 

31.  Washington :  The  President  and  Mrs.  Harrison 
give  a  reception  to  the  Women^s  Missionary  Society. 

lofvoilNr  1.  Boston:  Failure  of  the  Maverick  iNa- 
tiooal  Bank,  liabilities  about  $8jD00,000.  Africa: 
Encounter  between  British  and  rortuffueso  troops 
Dear  Dela^oa  Bay.  Several  killed.  Kussia:  The 
ukoae  prohibiting  export  of  grain  goes  into  effect 

i.  Attj^ustiL,  6a. :  Opening  of  the  Southern  States 
Kxpotfition.  Brycevilie,  Tcnn. :  200  more  convicts  set 
free  by  riotous  niincn  (see  Oct  80). 

3.  Eilectionsin  Colorado,  Iowil  Massachusetts,  Mary- 
Uod,  Michigan,  Mississippi,  Nebraska,  New  Jersey, 
Kew  York,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  South  Dakota^  and 
Virjnnia  (for  details,  see  articles  under  the  individual 
States}. 

4.  ^ew  York :  Presbytery  dismisses  the  charge  of 
heresy  against  Prof.  Briggs.  Case  appealed  to  Qen- 
enl  Assembly.  Vermont :  Gov.  Page  announces  the 
appointment  of  the  Hon.  Bedfield  Proctor  as  United 
btates  Senator,  vice  Edmunds^  resigned.  China :  Re- 
volt in  the  province  of  Fukian.  Ireland :  Political 
tDMS  meeting  at  Waterford,  150  hurt 

5.  The  Secretary  of  War  resigns  to  become  Senator 
from  Vermont  Pittsburg  District,  Pa. :  Miners  stop 
work  to  compel  recognition  of  the  Miners'  Union. 
Los  Angeles :  The  Itata  case  submitted  to  the  United 
States  Court  Columbus,  Ohio:  Meeting  of  .the 
General  Church  Extension  Committee  (Methodist). 
Washington,  D.  C. :  Annual  assembly  International 
Christian  Workers. 

6.  Pittsburg,  Pa. :  800  iron  workers  strike  against 
increase  of  hours  without  additional  pav. 

7.  Cony,  Pa. :  National  Bank  fails,  liaDilities,  $740,- 
000.  Ireumd :  The  McCarthyites  carry  the  Cork  elec- 
tion by  1,512  plurality. 

8.  Cbicago :  Demonstration  in  honor  of  the  Anarch- 
ists executMl  four  years  ago. 

9.  Ws^ington:  Opening  of  the  Sayward  case  in 
the  Simieme  Court 

10.  n  aahington :  It  is  announced  in  the  Supreme 
Court  that  arbitration  has  been  agreed  upon  between 
the  United  States  and  GreatBritain  m  the  Sayward  case. 

11.  Chili:  The  Provisional  Government  formally 
surrenders  its  powers  to  Congress.  Cleveland,  Ohio : 
Metiiodist  Missionary  Socictv  meets  at  Cleveland. 
Boston :  Convention  of  the  Women^s  Christian  Tem- 
perance Union.  New  Orleans :  Seventeenth  annual 
meetiiup  of  the  American  Bankers^  Association. 
Springleld,  Ohio :  Convention  of  the  National  Gran- 
ren^  Association.  Washington:  Reception  by  the 
President  of  delegates  to  the  Fraternal  Congress. 

1^  Bordentown,  N.  J. :  Dedication  of  a  monument 
to  commemorate  the  first  railway^  train  run  in  New 
Jeney.  Washin^n:  The  President  receives  the 
c«)mniander-in-chicf  and  olliceiB  of  the  Grand  Anny 
of  the  Republic 

13.  The  President  proclaims  Nov.  26th  as  Thanks- 
giving Day.  Brazil :  Revolt  in  the  province  of  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul.  Russia:  Arrest  of  60  conspirators 
for  favoring  a  representative  government 

li.  The  President  otficially  receives  Senor  Pedro 
Montt,  minister  from  Chili.  Stronghurst,  111. :  Dis- 
co verV  of  natural  gas. 

15.  France :  General  strike  of  miners  in  the  northern 
provinoes. 

16.  Indianapolis:  General  meeting  of  farmers^  organ- 
izations. New  York :  Dr.  Briggs^  case  appealed  to 
the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Cnurch. 

17.  Washington :  Meeting  of  the  Episcojaalian  Con- 
gress. France:  Riots  among  the  striking  minors. 
Germany :  Meeting  of  the  Reichstag. 

18.  Denver :  The  Mining  Congress  begins  its  ses- 
sions, 10,000  delegates  present  Indianapolis :  Meeting 
of  the  Farmers^  Alliance ;  no  mone^  for  expenses  in 
the  treasury;  decreased  membership  reported.  To- 
ledo :  General  assembly  of  the  Knights  of  Labor  ad- 
joams.  Washington:  Session  of  the  Episcopal 
f  liureh  Congreea.  Brazil :  Signs  of  revolt  in  some  of 
the  provinces. 


20.  Augusta,  Ga.:  Meeting  of  the  Southern  Manu- 
facturerd^  Association.  Chicago :  Meeting'  of  the  Rai  1- 
road  Conductors^  Association.  Russia:  The  Govern- 
ment will  lend  the  Central  Famine  Committee  fifty 
million  roubles  ($38,000,000). 

21.  Yale  defeats  Harvard  in  the  annual  football 
match  at  Springfield,  Mass.  New  York :  Fonnal 
complaint  made  against  the  decision  of  the  Presby- 
tery in  the  Briggs  case.  Indiana :  About  400  miners 
are  now  on  strike. 

23.  France:  The  striking  miners  are  becoming 
riotous. 

24.  The  Republican  National  Convention  is  called 
for  June  7, 1892,  at  Mirmeapolb. 

25.  Bnuol :  An  extra  session  of  Congress  sum- 
moned to  meet  Dec.  18.  Paris :  Meeting  of  the  Inter- 
national Immigration  Conference. 

26.  Thanksgiving  Day :  In  the  great  annual  foot- 
ball match  at  New  York  Yale  defeats  Princeton  (19 
to  0),  and  holds  the  championship.  England :  The 
law  officers  have  decided  that  me  Newfoundland 
bait  act  is  unconstitutional. 

28.  Augusta,  Ga. :  Close  of  the  exposition.  Foot- 
ball between  representative  teams  from  West  Point 
and  Annapolis ;  West  Point  wins  (82  to  16). 

29  (Sunday).  New  York :  A  lunatic  attempts  to 
shoot  Dr.  John  Hall  in  fVont  of  his  church.  The 
Cherokee  Council  agrees  with  the  United  States  com- 
missioners to  sell  the  Cherokee  strip  for  $8,700,000. 
China :  Imperial  troops  defeated  by  rebels. 

80.  St  Louis:  Roman  Catholics  celebrate  Arch- 
bishop Kenrick^s  fiftieth  episcopal  anniversary.  Bra- 
zil :  The  province  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  refuses  to 
recognize  the  Government  at  Rio  de  Janeiro.  France : 
The  strike  of  coal  miners  ends  with  compromise. 

BeoonlMr  1.  Conclusion  of  a  commercial  treaty  be- 
tween Germany  and  Bel^um. 

2.  Navy :  Launch  of  United  States  steam  cruiser 
New  York  (8,150  tons)  tVom  Cramp^s  ship-yard,  on 
the  Delaware  river.  Virginia :  Meeting  or  tne  State 
Legislature.  Arizona :  Adoption  of  a  new  Constitu- 
tion by  a  general  vote. 

8.  China:  The  rebels  are  said  to  have  been  de- 
feated in  two  considerable  engagements  by  the  im- 
perial troops. 

4.  New  York :  A  lunatic  enters  Russell  Sage^s  of- 
fice, demands  $1,250,000,  and,  being  refused,  sets  off 
high  explosives  carried  in  a  handbag.  The  lunatic 
and  a  bystander  are  killed;  many  hurt  and  the 
building  wrecked.  Paris :  Death  of  Dom  Pedro,  ex- 
Eniperor  of  Brazil. 

6.  Washington :  Secretary  Proctor  leaves  the  War 
Department  Navy :  Launch  of  United  States  steam 
cruiser  Montgomery  (2^000  tons)  at  the  Columbian 
Iron  Works*  ship-yard,  Baltimore. 

7.  Washington:  The  Hon.  Charles  F.  Crisp,  of 
Geoigia  (Democrat),  nominated  for  Speaker  of  the 
House  on  the  thirtieth  ballot  in  caucus. 

8.  Navy :  Launch  of  United  States  steam  gunboat 
Mflchias  from  the  Bath  Iron  Works,  Maine.  Switzer- 
land :  Dr.  Welti  resigns  the  presidency  of  the  republic. 

9.  Canada  levies  duties  on  fish  from  Newfoundland, 
and  retaliatory  duties  are  at  once  levied  on  Cana- 
dian goods.  France  demands  reparation  from  Brazil 
for  12  Frenchmen  killed  in  Rio  by  Fonseca*s  agents. 

10.  Brazil:  A  revolt  reported  in  Campos  against 
the  Peixoto  Government 

11.  England :  Lord  Duffcrin  appointed  minister  to 
France,  vice  Lytton,  deceased.  China:  It  is  an- 
nounced that  the  late  insurrection  is  put  down. 

13.  Bridge  of  the  Norfolk  and  Western  Railway 
near  Cincinnati  opened  for  tralfic.  Waterford  city. 
Ireland :  Fierce  fight  of  political  factions ;  Michael 
Davitt  hurt 

14-19.  Birmingham,  Ala. :  Eleventh  annual  con- 
vention of  the  American  Federation  of  Labor. 

14.  Brazil :  Revolutionary  outbreak  in  the  province 
of  Sfio  Paulo. 

15.  Waahington :  Rcciprocitv  anwigements  with 
Jamaica  completed.  Ireland :  Election  fight  at  En* 
nis ;  John  Dillon  hurt 


284                                                FARMERS'  CONGRESS. 

16.  Washin^n :  Tho  Frcflidcnt  nominates  judges  18.  Colorado :  Troops  ordered  to  Crested  Bntte  tn 
for  the  new   united  States  circuit  courts,  'Namely :  prevent  conflicts  between  miners  and  strikers. 
William  L.  Putnam,  of  Maine;  I^athaniel  Shipman,  19.  Brazil :  A  revolt  in  Pemambuco  results  in  the 
of  Connecticut:  Gcoi^e  M.  Dallas,  of  Pennsylvania:  killing  of  about  60  persons.    Revolutionary  move- 
Nathan  Qoff,  of  West  Yiiginia:  William  II.  Tail,  of  ments  in  Bahia  and  Guatemala. 

Ohio ;  William  A.  Woods,  of  Indiana ;  and  Warren  80.  Washington :  Reciprocity  treaties  signed  with 

Truit,  of  Oregon.    Louisiana:  The  anti-lottery  and  Salvador  and   Guatemala.    Philadelphia:    Business 

pro-lottery  Democrats  hold  State  conventions.    Kan-  meeting  of  the  National  Conference  on  University 

sas  City :  Meeting  of  the  Missouri  River  Improve-  Extension.    It  is  reported  that  the  Messiah    craze 

mcnt  Congress ;   $6,000,000  a  year  wanted  for  the  has  broken  out  afresh  among  the  Cheyennes  and  Ar- 

Missouri  and  $7,000,000  for  the  Mississippi.    Canada :  raphoes. 

The  Quebec  Cabinet  dismissed  from  office  by  the  81.  Washington :  A  reciprocity  treaty  signed  with 

Lieutenant-Governor.     Germany:    Tho   Reichstag  Costa  Rica;  presentation  of  the  new  French  Minifi- 

posses  the  commercial  treaty  with  Austria.  ter,  M.  Patenotre.     Texas :  A  nud  has  occurred  of 

17.  Washington :  Stephen  B.  £lkins  nominated  to  disofiected  Mexican  troops  under  Garza  into  United 
be  8ecretar>'  of  War,  vtee  Proctor,  resigned.  Phila-  States  territory,  when  tJiey  ore  strong  enough  for 
delphia :  Dedication  of  the  Drexel  Institute  of  Art,  the  time  to  defy  the  small  Dorder  garrisons  or  regu- 
Science,  and  Industry.  lank 

F 

FARMERS*  CONCi^RESS.    The  tenth  annual  questions  touching  the  agricnltund  and  productive 

session  was  held  in  Council  Bluffs,  Iowa,  in  1890.  interest  of  the  United  States  to  be  such  m  demand 

Among  the  resolutions  passed  was  the  following,  attention  at  the  hands  of  the  ConpMs  of  the  L  niied 

»k;»i«  «^ffi<^  fk^  »..i^i«^;o/i«i(!a<wi  »itAcf{r.«i  r^f  *ul  States,  and  we  deem  it  to  the  best  interest  of  the 

which  settled  the  much^iscussed  question  of  the  ^holTpeople  that  such  laws  will  be  enacted  as  will 

national  floral  emblem :  cany  into  effect  those  principles. 

Betohtd^  By  the  National  Farmers^  Congress  of  the  That  the  prosperity  of  the  people  depends  to  a  ^st 

United  States  of  America,  that  we  adopt  and  declare  extent  upon  the  tmiformity  and  eouality  of  the  Taws, 

the  Golden  Rod  as  Uie  national  floral  emblem  of  the  both  State  and  national,  and  that  tne  laws  should  be 

United  States  of  America,  and  the  same  shall  be  so  so  framed  that  no  class  or  set  of  men  should  derive 

considered  and  recognized  on  and  after  the  passage  advantages  and  benefits  at  the  expense  of  or  to  the 

of  this  resolution,  and  that  the  secretary  of  the  Con-  detriment  of  the  masses  of  the  people, 

gress  be  instructed  to  forward  a  copy  of  the  same  to  That  the  President  of  the  United  States  should  be 

the  President  of  the  Floral  Association  at  Athens,  elected  by  the  direct  and  popular  vote  of  the  people, 

Ala.,  to  the  President  of  the  National  Floral  Associa-  and  that  United  States  Senators  should  be  elected  by 

tion,  and  to  the  leading  florists  of  the  United  States.  the  direct  vote  of  the  people  of  the  several  States. 

The  eleventh  annual  session  met  at  Sedalia,  ,  Jh**  we  demondthat  national  taxation  be  limit<<d 

Mo.,  Nov.  10  to  12. 1891,  and  was  welcomed  by  ^^ew^teoft^ven^^^ 

an  ^dress  by  Hon   D.  R.  Fmncis,  Governor  of  ^^  ^g  respectftilly  ask  of  tho  Congress  of  the 

the  State ;  Hon.  Charles  Carroll,  acting  mayor  of  United  States  the  enactment  of  such  laws  as  will 

the  city ;  and  Hon.  Frank  D.  Meyer,  President  of  prevent  ^e  manufacture  and  sale  of  all  compounds  or 

the  City  Commercial  Club ;  to  which  responses  substitutes  as  lard  that  may  come  in  competition  with 

were  made  by  Hon.  A.  W,  Smith,  of  Kansas ;  Col.  V'^,  ^^  produced  from  the  farm,  unless  the  same 

Daniel  Needham,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  President  of  J>f  4»»5^Vy  ^"M  .*°?  >>randed  as  such,  showing? 

the  New  England  Agricultural  Association;  and  S^'^t^S*^                   compounds  or  sub^u- 

Hon.  Benjamin  P.  Clayton,  secretary  of  the  Con-  That  we  deWrS*  of  our  United  States  Congress  the 

gress.     Moore  s   large  opera  house  was  filled  passage  of  such  laws  as  will  effectually  prevent  the 

throughout  the  entire  session.  Many  able  speeches  buying  and  selling  of  agricultural  and  mechanical 

were  made  touching  the  productive  and  inaustrial  products  with  the  sole  view  of  settling  the  difference 

interest  of  the  country.  Among  the  notable  were  ^^  P"ce  between  the  market  value  of  such  productu 

those  of  Hon.  WiUiam  Freeman,  of  Maine ;  Hon.  J*  tiie  time  of  purchase  and  the  time  of  the  contract 

W^  Pope  Yewnan,  of  Missouri ;  Morris  Mohler  ""^l^^  associations  known  as  liven^tock  exchange 

Secretary  of  Kansas  State  Agnculturai  Fair;  M^  h^ve    practically    taken    possession  of   the    liVe- 

Hon.  J.   M.  Stahl,  editor  of  the  Qumcy,  111.,  stock  market  of  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City,  an<l 

"  Call."  The  running  debates  were  freely  partici-  Omaha,  and  such  associations  by  their  rules  prohibit 

pated  in  by  Congressman  Foley;^  of  Missouri,  organized  producers  of  live  stock  from  co-operating  to 

Joshua  Wheeler,  of  Kansas,  Hon.  Richard  Dal-  mw-ket  tlieir  stock  through  their  own  agent  and  dt- 

ton,  of  Missouri,  Senator    H.   L.   Burkett,  of  nving  the  profitsoftho  business,  laigely  diminishing 

Mississippi,  and  others.    At  the  biennial  election  J^®  ^^'^pnno^^  commission  charges^    Therefore,  it  i« 

^     ^  *^*^    Tj         *     \ir    o    H.Z     t  tr     ^*^'-"""  to  the  interest  of  the  business  of  selling  live  stock  and 

of  officers,  Hon.  A.  W   Smith,  of  Kansas,  was  for  the  beneflt  of  the  producer  we  earnestly  reconi- 

made  President ;  D.  (i.  Purse,  of  Savannah,  Ga.,  mend  the  legislatures  of  the  States  in  which  said  li  vo- 

Vice-President ;    Hon.    William    Freeman,    of  stock  associotions  are  located  to  enact  such  laws  a^ 

Maine,  Treasurer;  Hon.  Benjamin  F.  Clayton,  will   etfectualljr   prohibit  live-stock  associations  <»r 

of  Iowa,  Secretary ;  Harry  C.  Brown,  of  Atlanta,  other  combinations  from  adopting  rules  which  will 

Ga.,  First  Assistant,  and  J.  M.  Kcllev,  of  Iowa,  P^^'^'^A^^^^TP®^!^'^"  '^  the  safe  of  live  stock. 

S^ond  Assistant  Secretary.  The  following  reso-  SeStlM^fl^fy^^^                Z^^V:. 

lutions  were  adopted :  ^^at  undertaking  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  and  by 

We,  the  delegates  of  the  National  Farmers'  Con-  the  United  States  Commission  of  the  World's  Coluni*- 

gress  of  the  United  States,  appointed  and  commis-  bian  Exposition  as  appointed  bv  Uie  President  of  the 

sioned  by  the  governors  of  the  several  States  in  this  United  States,  in  their  united  labors  to  bring  the 

tho  eleventh  annual  session  at  Sedalia,  Mo.,  on  this  great  undertaking  to  a  full  fruition, 

the  12th  day  of  Nov.,  1891,  do  declare  the  following  That  the  National  Fanners'  Congress,  composed  of 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1891.  285 

repraeentatives  ftom  the  sevenil  oongroaaional  dis-  of  Cronstadt,  and  the  failure  of  the  Czar  to  meet 

mote  of  the  United  States,  is  in  Ml  sympathy  with  the  German  Emperor,  each  in  turn  gave  rise  to 

this  jrreat  undertaking  to  brinff  together  the  mdus-  gr^ve  apprehensions  concerning  the  peace  of 

trial  enterprises  of  the  civiW  world  m^e  great  Jj^           ^^^  Berlin  and  Vienna  were  onone  oc- 

tSlS^^^^i^^^^ufll^t'^t^^  casiorpanic  stricken  by  an  exaggerat^  report 
lion,  inventions,  and  agriculture  ftom  the  earliest  of  a  remark  to  a  Polish  deputy  by  the  Emperor 
tim«s  and  especially  since  the  last  great  Paris  £x-  of  Austria  m  which  he  referred  to  the  strained 
{•<.>^iti(»n.  relations  with  Russia.  The  landing  of  a  com- 
That  this  Congress  is  heartily  in  favor  of  the  sys-  |)any  of  British  sailors  on  the  island  of  Mitylene, 
trtnatio  and  thorough  improvement  of  our  means  of  {^  the  ^gean  Sea,  and  reports  that  the  fortifica- 
wai,.r  transportation  ^y  the  National  Go^^^^^^  ^j  ^  gj  ^  had  been  occupied,  gave  a  shock  to 
uh\  we  uree  upon  the  Congress  of  the  United  btates  ^„^^„  o,®  ,^„„  ««,»*««  «..*ji  lu^  i««i,i««4.  -.».. 
lilt,  importancaof  liberal  impropriations  for  this  pur-  every  European  center  until  the  incident  was 
y^^^  "^  rr  r  r  officially  explained ;  but  it  served  to  call  atten- 
That  while  the  Fanners*  Congress  does  not  ap-  tion  to  the  importance  of  this  island  as  a  stra- 
proTe  of  lavish  expenditures  of  public  money  by  the  tegio  point,  commanding,  to  a  certain  extent,  the 
Govemmentj  it  reiy)gnizes  the  importance  of  making  entrance  to  the  Dardanelles,  and  it  also  elicited 
thi  arid  Iwids  of  the  W^tem  States  and  Territories  from  the  Porte  a  statement  of  his  reasons  for 
avaiUble  for  settlement^  means  of  irng^^^^  permitting  vessels  of  the  volunteer  service  of 
arrcMsn  wells,  storage  reservoirs,  and  canals,  and  we  b„„„.  ♦^^  „„  i„f^  i.i.«  ni„«i,  c«„  rpx,^  ««««^« 
would  therefore  request  Congr^  to  makesufficient  ?«f?i»  ^,P«f  ^^^^  ^'^  Black  Sea.  The  concen- 
M»propriationfl  for  making  surveys  and  experiments  tration  oi  Kussian  troops  on  the  Irerman  and 
that  will  demonstrate  the  practicability  and  probable  Austrian  frontiers  tended  to  keep  the  military 
c«*4ofthe  different  systems  in  the  regions  needing  authorities  of  those  countries  on  the  alert,  and 
irrijration.  furnished  material  for  alarming  reports  at  in- 
Believing  that  the  future  introduction  abroad  of  tervals.  The  expulsion  of  Jews  from  Russia, 
.v)m  product  as  human  food  will  be  o^           benetit  accompanied,  as  it  was,  by  relentless  persecu- 

to  the  farmers  of  the  United  States  in  the  increased     ..^ ^  iCl;*  «i  *i»«  »«..«•>„ *u«.v»#  fi.«  «;«;i:-^^  «„^«i,i 

demand  for  that  important  cereal,  and  while  we  con-  tions,  excited  the  sympathy  of  the  civilized  world, 

jrratulate  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  of  the  United  »nd    induced    the  leading   Jewish  bankers  of 

i^tates  on  his  course  in  this  matter,  we  urge  that  such  Europe  to  retaliate  by  refusing  to  assist  Russia 

sdditional  help  be  appointed  as  will  make  the  work  in  her  financial  negotiations.    Early  in  April  the 

more  extended  and  complete,  and  we  respectftillv  ask  Rothschilds,  who  had  agreed  to  float  a  new  loan 

Aatthe  Congress  of  the  United  States  make  such  ad-  for  that  country,  notified  the  Russian  Finance 

.honal  appropnatfons  as  will  thoroughly  demonstrate  Minister  that  such  was  the  feeling  of  the  great 

ff we'beUeve''that''the'^te"i^^^ of  the  whole  peo-  banking  houses  of  Europe  against  Russia  on  ac- 

ple  can  be  tlie  better  subserved  by  the  extension  of  count  of  her  persecution  of  the  Jews,  that  the 

free  mail  delivery  in  the  rural  districts  than  by  the  loan  could  not  be  satisfactorily  placed,  and  there- 

rwiuction  of  letter  postage ;  therefore,  we  ur^e  upon  fore  they  would  be  compelled  to  cancel  their  con- 

ouT  Senators  and  Kepresentatives  in  Congress  the  tract.     Russia  had  at  that  time  on  deposit  in 

lurther  extension  of  this  branch  of  the  mail  service.  London,  Paris,  Beriin,  and  Frankfort  about  £22,- 

Thaf  we  approve  and  commend  the  principles  in-  soq^oOO,  neariy  half  of  which   was  subject   to 

'Th^t  H.I''j!  S'SSs'S;  ^ecl^S^'/kgriculture  of  withdrawal  on  short  notice     This  fact  Ld  an 

tht  United  States,  is  entitled  to  and  has  Sbe  approval  intimation  that  a  portion  of  the  balance  would 

and  thanks  ofthis  the  eleventh  annual  session  of  the  be    required    induced   the  leadmg  bankers  of 

National  Farmers'  Congress  of  the  United  States  in  Europe  to  prepare  to  meet  the  demand,  and  ac- 

iirQvention  assembled  at  Sedalia,  Mo.,  for  the  faithful,  cordingly  gola  was  gathered  from  all  possible 

t^urteous,  and  diligent  discharge  of  the  duties  of  that  sources.    By  directly  or  indirectly  paying  a  pre- 

mc-«  in  behalf  of  the  agricultural  interests  of  the  ^ji^nj  therefor  the  banks  of  England,  France, 


r»1 
country' 


and  Germany  obtained  large  supplies  from  the 
FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1891.  The  po-  United  States,  and  the  movement  continued  al- 
iitical,  financial,  and  commercial  history  of  the  most  uninterruptedly  until  August.  The  with- 
year  presents  some  very  unique  features.  Nearly  drawals  of  gold  by  Russia  from  the  European 
all  tne  chief  states  of  South  America  were  af-  centers  were  comparatively  small,  and  part  of 
fected  by  revolutionary  movements.  A  revolt  the  metal  was  returned  to  London  in  July, 
of  the  Brazilians  against  the  dictatorial  policy  There  was  a  French  loan  for  868,750,000  francs 
of  President  Fonseca  resulted  in  his  resignation  issued  in  January.  In  February  the  German 
and  the  installation  of  Vice-President  reixoto  Government  successfully  placed  a  loan  for  400,- 
a»  his  successor.  An  uprising  of  the  Chilians,  000,000  marks,  and  in  the  same  month  the  Bank 
instigated  by  the  Congressional  party,  ended  in  of  England  returned  to  the  Bank  of  France  the 
the  overthrow  of  President  Balmaceda.  Toward  £3,000,000  borrowed  during  the  Baring  crisis 
the  close  of  the  year  a  rebellion  in  China  was  in  November,  1890.  On  Maroh  6  the  London 
mppre^sed  only  by  the  most  vigorous  measures  market  was  disturbed  by  the  financial  panic  in 
on  the  part  of  the  Government.  There  were  at  Buenoe  Ayres,  and  on  the  12th  there  was  a  semi- 
intervals  troubles  of  a  serious  character  in  Spain  panic  at  Paris  due  to  the  embarrassments  of  the 
and  Portugal.  The  declaration  by  Emperor  Will-  Societe  des  Depots  et  Comptes  Courants,  but  the 
iam  of  Germany  of  the  driehund^  or  union  for  Bank  of  France  and  a  syndicate  of  bankers 
offensive  and  defensive  purposes  between  that  promptly  came  to  the  assistance  of  the  Societe. 
country,  Austria,  and  Italy,  very  naturally  ex-  On  the  27th  the  Bank  of  Leghorn  and  a  large 
cited  all  Europe  and  induced  Russia  to  make  an  commercial  house  in  that  city  suspended,  but 
alliance  with  France.  The  political  tension  further  trouble  was  averted.  In  May  the  pros- 
among  the  European  nations  was  so  great  that  pect  of  the  withdrawal  by  Russia  of  part  of  her 
the  visit  of  the  Emperor  William  to  England,  oalance  caused  a  financial  crisis  in  Paris,  during 
the  rendezvous  of  the  French  fleet  in  the  harbor  which  Russian's  fell  sharply.    On  July  18  the 


286 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1891. 


failure  of  the  London  Bank  of  the  Rio  Plate 
caused  a  flurry  which,  however,  soon  subsided. 
On  Au^.  ^  the  news  of  a  decisive  battle  at 
Valparaiso  in  which  the  revolutionists  were  suc- 
cessful, thus  ending  the  war  in  Chili,  imparted  a 
firmer  tone  to  all  South  American  securities  in 
London.  On  Sept.  13  the  Mitylene  incident 
above  referred  to  temporarily  affected  the  Lon- 
don, Paris,  and  Berhn  bourses.  In  October  a 
French  syndicate  undertook  to  place  a  Russian 
loan  for  500,000,000  francs.  It  met  with  opposi- 
tion from  Berlin  and  London,  and  it  was  only 
partially  successful,  the  syndicate  taking  the 
greater  portion  of  it,  therebv  subsequently  be- 
coming embarrassed,  and  in  the  following  month 
a  decline  in  Russian  securities,  which  it  was 
feared  would  involve  the  syndicate  in  heavy 
losses,  caused  a  very  uneasy  feeling  in  Paris. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  month  it  was  announced 
that  the  Russian  Finance  Minister  had  agreed 
to  let  about  200,000,000  francs  of  the  loan  re- 
main until  a  more  convenient  season,  and  this 
relieved  the  situation.  Commercial  affairs  in 
Great  Britain  and  on  the  Continent  were  more 
or  less  disturbed  during  the  year  by  the  opera- 
tion of  the  new  American  tariff.  The  prohibi- 
tion by  Russia  of  exi^orts  of  wheat  and  rye  ex- 
cited the  grain  markets  abroatl  and  stimulated 
the  movements  of  cereal  products  from  America 
to  Europe.  There  was  a  general  deficiency  of 
grain  crops  on  the  Europan  Continent  and  al- 
most an  unprecedented  yield  of  wheat,  corn,  and 
oats  in  this  country,  mafcing  our  economical  con- 
ditions surpassingly  excellent.  The  export  of 
breadstuffs  to  Europe  during  the  last  half  of  the 
year  were  enormous,  although  checked  at  inter- 
vals by  speculation,  by  a  scarcity  of  cars  to  move 


the  grain  from  the  West  to  the  seaboard,  and  by 
an  insuflScient  supply  of  vessels  for  transporta- 
tion of  breadstuffs  to  Europe.  Our  cotton  crop 
was  large,  and  as  there  was  an  unusually  heavy 
yield  in  the  previous  season  the  supply  was  in 
excess  of  the  demand,  and  in  the  South  Atlantic 
States  there  were  some  sections  where  the  price 
was  so  low  as  not  to  remunerate  the  producers. 

The  following  tabular  survey  of  the  econom- 
ical conditions  and  results  of  1891,  contnuMiMl 
with  those  of  the  preceding  year,  is  from  liu- 
Commercial  and  Financial  Chronicle : 


ECONOMICAL  CONDITIONS 
AND  RESULTS. 


Coin  and  carrency  In  the  Unit 

ed  States.  Dec  81 

Bank  dooringa  in  the  Onited 

Bute« , 

Business  failures 

Imports  of  merchandise  (year) 
Exports  of  merchandise  (year) 
Gross  earnings  148  roads(year) 
Bailroad  construction, miles. . 

Wheat  raised,  bushels 

Com  raised,  bushels 

Cotton  raised,  hales 

Pig  iron  produced  (tons  of 

2,000  pounds) 

Btoel  rauis,  Beiwemer  (tons  of 

2.000  pounds) 

Anthndte  coal  (tons  of  2,240 

pounds) 

Petroleum  (runs)  production, 

barrels 

Immigration  into  the  United 

States  (year) 


$1,712,220,917 

$00,829,090,000 

$189,856,964 

828,897,726 

-   867,602,548 

528,948,71b 

5.700 

899,262,000 

1,489,970,000 

8,655,518 

10,807,028 

2,091,978 

85,855,174 

89,180,751 

491,026 


1891. 


$I,74S,6S4.S94 

$56,686.S86,2S7 

$l«J,>ftH»8 

82^812,I>46 

97o,.  0fi.:^2 

562,09x1)63 

4.1(0 

6ll,7St),(i00 

2,06(l,154,iHHi 

tt,O0O,<00 

9,878.455 

1,866.259 

40l,44^^36 

84,128,951 

600,6^.6 


The  prices  of  leading  staples  on  or  about  the 
1st  of  January,  1892,  compared  with  prices  at 
the  same  date  in  1891  and  1890  were  as  follow: 


STAPLES. 


1800. 


Cotton,  middling  uplands,  per  pound. . . , 
Standard  sheetings,  [wr  square  yard. . . . 

Wool,  Ohio  XX,  per  pound 

Iron.  American  pig  No.  I .  per  ton 

Steel  rails  at  mills,  per  ton 

"Wheat^o.  2  red  winter,  per  bushel 

Corn.  Western  mixed  No.  2,  per  bushel. 
Pork,  mesa,  per  barrel 


The  Crops.— The  cereal  crops  of  the  United 
States  were  almost  unprecedented  as  to  quantity 
and  generally  of  excellent  quality  in  1891.  Win- 
ter wheat  haid  a  good  start ;  it  grew  rapidly  in 
the  spring;  it  was  harvestecl  under  fair  condi- 
tions ana  promptly  marketed.  Spring  wheat, 
especially  in  the  Northwest,  yieldea  abundantly, 
and  only  in  a  few  sections  was  it  visited  by 
frost,  which,  however,  did  little  injury.  Corn  grew 
rapidly,  and  it  matured  under  unusually  favorable 
conditions,  the  weather  during  the  latter  part  of 
September  and  early  in  Octol:Sr  being  warm  and 
generally  dry.  The  heavy  yield  of  the  crops 
was  not  accompanied  by  low  prices.  The  Euro- 
pean demand  for  wheat  was  urgent  early  in  the 
season,  owing  to  the  deficiency  in  the  foreign 
crops  and  also  to  the  prohibition  of  the  export  of 
rye  and  ^heat  from  Russia,  and  good  prices 
were  well  maintained,  stimulating  the  market- 
ing of  winter  and  spring  wheat.  A  oartial  cor- 
ner in  old  corn  in  September  carriea  the  price 
to  figures  which  induced  farmers  to  sell  all  that 
they  could  spare,  and  the  old  crop  was  pretty 


^ 

88^  to  84 

$19  50  to  $20  50 

$85  0t> 

m 

89| 
$10  25 


1891. 


88  to  84 

$16  60  to  $17  50 

$2S  50 

$1  081 

59 

$11  50  to  $18 


189S. 


3' 

80  to  81 
$16  to  $17 
$80  00 

$1  W| 
52i 
$10  00 


generally  disposed  of  before  the  new  crop  be- 
came available.  Then  there  was  a  fair  export 
movement  of  it  to  Europe,  where  it  was  used  as 
a  substitute  for  other  grains.  Producers  of  cot- 
ton were  unable  in  some  sections,  particularly  in 
the  South  Atlantic  Statiess,  to  realize  the  cost  of 
growing.  The  large  crop  of  1890  depressed 
prices,  and  the  necessities  of  the  farmers  com- 
pelled them  to  force  the  crop  of  1891  upon  the 
market,  and  this  caused  a  very  serious  fall  in 
prices,  and  late  in  December  middling  uplands 
sold  at  7f  cents  per  pound.  Taking  prices  in 
New  York  Jan.  1,  if  the  whole  of  the  crops 
could  have  been  laid  down  at  that  point  on  that 
date,  the  values  would  have  been  as  in  the  table 
at  the  top  of  next  page. 

Manniactnring  Indnstrle^— Manufactur- 
ing and  mercantile  interests  did  not  experience 
the  full  benefits  from  the  excellent  yield  of  the 
crops.  General  trade  was  dull,  goods  sold  at 
very  low  prices,  and  the  whole  South,  as  well  as 
all  cotton  interests,  suffered  in  the  fall  from  the 
decline  in  the  staple,  and  print  cloths,  early  in 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1891. 


287 


ESTIMATES  OF  CBOP  TALUES. 


PRODUCTS. 


WiMt,bu»belB.. 
Cora,  bosbeis . . . 
Cotton,  balea.... 


Total  valnes 


CROP  OF  1891. 


YUd. 


eilJdO^OOO 

2,0<i0,lH000 

8,(M>0.UOU 


Pr(o»,  Ju. 
1, 18»S. 


Valoc 


],07d.480,4(» 
821^000,000 

$2,054,605,61& 


CROP  OF  1890. 


Ykld. 


Price,  Jan. 
1,  1891. 


Vain*. 


899,20*2,000 

l,46i^,9T0.0C0 

8,605,518 


$1  05* 
59i 


$422,219,565 

8S2,SU7,225 
402,896,004 


$1,707,922,794 


December,  touched  2|  cents  per  yard,  the  lowest 
price  ever  known.    Later  they  rallied  to  3tV, 
vith  cotton  at  7f  cents  per  pound.    The  iron 
trade  began  to  improve  early  in  the  summer. 
A  laree  number  of  furnaces  went  into  blast 
toward  the  end  of  the  year,  and  the  output  was 
increased  by  the  good  demand  from  railroads 
and  for  structural  work.    Cotton  manufacturing 
statistics  for  the  year  ending  Aug.  31  showed  a 
consumption  of  2,530,916  Mes,  against  2,349,- 
478  for  the  previous  year.    The  production  of 
print  cloths  at  Fall  River  in  the  calendar  year 
was  9.985,000  pieces,  against  9,937,000  in  1890, 
and  the  stock  at  the  end  of  the  year  was  90,000 
pieces,  against  588,000  at  the  end  of  1890.    The 
dividend  paid  by  33  manufacturing  companies 
io  Fall  River  witn  a  capital  of  $18,658,000  aver- 
aged 4-81  per  cent  in  1891,  against  7*62  in  1890. 
llie  trade  in  wool  and  woolen  goods  was  fair, 
and  among  the  favorable  features  was  the  dis- 
continuance of  the  heavy  auction  sales  of  flan- 
nels in  New  York.    The  stock  of  foreign  and 
domestic  wool  on  the  Boston  market  at  the  end 
of  1891  was  32,942,000  pounds,  against  27,798,- 
500  Dec.  31,  1890.      Antnracite-coal  production 
was  in  excess  of  any  previous  year,  and  the  total 
shipped  to  market  was  40,448,336  tons,  against 
35.855,174  in  1890.    Business  failures  included 
2§  banks  with  a  capital  of  $3,662,000,  of  which 
13  banks  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  having  a 
total  capital  of  $1,137,000,  failed  in  consequence 
of  short  crops  in  1890.    The  number  of  mercan- 
tile failures  for  the  year  in  the  United  States 
was    12:273.    with    liabilities   of   $189,863,638, 
against  10,907  in  1890,  with  liabilities  of  $189,- 
856.964. 

Railroads. — Although  the  tonnage  was  small 
from  the  cereal  crops  of  the  previous  year  and 
the  iron  movement  decreased^  railroad  gross 
earnings  were  well  maintained  during  the  first 
half  of  1891,  the  natural  expansion  of  business 
and  increase  in  cotton  freights  aiding  materi- 
ally, but  the  Granger  roads  showed  small  profits. 
With  the  movement  of  the  wheat  crop  the  situ- 
ation was  completely  changed.    The  grain-car- 


rying roads  were  taxed  to  their  utmost  capacity 
in  the  fall,  and  late  in  November  and  early  in 
December  there  was  a  serious  blockade  at  Chi- 
cago of  east-bound  grain-laden  cars,  and  the 
movement  did  not  become  free  until  the  end  of 
the  year.  Then  the  tonnage  destined  for  the 
seaboard  from  Chicago  and  Buffalo  was  unprec- 
edentedly  large.  The  increase  in  railroad  mile- 
age was  only  moderate.  There  was  a  light  de- 
mand until  late  in  the  year  for  new  railroad 
bonds,  and  even  old-established  companies  had 
difficulty  in  placing  additional  issues,  and  conse- 
Quently  new  construction  was  deferred  or  con- 
nned  to  necessary  improvements.  The  aggress- 
ive action  of  legislatures  and  railroad  commis- 
sioners in  some  of  the  States  in  reducing  freight 
rates  had  the  effect  of  checking  railroad  bund- 
ing. In  Iowa  only  28  miles  of  now  rail  were  laid, 
and  in  Texas  only  155  miles.  The  total  for  the 
entire  country  was  4,100  miles,  against  5,700  in 
1890.  Among  the  consolidations  for  the  year 
were  the  Rome,  Watertown  and  Ogdensburg 
with  the  New  York  Central  system.  The  Beech 
Creek  road  was  absorbed  by  the  New  York  Cen- 
tral. The  Pittsburg  and  Western  passed  under 
the  control  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio.  The 
Suburban  Rapid  Transit  system  became  part  of 
the  Manhattan  Elevated. 

The  table  below  shows  gross  and  net  earnings 
of  the  principal  trunk  lines. 

The  Money  Market. — The  most  important 
feature  in  the  market  for  money  was  the  drain  of 
about  $70,000,000  gold  by  exports  to  Europe  dur- 
ing the  first  seven  months,  a  little  over  $26,000,- 
000  being  shipped  in  May.  The  loss  of  this  gold 
was  offset  to  some  extent  by  the  issue  of  Treas- 
ury notes  against  pui-chases  of  4,500,000  ounces 
per  month  of  silver  bullion.  Mainly  for  this 
reason  the  rate  for  money  on  call  was  not  greatly 
deranged,  and  indeed  it  did  not  rule  above  6  per 
cent.,  except  early  in  January  during  this  period. 
Another  reason  why  the  market  was  not  dis- 
turbed was  that,  except  for  a  very  brief  period, 
when  the  Free  Silver  Coinage  bill  was  under 
consideration  in  Congress,  there  seemed  to  be  no 


ROADS. 

Oroes  e«mtDg« 

Net  nmiagn,  

Knr  ToBK  Ckxtbax  : 

Gross  esrnioiTB 

Neteamtngs 

£sir: 

OroM  omiings 

Ket  earnings 

Balttiiovb  akd  Omo 

Grou  earning 

Ket  eornlnipi 


1885-*8e. 


$50,879,077 
17,769,482 

80,506,861 
11,895,984 

22.500,046 
6,111,408 

18.422,488 
6,386,695 


1886.'87. 


$5^671.818 

18,584,728 

8^297,0r>6 
12,918,482 

24.210,8.%8 
6,819,685 

20,659,086 
6,588,905 


1887-'88. 


$58,172,on 
18,840,925 

86,182,920 
8,S72,2U9 

24,^82.819 
6,829,850 

2n,8.'W,492 
6.152,980 


1888-'80. 


$61,514,445 
20,417,640 

8^fi96,286 
9,422,858 

24,595.278 

0,740,848 

21,^08,002 
6,492,153 


1889-*90. 


$66,202,260 
21,221,706 

87,008,408 
12,516,274 

26,454.8M 

6,918,882 

24,412,096 
7,44,%226 


180O-*91. 


$67,426,841 
21,479,896 

87,902,114 
12,581,262 

27,503,6J?8 
7,259,608 

24,550.895 
7.452,162 


288  FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OP  1891. 

fear  that  the  finances  of  the  country  would  be  for  four  to  six  months,  and  in  some  instances 
affected  by  a  redundancy  of  silver  currency.  The  lenders  stipulated  for  repayment  in  gold.    In 
drain  of  gold  to  Europe  and  of  money  to  the  in-  June  the  range  for  money  on  call  was  5  to  1  per 
terior  for  crop  purposes  brought  about  a  reduc-  cent    Short-time  loans  were  offered  at  4  to  4^ 
tion  in  the  specie  holdings  of  the  New  York  banks  per  cent.,  but  they  were  difficult  to  place,  and 
from  $90,268,900  at  the  end  of  January  to  $58,-  the  demand  was  chiefly  for  periods  from  four 
769,000  by  the  first  week  in  September,  but  the  to  six  months,  but  lenders  were  unwilling  to 
legal-tender  notes  were  increased  from  $26,571,-  make  engagements  for  these  dates.     Comraer- 
700  on  Jan.  8  to  $54,145,800  by  Aug.  1.    Subse-  cial  paper  was  quiet  and  the  demand  was  small 
quently  the  volume  of  these  notes  was  reduced,  because  of  failures  of  leather  houses  in  Boston 
by  shipments  to  the  interior,  to  $29,238,700  by  and  also  for  the  reason  that  the  disclosures  re- 
Nov.  7,  but  at  the  same  time  the  specie  in  the  carding  the  affairs  of  the  Keystone  Bank  in 
banks  was  increased,  through  imports  from  Eu-  jPhlladelphia  kept  buyers  from  that  city  out  of 
rope  and  Treasury  disbursements  for  matured  the  market.    Kates  for  short  double-namo  paper 
4i-per-cent.  bonds,  from  $58,769,000  on  Sept.  5  were  5}  to  5f  per  cent    The  gold  shipments 
to  $96,392,500  on  Dec.  26.    The  surplus  reserve  fell  off  to  about  $16,000,000  during  this  month, 
of  the  New  York  banks  was  at  the  maximum,  In  July  there  was  a  liberal  offering  of  money  on 
$24,089,775,  Jan.  24.   There  was  a  fall  to  $4,319,-  call,  and  those  who  could  not  lend  on  time  on 
850  by  April  18,  a  recovery  to  $19,710,825  by  satisfactory  terms  employed  their  funds  from 
July  25,  and  a  reduction  to  the  minimum  of  the  day  to  day.    The  range  for  the  month  was  4  to 
year,  $3,1(^,750,  Oct.  8,  after  which  there  was  a  1  per  cent    Time  contracts  were  offered  at  4  to 
gradual  improvement  to  $19,480,025  by  Dec.  26.  4i  per  cent  for  thirty  to  ninety  days.    Commer- 
Money  on  call  loaned  at  9  per  cent  early  in  cial  paper  was  in  good  supply,  but  the  city 
January,  but  soon  after  there  was  a  gradual  fall,  banks  were  entii*ely  out  of  the  market  as  buy- 
influenced  by  the  accumulation  of  funds  in  the  ers.    Early  in  August  money  on  call  loaned  at 
banks,  and  the  rate  fell  to  1^  percent  by  the  close.  1  ^  to  4  per  cent,  but  later  the  increased  business 
Time  contracts  for  thirty  to  ninety  days  declined  on  the  Stock  Exchange  led  to  a  better  demand, 
from  6  per  cent  at  the  beginning,  to  4f  by  the  and  rates  rose  to  6  per  cent    The  offer  of  the 
end  of  tne  month,  and  commercial  paper  was  5  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  extend  the  4^per- 
to  5i  per  cent,  for  prime  indorsed  oills  receiv-  cents,  at  2  per  cent  resulted  in  the  presentation 
able.    Money  was  easy  early  in  Februanr,  but  of  $22,621,650,  leaving  nearly  $27,000,000  to  be 
more  active  toward  the  close  by  reason  of  a  re-  redeemed  at  maturity  on  Sept.  2.     Time  con- 
duction in  the  bank  reserves,  and  also  because  of  tracts  were  quoted  at  4  per  cent,  for  thirty  to 
the  movement  of  gold  to  Europe,  which  then  ninety  days  and  commercial  paper  was  dull  at 
began ;  but  the  rate  on  c^  advanced  only  from  1  5f  to  6  per  cent,  for  short-double  names.    In  Sep- 
to  4  per  cent,  and  thirty  to  sixty  day  contracts  tember  money  on  call  loaned  at  25  and  at  I4  per 
on  time  were  made  at  4  to  4^  per  cent    One  cent.    The  higher  rate  was  due  to  a  flurry  which 
feature  during  the  month  was  the  suspension  of  followed  the  news  of  the  suspension  of  S.  Y.  White 
the  American  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  due  to  &  Co.  on  the  22d.    The  lowest  rate  was  recorded 
a  run  upon  the  institution  caused  by  disclosures  early  in  the  month,  and  the  average  was  not 
of  bad  management ;  but  this  had  no  effect  upon  above  4  per  cent,  until  after  the  15tB,  when  low 
the    money    market.      In    March    the    bank  bank  reserves  and  a  good  demand  resulting  from 
reserves  were  still  further  reduced  by  eold  ex-  the  activity  on  the  Stock  Exchange  caused  the 
ports  to  Europe,  but  the  supply  of  bankers'  avera^  to  move  up  to  5^  per  cent.     Time  loans 
oalances  was  ample  for  all  requirements,  and  the  were  m  a  little  better  demand,  and  the  rate  for 
range  for  the  month  was  from  1  to  4  per  cent,  thirty  to  ninety  days  was  4i  to  6  percent   Corn- 
Time  loans  for  thirty  to  ninety  days  were  made  mercial  paper  was  slow  of  sale  at  ^  to  6  per  cent 
at  4  to  4^  per  cent.,  and  short  commercial  paper  for  shoit  aouble  names.    In  October  money  on 
sold  at  5^.    The  Washington  National  Bank  sus-  call  loaned  at  6  and  at  8  per  cent.  There  was  only 
pended  during  the  month,  in  consequence  of  im-  a  light  demand  for  time  loans  until  toward  the 
prudent  loans  made  by  the  president.    In  April  close,  and  rates  early  in  the  month  were  5^  per 
over  $13,000,000  gold  was  shipped  to  Europe,  and,  cent,  for  thirty  to  sixty  days  and  6  per  cent  for 
although  the  supply  of  money  on  call  was  gener-  three  to  six  months ;  but  a^ter  the  15th  the  offer- 
ally  abundant,  there  were  occasions  when  be-  ings  were  more  abundant  and  loans  were  made  at 
lated  borrowers  were  required  to  pay  6  per  cent  4  to  4^  percent,  for  thirty  to  sixty  days,  and  4|  to 
The  lowest  for  the  month  was  1^  per  cent.    Time  5  per  cent  for  four  to  six  months.    Commercial 
contracts  were  freely  offered  at  4  to  4i  per  cent  paper  was  dull  and  without  feature  until  the  22d, 
for  thirty  to  ninety  days,  and  prime  short-date  when  the  city  banks  came  into  the  market  as  buy- 
commercial  paper  sold  at  5  to  5^  per  cent.    On  ers,  and  rates  at  the  close  were  5  per  cent,  for 
the  25th  the  Treasury  Department  ordered  that  short  bills  receivable.    During  the  early  part  of 
further  redemptions  of  4i-per-cent«.,  under  the  November  the  drain  of  money  to  Boston  to, meet 
circular  in  force  since  the  previous  year,  should  the  requirements  of  banks  at  that  center  caused 
cease.  In  May  loans  on  call  were  made  at  6  and  at  a  rise  m  the  rate  on  call  to  15  per  cent,  but  be- 
2^  per  cent.,  and  although  the  movement  of  gold  fore  the  middle  of  the  month  there  was  a  fall  to 
to  Europe  was  large,  almost  $26,000,000  being  3  per  cent.,  and  by  the  close  to  2  per  cent    Time 
sent  forward,  the  bankers  seemed  to  be  well  sup-  contracts  were  5  per  cent,  for  thirty  to  sixty  days 

Elied  with  unused  balances,  while  the  foreign  until  the  call  money  market  grew  easier,  ana  then 

ouses  who  were  not  shipping  gold  were  liberal  offerings  were  liberal  at  4  to  4J  per  cent  for  these 

lenders.    There  was  a  good  demand  for  time  periods.    The  disturbance  in  Boston  caused  by 

contracts,  which  were  quoted  at  5  to  5^  per  cent  the  failure  of  the  Maverick  National  Bank  kept 

for  thirty  to  ninety  days,  and  at  5^  to  6  per  cent  Eastern  buyers  out  of  the  market  for  commercial 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1891. 


289 


paper,  and  the  inquiry  from  the  New  York  city 
banks  was  light  on  til  after  the  15th,  when  grad- 
uallr  the  demand  increased ;  but  the  supply  of 
really  choice  names  was  small,  and  only  a  light 
business  was  done.  Rates  at  the  end  of  the  month 
were  5  per  cent  for  short  indorsed  bills  and  5i 
to  6  per  cent,  for  iobbers*  paper  and  single-name 
notes.  On  Dec  4  there  was  an  advance  in  the 
call  loan  rate  to  6  per  cent.,  caused  by  the  at- 
tempt to  assassinate  Mr.  Russell  Sage,  but  it  im- 
mediately fell  to  3,  and  money  was  easy  at  2  to  3 
per  cent,  until  the  22d,  when  there  was  an  ad- 
vance to  4^.  Subsequently  it  declined  to  2,  and 
there  was  a  liberal  supply  at  the  end  of  the 
month.  Time  contracts  were  freely  offered,  and 
b?  the  close  the  rate  for  thirty  to  sixty  days  was 

3  to  4,  while  for  from  three  to  six  months  it  was 

4  to  4  J  per  cent.  There  was  a  good  inquiry  for 
commepcial  paper  at  4J  per  cent,  for  snort  in- 
dorsed bills. 

The  condition  of  the  New  York  Clearing- House 
banks,  the  rates  for  money,  exchange,  and  silver, 
and  prices  for  United  States  bonds  on  or  about 
Jan.  1, 1892,  compared  with  the  preceding  two 
years,  are  as  follow : 


mit  for  stocks  sold  for  European  accoimt,  rates 
rose  to  $4.85i  to  |4.86  for  long  and  $4.88^  to 
$4.89  for  short  by  the  14th.  The  advance  was 
stimulated  by  the  fear  of  currency  complica- 
tions resulting  from  the  threatened  enactment 
of  A  free  silver-coinage  bill  by  Congress,  and  this 
induced  some  drawei-s  to  decline  to  sell  bills,  in 
view  of  the  fact  that  the  measure  under  consid- 
eration provided  that  all  certificates  issued 
against  coin  be  made  a  full  legal  tender.  But 
this  distrustful  feeling  soon  entirely  disappeared, 
and  drawers  were  so  liberal  with  tneir  offerings 
that  rates  fell  off,  and,  under  the  influence  of  a 
reduction  in  the  Bank-of-England  rate  to  8} 
per  cent.,  on  the  21st  there  was  a  gradual  decline, 
and  the  market  closed  at  $4.85  to  $4.85^  for 
sixty-day  and  $4.88  for  sight.  The  tone  was 
generally  firm  throughout  the  month  of  Febru- 
ary, the  market  opening  at  $4.85^  for  lone  and 
$4.88  for  short,  advancing  toward  the  middle  of 
the  month  to  $4.86^  to  $4.87  for  the  former  and 
$4.88i  to  $4.89  for  the  latter,  but  subsequently 
it  grew  easier,  and  rates  at  the  close  were  $4.8G 
for  sixty-day  and  $4.88^  to  $4.89  for  sight.  Com- 
mercial bills  were  scarce,  and  there  was  a  good 


rrKMs. 


ytw  ToBK  CiTT  Bavks: 

Loans  aod  dlsoounta 

8prtl0 

Orvulattoo 

2}et  depodtft. 

Lei?«l  tenders. 

Required  reserve 

Beseire  beU 


Barphis  resenra. 

IfoVZT,  EZCBAKOR,  SiLTSB  : 

CallkMns 

Prime  |Mper,  60  days 

Silver  in  LoDdon.jper  oaoce. 
Prime  sterling  bilb,  60  days. 

UxiTCD  Statw  Bonds  : 

rurmiCT  6s,  18W 

4is  roapon,  mi 

4seoQpon,  1907. 


1800. 


1891. 


1808. 


I894J61.800 

$88^678,000 

$488.61 6y400 

7^66Q.700 

7a664.20O 

96,972,200 

8,781,800 

8,099,900 

5  587.400 

808,720,&00 

886,(;82,100 

466.21 5',2O0 

26,141,100 

26,671,700 

87,814,400 

99,6S0,125 

96,658,080 

lir.,664,660 

101,701,800 

105,284,000 

188,786,600 

$2,021,675 

$8,676,876 

$17,282,060 

4ito5 

S^toS 

8 

Cito6* 

7 

4f  to6i 

44M. 

49  <f. 

48f</. 

|4tfOi 

480 

$4  62* 

124 

118         , 

llf* 

104| 

im 

10(1  • 

126 

1221 

116* 

*  Extended  2  per  cents. 

The  following  is  the  New  York  Clearing-House  statement  of  totals  at  the  beginning  of  each 
quarter  of  1891  and  at  the  end  of  the  year: 


DATS. 

Jannsry  8 

March  a9 

Jaljr* 

i^plemb«r  26 

Deoeoibsr  26. 


$886,678,600 
410,498.200 
898,860,800 
4O7,S17,l0O 
429,265,400 


opccfe. 


$78,668,200 
77,786.600 
66,285400 
62,408.100 
96,892,500 


Ohcalmticn. 


$8,609,900 
8,501.100 
8,608,200 
6,670,800 
6,604,700 


Depotlla. 


$886,682,100 
415,464,600 
404,658.900 
41*4.641.500 
466,806,800 


Ltgal  tcntew. 


$26^571,700 
84,571,600 
60.894,400 
42,765,400 
86,914,100 


Foreign  Exchange. — The  imports  of  mer- 
chandijie  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31, 1891,  were 
$4,914,920  above  those  for  1890,  and  the  exports 
of  domestic  and  foreign  merchandise  were  $118,- 
003,734  more.  The  excess  of  merchandise  ex- 
ports over  imports  for  the  year  was  $142,193,636 
a^inst  $34,104,822  for  1890.  The  excess  of  ex- 
ports over  imports  of  merchandise,  coin,  and 
bullion  for  1891  was  $185,316,025,  against  $42,- 
051,476  for  1890.  Gold  exports  were  $34,118,202 
in  excess  of  the  imports  in  1891,  against  $8,832,- 
984  in  1890. 

In  January  sterling  exchange  opened  at  $4.80| 
for  sixty  days  and  $4.84  for  sight,  and,  influenced 
by  a  demand  for  investment  and  also  to  re- 

TOL.  XXXL— 19  A 


demand  to  remit  for  stocks  sold  for  European 
account  and  also  in  settlement  of  mercantile 
credits,  which  adjustment  had  been  deferred, 
because  importers  needed  their  money  for  the 
payment  of  duties  on  goods  which  were  required 
to  be  withdrawn  from  bond  on  or  before  Feb. 
1.  Gold  to  the  amount  of  $3,100,000  was 
shipped  to  Berlin  during  the  month  as  an  indi- 
rect exchange  operation.  In  March  sterling 
opened  firm  at  $4.86  for  sixty-day  and  $4.89  for 
sight.  On  the  7th  gold  bars  to  the  amount  of 
$600,000  were  shipped  to  Berlin.  The  Treasury 
Department,  under  authority  of  an  act  passed  at 
the  last  session  of  Congress,  imposed  a  charge  of 
40  cents  per  $1,000  on  these  bars,  the  intention 


290  FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OF  1891. 

being,  as  far  as  possible,  to  check  the  export  of  mercial  bills  and  of  drafts  against  stocks  bought 
gold.  On  the  18th  an  application  for  $1,000,000  for  European  account,  there  was  a  gradual  fall 
more  gold  in  bars  having  been  refused  by  the  to  $4.83  for  sixty-day  and  $4.85^  for  sight.  The 
Treasury  Department,  the  shippers  were  com-  outward  movement  of  gold  had  then  ceased,  and 
pelied  to  take  coin  in  the  proportion  of  four  sev-  at  the  close  of  the  month  it  was  announced  that 
enths  double  eagles,  two  sevenths  eagles,  and  one  $750,000  of  the  metal  had  been  shipped  from  the 
seventh  half-eagles,  and,  as  this  added  to  the  cost  Continent  for  New  York.  In  September  ex- 
of  the  shipment,  exchange  advanced  to  $4.87  for  change  opened  at  $4.83  to  $4.83^  for  sixty-day 
sixty-day  and  $4.89^  for  sight.  On  the  21st  and  $4.85  to  $4.85^  for  sight,  and  under  the 
there  was  a  further  export  of  $2,275,000  in  gold  influence  of  liberal  offerings  of  arbitrage  and 
coin.  Exchange  fell  off  on  the  26th  to  $4.86i  for  commercial  bills  there  was  a  fall  to  $4.81  for 
long  and  $4.89  for  short,  and  $700,000  gold  coin  long  and  $4.84  for  short  by  the  close ;  but  the 
was  sent  to  Germany  on  the  28th,  but  the  pro-  tone  then  was  firmer  by  reason  of  a  demand  to 
portion  was  changea  to  two  fifths  each  of  double  remit  for  stocks  sold  for  European  account 
eagles  and  eagles  and  one  fifth  half-eagles.  Ex-  The  imports  of  gold  during  the  month  were 
change  was  strong  early  in  April  at  $4.87  for  six-  $6,856,000.  In  October  exchange  opened  at 
ty-day  and  $4.89^  for  sight,  but  later,  under  the  $4.80  to  $4.81  for  long  and  $484  for  short,  bat 
influence  of  dearer  discounts  in  London,  the  long  owing  to  a  demand  to  remit  for  stocks  sold  for 
rate  was  reduced  to  $4.86  and  short  remained  at  European  account,  and  also  because  of  a  scarcity 
$4.89^  until  the  27th,  when  it  advanced  to  $4.90.  of  commercial  bills,  there  was  an  advance  to 
Gold  coin  to  the  amount  of  $13,140,000  was  $4.81i  for  sixty-day  and  $4.85  for  sijght  by  the 
sent  to  Europe,  principally  Germany,  during  the  middle  of  the  month.  The  tone  was  easier  tliere- 
month.  Exchange  was  firm  at  $486  for  sixty-  after  to  the  close,  especially  for  short,  lower  dis- 
day  and  $490  for  sight  early  in  May.  On  the  counts  in  London  mcreasing  the  demand  for 
6th  the  tone  became  easier,  because  of  a  premium  long  bills.  The  rates  at  the  end  of  the  month 
of  a  half  penny  per  ounce  paid  b^  the  Bank  of  were  $4.81  to  $481^  for  sixty-day  and  $4.84| 
England  m  order  to  attract  American  gold  coin  for  sight.  The  arrivals  of  gold  irom  Europe 
to  London,  and  shippers  of  the  metal  were  free  during  October  were  $19,112,SX)  A  better  sup- 
sellers  of  sterling,  ttius  causing  a  reduction  in  ply  of  commercial  bills,  chiefiy  drawn  against 
the  rates  to  $4.85  for  long  and  $4.89  for  short,  cotton,  caused  the  market  to  fall  off  to  $4.S(H 
Subsequently  there  was  a  fall  in  the  former  to  for  long  and  $4.84  for  short  soon  after  the  opn- 
$4.84i,  because  of  dearer  discounts  in  London,  ing  of  November,  and  it  was  also  effectea  by 
On  the  16th  the  price  of  gold  coin  was  further  dearer  money  on  the  Stock  Exchange,  but  during 
advanced  by  the  Bank  of  England  to  76«.  6^d  the  second  week  a  scarcity  of  grain  bills,  owing 
per  ounce,  and  this  caused  a  fall  in  sterling  to  to  shipments  being  delayed  by  the  absence  of 
$4.84  for  sixty-day  and  $488  for  si^ht.  Soon  vessels,  tended  to  make  the  market  firmer  at 
aft«r  the  price  of  gold  was  reduced  in  London  $481  to  $481i  for  sixty-day  and  $4.84^  for 
to  760.  6<2.  per  ounce,  and  on  the  25th  exchange  sight.  Then  came  a  rise  oy  the  18th  to  $4.82 
rose  to  $484i  for  long  and  $4.88i  ^or  short,  and  for  long  and  $4.85  for  short,  and  the  tone  was 
on  the  following  day  to  $4.85  for  the  former  firm  thereafter  to  the  close,  arbitrage  as  well 
and  $4.89  for  the  latter,  and  gold  coin  to  the  as  commercial  bills  being  scarce.  The  arrivals 
amount  of  $3,000,000  was  shipped,  making  $26,-  of  gold  during  the  month  were  $3,557,000.  In 
061,000  for  the  month.  Exchange  opened  at  December  the  market  opened  at  $4.82  for  long 
$4.85^  for  sixty-day  and  $4.89i  for  sight  in  June,  and  $4*85  for  short,  but  a  light  supply  of  com- 
A  reduction  in  the  Bank-of-England  rate  on  the  mercial  bills  and,  later,  a  good  inquiry  to  remit 
Sd  to  4  per  cent,  caused  an  advance  in  long  bills  for  interest  and  in  settlement  of  mercantile  cred- 
to  $4.86,  and  a  reduction  in  the  bank  rate  on  the  its  caused  a  gradual  advance  by  the  15th  to 
17th  to  8  per  cent,  brought  about  a  further  rise  $4.83  for  sixty-day  and  $486  for  short.  When 
in  sixty-day  bills  to  $487^.  During  the  last  days  the  demand  was  satisfied,  rates  fell  off  to  $4.82 
of  the  month  liberal  purchases  of  securities  by  for  long  and  $4.84^  for  short.  The  market 
the  arbitrage  houses  for  European  account,  and  a  closed  at  $4.82^  to  $483  for  sixty-day  and  $4.85 
lighter  inquiry,  made  sterling  neavy,  and  it  closed  to  $4.85^  for  sight.  Gold  arrivals  from  Europe 
at  $4.86i  foi  long  and  $488i  for  short.    Gold  to  amounted  to  $2,774000. 

the  amount  of  $16,200,000  was  shipped  to  London  The  Stock  Market. — The  highest  prices  for 

and  Paris  during  the  month,  but  tne  movement  leading  stocks  during  the  year  were  recorded  in 

to  the  first-named  center  was  on  special  order  August  and  December,  and  the  lowest  from  May 

after  the  5th.    In  July  exchange  opened  at  $4.86  to  July.    The  market  opened  strong  in  January, 

for  sixty-day  and  $4.88  for  sight,  and  under  the  and  for  the  first  ten  days  the  tendency  was  up- 

influence  of  easier  discounts  in  London  and  mod-  ward,  with  the  Grangers  and  Delaware,  Lacka- 

erately  large  offerings  of  commercial  bills  it  grad-  wanna  and  Western  leading.      Louisville  and 

ually  fell  to  $4.84^  for  sixty-day  and  $4.87  to  Nashville  was  favorably  influenced  by  the  dec- 

$4.87i  for  sight.    Gold  to  the  amount  of  $6,500,-  laration  of  a  cash  dividend  of  2|  per  cent. ;  the 

000  was  shipped  to  Europe  during  the  month,  Villards  improved  on  news  of  the  resumption  of 

all  of  it  on  special  order,  and  principally  to  the  business  by  Decker,  Howell  &  Co.,  who  su£- 

Bank  of  France,  that  institution  contracting  pended  in  Nov.,  1890,  and  the  Gould  specialities 

with  a  banker  in  New  York  to  supply  the  metal,  and  all  Western  properties  were  freely  bought 

and  entering  into  stipulations  that  when  it  should  on  reports  that    the  managers  of  these  n)ads 

be  required  later  in  the  season  no  premium  would  were  entirely  in  accord  as  to  the  plan  for  new 

be  demanded.    In  August  exchange  opened  at  regulations  for  the  Western  Traflic  Association. 

$4.84|  to  $4.85  for  long  and  $487  to  $4.87i  The  tone  of  the  market  was  strong  until  the 

for  short,  and,  influenced  by  offerings  of  com-  14th.    A  leading  feature  on  the  12th  was  a  i-apid 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OP  1891.  291 

rise  in  Sasar  Trust  on  news  that  the  receiver  had  Western  advanced,  in  the  expectation  that  this 
been  discnarged,  the  trust  organized  into  the  line  would  also  be  wanted  by  the  Central.    The 
American  Sugar  Refiners'  Company  under  the  financial  troubles  in  Philadelbhia,  resulting  from 
laws  of  New  Jersev,  and  that  a  dividend  of  5  the  failure  of  the  Keystone  National  Bank,  had 
per  cent  had  been  declared.    The  suspension  of  a  partially  disturbing  effect,  but  in  the  third 
a  bear  trader  and  the  closing  out,  for  his  account,  week  of  the  month  there  was  a  recovery,  and  the 
of  a  large  line  of  stocks  made  the  market  very  market  continued  generally  strong  to  the  close, 
retire  and  higher  until  after  the  middle  of  the  and  it  was  only  slisntlj  affected  by  the  recall  of 
inoDth,  when  there  was  free  selling  of  the  Gould  Baron  Fava,  the  Italian  minister  at  Washing- 
specialties  and  the  Grangers,  foUowed  by  a  dull  ton.    One  feature  in  the  last  days  of  the  month 
and  heavy  movement.    One  feature  was  a  sharp  was  an  improvement  in  the  Grangers,  caused  by 
^1  in  New  England  on  the  disclosure  of  the  fact  the  defeat  of  the   Nebraska   Freight-rate  bill 
that  the  advance  in  the  stock  had  been  assisted  and  the  adjournment  sine  die  of  the  Legislature 
bj  a  forged  statement  purporting  to  be  signed  of  that  State.    Earlv  in  April  there  was  a  sharp 
bV  certain   officials   of  the  New  York,    New  advance  in  Sugar  Uefiners'  on  a  report  that  an 
llaren  and  Hartford,  in  which  they  were  de-  agreementhadoeen  made  with  the  rhiladelphia 
dared  to  be  in  favor  of  the  consolidation  of  the  refinery  to  regulate  the  price  of  sugar ;  a  fall  in 
two  eompaniesL     Chicago  Gas  was  unfavorably  the  Northern  Pacifies,  due  to  selling  for  Ger- 
influenced  by  the  announcement  that  the  divi-  man  account,  followed  by  a  recovery  on  the  re- 
dend  would  be  passed.    Toward  the  close  of  the  moval  of  the  pressure ;  a  decline  in  the  Grangers 
month  there  was  an  irregular  recovery  in  the  and  in  other  Western  stocks,  because  of  the  fail- 
leaders  due  to  rebuying  to  cover  short  contracts,  ure  to  get  a  quorum  at  Chicago  of  the  Advisory 
and  the  majority  of  the  stocks  showed  a  very  de-  Board  of  the  Western  Trafnc  Association,  but 
eided  advance  at  the  close  of  January  compared  later  there  was  a  reaction,  on  the  statement  that 
with  the  opening:.    The  sudden  death  of  Secre-  the  meeting  would  be  held  in  New  York.    The 
tary  Windom  on  the  29th  caused  a  sharp  fall  in  Vanderbilts,  and  particularly  Ijake  Shore,  were 
silver  in  London  and  in  silver-bullion  certificates  strong.    The  movement  of  gold  to  Europe  had 
in  our  market,  but  there  was  an  immediate  re-  some  mfluence  toward  the  middle  of  the  month, 
coverr.    In  February  the  market  opened  strong  but  it  appeared  to  be  in  great  measure  counter- 
with  Delaware,  LaeWawanna  and  Western,  Lake  acted  by  the  expectation  that  the  bank  reserves 
Shore,  Manhattan  Elevated,  Pacific  Mail,  Mani-  would  ere  long  be  augmented  by  the  return  of 
tobs  and  the  Villards  leading.     Then  followed  a  currencv  from  the  interior,  and  that  after  a  while 
a  rise  in  New  York,  Susquehanna  and  Western  the  gold  would  come  back  from  Europe  to  pay 
on  a  report^  subsequent! v  denied,  that  there  was  for  cotton  and  grain,  the  indications  tnen  bemg 
a  contest  for  control  of  the  road  between  the  that  there  was  an  impoHant  deficiency  in  Euro- 
Delaware  and  Hudson  and  the  Delaware,  Lacka-  pean  crops  of  breadstuffs.    The  market  was  gen- 
wanna  and  Western.    Toward  the  middle  of  the  erally  strong  to  the  close  of  the  month,  and  it 
month  the  market  was  unfavorably  infiuenced  was  not  disturbed  by  the  discovery  on  the  27th 
bTthe  withdrawal  of  |1,000,000  gold  for  ship-  that  the  late  President  of  the  Ninth  National 
nient  to  Berlin,  and  later  the  Grangers  were  Bank  was  a  defaulter,  because  assurances  were 
freely  sold  on  the  announcement  of  a  reduction  ^ven  that  the  capital  of  the  bank  remained  un- 
cti  the  dividend  on  Chicago,  Burlington   and  impaired.    The  course  of  the  market  was  down- 
Quincy,  and  the  whole  market  was  more  or  less  ward  in  May.  The  Advisorv  Board  of  the  West- 
affected  by  the  suspension  of  the  American  Loan  em  Traffic  Association  held  a  meeting  in  this 
&nd  Trust  Company,  and  also  by  the  withdrawal  city  early  in  the  month  and  the  most  important 
of  $000,000  more  gold  for  shipment  to  Berlin,  action  taken  was  the  dismissal,  with  the  con- 
To  ward  the  end  of  the  month  there  was  an  ir-  currence  of  Mr.  Ja^  Gould,  of  the  traffic  man- 
rejB^r  recovery,  but  in  the  last  few  days  the  ager  of  the  Missouri  Pacific  for  violation  of  the 
Grangers  were  unfavorably  affected  by  an  attack  rules  of  the  Association,  thus  indicating  that  Mr. 
upon  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy,  and  the  Gould  was  co-operating  in  the  efforts  to  main- 
tnne  of   the  market  was  heavy  at  the  close,  tain  rates.    The  continued  exports  of  gold  to 
Earlj  in  March  Pacific  Mail  rose  on  news  of  the  Europe  had  a  depressing  effect  at  intervals,  the 
passage  of  the  Postal  Subsidy  bill  and  the  North-  bears  raiding  the  market  on  news  of  the  with- 
ern  Pacifies  were  favorably  influenced  by  a  de-  drawals  of  the  metal  for  shipment.    About  the 
cision  of  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  a  middle  of  the  month  the  fluny  at  Paris  due  to 
land-grant  case  against  the  Manitoba,  by  which  the  financial  and  political  crisis  at  Lisbon  was 
the  claim  of  the  flrst-named  company  to  a  large  reflected  in  the  New  York  market,  and  there 
tract  of  land  on  the  line  of  the  road  was  sus-  was  a  vigorous  assault  by  the  bears ;  but  when 
tained.     Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy  was  the  trouble  in  Paris  ended,  our  market  reacted. 
weak  by  reason  of  liberal  selling,  and  the  decline  It  was  irregular  and  lower  for  the  remainder  of 
in  this  property  more  or  less  affected  the  other  the  month,  influenced  in  great  part  by  the  large 
Grangers.    On  the  6th  the  news  of  a  panic  at  exports  of  gold  and  a  renewal  of  bear  attacks. 
Buenos  Ayres  was  made  the  pretext  for  raiding  Early  in  June  Louisville  and  Nashville  was  un- 
the  market,  but  there  was  a  speedy  recovery,  favorably  affected  by  news  of  the  contemplated 
The  decision  of  the  Interstate  Commerce  Com-  issue  of  $7,000,000    new  stock,  the    company 
inl<i$ion  in  the  matter  of  Coxe  Bros,  against  the  being  unable  to  sell  its  unified  4-per-cent.  bonds. 
Lehigh  Valley  had  a  temporarilv  disturbing  ef-  Rock  Island  was  broken  down  on  the  announce- 
fect  upon  the  coal  shares.  After  the  middle  of  the  ment  of  the  reduction  of  the  quarterly  dividend 
month  Rome,  Watertown  and  Ogdensburg  rose  to  |  of  1  per  cent.    Subsequently  tnere  was  a 
on  news  of  the  absorption  of  the  road  by  the  New  recovery  in  the  market  under  the  lead  of  A1>- 
York  Central,  and  later  New  York,  Ontario  and  chison,  Topeka  and  Sante  Fe,  this  being  affected 


292  FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OP  1891. 

by  a  favorable  decision  in  the  suit  brought  by  crop  reports  and  increased  railroad  earnings. 
St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco  first  preferred  stock-  Early  in  the  month  Union  Pacific  was  freely 
holders.  Chicago  Gas  advancea  on  news  of  a  bought  by  the  arbitrage  houses  and  by  the  local 
settlement  of  the  differences  between  the  com-  traders  on  a  report  that  the  Vanderbilts  were 
pany  and  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  later  the  seeking  control.  But  on  the  positive  denial  of 
Urangers  improved  on  favorable  reports  of  the  this  rumor  Europeans  freely  sold  it,  and  this 
condition  of  the  grain  crops  and  connrmation  of  was  followed  by  a  sharp  decline  on  news  that  a 
the  statement  of  a  large  aeficiency  in  the  Euro-  loan  by  an  impatient  lender  had  been  called  and 
pean  crops.  One  feature  after  the  middle  of  the  that  the  company  was  embarrassed  for  funds 
month  was  an  advance  in  silver-bullion  certifi-  with  which  to  meet  this  and  other  demands, 
cates,  caused  by  heavy  purchases  by  the  director  This  led  to  renewed  efforts  on  the  part  of  the 
of  the  mint  at  prices  above  the  parity  of  the  Lon-  managers  to  secure  the  assent  of  creditors  to  the 
don  quotation.  Lare^  withdrawals  of  gold  for  plan  for  extending  the  floating  debt,  but  theso 
export  to  Europe  haa  more  or  less  of  a  disturbing  efforts  were  not  immediately  successful,  and 
effect  upon  the  stock  market  for  the  remainder  Union  Pacific  was  more  or  less  of  a  disturbing 
of  the  month,  although  the  crop  news  continued  factor  until  after  the  middle  of  the  month.  On 
good  and  the  harvesting  of  winter  wheat,  then  in  the  news  of  gold  shipments  hither  from  the  Con- 
progress,  showed  excellent  results.    The  course  tinent  during  the  first  week  in  the  month  the 


Sugar  Refiners'  had  a  temporarily  dis-  contracts  in  nearly  all  the  active  stocks  exwpt 

turbing  effect  upon  that  stock.  A  report,  which  the  Gould  specialties  and  Richmond  Terminal, 
was  not  confirmed,  that  the  Chicago,  Burlington  the  latter  being  affected  by  reports  that  the 
and  Quincy  would  issue  more  bonds  caused  a  floating  debt  of  this  company  had  become  em- 
fall  in  that  stock.  One  feature  was  a  rise  in  Ed-  barrassing.  After  the  middle  of  the  month  the 
ison  Electric  shares  on  the  announcement  of  the  market  was  very  active  and  strong,  with  good 
decision  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court  in  the  buying  of  Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  Fe  and 
Edison  lamp  case  sustaining  the  patent.  On  the  Grangers  as  the  feature,  and,  although  the 
the  18th  the  news  of  the  failure  of  the  English  Rock  Island  directors  declared  only  ^  of  1  p<>r 
Bank  of  the  Rio  Plate  had  an  unsettling  in  flu-  cent,  dividend  for  the  current  quarter,  the  stock 
ence  in  London,  which  was  reflected  here,  and  promptly  recovered,  and  even  the  Gould  pronor- 
the  movement  was  irregularly  downward  for  the  ties  participated  in  the  upward  movement.  The 
remainder  of  the  month,  with  the  Gould  special-  suspension  of  S.  V.  White  &  Co.  checked  the  ri.s- 
ties,  the  Grangers,  Louisville  and  Nashville,  and  ing  tendency  on  the  2dd,  but  the  market  was  re- 
Atchison,  Topeka  and  Santa  F^  about  the  weak-  covering  on' the  news  that  this  firm  had  little  or 
est,  and  the  market  was  more  or  less  infiuenced  no  interest  in  stocks,  when  the  failure  of  the  Mis- 
by  rumors  affecting  the  standing  of  prominent  souri  Pacific  directors  to  declare  the  usual  quar- 
financial  houses  in  this  city.  Early  m  August  terly  dividend  gave  color  to  reports  that  it  wouM 
the  reports  of  a  large  deficiency  in  all  the  Euro-  be  passed.  A  few  days  later  these  reports  were 
pean  grain  crops  were  fully  confirmed,  and  the  confirmed,  and  this  news  encouraged  a  bearish 
Russian  Government  issued  an  order  prohibiting  demonstration  upon  the  whole  list,  which  was 
the  export  of  rve.  The  weather  here  was  very  followed  by  a  reaction  led  by  the  Vanderbilts. 
favorable  for  tte  crops,  harvesting  of  spring  Then  came  an  attack  upon  Union  Pacific  on  a  re- 
wheat  was  making  rapid  progress,  and  the  con-  port  that  the  syndicate  would  abandon  efforts  to 
ditions  were  good  for  corn.  This  excellent  crop  extend  the  floating  debt,  and  Missouri  Pacific 
situation  stimulated  buying  of  American  securi-  was  broken  down  on  the  publication  of  the  state- 
ties  in  London,  and  the  denial  of  the  disquiet-  ment  showing  that  unearned  dividends  had  been 
ing  rumors  current  at  the  close  of  July  caused  paid  for  some  time.  Rock  Island  was  subse- 
onr  market  to  open  very  strong  in  August.  Soon  auently  raided,  causing  an  important  decline  in 
after  there  was  free  selling  of  Union  Pacific,  due  tne  Grangers,  and  the  market  was  more  or  lesc? 
to  reports,  subsequently  confirmed,  that  the  float-  unsettled  by  bear  attacks,  accompanied  by  dis- 
ing  acbt  had  become  embarrassing  by  reason  of  Quieting  reports  of  the  condition  of  Mr.  Jay 
an  inability  longer  to  borrow  on  time,  and  the  Gould's  health,  for  the  remainder  of  the  month, 
decline  in  this  specialty  had  an  unfavorable  in-  The  tone  was  feverish  at  the  opening  of  October, 
fiuence  upon  the  whole  market;  but  the  an-  with  the  Gould  stocks  and  the  Grangers  weake^t : 
uouncement  that  a  S3mdicate  would  be  formed  but  there  was  a  sharp  rally  soon  after,  followwl 
to  carry  over  this  debt  later  brought  about  a  re-  by  an  irregular  movement,  during  which  the 
covery,  under  the  effect  of  which  the  whole  list  bears  sought  to  cover  their  short  contracts,  and 
advanced.  In  the  third  week  of  the  month  there  g^radually  the  market  grew  firmer  nnder  the 
was  a  wild  speculation  in  grain  at  all  the  dis-  influence  of  estimates  of  the  cereal  crops,  base<l 
tributing  centers,  which  checked  export  buying  upon  the  reports  of  the  Department  of  Agri- 
and  caused  a  rise  in  exchange  and  a  fall  in  culture,  showing  an  unprecedented  yield  of  all 
stocks ;  but  in  the  fourth  week  repurchases  to  grains  and  more  especially  of  com,  which  had 
cover  short  contracts  and  a  demand  for  stocks  rapidlv  matured  during  the  warm  weather  which 
for  European  account  carried  prices  steadily  prevailed  in  the  latter  part  of  September.  In 
upward,  and  the  market  was  active  and  higher  the  last  week  of  the  month  pressure  by  the  l)ears, 
for  the  remainder  of  the  month.  In  September  accompanied  by  disquieting  reports  from  Boston, 
the  speculation  was  active  and  the  tone  gener-  caused  by  the  suicide  of  Mr.  Irving  A.  Evans,  of 
ally  strong,  influenced  by  European  purchases  that  city,  made  the  market  irregular  and  lower 
through  the  arbitrage  houses,  by  a  return  flow  for  the  remainder  of  the  month,  although  dur- 
of  goUi  from  Europe,  and  by  the  very  favorable  ing  the  last  few  days  there  were  occasional  re- 


FINANCIAL  REVIEW  OP  1801. 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1891. 


293 


actions,  due  to  further  imports  of  gold  from  Ea- 
mpe  and  a  report  that  Russia  would  soon  pro- 
hibit the  shipments  of  all  grain,  which  stimu- 
lated a  rise  in  all  Western  stocks.  One  feature 
was  a  (all  in  the  coal  shares  on  news  that  an  output 
of  4,000,000  tons  of  anthracite  had  been  agreed 
upon  for  November,  and  another  feature  was  a 
drop  in  Sugar  Refiners',  caused  by  a  reduction  in 
the  price  of  sugar  by  the  Philadelphia  refinery. 
The  market  openeQ  unsettled  and  lower  in  No- 
vember, in  consequence  of  news  of  the  suspen- 
sion of  the  Marerick  National  Bank  of  Boston. 
li'his  institution  had  a  large  collection  business 
all  over  the  country,  and  its  failure  temporarily 
tied  up  considerable  amounts  of  money.  The 
other  Boston  banks  drew  upon  their  balances 
in  this  citj,  and  this  compelled  a  calling  in  of 
I'lans  by  institutions  here,  under  the  enect  of 
which  money  grew  active.  There  was  free  sell- 
ing of  Chicago,  Burlington  and  Quincy,  Union 
Pacific,  New  England,  and  Atchison,  Topeka 
and  Santa  F^  by  Boston  houses,  and  the  tend- 
ency of  the  market  was  irregularly  downward 
for  the  fire^t  ten  da}'s. '  Then  there  was  a  recov- 
ery, stimulated  by  large  purchases  of  stocks  by 
the  arbitrage  houses  for  European  account,  and 
the  market  was  active  and  generally  higher  for 
the  remainder  of  the  month.  The  coal  shares 
wi're  onfavorabl]^  affected  during  the  second 
week  by  free  selling  of  Delaware  and  Hudson, 
accompanied  by  rumors  that  a  large  holder  of 
the  stock  was  disposing  of  his  property.  This 
was  denied,  and  then  came  a  rumor  that  there 
was  likely  to  be  a  dispute  over  the  allotment  of 
coal  for  next  year.  This  was  believed  to  be 
M  at  rest  in  the  last  week  of  the  month  by  the 
harmonious  action  of  the  coal  sale's  agents  in 
fixing  the  output  for  December  at  8,250,000  tons, 
thus  restrictini?  production  and  indicating  that 
the  policy  in  force  would  be  continued.  The 
market  was  at  intervals  affected  by  re^rts  of  an 
nn^ttled  condition  of  financial  affairs  on  the 
Continent  of  Europe,  but  these  subsequently 
pnived  to  be  exaggerations.  On  the  27th  the 
failure  of  Field,  Lindley,  Weichers  &  Co.  made 
the  market  irregular,  but  there  was  a  partial  re- 
covery, although  the  feeling  at  the  close  of  the 
month  was  not  very  confident  because  of  the 
discovery  that  securities  pledged  with  this  firm 
by  the  l!nion  Pacific  for  a  large  loan  had  been 
rehypothecated.  Early  in  December  the  market 
was  more  or  less  influenced  by  efforts  by  the 
j^ovemors  of  the  Stock  Exchange  to  trace  these 
rehypothecated  securities.  The  attempt  to  as- 
sassinate Mr.  Russell  Sage  on  the  4th  temporarily 
unsettled  the  market.  Toward  the  end  of  the 
first  week  a  buoyant  tone  for  American  securi- 
ties in  London  encouraged  buying  here,  and  the 
favorites  were  the  Vanderbilts,  which  were  di- 
rectly affected  by  the  expectation  that  extra  divi- 
den<ls  would  be  declared.  The  tendency  was 
generally  upward  for  the  remainder  of  the 
month,  nearly  all  the  active  stocks  participating, 
and  the  Vanderbilts  rising  sharply  on  tne  an- 
nouncement of  increased  dividends  for  Lake 
Shore,  Michigan  Central,  and  Canada  Southern. 
The  market  closed  strong,  and  some  of  the  lead- 
ing properties  sold  at  the  best  figures  of  the  year. 
Total  sales  of  stocks  at  the  New  York  Stock  Ex- 
change for  the  year  1891  were  69,031,680  shares 
against  71,282,885  in  1890  and  72,014,600  in  1889. 


The  following  table  shows  prices  of  leading 
stocks  at  the  beginning  of  the  years  1800, 1891, 
and  1892 : 


STOCKS. 


New  York  Central 

Erie 

Lake  Shore 

Michigan  Central 

Kock  ishmd 

Northwest,  commoo 

St  Paul,  common 

Dela.,  LackAwanna  and  Weetem . 
Central  New  Jersey 


1800. 

1801. 

106f 

lOlf 

26 

loci 

104f 

94k 

91 

lllf 
601 

7Cf 
1041 

M 

126 

18U 

125 

10€i 

180S. 

116} 

1281 
1C6 

m 
iiei 

8Sf 
189 
118 


The  following  shows  the  highest  prices  of  a 
few  of  the  speculative  stocks  in  1890  and  the 
highest  and  lowest  in  1891 : 


STOCKS. 


A  tchison.  Topeka  and  Sante  F6 . . 

Canada  Soutnem 

Central  New  Jersey ,. 

Central  Pacific 

Chicago  Gas 

Chicago,  BorUngton  and  Qolnry. 

Delaware  and  Hadson 

Dela.,  Lackawanna  and  Western . 

Irle 

IlllnoU  Central 

Lake  Shore 

LoulBvUIe  and  Nashville 

Michigan  Central 

Missouri  Pacific 

New  York  Central 

New  York  and  New  England  . . . 

Northwestern 

Northern  rociflc 

Northern  Pacific,  preferred 

PadfloMaU 

Pnllman 

Beading 

Bichmond  Teracinal 

Bocklsland 

et  Paul 

Union  Pacific 

'Weetem  Union 


1800. 


1801. 


HlghML     HIchMt. 


r<owMt« 


^ 

12^1 
8U 
65 

111* 
175 

14fi 
SSi 

120 

IW* 
92^ 

IMi 
79i 

111 

117 

«f* 
86 
471 

222 

2H 
9f| 
794 

67 


47* 

122i 
86 

/^* 
110 

141i 

14(4 

lofi 

127 

8r| 

1114 

48 

11S4 

84| 

434 

9<4 
^24 
M* 

8t4 


los} 

29 
84 

7:* 

ii4 

18C4 

1'.* 

90 

lor^ 

S74 

9i4 
81 

l«t'4 
2«4 
AH 
814 

172 

it* 

6^ 

6(4 

124 

76 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1891.  Under  this  title  are 
treated  the  principal  art  events  of  the  past  year, 
ending  with  December.  1890,  including  especially 
the  great  exhibitions  in  Europe  and  the  Unitecl 
States,  sales  and  acquisitions  of  works  of  art,  and 
erection  of  public  statues  and  monuments. 

Paris  Salon.^The  exhibition  of  the  Soci^tS 
des  Artistes  Fran^ais,  in  the  Palais  de  Tlndus- 
trie  (May  1  to  June  80),  comprised  3,660  num- 
bers, classified  as  follow :  Paintings,  1,733 ;  car- 
toons, water  colors,  pastels,  miniatures,  enamelfi, 
porcelain  pictures,  etc.,  486 ;  sculptures,  740 ;  en- 
graving on  medals  and  precious  stones,  54 ;  archi- 
tecture, 211;  engraving  and  lithography,  436. 
The  receipts  were  815,000  francs. 

Section  of  painting:  No  medal  of  honor 
awarded.  First-class  medal,  none  awarded.  Sec- 
ond-class medals:  Paul  Jean  Gervais  ("Los 
Saintes- Maries"),  Alexis  Axilette  (** L'foe  " ), 
Marius  Roy  C*Le  Reveil:  Lendemain  de  Sol- 
ferino  **),  Claude  Bourgonnier  (•*  La  Tentation  "), 
Chevallier  Taylor  ("  La  Derniere  Communion  *'), 
Jean  Baptiste  Duffand  (**  La  Mort  d'Ourrias  "), 
Emile  Isenbart  ("  Le  Matin  an  Bord  du  Doubs  "), 
Charles  Lucien  Ii<5andre  (**  Les  Long  Jours "), 
Francois  Theveiiot  (**  X . . ."),  Femand  Just  Quig- 
non  ('*  Les  Regains  "),  Ernest  Baillet  (**  La  Berge, 
k  Porteioie").  Third-class  medals :  James  Guthrie, 
Louis  dc  Schryver,  Otto  Fridreich,  Jose  Salgado, 


294  FINE  ARTS  IN  1891. 

Henry  Bisbing,  Henri  Eugene  le  Sidauer,  Vin-  background,  through  an  immense  open  arch, 
cent  CheTilliard,  Louis  Faul  Dessar,  Maurice  streams  the  morning  light,  and  with  it  the  mail- 
Henri  Orange,  £mile  Noirot,  Albert  Rigolot,  clad  Persians  who  are  to  destroy  him  and  his 
L6opold  Franyois  Kowalsky,  Charles  Henri  Fran-  city.  Though  strongly  painted,  the  work  is 
zini  d'Issonconrt,  fidouard  Louis  Bisson,  Louis  somewhat  theatrical  in  treatment,  and  wanting 
Orier,  Georges  Antouio  Lopisgich,  Henri  Royer,  in  unity.  The  eye  is  rather  attracted  by  the  nude 
Armand  Guery,  Pierre  Ballut,  Frank  Brangwyn,'  women  lying  in  the  foreground,  amid  glittering 
Basile  Lemeunier,  Pierre  Bellet,  Gaston  M^  stuffs  and  flowers,  than  by  the  composition  as  a 
lingue,LucienBerthault,GuillaumeRomainFou-  whole.  The  work  is  said  to  have  occupied  the 
ace,  Louis  Chalon,  Edmond  Borchard,  Harry  Van  artist  three  years. 

der  Weyden,  Anshelm  Leonard  Schultzberg,  An-  J.  P.  Laurens's  "La  Voiite  d'Acier" is  another 

dr^  Antoine  Crochepierre,  Etienne  Csok,  Jac-  immense  canvas  ordered  for  the  Hotel  de  Vilie. 

quesson  de  la  Chevreuse,  Tancrede  Bastet,  Mile.  It  represents  the  arrival  of  Louis  XVI  at  the 

•  Caroline  Baily  (miniature).  H6tel  de  Ville,  July  17,1789.     The  king,  who 

Section  of  sculpture :  Medal  of  honor  awarded  has  just  left  his  coach,  is  received  at  the  foot  of 

to  Alfred  Boucher  for  his  marble  statue  **  A  la  the  steps  by  Bailly,  who  offers  him  a  tricolored 

Torre."     First-class   medals :    Antoine   Gardet  cockade,  and  by  liafayette.    The  sheriffs,  ranged 

(deceased),  for  his  marble  group  "  Sommeil  de  on  the  stairs,  form  with  their  swords  the  **  vault 

I'Enfant  Jesus,"  and  £douard  Pepin,  for  his  al-  of  steel,"  under  which  the  king  is  to  pass.    In 

legorical  group  in  plaster  entitled  "  Le  Joug."  the  background  is  seen  the  crowd  kept  back  by 

Second-class  medals :    Stanislas    Lami^  marble  the  National  Guard. 

statue  "Premiere  Faute";  Jean  Ernest  Boutel-  Paul  Jean  Gervais  has  illustrated  on  a  large 

lier,  plaster  group  "  Nymphe  Victorieuse  " ;  Fred-  canvas  a  Christian  legend, "  Les  Saintes-Maries," 

erick     MacMonnies,    plaster   statue    "  Nathan  who,  sent  adrift  in  a  disabled  vessel,  are  roirac- 

Hale" ;  Andr^  d'Houdain,  marble  statue  "  Faun  "  ulously  stranded  on  the  shores  of  the  Proven9al 

and  plaster  group  "  Repos  de  Diane  ";  Benoit  Lu-  marshes.    Three  female  figures,  in  modest  nu- 

cien  Hercule,  bronze  statue  "  Turenne  Enfant "  dity,  are  in  a  wreck  in  the  reeds — one  standing  in 

and   plaster  statue  "Nalade";   Edgard  Henri  the  prow,  another  kneeling,  a  third  stepping  upon 

Boutry,  bas-relief  "L' Amour  et  la  Folic  "and  the  flat  shore.    A  brilliant  sky  with  the  rising 

plaster  statue  "Chasseur";  Mile.  Renee  Mar-  sun  gives  a  warm  glow  to  the  figures,  which  are 

celle  Lancelot,  bas-relief  "  La  Famille " ;  Felix  chastely  modeled. 

Simile  Gaulard, "  L'IdeaL"  Third-class  medals ;  Ulpiano  Checa,  whose  "  Chariot  Race  **  was  so 
Augustin  Peene,  Alexandre  Anglade,  Comeille  popular  last  vear,  contributed  another  picture 
Henri  Theunissen,  L^on  Joseph  Chavalliaud,  lull  of  life  ana  energy,  entitled  "  Les  Huns — At- 
L4on  Julien  Deschamps.  L6on  Grandin,  Roger  tila."  A  horde  of  savage  warriors,  led  by  their 
Bloche,  Rend  Rozet,  Paul  Auberi,  Carlos  Lag:ar-  chief,  are  riding  furiously  along  a  dusty  road, 
rigue,  Constant  Demetrius  Pauchard  (engraving  with  a  range  of  purple  mountains  in  the  back- 
on  precious  stones).  ground. 

Section  of  engraving:    No  medal  of  honor  Louis  Chalon's  "Mort   de   Sardanapale"  is 

awarded.  First-class  medals — Etchings :  Adolphe  nearl  v  as  large  as  Rochegrosse*s  immense  canvas, 

Alphonse  Gery-Bichard  (engravings  tor  national  but  tne  subject  is  not  treated  with  equal  ability, 

edition  of  works  of  Victor  Hugo),  Emile  Ar-  Sardanapalus,  seated  on  a  golden  throne  on  tlie 

mand    Mathey-Doret  ("Rubens  peint  par  lui-  summit  of  a  pile  of  all  his  riches,  including  his 

me  me  ") ;  Burin :    Alfred   Joseph  Annedouche  women  clothed  in  splendid  garments  and  hung 

('*  Vierge,"  after  Bouffuereau).  Second-class  med-  with  jewels,  calmly  awaits  his  fate,  while  eunuchs 

als— Burin :  Jules  Massard ;  Wood :  Mme.  Mar-  below  apply  torches  to  the  pyre, 

guerite Jacob Bazin;  Lithography:  Ernest Guil-  Leon  Bonnat*s  "La   Jeunesse   de  Samson" 

Jon.    Third-class  medals--Etching :  Alexandre  shows  a  nude  youthful  athlete  struggling  at  the 

Gravier,  Charles  Andrd  Coppicr,  Victor  Louis  mouth  of  a  cavern  with  a  lion,  whose  jaws  he  is 

Pocillon ;  Wood :  Pierre  Gusman,  Henri  Dochy ;  endeavoring  to  pull  asunder. 

Lithography :  Jean  Joseph  Pelissier,  Alphonse  Jules  Breton's  "  Le  Pardon  de  Kergoat "  is  an 

Audebert.  interesting  picture  of  a  procession  of  young  girls 

Section  of  architecture :  No  medal  of  honor,  and  women,  headed  by  old  Brittany  pea.<«nts. 
First-class  medals :  Pierre  Andr6,  Rajrmond  Bar-  with  flowing  locks,  bearing  tapers,  going  toward 
baud.  Second-class  medals :  (Charles  Nicolas  a  church  half  hidden  in  trees.  In  tl^  foreground 
Normand,  Maurice  Yvon,  Antonin  Durand,  Vic-  are  mendicants  kneeling.  "  L*ftt^,"  another  con- 
tor  Dutocq,  Saint- Anne  Auguste  Lauzier.  Third-  tribution,  represents  a  peasant  woman  with  bare 
class  medals :  Georges  Chedanne,  Marie  Marcel  arms  seated  on  the  rrass  at  the  edge  of  a  com- 
Rouillard,  Marius  Paulme,  Paul  Dusart,  Ernest  field. 
Victor  Charpentier-Bosio.  Bouguereau's  "  Premiers  Bijoux "  depicts  a 

The  picture  that  attracted  most  attention  at  peasant  vouth  offering  a  maiden  ripe  cnerrics^ 

the  Salon  this  year  was  "  La  Mort  de  Babylone  "  out  of  which  she  makes  ear-rings, 

of  Georges  Rochegrosse,  an    immense   canvas  Gdrdme's "  Lion  auxAgnets"is  a  lion  in  the 

representing  the  final  episode  in  Belshazzar*s  desert  on  the  watch  for  prey,  upon  which  he  is 

feast.    In  a  vast  hall,  fant&stically  decorated  in  about  to  spring. 

the  Chaldeo  -  Assyrian  stylo,  men  and  women,  Hcnner  contributed  a  "  Pietd "  and  a  "  Pleu- 
some  nude,  some  half-clad,  lie,  stupefied  by  ex-  reuse  "  in  his  usual  style  and  strongly  reminiscent 
cess,  amid  the  remains  of  a  feast,  lighted  by  the  of  earlier  works — his' "  Dead  Christ  and  "  Mag- 
still  burning  torches.    At  the  left,  high  up  on  a  dalen." 

platform  with  many  steps,  stands  the  king,  look-  Noteworthy  among  the  sculptures  was   the 

ing  aghast  at  the  sight  before  him,  for  in  the  late    Henri   Chapu's   final   exhibit,  "  Mme.  la 


FINE  ARTS  IN  1891.  295 

Princesse  de  Oalles/*  a  marble  statue  represent-  bright  northern  landscape,  the  Christ,  in  a  flow- 

iDg  the  princess,  in  full  dress,  seated  in  a  chair,  ing  white  robe  and  sandals,  advances  alone  a 

with  one  hand  resting  on  the  arm.    Alexandre  road  bordering  a  lake.    A  homely,  coarsely  clad, 

FalfTui^re's  marble  statue  *'  Diane,"  an  elegant  Finnish  woman  throws  herself  on  her  knees  be- 

work,  and  Bartholdi's  "  L'Alsace  et  la  Lorraine  fore  him. 

se  refugiant  au  pied  de  TAutel  de  la  Patrie,"  a  Still  another  in  the  same  realistic  manner  is 
marble  group  destined  for  the  Gambetta  monu-  Christian  Skredvig's  **  Le  Fiis  de  THomme," 
ment  at  v  ille  d'Avray,  attracted  much  attention,  which  represents  Christ  as  a  Socialist  workman, 
Bartholdi*s  two  flgures,  which  personify  Grief  surrounded  by  a  crowd,  who  bring  sick  people 
and  Hope,  are  beautiful  designs.  to  him.  Some  women  are  spreading  their  gar- 
Paris  :  Soci^t^  Nationale. — The  new  So-  ments  for  him  to  walk  uiion,  and  a  doctor  and 
ci^t^  Nationale  des  Beaux- Arts,  founded  in  1800,  others  behind  stand  for  Pnarisees. 
under  the  presidency  of  Meissonier  (died  Jan.  31,  Whistler  sent  a  portrait  and  a  marine  piece, 
1891),  held  its  second  annual  exhibition  in  the  and  John  S.  Sargent  a  portrait.  Mr.  Whistler's 
Pavilion  des  Beaux-Arts,  in  the  Champ  de  Mars  famous  **  Portrait  of  My  Mother  "  has  been  pur- 
(May  15  to  June  30).  President,  Puvis  de  Cha-  chased  by  the  Government  for  the  Luxembourg 
Tannes ;  Vice-Presidents,  Carolus-Duran,  Dalou,  Gallery. 

and  Bracquemond.  The  society  consists  of  125  Paris :  Miscellaneons.~-The  Academie  des 
societaries  and  71  associates.  There  are  also  21  Beaux- Arts  has  elected  as  a  member  in  the  sec- 
honorary  members.  No  medals  nor  rewards  tion  of  painting  Jean  Paul  Laurens,  to  take  the 
were  given.  The  exhibition  comprised  1,441  place  oi  Meissonier,  deceased.  The  number  of 
nambers,  classified  as  follow :  Paintings,  951 ;  votes  cast  was  85,  of  which  Laurens  received  18, 
designs,  water  colors,  miniatures,  etc.,  318 ;  Jules  Lefebvre  16,  and  Edouard  Detaille,  1.  An- 
«eiilDtures,  102 ;  engravings,  70.  There  were  tonin  Mercid  has  been  chosen  in  the  section  of 
besides  88  objects  classified  separately  as  ohfe(8  sculpture  by  30  out  of  84  votes,  to  fill  the  plaoo 
d'arL  The  receipts  of  the  exhibition  were  212,-  of  Henri  Chapu,  deceased.  The  Academy  also 
740  francs,  an  excess  of  40,295  francs  over  the  elected  as  foreign  corresponding  members':  Sec- 
receipts  of  last  year.  tion  of  painting,  Francisco  Pradilla,  of  Madrid ; 

Puvis  de  Chavannes  exhibited  three  decorative  section  of  sculpture,  M.  Salmson,  of  Geneva, 
works:  "L'fit^,"  intended  for  the  Hotel  deVille,  The  »  collection  of  the  late  banker  Charles 
and  "  La  Poterie  "  and  "  La  Cdramitjue,"  panels  No51,  sold  in  February,  realized  the  sum  of  384.- 
for  the  staircase  of  the  MuseeC^ramique,Kouen.  835  francs.  Among  the  best  prices  obtained 
**  L'fite  "  is  an  immense  composition,  showing  a  were :  Theodore  Rousseau,  "  La  Mare — Fontaine- 
blue  river  winding  through  a  plain  stretching  to  bleau,"  82,100  francs;  Corot,  "fitang  de  Ville 
hills  in  the  distance.  In  the  foreground  a  woman  d'Avray,**  89,900 ;  Ziem,  **  Le  Bosphore,"  15,600 : 
is  bathing  with  her  child;  other  bathers  are  Troyon,  "La  Foret/*  11,200;  Constable,  "Le 
stretched  on  the  grass.  A  fisherman,  too,  is  Debarkement,*'  15,600;  Delacroix,  "Christ  sur 
throwing  his  line,  and  a  peasant  conducts  a  cart  la  Croix,**  18,850 ;  Jules  Dupr^,  "  La  Riviere,** 
of  hay  dragged  by  oxen.  The  landscape  has  13,600 ;  Henner,  "  La  Mapdeleine,**  16,500. 
wonderful  depth,  and  the  figure  groups  are  full  The  sale  of  the  studio  effects  of  the  late 
of  life.  Charles  Chaplin,  in  April,  produced  166,455 
nenrv  Gervex  exhibited  also  a  panel,  entitled  francs.  Among  the  best  prices  obtained  were : 
**  La  Musique."  intended  for  one  of  the  spaces  in  "  Dans  les  Reves  **  (Salon,  1887),  25,000  francs ; 
the  ceiling  of  the  Galerie  des  Fetes  in  the  Hotel  "  Age  d'Or  **  (Salon,  1890).  16,500 ;  "  Les  Lilas,*' 
de  Ville.  The  lower  part  of  the  picture  shows  a  15,000;  "Les  Roses,"  15,000;  "Oifrande  a 
comer  of  the  stage  at  the  opera,  with  a  stage  box  Vdnus,"  15,000. 

and  a  few  stalls  seen  from  behind.    On  the  stage  The  sale  of  the  studio  effects  of  Emile  van 

Ophelia,  on  her  knees,  is  sinjging.  Above,  among  Marcke,  in  May,  produced  in  the  aggregate  881,- 

clouds  and  cnpids,  a  courtier  and  marquise  of  090  francs.  The  best  prices  were :  "  Vache  Brune 

Louis  XV  are  playing,  the  one  on  a  fiute,  the  ct  Blanche,**  81,000;   "Vache  Suisse,**  30,500; 

other  on  a  violoncello,  while  a  genius  with  a  "  Vache  Blanche    Paissant,**   25,000 ;    "  Vache 

crown  floats  above  their  heads.    At  the  top  are  Blanche  Merchant,**    25,000;    "Trois    Vaches 

nude  muses  on  clouds.  8*Abreuvant,**  20,000. 

Carolus-Duran  exhibited  nine  portraits  and  a  The  sale  of  the  Arosa  collection  produced 

nude  entitled  •*  Danae,"  a  figiire  stretched  upon  185,700  francs.    Among  the  highest  prices  were : 

a  black  mantle  and  with  crimson  draperies  for  Delacroix,  "  Lion   devorant  un  Chamois,**  16,- 

background.     Among  the  portraits,  one  of  Gou-  100;   Corot,  "La  Peehe  &  I'Epervier,'*  18,900; 

nod  is  remarkable.  Daubigny,  "  Gardeuse  de  Vaches,**  12,510. 

*•  La  Madeleine  chez  le  Pharisien,*'  by  Jean  Be-  The  sale  of  the  collection  of  the  late  Jules 

rand,attracted  much  attention  for  its  eccentricity.  Rcederer,  former  President  of  the  Tribunal  of 

In  a  modem  Parisian  room,  grouped  around  a  Commerce  at  Havre,  in  June,  produced  1,021,520 

table  spread  with  the  remains  of  a  feast,  are  a  francs.    Among  the  best  prices  obtained  for  oil 

dozen  or  more  notabilities  in  fashionable  morn-  paintings  were:  Corot,  "Cavalier,**  82,000;  "Le 

in^  costume.     Beside  the  table  sits  Jesus  in  Passeur,**  45,000;" Souvenir  d*Italie,**29,200;"Le 

flowing  robes,  and  at  his  feet,  extended  on  the  Sen  tier,*' 11,000.  Daubigny,"  La  Sanlaie,*' 44,000; 

iloor,  is  a  denii'mondaine  in  ball  costume.  Aside  "  Portnoie,**  54,000 ;  "  Le  Mare  au  Clair,**  47,- 

from  its  incongruity,  the  picture  is  a  strong  000.    Delacroix,  "  Le  Denier  de  Saint-Pierre,'* 

and  excellent  piece  of  work.  21,100;  Fromentin,  "Les  Prisonniers,**   12,000; 

Albert  Edelfelt,  the  Finland  artist,  contributed  "Campement  Arabe,**  15,100.    Thdodore  Rous- 

a picture  conceived  in  a  similar  spirit,  entitled  seau,  "LaMere  au  Chine,**  90,000 ;  "La  Passc- 

**  Marie-Madeleine  (LdgendeFinlandaise).**    In  a  relle,**  72,000.    Troyon,  "  Paturage  en  Norman- 


296  FINE  ARTS  IN  1891. 

die,*'  67,000 ;   ''  L* Abreuvoir/'  46,500 ;  *<  Le  Re-  which  has  alighted  on  the  snmrait  of  the  rock  so 

tour  &  la  Fcrme,"  55,000 ; "  La  Mare  aux  Canards,"  close  as  to  overshadow  her  with  its  wings.  High 

81,000 ;  fitude  de  Moutons,"  16,200.  Pastels  and  above,    in    the   blue    atmosphere,    is    Perseus 

designs :    J.  F.  Millet,  "  L'Angelus,"  100,000 ;  mounted  on  Pegasus.    He  has  alreicidy  shot  one 

**L'Enfant  Malade,"  25,100;  "Balayeuse,"  27,-  arrow,  which  has  transfixed  the  monster  and 

100;  **  Jeune  Bergere,"  21,000 ;  "  L*Abreuvoir,"  forced  it  to  turn  from  its  prey,  and  is  preparing 

17.500 :  **  Le  Sentier,"  10,200.  to  shoot  another  while  it  belches  flame  and  smoke 

The  collection  of  pictures  of  Georges  d'Ay,  in  at  him.    "The  Return  of  Persephone,"  also  up- 

June,  brought  in  the  aggregate  865,315  francs,  right,  depicts  Ceres  meeting  her  daughter  at  the 

Best  prices:   Alphonse  de  Neuville,  "Attaque  entrance  of  Hades,  whence  she  has  come    in 

d'une  Maison  Crenelce  "  (Salon,  1875),  115,000.  charge  of  Hermes  on  her  annual  visit  to  the  up- 

Detaille,  "  Bonaparte  en  Bgypte,"  50,0(X)  (Drev-  peif  world.    Ceres  is  in  amber  robes,  Persephone 

f  us  sale,   32,000).     Van   Dyke,    "  Portrait   du  ni  white  tinged  with  rose,  and  Hermes  in  deep 

Com te  d'Aligre,"  69,000.    Delacroix,  "  Les  Nat-  blue.    Sir  Frederick  treats  the  subject  as  allegor- 

chez,"  15,600.      Isabey,    "  Massacre   dans   une  ical  of  the  return  of  spring,  and  has  set  Ceres  in 

£glisi,"  35,000 ;  **  L'Orgie,"  12,000.  a  sunnv  Sicilian  atmosphere  in  strong  contrast 

A  monument  to  Oambetta,  by  Bartholdi,  was  with  the  dusk  of  Hades.    This  picture  has  been 

unveiled,  Nov.  8,  at  Ville  d'Avray.    A  pedestal,  presented  by  Sir  J.  Kitson  to  the  Leeds  Gallery, 

on  a  handsome  sub-base,  supports  a  bronze  statue  Luke  Fildes's  "  The  Doctor  "  was  perhaps  tKe 

of  Gambetta ;  in  its  front  is  a  group  of  two  most  popular  picture  of  the  year.    It  represents 

female  figures,  by  Bartholdi,  representing  Alsace  a  cottage  interior,  lighted  by  a  lamp,  with  the 

and  Lorraine.    On  the  face  of  the  pedestal  are  doctor  seated  watching,  with  grave  face,  a  child 

the  words:  *'A  Leon  Gambetta,  les  Alsaciens-  sick  unto  death,  lying  upon  pillows  on  two 

Lorrains."  chairs.    The  light  of  the  lamp  mingles  with  the 

A  statue  of  La  Fontaine,  by  Dumil&tre,  has  wan  blueness  of  dawn,  whicn,  coming  in  at  a 

been  placed  at  the  angle  of  the  Avenues  Ingres  window  behind,  reveals  the  mother  seated  near 

and  Kanelagh.  the  wall  with  her  head  bowed  and  her  husband 

A  replica  of  Barrias's  statue  of  Bernard  Palissy,  standing  beside  her  with  one  hand  resting  u|:K>n 

in  the  square  Saint-Germain-des-Pres,  Paris,  was  her  shoulder.  This  picture,  one  of  the  strongest 

inaugurated,  July  5,  at  Villeneuve-sur-Lot.  and  best  of  the  exhibition,  has  been  bought  by 

A  statue  of  Jean  Houdon,  by  Tony  Noel,  was  Henry  Tate  for  the  new  British  National  Gal- 
unveiled,  Juno  28,  at  Versailles.  lery. 

London :  Boyal  Academy. — The  Academy  Sir  John  Millais  sent  two  Scotch  landscapes, 

now    consists    of  41    academicians,    including  both  views  near  Birnam,  one  entitled  '*  Lingering 

Thomas  Brock,  Andrew  C.  Gow,  and  Frank  Autumn,"  the  other  "  Glen  Birnam."  His  '*  Dor- 

Dicksee  (promoted  from  associates  in  January),  othy  "  is  a  full-length  portrait  of  a  daughter  of 

and   29   associates,  including    David    Murray  Mr.  Henry  Lawson,  of  the "  Daily  Telegraph/* 

(elected  at  the  same  time).    There  aro  also  3  hon-  Of  several  portraits,  that  of  Mrs.  Joseph  Cham- 

orary  members,  4  honorary  retired  academicians,  berlain,  seated  at  afternoon  tea,  with  a  cup  and 

4  honorary  foreign  academicians,  and  8  hon-  saucer  in  her  lap,  attracted  most  attention,  as 

orary  retired  associates.     Frank  Dicksee  was  well  for  its  graceful  pose  as  for  its  excellent 

elected  an  academician  in  succession  to  £dwin  color. 

Long,  deceased.  Alma-Tadema's  "  An  Earthly  Paradise  "  rep- 

The  twenty-second  winter  exhibition  of  works  resents  a  naked  little  girl,  lying  on  a  couch 

by  the  old  masters  represented   the  English,  among  her  cast-off  garments,  and  putting  up 

Dutch,  Flemish,  Italian,  and  Spanish  schools.  A  her  hands  to  clasp  the  face  of  her  mother,  who 

special  feature  was  a  collection  of  water-color  stoops  over  to  kiss  her.    The  artist  contributed 

drawings  illustrative  of  the  progress  of  the  art  also  a  nearly  life-size  three-quarters  portrait  of 

in  England.    The  English  school  was  represented  the  Right  Hon.  A.  J.  Balfour,  Chief  Secretary 

bv  Gainsborough,  Reynolds,  Romney,  Hogarth,  for  Ireland. 

Turner,  Etty,  and  Hoppner ;  the  Dutch,  by  Ver-  P.  H.  Calderon's  "  St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary's 

meer,  Van  Goyon,  Teniers,  Ruysdael,  Hobbcma,  Great  Act  of  Renunciation  "  has  probably  c're- 

Cuyp,  Jan  Van  der  Hevde,  Adnan  Van  de  Velde,  ated  more  talk  than  any  other  picture  oi  the 

William  Van  de  Velde,  Metsu,  and  Hals.    De  ^ear,  not  so  much  on  account  of  its  merits  as  of 

Hoogho's  "  Cardplayers,"  Terborch's  "  The  Let-  its  subject.    The  queen,  entirely  nude,  having 

ter,"  and  Teniers's  "  Village  Festival "  were  sent  thrown  off  all  her  garments  in  token  of   her 

from  Buckingham  Palace.  renunciation  of  the  ^orid,  is  kneeling  in  self- 

The  one  hundred  and  twenty-third  annual  abasement  before  an  altar,  in  presence  of  a 


follow :    Oil  paintings,  1,162 ;  water  colors  and  that  St.  Elizabeth's  act  involved  the  renuneia- 

miniatures,  393 ;  etchings,  drawings,  and  engrav-  tion  of  only  that  part  of  her  costume  which  sa- 

ings,  171;  architectural  drawings,  213;  sculpture,  vored  of  the  world,  has  been  bought  with  the 

163.  Chantrey  fund. 

Sir    Frederick   Leighton   contributed    three  Briton  Riviere's  "A  Mighty  Hunter  before 

Saintings  and  a  statue.    "  His  Perseus  and  An-  the  Lord  "  is  a  triptych.    In  the  central  panel 

romeda,"anupright.canvas,represents  Androm-  an  Assyrian  monarch' stands  in  a  chariot  drawn 

oda,  chained  to  an  isolated  rock,  rising  from  by  white  horses,  which  the  driver,  beside  the 

deep  blue  water,  with  gray  headlands  behind,  king,  urges  to  their  greatest  speed  across  a  sandy 

She  is  stooping  forward  in  terror  at  the  dragon,  waste.    The  king,  having  snot  a  lioness,  has 


PINE  ARTS  IN  1891.  297 

slung  his  bow  on  his  shoulder  and  is  defending  child  in  her  lap,  and  Joseph  standing  behind, 

himself  with  a  spear  afi;ainst  a  furious  lion  that  On  the  right  an  angel  introduces  the  Magi — 

clings  to  the  back  of  the  chariot,  roaring  as  it  is  Caspar  in  a  blue  mantle,  Balthasar  of  Ethiopia  in 

dnieged  along.    The  wings  of  the  triptych  show  greenish  bine,  and  Melchior  in  steel  armor.    The 

the  lion's  side  of  the  question.    In  one  a  lioness  background  is  a  wooded   glade,  with  a  vista 

lies  dying,  while  her  mate  tenderly  licks  the  through  the  center.  The  second  picture,  **  Sponsa 

bleeding  wound;  in  the  other  the  lion  stands  de  Libano,*'  a  large  decorative  work  in  water 

beside  his  dead,  roaring  her  reciuiem,  while  an-  color,  illustrates  the  virgin  bride  of  the  Song  of 

other  lion  comes  down  the  hillside.  Solomon.    The  spouse  wanders  pensive  in  a  gar- 

J.  W.  Waterhouse's  **  Ulysses  and  the  Sirens  "  den  of  lilies  beside  a  pellucid  stream,  while  the 
shows  the  ship  in  a  narrow  rock-bound  cleft  of  North  and  South  winds,  depicted  as  two  fair 
the  Mediterranean,  with  the  wanderer  himself  youths,  float  in  the  air  behind  her,  the  gale  draw- 
bound  to  the  mast  while  his  companions,  with  mg  their  blue  and  purple  mantles  mto  loops 
ears  carefully  ^larded  against  the  sirens'  songs,  aTOut  their  shoulders. 

busily  ply  their  oars.     Close  around  the  vessel  Alma-Tadema's  "Love  in  Idleness"  depicts 

are  ^tnered  the  sirens,  with  the  heads  of  beauti-  two  Roman  damsels  resting  on  rugs  and  cush- 

ful  eirls  and  the  bodies  of  birds,  doing  their  best  ions  spread  on  a  pavement  of  colored  marbles 

to  charm  the  wanderers.  and  mosaics,  close  to  a  fountain,  musing  in  silence 

John  S.  Sargent's  **  La  Carmencita,"  repre-  while  the  soft  light  of  evening  fades  from  the 

senting  the  well-known  Spanish  dancer  in  a  terrace,  which  overlooks  a  blue  sea  and  an  island 

garish  dress,  was  one  of  tne  most  noteworthy  with  white  cliffs, 

pictures  of  the  exhibition.    A  "  Portrait  of  Mrs.  W.  B.  Richmond's  "  Amor  omnia  Vincit "  rep- 

M ,"  by  the  same  artist,  attracted  almost  as  resents  nude  Venus,  attended  by  the  Graces  ricn- 

mueh  attention.  ly  clad,  who  hold  white  robes  for  her  use,  stand- 

J.  C.  Hook's  "  Summer  Pleasures "  shows  an  ing  beside  a  bath,  with  a  sunset  glow  in  the 

expanse  of  golden-white  sand,  with  the  sea  be-  background  through  tall  cypresses  and  the  moon 

Tond  and  black  hulls  and  fishing  boats  at  an-  rising  above  the  sea. 

chor.    At  the  edge  of  the  water  a  lad  is  loitering  Mr.  Poynter's  "  Knucklebones,"  a  small  work, 

in  a  boat  hauled  up  on  the  sand,  and  in  the  fore-  shows  two  nude  Roman  girls  seated  on  a  mosaic 

^und  a  girl  sits  on  a  rock,  with  her  bare  feet  pavement  beside  a  bath  filled  with  clear  water, 

in  a  pool,  while  beside  her  a  naked  child  plays  which  reflects  the  sky.    One  rests  on  her  toes 

with  a  wreath  of  tangled  weeds.  with  her  knees  bent  under  her ;  the  other  has 

Val   Prinsep's   *'  The     Emperor   Theophilus  •  just  tossed  the  bones  from  her  knuckles  and  with 

chooses  his  Wife  "  is  an  episode  from  the  history  an  outstretched  forefinger  calls  out  the  number 

of  the  Eastern  Empire.    The  emperor,  attended  to  her  antagonist. 

by  nobles  and  ecclesiastics  in  splendid  attire,  Mr.  Struu wick's  **  Elaine  "  depicts  that  maid- 

inspectSi,  in  a  chamber  of  the  imperial  palace,  a  en,  in  ivory-white  attire,  seated  upon  a  coffer  in 

bevy  of  damsels,  one  of  whom  ho  is  expected  to  her  tower  chamber,  with  Sir  Lancelot's  escutch- 

choose  for  his  empress.  eon  hanging  on  &prte-di(u  before  her. 

P.  D.  Millet's  "The  Widow  "  shows  a  matron  J.  W.  Waterhouse's  "Circe"  shows  the  witch 

at  the  head  of  a  table,  her  only  companion  a  enthroned  in  front  of  a  mirror,  holding  up  her 

little  child,  who  is  peeling  an  orange.    On  the  cup  and  rod  as  if  before  her  victims,  several  of 

wall  is  the  portrait  of  the  husband  and  father,  whom,  in  the  guise  of  beasts,  fawn  round  her 

who  fell  at  Waterloo.  seat. 

Noteworthy  among  the  sculptures  are  the  mar-  London :  Art  Sales. — The  sale  of  the  Haldon 

ble  version  oi  Sir  Frederick  Leighton's  "  Athlete  House  collection,  made  by  the  late  Lord  Haldon, 

struggling  with  a  Python,"  to  go  to  the  Copen-  on  Feb.  28,  brought  more  than  £8,000  for  46 

hagcn   Gallery;    Harry    Bates^s    "Hounds   in  pictures,  mostly  of  the  Dutch  school.    W.  Van 

L^h";  Thomas  Brock's  " Genius  of  Poetry";  de  Velde,  "Departure  of  Charles  II  from  the 

and  T.  Nelson  MacLean's  "Fountain  and  Stat-  Scheldt,  1660,"  brought  £1,963;  Jan  Weenix,  "A 

uette:  La  Source."  Grand  Garden,  £1,102;  Claude,  "Embarkation 

London :  New  Gallery.— The  Guelph  Exhi-  of  St.  Paulina,  £913 ;  J.  Ruvsdael, "  River  Scene," 

bition  at  this  gallery  was  a  disappointment,  as  £630 ;  Rembrandt, "  Elderly  Woman,"  £535.   On 

compared  with  the  Tudor  or  Stuart  exhibitions  the  same  day  Sir  Joshua  Reynolds's  "  Mrs.  Bul- 

of  previous  years.    There  were  a  few  good  exam-  ler  "  fetched  £4,725,  said  to  be  the  highest  price 

pies  of  Reynolds.  Gainsborough,  Hogarth,  Rom-  ever  obtained  at  auction  for  a  Reynolds, 

ney,  Lawrence,  and  Hoppner,  and  a  fine  coUec-  On  April  25  were  sold  the  modern  pictures  of 

tion  of  miniatures.    There  were  also  good  collec-  the  Marquis  of  Santurce.    Amon|r  them  were : 

tions  of  plate  and  china,  ceramics  and  sculptures,  Alma-Tadema,  "  An  Audience  with  Agrippa  " 

painted  fans,  arms,  dresses,  manuscripts   and  (1861),  £2,672 ;  a  portion  of  the  "  Vintage  Festi- 

Dooks,  a  few  coins  and  medals,  and  drawings  and  val "  (1871),  £2,372 ;  "  Un  Amateur  Romain  " 

engravings.  (1869),  £2,782 ;  Fortuny,  "  The  Moorish  Guard," 

Among  the  principal  attractions  at  the  sum-  £1,575  ;  Gerome,  "The  Augurs,"  £798. 
mer  exhibition  at  the  New  Gallery  were  two  im-  On  May  2  the  pictures  and  drawings  from  the 
portant  works  by  Bume-Jones,  who  contributed  London  house  of  H.  W.  F.  Bolckow,  the  late  iron- 
nothing  this  year  to  the  Royal  Academy.  "  The  master,  were  sold,  his  collection  at  Murton  Hall, 
Star  of  Bethlehem,"  painted  for  the  Birmingham  Middlesborough,  having  boon  disposed  of  in  1888. 
gallery,  represents  the  adoration  of  the  Magi.  The  present  sale  excited  almost  as  much  interest 
The  figures  are  nearly  life  size.  The  Virgin,  as  the  preceding  one,  the  collection  fetching  in 
child,  and  Joseph  are  under  a  thatched  shed  at  the  aggregate  £69,880.  The  water-color  draw- 
the  left,  the  Virgin  seated  in  the  straw  with  the  ings  brought  £15,475,  and  seventeen  of  the  pict- 


298  FINE  ARTS  IN  1891. 

ures  £45,643.    Among  the  best  prices  obtained  marble  statue  ^  Pandora,*'  £1,000 ;  Harry  Dixon's 

for  water  colors  were :  Fortuny,  "  Interior  of  a  water  color  "  Lions,"  £100 ;  and  J.  W.  North's 

Morocco  Carpet  Warehouse,"  £1,050 ;  Meissonier,  "  The  Winter  Sun  in  the  Wild  Woodland,"  £315. 

"  The  Antechamber,"  £840 ;   Turner,  "  Eridge  Since  the  bequest  was  made,  58  works  have  bfen 

Castle,"  £966  ;   "  Llangollen,"  £509  ;   **  Edin-  bought,  of  which  18  only  were  by  members  of  the 

burgh,"  £913:   "RivaiHx  Abbey,"  £960.    For  academic  body. 

paintings  in  oil :  Meissonier, "  The  Si^n  Painter,"  An  anonymous  donor,  generally  understood  to 

£6,772  (owner  paid  artist  £8,400  for  it) :  Troyon,  be  Mr.  Henry  Tate,  has  given  the  Government 

"  Going   to    Market,"  £4,930 ;  Rosa   Bonheur,  £80,000  to  found  a  National  Gallery  of  British 

"  Mountainous  Landscape"  (1870),  £1,260;  Rosa  Art.    The  Government  has  granted  a  site  for  it 

Bonheur  and  Dubufe,  **  Kosa  Bonheur,"  £1,312 ;  at  South  Kensington,  with  a  frontage  of  300  feet 

Gerome,  "  Carpets  for  Sale,"  £682 ;  T.  Webster,  on  Exhibition  Road. 

•i  Roast  Pig,"  £1,207  (Gillott  sale,  1872,  £8,722) ;  The  corporation   of  Glasgow  has  paid   Mr. 

J.  Linnell,  "  The  Hillside  Farm  "  (1849),  £2,100 ;  Whistler  £1,000  for  his  portrait  of  Carlyle— the 

John  Phillip,  "  Grape-seller  of  Seville"  (1862),  old  man  ag:ainst  a  gray  wall,  with  a  rug  over  his 

£2,410 ;  Landseer, "  Return  from  Deer-stalking  "  legs,  and  his  large,  soft  hat  lying  on  his  knee. 

(1827),  £1,785 ;  Breeze,  **  Retriever  with  Game "  George  Reid,  BL  S.  A.,  was  elected,  Aug.  8. 

(1842),  £4,326;  C.  Stanfield,  **Bay  of  Naples"  President  of  the  Roval  Scottish  Academy,  in  suc- 

(1867),  £1,050;  D.  RoberU,  "Interior  of  St.  Pe-  cession  to  the  late  'Sir  William  Fettes  Douglas, 

ter's,  Rome "  (1862),  £1,470 ;  W.  Collins,  "  The  Mr.  Reid  is  a  pupil  of  the  Trustees*  Academy, 

Minnow  Catchers,"  £1,575;  W.  Mttller,  "The  Edinburgh,  of  Israels  and  Mollinger  in  Holland, 

Chess-players  at  Cairo," £3,202  (Gillott  sale,  1872,  and  of  Yvon  in  Paris. 

£3,950;    Heugh   sale,    1874,   £4,052);    Turner,  An  exhibition  of  examples  of  the  English 

"  Walton  Bridges,"  £7,450  (Gillott  sale,  £5,250) ;  pre-Raphaelites  was  held  in  the  Birmingham 

Hoearth,  "  The  Gate  of  Calais  "  (The  Roast  Beef  Museum  in  October.    Works  by  Ford  Madox 

of  Old  England),  £2,57^2.  Brown,  Holman  Hunt,  Rossetti,  Sir  John  Mil- 

On  May  23,  at  the  sale  of  the  collection  of  lais,  Bume-Jones,  and  others  were  shown.    The 

William  Holdsworth,  of  Ayr,  were  sold  the  fol-  permanent  collection  at  Birmingham  has  been 

lowing :    Turner,  "  Boats   and   Dutch    Men-of  enriched  by  the  purchase  of  Burne-Jones's  "  Star 

war,"  £1,312 ;   "  Whale  Ship,"  £945 ;  Gainsbor-  of  Bethlehem,"  Watts's  "  Roman  Ladv,"  Mil- 

ough,  "  The  Mushroom  Girl,"  £2,572  (Dupont  lais's  "  The  Widow's  Mite,"  and  J.  ¥.'  Lewis's 

sale,  1872,  £525) ;  Millais,  "  Murthly  Water,"  "  The  Doubtful  Coin." 

£1.522.  The  Roval  Hibernian  Academy  held  its  sixtjr- 

On  June  6  was  sold  the  collection  of  modern  second  exhibition  in  Dublin  in  April.    It  was  m 

pictures  of  the  late  Charles  P.  Matthews,  of  all  respects  equal  to  any  of  its  previous  ones. 

Havering-atte-Bower,  Essex,  consisting  of  125  A  statue  of  John  Bright,  by  Bruce  Joy,  was  un- 

lots.     Among  the  noteworthy  pictures  were:  covered,  on  Oct.  10,  in  the  square  in  front  of 

Holman  Hunt,  "  Finding  of  the  Saviour  in  the  Manchester  Town    Hall.    Another,    by  Hamo 

Temple,"  £3,570.    Sir  F.  Leighton,  "  Music  Les-  Thomycroft,  will  shortly  be  unveiled  at  Roch- 

son,'*  £2,467 ;  "  lostephane,"  £1,071.   J.  F.  Lewis,  dale. 

"  Reception,"  £892 ;  "  Intercepted  Correspond-  The  sale  of  the  Post  collection,  Amsterdam, 

ence,"  £1,764 ;  "  Turkish  School,  Cairo,"  £1,785 ;  April  14,  realized  273,113  florins,  or  about  $110,- 

" The Seraff," £1,785.   Millais,  "A  Flood,"£  1,680;  000.    Among  the  best  prices    obtained  were: 

"TheRansom,"£840.  Mniler,  "Island  of  Rhodes,"  Rosa  Bonheur,  "La  Fenaison,"  18,150  florins: 

£3,465  (Watts  sale,  1885,  £1,945).     C.  Stanfield,  Corot,  "Le  Ravin,"  15,290;  J.  Israels.  "Jour  de 

"Mazorbo  and    Torcello,"  £1,050.     W.    Frith,  Repos,"  14,410;  Jules  Duprc,  "Vue  de  Foret," 

"  Charles  IPs  Last  Sunday,"  £1,732.    J.  C.  Hook,  13,860. 

"Jetsam  and  Flotsam,"  £1,785;  "Clearing  the  Prince  Borghesc,  of  Rome,  has  sold  to  M.  A. 

Nets"  £945;  "Hoisting  Sail,"  £1,785;  "Trawl-  de  Rothschild  the  portrait  of  "Cesar  Borgia," 

ers,"  £850 ;  "  Sea  Urchins,"  £777 ;  "  From  under  by  Raphael,  for  600,000  francs.    The  prince  has 

the  Sea,"  £945 ;  "  Brimming  Holland,"  £1,701.  replaced  this  famous  picture  by  four  other  ean- 

On  June  20  and  23  was  sold  the  collection  of  vases :  "  Crucifixion,"  by  Fioi-enzo  di  Lorenzo : 

the  late  Miss  James,  including  some  fine  Wat-  "  St.  Stephen,"  bv  Francia ;  "  Madonna,"  by  Lo- 

teaus  and  Watteau  and   Turner  drawings.    A  renzo  Credi ;  and  an  early  work  by  Lotto. 

Watteau,  "  L'Occupation   selon   Tage,"  £5,460 ;  The  international  exhibition  of  works  of  art 

"  L' Accord  parfait,"  £3,675.    Meissonier,  "  La  at  Berlin,  organized  by  the  Berlin  Artists'  Union 

Vedette,"  £1,102  (sold,  1889,  for  £1,680);  "Les  to  celebrate  their  fiftieth  anniversarv,  was  opened, 

Mousquetaires,"  £997   (1889,  £1.312).     P.  Na-  Mayl,by  the  Emperor  William  and'the  Empress- 

smyth,"  Leigh  Woods,"  £1,491    J.  Linnell, "  The  dowager  Frederick,  with  a  brilliant  ceremony. 

Forest  Road,"  £1,260.    Rembrandt,  "Jew  Rab-  Between  four  and  five  thousand  works  were  con- 

bi,"  £840.  tributed  by  artists  of  almost  all  countries  exeept- 

On  Julv  11  was  sold  the  collection  of  the  late  ing  France,  the  American  colony  in  Europe  being 

Cavendish  Bentinck,  M.  P.,  realizing  more  than  well  represented.    The  outer  hall  was  devoted  to 

£19,000.    Among  the  pictures  were :  Reynolds,  sculpture.    It  was  in  every  respect  a  remarkable 

"Fanny  Kemble"  (17^4),  £2,960;  J.  Ruysdael,  exhibition.    Among  the  American  exhibitors  to 

"Wooded    Landscape"  (figures   by  Berchem),  whom  medals  were  awarded  are  Frederick  H. 

£1,470.  Bridgman,  Jules  Stewart,  Walter  McEwen,  and 

Miscellaneons.  —  The  Chantrey  fund  pur-  Messrs,  Forbes,  Stanhope,  Story,  and  Shannon, 

chases  for  1891  are  as  follow :  P.  H.  Calderon's  An  international  exnibition  of  painting  was 

"  St.  Elizabeth  of  Hungary's  Great  Act  of  Re-  opened  in  Stuttgart  in  March  by  Prince  William 

nunciation,"  bought  for  £1,200;  Harry  Bates's  of  Wurtemburg.    Works  were  contributed   by 


PINE  ARTS  IN  1891.  299 

G«rman,  Austrian,  Belgian,  Dutch,  Italian,  Span-  John  Rogers,  famous  for  statuettes,  contributed 

ish,  and  French  artists.    The  catalogue  repre-  a  colossal  groim  entitled  *^£liot  preaching  to 

sented  369  numbers,  of  which  11  were  sculpt-  the  Indians."    The  sales  realized  about  $10,000. 

ures.  The  American  Water-Color  Society  held  its 

A  statue  of  William  Tell,  by  Antonin  Mer-  twenty-fourth  annual  exhibition  at  the  Academy 

cier,  has  been  erected  at  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  of  Design  in  February,  with  601  pictures,  a  larger 

through  the  munificence  of  M.  Osiris,  in  com-  number  than  usual.    Among  the  exhibitors  were 

memoration  of  the  hospitality  extended  by  the  Arthur  Parton,  Bolton  Jones,  Edward  Moran, 

Swiss,  in  1871,  to  the  army  of  BourbakL  Mrs.  Nicholls,  Miss  Greatorex,  and  Childe  Has- 

The  first  exhibition  of  paintings  ever  held  in  sara.    The  exhibition  of  the  New  York  Etching 

Egypt,  at  least  in  modern  times,  was  opened  in  Club  was  held  at  the  same  time  in  the  corridor. 

Cairo,  Feb.  20,  under  the  presidency  of  Th4o-  The  second  annual  exhibition  of  the   New 

dore  RaUL  a  Parisian  artist.    It  was   inaug-  York  Water-Color  Club  was  held  at  the  Fifth 

urated  by  the  Khedive,  in  presence  of  the  diplo-  Avenue  Art  Galleries    in  December.    Among 

matic  corps.  those  represented  were  Childe  Hassam,  George 

At  the  Barcelona  Fine  Arts  Exhibition,  opened  Inness,  L.  Crapo  Smith,  John  A.  Eraser,  Miss 

in  May,  four  pictures  contributed  by  Jan  Van  Rose   Clark,    Mrs.  Rosina  Emmett  Sherwood, 

Beers  were  obiected  to  by  the  jury  of  admissions  Charles  A.  Vanderhoff,  and  Henry  Sandham. 

on  the  ffround  of  immodesty.    The  controversy  The  Society  of  American  Artists  held  its  fif- 

was  finiuly  settled  by  putting  them  in  a  separate  teenth  annual  exhibition  at  the  Fifth  Avenue 

room,  where  no  one  less  than  thirty  years  of  age  Art  Galleries,  with  between  two  and  three  hun- 

was  admitted.  dred  canvases,  many  of  them  very  encouraging 

At  the  Moscow  Exhibition  the  fine-art  gallery  for  the  future  of  American  art.    Among  the 

contained  800  oil  pictures,  pastels,  and  engrav-  contributors  were  John  S.  Sargent,  Robert  Rcid, 

ines,  and  120  statues.  and  Abbott  N.  Thayer,  who  sent  portraits,  and 

The  new  Museum  at  Vienna,  in  which  has  Henry   Walker    and   West   Clinedinst,   figure 

been  grouped  all  the  collections  of  the  Crown,  pieces. 

including  those  of  the  Belvedere,  Ambras,  Ar-  New  York  Art  Sales. — ^The  sale  of  the  Seney 

senai,  Sdiatzkammcr,  Cabinet  of    Antiouities,  collection,  in  February,  brought,  in  the  aggre- 

etc,  was  solemnly  inaugurated,  Oct.  17,  oy  the  gate,  about  $664,000.    Among  the  highest  prices 

Emperor,  in  presence  of  the  archdukes  and  a  were :  J.  F.  Millet,  "  Waiting,"  $40,5^ ;  **  Apple 

lar^  number  of  other  dignitaries.   The  building.  Harvest,"  $6,500.    Delacroix,  "  Tiger  and  Ser- 

which  is  situated  on  the  Ringstrasse,  nearly  op-  pent,"  $11,000;  "Lion  in  Mountains,"  $8,025. 

g)site  the  imperial  palace,  is  one  of  the  finest  m  L.  Knaus,   **01d  Witch,"    $12,600;    **  Child's 

urope,  and  its  collected  treasures  will  take  rank  Funeral,"  $10,000 ;  "  Thoughts  of  Better  Days," 

with  the  most  important  collections  of  the  world.  $5,800.     G^r6me,  "First    Kiss  of    the    Sun," 

New  York.—The  sixty-sixth  annual  exhibi-  $6,000.    Diaz,  "  After  the  Storm,"  $4,850 ;  "Vir- 

tion  of  the  Academy  of  Design  (April-May)  was  gin  and  Child,"  $8,600.    Rosa  Bonheur,  "  Choice 

superior  to  many  of  its  predecessors.     Among  of  the   Flock,"  $5,100.    Meissonier,  "  Playing 

the  noteworthy  contributions  were :  Mr.  Hoven-  Bowls   at   Antibes,"  $15,000;    "Deliberation,^* 

den, " Breaking  the  Home  Ties,"  an  awkWard  $7,600.    Troyon,  "Sheep  in  Forest,"  $11,100; 

country  youth,  about  to  go  forth  into  the  world,  "  Hounds,"  $12,000.   Corot, "  Dance  of  Nymphs," 

toking  leave  of  his  mother.   Mr.  Dewing,  "  Sum-  $7,100 ;  "  Bathing  Boys,"  $4,600.    Dupre,  "  Sun- 

mer,"  four  maidens  in  modem  costume  dancing  set,"  $9,100.    Van  Marcke,  "  Rich  Pasturage," 

in  a  row,  while  a  fifth  plays  a  harp.    Will  if.  $7,490.     Daubigny,    "River    Front,"    $4,700; 

Low,  "  A  Girl  in  Rose,"  a  chaste  semi-nude  fig-  "  Village  on  the  'Oise,"  $6,000.    Israels,  "  The 

nre  standing  in   a  wood.    Thomas    Moran,  a  Frugal  Meal,"  $5,050. 

study  of  icebergs  in  mid-ocean.    Edward  Moran,  The  Aaron  Healy  collection,  sold  in  February, 


the 

church 

Ericsson— New  York  Bay."    W.  T.  Trego,  "  The  rot, "  Morning,"  $2,600.    Bouguereau, "  Far  from 

Color  Guard,"  a  French  scene.   Edwin  H.  Blash-  Home,"    $8,150;     "Fraternal    Love,"   $5,200. 

field  exhibited  a  showy  picture  representing  a  Diaz,  "Path  in  Woods,"  $4,800;   "Forest  of 

lady  in  white  reclining  on  cushions.     Among  Fontainebleau,"  $1,600.    Gallait,  "  Last  Honors 

portraits  were  Daniel  Huntington's  "Professor  to  Egmont  and  Horn,"  $10,000.    J.  F.  Millet, 

Drisler,"  John  S.  Sargent's  "  Cornelius  Vander-  "  Shepherdess,"  -$5,600.    Knaus, "  The  Truant," 

bill."  and  others  by  Benjamin  C.  Porter,  Carroll  $5,050 ;  "  After  the  Bath,"  $2,550. 
Beckwith,  and  William  M.  Chase.  The  sale  of  the  Vasili  Verestchagin  collection 

The  Hallgarten  prizes,  which  were  not  awarded  brought  a  total  of  $81,789,  of  which  $68,545  was 


The  tenth  autumn  exhibition  of  the  National  and  "  The  Future  Emperor  of  India,"  $4,125. 

Academy  (Nov.  23  to  Dec.  19)  was  noteworthy  .  Mlscellaneons.— The  Astor  Library  has  the 

for  the  large  number  of  new  names  in  the  cata-  nucleus  of  an  art  collection  in  the  gift  by  William 

logue.    Of  the  older  exhibitors,  Walter  Shirlaw's  Waldorf  Astor  of  22  paintings,  mostly  of  the 

••  Harmonics,"  an   old   man    playing  a  violin,  modem  French  and  German  schools,  from  the 

Kenyon    Cox's    nude   "Sketch,''^  Remington's  gallery  of  his  late  father.     Among  them  are 

"Right  Front  into  Line,"  and  Childe  Hassam*s  Hector  Leroux's   "Ecole  de  Vestales"  (Salon, 

"Copp's  Hill  Burial  Ground,"  attracted  notice.  1880),  Robert  Fleury's  "Charlotte  Corday,"  and 


300 


FLORIDA. 


two  Meissoniers,  "  L'Escalier  "  and  "  Condottier 
Fmn^ais." 

The  Metropolitan  Museum  has  received,  through 
the  munificence  of  Mr.  Marquand,  7  paintings  of 
the  Dutch  school — two  portraits  by  Frans  Hals, 
a  portrait  of  Cranmer  (!)  attributed  to  Holbein, 
**  The  Old  Mill "  by  Rembrandt,  a  "  Landscape 
with  Cattle  "  attributed  to  Cuyp,  a  portrait  by 
Maroni,  and  **  The  Music  Lesson  "  by  Gabriel 
Metsu.  The  opening  of  the  museum  on  Sunday 
afternoons  was  apparently  a  popular  success,  the 
average  attendance  being  nearly  10,000  a  day. 

One  of  the  most  remarkable  pieces  of  art  work 
ever  produced  is  a  sitting  statue,  heroic  size,  of 
Washington  Irving,  which  was  completed  in 
1891  by  a  blind  scumtor,  Johnson  M.  Mundy,  of 
Tarrytown,  N.  Y.  Under  certain  conditions  of 
light,  with  an  opera-glass,  Mr.  Mundy  can  see  a 
little ;  but  his  work  on  this  statue  was  all  done 
by  the  sense  of  touch.  The  plaster  model,  a  view 
of  the  head  of  which  is  here  presented,  is  at  Tarry- 
town  ;  the  bronze  casting  has  not  yet  been  made. 

Philadelphia, — The  sixty-first  annual  ezhi- 
Ijition  of  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  was  one  of 
the  largest  and  best  in  the  history  of  the  society. 
Many  New  York  artists  were  represented,  some 
of  them  by  more  pictures  than  were  contributed 
to  their  home  exhibition.  The  Temple  gold 
medal  was  awarded  to  Abbott  H.  Thayer  for  his 
"  Winged  Figure,"  a  ^irl  angel  with  wings  and 
drapery  of  white  against  a  blue  backs^round. 
The  Temple  silver  medal  was  given  to  Kenyon 
Cox  for  his  portrait  of  a  young  lady. 

Chicago. — The  Art  Institute's  fourth  annual 
exhibition  in  November  was  of  exceptional  ex- 
cellence. It  comprised  250  paintings  and  14 
pieces  of  sculpture.  Of  the  paintings,  24  were 
sent  from  Paris,  representinff  the  American 
colony  there.  Thirty-nine  of  the  exhibitors  were 
Chicago  artists,  and  most  of  the  remainder  were 
from  New  York  studios.  The  J.  W.  Ellsworth 
prize  of  $300  for  the  best  work  by  an  American 
artist  painted  in  America  was  awarded  to  Frank 
Benson  for  his  "  Twilight,"  and  the  Art  Institute 
prize  of  |250  for  the  second  best  to  Gari  Melchers 
for  **  The  Pilots."  The  latter  picture  was  painted 
in  Holland  and  not  eligible  for  the  first  prize. 

FLORIDA,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to  the 
Union,  March,  8, 1845 ;  area,  58,080  square  miles. 
The  population,  according  to  each  decennial 
census  since  admission,  was  87,445  in  1850; 
140,424  in  1860;  187,748  in  1870;  269,493  in 
1880,  and  391,422  in  1890.    Capital,  Tallahassee. 

GoYernment. — The  following  were  the  St^te 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Francis  P. 
Fleming,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  State,  John  L. 
Crawford;  Comptroller,  William  D.  Bloxham; 
Treasurer,  Franlc  J.  Pons;  Attorney-General, 
William  B.  Lamar;  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction,  Albert  J.  Russell ;  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture,  Lucius  B.  Worabwell;  Railroad 
Commissioners,  George  G.  McWhorter,  who  died 
on  May  21,  Enoch  J.  Vann,  and  William  Himes 
(on  June  13  the  Railroad  Commission  was  abol- 
ished by  act  of  the  L^islature) :  State  Board 
of  Health,  Richard  P.  Daniel,  William  B.  Hen- 
derson, William  K.  Hyer;  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  Georce  P.  Ranev;  Associate 
Justices,  Milton  H.  Mabry  and  R.  F.  Taylor. 
Justice  Mabry  was  elected  in  November,  1890,  to 
succeed  Justice  A.  E,  Maxwell.    Justice  Taylor 


was  appointed  by  the  Governor  lata  in  1890  to 
fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of 
Justice  H.  L.  Mitchell,  who  accepted  a  seat  on 
the  bench  of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court. 

Population  by  Races.— The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  according  to  the  Federal 
census: 


couMTncs. 


Alacbaa 

Baker 

Bradford 

Brevard...   ., 

Calhoun 

GitroB , 

CUy 

Oolnmbia 

Dade 

DeSoto 

Daval , 

Eacambia 

FraDkliQ 

Gadaden 

Hamilton 

Hernando 

Hlllsborongh.. 

Holmes 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Lafinyetta 

Lake 

I^ee 

Leon 

Levy 

Liberty 

Madison 

Manatee 

Marion 

Monroe 

Naaaau i 

Orange 

Osoeola 

Pasco 

Polk 

pQtnnm 

8t  John 

Biuita;  Bosa... 

Sumter 

tfuwannee . . . . 

Taylor 

Yolosia 

Wakalla 

ITaltoo 

Washington . . 


wnint. 


OOLOBKD. 


The  State. 


9,688 
2^75 
^919 
2,789 
1,1*7 
2,088 
8,026 
6,880 
687 
4,808 

11,895 

11,416 
1,948 
4.480 
^38S 
1,585 

11,951 
4,146 
6,991 
8,508 
8.448 
6,145 
1,884 
8,054 
4,408 
819 
5.494 
2,710 
9,t225 

12,721 
8,947 
9,045 
2,652 
8,865 
7,097 
6,355 
5,499 
6,701 
8,868 
5,526 
1,967 
5.984 
1,738 
4,065 
5,099 


224,461 


6,446 
1,660 
4,832 
1,879 
1,184 

■  •  ■  *  • 

2,265 

4,820 

19U 

•  •  ■  •  ■ 

8.580 
6,854 
1,199 
4,114 
4,472 
8,819 
4,890 
2,048 
5,687 
8.897 
8,868 


2.828 
8,788 
814 
^6U9 
8,878 
4,741 
7,669 
8,07S 
5,095 


8,088 
8,845 
8,170 
4,778 
8,501 
4,021 
2,114 
2,756 
1,568 
8,6S5 
8,171 


1890. 

1880. 

18,810 

10,016 

753 

643 

1,697 

1.290 

688 

84 

554 

896 

812 

1,527 

67« 

6,647 

4,769 

89 

67 

141 

142,605 


14,678 
8,765 
1,865 
7,464 
8,172 

891 
2,960 

190 
10,558 
12,255 

242 

1,889 

80 

14,698 

8,178 

698 
6,828 

185 

11.570 

6.085 

4.842 

8,534 

478 

884 

8U8 
4,828 
8,205 
2,260 
1,499 
4.998 

155 
2,488 
1^79 

751 
1,827 


166,678 


lO.S.V) 

6,802 

592 

8.055 

2.819 

929 

915 

106 

8,785 

12,668 

178 


16,840 
2,035 

548 
9.1S4 

185 
a8U5 
8,197 
8,547 
1,028 


128 

2.416 

1,868 

1,878 

1,186 

8,140 

165 

588 

U60 

616 

918 


126,690 


In  1890  there  were  also  in  the  State  101  Chi- 
nese, 14  Japanese,  and  168  Indians, 

Finance. — The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 
operations  of  the  State  treasury  for  the  two 
years  ending  Jan.  1, 1891 :  Balance  on  Jan.  1, 
1889, 1109,813.08 ;  total  receipts  for  the  year  en- 
suing,  $680,528.19;  total  expenditures,  $713,- 
251.20;  balance  on  Jan.  1,  1890,  $77,090.07; 
total  receipts  for  the  year  ensuing,  $760,128.65 ; 
total  expenditures,  $751,856.39;  balance  on 
Jan.  1,  1891,  $85,862.33.  The  general  revenue 
fund  statement  for  the  two  years  included  in 
the  above  summary  is  as  follows:  Balance  on 
Jan.  1,  1889,  $33,058.59;  receipts  for  the  year 
ensuing,  $513,760.12 ;  expenditures,  $538,912.80; 
balance  on  Jan  1,  1890,  $7,900.91 ;  receipts  for 
the  vear  ensuing,  $550,303;  expenditures, 
$550,078.90 ;  balance  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  $8,125.01. 
Of  the  general  revenue  fund  receipts  for  the  year 
1889,  the  sum  of  $262,795.26  was  derived  from 
the  tax  on  property,  $148,343.08  from  license 
fees,  and  $95,500  from  borrowed  money.     For 


HEAD  OF  WA8HIN0T0N  IBVINO. 


FLORIDA.  801 

the  year  1890  tbe  sum  of  $895,080.30  was  derived  States  Senator  Wilkinson  Call  marked  the  pro- 
from  taxes,  and  $150,119.94  from  license  fees,  ceedings  of  tbe  session  and  seriousl)^  impeded 
The  expenditures  from  the  fund  for  the  former  the  work  of  legislation.  The  most  important 
year  included  $1^,783.85  for  jurors  and  wit-  measures  passed  relate  to  State  finances.  Anew 
iiesses.  $49,410.64  for  criminal  prosecutions,  revenue  law  was  enacted,  modifying  in  numer- 
$64,943  for  interest  on  the  State  debt,  $27,-  ous  details  the  method  of  assessing  and  collecting 
589.29  for  pensions,  $67,255.61  for  expenses  of  taxes  and  changing  the  amount  of  licenses  to  be 
the  legislative  session,  $^,031.67  for  mainte-  levied  on  various  occupations,  so  as  to  secure  a 
nance  of  lunatics,  $29,558.53  for  expenses  of  col-  greater  revenue,  but  leaving  the  subjects  of  tax- 
lecting  revenue,  $20,930.30  for  salaries  of  the  ation  practically  unchanged.  The  license  fee 
executive  department,  and  $29,412  for  sal-  of  liquor  dealers  was  fixed  at  $500.  a  year  for 
aries  of  the  judicial  department.  For  the  lat-  each  place  of  business,  and  for  distillers  and 
ter  year  the  leading  expenses  were  as  follow :  brewers  at  $100  a  year.  Retrenchment  was  cf- 
196,234.89  for  jurors  and  witnesses,  $88,073.86  fected  in  State  expenses  by  the  abolition. of 
for  criminal  prosecutions,  $65,026  for  interest  the  Bureau  of  Immigration  and  bv  the  repeal  of 
on  tbe  State  debt,  $36,669.05  for  pensions,  the  law  creating  the  Board  of  Railroad  Commis- 
$43,512.16  for  maintenance  of  lunatics,  $53,-  sioners.  A  new  source  of  revenue  was  found  in 
927.44  for  exj^nses  of  collecting  revenue,  $21,-  the  phosphate  deposits  in  the  navigable  waters 
450  for  salaries  of  the  executive  department,  of  the  State.  By  an  act  approved  June  9  all 
I37J292.72  for  salaries  of  the  judicial  depart-  persons  or  companies  mining  or  removing  phos- 
ment,  and  $11,177.34  for  expenses  of  the  State  phates  from  such  waters  are  now  requiredto  pay 
Board  of  Health.  Since  the  adoption  of  the  the  followine:  royalties  to  the  State :  Fifty  cents 
Constitution  of  1885,  the  State  expenses  have  a  ton  for  tul  phosphate  deposits  mined  or  re- 
largely  increased  from  several  causes,  the  most  moved  analyzing  55  per  cent,  or  less  of  bone 
important  being  the  constitutional  provision  phosphate  of  lime ;  75  cents  a  ton  for  all  depos- 
that  the  State,  instead  of  the  counties,  shall  its  analyzing  over  55  and  not  over  60  per  cent, 
bear  the  expense  of  criminal  prosecutions.  This  bone  phosphate  of  lime ;  and  $1  a  ton  for  all  de- 
provision  was  presumably  made  with  the  hope  posits  analyzing  over  60  per  cent.  The  interests 
that  county  taxation  would  be  to  that  extent  of  the  State  in  its  phosphate  deposits  are  placed 
reduced.  But  such  a  result  has  never  been  under  the  control  of  a  board  of  phosphate  com- 
realized,  as  the  average  rate  of  county  taxation  missioners,  consisting  of  the  Governor,  the  Comp- 
was  less  in  1884,  when  the  counties  paid  the  ex-  troller,  and  the  Attorney-General.  This  board 
penses  of  their  own  criminal  prosecutions,  than  has  authority  to  grant,  for  a  teim  not  exceeding 
in  1890,  when  the  State  bore  tne  burden.  Fur-  five  years,  the  exclusive  right  to  remove  phos- 
ther  causes  of  increase  are  the  laws  of  recent  phat'e  rock  from  the  navigable  waters  oi  the 
enactment  pensioning  Confederate  soldiers,  es-  State,  on  certain  conditions  stated  in  the  act. 
tablishiog  a  State  board  of  health,  and  increas-  The  State  tax  for  general  purposes,  to  be 
ing  the  pay  of  jurors  from  $1.25  to  $2.00  a  day.  levied  in  each  of  the  years  1891  and  1892,  was 
The  last-mentioned  law  added  about  $40,000  to  reduced  from  4i  to  4^  mills,  and  the  Governor 
the  State  expenses  for  1890.  As  a  result  of  these  was  authorized  to  reduce  the  rate  still  further, 
increased  demands  upon  the  State  treasury,  it  if  the  revenue  from  other  sources  should  be  large 
^9»  found  necessary  early  in  1889  to  borrow  enough  to  justify  such  reduction. 
$100,000.  The  Governor,  the  Treasurer,  and  the  Corap- 

On  Jan.  1. 1891,  the  bonded  State  debt,  (de-  troller  were  authorized   to   borrow   not    over 

ducting  bonds  held  in  the  State  sinking  fund)  $200,000,  to  pay  the  outstanding  obligation  of 

amounted  to  $1,032,500,  of  which  $673,500  is  the  State  for  $100,000  borrowed  under  the  act 

held  by  the  various  State  educational  funds,  leav-  of  1889,  and  to  pay  any  debts  incurred  under 

ioK  only  $359,000  in  the  hands  of  individuals.  appropriations  of  this  or  former  sessions. 

Yalnatlons. — The  assessed  valuation  of  prop-  One  hundred  acres  of  State  land  were  granted 

erty  in  the  State  for  1890  is  as  follows :  Value  to  the  Old  Confederate  Soldiers'  and  Sailors* 

of  town  and  city  lots,  including  improvements,  Home  Association,  as  a  site  for  a  proposed  home 

$21,423,^ ;  value  of  other  land  and  improve-  for  ex-Confederates,  and  a  further  grant  of  60,- 

ments,  $39,350,931 ;  value  of  animals,  $5,245,-  000  acres  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  providing 

311 ;  value  of  other  personal  property,  $10,906,-  a  fund  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the 

HU;  value  of  railroads,  $14,877,014;  value  of  institution,  after  suitable  buildings  have  been 

telejiraph  lines,  $179,514;  total  valuation,  $91,-  constructed. 

1^,466.    Included  in  the  assessment  are  23,866,-  A  new  road  law  was  passed,  regulating  the 

484  acres  of  land,  43,558  horses  and  mules,  463,-  maintenance  and  repair  of  public  roads  and 

667  meat  cattle,  107,842  sheep  and  goats,  and  bridges. 

198,132  swine.    The  State  tax  assessed  in  1890  The  revision  of  the  public  statutes,  prepared 

upon  this  valuation  was  as  follows :  General  bv  a  commission  appointed  pursuant  to  an  act 

revenue,  4i  mills,  $414,137.06 ;   school  tax,  1  of  the  last  Legislature,  was  submitted  at  this  scs- 

mill,  $92,038.01;  immigration  tax,  ^  mill,  $11,-  sion  and  adopted  as  the  law  of  the  State. 

605..57 :  Board  of  Healtn  tax,  i  mill,  $43,301.59 ;  No  appropriation  was  made  for  the  World's 

toUl,  $561,082.23.    For  1891  the  State  tax  rate  Fair  in  1893.    Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as 

is  as  follows :  General  revenue,  4i  mills ;  schools,  follow : 

1  mill;  Board  of  Health,  i  mill;  total,  5J  mills.  -rki*       n*.      <••*      *v       i/v            *.*. 

LegUlatire  Sesslonl-The  Vegular  biennial  ^0^^^^^^  "^^  "^  "^  ''''''^'  "^''^  '^  ^'  "^'^^  *^ 

session  of  the  Legislature  began  on  April  7  and  Prohibiting  pool-Bclling,  except  that  aasooiations 

ended  on  June  5.    A  bitter  and  prolonged  con-  for  driving  or  racinj?  may  sell  pools  between  the  firet 

test  over  the  choice  of  a  successor  to  United  day  of  November  and  the  firet  day  of  May,  provided 


302  FLORIDA. 

the  Bale  is  made  on  the  track  and  on  days  in  which  transfer  the  contest  to  the  Legislature,  where  a 

races  take  place.    Such  associationii  shall  pay  to  the  majority  vote  onlv  would  be  necessary  to  elect. 

State,  for  the  use  of  the  school  fund,  8  per  cent  of  the  tj^^  anti-CaU  meiibers  then  adopted  the  policy 

gross  wimission  receipto  to  any  race  at  which  pools  ^^  refusing  to  attend  the  joint  session  oT^the 

^Trp^hibit  the  sale  and  disposing  of  cigarettes,  Legislature,  and  on  May  26  only  15  Senators  and 

smokettes,  and  cigarette  paper  to  persons  under  eigh-  39  members  01  the  House  were  m  attendance. 

teen  years  of  age.  This  was  a  minority  of  the  Senate  and  a  major- 

For  the  better  prevention  of  riots  and  mobs.  ity  of  the  House.    It  was  also  a  majority  of  the 

Securing  to  inmates  of  insane  asylums  in  the  State  two  Houses  in  joint  session.    On  this  day  Call 

their  postal  rights.  ^.  ,  v    j       ,.  received  51  votes  and  Mays  1,  and  the  presiding 

Mating  atheists,  '^'^l''»^JS'tf^^^J^''^l.'^  officer  declared  Call  elected.  The  anti-Call  mem- 

tenrwitnL^*^''"'  pumshments  oompe-  ^^  thereupon  filed  with  Gov.  Fleming,  who  is 

Prescribing  a  short  form  for  warranty  deeds.  required   by  law  to  certify  to  the  election  of 

To  prohibit  the  killing  of  any  crane,  egret,  ibi&  United  States  Senators,  a  statement  showing  the 

curlew,  or  heron  for  the  purpose  of  sale  or  commercial  circumstances  under  which  the  joint  session  of 

traffic.  May  26  was  held,  and  arguing  that  there  was  no 

Providing  that  buildings  hereaOer  constaiicted  for  ©lection  of  Senator  because  a  quorum  of  the 

public  entertainmente  shall  ^avo  the  shutters  to  idl  g^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  present  at  such  session.    The 

LToTr^rre^ri^^La^^  "  "^  Governor,  after  ^^deration  of  the  legal  ques- 
Deciding  the  anniversary  of  the  birth  of  Jefferson  tions  involved,  issued  an  address  to  the  people, 
Davis  a  legal  holiday.  dated  Aug.  4,  m  which  he  decided  that,  inas- 
Authorizing  Duval  County  to  improve  the  navi-  much  as  a  quorum  of  the  Senate  was  not  pres- 
gation  of  the  St  John's  river,  and  to  issue  bonds  in  ent,  the  election  of  May  26  was  of  no  effect,  and 
aid  thereof.  that  he  could  not  issue  a  certificate  of  election 
Henatorlal  Contest. — Early  in  1890  the  op-  to  Senator  Call.  Pursuant  to  this  opinion,  the 
ponents  of  United  States  Senator  Call  began  an  Governor,  early  in  September,  appointed  ex- 
^gressive  camoaign  to  prevent  his  re-election.  Congressman  Robert  H.  M.  Davidson  to  be 
They  circulatea  in  the  newspapers  numerous  United  States  Senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused 
charges  against  his  public  record,  and  sought  to  by  the  failure  of  the  Legislature  to  elect  A 
secure  the  nomination  of  legislative  candidates  new  difficulty  now  arose,  as  the  Secretary  of 
who  were  hostile  to  him.  The  senatorial  ques-  State,  John  L.  Crawford,  who  did  not  approve 
tion  thereby  became  a  leading  issue  in  the  pre-  the  Govemor*s  course,  reused  to  affix  the  seal 
liminary  Democratic  meetings  for  selection  of  of  the  State  or  to  countersign  the  certificate  of 
candidates.  Only  partial  success  attended  the  appointment  issued  to  Davi&on.  The  Governor 
movement,  as  more  than  half  of  the  legislators  then  called  upon  Attorney-General  Lamar  to 
chosen  at  the  November  election  proved  to  be  bring  a  writ  of  mandamus  in  behalf  of  the  State 
supporters  of  the  Senator.  After  the  Legislature  against  Secretary  Crawford,  to  compel  him  to 
convened,  a  caucus  of  Democratic  members  was  perform  his  duty  in  this  regard.  The  Attorney- 
called  to  meet  on  April  12.  The  friends  of  Sen-  General  declined  to  obey  this  order,  on  the 
ater  Call  elected  the  presiding  officer,  and  after  ground  that  the  person  interested,  ex-Cougress- 
a  long  discussion  the  customary  rule  was  adopt-  man  Davidson,  should  bring  the  suit  rather  than 
ed  that  a  two-third  vote  should  be  necessary  to  the  State.  The  Governor  himself  then  took  out 
secure  a  caucus  nomination.  On  the  first  ballot  a  writ  of  mandamus  against  the  Secretary,  in  his 
Call  received  60  votes  and  ex-Gov.  W.  D.  Blox-  own  name,  in  behalf  of  the  State,  and  the  case 
ham  35.  After  a  second  ballot  had  been  taken,  was  heard  by  the  Supreme  Court  lat«  in  October, 
the  opponents  of  Senator  Call,  nearly  all  of  A  decision  was  rendered  in  November,  to  the 
whom  were  adherents  of  the  Farmers*  Alliance,  effect  that  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of  State  in 
held  a  meeting  and  decided  to  support  James  G.  signing  the  certificate  of  appointment  and  affix- 
Speer  as  their  candidate.  When  tne  caucus  re-  ing  the  seal  was  purely  ministerial,  and  did  not 
assembled  on  April  15,  the  name  of  ex-Gov.  commit  him  to  any  recognition  of  the  legality  of 
Bloxham  was  accordinglv  withdrawn,  and  the  such  appointment,  and  that  mandamus  should 
third  ballot  resulted  as  follows:  Call,  59:  Speer,  issue  m  this  case.  Secretary  Crawford  there- 
37;  Bloxham,  2.  For  nearly  three  weeks,  and  upon  affixed  his  signature  to  the  commission 
through  about  50  ballots,  the  strength  of  the  two  and  sealed  it,  pursuant  to  the  order  of  the  court 
candidates  remained  substantially  unchanged.  The  United  States  Senate  must  now  decide  as  to 
Early  in  May  the  Alliance  members,  finding  it  the  rights  of  the  two  claimants, 
impossible  to  elect  Speer,  decided  to  transfer  Edacatlon. — For  the  years  ending  Sept.  30, 
their  support  to  D.  H.  Mavs,  but  he  too  failed  to  1880,  and  Sept.  80, 1890,  the  public-school  sta- 
break  the  column  of  Calrs  supporters.    Mean-  tistics  are  as  follow : 

while,  in  the  Legislature  a  formal  ballot  had  

been  taken  each  day  since  April  21,  according  to  iteus.  188S>'89.  1889-*oo. 

law,  both  factions  agreeing  to  scatter  their  votes ! '. 

so  as  to  prevent  a  choice  until  the  caucus  should  Nnmber  of  white  schools 1,691  1J46 

agree  upon  a  candidate.    Meetings  of  the  caucus  SSJ^ kVm*^°*^  "E^^"  •- ux^l  ha^ 

°        i-*ii    J ^f*^-  ^««.  «r:fk^T,4-   «««  ^^^u^A  White  children  of  ichool  age «).T82  60.782 

were  held  day  after  dav  without  any  marked  colored  children  of  tchooiige....        58,865  62,965 

changes,  Call  being  unable  to  secure  a  two-third  White  children  enrolled  in  public 

vote,  but  having  a  clear  majority.    The  eighty-     _  "f^^'*^;,\ njv  *.'  *  *  •  v        ^^ 

8ixthballot,onmy  26,  gaveCalt  53  votes.  Mays  ^^^1^°!°^"'**..*".?^."^'.        82,T8»  8T.2S1 

42,  and  Bloxham  2.  There  being  no  prospect  that  Ayerage  daily  attendanoe 68,652  6i,si9 

either  faction  would  yield,  the  Call  men,  after  White  teachers 1,T18  1,849 

this  ballot,  voted  to  dissolve  the  caucus  and  Oo>o'^  teachew m  m 


6R,191 


FLORIDA.  FRANCE.                      803 

For  the  year  1888-'89  the  amount  available  for  should  be  apportioned  and  raised  from  the  seT- 
the  support  of  public  schools  was  $476,490,  de-  *  eral  counties,  on  the  basis  of  the  tax  assessments 
rived  from  the  following  sources:  From  the  of  1891,  each  county  committee  adopting  its 
coonty  tax  for  schools,  levied  by  the  various  coun-  own  method  of  raising  the  amount.  Not  over 
ties,  ^63,490;  from  the  State  one-mill  tax,  f  76,-  10  {)er  cent,  of  the  subscription  shall  be  expended 
000 ;  from  interest  on  the  State  Common-school  until  $50,000  have  been  collected, 
fund,  $87,000.  The  amount  available  in  1889-'90  FRANCE,  a  republic  in  western  Europe,  estab- 
was  $516,532.70,  derived  as  follows :  From  the  lished  on  Sept.  4, 1870.  The  Constitution  was 
county  tax,  $^9,755.56 ;  from  the  State  one-mill  adopted  by  tne  National  Assembly  on  Feb.  25, 
tax,  $84,103.81 ;  from  interest  on  the  State  Com-  1875,  and  was  revised  on  Dec.  9, 1884,  and  June 
mon-aehool  fund,  $82,673.88.  In  1889-'90  the  16, 1885.  It  vests  the  legislative  power  in  the 
sum  of  $336,405.52  was  expended  for  teachers'  National  Assembly,  consisting  of  the  Chamber 
wages.  The  average  length  of  the  school  year  of  Deputies,  elected  b^  universal  suffrage  for  four 
was  120  days.  During  the  year  79  new  school-  years,  in  the  proportion  of  1  member  to  every 
houses  were  erected,  at  a  cost  of  $32,554.62.  70,000  inhabitants,  and  a  Senate,  composed  of  300 
The  State  Agricultural  College,  at  Lake  Citv,  members  elected  by  electoral  colleges  in  each  de- 
had  an  attendance  of  160  pupils  on  Jan.  1, 1890 ;  partment,  made  up  of  the  Council  General,  the 
but  the  number  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  had  fallen  to  deputies  for  the  department,  and  delegates  of 
103,  as  a  result  of  raising  the  standard  of  admis-  the  communes.  The  life  Senators,  75  in  number, 
sion.  At  the  West  Florida  Seminair  70  students  who  were  appointed  before  the  revision  of  1884, 
were  in  attendance  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  and  at  the  are  replaced,  as  their  seats  fall  vacant,  by  others 
East  Florida  Seminary  107.  On  the  same  date  elected  in  the  regular  way  for  the  ordinary  term 
there  were  84  pupils  at  the  normal  college  for  of  nine  vears.  In  1890  their  number  had  been 
white  teachers  at  De  Funiak  Springs,  and  74  reduced  by  death  to  53.  One  third  of  the  elective 
at  the  normal  college  for  colored  teachers  at  Senators  are  replaced  every  three  years.  The 
Tallahassee.  The  Institute  for  Deaf  and  Blind  Deputies,  of  whom  there  are  584,  are  elected  by 
at  St.  Augustine  cares  for  about  28  pupils.  scrufin  d'arrondisaemenif  each  candidate  being 
Charities. — At  the  State  Insane  Asylum,  on  bound  to  announce  his  candidacy  for  a  single 
Jan.  1, 1800,  there  were  249  patients,  of  whom  district  only  within  a  fortnight  of  the  election. 
127  were  males  and  122  females.  During  the  From  1871  till  1876,  and  a^n  from  1885  till 
year  following  64  persons  were  admitted  and  74  1889  the  voting  was  by  acruhn  de  lisie,  or  a  col- 
discharged,  leaving  239  inmates  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  lective  ticket  for  each  department.  Members  of 
of  whom  118  were  males  and  121  females.  Ad-  the  active  army  can  not  sit  in  the  Chamber  or 
ditions  to  the  present  buildings  are  in  process  of  exercise  the  voting  franchise.  The  majority  of 
construction.  the  state  functionaries  are  ineli|;ible,  and  by  a 
State  Prisons. — For  the  two  years  ending  special  law  members  of  the  families  that  have 
Jan.  1, 1891,  the  population  of  the  State  Prison  reigned  in  France  are  precluded  from  sitting  in 
shows  the  following  changes :  Convicts  on  Jan.  either  house.  French  citizenship  and  the  age  of 
1,  1889. 319 ;  received  dunng  the  year  following,  twenty-five  years  for  the  Chamber  and  forty 
269 ;  discharged,  200 ;  remaining  on  Jan.  1, 1890,  years  for  the  Senate  are  the  only  other  restric- 
388;  received  during  the  year  1890,  233;  dis-  tions.  The  National  Assembly  meets  regularly 
charged,  212 ;  remaining  on  Jan.  1,  1891,  409.  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  January.  The  Presi- 
Since  Jan.  1,  1890,  all  State  convicts  have  been  dent  is  bound  to  call  an  extraordinary  session 
leased  to  R  B.  Bailey,  of  Monticello,  who  has  when  petitioned  by  a  majority  of  the  members  of 
sublet  a  portion  of  them  for  work  on  turpentine  either  house.  He  has  power  to  do  so  on  his  own 
farms,  the  remainder  being  employed  during  motion,  and  also  to  adjourn  the  session  for  a 
1890  at  farming,  and  during  this  year  at  phos-  period  not  to  exceed  thirty  days  and  not  oftener 
phate  mining.  than  twice  in  the  same  year,  and  with  the  cou- 
Confcderate  Pensions. — Under  the  pension  sent  of  the  Senate  he  may  dissolve  the  Chamber 
law.  approved  June  8, 1889,  503  claims  had  been  of  Deputies,  in  which  case  he  must  appoint  new 
filed  up  to  March  10  of  this  year,  of  which  292  elections  within  three  months.  The  National 
had  been  allowed  by  the  Governor.  Of  the  total  Assembly  meets  in  joint  session  for  the  election 
number  of  claims,  105  were  filed  by  widows,  69  of  a  President  of  the  republic  or  for  the  revision 
of  which  have  been  allow€KJ.  Nearly  all  of  the  of  the  Constitution.  The  President  is  elected 
male  pensioners  receive  from  $90  to  $100  annu-  for  seven  years  by  the  absolute  majority  of  the 
aliv,  and  widows  receive  $150  annually.  National  Assembly.  The  ministers  are  collect- 
World's  Fair  Conrention.— The  Legislature  ively  and  individually  responsible  to  the  Cham- 
having  failed  to  pass  a  World's  Fair  appropria-  bers,  and  every  act  of  tne  President  must  be 
tion  bill,  a  State  convention  was  called,  to  meet  countersipned  by  one  or  more  of  the  ministers, 
at  Orlando  on  Oct.  7,  to  devise  other  ways  and  The  President  of  the  Republic  is  Marie  Frangois 
means  for  securing  a  suitable  exhibit  of  the  re-  Sadi  Camot,  elected  Dec.  3, 1887.  The  ministry 
sources  of  the  State  at  Chicago  in  1893.  Only  was  composed  at  the  beginning  of  1891  of  the 
14  of  the  45  counties  in  the  State  were  repre-  following  members :  President  of  the  Council 
sentcd,  by  111  delegates.  Gov.  Fleming  pre-  and  Minister  of  War,  Charles  de  Freycinet ; 
sided.  The  convention  decided  to  appoint  a  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  M.  Ribot ;  Minister 
committee  of  18  directors  from  the  State  at  of  Finance,  M.  Rouvier ;  Minister  of  Justice  and 
large,  who  should  have  entire  management  of  Public  Worship,  A.  Fallieres;  Minister  of  Public 
the  Florida  exhibit.  Each  county  was  requested  Instruction  and  the  Fine  Arts,  M.  Bourgeois ; 
to  elect  a  county  executive  committee,  who  Minister  of  the  Interior,  M.  Constans ;  Minister 
should  co-operate  with  the  State  committee.  It  of  Public  Works,  M.  Yves  Guyot;  Minister  of 
was  further  provided  that  the  sum  of  $100,000  Commerce,  Jules  Roche;  Minister  of  Agriculture, 


304  FRANCE. 

M.  Develle;  Minister  of  Marine,  Vice- Admiral  woolen  manufactures,  68,000,000  francs;  sugar, 

Barbey.  This  ministry  was  constituted  on  March  05,000,000   francs;    fruits,    64,000,000   francs, 

17, 1890.  manufactures  of  silk,  58,000,000  francs;   flax. 

Area  and  Population.— The  area  of  France  57,000,000  francs;  meat,  49,000,000  francs:  ma- 
is  528,876  square  kilometres,  according  to  the  chinery,  44,000,000  francs ;  cotton  manufactures, 
cadastral  survey,  while  the  calculations  of  the  41,000,000  francs.  The  following  are  the  values 
Ministry  of  War  make  it  536,408  square  kilo-  given  for  the  principal  exports  of  articles 
metres.*  The  legal  population,  including  those  of  French  produce  and  manufacture  in  1889: 
temporarily  absent,  on  May  81, 1886,  when  the  Woolen  manufactures,  864,000,000  francs ;  silk 
last  census  was  taken,  was  38,218,903.  The  res-  manufactures,  261,000,000  francs ;  wines,  251,- 
ident  population  was  37,103,689.  The  citizens  000,000  francs;  skins,  175,000,000  francs;  raw 
of  Frencli  birth  numbered  36,700,342 :  natural-  wool,  169,000,000  francs ;  fancy  or  Paris  goods, 
ized  citizens,  103,886 ;  foreigners,  1,126,531.  The  145,000,000  francs ;  raw  silk  and  yam,  139,000,- 
number  of  marriages  in  1889  was  272,934 ;  of  000  francs ;  leather  goods,  135,000,000  francs ; 
births,  880,579;  of  deaths,  794.933;  excess  of  sugar,  121,000,000  francs;  cotton  goods,  116,- 
births,  85,646.  The  number  of  emigrants  in  1888  000,000  francs;  butter  and  cheese,  112,000,000 
was  23,339,  most  of  whom  went  to  the  United  francs ;  leather,  108,000,000  francs ;  millinerv. 
States  and  to  the  Argentine  Republic.  The  fol-  etc.,  103,000,000  francs ;  linen  goods,  103,000,000 
lowing  cities  contained  more  than  100,000  in-  francs ;  metal  goods,  85,000,000  francs ;  liquors, 
habitants  in  1886 :  Paris,  2,344,550 ;  Lyons,  401,-  67,000,000  francs ;  jewelry,  57,000,000  francs ; 
930;  Marseilles,  376,143;  Bordeaux,  240,582;  woolen  yam,  55,000,000  francs;  chemical  prod- 
Lille,  1^,272;  Toulouse,  147,617;  Nantes,  127,-  ucts,  49,000,000  francs;  machinery,  42,000,000 
482; St. Etienne,  11 7,875;  Havre,  112,074;  Rouen,  francs;  rags,  87,000,000  francs;  novelties,  36,- 
107,163 ;  Roubaix,  100,299.  000,000  francs. 

The  preliminary  results  of  a  census  taken  in  The  distribution  of  the  special  comnaerce  of 

April,  1891,  make  the  population  of  France  38,-  1889  among  the  principal  countries  of  derivation 

095,000,  a  gain  of  208,000  since  1886,  when  an  in-  and  destination  is  shown  in  the  following  table, 

crease  of  565,000  since  1881  was  shown.    The  giving  the  value  in  francs  of  the  imports  from 

l^owth  of  the  city  of  Paris  and  its  suburbs  dur-  and  the  exports  to  each  country : 
ing  the  past  five  years  was  249,000,  and  other 


large  towns  showed  a  similar  increase,  implying  countriks. 

a  considerable  diminution  in  the  rural  population,    r —  

In  28  departments  an  increase  of  population  was    BoSum  ...?.*!!!!!.'!!! 


noted,  and  in  59  there  was  an  absolute  decrease.  Spain 

The  largest  increase  was  249,353  in  the  depart-  united  states 

ment  of  the  Seine.    In  the  Nord  it  was  77,276;  luiT'I'.V.::::::::: 

Alpes-Maritimes,  43,627 ;  Bouches-du-Rh6ne,  30,-  Ai^'ntin'o  Eepui)iic. 

OTO;  Rh6ne,  27,160;  H^rault,  25,709;   Pas-de-  Nigeria...  

Calais,  29,981 ;  Gironde,  21,508.    The  death-rate  swJ^ril^  '  "';**: 

in  France  is  low,  and  is  constantly  being  reduced.  Boasia ...  i ..!.... . 
Nevertheless  the  population  is  nearly  stationary, 


Impovti* 


fi88,ooaooo 

475,000,000 
855,000.000 
807,000,000 
88.S000,000 
184,000,000 
819,000,000 
201.000,000 
1SG,000,000 


Ezportt. 


99e,ooo,ooo 

671,000,000 
194,000,0<^ 
278.000.000 
842,000,000 
344,000,000 
170,000.000 
179,000,000 

236^000,666 


for  the  reason  that  the  number  of  births  dim  in-  The  imports  by  land  amounted  to  1,650,000,000 
ishes  from  year  to  year.  In  1884  there  were  937,-  francs,  and  those  brought  by  sea  to  3,670,000,000 
750  children  born ;  in  1885,  924,558 ;  in  1886,  francs ;  of  which  1,606,000,000  francs  were  borne 
912,838 ;  in  1887,  889,333 ;  in  1888,  882,637.  in  French  and  2,064,000,000  francs  in  foreign 
Coiiimerce.--The  value  of  the  general  com-  ships.  Of  the  exports,  1,557,000,000  francs  were 
merce  of  France,  which  embraces  all  merchan-  sent  by  land  carriages,  and  3,246,000,000  francs 
dise  entering  and  leaving  the  country,  including  by  sea ;  1,780,000,000  francs  being  carried  in 
foreign  goods  re-exported,  was  5,320,000,000  French  and  1,466,000,000  francs  in  foreign  ships, 
francs  for  imports  and  4,803,000,000  francs  for  The  share  of  each  of  the  princip^  ports  of  entry 
exports  in  1889.  The  special  imports,  confined  in  the  general  commerce,  comprismg  both  im- 
to  goods  entered  for  domestic  consumption,  ports  and  exports,  was  in  1889  as  follows :  Mar- 
amounted  to  4,817,000,000  francs ;  and  the  special  seilles,  1,827,000,000  francs ;  Havre,  1,746,000,000 
exports,  consisting  of  domestic  products  only,  to  francs ;  Bordeaux,  879,000,000  francs ;  Pari.s, 
3,704,000,000  francs.  The  special  imports  of  678,000,000  francs;  Dunkerque,  506,000,000 
food  products  were  1,441,000,000  francs,  and  the  francs;  Boulogne,  453,000,000  francs;  Cette, 
special  exports  837,000,000  francs;  of  raw  ma-  235,000,000  francs;  Rouen,  218,000,000  francs; 
terials  2,262,000,000  francs  worth  were  imported,  Dieppe,  205,000,000  francs ;  Tourcoing,  201,000,- 
while  the  exports  amounted  to  941,000,000  francs ;  000  francs ;  Calais,  160,000,000  francs ;  Bel  fort, 
and  in  the  category  of  manufactured  goods  the  162,000,000  francs.  The  transit  trade  in  1889 
imports  were  valued  at  613,000,000  francs,  and  amounted  to  653,000,000  francs.  The  imports  of 
the  exports  at  1,926,000,000  francs.  The  values  precious  metals  were  448,000,000  francs,  and  the 
of  the  chief  imports  for  domestic  consumption  exports  233,000,000  francs.  The  analysis  of  the 
were  as  follow:  Wine,  384,000,000  francs ;  raw  special  commerce  of  1889  in  regard  to  the  nature 
wool,  371,000,000  francs ;  cereals,  366,000,000  and  origin  of  its  constituents  shows  that  of  the 
francs  ;  raw  silk,  292,000,000  francs ;  coal,  212,-  imports  47*9  per  cent,  were  products  of  agricult- 
000,000  francs ;  raw  cotton,  203,000,000  francs ;  ure,  32'6  per  cent,  of  animal  origin,  5*8  per  cent, 
hides,  skins,  and  fur  skins,  180,000,000  francs ;  forest  products,  7*1  per  cent,  the  produce  of 
timber,  173,000,000  francs ;  oil  seeds,  155,000,000  mines,  and  6'6  per  cent,  manufactured  articles; 
fnmcs;  coflfee,  145,000,000  francs;  chemicals,  while  of  the  exports,  16*7  per  cent,  of  the  total 
86,000,000  francs ;    animals,  86,000,000  francs ;  value  represented  agriculture,  26*5  per  cent,  in- 


PRANCE.  305 

dostries  connected  with  the  raising  of  animals,  15  francs  per  quintal,  and  already  cotton-seed 
and  56'8  per  cent,  manufacturing  industries.  oil,  disguised  by  a  chemical  process,  is  being  in- 
Agrlenltare. — Out  of  87,930,759  persons,  the  troduc^  into  tne  manufacture.    The  number  of 
total  population  of  France  in  1886,  7,698,402  horses  in  France  in  1889  was  2,881,153 ;  of  cattle, 
were  dependent  on  agriculture,  8,324,196  on  in-  13,508,252 ;  of  sheep,  21,996,731 ;  of  hogs,  6,087,- 
dustrj,  4,242,764  on   commerce,  2,295,966  on  748 ;  of  goats,  1,505,470.    Sheep  have  decreased 
invested  saving,  1,020,721   on  transportation,  84  per  cent,  and  hogs  have  increased  13  per  cent. 
965,010  on  minmg,  960,078  were  of  no  known  oc-  in  ten  years.    Silk  culture  is  carried  on  in  the  de- 
cQp&tion,  711,027  were  supported  by  public  office,  partments  of  Drdme,  Gard,  Ard^he,  Vaucluse, 
613,362  constituted  the  public  forces,  848,527  and  less  extensively  in  nineteen  other  depart- 
depnded  on  teaching,  224,657  on  religious  wor-  ments.    In  1889  tne  production  was  7,409,880 
ship,  207,401  on  the  law,  161,632  on  the  medi-  kilogrammes  of  cocoons.    There  were  exported 
cal  profession,  and  152,016  obtained  their  liveli-  951,830  kilogrammes,  of  the  value  of  9,756,258 
hood  from  literature,  science,  and  the  arts.    The  francs,  besides  71,428  kilogrammes  of  silkworm 
farming  class  thus  constitutes  nearly  half  of  the  eggs,  valued  at  5,714,240  francs, 
population.    In  1889  the  drops  were  generally  The  wheat  crop  of  1890  was  821,518,670  bush- 
abundant    There  were  7,088,968  hectares  sown  els.    The  cold  and  rain  during  the  winter  of 
to  wheat,  producing  108,319,771  hectolitres  of  1890-'91  destroyed  a  large  part  of  the  growing 
mm  (the  nectare  is  2*47  acres,  and  the  hecto-  crop,  and  consequently  the  area  under  wheat 
litre,  dry  measure,  is  equal  to  2*84  bushels).    The  was  reduced  to  5,819,507  hectares,  or  14,548,767 
barley  crop  was  15,805,580  hectolitres,  on  878,499  acres,  which  was  8,105,580  acres  less  than  in 
hectares;  rye,  28,126,806  hectolitres,  on  1,599,-  1890,  and  the  yield  was  estimated  to  have  fallen 
496  hectares;    oats,  85,259,511    hectolitres,  on  to  81,889,070  hectolitres,  equal  to  225,194,000 
3,758,549  hectares ;  buckwheat,  9,334,800  hecto-  bushels,  nearly  a  third  less  than  the  previous 
litres,  on   590.811   hectares;  Indian  com  and  crop.    The  rye  crop  also  was  estimated  at  8,299,- 
millet,  9,683,594  hectolitres,  on  608,292  hectares.  582  bushels  less  than  in  1890,  when  it  amounted 
Of  potatoes,  106,998,419  metric  quintals  were  to  66,468,458  bushels.    To  supply  domestic  needs 
grown  on  1,454,794  hectares.    The  area  given  it  was  computed  that  France  would  have  to  im- 
up  to  the  sugar  beet  was  226,341  hectares,  yield-  port  from  abroad  over  40,000,000  hectolitres  of 
ing  71,445,260  quintals,  and  80,374,285  quin-  wheat  at  a  cost  of  nearly  1,000,000,000  francs, 
tais  of  other  roots  were  raised  on  316,888  hec-  NaTlgation. — ^The  total  number  of  vessels 
tares.    The  colza  crop  covered  61,091  hectares ;  entered  at  the  ports  of  France  in  1889  was  97,- 
flai,  34,258  hectores ;  hemp,   53,825  hectares.  653,  of  19,547,133  tons,  of  which  76,844,  of  10,- 
The  area  sown   to  clover  was    1,429,952   hec-  822,585  tons,  were  French,  and  20,809,  of  8,664,- 
tares,  and  4^22,261  hectares  were  laid  down  548  tons,  were  foreign.    Of  the  French  vessels, 
in  meadow  or  permanent  pasture.    The  tobacco  67,891,  of  6,122,837  tons,  were  engaged  in  the 
crop  amounted  to  205,929  quintals,  raised  on  coasting  trade,  and  8,953,  of  4,759,748  tons,  in 
16464  hectares.    Vineyards  occupied  1,886,800  the  trade  with  foreign  countries  or  the  colonies 
hectares,  and  wine  crop  amounted  to  24,328,000  or  in  the  maritime  fisheries.    Of  the  coasting 
hectolitres  (1  hectolitre  =  22  gallons}.    The  pro-  vessels,  54,716,  of  5,266,949  tons,  arrived  with 
ductiott  of  cider  in  France  is  large,  tnough  fluct-  cargoes,  and  13,175,  of  855,888  tons,  in  ballast, 
oating,  amounting  in  1889  to  11,095,000  hecto-  Of  the  French  vessels  engaged  in  ocean  com- 
litres.    In  1890  the  area  under  vineyards  showed  merce,  8,457,  of  4,645,855  tons,  and  of  the  foreign 
the  contraction  that  has  been  going  on  for  years,  vessels  18,455,  of  8,190,494  tons,  arrived  with 
being  1,827,730  hectares,  yet  the  success  of  the  cargoes,while496Frenchvessels,  of  114,393  tons, 
vine  growers  in  arresting  the  spread  of  the  phyl-  and  2,854  foreign  vessels,  of  474,054  tons,  arrived 
loxera  pest  was  evident  by  a  larger  vintage  in  ballast.    The  total  number  of  vessels  cleared 
than  in  the  preceding  year,  amounting  to  27,-  at  all  the  ports  was  98,805,  of  20,075,886  tons 
416,000  hectolitres.    The  wine  product  does  not  Of  9,613  vessels  of  French  nationality  engaged 
suffice  for  the  needs  of  the  country,  which  im-  in  the  foreign  trade,  of  5,126,445  tons,  7,to3,  of 
ported  10,242,549  hectolitres  in  1889.    The  for-  4,580,686  tons,  sailed  with  cargoes  and  1,730,  of 
eign  wines  are  improved  and  mixed  with  French  595,809  tone,  in  ballast,  and  of  21,301  foreign 
Tintages  by  the  wine-makers,  and  the  French  vessels,  of  8,826,554  tons,  13,824,  of  4,866,603 
exports  of  wine,  though  small  in  quantity,  being  tons,  sailed  with  cargoes  and  7,477,  of  2,959,951 
2,130,197  hectolitres,  offset  in  value  a  great  part  tons,  in  ballast. 

of  the  excess  of  imports.    Of  the  wine  imported  The  French  merchant  navy  on  Jan.  1,  1890, 

for  blending  and  other  purposes,  two  thirds  is  comprised  14,128  sailing  vessels,  of  440,061  tons, 

brought  from  Spain,  and  most  of  the  rest  from  having  69,651  men  in  their  crews,  and  1,066 

Algeria,  whose  product  takes  the  place  of  the  steamers,  of  492,684  tons,  with  crews  numbering 

Italian  imports,  which  have  almost  ceased  since  13,447  men.    Of  the  sailing  vessels,  292,  of  84,968 

the  expiration  of  the  commercial  treaty.    The  tons,  were  engaged  in  the  European  trade,  and 

quality  of  the  Algerian  wine  is  inferior,  being  892,  of  151,051  tons,  in  ocean  commerce,  all  the 

earthy  and  strongly  alcoholic.    The  value  of  others  being  employed  in  the  coasting  trade  or 

nuts,  olives,  and  prunes  gathered  in  1889  was  in  the  fisheries.    The  number  of  steamers  navi- 

estimated  at   109,516,741  francs.    The  exports  gating  between  France  and  other  European  coun- 

of  olive    oil    from    Nice    formerly   contained  tries  was  246,  of  166,572  tons,  and  the  number  in 

twice  as  much  of  the  fruitier  Neapolitan  oil  as  the  transoceanic  service  was  178,  of  293,320  tons, 

of  the  finer  oil  for  which  the  district  is  cele-  Of  the  total  number,  steam  and  sail,  as  given 

brated.    The  trade  of  mixing  oils  for  the  foreign  above,  12,791  were  under  50  tons, 

markets  is  threatened  with  extinction,  owing  to  Railroads.— The  French  railroad  system  in 

the  raising  of  the  duty  on  Italian  oils  from  §  to  March,  1890,  had  a  total  length  of  33,189  kilo- 

VOL.  XXXL— 20  A 


306  FRANCE, 

metres,  besides  2,944  kilometres  for  local  traffic,  of  2  regiments.    There  are  6  diyisions  of  caralry 

The  GoYemment  owned  2,628  kilometres.    Many  not  attoched  to  the  army  corps,  each  consisting 

of  the  railroads  enjoy  a  state  guarantee.    The  of  1  brigade  of  cuirassiers,  1  brigade  of  dragoons, 

gross  receipts  of  the  French  railroads  in  1889  1  brigade  of  chasseurs  or  of  hussars,  and  2  or  3 

were  1,132,100,000  francs,  as   compared    with  batteries  of  horse  artillery.    The  144  regiments 

1,059,900,000  francs  in  1888.    The  net  revenue  of  the  line  attached  to  tne  18  army  corps,  and 

in  1888  was  509,600,000  francs,  the  number  of  quartered  each  in  one  of  the  subdivisions  of  the 

passengers  carried    was   224,801,159,   and   the  regions,  are  divided  each  into  8  battalions  of  4 

freight  transported  was  82,355,288  tons.  companies  and  a  complementary  cadre  of  9  offi- 

Posts  and  Telegraphs. — In  1888  the  internal  cers,  every  regiment  consisting  of  62  officers  and 

postal  traffic   comprised   666,300,000   ordinary  1,591  men.   Besides  these  there  are  18  extra  regi- 

letters,  17,300,000  registered  letters,  88,000,000  ments,  having  51  officers  and  1,560  men,  each  of 

postal   cards,  354,000,000   journals,    25,300,000  which  is  destined  to  occupy  the  strong  i)laces  in 

samples,  and  370,400,000  circulars  and  manu-  one  of  the  regions.    The  other  classes  of  infantir 

scripts.    In  the  intematianal  service  116,500,000  are  17  battalions  of  mountain  chasseurs,  each 

letters,   3,000,000   registered   letters,  3,500,000  consisting  of  27  officers  and  809  men;  13  bat- 

Sost  cards,  67,800,000  newspapers  and  periodicals,  talions  of  foot  chasseurs,  each  with  19  offi- 
,900,000  samples,  and  24,200,000  circulars  and  cers  and  552  men ;  4  zouave  regiments,  with 
manuscripts  were  forwarded.  The  domestic  73  officers  and  2,551  men  each ;  4  regiments  of 
money  orders  numbered  22,200,000,  of  the  aggre-  Algerian  tirailleurs^  with  103  officers  and  2,632 
gate  amount  of  655,500,000  francs,  and  the  for-  men  in  each  regiment ;  2  regiments  in  the  foreign 
eign  money  orders  1,^)0,000,  of  the  value  of  75,-  legion ;  5  battalions  of  African  light  infantry ; 
9(K).000  francs,  besides  postal  orders  represent-  and  the  Tonquin  regiment  of  tirailleurs.  The 
ing  8,300,000  francs.  infantry  is  armed  with  the  Lebel  rifle,  with  the 
The  length  of  the  state  telegraphs  in  1889  was  caliber  of  8  millimetres,  carrying  8  cartrid^s  in 
88,047  kilometres,  having  276,527  kilometres  of  the  magazine.  The  weapon  is  used  as  a  single- 
wire,  in  addition  to  which  there  were  237  kilo-  loader  for  volley  firing  and  for  all  ordinary  pur- 
metres  of  pneumatic  tubes  in  Paris,  by  which  poses,  and  only  by  special  command  in  emergen- 
3,476,000  cards  and  letters  were  transmitted  in  cies,  such  as  an  enfilading  fire  of  the  enemy  or  a 
1888.  The  number  of  telegraphic  dispatches  cavalry  charge,  is  the  magazine  to  be  emptied, 
was  26,703,597,  including  the  pneumatic  service.  The  cavalry  consists  of  29  regiments  of  dra- 
The  Army. — Every  Frenchman  fit  for  mill-  eoons,  21  of  chasseurs,  13  of  cuirassiers,  12  of 
tary  service  may  be  called  upon  to  serve  the  re-  hussars,  and  6  of  Algerian  chasseurs — in  all  80 
public  in  the  active  army  or  the  reserves.  The  regular  regiments,  each  consisting  of  37  officers 
period  of  military  service  begins  at  the  age  of  and  829  men,  with  722  horses.  There  are  besides 
twenty.  The  men  drawn  for  the  active  army  3  regiments  of  Algerian  spahis  and  1  regiment 
owe  three  years  of  service  with  the  colors,  but,  of  spahis  in  Tunis.  The  law  of  July  25, 1887, 
in  order  to  train  the  largest  possible  number  of  ordered  the  formation  of  4  new  regiments  of 
soldiers,  a  part  of  the  active  army — the  number  dragoons,  1  of  chasseurs,  6  of  hussars,  and  2  of 
being  fixed  annually  hy  the  Ministry  of  War — is  African  chasseurs.  Instead  of  the  6  regiments 
replaced  hj  new  recruits  at  the  end  of  one  year  of  hussars  a  seventh  division  of  independent  cav- 


1887  no  exemptions  have  been  allowed,  even  to  hussars, 
students  in  theological  seminaries.  After  receiv-  There  are  19  regiments  of  artillery  attached  to 
ing  their  military  training,  the  soldiers  pass  into  divisions,  of  12  mounted  batteries  each,  each  bat- 
the  reserve  of  the  active  army,  and  can  be  re-  tery  having  4  officers,  153  men,  and  132  horses,  and 
called  to  take  their  place  in  the  ranks  for  exercises  19  other  regiments  of  corps  artillery,  each  Con- 
or peace  raanuoevres  or  for  any  military  duty  up  sisting  of  9  mounted  and  8  horse  batteries,  besides 
to  tne  age  of  thirty.  From  then  till  they  are  forty-  24  batteries  of  mountain  artillery,  making  in  all 
five  years  of  age  they  form  part  of  the  territorial  480  batteries,  each  having  6  pieces  of  90  milli- 
army,  which  is  organized  by  military  districts  metres  bore  for  the  mountain,  and  80  milli- 
and  divisions,  and  during  the  first  six  years  are  metres  for  the  horse  artillery.  The  fortress  i^til- 
summoned  to  the  drill  camp  for  two  weeks  every  lery  comprises  16  battidions,  each  of  6  batteries 
year,  after  which  they  are  inscribed  in  the  tern-  and  numbering  4  officers  and  152  men,  besides 
torial  army  reserve.  All  who  are  incapacitated  which  there  are  3  batteries  in  Algeria  and  in 
by  physical  defects  for  military  service  must  pay  Tunis,  making  100  batteries  armed  with  guns  of 
a  fixed  military  tax  of  6  francs  a  year  and  a  van-  95,  220,  and  270  millimetres  and  mortars  of  15 
able  surtax.    In  the  active  army  recruits  from  centimetres  caliber. 

all  parts  of  France  are  mingled  without  refer-  The  French  army  in  1891  had  2  marshals,  100 

ence  to  their  places  of  residence.    Each  of  the  generals  of  division,  200  generals  of  brigade,  33 

18  regions  into  which  France  is  divided  is  garri-  generals  of  cadres  and  reserves,  3,199  officers  in 

sonedby  an  army  corps,  and  Algeria  is  occupied  the  general  staff,  574  in  the  military  schools. 


gineers,  1  squadron  of  wagon  train,  and  1  legion  making  26,934,  or  in  the  army  corps  alone  20,- 

of  from  2  to  4  companies  of  gendarmerie.    The  364,  or  including  651  officers  of  gendarmerie 

Nineteenth  Corps  has  3  infantry  divisions.  Every  and  82  of  the  Garde  Bdpublicaine,  27,667  al- 

division  of  iuf  an  try  is  composed  of  2  brigades,  each  together. 


PRANCB. 


307 


The  strength  and  distribution  of  the  army  was 
as  follows^  including  officers  and  men : 


DiscRipnoN  or 

TROOPS. 

Loftntrr 

civatty 

Artillery 

£iifi1n«en 

Tain. 

Admintetfttye... . . 

Total  anoyooipB. 

General  staff 

HUitaryachoals.... 

Unatxached 

Geodarmeiie 

Garde  H^poblicadDe. 

Gnnd  total.... 


888,322 

6a,088 
7fi,110 
11.014 
6,755 
11,<&8 


Algwte. 


Tub. 


88312  7,878 
8,401,  2,078 
2,720       704 


508 
8,816 

8^879 


466,842 
8,621 


2,86» 

21,586 

8,048 


502,909 


57,710 
861 


244 

1,269 

598 


850 
1,058 


18,261 
65 


110 
158 


69,979j  12,560 


T9UL 


888,907 
7a,557 
79,584 
11,841 
11,840 
16,184 


586,818 
4,047 
8,808 
8,819 
22,747 
8,048 


578,277 


HOTMI. 


7,115 

70,728 

85341 

1358 

9,782 


124320 

8,608 

2,196 

508 

11,450 

788 


142,870 


In  the  autumn  of  1891  the  largest  force  ever 
moblized  forpeace  operations,  except  perhaps  in 
Russia  in  1890,  took  part  in  the  annual  mancBu- 
Ties,  which  t(>ok  place  in  Champagne.  Four 
army  corps,  the  Fifth  and  Sixth,  under  Gen.  de 
Gallifet^  and  the  Seventh  and  Eighth,  under 
Gen.  Davoust,  met  as  two  hostile  armies  and 
went  through  a  series  of  sham  engagements, 
and  then  both  armies  were  united  and  con- 
ducted against  a  skeleton  enem^  by  Gen.  Saus- 
sier.  The  reservists,  who  constituted  two  fifths 
of  the  total  force  of  120,000  men,  bore  the 
forced  marches  and  the  excessive  heat  even  bet- 
ter than  the  active  soldiers.  The  endurance, 
discipline,  training,  and  intelligence  displayed 
by  tne  men,  and  proof  of  a  highly  organized 
staff  service  given  by  the  efficient  co-operation 
of  all  parts,  convinced  military  critics  of  the 
complete  restoration  of  the  military^  prestige  of 
France.  The  officers,  a  large  proportion  of  whom 
have  risen  from  the  ranks,  seemed  to  exercise 
great  care  to  provide  properly  for  the  men  and 
to  command  tneir  respect  and  obedience ;  but  the 
non- commissioned  omcers,  few  of  whom  are, 
like  those  of  the  German  and  other  armies,  old 
soldiers  re-enlist«d,  failed  to  exercise  the  proner 
authority,  though  not  throuj^h  lack  of  iDtelli- 
gence.  The  chief  characteristics  of  French  tac- 
tics, as  revealed  by  the  manoeuvres,  are  the  use 
made  of  the  mobility  of  the  well-trained  artillery 
and  the  keeping  up,  regardless  of  sacrifice,  of  a 
strong  front  in  an  in&ntry  attack,  which  pro- 
ceeds in  a  direct  line  to  the  prescribed  objective, 
each  regiment  having  a  certain  space  to  occupv. 
The  Lebel  rifle  is  sighted  up  to  2,200  yards.  In 
advancing  upon  an  enemy's  position  the  line 
breaks  into  sections,  then  into  squads,  and,  final- 
ly, into  a  chain  of  skirmishers,  but  the  Ivin^  posi- 
tion is  not  allowed,  even  for  firing,  wliicn  only 
begins  at  about  750  yards.  No  use  is  made  of  the 
intrenching  tools  on  the  offensive.  Before  the 
bayonet  assault  all  the  supports  are  brought  up 
to  form  a  strong  front,  and  the  magazines  are 
not  emptied  till  just  before  the  final  rush,  the 
rifle  being  always  used  as  a  single-loader,  except 
by  command  and  in  prescribed  contingencies.  In 
action  not  a  single  officer  is  with  the  firing  line, 
whereas  on  the  march  the  officers  go  at  the  head 
and  the  commanding  general  and  staff  in  the  very 
front.  The  in  fan  try  and  artillery  both  use  smoke- 
less powder.  The  cavalry  supports  the  other  arms, 
always  in  stron^f  force,  wherever  the  nature  of 
the  ground  permits  and  in  all  stages  of  an  action. 


The  Nayj.— The  French  navy  in  1891  con- 
sisted of  482  vessels  of  all  classes.  The  sea- 
going armor-clads  were  14  barbette  ships,  7  cen- 
tral-battery ships,  4  turret  ships,  5  barbette 
cruisers,  and  2  broadside  frigates.  The  armor- 
clad  vessels  for  coast  defense  comprised  3  bar- 
bette ships,  8  turret  ships,  2  gun  vessels,  3  bar- 
bette gunboats,  and  2  fioating  batteries.  There 
were  7  steel  deck-protected  cruisers,  and  among 
the  unprotected  vessels  were  23  cruisers  of  the 
first  and  second  classes,  14  of  the  third  class, 
86  screw  and  16  paddle  gunboats,  14  screw  dis- 
patch vessels  of  the  first  and  11  of  the  second 
class,  22  paddle  dispatch  boats,  16  dispatch 
transports,  and  8  small  gunboats.  The  torpedo 
fiotilla  numbered  4  torp^o  cruisers,  8  dispatch 
vessels,  17  sea-going  torpedo  boats,  51  torpedo 
boats  of  the  first,  60  of  tne  second,  and  7  oi  the 
third  class,  and  1  submarine  boat.  All  are  of 
steel,  and  have  been  built  since  1885.  Of  the 
sea-going  armor-clads  14,  of  the  coast-defense 
armor-clads  7,  all  the  deck-protected  cruisers,  and 
75  of  the  unprotected  vessels  have  been  launched 
since  1880.  The  unfinished  vessels  in  the  be- 
ginning of  1891  were  5  sea-going  armor-clads,  4 
coast-defense  armor-clads,  7  sea-going  deck-pro- 
tected vessels,  1  torpedo  cruiser,  8  torpedo  dis- 
patch vessels,  14  torpedo  boats,  and  8  transports. 
The  English  navy  alone  excels  the  French  in 
numbers  and  strength ;  no  navy  excels  it  in  effi- 
ciency. In  the  naval  manoeuvres  of  1891  a 
squaaron  was  headed  off  by  another  more  pow- 
erful but  slower,  and,  being  unable  to  get  by  to 
deliver  an  attack  on  the  French  coast  of  the 
Mediterranean,  shaped  its  course  for  Ajaccio, 
where  it  was  caught  and  stopped  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  bombardment.  There  were  60  vessels 
mobilized,  and  both  the  active  sailors  and  the 
reserves  proved  their  efficiency. 

Finances. — The  estimated  revenue  in  1891 
was  3,247,408,825  francs,  as  compared  with  3,- 
085,614,460  in  1890,  according  to  the  revised 
budget  estimates.  The  land  tax  was  expected 
to  produce  110,748,600  francs  in  1891,  as  com- 
pared with  128,031,840,  in  1890,  and  the  building 
tax  88,844,000  francs,  as  compared  with  68,526,- 
000  francs.  The  personal-property  tax,  which 
is  a  graded  capitation  tax  ranging  from  1^  to 
4i  francs,  was  estimated  at  81,562,500  francs, 
against  80,187,500  francs  in  1890 ;  the  door  and 
window  tax  at  58,234,000,  against  52,676,900 
francs :  trade  licenses  at  111,548,400,  a^inst  110,- 
742,400  francs ;  carriage  and  other  special  taxes  at 
80,091,200,  against  20,154,500  francs ;  and  Al- 
gerian direct  taxes  at  9,114,300,  a^inst  8,779,700, 
francs,  making  the  total  from  direct  taxes  484,- 
643,000  in  1891  and  478,098,840  francs  in  1890. 
The  total  receipts  from  indirect  taxes  were  esti- 
mated at  1,997,454,200  francs  in  1891  and  in  the 
corrected  estimates  for  1890  at  1,874,789,300 
francs,  the  receipts  from  registration  fees  being 
estimated  at  505,322,500  francs  in  1891,  again.st 
509,104,300  francs  in  1890 ;  stamp  duties  at  160,- 
412,500,  against  159,797,400  francs;  custom  re- 
ceipU  at  362,261,900,  against  378,985,500  francs ; 
excise  and  other  duties  at  723,012,500,  against 
582,594,500  francs ;  tax  on  movables  at  49,164,- 
600,  against  50,424,000  francs;  sugar  duties  at 
178,000,000,  against  178,700,000  francs ;  and  in- 
direct taxes  in  Algeria  at  20,183,600,  against  19,- 
250,800  francs.    The  revenue  from  state  mo- 


308  PRANCE. 

nopolies  was  estimated  at,  609,841,690  francs  in  which  the  average  rate  of  interest  is  3*48  per 

1891,  against  600,380,862  francs  in  1890 ;  the  cent ;  but  this  he  capitalized  at  the  actual  sum 

reyenue  from  domains  and  forests  at  48,890,050,  of  22.824,043,690  francs,  paying  the  average  rate 

against  42,706,250  francs ;  and  that  from  other  of  4*62  per  cent    The  expenses  of  the  debt  in 

sources  at  22,790,160,  against  27,414,194  francs.  1891  were  447,519,532  francs  on  the  3-per-cent 

This  makes  the  total  orainary  revenue  8,158,119,-  refiie,  305,540,303  francs  on  the  4^per-cent.  rente, 

100  francs  in  1891  and  3,023,339,546  francs  in  325,126,924  francs  for  annuities,  and  222,382,926 

1890,  to  which  is  added  to  make  the  total  budg-  francs  for  pensions  and  life  interests.    The  cap- 

et  27,174,981  francs  in  1891  and  766,945  in  1890  ital  of  the  rentes  or  consolidated  debt  is  21,241,> 

from  exceptional  sources,  and  62,114,744  francs  621,710  francs,  and  the  floating  debt  amounts  to 

in    1891  and   61,507,969  in   1890   of   receipts  908,724,600  francs  bearing  interest  and  71,476,- 

d'ordre,  000  francs  bearing  no  interest 

The  total  ordinary  expenditure  was  estimated  The  Tariff. — ^The  most  important  action  of 

at  3,247,169,967  francs  in  the  budget  for  1891,  as  the  French  Chambers  in  1891  was  the  framing 

compared  with  3,236,742,885  in  the  rectified  es-  of  a  new  tariff  system  in  accordance  with  the 

timates  for  the  preccxiing  year.  The  expenses  for  proposals   submitted  by  the   Government.    A 

the  public  debt  in  1891  were  set  down  as  1,300,-  general  tariff  was  adopted,  in  which  the  duties 

569,685  francs,  against  1,318,248,408  francs  in  were  made  very  high  on  nearly  all  imports.    A 

1890.    For  the  rresident,  the  Senate,  and  the  special  tariff  offers  much  lower  rates  to  nations 

Chamber  the  expenditure  in  1891  was  13,051,940  according  reciprocal  privileges  to  French  com- 

francs,  against  13,044,048  francs  in  1890.    The  merce  and  manufactures.     The  treaties  with 

expenses  of  the  various  administrations  foot  up  Belgium,  Spain,  Switzerland,  Sweden  and  Nor- 

1,573,639,652  francs  in  the  bud^t  for  1891  and  way,  Portugal,  and  the  Netherlands,  running 

1,548,567,173  francs  in  the  revised  estimates  for  till  Feb.  1, 1892,  were  denounced  before  Feb.  1, 

1800.   Of  this,  37,636,301  francs  were  assigned  to  1891,  in  order  that  the  new  tariff  might  be  ap- 

the  Ministrv  of  Justice  in  1891  and  37,468,450  plied  not  only  to  those  countries,  but  to  those 

francs  in  1890;  45,067,008  francs  were  appro-  enjoying  the  same  rights  under  the  most-favored- 

priated  for  Public  Worship  in  1891,  against  45,-  nation  clause,  among  others,  Qermany,  England, 

085,508  francs  in  1890 ;  15,228,800  francs  for  the  Denmark,  Russia,  and  Austria.    In  expectation 

Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs  in  1891,  against  14,-  of  a  larger  revenue  from  the  new  protective  du- 

168,500  francs;  63,257,212  francs  for  the  expenses  ties,  the  railroad-traffic  tax  was  repealed.    The 

of  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior  in  France  and  excise  duties  on  sugar  were  modified.    Raw  ma- 

7,291,685  francs  in  Algeria,  against  62,478,310  terials  are  to  be  imported  free,  and  to  compen- 

and  7,282,635  francs  resi>ectivelv  in  1890 ;  20,873,-  sate  the  flax  growers  and  breeders  of  silk- worms, 

870  francs  for  the  Ministry  of  Finance  in  1891,  bounties  are  given  for  these  cultures.    The  ex- 

against  19,598,870  francs ;  1,928.200  francs  for  the  isting  conventional  duty  on  cotton  yams  was 

Ministry  of  Posts  and  Telegraphs  in  1891,  against  renewed  for  the  treaty  or  minimum  tax  and 

1,906,000  francs ;  578,470,845  francs  for  ordinary  increased  by  30  per  cent,  for  the  non-treaty  or 

and  130,000,000  francs  for  extraordinary  expen-  maximum  tax.    The  duty  of  20  francs  per  100 

ditures  of  the  Ministry  of  War,  against  656,833,-  kilogrfimmes  on  pork  proposed  by  the  ministry 

550  and  154,073,000  francs  respectively ;  218,-  was  approved  by  the  Chamber,  but  the  Senate 

767,702   francs   for    the    Ministry   of  Marine,  raised  it  to  26  francs.    On  petroleum  the  duty 

against  199,908,686  francs;  55,748,920 francs  for  was  flxed  at  12  francs.    Countries  enjoying  the 

the  colonies,  against  55,488,255  francs;  178,784,-  former  conventional  tariffs  under  favored-nation 

840  francs  for  Public  Instruction,  against  170,-  treaties  can  be  admitted  to  the  new  treaty  tariffs 

692,878  francs ;   12,088,905  francs  for  the  De-  at  the  discretion  of  the  Government.    This  is  not 

gartment  of  Fine  Arts,  against  12,068,905  francs ;  the  case  with  the  United  Scates,  and  therefore 
0,555,483  francs  for  the  Ministry  of  Commerce  ne^tiations  for  a  special  treaty  of  reciprocity, 
and  Industry,  against  20,589,488  francs ;  21,080,-  which  must  be  ratified  by  the  National  As- 
830  francs  for  the  Ministry  of  Agriculture,  against  sembly,  were  opened  by  the  French  Govem- 
20,787,830  francs ;  113,978,642  francs  of  ordinary  ment,  which  demanded  merely  the  application 
and  67,936,478  francs  of  extraordinary  expendi-  of  the  reciprocity  clause  of  the  American  Tariff 
ture  for  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works,  against  act  to  prepuce  of  France  and  her  colonies,  by 
113,168,384  francs  of  ordinary  and  57,592,984  which  skins,  sugar,  and  molasses  of  the  value  of 
francs  of  extraordinary  expenditure  in  1890.  12,000,000  francs  per  annum  will  be  admitted 
The  expenses  of  collecting  taxes  was  estimated  into  the  United  States  free  of  duty,  and  Ameri- 
at  387,725,190  francs  for  1891  and  334,216,756  can  products  of  about  the  same  export  value 
francs  for  1890,  and  repayments,  etc.,  at  22,188,-  will  be  admitted  to  the  French  market  on  the 
500  francs  in  1891  and  22,666,500  francs  in  1890.  payment  of  the  minimum  duties. 
The  extraordinary  expenditures  were  449,126,-  Legislation.— An  important  change  in  the 
168  francs  of  special  credits,  etc.,  in  1891  and  mode  of  punishing  criminals  was  the  law  relat- 
446,087,668  francs  in  1890,  and  the  entries  d'ordre  ing  to  first  and  repeated  offenses,  which  was 
in  1891  were  102,286,886  francs  and  in  1890  93,-  promulgated  on  March  27, 1891.  On  the  convie- 
881,888  francs,  making  the  grand  total  of  expen-  tion  of  a  prisoner  for  a  first  criminal  offense  the 
diture  8,798,582,966  francs  in  1890,  against  8,-  judge  is  authorized  to  postpone  the  execution  of 
776,712,886  francs  in  1890.  the  punishment,  and  after  the  lapse  of  five  years 
The  national  debt  has  been  calculated  by  M.  it  is  entirely  remitted,  unless  the  person  is  con- 
Leroy  Beaulieu  to  amount  to  81,718,000,000  victed  within  that  period  of  a  second  criminal 
francs.  M.  Camille  Pelletan,  in  a  report  to  the  act,  in  which  case  the  first  penalty  will  be  car- 
budget  committee  in  November,  1890,  made  the  ried  into  execution  in  addition  to  that  attach- 
total  nominal  capital  80,800,813,594  francs,  on  ing  to  the  second  offense.    In  the  session  that 


PRANCE.  309 

ended  on  Jaly  18, 1891,  the  question  of  regnlat-  break  on  May  1.  In  Paris  cavalry  patrolled  the 
iog  or  suppressing  betting  on  horse  races  occu-  streets,  and  regiments  of  infantry  were  kept  on- 
pi^  the  attention  of  the  Chamber  repeatedly,  der  arms.  About  800  well-known  Anarchists 
The  spread  of  the  gambling  habit,  ana  the  in-  and  Socialists  were  arrested  the  day  before  and 
creasing  number  of  thefts  and  defalcations  trace-  held  as  dangerous  characters.  Cunningham 
able  to  horse  racing,  and  of  turf  scandals,  has  Graham,  a  Socialist  member  of  the  British  Par- 
attracted  the  attention  of  reformers  for  some  liament,  attempted  to  lead  a  demonstration  and 
time.  An  eminent  judicial  authority  has  said  was  stopped  by  the  police,  who  charged  repeat- 
that  the  races,  of  which  815  took  place  in  and  edly  at  the  crowd  assembled  in  the  Place  ae  la 
around  Paris  in  1890,  cause  a  great  proportion  Concorde.  In  Lyons  the  people  resisted  the  po- 
of the  crimes  that  are  committ^.  In  1874  the  lice,  who  attempted  to  break  up  their  labor  pro- 
pool  sellers  were  driven  out  of  Paris  and  restricted  cession,  and  assailed  with  stones  the  cavalry  who 
to  the  race  tracks.  The  book-makers  were  driven  dispersed  them  in  the  street,  drove  them  out  of 
rat  of  their  booths  in  accordance  with  an  act  the  cemetery,  whither  they  then  repaired  to  hold 
passed  in  1887,  but  continued  to  carry  on  their  a  demonstration,  and  charged  into  them  twice 
bosiDesB.  The  pari  mutud,  though  forbidden  more  on  their  return  to  the  city,  after  they  had 
under  the  generailaw  against  gambling,  received  overcome  the  police.  In  Marseilles  a  squadron 
a  partial  recognition  by  the  licenses  granted  for  of  horse  broke  up  the  demonstration,  and.  as  in 
the  establishment  of  booths  at  race  courses.  M.  Lyons,  manv  persons  were  arrested,  the  chief 
Constans  submitted  a  bill  to  legalize  the  pools  one  being  I^eputy  Antide  Boyer.  Serious  dis- 
and  limit  the  business  by  taxing  the  proceeds  order  occurred  at  Fourmies,  where  a  strike  was 
2  per  cent.,  which  was  estimated  to  yield  4,000,-  proclaimed,  and  half  the  miners  left  work. 
OtiO  francs  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor.  The  Many  persons  were  arrested  early  in  the  day  for 
Chamber  rejected  his  bill  by  880  vot€»  to  144  on  intimiaating  men  who  refused  to  join  in  the 
Feb.  28.  The  Minister  of  the  Interior  thereupon  strike.  In  a  collision  between  the  mob  and  the 
carried  out  his  threat  to  suppress  pool  selling  gendarmes  the  latter  were  forced  to  retreat, 
and  book-making.  For  the  next  two  months  a  Toward  evening  about  1,200  men  armed  with 
close  police  supervision  prevented  gambling  on  sticks  gathered  in  the  s^quare  and  loudlv  called 
the  tracks,  and  the  result  was  that  the  owners  for  the  release  of  their  comrades.  Although 
lost  lar^  sums  thi^ugh  lack  of  patronage,  soldiers  were  drawn  up  to  support  the  gen- 
Meanwhiie  the  question  was  brought  up  in  va-  darmes,  they  charged  the  latter  and  almost  suc- 
rioiis  forms  in  the  Chamber.  M.  Develle,  the  ceeded  in  captunne  the  police  station.  The 
Miuisterof  Agriculture,  brought  in  a  bill  to  place  troops  then  charged  with  fixed  bayonets,  and 
the  race  tracks  under  the  control  of  his  depart-  drove  the  .people  out  of  the  square.  But,  re- 
ment,  which  was  passed  on  May  18,  as  moaified  turning  with  a  supply  of  bricKs  and  paving 
by  the  committee,  and  was  slightly  amended  stones,  they  attackea  the  soldiers  and  over- 
afterward  by  the  Senate.  Henceforth  no  race  whelmed  a  body  of  police.  A  whole  regiment 
track  can  be  opened  without  Government  sane-  of  infantrv  was  brought  up,  and,  finally,  on  the 
tion ;  no  races  will  be  permitted  except  such  as  demand  of  the  sub-prefect,  the  troops  fired  into 
are  organized  solely  for  the  encouragement  of  ef-  the  mob,  which  continued  to  fight  hand-to-hand 
forts  to  improve  the  breed  of  horses,  and  are  con-  with  the  soldiers  and  police,  but  finally  ran 
ducted  by  societies  whose  statutes  are  approved  away.  There  were  14  persons  killed,  some  of 
br  the  Mmister  of  Agriculture ;  bookmakers  are  them  women,  and  40  were  wounded.  This  affair 
allowed  to  take  beto  only  from  persons  with  and  the  condemnation  of  labor  leaders  for  in- 
whom  they  are  acquainted  and  without  money  citing  riot  at  Lvons,  Bordeaux,  Charleville,  and 
being  passed  at  the  time ;  and  the  pari  muiuel  gther  places  led  to  fresh  strikes  and  disturb- 
can  be  carried  on  only  by  racing  societies  on  ances.  Although  the  Chamber  by  an  overwhelm- 
their  own  grounds,  ana  the  profit  shaJl  be  di-  ing  majority:  refused  to  order  an  investigation  of 
vided  in  a  proportion  to  be  determined  bv  the  the  Fourmies  disaster,  on  the  ground  that  it 
Government,  between  charitable  objects  ana  race  would  be  insulting  to  the  army,  and  the  Minis- 
prizes.  On  May  27  the  Chamber  agreed  to  a  bill  ter  of  the  Interior  took  energetic  measures  to 
empowering  the  Ministry  of  War,  as  a  precau-  repress  the  agitation  that  grew  out  of  the  inci- 
tion  ^inst  siege  in  time  of  war,  to  keep  in  dent,  arresting  speakers  and  expelling  Cunning- 
every  fortified  town  and  intrenched  camp  a  sup-  ham  Graham,  the  Government  changed  its  atti- 
ply  of  wheat  or  flour  sufficient  to  feed  the  popu-  tude  on  the  labor  question.  Shortly  afterward 
lation  for  two  months,  the  towns  of  over  40,000  occurred  a  strike  of  the  omnibus  drivers  of 
inhabitants  beiuing  half  the  expense.  Paris,  who  were  worked  from  fourteen  to  seven- 
The  Labor  Question. — Incidents  and  ques-  teen  hours  a  day,  and  demanded  a  uniform 
tions  connected  with  the  social  problem  arrested  working  dav  of  twelve  hours  at  the  same  wages, 
public  opinion  and  preoccupiea  the  Legislature  They  first  formed  a  syndicate  or  union,  and  ap- 
m  an  unusual  degree  in  1891.  On  Feb.  18  a  pointed  a  committee  to  present  their  grievances 
Council  of  Labor,  composed  of  masters  and  to  the  managers  of  the  omnibus  company,  which 
workmen  appointed  to  deliberate  and  advise  the  has  a  monopoly  of  the  service  for  the  whole  city. 
Government  on  labor  matters,  was  opened  under  Although  the  law  provides  that  either  employers 
the  presidency  of  Jules  Roche,  Minister  of  Com-  or  emjwoy^s  may  form  unions  and  delegate  a 
nierce.  Its  recommendation  of  a  Labor  Bureau,  committee  to  act  for  the  body,  the  managers  of 
modeled  on  that  of  the  United  States  Govern-  the  company  refused  to  recognize  the  syndicate 
ment,  was  approved  by  the  Cabinet,  and  the  or  treat  with  its  delegates.  Despite  the  general 
necessary  legislative  action  was  initiated.  The  inconvenience  caused  by  the  stnke  that  ensued, 
police  and  military  authorities  took  extraordi-  the  public  sympathized  with  the  men.  The 
nary  precautions  to  prevent  an  Anarchistic  out-  places  of  the  striking  drivers  and  conductors 


310  PRANCE. 

were  easily  filled,  but  the  people  unharnessed  the  morning  till  eight  at  night  was  a  fair  day's 

the  horses  as  soon  as  an  omnibus  started  out,  work,  proved  likewise  a  failure.  A  strike  against 

and  drove  away  the  police  when  they  attempted  the  bureaux  des  placement,  or  private  intelli- 

to  interfere.    At  the  end  of  two  days  the  Mmis-  gence  offices,  seemed  to  promise  better  results, 

ter  of  the  Interior  threatened  to  municipalize  the  for  the  abuses  connected  with  these  agencies, 

omnibus  service,  a  proposition  that  had  often  the  excessive  charges,  the  practice  of  sending 

been  advocated  in  Radical  circles,  if  the  direct-  applicants  to  places  that  they  can  not  fill,  in 

ors  did  not  at  once  make  terms  with  the  men  oraer  to  get  a  aouble  fee,  have  been  familiar  for 

and  furnish  to  the  public  the  service  required  by  generations.    Since  the  time  of  the  empire  they 

their  charter.    They  were  thus   compelled  to  nave  been  under  police  supervision,  but  this 

grant  the  maximum  work-day  demanded,  at  the  control  has  never  been  effectually  exerted.     The 

same  rate  of  pay,  abolish  fines,  and  recognize  municipal  officials  have  been  intrusted  with  the 

the  union  officially.    The  success  of  this  "  revo-  work  of  directing  workmen  to  places,  but  have 

lutionary  strike,"  as  it  was  called,  destroyed  the  shirked  the  task.    Labor  excluuiges  have  been 

ascendancy  of  the  Possibilists,  who  had  the  ad-  established,  and  have  proved  a  &ilure  because 

hesion  of  the  main  body  of  French  working  men  they  must  send  the  persons  whose  names  head 

from  the  split  of  the  Labor  party  into  Possibil-  the  list,  without  regard  to  character  or  capabil- 

ists  and  Marxists,  till  the  time  when  the  Marx-  ity,  and  therefore  nine  tenths  of  the  business 

ists   and  a  part  of   the  Possibilists   accepted  remains  in  the  hands  of  the  private  a^ncies. 

Boulanger  as  their  political  deliverer,  expecting  The  strike  was  begun  by  the  bakers,  ana  was  to 

that  the  general  who  had  encouraged  his  sol-  be  taken  up  by  hair-dressers,  woman  cashiers, 

diers  to  share  their  rations  with  the  strikers  at  seamstresses,  domestic   servants,  and   all   who 

Decazeville  would  accomplish  more  for  them  at  were  dependent  on  the  bureaux  des  pUicement 

one  stroke  than  the  Possibilist  policy  of  consti-  for  finding  them  employment,  who  proposed  to 

tutional  action  had  in  eight  years.    The  Possi-  organize  trade  unions  to  get  them  places  gra- 

bilists  had  become  a  power  in  the  municipal  tis.    M.  Constans  told  them  that  if  they  did  not 

councils,  and  had  organized  labor   exchanges  like  the  services  of  the  private  offices  they  could 

supported  by  public  funds,  had  the  expenses  of  withhold  their  patronage.    When  the  people  of 

labor  delegates  to  international  exhibitions  paid  Paris  began  to  be  deprived  of  their  daily  wheaten 

out  of  the  public  revenue,  obtained  subsidies  for  bread  the  Government  set  the  army  oakers  to 

schools  established  by  Socialist  societies,  and  work  to  furnish  the  masters  with  bread  that 

even  secured  aid  for  the  families  of  workmen  on  they  could  serve  to  their  customers  at  a  better 

strike.    The  success  of  the  omnibus  strike,  which  profit  than  they  had  made  with  their  own,  and 

outweighed  all  they  had  done,  brought  to  the  thus  the  strike  was  crushed  by  the  interposition 

front  tne  revolutionary  Marxists  and  the  Inde-  of  the  authorities. 

pendents,  who  eschew  politics,  and  new  revolu-  The  Chambers  had  under  discussion  from  the 
tionary  strikes  were  thought  of.  The  railroad  beginning  of  the  year  a  bill  to  regulate  the  labor 
companies  were  more  unpopular  than  the  omni-  of  women  and  children  in  factories,  in  accord- 
bus  and  street  railroad  companies,  which  were  ance  with  the  recommendations  of  the  Berlin 
compelled  all  over  the  country  by  strikes  to  Labor  Conference.  The  proposal  of  M.  de  Mun 
grant  the  concessions  won  in  Paris.  The  rail-  and  Bishop  Freppel  to  designate  Sunday  as  the 
road  employes  were  underpaid,  and  one  reason  weekly  day  of  rest  was  rejected  by  the  vote  of 
was  that  a  part  of  their  wages  was  detained  in  the  entire  Republican  party.  The  maximum 
order  to  give  them  a  pension  at  the  end  of  work  day  was  nxed  at  ten  hours  for  children  and 
twenty-five  years  of  service ;  and  yet  they  could  eleven  hours  for  women.  In  February  the  Cham- 
be  dischare^ed  at  any  time  without  cause,  forfeit-  ber  voted  in  favor  of  subsidizing  working  men's 
ing  what  they  had  contributed  to  the  fund.  To  provident  and  old-age  benefit  societies.  An  act 
remedy  this  and  other  abuses,  a  strike  was  be-  to  distribute  and  fix  responsibility  in  case  of 
gun.  The  public  did  not  respond,  as  was  ex-  accidents  was  rendered  of  little  value  by  amend- 
pected,  to  this  new  demand  on  their  sympathies,  ments.  After  the  Fourmies  disaster  and  the 
and  the  Government  could  not  afford  to  allow  omnibus  strike  all  kinds  of  socialistic  legislation 
the  railway  service  to  be  paralyzed,  because  it  is  was  introduced  by  private  members.  M.  La- 
a  part  of  the  military  system.  The  army  rail-  f argue,  who  was  sent  to  the  penitentiary  for  a 
road  corps  was  made  to  take  the  places  of  the  year  as  ringleader  of  the  Fourmies  riot,  was 
striking  engineers  and  trainmen,  and  even  to  re-  elected  a  Deputy,  but  was  pronounced  disquali- 
pair  the  damaged  rolling  stock,  and  the  Govern-  fied  by  the  Cnamber  in  November  on  the  ground 
ment  threatened  to  call  the  strikers  back,  as  that  he  was  a  foreigner.  A  law  was  proposed 
reserve  men  of  the  army,  to  work  without  pay.  giving  a  part  of  the  profits  to  workmen  em- 
The  popular  feeling  against  the  railroads  is  ployed  in  state  industrial  establishments,  and  a 
strong,  especially  on  account  of  the  failings  of  project  was  discussed  for  fixing  not  onljr  a  uni- 
the  third-class  passenger  service,  and  a  tendency  form  length  for  a  day's  work,  but  also  a  minimum 
toward  the  resumption  of  the  Government  con-  rate  of  wages.  The  Chamber  almost  unanimous- 
trol  of  railroads  was  manifested  in  two  bills  ly  agreed  to  a  bill  extending  the  twelve-hour 
presented  to  the  Chamber,  one  of  which  pro-  work  day  of  the  law  of  1848,  which  was  limited 
posed  that  directors  of  lines  enjoying  a  State  to  state  and  municipal  estaJalishments,  to  rail- 
guarantee  should  be  appointed  by  the  Govern-  road  engineers,  firemen,  and  signal  men,  and  to 
ment,  and  the  other  tnat  no  foreigner  should  drivers  of  omnibuses  and  all  employ^  of  trans- 
hold  office  in  the  boards  ef  sueh  railroads.  A  portation  and  navigation  companies  possessing 
strike  for  short  hours  by  barbers,  grocers'  clerks,  franchises  granted  by  the  state  or  by  mnnici- 
druggists'  assistants,  and  other  emjploy6s  in  the  palities.  A  bill  passed  by  the  Chamber,  which 
shops  of  Paris,  who  thought  that  from  eight  in  was  rejected  by  tne  Senate,  would  compd  every 


FRANCE.  811 

employer  to  give  an  account  of  his  reasons  for  The  Melinite  Scandal.— On  May  19,  Oer- 
discharging  a  man.  M.  Constans  and  M.  Ron-  ville  R^ache,  Deputy  for  GuadeloupOf  charged 
Tier  worked  out  a  vast  project  for  creating  for  the  Ministry  of  Manne  with  delivering  melinite, 
workmen  a  fund  for  retirement  and  insurance  or  smokeless  powder,  to  the  Armstrong  firm  in 
OD  the  lines  of  the  German  scheme,  but  without  England.  A  lew  days  later  M.  Turpiu,  one  of 
its  compulsory  character  and  the  feature  of  state  the  inventors  of  picric  acid,  which  is  the  iKisis  of 
management.'  The  fund,  which  is  to  reach  in  a  melinite,  and  M.  Tripon^,  a  captain  in  the  tern- 
certain  time  the  capital  sum  of  12,000,000,000  torlal  army,  were  arrested  on  tne  charge  of  espi- 
francs,  is  to  be  built  up  by  a  small  tax  on  the  onage  or  treason  for  having  sold  to  the  Arm- 
salary  of  the  insured,  an  equal  contribution  from  strong  the  secret  of  the  French  explosive.  In 
the  employer,  and  a  subsidy  of  the  same  amount  1884  M.  Turpin  offered  the  Qovemment  a  sub- 
from  the  state,  which  will  have  to  grant  an  an-  stance  which  he  called  picric  acid,  and  experi- 
Boal  sum  estimated  at  150,000,000  francs.  A  ments  were  begun  in  the  state  laboratories  to 
workman  can  be  insured  or  not,  as  he  pleases,  compound  an  explosive,  a  part  of  which  he  wit- 
and  has  some  choice  whether  the  fund  will  be  nessed.  Forthe  Knowledge  that  he  imparted  he 
intrusted  to  a  Government  establishment  or  a  was  paid  251,000  francs,  and  was  warned  not  to 
private  company.  The  scheme  offers  the  advan-  divulge  what  he  had  seen,  though  he  was  at  lib- 
tage  of  promising  a  moderate  pension  without  erty  to  do  what  he  liked  with  his  own  discover- 
vaiting  for  extreme  age  and  of  leaving  a  certain  ies.'  He  demanded  a  higher  price  for  his  inven- 
Drovidion  to  the  families  of  participants.  M.  tion,  and,  after  the  Government  had  perfected 
Constans  said  that  the  Government,  which  had  the  process  of  making  melinite,  he  made  con- 
provided  milliards  to  make  the  army  strong  and  stant  demands  for  compensation,  which  were  re- 
France  respected,  would  be  able  to  do  its  share,  fused.  He  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  his 
and  that  he  and  his  colleagues  would  willingly  picric  acid,  endeavored  to  sell  it  to  foreign  gov- 
cede  their  places  to  younger  strengths  if  they  emments  as  identical  in  composition  with  the 
could  achieve  this  work  of  peace  and  another  melinite  of  the  French  arsenals,  and  in  1888 
for  the  organization  of  agricultural  credit,  for  entered  into  a  contract  with  the  Armstrongs  to 
it  is  inequitable  that,  whereas  a  banker  can  teach  the  process  of  making  smokeless  powder, 
borrow  for  3  per  cent.,  the  cultivator,  who  nets  Capt  Tripon6,  accepting  an  agency  from  the 
only  2i  per  cent,  from  his  land,  must  pay  5  per  Armstrongs,  negotiated  the  contract  and  ob- 
cent  tained  samples  of  the  real  melinite  and  docu- 

Intematlonal  Congress  of  Miners.— A  ments  relatmg  to  the  manufacture  of  the  shells 
Congress  of  Miners  met  in  Paris  in  April,  chiefly  from  M.  Fasseler,  an  officer,  and  M.  Feuvrier,  an 
for  the  purpose  of  deciding  on  a  method  for  se-  engineer,  in  the  Government  arsenal.  M.  Tur- 
curing  the  eight-hour  working  day.  There  were  PJn,  who  had  expressed  penitence  to  M.  de 
99  de&gates,  representing  909,167  miners  in  Great  Freycinet  for  his  experiments  in  England,  after 
Britain,  Germany,  France,  Belgium,  and  Bohe-  promising  not  to  continue  his  unpatriotic  con- 
mia.  The  meetings  were  held  in  the  completed  auct,  was  afterward  detected  in  overtures  to  the 
part  of  the  Paris  Labor  Exchange,  which  is  to  Italian  and  German  governments.  He  declared 
cost  4,000,000  francs.  The  delegates  pledged  that  he  had  refused  750,000  francs  for  thecom- 
their  constituents  to  give  pecuniary  support  to  pletion  of  his  experiments  from  the  Armstrongs, 
the  coal-miners' strike  in  Belgium.  The  existing  and  in  September,  1889,  brought  accusation 
international  committee  was  re-elected,  and  au-  against  Capt.  Tripon^,  which  he  repeated  in  1890, 
thorized  to  draw  up  statutes  for  an  international  but  did  not  sustain  with  the  evidence  that  he 
federation  of  miners  to  be  submitted  to  the  next  pretended  to  possess,  so  that  that  officer  was  ex- 
Congress,  There  was  much  discussion  between  onerated  by  a  military  commission  in  the  be- 
the  advocates  of  state  intervention  and  a  legal  ginning  of  1891.  After  M.  Reache's  disclosures, 
work  dav  and  the  English  trade  unionists  and  which  were  officially  contradicted,  M.  Turpin 
Belpan  proponents  of  a  general  international  published  a  book  inculpating  the  others  and  de- 
strike  on  May  1,  1891.  The  German  spokesman  scribing  the  chemistry  of  his  preparation.  For 
suggested  a  general  strike  at  a  later  date,  allow-  this  he  was  arrested,  with  the  persons  whom  he 
in?  more  time  for  preparation.  The  English  accused,  under  the  law  against  spies,  on  the 
mmers,  though  they  have  had  the  eight-hour  charge  of  revealing  state  militery  secrets.  Al- 
dav  for  twenty  years,  promised  to  strike  with  though  the  secrets  of  the  smokeless  powder  and 
their  Continental  brethren  in  order  that  English  repeating  rifles  of  different  governments  are 
coal  might  not  be  used  to  replace  exhausted  pretty  well  known  to  all  the  rest,  the  affair 
stocks  in  other  countries.  The  compromise  res-  created  a  tremendous  sensation  in  France.  M. 
olution  adopted  on  April  4,  when  the  congress  de  Freycinet  denied  that  the  explosives  de- 
separated,  runs  as  follow:  scribed  by  Turpin  were  anything  resembling 

Tv^  T  *      .'      1  /^  mr-  •*.*.•  those  adopted  for  the  army,  or  that  artillery 

JlJe^  l^o^^rr^L^vTTc^^^  ^JSTgrXaSI  -c-ts  of  rmporUnce  had  beeWvealed,  and  hj 

international  strike  may  become  necess^  to  obtain  ®*P^*°»*^fL"?  ^®^®  '^^SP'^i?,.^.'*^"  ?  \^l®  ^1  ^^^^1 

m  eight-hour  day.     The  congress,  however,  before  dence  by  838  against  137.    Mistrust  of  the  devoted 

remnin«r  to  such  an  extreme  measure,  invites  the  and  energetic  Minister  of  War  helped  to  make 

govemmentfl  and  parliaments  of  the  nationalities  rep-  the  attacK  on  the  Cabinet  near  the  close  of  the 

i«wnted  at  thia  congress  to  agree  to  an  international  session  well-nigh  successful,  and  was  the  motive 

SLT**^u  ,^«*^?^  with  an  eight-hour  day  in  mines,  ^f  ^he  rejection,  on  the  eve  of  adjournment,  of  a 

nri!!  fv  ^^'t'^^'S  ^  1^®  ^^^^""^  ?  ?!''*^  -f^T  credit  of  600,000  francs  for  enlarging  the  Poly- 
pn«e,  thw  mtemational  convention  to  do  similar  to  4    a"  •    o  u     i      tiV  V     t?™  :     *  l.'^  w^^xv  j 
tho^  which  the  various  governments  have  applied  technic  School.    M.  de  Freycinet  was  only  re- 
fer the  regulation  of  the  postal,  telegraphic,  railway,  strained  by  the  persuasions  01  his  colleagues 
and  navigation  services.  from  offering  his  resignation,  instead  of  prorogu- 


312  FRANCE. 

ing  Parliament,  on  July  18.    The  accused  per-  the  state,  and  costs  the  Groyemment  and  the 

sons  were  tried  by  the  Correctional  Tribunal,  and  communes  about  296,000,000  francs  a  year,  while 

the  principals  received  the  extreme  penalty  of  its  independent  income  is  565,000,000  francs.  Few 

the  law.  M.  Turpin  was  condemned  to  Ave  years'  of  the  clergy,  who  are  not  now  requited  to  taJce 

imprisonment,  a  fine  of  2,000  francs,  and  five  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  republic  contained  in 

years'  suspension  of  civic  rights ;  M.  Tnpon^,  to  the  original  concordat,  would  be  willing  to  sao- 

five  years  imprisonment,  a  fine  of  3,000  francs,  rifice  the  subventions  of  the  Government  in  order 

five  years'  interdiction  of  civic  rights,  and  ten  to  obtain  immunity  from  the  dbnozious  police 

years  of  exile ;  M.  Fasseler,  to  five  years'  impris-  regulations.  The  mmisters  declared  in  the  Cham- 

onment,  a  fine  of  3,000  francs,  and  five  years  in-  bers  that  they  would  insist  on  the  full  submis- 

terdiction  of  civic  rights ;  and  M.  Feuvrier,  to  sion  of  the  recalcitrant  clergy  to  the  terms  of  the 

two  jears'  imprisonment,  a  fine,  and  interdiction  concordat,  when  the  monarchists  and  Clericals 

of  civic  rights  for  two  years.    The  Minister  of  began  a  vigorous  parliamentary  attack  on  the 

War  proposed  extending  the  period  of  imprison-  ministerial  decrees. 

ment  for  espionage  to  ten  years,  and  the  army       Foreign   Relations. — ^When  the  Empress- 
committee  of  the  Chamber  recommended  the  dowager  Friedrich  visited  Paris  early  in  1^1 
death  penalty  for  some  cases  and  hard  labor  for  to  look  after  a  legacy,  she  privately  niade  over- 
life  or  for  limited  periods  for  others.  tures  to  French  artists  to  induce  them  to  take 
Monarchists  and  Clericals. — In  January  part  in  an  international  art  exhibition  at  Berlin, 
the  Parisian  mob  drove  the  ministry  to  suppress  Some  accepted,  others  publicly  announced  their 
Sardou's  new  drama  of  "  Thermidor,"  because  it  refusal  on  patriotic  grounds,  and  then  the  former 
reflected  on  the  actors  in  the  revolution  of  1792.  withdrew  their   acceptance.     As  she  traveled 
The  downfall  of  Boulangism  prostrated  the  sev-  incognito,  the  President  refrained  from  calling, 
eral  movements  for  the  restoration  of  monarchy,  and  when  she  visited  St.  Cloud  and  Versailles 
and  the  anti-Re{)ublican  {)arties  were  only  kept  the  League  of  Patroits  began  demonstrations 
alive  because  their  politicians  could  not  obtain  that  caused  her  to  leave  for  England.    These 
admission  into  the  Republican  partv,  and  be-  incidents  gave  umbn^  to  the  Grerman  Emperor, 
cause  the  Ultramontanes  still  upheld  royalism  who  I'etorted  by  rescinding  certain  relaxations 
as  their  hope  of  deliverance  from  the  persecu-  of  the  passport  system  in  Aldace  and  Lorraine, 
tions  that  thev  thought  the  Church  was  sub-  and  causing  the  laws  to  be  enforced  in  all  their 
jected  to  by  the  republic.     The  adherents  of  rigor.    Taking  as  a  pretext  the  stoppage  of  com- 
Prince  Victor  Napoleon  formallv  accepted  the  munication  with  Switzerland  by  the  Moenchen- 
republic.    Cardinal  Lavigerie  early  in  1891  pro-  stein  disaster,  the  Qerman  Government  retrieved 
posed  the  abandonment  of  royalty  and  the  for-  this  mistake  by  granting  liberty  to  through  pas- 
mation  of  a  Christian  and  donservative  party  sengers  to  travel  on  the  railroads  of  Alsace- 
within  the  republic.      A  union   of   Christian  Lorraine  without  passports,  and  on  Julv  8  made 
France  was  organized,  which  did  not  openly  the  order  permanent.    The  renewal  of  the  Triple 
adopt  the  republic,  but  remained  silent  regard-  Alliance  (see  Qermant)  stimulated  the  revenge 
ing  forms  of  government.    Pope  Leo  had  de-  agitation  in  France.    On  July  16  M.  Laur,  Bou-  ' 
dared  that  the  Holj  See  has  no  pretensions  to  langist  Deputy,  put  a  baseless  question  regard- 
interfere  with  political  systems,  and  the  Cardi-  ing  passports  to  the  ministry,  and  when  M. 
nal  Archbishop  of  Paris,  in  March,  published  a  Ribot  moved  the  indefinite  postponement  of  the 
letter  in  which  he  said  that  Catholics  could  dif-  interpellation  he  was  defeated  by  a  coalition  of 
fer  legitimateljr  regarding  political  institutions  Royalists,  Boulangists,  and  Raaicals,  who  gave 
so  long  as  religion  and  morality  were  respected.  286  votes  to  203.    On  the  day  following  M.  de 
Sharp  controversies  between  Clericals  and  Re-  Freycinet,  making  it  a  question  of  confidence, 
publicans  arose  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  was  sustained   by  a   majority  of   319  to   103. 
especially  in  reference  to  the  demonstration  of  The  visit  of  the  French  fleet  to  Cronstadt  on 
the  French  pilgrims  in  Rome.    A  violent  scene  July  23  and  the  reception  of  the  French  officers 
occurred  in  the  Senate  when  the  President,  M.  bv  the  Emperor  Alexandei  was  regcu-ded  through 
Floquet,  repeated  the  old  story  that  Pius  IX  was  Europe  as  a  sign  that  an  informal  understanding, 
once  a  Free  Mason.    Minister  Falli^res,  in  a  cir-  if  not  a  formal  defensive  alliance,  had  been  ar- 
cular,  warned  the  authorities  of  the   Church  rived  at  between  Russia  and  France.    That  no 
against  encouraging  pilgrimages  that  were  likely  combined  action  against  England  could  be  con- 
to  degenerate  into  political  demonstrations.  Mon-  templated  was  evidenced  by  the  acceptance  of 
seigneur  Gouthe-Soulard  wrote  a  reply  in  which  Queen  Victoria's  invitation  for  the  squadron  of 
he  called  the  letter  of  the  Minister  of  Justice  and  Admiral  Qervais  to  visit   Portsmouth  imme- 
Worship  an  "  odious  misconstruction,"  and  said :  diately  on  returning  from  the  Russian  visit. 
'*  Peace  is  sometimes  on  your  lips ;  hatred  and  The  reception  of  the  French  fleet  scarcely  dis- 
persecution  are  always  discernible  in  your  acts."  pelled  the  impression  that  Lord  Salisbury  had 
For  insulting  the  minister  he  was  prosecuted  in  promised  to  give  naval  support  to  the  allied 
November,  and  condemned  by  the  Court  of  Ap-  central  powers  by  guarding  the  coast  of  Italy 
peal  to  pay  a  fine  of  3,000  francs.    The  question  in    certain    contingencies,    which     had     been 
of  repealing  the  concordat  was  more  seriously  strengthened  bv  the  visit  of  the  Kaiser  to  Eng- 
discussed  than  before.     By  the  concordat  con-  land.    Admiral  Gervais  was  said  to  have  taken 
eluded  by  Bonaparte  as  First  Consul  in  1801  the  to   Russia  documents   relating,    among  other 
Catholic  Church  in  France,  which  numbers  36,-  things,  to  combined  action  in  China,  which  was 
743  prelates  and  priests,  receives  a  grant  from  borne  out  by  the  refusal  of  both  powers  to  take 
the  state  amounting  to  44,000,000  francs  a  year,  part  in  the  proposed  naval  demonstration,  leav- 
has  the  use  of  the  episcopal  palaces,  churches,  mg  England  to  maintain  in  China  an  attitude 
and  other  ecclesiastical  buildings  belonging  to  of  isolation  that  would  permit  her  to  safeguard 


FRANCE.  313 

her  interests  by  independent  action,  giving  rise  The  Trans-Sahara  Railroad,  starting  from  El 
to  mmois  of  an  An^Io-Chinese  alliance  against  Guerrah,  in  the  northern  part  of  the  Algerian 
Russia  and  France  in  Asia,  As  a  result  of  the  Atlas,  23  miles  south  of  Constantine,  has  been 
fraternal  drawing  together  of  the  French  and  carried  across  the  mountains  and  up  to  the  ed^e 
the  Russians,  the  Russian  loan  that  Baron  of  the  Tuareg  country,  proceeding  in  a  soutn- 
Bothschild  had  refused  to  negotiate  was  easily  westerly  direction  from  oasis  to  oasis  to  Biscara, 
raised  on  good  terms  in  France  by  a  popular  a  total  distance  of  239  kilometres.  The  total 
subscription.  A  speech  that  the  German  £m-  length  of  the  projected  line  across  the  desert  to 
peror  made  at  a  gathering  of  German  officers,  in  the  shore  of  Lake  Chad  is  8,000  kilometres, 
which  he  referred  to  the  first  Napoleon  as  a  Since  the  first  section  was  opened  in  1888  the 
"*  Corsican  parvenu,**  was  the  signal  for  an  out-  inhabitants  of  the  northern  oases  have  been  pro- 
break  of  Chauviuism  in  France.  The  presenta-  tected  from  Tuareg  inroads,  and  trade  has  in- 
tion  of  Wagner *s  **  Lohengrin  **  by  the  musicians  creased  wonderfully.  The  next  extension  will  be 
of  the  opera  afforded  occasion  for  an  anti-  to  Tugeart  and  across  the  Tisili  plateau,  where 
German  damonstration,  which  the  Government  places  n>r  stations  can  be  prepared  by  planting 
checked  by  vigorous  measures.  Soon  afterward  eucalyptus  trees  and  sinking  artesian  wells.  A 
the  inconvenience  of  the  passport  regulations,  further  continuation  southward  can  only  be 
which  have  done  much  to  keep  alive  the  French  accomplished  after  the  Tuaregs  have  been  enect- 
sym^thies  of  the  people  of  the  lost  provinces,  ually  beaten  in  war,  and  Ghadames  and  Ain 
was  m  a  large  measure  removed  by  a  decree  of  Salah  occupied.  The  oasis  of  Touat,  which  con- 
the  German  Government.  This  act  abated  pri-  tains  with  the  neighboring  oases  a  population  of 
Tate  suffering  and  annoyance,  and  tended  to  200,000,  has  been  a  place  of  refuge  for  enemies  of 
remove  a  source  of  danger  to  the  peace  of  Eu-  France,  and  after  the  massacre  of  a  number 
rope,  which  seemed  to  be  confirmed  by  the  new  of  Frenchmen,  the  natives,  fearine^  reprisals, 
grouping  of  the  powers.  M.  Ribot  said :  **  It  is  appealed  for  the  protection  of  the  Sultan  of  Mo- 
Dot  at  a  moment  when  we  are  in  a  position  to  rocco,  offering  to  accept  his  sovereignty.  The 
cultivate  peace  with  the  greatest  dignity  that  Sultan,  against  the  protests  of  France,  prepared 
we  shall  expose  ourselves  to  the  danger  of  com-  formally  to  annex  the  district ;  but  the  French 
promising  it"  advanced  to  El  Golea,  and  the  Sultan,  who  had 
Algeria. — Each  of  the  three  departments  begun  to  collect  tribute,  was  told,  through  the 
into  wnich  Algeria  is  divided  sends  a  Senator  envoys  that  he  sent  to  consummate  the  annexa- 
and  two  Deputies  to  the  French  National  As-  tion  m  the  autumn  of  1891,  that  the  Touatans 
semblv.  These  are  Algiers,  Gran,  and  Constan-  had  changed  their  minds  and  preferred  a  con- 
tine,  Slaving  QoUectivelv  the  area  of   477,918  nection  with  Algeria. 

square  miles,  including  the  districts  administered  The  revenues  of  the  Government  are  obtained 
bj  the  military  authorities,  and  a  population  of  from  a  direct  tax  imposed  on  the  natives  and  from 
3,324,316,  according  to  the  enumeration  of  1886,  customs,  licenses,  etc.    The  cost  of  the  army  and 
in  the  territory  under  the  Governor-General  and  a  part  of  the  expenses  of  the  public  works  is 
492.990  in  the  militair  territory.    The  Governor-  borne  by  the  French  Government,  which  spends 
General  is  responsible  directlv  to  the  President  21,000,000  francs  a  year  on  Algeria,  exclusive  of 
of  the  republic.    The  post  has  been  filled  by  military  expenditure.  The  budget  for  1891  makes 
Louis  Tirman  since  Nov.  26, 1881.    He  retired  the  revenue  43,948,833  francs  and  the  expendi- 
in  1891.    The  general  commerce  in  1889  con-  ture  43,450,155  francs.    The  native  Jews,  who 
Bisted  of   191,^,000  francs  of  imports  from  numbered   43,182   in    1886,  were  admitted   to 
Fnmce  and  68,050,000  francs  from  other  coun-  French  citizenship  in  1870.    The  policy  of  con- 
tries,  and  201,91 7,0(X)  francs  of  exports  to  France  f erring  the  franchise  on  the  Arabs  was  never  seri- 
and  38,158,000  francs  to  other  countries.    The  ouslv  considered  till  1891,  when  a  project  for  the 
special  imposts  amounted  to  237,417,000  francs  gradual  naturalization  of  the  Mussulman  popu- 
of  imports  and  229,789,000  francs  of  exports,  latjpn  was  discussed  in  the  Chamber.    After  en- 
Of  the  special  imports,  1718,663,000  francs  came  cotiraging  the  settlement  of  French  colonists, 
from    France,    10,778,000  francs   from    Great  who  have  made  the  soil  productive  and  added 
Britain,  8,225,000  francs  from  Spain,  8,108,000  greatly  to  the  resources  of  Algeria,  the  Govern- 
from  Morocco,  7,018,000  francs  from  Tunis,  under  ment  can  not  afford  to  enfranchise  the  mass  of 
2,000,000  francs  from  Russia,  Austria,  Turkey,  the  indigenous  population  rapidly.     In    1888 
and  Italy,  and  from  the  United  States  981,000  there  was  219,627  French  people  and  205,212 
francs.    Of  the  special  exports,  France  received  foreigners  residing  in  the  countiy.    The  Govem- 
^,500,000  francs.    Great    BriUin    12,118,000  ment  spends  2,750,000  francs  a  year  to  extend 
francs,  and,  Spain  the  next  largest  amount,  which  French  colonization,  and  has  distributed  1,500,- 
▼as  3,715,000  francs,  while  the  share  of  the  United  000  acres  gratis  since  1871.    The  policy  of  edu- 
States  was  1,219,000  francs.    The  chief  exports  to  eating  ana  conciliating  the  natives,  and  of  tax- 
Fnnce  are  wine,  sheep,  cereals,  and  wool ;  and  the  ing  the  consumption  of  alcoholic  beverages  and 
exports  to  Great  Britain  consist  mainly  of  esparto  the  growth  and  sale  of  tobacco,  as  in  France,  is 
*nd  other  fibers  for  paper  stock  and  iron  ore.  recommended  in  M.  Boulanger'  s  report  to  the 
In  1889  there  were  3,650  vessels,  of  2,117,658  budget  committee  as  a  means  of  relieving  the 
tons,  entered  from  French  and  foreign  ports,  and  French  budget.    The  net  cost  of  Algeria  since 
3,727,  of  2,196,583  tons,  cleared.    The  length  of  the  conquest  in  1830  has  been  at  least  4,000.000,- 
failroads  open  in  1890  was  1,910  miles,  including  000  francs,  and  during  the  whole  period  the  rev- 
140  miles  on  Tunisian  territory.    The  receipts  in  enue  collected  has  been  no  more  tnan  1,250,000,- 
1888  were  21,908,225  francs.    The  telegraphs  in  000  francs,  nor  do  the  deficits  decrease,  for  in  1891, 
1^  had  a  length  of  7,000  miles,  with  12,000  counting  guarantees  to  railroads,  and  military, 
oules  of  wire,  including  extensions  into  Tunis,  civil,  and  other  expenditure,  the  French  tax  pay- 


314  FRANCE. 

ers  had  to  contribute  86,000,000  francs.    In  1891  miles  of  territory,  and  from  9,000,000  to  12,000,- 

locusts  destroyed  pastures  in  the  Sahara  and  000  inhabitants.    The  revenue  of  Tonquin  and 

damaged  crops  in  various  parts  of  Algeria.  Annam  in  1888  was  17,821,000  francs,  and  the  ex- 

Tunis. — Tne  principality  of  Tunis,  although  penditure  17,084,620  francs.  In  the  French  budg- 
nominally  a  part  of  the  Turkish  Empire,  hee  et  for  1891  an  appropriation  of  10,450,000  francs 
been  a  protectorate  of  France  since  1881,  and  is  is  made  for  the  two  countries.  The  imports  in 
governed  by  the  French  Ministry  of  Foreign  1888  were  23,881,012  francs,  and  the  exports  were 
Affairs  through  the  minister  resiaent  In  1^  6,988,249  francs,  consisting  of  rice,  sugar,  cotton, 
a  French  judicial  administration  superseded  the  tobacco,  pepper,  and  oils.  Rich  mines  of  copper 
consular  tribunals  operating  under  the  capitula-  and  iron  are  worked,  and  extensive  deposits  of 
tions.  The  reigning  Bey  is  Sidi  Ali,  born  Oct.  5,  good  coal  have  recently  been  discovered.  In 
1817.  The  French  representative  is  M.  Massi-  1800  there  were  596  officers  and  24,000  soldiers 
cault.  The  area  is  about  45,000  square  miles,  and  in  Annam  and  Tonquin,  and  in  Cochin-China 
the  population  is  about  1,500,000  persons,  includ-  ISO  officers  and  8,880  men.  Fighting  with  the 
ing  49,000  Europeans,  of  whom  40,000  live  in  the  Chinese  and  Tonquinese  pirates  or  rebels  still 
city  of  Tunis,  wriich  has  a  Jewish  population  of  continued  in  1891,  and  in  the  early  part  of  the 
40,000  and  135.000  inhabitants  altogether.  The  year  the  roads  were  nowhere  safe.  The  rebels 
receipts  from  direct  taxes  in  1888  were  7,206,000  carried  on  their  depredations  within  sight  of 
francs,  and  from  indirect  taxes  8,853,619  francs,  Hanoi  and  Sontay.  A  regular  siege  was  con- 
while  the  total  expenditures  were  27,896,139  ducted  bv  a  force  of  1,200  French  troops  against  a 
francs.  The  debt  was  consolidated  in  1884  into  strongly  built  fort  defended  by  3,000  pirates,  who 
a  perpetual  4-per-cent.  rente  of  6,307,520  francs  were  finally  driven  out  after  inflictm?  a  loss  of 
a  year,  and  this  was  converted  again  in  1888  into  800  killed  and  wounded.  In  February  the  French 
a  loan  paying  3^  per  cent,  of  the  nominal  amount  resident  of  a  province  was  murdered.  When 
of  174,427,500  francs,  to  be  extinguished  in  nine-  M.  Lanessan  was  appointed  Governor-General  of 
ty-nine  years.  The  imports  in  1889  had  a  total  Indo-China  on  April  21,  1891,  he  was  clothed 
value  of  31,153,936  francs,  and  the  exports  were  with  fuller  powers  than  his  predecessors.  The 
18,104,903  francs  in  value.  Of  the  imports,  more  commander  of  the  land  and  naval  forces  was 
than  half  came  from  France,  which  received  di-  placed  under  his  orders,  and  forbidden  to  under- 
rectly  a  fifth  of  the  exports,  while  something  take  any  operation,  even  of  a  defensive  charao- 
more  than  a  third  went  to  Algeria,  about  a  fifth  ter,  without  his  consent.  The  first  section  of 
to  Italy,  and  an  eighth  to  Great  Britain.  The  the  railroad  from  Phulang  Thuong  to  Langson 
chief  exportable  products  are  wheat  and  barley,  was  opened  in  June.  It  passes  through  a  region 
olive  oil,  alfa,  tan,  woolen  manufactures,  and  that  had  been  abandonea  by  the  inhabitants  on 
sponges.  There  were  entered  at  Tunisian  ports  account  of  pirates,  but  was  becoming  settled  and 
during  1889  6,770  vessels,  of  1,809,627  tons,  and  prosperous  again.  In  the  course  of  the  summer 
6,503^  of  1,807,697  tons,  were  cleared.  Three  the  Hang-Son  pirates  were  driven  out  of  the 
fifths  of  the  shipping  was  French,  the  Italian  province  of  Cao  Bang  by  fiyin^  columns,  their 
and  the  English  coming  next  stronghold  being  captured  and  their  leader  killed 

Indo-Chlna. — The  colonies  of  Cochin-China  by  Capt.  Lassalle*s  detachment  Rear- Admiral 
and  Tonquin  and  the  protectorates  of  Cambodia  Foumier  pursued  the  pirates  on  the  sea  with  en- 
and  Annam  were  united  in  a  customs  union  in  er^,  and  stations  were  established  in  northern 
1887,  and  the  Superior  Council  of  Indo-China  Tonquin  for  systematic  and  unremitting  opera- 
fixes  the  budget  for  Cochin-China  and  advises  tions  on  land.  The  French  administrators  nave 
as  to  the  others.  The  imports  in  1888  amounted  been  encouraged  by  the  growth  of  the  coasting 
to  68,069,305  francs,  and  the  exports  to  71,274,-  traffic  and  the  transit  trade  by  the  Red  river 
063  francs.  route  and  by  the  development  of  new  resources, 

The   area  of  Cochin-China  is  13,692  square  and  in  France  the  opinion  is  taking  root  that 

miles,  and  the  population  1,916,429,  of  wh4>m  Ton(]uin  will  prove  m  the  end  to  l^  worth  the 

2,537  are  French.    There  are  51  miles  of  railroad  sacrifices  that  it  has  cost 
and  1,840  miles  of  telegraph.    The  revenue  in       Madagascar. — By  the  treaty  signed  at  Tama- 

1890  was  estimated  at  30,327,033  francs.    The  tave  on  Dec.  12, 1885,  the  Malagasy  Government 

mother  country  contributed  3,548,793  francs  in  acknowledged  the  protectorate  of  France,  and 

1891.    Rice  is  the  principal  product,  constitut-  agreed  to  submit  to  the  regulation  of  its  external 

ing  70  per  cent,  of  the  exports,  which  were  val-  relations  by  the  French  Government  through  a 

ued  at  60,913,433  francs  in  1888.  resident  general,  who  is  allow^  to  maintain  a 

Cambodia,  ruled  by  King  Norodom,  who  ac-  military  guard.    The  French  protectorate  was 

cepted  a  French  protectorate  in  1863,  has  an  area  admitted  by  England  in  the  Anglo-French  agree- 

of  46,000  souare  miles,  and  from  1,500,000  to  ment  of  Aug.  5,  1890.    The  native  Government 

1,800,000  innabitants.    The  revenue  in  1888  was  of  the  Hovas,  which  remains  independent  in  do- 

8,275,000  francs,  and  the  expenditure  3,059,236  mestic  affairs  and  has  control  over  the  other 

francs.    Sugar,  rice,  betel,  cotton,  tobacco,  indi-  Malagasy  tribes,  has  for  its  head  Queen  Ranava- 

go,  and  cardamom  seeds  are  produced.  lona  III,  bom  in  1861,  who  marned  the  Prime 

Annam  became  a  French  protectorate  by  the  Minister  Rainilaiarivony  shortly  after  her  acces- 

treaty  of  June  6, 1884.    Bun  Can  was  proclaimed  sion  in  1883.    Madagascar  has  an  estimated  area 

King  on  Jan.  31,  1889.     The  area  is  106,250  of  228,500  square  miles  and  over  3,500,000  inhab- 

square  miles,  and  the  population  about  5,000,000.  itants,  of  whom  1,000,000  belong  to  the  dominant 

Tne  exports  are  cinnamon  bark,  seeds,  tea,  to-  Hova  race,  which  is  of  Malayan  origin.    There 

bacco,  cotton,  and  sugar.  are  about  1,000,000  Sakalavas,  600,0%  Betsileojs 

Tonquin,  a  province  of  Annam  that  was  for-  400,000  Betsirai  Sakaras,  200,000  Bavas,  200,000 

merly  tributary  to  China,  has   84,700  square  Antatiavas,  great  numbers  of  negro  slaves,  aud 


FRANCE.  315 

many  Arab  traders  on  the  coast.  Antananarivo,  agasj  Government.  The  treaty  of  1885  requires 
the  capital,  has  a  population  of  100,000.  The  that  exeqtuUnrs  should  be  demanded  by  foreign 
land  around  the  Bay  of  Diego  Suarez  has  been  consuls  through  the  medium  of  the  French  res- 
annexed  to  France  for  a  colony,  military  post,  idencv.  Prime  Minister  Bainilaiarivony,  encour- 
and  coaling  station,  and  improvements  have  aged  dv  Protestant  missionaries,  has  persistently 
been  begun  that  are  expected  to  make  the  har-  refused  to  accept  this  channel  of  diplomatic  inter- 
bor  one  of  the  finest  in  the  world.  The  Hova  course,  and  when  the  question  was  raised  in  the 
army  of  20,000  men,  armed  mostly  with  breech-  case  of  the  United  States  consul  in  1887,  the  then 
loading  rifles,  has  been  trained  by  English  ofl-  French  resident,  Le  Myre  de  Vilers,  waived  his 
cers.  The  French  have  a  garrison  of  32  officers  rights.  Mr.  Campbell,  the  United  States  consul, 
and  1,141  men  at  Dieg[o  buarez,  and  21  officers  has  upheld  the  French  protectorate,  and  after  its 
and  428  men  on  the  neighboring  island  of  R6un-  formal  recognition  by  Great  Britain,  M.  Bompard, 
ion.  Madagascar  is  supposed  to  be  verv  rich  in  the  French  resident  general,  determined  to  render 
minerals.  The  production  of  gold  and  of  cop-  it  effective  in  the  matter  of  exequaturs^  espe- 
per  is  increasing.  Forests  of  great  extent  abound  cially  since  the  English  opponents  of  French  m- 
in  valuable  timber,  which  is  being  exported  by  fluence  contended  that  the  Anglo-French  agree- 
European  concessionnaires,  who  have  obtained  ment  was  invalid,  because  the  English  Govem- 
grants  on  the  northeast  coast,  and  who  plant  the  ment  was  not  made  coeiiizant  of  tne  concession 
cleared  ground  with  tropical  and  suotropical  of  M.  Le  Myre  de  Vilers  to  Rainllaiarivony. 
products.  The  natives  breed  cattle  and  raise  Herr  von  Tappenbeck,  who  arrived  as  German 
rice,  sugar,  yams,  coffee,  and  cotton.  They  are  consul  in  June,  1891,  was  not  recoenized  by  the 
skillful  weavers  of  cotton  and  silk  and  of  the  fiber  Hova  authorities  because  he  applied  for  his  exe- 
of  the  rofia  palm,  and  their  metal  work  is  noted,  ^latur  through  the  French  representative.  Mr. 
The  exports  are  cattle,  hides  and  horns,  rofia,  Walter,  who  succeeded  John  P.  Campbell  as 
India-rubber,  coffee,  sugar,  vanilla,  wax,  copal,  American  consul  at  Tamatave,  obtained  his  era- 
rioe,  and  oil  seeds.  Commercial  relations  with  gucUur  by  applving  directly  to  the  Malagasy 
the  United  States  are  of  long  standing,  and  in  Government.  M.  !m>mpard,  on  receiving  oraers 
recent  years  the  trade  has  increased.  The  im-  from  Paris  to  recede  from  his  position  in  regard 
ports  in  1888  were  valued  at  4,050,770  francs,  to  the  German  consul,  who  was  unable  to  dis- 
and  the  exports  at  4,110,234  francs.  The  lack  char|;e  his  office  on  account  of  the  dispute,  of- 
of  means  of  communication  prevents  the  com-  fered  his  resignation.  The  French  Chamber,  on 
mercial  development  of  the  resources  of  the  in-  March  12,  approved  a  bill  to  establish  French 
tenor  and  even  of  domestic  production,  for  a  tribunals  in  Madagascar  with  jurisdiction  in  all 
large  proportion  of  the  people  are  employed  as  cases  affecting  Europeans.  The  English  resi- 
bearers  in  conveying  goods  between  the  seaports  dents  have  not  ceased  to  resist  French  influence, 
and  thepopulous  central  districts.  and  have  acquired  a  larger  power  for  obstruc- 

The  Ilovas  rule  as  conquerors  over  such  of  the  tion  by  becoming  admitted  to  a  preponderant 
tribes  as  they  have  reduced  to  subjection.  The  position  in  the  Hova  Council, 
inhabitants  of  Belanona,  which  is  three  davs'  The  French  possessions  in  the  neighborhood 
march  from  the  capital,  exasperated  by  tne  of  Madagascar  are  the  productive  island  of  He- 
cruelty  and  extortion  of  Kamiasatra,  the  Gov-  union  to  the  east,  Ste.  Marie  off  the  north  coast, 
emor,  sent  a  delegation  of  100  of  their  principal  Nossi  B4  close  to  the  west  coast,  Mayotte  and 
men  to  the  Prime  Minister  to  petition  for  his  re-  the  Comoro  Islands  half-way  between  the  north- 
movaL  The  petitioners  waited  eight  months  for  em  end  of  the  island  and  the  African  shore. 
an  audience,  and  when  they  were  at  last  received  Reunion,  or  the  Isle  of  Bourbon,  970  square 
the  Prime  Minister,  who  is  practically  the  ruler  miles  in  extent,  has  been  French  since  1649. 
of  the  country,  warned  them  against  making  The  population  in  1887  was  163,881.  Sugar  and 
rash  charges,  and  would  promise  to  make  an  rum,  coffee,  vanilla,  and  spices  are  exported,  and 
inquiry  only  in  case  they  returned  with  their  various  kinds  of  grain  ana  vegetables  are  grown, 
complaint  after  going  home  to  reflect  well  on  The  exports  in  1888  were  15,600,000  francs  in 
the  matter.  Before  they  reached  their  homes  value.  The  expenditure  of  the  home  Government 
they  were  stopped  by  the  Governor's  Hova  sol-  provided  for  in  the  budget  for  1891  was  4,576,836 
diers  and  were  butchered,  with  their  families  and  francs.  The  Hindu  coolies  in  1888  numbered 
friends,  278  in  all.  Fugitives  arrived  at  Anta-  23,883,  and  the  negroes  14,731.  The  small  island 
nanarivo  on  Jan.  12, 1891,  and  the  Prime  Minis-  of  Ste.  Marie,  64  square  miles  in  extent,  with 
ter,  urged  by  the  foreign  residents,  had  a  judi-  7,667  inhabitants,  is  also  an  old  French  settle- 
cial  investigation  made,  and  at  its  conclusion  ment.  It  produces  only  cloves  for  export, 
ordered  the  execution  of  Ramiasatra  and  his  Nossi  Be  was  placed  m  1888  under  the  author- 
brother.  In  the  beginning  of  March  the  Hova  itv  of  the  Governor  of  Diego  Suarez.  The  pop- 
Governor  of  Tulear  and  53  of  his  escort,  while  uiation  of  8,281  Malagasies  and  Africans  culti- 
on  the  route  to  the  capital  of  the  Sakalava  King  vate  the  sugar-cane,  coffee,  and  rice.  The 
of  Tompomana|,  in  the  west  of  Madagascar,  were  expenditure  of  France  in  1890  was  121,482 
set  upon  and  killed  by  a  large  body  of  Sakalavas  francs.  Mayotte,  which  has  an  area  of  143 
at  Marrombo,  on  the  coast.  The  Hova  officials  square  miles  and  10,551  inhabitants,  of  whom  38 
in  the  custom  house  at  Soondrano  were  mur-  are  French,  was  occupied  in  1843.  The  exports 
dered,  and  all  the  representatives  of  the  Govern-  of  suear,  rum,  and  vanilla  beans  in  1888  were 
ment  in  Tulear  fled  to  the  island  of  Nossi  B^.  valuea  at  1,040,000  francs.  The  expenditure  of 
Troops  were  sent  by  the  Hova  Government  to  Prance  in  1890  was  150,662  francs, 
reduce  the  Sakalavas  to  subjection.  Except  these  islands,  the  nearest  French  col- 

The  French  protectorate,  though  recognized  ony  is  the  naval  station  of  Obock,  on  the  Gulf 

by  the  foreign  powers,  is  repudiated  by  the  Mai-  of  Aden.    The  territory,  including  the  Bay  of 


316  FRANCE. 

Tajurah,  is  2,800  square  miles,  containing  22,-  in  1888  was  27,995,835  francs,  of  which  12,515,155 

870  inhabitants.    There  is  some  trade  with  Shoa  francs  were  from  France,  and  the  value  of  the 

and  the  Somali  country.    The  sum  appropriated  exports  was  16,548,040  francs,  of  which  1 1,742,856 

for  Obock  in  1891  was  672,191  francs.  francs  went  to  France.    The  French  Soudan  was 

The  Comoro  group,  consisting  of  four  larger  placed  on  Jan.  1,  1891,  under  the  administration 
and  numerous  small  islands,  inhabited  by  about  of  a  superior  commandant  with  head(|uarters  at 
47,000  people  who  are  mostly  Mohammedans,  Kayes,  who  acts  under  the  political  direction  of 
were  taken  under  French  protection  in  1886.  the  GK)vemor  of  Senegal  in  St.  Louis.    The  Liiea- 
The  French  did  not  occupy  the  islands  in  force,  tenant-GoYemor  of  the  Riyidres  du  Sud,  who 
the  Arab  princes  having  acknowledged  the  pro-  resides  at  Konakry,  on  the  Dubreka  river,  has 
tectorate.    When  the  Sultan  Abdullah  of  the  authority  over  the  territories  on  the  Gold  Coast, 
island  of  Anjuan  or  Johanna  died,  on  Feb.  1,  which  were  separated  into  two  distinct  adminis- 
1891,  the  negro  slaves,  who  were  armed  by  the  trative  divisions,  the  Gold  Coastgroup  and  the 
contestants  for  the  throne,  Salim,  the  late  Sul-  Bi^htof  Benin  froup,  on  Jan.  1,1890.    Thepopu- 
tan*s  son,  and  Othman,  his  brother,  revolted  on  lation  of  the  colony  of  Senegal  proper  is  135,223, 
Feb.  28  and  plundered  the  island,  threatening  to  and  that  of  the  Rivieres  du  Sua  47,541,  the  total 
kill  their  masters  if  they  were  not  enfranchised  white  population  being  1,470.    The  total  area  is 
in  accordance  with  a  promise  that  had  been  about  140,000.    The  places  under  French  ad- 
made  some  years  before  to  the  English  consul,  ministration  on  the  Gold  Coast  are  Grand  Bas- 
Before  the  trouble  began  the  French  flag  had  sam  and  Assinie,  Grand  Popo  and  Agou6,  Porto 
been  hauled  down  by  the  natives.    The  French  Novo,  and  Kotonou.    Including  protectorates, 
i^sident.  Dr.  Ormieres,  and  most  of  the  Euro-  the  French  claim  25,000  square  miles  of  terri- 
peansleft  the  island  at  the  beginning  of  the  dis-  tory  in  this  region.    A  treaty  of  delimitation 
turbances,  and  when  the  gunboat  *'  Boursaint "  concluded  with  Great  Britain  on  Aug.  10, 1889, 
arrived,  on  March  18,  Salim,  who  had  established  defines  the  boundary  between  Senegal  and  the 
his  authority  after  a  sanguinary  struggle,  said  British  colonies  of  Gambia  and  Sierra  Leone 
he  would  not  receive  the  resident,  and  wanted  no  and  between  French  territory  on  the  Gold  Coast 
Frenchmen  on  the  island.    On  the  Grand  Co-  and  the  British  colony  of  Lagos.    The  latter 
moro,  the  most  important  island,  the  people  re-  boundary  is  a  line  intersecting  Porto  Novo  at 
belled  and  deposed  the  Sultan  Said  Ali,  the  Agarrah  creek.    The  French  budget  for  1890 
ruler  protected  bv  France.    At  Mohilla  Island  provided  for  an  expenditure  of  9,353,193  francs 
the  regent  usurpea  the  place  of  the  young  Queen,  m  Senegal.    The  French  Government  has  made 
who  was  being  educated  in  Rdunion  at  the  ex-  great  efforts  to  anticipate  Great  Britain  in  es- 
pense  of  the  French  Government    The  com-  tablishing  its  influence  on  Lake  Chad,  around 
mander  of  the  naval  division  in  the  Indian  which  are  clustered  the  rich  and  well-organized 
Ocean,  Capt  Prouhet,  brought  on  a  force  suffi-  Mohammedan  states  of  Bomu,  Wadai,  Kanem, 
cient  to  re-establi^  Frencn  authority,  and  the  and  Baghirmi.    A  claim  to  Bomu,  based  on  the 
three  rebellious  princes  were  banished  to  Obock.  possession  of  Sokoto,  advanced  on  behalf  of  the 
A  force  of  340  marines  was  landed  at  Anjouan  English  Hojal  Niger  Company,  is  condemned  by 
on  April  23,  after  a  bombardment.     The  town  of  France  as  without  foundation  and  as  contrary  to 
Montsamoudou  was  occupied  without  difficulty,  the  African  agreement,  which  is  held  to  have 
and  the  rebels  were  pursued  into  the  interior  and  limited  the  Endish  sphere  to  the  part  of  Bomu 
brought  to  submission.    The  operations  were  re-  that  is  bounded  by  Sokoto  and  Actamawa.    The 
peated  on  the  other  revolted  islands.  approach  to  Bomu  from  the  French  territory  on 

West  Aftrlcan  Possessions. — On  the  western  the  Niger  is  defended  by  the  Mohammedan  des- 

side  of  the  African  continent  France  possesses  pot  Ahmadou,  and  the  route  through  the  desert 

the  old  colony  of  Senegal  or  Senegambia,  the  Riv-  farther  north  is  blocked  by  a  population  of  the 

iSres  du  Sud,  which  was  detached  from  Senegal  vigorous   and    valiant    Tuaregs.     Col.  Achin- 

in  the  beginning  of  1890,  the  French  Soudan,  aid,  the  commandant  of  the  French  Soudan, 

the  settlements  on  the  Guinea  coast,  and  the  marched  700  miles  in  April,  1890,  through  the 

Gabun  and  French  Congo  territories.    The  re-  teri'itory  of  the  pagan  Bambaras,  and  by  a  brill- 

gions  over  which  the  authority  of  France  has  iant  stroke  captured  Segou,  Ahmadou's  capital, 

in  some  degree  been  established  are  about  450,-  which  was  defended  by  his  son.    The  operations 

000  square  miles.  have  been  continued  with  intermptions  only 

The  French  claim  the  whole  coast  from  Cape  during  the  rainy  season.    On  Jan.  1, 1891,  Col. 

Blanco  to  the  boundary  of  Liberia,  with  the  ex-  Achinard's    column,  after   a   brief    encounter 

ception  of  the  English  and  Portuguese  estab-  with  the  Toucouleurs  at  Koriga  on  Dea  29, 

lishments,  and  the  interior  as  far  as  the  upper  completely  defeated  Ahmadou's  army  of  8,000 

Niger.     By   the  Anglo-French    agreement   of  men  and  drove  them  out  of  Nioro  with  a  loss  of 

Aug.  5, 1890,  Great  Britain  recognizes  a  French  400  killed,  the  French  losing  53  native  soldiers, 

sphere  of  influence  embracing  the  region  south  Ahmadou  was  pursued,  and  his  army  was  again 

of  Algeria  and  Tunis  as  far  as  a  line  drawn  from  defeated  at  Touri,  where  1,500  prisoners  were 

Say,  on  the  Ni^er,  to  Barruva  on  Lake  Chad,  taken.    He  was  compelled  to  retire  to  the  more 

There  are  164  miles  of  railroad  in  the  coast  dis-  remote  part  of  his  empire.    The  fetich  wor^p- 

tricts  of  Senegal,  and  the  projected  railroad  from  ers  of  the  coast  and  those  of  the  southern  part 

Medina,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Sene-  of  the  French  sphere  who  formerly  owned  Ah- 

gal  river,  to  the  upper  Niger  has  been  built  as  madou's  despotic  sway  were  confirmed  in  their 

far  as  Bafoulabe,  94  miles.    The  exports  of  Sene-  allegiance  to  France  by  these  brilliant  victories, 

gal  are  ground-nuts,  gum,  India-rubber,  woods,  Nioro  and  Kaarta  were  restored  to  their  old 

and  skins.    There  were  1,600,000  acres  under  Bambara  chiefs.    The  French  force  numbered 

cultivation  in  1886.    The  value  of  the  imports  but  700  rifies,  but  the  artillery  detachment,  using 


FRANCE.  317 

melinite   shells,  rendered  it   irresistible.     The  to  punish  the  sayages  burned  a  village.    Farther 
chain  of  posts  between  Senegal  and  the  Niger  is  on  he  encountered  large  bands  of  hostile  sav- 
nearly  complete.    Later  operations  against  Ah-  ages,  and  on  May  10  the  expedition  was  surprised 
mftdoQ*s   vassal  Samory  cost  greater  sacrifices,  in  the  night,  many  were  killed,  all  fled  except 
several  French  officers  and  more  than  100  sol-  the  Sene^ese  soldiers,  and  the  leader,  painfully 
diers  being  wounded  at  the  taking  of  Dieina.  wounded,  retreated  with  the  remnant,  constantly 
If  French  dominion  is  to  be  established  on  the  fighting,  until  he  reached  the  friendly  tribe  of 
shore  of  Lake  Chad  it  can  not  wait  for  the  build-  the  Mokelos.    His  farthest  point  was  in  6"*  W 
ing  of  the  Trans-Sahara  Railroad,  which  will  run  of  north  latitude.    The  Lieutenant-Governor  at 
through  1,500  miles  of  desert  country  and  trav-  Konakry  in  1891  took  formal  possession  of  the 
erse  the  land  of  the  hostile  Tuaregs^  who  are  coast  from  St.  Andreas  to  Cavally,  nearly  200 
fanatical  and  irreconcilable  foes  of  Christianity,  miles,  asserting  that  it  has  been  French  territory 
In  the  winter  of  1890-*91  nine  expeditions  set  for  many  years  bv  virtue  of  long-existing  treaties, 
ont  from  various  points  on  the  west  coast  for  though  a  part  oi  it  has  long  been  claimed  by  the 
Lake  Chad.    The  most  important  was  that  of  Liberians.    The  murder  of  two  Frenchmen  by 
Paul  Crampel,  who  left  Gabun  with  the  obiect  of  the  blacks  of  Lahou,  on  the  Gold  Coast,  was 
exploring  the  unknown  regions  of  upper  Ubangi  avenged  in  May  by  a  small  expedition,  which 
and  Baghirmi,  and  establishing  by  right  of  prior  defeated  1,200   warriors   armed   with  modem 
discovery  and  by  treaty  the  desired  link  between  rifles.    The  French  authorities  deposed  Dinah 
the  French  Congo  and  the  Central  Soudan  to  the  Salifu,  King  of  the  Nalus,  who  visited  the  Paris 
east  of  Adamawa,  which  is  acknowledged  to  be  £x[>osition,  on  account  of  the  tyranny  and  ex- 
outside  the  French  sphere  and  is  left  to  be  con-  tortion  that  he  practiced  to  enable  him  to  imi- 
tended  for  or  divided  between  England  and  Ger-  tate  European  sovereigns, 
many.    The  interior,  behind  the  French,  English,  The  Spanish  Government  has  laid  claim  for 
and  German  possessions,  from  the  Congo  to  Lake  several  years  to  a  coast  line  of  about  100  miles 
Chad,  is  believed  to  be  one  of  the  most  desirable  from  the  Rio  Cam{K>s  to  Cape  Santa  Clara,  and. 
Darts  of  Africa,  and  its  situation  is  such  that  the  on  the  Hinterland  pnnciple,  to  an  area  of  about 
nrst  of  the  three  countries  participating  in  the  60,000  square  miles  on  the  River  Muni.    Spanish 
race  for  Lake  Chad  that  succeeds  in  conclud-  slave  traders  formerly  used  Corisco  Island  and 
ino^  treaties  with  the  native  chiefs  can  round  stations  on    the  opposite  coast  as  depots  for 
off  its  dominions  by  annexing  contiguous  dis-  slaves  to  be  shippea  across  the  Atlantic,  and  in 
tricts,  and  thus  cut  ofif  the  others  from  the  cen-  1848  the  local  cniefs  are  said  to  have  fonnerlv 
tral  part  of  the  continent.     The  aim  of  the  recognized  Spanish  sovereignty.     The  French 
French  was  to  annex  the  whole  basin  of  the  Government  conceded  the  right  of  Spain  to  a 
Shari,  including  Bomu  and  Baghirmi,  and  extend  small  patch  of  the  coast  around  Cape  St.  John 
the  Trans-Sahara  railroad  to  Brazzaville  by  way  and  to  Corisco  Island,  which  is  of  tittle  value, 
of  the  Mobangi  river.    Besides  the  Crampel  ex-  and  in  1891  a  joint  commission  met  in  Paris  for 
pedition,  one  under   M.  Ponel,  chief   of   the  the  purpose  of  determining  the  extent  of  terri- 
French  station  at  Bangui,  explored  the  right  tory  that  the  chiefs  had  the  right  to  transfer  to 
hank  of  the  Mobangi,  and  M.  Cholet's  explora-  Spain.    The  Spanish  Government  had  rejected  an 
tions  in  the  basin  of  the  Sanga  as  far  as  the  fourth  offer  of  the  French  to  submit  the  decision  to  the 
degree  of  north  latitude  were  continued  by  one  Pope  or  some  other  arbitrator.    There  was  little 
of  the  agents  of  the  Governor  of  the  French  expectation  of  an  agreement  of  the  joint  corn- 
Congo.    Lieut.  Mizon,  who  set  out  by  way  of  mission,  for  the  French  delegates,  while  willing 
the  Binne  for  the  purpose  of  concluding  treaties  to  concede  the  Elobey  Islands,  where  Spain  had 
with  chiefs  to  the  east  of  the  recognized  British  an  agent,  and  the  posts  actually  occupied,  would 
sphere  in  Sokoto,  was  prevented  from  accom-  not  admit  even  a  colorable  claim  to  the  territo- 
piishing  his  mission  by  the  officers  of  the  British  ries  on  the  Muni  and  Benito  rivers,  or  to  a 
Niger  Company,  whose  attitude  encouraged  the  Hinterland  that  would  deprive  France   of   a 
natives  to  attempt  to  assassinate  the  members  of  great  part  of  her  Congo  territorv.    In  the  ex- 
the  expedition,  and  who  first  detained  it  until  treme  north  Spain  disputed  the  French  claim  to 
the  river  was  too  low  for  the  French  steamer  to  the  desert  region  south  of  Morocco,  claiming  the 
navigate,  and  then  ^ve  permission  for  it  to  coast  and  240,000  square  miles,  including  the 
proceed  only  on  condition  that  it  should  not  go  route  of  the  proposed  Trans-Sahara  Railroad, 
by  land.    Two  other  expeditions  set  out  from  The  Gabun  and  Congo  territories,  which  are 
Senegal  for  the  upper  Niger  country.     Lieut,  administratively  distinct,  although  continuous, 
Crampers  expedition  consisted  of  6  white  men  have  a  total  area  of  267,900  square  miles,  and  a 
and  253  blacks.    It  followed  the  Mobangi  route,  population  estimated  at  186,500  for  Gabun  and 
reaching  Ban/?ui  on  Sept.  25, 1800.    The  people  500,000  for  the  French  Congo.    A  chain  of  27 
were  much  disturbed,  and  in  pushing  on  into  stations  extends  along  the  coast  and  up   the 
the  country  of  the  cannibals  he  had  many  des-  Igowe  into  the  Congo  region.    Besides  the  mili- 
perate  battles  with  the  natives.    He  explored  tary  there  are  800  Europeans.    The  exports  are 
the  tributaries  of  the  Mobangi  and  made  treaties  ivory,  palm  oil,  caoutchouc,  and  ebony.     The 
with  the  chiefs.    On  April  9,  while  an  expedi-  planting  of  sugar-cane,  vanilla,  coffee,  cotton, 
tion  under  M.  Dybowski  was  on  the  way  to  sup-  and  tolmcco  has  been  tried  experimentally.    For 
port  Crampel,  the  Crampel  party  was  attacked  the  development  of  production  and  trade  in  this 
jn  the  Matonga  country,  and  only  one  European,  region  ana  in  other  parts  of  West  Africa,  as  at 
M.  Nebout,  and  11  Senegalese  escaped  massacre.  Grand  Bassam  and  tne  French  Soudan,  the  Su- 
M.  Poumeau,  who  led  the  expedition  to  explore  perior  Council  for  the  Colonies,  organized  in 
the  Sanga  valley,  advanced  up  the  Likelle  tribu-  January,  1891,  recommended  the  system  of  char- 
tary  and  the  Sodi,  where  he  was  attacked,  and  tered  companies. 


318  GEORGIA. 

Ameriean  Colonies. — Besides  the  islands  of  lands.    There  is  a  dispute  with  Brazil  oonoem- 

Martinique  and  Guadaloupe  (see  West  Indies),  ing  an  area  much  greater  and  more  essential  to 
France  possesses  in  America  tne  small  islands  of  the  development  of  the  French  colony. 
St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon,  stations  reserved  for  Possessions  in  Oceanica.— In  the  Pacific 
the  Newfoundland  fisheries  when  the  French  Ocean  France  has  the  penal  colony  of  New  Cale- 
Canadian  possessions  were  ceded  to  England,  donia,  with  the  Loyalty  Islands  and  the  Society 
and  Frencn  Guiana  in  South  America.  The  Islands,  the  Marquesas,  Tuamotu,  Gambler,  and 
population  of  St.  Pierre  and  Miquelon  in  1887  Tubuai  groups,  and  to  the  west  of  Samoa  the 
was  6,992.  The  value  of  the  catch  of  cod  in  Wallis  and  Howe  islanda  New  Caledonia,  hav- 
1887  was  13,439,532  francs,  and  the  number  of  ing  an  area  of  7,700  square  miles,  with  a  popula- 
vessels  that  visited  the  islands  was  2,362.  The  tion  of  62,752,  including  3,476  soldiers  and  civU 
local  revenue  in  1890  was  439,586  francs;  the  officials  and  9,992  convicts,  is  under  the  ad- 
expenditure  of  the  French  Government  in  1891  ministration  of  a  eovemor  with  large  powers, 
was  348,332  francs.  The  expenditure  of  France  in  1891  was  3,066,* 
The  population  of  the  colony  of  Guiana  or  669  francs.  The  imports  in  1888  were  9.200,- 
Gayenne  m  1888  was  25,796;  the  area  is  46,850  000  francs,  and  the  exports  3,000,000  francs, 
square  miles.  There  are  about  4,400  convicts  in  Coffee,  cocoa-nuts,  cotton,  vanilla,  and  manioc 
confinement  or  at  large.  The  cost  of  the  colony  are  cultivated.  Nickel,  chromate  of  iron,  and 
to  France  in  1889  was  1,428,169  francs.  Since  cobalt  are  largely  exported.  The  most  im- 
1817  France  and  Holland  have  had  a  dispute  portant  product  is  nickel,  which  is  found  in 
about  the  limits  of  their  establishments  in  Gui-  over  two  fifths  of  the  area  of  the  island.  The 
ana.    The  matter  remained  in  abeyance  till  the  most  valuable  mines  can  not  now  be  worked  for 


Maroni  river  was  declared  the  boundary  up  to  hydrated  silicate  of  nickel  and  magnesia,  contain- 

its  source.    The  French  asserted  that  the  Tapa-  ing  from  8  to  16  per  cent  of  the  metaL    There 

nahony  was  the  upper  course  of  the  Maroni,  were  5,000  tons  of  this  ore  exported  in  1890, 

while  the  Dutch  held  that  the  Aoua  was.    This  besides  1,500  tons  of  chrome  and  700  tons  of 

part  of  Guiana  passed  into  the  possession  of  cobalt.    The  export  of  the  nickel  ore  is  rapidly 

Portugal,  and  in  1815  was  ceded  back  to  France,  increasing.    The  supphr  is  believed  to  be  mex- 

The  Dutch  had  military  posts  on  the  Aoua  in  haustible.    Next  to  New  Caledonia,  the  most 

the  latter  part  of  the  last  century,  the  French  important  islands  subject  to  France  are  Tahiti, 

authorities  have  often  recognized  the  responsi-  area  412  square  miles,  and   Moorea,  area  50 

bility  of  the  Dutch  for  the  behavior  of  tne  ne-  square  miles,  in  the  Society  Archipelago.    Their 

groes  settled  on  the  disputed  territory,  and  in  population  is  12,800.    The  exports  consist  of 

1861  the  evidence  presented  to  a  mixed  commis-  copra,  cotton,  sugar,  coffee,  and  pearl  shells, 

sion  was  on  favor  of  the  claim  that  the  Aoua  The  exports  to  the  United  States  m  1889  were 

forms  the  upper  course  of  the  MaronL    On  these  $200,000  in  value,  about  two  fifths  of  the  total 

grounds  the  Emperor  Alexander,  in  delivering  imports,  and  the  imports  from  the  United  States 

his  decision  on  May  25,  1891,  awarded  the  whole  were  valued  at  more  $380,000,  constituting  two 

territory  between  the  two  rivers  to  che  Nether-  thirds  of  the  total. 

G 

GEORGIA,  a  Southern  State,  one  of  the  substantially  unchanged  during  the  year.    In 

original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution  Jan,  consequence  of  the  large  appropriations  made  by 

2, 1788;  area,  59,475  square  miles.    The  popula-  the  Legislature,  the  rate  of  State  taxation  for 

tion,  according  to  each  decennial  census,  was  82,-  the  year  was  raised  to  $5.08  on  each  $1,000,  the 

548  in  1790;  162,686  in  1800;  252,433  in  1810;  highest  rate  levied  since  the  civil  war.    Of  this 

840,985  in  1820 ;  516,823  in  1830 ;   691,392  in  total,  $8.50  on  each  $1,000  was  levied  for  gen- 

1840 ;    906,185    in    1850 ;    1,057,286    in    1860 ;  eral  purposes,  $1.33i  for  schools,  and  24|  cents 

1,184,109  in  1870;  1,542,180  in  1880;  1,837,353  for  the  sinking  fund.    The  toUl  rate  for  1890 

in  1890.    Capital,  Atlanta.  was  $3.96  on  each  $1,000.    The  assessed  valua- 

Goremment.— The  following  were  the  State  tion  of  property  in  the  State  for  1891  exceeds 

officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  William  J.  $400,000,000. 

Northen,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  State,  Philip  Edaeatioii.~The  latest  report  of  the  State 
Cook ;  Comptroller-General,  William  A.  Wright ;  School  Commissioner  contains  the  following  pub- 
Treasurer,  Kobert  U.  Hardeman ;  Attorney-  lie-school  statistics  for  the  school  year  ending  in 
General,  George  N.  Lester;  Commissioner  of  July,  1890:  Number  of  white  schools,  4,529; 
Agriculture,  Robert  T.  Nesbitt ;  State  School  number  of  colored  schools,  2.286 ;  schools  under 
Commissioner,  S.  D.  Brad  well;  Railroad  Com-  local  laws,  232;  white  pupils  enrolled,  230,595; 
missioners,  Allen  Fort,  L.  N.  Trammell,  and  colored  pupils  enrolled,  150,702;  total  enioll- 
James  W.  Robertson ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su-  ment,  white  and  colored,  381,297^  average  daily 
preme  Court,  Logan  E.  Bleckley ;  Associate  Jus-  attendance,  white  and  colored,  240,790 ;  total 
tices,  Thomas  J.  Simmons  and  Samuel  Lumpkin,  expenditures  for  school  purposes,  $1,190,353.91 ; 

Finances.~The  bonded  State  debt,  which  teachers'  wages,  $998,575.04 ;  average  length  of 

amounted  to  $8,261,340  on  Jan.  1,  remained  school  year,  four  months;  the  total  population 


of  school  &ge,  660^1.  The  State  School  fund 
for  IS90  amounted  to  |G43,420.14,  derived  from 
the  following  sources:  From  tax  on  eicesa  of 
tuoble  propertv  over  |360,000.000,  $50,575.90; 
wnount  received  from  school-tax  levj,  |330,000 ; 
half  rental  of  State  milrood,  9150,000;  dividend 
Georgia  rulroad  slock,  $2,046;  tax  on  liquor 
dealers,  $71,861.80;  net  fees  from  inspectuis  of 
fertilizers,  ^17,4S1.15;  hire  of  Stat«  convicts, 
$17,417:29;  tax  on  shows,  $5,248.  Of  the  total 
land,  the  sum  of  $638,956.05  was  apportioned  to 
the  various  counties  for  the  support  of  Bchools. 
There  was  collected  in  the  several  counties  from 
poll  taies  $193,757.61,  which  is  also  applied  for 
the  support  of  schools,  and  $419,038.86  was  raised 
bj  the  local  authorities  tor  the  same  purpose, 
Dulcing  the  total  sura  raised  in  the  State  for 
schools  during  the  jear  $1,251,452.55,  Recent 
State  legislation  has  been  favorable  to  public- 
school  interests. 

PopnlKtlon  bj  RMea.— The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 
eral census: 


WBira 

ODIOHU.. 

•AJUKllU. 

1800. 

lUO. 

ISM). 

1B80. 

t,KO 

M,aio 

& 

IS 

e.SM 

U3B0 

g 

li 

i 

T,*S 
n,M8 

i 

I'es 

i 

"i 

T>JS1 
t02S 

s,os(t 

Iti 

B 

l.»M 

li 
ss 

1,118 

i 

WW 

g 
SS 

it.wo 

B.M9 

8.(«7 
l!i.G!5 
MM 

'ffl 

I0,8M 

M3i 

B^ 

1.T9S 

IS 
K 

8,0« 

i.tss 

8,ROT 

WW 
1.!«0 

•■s 

l,B<t 

asr.'::: :::.:::;: 

8«0 

g«J;«*« 

1,M8 

is 

te-'-;;:;:;: 

KS! 

WBin. 

OOUBID. 

WU.    1 

ISM. 

1880. 

ISMk 

1880. 

3.SS0 
*,6M 

^90T 

0^ 

4,BM 

T,!16« 

i>ia 

*,1*B 
llBl 

T.M1 

{S 

e.410 

I 

s 

li 

Sen 

10,«! 
«,SM 

4,0M 
Ml» 
T.OIB 
9.80! 
4JM 
•.876 

I,OM 

1 1. til 

ffi 

«.o» 
n.8M 

10.!18 

M8a 

4.1  M 

1 

6,(iTS 
11,018 

18,040 
G.H4 

1*13 

i.m 

IS 
li 

8,681 
MIS 

ta 
IS 

».Me 
IS 

Is 

li 

6,014 
siOM 

1 

USl 

sjas 

«.'8!1 

B,oia 

4,089 
4.1M 

Bl«,Mfl 

'iofo 

1,C&4 

S^I46 

i!.iba 

1,146 
lO^SSO 

Sooo 

1«]hS8 
!,1U 

8^618 
in,ssB 
1.816 

S.eO! 
B,SM 

b.m 
t.m 

],6?iJ 
l!.«.i8 

I^4^s 

*'8M 

i;m6 

I.MS 

a 
'H 

S.KB 
4.0^ 

1^080 
18.698 

1.96i 

1 
'II 

];£« 

s^sei 

"« 

^r^s 

loim 

I.t4B 
7,880 
4^ 

KJ:::::;::::::::. 

6,681 

ijajdt^:::::: ::;:;: 

146 

Se= 

o^en 

^:':-::E: 

IJi8>l 

TbeBtM* 

«TS.4ei 

888,118 

nB.iM 

320  GEORGIA. 

Legrlslatlre   Session.— The  adjourned  ses-  Tides  that  it  shall  be  unlawful  for  insurance 

sion  of  the  State  Legislature  began  early  in  July  companies  doing  business  in  the  State  to  form 

and  continued  through  Oct.  15.    Although  her-  pools  or  combinations  for  the  purpose  of  lessen- 

alded  as  a  reform  Legislature  and  controlled  by  mg  or  defeating  competition,  and  that  if  any 

the  Farmer's  Alliance  in  both  Houses,  it  exceeded  insurance  company  or  its  agents  enter  into  sued 

all  of  its  predecessors  in  the  amount  of  its  ap-  a  combination  or  pool,  when  it  shall  be  made  to 

propriatioiis.    The  total  sum  appropriated  was  so  appear  to  the  insurance  commissioners,  the 

f  2,448,100,  distributed  as  follows :  Soldiers*  pen-  license  of  such  company  shall  be  reyoked. 

sions,    $185,000;    widows'    pensions,  $400,000;  Jhe  law  further  proyides  that  if  any  company 

Common-school  fund,  $585,000 ;    settlement  of  shall  refuse  to  take  a  risk,  or  increase  the  rate 

Western  and  Atlantic    Railroad    betterments,  of  any  risk,  or  charge  an  apparently  exorbitant 

$120,000;   expenses  of  eoyernment,  $920,000;  rate,  the  person  owning  such  risk  may  make 

Girls'  Industrial  School,  $32,500 ;  Technological  complaint  to  the  insurance  commissioner.     If  it 

School,  $18,000 ;  miscellaneous,  $187,500.    It  be-  is  found  on  inyestigation  that  the  increased  rate 

came  necessary,  in  consequence  of  these  appro-  or  the  refusal  of  a  risk  or  the  exorbitant  charge 

priations,  to  add  1^  mill  to  the  State  tax  leyy  for  is  due  to  any  combination  to  lessen  or  defeat 

general  purposes  for  1891.  competition  m  which  the  company  complained 

A  noteworthy  result  of  the  session  was  the  of  is  a  party,  then  such  company's  license  is  to 

passage  of  an  act  requiring  steam  railroad  com-  be  reyoKed. 

panics  to  proyide  separate  compartments  for  the  Proyision  was  made  for  diptributing  the  sum 

white  and  colored  races  in  all  passenger  cars,  receiyed  by  the  State  from  the  Federal  Govem- 

Efforts  were   made  without  success  to  impose  ment  as  a  refund  of  the  direct-tax  leyy  to  the 

the  same  rec^^^uirements  upon  electric  street-rail-  persons  who  originally  paid  the  tax,  or  to  their 

way  companies.    But  conductors  on  street  cars  heirs.    An  offer  to  transfer  Rock  College,  near 

were  given  police  powers  and  authorized  to  as-  Athens,  to  the  State,  to  be  used  as  a  norm^ 

sign  all  passengers  to  their  seats.  college,  was  accepted,  and  the  college  was  estab- 

Three  important  amendments  to  the   State  lished  as  a  branch  of  the  State  Uniyersity.    It 

Constitution  were  proposed  for  submission  to  occupies  10  acres  of  land  and  has  a  yearly  in- 

the  people  at  the  election  of  1892.    One  of  these  come  of  $1,000  from  funds  left  by  the  founder, 

repeals  the  section  requiring  charters  of  rail-  ex-Goy.  Gilmer. 

roads,  banks,  insurance  companies,  etc.,  to  be  As  a  result  of  long  discussion  and  a  persistent 

granted  by  the  Legislature,  and  provides  that  effort  to  secure  a  declaration  by  the  Legislature 

they  shall  be  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  favor  of  the  Ocala  platform  of  the  National 

pursuant  to  general  fixed  laws  to  be  enacted.  Farmers*  Alliance,  the  following  resolution  was 

This  reform  wil  1  red u ce  by  one  half  the  nu mber  of  passed : 

bills  to  be  considered  at  each  legislative  session.  •  ^hat  our  Scnatois  and  Bepresentatives  in  Congress 

In  the  same  hue  of  reform  an  act  was  Mssed  i,e,  and  they  are  hereby,  requested  to  use  their  ihflu- 

requirmg  all  towns  of  fewer  than  2,000  mhabit-  ence  and  votes  to  secure  legislation  which  will  cor- 

ants  to  obtain  their  charters  and  amendments  rect  the  evils  complained  orby  the  National  Farmers* 

thereto  from  the  courts  instead  of  from  the  Leg-  Alliance  and  InduBtrial   Union  in   oonver^tion   at 

islature.    The  two  other  constitutional  amend-  Ocah^  Fla.,  and  the  evils   complained  of  by  the 

ments  provide  for  annual  sessions  of  the  Legisla-  I>emocratic  partv,  especially  those  that  relate  to  the 

ture,  limited  to  fifty  days  each.    By  another  act  P^^^,         '    <»°<^^o°  "^^  **"^^«^  ^^  ^«  «^^- 
the  Supreme  Court  was  required  to  hear  all 

cases  brought  to  that  tribunal  upon  their  sub-  ^^^«r  '^^  o^  ^^o  session  were  as  follow: 

stantial  merits,  and  was  forbid£}n  to  dismiss  To  require  common  carriers  to  receive  live  stock 

cases  upon  mere  technical  defects.    Telegraph  for  transportation. 

and  express  companies  were  placed  under  con-  To  provide  for  honorable  retirement  of  commis- 

trol  of  the  Railroad  Commission.  sioned  oflicere 

A  radical  change  was  made  in  the  rules  of  ^.  To  regulate  the  business  of  building  and  loan  asso- 

evidence.     Under  the  old  law,  if  a  party  did  not  To  prescribe  conditions  under  which  long-range 

choose  voluntarily  to  testify  in  his  case,  he  could  fire-arms  shall  be  carried. 

not  be  compelled  by  the  other  party  unless  the  To  prescribe  how  payment  of  pensions  shall  be 

latter  made  him  his  (the  latter  s)  own  witness,  made. 

The  new  law  allows  either  party  to  call  the  other  To  nxjuiro  railroad,  street  ndlroad,  and  telegraph 

to  the  stand  and  cross-examine  him  and  impeach  c?rap«nies  and  other  corporations  to  ^ve  their  em- 

him  if  necessary,  as  if  he  had  testified  in  his  P^il^?i,T.°nV^.T?^^^^^                               fn.  fh. 

**,j              1..                    .          ,.  lo  maxe  appropnaUons  for  IStsto  expenses  for  the 

own  behalf.    Primary  elections  were  brought  fiscal  year  lin-42,  and  to  provide  thit  the  revenue 

under  the  protection  or  the  law  by  punishing  derived  fVom  the  excess  of  taxable   property  over 

fraud  and  false  swearing  therein.    The  liquor  $415,000,000  up  to  $445,000,000  shall  be  appropriated 

traffic  was  practically  driven  within  city  walls  to  the  School  rund. 

by  an  act  prohibiting  the  sale  of  intoxicating  To  create  a  game  law  for  the  State, 

liquor  within  three  mUes  of  a  church  or  a  school  ^o  set  apart  Labor  Day  as  a  legal  holiday, 

outside  of  cities.    Two  bills  were  passed  for  the  Coal.— In  the  northwestern  counties  of  Georgia 

benefit  of  labor,  one  to  prevent  "  blacklisting "  an  area  of  about  200  square  miles  is  underlaid 

of  employ^,  the  other  to  prevent  railroads  from  by  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Appalachian  coal 

requiring  engineers  and  trainmen  to  work  more  field  near  its  southern  extremity,  embracing  por- 

than  thirteen  consecutive  hours  without  rest.  tions  of  Dade  and  Walker  Counties.    The  coal  is 

An  act  designed  to  destroy  the  Southwestern  semi-bituminous,  and  yields  a  fair  quality  of 

Tariff  Association,  so  called,  which  was  regarded  coke.    The  only  important  mining  operations 

as  a  combination  to  control  insurance  rates,  pro-  are  at  Coal  City,  in  Dade  County.    In  North 


GERMANY.  821 

Carolina  coal  deposits  exist  in  Stokes  and  Rock-  was  10,145,877,  or  21.7  per  cent  of  the  total  popu- 
iagham  Counties  along  Dan  river,  and  in  Chat-  lation,  and  the  number  of  ballots  cast  was  7,2ol,- 
ham  and  Moore  Counties  in  the  valley  of  Deep  659,  or  71 '6  per  cent,  of  the  total  number  of 
river.  Only  one  company  is  mining  coal  on  a  ■  qualified  electors.  The  Bundesrath  and  Reichs- 
commercial  basis  in  that  State.  For  1889  the  tag  are  convoked  annually  by  the  Emperor,  who 
coal  product  of  Dade  County,  Georgia,  and  Chat-  has  the  right  to  prorogue  Parliament,  and  may 
ham,  and  Stokes  Counties,  North  Carolina,  was  dissolve  the  Reicnstag  with  the  consent  of  the 
226,156  tons,  worth  on  an  average  $1.50  a  ton  at  Bundesrath.  Without  its  consent  he  may  not 
the  mines.  The  total  number  of  employ^  in  adjourn  the  Reichstag  for  more  than  thirty  days, 
1889  in  these  counties,  including  office  force,  was  and  in  the  event  of  a  dissolution  new  elections 
740,  to  whom  was  paid  in  wages  $265,464.  The  must  be  held  within  sixty  days,  and  the  new 
number  of  acres  owned  in  these  counties  was  Reichstag  be  convoked  within  ninety  days.  All 
20,733,  and  the  value  of  mines  and  improve-  legislative  measures  must  receive  an  ali^olute 
ments  $724,500.  majoritv  vote  in  the  Bundesrath  and  the  Reichs- 
GERXANYy  an  empire  in  central  Europe,  tag,  ana  received  the  Emperor's  assent  and  be 
constituted  at  the  close  of  the  Franco-German  countersigned  by  the  Chancellor  of  the  Empire. 
War,  when  the  states  of  the  North  German  Con-  The  Emperor  is  Wilhelm  II,  bom  Jan.  27, 
federation,  the  Kingdoms  of  Bavaria  and  WQrt-  1859,  eldest  son  of  Friedreich,  whom  he  succeeded 
emberg,  and  the  Grand  Duchies  of  Hesse  and  as  King  of  Prussia  and  German  Kaiser  on  June 
Baden  invited  the  King  of  Prussia  to  assume  15, 1688.  The  Chancellor  of  the  Empire  is  Gen. 
the  dignit)r  of  German  Emperor.  The  Empire  Georg  von  Capri vi,  bom  in  1831,  who  succeeded 
was  oroclaimed  at  Versailles  on  Jan.  18,  1871,  Prince  Otto  von  Bismarck  on  March  20,  1890. 
and  tne  Constitution,  by  the  terms  of  which  the  The  Secretaries  of  State,  who  act  independently 
states  of  Germany  entered  into  a  *'  perpetual  of  each  other  under  the  supervision  of  the  Chan- 
union  for  the  protection  of  the  Reich  and  the  cellor,  were  in  the  beginning  of  1891  as  follow : 
welfare  of  the  German  people,'*  was  promul-  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Freiherr  Marschall 
gated  on  April  16, 1871.  The  DeOtscher  Kaiser  Bieberstein ;  Imperial  Home  Office  and  Repre- 
or  German  Emperor  is  the  Kriegaherr  or  lord  of  sentative  of  the  Chancellor,  Dr.  von  B5tticner ; 
military  forces,  and  has  power  to  make  alliances  Imperial  Admiralty,  Herr  Hollman ;  Secretary 
and  treaties,  to  declare  war,  and  conclude  peace,  ana  Admiral,  Freiherr  vender  Goltz,  Com  mander- 
except  in  an  aggressive  war  he  must  have  the  in-Chief;  Ministry  of  Justice,  Herr  von  OehlschlO- 
consent  of  the  Federal  Council.  In  all  intema-  ger :  Imperial  Treasury,  Freiherr  von  Maltzahn ; 
tional  relations  he  can  act  without  consulting  Post-office,  Dr.  von  Stephen ;  Railroads,  Herr 
the  other  German  princes,  and  all  diplomatic  von  Maybach ;  Imperial  Exchequer,  Herr  von 
representatives  are  accredited  by  him.  The  chief  StUnzner ;  Invalid  Fund,  Dr.  Michaelis;  Impcr- 
imperial  functionary  is  the  Chancellor.  The  ial  Bank,  Dr.  Koch;  Debt  Commission,  Herr 
legislative  power  in  matters  concerning  the  mill-  Meinicke. 

tary  and  naval  forces,  finances,  commerce,  domi-  Area  and  Popalatlon. — The  area  of  the  Em- 

cile,  communications,  and  justice  is  exercised  pire  is  211,168  square  miles.    The  population  on 

by  the  Federal  Council  jointly  with  the  Reichs-  Dec.  1,  1885,  was  46,865,704    The  preliminary 

tag.     The  Federal  Council  or  Bundesrath  is  retums  of  the  census  of  the  empire,  taken  on 

composed  of  58  members,  of  whom  17  are  pleni-  Dec.  1, 1890,  make  the  total  population  49,420,- 

potentiaries  of  Prussia,  6  of  Bavaria,  4  of  Sax-  842  persons,  of  whom  29,957,302  are  Prassians. 

ony,  4  of  WQrtemberg,  3  of  Baden,  3  of  Hesse,  The  number  of  marriages  in  1888  was  376,654 ; 

8  of  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  2  of  Branswick,  and  the  number  of  births  was  1,828,879,  of  which 

1  one  of  the  other  states  and  free  cities  forming  169,645  were  illegitimate ;  the  number  of  deaths 

the  empire,  nominated  by  the  chiefs  of  the  Gov-  was  1,209,798.    Of  the  children  born,  940,917 

emment  in  each  state.    The  Reichstag  or  Ger-  were  boys  and  887,461  girls.    The  emigration  in 

man  Parliament  contains  897  deputies,  elected  1889  was  96,032  persons,  of  whom  90,197  were 

for  five  years  by  the  direct  suffrage  of  all  citi-  bound  for  the  United  States,  2,412  for  Brazil, 

zens  twenty-five  years  of  age.    The  Constitution  2,243  for  other  American  countries,  496  for  Aus- 

was  modified  by  the  law  of  March  19,  1888,  tralia,  422  for  Africa,  and  262  for  Africa.    The 

which  made  the  legislative  period  from  1890  five  number  of  persons  who  emigrated  in  1890  by 

vears  instead  of  three.    The  members  of  the  way   of    German  ports — Antwerp,  Rotterdam, 

iBundesrath  are  appointed  for  each  session.  Prus-  and  Amsterdam — was  91,925,  of  whom  59,702 

sia  elects  236  members  to  the  Reichstag,  Bavaria  were  from  Pmssia,  9,725  from  Bavaria,  5,987 

48,  Saxony  23,  Wllrtemberg  17,  Alsace-Lorraine  from  Wfirtemberg,  8,546  from  Baden,  2,577  from 

15,  Baden  14,  Hesse  9,  Mecklenburg-Schwerin  6,  Saxony,  2,122  from  Hesse,  and  the  rest  from  the 

01denburg3,  Saxe- Weimar  3,  Brunswick  3,  Ham-  minor  states.    Including  those  who  shipped  at 

burg  3,  &xe-Meiningen  2,  Anhalt  2,  Saxe-Co-  French  ports,  the  emigration  in  1890  was  about 

burg-Gotha2,  Mecklenburj^-Strelitz  1,  Saxe-Al-  97.700.    The  population  of  Berlin  in  1890  was 

tenburg  1,  Waldeck  1,  Lippe  1,  Schwarzburg-  1,579,244;    of  Hamburg,  570,534;    of  Leipsic, 

Rudolstadt  1,  Schwarzburg  -  Sondershausen   1,  293,525;  of  Munich,  348.317;  of  Breslau,  335,- 

Reuss-Schleiz    1,  Schaumburg-Lippe  1,  Reuss-  174;  of  Cologne,  289,537:  of  Dresden,  276,085;  of 

Greiz  1,  Lfibeck  1,  and  Bremen  1.    The  Deputies  Magdeburg,  201,913 ;  of  Frankfort-on-the-Main, 

receive  no  pay.    The  Emperor  can  not  veto  meas-  179,660;  of  Hanover,  163,100;   of  KOnigsberg, 

ures  passed  by  the  Reichstag  and  Bundesrath.  151,151.    Including  the  suburbs,  Hamburg,  with 

Alsace-Lorraine  is  represented  in  the  Bundcs-  570,534  inhabitants,  is  the  second  city  in  the 

rath  by  four  commissioners  appointed  by  the  empire,  and  Leipsic,  with  355,485,  takes  the  third 

Statthalter,  who  have  no  votes.    At  the  general  place.    There  were  in  1871  only  8  cities  of  more 

election  of  1890  the  number  of  registered  voters  than  100,000  inhabitants,  and  in  1890  there  were 

vou  XXXI. — 21  A 


322 


GERxMANY. 


26.  During  six  years  the  population  of  Berlin  had 
increased  8-65  per  cent,  and  that  of  the  other  25 
cities  2*83  per  cent.  The  urban  population  in 
1885  constituted  36-1  per  cent.,  of  the  total  in. 
1871 ;  in  1885  the  proportion  had  risen  to  43-7 
per  cent. ;  and  in  1891  it  was  47*8  per  cent. 

Finances. — The  imperial  revenue  is  derived 
from  customs,  certain  excise  duties,  stamps,  and 
the  post-office,  telegraphs,  and  state  rauroads. 
For  the  year  ending  March  31, 1891,  the  ordinary 
military  and  naval  expenditures  were  482,691,000 
marks  (1  mark  =  24  cents),  the  extraordinary 
expenditures  were  279,246,000  marks,  the  debt 
charges  were  46,623,000  marks,  and  the  general 
expenses  of  the  Government  were  451,777,000 
marks.    The  total  revenue  for  the  year  ending 
March  31,  1892,  was  estimated  at  1,130,645,888 
marks,  of  which  588,996,140  marks  are  derived 
from  customs  and  excise,  34,506,000  marks  from 
stamp  duties,  23,790,807  marks  from  posts  and 
telegraphs,  20,298,500  marks  from  railroads,  2,- 
691,700  marks  from  the  Imperial  Bank,  1,185,300 
marks  from  the  Government  printing  office,  8,- 
739,719  marks  from  receipts  of  the  various  de- 
partments, 3,128,955  marks  from  various  other 
sources,  441,600  marks  from  interest  on  imperial 
funds,  24,453,293  marks  from  interest  on  the  In- 
valid fund,  98.790.369  marks  from  extraordinary 
sources,  and  322,623,505  marks  from  matricular 
contributions  or  assessments  on  the  states  of  the 
empire  for  the  difference  between  the  estimated 
receipts  and  expenditure.    Of  the  total  expen- 
diture, 390,025  marks  are  appropriated  for  the 
Keichstag,  148,260  marks  for  tne  Chancellery, 
9,161,415  marks  for  foreign  affairs,  16,221,098 
for  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  412,550,954 
marks  for  the  army,  42,818,633  marks  for  the 
navy,  1,956,156  marks  for  the  Ministry  of  Justice, 
336,216,420  marks  for  the  Treasury  Department, 
304,090  for  the  Ministrv  of  Railways,  53,861,500 
marks  for  the  service  of  the  debt,  607,583  marks 
for  the  Audit  Office,  40,905,640  marks  for  pensions, 
25,453,293  marks  for  the  Invalid  fund,  540,000 
marks  for  increase  of  salaries,  and  189,510,821 
marks  for  extraordinary  purposes.    The  extraor- 
dinary expenditure  includes  71,803,510  marks 
for  the  army,  51,062,150  marks  for  the  navy,  30,- 
700,000  marks  for  the  Interior  Department,  and 
10,242,500  marks  for  the  debt. 

The  funded  debt  in  the  beginning  of  1890 
amounted  to  976,502,000  marks.  To  meet  extraor- 
dinary expenditures  a  further  loan  of  257,007,- 
000  marks  was  authorized.  The  unfunded  debt 
represented  by  treasury  bills  was  126.552,405 
marks  on  March  31,  1889.  The  Invalid  fund  at 
that  date  amounted  to  476,649.024  marks,  3,459,- 
450  Frankfort  florins,  and  5,563.462  silver  marks. 
Of  the  Fortification  fund,  138,548  marks  were  un- 
expended, and  the  fund  for  the  erection  of  the 
Reichstag  building  amounted  to  16,520,453  marks. 
The  war  treasure  saved  from  the  French  indem- 
nity and  hoarded  in  the  fortress  of  Spandau  is 
120,000,000  marks  in  gold  coin.  On  Feb.  20, 
1891,  the  books  were  opened  for  a  new  imperial 
loan  of  200,000,000  marks,  and  for  Prussian  con- 
sols to  the  amount  of  250,000.000  marks. 

The  budgets  of  the  several  German  states,  with 
their  debts,  incurred  mainlv  for  railroad  con- 
struction, are  given,  in  maris,  in  the  foUowini? 
table,  the  figures  relating  in  most  cases  to  1891 
and  in  others  to  the  year  before : 


STATES. 


IUt«dm. 


AlMoe-Loimlne . . , 

AnhAlt , 

Baden  

BftvarlA , 

Bremeo , 

Branswick , 

Hamburg 

HesM , 

Llppe , 

Ltibeck 


Mecklenbniv- 

Schweiin 

Mecklenburg 

Str«iiti. 

Oldenbuig 

Prubala. 

Beuss-Greix 

KeaBS-Schleix. 

e«Axe- Alteoborg 

baxe-Cobnrg  and 

Goth* 

8axe-Meinlngen . . . 

8axe- Weimar 

Saxony 

Bcbaamburg-Lippe . 
8ch  waxtbarg- Budol- 

stadt. 

Schwanbxurg'&on- 

derahauaen 

Waldeck 

WQrtembeig 


46,475,486 

10,610,000 

50,14^4.56 

280,291,642 

16,216,500 

12,106,000 

51,528,200 

21,8S4,025 

1,038,809 

8,4:«,816 

10,489,450 


784,400 

820,816 

1,187,810 

60,781,640 


EzpoMUti 


44,869.546 

10,610,000 

49.150,612 

280,291.642 

29,580,700 

12,106,000 

52,865,800 

21,701,060 

1.088,299 

8,459,816 

10,489,450 


7,660.810 
1,591,678,942 
1.081,778 
l,ni,2lf0 
8,822,554 

8,177,850 
1,501,678,942 

i,oei,ns 

1,754,841 
8,882,589 

1,647,800 

6.898,780 

7.696,040 

40,810,207 

765,062 

2,074.408 

5,7l6,t*90 

7.696,040 

46,810.207 

765,062 

784,400 

820,816 

1.187,810 

61,040,980 


OcbL 


2^80l<•>ft0 

2,2fja.si<i 

880,<>47>4 

1,«8S,814,7T6 

66^625.200 

26,129.671 

28«,767,7«4 

85,69.V^'t> 

810.3<i9 

18,947,667 

40,828,042 

6,000,000 

87.61«.5»^7 

5,204.724,261 

2 1 8,7.^0 

i,a40.&r<o 

911,678 

8,408,76$ 
12,768,661 

5,844,565 

647,S8a900 

510,000 

4,271,200 

2.46S.449 

«.229.9<»o 
480,781,605 


The  Army. — Every  German  capable  of  bear- 
ing arms  may  be  callea  upon  to  do  service  in  the 
standing  army  for  seven  vears.  He  may  be  sum- 
moned at  the  age  of  eighteen,  but  as  a  rule  his 
service  begins  after  he  nas  passed  his  twentieth 
year.  He  serves  three  years  in  the  active  army, 
and  for  the  remaining  four  he  belongs  to  the  re- 
serve of  the  active  army.  For  the  next  five  years 
he  may  be  called  upon  to  serve  in  the  first  ban 
of  the  iiandwehr,  and  for  seven  more  in  the  second 
ban.  The  Liandsturm  embraces  all  physically 
competent  men  between  the  ages  of  seventeen 
and  forty-five  who  are  inscribed  in  the  standing 
army,  the  Ersatz  troops,  or  the  Landwehr ;  and 
it  is  divided  into  two  bans,  the  first  of  which 
consists  of  those  under,  and  the  second  of  those 
over,  the  age  of  thirty-nine.  The  Landstunn 
can  not  be  called  upon  to  serve  beyond  the  front- 
iers. The  conscripts  are  chosen  by  lot  from  the 
300,000  or  more  aole-bodied  men  who  arrive  an- 
nually at  the  age  for  entering  the  army.  All 
who  are  not  drawn  for  the  active  army  are  en- 
rolled in  the  Ersatz  troops  for  twelve  years,  and 
then  pass  into  the  Landsturm.  A  part  of  the 
Ersatz  men  receive  twenty  weeks  of  militanr 
training.  About  8,000  young  men  are  admitted 
to  the  army  every  year  as  volunteers,  who  are 
released  from  further  active  service  on  serving 
for  one  year,  if  they  conform  to  the  required  in- 
tellectual requirements  and  pay  their  own  ex- 
penses. On  passing  examinations,  one-year  vol- 
unteers may  become  commissioned  officers.  The 
non-commissioned  officers  are  taken  by  prefer- 
ence from  among  the  soldiers  who  have  shown 
capability,  and  for  adequate  pay  are  willing  to 
adopt  the  military  life  as  a  profession.  Intelli- 
gence and  good  conduct  earn  for  men  of  the  regu- 
lar armv  an  indefinite  leave  of  absence  after  two 
years  or  active  service. 

The  standing  army  is  organized  territorially  in 
19  army  corns:  First,  East  Prussia;  Second, 
Pomera'nia ;  Third,  Brandenburg ;  Fourth,  Sax- 
ony; Fifth,  Posen;  Sixth,  Silesia;  Seventh, 
Westphalia ;  Eighth,  Khineland ;  Ninth,  Schles- 


GERMANY.  323 

▼ig-Holstein ;  Tenth,  Hanover ;  Eleventh,  Hesse-  the  intelligence  department  of  the  British  army  in 

Nassau ;  Twelfth,  Saxony ;  Thirteenth,  WQrtem-  1888  gives  the  following  estimate  of  the  strength 

berg;  Fourteenth,  Baden;   Fifteenth,  Alsace;  and  distribution  of  the  entire  army  when  mobil- 

Sixteenth,  Lorraine ;  Seventeenth,  West  Prussia ;  Ized  for  war,  exclusive  of  surgeons  and  other 

and  the  First  and  Second  Bavarian  corps.    In  non-combatants :    Active  field  armv,  22,877  offi- 

addition,  there  are  the  Pnissian  corps  of  the  cers  and  042,408  rank  and  file,  witn  2,028  field 

Guards  and  the  Hessian  division,  which  is  to  be  guns  and  280,472  horses :  reserves,  9,536  ofiScers 

strengthened  to  form  the  Twenty-first  Corps  in  and  354,915  rank  and  file,  with  648  guns  and 

case  of  war.    The  Bavarian  troops,  and  in  a  less  72,963  horses ;  garrison  troops,  16,209  officers  and 

degree  those  of  Wtlrtemberg  and  Saxony,  have  868,627  rank  and  file,  with  882  field  guns  and 

an  independent  administration,  which  is  more  86.324  horses.    The  grand  total  is  48,122  officers, 

formal  than  real,  for  the  Kaiser  appoints  all  2,165,950  trained  soldiers,  7,602  surgeons,  12,957 

superior  officers  and  exercises  a  sufficient  de-  other  officials,  439,759  horses,  3,558  field  guns, 

gree  of  5uper%ision  to  secure  cohesion  and  effi-  and  58,716  other  carriages.    This  does  not  in- 

ciency.  elude  the  railroad  troops  and  other  special  serv- 

The  strength  of  the  standing  army  in  1890  was  ices  nor  the  Landsturm.    The  latter,  which  is 

as  follows :  171  regiments  of  infantry,  with  10,-  available  in  case  of  invasion  only,  is  estimated  at 

412  officers  and  310,069  men ;  21  battalions  of  700,000  effective  troops. 

rifles,  with  446  officers  and  11,785  men;   277  The  German  service  rifle  is  a  multiple-loader 

Landwehr  district  commands,  with  462  officers  rather  than  a  magazine  weapon,  and  can  not  be 

and  4,862  men,  and  2,174  surgeons,  instructors,  used  as  a  single  loader.    The  charge  of  five  car- 

etc.;  making  the  total  infantry  force  11,320  offi-  tridges  is  contained  in  a  metal  case,  and  tJie 

cers  and  328,890  men ;  93  regmients  of  cavalir,  breech  block  must  be  worked  to  bring  each 

with  2,351  officers  and  64,162  men,  besides  848  cartridge  into  place.    The  arrangement  of  the 

officers  and  men  detailed  for  special  cavalry  serv-  Prussian  cartridge  pouch  enables  the  soldier  to 

ice ;  42  regiments  of  field  artillery,  with  2,014  fire  a  greater  number  of  rounds  to  the  minute 

officers  and  40,928  men,  besides  613  officers  and  with  the  new  Mauser  rifle  than  with  any  of  the 

men  in  special  services ;  14  regiments  and  3  bat-  magazine  rifles  proper,  and  without  the  disad- 

talions  of  foot  artillery,  with  72S  officers  and  vantages  of  the  latter,  such  as  an  empty  ma^a- 

17,287,  besides  97  men,  including  officers,  on  zine  at  a  critical  moment.    The  soldier  carries 

special  service :  19  battalions  of  pioneers  and  2  150  rounds  in  his  three  pouches,  and  can  stow 

regiments  of  railroad  troops,  including  1  balloon  more  in   his   haversack  and  pockets.     Count 

detachment,  1  railroad  battalion,  and  2  railroad  Waldersee,  on  resigning  his  post  as  chief  of  the 

companies,  numbering  in  all  564  officers  and  general  staff    in  the  beginning  of  February, 

12^3  men,  besides  98  engaged  in  special  serv-  1891,  was  succeeded  by  Lieut.-6en.  Count  Alfred 

ices ;   18  battalions  and  1  company  of   train,  Schlieffen,  who  had  been  since  1889  quartermas- 

nambering  257  officers  and  6,056  men,  besides  ter-general  of  the  army. 

63  on  special  service ;  special  formations  having  Tne  Navr.— The  effective  war  navy  in  1890 

382  officers  and  1.006  men ;  and  2,121  non-regi-  comprised  12  ironclad  battle  ships,  with  145 

mental  officers,  with  whom  228  men  were  de-  guns ;   15  coast^efense  ironclads,  carrying  20 

tailed.    This  makes  a  total  of  19,737  officers  and  guns,  inclusive  of  the  "  Bremse  "  and  "  Brum- 

472.509  men.    The  number  of  field  guns  was  mer,"  which  have  deck  armor  only ;  8  frigate 

1,538.  The  number  of  horses  was  62,469  for  the  cruisers,  carrying  116  guns ;  10  corvette  cruis- 

caralry, 22,443  for  the  field  artillery,  3,360  for  ers,  carrying  116  guns;  4  smaller  cruisers, carry- 

the  train,  and  30  for  the  fortress  artillery,  or  ing  26  guns;  3  gunboats,  carrying  12  guns;  7 

^.302  altogether.    Under  the  law  creating  two  avisos,  carrying  18  guns ;  10  school  ships,  with 

new  army  corps  the  peace  effective  was  during  72  guns ;  and  9  vessels  for  various  purposes, 

the  same  year  increased  to  20,285  officers  and  carrying  8  guns.    The " Kaiser "  and  "Deutsch- 

4^,983  men,  including  58,369  non-commissioned  land,"  with  10  inches  of  side  armor,  armed  with 


airy.  1  section  or  3  batteries,  each  of  6  pieces,  of  inches  of  armor ;  "  Sachsen,"  "  Bayern,"  "  WOr- 
mounted  artillery,  and  1  or  2  companies  of  pion-  temberg,"  and  "Baden,"  having  10-inch  plates 
eers;  1  cavalry  division  of  4  regiments,  with  2  and  eight  19-ton  guns  each;  and  the  lighter 
batteries  of  hoi*se  artillery;  the  corps  artillery  ** Oldenberg,"  carrying  2  more  guns,  are  the 
consisting  usually  of  12  mounted  batteries ;  and  principal  sea-going  armor-clads.  The  coast-de- 
1  or  2  battalions  of  pioneers  and  1  battalion  of  lense  gun  vessels  are  all  of  one  type,  having  8 
train.  The  line  battalion,  which  consists  ordi-  inches  of  armor,  a  displacement  of  1,109  tons, 
narily  in  peace  of  544  men,  is  raised  to  1,002  men  and  one  36-ton  gun,  except  one  old  ironclad 
in  war.  The  war  strength  of  the  German  army  relegated  to  this  service,  and  the  "  Siegfried," 
is  ronphly  estimated  at  36.000  officers,  and  2,357,-  launched  in  1889,  which  has  3,600  tons'  dis- 
500  soldiers  who  have  received  military  instruc-  placement  and  powerful  engines,  and  the  deck- 
tion.  exclusive  of  the  Landsturm.  This  sum  is  protected  cruisers  mentionea  above,  both  armed 
arrived  at  by  deducting  10  per  cent,  from  the  with  a  single  12J-ton  gun.  The  deck-armored 
recruiting  lists  of  the  active  army  and  its  re-  **  Irene  "  and  "  Prinzessin  Wilhelm,"  launched  in 
serve,  20  per  cent,  from  those  of  the  first  ban  of  1887,  are  fast  commerce  destroyers  of  4,400  tons 
the  Landwehr,  and  30  per  cent,  from  those  of  the  displacement,  having  engines  oi  8,000  horse-pow- 
set-ond  lian,  making  the  active  array  and  reserves  er,  and  armed  with  fourteen  6-ton  ^ns.  Nearly 
1,062,000  men  and  the  Landwehr  605,500  in  the  all  the  vessels  of  the  fleet  are  provided  with  tor- 
first  and  690,000  in  the  second  ban.    A  report  to  pedo-launching  apparatus.    The  torpedo  flotilla 


324 


GERMANY. 


numbers  134  vessels,  viz.,  1  ship  of  2,310  tons,  1 
tender,  6  dispatch  vessels  capable  of  making 
from  16  to  21  knots  an  hour,  5  torpedo  gunboats 
with  a  speed  of  21  or  22  knots,  63  torpedo  boats 
of  from  75  to  85  tons  that  can  run  from  20  to  22 
knots  an  hour,  49  torpedo  boats  of  50  tons  capa- 
ble of  making  18i  or  19  knots,  and  9  small  ones. 

Agriculture  and  Indastry.  —  Only  6  per 
cent,  of  the  soil  of  Germany  is  called  unproduct- 
ive. The  area  devoted  to  rye  in  1890  was  5,801,- 
889  hectares  (1  hectare  =  2.47  acres) ;  to  wheat, 
1,956,441 ;  to  oats,  3,886,627 ;  to  barley,  1,685,- 
000;  to  potatoes,  2,917,720;  to  hay^  5,909,837; 
to  vines,  120,935 ;  to  hops,  45,797.  The  produce 
of  beet  sugar  in  1889  was  944,505  tons.  Of  wine, 
2,021,569  hectolitres  were  produced  in  1890  (1 
hectolitre  =  22  gallons).  The  forests  cover  34,- 
847,000  acres,  about  one  quarter  of  the  area  of 
the  empire.  Iron  and  coal  are  produced  in  West- 
phalia, Rhenish  Prussia,  Silesia,  and  Saxony, 
coal  in  Alsace-Loraine,  silver  in  Saxony  and  the 
Harz  mountains,  zinc  in  Silesia,  and  copper  in 
the  Harz.  The  quantity  of  coal  raised  m  1889 
was  67,341,307  tons ;  of  iron  ore,  11,001,000  tons ; 
of  zinc  ore,  709,000  tons ;  of  copper  ore,  573,200 
tons.  The  value  of  the  minerals  taken  out  in 
1889  was  552,000,000  marks.  About  2  per  cent 
of  the  population  are  employed  in  textile  manu- 
factures, and  H  P^r  cent,  in  the  iron  and  steel 
industries.  The  production  of  iron  in  the  cal- 
endar year  1890  was  4,563,025  tons.  The  chief 
seats  of  the  textile  industry  are  Saxony  and  some 
of  the  Prussian  provinces  for  woolens,  Alsace- 
Lorraine,  Baden,  and  Wllrtemberg  for  cottons, 
Westphalia  and  Silesia  for  linens,  and  Rhenish 
Prussia,  Alsace,  and  Baden  for  silks.  Beer  is 
brewed  chiefly  in  Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Prussia, 
the  product  in  1889  bein^  46,603,000  hectolitres. 
The  ouantity  of  alcoholic  spirits  distilled  was 
2,727.000  hectolitres.  The  growth  of  national 
wealth  is  illustrated  by  the  classified  inconte-tax 
lists,  which  show  that  the  number  of  persons  in 
Prussia  paying  taxes  on  incomes  of  from  48,000 
to  5,000,000  marks  increased  from  67  to  2,348 
between  1869  and  1890,  and  that  those  possessing 
incomes  ranging  from  32,400  to  48,000  marks 
increased  from  241  to  2,152.  These  figures  in- 
dicate that  the  accumulated  wealth  is  becoming 
massed  in  few  hands,  and  this  conclusion  is  con- 
firmed by  the  fact  that  23,221,983  persons  paid 
no  income  tax  in  1890,  showing  a  progressive 
impoverishment  of  the  middle  classes,  especially 
the  artisans  and  small  manufacturers. 

Commerce. — The  general  commerce  in  1889 
had  a  total  value  of  5,671,240  marks  for  imports 
and  4,811,600  marks  for  exports.  The  value  of 
the  s{)ecial  imports  was  4,087,060  marks,  and 
that  of  the  special  exports  was  3.256,421  marks. 
The  direct  transit  trade  amounted  to  1,280,955,- 
000  marks.  The  values,  in  marks,  of  the  special 
imports  and  exports  of  the  various  classes  of 
merchandise  in  1889  are  given  in  the  accom- 
paning  table. 

The  values  of  the  chief  imports  were :  Wool, 
279,744,000  marks;  cotton,  270,744,000  marks; 
coffee,  199,282,000  marks;  raw  silk,  129,231,000 
marks;  rve,  113,444,000  marks;  woolen  yarn, 
112,629,000  marks;  barlev,  91,454,000  marks; 
raw  hides,  89,486,000  marks;  petroleum,  81,337.- 
000  marks;  horses,  78.616.000  marks;  wheat, 
75,389,000  marks.    The  exports  of  greatest  value 


MERCHAMDISB. 

iHiparti. 

B^»t^ 

Animals 

188,498.000 

9&3^00l) 

1,01A.92«,000 

84,544,000 

267,451,000 

888,068,000 

9&,0it9,000 

88,889,000 

188.98^000 

84,779,000 

66,840,000 

286,562,000 

18,841,000 

86,647,000 

59,150,000 

1,211,168.000 
817,520,000 

81,904.000 

Animal  products 

1»,7TS«)00 

Artlotes  of  oonsamption. 

Caoutchoac,   etc.,   and   manu- 
fiurtares 

26,6^,000 

Chemicals,  drugs,  Ate. . .  r 

259.^U3.<JiiO 

Fats  and  oib 

25,764,090 

Fuel 

116,757,(^10 

Hardware,  etc 

65,081.000 

Leather,  and  mannihctiireB  of . . 
Literature,  art,  etc 

287,175,000 
79,097.140 

Machinery,  instnxmenta,  etc.. . . 

Metals  and  metal  goods 

Paper  uianufactons 

1561,694,000 

482,718,000 

88,057,000 

Seeds  and  plants 

BtonflL  ohty,  and  glass  goods — 

Textile  materials  and  manufbct- 

urea 

21.487,000 
102,708,000 

1,084,883.000 

Wood  manaiactures 

l]6,831,0u0 

Yarioos  articles 

l,b84,000 

Total 

4,087,060,000 

8,266,421,000 

were :  Sugar,  162,842,000  marks ;  mixed  silk  and 
cotton  g(X)ds,  157,926,000  marks ;  woolen  goods, 
152,854,000  marks ;  ribbons  and  trimmings,  121,- 
930,000  marks:  leather  goods,  117,879,000  marks ; 
coal,  110,410,000  marks;  hosiery,  108,518,000 
marks;  cotton  cloth,  53,971,000  marks;  paper, 
53,358,000  marks;  wood  manufactures,  52,144,- 
000  marks ;  aniline  dyes,  38,144,000  marks ;  bops, 
23,022,000  marks.  The  imports  of  the  precious 
metals  were  71,988,000  marks  in  1889  and  the 
exports  were  89,766,000  marks. 

The  receipts  from  customs  in  the  year  ending 
March  31,  1888.  were  270,368,000  marks,  equal 
to  7*7  per  cent,  of  the  total  value  of  the  import«>. 
Since  the  adoption  of  the  protectiye  tanff  in 
1879  the  external  commerce  of  Germany  has 
grown  from  5,806,108,000  marks  in  1880  to  7,843,- 
481,000  marks  in  1889,  an  increase  of  26*4  per 
cent.  The  imports  have  increased  from  2,859,- 
928,000  to  4,087,060,000  marks,  an  increase  of 
42-9  per  cent.,  and  the  exports  from  2,946, 180,000 
to  3,256,421,000  marks,  an  increase  of  10*5  per 
cent.  In  1880  Austria-Hungary  furnished  143 
per  cent,  of  the  imports,  Great  Britain  and  her 
colonies  12*3  per  cent,  Russia  11*8  per  cent., 
France  8*7  per  cent.,  Belgium  and  Holland  each 
6*8  per  cent.,  the  United  States  6*2  per  cent.,  and 
Switzerland  5  per  cent.  In  1889  the  imports 
from  Great  Britain  and  British  colonies  consti- 
tuted 16*5  per  cent,  of  the  total,  13*4  per  cent, 
came  from  Russia,  13*1  per  cent,  from  AustriA- 
Hungary,  8*2  per  cent,  from  Belgium,  7*7  per 
cent,  from  the  United  States.  7  per  cent,  from 
the  Netherlands,  6*9  per  cent,  from  Prance,  and 
4*4  per  cent,  from  Switzerland.  Of  the  total  ex- 
ports, 15  per  cent,  in  1880  and  20  per  cent,  in 
1889  went  to  Great  Britain,  10  per  cent  in  the 
former  and  10*5  per  cent  in  the  latter  year  to 
Austria- Hungary,  6*1  per  cent  in  1880  and  12*1 
per  cent  in  188*9  to  the  United  States,  7*7  per 
cent  in  1880  and  7*9  per  cent,  in  1889  to  the 
Netherlands,  9*9  per  cent  in  1880  and  6*4  per 
cent,  in  1889  to  France,  7*7  per  cent,  in  1880  and 
6  per  cent,  in  1889  to  Russia,  6  per  cent,  in  1880 
and  5*4  per  cent,  in  1889  to  Switzerland,  and  5*6 
per  cent  in  1880  and  4*2  per  cent,  in  1889  to 
Belgium.  During  the  protectionist  era  the 
manufactures  of  Germany  have  developed  won- 
derfully, and  the  population  has  rapidly  in- 
creased, notwithstanding  the  large  emigration : 
while  the  domestic  production  of  food  and  raw 


GERMANY.  325 

materials  has  not  been  materially  augmented,  metres,  of  which  12,589  kilometres  had  two  or 
the  fields,  the  mines,  and  the  forests  having  more  tracks.  The  cost  of  constniction  was  0,- 
nearly  reached  their  full  productive  capacity  in  775,901,446  marks,  equal  to  an  average  of  about 
1879.  For  this  reason  and  because  of  the  in-  $96,000  a  mile.  The  capital  cost  to  the  present 
crease  of  wealth  and  spread  of  luxury  the  exports  owners  was  10,259,014,576  marks.  The  number 
have  not  kept  pace  with  the  imports,  and  since  of  passengers  carried  during  the  fiscal  year  1889- 
li^  the  export  movement  has  been  checked,  '90  was  348,804,927,  and  the  amount  of  freight 
especially  in  the  iron  and  steel  branches,  because  transported  was  212,098,889  tons.  The  receipts 
the  increased  prices  of  bread,  meat,  and  liquors,  from  passengers  were  888,894,172  marks,  and 
owing  to  new  protective  measures  for  the  benefit  from  freight  878,241,811  marks.  Including  other 
of  agriculture,  were  enhanced,  driving  workmen  receipts,  exclusive  of  interest  on  mortgages,  the 
into  strikes:  and  the  iron  industry  could  no  total  was  1,264,656,117  marks.  The  total  ex- 
lonser  coini>ete  in  important  branches  with  that  penses,  exclusive  of  those  for  extensions  and 
of  ureat  Britain  because  the  coal-miners'  strike  mterest,  were  688,117,000  marks,  which  was  54*02 
and  the  increased  consumption  of  coal  for  domes-  per  cent,  of  the  gross  receipts.  The  net  receipts, 
tic  heating  had  raised  the  price  of  fuel.  In  1890  after  deducting  all  expenses,  represent  5*88  per 
the  exports  to  the  Unitea  States  were  about  8  cent,  of  the  original  cost  and  5'6  per  cent,  of  the 
per  cent,  greater  in  value  than  in  the  preceding  invested  capital.  The  number  of  persons  em- 
year.  Of  the  German  exports  of  hosiery  in  that  ployed  was  815,729,  whose  salaries  and  wages 
vear  60  per  cent,  went  to  the  United  States ;  of  averaged  $270,  and  consumed  2S^  per  cent  of 
linen  manufactures,  89  per  cent. ;  of  silk  manu-  the  gross  receipts.  The  above  statistics  do  not 
factures,  42  per  cent. ;  oi  cotton  manufactures,  22  include  the  narrow-gauge  railroads,  which  had  a 
per  cent. ;  of  wool  manufactures,  14  per  cent. ;  of  length  of  872  kilometres,  and  returned  a  profit  of 
porcelain,  40  per  cent ;  of  glass,  18  per  cent. ;  of  8*28  per  cent  on  the  invested  capital, 
chemicals  and  colors,  10  per  cent.;  of  fancy  The  Post -Office  and  Telegraphs.-*- The 
articles,  33  per  cent ;  of  wines,  84  per  cent ;  of  number  of  letters  carried  by  the  imperial  and 
gloves,  57  per  cent  Of  the  imports  of  raw  cot-  the  Bavarian  and  Wfirtemberg  post-ofilces  in 
ton,  50  per  cent  came  from  the  United  States;  1889  was  1,014,659.880;  of  post  cards,  828,088,- 
of  grain,  11  per  cent;  of  Indian  com,  65  per  840;  of  printed  inclosures,  865,180,680;  of  sam- 
cent ;  of  beef,  23  per  cent ;  of  leaf  tobacco,  28  per  pies,  28,880,490 ;  of  newspapers,  760,978,488 ;  the 
cent;  of  lard,  83  per  cent.;  of  petroleum,  85  per  amount  of  money  sent,  22,241,469,704  marks, 
cent  The  effect  of  the  new  American  tariff  law  The  number  of  employes  was  120,629  in  the 
was  seen  in  1801  in  diminished  exports  from  postal  and  telegraph  services,  of  which  the  re- 
Germany  to  the  United  States  of  sugar  and  of  ceipts  were  241,527,621  marks  and  expenses  209,- 
woolens,  cutlery,  and  many  other  manufactures.  855,998  marks.     The  len^^th  of  telegraph  lines 

NaTlmtion. — ^The  number  of  vessels  entered  was  98,391  kilometres,  with  834,088  kilometres 

inward  in  1889  was  67,457,  of  12,905,445  tons,  of  of  wire.    The  number  of  private  messages  was 

which  57,161.  of  11,822,040  tons,  were  with  car-  16,705,959,  and  of  oflftcial  1,277,291  in  the  internal 

goes,  and  10,296,  of  1,088,405  tons,  in  ballast,  service,  and  in  the  international  8,255,844  were 

The  number  cleared  outward  was  67,891,  of  12,-  sent,  8,688,786  received,  and  970,506  forwarded 

963.502  tons,  of  which  48.740,  of  8,848,750  tons,  in  transit. 

were  with  cargoes  and  18,651,  of  4,119.752  tons,  The  Reichstlig.— In  the  session  that  ended  on 
in  ballast  Of  the  total  number  entered  with  May  9  the  measure  that  was  most  discussed  was 
cargoes,  38,223,  of  5,747,460  tons,  were  German  the  act  for  the  protection  of  workmen,  framed  in 
ships:  5,356.  of  8,657,590  tons,  were  British:  accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  the 
4.966.  of  607,842  tons,  were  Danish ;  2,954,  of  Berlin  Conference  of  1890.  The  act  to  amend  the 
579,952  tons,  were  Swedish ;  1.177,  of  889,271  trade  laws,  as  it  was  called,  was  under  the  con- 
tons,  were  Norwegian ;  and  the  remaining  2,150  sideration  of  the  Reichstag  for  a  full  year,  and 
belonged  to  other  countries.  was  passed  on  the  closing  day  of  the  session, 

The  merchant  marine  in  the  beginning  of  1890  when  the  Parliament  was  not  prorogued,  but 

consisted  of  815  steamers,  of  617.911  tons,  and  was  simply  adjourned,  after  the  precedent  estab- 

2,779  sailing  vessels,  of  702,810  tons,  a  total  of  lished  in  1890,  in  order  that  certain  committees 

3,594  vessels,  of  1,320,724  tons,  of  which  1,245,  might  continue  their  unfinished  work.    The  act 

of  829,722  tons,  belonged  to  Baltic  ports,  and  goes  into  force  on  April  1,  1892.    Masters  are 

2.349,  of  990,999  tons,  to  the  North  Sea  ports,  bound  by  its  provisions  to  grant  their  workmen 

The  number  of  sailors  was  87.857.    Of  the  sail-  absolute  rest  for  twenty-four  hours  on  Sundays, 

ing  vessels  1,664  and  of  the  steamers  165  were  and  for  forty-eight  hours  on  Church  festivals  like 

under    100   tons;   788  sailing  vessels  and  211  Christmas,  Easter,  and  Whitsuntide,  though  in 

steamers  were  between  100  and  500  tons;  286  certain  occupations  work  may  be  permitted  for 

filing  vessels  and  196  steamers  were  between  five  hours  on  Sundays  and  the  second  day  of  the 

500  and  1,000  tons ;  and  191  sailing  vessels  and  religious  feasts.    Communes  may  limit  or  forbid 

243  steamers  were  over  1,000  tons.    These  fig-  labor  on  certain  days.    Exceptions  to  the  pro- 

ures  do  not  include  the  vessels  engapd  in  the  hibition  of  Sunday  work  are  made  in  favor  of 

coasting    trade    and  inland  navigation,  which  persons  employed  m  public  places  of  amusement, 

numbered  20,890  in  1888,  and  measured  about  m  hotels,  and  on  railroads.    The  Federal  Coun- 

2,150.000  tona.  cil  is  empowered  to  fix  a  maximum  working  day 

*  Railroads.  —  The   length  of  state  railroads  in  such  trades  and  occupations  as  seem  harmful 

and   private  railroads  under  state  management  to  persons  employed  by  reason  of  overwork,  and 

in  1890  was  36,787  kilometres,  and  the  length  of  other  safeguaras  are  created  for  the  protection 

private  railroads  under  separate    management  of  the  lives  and  health  of  workers.    The  laws 

was  4,389  kilometres,  making  in  all  41,176  kilo-  treating  of   journeymen    and   apprentices  are 


326  GERMANY. 

amended  to  admit  of  an  action  on  their  part  for  may  lead  to  the  abuse  of  alcohol ;  they  are  for- 
wron^ul  dismissal,  as  well  as  an  action  against  bidden  to  senre  liquor  to  minors  under  sixteen 
them  for  breach  of  contract.  The  section  deal-  years  of  age,  or  to  anj  {>erson  who  is  intoxicated, 
ing  with  juvenile  labor  provides  that  no  child  or  to  one  who  has  within  three  years  been  pun- 
under  thirteen  years  of  age  may  be  employed  in  ished  as  a  confirmed  drunkard ;  they  must  see 
any  workshop  or  factory,  nor  any  child  above  that  drunken  persons  who  enter  their  premises 
that  age  if  his  parents  nave  failed  to  keep  him  are  conducted  to  their  homes,  or  are  handed 
in  school  for  the  period  reouired  by  the  law  of  over  to  the  charge  of  the  police ;  they  are  f or- 
obligatory  education.  Employers  are  obliged  to  bidden  to  sell  liquor  on  credit,  except  with 
grant  juvenile  laborers  intervals  of  rest,  and  meals,  and  no  debt  incurred  in  contravention  of 
make  other  special  provisions  for  their  health  this  provision  can  be  collected  with  the  aid  of 
and  welfare.  The  part  relating  to  women  em-  the  law.  The  matter  of  employing  female  waiters 
ployed  in  factories  makes  eleven  hours  a  maxi-  is  left  to  be  dealt  with  by  tne  governments  of 
mum  day's  work  for  them,  interdicts  night  work  the  individual  states.  The  selling  of  liquor  be- 
f or  women,  and  extends  the  period  of  compulsory  fore  eight  o'clock  in  the  morning  may  be  pro- 
rest  for  mothers  after  confinement  from  tnree  to  hibited  by  police  regulations, 
six  weeks,  or  four  weeks  if  they  brin^  a  medical  Habitual  drunkards,  and  all  persons  who 
certificate.  The  penalties  for  violations  of  the  through  addiction  to  drink  are  unable  to  manage 
trade  laws  have  been  heightened,  and  the  powers  their  affairs  with  prudence,  or  are  likely  to  en- 
of  the  factory  inspectors  enlarged.  danger  the  safety  of  others,  or  threaten  to  bring 

The  next  most  important  measure  was  the  their  families  to  want,  may  be  placed  under 

sugar-tax  bill,  which  was  passed  on  the  closing  guardians,  and  the  ^^ardian  may,  with  consent 

day,  after  long^  debates  and  many  changes  of  of  the  court,  place  his  ward  in  an  asylum  for  in- 

votes,  by  a  majority  of  150  to  12d.    It  provides  ebriates,  or  in  default  of  such  action  the  court 

for  the  gradual  diminution  of  the  export  oounties  may  intervene  and  order  the  drunkard's  com- 

from  Aug.  1, 1892,  until  they  cease  entirely  in  mittal  to  an  asylum.    For  violations  of  the  pro- 

1897.  and  also  abolishes  the  existing  duty  of  80  visions  of  the  law  fines  of  from  30  to  GO  marks 

pfennigs  per  double  centner  on  raw  beets,  while  may  be  imposed,  as  well  as  imprisonment  up  to 

increasing  the  excise  duty  on  sugar  from  12  to  fourteen  days.    Persons  who  become  intoxicated 

18  marks  per  double  centner.    One  of  the  chief  while  engaged  in  work  connected  with  saving 

legislative  acts  of  the  session  was  the  bill  ratify-  life,  preventing  fires,  and  the  like,  or  who  under- 

ing  the  new  railroad  conventions  that  had  been  take  such  work  while  intoxicated,  may  be  fined 

concluded  with  much  labor  with  Austria  and  100  marks  and  imprisoned  for  four  weeks.    The 

Hungary.      The   revision   of   the   commercial  same  paragraph  applies  to  persons  employed  in 

treaties  with  the  neighboring  countries  could  caring  for  the  healtn  of  others,  such  as  physicians 

not  be  proceeded  with  until  the  freight  tariffs  and  nurses.    It  was  stated,  to  prove  the  need  of 

and  other  traffic  arrangements  were  settled.  the  measure,  that  4*64  litres  of  distilled  liquor 

Llqaor  Legislation.— The  Emperor  became  per  capita  were  consumed  in  Germany  in  1889-*90, 
sponsor  for  a  project  of  law  intended  to  check  in  addition  to  6*44  litres  of  wine  and  90  litres  of 
tne  spread  of  intemperance,  that  was  similar  in  beer ;  that  cases  of  chronic  alcoholism  and  de- 
its  provisions  to  one  that  was  proposed  ten  years  lirium  tremens  increased  between  1877  and  1885 
before,  but  which  failed  to  survive  the  criticism  from  4,272  to  10,^ ;  that  cases  of  alcoholism 
to  which  it  was  subjected  before  passing  the  com-  had  so  increased  as  to  form  20  per  cent  of  the 
mittee  stage.  The  proposed  new  law  was  pub-  cases  treated  in  public  hospitals,  and  caused  a 
lished  in  the  *•  Reichsanzeieer,"  on  Aug.  27,  rapidly  increasing  percentage  of  insanity;  that 
1891,  and  evoked  a  fiood  of  adverse  criticism  19  per  cent,  of  the  prisoners  in  the  penitentiaries 
from  the  Progressists,  Socialists,  and  other  up-  were  habitual  drunkards ;  that  63  per  cent,  of 
holders  of  personal  liberty,  and  the  silent  resist-  the  homicides  were  committed  bv  drinkers,  and 
ance  of  classes  whose  interests  were  menaced,  from  40  to  68  per  cent,  of  other  crimes. 
When  the  bill  was  laid  before  the  Bundesrath,  The  Prasslan  Landtag. — The  new  Prussian 
the  governments  of  one  or  two  of  the  great  ministry  presented  a  comprehensive  scheme  of 
south  German  states  offered  objections.  Under  legislation  to  the  Diet,  which  beran  its  session  on 
the  existing  trade  law  the  governments  of  the  Nov.  21, 1890,  and  was  closed  on  June  20, 1891.  A 
Federal  states  retain  the  full  right  to  grantor  new  income-tax  law,  passed  in  1890  and  going  into 
withhold  licenses.  The  new  measure  declares  operation  in  1892,  forms  part  of  a  scheme  of  tax 
that  licenses  shall  be  granted  only  where  need  is  reform  elaborated  by  Dr.  Miguel,  which  aims,  in 
shown  for  a  retail  liquor  shop  The  bill  does  not  the  words  of  the  royal  message,  to  achieve  "  a 
deal  with  the  sale  of  beer  or  wine,  but  only  of  just  distribution  of  public  burdens  according  to 
strong  spirits.  No  person  can  have  a  license,  the  ability  to  bear  them."  The  proposed  re- 
unlesshe  is  of  approved  respectability,  and  can  forms  were  too  sweeping  to  secure  the  adhesion 
not  be  suspected  of  allowing  nis  place  to  be  used  of  a  majority  of  the  Deputies,  who  refused  to 
for  immorality  or  gambling.  Retailers  of  liquors  pass  the  bill  placing  a  tax  on  inheritances  and 
to  be  carried  away  are  forbidden  to  sell  a  less  modified  the  income-tax  measure  materially, 
quantity  than  half  a  litre,  and  in  towns  of  over  voting  only  the  correlative  tax  on  trades  and  in- 
5,000  inhabitants  persons  licensed  as  retailers  of  dustries  with  slight  alterations.  Under  the  new 
liquor  are  not  permitted  to  carry  on  any  other  provisions  relating  to  the  income  tax,  the  corn- 
business  or  to  store  liquor  with  other  merchan-  munal  magistrate  first  makes  a  list  of  all  per- 
dise.  Keepers  of  saloons  must  serve  his  custom-  sons  having  taxable  incomes,  and  states  the 
ers  with  eatables,  or  with  non-spirituous  liquors,  amounts  as  nearly  as  he  can ;  then  a  board  of 
if  they  are  called  for;  they  must  keep  strict  assessors,  of  which  he  is  chairman,  consisting  of 
order  in  their  places,  and  prevent  anything  that  persons  elected  by  the  townspeople  and  a  minor- 


GERMANY.  327 

itj  appointed  by  the  Minister  of  TinAnce,  reyises  the  interest  only,  and  in  granting  the  full  amount 
the  list,  which  goes  next  to  a  district  board  con-  Chancellor  von  Caprivi  was  able  to  show  some 
stitQted  in  the  same  way,  the  majority  beinK  equivalent  in  the  withdrawal  of  certain  Clerical 
elected  for  six  years  and  the  others  nominated  demands  regarding  the  primary  schools.  The 
bj  the  (Government,  which  compares  the  provis-  bill  was  presented  by  Herr  von  Gossler,  Dr. 
ional  assessment  with  the  declarations  of  the  in-  Falk's  successor  in  the  Ministry  of  Public  Wor- 
dividual  tax  payers,  and  makes  the  final  assess-  ship,  who  had  carried  through  all  Prince  Bis- 
iDent  The  declarations  are  given  on  official  marek's  measures  of  reconciliation,  and  was  will- 
blanks,  which  the  tax  payer  must  fill  out  stating  ing  to  make  this  last  stage  of  the  journey  to 
the  amount  of  his  income  from  invested  capital,  Canossa  in  order  to  put  an  end  to  a  dispute  of 
real  estate  (including  the  rental  value  of  bis  which  all  parties  were  tired.  The  Question  of 
readence  when  owned  by  him),  commerce  or  in-  revoking  the  proscription  of  the  Reaemptorists 
dustry,  or  his  profession  or  other  occupation,  was  broached,  and  was  referred  to  a  committee, 
with  his  debts  or  other  offsets.  The  assessed  but  no  prospects  were  held  out  of  the  return  of 
person  may  appeal  to  a  tax  court  containing  a  the  banished  Jesuits.  The  derision  with  which 
majority  chosen  by  a  committee  of  the  provin-  the  bill  was  at  first  received  convinced  the  vet- 
cial  leeislatnre  and  a  nominated  minority,  and  eran  minister  that  he  had  lost  the  prestige  that 
from  tne  decision  of  this  court  an  appeal  lies  to  would  overcome  the  opposition,  and  therefore  he 
the  Superior  Administrative  Court.  For  un-  resigned  on  March  11,  and  was  succeeded  by 
trnthfol  declarations  of  income,  heavy  legal  pen-  Count  Zedlitz-Trfitschler.  The  retirement  of 
alties  are  exacted.  All  persons  concerned  in  the  II err  von  Maybach  from  the  Ministry  of  Public 
a$s«ssment  are  sworn  to  secrecy.  Under  the  old  Works,  which  he  gave  up  on  June  22  to  Herr 
law,  declarations  were  not  required  from  tax  pay-  Thielen,  left  Herr  von  Boetticher  the  sole  remain- 
eri^  Gn  incomes  below  dO,0(k)  marks  the  Land-  ing  representative  of  the  ministry  of  the  Bis- 
tag  agreed  to  the  rates  proposed  by  the  minister,  marck  rigime  that  served  the  old  Emperor. 
On  incomes  of  50,0(X)  marks,  instead  of  the  old  Among  the  minor  enactments  of  the  Diet  was  a 
rate  of  3  ]ier  cent.,  it  made  the  tax  3J  per  cent.,  game-preservation  act  that  leaves  the  sufferers 
and  the  maximum  tax,  payable  on  all  incomes  of  From  noxious  animals  protected  to  provide  aris- 
lOO.CXX)  marks  and  over,  was  raised  to  4  per  cent,  tocratic  sport  the  poor  consolation  of  dividing 
Under  the  old  law  under-assessment  was'  the  the  damage  among  themselves.  The  disaffected 
rale,  tax  payers  usually  escaping  with  a  tax  of  Junkers  were  solfu^  further  by  a  reactionary 
about  2  per  cent.  Local  taxes  are  partly  based  law  on  land  rents  that  bears  the  mark  of  feudal 
on  the  national  income  tax,  the  tax  paver  being  tenure  in  reviving  inconvertible  estates, 
required  to  pay  usually  an  e(]^ual  tax,  out  often  Prince  Blsmarek. — The  ex-Chancellor,  whose 
doable,  and  in  the  industrial  cities  of  Westphalia  opinions  were  echoed  by  two  powerful  news- 
and  the  Rhino  province  three  times  the  amount,  papers  that  were  reputed  to  be  nis  personal  or- 
into  the  town  treasury.  The  measure  therefore  gans,  the  **  Hamburger  Nachrichtcn  "  and  the 
jToes  far  to  readjust  the  incidence  of  taxation  to  ''  Mfinchener  Allgemeine  Zeitung,"  expressed 
the  relief  of  the  poorer  classes.  The  chancres  in  freely  his  disapproval  of  the  policy  of  his  suc- 
the  tax  system  thus  introduced  are  intended  to  cesser  in  many  things,  condemning  the  assault  on 
pare  the  way  to  the  eventual  abandonment  of  the  influential  position  of  the  landed  aristocracy, 
the  national  land  tax  to  the  local  governments,  criticising  the  concessions  to  England  in  East 
Another  Government  bill  was  intended  to  pre-  Africa,  objecting?  to  the  proposed  commercial 
pare  the  way,  by  administrative  measures,  for  the  arrangements  with  Austria,  and  denouncing  the 
abolition  of  pocket  boroughs  in  the  seven  old  hostility  to  Russia  that  the  Emperor  was  sup- 
provinces,  where  the  land  is  mainly  owned  by  posed  to  entertain.  Kaiser  Wilhelm,  in  unmis- 
the  aristocracy.  This  bill  for  the  regulation  of  takable  language,  threatened  the  founder  of  the 
communes  makes  an  inroad  on  feudal  privi-  German  Empire  with  the  consequences  of  his 
leges,  and  was  passed  in  spite  of  the  obstructive  displeasure  if  he  persisted  in  his  hostile  attitude, 
opposition  of  tne  Conservative  factions.  It  re-  When  a  vacany  occurred  in  the  Hanoverian  con- 
leases  the  agricultural  communes  of  the  eastern  stituency  of  GeestemQnde,  the  National  Liberals 
parts  of  Prussia  from  the  absolute  control  which  persuaded  Prince  Bismarck  to  accept  the  nomina- 
the  nobles,  as  communal  magistrates,  have  hither-  tion  in  order  to  declare  his  opinions  in  the  Reich- 
to  exercised  over  the  peasantry  on  their  estates,  stag,  as  he  had  declared  his  intention  of  doing 
A  bill  for  the  reform  of  primary  education  was  if  the  course  of  political  events  seemed  to  reouire 
r<pposed  by  Liberals  and  Conservatives  for  oppo-  his  return  to  public  life.  The  election,  which 
site  reasons,  and  had  no  chance  of  passing.  took  place  on  April  15,  was  a  disappointment 
One  of  the  chief  grievances  growing  out  of  the  to  Bismarck's  admirers,  for  he  failed  to  secure 
old  Cviturkampf  was  cleared  away  oy  the  bill  an  absolute  majority.  He  received  7,557  votes, 
restoring  to  the  Roman  Catholic  dioceses,  with  while  his  Socialist  rival,  a  cigar-maker  named 
interest,  the  revenues  that  were  sequestered  for  Schalfeld,  received  8,928,  the  Guelph  candidate 
coercive  purposes  during  the  long  conflict  over  8,848,  and  the  Radical  candidate  2,619.  Not 
the  May  laws.  The  Government  was  opposed  many  more  than  half  the  registered  voters  went 
by  the  Free  Conservatives,  headed  by  Herr  to  the  polls,  a  much  smaller  than  in  1890,  when 
St/Scker,  and  the  National  Liberals,  the  parties  the  National  Liberal  candidate  was  elected  at 
that  have  been  its  stanchest  adherents,  while  the  the  first  ballot.  A  more  decisive  victory  was 
Radicals  and  the  Clericals  and  Poles,  who  have  expected  for  the  chief  personality  in  German 
often  combined  to  attack  the  Government  in  politics,  although  he  tooK  no  steps  to  win  vot- 
forraer  times,  supported  the  measure.  A  year  ers  by  appearing  among  them,  or  even  writing 
before  Herr  von  Gossler  had  attempted  to  com-  an  address.  In  the  test  ballot  a  fortnight  later 
promise  the  matter  by  offering  to  the  bishops  he  obtained  the  absolute  majority  required,  be- 


328  GERMANY. 

cause  the  Guelphs  would  not  unite  with  the  mitted  by  the  vfcious  class  in  Berlin,  caused  him 
Socialists  and  Freisinnige,  to  defeat  hitn,  but  to  telegraph  an  imperative  order  to  the  Minister 
even  then  his  vote  fell  2,000  short  of  that  cast  of  Justice  to  purge  the  city  of  such  ruffians  and 
for  his  National  Liberal  predecessor.  to  issue  this  proclamation,  which  was  not  counter- 
Kaiser  Wilhelm. — The  dread  of  military  ag-  signed  by  any  minister.  In  it  he  said  that  he  felt 
srression  and  martial  ambition  that  the  young  the  responsibility  for  the  decision  that  would  be 
Emperor  aroused  by  dismissing  Prince  Bis-  taken  m  the  existing  state  of  affairs  because  it 
marck  and  directly  intervening  in  politics  was  in  would  be  given  in  his  name,  and  he  was  the  sover- 
a  great  measure  dispelled  by  his  subsequent  pa-  eiffu  defender  of  law  and  order.  Degraded  meu 
cine  utterances,  ana  by  his  turning  his  attention  who  profit  by  female  prostitution  were  a  menace 
mainly  to  domestic  matters.  The  "  new  era "  to  Berlin  and  other  cities,  and  he  called  on  the 
that  was  signalized  by  his  choosing  such  coun-  police  and  the  courts  to  punish  every  offense 
sclors  as  Dr.  Miquel,  and  engaging  the  co-opera-  with  the  utmost  rigor  of  the  law,  and  suggested 
tion  of  parties  and  classes  that  Bismarck  had  that  the  penalties  should  be  made  more  severe, 
excluded  from  participation  in  the  direction  of  that  lawyers  who  hinder  the  course  of  justice  by 
affairs,  reassurea  and  satisfied  the  country.  The  frivolous  and  technical  devices  should  be  dis- 
official  manifestions  in  acts  and  proclamations  ciplined,  and  that  in  trials  for  immorality  the 
of  his  ideas  of  personal  government  gave  little  public  should  be  excluded  from  the  court  room, 
offense,  even  to  those  who  condemn^  the  ob-  International  Relations,— The  triple  alli- 
jects  that  he  inaugurated  or  sought  to  further,  ance,  originally  a  secret  treaty  between  Gerraaji y 
for  the  royal  initiative  is  approved  by  the  greater  and  Austria^  made  in  1879,  in  which  Italy  joined^ 
part  of  the  Prussian  people,  and  they  like  a  king  was  renewed  in  1885  for  six  years  more,  and  in 
who  gives  his  whole  attention  to  matters  of  the  summer  of  1891  the  league  was  continaed 
state.  His  Labor  Conference,  his  active  further-  for  six  years  more.  The  accession  of  England 
ance  of  colonial  enterprises,  his  intervention  in  for  certain  purposes,  that  is-— of  the  present  Tory 
the  miners*  strike,  his  initiation  of  temperance  Government  in  England — was  revealed  in  a 
legislation,  and  edicts  ac^ainst  vice  and  luxury  speech  of  the  Italian  Premier  on  June  29,  when 
were  in  conformity  with  Hohenzollern  traditions  he  said  that  Italy  and  Great  Britain  had  agreed 
and  the  Prussian  Constitution.  His  unofficial  some  years  before  to  co-operate  for  the  mainte- 
utterances  at  mess  dinners  and  in  private  inter-  nance  of  the  status  quo  in  tne  Mediterranean.  The 
course  revealed  autocratic  conceptions  that  were  visit  of  the  Emperor  Wilhelm  in  England  in 
strange  and  disquieting,  and  though  they  were  July,  1891,  was  regarded  as  a  confirmation  of 
toned  down  when  reported  in  the  Government  this  understanding.  The  relations  with  France 
organs,  the  actual  words  were  the  subject  of  free  were  disturbed  by  the  more  stringent  execution 
comments  in  the  German  press.  When  he  was  of  the  passport  regulations  in  the  earlier  part  of 
reported  to  have  said,  ^  It  is  the  nature  of  the  the  year,  but  the  relaxation  of  the  regulations 
monarchy  that  there  is  only  one  master  in  the  on  account  of  the  railroad  disaster  stopping  corn- 
country,  and  it  is  I,"  the  words  were  declared  to  munications  between  France  and  Switzerland 
be  not  authenticated,  but  it  was  not  denied  that  repaired  the  mistake,  and  this  source  of  constant 
they  were  spoken.  A  reputed  statement  that  friction  between  the  two  countries  was  in  a  great 
the  peace  of  Europe  lay  in  his  hand  was  offl-  measure  removed  by  the  new  regulations  by 
cially  declared  to  nave  been  simply  an  expres-  which  passports  viseed  by  the  German  minister 
sion  of  the  wish  that  it  did.  **  noc  voto,  ate  in  Pans  would  only  be  required  after  Oct  1, 
fubeo"  he  is  said  to  have  inscribed  on  a  nhoto-  1891,  from  persons  under  forty-five  years  of  age 
graph  of  himself  when  presenting  it  to  Minis-  who  have  opted  for  French  nationality  and  from 
ter  von  Gt)ssler,  and  on  visiting  Munich  he  is  military  officers,  though  foreigners  sojourning 
alleged  to  have  written  in  the  visitors'  book  of  in  Alsace-Lorraine  are  required  to  report  them- 
the  municipalitjr,  ** Suprema  lex  regis  voluntM**  selves  to  the  local  police. 

a  principle  foreign  to  the  present  constitutions  A  commercial  alliance  that  was  a  result  of  the 

bothof  Bavaria  and  of  Prussia.    His  description  tariff  war  between  France  and  Italy  and  a  re- 

of  Napoleon  I  as  a  " Corsican  parvenu"  in  ad-  spouse  to  the  new  protective  duties  of  France 

dressing  a  convivial  assembly  of  officers  in  a  was  concluded  at  Munich  in  October  between 


The  interpretation  that  he  gave  to  the  soldier's  1892,  provides  for  a  reduction  in  the  duties  on 
oath  in  addressing  a  regiment,  to  the  effect  that  rye  and  wheat  The  short  crop  of  grain  in  Ger- 
the  soldier  should  feel  that  he  belonged  "body  many,  as  well  as  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  ex- 
and  soul "  to  the  Kaiser,  awakened  among  the  cited  fears  that  the  dearth  of  bread  already  felt 
German  people  a  more  genuine  indignation,  by  the  poorer  classes  in  Germany  would  reach 
When  a  workman  who  refused  at  a  public  din-  the  point  of  actual  famine.  The  Radicals  and 
ner  to  rise  and  drink  the  Kaiser's  health  was  the  Socialists  in  the  Reichstag,  bv  picturing  this 
tried  for  lese-majesty,  his  acquittal  by  a  Prussian  danger,  sought  to  compel  Chancellor  von  Caprivi 
court  delighted  the  liberty-loving  section  of  the  to  consent  to  a  relaxation  or  suspension  of  the 
people.  grain  duties.  He  was  pledged  to  the  agricult- 
Besides  his  advocacy  of  the  bill  for  the  sup-  ural  class,  and  declared  that  they  would  be  main- 
pression  of  drunkenness,  the  mojst  significant  tained  till  the  following  February.  The  scar- 
public  act  was  a  rescript  published  in  the  city  of  grain  was  so  great  that  the  Ch>vemment 
••  Reichsanzeiger  "  on  Oct  27.  The  murder  by  decided  to  mix  Indian  meal  with  rye  in  the  bread 
a  couple  named  Heinze  of  a  night  watchman,  prepared  for  the  army.  After  the  ukase  forbid- 
following  a  succession  ol  startling  crimes  com-  ding  the  exportation  of  rye  from  Russia,  the 


GERMANY.  329 

opinion  of  Qen.  ron  Caprivi  prevailed  over  that  nate  the  g^eral  weal  to  the  interesta  of  a  privileged 

of  Dr.  Miqnei  in  a  Cabinet  council  at  which  it  minority.                  .      ,       ,  .           .      , ,    .  , 

was  decided  to  retain  the  duty  on  wheat.    On  ^  14.  An  efficient  nation^  and  international  legisla- 

Sept.  3  the  Gennan  Government  raised  the  em-  ?^^  ^^'  ^«  projection  ot  the  working  claaees,  the  tak- 

r^f^       •-«  v.^*.«€»«  viv*c»iiii«oub  '^^^^  •'"''  ^^  imr  over  by  the  state  of  all  workmen's  insurance 

bargo  on  American  pork  that  had  been  mam-  a^ncies,  the  workmen  to  be  given  an  adequate  share 

tained  smee  1881,  ostensibly  as  a  veterinary  pre-  in  their  administration. 

caution,  but  in  reality  as  a  protectionist  measure.  15.  An  unbroken  period  of  rest  of  at  least  thirty- 
It  was  declared  that  the  new  law  of  inspection  six  hours  in  each  week  for  every  working  man. 
passed  by  the  American  Congress  was  sufficient  Colonies.  —  The  colonial  empire,  acquired 
to  remove  the  danger  to  the  German  people  from  since  1884,  has  a  total  area  of  988,160  square 
the  consumption  of  diseased  American  pork.  An  miles,  with  a  population  estimated  at  6,500,000. 
acreement  to  abolish  the  restriction  and  also  to  The  German  possessions  in  Africa  are  Togoland, 
admit  American  a^icultural  produce  on  the  Cameroons,  Damaraland,  and  Namaqualand,  and 
same  terms  as  Russian  farm  produce  was  signed  German  East  Africa,  having  an  aggregate  area 
by  the  German  Kepresentative  at  Washington  in  of  838,000  sguare  miles  and  5,110,000  inhabitants. 
August  In  the  Pacific  Ocean  were  occupied  in  1885  and 

Socialist  Congrress.— The  assembling  of  a  the  following  vear  Kaiser  Wilhelm*s  Land,  the 

party  convention  of  the  Social  Democrats  was  Bismarck  Archipelago,  and  the  Solomon  and 

preceded  by  a  serious  contest  between  the  sec-  Marshall  groups,  having  a  combined  area  of 

tion  headed  by  Wildberger  and  Werner  and  the  100,150  square  miles  and  about  890,000  inhabit- 

Parliamentary  leaders,  fiebel,  Liebknecht,  and  ants. 

Vollmar,  who  maintained  their  influence  over  Togoland,  with  Little  Popo  and  Porto  Segiiro, 
the  bulk  of  the  party,  from  which  the  extremist  covers  about  16,000  square  miles  on  the  Slave 
faction  secedecL  The  Congress  met  at  Erfurt  Coast  of  Guinea,  and  contains  500,000  inhabit- 
and  separated  on  Oct.  21,  after  adopting  a  new  ants.  The  forest  products  of  caoutchouc  and 
party  programme,  of  which  the  following  are  the  dye  woods  are  not  utilized,  and  the  only  corn- 
principle  features :  merce  yet  developed  is  in  ivory  and  palm  oil. 

1.  Umversal  suffrage,  without  distinction  of  sex.  The  Imperial  Commissioner  maintains  order  by 

for  all  subjects  of  the  Empire  over  twenty  years  of  means  of  a  small  native  police  force.    The  re- 

a^re ;  direct  election  by  the  people  by  secret  ballot,  the  ceipts  from  customs  in  1860  were  91,270  marks, 

pnnople  of  -  one  man  one  vote,"  and  biennial  parlia-  Cameroons  has  an  extent  of  about  130,000  square 

°^9°Ti,«  ^:^^  -w.^:«;««*!««  «#•♦!.«  ^^«i«  t^  i««?oi-  nsiles  and  a  population  of  2,600,000.    The  num- 

Uol^S.trri^'^'?Sliir'o?^,CC^M;  ]^r  of  white^dents  in  1890  was  105,o£  whom 

winuttlrevisionof  the  scale  of  taxation.  65  were  Germans.     Numerous  factories   trade 

3.  A  wide  extention  of  the  prineipie  of  local  gov-  in  ivory  and  palm  oil,  and  the  Deutsche  Plan- 

emment,  and  the  election  of  all  puolio  officials  by  tagen-Gesellscnaf  t  raises  tobacco  and  cacao.  The 

the  peoDle,  to  whom  such  officials  are  to  be  held  re-  customs  receipts  in  1890  were  200,526   marks. 

*^px  *-_.  .       /.  .t_          1    •                        i.  The  Governor  is  assisted  bv  a  chancellor  and  two 

.  «  H- .f  fT?^    ♦    ♦  r^Pi®  *^"™»v^  ******  ?™  secretaries.    The  post  was  'filled  in  1890  by  Baron 

tnstional  defence  to  talce  the  place  of  a  standing  ^^^  ^^^     CountPfeil  acted  as  judiciaf  officer. 

5.  The  decision  of  peace  or  war  to  rest  with  the  (For  deteils  of  Southwest  Africa  see  under  Capb 

elw-t«d  repTt»entatives  of  the  people ;  international  CoLONY).    The  German  estimate  of  the  territories 

disiputes  to  be  decided  by  arbitration.  in  East  Africa  is  370,000  square  miles.    For  six 

«.  The  repeal  of  all  laws  prohibiting  or  restricting  months  ending  in  February,  1890  the  imports 

fr^JTpTenion  of  opinion,  or  the  right  of  association  amounted  to  1,996,221  marks,  which  was  nearlv 

or  of  Dubhc  mwjting.         ^       -     .    ,       .  .           ,  three  times  as  much  as  for  the  corresponding 

^{'^"^^^^^^  P--i  f  the  preening  yea^  and  the  exports 

ioia  oi)jects  to  ^a^e :  ecclesiastical  or  religious  com-  ^^^re  valued  at  2,050.552  marks,  an  mcreiwe  of 

mimities  to  be  considered  private  associations,  which  about  one  third.    Gen.  von  boden  s  staff  of  offl- 

manaee  their  own  affaire.  cers  were  actively  engaged  in  1891  in  extending 

8.  The  secularization  of  the  national  schools,  attend-  German  authority  in  the  interior  toward  the 

ince  at  which  is  to  bo  compulsory  for  every  one :  fi«e  northeast,  while  Lieut.  Morgen   undertook   an 

cuuc^ion,  free  books,  and  fi«e  dinners  for  children  expedition  to  the  sources  of  the  Binue  and  Dr. 

are  coMidered  fit  topureue  their  studies  at  the  highCT  tions  in  the  Bah  country  in  the  direction  of 
educational  establishments.  Adamawa.  Dr.  Zmtptifl's  expedition  established 
.9.  Free  administration  of  justice  and  free  legal  ad-  friendly  relations  with  the  Balis,  with  whom  he 
rice;  lodges  to  be  elected  by  the  people.  made  an  alliance  to  punish  the  Bafutis,  who  had 
10.  The  abolition  of  capital  punishment,  the  estab-  murdered    his    messengers.      With   5,000    Bali 
^ent  of  criminal  courts  of  api>eal,  and  the  pay-  warriors  and  his  own  force  of  500  natives  he 
S,  or^S^nS''  ^  ^"^°*  "^^^  ^  "^       '  *"'*  captured  and  burned  the  chief  town  of  the  Ba- 
ll. Free  medical  distance,  including  attendance  f"tis  on  Jan.  3M891.    On  the  next  dav  he  was 
at  childbirth,  free  medicine,  and  free  disposal  of  the  attacked  by  10,000  men,  and  after  a  desperate 
dearl.                                                     "  fight  his  army  was  defeated,  the  Balis  losing  600 
li.  A  flrnduated  income  and  property  tax  to  defray  men  and  the  German  expedition  500,  including 
the  public  expenditure,  so  far  as  it  is  to  be  met  by  Lieut,  von  Spangenburg,  the  military  command- 
ZS!.^}  ?^  ohlimtion  of  self-assessment ;  the  sue-  ^^  ^^d  two  other  Germans  who  represented  the 
rr  S^f  2fe1nTeri2^t"U*^%^  trading  company.    An  expedition  wi«  sent  out 
Mationship between  the  legaSS andUie^totoT  fo  avenge  this  renulse  which  met  with  disaster 
13.  The  abolition  of  indirect  taxation  and  duties,  likewise,  all  the  white  leaders  being  killed  and 
and  of  such  politioo-economio  measures  as  subordi-  the  remnant  of  their  followers  scattered.    The 


330  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

tribes  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Abo  tendered  him  five  children :  Albert  Victor,*  Duke  of 
their  allegiance  early  in  1891.  Later  thej  re-  Clarence,  bom  Jan.  8,  1864 ;  George,  bom  June 
newed  hostilities,  attacking  Herr  Leist.  who  was  8, 1865 ;  Louise,  bom  Feb.  20,  1867,  married  to 
sent  to  arrange  the  terms  of  peace.  To  punish  the  Duke  of  Fife  in  July,  1889 ;  Alexandra,  born 
them  it  was  necessary  to  fit  out  a  strong  expedi-  in  1868 ;  and  Maud,  bom  in  1869. 
tion,  which  was  placed  under  the  command  of  The  Cabinet  in  the  beginning  of  1891  was 
Capt.  Baron  von  Gravenreuth.  In  October  he  made  up  of  the  following  members:  Prime 
led  a  landing  party  from  the  **Habicht"  and  Minister  and  Secretary  of  State  for  Forei^ 
**  Hyaene,"  which  captured  Miang.  Advancing  Affairs,  the  Mar(}uis  of  Salisbury,  bom  in  1830, 
three  days'  march  from  the  coast,  the  expedition  who  became  Prime  Minister  on  Aug.  3,  1886. 
laid  siege  to  the  village  of  Buka,  which  was  and  on  Jan.  14,  1887,  exchanged  the  post  of 
stormed  on  the  third  day.  In  the  assault  Capt.  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury  for  that  of  Foreieni 
von  Gravenreuth  and  three  black  soldiers  were  Secretary ;  Lord  High  Chancellor,  Lord  Hals- 
killed,  bury,  formerly  Sir  Hardinge  S.  Giflfard;  Lord 
The  New  Guinea  Company  was  wound  up  in  President  of  the  Council,  Viscount  Cranbrook, 
the  autumn  of  1891,  the  reason  being  that  Herr  formerly  Gathorne  Hardj;  Chancellor  of  the 
Kindt,  the  director,  had  chosen  a  bad  situation  Exchequer,  George  Joachim  Goschen,  appointed 
for  the  Kaiser  Wilhelm  plantation,  and  had  pro*  Jan.  14,  1887;  Secretarv  of  State  for  tne  Home 
voked  the  ill  will  of  the  natives  by  harsh  treat-  Department,  Hennr  Matthews;  Secretarjr  of 
ment.  A  new  association  called  the  Astrolabe  State  for  War,  Edward  Stanhope,  appointed 
Bay  Companv  was  organized  to  carry  on  the  Jan.  14, 1887:  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  W 
cultivation  of  tobacco.  A  colonial  council  to  H.  Smith,  who  was  Secretary  for  War  when  the 
consider  how  to  promote  cotton  growing  in  East  Cabinet  was  first  constituted,  transferred  when 
Africa  and  New  Guinea,  what  regulations  to  ap-  the  Cabinet  was  reconstmcted  on  Jan.  14, 1887 ; 
ply  to  the  granting  of  concessions  to  new  com-  Secretary  of  State  for  the  Colonies,  Lord  Knuts- 

Eanies,  how  best  to  employ  1,500,000  marks  voted  ford,  who  received  his  present  appointment  on 

y  the  Reichstag  for  the  development  of  Cam-  Jan.  14,  1887,  having  before  the  change  been 

eroons,  and  other  questions  connected  with  co-  Vice-President  of  the  Council ;  Secretary  of  State 

lonial  enterprise  met  in  Berlin  on  June  1,  under  for  India,  Viscount  Cross,  formerly  Sir  Richard 

the  presidency  of  Dr.  Kayser,  chief  of  the  Co-  Cross;    First    Lord    of  the    Admiralty,  Lord 

loniiu  Department  of  the  Foreign  Office.    The  George  Hamilton ;  Lord  Chancellor  of  Ireland, 

council    approved    the    Emperor's   project  of  Lord    Ashbourne,    formerlv   Edward    Gibson; 

organizing  a  lottery  for  the  purpose  of  raising  Chief  Secretary  to  the  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ire- 

2,500,000  or  8,000,000  marks  to  carry  out  Capt.  land,  Arthur  J.  Balfour,  wlio  entered  the  Cabinet 

Wissmann's  plans  for  establishing  German  m-  when  Secretary  of  State  for  Scotland  on  Nov.  10, 

fiuence  on  the  African  lakes,  and  thus  combating  1886,  and  succeeded  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach  in 

slavery.    This  scheme  the  Prussian  Diet  refused  the  present  post  on  March  5, 1887 ;  Chancellor 

to  sanction.  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster,  the  Duke  of  Rutland. 

GREAT    BRITAIN    AND    IRELAND,    a  formeriy  Lord  John  Manners ;  President  of  the 

monarchy  in  western  Europe.    The  legislative  Board  of  Trade,  Sir  Michael  Hicks-Beach,  who 

power  is  vested  exclusively  m  Parliament,  and.  resigned  the  Irish  Secretaryship  on  March  5. 

according  to  constitutional  precedent,  matters  1887,  retaining  a  seat  in  the'  Cabinet  without  a 

of  political  importance  are  aecided  by  the  vote  portfolio,  and  retired  in  January,  1SS8,  and  was 

of  tne  elective  branch.    The  number  of  heredi-  subsequently  appointed  to  his  present  ofBce  as 

tary  peers  in  1890  was  551,  including  12  minors,  successor  to  Lord  Stanley  of  Preston;   Lord 

The  House  of  Commons  consists  of  670  members.  Privy  Seal,  Earl  Cadogan.  admitted  to  the  Cabi- 

who  are  elected  by  secret  ballot.    Unless  dis-  net  on  April  19,  1887;  President  of  the  Local 

solved  by  royal  writ,  a  Parliament  lasts  seven  Govemment    Board,  Charles  Thomas  Ritchie, 

years.    The  average  duration  since  the  accession  admitted  to  a  seat  in  the  Cabinet  on  April  19, 

of  Victoria  has  been  four  and  a  half  vears.    The  1887;  President  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture, 

executive  power  is   exercised  to  all  practical  Henry  Chaplin,  appointed  on  the  creation  of  the 

intents  by  the  committee  of  ministers  called  the  office,  Sept.  5, 1889. 

Cabinet,  and  these  are  selected  by  the  leader  Area  and  Population. — The  area   of  the 

of  the  party  having  the  majority  in  the  House  United  Kingdom  is  121,481  square  miles,  En(;- 

of  Commons,  who  is  summoned  on  the  advice  land  having  50.828  square  miles,  Wales  7,3()H, 

of  a  retiring  premier  who  is  no  longer  able  Scotland  80,417,  Ireland  82,583,  the  Isle  of  Man 

to  command  the  majority  necessary  to  carry  on  220,  and  the  Channel  Islands  75.    The  popula- 

the  Queen's  government,  and  requested  by  the  tion  of  England  and  Wales,  as  determined  bv 

sovereign  to  form  a  Cabinet,  in  which  he  usu-  the  census  taken  on  April  5, 1891,  is  29,001,018. 

ally  takes  the  office  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treas-  showing  an  increase  of  8,026,572,  or  11*65  per 

ury,  though  the  present  Prime  Minister  is  For-  cent  since  the  la^t  decennial  census.    The  popu- 

eign  Secretary.  lation  was  703,857  less  than  the  estimate  of  the 

The  reigning  sovereign  is  Victoria,  Queen  of  Registrar-General,  the  rate  of  increase  having 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland  and  Empress  of  India,  been  less  than  in  any  previous  decennial.    The 

daughter  of  Edward,  Duke  of  Kent,  the  fourth  number  of  males  is  '14,050,340  and  of  female:^ 

son  of  George  III.    She  was  born  on  May  24,  14,950,542,  giving:  an  excess  of  900,202  females,  or 

1819,  and  succeeded  her  uncle,  William  IV,  on  106*4  to  every  100  males,  the  proportion  having 

June  20,  1837.      The  heir-apparent  is  Albert  steadily  increased  since  1851.     The  inhabited 

Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  born  Nov.  9,  1840,    -  ,  -     -  .r",  — :- — ^.^     ,    , ~" 

who  married  Alexandra,  the  eldest  daughter  of  „,ie?i;1s'rc!?n^^^ro^?er'l^bIJ^^ 

Kmg  Christian  lA.  of  Denmark,  who  has  borne  navy,  the  next  heir  to  the  throne  After  his  Ikther. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  331 

booses  increased  in  the  last  ten  years  621,283,  or  22,482 ;    Oldham.    20,667 ;    Blackburn,    16.482 ; 

12-9  per  cent,  the  total  number  being  5,452,802,  Huddersfield,  13,815;    Derby,  13,328:    Birken- 

giring  an  arerage  of  5*32  occupants  to  each  house,  head,  15,591;  Bristol,  15,175;  Norwich,  13,474. 

against  5*38  in  1881.    The  uninhabited  houses  The  decrease  in  Liverpool  is  only  apnarent,  peo- 

deciined  from  46,414  to  38,407.    The  number  of  pie  having  abandoned  the  restricted  municipal 

families  is  6,146,000,  showing  an  increase  of  513,-  area  to  seek  cheaper  residence  sites  outside  the 

706,  or  9*1  per  cent.,  which  is  considerably  below  re^stration  district 

the  rate  of  increase  of  population,  making  the  The  census  returns  for  Scotland  make  the  total 
average  number  of  individuals  in  a  family  4*7,  population  4,083,108.  The  increase  was  297,530, 
against  4*6  in  1881.  The  population  increased  at  which  was  at  a  lower  rate  than  in  any  previous 
the  highest  rate  in  the  counties  surrounding  decade,  only  7*96  per  cent,  with  the  exception  of 
London  and  the  mining  counties,  and  at  the  1861-71,  since  1801.  In  the  ten  years  before  it 
next  highest  in  manuracturing  districts  and  was  875,000.  There  was  an  increase  of  12*63  per 
counties,  while  in  the  rural  counties  the  increase  cent  in  the  principal  cities,  20*51  per  cent,  in  the 
was  much  smaller  or  there  was  an  actual  decrease,  laree  towns,  and  6*26  per  cent  in  tne  small  towns. 
There  are  62  towns  in  England  and  Wales  with  whue  in  the  rural  districts  of  the  mainland  the 
more  than  50,000  inhabitants.  London  is  re-  population  decreased  0*55  per  cent,  and  on  the 
tamed  at  4,211,056,  against  3,815,544  ten  years  islands  8*41  per  cent  Glasgow  within  the  mu- 
ago,  showing  an  increase  of  10*4  per  cent  Liv-  nicipal  limits  has  a  population  of  565,714,  show- 
erpool  comes  next  with  the  only  decrease,  from  ing  an  increase  of  10*62  per  cent. ;  but  with  in- 
53^.')08  to  517,116.  Manchester  is  returned  at  elusion  of  the  suburbs  the  city  has  over  700,000 
505.343;  Birmingham,  429,171 ;  Leeds,  867,506 ;  inhabitants,  the  increase  having  been  at  the  rate 
Sheffield,  324,2^;  Bristol,  221,665;  Bradford,  of  30  per  cent  Edinburgh's  growth  was  at  the 
216,361;  Nottingham,  211,984;  West  Ham,  204,-  rate  oi  11*46  per  cent,  the  population  number- 
902;  Kingston-upon-HuU,  199,998;  Salford,  198,-  ing  261,261.  Dundee  had  155,640  inhabitants, 
136;  Newcastle-on-Tyne,  186,345;  Portsmouth,  an  increase  of  9*26  per  cent;  Aberdeen,  121,905, 
159,355;  Leicester,  142,051;  Oldham,  131,463;  an  increase  of  16*02  per  cent ;  Greenock,  63,498, 
Sunderland,  130,921;  Cardiff,  128,849;  Black-  a  decrease  of  4*97  per  cent;  Leith,  69,696,  an 
bom,  120,064;  Brighton,  115,402;  Preston,  107,-  increase  of  14*55  per  cent ;  Paisley,  66,427,  an 
573;  Croyden,  102,697;  Norwich,  100,964;  Birk-  increase  of  19*39  per  cent  The  population  of 
enhead,  99,184;  Huddersfield,  95,422;  Derby,  Scotland  is  divided  into  1,951,461  males  and 
H146;  Swansea.  90,423;  Ystradyfodwg,  88,356 ;  2,081,642  females,  the  former  having  increased 
Burnley,  87.058 ;  Gateshead,  85,709 ;  Plymouth,  in  the  decade  at  the  rate  of  8*45  per  cent,  and  the 
84.179;  Halifax,  82,864;  Wolverhampton,  82,-  latter  at  the  rate  of  7*52  per  cent  There  were 
620;  South  Shields,  78,431;  Middlesborough,  75,-  814,444  inhabited  and  51,714  vacant  houses, 
516:  Walsall,  71,791 ;  Rochdale,  71,458 ;  Totten-  against  739,005  and  59,697  in  1881. 
ham,71.336;  StHelen's,  71,288;  Stockport, 70,253;  The  total  population  of  Ireland,  according  to 
Aston  Manor,  68,639;  York,  66,984;  Southamp-  the  preliminary  returns,  was  4,706,162  persons, 
ton,  65,325;  Leyton,  63.106;  Willesden,  61,266;  of  whom  2,317,076  were  males  and  2,389,086  fe- 
Northampton,  61,016;  Reading,  60,054;  West  males.  This  shows  a  decrease  of  9*10  per  cent, 
Bromwicn,  59,489 ;  Merthyr  Tydvil,  58,080 ;  Ips-  the  highest  rate  since  the  famine  period,  when 
wich,  57,260:  Bury,  57,206;  Wigan,  55,013;  there  was  a  falling  off  between  1841  and  1851  of 
Hanley,  54.846;  Devonport,  64,736;  Newport  nearly  30  per  cent,  the  population  having  pre- 
(Mon.),  54,695 ;  Warrington,  52,742 ;  Coventry,  viously  grown  steadily  from  5,395,456  in  1801  to 
52,720;  Hastings,  52,340 ;  Grimsbv,  51,876 ;  Bath,  8,175,124  in  1841.  In  the  decade  1851-^61  the 
51,848,  and  Barrow-in-Furness,  61,712.  The  decline  was  810  per  cent ;  in  1861-'71,  6*83 ;  in 
growth  of  London  was  much  less  than  in  the  1871-81,  4*40.  In  the  female  population  the  de- 
preceding  decade,  the  improved  traveling  facil-  cline  during  the  last  decade  was  9*6,  and  in  the 
ities  havmg  encouraged  people  to  go  beyond  the  male  population  8*5  per  cent.  In  Munster  the 
registration  district  to  reside.  The  population  decrease  was  12*2  per  cent;  in  Connaught  119 
of  the  outer  ring,  which  embraces  370,924  acres,  per  cent. ;  in  Leinster,  6*5  per  cent ;  and  in 
while  the  inner  London  or  registration  district,  Ulster,  7*2  per  cent  The  only  counties  show- 
covers  77,410  acres,  increased  from  950,178  to  ing  an  increase  are  Dublin,  2*4  per  cent,  and 
1,435,457, or  nearly  60 percent,  making  the  pop-  Antrim,  1*4  per  cent  During  the  decade  the 
ulation  of  greater  London  5,656,909,  against  natural  increase  of  the  population  of  Ireland,  or 
4.766.661  in  1881.  The  day  census  of  the  city  of  surplus  of  births  over  deaths,  has  been  267,653, 
London  made  the  number  of  employers  and  em-  while  the  total  emigration  has  been  768,105.  Un- 
ploved  301,881,  against  261,061  in  1881,  while  like  Great  Britain,  Ireland  has  no  objection  to  a 
1,121,708  persons  entered  the  city  during  twenty-  religious  census.  The  returns  show  that  3,549,- 
four  hours,  against  797,563  in  1881.  The  most  745  persons,  or  75*4  per  cent,  of  the  population, 
remarkable  growth  was  seen  in  Tottenham,  95  are  Roman  Catholics ;  600,830,  or  12*8  per  cent., 
ptT  cent  in  ten  years,  in  Willesden  121*9  per  Protestant  Episcopalians ;  446,687,  or  9*5  per 
cent,  and  Leyton,  133-5.  The  increase  in  the  cent,  Presbyterians ;  55,235,  or  1*2  per  cent., 
population  of  Manchester  in  the  ten  years  was  Methodists :  and  53,665,  or  1*1  per  cent.,  belong 
1H995;  the  growth  of  Nottingham  was  13,328,  to  other  persuasions,  including  1,798  Jews  and 
or  only  14  per  cent,  as  compared  with  115  per  1,702  who  refused  to  give  information.  During 
cent  in  the  previous  decade ;  that  of  Cardiff  was  the  ten  years  the  Roman  Catholics  have  decreased 
47^522,  or  57  per  cent ;  that  of  Birmingham  was  10*4  per  cent.,  the  Episcopalians  6*4  per  cent, 
29,162;  Leeds,  69,980;  Sheffield,  40,796;  New-  and  the  Presbyterians  5*1  per  cent,  while  the 
««^tle,  42,143 ;  Hull,  80.027 ;  Bradford,  27,906 ;  Methodists  have  increased  131  per  cent,  and  the 
Portsmouth,  32,139 ;  Leicester,  20,205 ;  Salford,  Jews  280*9  per  cent    In  Ulster  the  Protestants 


332  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

outnumber  the  Catholics  by  100,000,  the  major-  The  estimates  voted  in  1890  provide  for  an  army 

ity  being  found  mainly  in  the  counties  of  An-  composed  of  7,475  commissioned  officers,   999 

trim  and  Down.    The  number  of  uninhabited  warrant  officers,  15,958  sergeants,  8,670  mnsi- 

houses  was  45,717,  showing  an  increase  of  12*8  cians,  and  125,381  private  soldiers,  with  14,432 

per  cent.    The  population  of  Dublin  city  in-  horses.    This  does  not  include  the  British  army 

creased  from  249,602  in  1881  to  254,709  in  1891,  in  England  and  includes  only  the  staff  of  the 

or  2  per  cent. ;  including  the  suburbs  the  in-  militia  and  other  auxiliary  forces.    The  regular 

crease  was  from  339,161  to  352,090.    Belfast  in-  troops  maintained  in  the  United  Kingdom  in 

creased  in  population  from  208,122  to  255,896,  1890  consisted  of  12,470  cavalry,  17,584  artillery, 

or  23  per  cent. :  Cork  decreased  6*3  per  cent.,  or  5,370  engineers,  and  68,682  infantry  and  special 

from  1^,124  to  75,070 ;  Limerick  decreased  from  bodies,  having  altogether  13,101  horses  and  2^ 

38,562  tr)  37,072,  or  3*9  per  cent. ;  Londonderry  field  guns.    Inclusive  of  the  troops  in  India,  the 

increased  from  29,162  to  32,893,  or  12*8  per  cent.;  total  strength  of  the  regular  army  in  the  begin - 

and  Waterford  decreased  from  22,457  to  21,693,  niujg  of  1^0  was  210,218  officers  and  men,  of 

or  3*4  per  cent.  which  number  78,387  were  in  England,  3,752  in 

Th&  total  population  of  the  United  Kingdom  Scotland,  26,977  in  Ireland,  4,185  in  Egypt,  27,- 

as  enumerated  on  April  5, 1891,  was  37,740,283.  147  in  the  colonies,  72,999  in  India,  and  1,821  on 

The  English  population  constitutes  now  72*8  passage.     Of  the  rank  and  file  as  returned  in 

per  cent,  of  the  whole,  the  Welsh  4  per  cent,  the  January,  1890,  there  were  151,311  bom  in  £ng- 

Scotch  10-7  per  cent.,  and  the  Irish  12*5.    The  land  and  Wales,  16,588  in  Scotland,  28,720  m 

relative  growth  of  the  English  element  is  seen  Ireland,  4,924  in  the  colonies  and  India,  and  355 

by  comparing  the  census  of  1821  when  54  per  cent,  of  foreign  or  unknown  nativity.   The  number  of 

of  the  population  lived  in  England,  3*4  per  cent,  men  of  all  ranks  enrolled  in  the  various  forces  in 

in  Wales,  10  per  cent,  in  Scotland,  and  82*6  per  1890  was  696,048,  and  the  number  reported  as 

cent,  in  Ireland.    The  population  of  the  Isle  of  effective  was  618,967,  classified  as  follows :  Reg- 

Man,  which  was  recently  on  the  decline,  is  ad-  ular  troops  at  home  and  in  the  colonies,   137,- 

vancing  again  in  numbers,  and  the  same  is  true  054 ;  first  class  of  the  army  reserve,  54,239 ;  sec- 

of  the  Channel  Islands,  their  population  being  ond  class  of  the  army  reserve,  1,926;  militia, 

147,870,  compared  with  141,260  in  1881.  117,309;  yeomanry  cavalry,  10,789;  volunteers. 

The  number  of  marriages  in  England  and  224,029;  Indian  establishments,  73,629.  Great 
Wales  in  1889  was  218,696;  of  births,  885,179;  Britain  and  Ireland  are  divided  into  14  military 
of  deaths,  517,968.  Though  3*8  per  cent,  more  districts,  which  are  subdivided  into  102  regiment- 
male  infants  are  bom  annually,  there  are  no  al  districts  for  infantry,  each  under  a  colonel, 
more  males  than  females  among  children  of  the  who  commands  in  addition  the  militia  forces,  as 
age  of  ten,  and  in  the  adult  population  there  are  do  the  colonels  placed  over  the  12  artillery  and 
only  949  men  to  every  1,000  women.  The  num-  2  cavalry  districts.  Each  line  regiment  consists 
ber  of  marriages  in  Scotland  for  1889  was  26,-  of  2  battalions,  of  which  one  usually  is  serving 
318;  of  births,  122,770;  of  deaths,  73,203.  In  abroad  while  the  other  is  stationed  at  home. 
Ireland  the  number  of  marriages  was  21,478 ;  of  The  army  in  India  is  recruited  from  the  pick  of 
births,  107,782;  of  deaths,  82,986.  The  proper-  the  troops,  who  are  commonly  enlisted  at  an  im- 
tion  of  illegitimate  births  was  4*6  per  cent,  of  mature  age,  eighteen  or  under,  whereas  the  10,- 
the  total  births  in  England  and  Wales,  7*9  per  000  or  more  men  drafted  to .  India  every  year 
cent,  in  Scotland,  and  2*8  per  cent,  in  Ireland.  must  be  of  good  phvsique  and  not  under  twenty 

The  number  of  emigrants,  natives  and  foreign-  years  old.    The  lack  of  discipline  which  was  ex- 

ers,  who  left  the  United  Kingdom  in  1890  was  nibited  by  one  of  the  battalions  of  the  Grenadier 

816,145,  of  whom  238,571  were  bound  for  the  Guards  in  acts  of  insubordination  that  caused 

United  States,  31,930  for  British  America,  21,604  the  temporary  of  the  battalion  to  Bermuda  in 

for  Australasia,  and  29,040  for  other  destinations.  1890  came  to  the  surface  again  when  another 

In  1889  the  total  number  of  emigrants  was  342,-  battalion  of  the  same  regiment,  on  April  20, 1891, 

641,  of  whom  168,518  were  natives  of  England  refused  to  turn  out  for  parade,  alleging  that 

and  Wales,  25,354  of  Scotland,  and  64,923  of  Ire-  their  officers  subjected  them  to  excessive  drills 

land.    There  were  147,898  immigrants  in  1889,  in  order  to  gain  leisure  for  travel  and  luxurious 

making  the  net  emigration  195,243.    Of  the  im-  amusements.    The  same  spirit  of  discontent  was 

miijrants,  103,070  were  of  British  and  Irish  origin,  manifested  at  the  time  of  the  visit  of  the  German 

which  deducted  from  the  total  emigration  of  Emperorin  July  by  the  young  soldiers  of  another 

253,795  British  subjects  leaves  an  excess  of  150,-  crack  regiment,  the  Foot  or  Coldstream  Guards, 

725  emigrants  of  British  nationality.  who  attempted  to  mutiny  on  account  of  the 

During  the  ten  years,  ending  with  1890, 8,552,-  severe  work  that  was  required  of  them.     The 

952  persons  have  emigrated  from  the  United  critics  of  the  army  published  many  complaints 

Kingdom,  of  whom  1,571,856  were  English,  278,-  in  1891  of  the  failures  in  discipline  and  efficiency 

671  Scotch,  735,555  Irish,  and  966,870  foreigners,  of  the  short-service  soldiers,  and  of  the  weapons 

In  1891  the  emigration  was  much  less  than  in  with  which  the  troops  were  provided,  alleging 

the  precedinjr  year,  the  net  emigration  of  per-  that  the  artillery  were  trained  with  old  12-poun- 

sons  of  British  and  Irish  origin  being  almost  ders,  and  that  the  modern  field  guns  that  had 

stationary,  although  there  was  a  larger  move-  been  adopted  had  not  yet  been  furnished,  and 

ment  of  foreign  emigrants  passing  through  Eng-  that  the  infantry  had  been  armed  with  a  hastily 

land  on  the  way  to  America.  accepted  magazme  rifie  that  was  constantly  fail- 

The  Army.— The  number  of  troops  and  the  ing  and  was  inferior  to  the  tvpes  adopted  bv 

cost  of  maintaining  each  branch  of  the  service  other  nations.    The  magazine  rifle  was  made  the 

must  be  exhibited  in  the  army  estimates,  sub-  subject  of  a  debate  in  Parliament  on  Feb.  3,  when 

mitted  for  the  sanction  of  Parliament  each  year,  the  Cabinet  was  sustained  by  a  majority  of  34. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  333 

The  principal  objection  to  the  serrice  rifle  is  class  ships  were  begun,  1  first-class  cmiser  had 
that  it  has  the  weak  bolt  action  that  has  been  been  launched  and  2  others  were  nearly  ready, 
discarded    by  the  German  and  other  govern-  5  second-class  cruisers  had  been  launchea,  and  2 
meats,  instead  of  locking  with  a  breech  block  torpedo  gunboats  were  nearly  ready  for  service, 
that  offers  a  solid  resistance  to  the  recoil.    The  Of  the  MO  guns  required  for  the  70  new  ships, 
Lee-Speed  rifle  is  said  to  shoot  no  faster  than  240  had  been  completed,  but  of  these  only  27  were 
the  Martini,  while  its  cost  is  twice  as  great  and  heavy  guns,  of  wnich  2  were  the  IG^inch  30-cal- 
is  more  than  that  of  the  German,  the  Austrian,  iber  110- ton  guns  that  have  been  condemned  as 
or  the  French  rifle,  and  it  is  also  said  that,  un-  useless  by  naval  experts,  because  the  67-ton  13^ 
like  these,  it  has  a  main  spring  and  striker  that  inch  gun  can  pierce  the  heaviest  armor  yet  made 
are  very  liable  to  be  broken  and  certain  to  be-  .and  because  the  great  guns  on  the  *'Benbow" 
come  fouled,  because  the  soldier  can  not  get  at  and  *'  Victoria  "  had  proved  unmanageable.  The 
them  to  clean  them.     Another  objection  is  that  ^*  Royal  Sovereign,"  begun  in  1889  and  launched 
no  suitable  ammunition  has  yet  been  devised.  at  Portsmouth  on  Feb.  26,  1801,  is  the  largest 
The  Narj.— There  were  38  armored  vessels  man-of-war  ever  built  in    England,  having  a 
and  177  unarmored  steam  vessels  in  commission  displacement  of  14,150  tons,  a  length  of  880  feet 
on  Nov.  1,  1890,  and  in  addition  to  these  the  ana  75  feet  breadth  of  beam.    The  7  barbette 
navy  had  27  sailing  vessels  and  82  stationary  ships  of  this  class  and  the  turret  ship  which  will 
vessels^    During  the  preceding  twelve  months  7  complete  the  list  of  the  first-class  battle  ships 
new  first-class  ironclads  had  gone  into  com-  ordered  under  the  Naval  Defense  act  will  all  ne 
mission,  while  3  of  the  second  class  had  been  armed  with  67-ton  guns,  four  in  number,  dis- 
bud off.    The  programme  of  construction  ap-  tributed  in  pairs  in  two  protected  stations,  and 
proved  by  Parliament  is  to  be  carried  out  by  all  capable  of  being  fired  on  each  broadside. 
1894,  when  there  will  be  30  first-class  battle  The  auxiliary  armament  is  mounted  on  two 
ships  instead  of  17,  as  at  present,  and  the  15  of  decks.    The  belt  of  18-inch  armor,  8^  feet  broad, 
the  second  class  will  be  increased  by  2;  11  new  extends  over  two  thirds  the  length  of  the  ship, 
protected  cruisers,  of  7,650  tons  each,  will  be  and  is  completed  by  armored  bulkheads,  a  steel 
ouilt ;  the  10  cruisers  of  the  second  class  will  be  deck  and  protective  under- water  deck,  and  18 
increased  to  51 ;  and  to  the  existing  18  of  the  inches  of  armor  on  the  barbette.  The  disposition 
third  class  6  will  be  added.     The  programme  of  the  armament  is  generally  the  same  as  in  the 
includes  also  a  torpedo  ship  of  6,620  tons,  2  new  "  Trafalgar  "  and  the  ''  Nile."    There  will  be  10 
sloop  gunboats,  31  torpedo  gunboats,  of  which  4  6-inch  quick-firing  guns,  16  6-pounder,  and  9 
are  now  completed,  0  more  unarmored  gunboats,  8-pounder  quick-firers,  8  machine  guns,  and  2 
of  which  there  are  now  62,  and  an  admtion  of  6  field  guns.    The  *'  Royal  Sovereign  "  is  designed 
to  the  80  first-class,  and  of  10  to  the  51  second-  for  a  speed  of  16  knots  at  natural  draught  and  a 
class  torpedo  boats  that  the  Government  has  at  coal  endurance  of  5,000  miles.     The  "  Royal 
present.    The  7  vessels  that  are  befng  built  for  Arthur,"  launched  from  the  Portsmouth  dock- 
the  Australian  squadron  do  not  form  a  part  of  yard  in  the  same  month  as  the  '*  Royal  Sover- 
the  scheme.    There  were  in  progress  at  the  close  eign,"  is  one  of  the  9  first-class  protected  cruisers 
of  1990  5  first-class  battle  ships,  2  first-class,  8  of  the  improved  "  Mersey  "  tyne,  measuring  860 
second-class,  and  6  third-class  protected  cruisers,  feet  in  length  and  60  feet  8  incnes  in  beam,  with 
1  torpedo   depot-ship,  7  torpedo    gunboats,  2  a  displacement  of  7,700  tons.    She  will  be  able 
sloops,  and  9  first-class  gunboats.    Of  the  vessels  to  steam  19^  knots  under  forced  draught  and  18^ 
now  on  the  effective  list  29,  will  be  removed  as  knots  with  natural  draught,  and  can  carry  coal 
obsolete  before  April,  1894.   The  naval  estimates  for  a  cruise  of  10,000  knots  at  a  speed  of  10 
for  1890-'91  provide  for  48,449  officers  and  sea-  knots.    The  steel  turtle-back  deck  is  5  inches 
men,  6,244  boys,  13,882  marines,  4,200  men  of  thick  in  the  most  exposed  parts,  and  the  guns 
the  coast  guard,  and  1,025  officers  for  various  are  protected  by  6-inch  screens  and  casemates, 
services.    There  were  14  fiag  officers  and  2,687  She  will  carry  1  9-2-inch  gun,  12  6-inch  quick- 
commissioned  officers  in  active  service.    Provis-  firing  guns,  12  quick-firing  O-pounders,  5  8-pound- 
ion  was  made  also  for  21,159  navy  reserves,  2,-  ers,  6  machine  guns,  and  2  9-pounders,  besides 
510  pensioner  reserves,  and  2,000  artillery  volun-  4  torpedo  tubes  and  a  complement  of  18  torpK!- 
teers.  does.    The  **  Endymion,"  of  the  same  class,  built 
The  last  of  the  vessels  embraced  in  the  old  by  contract  at  Hull,  was  launched  on  July  22. 
programme,  the  first-class  cruiser  "Blenheim,"  She  will  be  armed  with  2  9-2-inch  breech-loaders 
was  delivered  by  the  builders  before  the  end  of  and  with  nearly  the  same  equipment  of  smaller 
1891.    Of  the  17  second-class  cruisers  contracted  guns  and  the  same  torpedo  apparatus  as  the 
for,  8  had  been  launched  before  the  beginning  of  "Royal  Arthur"  ;  and  is  designed  for  a  speed  of 
1891,  the  "Latona,"  built  at  Portsmouth,  had  20  Icnots  when  running  at  full  power.     The 
been  delivered,  and  all  were  expected  to  be  com-  naval  raanceuvres  of  1891  showed  little  besides 
pleted  before  April,  1892 ;  the  5  first-class  cruis-  the  efficacy  of  the  system  of  mobilization  and  the 
ers  were  expected  to  be  launched  within  a  year ;  efficiency  and  vigilance  of  the  officers  and  dis- 
3  of  the  4  first-class  battle  ships  were  in  an  ad-  cipline  and  smartness  of  the  crews.    A  vigorous 
vanced  stage ;  and  the  6  torpedo  gun-vessels,  offensive  as  a  means  of  frustrating  torpedo  at- 
comoleting  the  ship-building  allotted  to  private  tacks  was  adjudged  to  have  been  entirely  suc- 
builders  under  the  Naval  Defense  act,  had  not  cessful.     Another   feature  of    the  manoeuvres 
yet  been  contracted  for.    The  5  cruisers  and  2  was  the  successful  test   of  the    110- ton  guns 
torpedo  gunboats  for  the  Australian  flotilla  were  with  which  the  "  Sans  Pareil "  had  been  provided 
then  nearly  completed.    Of  38  ships  to  be  built  after  years  of  delay. 

in  the  royal  dockyards,  4  first-class  battle  ships  Finances. — For  the  year  ending  March  81, 

were  nearly  ready  to  be  launched,  the  2  second-  1890,  the  total  revenue  of  the  Government  was 


334  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

£89,304,816,  exceeding  the  budget  estimate  by  departmental  expenses  enabled  Mr.  Goschen  to 
£3,154,316,  and  the  actual  expenditure  was  £86,'-  show  a  balance  of  about  £1,250,000  at  the  end  of 
083,314,  which  was  £116,487  more  than  was  esti-  the  year.  The  increased  receipts  for  tobacco,  the 
mated  in  the  budget  For  the  year  ending  March  unabated  **  rush  to  alcohol,"  which  yielded  £900,- 
31, 1891,  the  revenue  was  estimated  at  £90,406,000  000  of  the  surplus,  besides  the  new  duties  that 
and  the  expenditure  at  £86,627,000.  Nearly  five  do  not  go  into  the  imperial  treasury,  and  the  in- 
sixths  of  the  revenue  in  1889-'90  was  derived  creased  consumption  of  tea,  which  reduced  the 
from  taxation,  customs  producing  the  net  sum  loss  to  the  treasury  from  taking  off  2d.  a  pound 
of  £20.455,563,  excise  £24,133,252,  stamps  £13,-  from  the  duty  from  the  expected  £1,500,000  to 
041,692,  the  land  tax  £1,046,359,  the  house  duty  little  more  than  £1,000,000,  were  among  the  signs 
£1,977.644,  and  the  income  and  property  tax  £12,-  of  industrial  prosperity.  The  debt  was  reduced 
783,900,  making  in  all  £73,483,390.  The  net  rev-  by  £7,616,000,  notwithstanding  an  increase  in  the 
enue  from  the  post-office  was  £9,467,165,  from  unfunded  debt  of  £4,138,000,  including  the  de- 
telegraphs  £2,307,444,  from  Crown  lands  £507,-  fense  loans  and  £800.000  for  the  Australian 
819,  interest  on  Suez  Canal  shares  held  by  the  squadron.  Since  Mr.  Goschen  came  into  ofiBce 
Government  £279,155,  and  departmental  and  the  capital  of  the  debt  has  been  reduced  by  £31,- 
other  receipts  £3,416,068.  Of  the  receipts  from  000,000  and  £2,000,000  a  year  have  been  saved  to 
customs,  £9,214,629  were  raised  from  tobacco  im-  the  tax  payer  bv  the  reductions  in  the  annual  debt 
ports.  £4,490,694  from  tea,  £2,217,172  from  rum,  charge.  For  the  year  1891-*92  Mr.  Goschen  cal- 
£1,331,539  from  brandy,  £1,183,301  from  other  culated  on  a  total  expenditure  of  £88,444,000. 
spirits,  £1,808,695  from  wine,  and  the  remainder  The  new  requirements  were  not  for  the  army  and 
from  currants,  coffee,  raisins,  and  other  articles,  hayj,  as  in  the  previous  year,  but  for  the  relief 
Of  the  excise  receipts,  £14,800,687  came  from  spir-  of  distress  and  development  of  the  material  re- 
its,  £9,598,955  from  beer,  and  the  rest  from  rail-  sources  of  Ireland,  higher  wages  in  the  post-office 
ways,  license  fees,  and  other  minor  sources.  Of  and  other  departments,  new  buildings,  education- 
the  receipts  from  stamps  the  probate  duty  yield-  al  improvements,  and  the  census.  The  sixpenny 
ed  £4,603,490,  the  legacy  duty  £2,788,334,  deeds  income  tax  is  retained,  and  a  more  rigorous  as- 
£2,794,539,  receipts  £1,084,826,  the  succession  sessment  and  collection  enables  the  Chancellor  of 
duty  £1,099,406,  and  the  estate  duty,  bills  of  ex-  the  Exchequer  to  reckon  on  obtaining  £2,300,000 
change,  patent  medicines,  license  fees,  marine  in-  for  every  penny  in  the  pound,  or  £300,000  more 
surance,  and  other  sources  smaller  sums.  Of  the  than  when  he  came  into  office.  The  £2,000,000 
total  expenditure  the  charges  on  the  consolidated  that  a  penny  of  income  tax  then  represented  was 
fund,  mainly  for  the  public  debt,  consumed  £28,-  four  times  what  it  produced  when  the  tax  was 
289,524,  the  army  ana  navy  £31,203,152,  and  the  first  imposed  by  Sir  Robert  Peel,  and  every  in- 
civil  service  £26,590,638,  which  includes  the  cost  crease  in  the  amount  collected  tends'  to  keep  it 
of  collecting  the  revenue.  The  interest  and  sink-  at  the  present  rate,  in  spite  of  the  clamor  of  the 
ing  fund  of  the  debt  amounted  to  £25,000,000 ;  property-owning  and  capitalist  classes  for  a  re- 
the  cost  of  the  army  was  £17,345,811,  and  of  the  auction.  The  estimate  of  revenue  for  1891-*92 
navy  £13,842,241 ;  the  grants  for  civil  services  was  £90.480,000,  leaving  an  estimated  surplus  of 
were  £15,589,990 ;  the  cost  of  collecting  the  cus-  £1,986,000.  The  Government  project  for  freeing 
toms  and  inland  revenue  was  £2,654,891 ;  the  ap-  education  was  expected  to  cost  £2,000,000,  but 
propriations  for  the  post-office  were  £5,463,205,  not  more  than  one  hidf  as  much  for  the  first  year, 
lor  the  telegraph  service  £2,176,000,  for  the  pack-  as  the  act  would  not  go  into  force  before  Septem- 
et  service  £664,000.  Comparing  the  revenue  re-  ber,  1891.  Of  the  remainder  of  the  surplus  £500,- 
turns  of  1890  with  those  of  1857,  we  find  the  in-  000  were  to  be  expended  in  constructing  barracks 
come  from  customs  15  per  cent,  less,  the  excise  and  the  rest  in  carrying  out  the  promised  with- 
revenue  37i  per  cent  greater,  the  proceeds  of  drawal  of  the  light  gold  coinage, 
stamp  taxes  nearly  double,  the  produce  of  the  The  national  debt  on  March  81, 1890,  amount- 
land  and  house  taxes  about  the  same,  the  income  ed  to  £689,944,026.  Deducting  assets  and  bal- 
tax  receipts  a  little  more,  and  the  total  revenue  ances,  the  net  total  was  £679,783,889.  During 
greater  by  16f  per  cent  The  income  tax  was  5d,  the  war  of  the  American  Revolution  the  debt  was 
m  the  pound  in  1884;  a  penny  was  added  in  1885  nearly  doubled,  amounting  when  peace  was  de- 
and  2d.  more  in  1886 ;  it  was  Sd.  for  two  years,  clared  to  £243,063,145.  The  French  war  of  1792 
then  a  penny  was  taken  off  in  1888,  and  another  and  the  war  with  Napoleon  increased  the  capital 
penny  m  1889,  and  in  1890  the  Qd.  rate  was  re-  to  £861,039,049.  During  the  next  forty  years 
tained,  or  2i  per  cent  of  land  and  house  rents,  £91,956.500  were  paid  off.  and  then  £39,026,173 
profits,  interest,  and  dividends  assessed,  the  were  added  on  account  of  the  Crimean  War,  mak- 
amount  of  which  in  1889  was  £645,158,689,  hav-  ing  the  capital  £808,108,722  in  1857,  which  hfls 
ing  increased  to  that  figure  from  £465,478,688  in  since  been  decreased  by  £118,164,696.  Since  18S0 
1871.  A  comparison  of  the  expenditures  of  1890  it  has  been  reduced  from  £774,044,285  to  £689.- 
with  those  of  1857  shows  that  over  50  per  cent  944,026,  which  is  not  much  more  than  the  an- 
more  is  now  spent  on  the  army  and  navy,  the  ex-  nual  value  of  property  and  profits  assessed  to  the 
penses  of  the  debt  are  13^  per  cent,  less,  the  net  income  tax.  and  is  less  than  half  of  the  national 
expenses  of  the  civil  services  nearly  30  per  cent  income.  Divided  by  the  number  of  the  present 
greater,  and  special  expenses  much  less.  population,  it  represents  a  debt  of  $88.50  per 
The  revenue  for  1890-'91  exceeded  the  esti-  capita,  the  annual  interest  and  reduction  charges 
mates  by  over  £1,800,000,  and  though  relief  of  bemg  about  $3.40  jtx?r  capita. 
distress  in  Ireland,  the  increase  of  the  wages  of  Prodnction  and  Indnstry.— The  area  de- 
post-office  employes,  and  supplementary  votes  to  voted  to  grain  crops  in  Great  Britain  in  1800  was 
the  amount  of  £500,000  threatened  to  reduce  the  8,033,133  acres ;  to  green  crops,  3.297,528  acres ; 
surplus  to  little  more  than  £500,000,  savings  in  to  clover  and  grass,  4,808,819  acres;  to  perma- 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  335 

nent  pasture,  16,017.492  acres:  to  hops,  54,555  that  of  Scotland  8  per  cent.,  and  Ireland  H  per 
acres ;  to  flax,  2,455  acres ;  fallow,  508,119  acres,  cent.    The  imports  of  gold  in  1890  amounted  to 
[r  Ireland  the  area  of  grain  crops  was  1,514,607  £23,568,049,  and  the  exports  to  £14,806,688;  the 
aeres;  green  crops,  1,214,396  acres;  flax,  96,871  imports  of  silver  to  £10,800,884,  and  the  exports 
acres;   clover,  grass,    and    pasture,    12,304,265  to  £10,385,659.     Among  the  merchandise  im- 
acres ;   fallow,    15,538  acres.     The  area  under  ports  in  1890,  articles  of  food  and  drink  free  of 
wheat  in  Great  Britain  was  2,386,336  acres,  and  duty  figure  for  £136,422,110,  and  those  paying 
ID  Ireland  188,711  acres.    The  number  of  horses  duty  for  £26,216,864;  textile  materials  for  £85,- 
in  Great  Britain  was  1,432,620:  of  cattle,  6,508,-  239,289;  metals  for  £23,710,901;  and  other  raw 
6:32;  of  sheep,  27,272,459;  of  pigs,  2,773,609.    In  materials  for  £41,626,155:  chemicals  and  colors 
Ireland  the  number  of  horses  was  523,384;  of  for  £8,190,889 ;  oils  for  £6,991,653:  tobacco  for 
cattle,  4,240,753;  of  sheep,  4,323,805;  of  pigs,  £3,542,949;  live  animals  for  £11.216,333;  manu- 
1,570,279.    The  sea  fisheries  give  employment  to  facturered  products  for  £63,218,167;  and  mis- 
aboQt  125,000  men,  of  whom  52,000  are  Scotch,  oellaneons  articles  for  £14,510,885. 
47,000  English,  and  26,000  Irish.    The  value  of  The  imports  of  grain  and  flour  were  valued  at 
the  fish  and  shell  fish  caught  in  1889  was  £5,993,-  £53,044,507:    raw    cotton,    £42,756,575;    wool, 
tfi^l.  exclusive  of  salmon,  of  which  the  catch  in  £26,945,057 ;    dead  meat,   £20,622,824 ;    sugar, 
Ireland  was  estimated  at  £334,000,  and  in  Scot-  £18,260,884 ;  timber  and  wood,  £17,126,983 ;  but- 
land  at  £240,000.  ter  and  margarine,  £13,682,579 ;  silk  manufact- 
The  quantity  of  coal  raised  in  the  United  ures,  £11,318,991;    animals,   £11,216,333;  wool 
Kingdom  in  1889  was  176,916,724  tons,  valued  at  manufactures,  £11,178,182 ;  flax,  hemp,  and  jute, 
£56,175,426.    The  quantity  of  iron  ore  was  14,-  £10,723,912 ;  tea,  £9,998,353.    The  quantity  of 
M6,105  tons,  Talued  at  £3,848,268,  containing  wheat  imported  in  1890  was  96,758,688  bushels, 
5.181,733  tons  of  iron,  of  the  value  of  £12,695,-  of  which  31,022,440  bushels  came  from  Russia, 
246w  The  tin,  lead,  zinc,  silver,  copper,  and  other  27.521,696  bushels  from  the  United  States,  21,- 
metals  brings  the  total  product  from  British  ores  276,200  bushels  from  British  possessions,  and  the 
up  to  £14,346,846,  and  counting,  besides  coal,  the  rest  from  Roumania,  Germany,  and  other  coun- 
product  of  the  quarries,  salt  mines,  gypsum,  ar-  tries.    This  does  not  include  the  flour  imports, 
senic,  etc.,  and  of  metallic  ores,  the  vfUue  of  equal  to  25,237,836  bushels,  of  which  the  share 
the  mineral  produce  was  £73,476,000.  The  nnm-  of  the  United  States  was  19,241,280  bushels.  The 
ber  of  persons  employed  in  the  coal  mines  was  exports  of  cotton  goods  in  1890  were  £62,079,- 
563,735.    Coal  was  exported  in  1889  to  France,  35o,  and  of  cotton  yam  £12,351,960;   those  of 
Italy,  Germany,  Russia,  Sweden,  Denmark.  Spain,  woolen  manufactures,  £20,421,847.  and  of  woolen 
and  Egypt  of  the  total  value  of  £14,781,990,  the  yarn,  £4,088,654;  linen  goods,  £5,715,984;  iute 
quantity  being  28,956,445  tons.    The  consump-  manufactures,  £2,665,658;  apparel,  £5,035,679; 
tioii  of  pig  iron  in  1889  was  7,692,230  tons.    The  iron  and  steel  manufactures,  £31,582,172 ;  hard- 
imports  of  raw  cotton  in  1889  were  1,937,462,240  ware  and  cutlery,  £2,765,340;  copper,  £4,555,- 
pounds,  of  which  277,602,304  pounds  were  re-  514;    machinery,  £16,418,424;   coal  and  coke, 
exported.    The  imports  of  wool  were  700,903,057  £19,019,989 ;  chemicals,  £8,948,391. 
pounds,  of  which  363,647,360  pounds  were  re-  NaTigation. — The  steamers  engaged  in  the 
ex|iort«i ;  the  imports  from  Australia  amounted  foreign  trade  in  1889  numbered  3,484,  of  4,257,- 
to  431,308,391  pounds.    There  were  2,538  fac-  156  tons,  employing  117,891  men.    There  were 
tones  in  1800  manufacturing  cotton,  1,793  mak-  260  steamers,  of  118,407  tons,  employing  4,092 
ing  woolen   goods,    125  for  shoddy,    753    for  men,  engaged  partly  in  the  foreign  and  partly  in 
worsted,  375  for  flax,  105  for  hemp,  116  for  jute,  the  home  trade^  and  1,841,  of  289,245  tons,  em- 
43  for  hair,  24  for  cocoa-nut  fiber,  628  for  silk,  ploying  21,015  men,  that  were  engaged  in  the 
403  for  lace,  257  for  hosiery,  and  64  for  elastic,  home  trade  alone,  which  extends  to  the  neigh- 
making  in  all  7,190  factories,  with  53,641,062  boring  coasts  from  the  mouth  of  the  Elbe  to 
spindles  and  822,489  power  looms,  employing  Brest.    The  number  of  sailing  vessels  in  the  for- 
428.082  males  and  666,549  females,  including  eign  trade  was  2,484,  of  2,338,289  tons,  employ- 
40,558  male  and  45,941  female  children  working  ing  46,595  men ;  the  number  engaged  both  m 
half  time,  being  under  thirteen  years  of  age.  The  the  home  and  the  foreign  trade  was  500,  of  66,619 
c-apital  emploved    in   the   textile  industries  is  tons,  employing  2,856  men :  and  the  number  en- 
aliout  £200,006,000,  and  the  number  of  persons  gaged  in  the  home  trade  alone  was  8,985,  of  571,- 
dependent  on  them  is  at  least  5,000,000.    Textile  438  tons,  employing  88,314  men.    The  total  num- 
products  constitute  more  than  half  of  the  total  ber  of  vessels  registered  was  21,779,  of  7,759,008 
exports.  tons,  comprising  14,640  sailing  vessels,  of  3,041,- 
Commeree.— The  value  of  the  foreign  com-  278  tons,  and  7,139  steamers,  of  4,717,730  tons, 
merce  of  the  United  Kingdom  in  1890  was  £748-  There  were  built  and  first  registered  during  the 
'T6.286,  against  £743,230,274  in  1889  and  £686,-  vear  277  sailing  vessels,  of  117,481  tons,  and  582 
213j^  in    1888.      The   merchandise    imports  steamers,  of  554,024  tons.    The  number  of  ves- 
amounted  to  £420.8a5,695,  against  £427,637,595  sels  that  were  entered  at  British  ports  in  1889 
in  1888  and  £387,635,743  in  1887:  the  exports  was  62,052,  of  85,524,000  tons,  of  which  all  were 
of  British  products  were  £263,542.500,  having  British  except  23,375,  of  9,578,000  tons.    The 
risrn  in  steady  progression  from  £212,725,200  in  total  number  cleared  was  62.920,  of  36,365,000 
1^;  the  export^  of  foreign  and  colonial  prod-  tons,  of  which  23,875.  of  9,841,000  tons  were  for- 
nce  were  £64,348,091  in  value.  The  average  share  cign.     The  foreign  tonnage  entered  and  cleared 
of  CTerv  man,  woman,  and  child  in  the  total  trade  was  19,420,241  tons,  of  which  4,737,211  tons  were 
^as  £19  lis.  9d.,  and  in  the  exports  of  British  Norwegian  vessels,  8.956,315  were  German,  1,920,- 
prndnce,  £6  17«.  lOd.    The  share  of  England  296  Dutch,  1,867,569  French,  1,760,130  Danish, 
and  Wales  in  the  totel  trade  was  90i  per  cent.,  1,491,681  Swedish,  1,208,198  Spanish,  792,394  Bel- 


336                                      GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

ffian,  618,119  Russian,  456,180  Italian,  and  825,610  augmenting  the  number  of  owners  engaged  in 

American.    The  tonnage  of  yessels  that  were  en-  the  actual  cultivation  of  the  land  was  placed  at 

tered  with  cargoes  in  1889  was  28,517,000,  and  the  head  of  the  measures  to  be  laid  before  Par- 

the  tonnage  cleared  with  cargoes  was  33,048,000.  liament.    The  next  was  a  proposal  to  remedy 

The  number  of  vessels  entered  coastwise  was  310,-  the  difficulties  arising  from  the  indirect  inci- 

031,  of  47,524.354  tons,  and  the  number  clearetl  dence  of  the  tithe  rent-charge  in  Wales  and  Eng- 

was  286,407,  of  42,031,729  tons.  land.    A  measure  to  facilitate  the  transaction  in 

Railroads. — The  length  of  the  British  rail-  Scotland  and  Ireland  of  the  more  important 

roads  in  the  beginning  of  1890  was  19,943  miles,  stages  of  priyate  legislation  was  placed  next, 

of  which  14,034  miles  were  in  England  and  Wales,  and  after  tnat  the  attention  of  Parliament  would 

8,118  miles  in  Scotland,  and  2,791  miles  in  Ire-  be  called  to  the  expediency  of  aHeviating  the 

land.    The  capital  in  paid-up  shares  and  loans  burden  which  the  law  of  compulsory  education 

was  £876,595,166.    The  number  of  passengers  imposes  on  the  poorer  classes.    If  time  remained 

carried  in  1889  was  775,183,073.    The  receipts  for  the  consideration  of  other  measures,  bills 

from  passengers  were  £32,630,724 ;  from  freight,  would  be  introduced  to  reform  the  system  of 

£41,086,333 ;  the  total  receipts,  including  mis-  county  government  in  Ireland,  assimilating  it  to 

cellaneous,  £77,025,017;  ana  the  working  ex-  the  recent  acts  for  Great  Britain;  to  establish 

penses  were  £40,094,116,  which  was  52  per  cent,  district  councils;  to  extend  the  facilities  for  pur- 

of  the  gross  receipts  and  4*21  per  cent,  on  the  chasing  small  parcels  of  land  in  Great  Britain ; 

paid-upcapital,  which  was  £43,955  per  mile.  to  amend  the  law  with  respect  to  the  coropensa- 

The  Fostrofflce  and  Teleftraphs. — ^The  num-  tion  payable  by  employers  for  injuries  to  persons 
ber  of  letters  delivered  in  uie  Dscal  year  1890  in  their  employment ;  to  amend  the  laws  relating 
was  1,650,000,000,  the  proportion  in  the  several  to  public  health ;  for  the  appointment  of  a  public 
divisions  of  the  United  Kingdom  being  48  per  trustee;  and  for  increasing  the  security  of  friend- 
head  of  the  population  in  England  and  Wales,  ly  societies  and  savings  banks. 
84  in  Scotland,  and  21  in  Ireland,  and  the  aver-  Parliament  was  called  together  in  November, 
age  for  the  whole  kingdom  43  to  each  individual,  nearly  three  months  before  the  usual  time,  on  an 
The  number  of  post  cards  delivered  was  217,-  understanding  that  the  session  should  not  be 
000,000,  an  increase  of  78  per  cent ;  the  number  prolonged  beyond  the  end  of  July.  Irish  ob- 
of  book  packets  was  441,900,000,  an  increase  of  struction,  which  has  hitherto  borne  the  blame 
7*3  per  cent ;  the  number  of  parcels  was  42,800,-  for  the  barrenness  of  Parliament  and  the  pro- 
000,  an  increase  of  8*2  per  cent. ;  the  number  of  traction  of  its  sessions  till  late  autumn,  had  noth- 
newspapers  was  159,3(K),000,  an  increase  of  4*9  ing  to  do  with  the  shortcominp^  of  the  session 
per  cent.  There  were  10,374,144  money  orders  of  1891.  The  rupture  of  the  Irish  party  enabled 
issued,  including  foreign  and  colonial,  transmit-  the  ministers  to  carry  the  address  in  a  single 
ting  £27.105,905 ;  of  postal  orders,  the  number  evening  and  to  have  the  tithe  bill  and  the  Irish 
was  44,712.548,  of  the  aggregate  amount  of  £17,-  land-purchase  bill  read  a  second  time  and  their 
737,802.  Of  the  inland  money  orders,  9,027,750  discussion  in  committee  begun,  as  well  as  to  pa5« 
in  number,  having  a  total  value  of  £23,883,417,  two  minor  measures  for  Irish  relief,  before  the 
the  share  of  England  was  7,395,352,  of  the  value  House  adjourned  for  the  Christmas  holidays, 
of  £19,548,374;  that  of  Scotland  was  £1,068,457,  The  Irish  party  was  so  engrossed  with  its  inter- 
issued  for  £2,501,572 ;  and  that  of  Ireland  was  nal  feuds  tnat  it  took  little  part  in  the  business 
563,941,  representing  £1,283,471.  The  gross  rev-  of  Parliament.  The  section  that  adhered  to  Mr. 
enue  of  the  post-office  for  the  year  ending  March  Gladstone  did  not  oppose  the  land-purchase  bill. 
31,  1890,  was  £9,847,778,  and  the  working  ex-  because  it  offered  real  benefits  to  the  peasantry, 
penses  £6,603,217,  exclusive  of  the  telegraph  and  its  affiliations  with  the  Catholic  priesthood 
service,  which  yielded  a  gross  revenue  of  £2,-  deterred  it  from  joining  the  English  Radicals  in 
363,836  and  a  net  revenue,  after  deducting  work-  their  opposition  to  the  temporizing  free-educa- 
ing  expenses,  of  £101,526.  The  number  of  mes-  tion  bill.  Aft«r  reassembling  on  Jan.  22  and 
sages  in  1890  was  52,436,779  in  England  and  making  a  good  start  by  passing  the  tithe  bill  at 
Wales,  6,545,654  in  Scotland,  and  3,420,966  in  the  third  reading,  and  sending  it  up  to  the  House 
Ireland,  or  62,403,399  for  the  whole  United  King-  of  Lords,  the  House  dallied  over  the  supplement- 
donL  On  March  31,  1890,  the  telegraph  lines  ary  estimates  and  over  the  factories  bill  and  one 
had  a  total  length  of  31,440  miles,  with  190,027  or  two  minor  measures.  The  speech  from  the 
miles  of  wires,  excluding  the  wires  of  railroad  throne  had  given  precedence  to  the  tithe  bill, 
companies,  but  including  17,211  miles  of  private  the  land  purchase  bill,  the  Scotch  private  bill, 
wires.  The  post-office  has  28  telephone  exchanges  procedure  bill,  and  the  free-education  bill.  Of 
in  various  towns,  and  46  miles  of  pneumatic  tubes  these,  the  tithes  bill  was  disposed  of,  the  land-pur- 
in  London.  chase  bill  was  in  committee  from  Dec  5,  and  the 

The  Parliamentary  Session.  —  The  sixth  Scotch  private  bills  act  was  referred  to  a  select 

session  of  the  twelfth  Parliament  of  Queen  Vic-  committee  before  the  adjournment  for  the  Easter 

toria  and  the  twenty-fourth  of  the  United  King-  holidays  on  March  26.    This  committee  was  not 

dom  was  opened  on  Nov.  25, 1890.    In  the  speech  appointed  till  after  the  House  reassembled,  and 

from  the  throne  the  failure  of  the  potato  crop  in  no  details  of  the  education  bill  were  made  known 

the  western  counties  of  Ireland  was  mentioned  till  the  introduction  of  the  budget  on  April  23. 

as  requiring  Government  measures  to  mitigate  Several  secondary  measures  mentioned  in  the 

the  immediate  evil  and  diminish  the  probability  Queen^s  speech,  dealing  with  Irish  local  govem- 

of  its  return.    It  was  ascribed  to  the  economic  ment,  district  councils,  small  holdings,  the  ap- 

and  industrial  conditions  under  which  the  peo-  pointment  of  a  public  trustee,  and  the  liability 

pie  live;  and  to  increase  contentment  and  dirain-  of  employers  were  dropped,  and  nothine  wa5 

ish  political  disturbance  in  Ireland,  a  bill  for  heard  of  them,  while  others  were  introduced,  and 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  337 

some  of  them  were  passed,  le^slating  for  fac-  vances  were  limited,  in  the  first  instance,  to  the 

t<  ries  and  workshops,  the  public  health  of  Lon-  capitalized  value  of  the  guarantees,  immediate 

(i"n.  elections  to  county  councils,  the  gold  coin-  and  contingent,  which  may  be  computed  at  some 

age.  and  other  matters.  £30,000,000,  but  there  were  provisions  for  read- 

The  tithe  bill  was  very  different  from  what  the  vancing  a  portion  of  this,  under  the  same  limita- 
Weish  people  desired ;  but,  since  it  made  the  tions,  in  case  no  default  was  made.  The  portion 
owueis.  instead  of  the  tenant  farmers,  responsi-  of  the  bill  dealing  with  the  congested  mstricts 
ble  for  the  rent-charge  and  deprived  the  tithe  supplemented  these  guarantees  in  the  case  of 
r'wner  of  the  remedjr  of  distraint,  leaving  him  to  counties  requiring  special  relief  by  an  appropria- 
rw-over  by  process  in  the  county  court,  the  ab-  tion  of  £1,500,000  charged  on  the  capital  of  the 
surdities  of  the  original  bill  proposed  by  the  Church  fund,  while  a  board  was  constituted  with 
<ioTemment  two  years  before  were  corrected,  and  power  to  buy  and  sell  lands,  to  develop  local  in- 
it  wa:^  passed  on  Feb.  12  by  a  majority  of  250  austries,  to  amalgamate  small  farms,  and  to  as- 
A^inst  161.  The  claim  of  the  Welsh  people  to  sist  emigration.  Mr.  Morley's  amendment  pro- 
decide  on  the  uses  of  the  tithes  paid  by  them  posing  to  delegate  the  powers  under  the  act  of 
was  not  considered,  nor  was  the  proposition  to  the  county  councils  yet  to  be  created  was  re- 
oimraute  the  tax,  so  as  to  bring  it  into  harmony  jected  by  a  majority  of  77.  Mr.  Sexton's  pro- 
wiih  the  altered  conditions  of  agriculture.  In  posal  to  reinstate  the  evicted  tenants,  the  means 
the  interest  of  the  land  owners,  who  would  hence-  bein^  supplied  from  the  Irish  Church  surplus, 
forth  have  to  pay  the  tithes,  C.  Gray,  a  Conserva-  ousting  tne  tenants  now  occupying  evicted  farms. 
tire  county  member,  offered  an  amendment  to  was  supported  bv  the  pleadings  of  Sir  George 
remit  the  tithe  rent-charge  when  in  excess  of  Trevelyan  and  the  full  Gladstonian  vote.  The 
half  the  annual  value,  instead  of  two  thirds,  as  in  Land  Commission  was  made  permanent.  The 
the  bill ;  but  many  of  the  country  gentlemen  most  important  change  resulting  from  the  dis- 
stoful  by  the  Government,  and  the  amendment  cussion  was  a  concession  made  by  Mr.  Balfour  to 
was  rejected  by  a  majority  of  54.  More  opposi-  Mr.  Parnell.  by  which  in  the  case  of  holding  of 
tion  was  manifested  m  the  House  of  Lords,  but  less  than  £50  annual  value  the  Government  ad- 
tbe  bill  passed  in  almost  the  original  form,  and  vance  in  each  county  should  be  in  proportion  to 
received  the  royal  assent  on  March  25.  the  number,  not  the  valuation,  of  such  farms. 

The  land-purchase  bill,  though  in  point  of  Another  amendment  granted  a  right  of  appeal 
maf^itude  and  complexity  the  most  important  from  the'  Purchase  Commissioners.  The  bill  was 
measure  of  the  session,  was  not  as  long  nor  did  read  a  third  time  on  June  15.  The  House  of 
it  present  so  many  points  of  difiicultv  as  the  Lords  added  an  amendment  restricting  the  lim- 
ine presented  hj  Mr.  Balfour  in  1890,  which  was  itation  of  advances  in  the  case  of  the  larger  ten- 
in  fact  divided  into  two  bills,  the  section  relating  ants  to  the  first  year,  assuming  that  the  smaller 
to  the  Land  Department  being  embodied  in  a  tenants  did  not  take  up  their  allotted  portion ; 
separate  measure,  and  this  was  advanced  to  the  and  in  respect  to  a  provision  giving  special  priv- 
(timmittee  stage  before  Christmas.  Afterward  ileges  to  tenants  furnishing  a  part  of  the  pur- 
js^me  of  the  provisions  were  incorporated  in  the  chase  money,  the  rate  of  annuity  was  fixed  at  3| 
lancl-pur^*hase  bill,  and   the  rest  were   dropped  instead  of  8|  per  cent. 

until  the  working  of  the  act  should  show  whetner  The  length  of  the  session  depended  on  whether 
they  should  be  necessary.  A  fertile  source  of  the  Government  would  bring  in  a  free  educa- 
<ii>ca{»*ion  and  difficulty  was  avoided  by  omit-  tion  bill,  and  this  they  were  unwilling  to  de- 
ting;  the  proposals  for  new  machinery  of  transfer  clare  until  they  were  sure  of  the  passage  of  the 
and  adopting  that  which  had  worked,  on  the  land-purchase  bill,  and  could  count  on  a  surplus 
whole,  well  under  the  Ashbourne  acts.  In  other  suflicient  to  meet  the  extra  charges  on  the  treas- 
rpspects  the  plan  wad  substantially  that  of  1890.  ury.  No  outline  of  the  proposed  measure  was 
It  was  based  on  voluntary  agreement  between  the  forthcoming  till  after  the  introduction  of  the 
Jelling  landlord  and  thepurchasing  tenant,  sub-  budget  on  April  23.  The  bill  was  explained  in 
j^i  to  the  approval  of  the  commissioners ;  the  detail  by  Sir  William  Hart  Dyke,  v  ice-Presi- 
whole  ?um  was  to  be  advanced,  the  limit  of  twenty  dent  of  the  Council,  on  June  8,  when  he  moved 
years'  purchase  being  removed ;  the  landlord  w^  a  resolution  authorizing  a  grant  of  public  money 
t<» be  paid  off  in  2f  percent,  stock,  charged  upon  to  elementary  schools  in  lieu  of  fees  paid  by 
the  holding  as  an  annuity  for  forty-nine  years  at  4  parents.  The  Radicals  have  always  coupled  the 
per  cent.,  and  thus  covering  principal  and  interest,  demand  for  free  education  with  the  system  of 
The  guarantees  for  repayment,  besides  the  power  popular  schools  and  secular  education  that  pre- 
of  selling  the  holding,  were  elaborate,  including  vails  in  the  United  States  and  in  nearly  all  civil- 
primarily  the  exchec^uer  contribution  of  £40,000  ized  countries.  If  the  Government  proposed  to 
a  year  to  be  capitalized  as  a  reserve,  the  Irish  abolish  fees  in  the  board  schools  alone,  that  would 
proportion  of  tne  probate  duty  granted  when  have  been  a  long  stride  in  this  direction.  When 
the  Knjjlish  local  government  scheme  was  adopt-  the  same  aid  was  to  be  given  to  the  voluntary 
<^.  and  J  per  cent,  set  aside  out  of  the  purchase  schools,  the  advanced  section  of  the  Liberal 
annuities  by  way  of  insurance.  In  case  of  the  party  demanded  that  it  ^^hould  be  made  condi- 
failure  of  these  guarantees,  the  state  had  for  tional  on  some  form  of  popular  control  over 
farther  security  one  fifth  of  the  landlord's  pur-  those  schools.  The  party,  as  a  whole,  was  not 
<^hase  money  kept  back  for  five  years,  the  differ-  opposed  to  the  Government  scheme,  because  all 
ence  between  tne  tenant's  normal  annuity  and  religious  bodies — the  nonconformists  and  Ro- 
that  of  80  percent,  of  the  net  rental,  which  he  man  Catholics,  as  well  as  the  Church  of  England 
^as  to  pay  for  a  limited  time,  and,  ultimately,  people — were  concerned  in  defending  the  equal 
the  gmnts  for  various  public  purposes  in  Ireland  participation  in  Government  grant-s  that  was  a 
oat  of  the  imperial  exchequer.    The  total  ad-  vital  necessity  for  the  preservation  of  their  de- 

\ou  XXXI.— 22  A  • 


338  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

nominational  schools.  Even  the  Radicals  ob-  The  factory  bill  was  referred  to  the  standing 
jected  merely  as  a  declaration  of  principle,  and  Committee  on  Trade,  and  was  brought  before  the 
were  careful  not  to  obstruct  a  measure  that  House  on  June  18,  when  the  debate  took  place 
offered  such  relief  to  poor  parents  and  was  a  on  Mr.  Buzton^s  amendment  to  prohibit  the  em- 
step  toward  state  education.  The  measure  was  plo^ment  of  children  under  the  age  of  eleven, 
not  complicated.  It  dealt  with  the  question  of  which  was  one  of  the  recommendations  of  the 
fees  only,  and  leaving  the  existing  system  other-  Berlin  Con^^ress  on  Labor.  The  motion  was 
wise  int»ct.  The  management  of  voluntary  carried  against  the  Government  by  a  rnajority 
schools,  the  conscience  cmuse.  compulsory  at-  of  16,  and  was  afterward  accepted  and  made  a 
tendance,  and  the  educational  standards  were  part  of  the  bill.  A  proposition  to  raise  the  age 
left  as  they  were.  The  bill  simply  offered  to  for  full  time  to  fourteen  was  rejected  by  a  roa- 
such  schools  as  chose  to  accept  it  a  fee  grant  of  jority  of  25,  and  the  bill  passed  rapidly  throu{:h 
ten  shillings  a  head  annu^ly,  calculated  on  the  the  remaining  stages.  The  Home  Secretan- 
average  attendance.  When  the  average  fees  brought  in  a  bill  to  empower  courts  of  sum- 
received  did  not  exceed  ten  shillings  a  head,  mary  jurisdiction  to  deal  with  offenders  below 
every  school  taking  the  grant  would  become  the  age  of  sixteen,  and  to  adjudge  that  the  of- 
free,  while  those  where  the  fees  amounted  to  fenders  shall  be  whipped  instead  of  imprisoned, 
more  were  allowed  to  charge  the  excess  up  to  a  and  also  to  impose  nnes  on  the  parents  or  order 
certain  limit.  The  bill  as  introduced  gave  the  them  to  nay  compensation  to  persons  injured  by 
grant  only  in  the  case  of  children  over  five  and  the  child  s  offense. 

under  fourteen,  who  are  compelled  by  law  to  at-  The  bill  relating  to  procedure  in  Scotch  pri- 

tend,  under  the  education  act  of  1876.    At  the  vate  legislation  contained  provisions  to  wliich 

request  of  representatives  of  voluntary  schools,  local  objections  were  raised,  and  though  the 

the  Government  consented  to  extend  the  limit  Government  met  these  with  concessions  the  bill 

of  age  so  as  to  include  all  children  between  the  had  to  be  sacrificed  in  fulfillment  of  the  promi>e 

ages  of  three  and  fifteen.    The  question  of  popu-  to  talk  up  no  contentious  business  after  the  edu- 

lar  control  was  raised  by  Mr.  Fowler,  and  after  cation  biU.    Sir  William  Hareourt  came  near  pre- 

his  introduction  had  been  reiected  by  a  majority  venting  the  passing  of  the  bill  for  the  recoinase 

of  267  against  166,  the  Glaustonians  being  de-  of  light  gola  pieces  by  raising  a  debate  on  the 

serted  by  the  anti-Parnellites,  no  serious  oppo-  general  monetarv  system  and  the  gold  reserves, 

sition  to  the  bill  was  offered.    An  amendment  A  bill  for  the  discipline  of  the  English  clergy, 

of  Lord  Cranborne  allows  voluntary  schools  to  worked  out  by  the  bench    of    Bishops  in  the 

join  in  groups,  so  as  to  divide  the  fee-grant  House  of  Lords,  was  drop[)ed,  because  the  Radi- 

among  themselves,  with  provision  for  griming,  cals  found  in  it  contentions  features.     One  to 

The  bill  was  sent  to  the  upper  house  on  July  S,  establish  training  colleges  in  Ireland  succumbed 

and  minor  changes  made  tnere  were  afterward  to  the  objections  of  the  Ulster  Orangemen.    The 

attacked  by  the  Opposition  when  they  were  sub-  bill  for  the  local  registration  of  land  titles  in 

mitted  for  the  concurrence  of   the  House  of  Ireland,  an  experimental  step  in  the  direction  of 

Commons,  one  of  them  because  it  was  an  inad-  the  modem  registration  systems  of  Australia  and 

vertent  invasion  of  the  power  over  the  public  the  United  States,  was  carried  through  by  the  A t- 

purse.    The  grant  is  equivalent  to  Sd,  a  week  tomey-General  for  Ireland.    Other  minor  meas- 

for  every  child  in  attendance.    If  in  any  district  ures  that  survived  the  **  massacre  of  the  inno- 

the  Education  Department  is  satisfied  that  suffi-  cents ''  were  the  London  public  health  bill,  the 

cient  free  schooling  is  provided,  the  managers  of  penal-servitude  bill,  and  the  bill  to  facilitate  the 

a  particular  school  may  impose  or  retain  school  registration  of  voters  for  the  election  of  county 

pence  not  to  exceed  Od,  a  week  for  any  child  of  councils.    The  last  was  urgent  because  the  tri- 

legal  school  age,  2d.  for  any  child  under  five,  ennial  elections  were  to  come  off  in  November, 

nor  Sd,  for  one  over  fourteen  years  of  age.  Sir  Joseph  Pease*s  resolution  calling  on  the  Grov- 

The  Newfoundland  bill,  which  was  carried  emment  of  India  to  resi^  the  profits  of  the 

through  the  upper  house  in  May  in  spite  of  the  opium  trade  and  to  prohibit  the  manufacture  of 

protests  of  the  Opposition,  was  a  coercive  meas-  the  dru^,  except  for  medicinal  purposes,  was  car- 

ure  to  empower  the  officers  of  the  Imperial  Gov-  ried  against  the  Government  by  the  considerable, 

emment  to  carry  out  the  modus  vivendi  with  if  somewhat  accidental,  majority  of  160  votes  to 

Prance  in  regard  to  the  Newfoundland  fisheries  180.   Sir  William  Fowler,  in  supporting  the  reso- 

pending  the  arbitration  of  the  question.     The  lution,  even  proposed  that  the  British  tox-payers 

colonial  courts  had  refused  to  allow  the  validity  should  reiraourse  the  deficiency  caused  by* the 

of  the  diplomatic  arrangement,  and  Sir  William  abolition  of  the  opium  receipts,  which  constitute 

Whiteway,  Prime  Minister  of  Newfoundland,  pre-  one  tenth  of  the  Indian  revenue,  and  amount  to 

sented  arguments  for  this  view  before  the  bar  about  £6,000,000  a  year.    John  Morley  was  the 

of  the  House  of  Lords,  but  at  the  same  time  he  only  politician  of  note  and  responsibility  who 

promised   that  the  colonial  Legislature  would  gave  his  support  to  the  resolution.     Mr.  Gla^i- 

pass  the  measure  necessary  for  the  enforcement  stone's  bill   ror  the  removal  of  religious   dif- 

of  the  modu8  vii^endi.    As  this  pledge  was  not  qualifications,  the  object  of  which  was  to  allow 

immediately  fulfilled,  the  Government  proceeded  a  Roman  Catholic  to  be  appointed  Chancellor 

with  the  bill,  on  which  the  colonial  Legislature  in  England  or  Lord  Lieutenant  of  Ireland,  and 

yielded,  and  the  bill  was  withdrawn  on  May  28,  which  was  sarcastically  described  as  the  *'  Ri- 

the    date    set    for    the    second  reading.      The  pon  and  Russell  relief  bill/'  was  rejected  by  256 

Bering  Sea  bill,  placing  restrictions  on  the  seal  a^inst  224.     While  Charles  Bradlaugh  lay  uu 

fishery  pending  the  arbitration  of  the  matters  in  his  deathbed,  the  House  expunged  the  resolution 

dispute  between  England  and  the  United  States,  passed  in  1880  by  which  he  was  precluded  from 

was  carried  without  opposition.  either  making  an  affirmation  or  taking  the  oath. 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  339 

Mr.  Pritchiird-Morean's  resolution  in  favor  of  vres  of  torpedo  boats,  and  before  explanations 

dii^stabliahing  the  Church  in  WaJes  was  defeated  were  demanded  by  the  Turkish  Government  and 

by  the  comparatively  small    majority  of   235  given  by  the  Foreign  Office  the  force  was  with- 

a^ust  203.    Mr.  Stansfeld*s  resolution  in  favor  drawn. 

of  the  principle  of  **  one  man,  one  vote "  was  Party  Politics. — The  seats  in  the  city  of 
voted  down,  while  Mr.  Howorth's  counter-pro-  London  left  vacant  by  the  deaths  of  Sir  Robert 
p  sal  in  favor  of  redistricting  the  United  Kmg-  Fowler  and  Mr.  Baring,  and  Lord  Edward  Caven- 
dom  so  as  to  give  England  equal  representation  dish's  seat  for  West  Derbyshire,  were  retained  by 
wi!h  Ireland  in  proportion  to  the  population  the  Unionists,  who  increased  tlieir  majorities  in 
likewise  failed  to  pass.  On  a  proposition  Intro-  the  bye-elections  in  Aston  Manor,  Mid-Oxford- 
duced  by  John  Ellis  approving  the  reduction  shire,  and  Whitehaven,  and  held  their  own  in 
of  public  houses  Mr.  Fulton's  amendment  in  South  Dorset.  Mr.  Bradlaugh's  seat  for  North- 
favor  of  compensating  publicans  was  adopted  by  ampton  was  retained  with  an  increased  majority 
a  iDAJoritv  of  71.  Earlier  in  the  year  the  House  by  the  Gladstonians,  who  made  gains  also  in 
of  Lords  had  rendered  a  judicial  decision,  con-  Paisley  and,  under  unfavorable  circumstances, 
firming  that  of  the  court  below,  which  was  in  in  North  Buckinghamshire.  In  Hartlepool,  in 
harmony  with  the  position  taken  bj  the  Liberals  the  Stowmarket  division  of  Suffolk,  m  Har- 
io  the  debates  on  the  license  bill  m  1890.  The  borough,  and  in  the  Wisbech  division  of  Cam- 
Lord  Chancellor  and  his  colleagues  decided  bridgeshire  they  caused  consternation  to  their 
anaoimously  that  a  license  is  given  for  one  year  adversaries  by  electing  candidates  to  succeed 
only,  and  at  the  end  of  the  year  licensing  justices  Unionists. 

mav  refuse  to  renew  it  in  tlieir  discretion,  as  the  The  most  important  changes  in  the  personnel 
publican  has  no  vested  interest  in  his  license,  ex-  of  the  Government  were  those  necessitated  by 
oept  from  year  to  year,  and  no  claim  can  lie  for  the  death  of  Henry  Cecil  Raikes,  the  Postmaster- 
compensation  under  the  provisions  of  the  li-  General,  and  by  William  Henry  Smith,  First 
censmg  acts,  notwithstanding  the  practice  that  Lord  of  the  Treasury  and  leader  of  the  House 
the  justices  have  followed  of  treating  a  license  of  Commons.  Mr.  llaikes  was  succeeded,  on 
once  granted  as  a  privilege  only  to  he  revoked  Sept.  21,  by  Sir  James  Ferguson,  political  Under- 
for  biid  conduct^  ana  the  fact  that  immense  sums  Secretary  of  the  Foreign  Office,  and  this  post 
have  been  paid  for  public  houses  and  loaned  on  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  James  William 
mortgage  in  the  belief  that  the  right  was  per-  Lowther.  In  November  W.  H.  Smith's  place  as 
m&nent.  leader  of  the  House  was  filled  by  transferring 
Foreign  Relations. — A  partial  confirmation  Mr.  Balfour  from  the  Irish  Secretaryship  to  the 
of  the  conditional  promise  alleged  to  have  been  post  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury. 
made  of  British  naval  support  to  the  Triple  AUi-  In  their  party  declarations  the  Gladstonian 
ance  and  revealed  in  a  statement  of  the  Italian  Liberals  still  promised  home  rule  to  Ireland, 
Premier  was  given  by  Sir  James  Ferguson  in  while  they  sought  some  issue  to  make  more 
the  House  of  Commons,  and  in  the  va^ie  and  prominent  before  their  English  constituencies, 
r^rded  words  of  the  Marquis  of  Salisoury,  in  Neither  party  settled  on  a  leading  issne  with 
his  speech,  on  July  29,  at  the  Lord  Mayor's  ban-  which  to  go  before  the  country  in  the  next  gen- 
quet,  when,  while  disclaiming  all  knowledge  of  eral  election.  Both  made  vague  promises  to  the 
tne  terms  of  the  alliance  oetween  Grermany,  labor  element,  and  the  Conservative  conference 
Austria,  and  Italy,  and  depreciating  the  impor-  at  Birmingham,  held  on  Nov.  24,  proposed  the 
Unce  of  written  treaties,  saying  that  nations  will  creation  of  a  labor  minister.  The  disendow- 
act  together  in  a  great  crisis  not  because  they  ment  of  the  Church  in  Wales  was  adopted  as  a 
are  bound  by  protocols,  but  because  they  are  '^  in  part  of  the  Gladstonian  programme,  and  the 
unison  and  cordiality  with  one  another,"  he  de-  Conservatives  decided  to  oppose  it  because  it 
&ic<l  England's  position  in  these  words :  "  Our  would  injure  religion  in  Wales  and  weaken  the 
allies  are  all  those  who  wish  to  maintain  terri-  position  of  the  Church  in  England, 
torial  distribution  as  it  is  without  risking  the  Local  government  in  Ireland,  on  the  plan 
fearful  dangers  or  the  terrible  arbitrament  of  adopted  in  England  and  Scotland,  had  been  the 
war."  The  most  important  acts  of  the  year  alternative  o&red  by  the  Conservatives  and 
were  the  treaty  for  the  delimitation  of  the  re-  Unionists  for  Mr.  Gladstone's  home-rule  scheme, 
spective  territories  and  spheres  of  influence  of  The  paralysis  of  the  Irish  party  and  the  success 
Ureat  Britain  and  Portugal  in  South  Africa  of  the  land-purchase  measure  caused  them  to 
'*ee  Cape  Colony  and  South  Africa)  and  the  renounce  this  part  of  their  programme,  and 
agreements  to  refer  to  arbitration  the  lobster  meet  the  Gladstonians,  who  were  committed  to 
and  seal  fishery  disputes  with  France  and  the  a  home-rule  project  that  would  consume  the 
United  States.  A  diplomatic  controversy  grow-  best  part  of  one  session  at  least,  with  the  argu- 
ing out  of  the  permission  of  the  Turkish  Govern-  ment  that  they  had  pacified  and  satisfied  the 
ment  to  the  transports  of  the  Russian  steam  reasonable  desires  of  tne  Irish  people,  and  would 
volunteer  auxiliary  neet  to  pass  through  the  Dar-  not  longer  allow  the  Irish  question  to  interfere 
(lanelles,  led  to  a  singular  naval  demonstration  with  English  and  Scottish  legislation.  The  Bir- 
that  the  English  was  unwilling  to  avow  official-  mingham  conference  made  woman  suffrage  a 
iy.  On  Sept^.  13  a  detachment  of  sailors  and  definite  plank  in  the  Conservative  platform, 
marines,  with  a  battery  of  field  pieces  and  Gat-  Irish  Parties.— When  Mr.  Pamell,  after  the 
ling  guns,  landed  at  Sign,  on  the  island  of  Mity-  scandal  of  the  0*Shea  divorce,  expressed  his  de- 
lene,  from  one  of  the  ironclads  of  Admiral  Lord  termination  to  remain  at  the  head  of  the  Irish 
Kerr's  squadron,  and  torpedo  mines  were  laid  in  party,  he  was  at  first  sustained  in  a  caucus  of 
the  harbor.  The  operation  was  accompanied  by  Irish  members  by  a  majority  of  40  or  50.  After- 
a  semhlaDoe  of  torpedo  drill  and  sham  manoeu-  ward,  when  it  became  known  that  Mr.  Gladstone 


340                                         GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

had  definitely  declined  to  act  with  him  longer,  that  had  come  upon  the  party  at  the  instant 
the  majority  of  the  party  demanded  his  resigna-  when  victory  seemed  near  to  "  meddlesome  in- 
tion,  and  after  the  belief  that  facts  were  kept  in  terferences  of  English  politicians,"  aided  by  a 
reserve  that  would  yet  clear  his  reputation  was  "  panic  among  some  young  and  raw  recruits," 
abandoned,  the  Catholic  priesthooa  denounced  and  "eagerly  seconded  by  a  few  malcontents, 
him,  and  scarcely  more  than  a  score  of  the  Par-  office-seekers,  and  envious  persons  who  had  cn^pt 
liamentary  party  adhered  to  him.  Mr.  Pamell  into  our  ranks,"  and  which  he  concluded  with 
declared  that  he  was  willing  to  retire  from  the  an  appeal  to  the  friends  of  the  Irish  cause  in 
leadership  if  he  received  adequate  assurances  America  to  assist  him  in  ''quelling  this  mutiny 
that  Mr.  Gladstone  would  offer  to  Ireland  a  sat-  and  disloyalty  to  Ireland."  In  Ireland  Pamell 
isfactory  scheme  of  home  rule,  one,  above  all,  appealed  to  the  revolutionary  elements,  and  al^) 
that  would  give  to  the  Irish  people  entire  control  to  the  sentiment  of  industrial  discontent.  In 
of  the  police  and  of  the  settlement  of  the  land  the  election  held  on  April  2  at  North  Sligo,  where 
Pamell  and  his  friends  met  John  Dillon  and  Fenianism  is  strong,  his  candidate  was  defeated 
William  O'Brien,  who  undertook  to  negotiate  a  by  only  768  votes,  polling  2,493  to  3,261  cast  ff-r 
truce,  in  Boulo^e.  The  meetings  were  as  fruit-  Alderman  Collerv,  the  anti-Pamellite  and  cleri- 
less  as  the  previous  ones  in  the  committee  room  cal  candidate.  The  marriage  of  Mr.  Pamell  to 
in  Westminster  Palace.  O'Brien  and  Dillon  had  Mrs.  O'Shea  on  June  2o  was  denounced  by  the 
evaded  a  sentence  of  imprisonment  by  escaping  priests  as  a  graver  breach  of  the  moral  law  than 
on  a  sail  boat,  to  France,  and  afterward  visited  his  past  conduct  had  been.  In  the  House  of 
the  United  States,  as  they  had  intended  to  do  Commons  the  aim  of  the  small  band  of  Pamell- 
before  they  were  suddenly  brought  to  trial  on  ites  was  to  thwart  and  nullify  the  influence  of 
the  charge  of  having  long  before  incited  the  t-en-  the  main  Irish  party,  of  which  Justin  McCarthy 
ants  on  the  Smith-Barry  estate  to  refuse  to  pay  was  nominally  the  l^ider.  The  Ministerial  party 
rent.  A  few  weeks  after  the  conference  at  Bou-  was  willing  in  every  way  to  magnify  the  follow- 
logne  they  returned  to  England  and  gave  them-  ers  of  Parnell  at  the  expense  of  the  rest,  and  the 
selves  up  to  the  authorities,  and  on  Feb.  12  were  old  leader  gave  a  new  proof  of  his  political  sa- 
taken  to  Clonmel  jail  to  serve  out  their  term  of  gacity  by  accepting  the  land-purchase  bill,  while 
six  months.  Mr.  Gladstone  wrote  out  his  views,  the  anti-Parnellites,  constrained  by  partv  tactics 
to  the  effect  that  the  land  question  should  be  to  harass  the  Government,  still  offered  a  cap- 
settled  concurrently  within  home  rule  or  within  a  tious  opposition.  In  Ireland  the  priests  enterwi 
short  time  after  its  establishment ;  otherwise  it  actively  into  the  campaign,  and,  inflaming  party 
should  be  left  to  the  action  of  the  Irish  Parlia-  passions  by  their  scathing  denunciations  of  the 
ment,  which  should  also  have  control  of  the  con-  deposed  leader,  did  their  share  to  convert  every 
stabulary  when,  after  five  years,  the  military  po-  parish  into  a  battle-ground.  In  the  riotous  af- 
lice  should  have  given  place  to  a  purely  civil  frays  that  took  place  at  Thurles  and  many  other 
force.  These  pledges  were  rejected  by  Mr.  Par-  places  the  prieste  bore  a  part  as  inciters  of  actual 
nell  as  altogether  unsatisfactory.  leaders  of  the  anti-Pamellite  combatants.  The 
The  truce  being  at  an  end,  Parnell  began  a  Parnellites,  while  losing  CTound  daily,  were 
campaign  in  Ireland  against  the  Gladstonian  vigorous  and  active,  and  the  conflict  against 
leaders,  the  anti-Pamellite  members  of  Parlia-  four  fifths  of  the  Irish  party  and  the  linittni 
ment,  and  the  priests,  which  was  carried  on  with  Catholic  Church  was  not  given  up,  even  when 
such  vindictive  and  savage  bitterness  on  both  0*Brien  and  Dillon,  who  had  kept  up  the  char- 
sides  as  to  remove  all  hope  of  reconciliation,  acter  of  neutrals  and  mediators  by  not  declaring 
The  rupture  had  caused  the  stoppage  of  money  for.either  side  when  they  went  to  prison,  joined 
supplies  from  America.  The  large  invested  fund  the  anti-Pamellites  on  their  release  in  July,  and 
remaining  in  Paris  it  was  proposed  to  use  for  were  followed  by  E.  Dwyer  Gray,  editor  of  the 
the  sustenance  of  the  evicted  tenants ;  but  this  "  Freeman's  Journal,"  which  was  converted  in- 
could  not  be  done  because  Charles  S.  Parnell  and  to  an  anti-Pamellite  organ  in  the  beginning  of 
Justin  McCarthy  were  joint  trustees,  and  Pamell  September.  Even  before  these  defections,  the 
rejected  McCarthy's  proposal  to  confide  the  dis-  inferiority  in  numerical  strength  of  the  Pamell 
bursement  to  the  Tenants'  Defense  Association,  faction  was  shown  in  the  Carlow  election  early  in 
in  accordance  with  a  resolution  passed  by  the  July.  This  was  considered  a  doubtful  district. 
anti-Parnellites.  Assistance  from  the  National  and  both  sides  put  forth  all  their  strength  ami 
League  having  ceased,  most  of  the  tenants  on  made  it  a  test  election.  The  result  was  the  de- 
Lord  Clanricarde's  Portumna  estate,  and  those  feat  of  the  Pamellite  candidate,  who  received 
on  the  Glensharrold  and  other  estates,  abandoned  1,539  votes  to  his  opponent's  3,755.  Mr.  Pamell 
the  *•  plan  of  campaign "  and  made  what  terms  still  continued  the  controversy  with  his  un- 
they  could  with  landlords.  Since  the  National  rivaled  powers  of  invective,  taunting  Mr.  Dillon 
League  remained  under  Mr.  Parnell's  direction,  with  subordinating  the  aspirations  of  Ireland  to 
his  antagonists  inaugurated  on  iMarch  10,  in  radical  tactics  at  the  bidding  of  English  news- 
Dublin,  a  new  society  that  they  called  the  Na-  papers  and  with  accepting  ecclesiastical  dicta- 
tional  Federation,  of  which  Mr.  McCarthy  was  tion,  when  he  had  fought  the  whole  (^hureh 
elected  president,  and  in  which  nearly  the  whole  and  climbed  to  power  with  the  aid  of  the  ex- 
of  the  Irish  hierarchy  took  an  active  interest,  treme  Nationalists,  the  "  young  men  of  Ireland," 
In  the  first  parliamentary  election  that  took  whom  he  now  sacrificed  in  order  to  join  the  cleri- 
place  after  the  disruption  of  the  party  at  Kil-  cals  in  "  cmshing  and  destroying  the  national 
Kenny  the  Parnellites  had  been  badly  beaten,  sentiment  of  Ireland.*'  He  denied  his  respon- 
In  sending  a  delegation  to  solicit  finaticial  aid,  sibility  for  Mr.  O'Brien's  "plan  of  caraiwign." 
Mr.  Parnell,  on  March  13,  issued  a  manifesto  to  saying  that  he  and  Mr.  Gladstone  had  con- 
Irish-Ainericans,  in  which  he  ascribed  the  troubles  demned  it  in  the  beginning,  and  he  refused  to 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  341 

release  anr  part  of  the  invested  fund  in  the  The  London  omnibus  einplojrds  struck  work  ta 

hands  of  the  Paris  bankers,  amounting  to  about  demand  a  twelve-hour  working  day,  imitating 

£40.000,  for  the  benefit  of  the  evicted  tenants,  their  Paris  brethren.    The  organization  of  trade 

except  on  the  few  test  estates  where  he  had  him-  unions  spread,  as  in  France,  to  classes  of  work- 

^U  ordered  them,  as  a  political  manceuvre,  to  ers  that  have  hitherto  lived  remote  from  the  in- 

ivf  use  to  pay  rent.    Owing  to  the  continued  dis-  fiuenoes  of  the  labor  movement,  such  as  domes- 

a^^reeroent  with   Mr.    McCarthy,  the  fund  re-  tic  servants,  laundresses,  clerks,  and  shop  assist- 

mained  untouched,  and  very  little  money  was  col-  ants.     The  Socialistic  new  unionism   tnat  de- 

ltx;ted  in  Ireland  and  America  by  either  faction,  mands  Government  interference  in  labor  mat- 

wbether  for  the  tenants  or  for  political  purposes,  ters,  supported  by  the  recently  organized  bodies 

The  breach  between  the  two  factions  was  too  of  unskilled  laborers,  but  opposed  oy  the  old  and 

wide  to  be  healed,  even  after  Mr.  PameH's  death  wealthy  trade  unions,  gained  the  upper  hand  in 

in  the  early  part  of  October.    (See  Pabnell,  the  councils  of  the  working  men,  and  its  expo- 

('hjlkles  Stewart,  in  this  volume.    Recrimina-  nents  had  an  opportunity  to  define  their  views 

tiou>  had  been  exchanged  and  such  enmity  engen-  in  their  testimony  before  the  Royal  Commission 

dered  that  his  adherents  continued  the  tight  on  Labor  that  pursued  its  investigations  and 

against  the  followers  of  Dillon  and  McCarthy,  heard  a  vast  amount  of  evidence  on  the  sweat- 

who  themselves  were  so  disorganized  and  divided  ing  system,  Jewish  immigration,  and  all  phases 

that  they  could  not  fix  upon  an  authoritative  of  the  labor  problem. 

leader.  John  K  Redmond,  as  chief  of  the  Par-  May  3,  being  Sunday,  was  chosen  for  the  labor 
nellites,  contested  the  dead  leader's  seat,  and  demonstration,  and  at  a  mass  meeting  in  II ^de 
after  a  hot  contest  marked  by  tumultuous  dis-  Park  the  working  men  declared  for  the  establish- 
tarbances,  in  which  John  Dillon  and  a  great  many  ment  of  the  eight-hour  day  by  international 
others  received  severe  injuries,  Mr.  Flavin  was  agreement  and  legislative  enactment.  The  poli- 
eltfcted  by  the  McCarthyites  with  1,512  majority,  ticians  of  the  great  parties  watched  with  inter- 
The  extreme  Nationalists  were  still  strong  enough  est  the  proceedings  of  the  Trades-union  Con- 
when  the  seat  for  Waterford  became  vacant  by  gress  that  was  opened  at  Newcastle  on  Sept.  7. 
the  death  of  Richard  Power,  aided  by  the  la-  Thomas  Burt,  who  has  been  secretary  of  the 
bor  vote,  to  elect  Mr.  Redmond  over  Michael  huge  Northumberland  Miners'  Mutual  Associa- 
Davitt  on  Dec.  23  by  a  majority  of  1,775  to  1,229.  tion  since  1865,  and  has  sat  in  Parliament  for 
When  the  machinery  and  the  party  organs  of  Morpeth  as  a  labor  representative  since  1874, 
the  league  were  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Pamell,  the  was  elected  chairman.  More  than  500  delegates 
anti-Pameilites  had  much  difficulty  in  establish-  were  present,  representing^  more  than  1,500,- 
iDg  a  newspaper  to  represent  their  views.  At  000  working  men.  The  ^ew  Unionists  proved 
last,  when  the  National  Federation  was  organ-  their  strength  at  the  outset  bv  rescinding  the 
ized,  they  issued  the  ''National  Press,"  which  system  of  voting  adopted  at  tne  last  congress, 
remainea  their  official  organ.  At  the  time  of  the  by  which  each  delegate  casts  as  many  votes  as 
Cork  riots  an  attempt  was  made  to  blow  up  the  there  are  thousands  of  men  in  the  union  that  he 
office  in  Dublin  with  dynamite.  represents,  provided  the  union  contributes  £1  to 
The  Labor  Qnestlon. — When  the  Berlin  the  funds  of  the  congress  for  every  thousand. 
Labor  Congress  concluded  its  labors  the  English  Returning  to  the  old  procedure  of  voting  by  a 
boasted  that  it  had  done  no  more  than  to  pledge  simple  show  of  hands,  the  New  Unionists  fol- 
the  Continental  governments  to  introduce  the  lowed  up  their  first  victory  by  adopting  a  motion 
system  of  factory  legislation  that  had  been  in  by  802  votes  to  136,  asserting  that  the  time  had 
operation  in  Great  Britain  for  a  quarter  of  a  arrived  for  the  Government  of  the  country  to 
century.  Yet  in  the  factory  and  workshop  bill  endeavor  to  introduce  a  universal  eight-hour  day 
the  Government  did  not  venture  to  insert  a  pro-  by  negotiation  with  foreign  powers.  Thomas 
vision  raising  the  limit  of  child  labor  in  facto-  Burt,  Charles  Fenwick,  who  is  another  working- 
ries  from  ten  to  twelve  years,  as  the  congress  had  man  member  of  Parliament  from  the  colliery 
recommended,  and  Mr.  Matthews,  the  Home  districts  of  Northumberland,  and  the  rest  of  the 
Secretary,  argued  that  the  Government  had  not  Old  Unionists  carried  first  a  permissive  amend- 
piTen  an  international  pledge  in  subscribing  to  ment  declaring  that  a  bill  reducing  or  fixing  the 
the  Berlin  resolution.  The  reason  was  that  the  hours  of  labor  should  have  an  optional  charac- 
peoplc  engaged  in  the  textile  industry  in  Lan-  ter,  and  not  be  enforced  without  the  consent  of 
cashire  and  Yorkshire  had  brought  pressure  to  two  thirds  of  the  organized  members  of  anv 
bear  against  the  change,  although  France  had  trade,  which  was  nullified  by  a  further  amend- 
pone  beyond  the  recommendation  of  the  con-  ment  declaring  that  the  eight-hour  law  should  be 
press  in  adopting  thirteen  years  as  the  limit,  and  enforced  in  all  trades  and  occupations,  except 
other  governments  had  redeemed  their  promise  where  a  majority  of  the  organized  members 
hy  introducing  similar  measures  in  their  legisla-  protest  by  a  ballot  vote  acainst  the  proposal.  A 
tures.  Mr.  Matthews's  view  was  not  the  sense  resolution  to  raise  the  limit  of  age  at  which 
of  ParIiamen^  which  gave  a  majority  of  202  to  children  should  be  allowed  to  work  in  factories 
1^  against  the  Government  on  Mr.  Buxton*s  to  thirteen  years  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  205  to 
compromise  proposition  to  make  the  limit  eleven  168.  The  congress  upheld  the  claim  of  work- 
years,  although  his  amendment  to  raise  the  limit  ing  men  to  be  more  largely  repres<'nted  in  Parlia- 
<>f  age  for  full-time  work  from  thirteen  to  four-  ment  and  in  county  councils,  school  boards,  and 
teen  was  rejected  by  a  majority  of  189  to  164,  as  all  local  bodies.  Factory-  inspectors  and  magis- 
it  involvea  no  consideration  of  international  trates  ought  to  be  taken  from  among  their  ranks, 
eood  faith.  There  was  no  stoppage  of  business  To  enable  them  to  serve  on  juries  without  hard- 
like that  caused  by  the  London  dock  strike,  nor  ship,  jurors  should  be  paid  at  the  rate  of  10«.  a 
of  the  attendant  social  disturbances  in   1891.  day,  and  a  salary  should  be  attached  to  every 


342                                        GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

public  office  to  which  they  aspire.    It  was  undei^  ward  and  Leeward  Islands,  1,391  in  Bermuda, 

stood  that  the  labor  vote  would  not  be  given  to  1,416  in  Ceylon,  653  in  Mauritius,  953  in  West 

candidates  of  either  party  in  the  next  general  Africa,  881  in  Cyprus,  151  in  St.  Helena,  and 

election  unless  they  pledged  themselves  to  sup>  111  in  the  Bahamas.    Besides  these  there  were 

port  a  measure  giving  pay  to  members  of  Parlia-  3,389  men  in  Egypt  and  72,429  in  India.     In  ac- 

ment  and  local  legislative  bodies.    The  custom  cordance  with  a  ^neral  plan  of  defense  for  the 

of  subletting  Government  contracts  was  con-  colonies  adopted  m  1889,  the  British  troops  have 

demned,  and  it  was   held  that  public  bodies  been  withdrawn  from  British  Guiana  and  other 

ought  not  to  give  contracts  to  firms  refusing  to  colonies  and  concentrated  at  the  coaling^  stations 

conform  to  the  regulations,  the  hours  of  work,  of  Jamaica    and    St.  Lucia,  which  are   being 

and  the  wages  decreed  by  the  trade  unions.  strongly  fortified.    The  military  forces  are  to  he 

Congress  on  Hygiene  and  Uemography^. —  restricted  to  the  number  necessary  to  defend 

The  Seventh  International  Congress  on  Hygiene  those  posts  from  an  enemy's  ships,  the  defense 

and  Demography  met  in  London  on  Aug.  10,  of  the  West  India  colonies  being  made  to  depend 

1891,  under  the  presidency  of  the  Prince  of  on  the  operations  of  the  navy  alone. 

Wales.    In  the  division  of  hygiene  Sir  Joseph  Gibraltar,  with  a  population  of  23,991,  mostly 

Fayrer  presided  over  the  section  of  preventive  descendants  of  Genoese  settlers,  is  under  the 

medicine.  Sir  Joseph  Lister  over  that  of  bacteri-  civil  and  military  administration  of  the  com- 

ology,  Sir  Nigel  Kingscote  over  the  one  dealing  mander  of  the  forces.    The  present  Governor  is 

with  the  connection  between  animal  and  human  Gen.  Sir  Leicester  Smyth.    The  local  revenue  in 

diseases,  J.  R.  Diggle  over  the  section  that  con-  1890  was  £63,674 ;  the* expenditure,  £57,594 ;  the 

siderod  infant  and  school  life.  Sir  H.  E.  Roscoe,  militatr  expenditure  of  the  Imperial  Govem- 

Sir  Arthur  W.  Bloomfield,  and  Sir  John  Goode  ment,  £243,237. 

over  those  that  discussed  chemistry  and  physics,  Malta,  with  an  area  of  95  miles  and  a  popu- 

architecture  and  engineering,  in  their  relations  lation  in  1889  of  163,850  persons,  of  whom  2,201 

to  hygiene,  and  Lora  Wantage  and  Lord  Bas-  were  English,  produces  cotton,  honey,  oranges^ 

ing  over  the  sections  of  naval  and  military  and  figs,  grain,  and  potatoes.    The  Governor  is  a^i- 

of  state  hygiene.    The  division  of  demography,  sistea  by  a  Legislative  Council  of  6  nominated 

embracing  industrial  hygiene  and  statistics,  as-  and  14  elected  members.    Lieut-Gen.  Sir  Henry 

sembled  under  the  presidencj;  of  Francis  Galton.  Augustus  Smyth  was  (Jovemor  in  1891.     The 

In  most  of  the  papiers  state  interference,  rather  revenue  for  1890  was  estimated  at  £242,972  and 

than  individual  efiort,  was  relied  on  as  the  means  expenditure  at  £232,751. 

to  effect  hygienic  reform.    Dr.  Newsholme  pro-  Cyprus  is  administered  by  a  High  Commis- 

posed  that  hygiene  should  be  made  a  depart  sioner,  a  post  held  by  Sir  Henry  Ernest  Bulwer 

ment  of  instruction  in  normal  colleges  and  ele-  since  1886.     The  Legislative    Council  has  IS 

mentary  schools.    In  regard  to  the  housing  of  members,  of  whom  6  are  official,  3  are  elected 

the  worlcing  classes,  John  Hamer  condemned  the  by  Mohammedans,  and  9  by  other  inhabitants, 

block  system  as  a  failure,  and  sug^sted  cottage  who  have  resided  five  years  on  the  island  and 

communities  on  the  outskirts  of  cities,  to  which  nay  certain  taxes.     In  1881  there  were  45,458 

the  railroad  companies  should  be  compelled  by  Mohammedans,  137.631   Greek  Christians,  and 

law  to  run  cheap  trains,  a  proposition  that  Par-  3,084  others.     Under  the  convention  with  the 

liament  had  recently  refused  to  sanction.    Mr.  Porte    by  which    Great    Britain  occupied  the 

Burroughs  went  further  in  demanding  that  the  island  in  1878  the  annual  sum  of  £92,799  is  paid 

railroads   should  be  owned  by  the  state  and  to    the    Turkish    Government.     The    revenue, 

workmen  conveyed  to  their  homes  gratis.    J.  R.  amounting  in  1889-'90  to  £174.499,  is  derived 

Diggle,  who  is  President  of  the  London  School  from  taxes  on  real  estate  and  trade  profits,  tithes 

Board,   thought  that  the  development  of  the  on  the  chief  products,  military  exemption,  taxes 

physical,  intellectual,  and  spiritual  capacities  of  on  sheep,  goats,  and  hogs,  customs  and  excise 

children  is  a  matter  of  such  transcendent  im-  duties,  stamps  and  fees,  and  the  salt  monopoly, 

portance  that    thoughts   of    possessive  wealth  The  expenditure  in  1889-'90  was  £106.338.    The 

should  be  left  behind  as  the  outlived  conditions  chief  exports  are  raisins,  coeoons,  wine,  wheat, 

of   barbarous   society  rather    than    that  they  barley,  flour,  wool,  and  carobs.    In  1889-'90  the 

should  hinder   the    highest    education  of  the  value  of  the  imports  was  £244,324,  and  that  of 

whole  community.    The  section  over  which  he  the  exports  £314,628. 

presided  applauded  his  view,  and  agreed  with  Aden,  an  important  coaling  station  on  the 

Mrs.  Besant  and  Dr.  Parkhurst  that  school  chil-  Suez  Canal  route  to  the  East,  with  the  island  of 

dren  ought  to  be  fed  at  public  expense.  Perim  at  the  entrance  of   the    Red  Sea,  the 

Colonies. — The  expenditure  of  the  Imperial  Somali  Coast  protectorate,  the  island  of  Socotm, 

Government  in  connection  with  the  colonies,  ex-  off  the  African  Coast,  and  the  Kuria  Muria 

elusive  of  India,  amounts  to  about  £2,000,000  a  Islands,  on  the  Arabian  side,  is  administered  by 

year,  the  chief  part  of  it  for  military  and  naval  a  political  resident  who  is  commander  of  the 

purposes.      The  colonies  contributed  £213,400  troops  and  is  subject  to  the  authority  of  the 

toward  military  expenses  in  1890-'91,  the  Straits  Government  of  Bombay.     The    exports   from 

Settlements  giving  £100,000,  Hong-Kong  £40,-  Aden  in  1890,  consisting  of  gums,  coffee,  skins, 

000,  Mauritius    £80,000,    Ceylon    £34,400,  and  cloth,  and  tol>acco,  the  produce  of  the  interior 

Malta  and  Natal  the  rest.     The  British  troops  of  Arabia,  were  valued  at  25,274,678  rupees  for 

maintained  in  the  colonies  in  1890-'91  numbered  the  sea  trade  alone.    The  whole  population  of 

31,680  men,  not  including  officers,  8,796  being  Aden    and    Perim  is  34.711.      From  Berbera, 

stationed  in  Malta,  5,196  in  Gibraltar,  3,324  in  which  has  30,000    inhabitants,  and  the  other 

South  Africa,  2,989    in   Hong-Kong,   1,493  in  Somali   ports  were  exported  gums,  sheep  and 

c,  1,569  in  Jamaica,  1,331  in  the  Wind-  cattle,  hides,  ostrich  feathers,  coffee,  and  other 


Halifax, 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  343 

^nods  of  the  value  of  7,839,740  rupees  in  1889,  nang,  and  Malacca,  was  estimated   in  1889  at 

and  a  revenue  of  209,890  rupees  was  collected.  568,000.    Sir  Cecil  Clemente  Smith  has  been  Gov- 

Srieotra  produces  aloes  and  a  large  number  of  emor  since  1887.     He  is  assisted  by  an  Executive 

CiiUle,  sheep,  and  goats.    The  five  islands  of  the  Council  and  by  a  Legislative  Council  composed 

Kuria  Muna  group,  which  were  obtained  from  of  10  official   members.  5  appointed  members, 

the  Sultan  of  Muscat  to  give  a  landing  place  for  and  2  who  are  elected  by  the  Chambers  of  Com- 

the  cable,  are  valuable  for  their  guano.    Bahrein  merce  in   Singapore  and  Penang.    The  Cocos 

and  other  islands  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  ruled  over  Islands  were  placed  under  the  administration  of 

by  the  Sheikh  Esau,  having  a  population  of  the  Governor  of  the  Straits  Settlements  in  1886, 

aViout  8,000  persons,  who  carry  on  the  i>earl  and  Christmas  Island  in  January,  1889.    The 

fishery  and  mant  a  little  coffee,*  were  definitely  native  states  of  Perak,  Selangor,  Sungei-Ujong, 

tAken  under  British  protection  in  187t5.  Jelebu,  the  Negri  Sembilan,  Johor,  and  Pahang, 

i'eylon  has  an  area  of  25,864  square  miles  and  covering  a  large  part  of  the  Malay  Peninsula,  are 

A  population  estimated  in  the  beginning  of  1889  under  British  protection,  and  are  governed  by 

at  2.887,091,  of  whom  two  thirds  are  Singalese  the  advice  of  .British  residents.    Th&  revenue  of 

and  one  fourth  are  Tamils,  and  the  rest  are  these  states  is  derived  mainly  from  an  export  duty 

Moormen,  or  descendants  of  Arabs,  Dutch  burgh-  on  tin.    Some  of  them  are  rich  in  gold,  and  their 

*  en:.  Malays,  Eurasians,  English,  Veddahs,  and  soil  is  adapted  for  the  cultivation  of  coffee  and 

otbers.    The  Governor  is  assisted  by  an  Execu-  cinchona  on  the  high  land  and  rice  in  the  val- 

tive  Council,  composed  of  the  military  command-  leys.    Perak  is  supposed  to  have  a  population  of 

er  and  the  4  pnncipal  civil  functionaries,  and  194,800;    Selangor,    120,000;    Pahang,    35,000; 

by  a  Legislative  Council  of  which  the  same  per-  Neyri  Sembilan,  34,000 ;  Sungei-Ujong,  20,000. 

>f>n<  form  part,  with  4  other  officials  and  8  ap-  Chmese    immigration  into  the    Straits  Settle- 

pi^inted  members  representing  various  races  and  ments  in  1889  was  150,809,  and  Indian  immigra- 

elaK«se$.    Sir  Arthur  Elibank  Havelock  was  ap-  tion  18,136. 

p>int€d  Governor  on  March  12,  1890.    The  rev-  The  revenue  of  the  colony  in  1889  was  |4,- 

tnue  in  1889  was  15,299,877  rupees,  and  the  ex-  410,620,  and  the  expenditure  $3,816,194.    The 

pienditure  was  14,906,284  rupees.    For  the  Gov-  debt  has  been  reducea  to  $650,237.    Of  the  native 

emment  railway,  181  miles  long,  and  for  the  states,  Perak  had  in  1889  a  revenue  of  $2,776,- 

breakwater and  waterworks  at  Colombo  a  debt  583;  Selangor,  $1,828,427;  Sungei-Ujong, $329,- 

i*t  i*2;^6,227  has  been  incurred.    The  colony  963 ;  and  Pahang,  $100,898.    In  the  limited  area 

v\]\  build  fortifications  at  Colombo,  and  the  Im-  of  the  Straits  Settlements  gambler  and  pepper 

fierial  Government  has  built  a  fortress  at  Prin-  are  produced  to  a  considerable  extent  in  Singa- 

tDiDAlee,  which  is  the  headquarters  of  the  naval  pore,  which  has  a  total  area  of  206  square  miles ; 

forces  in  East  India.    Of  the  total  area  of  the  tapioca,  pepper,  rice,  and  sugar  in    Province 

i^^Iand  something  less  than  an  eighth  is  under  Wellesley,  a  strip  on  the  mainland,  270  square 

cnliivation.    There  are  715,647  acres  on  which  miles  in  extent,'  attached  to  the  Penang  settle- 

riw  and  grain  are  grown,  71.554  acres  planted  to  ment ;  and  tapioca  and  rice  in  Malacca.    The  ex- 

ooffee,  207,413  to  tea,  656,766  to  cocoa-nut  palms,  ports  of  Singapore  comprise  not  merely  the  prod- 

30.4S6  to  Palm)Ta  palms,  30,083  to  cinchona,  17,-  uce  of  the  peninsula,  but  of  the  Sunda  Islands  and 

^^  to  tobacco,  and  37,331  to  cinnamon.    There  the  countries  of  Indo-China.    Even  the  tobacco 

were  753  plumbago  mines  worked  in  1889.    The  grown  by  the  Dutch  on  Sumatra  is  shipped  from 

value  of  imports  in  1889  was  60,695,135  rupees,  Singapore  to  Europe.    The  list  of  exports  in- 

and  of  exports  45,924.505  rupees.     The  export  of  eludes  tin,  pepper,  rice,  sugar,  nutmegs,  com, 

(^ffee  was  5,972,011  rupees;  of  cinchona,  1,687,-  sago,  tapioca,  buffalo  hides  and  horns,  rattans, 

").^<)  rupees;  tea,  17,860,144  rupees;  plumbago,  gutta-percha,  gambler,  coffee,  rubber,  gum,  dye 

4.S8I,387  rupees;  cocoanut  nroducts,  6,402,360  stuffs,  and  many  other  articles.    The  number  of 

ru|>ee5»:  areca   nuts,  1,057.463  rupees.    The  ex-  vessels  entered  at  the  ports  of  the  colony  in 

portation  of  tetk  increased  tenfold  between  1884  1889,  exclusive  of  native  craft,  was  8,084,  of  4,- 

and  1^8  and  in  1889  showed  a  further  advance  855,491  tons,  and  the  number  cleared  was  8,048, 

of  nearly  50  per  cent.,  amounting  to  34,346,432  of  4,830,809  tons.    There  are  several  short  rail- 

ponnds. '  The  coffee  exports  have  been  reduced  roads  in  the  native  states. 

by  disease  to  a  fraction  of  the  former  quantity.  Labuan,  a  small  island  off  the  northwest  coast 

No  British  colony  has  made  more  extraordi-  of  Borneo,  and  a  depot  for  its  trade,  having  a 

nary  progress  in  commerce   than  the    Straits  population  of  about  6,000  Malays  and  Chinese 

Settlements,   the   trade   of    which    has    grown  traders  and  some  20  Europeans,  is  a  British 

from  €26,030,000  in  1880  to  £47,350,000  in  1890,  Crown  colony.    The  imports  in  1891  amounted 

nearly  90  per  cent.    Singapore,  on  the  highway  to  £62,363,  and  the  the  exports  to  £66,689.    The 

<*f  steam  navigation,  has  acquired  the  position  sago,  gutta-percha.  India-rubber,  wax,  and  other 

once  held  by  l^tavia,  and  latterly  has  grown  at  products   of  Borneo  and  neighboring    islands 

the  expense  of  Penang,  and  is  now  the  commer-  are  collected  at  Labuan  for  shipment  to  Singa- 

eial  center  for  all  Farther  India.    The  trading  pore.      The  colony  is  administered   under  the 

houses  there  represent  all  commercial  countries,  direction  of  Charles  Vandeleur  Creagh,  the  Gov- 

The  distributing  trade  is  in  the  hands  of  the  emor  appointed  over  British  Borneo,  with  the 

^'hinese,  who  have  become  more  numerous  than  approval  of  the  secretary  of  the  colonies,  by  the 

the  Malays,  and  are  not  content  to  act  merely  as  British  North  Borneo  Company.      The  territory 

intermediaries  between  the  native  races  and  Eu-  in  the  northern  part  of  Borneo  ceded  by  the 

rnj»ean  merchants,  but  are  extending  their  mer-  Sultans  of  Brunei  and  Siilu  to  this  company 

cantile  eonrfections  and  successfully  competing  which  obtained  a  royal   charter  in   1881  ,was 

with  the  Europeans.    The   population   of   the  proclaimed  a  British   protectorate  on  May  12, 

Straits  Settlements,  comprising  Singapore,  Pe-  1888.    The  governing  body  is  the  Board  of  Di- 


344  GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 

rectors  in  London,  of  which  Sir  Rutherford  Al-  which  is  sent  to  Kuching.  the  capital,  or  to 

cock  is  chairman.      The  area,  which  was  31,106  Singapore  to  be  cleaned,  and  thence  to  all  [larts 

square  miles  in  1890.  with  a  population  of  175,-  of  the  world.     Antimony  is  mined  extensively 

000,  is  bein^  extended  by  fresh  annexations,  at  Busoh,  in  Upper  Sarawak,  and  at  Paku  the 

About  a  million  acres  haTO  been  granted  by  the  Cninese  blast  out  ^Id  quartz  from  the  lime- 

Government  to  the  planters  of  tobacco,  which  is  stone  rock,  crush  it  mto  powder  without  machin- 

grown  of  a  quality  equal  to  the  best  Sumatra  ery,  and  wash  out  the  gold.     The  Chinese  carry 

leaf,  and  for  the  cultivation  of  coffee,  pepper,  and  oii  a  considerable  tiinber  trade,  and  exchaiiut: 

other  tropical  products.  The  revenue  from  opium  European  goods  with  the  Dyaks  for  jungle  prui- 

and  spirits,  customs,  and  other  ordinary  sources  nee.     Experimental  plantations  of  pepper,  tea, 

was  $^1,602  in  18S9,  and  from  land  sales  $^6.-  and  coffee  promise  well. 

183.  The  expenditure  was  $290,189,  about  $100,  The  Crown  colony  of  Uong-Kong  is  an  island 
000  being  for  salaries  of  local  officials.     The  having  an   area  of   29   square    miles,  at    the 
land  sales  amounted  to  nearly  the  same  in  1890,  mouth  of  the  Canton   river,  which  was  taken 
while  the  ordinary  revenue  was  $358,401,  and  the  from  China  in  1841,  and  has  been  made  the  cen- 
expenses  were  $82,950  greater.     This  was  due  ter  for  British  commerce  with  China  and  Japan* 
in  part  to  the  inclusion  for  the  first  time  of  the  and  a  naval  and  military  station  of  the  first  cla^. 
receipts  and  expenses  of  Labuan,  which  were  The  Governor  in  the  beginning  of  1891  was 
£4,272  and  £3,828  respectively  in  1889.    The  Sir  William  Des  Vceux,  appointed  in  1887,  who 
statutes  having  been  modified  so  as  to  allow  the  succeeded  Sir  William  Robinson.     The  popu- 
proceeds  of  land  sales  to  be  treated  as  ordinary  lation  in   1881  was  152,412  natives  and   7,999 
receipts,  the  company  showed  a  surplus  of  £19,-  whites,  including  the  military.    The  shipping  en- 
238  for  1890.      The  total  revenue  was  $599,239,  tered  and  cleared  in  1890  amounted  to  13,500,009 
and  the  expenditure  $464,143.      The  imports  tonsin  the  harbor  of  Victoria,  making  it  the  mo::t 
in  1890  were  $2,018,089  in  value,  and  the  exports  important  commercial  port  in  the  world  after 
$902,290.    The  exports  are  chiefiy  jungle  prod-  London,  Liverpool,  and  New  York.    The  popu- 
nots,  such   as  beeswax,  birds'-nests,    camphor,  lation  has  increased  to  220,000.     Fortifications 
gutta-percha.  India-rubber,  rattan,  sago,  pepper,  haye  been  built  at  King  George's  Sound  and 
coffee,  and  tobacco.    The  estimated  value  oi  the  Thursday  Island,  and  in  the  middle  of  1891  were 
exportable  tobacco  from  the  crop  of  1890  is  $1,-  ready  for  the  guns.    The  Legislative  Council  is 
125,000.     A  company  has  undertaken  to  build  a  composed  of    six  officii  and  five  non-official 
railroad  from  the  east  to  the  west  coast,  and  the  members,  of  whom  three,  including  one  China- 
rivers  already  afford  steam  communication  with  man,  are  nominated  by  the  Crown,  and  the  other 
districts  remote  from  the  coasts.      Experiments  two  are  chosen  by  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
have  been  made  with  Liberian  coffee  on  the  low  and  by  the  local  magistrates.    The  Council  in 
lands,  and  with   Arabian    coffee  in  the  hills.  1891  agreed  to  an  appropriation  of  £20,000  for 
Chinamen  cultivate  pepper  and  gambier.    The  the  maintenance  of  an  extra  regiment,  but  de- 
population of  Sandakan,  the  chief  town,  is  half  murred  when  they  learned  that  it  was  to  be  a 
composed  of  Chinese  traders,  and  the  best  la-  regiment  of  native*  Indian,  not  of  British  troopet, 
borers  on  the  tobacco  plantations  are  Chinese,  and  the  non-official  members  declined  to  accede 
An  arrangement  has  been  made  with  the  Indian  to  the  appropriation  demanded  for  increasing 
Government  for  the  importation  of  Indian  coolies,  the  salaries  of  the  public  servants.    The  revenue 
Brunei  and  Sarawak,  territories  on  the  north-  in  1889  from  ordinary  sources  was  $1,828,549, 
west  coast  bordering?  on   British  Borneo,  were  and  from  premiums  from  land  $154,725,  while 
placed    under  a  Bntish  protectorate  in    1888.  the  expenditure  for  ordinary  purposes  was  $1.- 
Brunei,  ruled  over  by  a  native  Sultan,  has  an  459,167,  and  for  extraordinary  purposes,  princi- 
area  of  about  3,000  square  miles.    Sarawak,  with  pally  the  new  fortifications,  ^74,551.    The  im- 
an  area  of  45,000  square  miles  and  a  population  ports  and  exports  are  not  known  from  custom- 
of  300,000  souls,  was  governed  as  an  independ-  nouse  reports,  as  Hong-  Kong  is  a  free  port, 
ent  native  state  by  Sir  James  Brooke,  who  be-  They  are  estimated  to  have  averaged  $20,000,000 
came  Rajah  of  the  country  in  1840,  and  since  and*  $10,000,000    respectively  in  recent   years. 
1868    by   his   nephew,  the  Rajah    Sir  Charles  The  trade  in  opium,  sugar,  flour  salt,  chinaware, 
Johnson  Brooke.      Coal  is  found  in  large  quan-  oil,  cotton,  cotton  cloths,  amber,  sandal -wood 
titles,  as  in  North  Borneo,  where  a  company  and  ivory  carvings,  betel,  cattle,  and  vegetables 
has  opened  some  of  the  mines,  and  gold,  silver,  is  centered  in   Iiong-Kong,   and   the  business 
and  other  metals  exist  in  large  ouantities  both  houses  there  are  largely  interested  in  the  Chinese 
in  North  Borneo  and  Sarawak.      The  revenue  in  tea  and  silk  trades,  though  the  goods  are  shipped 
1889  amounted  to  $400,900,  the  expenditure  to  direct  from  Chinese  ports. 
$353,260,  the  imports  to  $2,289,475,  the  exports  The  Andaman  Islands,  in  the  Bay  of  Ben^l, 
to  $2,430,540    Tne  district  of  Limbang  in  Bru-  inhabited  by  a  curious  race  of  small,  degenerate 
nei  was  annexed  in  1889  by  Rajah  Brooke  against  savages,  are  used  as  a  penal  colony  by  the  Indian 
the  protests  of  the  Sultan,  who  appealed  to  the  Government,  and  in  1889  had  a  convict  popula- 
British  Government  to  secure  him  justice  under  tion  of  12,549.    The  Nicobar  Islands,  south  of 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  protection  and  who  the  Andamans.  were  inhabited  by  6,915  aboripi- 
rejected  a    money  indemnity,  saying  that    he  nes  in  1881.    The  exportable  products  are  cocoa- 
might  be  robbed  of  his  country  and  people,  but  nuts,  tortoise  shell,  birds'  nest*,  ambergris,  and 
would  not  sell  them.      The  products  of  the  soil  trepang.    The  Laccadive  Islands,  off  the  Malabar 
are  the  same  in  Sarawak  as  in  North  Borneo,  ex-  coast,  had  a  population  in  1881  of  14,47^.    The 
cept  that  tobacco  has  hitherto  proved  a  failure,  chief  article  of  export  is  coir  or  cocoa-nut  filwr. 
The  sago  palm  is  cut  and  raftea  down  the  rivers  Mauritius,  an  island  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  500 
and  the  pith  is  extracted  and  stamped  into  fiour  miles  east  of  Madagascar,  having  an  area  of  TO^ 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND.  345 

square  miles,  is  administered  with  its  dependen-  cotton,  and  hides.  Gold  mining  has  been  beg^n 
cies,  Rodrigues,  Diego  Garcia,  and  the  Seychelles,  on  the  Gold  Coast.  Cotton  and  indigo  grow 
by  a  Governor,  who  is  assisted  by  an  Executive  wild,  and  coffee  and  cacao  plantations  have  been 
Council,  consisting  of  the  military  commander,  started  by  native  and  French  capitalists  and  by 
the  Colonial  Secretary,  the  Procureur-General,  American  missionaries  in  Sierra  Leone.  Gineer 
the  Receiver-General,  the  Auditor-General,  and  is  also  grown  for  export.  The  trade  of  this 
two  elected  members  of  the  Council  of  Govern-  colony  has  suffered  from  the  competition  of  the 
ment.  This  Council  is  vested  with  legislative  neighboring  French  settlements.  Major  Pea- 
powers  on  the  representative  system.  It  is  com-  cocke  in  Sierra  Leone  and  Capt.  Kenney  in 
posed  of  the  Governor  and  27  members,  of  whom  Gambia  were  engaged  in  1891  in  delimiting  the 
8  are  official,  9  are  nominated  by  the  Governor,  frontiers  in  conjunction  with  French  commis- 
and  10  are  elected.  The  Governor  is  Sir  Charles  sioners,  in  accordance  with  the  Anglo-French 
Cameron  Lees,  appointed  in  1889.  The  popula-  West  African  agreement  of  Au^.  10, 1889.  Gun- 
tion  of  Mauritius  on  Jan.  1,  1890,  was  372,6o4,  of  boats  were  sent  up  the  Gambia  river  in  April, 
whom  254,465  were  Hindus.  The  rest  includes  1891,  by  Gilbert  Thomas  Carter,  the  Admmis- 
the  white  planters,  who  are  French  Creoles,  trator  at  Bathurst,  for  the  purpose  of  punishing 
Africans  and  mixed  races,  and  3,765  Chinese,  the  native  king:,  who  had  mutilated  an  envoy 
The  revenue  in  1889  was  8,744,802  rupees,  and  sent  to  warn  him  to  desist  from  plundering 
the  expenditure  8,558,332  ru[)ees.    The  imports  British  colonists. 

were  valued  at  15,612,056  rupees.  The  staple  A  vast  region  not  subject  to  the  direct  do- 
product  is  sugar,  which  was  exported  to  the  minion  of  the  British  Government  is  the  Niger 
?alue  of  28,994,791  rupees.  The  total  exports  district  and  the  adjacent  Oil  Rivers  protectorate, 
were  32,806,315,  consisting,  in  addition  to  raw  The  Niger  territories,  which  under  the  Anglo- 
sugar,  of  rum,  vanilla,  aloe  fiber,  and  cocoa-nut  French  agreement  of  Aug.  5,  1890,  include  all 
oil.  The  Seychelles  Islands,  which  support  a  that  belongs  to  the  Kingdom  of  Sokoto,  with  the 
population  of  16,162,  export  cocoa-nut  oil,  soap,  Oil  Rivers  district,  have  a  total  area  of  about 
and  tortoise  shell,  and  Rodrigues,  the  Chagos,  500,000  square  miles  and  a  population  estimated 
and  other  islands  produce  the  cocoa-nut  palm.  at  17,000,000.  The  Niger  district  is  governed  by 
St.  Helena,  in  the  south  Atlantic,  having  an  the  Royal  Niger  Company,  chartered  on  July  10, 
area  of  47  square  miles,  was  once  an  important  1886,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  £1,000,000.  The 
port  of  call  on  the  Cape  route  to  the  East,  capital  is  Asaba,  and  the  military  headquarters 
There  is  a  population  of  4,315  natives  and  126  are  at  Lokoga.  The  kingdom  of  Sokoto  was 
English.  It  is  used  as  a  naval  station,  and  is  the  founded  by  Fulah  conquerors  on  the  wreck  of 
headquarters  of  a  fleet  of  American  whalers,  the  Haussa  empire,  and  covers  an  area  of  un- 
Ascension,  with  an  area  of  85  square  miles,  is  a  known  extent  on  the  Niger  river  and  eastward, 
sanitarium  for  English  sailors  who  contract  to  the  confines  of  Bornu  and  southward  in  the 
fevers  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  The  English  direction  of  Adamawa.  The  King  of  Gando  and 
colonies  on  the  west  coast  of  Africa  are  the  Gold  other  Fulah  chiefs  are  tributary  to  the  Emperor 
Coast,  Lagos,  Gambia,  and  Sierra  Leone.  The  of  Sokoto,  who  is  descended  from  the  Sheikh 
Gold  Coast  Colony  proper  has  an  area  of  15,000  Dam-Fodie  Othman,  the  founder  of  the  king- 
square  miles.  Including  the  protectorate,  the  dom.  The  area  of  Sokoto  and  Gando  is  taken 
area  is  said  to  be  46,600  square  miles,  with  1,-  to  be  219,500  square  miles,  with  a  population  of 
905,000  inhabitants.  Lagos  is  an  island  on  the  15,000,000.  The  people  cultivate  rice  and  other 
Slave  Coast.  The  area,  including  protected  terri-  trains,  dates,  and  cotton,  which  they  weave  and 
tory  on  the  mainland,  is  1,071  square  miles,  and  dye,  and  also  make  leather  goods  for  export, 
the  population  is  estimated  at  100,000.  The  The  Niger  Company,  as  a  commercial  adventure, 
territonr  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Gambia,  con-  it  is  said,  has  not  been  much  more  successful 
stituted  an  independent  colony  in  December,  than  the  British  East  Africa  Company.  The 
1888,  has  an  area  of  2,700  square  miles,  and  a  race  for  Lake  Chad  called  for  a  more  vigorous 
population  of  50,000  persons.  Sierra  Leone,  in-  effort  than  the  dispute  about  the  Benue  river 
clnding  the  island  of  Sherbro  and  the  territory  with  the  Germans  of  Cameroons,  which  was 
on  the  coast  extending  from  the  Scarcies  river  to  settled  diplomatically,  for  the  French  Govern- 
the  boundary  of  Liberia,  has  a  total  extent  of  15,-  ment  developed  great  activity  in  the  Niger  re^on, 
000  square  miles  and  a  population  of  180,000,  of  and  German  expeditions  were  being  organized, 
whom  75.000  inhabit  Sierra  Leone,  which  has  an  as  well  as  French  expeditions  from  both  north 
area  of  300  square  miles.  The  revenue  of  Ijagos  and  south  of  the  British  Niger  territory,  to  es- 
in  1889  was  £57,633,  and  expenditure  £57,488.  tablish  relations  first  with  the  Mohammedan 
The  revenue  of  the  Gold  Coast  was  £111,388,  rulers  of  the  Western  Soudan.  The  Niger  Corn- 
while  the  expenditure  was  £125,003.  Sierra  Leone  pany  was  nearer  Ijake  Chad  than  either  the 
collected  £70,830  of  revenue  and  had  £66,771  of  French  or  the  Germans,  and  made  the  first  bid 
expenses.  In  Gambia  £26,281  were  collected  for  a  protectorate  over  Bornu.  An  expedition 
and  the  expenditures  were  £21,566.  The  im-  under  Charles  Mackintosh  left  Ribago,  on  the 
ports  of  Lagos  were  £464,260  in  value,  and  the  Benue,  in  October,  1890.  Kuka,  the  capital  of 
"ports  £457,649;  imports  of  the  Gold  Coast  Bornu,  a  town  with  a  population  of  120,000.  was 
«>lony  £440,868,  exports  £415,926 ;  imports  of  reached  after  three  weeks'  travel.  The  Sultan 
Sierra  Leone  £277,781,  exports  £310,710:  ira-  assigned  Quarters  to  the  embassy  and  took  the 
ports  of  Gambia  £140,818,  exports  £167,599.  treaty  unaer  consideration.  At  the  end  of  two 
Palra  kernels  and  oil  are  largely  exported  from  months  he  returned  the  presents  that  had  been 
all  the  colonies  except  Gambia,*  which  produces  offered,  and  said  that  he  would  make  no  treaty, 
gpound-nuts  for  export  Other  articles  of  export  as  every  Mohammedan  state  that  had  allowed 
we  rubber,  cola  nuts,  ivory,  gum  copal,  wax,  European  intrusion  had  suffered,  and  therefore 


346 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


he  would  put  forth  all  his  military  strength  to 
prevent  the  access  of  Christians,  even  in  the  guise 
of  traders,  to  his  dominions.  The  people  changed 
their  attitude  as  soon  as  the  envoys  were  ais- 
missed,  and  the  expedition  took  a  circuitous 
route  back  and  narrowly  escaped  iniurv.  The 
six  powerful  Mohammedan  states  in  tne  Western 
and  Central  Soudau,  with  a  population  of  28,- 
000,000  of  the  most  civilized  and  warlike  races 
of  Africa,  are  not  likely  to  part  with  any  portion 
of  their  independence  without  a  struggle.  The 
Sultan  of  Bornu  maintains  au  army  of  100,000 
men.  The  Oil  Rivers  territory  stands  in  &  pe- 
culiar relation  to  other  British  possessions.  For 
a  hundred  years  or  more  British  merchants  have 
been  settled  there,  and  have  governed  themselves 
without  interference  from  the  Government,  which 
disclaimed  authority  over  the  territory  until  the 
Niger  Company  began  its  operations.  A  sepa- 
rate protectorate  was  declared  over  the  Oil  Rivers, 
because  the  merchants  there  were  unwilling  to 
accept  the  domination  of  the  company.  It  be- 
came necessary  for  the  Imperial  Government  to 
impose  its  authority  upon  them,  because  the 
principal  article  that  they  dealt  in  was  gin,  which 
the  British  Government,  by  signing  the  enact- 
ments of  the  Brussels  Conference,  had  engaged 
to  exclude  from  this  part  of  Africa.  Major 
Claude  M.  Macdonald  was  appointed  commis- 
sioner and  consul-general  for  the  protectorate 
and  consul  for  Fernando  Po.  When  he  arrived 
with  a  large  staff  the  merchants  put  various 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  his  mission.  At  first 
they  refused  to  place  houses  at  the  disposal  of 
the  consul-general  and  vice-consuls,  who  were 
left  ignominiously  without  shelter  in  the  most 
un healthful  part  of  Africa.  Major  Macdonald 
was  instructed  to  introduce  a  standard  currency 
in  the  place  of  Hamburg  spirits,  which  serve  as 
the  medium  of  exchange ;  to  establish  courts  for 
the  administration  of  justice  to  Europeans :  to 
induce  the  natives  to  abandon  inhuman  practices 
and  abolish  slavery;  to  suppress  comey  or  the 
transit  duties  collected  for  the  native  chiefs, 
replacing  them  with  a  tariff  similar  to  that  im- 
posed on  the  colony  of  Lagos  and  the  German 
colony  of  Cameroons,  the  chiefs  being  indemni- 
fied by  a  regular  subsidy  from  the  revenue. 
Maior  Macdonald  established  his  headquarters 
at  Old  Calabar.  He  enlisted  a  police  force  of 
Haussas,  but  proceeded  very  cautiously  in  in- 
augurating the  new  rigin^,  which  was  objection- 
able alike  to  the  merchants  and  the  native  chiefs. 
After  his  arrival  a  disturbance  broke  out  near 
Opobo,  at  Aqueta,  where  the  acting  consul  and 
some  of  the  police  were  wounded.  An  arrange- 
ment was  made  for  defining  the  frontier  be- 
tween Oil  Rivers  and  the  Niger  protectorate. 

The  Falkland  Islands,  near  the  southern  ex- 
tremity of  South  America,  have  an  area  of  6,500 
square*  miles  aud  about  2,000  inhabitants,  who 
form  a  prosperous  pastoral  community,  exiwrting 
wool  and  other  sheep  products  of  a  total  value 
of  £116,102  in  1889,  representing  £60  per  capita. 
The  exports  of  frozen  mutton  to  England  col- 
lapsed m  1888  after  two  years  of  trial.  Live 
sheep  have  been  shipped  to  Chili,  and  in  March, 
1889,  the  first  cargo  was  sent  to  England.  The 
imports  in  1889  were  £55,716  in  value.  The 
revenue  collected  was  £8,628,  and  the  expendi- 
ture was  £9,720. 


The  Bermudas  are  a  group  of  360  small  isl- 
ands, of  which  18  or  20  are  inhabited,  580  miles 
east  of  North  Carolina.  The  total  area  is  24 
square  miles.  The  population  in  1890  was  esti- 
mated at  15,743  persons,  of  whom  6,243  are 
white.  The  revenue  in  1889  was  £29,938,  and 
the  expenditure  £30,089.  The  imports  amounted 
to  £272,603,  and  the  exports  to  £64,976.  The 
lar^  excess  of  imports  is  owing  to  the  number 
of  mvalids  and  wmter  visitors  who  come  to  the 
islands  from  the  United  States,  and  to  the  neces- 
sity of  importing  nearlv  all  food  supplies.  In 
1890  the  exports  rose  to  £137,526.  They  con- 
sist entirely  of  onions,  arrowroot,  potatoes,  to- 
matoes, beets,  and  lily  bulbs.  The  little  pockets 
of  earth  scattered  among  the  rocks  that  form 
the  islands  and  cover  about  one  third  of  the  sur- 
face are  planted  mainly  with  onions  of  a  variety 
first  grown  in  Teneriffe.  The  quantitv  exported 
in  1889  was  227,000  bushels;  in  1890,  252,000 
bushels;  in  1891.  261,000  bushels.  The  price 
fell  in  1891.  parti v  as  a  result  of  the  new  tariff 
law  of  the  Lnited  States,  which  is  the  market 
for  all  Bermudian  agricultural  produce.  The 
only  manufactures  for  export  are  palmetto  and 
straw  hats.  In  July,  1890.  a  cable  was  laid  con- 
necting the  Bermudas  with  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia. 
(Jamaica.  Barbadoes.  Bahamas,  Leewabd  and 
Windward  Islands,  and  Trinidad  see  under 
West  Indies). 

On  the  American  Continent,  in  addition  to 
the  Dominion  of  Canada  and  Newfoundland, 
Great  Britain  possesses  the  Crown  colony  of 
British  Honduras  and  British  Guiana,  which  is 
governed  on  the  representative  system  estab- 
lished by  the  Dutch.  British  Honduras  is  7,562 
square  miles  in  extent,  and  has  27,452  inhab- 
itants, mostly  negroes,  who  are  employed  in  'tut- 
ting mahogany  and  logwood,  and  latterly  in 
growing  bananas  and  cocoa-nuts  for  the  Ameri- 
can market.  Coffee  is  planted  in  some  parts  and 
cattle  are  raised  on  the  hills.  There  is  a  transit 
trade  in  sarsaparilia,  coffee,  and  India-rubber 
with  the  Indians  of  Yucatan.  The  revenue  in 
1889  was  £50,523;  expenditure.  £45,487:  debt. 
£16,032.  The  value  of  the  importe  was  £260.- 
089,  and  of  the  exports  £300,879.  Sir  Alfred 
Moloney  succeeded  K.  T.  Goldsworthy  as  Gov- 
ernor in  the  autumn  of  1891.  The  colonists  are 
agitating  for  a  return  to  the  representative  sys- 
tem of  government  that  existed  prior  to  1870. 
In  April,  1890,  the  five  non-oificial  members  of 
the  Legislative  Council  voted  against  paying  an 
indemnity  to  C.  T.  Hunter,  awarded  oy  a  court 
of  arbitration  in  London  for  breach  of  contract 
in  connection  with  harbor  and  sanitary  improve- 
ments that  had  been  suspended  at  Belize.  The 
Governor  declared  the  resolution  to  pay  the 
award  carried,  claiming  the  right  to  cast  two 
votes,  one  as  a  member  of  the  Council  and  a  cast- 
ing vote  as  president,  ujK)n  which  the  non-offi- 
cial members  resigned.  No  colonists  could  be 
found  to  take  their  places,  and  their  resignations 
were  not  accepted  till  the  lapse  of  twelve  months, 
when  the  Governor  made  up  what  was  called  a 
"  l)ogiis  Legislative  Council "  by  appointing  the 
colonial  surgeon,  the  colonial  engineer,  and  two 
district  magistrates.  The  colonists  contended 
that,  being  salaried  officials,  these  men  could  not 
act  as  unofficial  members,  and  the  Supreme 
Court  decided  that  the  council  thus  composed 


GREAT  BRITAIN  AND  IRELAND. 


348               GREAT  BRITAIN.  GREECE. 

was  unooostitutional  and  that  an  ordinance  that  6BEEC£«  a  constitutional  monarchy  in  south- 
it  had  passed  to  raise  the  duty  on  tobacco  was  eastern  Europe.  The  legislative  power  is  exer- 
of  no  effect.  cised  by  a  single  chamber  called  the  Boule,  hav- 

British  Guiana  includes  the  settlements  of  ing  150  members,  who  are  elected  by  universal 
Demerara,  Essequibo,  and  Berbice.  The  area  is  suffrage  for  four  years.  It  meets  on  Nov.  1  of 
said  to  be  109,000  square  miles ;  the  population  the  Greek  calendar,  and  remains  in  session  for 
in  1890  was  282,06o.  The  East  Indian  coolies  not  less  than  three  and  not  more  than  six 
have  increased  from  65,161  in  1881  to  107,424  at  months.  The  executive  authority  is  exercised 
the  end  of  1890.  The  number  of  immigrants  by  the  King  through  his  ministers,  who  are  re- 
during  the  year  was  4,575.  The  present  Gov-  sponsible  to  the  Assembly.  The  reigning  King 
ernor  is  Viscount  Gormanston.  The  number  is  Georgios  I,  son  of  King  Christian  of  Denmark^ 
of  registered  voters  is  1,596.  The  question  of  elected  by  the  National  Assembly  at  Athens  on 
changing  the  Constitution  so  as  to  conform  to  March  30,  1863.  He  married  Olga,  daughter  of 
the  English  model  is  under  discussion.  The  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine  of  Russia,  and  has 
boundary  dispute  with  Venezuela,  which  has  seven  children,  the  oldest  of  whom.  Prince  Kon- 
lasted  half  a  century,  has  recently  become  acute,  stantinos,  born  Aug.  2, 1868,  is  the  heir-apparent, 
and  actual  collisions  have  occurred  on  the  front-  The  ministry  at  the  be^nning  of  1891  was  com- 
ier.  The  Venezuelan  Government  offered  to  posed  as  follows:  President  of  the  Council,  Min- 
make  compensation  to  the  widow  of  an  English-  ister  of  the  Interior,  and  Minister  of  War,  P.  T 
man  who  was  shot  by  the  Venezuelan  police  on  Delyannis,  appointed  Nov.  5,  1890;  Minister  of 
the  border,  a  holder"  of  a  British  mining  grant  Foreign  Affairs,  L.  Deli^eorgis ;  Minister  of  Jus- 
named  William  Campbell.  Campbell  had  crossed  tice,  A.  T.  Zaimis ;  Minister  of  Finance,  C.  Kar 
the  Amacuro  to  prospect  for  gold  and  open  the  rapanos ;  Minister  of  Worship  and  Instruction, 
land  for  British  colonists.  lie  refused  to  take  C.  Gerokostopoulos ;  Minister  of  Marine,  C.  A. 
out  a  mining  permit  from  the  Peruvian  authori-  Koumoundouros. 

ties,  and  was  shot  in  resisting  arrest.  A  force  Area  and  Popalation. — ^Greece  has  an  area, 
of  British  soldiers  was  then  sent  to  take  posses-  of  25,041  square  miles,  and  a  population,  as  as- 
sion  of  the  whole  district.  The  northwest  dis-  certained  by  the  census  of  1889,  of  2,187,208  per- 
trict,  claimed  by  Venezuela,  but  held  bj  Eng-  sons,  of  whom  1,133,625  are  niales  and  1,053,583 
land,  contains  rich  placer  mines.  Early  m  1891  females.  In  European  Turkey  there  are  sup- 
diamonds  were  discovered  in  the  same  district,  posed  to  be  about  3,500,000  people  of  the  Greek 
The  output  of  the  gold  mines  has  been  doubling  race,  language,  and  religion ;  in  Crete  and  the 
year  by  year.  In  1889  the  exports  of  the  metal  other  Ottoman  Islands,  400,000 ;  in  Asiatic  Tur- 
were  valued  at  £109,234.  The  line  claimed  by  key,  2,000,000.  In  Greece  there  is  an  infusion  of 
the  British  is  the  one  drawn  by  Sir  Robert  Albanian  blood,  though  not  more  than  100,000 
Schomburg  in  1842,  which  was  based  partly  on  Albanians  have  retained  their  nationality, 
the  supposed  extent  of  the  ancient  Dutch  posses-  Finance. — The  estimate  of  revenue  for  1891 
sions  and  partly  on  the  idea  of  establishing  a  is  96,971,000  drachma!  or  francs,  while  the  ex- 
natural  frontier  following  ranges  of  mountains  penditure  is  estimated  at  99,253,000  drachmai. 
and  rivers.  The  Venezuelans  protested  that  The  mobilization  of  the  army  and  the  deficits  of 
Spanish  dominion  actually  extended  far  to  the  1885  and  1886  added  120,000,000  drachmai  to  the 
north  of  the  Amacuro  river,  fixed  on  as  the  public  debt,  and  compelled  the  Government  to 
boundary  by  Schomburg,  reaching  to  Essequibo  abandon  the  recently  restored  metallic  currency 
river,  and  that  it  embraced  the  undeveloped  and  reissue  paper.  To  balance  the  budgets  of 
northern  part  of  the  British  colony  and  included  1887  and  1888  a  loan  of  135,000,000  drachmai 
the  recently  discovered  mineral  aistricts  in  the  was  raised  at  4  per  cent.,  guaranteed  on  the  salt, 
west  and  the  entrance  to  Orinoco  river.  petroleum,  and  match  monopolies.    Bv  means 

Guzman  Blanco,  when  President  of  Venezuela,  of  a  loan  of  80,000,000  drachmai  obtained  in  1889 
as  a  retaliatory  measure,  hnposed  a  differential  and  a  part  of  the  former  loan,  debts  bearing  7  and 
duty  of  30  per  cent,  on  imports  from  the  British  9  per  cent,  interest  were  paid  off.  For  the  con- 
West  Indies,  injuring  the  trade  of  Trinidad  es-  struction  of  the  Athens  and  Larissa  Railroad  to 
pecially ;  and  this  has  not  yet  been  taken  off.  bring  Greece  into  communication  with  the  Con- 
Venezuela's  offer  to  arbitrate  the  boundary  dis-  tinental  network  a  new  loan  of  about  90,000,000 
pute  was  rejected  by  Lord  Salisbury.  When  drachmai  was  contracted  in  June,  1890.  The 
British  military  posts  were  established  in  the  burdens  imposed  by  the  reorganization  of  the 
disputed  territory,  Venezuela  appealed  to  the  finances  effected  by  Tricoupis  so  improved  the 
United  States  and  to  the  other  powers  to  use  credit  of  Greece  that,  whereas  in  1886  she  could 
their  good  offices  to  prevent  British  encroach-  not  borrow  at  a  lower  rate  than  7|  per  cent,  the 
ments.  Mr.  Lincoln,  the  United  States  minister  last  loan  was  raised  at  the  net  rate  of  5^^  per 
in  London,  in  June,  1890,  secured  the  renewal  cent.  The  fall  in  the  rate  of  exchange  to  17  per 
of  diplomatic  i-elations  between  Great  Britain  cent,  below  par  increases  the  expenses  of  the 
and  Venezuela.  The  revenue  of  British  Guiana  debt  more  than  half  the  amount  of  the  interest 
in  1889-'90  was  £522,862,  and  the  expenditure  saved  by  the  conversions,  and  the  cost  of  main- 
£500,902.  The  public  debt  in  1890  was  £737,-  taining  the  three  new  ironclads  adds  as  much 
399.  The  total  value  of  the  imports  in  1889  was  more  to  the  budget.  The  total  debt  on  Jan.  1, 
£1,803,776,  the  chief  items  being  flour,  rice,  1890,  was  737,885,415  drachmai,  comprising  448,- 
machinery,  fertilizers,  and  pork.  The  value  of  887,647  drarhmai  of  terminable  loans,  202,469,- 
the  exports  was  £2.310,141.  The  chief  articles  298  drachmai  of  consolidated  renter,  12,662.513 
were  sugar,  of  the  value  of  £1,914,143,  and  rum,  drachmai  of  floating  debt,  and  73.865,957  drach- 
of  the  value  of  £165,854,  after  which  came  gold,  mai  of  forced  paper  currency.  Minister  Kara- 
molasses,  and  timber.  panos,  failing  to  obtain  a  further  loan  in  1891,  or 


GREECE.  349 

to  get  the  consent  of  his  colleagues  to  a  tobacco  that  country.    In  1890  they  amounted  to  57,000 

monopoly,  resigned  in  September.  tons.    A  similar  result  is  looked  for  in  the  United 

The  Army  and  Net  jr. — Under  the  law  of  States  as  a  consequence  of  tne  abolition  of  the 

universal  liability  to  service,  the  war  strength  of  duty.     In    France   the   importation    has  been 

the  Greek  army  is  stated  to  be  104,500  men,  ex-  checked  by  the  imposition  of  an  excise  duty  of 

elusive  of  the  territorial  army  of  146,000  men.  4  francs  on  every  hectolitre  of  wine  made  from 

The  nominal  strength  of  the  active  army,  accord-  currants,  designed  for  the  protection  of  French 

ing  to  the  military  budget  for  1890,  is  1,961  offi-  wine-growers. 

cers,  including  civilians  emj^oyed  in  the  Minis-  Nayigation. — The  Graek  merchant  marine  in 
tn*  of  War.  5,869  non-commissioned  officers,  and  1890  consisted  of  81  steam  vessels,  of  40,484  tons, 
18.304  soldiers,  making  in  all  26,134  of  all  ranks,  and  5,809  sailing  vessels,  of  228,158  tons.    The 
with  3,714  horses  and  120  guns.  shipping  entered  at  Greek  ports  in  1889  num- 
The  Greek  fleet,  which  in  1889  had  onlv  two  bered  4,861  vessels,  of  2,249,109  tons,  while  8,945 
small  ironclads,  one  of  1,770  tons  armea  with  were  cleared,  of  2,124,269  tons.    Of  the  total 
two  10- ton  Krupp  guns  and  four  20- pounders  number  entered,  1,851,  of  281,285    tons,  were 
and  the  other  of  2,060  tons  carryine  four  6-ton  Greek,  while  408,  of  417,316  tons,  were  British, 
and  two  5- ton  guns,  is  now  believed  to  be  equal  The  carrying  trade  of  the  Levant  and  the  Black 
to  the  Turkish,  and  some  patriotic  Greeks  assert  Sea  ports  is  largely  in  the  hands  of  the  Greeks, 
that  it  is  superior.    The  **  Spetzoe,"  a  steel  armor-  Commanications. — The  length  of  railroads 
clad  of  6,000  tons,  launched  in  1889,  was  com-  open  for  traffic  at  the  end  of  18^  was  452  miles, 
pleted  in  the  following  year,  and  two  more  of  Tliere  were  building  127  miles  more,  and  517 
the  same  class  have  subsequently  been  built  in  miles  were  projected.    The  ship  canal  across  the 
France,  the  last  one  leaving  Cherbourg  for  the  Isthmus  of  Corinth  has  been  completed  for  three 
Pireos  in  August,  1891,    The  new  war  ships  are  quarters  of  the  distance,  which  is  about  4  miles, 
supplemented  by  80  torpedo  boats,  including  2  The  telegraph  lines,  including  cables,  had  a  total 
Xordenfeldt  submarine  boats.    There  are  2  small  length  in  1889  of  4,382  miles,  with  5,082  miles  of 
corvettes,  2  cruisers,  and  16  gunboats  of  various  wire.    During  that  year  684,650  internal  and 
dates,  brides   22    minor   unprotected   vessels.  271,189  international'  messages  were  sent  over 
The  navy  was  manned  in  1890  by  8,861  officers  the  wires.    The  receipts  for  1888  were  1.180,160 
and  men,  recruited  partly  by  enlistment  and  drachmai,  and  the  expenses  992,820  drachmai. 
partlv  by   conscription    amon^   the    maritime  The  number  of  letters  sent  through  the  post-of- 
popuiation,  the  term  of  service  having   been  flee  in  1888  was  6,844,000 ;  of  postal  cards,  180,- 
lei^hened  by  the  law  of  1887  to  two  years.  000 ;  of  newspapers,  samples,  and  circulars,  7,- 
Commerce.-*— The  imports  in  1889  were  valued  706,000.    The  receipts  were  1,193,930  drachmai, 
at  132,653,248  drachmai,  and  the  exports  at  107,-  and  the  expenses  1,198,478  drachmai. 
777,808  drachmai.    Three  eighths  of  the  imports  Anti-Semitic  Outbreak.— A nti- Jewish  riots 
are  manufactures,  and  cereals  form  an  equal  pro-  of  the  kind  that  have  occurred  in  Russia  in  re- 
portion,  and  nearly  half  the  remainder  consists  cent  years  broke  out  in  the  city  of  Corfu  and 
of  pastoral  and  fishery  products.     Yet  Greece  is  other  places  in  the  Ionian  Islands  in  April  and 
an  agricultural  country,  and  raises  large  quanti-  May.    The  bodv  of  a  girl  child  having  been 
ties  of  wheat  and  barley.    There  are  about  3,-  found  in  the  Ghetto  at  Corfu,  a  repjort  was  cir- 
500,000  sheep  in  the  country,  and  large  flocks  of  culated  that  it  was  a  Christian  child  that  the 
goats,  which  cause  more  damage  than  benefit  by  Jews  had  murdered  for  the  feast  of  the  Passover. 
Drowsing  on  vegetation.    Agriculture  is  in  a  very  The  Jews  believed  Christians  had  murdered  the 
backward  state,  but  much  attention  is  given  to  child  to  furnish  a  pretext  for  plunder  and  vio- 
the  cultivation  of  the  currant  or  Zante  raisin,  lence.    It  was  afterward  identified  as  the  daugh- 
the  chief  staple  of  the  export  trade.    Olives,  ter  of  a  well  known  Hebrew.    On  April  27  a 
grapes,  tobacco,  and  cotton  are  valuable  crops,  mob  broke  into  the  Jewish  quarter  threatening 
and  the  mineral  exports  are  important.    The  to  burn  the  Hebrews  alive,  and  after  several 
chief  imports  in  1889  were :  grain  and  rice,  of  the  had  been  beaten  and  stoned,  the  troops  dispersed 
value  of  45,288,000  drachmai ;  textile  manufact-  the  rioters.    The  shops  in  the  Jewish  quarter 
ures.  26.579.000  drachma! :  animals  and  animal  were  closed  by  order  of  the  authorities,  and  a 
products,   14.528.000  drachma! ;    minerals   and  cordon  of  soldiers  was  placed  around  the  quar- 
metals,  8,714,000  drachmai;    metal   manufact-  ter.    On  April  30  an  attack  on  the  Jewish  popu- 
ures,    7,679,000    drachmai ;    timber,    6,896,000  lation  at  Zante  was  attempted,  and  the  military, 
drachma!.    The  chief  exports  were :  dried  cur-  in  order  to  put  a  stop  to  the  disorder,  fired  on 
rants,  of  the  value  of  55,568,000  drachma! ;  lead,  the  mob,  killing  three  Christians  and  wounding 
7.640,000  drachmai ;  zinc,  7.044,000  drachmai ;  a  large  number.    The  garrisons  on  both  islands 
olive  oil,  6,208,000  drachmai;  animals  and  ani-  were  largely  increased.    In  Corfu  the  Jews  were 
mal  products,  6.048,000  drachmai :  wine,  4,608,-  confined  in  their  houses  for  weeks,  and  could 
000  drachmai ;  figs,  2,425,000  drachmai ;  timber,  only  obtain  food  with  great  risk  and  at  famine 
1.800,000  drachmai ;   iron,  1,789,000  drachmai.  prices.    Several  died  of  starvation.    The  whole 
The  currant  crop  has  not  increased  with  the  ex-  trade  of  the  place  was  paralyzed.    The  military 
tension  of  the  cultivation,  because  the  old  vine-  cordon  was  Icept  up,  but  the  soldiers  s\mpa- 
yards  have  become  less  productive  and  require  thized  with  the  mou.    On  May  12  another  at- 
to be  renewed.    The  crop  of  1890  is  estimated  at  tack  was  made  on  the  Ghetto,  and  two  Jews 
145,000  tons,  against  148,000  tons  in  1889  and  were  killed  and  many  injured.    The  Ottoman 
160,000  tons  in  1888.    The  exports  to  England  Government  made  arrangements  to  succor  Tur- 
have  been  increased,  by  the  reduction  of  the  im-  kish  Jews,  and  gunboats  were  sent  by  the  French 
port  duty  to  2«.  per  hundred- weight,  to  two  or  and  English  Governments  to  protect  their  sub- 
three  times  the  quantity  formerly  consumed  in  jects.    Two  attempts  were  made  to  set  fire  to 


350  GRfiVT,  FRANCOIS  JULES  PAUL. 

the  Ghetto.    After  the  second  outbreak  at  Cor-  his  release,  he  pleaded  cases  in  the  courts  and 
fu  a  state  of  siege  was  declared,  and  a  sufficient  held  a  leading  place  at  the  bar.    He  advocated 
force  was  sent  to  make  an  end  of  tHe  disturb-  Liberal  principles,  but  not  as  an  active    poli* 
ance.    The  monarch  of  Corfu  and  the  prefect  tician ;  he  would  not  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
of  the  town  were  removed  for  neglect  of  their  to  Napoleon,  and  therefore  refused  to  enter  the 
duty.  Chamoer.    In  1868,  when  it  begun  to  be  dan- 
GREYY,  FRANCOIS  JULE8  PAUL,  ex-  gerous  to  assert  hostility  to  the  Emperor,  his 
President  of  the  French  Republic,  born  in  Mont-  friends  overcame  his  scruples,  representing  that 
sous-Vaudrey,  Department  of  the  Jura,  Aug.  many  Liberals  weVe  deterred  by  his  illustrious 
15,1807;  died  there,  Sept.  9,  1891.    He  was  the  example  from  accepting  a  nomination   to   the 
son  of  a  forester  who  volunteered  in  1792  to  Chamber.     Elected  to  the  Corps  Legislatif  in 
fight   in    the  armv  of   the   reoublic  and  who  that  year  from  his  old  department,  he  took  his 
brought  UD  his  children  as  repuolicans.    Jules,  a  seat  among  the  Republicans.    Although  he  sel- 
robust  ana  athletic  young  mountaineer,  began  dom  spoke,  he  was  re-elected  without  opposi- 
his  school  life  at  the  age  of  ten  in  the  College  of  tion  in  1869.    When  asked  after  the  downfall  of 
Polignv,  went  thence  to  Besan9on,  and  prepared  Napoleon  to  join  the  self-appointed  Governraent 
himself  for  the  bar  in  the  University  at  Paris,  of  Sept  4,  he  refused,  retiring  with  Thiers,     As 
where  he  led  a  sober,  decorous,  and  studious  life,  an  upholder  of  legaltity,  he  declared  that  the 
At  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution  of  1880  he  fall  of  the  empire  ought  to  be  decreed  by  the 
joined  the  insurgents,  taking  part  in  the  capture  Chambers.    When  the  Legislative  Assembly  was 
of  the  Babylone  barracks.     He  was  admitted  to  invaded  by  the  mob,  regular  proceedings'  were 
the  bar  in  1837,  and  began  practice  in  Paris,  rendered  impossible.     He  declmed  to  assooiAte 
By  his  defense  of  Armand  Barbes  and  his  fel-  himself  with  the  irregularly  constituted  Grovem- 
low-conspirators  against  the  Government  of  Louis  ment  of  National  Defense,  and  likewise  declined 
Philippe,  in  1889,  he  established  his  reputation  to  join   M.  Thiers  in  his  irregular  diplomatic 
as  an  advocate  deeply  versed  in  the  code  and  campaign.    When  the  latter  asked  him  to  declare 
skilled  in  the  technicalities  of  procedure,  and,  what  part  he  would  take  in  the  national  emer- 
moreover,  as  a  legal  champion  of  republicanism,  gency,  he  said  that  his  part  was  to  carry  a  mus- 
whose  forensic  services  were  wanted  and  prized  ket,  and  while  the  war  lasted  he  served  in  the 
when  revolutionists  were  tried  in  the  courts.    In  National  Guard.     He  was  returned  to  the  Xa- 
1848  he  was  sent  to  Jura  by  the  Provisional  tional  Assemblv  bv  his  compatriots  of  the  Jura 
Government  as  prefect  or  commissary  of  the  on  the  simple  platform  of  "  a  permanent  repub- 
republic,  as  the  office  was  then  called.     The  lie  and  any  acceptable  peace  without  revenge.** 
diplomatic  tact  with  which  he  arrested  disturb-  On  Feb.  17,  1871,  a  week  after  the  session  op- 
ances  and  appeased  political  and  religious  pas-  ened,  he  was  elected  by  an  almost  unanimous 
sions  gave  him  a  reputation  for  political  ability,  vote  to  the  presidency  of  the  Chamber.      In  the 
He  h^ided  the  list  of  eight  Deputies  elected  to  first  sitting  he  proposed  that  M.  Thiers  should 
represent  his  native  department  in  the  Constitu-  be  made  chief  of  the  Executive,  and  should  hold 
tent  Assembly.    He  was  chosen  Vice-President  of  his  power  during  the  pleasure  of  the  Assembly, 
the  Assembly,  and  placed  on  the  Committee  of  realizing  the   proposition    that  had    been  the 
Justice.    Taking  his  seat  with  the  Advanced  Re-  foundation  of  his  political  fame.      He  remained 
publicans,  he  presented  the  famous  propoaitioth  in  the  chair  over  two  years,  being  seven  times 
OrSvy,  which,  although  it  was  overwhelmingly  re-elected.     The  conciliatory  tact,  the  impartial 
defeated,  placed  its  author  ever  afterward  on  a  judgment,  the  calm  decision  with  which  he  pre- 
pedestal  as  a  conspicuous  representative  of  re-  sided  over  this  turbulent  body  during  the  most 
publicanism.    Perceiving  that  if  the  executive  critical  period  of  its  history,  macle  Jules  Grevy 
head  of  the  Government  were  elected  bv  univer-  one  of  the  conspicuous  figures  in  European  poli- 
sal  suffrage  it  would  open  the  door  to  Ccesarism  tics.    In  February,  1873,  the  Conservatives  being 
(for,  having  as  many  popular  votes  as  all  the  in  the  majority,  the  Due  de  Broglie  resigned  his 
members  of  the  Assembly  together,  the  Presi-  place  as  minister  to  London,  to  lead  the  attack 
dent  of  the  Republic,  in  case  of  a  conflict  of  that  was  designed  to  overthrow  Thiers.     It  was 
opinion    between    himself  and    the    Assembly,  first  necessary  to  get  Gr^vv  out  of  the  way  and 
could  assert  that  he  had  the  mandate  of  the  place  in  the  chair  a  man  pliant  to  their  purposes, 
nation    to  suppress  the  legislative  branch    or  They  disputed  his  decisions,  questionea  his  au- 
nuUify  its  decisions),  he  proposed  that  the  exec-  thority,  harassed  and  insulted  nim.  and  when  he 
utive  power  should  be  exercised  by  a  council  of  found  himself  unable  to  maintain  the  dignity  of 
ministers,  with  a  president  of  the  council  at  its  the  chair,  after  an  offensive  personal  remarlc  of 
head,  just  as  it  is  in  Switzerland.      The  chief  of  the  Due  de  Grammont  whicn  the  majority  ap- 
the  state  would  then  be  apbointed  and  subject  plauded,  he  resigned  in  spite  of  the  pleadings  of 
to  removal  by  the  vote  of  the  Chamber.     This  his  friends,  who  begged  nim  to  stay  at  his  post 
plan  was  too  radical  for  the  Assembly,  and  the  in  all  circumstances.    M.  Buffet,  tiis  successor, 
project  of  an  independent  executive  deriving  its  became  an  instrument  in  the  hands  of  the  eon- 
authority  from    a  pUbiscite    carried    the  day.  spirators.    There  were  those  even  then  who  said 
Napoleon  was  elcctea  President,  and  in  the  Legis-  tnat  Grevy  was  a  wily  and  calculating  politician 
lative  Assembly  of  1849  Grevy  combated  the  who  willingly  contributed  to  the  fall  of  Theirs, 
beginnings  of   Bonapartism  by  opposing  each  to  whom  he  had  shrewdly  volunteered  to  advance 
measure  proposed  by  the  President  and  liia  ac-  to  the  first  place  in  the  Republican  party,  thus 
complices.    After  the  coup  d'etat,  which  everv  making  sure  of  the  succession,  upon  which  he 
one  said  would  have  been  prevented  if  Grevy  s  was  eager  now  to  enter.    In  the  following  Octo- 
amendment  had  been  carried,  he  was  arrested  ber  he  published  a  pamphlet  on  "  The  Necessary 
and  kept  in  prison  for  several  mouths.     After  Governraent,"  in  which  he  took  the  position  that 


GRfeVY,  FRANQOIS  JULES  PAUL.  GUATEMALA,                   351 

the  time  had  gone  by  when  the  elements  of  a  as  a  pure  and  upright  public  man.  He  endeavored 
constitutional  monarchy  existed  in  France,  which  to  shield  Wilson's  good  name  with  his  influence 
had  become  a  pure  democracy  and  could  only  as  President,  and  clung  both  to  the  office  and  to 
exist  and  develop  under  the  republic.  In  1876  his  grandchildren  until  he  was  compelled  to  re- 
the  Republicans  won  the  general  election.  M.  sign, on  Dec.  2,  1887,  dishonored  by  the  ignoble 
Grevy  reasoended  the  chair  of  the  Chamber  as  by  contest.  He  retirecl  to  his  birthplace,  and  is 
right'  After  the  death  of  Thiers  he  became  the  supposed  to  have  been  working  since  on  a  book 
undisputed  Republican  candidate  for  the  presi-  of  •*  Memoirs."  A  steel-plate  portrait  of  Presi- 
dency of  the  republic.  When  Marshal  Mac-  dent  Gr6vy  appeared  in  the  *' Annual  Cyclo- 
Mahon  dissolved  the  Chamber  without  reason,  in  piedia"  for  1879. 

order  to  carry  out  the  Ducde  Broglie's  monarch-  GUATEMALA,  a  republic  in  Central  Amer- 
ical  conspiracy,  M.  Gr^vy  uttered  these  few  simple  ica,  independent  since  1847.  The  Constitution, 
woids  that  had  a  magical  effect  on  the  bewil-  adopted  in  December,  1879,  and  amended  in  Oc- 
dered  country:  **In  dismissing  this  Chamber,  I  tober,  1889,  vests  the  legislative  power  in  the 
wiiih  to  say  that  it  has  never,  during  its  too  brief  National  Assembly,  half  of  the  memoers  of  which 
career,  ceased  for  one  moment  to  merit  the  es-  are  replaced  at  each  biennial  election.  One  mem- 
teem  and  confidence  of  the  country."  The  con-  ber  is  elected  for  every  20,000  inhabitants.  The 
spiracy  against  the  republic  failed.  Gr^vy  was  presidential  term  is  six  years.  Gen.  Manuel 
r^^lected  to  the  presidency  of  the  Chamber  on  Barillas  was  elected  President  on  March  15, 1886. 
May  16, 1877.  Marshal  MacMahon,  after  losing  Area  and  Popalation. — The  estimated  area 
the  decisive  battle,  could  not  be  induced  to  con-  of  Guatemala  is  46,800  sauare  miles.  The  popu- 
tinue  a  campaign  of  underground  plots.  He  sent  lation  was  estimated  in  1880  at  1,460,017.  About 
for  M.  Gr^vy  and  announced  his  readiness  to  re-  three  fifths  are  civilized  Indians,  and  among  the 
sign  the  presidency  under  certain  guarantees,  white  population  there  is  a  large  intermixture  of 
and  when  he  could  obtain  no  promises  or  con-  Indian  blood.  The  capital  city,  Guatemala  la 
ditions  he  handed  him  his  resignation  to  take  to  Nueva,  had  65,796  inhabitants  in  1889,  of  whom 
the  Chamber,  saying :  "  You're  an  honest  man ;  about  10  per  cent,  were  of  European  birth  or 
I  have  full  trust  in  you."  descent.  The  number  of  births  registered  in 
Grevy  was  elected  President  of  the  republic.  1889  was  61,222,  and  the  number  of  deaths  28,- 
The  military  guards  and  equipages  and  mo-  821,  which  is  much  below  the  actual  number, 
narchical  tnippings  of  his  predecessor  were  cast  The  number  of  marriages  was  5,475.  Among 
aside.  He  introduced  into  the  £lys^  the  simple  the  births  50  per  cent,  of  the  white  and  25  per 
informality  and  quiet  ways  of  ordinary  bourgeois  cent,  of  the  Indian  children  are  illegitimate.  The 
life,  and  tne  people  found  this  dignified  and  State  spent  $525,625  in  1888  for  education,  which 
admirable,  except  that  it  began  to  he  said  that  is  compulsory,  free,  and  undenominational.  The 
he  was  too  saving.  The  grave,  quiet,  modest,  Catholic  religion  prevails,  but  is  no  longer  the 
and  dignified  citizen  at  the  head  of  the  state,  st^ite  religion. 

who  cultivated  agreeable  social  relations  with  Finance. — The  revenue  in  1888  was  $4,580,- 
men  of  all  parties  and  kept  himself  ostensibly  264,  and  the  expenditure  $4,577,404.    The  ex- 
free  from  political  schemes  and  entanglements,  traordinary   receipts  were   $1,802,403.     About 
was  esteemed  an  ideal   Republican   President,  half  of  the  revenue  was  derived  from  customs 
though  afterward  it  was  said  that,  in  helping  and  one  third  from  the  internal  revenue  duties  on 
to  crush  M.  Gambetta,  in  keeping  M.  de  Frey-  alcohol  and  tobacco.  The  import  duty  on  tobacco 
cinet  in  the  background,  ami  in  all  his  quiet  was  reduced  on  Nov.  20, 1890,  from  55  to  20  cents 
combinations,  he  was  glided  by  motives  of  schem-  a  pound.    The  estimated  receipts  for  1890  were 
ing  personal  politics.      He  was  re-elected  to  the  $5,060,000,  and  the  expenditure  $4,610,675.    The 
presidency  on  Dec,  28,  1885,  for  lack  of  another  appropriations  for  public  credit  and  finance  in 
pre-eminent  Republican  candidate,  and  soon  it  1890  were  $1,343,074;  for  education,  $710,364; 
was  found  that  this  was  a  mistake  of  the  Repub-  for  the  army,  $1,154,189.    The  nominal  strength 
lican  party ;  for,  whether  he  was  more  egotist  of  the  standing  army  is  3,500  men,  and  that  of 
than  patriot  or  the  contrary,  he  had  grown  too  the  militia  is  67,300  men.    In  1889  the  net  rev- 
old,  and  too  fond  of  ease  and  the  societv  of  his  enue  was  $5,585,912.     The  gross  revenue  was 
grandchildren.      lie  let  his  son-in-law,  M.  Wil-  $6,102,172,  of  which    $2,700,119  were  derived 
son,  receive  ministers  and  officials,  was  guided  bv  from  import  duties,  $552,045  from  export  duties, 
that  person's  advice  in  political  affairs,^humore<l  $1,811,773  from  the  liquor  monopoly,  and  the 
his   prejudice   against  capital    punishment   by  rest  from  a  considerable  variety  of  minor  taxes, 
pardoning  murderers,  and  allowed  him  to  change  In  the  postal  and  telegraph  service  there  was  a 
the  ways  and  manners  of  the  presidential  palace,  deficit  of  $84,959.    The  total  debt  was  $13,569,- 
M.  Wilson's  political  and  commercial  specula-  190,  including  the  consolidated  home  debt  of 
tions  compromised  the  reputation  that  M.  Grevy  $6,495,062;    paper  money,  $1,129,968;   foreign 
had  given  to  ihe    presidential    establishment,  debt.  £922,700  or  $4,613,500  in  currency;   un- 
Then  came  the  decoration  scandal,  the  Limousin  funded  and  fioating  debt.  $1,330,660. 
revelations  of  some  culpable  connection  between  Commerce  and  Production.— The  total  value 
Wilson  and  the  traffic  in  the  ribbons  of  the  Le-  of  imports  in  1889  was  $7,079,373.    The  values 
gion  of  Honor,  an  order  that  M.  Gr^vv  had  pro-  imported  from  the  chief  importing  countries 
posed  to  abolish  when  he  fii-st  became  President,  were  as  follow:    England,  $1,598,762:    United 
wvy  could  have  dismissed   Wilson  from  his  States,  $1,382,398;   South  American  countries, 
household  and  served  out  his  second  term  with  $1,207,624:  France,  $929,580;   Germany,  $715,- 
better  satisfaction  to  the  public  than  before,  or  he  239 ;  Central  American  countries,  $691,857.   The 
might  have  resignecl  at  once  on  account  of  the  imports  of  cotton  goods  were  $910,469  in  value; 
family  stain,  and  preserved  his  great  reputation  woolen  goods,  $309,059 ;   fiour,   $163,487 ;   silk 


352 


GUATEMALA. 


£ood>i,  f  150,592 :  wine,  9134,159 ;  liquors,  $132,-  work  more  Chan  is  necessary  to  suppljr  their  siio- 

D^K  1  iron  soods,  $Mfi^.     Tlie  value  of  the  ei-  pie  needs.    To  this  same  a^hy  and  to  the  tor- 

porU  was  113,347,089.  The  coffee  of  Ouatenala,  mer  political  disturbances  in  the  country  is  due 
represented  in  this  total  by  ¥12,704,946,  brings  the  neglect  of  the  mines  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  cop- 
double  the  price  in  the  market  o[  that  ol  other  per,  iron,  lin,  and  cinnabar  that  were  once  worked 
countries,  being  of  so  fine  a  quality  that  it  is  under  the  direction  of  Jesuit  . 


used  to  flavorother  sorts.    The  crop  of  1891  is  were  a  source  of  great  revenue  to  the  Church 

estimated  at  80,000,000  pounds.    The  cultiration  and  the  state.     Besides  coffee,  th*  chief  exports 

is  capable  of  large  exiension.  and  plantations  have  at   present   are   hides,   rubber,   sugar,   bananas, 

been  enlarged  considerably  in  recent  years,  yet  aguardiente,  and  cacao.    The  cacao  of  Guatemala 

without  a  corresponding  increase  in  the' nrodnct,  ranks  among   the   best    sorts.     Mahogany   and 

.__.L_i_.i! —  i_i .  1..  induced  t~  -■' "•■ — ■ •' ' — -'—' 


for  the  Indian  laborers  can  not  be  i 


other  cabinet  woods  are  abundant 


HAWAII.  363 

CommvBieatioiiS.— The  settled  part  of  the  making  Francisco  Villela  Minister  of  the  Inte- 
coantrj  is  at  a  distance  from  the  sea,  and  most  rior,  Emilio  Lieon  Minister  of  Forei^  Affairs 
of  the  trsTel  and  transportation  must  be  done  and  Public  Works,  and  Feliciano  Aguilar  Minis- 
wit  h  mules.  A  railroad  connecting  the  capital  ter  of  Finance.  The  people  of  Quezaltenango, 
with  San  Jose  has  a  length  of  72  miles,  and  another,  an  important  place  in  upper  Guatemala,  rose 
37  miles  in  length,  runs  from  Champerico  to  Ke-  against  the  Government,  and  defeated  the  garri- 
taihuleu*  The  former,  which  was  built  by  an  son.  The  mountains  were  full  of  malcontents, 
American  company  at  a  cost  of  $4,000,000,  has  who  distributed  revolutionary  proclamations.  On 
been  rebuilt  in  the  section  between  Escuintlaand  Sept.  15,  the  anniversary  of  independence,  when 
Palin.  The  net  receipts  have  more  than  doubled  Manuel  Montufar,  son  of  a  leadmg  partisan  of 
ID  the  past  four  years.  In  1890  the  gross  re-  Barillas,  who  was  one  of  the  candidates  for  the 
ceipts  were  $658,042,  and  the  net  earnings  $855,-  succession,  began  a  political  speech  in  the  plaza 
361.  There  were  185  miles  of  new  railroads  of  Guatemala  city,  tlie  mob  orove  him  ana  the 
under  construction  in  1889.  other  official  speakers  from  the  platform,  and 

The  number  of  letters  delivered  in  1888  was  elected  orators  by  acclamation.    A  battalion  of 

1.888,676 ;  of  papers,  circulars,  etc.,  2,576,845.  infantry  attempted  to  clear  the  plaza  with  fixed 

There  were  l,0tf2  miles  of  telegraph  in  1891.  The  bayonets,  and  was  driven  back  bv  revolver  shots, 

namber  of  meast^es  in  1888  was  457,009.  leaving  several  dead.    Barillas  then  ordered  out 

CiTil  Distarbances. — Although  'peace  was  the  artillery,  and  when  guns  were  planted  in  the 

kept  by  the  Central  American  republics  through-  plaza  the  populace  dispersed,  but  took  possession 

oQt  1891,  there  were  rumors  of  war  and  revolu-  of  the  side  streets,  where  for  the  next  two  days 

tioQ,  military  preparations,  and  menaces  both  they  fought  the  infantry.    Bringing  up  re-en- 

from  Salvador  and  Guatemala,  and  an  attempted  forcements  from  outside  districts  and  proclaim- 

revolt  against  Barillas.    Early  in  the  year  Gua-  ing  martial  law.  Barillas  finally  put  aown  the 

temala  began  to  strengthen  her  army.    Gen.  insurrection  after  some  hundreds  of  people  were 

Cajetano  Smchez  was  shot  in  February  for  in-  slain.     On  opening  Congress,  on  Oct.  23,  Gen. 

^abordination.     In  the  spring  Sal  vadorian  forces  Barillas  gave  assurances  of  peace  at  home  and 

were  massed  at  Santa  Ana  on  the  frontier.    The  abroad  and  of  the  improving  financial  position 

President  appointed  a  new  ministry  in  June,  of  the  Government.    In  November  revolutionary 

taking  charge   of   the  War  Department,  and  bands  were  reported  on  the  Mexican  frontier. 

H 

HAWAII,  a  kingdom  occupying  the  Hawaiian  sus  was  taken  in  1884.  Of  the  present  popula- 
Islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  2,100  miles  from  tion  about  40,000  are  natives  and  half-castes,  20,- 
San  Francisco.  The  reigning  sovereign  is  Oueen  000  Japanese,  18,000  Chinese,  9,000  Portuguese, 
Liliaokalani,  the  eldest  sister  of  King  Kalakaua,  2.000  bom  in  the  United  States,  1,200  English, 
whom  she  succeeded  on  Jan.  20, 1891.  She  was  German,  and  French,  and  the  rest  of  various 
bom  on  Sept.  2,  1838,  and  married  in  1862  John  races.  Among  the  Japanese  immigrants,  males 
0.  Dominis,  an  American  by  birth,  who  was  ap-  outnumber  females  5  to  1,  and  among  the  Chi- 
pointed  Governor  of  Oahu.  On  March  9  Prin-  nese  16  to  1.  Among  the  other  immigrants  the 
oess  Victoria  Kainlani,  niece  of  Queen  Liliuoka-  ratio  between  the  sexes  is  nearly  normal.  The 
lani,  bom  Oct.  16,  1875,  was  proclaimed  heiress-  Protestants  number  about  SOflOO  and  the  Ro- 
apparent  to  the  throne.  The  ministers  are  ap-  man  Catholics  20,000 ;  the  rest  are  Asiatics  or 
pointed  by  the  sovereign,  and  must  retire  if  the  indifferent  to  relipon.  The  Portuguese  are  al- 
Ijegislature  passes  a  vote  of  want  of  confidence,  lowed  to  vote,  while  the  Chinese  and  Japanese 
Kvery  royal  decree  must  be  countersigned  by  a  can  not  become  citizens.  The  number  of  elect- 
minister.  The  Legislative  Assembly  is  composed  ors  is  about  15,000,  of  whom  8,000  belong  by 
o[  24  Representatives,  24  Nobles,  and  the  4  minis-  birth  or  origin  to  the  leading  white  races.  The 
ters,  who  are  members  of  the  House  of  Nobles  ex  native  Kanakas  are  of  a  Malav-Polynesian  race, 
offcio.  An  educational  and  a  property  qualifica-  nearly  allied  to  the  Maoris  of  New  Zealand,  and, 
tion  are  required  in  voting  for  Representatives,  like  the  latter,  they  are  rapidly  dying  out,  the 
and  a  higher  limit  of  income  is  necessary  to  quali-  victims  of  small-pox  and  other  diseases  and  of 
fy  a  citizen  to  vote  for  a  Noble.  The  Legislature  alcohol  and  other  such  influences  introduce<l 
meets  once  in  two  years.  The  terra  of  the  Repre-  with  European  civilization.  About  one  third 
sentative  terminates  with  the  session,  and  that  of  of  them  live  in  the  capital  for  the  sake  of  an 
the  Noble  lasts  six  years;  otherwise  their  pow-  easy,  pleasant  life.  Many  think  that  at  the  end 
ers  are  the  same,  and  they  form  a  single  cham-  of  another  ^neration  the  pure  native  stock  will 
ber.  The  Cabinet  in  the  beginning  of  1891  was  become  extinct,  although  there  is  still  a  class 
composed  as  follows:  Minister  of  Foreign  Af-  of  able-bodied,  industrious  Hawaiians,  and  by 
fairs,  J.  A.  Cummins ;  Minister  of  the  Interior,  the  sugar  planters  they  are  regarded  as  the  best 
C.  X.  Spencer;  Attorney-General,  A.  P.  Peter-  workers,  next  to  the  Portuguese,  the  Chinese  be- 
sen ;  Minister  of  Finance.  G.  Brown.  ing  classed  usually  next,  and  the  Japanese  last 

Area  and  Popnlatlon. — The  area  of  the  isl-  on  account  of  their  sensitive  and  impracticable 

ands  is  as  follows :  Hawaii,  4,210  square  miles ;  disposition.     The  native  Hawaiians   have  de- 

Maui,  760 ;   Oahu,  600 ;  Kauai,  590 ;  Molokai,  creased  14  ner  cent,  since  1884,  while  the  half- 

270:  Lanai,  150:  Nihau,  97;  Kahoolawe,  63;  castes,  chieny  of  American,  European,  and  Chi- 

total,  6.640  square  miles.     The  jpopulation  is  nese    admixture,  have   increased  50  per  cent, 

about  90,000,  or  10,000  more  than  when  the  cen-  Drink  causes  an  undue  amount  of  mortality 

Tou  xxzL— 28  A 


354  HAWAII. 

among  the  natives,  and  its  debilitating  and  and  herded  together  on  the  plantations:  and, 

pauperizing  effects    have    increased  since  the  therefore,  when  the  present  crisis  is  surmounted, 

late  King  Kalakaaa  had  certain  restrictions  on  and  other  industries  besides  the  cultivation  of 

the  traffic  removed.    Though  they  have  been  the  sugar-cane  have  been  developed,  such  as  will 

Christian  for  generations,  the  ignorant  still  ap-  give  small  cultivators  a  chance,  the  countrj  cau 

ply  when  sick  to  the  arts  of  the  native  medicine-  still  make  great  progress  in  wealth  and  com- 

man,  and  are  given  poisonous  mixtures  that  merce  under  sounder  social  conditions.    Already 

cause  many  premature  deaths.     The  capital,  coffee  is  being  planted,  and  there  is  some  trade 

Honolulu,  on  the  island  of  Oahu,  had  2^,487  in  fruits,  which  mature  three  months  earlier  than 

inhabitants  in  1884    The  net  immigration  in  in  California.    Rice  is  grown  extensively,  both 

1885  was  3,605 ;  in  1886,  1,586;  in  1887,  1,030;  for  food  and  for  export,  and  hides  and  wool  are 

in  1888,  2,642.    In  1889  there  were  3,671  arrivals  also  exported.    The  soil  and  climate  are  adapted 

and  2,313  departures,  an  excess  of  1,358  immi-  for  the  cultivation  of  pine-apples,  bananas,  mel- 

grants,  most  of  them  Chinamen  and  Japanese.  ons,  and  many  other  kinds  of  fruit.    The  value 

EdacatioB.— A  complete  system  oi  secular  of  the  imports  in  1889  was  $5,439,000,  against 
common  schools  is  provided  for  all,  Roman  Catho-  $4,541,000  in  1888,  $4,944,000  in  1887,  and  $4.- 
lic  and  Protestant  religious  teachers  having  ac-  878,000  in  1886.  The  exports  of  domestic  prod- 
cess  to  the  childien  out  of  school  hours.  Aoout  nets  were  valued  at  $14,040,000  in  1889,  against 
half  the  pupils  are  Hawaiians,  and  the  rest  are  $11,631,000  in  1888,  $9,435,000  in  1887,  an(r$10.- 
chiefly  Chinese  and  Portuguese  half-castes,  with  340,000  in  1886.  The  exports  of  sugar  in  186® 
a  few  Germans  and  others.  English  is  generally  were  $13,089,302  in  value.  The  principal  other 
taught.  There  are  excellent  superior  and  special  articles  of  export  were  rice,  of  the  value  of  $451,- 
schools,  notably  the  Oahu  College,  for  the  sons  134 ;  bananas,  $135,728 ;  hides,  $72,973.  The 
of  Americans ;  the  Kauai  Industrial  School,  a  co-  imports  are  provisions,  clothing,  grain,  machin- 
eiuoational  institution ;  and  the  Kamehameha  ery,  timber,  nardware,  and  cotton  cloth.  Nine 
Industrial  School  for  Hawaiian  boys  and  girls,  tenths  of  the  trade  is  with  the  United  States, 
in  separate  buildings,  to  found  which  the  late  Steamers  run  between  Honolulu  and  San  Fran- 
Mrs,  uharles  R.  Bishop,  a  Hawaiian  princess,  left  cisco.  New  Zealand,  Australia,  and  China.  In 
her  entire  fortune  of  $500,000.  The  number  of  the  iuter-island  traffic  18  steamers  and  a  large 
primary  schools  in  1890  was  178,  in  which  there  number  of  schooners  are  engi^ed.  The  fleet 
were  about  10,000  pupils.  belonffinj^  to  Hawaii  numbered  61   vessels  in 

Finance. — For  the  two  years  ending  March  1888,  having  an  aggregate  burden  of  15,406  tons. 

81, 1890,  the  revenue  wa<t  $3,632,197  and  the  ex-  There  are  railroad  on  the  three  largest  islands, 

penditure  $3,250,510.   Of  the  revenue,  $1,082,766  having  a  total  length  of  56  miles,  and  250  mile^ 

were  derived  from  customs  and  $901,803  from  of  telegraph  and  cable  traverse    and  connect 

internal  taxes.    The  largest  item  of  expenditure  them.     The  general  post-office  at  Honolulu  in 

was  $1,180,123  for  the  interior.    The  revenue  1889  received  882,094  letters   and   dispatched 

for  the  ftnancial  period  1890-'92  was  estimated  534,576.    Formerly  gold  and  silver  coins  of  any 

at  $2,862,505,  and  the  expenditure  at  $2,853,116.  countrv  were  current  in  Hawaii  at  their  nominal 

The  public  debt  amounted  on  March  31, 1890,  to  or  exchange  values,  but  since  Dec.  1,  1S84,  only 

$1,934,000,  raised  in  London  to  pay  off  prior  in-  gold  coins  of  the  United  States  are  legal  tender 

debtedness,  and  paying  6  per  cent,  interest.    The  for  amounts  over  $10,  and  American  or  Hawaiian 

loan  was  authorized  by  the  act  of  October,  1886,  silver  coins  for  smaller  payments.    Treasury  cer- 

and  the  portion  not  yet  issued  was  offered  in  tiflcates  are  issued  for  aeposits  of  coin,  and  these 

September,  1891.  are  the  only  paper  currency. 

Commerce  and  Production.— Of  the  capital  Liliao]Kalani*s  Rei^fn.— The  death  of  Kala- 
invested  in  plantations  and  other  productive  kaua  and  the  new  tariff  of  the  United  States 
enterprises,  aoont  $30,000,000,  half  belongs  to  combined  to  revive  some  of  the  political  ques- 
foreigners — ^the  chief  part  to  citizens  of  the  tions  that  were  scarcely  settled  by  the  new  Con- 
United  States — ^and  of  the  remainder  not  more  stitution  of  July  6,  1887.  The  men  at  the  head 
than  a  fifth  is  the  property  of  natives.  The  of  the  Government  represented  the  principle  of 
profits  in  sugar  growing,  under  the  reciprocity  a  parliamentar}'  monarchy  of  the  British  type, 
treaty  with  the  United  States,  have  been  enor-  Opposed  to  them  was  the  smaller,  but  vigorous, 
mous.  The  soil  is  exceedingly  fertile,  and  is  American  party,  advocating  a  republican  form  of 
capable  of  bringing  forth  a  remarkable  variety  of  government,  and  looking  forward  to  annexation 
products,  but  sugar  planting  has  been  extended  to  the  United  States,  which  was  regarded  by  this 
to  the  exclusion  of  other  cultures.  The  export  group  as  a  necessity  for  the  prosperity  of  Hawaii, 
of  raw  sugar  to  the  United  States  in  1889  was  since  the  McKinley  bill  had  plaoed  Hawaiian  su- 
242,000,000  pounds.  The  admission  of  sugar  gar  on  the  same  footing  as  the  product  of  the  Span- 
free  into  the  United  States  from  the  West  In-  ish  and  English  colonies  and  Europe.  Allied  to 
dies  and  Europe  reduces  the  profits  to  ordinary  these,  as  members  of  the  Opposition,  but  pursuing 
rates,  and  those  planters  who  nave  borrowed  at  an  entirely  different  object,  were  the  people  who 
the  prevailing  high  rates  of  interest  or  labor  un-  believed  in  Hawaii  for  the  Hawaiians,  and  sought 
der  other  disadvantages  must  fail.  It  is  expect-  to  exclude  Europeans  and  Americans  from  high 
ed  that  fully  one  third  of  the  pUntations  will  be  offices  and  place  native  Kanakas  in  control  of 
ruined,  owing  to  the  operation  of  the  McKinley  the  state.  A  fourth  political  force  was  the 
bill,  which  has  also  had  the  effect  of  reducing  Queen  herself,  who  was  upheld  by  an  influential 
wages  by  one  third  or  one  half,  while  rice  and  clique  in  her  purpose  to  resume  the  traditional 
other  food  staples  were  unusually  dear  in  1891.  personal  rule  that  Kalakaua  in  his  financial  and 
The  health  and  moralitv  of  the  people  have  suf-  political  difficulties  had  signed  away.  After 
fored  from  their  being  deprived  of  domestic  life  coming  to  the  throne,  she  announced  the  inten- 


HAWAII  HAYTI.                       865 

Uon  of  Appointing  a  new  Cabinet.  The  native  bill,  removing  the  duty  from  all  fore^'gn  sngar, 
pAfty  called  on  her  to  select  Hawaiians  and  per-  nullified  the  advantage  secured  to  Bawaii  by  the 
.sons  identified  with  their  interests.  Col.  Ash^  reciprocity  treaty,  and  injured  her  sugar  trade  to 
ford,  commander  of  the  Honolulu  Bifies,  a  vol-  the  extent  of  $5,000,000  a  year,  as  was  estimated. 
anteer  corps  that  is  more  efficient  than  the  regu-  The  Hawaiian  Government  asked  to  be  recom- 
lar  military  force,  and  is  maintained  merely  as  pensed  for  this  loss.  The  Government  at  Wash- 
the  sovereign's  body  guard,  was  suspected  of  a  mgton  proposed  a  new  treaty  establishing  free 
plot  to  carry  out  this  idea  by  force.  This  trade  in  all  products  between  the  two  countries. 
scheme  was  resisted  by  the  American  mission-  This  was  acceptable,  but  was  not  regarded  as  an 
aries  and  officials,  headed  by  Chief- Justice  Judd,  equivalent  for  the  preferential  treatment  enjoyed 
who  favored  the  sugar-planting  interest,  and  under  the  old  arrangement.  The  Hawaiian  di- 
who  presented  a  list  to  which  the  Queen  took  piomatists  suggested  that  in  addition  the  su^r 
exception  because  it  was  composed  of  white  men  planters  of  the  Sandwich  Islands  should  receive 
who  were  opposed  to  placing  natives  in  respon-  the  bounty  of  2  cents  a  pound  given  to  theplant- 
sible  posts.  Various  other  combinations  were  ers  of  Louisiana,  H.  A.  P.  Carter,  the  Hawai- 
su^^ge^ted,  and  when  a  list  was  at  last  made  ian  minister  at  Washington,  urged  this  view, 
nawith  Mr.  Widemann  as  Premier,  two  members  and  after  he  fell  ill  Dr.  Mott  Smith,  a  native  of 
of  the  old  Cabinet  refused  to  retire,  on  the  Con-  New  York,  was  sent  as  a  special  envoy  to  Wash- 
stitutional  ground  that  they  could  only  be  dis-  ington  in  November,  1891,  to  take  up  the  nego> 
placed  by  a  vote  of  censure.  Leaving  this  tiations  for  a  modification  of  the  treaty,  and  also 
qnestioQ  to  be  settled  by  the  Supreme  Court,  to  urge  the  desirability  of  cable  communication 
Queen  Lilinokalani  at  last  made  definite  selec-  between  San  Francisco  and  Honolulu.  The 
tions,  which  were  announced  on  Feb.  25.  The  Hawaiian  Legislature  has  agreed  to  pay  a  sub- 
Chief  Justice  and  other  members  of  the  Supreme  sidy  of  $25,0%  a  month  to  a  cable  company,  and 
Court,  with  one  dissenting  voice,  made  a  decis-  it  was  desired  to  have  the  United  States  grant 
ion  that,  besides  the  method  set  forth  in  the  one  of  $50,000  a  month. 

constitution,  a  sovereign  on  ascending  the  HAYTI  or  HAITI,  a  republic  occupying  the 
throne  can  exercise  the  royal  prerogative  to  dis-  western  end  of  the  island  known  by  the  same 
mi$s  the  ministers  of  his  predecessor  in  order  name  and  formerly  called  Hispaniola,  the  largest 
to  appoint  others  possessing  his  confidence.  The  but  one  of  the  Antilles.  The  President,  accord- 
new  ministry  was  composed  of  the  following  ing  to  the  Constitution,  which  was  adopted  in 
membcTs :  Premier  and  Minister  of  Foreign  At'  1867,  is  elected  by  vote  of  the  people  for  seven 
fairs, Samuel  Parker;  Minister  of  the  Interior,  years.  The  country  has  been  so  disturbed  by 
Charles  N.  Spencer,  who  had  the  same  portfolio  civil  wars  that  the  President  is  not  regularly 
in  the  preceding  Cabinet;  Minister  of  Finance,  elected,  but  is  proclaimed  by  the  Legislature  or 
Hermann  Widemann ;  Attorney-General,  Wil-  the  troops,  or,  if  the  forms  of  an  election  are 
liam  Whiting.  Mr.  Widemann  was  unable  to  complied  with,  the  vote  is  taken  only  in  the  sec- 
cope  with  the  financial  crisis  created  by  the  new  tion  where  his  party  preponderates.  The  legis- 
American  reciprocity  treaties,  and  gave  up  his  lative  authority  is  vested  by  the  Constitution  in 
place  in  the  summer  to  a  Minister  of  Finance  the  National  Assembly,  consisting  of  the  Senate 
capable  of  commanding  more  confidence.  The  and  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  members 
death  of  Mr.  Dominis,  the  Queen's  consort,  in  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  60  in  number, 
the  early  part  of  September,  Liliuokalani's  are  elected  for  three  years  by  the  direct  vote  of 
known  preailections  for  the  English,  and  the  all  male  citizens  who  have  a  regular  occupation. 
fact  that  the  heiress-apparent  was  taken  by  her  The  senatorial  term  is  six  years.  Every  two 
father,  A.  S.  Cle^hom,  wno  was  bom  in  Scotland,  vears  one  third  of  the  Senators,  who  numner  80 
to  be  educated  in  England,  gave  rise  to  rumors  In  all,  go  out,  and  their  successors  are  chosen  by 
of  British  intrigues  to  gain  an  ascendency  in  the  vote  of  the  House  of  Representatives  from 
Hawaii  to  the  detriment  of  the  United  States,  two  lists  of  names  submitted  by  the  President 
Responsible  statesmen  studiously  denied  the  and  by  electoral  colleges.  The  present  chief  of 
possibility  of  the  Hawaiians  accepting  a  British  the  republic  is  Gen.  Hippolyte,  who  in  a  san- 
protectorate,  and  spoke  of  the  prospect  of  their  guinary  war  defeated  President  Legitime,  and  was 
•'^rificing  their  independence  to  become  a  part  proclaimed  President  in  October,  1889.  Louis 
of  the  Lnited  States  as  eoually  remote  ana  at  Mondestin  Florvil  Hippolyte,  thouph  black,  is 
present  unacceptable  on  eitner  side.  the  son  of  one  of  the  ministers  of  tne  Emperor 
Treaty  Negotiations  with  the  United  Faustin  I  and  his  French  wife.  He  was  bom  at 
States.— The  Hawaiians  considered  that  the  Cape  Haytien  in  1827,  was  educated  in  France, 
fpciprocity  clause  of  the  McKinley  bill  deprived  followed  a  military  career,  and  distinguished 
them  unfairly  of  the  advantages  of  the  reciproc-  himself  by  his  defence  of  the  fortress  of  Belair 
ity  treaty  made  with  the  United  States  in  1876,  in  the  revolution  of  1865. 
and  renewed  for  eight  years  more  in  1887,  under  Area  and  Popalatlon. — The  area  of  Hayti 
jhich  the  sugar-growing  industry  of  Hawaii  had  is  estimated  at  10,204  square  miles.  The  popula- 
uerelopcd  and  many  thousands  of  persons  had  tion  was  estimate  by  Dantes  Fortunat,  a  native 
been  brought  from  abroad  to  work  on  the  plan-  statistician,  at  960,000  in  1887 ;  others  make  it 
tations  and  had  been  added  to  the  permanent  as  low  as  572,000.  The  people  are  all  of  African 
population  of  the  islands.  To  secure  the  free  descent.  The  miilattoes,  about  one  tenth  of  the 
importation  of  Hawaiian  sugar  into  the  United  population,  constitute  a  distinct  class,  which  for- 
States,  the  duties  were  taken  off  from  Ameri-  merly  possessed  all  the  wealth,  education,  and 
can  agricultural  implements,  iron  and  all  man-  political  power.  The  language  of  the  common 
nfactures  of  iron,  cotton  manufactures,  and  many  people  is  a  corrupt  French  dialect,  known  as 
other  articles.     The  passage  of  the  McKinley  Creole  French.    Elementary  education  isgratu- 


356  HAYTI. 

itons,  and  there  are  400  state  schools.    The  re-  imported  from  the  (Jnited  States  in  1890  were 

ligion  of  the  people  is  Roman  Catholicism ;  all  salt  pork,  flour,  cotton  goods,  and  dried  and 

other  religions  are  tolerated.    In  remote  districts  smoked  fish,  constituting  56  per  cent,  of  the 

the  people  have  relapsed  into  some  of  the  pagan  total,  followed  by  soap,  lumber,  lard,  iron  maoQ- 

customs  of  Africa.    In  Port-au-Pi-ince  and  otner  factures,  refined  sugar,  butter,  leaf  tobacco,  and 

seaboard  towns  are  a  few  white  traders.  furniture.     There  were  726  vessels,  of  691,150 

Finance.— The  revenue  for  the  fiscal  year  tons,  entered,  and  724,  of  679,902  tons,  cleared 
1885-'86  was  stated  to  be  $6,412,957,  of  which  at  the  ports  of  Hayti  in  1887.  The  post-office 
$3,178,410  were  derived  from  import  duties,  $1,-  forwarded  in  that  year  295,013  letters  and  cards. 
917,002  from  export  duties,  and  $1,317,545  from  Attempted  BeTOlntion. — On  the  overthrow 
other  sources.  The  expenditures  were  equal  in  of  Gen.  Salomon  in  1888  Gen.  Manigat  and  Sen- 
amount,  the  chief  items  being  $1,096,134  for  war  at  or  Legitime  returned  from  exile  as  candidate 
and  marine,  $981,479  for  the  interior  and  police,  for  the  succession.  Legitime,  having  been  chosen 
and  $698,138  for  education.  The  expenditures  Provisional  Executive  Chief,  bani^ed  Manigat 
for  1887-'88  were  estimated  at  $4,066,236.  The  again,  but  had  to  contend  with  a  third  candi- 
receipts  from  import  and  export  duties  in  1889  date,  Gen.  Thclemaque,  who  came  down  from 
were  in  the  nei^borhood  or  $6,000,000.  The  Cape  Haytien  with  an  array  to  Port-au-Prince 
public  debt  consists  of  the  foreign  loan  of  1875,  and  attempted  to  overthrow  Legitime.  In  a 
of  which  the  sum  outstanding  in  1887  was  re-  fight  in  front  of  the  Palais  National  Thdl^maqiie 
ported  to  be  $4,320,000,  and  $4,450,000  of  do-  was  killed,  and  his  soldiers,  returning  to  the 
mestic  liabilities,  not  counting  the  depreciated  north  and  proclaiming  that  their  general  was 
paper  currency  of  unknown  amount,  the  nominal  assassinated,  chose  Uippolvte  for  their  leader, 
issue  of  $9,000,000  made  after  the  insurrection  A  National  Assembly,  nastily  convoked,  consii>t- 
of  1883  having  been  fraudulently  exceeded,  ing  only  of  Representatives  from  the  Department 
Other  notes  issued  during  L6gitime's  presidency  of  the  West,  in  which  Port-au-Prince  is  situated, 
are  not  recognized  by  tne  Government,  which  and  from  the  Department  of  the  South,  mean- 
was  refused  an  advance  of  $500,000  by  the  foreign  while  elected  Legitime  President  The  northern 
merchants  in  July,  1891,  unless  it  would  accept  provinces  of  Artibonite  and  of  the  north  and 
a  part  in  these  notes  at  a  discount.  the  northwest  were  dissatisfied  with  the  election. 

The  Army  and  Navy. — ^The  nominal  strength  and  the  people  joined  the  standard  of  Hippolvte, 

of  the  army  under  the  law  to  reorganize  the  mill-  After  a  war  lasting  ten  months,  strengthened  br 

tary  forces  passed  in  1878  is  6,828  men  of  all  resources  supplied  by  American  merchants  and 

arms,  including  1,978  eendarmes.     The  Presi-  aided  by  the  decision  of  the  Government  at 

dent's  body  guard  of  650  men  has  for  its  officers  Washington,  which  refused,  unlike  the  French 

the  10  generals  who  act  as  his  aides-de-camp,  and  English  governments,  to  recognize  the  paper 

The  naval  force  consists  of  an    ironclad  gun  blockade  proclaimed  by  Legitime,  Hippolytecapt- 

vessel  of  900  tons,  a  corvette,  and  two  sloops,  ured  Port-au-Prince  m  Auerust,  lo89,  and  was 

each  armed  with  a  single  gun.  elected    President  by  the  National  Assemblv. 

Commerce  and  Production. — The  imports  Legitime  went  into  exile,  and  has  since  been 

of  merchandise  in  1888  were  valued  at  $7^543,-  conducting  a  plantation  near  Kingston,  Jamaica. 

294,  and  the  exports  at  $13,250,307.    Coffee  is  Gen    Manigat  has  also  lived  as  a  refugee  on 

exported  to  the  United  States  and  Europe.    The  that  island,  and  many  more  of  Hippolyte's  polit- 

cotton  culture,  introduced  by  negro  emi^nts  ical  enemies  have  fied  to  Kingston  or  to  New 

from  the  United  States,  was  a  flourishing  mdus-  York  or  New  Orleans,  and  have  kept  themselves 

try  during  the  American  civil  war,  afterward  in  correspondence  with  the  discontented  in  Hayti, 

was  allowed  to  decay,  recently  has  been  taken  who  have  |7own  continually  more  numerous  6w- 

up  again^  and  for  the  past  two  or  three  years  the  ing  to  his  iron-handed  rule'and  the  corruption  of 

cotton  exports  to  France  have  been  large.    Cacao  his  ministers.    Hippolyte  represented  the  north 

is  also  cultivated,  the  export  in  1889  amounting  of  Hayti,  as  distinguished  from  the  south,  and 

to  8,927,089  pounds.    Mahogany,  logwood,  cedar,  the  Liberal  party,  as  opposed  to  the  National 

lignum  vit»,  and  other  woods  are  exported,  as  partv.    One  of  the  principles  of  the  Liberal  party 

well  as  tropical  fruits  to  some  extent,  orange  nasbeentogiveasharein  the  Government  to  the 

E eel  and  pickled  limes,  cotton  seed,  goat  skins,  mulattoes,  who  in  the  course  of  a  democratic 

oney  and  wax,  and  tortoise-shell.    In  spite  of  evolution  have  not  only  lost  their  former  domi- 

the  civil  war  of  1887-'88,  the  export  of  coffee  in-  nant  position,  but  have  been  excluded  from  the 

creased  from  112,000,000  pounds  in  1886  to  125,-  field  of  politics.    The  two  parties  are  not  divided 

000,000  pounds  in  1890,  and  other  products  have  by  differences  of  policy.    The  desire  for  office 

increased  in  like  proportion.    The  export  duties  lies  at  the  bottom  of  their  organization  and  ri- 

on  coffee,  cacao,  and  mahogany  have  recently  valry.    President  Hippolyte,  when  he  came  into 

been  raised.    The  chief  imports  have  been  textile  power,  endeavored  to  obliterate  party  lines  and 

goods  from  England,  Hour  and  provisions  from  disarm  sectional  jealousy  as  far  as  he  could  in 

the  United  States,  and  fine  manufactures  from  the  selection  of  his  Cabinet.    The  experiment 

France.    The  chief  articles  of  export  are  coffee,  failed,  and  with  every  change  he  was  reduced  to 

cotton,  mahogany,  cacao,  and  logwood,  taken  in  a  narrower  range,  thus  diminishing  his  partv  and 

the  order  of  their  importance.     The  imports  strengthening  the  Opposition.  At  Port-au-lMnce 

from  Hayti  into  the  United  States,  according  to  ho  was  in  the  midst  of  a  hostile  community, 

the  returns  of  the  Treasury  Department  at  Wash-  He  kept  several  of  his  battalions  there,  and 

ington,  decreased  from  $3,757,443  in  1889  to  $2,-  took  measures  to  enard  against  revolution  that 

421,221  in  1890,  while  the  exports  to  Hayti  from  trenched  on  the  liberties  of  the  people  of  the 

the  United  States  increased  from  $3,975,461  to  capital,  who  did  not  conceal  their  dislike.    The 

$5,101,464.     The  articles  of  chief  importance  discontent  grew  stronger  and  spread  even  in  the 


HAYTL  357 

north,  the  merchants  and  other  citizens  of  the  polyte's  Minister  of  Justice,  took  refuge  in  the 

capital  grew  bolder  and  more  bitter  in  their  op-  Mexican  consulate.     When  the  military  were 

?)$ition,  and  the  exiles  in  Kingston  and  New  sent  to  drag  them  from  their  asylum,  the  diplo- 
ork  gaTe  signs  of  fresh  activity.  The  old  Presi-  matic  corps  went  to  Gen.  Hippolyte  in  a  body, 
dent  removed  the  battalions  that  were  thought  and  the  British  consul,  as  spoKesman,  uttered  a 
anreliable  to  distant  stations,  re-enforced  the  vigorous  protest,  which  Hippolyte  interrupted 
garrison  with  troops  from  his  own  section,  and  by  leaving  the  room,  saying  that  as  President  of 
tcHjk  more  vigorous  measures  to  prevent  a  rising,  a  great  country  he  would  not  listen  to  such  lan- 
pubiicly  warning  the  people  of  Port-au-Prince  guage.  He  apologized  immediatel]r  afterward, 
that  he  knew  of  their  disaffection  and  would  and  did  not  remove  the  refugees  until  he  had  re- 
deal  stringently  with  them  if  their  sentiments  ceived  by  cable  permissipn  &om  President  Diaz 
should  culminate  in  a  breach  of  the  peace.  Many  of  Mexico,  when  all  four  were  tuken  out  and 
prsons  who  were  overheard  denouncintr  the  publicly  executed,  and  the  corpses  were  left  for 
Government  were  summarily  imprisoned.  A  plot  hours  in  the  street,  as  was  the  practice  of  Hippo- 
was  discovered  in  which  Gen.  Sully  Guerrier  was  a  lyte,  in  order  to  inspire  terror  in  sympathizers 
prime  mover,  and  among  the  persons  arrested  was  with  revolution.  An  insurrectionary  movement 
that  officer's  wife.  In  the  early  morning  of  May  in  the  north,  led  by  Gen.  Barnave,  one  of  Gen. 
28  Gen.  Sully  Guerrier  and  an  oldpolitioal  enemy  Hippyolyte*s  aides,  was  soon  suppressed.  A  more 
of  Ilippolyte's  entered  Port-au-Prince,  and  b^  important  rising  amon^  the  mulattoes  of  the 
fore  tne  troops  could  stir  led  a  mob  to  the  prison,  south  was  secretly  sustained  by  the  President's 
secured  the  keys,  and  liberated  more  than  200  enemies  in  Port-au-Prince.  Tlie  Kingston  exiles 
political  prisoners.  They  then  tried  to  gain  were  divided  into  two  groups.  One  was  headed 
possession  of  the  arms  and  ammunition  in  the  by  Gen.  Anselm  Prophetc,  who  had  for  associ- 
arsenal,  but  were  frustrated  by  the  soldiers,  who  ates  Gen.  Osman  Piouant,  ex-President  Bois- 
pat  them  to  flight  with  their  rifles,  and  cleared  rond-Canal,  and  Gen.  Badere.  The  chief  of  the 
the  streets  with  Galling  guns,  killing  about  40  rival  group  was  Gen.  Francois  Manigat,  whose 
per^ns.  The  rising  was  attempted  at  an  hour  allies  were  ex-President  Legitime  and  Dr.  T. 
vhen  President  Hippolyte  and  a  large  number  Robert  Love.  Gen.  Manigat  is  the  champion  of 
of  his  subordinates  and  adherents  were  attend-  the  black  race  against  the  mulattoes.  Neither 
ing  mass  in  the  cathedral,  as  it  was  a  high  Church  he  nor  Gen.  PropTicte  could  obtain  the  money  to 
fefttival.  Corpus  Christi.  President  Hippolyte  buy  arms  and  ammunition  for  their  threatened 
went  out  without  hesitation  to  take  command,  descent  on  the  Haytian  coast,  and  in  September 
and  acted  with  such  promptitude  that  the  insur-  President  Hippolyte  felt  so  secure  that  he  sent 
gents  in  less  than  three  quarters  of  an  hour  were  to  their  homes  more  than  1.000  of  the  soldiers 
driven  into  the  woods ;  and  thus  he  prevented  a  who  had  been  kept  at  Port-au-Prince  since  May 
general  insurrection.  From  that  time  he  did  not  28.  Antenor  Firmin,  the  most  prominent  mem- 
venture  to  go  abroad  except  in  the  middle  of  a  ber  of  Hippolyte's  Cabinet,  who  first  held  the 
square  of  troops.  Arrests  were  made  by  the  portfolio  of  Foreic^  Affairs  and  Education  and 
hundred,  and  for  a  month  afterward  prisoners  afterward  was  Minister  of  Finance,  resigned 
were  led  out  and  shot  daily  by  squads  of  sol-  while  the  massacres  were  in  progress  and  left  the 
diers.  When  his  officers  refused  to  continue  the  countrv.  Many  young  Haytians  went  abroad 
cama^,  Hippolyto  ordered  the  massacres  con-  with  tne  object  of  obtaining  naturalization  in 
tinued.  Several  attempts  were  made  on  his  life,  France  or  some  other  country,  and  thus  gaining 
f»ne  at  Jacrael,  where  two  of  the  officers  of  his  the  extraordinary  privileges  enjoyed  by  foreign 
body  guard  were  shot.  The  revolutionists  at-  residents  in  Hayti  under  the  diplomatic  protec- 
tempted  to  make  a  stand  at  this  post,  but  could  tion  of  foreign  governments. 
not  hold  it  against  the  President's  troops.  A  On  Aug.  14  a  motion  of  want  of  confidence 
large  number  fled  to  join  the  conspirators  in  gKve  rise  to  a  stormy  debate  in  the  Chamber  of 
Jamaica.  Among  the  200  or  800  persons  shot  Deputies.  Serious  charges  were  uttered  against 
by  the  President's  orders  was  a  jp<y)ular  mer-  the  members  of  the  President's  Cabinet,  and  a 
chant  in  Port-au-Prince  named  Kigaud.  The  formal  vote  of  censure  for  corruption  and  inca- 
French  Government  demanded  an  indemnity  of  pacity  was  carried,  upon  which  tney  resigned  in 
loO.OOO  for  his  family,  because  he  had  applied  a  body.  On  Aug.  16  a  new  Cabinet  was  con- 
fer naturalization  in  France  and  intended  go-  structcd  as  follows:  M.  Archin,  Minister  of  For- 
ing  to  France  to  gain  a  residence,  as  is  re-  eign  Affairs :  M.  Joseph,  Minister  of  Public 
quired  before  one  can  be  made  a  French  citizen.  Works;  M.  Montas,  Minister  of  War;  M.  Apol- 
The  interference  of  a  foreign  government  in  be-  Ion,  Minister  of  Instruction ;  M.  Stewart,  Minis- 
half  of  a  person  who  was  a  Haytian,  not  only  hj  ter  of  Finance;  M.  Pierre  Louis,  Minister  of  the 
birth  but  in  law,  was  not  relished  by  the  Presi-  Interior.  On  Dec.  10  President  Hippolyte  pro- 
dent.  Still  he  gave  way  in  the  end,  as  is  usual  claimed  a  general  amnesty  for  all  political  of- 
▼hen  foreign    governments   intervene.     Sully  fenders. 

Guerrier  was  captured  and  shot  at  the  time  of  Disagreement  with  Santo  Domingo. — The 
the  emettte.  I*ort-au-Prince  was  kept  under  relations  with  Santo  Domingo  became  strained 
martial  law,  and  filled  with^  soldiers.  Business  when  M.  Firmin  in  1890  denounced  the  commer- 
was  paralyzed  and  social  intercourse  made  iin-  cial  treaty  of  1874  The  treaty  was  to  run  t wen- 
possible.  **  You  call  me  a  monster  for  May  28,"  ty-five  years.  It  provided  for  the  free  reciprocal 
said  President  Hippolvte,  speaking  in  public,  importation  of  the  products  of  the  two  countries 
"  but  that  was  chlla*s  play  compared  with  what  I  ana  for  a  periodical  adjustment  of  the  revenues 
vill  do  if  another  shot  is  fired  against  me."  At  arising  from  the  interchange  of  foreign  goods, 
the  time  of  the  Smeute  Gen.  SouR  and  three  oth-  No  adjustment  was  ever  made.  Santo  Domingo's 
ers,  one  of  them  M.  Cauvin,  formerly  Gen.  Hip-  claim  for  a  balance  of  $823,477  in  her  favor  that 


368                        HAYTI.  HONDURAa 

accrued  during  tbe  first  eight  years  that  the  sion  the  coveted  coaling  station  in  the  West 
treaty  was  in  force  was  referred  to  a  commission,  Indies,  These  negotiations,  conducted  between 
with  no  result  Gen.  Hippolvte,  in  violation  of  the  Haytian  diplomatists  and  the  private  parties 
the  treaty,  levied  prohibitive  auties  on  Domini-  interested  and  in  a  correspondence  between  Mr. 
can  products  and  on  foreign  merchandise  import-  Blaine  and  J.  Haustedt,  Haytian  consul-general 
ed  from  Santo  Domingo  before  the  treaty  was  for-  at  New  York,  having  led  to  no  result,  Bear-Ad- 
mally  abrogated.  His  acts  added  to  the  coolness  miral  Gherai-di,  with  three  war  vessels,  went  to 
that  has  existed  owing  to  the  boundary  dispute.  Port-au-Prince  in  the  beginning  of  1891,  canj- 
In  connection  with  the  commercial  convention,  ing  verbal  instructions  from  Mr.  Blaine  to  make 
Santo  Domingo  made  a  treaty  in  1874  binding  a  formal  request,  in  conjunction  with  Minister 
herself  not  to  sell,  cede,  or  lease  any  part  of  her  Douglass,  for  the  use  of  San  Nicolas  mole  as  a  na- 
territory  to  a  foreign  power,  thus  precluding  the  val  station.  Hippolyte  denied  ever  having  made 
resumption  of  negotiations  for  the  acquisition  by  a  promise  of  the  mole  in  return  for  the  material 
the  United  States  of  Samana  Bay  as  a  coaling  and  moral  support  he  had  received  from  the 
station.  United  States.  Foreign-Minister  Firroin  tern- 
Relations  with  the  United  States.— While  porized  and  dragged  out  the  negotiations  for 
Gen.  Hippolyte  was  at  the  head  of  the  rebellion  some  weeks,  and  on  Feb.  20  asked  Admiral  Ghe- 
against  President  Legitime  and  was  surrounded  rardi  for  written  credentials,  which  were  not  forth- 
in  the  north  hj  the  troops  of  Legitime,  he  sent  coming  till  April  18,  when  Admiral  Walker  ar- 
Charles  Frederick  Elie  as  his  aeent  to  the  United  rived  with  the  white  squadron  from  Key  West, 
States  with  a  written  promise  uiat  he  would  cede  bringing  from  President  Harrison  a  letter  of  cre- 
the  mole  of  San  Nicolas  to  the  United  States  for  dence,  dated  March  9,  granting  Frederick  Doug- 
a  naval  and  coaling  station  provided  the  Gov-  lass  and  Bancroft  Gherardi  full  power  to  con- 
emment  at  Washington  refused  to  recognize  the  elude  a  convention  for  the  cession  of  the  mole  of 
blockade  of  the  northern  ports  proclaimed  by  San  Nicolas.  As  soon  as  it  was  present^  Minis- 
L^gitime,  which  had  been  recognized  by  France,  ter  Firmin  replied  in  a  note  absolutely  refusing 
Germany,  and  Great  Britain.  Mr.  Whitney,  then  to  enter  into  fknj  negotiations  for  the  lease  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Navy,  sent  Admiral  Gherardi  to  mole,  and  objecting  to  the  continued  presence  in 
Hayti,  and,  on  the  strength  of  his  telegram  to  the  Port-au-Prince  of  the  American  men-of-war.  In 
effect  that  there  was  no  blockade,  the  American  addition  to  Admiral  Gherardi's  ships,  Admiral 
Government  refused  to  recognize  Leptime*sproo-  Walker  had  the  squadron  of  evolution  in  flav- 
lamation  as  establishing  an  effective  blocKade,  tian  waters  while  negotiations  were  pending.  Ae 
such  as  is  required  by  international  law.  This  sailed  away  after  they  were  broken  off,  and  soon 
refusal  and  the  action  of  American  war  ships  on  afterward  Admiral  Gherardi  took  the  Squadron 
the  Haitian  coast  in  protecting  American  ships  of  the  North  Atlantic  to  Samana  Bay.  Minister 
from  seizure,  enabled  Hippolyte  to  land  supplies  Douglass  made  overtures  for  a  treatv  of  commer- 
and  munitions  purchased  with  money  advanced  cial  reciprocity,  but  returned  to  the  tTnited  States 
by  American  and  other  foreign  merchants  and  on  leave  in  Jul^,  and  on  the  80th  of  that  month 
brought  from  New  York  in  American  trading  sent  in  his  resignation  to  President  Harrison, 
vessels.  A  private  pledge  made  when  he  was  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Durham,  another  col- 
neither  dejure  nor  ae  facto  President,  however  ored  man. 

binding  on  him,  did  not  bind  the  Haytian  Gov-  HOLLAND.  See  Netherlands. 
emment.  Frederick  Douglass,  who  was  appoint-  HONDURAS,  a  republic  in  Central  America, 
ed  minister  to  Hayti  by  President  Harrison,  The  Constitution,  revised  on  Nov.  1, 1880,  vests 
opened  no  negotiations  for  the  cession  of  the  the  legislative  powers  in  a  Congress  containing 
mole,  as  they  could  only  be  conducted  through  one  member  for  every  10,000  of  population,  elect- 
the  intermediation  of  his  secretarv,  Ebenezer  ed  for  four  years  by  direct  manhood  suffrage,  and 
Bassett,  the  minister  being  unable  to  speak  the  executive  power  in  a  President,  elected  like- 
French.  Bassett  had  been  minister  at  Port-au-  wise  for  four  years.  Gen.  Luis  Bogran  became 
Prince  under  a  former  Administration,  and  had  President  on  Nov.  9, 1883,  and  was  re-elected  to 
failed  in  the  same  matter.  The  Arm  of  William  serve  from  September,  1887.  Congress  meets  bi- 
P.  Clyde  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  having  rendered  ennially  in  a  session  lasting  forty  days, 
valuable  assistance  to  Hippolyte,  was  rewarded  Area  and  Popalation, — Honduras  is  next  to 
with  a  subsidy  of  $40,000  for  five  years  for  the  Nicaragua  the  lar^t  of  the  Central  American 
purpose  of  establishing  a  line  of  steamers  be-  republics,  containing  47,090  square  miles,  with 
tween  New  York  and  Haytian  ports  and  a  ninety-  a  population  of  431,917.  The  largest  city  is  Tegu- 
nine  years'  lease  of  the  mole  of  San  Nicolas,  with  cigalpa,  the  capital,  with  12,600  inhabitants.  The 
the  understanding  that  the  warships  of  the  Unit-  Government  gives  much  attention  to  education, 
ed  States,  but  not  those  of  any  other  power,  providing  instruction  in  673  schools  to  20,518  pu- 
might  enter  the  port  to  be  established  there,  pils  in  average  attendance,  and  superior  educa- 
The  jealousy  of  the  Havtian  people,  quickened  tion  in  two  universities  and  a  number  of  col- 
by  French  and  other  foreign  influences,  was  leges. 

aroused  to  such  a  degree  that  Hippolyte  and  Finance. — ^The  revenues  of  the  Governinent 
Firmin  repudiated  the  engagements  that  they  are  derived  mainly  from  customs  duties  and 
had  entered  into  as  representatives  of  the  Pro-  monopolies.  Thev  amounted  for  the  year  18^ 
visional  Government,  tne  written  instructions  to  to  $2,094,600,  and  the  expenditures  to  $2,077,- 
Elie  having  been  destroyed,  and  President  Hip-  552.  The  national  debt,  which  was  contracted 
polyte  did  not  dare  to  submit  to  the  Assembly  in  Europe  for  the  purpose  of  building  an  inter- 
the  contract  with  Clyde  &  Co.,  signed  in  June,  oceanic  railroad  running  through  Tegucigalpa, 
1890,  by  which  American  diplomacy  had  sought  amounts  to  $30,218,304,  with  accumulated  inter- 
to  obtain  in  the  guise  of  a  commercial  conces-  est,  which  has  been  in  default  since  1872.    For 


HONDURAS.  HUDSON  RIVER.              869 

the  financial  period  embracing  the  two  years  end-  favored  Pollcarpo  Bonilla,  who  received  about  a 

ing  July  31, 1888,  the  expenditure  on  the  army  third  as  many  votes  as  Gen.  Leiva.    Congress 

was  |70S,783 ;  on  the  debt,  $617,842 ;  on  the  mo-  met  on  Nov.  7  to  canvass  the  returns,  which  were 

Dopolies,  $485,500 ;  on  public  works,  $384,914.  declared  to  be  regular.  The  Opposition  attempt- 

The  standing  army  is  limited  to  500  men.    The  ed  to  prevent  the  accession  oi  Gen.  Leiva  by  a 

militia,  in  which  all  can  be  called  on  to  serve  revolutionary  rising,  headed  by  Gen.  Lercncio 

twelre  months,  numbers  26,767  men.  Sierra,  who  attempted  to  occupy  the  department 

Commerce  and  Prodaction. — The  republic  of  Choluteca,  where  Leiva  was  least  popular,  with 
has  an  abundance  of  rich  soil,  and  the  climate  at  a  force  of  1,400  men.  The  revolutionists  pro- 
different  elevations  is  so  varied  that  plants  of  the  claimed  Bonilla  President,  and  the  revolt  was 
tropical  and  temperate  zones  thrive  equally  well,  spreading  when  Gov.  Domingo  Vasequez  met 
The  mineral  resources  are  very  great,  but  want  and  defeated  Sierra's  force,  driving  toe  rebels 
of  capital,  difficulty  in  obtaining  steady  labor,  over  the  border  into  Nicaragua, 
and  absence  of  means  of  transport  have  proved  HUDSON  BITER,  IMPROYEMENT  OF. 
obstacles  to  their  development  The  exports  for  By  an  act  of  Congress  passed  in  1890  a  commis- 
the  year  ending  July  81,  1888,  were  valued  at  sibn  was  appoint^  to  examine  the  obstructions 
|3y350,664  in  silver,  classified  as  mineral  products  to  navigation  in  Hudson  river  between  New  York 
of  the  value  of  $1,678,449 ;  vegetable  products,  city  and  the  State  dam  at  Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  re- 
tl;221,716;  animal  products,  $867,879;  gold  and  port  a  project  and  estimate  the  cost  of  widening 
silver  coin,  $78,858 ;  industrial  products,  $9,265.  and  deepening  the  river  between  New  York  ana 
The  principal  articles  of  export  are  silver  bars,  Albany,  ond  also  between  New  York  and  the 
bananas,  cocoa-nuts,  cattle,  indigo,  mahogany,  State  dam  at  Troy,  for  the  navigation  of  sea-go- 
gold  dost,  cedar.  India-rubber,  sarsaparilla,  nides  ing  vessels  drawing  20  feet  of  water ;  and  also  a 
and  deer  skins,  and  various  woods.  The  exports  separate  estimate  of  the  expense  of  improving 
to  the  United  States,  with  which  there  is  com-  the  river  between  New  Baltimore  and  the  State 
manication  by  steamers,  were  $2,790,405  in  1888;  dam  at  Troy  to  such  an  extent  as  to  secure  a 
to  other  countries  in  Central  America,  $331,950 ;  navigable  channel  12  feet  deep  at  mean  low  tide. 
to  Great  Britain,  $105,088 ;  to  France,  $81,566 ;  The  naturally  deep  waters  of  the  Hudson  begin 
to  Belgium,  $30,345 ;  to  other  countries,  $11,801.  at  Coxsackie.  From  that  point  to  Troy,  28  miles, 
The  imports  are  imperfectly  reported,  the  farm-  navigation  always  has  been  maintained  with  dif- 
ers  of  customs  havmg  an  interest  in  concealing  Acuity.  The  river  is  crooked  and  wide,  and 
their  receipts.  According;  to  the  official  returns  tides,  freshets,  and  ice-iams  produce  bars.  The 
of  the  United  States,  the  imports  into  Honduras  first  appropriation  by  the  State  for  the  improve- 
of  American  domestic  products  for  the  year  end-  ment  of  this  portion  of  the  river  was  made  in 
ing  March  31.  1890,  were  $522,621  m  value,  1797;  but  up  to  1819  the  depth  of  the  channel 
against  $618,973  in  1889,  $672,706  in  1888,  and  was  only  4*5  feet.  Between  1819  and  1863  a 
^125,741  in  1887.  The  imports  into  the  United  depth  of  7*5  feet  at  mean  low  tide  was  estab- 
States  from  Honduras  are  given  as  $857,919  in  lished.  By  1885  this  was  increased  to  10  feet, 
1887, 1959.331  in  1888,  $1,215,561  in  1889,  and  with  a  width  of  150  feet,  between  Coxsackie  and 
1984.404  in  1800.  The  principal  articles  import-  Albany :  and  8  feet,  with  a  width  of  125  feet,  be- 
ed  are  hardware  and  silk  and  cotton  goods.  tween  Albany  and  Troy.    In  1883  these  meas- 

Commanlcations. — Of  69  miles  of  railroad  urements  haa  been  increased  to  11  feet  and  175 

from  Puerto  Cortez  to  San  Pedro  Sula,  only  37  feet  up  to  Albany,  and  to  10  feet  and  140  feet 

miles  are  in  operation,  owing  to  the  destruction  from  tnat  point  to  Troy.    At  the  same  time  the 

of  the  bridge  over  the  river  Chamelicon.    Lines  United  States  Government  has  been  aiding  in 

are  projected  to  connect  Truxillo  with  Puerto  the  improvement  of  the  river,  having  built  99,- 

Cortez  and  with  Juticalpa.   The  projected  inter-  850  lineal  feet  of  dike,  against  22,400  built  by  the 

oceanic  railroad  would  run  from  Puerto  Cortez  State.    Although  the  tonnage  of  Hudson  river 

to  Amapala.  on  the  Pacific  coast.    The  Govern-  is  nearly  three  times  that  of  the  Mississippi,  the 

ment  owns  1,717  miles  of  telegraph,  sending  an  amount  expended  in  its  improvement  is  insig- 

avemp  of  93,000  messages  annually.  nificant  compared  with  the  Mississippi  appropri- 

Polltieal  Affairs. — Honduras  has  suffered  ations.  The  plan  of  deepening  the  upper  Hud- 
froin  the  late  uprising  in  Central  America,  which  son  is  only  one  link  in  the  chain  of  a  system  of 
has  left  her  finances  in  greater  disorder  than  ever,  enlarged  water  ways  from  Chicago  and  Duluth  to 
President  Bogr&n  askea  Congress,  which  met  in  New  York  city.  The  western  link  involves  the 
the  spring  of  1891,  to  authorize  a  loan  of  $2,000,-  deepening  of  the  shallow  places  along  the  Great 
000  for  the  betterment  of  internal  affairs.  A  Lalces,  so  as  to  give  a  clear  channel  of  20  feet, 
treaty  was  discussed  with  San  Salvador  provid-  The  places  selected  for  dredging  are  these:  Sail- 
ing: for  the  settlement  by  arbitration  of  all  diffl-  ors*  Encampment,  St.  Clair  Flats,  Grosse  Pointe 
cnlties  between  them,  the  free  interchange  of  Flats,  moutn  of  Detroit  river,  foot  of  Lake  Hu- 
eaeh  other's  products  in  case  of  war,  and  the  use  ron,  and  the  shoals  near  Round  Island.  A  con- 
of  the  project-ed  interoceanic  railroad  of  Hondu-  vention  of  persons  interested  in  this  project  met 
^  bv  Safvadoian  troops  and  of  a  branch  that  in  Detroit  m  December,  1891.  Next  to  the  20- 
is  to  be  built  to  Puerto  Union  by  Honduranian  foot  channel,  the  convention  considered  a  ship 
troops.  This  treaty  was  intended  to  isolate  Qua-  canal  connecting  Lake  Erie  with  the  Atlantic 
temala  in  the  event  of  a  new  war  with  Salvador.  Ocean  of  most  importance,  and  one  of  the  reso- 
Later,  Gen.  Bogr&n  was  suspected  of  engaging  in  lutions  I'eqnested  Congress  to  authorize  the  Sec- 
fresh  schemes  of  Barillas  for  a  Central  American  retary  of  War  to  make  surveys,  examinations, 
nnion  under  the  hegemony  of  Guatemala.  Gen.  and  estimates  of  the  cost  of  the  various  practica- 
Ponciano  Leiva,  the  Government  candidate,  was  ble  routes  for  such  a  water-way.  The  improvement 
elected  to  succeed  Bogr^.    The  Liberal  party  of  Hudson  river  from  Coxsackie  to  Troy^  so  that 


360               HUDSON  RIVER.  HUMAN  FREEDOM  LEAGUE,  THE 

it  will  be  navigable  for  vessels  drawins;  90  feet  charged  them  had  the  grain  been  sent  all  the  way 

of  water,  was  strongly  recommendecL     Other  to  New  York  by  water. 

resolutions  were  offer^  one  of  which  proposed  HUMAN     FREEDOM     LEAGUE,    THE, 

a  ship  canal  to  connect  Lake  Erie  with  tne  upper  an  orffanization  effected  in  Independence  Uall, 

Ohio.  The  eastern  and  western  links  of  the  chain  Philadelphia,  Oct.  12,  1891,  the  dar  after  the 

of  improvement  are  thus  agreed  upon ;  and  the  four  hundredth  anniversary  of  the  discovery  of 

construction  of  them  only  awaits  aid  from  the  America.    The  objects  of  the  league  are  to  bring 

United  States  Government ;  but  the  middle  link,  about  united  action  by  all  the  fraternal  societies 

from  Lake  Erie  to  Hudson  river,  is  the  cause  of  in  the  world  for  the  support  of  liberty  and  for 

much  difference  of  opinion.    Three  plans  are  of-  the  development  of  free  institutions.    In  detail, 

fered :  1.  The  enlargement  of  the  whole  800  miles  the  objects  are  these : 

of  the  Erie  Canal  to  a  20-foot  ship  canal.   2.  The  ^   ^o  bring  about,  i»  a  permanent  factor  and  influ- 

nse  of  the  Welland  Canal,  m  Canada,  from  Liake  ^^^6  in  the  altain  of  tho  world,  a  pan-republican 

Erie  to  Lake  Ontario,  Lake  Ontario  to  Oswego,  conf^rewi  with  its  work  at  this  time  defined  in  the 

and  the  enlargement  of  the  OsweffO  and  Erie  Ca-  report  adopted  April  10, 1891,  at  Waahin^ton,  D.  C~,  on 

nals  from  Oswego  to  Albany,    a.  The  building  reconunendation  of  the  Committee  on  Plan  and  Scope, 

of  a  ship  canal  around  Niagara  Falls,  on  Amen-  This  conffreas  ia  to  meet  regularly  once  infive  yeare, 

can  soii:and  the  use  of  Lake  OnUrio  and  the  ca-  ^it™S?n''2S  «S^Jd^^          ^ 

nals  beyond  as  in  the  «5Cond  plan.    A  bill  is  now  g  ^o  organize  into  a  force  or  mfluenco  aU  believere 

in  the  United  States  Senate  providing  for  a  ca-  i^  constitutional  government,  in  liberty  regulated  by 

nal  around  Niagara  Falls,  the  estimated  cost  be-  law.  in  Uie  voice  of  the  people  bein^  the  voice  of 

ing  $50,000,000.   The  advantages  of  an  all- water  God,  in  government  of  the  people,  by  Uie  people,  and 

route  from  the  Great  Lakes  to  the  seaboard  are  for  the  people.                       ,.     , ,     ^          ^    , 

many.   During  the  pa.st  twenty  yeare  the  all-rail  .  «•  To  Uko  up  the  work  outlin«l  by  George  Wash- 

ratein  grain JL  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^T^i  ^^^^^^.t^J^!^^ 
a  bushel,  while  the  all-water  rate  has  dropped  ^here  youth  might  be^Sucated  in^utecraft,  an^ 
from  25'3  cents  to  4'55  cents  a  bushel.  1  nat  is  ^^^  it  to  a  Buccessful  conclusion.  Such  a  univerelty 
to  say,  freight  rates  by  rail  have  been  reduced  in  should  be  national,  and  yet  have  its  doon  always 
the  period  covered  by  the  table  until  the  last  open  to  youth  from  every  land- 
price  named  is  only  one  third  that  first  men-  4.  To  exert  what  influence  it  can  upon  all  edaca- 
tioned.  but  during  the  same  time  the  all-water  tional  metiiods  and  institutiona,  so  that  the  opportu- 
rate  his  been  reduced  to  less  than  one  fifth  of  the  ^'^r  ^  Jj}«  <^^^t^»«  for  better  preparation  for  t£e  du- 
Stefiret^med.   The  water  rate  has  always  been  tjies^of^omrenship,  aa  they  exist  m  a  republic,  may  be 

below  the  rail  rale  by  a  percentage  ranging  from  5,  To  secure  the  eatablishment  of  an  international 

25  to  67'5.     Prom  careful  records  kept  at  the  St.  court,  with  the  same  relationship  to  nations  that  tho 

Mary*s  Falls  Canal  (see  "  Annual  Cyclopedia  "  for  United  States  Supreme  Court  Dears  to  the  Stat<^ 

1889,  page  754),  it  appears  that  the  average  price  with  jurisdiction ;  the  acceptance  by  all  nations  of 

.  '^             ..     -.„  J  1 1_ 1  i_  judicial  principles  rather  than  the  doctrine  of  military 


_  foregoing 

in  the  United  States  in  the  same  year  was  0*976  declared  objects,  and  in  harmony  with  what  is  natn- 

cent,  or  more  than  6  times  as  much.    In  other  rallv  suggested  by  tiie  name  of  the  organization,  as 

words,  to  move  the  same  amount  of  freight  the  »ball  be  recommended  by  the  committee  appointed 

same  distance  by  rail  would  have  cost  in  round  ""^ilfJ  ^^^,,  ^^"5''°*  I  ^^""'^"^  however,  that 

, ARA/winnn  ^^-^  ♦k«,.  ;f  «/^f  ♦/%  .^/^tta  nothing  shall  be  undertaken  except  for  the  promo- 

numbers  $50,000,000  more  than  it  cost  to  move  ^.^^  ^^^  advancement  of  tiie  cause  of  univereanibertv 

It  by  water.     Wheat  has  been  earned  from  Lhi-  a^^j  f^co  institutions  among  the  peoples  of  the  earth.' 
cago  to  Buffalo  for  1  cent  a  bushel,  or  0'04  cent 

per  ton  per  mile,  and  thousands  of  tons  of  coal  Every  fraternal  society  that  believes  in  these 
nave  been  carried  from  Buffalo  to  Duluth  at  25  principles  will  send  delegates  to  the  first  meet- 
cents  a  ton,  or  0*025  cent  per  ton  per  mile.  Dur-  mg  of  the  League,  to  be  held  at  Omaha,  Neb., 
ing  the  season  of  navigation  in  1891  there  was  April  10, 1892.  This  meeting  will  be  prelimi- 
sent  east  from  Buffalo  by  canal  but  33,574,945  nary  to  a  much  larger  congress  to  be  held  during 
bushels  of  grain,  and  only9,922i  barrels  of  fiour,  the  time  of  the  World*s  Fair,  probably  at  Chi- 
leaving  nearly  74  r>er  cent,  of  the  grain  and  near-  cago,  and  to  be  known  as  the  Pan-Kepublic 
ly  all  the  flour  to  oe  transported  by  rail.  Owing  Congress.  This  congress  will  consist  of  a  senate 
to  the  grain  blockade  at  Buffalo  in  the  latter  part  and  a  house.  The  senators  will  be  appointed 
of  November,  1891,  there  was  afloat  in  the  harbor  by  the  presidents  of  all  the  republics  in  the 
at  the  close  of  lake  and  canal  navigation  at  least  world — 1  delegate  at  large  and  1  delegate  for 
6,000,000bushelsof  wheat,  and  at  least  5,000,000  every  5,000,000  citizens.  This  will  give  the 
bushels  more  had  been  stored  in  the  elevators.  United  States  about  12  senators.  The  house 
This  left,  at  the  close  of  navigation,  10,000,-  will  be  composed  of  delegates  from  the  great 
000  bushels  to  be  forwarded  by  rail.  The  aver-  patriotic,  civil,  commercial,  educational,  and  in- 
af e  freight  rate  on  grain  from  Buffalo  to  New  dustrial  organizations.  Each  of  these,  omitting 
^rk  by  canal  during  the  season  of  navigation  religious  organizations,  shall  be  entitled  to  1 
was  4}  cents  a  bushel,  and  just  before  the  close  delegate-at-large,  and  1  delegate  for  each  100,000 
it  was  but  3^  cents.  Within  a  day  after  the  last  members  in  good  standing.  All  monarchies  may 
canal  boat  had  cleared,  the  rail  rate  was  advanced  be  represented  in  the  house  by  1  delegate-at- 
to  7i  cents  a  bushel.  So  the  Eastern  consumers  large  each,  and  1  delegate  for  every  5,000,000 
of  flour  paid  $400,000  more  than  would  have  been  citizens.     The  League   makes   no   distinction 


IDAHO.  361 

becaose  of  sex,  race,  color,  or  creed.  It  is  pro-  Army  of  the  Republic;  Woman's  Relief  Corps; 
Tided  that  its  charter  membership  shall  consist  Sons  of  Veterans,  United  States  Army ;  Society 
of  the  following:  1.  Members  of  the  Pan-Re-  of  the  War  of  1812;  Confeilerate  Veterans'  As- 
public  Oeneral  Committee.  2.  Every  contribu-  sociation ;  and  all  other  societies  which  do,  or 
tor  to  the  funds  who  has  supported  this  work  shall,  prior  to  April  10, 1892,  express  and  declare 
up  to  the  present  time,  and  those  who  shall  so  in  their  fundamental  laws  belief  in  and  adhesion 
contribute  prior  to  April  10, 1802.  3.  Contribu-  to  republican  institutions,  when  they  shall  be 
tors  to  the  fund  that  was  given  by  citizens  of  approved  of  by  the  committee  hereafter  to  be 
the  Republic  of  France  to  present  to  citizens  of  appointed.  6.  Citizens  of  the  different  republics 
the  United  States,  with  fraternal  greetings  com-  of  the  world  holding  office  under  a  democratic 
memorative  of  the  Centennial  period,  the  Statue  form  of  government  during  the  centennial  pe- 
of  Liberty  Enlightening  the  World,  and  the  riods,  and  members  of  all  the  committees  that 
contributors  in  the  Unit^  States  to  the  fund  for  organized  or  carried  through  to  success  the  cen- 
tbe  erection  of  the  pedestal  for  this  statue.  4.  tennial  celebrations,  including  those  of  the  fall 
Those  persons  who  nave  been  or  may  be  nomi-  of  the  Bastile,  the  French  Federation,  the  adop- 
nated  to  membership  in  the  Human  Freedom  tion  of  the  Polish  Constitution,  and  the  six  hun- 
Leagoe,  hj  members  of  the  General  Committee  dredth  anniversary  of  the  Swiss  Federation,  to- 
on Organization  of  the  Pan-Republic  Congress  e:ether  with  the  contributors  to  the  supporting 
^revioos  to  April  10, 1802.  5.  Members  of  the  funds  of  these  several  celebrations.  And  wher- 
Sxiety  of  Sons  of  the  Revolution,  and  of  the  ever  persons  entitled  to  membership,  by  reason 
Society  of  Sons  of  the  American  Revolution ;  of  this  clause,  shall  have  died,  their  rights  shall 
Banghters  of  the  American  Revolution ;  Grand  be  recognized  in  their  children. 


IDAHO,  a  Northwestern  State,  admitted  to  Dubois  was  taken  in  joint  session,  although  no 

the  Union  Jul^  3,  1800;   area,  84,800  square  ballot  for  the  office  had  been  taken  in  each 

miles;  population,  according  to  the  census  of  House  separately  on  the  day  preceding,  as  re- 

1^,  843^*    Capital,  Bois4  City.  quired  by  law,  and  as  had  been  done  in  case  of 

Goremment. — ^The  following  were  the  State  tne  other  two  senatorial  offices.    A  few  Repub- 

oificeis  during  the  year :   Lieutenant-Governor  lican  members,  who  were  opponents  of  Dubois, 

and  acting  Governor,  Norman  B.  Willey,  Repub-  protested  against  this  proceeding,  and  later  at^ 

lican ;  Secretary  of  State,  A.  J.  Pinkham ;  Audi-  tempted  to  set  aside  his  election  on  the  ground 

tor,  Silas  W.  Moody ;  Treasurer,  Frank  R.  Cof-  of  itlegalitv.    With  the  aid  of  the  Democratic 

fin;  Attorney-General,  George  H.  Roberts;  Su-  minority  tney  passed  through  both  Houses  a 

perintendent  of   Public  Instruction,  J.  E.  Har-  resolution,  under  which,  on  Feb.  10,  each  House 

roun ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Isaac  separately  voted  for  a  Senator  in  place  of  Dubois, 

y.  Sollivan ;  Associate  Justices,  Joseph  W.  Hus-  This  resolution  declared  that  great  doubt  of  the 

ton  and  John  T.  Morgan.  validity  of  the  former  election  existed,  because  it 

Finanees. — The  bonded  State  debt  on  July  1,  took  place  in  advance  of  the  time  fixed  by  law 
l^l.was  as  follows:  Capitol-building  bonds,  $80,-  and  without  a  separate  ballot  in  each  House.  On 
000;  insane  Asylum  bonds,  120,000;  Wagon-road  Feb.  11,  both  Houses,  in  joint  session,  finding 
bonds,  (30,000 :  refunding  bonds,  authorized  by  that  no  choice  had  been  made  on  the  preceding 
the  funding  act  of  this  year,  $50,000.  The  two  day  on  the  separate  ballot  in  each  House,  pro- 
last-mentioned  classes  of  bonds  are  in  process  of  ceeded  by  joint  ballot  to  elect  William  H.  Clagett 
isaue.  the  above  figures  representing  the  amount  as  United  States  Senator,  by  a  vote  of  28  to  4  for 
actually  sold  up  to  July  1.  The  total  receipts  of  all  other  candidates.  Seventeen  Republican  inem- 
the  State  treasury  for  the  half-year,  endinc:  July  bers  were  present  and  refused  to  vote,  and  four 
1  were  $173,063,  including  the  proceeds  oi  $50,-  were  absent,  but  the .  Republican  minority  and 
000  refunding  bonds  sold.  On  the  latter  date  the  Democrats  (who  voted  for  Clagett)  formed 
the  balances  in  the  several  funds  of  the  State  a  majority  of  both  Houses.  Subsequently  Act- 
treasury  were  as  follow:  General  fund,  $1,954.02;  ing-Gov.  Willev  signed  the  certificate  of  Clag- 
Capitol-building  fund,  $20,359.87;  Wagon-road  ett's  election,  but  Secretary  of  State  Pinkham 
fund,  $15,897.62;  University  fund,  $8,741.17;  refused  to  countersign  it  or  to  affix  the  State 
Library  fund.  $1,027.09 ;  Common-school  fund,  seal.  Dubois  had  previously  obtained  a  certifi- 
1818.94;  Insane  fund,  $344.37;  General  School  catc  of  election  signed  by  the  Governor  and  the 
fund,  $13,530.47;  unapportioned  cash,  $13,151.-  Secretary  of  State  and  duly  sealed.  The  United 
U;  total  balances,  $75,82469.  States  Senate  must  pass  upon  the  validity  of 

Leglslatlre  Session.— The  first  State  Legis-  these  certificates, 
lature,  which  convened  at  Boise  City  on  Dec.  8,  At  this  session  an  Australian  ballot  law  was 
IWO.  completed  its  sessions  on  March  14, 1891.  enacted,  applying  to  all  elections  in  the  State  ex- 
f>n  Dec.  i8,  pursuant  to  the  provisions  of  the  cept  school-district  elections.  Under  its  provis- 
State  Constitution  and  the  admission  act,  it  ions  candidates  may  be  nominated  by  the  con- 
elected  the  two  United  States  Senators  to  which  vention  or  primary  meeting  of  any    political 

the  State  was  then  entitled,  and  a  third  Senator,  party,  or  bjr  certificates  of  nomination  signed  by 

ex-Delegate  Fred  T.  Dubois,  whose  term  should  electors  residing  within  the  political  division  for 

begin  on  March  4, 1891,  when  the  term  of  one  which  the  nomination  is  made  to  the  number  of  at 

of  the  other  Senators  would  expire  (see  **  Annual  least  300,  if  the  nomination  is  for  a  State  office ; 

Cyclopaedia  **  for  1890,  page  425).    The  ballot  for  to  the  number  of  at  least  160  if  it  is  for  a  district 


362  IDAHO. 

office  or  a  subdivision  of  the  State  including  two  about  $76,000  with  accrued  interest  The  ad 
or  more  counties ;  to  the  number  of  at  least  50  valorem  State  tax  to  be  levied  annually  for  sen- 
if  for  a  county  office ;  and  to  the  number  of  at  eral  purposes  was  fixed  at  Si  mills  on  the  dollar, 
least  10  if  for  a  township,  precinct,  or  ward  of-  and  a  further  annual  tax  of  f  mill  was  levied  in 
fice.  Each  polling  place  shall  be  provided  with  aid  of  the  State  University  Building  fund, 
voting  shelves  or  compartments,  at  which  electors  A  new  law  changes  the  school  system  in  con- 
may  mark  their  ballots  screened  from  observation,  formity  with  the  requirements  of  the  State  Con- 
and  with  a  guard  rail.  Neither  the  ballot  boxes  stitution,  and  provides  for  an  annual  tax  levy 
nor  the  voting  shelves  shall  be  hidden  from  the  in  each  county  for  support  of  schools  of  not  less 
view  of  persons  outside  the  rail.  The  auditor  of  than  5  nor  more  than  10  mills  on  the  dollar.  The 
each  county  shall  prepare  the  ballots  to  be  used  license  law  enacted  at  this  session  fixes  the  an- 
at  all  elections  witnin  the  county,  and  shall  print  nual  license  fee  for  the  sale  of  liquors  at  $500  in 
thereon  the  name  of  every  candidate  duly  nom-  all  places  where  the  total  vote  lor  Governor  at 
inated ;  but  in  municipal  elections  the  duty  the  last  election  exceeded  150,  and  at  $900  in 
of  preparing  ballots  shall  devolve  upon  the  other  places ;  but  taverns  where  liquor  is  sold 
municipal  clerk.  Ballots  shall  be  white  paper,  8  miles  or  more  outside  of  a  village  shall  pay 
printed  with  black  ink.  All  the  candidates  of  only  $100  annually.  The  selling  or  giving  of 
each  political  party  shall  be  grouped  in  a  col-  liquors  to  minors  is  forbidden, 
umn  together,  under  the  partv  name.  The  elec-  The  sum  of  $35,000  was  appropriated  for  re- 
tion  clerk,  before  delivering  a  ballot  to  an  elector,  storing  the  buildings  of  the  Insane  Asylum  at 
shall  place  upon  the  back,  near  the  top,  the  offi-  Blackfoot,  destroyed  by  fire  on  Nov.  24,  1S89, 
cial  stamp.  The  elector  shall  indicate  nis  choice  For  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chica- 
by  marking  a  cross  opposite  the  name  of  the  go  the  sum  of  $20,000  was  appropriated,  to  be 
candidate  voted  for,  or  by  writing  in  the  name  expended  under  the  direction  oi  a  btate  commis- 
of  a  candidate.  A  system  of  registration  is  es-  sioner  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  charged 
tablished  by  this  act,  and  the  following  restric-  with  the  duty  of  securing  a  suitable  exhibit  for 
tions  are  placed  upon  the  rigrht  of  suffrage :  the  State. 

"  No  person  shall  be  permitted  to  vote  who  is  Aliens  are  now  forbidden  to  acquire  or  hold 
not  registered  as  provided  b}r  law,  or  who  is  un-  anv  real  estate  in  the  State,  except  mining  lands, 
der  guardianship,  idiotic,  or  insane,  or  who  has  unless  such  real  estate  shall  be  acquired  by  in- 
at  any  place  been  convicted  of  treason,  felonv,  heritance  or  by  the  enforcement  of  a  lien  or 
embezzlement  of  public  funds,  bartering  or  sell-  judgment  for  debt,  and  all  real  estate  so  acquired 
ing  or  offering  to  barter  or  sell  his  vote,  or  pur-  must  be  sold  within  five  years  after  such  a(»uisi- 
chasing  or  offering  to  purchase  the  vote  of  an-  tion  or  it  shall  thereafter  escheat  to  the  State, 
other,  or  other  in&mous  crime,  and  who  has  not  No  restrictions  are  placed  on  the  ownership  of 
been  restored  to  the  right  of  citizenship,  or  who  mining  lands  by  any  class  of  aliens,  except  the 
at  Che  time  of  such  election  is  confined  in  prison  Chinese  and  other  persons  of  Mongolian  descent, 
on  conviction  of  a  criminal  offense,  or  who,  after  Resolutions  were  adopted  urging  the  submis- 
passing  the  age  of  eighteen  years  and  since  the  sion  to  the  States  of  a  constitutional  amendment 
first  day  of  January,  1888,  has  been  or  is  a  bi^-  providing  for  the  election  of  United  States  Sena- 
amist  or  polygamist,  or  is  living  or  has  lived  m  tors  by  the  people,  and  urging  the  passage  of  a 
what  is  known  as  patriarchal,  plural,  or  celestial  bill  permitting  the  free  coinage  of  silver  pro- 
marriage,  or  in  violation  of  any  law  of  this  State  or  duced  in  mines  of  the  United  States, 
of  the  United  States,  forbidding  any  such  crime ;  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 
or  who  in  any  manner  teaches  or  has  taught,  ad-  ,,      .       ,                 -  ^ 

vises  or  has  advised,  counsels  or  has  counseled,  .  f  ™.*'*'^^.  *^®  ^""'^  °^  ^^y^^  <>^^  ^^  »  Portion  of 
aids  or  has  aided,  encourages  or  has  encouraged.  ^o  regSlate  the  «tornife  of  grain,  flour,  wool,  orother 
any  person  to  enter  into  bigamy,  polygamy,  or  produce%hcn  roceive^Tfor  Btorini,  shipping,  grind- 
such  patriarchal,  plural,  or  celestial  marriage,  or  Jn^  or  manufacturing. 

to  live  in  violation  of  any  such  law,  or  to  com-  To  provide  forthe  punishment  of  crime,  for  the  ap- 

mit  any  such  crime,  or  who  has  been  a  member  pointmcnt  of  poaco  officers,  and  to  enforce  section  6  of 

of,  or  contributes  or  has  contributed  to  the  sup-  Article  XIV  of  the  State  Constitution, 

port,  aid,  or  encouragement  of  any  order,  organ-  EstablwhiM  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Bois^  City, 

fzation,  association,  corporation,  or  society  which  T^eiSto?Ul"pfnitenti^^^^   buildings  occupied  by  tlic 

teaches  or  has  taught,  advises  or  has  advised.  To  prohibit  the  killi'ng  of  moose  within  six  ycais 

counsels  or  has  counseled,  encouraged,  or  aided  from  the  passage  of  this  act  (Feb.  «,  1891). 

any  person  to  enter  into  bigamy,  polygamv,  or  To  define  and  punish  cnmea  against  the  elective 

such  patriarchal  or  plural  marriage,  or  which  fhineliise. 

teaches  or  has  taught,  advises  or  nas  advised,  _,  Defining  the  duties  of  the  State  Board  of  Land 

that  the  laws  of  this  SUte,  or  of  the  Territory  Commissioners,  and  providing  for  the  selection,  looa- 

of  Idaho  before  its  admission  as  a  State  into  the  ^V^'^^J'l^JfKiVn^i^^.rS!^^         *^'''!f'?^  mana^ment 

TT   •              4  ♦k«*  TT«if«*i  C!f«f^o  «.«»i:r.«Ki^  ♦«  ^u^  °*  "^®  public  laods  of  the  btate,  and  for  the  mvost- 

Union,  or  of  the  United  States  applicable  to  the  ^ent  of  ftmds  arising  from  tlie  sale  and  leasing  of 

Territory  of  Idaho,   prescribing  rules  of  civil  guch  lands. 

conduct,  are  not  the  supreme  law."  Repealing  the  act  of  1889  for  the  suppression  and 

In  order  to  fund  the  bonded  and  floating  debt  prevention  of  contagious  diseases  among  domestic  ani- 

of  the  State,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the  ™**1»- 


issue  of  6-per-cent.  State  bonds,  redeemable  on  .  Allowing  three  fourths  of  a  jury  to  render  a  verdict 

Dec.  1, 1911,  or  at  any  time  after  Dec.  1, 1900,  at  ^'^t^T.Iw  ^^/u  •    *•       r        .        .    .* 

the'ion  Jf  the  StaL    The  bonded  debt  t^^  iJu^rTernVa'nies^"^^^^^^^ 
refunded  under  this  act  amounte  to  f  51,715.06        Making  cij?ht  hours  a  day's  work  on  aU  State,  oonn- 

with  accrued  interest,  and  the  floating  debt  to  ty,  and  municipal  works. 


IDAHO. 


ILLINOIS. 


363 


Bcgalating  the  liability  of  stockholderB  in  corpora- 

tiODtib 

Providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  county  horti- 
cultural commissioner  in  certain  cases,  and  prescrib- 
ing his  duties  in  destroying  insect  pests. 

To  provide  for  prosecuting  offenses  on  information, 
snd  to  dispense  with  the  calling  of  grand  juries  ex- 
cept by  oraer  of  the  district  judges. 

Apportioning  to  each  county  tlie  number  of  mem- 
ben  of  the  Legislature  which  it  shall  elect 

Providing  for  the  obser\'anco  by  the  public  schools 
of  the  Friday  following  the  first  aay  of  May  as  Arbor 
Dtv. 

To  establish  a  uniform  standard  of  weights  and 
measures,  and  to  provide  for  a  State  sealer  and  in- 
spector. 

Adopting  a  great  seal  for  the  State. 

Providing  for  the  oi^anization  and  maintenance  of 
a  State  mihtia. 

Appropriating  $8,000  annually  for  the  education  of 
the  deaf,  dumb^  and  blind  of  the  State  at  some  insti- 
tation  in  an  ax^acent  State  or  Territory. 

Establishing  a  State  board  of  equalization. 

To  enforce  section  5  of  Article  AlII  of  the  Consti- 
tution, prohibiting  the  employment  of  aliens  on  State 
tod  municipal  works. 


Inifration. — During  the  year  ending  May 
81, 1890,  crops  were  raised  in  the  State  by  irri- 
gation on  217,005  acres,  or  830*07  square  miles, 
about  four  tenths  of  one  per  cent,  of  the  area  of 
the  State.  The  number  of  farms  on  May  31, 
1890,  was  6,654,  of  which  4,328,  or  about  two 
thirds,  contained  irrigated  areas,  the  remaining 
third  being  farms  in  the  northern  counties  or 
stock  ranches  re(^uiring  no  irri^tion.  The  aver- 
age size  of  the  irrigated  portions  of  farms  on 
which  crops  were  raised  was  50  acres.  The  ayer- 
age  first  cost  of  water  right  was  $4.74  an  acre, 
and  the  averaee  cost  of  preparing  the  soil  for 
cultivation,  including  the  purchase  price  of  the 
land  but  excluding  the  cost  of  water  right,  $10.56 
an  acre.  The  average  present  value  of  the  Irri- 
^ted  land  of  the  State,  including  buildings,  etc., 
IS  reported  as  $46.50  an  acre,  showing  an  appar- 
ent profit,  less  cost  of  buildings,  of  $31.20  an 
acre.  The  average  animal  cost  of  water  is  80 
cents  an  acre,  which,  deducted  from  the  average 
annual  value  of  products,  leaves  a  net  annual  re- 
turn of  $12.18  an  acre. 

Decision. — Late  in  June  the  State  Supreme 
Court  rendered  a  decision  pronouncing  tne  act 
of  1891  purporting  to  create  the  counties  of 
Alta  and  Lincoln  out  of  the  counties  of  Alturas 


Charities. — At  the  State  Insane  Asylum  at 
Bkckfoot,  on  Julj  1, 1890,  there  were  45  male 
and  19  female  patients.    During  the  year  follow- 

ine  26  male  and  11  female  patients  were  admit-  ^nd  Logan  to  be  unconstitutional,  on  the  ground 
ted.  The  number  discharged  during  the  year  ^^^at  the  State  Constitution  forbids  the  division 
was  25,  and  there  remained  on  June  30, 1891,  51  ^f  ^  county  and  the  attachment  of  a  part  thereof 
inale  and  25  female  patients.  The  current  ex-  to  another  county  unless  the  change  is  approved 
penses  of  the  institution  for  the  year  amounted  i,y  vote  of  the  people  in  the  portion  to  be  sepa- 
to  $.32,708.31.  New  and  commodious  buildings,  j^ted.  The  court  held  that  the  real  object  of 
in  place  of  those  destroyed  by  fire,  are  in  process  the  act  was  to  add  to  Alturas  or  Alta  County  a 
of  erection.  portion  of  Logan  County,  the  remainder  of  the 

Under  the  provisions  of  an  act  passed  by  the  latter  being  called  Lincoln  County. 
Legislature  early  in  the  year,  arrangements  were  ILLINOIS,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  the 
made  for  the  education  of  the  deaf,  dumb,  and  Union  Dec.  3,  1818 ;  area,  56,650  square  miles, 
blind  children  of  the  State  at  the  Colorado  State  The  population,  according  to  each  decennial 
school,  Colorado  Springs.  Late  in  August  six  census,  was  55,162  in  1820 :  157,445  in  1830 ;  476,- 
children  were  offered  the  advantages  of  this  in-  igg  in  1340;  851,470  in  1850;  1,711,951  in  1860; 
stitution.  2,539,891  in  1870;  3,077,871  in  1880;  and  3,826,- 

Penitentiary,— At   the   State   Penitentiary    351  in  1890.    Capital,  Springfield, 
there  were  87  convicts  on  July  1.    The  State       QoTernmeiit— The  following  were  the  State 
owns  a  stone  quarry  near  the  prison  buildings,    officers  durine  the  year :  Governor,  Joseph  W. 
in  which  the  convicts  find  occasional  employ-    pifer.   Republican;    Lieutenant-Governor,  Ly- 
ment.  man  B.  Ray ;  Secretary  of  State,  Isaac  N.  Pear- 

Mlalngr.— The  following  table,  showing  the  gon;  Auditor,  Charles  W.  Pavey;  Treasurer, 
production  of  Idaho's  gold,  silver,  lead,  and  cop-  Edwanl  S.  Wilson  :  Attorney-General,  George 
per  mines  durini?  1890,  is  compiled  from  data  Hunt;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
collected  by  the  Boise  City  National  Bank :  Henry  Raab ;  Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commis- 

sioners, Isaac  M.  Phillips,  J.  R.  Wheeler,  and 
John  B.  Tanner,  who  resigned  early  in  October 
and  was  succeeded  by  Jonathan  C.  Willis;  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  John  Scholfield; 
As.sociate  Justices,  Simeon  P.  Shope,  Alfred  M. 
Craig,  Benjamin  D.  Magruder,  David  J.  Baker, 
J.  W.  Wilkin,  and  J.  M.  Baileys. 

Finances.— For  the  biennial  period  ending 
Sept.  30,  1890,  the  balances,  receipts,  and  dis- 
bursements of  the  several  funds  in  the  State 
treasury,  as  reported  by  the  State  Auditor,  were 
as  follow:  Revenue  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1, 
1888,  $2,919,290.04;  receipts  for  the  period,  $5,- 
867,777.30;  disbursements,  $4,759,853.90;  bal- 
ance on  Sept.  30,  1890,  $3,527,218.44.  State 
School  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1,  1888,  $306,- 
224.43;  receipts  for  the  period,  $2,137,883.81; 
Caster  County  produced  $75,000  worth  of  cop-  disbursements*  $2,129,852.02;  balance  on  Sjept. 
per,  and  Washington  County  $50,000  worth,  80,  1890,  $314,256.22.  Delinquent  Land  Tax 
making  the  grand  toUl  $13,824,500.  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1, 1888,  $331.06 ;  no  receipts 


OOUNTIXS. 

Gold. 

Sarv,  at  |1 
•noonc*. 

LeMl,at4eta. 
•  pound. 

Adt. 

|1«,000 
140,000 

66,000 
410.000 

45.000 
260,000 
300,000 
4S5.000 
166.600 
T2\800 

7^000 
651,938 
840,000 

15,000 

$8,585,8£8 

$000 
860,000 

'Vsifiiooo 
"mjim 

1S,000 

87,000 

835,000 

150,000 

560,000 

825,667 

2,760,000 

60,000 

AltVIM 

$240,000 

Blnflluni               ... 

bSS^;::::.::::: 

CtasU. 

Cotter ' 

145,000 

timon, 

Idaho 

KootftMl 

LnnhL 

110,000 

LofkD 

125,000 

OwjliM 

^haih<»« 

8,890,000 

WnUngtoa 

TotiL 

$5,504,167 

$4,610,000 

364  ILLINOIS. 

or  disbursements  for  the  period.    Unknown  and  Le^isIatlTe  Session.— The  regular  biennial 

Minor  Heirs  fund,  balance  on  Oct.  1, 1888,  $13,-  session  of  the  General  Assemblv  began  at  Spring- 

832.60;  receipts  for  the  period,  $1,332.52;  dis-  field  on  Jan.  7,  and  adjourned  on  June  12.    A 

bursements,  $409.34 ;  balance  on  Sept.  30, 1890,  prolonged  contest  over  the  choice  of  a  succe^or 

$14,755.78.    Local  bond  funds,  balance  on  Oct.  to  United  States  Senator  Charles  B.  Farwell 

1, 1888,  $599,539.09 ;  receipts  for  the  period,  $2,-  marked  the  early  months  of  the  session.    In  this 

914,341.76 ;    disbursements,  $2,924,969.36 ;   bal-  contest  the  Democrats  controlled  the  House  and 

ance  on  Sept.  30,  1890,  $588,911.49.    The  total  cast  101  votes  on  joint  ballot;  the  Republicans 

balances  in  all  funds  on  Oct.  1,  1888,  amounted  controlled  the  Senate  and  had  100  votes  on  joint 

to  $3,839,217.22;  the  total  receipts  for  the  period  ballot,  while  the  balance  of  power  was  held  by 

to  $10,421,335.39 ;  the  total  disbursements  to  3  members  of  the  Farmers'  Mutual  Benefit  As- 

$9,815,084.62 ;  and  the  total  balances  on  Sept.  sociation,  a  local  organization  similar  in  purpose 

30,  1890,  to  $4,445,467.99.    The  receipts  of  the  to  the  Farmer's  Alliance.    The  Democrats  had 

revenue  fund  included  $2,290,499.35  from  the  but  one  candidate  throughout  the  struggle.  Gen. 

State  tax  levied  in  1888,  $1,822,081.95  from  the  John  M.  Palmer,  whose  candidacy  had  been  ap- 

State  tax  levied  in  1889,  $917,080.93  from  the  proved  by  the  Democratic  State  Convention  of 

Illinois  Central  Railroad  (being  7  per  cent,  of  the  preceding  June.    For  the  Republican  nom- 

the  gross  earnings  for  two  years),  $111,233.87  ination  there  were  several  candidates,  including 

from  the  United  States  in  aid  of  the  Soldiers*  Senator  Farwell.    Out  of  these  the  Republican 

Home,  $164,876.89  from  fees  of  the  State  Aud-  caucus  on  Jan.  15  selected  on  the  first  ballot  ex- 

itor,  and  $43,534.99  from  fees  of  the  Secretary  Gov.  Richard  J.  Oglesby,  the  vote  standing :  Og- 

of  State.    The  receipts  of  the  State  School  fund  lesby,  64 ;  Farwell,  30 ;  Walter  Q.  Gres^am,  4 ; 

from  the  taxes  of  1888  were  $1,068,898.53,  and  scattering,  2.  Neither  Palmer  nor  Oglesby  was  ac- 

from  the  taxes  of  1889,  $1,062,881.26.    During  ceptable  to  the  Farmers'  Mutual  Benefit  Asso- 

the  biennial  period  warrants  were  drawn  against  ciation  members,  and  they  accordingly  decided 

the  revenue  fund  for  the  support  of  State  insti-  to  give  their  support  to  Alson  J.  Streeter,  hoping 

tutions  as  follow :    Institution  for  the  Blind,  that  one  of  the  leading  parties  would  finally  be 

$104,495.20:  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb,  compelled  to  support  him.    On  the  first  ballot 

$223,929.31 ;  Charitable  Eye  and  Ear  Infirmary,  in  the  General  Assembly,  on  Jan.  20,  the  follow- 

$57,064.08 ;  Asylum  for  Feeble-minded  Children,  ing  vote  was  cast :  Senate,  Palmer  24,  Oglesbv 

$169,130.79;  State  Reform  School,  $98,832.14;  27;   House,  Palmer  77,  Oglesby  73,  Streeter  3. 

Soldiers*  Orphans'  Home,  $174,210.63 ;  Soldiers*  For  several  weeks  there  was  no  change  in  this 

and  Sailors^  Home,  $297,761.02;  Northern  Hos-  vote,  but  toward  the  middle  of  February  the 

pital    for   the    Insane,  $211,989.12  ;    Southern  Republicans  became  convinced  that  the  three 

Hospital  for  the  Insane,  $269,483.02 ;  Eastern  Association  members  could  not  be  induced  to 

Hospital  for  the  Insane,  $540,002.02;  Central  support    their   candidate,  and   they    therefore 

Hospital  for  the  Insane,  $347,796.70 ;  Northern  abandoned  him.    Then  followed  a  long  series  of 

Normal  University,  $58,987.12 ;  Southern  Nor-  negotiations  with  the  three  Association  members 

mal  Univei-sity,  $53,057.50;  University  of  lUi-  and  with  Streeter,  as  a  result  of  which  the  Re- 

nois,  $78,588.67 ;  National  Guard,  $190,764.  publican  leaders  undertook  to  transfer  the  party 

Tho  bonded  State  debt  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  was  vote  to  Streeter.  But  this  plan  was  foiled  by  a 
$19,500,  on  which  interest  has  long  since  ceased,  few  members  who  resolutely  refused  to  be  sup- 
Bonds  to  the  amount  of  $3,600  were  paid  and  ports  of  Streeter,  claiming  that  they  had  been 
retired  in  January,  1890.  elected  to  vote  for  a  Republican  candidate  and 

Yalnatlons.— The  total  valuation  of  property  for  none  other.    They  adhered  to  this  purpose 

in  the  State  for  1890,  as  equalized  and  assessed  through  a  long  series  of  ballots,  and  the  contest 

by  the  State  Board,  was  as  follows :  appeared  no  nearer  settlement  than  at  the  be- 

ASSESSED  IN  COUNTIES.  giuuing,  whcn,  on  the  154th  ballot,  on  March  11, 

Personal 1142,901,091  two  of  the  three  Association  members^  Moore 

J^« 88U6«,2i7  and  Cockrell,  suddenly  transferred  their  support 

^^ 2»,88»,ie9  to  Palmer,  and  gave  him  the  103  votes  necessarv 

«  ..^^       .^   ^^  ^'^^'^^  ^^^^^'             __  to  elect.    On  this  final  ballot.  Palmer  received 

u;'!S'SS?!r*^:;:\:::::::;;:::::::::::::::  1;K  if  rot^^cicero  j.  Lindiyioo, and  streeter  i. 

——-2 — ! — .  Messrs.  Moore  and  Cockrell  published  a  long 

'^^'^ $808,892,788  manifesto  giving  various  reasons  for  their  change 

The  total  equalized  value  of  property  assessed  of  position, 
for  1889  was  $792,197,542,  the  increase  for  1890  The  legislative  work  of  the  session  includes  an 
being  $16,695,240.  Included  in  the  assessment  act,  passed  after  long  discussion,  by  which  the 
for  1890  were  1,108,376  horses,  valued  at  $25,-  members  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  are 
450,782 ;  2,372,475  cattle,  valued  at  $15,244,712 ;  constituted  and  appointed  ex-officio  membei^  of 
93,901  mules,  valued  at  $2,200,813;  631,842  the  Illinois  Board  of  World's  Pair  Commission- 
sheep,  valued  at  $646,382 ;  2,637,268  hogs,  valued  ers,  and  are  authorized  to  secure  a  suitable  ox- 
at  $3,656,028.  The  total  equalized  valuation  of  hibit  of  the  resources  and  institutions  of  the 
Cook  Countv  was  $240,308,050,  of  which  the  State  at  the  Columbian  Exposition.  The  sum  of 
value  of  railroad  property  was  $12,075,785 ;  of  $800,000  is  appropriated  to  carry  out  the  pro- 
corporation  stock,  $4,719,195 ;  and  of  property  visions  of  the  act,  one  tenth  of  which  is  placed 
assessed  by  the  local  assessors,  $223,513,070.  at  the  disposal  of  the  Illinois  Woman's  Exposi- 

The  rate  of  State  taxation  for  1890  was  2*25  tion  Board,  composed  of  four  women  appointed 

mills  for  general  purposes   and  1*35  mill  for  by  the  Governor  and  the  two  Illinois  women  on 

school  purposes.    For  1891  it  was  2  mills  for  the  national  commission, 

general  purposes  and  1*3  mill  for  schools.  A  ballot-reform  act  provides  for  printing  and 


ILLINOIS.  365 

distributing  at  public  expense  all  ballots  in  every  the  purpose  of  voting  without  loss  of  pay.    Vot- 

election  for  public  officers,  except  for  trustees  of  ers  who,  from  physical  disability,  are  unable  to 

schools,  school  directors,  members  of  boards  of  mark  their  ballots,  may  be  assisted  therein ;  but 

education,  and  officers  of  road  districts  in  coun-  intoxication  shall  not  be  regarded  as  a  disabilitv. 

ties  not  under  township  organization.    In  mu-  By  another  act  numerous  changes  were  made 

nicipal  and  town  elections  the  expenses  of  pro-  in  the  law  regulating  registration  in  cities.    Still 

Tiding  ballots  shall  be  borne  by  the  cities,  vil-  another  act  grants  to  women  the  right  to  vote 

lageS)  and  towns,  and  in  all  other  elections  by  for  school  officers  at  all  elections, 

the  counties.    Candidates  for  office  may  be  nom-  The  legal  rate  of  interest,  where  none  other 

inated  by  any  convention,  caucus,  or  meeting  is  stipulated,  was  reduced  from  6  to  6  per  cent., 

representing  a  political  party  which,  at  the  gen-  and  the  highest  rate  allowable  by  agreement  was 

enil  election  next  precedmg,  polled  at  least  2  per  reduced  from  8  to  7  per  cent.    All  contract.s 

cent  of  the  entire  vote  cast  in  the  State  or  in  stipulating  for  more  tnan  7  per  cent,  interest 

the  division  thereof  for  which  the  nomination  is  were  declared  usurious,  and  no  interest  can  be 

made.    Nominations  may  also  be  made  by  nom-  collected  thereon. 

ination  papers  signed  by  a  certain  number  of  An  act  was  passed  requiring  every  manu fact- 
qualified  voters.  The  names  of  all  candidates  uring,  mining,  (quarrying,  lumbering,  mercan- 
to  be  voted  for  shall  be  printed  on  one  ballot,  all  tile,  street,  electric,  and  elevated  railway,  steam- 
nominations  of  any  political  party  or  group  of  boat,  telegraph,  telephone,  and  municipal  cor- 
petitioners  being  placed  under  the  party  appel-  poration,  ana  every  incorporated  express  com- 
lation  or  title.  On  the  back  of  each  ballot,  so  as  pany  and  water  company  to  make  weekly 
to  appear  when  folded,  shall  be  printed  the  payments  of  wages  to  its  employes.  It  was  de- 
woras  ^*  Official  ballot,"  followed  by  the  name  of  clared  unlawful  for  any  person  or  company  en- 
the  polling  place,  the  date  of  the  election,  and  the  ^ged  in  mining  or  manufacturing  to  keep  or  be 
foe  timile  signature  of  the  clerk  or  other  officer  mterested  in  any  truck  store,  or  to  control  any 
preparing  Uie  ballots.  Plain  white  paper,  through  store,  shop,  or  scheme  for  furnishing  supplies, 
which  the  printing  or  writing  can  not  be  read,  tools,  provisions,  or  groceries  to  employes.  No 
shall  be  used  for  ballots.  Each  polling  place  deductions  shall  be  made  by  any  employer  from 
shall  be  provided  with  votine  booths,  not  less  the  wages  of  his  workman,  except  for  money 
than  one  for  each  one  hundred  voters  at  the  last  actually  advanced,  or  such  sums  as  the  workman 
election,  in  which  voters  may  prepare  their  bal-  may  agree  upon  to  aid  relief  funds  for  sick  or  in- 
lets screened  from  observation.  No  person  other  jured  workmen. 

than  the  election  officers  and  the  challengers  al-  A  stringent  act  was  passed  for  the  suppression 

lowed  by  law  and  those  admitted  for  the  pur-  of  pools,  trusts,  and  combines, 

pose  of  voting  shall  be  permitted  within  the  For  each  of   the  years  1891  and  1892  the 

guard  rail,  except  by  authority  of  the  election  amount  to  be  raised  by  taxation  for  general  State 

officers  to  keep  order  and  enforce  the  law.    On  purposes  was  fixed  at  $1,500,000,  and  for  school 

receipt  of  his  ballot  the  voter  shall  retire  alone  purposes  at  $1,000,000. 

to  one  of  the  voting  booths  and  shall  prepare  his  Tne  employment  of  children  under  thirteen 

ballot  by  making  a  cross  opposite  the  name  of  the  years  of  age  by  any  person,  firm,  or  corporation 

candidate  of  his  choice,  or  by  writing  in  the  was  strictly  forbidden,  unless  it  shall  appear  to 

name  of  the  candidate  of  his  choice  in  a  blank  the  school  authorities  in  any  particular  case  that 

space  on  the  ticket,  making  a  cross  opposite  the  labor  of  the  child  in  question  is  the  means  of 

thereto :  Provided,  however,  if  he  shall  desire  to  support  of  an  a^ed  or  infirm  relative,  and  that 

Tote  for  all  the  candidates  of  one  political  partv  such  relative  is  in  whole  or  in  part  dependent 

or  group  of  petitioners,  he  may  place  such  mark  upon  such  child. 

before  the  appellation  or  title  under  which  the  The  sum  of  $163,000  was  appropriated  for  a 

names  of  the  candidates  of  such  party  or  group  building  to  accommodate  300  additional  patients 

of  petitioners  are  printed,  and   the  ballot  so  at  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane.  The  Re- 

marked  shall  be  counted  as  cast  for  all  of  the  form  School  at  Pontiac  was  remodeled  and  es- 

candidates  named  under  that  title:  Provided,  tablished  as  a  State  Reformatorv,  the  sum-  of 

further,  that  the  voter  may  place  such  mark  at  $150,000,   being    appropriated    for    additional 

the  appropriate  place  preceding  the  appellation  buildings,  etc. 

or  title  of  one  party  or  group  of  petitioners,  and  The  compulsory   school    law   remained   un- 

VMj  also  mark,  at  the  appropriate  place  preced-  changed,  after  long  discussions  and  repeated  at- 

in^  the  name  or  names  of  one  or  more  candidates  tempts  to  repeal  or  change  it. 

printed  under  the  appellation  or  title  of  some  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 
other  party  or  group  of  petitioners,  and  a  ballot  so 

marked  shall  be  counted  as  cast  for  all  the  candi-  Authorizing  the  payment  of  a  bounty  of  two  cents 

dates  named  under  the  appellation  or  title  which  » '^^^  for  Lnffhsh  sparrows. 

ha«^.^^  ^ ^u^A  ^-iX*.  «„  4>^  4^k»  ^fflr.^...  .a  To  provide  for  the  examination  of  mme  managers. 

?«   ^S  ^  marked,  except  as  to  the  officers  as  Amending  the  iish  law  so  as  to  prohibit  seTning, 

to  which  he  has  placed  such  mark  preceding  the  catching,  or  killing  iish  by  other  device  than  hook 

name  or  names  of  some  other  candidate  or  candi-  and  line. 

dates  printed  under  the  title  of  some  other  party  Amending  the  act  of  1887  forbidding  alien  owner- 

or  group  of  petitioners*  and  as  to  such  it  shall  be  ship  of  land,  by  providing  that  any  alien  who  has  by 

counted  as  cast  for  the  candidate  or  candidates  deed  acquired  or  shall  acquire  title  to  land  contrary 

preceding  whose  name  or  names  such  mark  may  ^  *?J?«  ^'*  ^J^ j"  ^n^'-J^VJ  ?"  '^''7^  *"  good  title  to 

Wo  iw^«   ^1.^^       Ti«#».«  i»«»{«.^  ¥U^  ^^^f;^:^  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  or  to  encumber  the 

wI,uT^  ^}^'u  ,^I^J^  l^r?^  ^^^ u^^^"^  «ame  in  favor  of  a  citizen,  and  a  judgment  or  decree 

Dooth  the  voter  shall  fold  his  ballot  m  such  man-  against  such  alien  shall  be  a  valid  lien  against  such 

^«''  «8  to  conceal  the  marks  thereon.     Employes  land,  if  such  deed,  encumbrance,  judgment,  or  decree 

shall  be  allowed  two  hours  on  election  day  for  ^lall  bo  made,  executed,  or  entered  before  any  legal 


366  ILLINOIS.  INDL/L 

proceedings  are  taken  to  seize  said  land  In  behalf  of  average  phoe  of  mining  for  the  State  at  large 

the  State.    Deeds,  encumbrances,  or  decrees  hereto-  has  ako  declined  from  73  cents  to  68  cents  ft  ton. 

fore  made  in  favor  of  any  citizen  of  the  United  States  The  number  of  employ^  of  all  kinds  is  smaller 

are  leg:alized.  than  that  reported  for  the  preceding  year,  but 

oemrrTS^'aToTtofweTty  SJI     ^  ^  *^««^  ^^  ^  *^  i"^'^^  «^  31  in  tlie  number 

Requinng  annual  roporte  to  the  State  Auditor  of  of  machines  used,  and  of  half  a  million  tons,  or 

the  condition  of  each  building,  loan,  and  homestead  23  per  cent,  m  the  amount  cut  by  machines, 
association,  and  providmg  for  mvestigation  into  their        State  Banks. — On  June  1  of  this  year  there 

affairs.  were  68  banks  doing  business  under  the  Stat« 

To  punish  persons  unlawfully  wearing  the  badge  banking  law.   On  that  day  the  aggregate  amount 

or  emblems  of  the  Grand  Armv  of  the  Republic.  ^f  capital  stock  and  surplus  fund  of  these  banks 

ort^^'tl'SSr  own^^"^      fraudulently  convert  prop-  ^^  |l  7,291, 279.68;  the  aggregate  of  loans  and 

Repealing  the  act*  of  1887  further  defining  con-  2V^S?oin*i?'^^¥'?^-i?'.i*'  ,^***^  S^^  ^o^^ 

spiracy.  $18,191,842.45;   of   individual  profits,  ♦2.181,- 

Providinff  a  penalty  for  docking  the  tails  of  horses.  224.89 ;  of  deposits,  |61 ,547,888.93 ;  and  of  total 

To  punish  persons  selling,  giving,  or  furnishing  in-  resources,  $81,286,740.98. 

toxicating  liquor  to  minors  without  the  written  con-        Mortgage  Debt— According  to  the  Federal 

sent  of  parent  or  guardian  or  to  drunkard*.  -^  Census,  the  real-estate  mortgage  debt  of  the 

fe^urof^^^^i^e^u'^^  ^^Vi^-!^  J«>-  \^^^^  w£'W99^60,  of 

of  their  exemption  right^    *^  J^hich  43-01  per  cent  was  on  acre  tracts,  and 

To  prohibit  foreign  insurance  companies  from  doing  56*99  per  cent  on  village  and  citv  lots.    The 

business  in  the  State  unless  possessed  of  a  cash  sur-  debt  of  Cook  County  was  $191,518,209,  of  which 

plus  of  $200,000.  $14,065,305  was  on  acre  tracts  and  $177,452,004 

To  prohibit  discrimination  by  life-insurance  com-  on  lots.  The  per  capita  debt  of  Illinois  is  $100. 
panics  between  insurants  of  the  same  class  and  w^ual        INPIA,  an  empire  in  Asia,  subject  to  Great 

^eSS^roll^tiX^^"^^""^"'^^  Britain,    Ws^British  India  ^roner,  W 

To  Establish  the  validity  of  marriages  wherein  one  territories  ruled  by  native  princes  have  been 

or  both  of  the  parties  were  slaves  at  Sie  time  of  mor-  brought  under  the  suzerainty  and  control  of  the 

ria^e,  and  to  establish  the  legitimacy  of  Uieir  off-  Indian  Government,  which  derives  its  powers 

spnne  as  to  the  right  to  inherit  property.  from  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain.    Bv  the 

Making  the   first   Monday  in  September,  to  be  act  of  1858  for  the  better  government  of  India 

known  as  Labor  Day,  and  Ae  twelfth  day  of  Febru-  ^^e  powers  and  functions  of  the  Board  of  Con- 

ary  (Abraham  Lincoln's  birthday )  legal  holidays.  ^    j  ^  ^^   g^^  j^    Company  were  transferred 

To  authorize  the  corporate  authorities  of  towns  to  "  *.     «      ^~*^    Vol  w*up««,T  wwaww »!«*«* «^ 

issue  bonds  for  the  completion  and  improvement  of  to  the  Secretary  of  State  for  India.    The  execu- 

publio  parks  and  boulevards,  and  to  provide  a  tax  for  tive  authonty  m  India  is  exercised  by  a  Goveiv 

the  payment  of  the  same.  nor-General,  often  called  the  Viceroy.      Laws 

To  give  cities,  incorporated  towns,  townships,  and  and  regulations  are  prepared  by  the  Council  of 

districts  in  which  free  schools  are  now  managed  the  Govemor-GeneraL  containing  five  ordinary 

under  special  acts  authonty  to  elect  boards  of  educa-  members,  who  preside  over  the  Departments  of 

^^^""^^A^lo^lZ-Zh^^^^^  Finance,  the  InW  Revenue  and"^^^ 

Assenting  to  the  act  of  Congress  appropriating  a  Legislation,  and  Military  Administration.    The 

Sortion  of  &e  proceeds  of  public-land  sales  to  the  en-  Governor-General  has  personal  charge  usually  of 

owment  and  support  of  colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and  that  of 

the  mechanic  arts  m  the  several  States ;  and  dcsignat-  Public  Works  may  be  represented  in  the  Council 

inij  the  University  of  Illinois  as  the  Illinois  bene-  ^t  the  option  of  the  Government.    The  oom- 

flciarjr  under  t^^*'  act  mander-in-chief  is  almost  invariably  asked  to 

flftv '^undL^  ""^'^        ^  ^  ^^^  ^  *n  extraordinary  member,  and  when  the 

OeSliring  that  United  States  Senators  ought  to  be  Council  sits  in  Madras  or  Bombay  the  Governor 

elected  by  a  direct  vote  of  the  people.  01  the  presidency  takes  part  as  an  extraordinary 

member.    For  legislative  purposes  the  CouncU 

CoaL — The  State  contains  much  the  larger  is  augmente4^8ix  to  twelve  additional  members 

portion  of  what  is  known  as  the  Central  Coal  being  appointed  by  the  Governor-General    The 

Field,  covering  about  87,000  square  miles  and  Secretary  of  State  is  assisted  in  conducting  busi- 

underlying  60  counties,  in  45  of  which  opera-  ness  in  Great  Britain  connected  with  the  Govern- 

tions  are  conducted  on  a,  commercial  scale.    The  inent  of  India  by  a  council  of  not  fewer  than  ten 

Illinois  field  contains  15  distinct  seams.    Those  members.    The  Governors  of  Madras  and  Bom- 

which  are  available  for  commercial  mining  gen-  bay  have  each  a  separate  army  and  civil  service 

erally  lie  at  considerable  depth.    Coke  is  manu-  and  a  Legislative  Council,  and  the  Lieutenant'- 

factured  to  a  limited  extent  in  Gallatin  and  La  Governors  of  Benpil  and  the  Northwest  Prov- 

Salle  Counties,  but  elsewhere  in  the  State  the  inces  have  legislative  councils, 
coal  does  not  yield  a  marketable  coke.    The  sta-       Area  and  Fopnlatlon. — The  area  of  the  ter- 

tistics  of  coal  production  for  the  year  ending  ritorv  under  direct  British   administration  is 

July  1,  1890,  are  summarized  as  follow:  Kum-  1,00^,720  square  miles, containing  in  1891  a  popn- 

ber  of  counties  in  which  coal  has  been  mined,  57 ;  lation  of  about  220,000,000,  an  increase  of  21,000,- 

mines  and  openings  of  all  kinds,  986 ;  tons  (2,000  000  since  the  last  previous  census  taken  in  1881, 

pounds)  of  lump  coal  mined,  12,63iB,865 ;  em-  which  showed  an  advance  of  only  7,000,000  in 

ploy^s  of  all  kinds,  28,574;  value  of  product,  the  preceding  decade.     The  difference  in  the 

f  12,882,930.    The  aggregate  output  for  the  year  rate  of  increase  is  due  partly  to  annexations,  the 

is  1.040,401  tons  greater  than  for  the  year  pre-  area  taken  account  of  in  1881  having  been  868,- 

ceding,  and  the  average  value  per  ton  at  the  814  square  miles.     The  annexed   province  of 

mines  has  declined  from  $1.07  to  $1.02 ;  the  Upper  Burmah  has  a  population  of  over  2,500»- 


INDIA, 


867 


000,  exclusive  of  600,000  in  the  tributary  Shan 
States  and  100,000  Chins,  Kachyens,  and  Karens. 
The  population  of  Lower  Burmah  has  increased 
iwm  3,730,000  to  4,430,000,  or  at  the  rate  of  1^ 
per  cent  The  total  population  of  the  immedi- 
ate British  possessions  m  1891  was  220,684,000, 
and  of  the  native  states  69,148,000.  Bengal  had 
70,909,260;  Northwest  Provinces,  46,922,690; 
Punjab,  20,803,000;  Madras,  86,688,860;  Bom- 
bay and  Sindh,  18,826,080;  Central  Provinces, 
10.'76l,680;  Rajputana,  12,089,330;  Hyderabad, 
10,658,930.  In  Bensal,  with  426  inhabitants  to 
the  square  mile,  the  oiith  rate  is  lower  than  the 
death  rate,  20^  and  22*94  per  thousand  re- 
spectively in  188{^'89.  The  death  rate  has  varied 
between  20^  per  thousand  in  1880  to  26*74  in 
1SS8.  In  1889  it  ranged  from  17-80  in  Mysore 
to  30O8  in  the  Northwest  Provinces.  The  birth 
rate  was  41*62  in  the  Central  Provinces,  38*67  in 
Bombay.  38*26  in  the  Northwest  Provinces  and 
Oadh,  37*32  in  the  Punjab,  and  29*90  in  Madras. 
The  number  of  coolie  emigrants  from  India  in 
im  was  10,388,  against  6,461  in  1888.  An- 
throDometric  researches  conducted  for  the  Ben- 
gal Government  by  Herbert  Risley  confirm  the 
conclusion  that  caste  and  social  distinctions  in 
India  are  based  on  differences  of  race;  that, 
apart  from  the  Mongoloid  intermixture  in  the 
northeast,  there  are  two  races— (1)  the  aboriginal 
or  Dravidian,  with  thick  lips,  broad  noses,  low 
facial  angle,  dark  skins,  short  stature,  and  squat- 
ty figure :  and  (2)  the  Aryan,  tall,  slender,  with 
remarkably  fine  noses  and  dolycocephalic  skulls, 
and  regular  features.  A  regular  ejadation  of 
thew  characteristics  is  observed  in  the  hierarchy 
of  castes  from  the  Brahmans  and  Sikhs  down  to 
the  casteless  forest  tribes.  A  man's  social  status 
Taries  approximately  inversely  with  the  width  of 
his  nose.  The  largest  cities  of  India  are  Cal- 
cutta, the  seat  of  the  General  Government,  with 
730,000  inhabitants ;  Bomba^r,  804,464 ;  and  Ma- 
dras, 460,000.  The  population  of  Bengal  in^ 
creased  from  69,500,000  in  1881  to  74,000,000  in 
1891,  or  at  the  rate  of  6^  per  cent. 

Finanees. — The  revised  estimates  of  revenue 
under  the  various  heads  for  the  year  ending 
March  31,  1800,  and  the  budget  estimates  for 
1890-'91  were,  in  tens  of  rupees,  as  follow : 


EXFENDrrURBB. 


Interest 

BeftindB,  compensation,  etc 

Cost  of  collection 

Post-oflloe,  telegraphs,  mint 

Civil  salaries 

MlsceUaneous  ciyil  charges 

Famine  relief  and  insurance 

Ballroad  oonstmction 

Bailroad  revenue  account 

IrriRation 

Buildings  and  roads 

Army 

Defense  works 

Total 


1880-*90. 

1890-*91. 

4.262,800 

.4,296,800 

1,790,400 

1.782.600 

7,224,100 

8.042,900 

2,205,100 

2^28,600 

18,282,500 

18.696,800 

4.846.700 

4,946,400 

6a\fi00 

600.000 

6,900 

4,600 

18,406,900 

19,017,900 

2.7C9.800 

2,789.400 

5,480,400 

6.717,800 

20,988,600 

21,505,100 

756,400 

892,800 

82,474,100 

85,419,400 

BCVKNUK. 


I4ad  revenue 

Opiam 

Salt, 

bumps 

E\d« 

ProTindal  rates 

Customs 

Asu-ued  taxes ] 

yore»ts 

K«KUtratlon. 

Tribute 

Interest 

Poftt-ofBce.  telegraphs,  mtot. 

OvU  departments 

MtocellsDeons 

Eallrosito ,...'. 

Irriffstion 

Bai  Wnga  and  roads 

lillitary  departmeou 


1880-'00. 


Total  reteDoe , 


28,817,800 

8,546,400 

8,192,600 

4,060,600 

4,887,400 

8J34&,S00 

1.487,800 

1,667,100 

1,446.400 

846,700 

n7.400 

867,700 

2,889.700 

1,518,700 

1.825.500 

16,506.800 

l,9b5.800 

649,200 

1,022,100 


84,686,800 


1890-'91. 


28,674,400 

8,203,800 

8,?88,500 

4.084.900 

4,641,600 

8,849,400 

1.561,100 

1,558,700 

1,414.400 

845,500 

776,200 

789,900 

2,428,400 

1,521,500 

1,248,000 

17,151,400 

2,(^000 

689,400 

982,600 


84,982,100 


The  expenditure  under  each  head  as  set  down 
in  the  reyiscd  estimates  for  1889-'90  and  the 
budget  for  1890-'91  reaches  the  following 
amounts,  in  tens  of  rupees : 


To  arrive  at  the  true  total  of  expenditure  for 
1889-'0O  Rx  852,500  must  be  added  to  the  esti- 
mate, being  the  balance  due  the  Imperial  Got- 
emment  in  the  adjustment  of  accounts  with  the 
provincial  administrations,  making  the  total 
charged  .against  revenue  Rx  822,826,600,  while 
for  1890-^91,  Rx  757,700  of  provincial  bal- 
ances should  be  deducted,  reducing  the  net 
estimate  for  that  year  to  Rx  84,661,700.  The 
estimates  for  1889-'90  and  the  actual  receipts 
and  expenditures  varied  very  slightly,  the  sur- 
plus amounting  to  Rx  2,612,000,  or  Rx  65,000 
less  than  was  predicted.  In  1800-'91,  instead  of 
the  expected  surplus  of  Rx  270,400,  there  was  a 
surplus  at  the  end  of  the  year  of  Rx  8,665.000.  The 
improvement  in  the  rate  of  exchange,  due  to  the 
rise  in  the  price  of  silver  brought  about  by  legis- 
lation in  the  United  States,  accounts  for' Rx  2,- 
544,100  of  the  difference.  In  the  receipts  for  the 
year  there  was  a  falling  off  in  the  opium  reve- 
nue, and  provincial  contributions  ceased,  but  the 
land  revenue  increased  by  Rx  807,200.  There 
was  an  increase  in  various  branches  of  expendi- 
ture. The  total  revenue  for  1888-'89  was  Rx 
81,696,678,  and  the  expenditure  Rx  81,659,650. 
The  budget  estimates  for  1891-'92  show  an  in- 
crease on  these  figures  of  Rx  2,408,000  in  reve- 
nue and  Rx  2,329,000  in  expenditures.  The  ex- 
pected surplus  is  Rx  396,000.  There  will  be  a 
lurther  falling  off  in  the  opium  revenue,  a  much 
smaller  crop  having  been  grown  in  Bengal.  A 
further  increase  of  Rx  870,000  in  the  land  reve- 
nue was  looked  for.  Since  1889  it  has  increased 
by  Rx  1,010,000,  while  the  decrease  in  the  opium 
revenue  has  been  Rx  646,000.  While  expendi- 
ture for  the  army  and  similar  imperial  purposes 
has  grown  less,  more  is  spent  on  public  works  and 
local  improvements,  causing  the  disappearance 
of  the  grants  from  provincial  revenues.  To  meet 
the  extraordinary  militarv  expenditure  deter- 
mined on  in  the  face  oi  the  financial  strain 
caused  by  the  fall  of  the  rupee,  the  provincial 
governments,  by  the  arrangement  of  1887,  have 
yielded  up  very  large  sums  to  the  Central  Gov- 
ernment. Another  important  act  of  restoration 
is  the  replacing  of  the  Famine  fund.  For  the 
first  time  since  1886  the  full  appropriation  of  Rx 
1,500,000  is  set  aside  for  famine  relief  and  insur- 
ance. The  interest  on  the  debt  has  decreased 
by  Rx  810,000  and  the  railroad  revenue  account 
by  Rx  782,000  since  1889.  The  interest  on  the 
money  borrowed  in  England  to  build  the  rail- 
roads is  payable  in  gold,  and  consequently  they 
have  been  worked  at  a  loss  for  manv  vears.  But 
for  the  fall  of  the  rupee  there  would  have  been  a 
considerable  profit. 


368  INDIA. 

The  people  of  India  are  discontented  with  the  are  contingencies  that  may  interfere  with  the 

military  expenditures,  from  which  they  derive  realization  of  the  budget  estimates  for  1891-'92, 

no  benefit)  and  which  have  increased  enormously  in  which  the  revenue  is  calculated  at  Rx  85,313,- 

within  a  recent  period,  and  with  the  general  ex-  500,  and  expenditure  at  Rx  82,526,000,  reckon- 

pensiveness  of  tne  Indian  Grovernment  and  the  ing  the  rupee  at  Is,  5^.    The  rate  of  exchange 

grinding  and  unjust  taxation  to  which  the^  are  af^ts  not  only  the  regular  expenditure  of  th^^ 

subjected.    The  salt  tax  has  been  successively  Indian  Government  in    Great    Britain,   which 

raised  until  it  is  five  times  as  great  as  it  was  in  amounted  to  Rx  21,954,657  in  1889,  but  also  the 

the  early  part  of  the  century,  amounting  to  six-  interest  payable  in  gold  on  the  Indian  railroad 

teen  times  the  cost  of  proauction.    The  conse-  bonds.    The  actual  and  expected  action  of  the 

S[uence  is  that  many  poor  people  must  take  their  American  Congress  caused  the  price  of  silTer  to 

ood  without  salt     The  military  expenses  are  rise  in  1890-'9l  from  ^^d.  an  ounce  to  54|4i., 

twenty  times  as  great  as  the  expenditure  on  edu-  and  then  to  fall  again  to  45d.,  corresponding 

cation,  and  the  pension  list  of  the  Indian  army  to  the  rate  of  exchange  anticipated  for  1891-92. 

is  proportionately  the  heaviest  in   the  worla.  Before  1873  the  rupee  was  practically  worth  its 

amounting  to  £4,250,000.     The  Hindus  com-  nominal  value  of  2«.,  but  for  many  years  it  has 

plain  that  the  licensing  of  opium  shops  is  con-  remained  below  1&  5d, 

ducted  in  a  way  to  force  the  consumption  of  the        In  addition  to  the  expenditure  charged  against 
drug  on  the  people,  and  that  the  excise  laws  revenue,  there  was  a  capital  expenditure  for  pub- 
have  encouraged  the  spread  of  the  drinking  habit,  lie  works  of  Rx  3,461,800  in  1889-'90,  and  Rx 
although  in  quite  recent  years  a  better  gupervis-  3,750,000  in  1890-*91.    The  public  debt  of  British 
ion  has  enabled  the  Government  to  collect  more  India  in  1889  amounted  Rx  206,619,559 ;  the  per- 
revenue  from  alcohol  and  at  the  same  time  to  roancnt  debt  in  India  being  Rx  100,879,742,  the 
diminish  the  number  of  stills  and  drinking  shops,  permanent  debt  in  England  Rx  95,033,610,  and 
narrowing  the  producers  and  sellers  down  to  a  the  unfunded  debt  in  India  Rx  10,706,207. 
limited  number  of  large  distillers  and  licensees        The  Ar]iiT.—The  Penjdeh  incident  and  the 
who  can  be  watched.    Opium  is  manufactured  conquest  of  Upper  Burmah,  bringing  India  into 
by  the  Government,  and  is  grown  in  the  native  contact  with  Kussia  and  China,  led  to  a  great  re- 
states of  Malwa  and  in  Bengal,  where  no  one  can  organization  and  extension  of  the  Indian  de^ 
cultivate  the  poppy  without  a  license.    The  gross  fenses,  the  notable  results  of  which  are  the  for- 
re venue  from  opium  in  1890  was  Rx  8,500,000,  and  tiflcation  of  the  northwestern  frontier  and  a 
the  net  revenue  Rx  5,500,000.    The  production  line  of  strong  places  farther  back,  a  network  of 
and  the  revenue  have  diminished  chiefly  because  railroads  and  military  roads  giving  access  to  the 
of  the  extension  of  poppy  cultivation  m  China,  frontier,  and  a  Iftrge  addition  to  the  European 
The  land  devoted  to  the  poppy  in  Bengal  in  1890  and  native  army.    The  coast  defenses  have  also 
was  100,000  acres  less  than  m  1880,  ana  the  auan-  been  improved,  and  the  principal  harbors  pro- 
tity  of  the  drug  manufactured  in  British  India  tected  by  submarine  mines  and  torpedo  boats, 
had  fallen  from  5,606  to  4,800  chests.    The  Gk)v-  The  frontier  railroads,  which  are  the  most  expen- 


troduciu^  it  mto  Burmah,  where,  in  the  reign  of  George  Chesney,  military  member  of  the  Council, 
Thebaw,  it  was  death  to  sell  opium.  Under  Brit-  have  worked  out  a  plan  for  the  general  rearma- 
ish  rule  the  consumption  of  the  narcotic  has  be-  ment  of  the  troops,  the  European  infantry  with 
come  alarming,  and  the  people  are  visibly  impov-  the  new  British  maeazlne  rifle,  the  native  infan- 
enshed  and  demoralized  thereby.  On  April  10,  try  with  Martini-Henry  rifles  having  the  same 
1891,  Sir  Joseph  Pease,  a  member  of  the  Temper-  bore,  which  is  803,  the  cavalry  with  a  new  car- 
ance  party  in  England,  moved  in  the  House  of  bine,  the  field  artillery  with  breech-loading  12- 
Commons  a  resolution  declaring  the  system  by  pounder  cannons  in  part  mounted  on  hydraulic- 
which  the  opium  revenue  is  raised  morally  in-  buffer  carriage?,  ana  the  siege  artillery  with  4- 
defensible,  and  urging  upon  the  Indian  Govern-  inch  and  5-inch  breech-loadmg  guns  with  hy- 
men t  that  it  should  cease  to  grant  licenses  for  draulic  gear  that  can  be  anchored  down,  and 
the  cultivation  and  sale  of  opium,  and  take  meas-  with  the  new  howitzers  not  yet  furnished  to 
ures  to  arrest  the  transit  of  Malwa  opium  into  the  British  army.  The  turret-ships  are  to  have 
Indian  territory.  Members  of  the  Govern-  10-inch  breech-loaders  and  torpedo  catchers, 
ment  endeavored  to  refute  the  assertion  that  The  military  expenditure  rose  from  under  £18,- 
Great  Britain  had  waged  wars  to  force  the  opium  000,000  average  during  the  three  years  ending 
traffic  on  the  Chinese.  Sir  J.  Ferguson  said  with  1885  to  over  £20,000,000  a  year  in  the  sue- 
that  China  was  free  under  the  Chefoo  conven-  ceeding  four  years,  besides  £1,500,000  annually 
tion  to  impose  any  tax  she  chose  on  Indian  opium  for  special  defense  works  for  three  years  of  the 
or  to  exclude  it  entirely,  and  declared  that  if  four.  In  1890  the  expenditure  was  £21,000.000. 
the  Chinese  thought  proper  to  place  a  prohib-  taking  the  rupee  at  the  conventional  rate  of  ten 
itive  duty  on  it.  Great  Britain  would  not  **  expend  to  the  pound  sterling.  The  necessity  of  f re- 
a  sovereign  or  provide  a  soldier  or  the  cost  of  a  quently  rearming  the  Indian  troops  and  ex- 
single  gunshot  to  force  it  upon  them."  The  tending  the  defense  works,  and  the  constant 
attendance  was  slim,  and  when  the  House  divided  danger  of  war  are  a  perplexing  feature  in  In- 
160  members  went  into  the  lobby  with  Sir  Joseph  dian  finance.  While  the  British  forces  have 
Pease,  whUe  the  Government  had  only  180  sup-  been  greatly  strengthened  at  the  cost  of  new  bur- 
porters  present.  War,  famine,  a  further  fall  in  the  dens  on  the  inipoverished  people,  a  change  in  the 
price  of  opium,  decreased  railroad  traffic,  military  policy  of  the  Government  toward  the  feudatory 
armaments,  and  a  fall  in  the  rate  of  exchange  states  has  either  added  greatly  to  the  defensive 


INDIA.  369 

power  of  the  empire  or  possibly  introduced  a  ure.  The  land  belongs  to  the  GoTemment,  and 
serious  element  oi  danger.  Instead  of  treating  is  leased  either  to  zemindars  or  village  communi- 
the  standing  armies  of  the  native  princes  as  a  ties  for  the  whole  period  of  the  settlement  or 
menace,  the  attitude  of  hostile  watcnfulness  has  directly  to  the  ryots  or  cultivators,  who  may  va- 
been  abandoned,  and  these  armies,  making  an  ag-  cate  their  land  after  notice  given  at  the  end  of 
gregate  of  950,000  men,  are  being  trained  and  any  year.  In  Bengal  the  zemindars  were  made 
fostered  by  the  British  in  the  expectation  that  virtual  proprietors  of  the  soil  by  a  permanent 
they  can  be  utilized  as  a  fighting  force  for  the  de-  settlement  made  by  Lord  Cornwallis.  In  other 
fense  of  India  in  the  event  of  a  war  with  Russia,  parts  of  India  there  is  a  resettlement  of  the  land 
Corps  of  picked  men  in  many  of  the  states,  heredi-  rent  or  tax  every  thirty  years,  and  consequently 
tary  soldiers  commanded  by  native  princes  and  the  cultivators  are  tempted  to  exhaust,  rather 
nobles,  numbering  in  the  aggregate  25,000,  are  than  to  improve,  the  land,  because  their  im- 
equipped  with  modem  weapons  and  instructed  provements  are  made  the  basis  of  a  higher  as- 
br  Bntish  officers  as  a  reserve  force  to  oo-oper-  sessment.  There  is  an  agricultural  department 
ate  with  the  Indian  army  in  war.  A  scheme  to  established  by  the  Government  in  every  province 
open  a  career  for  the  native  chiefs  and  nobles  of  to  instruct  and  advise  the  farming  class  regard- 
Bombay,  the  Punjab,  and  other  provinces  of  in^  rotation  of  crops,  new  staples,  breeding  of 
British  India  by  educating  them  in  military  animals,  implements,  fertilizing,  etc.  The  area 
coUeses  is  regarded  as  a  political  necessity ;  but  under  wheat  in  1889  was  10,170,018  acres,  of  which 
Sir  Frederick  Roberts  has  resisted  the  proposal,  over  7,000,000  acres  were  in  the  Punjab,  8,500,- 
becaase  British  soldiers  will  not  serve  under  000  in  the  Central  Provinces,  nearly  the  same  in 
native  officers,  and  the  Sepoys,  who  ai:e  recruited  the  Northwest  Provinces,  and  large  areas  in 
from  the  military  races,  would  lose  in  efficiency  Bombay,  Oudh,  and  Berar.  The  rice  area  was 
if  young  native  officers  from  military  schools  26,810,806acres,scattered  over  Madras, the  North- 
were  pbuced  over  them  and  their  native  officers  west  Provinces,  Lower  Burmah,  the  Central 
who  nave  won  promotion  by  service.  In  June,  Provinces,  Oudh,  Bombay,  and  other  provinces. 
1891,  Gen.  Brackenbury  succeeded  Sir  George  The  area  devoted  to  other  food  grains  was  76,- 
Chesney  as  military  member  of  the  Council,  and  178,925  acres,  exclusive  of  Bengal,  which  made 
in  October,  Sir  Frederick  Roberts  retired,  and  no  returns.  The  tea  plantations  covered  241,077 
was  succeeded  by  M^.-Gen.  Sir  George  White,  acres,  of  which  216,676  were  in  Assam.  Cotton 
who  commandea  the  field  force  in  Burmah  from  was  raised  on  9,215,464  acres  in  Bombay,  Berar, 
1^  to  1889,  and  tias  since  been  in  command  in  Madras,  the  Northwest  Provinces,  and  other  dis- 
Beluchistan.  tricts.    There  were  7,381,811  acres  devoted  to  oil 

The  established  strength  of  the  European  army  seeds,  998,217  to  indigo,  chiefly  in  Bombay  and 

for  the  year  1890-'91  was  3,527  officers  and  69,843  the  Northwest  Provinces,  and  &47,769  to  tobacco, 

men,  or  "in  all  73,370,  comprising  12,723  artillerv.  The  forest  reservations  in  1889  covered  19,712 

5,679  cavalry,  254  engineers,  63,701  infantry,  7^8  square  miles  in  the  Central  Provinces,  10,286  in 

on  the  stidf,  and  220  unemployed  officers,  etc.  Bombay,  5,111  in  Lower  Burmah,  4,998  in  Ben- 

The  native  army  numbered  1,576  European  offi-  gal,  3,727  in  Madras,  3,727  in  the  Northwest 

eers,  2,760  native  officers,  and  140,369  rank  and  Provinces  and  Oudh,  3,447  in  Assam,  1,535  in 

file,  making  144,705  altogether,  comprising  8,757  the  Punjab,  and  1,059  in  Berar.    There  were  108 

artillery,  23,547  cavalry,  3,872  sappers  and  miners,  cotton  mills  in  1889,  with  22,156  looms  and  2,669,- 

and  113,529  infantry.   The  total  present  strength  922  spindles,  employing  92,126  persons.     The 

of  the  army  was  thus  218,075.    Of  the  European  jute  mills  employed  59,722  persons, 

troops,  46.322  were  in  the  army  of  the  Governor-  The  area  under  food  grains  during  the  six 

General,  13,096  in  the  Bombay  army,  and  13,949  years  ending  with  1890  increased  from  112,085,- 

in  the  array  of  Madras.    The  Eurasian  volunteers  401  to  119,600,465  acres,  equal  to  6*7  per  cent, 

reported  as  efficient  in  1889  numbered  17,500.  while  the  exports  of  food  grains  increased  8-8 

The  exact  strength  of  the  feudatory  armies  in  per  cent.    J.  E.  O'Connor,  the  Government  statis- 

1884  was  349,835  men,  with  4,237  gims.    Of  the  tician,  in  his  report  on  foreign  trade  for  1890-'91, 

native  auxiliaries  in  the  feudatory  and  independ-  takes  pains  to  refute  the  opinion  conceived  by 

ent  states  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Indian  friends  of  India  that  the  country  by  its  large  ex- 

GoTemment  for  war  purposes  and  inspected  by  portation  of  rice  and  wheat  denudes  itself  of 

British  officers,  4,000  belong  to  Cashmere,  600  food  supplies.    The  exports  of  food  grains  in 

cavalry  and  1,000  infantry  to  Patiala,  150  cav-  1890-'91  were  51,049,000  hundred- weight,  against 

alrv  and  300  infantry  to  Bahawulpur,  150  cavalry  42,416,000    hundred-weight  in  1888-'89.    Still, 

an(\  600  infantry  to  «rhind,  150  cavalry  and  600  they  were  only  a  small  fraction  more  than  in 

infantry  to  Kapnrthala,  50  cavalry  and  150  in-  1887,  and  very  little  greater  than  in  1886,  1884, 

fantry  to  Faridkot,  50  cavalry  and  150  infantry  and  1882,  and  thoy  would  not  have  exceeded  the 

^0  Maler  Kotla,  800  cavalry  and  600  infantry  to  average  except  for  an  extraordinanr  demand  for 

Bhurtpore.  a  camel  corps  of  500  men  to  Bikanir,  Burmah  rice  to  supplement  a  deficient  crop  in 

l.OfX)  cavalry  and  600  infantry  to  Ulwar,  and  Japan.    The  rice  area  in  the  six  vears  ending 

1.200  cavalry  to  Jodhpore.    The  two  armored  with  1890  increased  26  per  cent,  and  the  exports 

turret  ships  belonging  to  the  Indian  Govemment  23  per  cent.    In  the  same  period  there  was  a 

are  the  **  Abyssinia,"  of  2,908  tons,  armed  with  decrease  of  13  per  cent,  in  the  wheat  exports  and 

^mr  guns,  and  the  "  Magdala,"  of  8,344  tons,  of  6*6  per  cent,  in  the  acreage.    The  exports  in 

ferrying  the  same  number  of  guns.    The  British  1886  were  the  largest  ever  known.    In  1891  the 

naval  foree  in  East  India  numbered  14  ships  of  area  in  wheat  was  1,651,000  acres  more  than 

war  in  1890,  besides  18  on  the  China  station.  in  1890,  and  in  the  first  five  months  of  1891-92 

Production. — More  than  90  per  cent,  of  the  the  shipments  from  Bombay,  brought  out  by 

inhabitants  of  India  are  dependent  on  agricult-  high  prices  consequent  on  the-  failure  of  the 

VOL.  zxzL — ^24  A 


370 


INDIA. 


French  crop,  were  greater  than  in  any  similar 
period  since  the  beginning  of  the  wheat  trade  in 
1874,  and  two  thirds  greater  than  during  the 
same  part  of  the  preceding  year.  In  1891  a  de- 
ficient rainfall  in  Madras  caused  a  partial  fam- 
ine. More  serious  distress  occurred  in  Upper 
Burmah,  where  the  failure  of  the  monsoon,  fol- 
lowing on  a  series  of  lean  years,  drove  the  people 
to  eat  the  seed  grain,  sell  their  plow  cattle,  and 
migrate  in  large  numbers.  The  Commisidoner 
ordered  relief  works,  especially  the  repairing  of 
the  irri^tion  canals,  which  since  the  English 
occupation  have  been  allowed  to  become  useless. 

The  Manchester  cotton  manufacturers  brought 
sufficient  influence  to  bear  on  the  British  Govern- 
ment to  secure  the  abolition  of  the  Indian  import 
duties  on  cotton  goods  when  the  development  of 
the  mills  of  Bombay^  began  to  interfere  with  the 
imports  of  Lancashire  cottons  into  India.  This 
action  of  the  Indian  Government  failed  to  crush 
the  new  Indian  industry,  and  therefore  in  1891  an- 
other attack  was  made  upon  it  by  the  friends  of 
the  powerful  English  milling  interest  in  Parlia- 
ment, who  proposed  that  the  principles  approved 
by  the  Bernn  Labor  Conference  should  be  ear- 
ned out  in  Indian  factories,  although  they  suc- 
cessfully obstructed  the  enactment  of  the  laws 
recommended  by  the  Berlin  Conference  in  Great 
Britain,  preventing  the  Government  from  ful- 
filling an  international  engagement  to  which  it 
was  distinctly  pledged.  The  Indian  Govern- 
ment appointed  a  commission  to  inquire  into  the 
conditions  of  factory  labor.  A  new  factory  act 
was  passed  which  satisfied  some  of  the  demands 
of  the  British  competitors  bv  raising  the  age  of 
children  who  may  be  employed  from  seven  to  nine 
and  the  adult  age  from  twelve  to  fourteen,  restrict- 
ing the  labor  of  women  to  eleven  hours,  and  re- 
quiring complete  rest  on  Sunday,  unless  a  holiday 
occurs  within  three  days.  The  efforts  that  have 
been  made  to  create  a  demand  in  Europe  for 
Indian  art  work  have  not  been  very  successful. 
The  project  of  having  an  official  assay  of  silver- 
ware to  satisfy  the  requirements  of  English  pur- 
chasers is  regarded  by  the  Indian  authorities  as 
desirable  only  if  it  be  made  optionaL  Obli^ 
tory  hall-marking  would  destroy  the  Industry  in- 
tended to  be  benefited,  as  the  system  of  family 
labor  by  which  the  art  is  preserved  precludes  the 
use  of  silver  of  uniform  fineness.  The  art  of 
silk  weaving  in  Assam  and  other  parts  of  India, 
wood  carving,  and  other  arts  have  become  or  are 
becoming  extinct,  onljr  a  few  families  are  still 
engaged  in  ivorjr  carving,  inlayine  metal  work, 
or  making  the  pictured  silk  of  Moorshedabad. 
The  filigree  work  of  Dacca  and  Cuttack  and 
other  jewelry  work  alone  maintains  its  high 
standard  in  Benntl. 

Commerce.— The  sea-borne  foreign  trade  of 
India  for  the  year  ending  March  81, 1890,  con- 
sisted of  Rx  80,656,990  of  imoorts,  and  Rx  105,- 
867,720  of  exports  of  merchanaise  and  treasure  on 
both  Government  and  private  account  The  im- 
ports of  merchandise  amounted  to  Rx  69,197,489, 
and  of  treasure  to  Rx  17,459.501 ;  the  exports  of 
merchandise  to  Rx  103,460,398,  and  of  treasure 
to  Rx  1,907,392.  Excluding  Government  stores 
and  treasure,  the  imports  of  merchandise  were 
Rx  66,560,120,  and  of  treasure  Rx  17,459,301, 
making  a  total  of  Rx  84,019,421 ;  and  the  ex- 
ports of  domestic  and  foreign  merchandise  were 


Rx  103,096,862,  and  of  treasure  Rx  1,841,920, 
a  total  of  Rx  105,238,782.  The  domestic  exports 
amounted  to  Rx  99,101,054.  Of  the  imports  on 
private  account,  Rx  26,314,808  were  imported  in« 
to  Bengal,  Rx  42,292,342  into  Bombay,  Rx  3,503- 
989  into  Sindh,  Rx  6,457,425  into  Madras,  and  Hx 
5,457,752  into  Burmah.     The  exports  from  Ben- 

§d  amounted  to  Rx  39,806,476 ;  from  Bombay, 
X  40,976,131 ;  from  Sindh,  Rx  5,072,433  ;  from 
Madras,  Rx  11,594,508 ;  from  Burmah,  Rx  7,- 
781,542.  The  imports  of  specie  and  bullion, 
both  private  and  Government,  consisted  of  Rx 
12,388,474  of  silver  and  Rx  5,066,030  of  gold,  and 
the  exports  consisted  of  Rx  1,450,598  of  silver 
and  Rx  455,724  of  gold.  The  distribution  of 
the  foreign  trade  is  shown  in  the  following  table, 

?;iving  the  values  of  the  imports  of  merchandise 
rom  the  principal  countries  and  British  colonies 
in  1890,  and  oi:  the  exports  of  Indian  products 
to  each  of  them,  in  tens  of  rupees : 


OOUNTRtES. 


Great  Britain 

China 

France 

Italy 

Straits  Bettlomonts. 
United  States 

Be(flum 

Anstrla 

Ceylon 

AuBtralla 

Japan  

Gennany 

Haniitlas 

Anbi* 

Netherlands 

East  AMca 

Persia 

Spain 


00,891440 

a,449,fiOI 

975,647 

510;W8 

2,441,400 

1,729,156 

75,898 

873,827 

708,716 

682,119 

891,782 

.     95,127 

568,911 

1,785,001 

878,{yro 

9,469 
419,628 
808.916 

9,242 


87.960.<<«4 
18,«)1,477 

7,714,b6T 

M17,TM 
4,fi66,T46 

8,786^334 
8,869.974 
5,641,04^ 
2,960,4>4 
8,195,241 
1,058,4^ 

i,2ia,ws 

2,764,657 

1,015.5S) 

825.146 

85«705 

497,1 '-^ 
407,n75 


The  values  of  the  different  classes  of  imports 
of  merchandise  on  private  account  and  of  ex- 
ports of  Indian  produce,  in  tens  of  rupees,  for 
the  year  ending  March  31, 1890,  are  given  in  the 
following  table : 


MESCHANDISB. 


Live  animals 

Articles  of  fbod  and  drink. 
Hardware  and  eatl«7 . . . . 

MeUls 

Hachinery 

Ballroad  naaterlals 

Chemicals,  drugs,  eto 

CMIs. 

Baw  materials 

Yams  and  textile  fiihrlos. . 

Appa(«l 

All  other  artldei 


Total 


Imporii. 


889,708 
7,865,684 
l,096w191 
5,706,068 
2,480386 
1,881,887 
1,280^842 
8,64^218 
8,724j(»7 
88,291,674 
1,296L894 
5,157,946 


66^560,120 


98.098 
SAJ85R;S44 

linB5 

&fi,I8» 

92 

14^*4^ 

54^,945 

44.Si«.4Sl 

9,934.748 

118.812 

8,7«,010 


99,096.962 


The  imports  of  cotton  manufactures  were  Hx 
29,874,050  in  value,  and  the  exports  Rx  6.745,- 
259 ;  exports  of  raw  cotton,  Rx  18.669.934  :  ex- 
ports of  oil  seeds  and  other  seeds,  Rx  10,620,693 ; 
exports  of  opium,  Rx  10,115,936 ;  exports  of  rice, 
Rx  10,110,^2;  exports  of  wheat  Rx  5,792.377: 
exports  of  raw  jute,  Rx  8,639,861 ;  exports  of 
jute  manufactures,  Rx  2,791,242;  exports  of  tea, 
Kx  5,277,650 ;  exports  of  hides  and  sxins,  Rx  4.- 
524,260 ;  exports  of  indigo,  Rx  3,863,084 ;  export? 
of  coflfee,  Rx  1,489,872;  exports  of  wool,  Rx  t- 
086,069 ;  imports  of  raw  and  manufactured  silk, 
Rx  2,846,159 ;  exports  of  raw  silk  and  cocoons, 
Rx  639,545;  exports  of  silk  manufactures^  Rx 


INDIA.  871 

360.721 ;  imports  of  raw  and  refined  sugar,  Rx  696,878 ;  of  parcels,  1,797,705 ;  of  packets,  8,102,- 

2.200.049 ;  exports  of  sugar,  Rx  917,179 ;  exports  035.   The  receipts  were  Rx  1,281,540,  and  the  ex- 

of  timber,  Rx  660,696;  exports  of  lac,  Rx  488,-  penses  Rx  1,342,452. 

513 ;  exports  of  spices,  Rx  464,140 ;  exports  of  The  Govemment  telegraph  lines,  exclusive  of 

saltpeter,  Rx  411^276 ;   imports  of  liquors,  Rx  the  Indo-European  telegraph  cable  and  land  line 

1.4^.145;  imports  of  coal,  Rx  1,308,590;  im-  running  through  Persia,  had  a  total  length  at  the 

ports  of  woolen  goods,  Rx  1,455,235 ;  imports  of  close  of  the  fiscal  ^ear  1889  of  33,462  miles,  with 

salt,  Rx  894,532 ;  imports  of  spices,  Rx  852,350.  96,654  miles  of  wires.    The  number  of  priyate 

The  duty  collected  on  salt  was  23,789,888  rupees,  messages  sent  during  the  year  was  2,983,152. 

The  gross  amount  of  the  import  duties  was  31,-  The  receipts  amounted  to  Rx  742,148,  and  the 

249.315,  and  of  the  export  duty  on  rice  7,182,821  expenses  to  Rx  704,092. 

rupees.     The  imports  that  came  through  the  Hlnda  Marriages. — The  agitation  for  the  re- 

Saez  Canal  amounted  to  553,773,853  rupees ;  and  form  of  the  marriage  laws  of  the  Hindus  resulted 

the  exports  that  passed  through  the  canal  to  in  the  enactment  oy  the  Legislative  Council  in 

572,271,909  rupees.     The  overland  trade  with  March,  1891,  of  a  law  amending  the  section  of 

countries  beyond  the  frontiers  in  1890  was  val-  the  penal  code  relating  to  rape  by  raising  the 

ued  at  Rx  3,505,300  for  imports  and  Rx  4,930,-  minimum  age  of  consent  from  ten  to  twelve  years. 

550  for  exports.  The  pressure  which  brought  about  this  change 

The  imports  of  merchandise  for  the  year  end-  came  partly  from  England.  A  committee  of 
ing  March  31, 1891,  were  valued  at  Rx  71,975,-  prominent  and  influential  Englishmen  memorial- 
775,  and  the  exports  of  domestic  produce  at  Rx  ized  the  Indian  Govemment  to  induce  it  not  only 
100,215,058.  The  decrease  in  exports  was  con-  to  raise  the  age  of  consent,  but  to  declare  infant 
fined  chiefly  to  raw  materials.  The  cotton  ex-  marriages  invalid  unless  they  are  afterward  con- 
ports  fell  off  over  Rx  2,000,000,  rape  seed  nearly  as  summated,  to  repeal  the  law  for  the  restitution 
much,  and  jut«  over  Rx  1,000,000 ;  while  exports  of  conjugal  rights,  and  to  forbid  the  religious  ex- 
of  rice  and  wheat  were  much  larger  than  in  the  communication  and  social  proscription  of  widows 
previous  year.  The  export  of  Indian  yam,  who  remarried.  In  India  the  agitation  for  the 
mainly  to  China,  increased  from  Rx  5,748,'^2  to  protection  of  child- wives  was  led  by  a  Parsee 
Rx  6,516,088.  The  exports  of  cotton  piece  goods  journalist,  Mr.  Malabari,  who  was  supported  by 
al«o  show  a  steady  increase  from  year  to  year,  the  unorthodox  Hindus,  the  section  who  are  im- 
The  imports  of  cotton  yams  and  piece  goods  were  bued  with  European  ideas  and  free  thought.  The 
Rx  31,010,349  in  value.  Imports  of  merchandise  Mohammedan  community,  though  pervaded  to 
and  of  treasure  were  stimulated,  and  exports  some  extent  with  the  Hindu  custom  of  early  mar- 
were  checked  by  the  sudden  rise  of  the  rupee  riages,  stood  aloof  from  the  controversy.  The 
and  speculation  in  silver  and  silver  securities  in  orthodox  Hindus  of  Bengal  were  a  unit  in  corn- 
London.  Exchange  rose  from  1«.  5d,  in  the  bating  the  measure,  which  contravened  the  teach- 
beginning  of  1890  to  1«.  8^(2.,  by  the  end  of  ings  of  their  sacred  books.  The  Bombay  and 
August,  then  fell  more  rapidly  than  it  had  risen,  Maratha  Brahmans,  who  follow  other  commen- 
witn  fluctuations  that  continued  till  the  end  of  tators,  found  nothing  in  this  proposition  con- 
the  financial  year,  when  the  rate  was  Is.  6\d,  trary  to  the  religious  law,  and  were  divided  re- 
The  net  imports  of  silver  during  the  year  were  garding  its  desirability.  Hindus  everywhere 
Rx  14,175,136,  and  the  net  imports  of  gold  Rx  resented  the  interference  of  outsiders  with  their 
5,(^,000.  family  life  and  religious  customs.   The  Bengalee 

NaTi|r*tIoii. — ^The  number  of  vessels  entered  expounders,  represented  in  the  Qovemor-Gener- 
at  Indian  ports  during  the  ofilcial  year  1889-'90  al's  Council  by  Sir  Romish  Chunder  Mitter,- de- 
was  5,282.  of  3,658,181  tons.  Of  these.  1,869,  of  nounced  the  measure  as  a  breach  of  the  (Queen's 
2,960,551  tons,  were  British ;  1,093,  of  156,670  proclamation  promising  to  abstain  from  disturb- 
tons,  were  British  Indian ;  1,612,  of  84,254  tons,  ing  the  religious  and  social  customs  of  the  peo- 
were  native ;  and  708,  of  456,706  tons,  were  for-  pie.  Many  feared  that  it  was  an  entering  wedge 
eign.  The  total  number  cleared  was  5,391 ;  to-  that  would  result  in  the  interference  of  the  Gov- 
tal  tonnage,  3,657,405.  The  steamers  entered  and  emment  with  importailt  precepts  of  their  religion, 
cleared  by  way  of  the  Suez  Canal  numbered  1.-  as,  for  instance,  by  declaring  marriage  contracts 
608,  of  3,055,864  tons,  against  1,722,  of  8,143,957  for  infants  void  unless  ratified.  The  Hindu  mar- 
tons,  in  1888-'89.  riage  is  divided  into  three  stages— the  betrothal, 

Conimiiiiicatlon9.~There  were  16,095  miles  the  wedding,  and  the  gauna  or  leading  home  of 

of  railroad  open  to  traffic  on  March  31, 1890,  an  the  bride  into  the  house  of  the  bridegroom  or  of 

increase  in  twelve  months  of  854  miles.  The  capi-  his  parents.   The  book  of  Manu  prescribed  twen- 

tal  expended  by  the  state  on  railroads  was  Rx  ty-four  as  the  right  age  for  a  young  man  to  marry. 

122,949.693.    The  companies  had  Rx  82,979,671  In  modem  times  it  is  customary  to  betroth  boys 

invested.    The  gross  receipts  for  1889  were  Rx  of  ten  or  twelve  to  ^rls  of  five  or  six.   It  is  a  sin 

20.493.662.    The  number  of  passengers  was  110,-  for  a  Hindu  of  the  higher  castes  to  neglect  to  pro- 

644,749 ;  the  quantity  of  freight,  22,155,164  tons,  vide  husbands  for  his  daughters  at  an  early  ape, 

The  net  earnings  amounted  to  Rx  10,116,262,  the  and  the  practice  is  copied  by  those  of  inferior 

working  expenses  having  been  Rx  10,377,400,  or  castes.    Religious  duty  requires  the  consumma- 

50-64  per  cent,  of  the  gross  earnings.    The  net  tion  of  the  marriage  as  soon  as  the  girl  reaches 

profit  was  4-93  per  cent,  on  the  capital  of  all  the  the  child-bearing  age,  for  it  is  the  desire  of  every 

lines,  against  an  average  of  5*12  per  cent,  in  the  Hindu  to  have  male  offspring,  without  which  he 

year  preceding.  will  find  no  place  in  heaven.  Through  a  son  one 

The  number  of  letters,  money  orders,  and  post-  attains  the  future  life,  through  a  grandson  im- 

a1   cards  delivered  through  the  post-office  in  mortality,  and  through  a  great-grandson  the  ce- 

leSS-W  was  260,628,110;  of  newspapers,  22,-  lestial  world.    The  promoters  of  the  age-of-con- 


372  INDIA. 

sent  bill  made  no  pretense  that  it  was  required  the  congresses,  to  obtain  for  it  a  hearing.  The 
for  the  strict  Hindus,  who  are  known  to  be  nded  press  organs  of  the  native  party,  such  as  the 
by  high  religious  and  moral  motives.  Medical  **  Amrita  Bazar  Patrika,"  the  "  Hindu  Patriot," 
evidence  was  advanced  in  favor  of  raising  the  age  and  "Bangabasi,"  offered  an  uncompromising 
of  consent  to  fourteen,  or  even  sixteen,  because  opposition  to  the  age-of-consent  bill,  which  they 
physical  growth  and  development  is  not  more  represented  as  an  intermeddling  measure  of  the 
precocious  in  India  than  in  colder  countries ;  but  foreign  conquerors,  tending  to  undermine  the 
this  was  impossible.  Child  marriages  occur  most-  Brahmanical  faith  and  destroy  the  religious  and 
ly  in  the  wealthier  and  better  ^ucated  social  social  liberty  of  the  people.  The  reformers 
class,  and  the  abuses  incident  to  the  custom  threatened  to  desert  the  congress  movement, 
among  the  irreligious.  It  was  said  that  the  evils  The  freedom  taken  by  native  editors  in  criti- 
had  their  origin  to  some  extent  and  derived  their  cising  the  Government  has  long  been  the  bug- 
sanction  from  principles  of  English  law  incon-  bear  of  the  older  bureaucrats,  who  believe  that 
^ruously  grafted  on  tne  Indian  system.  By  fix-  the  creation  of  a  public  opinion  and  national 
ing  the  aee  of  consent  as  low  as  ten  years  the  au-  sentiment  in  India  would  be  the  death-blow  of 
thors  of  tne  penal  code  showed  their  regard  for  British  rule.  The  present  Government  has  been 
the  marriage  customs  of  the  natives.  Still,  the  more  inclined  to  their  view  than  its  predecess 
father  of  a  girl  was  not  obliged  to  deliver  her  to  ors.  In  July  an  order  was  issued  forbidding 
the  husbana  before  the  age  of  puberty,  nor  would  the  publication  of  newspapers  or  periodicals  in 
he  ever  do  so  until  the  law  for  the  restitution  of  places  outside  British  India  under  the  control  of 
conjugal  rights  was  introduced,  which  left  the  the  Governor-General  without  the  written  con- 
judg;es  no  option  but  to  order  immature  girls  to  sent  of  the  political  agent,  which  may  be  with- 
be  given  into  the  custody  of  their  affianc^  hus-  drawn  at  any  time.  Any  person  disobeying  the 
bands  at  the  suit  of  the  latter.  order  can  be  banished  by  order  of  the  political 

Sir  Madhava  Rao  and  other  opponents  of  the  agent.    On  Aug.  7  the  Gfovemment  arrest'Cd  the 

age-of -consent  bill  asserted  that  tne  evils  that  it  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  **  Bangabasi,"  one  of 

was  designed  to  remedy  had  no  existence,  and  that  the  most  important  native  papers,  representing 

it  would  merely  serve  as  a  means  of  oppressive  the  orthodox  Hindu  section  of  the  Calcutta  Uni- 

treatment  of  husbands  by  the  families  of  wives  versity  and  the  educated  class  in  Ben^  gener- 

or  as  a  weapon  in  the  hands  of  revengeful  or  ex-  ally.    They  were  prosecuted  for  seditious  libel 

tortionate  constables  and  magistrates,  enabling  under  a  section  of  the  penal  code  which  makes 

them  to  dishonor  high-caste  £ndus  by  invading  it  an  offense  punishable  with  transportation  for 

the  zenana  and  profaning  the  sacred  lamily  life  life  or  imprisonment  for  three  years  to  attempt 

that  is  held  religiously  dear.    To  obviate  this  to  excite  disaffection  toward  the  Government, 

objection  the  bill,  as  far  as  it  relates  to  married  The  articles  complained  of,  written  at  the  height 

persons,  made  offenses  under  it  non-cognizable,  of  the  agitation  against  the  age-of-consent  bill 

except  by  resident  magistrates  and  police  in-  described  the  British  rule  as  one  of  brute  force 

spectors.    The  law  is  expected  to  have  little  prac-  and  selfish  self-interest,  which  pursued  obje<'ts 

tical  effect,  except  to  enable  parents  to  retain  the  disadvantageous  to  India  with  tne  aid  of  i&xe^ 

custody  of  brides  until  thev  come  to  the  mar-  wrung  from  the  people,  and  made  no  real  pro- 

riageable  age  as  defined  in  tne  act.    Unlike  pre-  visions  against  flood  and  famine.    Facts  were 

yious  British  legislation  in  religious  matters,  the  cited  to  show  that  in  states  where  the  people 

present  act  had  the  support  of  a  large  part  of  the  were  happy  and  prosperous  under  native  rule 

Hindu  community.    Tne  law  against  suicide  of  British  annexation  had  been  followed  by  impov- 

widows,  that  exempting  sons  from  obligation  to  erishment  of  the  people  and  disorganization  of 

pay  their  fathers'  debts,  and  that  legalizing  re-  the  public  administration,  and  that  the  spread 

marriage  of  widows  remained  long  a  dead  letter,  of  cholera,  fevers,  and  other  preventable  diseases 

and  the  two  last  are  still  of  slight  effect.  had  marked  the  extension  of  British  dominion. 

The  Yernacnlar  Press. — The  congress  move-  The  section  of  the  code  under  which  the  prose- 
ment  in  India  has  been  held  in  check  by  official  cution  was  brought  contains  an  explanatory 
pressure,  but  the  political-  unrest  at  the  bottom  clause  stating  that  disapprobation  of  me&suTes 
of  it  has  found  a  voice  in  the  numerous  native  of  the  Government,  compatible  with  a  dispo^^it ion 
newspapers,  which  could  not  be  effectually  hushed  to  render  obedience  to  the  lawful  authority  of 
without  suppressing  the  liberty  of  the  press  al-  the  Government  and  to  support  it  against'  un- 
ready accorded.  A  large  part  of  the  Anglo-ln-  lawful  attempts  to  subvert  or  resist  that  author- 
dians  have  urged  such  action.  The  congress  ity,  is  not  disaffection.  The  Indian  law  of  trial 
party  has  divided  into  two  groups,  one  of  which  by  jury  allows  the  judge,  when  there  is  a  ma- 
adhered  to  the  political  programme  represented  jority  of  six  to  three,  to  pronounce  a  verdict  in 
in  Parliament  by  Charles  Bradlaugh,  the  object  accordance  with  the  opinion  of  the  majority, 
of  which  was  to  secure  elective  representation  The  jury  stood  seven  to  two,  and  the  Chief  Jus- 
for  the  native  races  in  the  Imperial  and  provin-  tice.  Sir  W.  C.  Petheram,  without  asking  the 
cial  councils ;  while  the  other  deemed  social  re-  oi^inion  of  the  majority,  discharged  the  jury, 
form  of  greater  consequence,  and  wished  to  bring  The  defendants  afterward  apologized  to  the 
forward  for  discussion  the  treatment  of  children  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Bengal,  acknowledging 
and  widows  and  the  wasteful  extravagance  of  that  the  articles,  though  not  intended  to  excite 
marriage  and  funeral  ceremonies,  much  to  the  disaffection,  were  intemperate  and  disres|)ectful. 
disgust  of  conservative  and  orthodox  Hindus.  The  native  journalists  m  general  took  warning 
These  social  subjects  were  practically  excluded  from  the  Chief  Justice's  charge  to  the  jury,  and 
from  the  agenda  of  the  Congress.  When  the  age-  formed  a  press  association  as  a  safeguard  against 
of-consent  question  was  submitted,  it  required  ignorant  infractions  of  the  press  laws.  When 
all  the  influence  of  Mr.  Hume,  the  originator  of  Lord  Eipon  was  Governor-General,  in  1880,  Sir 


INDIA.  373 

Roper  Lethbridge,  then  Press  Commissioner,  re-  porate  or  public  bodies,  and  conditions  under 
ported  regarding  the  difficultjr  under  which  na-  which  nominations  shall  be  made  may  be  regu- 
tive  journalists  labored  in  havmg  no  information  lated  by  an  order  in  Council,  approved  by  the 
regarding  the  acts  and  policy  of  the  Govern-  Secretary  of  State.  The  powers  of  the  addi- 
ment,  except  such  as  they  gathered  at  second  tional  members  of  the  Viceroy's  Council  are 
band  from  the  Anglo-Indian  press.  He  recom-  limited  to  discussing  and  voting  on  the  specific 
mended  that  the  official  commtmiquis  given  out  measures  brought  forward  for  enactment, 
to  all  the  Anglo-Indian  papers  snould  also  be  Maiiipnr.~-The  small  native  state  of  Mani- 
circulated  among  the  native  editors.  Owin^  to  pur,  occupying  around  depression  in  the  mount- 
considerations  of  expense,  or  to  the  disinchna-  ains  of  northeastern  India  between  Assam  and 
tiun  to  bridge  the  gulf  between  the  conquering  Upper  Burmah,  has  an  extent  of  8,000  square 
aod  the  subject  race  in  any  particular,  this  rec-  miles,  and  in  1881  contained  221,070  people  of  a 
ommendation  has  never  been  acted  upon.  Mongoloid  type  with  a  considerable  admixture 

Religions  Blots. — ^In  addition  to  the  tumults  of  Aryan  blood.  Their  habits  are  barbarous, 
thftt  oocnr  annually  when  the  Hindus  and  Mo-  but  not  warlike.  In  the  raids  which  formerly 
hammedans  mob  each  other  in  the  great  centers  were  frequent  between  the  Manipuris  and  th*e 
of  population  on  the  occasion  of  their  religious  Burmese,  the  Indian  Government  interfered 
lestirals,  the  British  authorities  had  to  contend  two  or  three  times  to  save  the  country  from 
with  a  serious  riot  in  1891  that  they  provoked  being  annexed  by  King  Thebaw.  The  neighbor- 
tbemselves  by  demolishing  a  Hindu  temple  in  ing  mountains  are  inhabited  by  the  fierce  Na^a, 
the  sacred  city  of  Benares  in  order  to  clear  the  Suti,  Euki,  and  Lushai  tribes.  The  Maharajah 
site  for  water  works.  The  people  closed  their  Chandra  Kirti  Sing,  who  established  his  suprem- 
shops,  and  the  whole  population  gathered  in  the  acy  after  a  dvnastio  war  in  1851,  aided  the 
streets.  A  ^ard  of  soldiers  was  posted  around  British  in  the  Naga  war  of  1877,  and  was  made 
all  the  principal  buildings,  and  troops  were  sta-  a  Knight  of  the  Star  of  India.  Up  to  1866  he 
tioned  at  the  points  of  vantage  throughout  the  had  to  contend  a^nst  various  pretenders,  mem- 
district  Tet  when  the  workmen  began  to  raze  bers  of  the  reining  family,  who  instigated  the 
the  shrine,  on  April  16,  the  violence  of  the  mob  hill  tribes  to  raid  the  country.  In  the  last  cent- 
could  not  be  restrained.  The  telegraph  wires  ury,  when  Manipur  was  about  to  be  eaten  up 
were  cut  and  the  railroad  station  sacked,  and  by  the  Emperor  Akbar,  the  Maharajah  threw 
Tolnnteers  had  to  be  summoned  to  check  the  himself  upon  British  protection,  which  he  re- 
disturbance  and  arrest  the  more  violent  rioters,  ocived.  Tnen  came  the  first  Burmese  war,  and 
The  Hindus  and  Buddhists  throughout  India  Manipur  again  fell  into  danger.  When  the  first 
shared  in  the  indignation  against  the  destruo-  treaty  with  Burmah  was  made,  the  safety  of  the 
tion  of  this  ancient  temple.  The  persons  ar-  little  state  was  specifically  treated  for.  When 
rested  for  causing  the  disturbance  were  sen-  territorial  changes  on  the  eastern  frontier  were 
tenced  to  three  years'  rigorous  imprisonment.  made,  the  Indian  Government  arranged  for  a 

The  Le^slatire  Councils  Bill.— The  na-  small  transfer  of  the  Manipur  territory  to  Bur- 

tional  congresses,  after  living  down  the  oppo-  mah,  and  granted  to  the  Maharajah  an  allow- 

sition  which  naturally  attended  such  a  move-  ance  of  £50  a  month  in  consideration  of  the 

ment  in  India,  had  in  1889  already  extracted  same.    About  1880  trouble  arose  about  the  suc- 

from  the  persons  at  the  head  of  the  Administra-  cession,  and  the  (^ueen  mother  and  her  infant 

tion  a  qualified  assent  to  the  expansion  of  the  son  found  refuse  m  British  territory.    The  s^m 

legislative  councils  and  the  introduction  of  the  was  later   estiuslished  on  the  throne,  and  re- 

electije  principle  for  the  non-official  members,  ceived  British  recognition.    Sur  Chandra  Kirti 

"^    "               '  -   '         -      -----  _-_._.              -.    g^^g^  ^Y^Q  divid- 

factlons.    Sur  Chandra 
as  Maharajah  in 

throa^h  electoral  colleges.  The  Government  1887,  and  Kula  Chandra  Dhuja  Sing  was  recog- 
▼as  willing  to  receive  into  the  councils  represen-  nized  as  Jubnn  or  heir-apparent.  The  order  of 
tatives  of  boards  of  commerce,  municipal  ooards,  succession  in  Manipur  is  that  the  eldest  son  of  a 
^rreat  land  owners,  and  the  universities,  but  set  ruler  who  dies  leaving  no  brother  shall  succeed 
its  face  against  Mr.  Bradlaugh*s  proposition  for  him,  and  that  the  tlm>ne  shall  descend  to  his 
the  indirect  representation  of  all  classes,  with  brothers  in  the  order  of  their  age.  Since  they 
the  right  to  discuss  the  budset,  the  right  of  in-  are  usually  numerous  and  bom  of  different 
terpellation,  the  right  to  call  for  papers,  publi-  mother^  attempts  to  overturn  the  reigning 
cation  of  the  proceedings,  and  other  attnbutes  Maharajah  are  freouent.  A  dispute  having 
of  Parliamentary  government  A  bill  to  ap-  arisen  between  the  Senaputty,  the  second  in  de- 
point  some  representative  members  and  to  per-  scent  from  the  old  Maharajah,  Sur  Chandra 
mit  di8cu«ion  of  the  budget  and  interpellation  Sing,  and  a  younger  brother,  the  Pucca  Sena, 
vith  restrictions  was  introduced  by  Lord  Cross  and  the  Maharajah  having  sided  with  the  lat- 
in Parliament  in  1890,  but  was  crowded  out.  In  ter,  the  Senaputty,  commander  of  the  military 
1^1  Lord  Northbrook  brought  forward  a  some-  forces,  numbering  about  7,000  men,  in  Septem- 
vhat  more  liberal  measure,  giving  powers  to  the  ber,  1890,  seized  the  palace  and  the  person  of 
>  iceroy  to  nominate  from  10  to  16  additional  the  Maharajah.  The  English  political  resident, 
members  to  the  Council  instead  of  from  6  to  12,  Frank  St.  C.  Grimwood,  acauies<;ed  in  the  abdica^ 
^  at  present,  and  making  the  non-official  mem-  tion  of  the  Maharajah,  ana  arranged  for  his  safe 
hers  in  Bombay  and  Mi^ras  from  8  to  20,  in-  conveyance  to  the  neighboring  British  province 
*|«sd  of  from  4  to  8.  In  making  such  noraina-  of  Cachar.  Mr.  Grimwood  stood  under  the 
tions,  the  GJovemor-General,  governors,  or  lieu-  orders  of  the  Chief  Commissioner  for  Assam, 
tenant-governors  may  accept  the  advice  of  cor-  James  W.  (Juinton,  who  approved  of  his  course 


374  INDIA. 

in  not  attempting  to  undo  the  palace  reyolution,  to  fight,  and  he  did  not  take  a  large  force  be- 
and  directed  him  to  recognize  as  Regent  the  cause  he  anticipated  little  resistance  from  the  un- 
Jubraj  or  next  heir  to  the  throne,  who  nad  pro-  trained  Manipuri  militia,  whose  only  good  weap- 
claimed  himself  Maharajah  as  soon  as  he  was  ons  were  200  Enfield  rifies  and  two  7-pounder 
informed  by  the  Senaputty  of  the  forced  abdica-  guns  presented  to  the  Maharajah  in  1887  for 
tion  and  deportation  of  Chandra  Sing.  He  had  assisting  the  British  troops  in  Bunnah«  It  has 
taken  no  part  in  the  affair,  having  G^ne  away  ever  been  the  military  policy  of  the  Govemmeut 
into  the  country  to  avoid  being  mixea  up  in  the  of  India  in  dealing  with  the  native  princes  by 
conflict  between  his  brothers.  As  soon  as  the  bold  and  adventurous  action  to  impress  them 
old  Maharajah  had  reached  British  territory,  with  the  superior  prowess  of  the  British  troops, 
where  he  knew  that  his  life  was  safe,  he  tele-  Kept  in  complete  inioivnce  of  the  wish  of  the 
graphed  to  Mr.  Quinton,  denying  that  he  had  Viceroy  to  restore  the  ex-Maharajah  and  of  his 
formally  abdicatea,  and  asking  for  the  interven-  final  decision  to  remove  the  Senaputty,  Mr. 
tion  of  the  Indian  Government  to  restore  him  to  Grimwood  cultivated  cordial  relations  both  with 
the  throne.  When  the  trouble  first  began  Mr.  the  new  Maharaiah  and  with  the  Senaputty, 
Quinton  sent  word  to  Mr.  Grimwood  that  he  who  was  practically  the  ruler.  When  Mr.  Quin- 
could  have  troops  to  maintain  the  authority  of  ton  entered  Manipur  from  the  north  by  way 
the  Maharajah,  which  the  Indian  Govemmentwas  of  the  Kohima  pass,  he  sent  forward  Lieut, 
bound  to  defend  under  the  treaty  of  protection.  Guidon,  who  arrived  in  the  city  of  Manipur  on 
Mr.  Grimwood  did  his  best  to  persuade  the  Mfr-  March  16,  1891,  but  told  him  nothing  of  the 
harajah  to  recall  his  decision  to  resign  iheffoddi  Chief  Ck>nunissioner's  plans.  Mr.  Quinton,  on 
or  sovereignty  and  fiee  from  the  country.  After  the  20th,  informed  Mr.  Grimwood  that  it  was 
he  had  abdicated  and  fied  in  a  panic,  the  local  his  intention  to  call  a  durbar,  and  that  it  would 
British  authorities,  following  the  settled  policy  of  be  his  duty  as  resident  political  agent  to  arrest 
the  Indian  Administration,  were  obliged  to  pro-  the  Senaputty  and  deport  him  from  the  country, 
visionally  recognize  the  de  facto  native  govern-  His  wife  begged  that  the  task  should  be  ^yavi 
ment  until  the  Supreme  Government  at  Cal-  to  some  person  who  had  not  received  the  pnnce's 
cutta  should  decide  who  was  to  be  ruler.  Mr.  hospitality  and  kindness.  Mr.  Grimwood  had 
Quinton  and  Mr.  Grimwood,  in  their  reports  g^one  to  Senrmai  to  meet  the  Chief  Commis- 
to  the  Viceroy,  said  that  the  Senaputty  had  made  sioner,  and  the  Senaputty  came  out  to  receive 
himself  exceedingly  popular  bv  his  courage,  him  with  honor,  and  conduct  the  party  into  the 
generosity,  ability,  and  force  of  character,  and  capital  with  a  military  escort.  Mr.  Quinton*s 
that  things  were  going  on  tranquilly  under  the  purpose  to  arrest  the  ^naputty  in  open  durbar 
new  Maharajah.  Chandra  Sing,  who  was  ac«  was  communicated  by  telegraph  to  toe  Viceroy 
oompanied  in  his  flight  by  the  Pucca  Sena,  went  and  approved  on  March  19.  A  council  was 
to  Calcutta  and  prayed  to  be  reinstated,  con-  held  on  the  21st,  at  which  Mr.  Grimwood  ad- 
vincing  the  Viceroy  by  his  arguments  until  the  vised  afi;ainst  making  the  arrest,  saying  that 
officers  on  the  spot  urged  the  objections  to  his  formidable  opposition  would  be  offei^.  He 
restoration.  Tne  Governor-General  and  his  was  overrulea  by  the  civil  and  military  chiefs 
Council  took  a  long  time  to  deliberate,  and  of  the  expedition.  The  British  force  had  no 
meanwhile  Mr.  Grimwood  established  cordial  mountain  guns  or  other  artillery,  and  the  sol- 
relations  with  the  Jubraj  and  the  Senaputty.  diers  carried  only  ffrty  rounds  of  ammunition. 
In  January  the  Viceroj  signified  a  desire  to  re-  as  the  march  was  through  a  rugged  country  and 
store  the  old  Maharajah.  Mr.  Quinton,  who  there  was  known  to  be  a  supply  of  cartridges  at 
went  to  Calcutta,  strongly  advised  against  such  a  the  Residency. 

step,  as  it  would  involve  the  maintenance  of  a  On  his  ceremonious  entry  into  Manipur,  on 

large  garrison  in  Manipur  and  the  frequent  in-  March  22,  Mr.  Quinton  announced  that  a  durbar 

terierence  of  the  paramount  government.    The  would  be  held  in  the  Residency  at  noon.    The 

deposed  ruler  was  a  weak  and  vacillating  man,  Senaputty,  rising  from  a  sick  bed,  went  to  the 

who  had  shown  himself  too  timid  to  punish  the  Residency,  where  he  was  kept  outside  for  a  long 

Senaputty  with  banishment,  as  advised  by  the  time.     Surmising  from  the  number  of  guanls 

Chief  Commissioner  on  the  occasion  of  a  defiant  the  intention  to  arrest  him,  he  went  away.    The 

outbreak  in  1888,  and  had  lived  in  dread  of  his  Regent  appeared  at  the  appointed  hour,  but  the 

brother  ever  since.     On  further  consideration  Chief  Commissioner  refused  to  receive  him  and 

the  Governor-General  in  Council  decided  to  con-  his  ministers  because  the  Senaputty  and  the 

firm  the  Jubraj  as  Maharajah,  since  he  had  other  princes  were  not  present.    The  Regent 

taken  no  part  in  the  revolution,  but  to  punish  said  that  the  Senaputty  was  unwell.    Mr.  Quin- 

its  leader,  the  Senaputty,  by  interning  him  in  ton  demanded  that  he  should  be  sent  for,  and 

some  distant  part  of  India.    Mr.  Quinton  re-  detained  him  as  a  prisoner  until  he  sent  an  order 

ceived  orders  on  Feb.  21  to  proceed  to  Mani-  for  his  brother  to  come.    When  the  Senaputty 

pur  with  a  sufficient  military  force  and  to  arrest  returned  answer  that  he  was  too  iU  to  come,  the 

the  Senaputty  as  secretly  and  quietly  as  possi-  durbar  was  dismissed.    After  a  conference  be- 

ble.    The  Chief  Commissioner  took  a  force  of  tween  the  political  agent  and  the  ministers, 

400  Goorkhas  from  two  of  the  best  regiments  another  duroar  was  appointed  for  the  following; 

in  the  Indian  army.    The  escort  was  under  the  morning.    But  to  this  no  one  came.    The  Chief 

command  of  Col.  Charles  McDowal  Skene,  who  Commissioner  then  sent  a  message  to  the  Regent, 

was  experienced  in  frontier  warfare,  and  it  was  saying  that  if  the  Senaputty  was  not  produced 


Cowlejr, 
Manipur.   The  Chief  Commissioner  was  prepared    was  still  more  in  dread  of  the  Senaputty,  who 


INDIA,  875 

had  suspected  the  treacherous  plot  to  arrest  him  A  punitive  expedition  was  at  once  ordered. 

in  durbar,  and  was  determined  to  fight  for  his  Three  columns  were  directed  to  converge  on  the 

liberty.    During  the  day  he  gathered  into  the  Manipur  capital  from  the  three  passes  leading 

Sklace  inclosure  some  of  his  best  fighting  men,  into  tne  valley  from  Kohima,  Silchar,  and  Tamu. 
anipuris,  Nagas,    and    Kukis,  and  distribut-  A  detachment  of  Mr.  Ouinton's  force  that  had 
ed  arms  and  ammunition.     Although  no  car-  been  left  at  Langtobal,  four  miles  south  of 
thdges  were  found  in  the  Residency  that  would  Manipur,  when  the  others  fled  to  Assam,  retreat- 
fit  the  rifles  of  the  Ckwrkha  soldiers,  the  Chief  ed  in  good  order  to  Tamu,  fighting  all  the  way, 
Commissioner  had  gone  too  far  to  recede.    At  and  reaching  that  place  on  Marcn  27.    Lieut, 
a  council  of  war  it  was  decided  to  arrest  the  Charles  William  James  Grant,   who  was  sta- 
Senaputty  in  bis  house  within  the  walled  palace  tioned  there,  telegraphed  for  permission  to  go  to 
inclosure  at  daybreak  on  the  24th.    The  Sena-  the  rescue  of    Mrs.  Grimwood    and  the  rest, 
putty  was  prepared  for  the  force  of  250  men  Setting  out  the  next  morning  with  60  Sikhs 
who  attempted  to  surround  his  house  before  it  and  80  of  the  escaped  Goorkhas,  he  drove  150 
was  li^ht  in  the  morning.    They  were  received  Manipuris  out  of  an  intrenchment  and  200  out 
with  nfle  and  artillery  fire,  and  when  they  sue-  of  Palel   on    the  80th,  and   the    same    night 
ceeded  in  gaining  possession  of  the  house  after  attacked  the  fort  at  Langtobal,  which  was  de- 
a  sharp  struggle,  tne  Sena[)utty  was  no  longer  fended  by  900  of  the  Senaputty's  troops.    The 
there.    Meanwhile  the  Manipuris  attacked  the  firing  was  so  true  and  the  advance  so  rapid  that 
Residency  and  finally  shelled  it  with  two  guns,  the  mtrenchments  were  carried  with  the  loss  of 
The  detachment    that    held    the    Senaputty^s  only  a  single  man.    Lieut.  Grant,  who  was  made 
house,  Col.  Skene's  reserve  force  of  120  men  that  a  major  for  his  gallantry  in  the  capture  and  de- 
took  position  at  the  polo  ground  within  the  in-  fense  of  the  fort,  while  the  Goorxha  Jemadar 
closure,  and  the  party  that  was  posted  at  the  Birdal  Nagarkote  was  rewarded  with  the  title 
oDter  gate,  all  fell  back  on  the  Residency.    This  of  bahadur,  remained  in  the  fort  to  await  re-en- 
was  made  untenable  by  the  artillery  nre,  and  forcements.    The  Manipuris  attempted  to  at- 
when  evening  came,  the  Chief  Commissioner  tack  the  position,  first  with  infantry,  and  then 
and  CoL  Skene  decided  to  seek  a  truce.    On  with  their  guns,  but  were  so  frightened  by  the 
the  bugle  signal  to  cease  fire  the  Regent  ordered  accurate  shooting  of  the  Indian  troops  that  they 
his  troops  to  stop  also,  and  sent  a  letter  reciting  dared  not  venture  within  rifle  range.    Earth- 
the  services  that  bad  been  rendered  by  his  state  work  parapets  were  made  to  strengthen  the  fort 
to  the  British  Government,  and  promising  that  against  shells.    Word  was  brought  from  some 
his  trooDs  would  cease  hostilities  if  the  British  captives  that  the  Senaputty  had  106  prisoners, 
would  tnrow  down  their  arms.    On  these  con-  and  would  kill  them  unless  the  British  retired 
ditioDs  being  refused,  the  Senaputty  sent  word  from  in  front  of  the  city,  and  the  Senaputty 
that  he  would  like  to  discuss  terms  with  the  sent  food  for  their  retreat,  threatening  to  de- 
Chief  Commissioner  at  a  point  midway  between  stroy  them  if  they  did  not  return  to  Tamu.    On 
the  palace  and  the  Residencv.    Mr.  Quinton,  Apnl  6  the  Manipuris  made  a  bold  effort  to 
Col.  Skene,   Mr.   Grimwood,   William  H.  Cos-  storm  the  fort,  and  a  large  number  were  killed. 
sins,  Mr.  Quinton's  secretary,  and  Lieut.  Simp-  On  the  8th,  in  obedience  to  orders  sent  from 
son,  a  guest  of  Mr.  Grimwood  who  was  ac-  Burmah,  Lieut.  Grant  withdrew.    Joining  Capt. 
quainted  with  the  Manipuri  rulers,  went  to  the  Presgrave,  who  came  up  with  re-enforcements, 
outor  gate  without  a  military  escort,  the  officers  on  the  following  day,  the  whole  force  of  180 
even  leaving  their  side  arms.   After  a  parley  they  men  put  to  flight  about  400  Manipuris  at  Palel. 
went  inside  the  gate,  and  were  seen  no  more.  On  tne  10th  Major  Sir  Charles  Leslie  came  up 
They  were  put  in  irons  and  publicly  beheaded,  with  400  Goorkhas,  and  they  waited  till  Brig.- 
Investigation  showed  that  Mr.  Grimwood  was  Gen.  Graham  brought  up  the  main  body  of  the 
speared  by  a  soldier,  but  that  the  others  were  Burman  column,  which  had  from  Tamu,  south- 
killed  bv  the  public  execution  by  order  of  the  east  of  Manipur,  a  shorter  march  and  better 
second  m  command,  the  Tongal  general.  The  roads  than  the  Silchar  column,  advancing  from 
people  in  the  Residencv  were  uncertain  regard-  the  west,  under  the  command  of  Lieut.-Col.  R. 
mg  the  fate  of  their  chiefs  until  flring  was  re-  H.  F.  Rennick,  or  than  Maj.-Gen.  H.  Collett, 
opened  after  midnight    Soon  it  was  found  that  who  advanced  southward  from  Nigriting,  on  the 
the  cartridges   were  nearly  exhausted.     With-  Brahmaputra,  with  a  considerable  army  as  fast 
drawing  from  the  Residency,  they  retreated  by  as  the  bad  state  of  the  roads  would  allow.    No 
the  road   toward  Cachar,  expecting    to  meet  resistance  was  encountered  by  the  Assam  and 
Capt.  Cowley's    force.     They  had  with  them  Silchar  columns,  but  the  intense  heat,  the  heavy 
seventeen  wounded,  Mrs.  Grimwood,  and  manj  rains,  and  the  outbreak  of  cholera  caused  more 
unarmed   followers.     Harassed    by    Manipuns  suffering  and  mortality  than  battle  could  have 
and  Nagas,  they  took  to  the  hills,  and  on  the  done.    During  the  expedition  86  men  died  from 
26th,  having  been  two  days  without  food,  they  cholera.    Maj.  Grant  and  Capt.  Drury,  advancing 
effected  a  junction  with  Capt.  Cowley,  who  had  from  Palel,  where  Gen.  Graham's  troops  were 
also  been  attacked  and  was  short  of  ammunition  encamped,  found  1,000  Manupuris  intrenched  in 
and  of  rations.    Capt.  Cowley  and  Lieut.  P.  R.  the  hills  near  Tobal.    They  sent  back  for  artil- 
Gurdon,  who  commanded  in  the  retreat  from  lery  and  more  men.   The  position  was  surround- 
Manipur,  therefore  decided  to  retire  from  the  ed,  and  190  of  the  enemv,  who  fought  desper- 
enemy's  country.  By  forced  marches  they  gained  ately,  were  killed.    Maj.  &rant  was  shot  in  the 
the  Cachar  frontier  after  one  more  fight  with  neck.     This  was  the    last  engagement.     The 
the  garrison  at  Khowpum.    Only  one  fourth  of  other  columns  had  arrived  simultaneously  be- 
the  Chief  Commissioner's  escort  were  brought  fore  the  city,  and  the  entire  population  fled  to 
bock  from  Manipur  in  safety.  the  mountains.     The  British  troops  marched 


376  INDIA. 

into  the  deserted  town  on  April  27.    Gen.  Col-  roent  will  be  directed  by  a  British  political  offi- 

iett  was  appointed  Acting  Chief  Commissioner  cer.    The  succession  was  made  hereditary  in  the 

of  Assam,  and  thus  clothed  with  the  chief  civil  direct  line,  each  successive  rajah  being  bound  to 

authority  in  addition  to  the  command  of  all  the  acknowledge  the  paramount  authority  of  the  In- 

military  forces,   numbering  about  4,000  men.  dian  Government.    The  payment  of  tribute  and 

The  hills  were  searched  for  the  Senaputtv,  the  other  incidents  of  politick  dependency  will  im- 

Maharajah,  and  the  other  members  of  the  Mani-  press  on  the  natives  the  fact  of  the  extinction  of 

pur  Government,   who  fled  with    their   army  the  national  liberties  that  they  have  enjoyed  for 

northeastward,  but  could  find  no  secure  asylum  more  tlian  one  thousand  years,  and  prepare  them 

either  in  Manipur  or  in  Burmah.  All  were  capt-  for  eventual  absorption  in  the  Indian  system, 
ured  within  a  few  weeks.  The  Miranzai  Expedition. — The  work  of 

One  of  the  chief  results  of  the  Manipur  catas-  reducing  the  warlike  rathan  tribes  beyond  the 
trophe  has  been  a  solemn  declaration  of  the  border  of  the  Punjab,  and  thus  extending  and 
British  Government  that  the  perfidious  practice  consolidating  British  dominion  on  the  most  vul- 
of  enticing  an  enemy  into  a  durbar  in  order  to  nerable  frontier,  was  carried  forward  by  two 
make  him  a  prisoner,  although  there  have  been  considerable  military  expeditions  in  1891.    The 
many  precedents,  will  never  again  be  permitted  Miranzai  field  force  operated  from  the  Miranzai 
in  India.    It  was  deemed  necessary  for  the  sake  valley,  inhabited  by  a  section  of  the  Bangash 
of  British  prestige  to  make  an  example  of  the  Pathans,  who   are   obedient   British  subjects, 
Senaputty  and  the  Maharajah  and  all  who  were  gainst  the  Orakzais  living  in  the  hills  beyond, 
concerned  in  the  execution  of  the  British  offi-  These  hillmen  afforded  a  pretext  for  a  so-called 
cers.    Not  being  British  subjects,  they  could  not  punitive  expedition  by  their  border  feuds  with 
be  tried  under  Indian  law.    The  Indian  Govern-  the  neighboring  tribes.     For  every  raid  on  a 
ment  holds  that  an  attack  on  the  Queen's  forces  British  village  a  heavy  fine  was  charged  up 
in  a  protected  native  state,  though  not  techni-  against  them.    In  January,  1801,  Gen.  Sir  Will- 
cally  to  be  called  treason  or  rebellion,  is  not  war,  iam  Lockhart  set  out  with  an  army  to  wipe  out 
and  is  something  that  demands  exemplary  pun-  old  scores  and  to  push  the  British  boundary  a 
ishment.    A  military  court  of  inquiry  was  insti-  little  farther  into  Afghanistan  by  building  roads 
tuted  to  try  the  Manipuri  princes.    The  old  and  establishing  muitary  post«  in  these  hill& 
Senaputty,  Tekendrajit  Sing,  the  chief  actor  in  Though  the  tribesmen  offered  little  resistance, 
the  events,  who  became  titular  Jubraj  on  the  ac-  the  campaign  was  trying  to  the  troops,  owing  to 
cession  of  his  brother  as  Maharajah,  but  still  re-  the  severe  cold.    Between  Jan.  20  and  Feb.  20 
tained  command  of  the  forces,  was  tried  on  the  every  considerable  village  in  the  Khanki  valley 
double  charge  of  making  war  on  the  Queen  and  was  visited,  twenty  towers  were  blown  up,  fines 
of  abetting  murder.    The  Maharajah  or  Regent  were  collected,  arms  seized  and  hostages  taken, 
and  his  brother  Angao  Sena,  who  succeeded  to  and  Makhmaddin  Malik,  leader  of  some  of  the 
the  title  of  Senaputty,  were  tried  on  the  first  last  raids,  was  carried  off  a  prisoner.    A  small 
charge  only.    Manipuri  officers  who  were  proved  garrison  was  left  to   protect  working  parties 
to  have  t^en  part  in  carrying  out  the  order  for  employed  in  building  roads  and  a  line  of  forti- 
the  execution  of  the  British  officers  were  first  fiea  stations  on  theSamana  range,  which  over- 
tried,  convicted,  and  executed.    The  Senaputty  looks  the  Khanlik  valley.    The  Orakzais,  who 
brought  witnesses  to  prove  that  he  had  begun  have  boasted   undisputed  possession   of  these 
fightm^  only  in  self-aefense  when  attacked  by  hills   for  ages,  were   stirred    up   by  fanatical 
the  Bntish  force,  and  that  so  far  from  having  priests  to  attack  the  fortified  posts  on  April  4. 
ordered  Mr.  Quinton  and  his  companions  to  be  The  guards  and  laborers  were  driven  back  into 
killed,  he  had  endeavored  to  save  them  from  his  British  territory,  and  nine  Sikh  soldiers  were 
enraged  soldiery.    They  had  refused  the  terms  killed.     Gen.    Lockhart,  who  had  joined  the 
of  absolute  surrender  that  he  demanded,  and  Black  Mountain  expedition,  in  which  he  com- 
when  descending  the  palace  steps  to  return  to  manded  the  reserve  force,  immediately  organ- 
the  Residency  were  mobbed  by  the  Naga  and  ized  an  army  of  7,000  men  with  18  guns  at 
Kuki  soldiers.     The   Senaputty  came  on  the  Kohat,  and  by  April  17  he  was  on  the  spot  and 
scene  after  Mr.  Grim  wood  had  been  stricken  had  made  his  dispositions  to  ddiver  a  eenenil 
down.    He  had  the  officers  conducted  to  a  room  attack  on  the  Orakzais,  who  were  assembled  in 
in  the  palace,  and  said  that  he  was  asleep  when  force  to  defend  the  Samana  hills,  the  inhabitants 
the  Tongal  general  ordered  them  to  be  fettered  of  the  valley  having  been  joined  by  other  clans 
and  led  out  one  by  one  to  be  decapitated.    All  and  by  some  of  the  AJhidis.    The  tribes  were 
threeprinces  were  pronounced  guilty,  as  well  as  still  gathering  when  the  advance  from  Gulistan 
the  Tongal  general,  and  were  condemned   to  be^^.    Sistopi  was  fii^t  captured,  enabling  the 
death.    The  Senaputty  and  the  Tongal  general  British  forces  to  occupy  the  Mastaon  plateau, 
were  hanged  at  Manipur,  where  the  trial  took  which  is  the  key  to  the  whole  range,  ana  on  the 
place,  on  Aug.  18.    The  Viceroy  commuted  the  following  day  the  main  attack  was  made  on 
sentence  of  the  Regent  and  the  other  brother  to  Saragarhi,  and  the  village  of  Ghuztang  was  at- 
lifelong  transportation  and  confiscation  of  all  tacked  simultaneously,  forcincc  a  retreat  into  the 
their  goods.  Khanki  valley  along  the  whole   line.     Three 

The  British  Government  decided  not  to  annex  days  of  severe  fighting,  with  a  loss  to  the  Pa- 

Manipur,  which  would  involve  the  introduction  thans  of  300  left  dead  on  the  field,  in  addition  to 

of  British  law  and  much  expense  and  conflict  the  great  number  carried  off,  according  to  their 

with  the  natives.    The  same  object  was  practi-  custom,  aiTested  the  movement  and  caused  the 

cally  accomplished  by  choosing  as  ruler,  with  warriors  arriving  from  distant  tribes  to  disperse 

the  diminisned  rank  of  rajah,  a  child  of  flve  to  their  homes.    Those  who  were  already  in- 

years,  Chura  Chand,  in  whose  name  the  govern-  volved  in  the  disturbances  still  floated  their 


INDIA.  377 

standards  within  si^ht  of  the  British  camps,  conquer  the  Nagar  and  Hanza  clans  and  other 
and  much  more  fighting  was  necessary  to  termi-  tribes  of  the  Pamir,  on  the  pretext  that  they 
nate  the  expedition  satisfactorily;  for  after  were  once  tributary  to  Cashmere,  although  Indian 
scouring  the  Khanki  valley,  Sir  William  Lock-  scholars  assert  that  they  have  maintained  un- 
hart  invaded  the  Akhel  country,  where  a  sharp  broken  independence  for  more  than  twelve  cent- 
engagement  took  place  on  April  22,  and  the  dis-  uries.  According  to  the  British  view  of  the  re- 
tricts  of  the  Shekhan  and  Marnozai  Darabar  gion  inclosed  between  the  southern  arm  of  the 
tribes,  destroying  towers  and  exacting  repara-  Oxus  and  the  Aksu,  or  northern  headwater,  the 
tion.  Movable  columns  ranged  through  the  territory  now  claimed  by  Russia,  the  western 
country  for  more  than  a  month,  inflicting  pun-  part  has  been  under  the  effective  sovereignty, 
ishment  on  all  who  failed  to  make  submission  or  To  the  larger  eastern  part  the  Chinese  Govem- 
were  suspected  of  having  taken  part  in  the  up-  ment,  probably  prompted  by  England,  has  ad- 
rising.  The  military  surveys  were  continued  as  vanced  a  claim,  and  when  Col.  Yanoff,  leader  of 
far  as  the  Kurmana  valley.  After  all  the  tribes  the  Russian  exploring  party,  advanced  into  the 
had  apparently  been  cowed,  the  expedition  was  Alichur  Pamir,  a  Chinese  official  protested  inef- 
recalled,  on  May  23,  three  regiments  and  a  fectually.  Subsequently  explanations  were  asked 
moantain  battery  being  left  to  &:uard  the  newly  by  the  Chinese  ambassador  in  St.  Petersburg, 
annexed  territory  at  Samana.  In  the  expedition  On  the  southeast  the  Russians  claim  that  their 
the  British  lost  78  killed  and  73  wounded,  in-  line  reaches  to  the  northern  passes  of  the  Hindu- 
duding  5  British  and  3  native  officers.  Kush,  bringing  them  into  actual  contact  with 

The  Black  Moantain  Expedition.— The  theHunzas  and  other  hill  tribes  that  the  Brit- 
tribes  of  the  Black  mountains  have  successfully  ish  have  vainly  attempted  to  subjugate.  In  No- 
defied  the  British  power  on  several  occasions,  vember  Col.  Durand  attacked  the  Hunzas  in 
and  punitive  expeditions  sent  against  them  Nilt,  their  stronghold  on  the  side  of  Gilghit,  and 
have  failed.  In  order  to  consolidate  British  stormed  the  place.  He  and  two  other  officers 
power  at  Gilghit,  Chitral,  and  other  strategical  were  wounded.  A  railroad  is  to  be  built  through 
points  in  the  extreme  northwest,  the  Indian  Gov-  Cashmere.  The  stat«  will  not  be  annexed,  but 
emment  has  decided  to  reduce  the  tribes  to  sub-  will  be  governed  under  strict  British  supervision, 
mission  and  open  the  roads  which  the  Allaiwals,  Movements  In  Belachlstan.  —  During  the 
Akarais,  and  Hazanzais  have  forcibly  opposed,  winter  of  1890-'91  Sir  Robert  Sandeman  visited 
Gen.  McQueen,  who  failed  in  the  expedition  of  various  chiefs  in  Beluchistan,  with  a  view  of 
188H,  and  was  unable  to  advance  into  the  Hazan-  composing  tribal  differences  and  reopening  the 
zai  country  in  the  autumn  of  1890,  was  replaced  old  Kafila  route  between  India  ana  southern 
by  Mai.-Gen.  Elles,  who  started  out  from  Der-  Persia,  which  will  likely  be  chosen  for  the  future 
band  on  March  12, 1891,  with  an  army  of  6,800  railroad  to  India  in  preference  to  the  more  vul- 
fightmg  men  and  1,900  followers.  The  Hazara  nerable  route  through  Khorassan  to  Herat  and 
field  force  was  divided  into  two  columns,  one  of  Candahar.  The  state  of  Panjgur,  on  the  front- 
which  ascended  the  valley  of  the  Indus,  while  ier  of  Persia,  has  been  occupied  by  Beluchi 
the  other  crossed  the  hills.  The  troops  were  levies,  who  have  restored  the  old  degree  of  peace 
fired  on  as  soon  as  they  passed  the  Hazara  front-  and  prosperity.  The  route  from  Karacni  to 
ier.  On  March  19  there  was  a  sharp  skirmish,  Panjgur,  which  leads  to  Seistan,  in  Persia,  is  less 
on  March  23  the  village  of  Dilari  was  captured,  difficult  than  that  through  the  Zhob  valley,  where 
and  on  Muxib  27  Gen.  Hammond  took  the  Aka-  a  railroad  is  being  built  that  will  unite  the  Sindh- 
zai  rillage  of  Surmal,  after  which  Col.  William-  Pish  in  line  with  the  railroads  of  the  Punjab, 
son  joined  him  with  the  river  column,  and  the  After  the  occupation  of  the  Zhob  valley  by  the 
jinited  force  advanced  into  the  Akazai  country.  British  forces  m  1889-'90,  a  section  of  the  She- 
The  Hazanzai  district  was  afterward  invaded,  ranis,  the  Kidarzai  clan,  continued  their  depre- 
No  attempt  was  made  to  punish  the  tribesmen,  dations.  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  G.  S.  White,  since  ap- 
The  troops  intrenched  themselves,  built  roads,  pointed  commander-in-chief,  who  had  full 
and  announced  that  thev  would  occupy  the  po-  charge  of  the  militarjr  arrangements,  as  Sir  R. 
sitions  until  Hashim  Ali,  who  had  led  the  at-  Sandeman  had  of  political  affairs,  on  the  border 
tacks  on  the  former  expeditions  was  delivered  up.  fronting  the  Russian  approach,  went  with  a  force 

The  Pamir  Region. — ^The  Anglo-Russian  Af-  sufficient  to  thoroughlv  impress  the  inhabitants 

ghan  Delimitation  Commission  of  1884-'86  failed  with  the  necessity  of  thorough  submission  and 

to  complete  the  work  in  the  region  of  the  upper  with  the  object  of  winning  their  loyalty  and  co- 

Oxns,  and  left  unsettled  the  northeastern  front-  operation,  because  the  Zhob  valley  is  the  route 

ier  of  Afghanistan   and  the  relations  of  the  of  direct  communication  between  the  Punjab  and 

Ameer  with  various  khanates  in  and  around  the  Ghazni  and  Cabul,  and  affords  an  ajteniative 

Pamir.     The    Anglo-Russian   arrangement   of  means  of  approach  to  Candahar.    The  country 

1872-*73  declared  tlie  Oxus  up  to  its  source  to  be  is  to  be  entirely  amalgamated  and  governed  by  a 

the  soathem  limit  of  the  Russian  sphere.    As-  British  resident. 

suming  that  the  southern  tributary  of  the  Oxus  Bnrmah.— In    the   beginning   of   1891    Sir 

is  the  true  upper  course  of  the  nver,  the  Rus-  Charles  Crossthwaite  was  succeeded  as  Chief 

sians  in  Turkestan  have  explored  and  laid  claim  Commissioner  of  Burmah  by  Sir  Alexander  Mac- 

to  Shignan  and  a  great  part  of  the  Pamir  pla-  kenzie.    The  British  forces  were  engaged  at  that 

teaos,  and  forbidden  Capt.Younghusband,  Lieu U  time  in  Momeik  and  in  operations  against  the 

l^rison,  and  other  British  officers  to  enter  that  Chins  and  the  Kachins,  and  soon  fresh  trouble 

region  (see  Afghanistan).     The  Indian  Gov-  broke  out  in  the  Shan  state  of  Wuntho.     The 

ernment  has  displayed  still  greater  military  ac-  policy  of  the  Government  after  the  annexation 

tirity,  having  annexed  Cashmere,  occupied  and  was  to  leave  the  Kachyens  of  the  Bhamo  district 

g&rnsoned  Gilghit  and  Chitral,  and  attempted  to  to  themselves,  that  they  might  serve  as  a  neutral 


378  INDIA. 

zone  between  Burmah  and  China.  This  course  stand  in  a  stockade  near  his  capital.  His  forces 
resulted  in  raids  and  disturbances  requiring  were  routed,  and  he  fled  with  ms  father  and  the 
punitive  expeditions,  and,  as  the  less  costly  noted  dakoit  chief  Bo  Le  into  the  mountains, 
method,  the  military  authorities  occupied  the  Thecountry  was  scoured  by  flying  parties  search- 
country  of  the  Kachins  south  of  the  Tapin  river,  ing  for  the  fugitives  and  collecting  rifles  and 
and  reduced  them  to  submission.  North  of  the  ammunition,  of  which  a  vast  quantity  had  been 
Tapin  the  tribes  remained  practically  independ-  smuggled  in,  and  there  was  constant  fighting 
ent.  The  Chinese  value  the  trade  connection  with  for  weeks  until  the  people  were  so  thoroughly 
Burmah,  and  on  their  side  of  the  border  they  cowed  that  they  flocKed  in  to  deliver  up  their 

Srotect  it  with  outposts  and  escorts.     The  plun-  arms.    The  elder  Tsawbwa  fled  into  China.   The 
ering  of  caravans  on  the  British  side  led  to  com-  younger  one  with  his  family  went  into  hiding 
plaints,  which  were  unheeded,  and  it  was  not  between  Mansi  and  the  Chindwin  river.    He  ap- 
until  they  prepared  to  place  a  garrison  on  the  plied  for  pardon,  promising  to  pay  a  heavy  fine 
British  bauK  of  the  Nampoung  that  the  Chief  if  he  were  reinstated  or  his  son  made  Tsawbwa 
Commissioner  decided  to  post  detachments  on  in  his  stead,  and  pleading  that  the  rebellion  was 
the  river  so  as  to  take  away  every  pretext  for  the- act  of  his  fatner.    The  military  occupation 
Chinese  encroachment,  because  the  boundary  line  was  continued  until  the  people  settled  down  to 
is  not  settled  by  treaty  and  must  yet  be  fixed  by  their  ordinary  occupations,  and  the  oonntry  was 
an  Anp^lo-Chinese  boundary  commission.     The  organized  as  a  British  pxx>vinoe.     A  military 
jade  mines  were  occupied  also,  lest  China  should  force  took  possession  of  tne  district  of  the  jade 
advance  a  claim  to  that  district.    Disturbances  mines  also.    As  soon  as  its  subjugation  could  be 
in  the  district  of  the  ruby  mines  necessitated  a  effected,  the  Chief   Commissioner   decided   to 
large  re-enforcement  of  the  military  police  in  the  bring  Momeik,  which  had  been  administered  by 
district  of  Momeik,  and  the  force  was  stren^^h-  a  tsawbwa  as  an  autonomous  Shan   state,  al- 
ened  also  in  Katha  and  Bhamo  and  in  the  Chmd-  though  the  people  are  mostly  Kachyens  and  Bur- 
win  district,  which  Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  de-  mans,  under  direct  British  rule,  as  the  disturb- 
termined  to  reduce  to  the  settled  and  orderhr  ances  which  had  been  harshly  suppressed  by  the 
condition  of  most  parts  of  Upper  Burmah.    It  British  troops  were  caused  by  the  misrule  of  the 
was  possible  to  draw  away  police  from  many  chief  whom  Sir  C.  Crossthwaite  had  placed  over 
districts,  because  Upper  Burmah  had  become  them.  The  district  was  occupied  by  300  soldiers, 
less  free  from  dakoity  and  robbery  than  Lower  The  company  that  had  leased  the  ruby  mines 
Burmah.    The  difficulties  that  have  continually  asked  to  be  released  from  payment  of  rent  on 
arisen  in  the  relations  with  the  rich  and  power-  account  of  the  disturbed  state  of  the  district, 
ful    semi-independent    state    of    Wuntho    Sir  The  operations  against  the  Chins  in  the  hilly 
Charles  Crossthwaite  thought  he  had  removed,  by  country  on  the  Bengal  frontier  were  prosecuted 
treating  the  Tsawbwa  that  the  British  had  set  by  a  force  of  2,000  men,  who  carried  out  nine  ex- 
up  after  removing  the  old  one  with  great  honor  peditions  before  the  rainy  season  without  makine 
and  consideration.     Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  much  impression.    The  Thetta  Chins,  who  had 
saw  reason  to  reverse  this  policy.    He  demanded  murdered  Mr.  Wetherell  and  had  cut  the  teie- 
the  payment  of  fines  for  outrages  committed  in  graph  and  killed  Sepoy  pickets,  repulsed  a  puni- 
Katha  and  the  surrender  of  dakoits,  and  sent  ex-  tive  expedition  sent  against  them  in  Januarv, 
peditions  to  punish  disturbers  within  the  limits  killing  Liout.  James  and  a  number  of  Goorkha 
of  Wuntho.    The  Tsawbwa  at  first  co-operated  soldiers.    This  was  the  second  defeat  tiiej  had 
in  these  measures.    Afterward  he  took  offense,  infiicted  on  the  British,  and  they  only  yielded 
conspired  with  the  old  Tsawbwa,  his  father,  who  when  two  strong  columns,  with  artillery,  were 
still  lived  in  the  district,  entered  into  corre-  sent  against  them.    Five  columns,  aggregating 
spondence  with  rulers  of  other  Shan  states,  and  800  rifles,  made  a  start  toward  the  conquest  of 
collected  arms  for  a  rebellion  against  British  the  Kachyens  of  the  Bhamo  district, 
authority.    The  old  Tsawbwa  begun  hostilities        The  failure  of  the  monsoon  caused  a  serious 
by  attacking  and  putting  to  fiight  a  British  scarcity  throughout  Upper  Biirraah.    Rice  had 
force  that  had  entered  Wuntho  to  put  down  dis-  to  be  imported,  and  was  sold  at  double  the  usual 
turbances.    The  whole  country  instantly  rose  in  price.    Relief  works,  such  as  Sir  A.  Mackenzie 
rebellion.    Railroad  buildings  were  destroyed,  could  provide  with  the  means  at  his  disposal,  did 
telegraphs  torn  up,  and  all  Indian  oiflcials  driven  little  to  lessen  the  distress.    The  retaraed  rain- 
out.    A  force  of  troops  was  at  once  thrown  into  fall,  though  deficient,  averted  a  general  famine. 
Wuntho,  but  not  sufficient  to  check  the  rebellion.  The  parsimonious  policy  pursu^  toward  Bur- 
The  old  Tsawbwa  went  so  far  as  to  attack  out-  mah  oy  the  Indian  Government  is  the  chief  ob- 
posts  in  British  territory,  and  several  times  as-  stacle  to  the  pacification  of  the  country.     When 
sailed  Kawlin,  which  was  held  by  600  British  the  railroads  through  Eatha  and  Wuntho  are 
troops.    On  Feb.  20  Sir  A.  Mackenzie  issued  a  completed  the  difficulties  with  the  Chins,  Kach- 
proclamation  deposing  the   Tsawbwa  and  an-  yens,  and  Shans  will  cease,  and  if  the  ancient  irri- 
nouncing  the  annexation  of  Wuntho.   Brig.-Gen.  gat  ion  works  were  restored,  dakoity  and  other 
Wolsolev  took  command  of  the  operations,  and  disorders  would   disappear.      The   railroad  to 
2,500  European  and  Indian  soldiers  advanced  Mogaung  will  not  be  finished  before  April,  1895. 
into  Wuntno  in  two  columns.    The  town  of  The  Indian  Government  wishes  to  replace  the 
Wuntho    was    occupied    on    Feb.  26,  and  the  present  army  of  occupation  with  Madras  Sepoys. 
Tsawbwa's  palace  was  burned,  to  convince  the  out  the  Chief  Commissioner  objects  to  this  nis- 
people  that  nis  rule  was  terminated.  The  British  terial  because  the  Chins  and  Chinese  Shans.  and 
carried  on  the  war  with  great  severity,  but  of-  even  the  Burmese  dakoits,  show  contempt  for  the 
fered  free  pardon  to  all  who  submitted  without  Madrassis,  who  ha%'e  proved  themselves  worthless 
resistance.    The  Tsawbwa  attempted  to  make  a  in  the  field.    The  Shans,  Karens,  and  Kachyens 


INDIANA,  379 

can  not  yet  be  utilized  as  soldiers.    The  local  expenses.    As  a  result,  the  constantly  increasing 

ivgiments  or  military  police  are  recruited  from  State  debt  had,  on  January,  1891,  reached  the 

the  same  source  as  the  Indian  armv,  the  warlike  enormous  sum  of  $8,640,615.12,  with  no  surplus 

Sikhs,  Goorkhas,  Punjabis,  and  Pathans  of  north-  in  the  treasury  as  an  offset.    Successiye  legis- 

ern  India.    Many  are  time-expired  soldiers.  This  latures  had  refused  to  raise  the  tax  rate  or  to 

force  is  being  strengthened,  to  relieve  the  Indian  provide  any  relief  till  the  General  Assembly  of 

Goremment  from  the  necessity  of  sending  a  large  1891  grappled  with  the  problem  and  passed  a 

proportion  of  its  best  fighting  forces  to  Burmah,  series  of  acts  which  are  likely  to  work  out  a 

and  to  prepare  for  the  emergency  of  the  with-  complete  solution. 

dnwal  of  the  entire  present  army  of  occupation  One  of  these  acts  provides  for  the  levy  of  a 

in  the  event  of  comDiications  with  Russia.    The  tax  of  6  cents  on  each  $100  of  property  for  each 

military  police  in  1891  numbered  430  officers  aud  of  the  years  1891  and  1892,  the  proceeds  of 

15,500  men*  which  snail  form   a   "  Benevolent   Institution 

INDIANA,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  the  Fund,"  so  called,  and  shall  be  appropriated  to 

Union  Dec  11, 1816;  area,  36,350  square  miles,  the  use  of  the  benevolent  and  reformatory  insti- 

The  population,  according  to  each   decennial  tutions  of  the  State.    The  State  tax  rate  is 

census,  was  147,178  in  1^;  343,031  in  1830;  thereby  increased  from  12  cents  (the  rate  here- 

685,866  in  1840 ;  988,416  in  1850 ;  1,350,428  in  tofore  levied  for  the  general  fund)  to  18  oente  on 

1860;  1,680,637  in    1870;  1,978,301    in    1880;  each  $100.    Another  act  thoroughly  revises  and 

2,192,404  in  1890.    Capital,  Indianapolis.  reconstructs  the  law  regulating  the  assessment 

GoTemment. — ^The  following  were  the  State  and  coUection  of    taxes.     It  creates  a   State 

officers  durins^  the  year:    Governor,  Alvin  P.  Board  of  Tax  CommissionerB,  consisting  of  the 

Hovey,  Republican,  who  died  on  Nov.  23,  and  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  Auditor,  and  two 

was  succeeded  by  Lieutenant-Governor  Ira  J.  other  persons  appomted  by  the  Governor,  whose 

Chase,  Republican ;  Secretary  of  State,  Claude  dut;|r  is  to  enforce  the  tax  laws,  to  supervise 

Matthews,  Democrat ;  Auditor,  J.  O.  Henderson,  their  oneration,  to  suggest  improvements  to  the 

Democrat ;   Treasurer,  Albert  Gall,  Democrat ;  General  Assembly,  and  generally  to  make  effl- 

Attomey-Generai,  Alonzo  G.  Smith,  Democrat ;  cient  the  tax  system  of  the  State.    The  board 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Harvey  shall  also  assess  all  railroad  property  in  the 

D.  Vories,  Democrat ;  Judges  of  the  Supreme  State,  and  shall  equalize  the  assessment  of  r^ 

Court,  Silas  D.  Coffey,  Walter  Olds,  Byron  K«  estate  made  by  the  local  assessment  boards.    In 

Elliott,  Robert  W.  McBride,  and  John  D.  Miller,  performing  these  duties  it  is  required  to  ap- 

Finances. — For  the  fiscal  year  ending  Oct.  praise  and  assess  all  property  at  its  true  cash 

81, 1890,  the  report  of  the  State  Auditor  pre-  value.    As  a  result  of  this  provision,  the  total 

sents  the  following   figures :    Balances  in    all  valuation  of  the  State  for  1891  was  increased  by 

funds  of  the  State  treasury  on  Oct  31, 1889,  the  board  nearly  $400,000,000  over  the  valuation 

$974,109.35;  total  receipte  for  the  vear  ensuing,  of  1890.    The  same  act  provides  for  the  colleo- 

$3,737,195.18 ;  total  expenditures,  $4,471,948.13 ;  tion  of  the  following  taxes  in  addition  to  the 

balance  in  all  funds  on  Oct.  31,  1890,  $239,-  general  ad  valorem  tax  on  property :  From  for- 

356.40.    For  the  general  fund  alone  the  figures  eign  insurance  companies,  a  sum  equal  to  3  per 

are  as  follow :  Balance  on  Oct.  81, 1889,  $811,-  cent,  of  their  gross  receipts  of  premiums  from 

73156 ;   total  receipts  for  the   year   ensuing,  business  in  the  State,  less  losses  actually  paid  in 

$1.631,978.83 ;     total    disbursements,    $2,315,-  the  State ;  from  express  companies,  a  sum  equal 

980.99 ;  balance  on  Oct.  31,  1890,  $127,732.40.  to  1  per  cent,  of  their  gross  receipts  in  the 

Of  the  total  general  fund  receipts  the  sum  of  State,  after  making  certain  specified  deductions ; 

$183,827.38  was  derived  from  advanced  pay-  from  tele^aph  companies,  a  sum  equal  to  1  per 

ments  made  to  the  State  by  the  several  counties  cent  of  the  gross  receipts  of  their  agents  in  the 

and  not  properly  belonging  to  the  year's  reve-  State ;  from  telephone  companies,  a  sum  equal 

Hue,  leaving  $1,448,151.45  as  the  net  receipts  for  to  one  fourth  of  1  per  cent,  of  their  gross  re- 

the  jear.    These  receipts  were  derived  from  the  ceipte  in  the  State ;   from  sleeping-car  compa- 

following  sources :   From  the  State  tax  levy,  nies,  a  sum  equal  to  2  per  cent,  of  their  gross  re- 

$1,087,700.44 ;  from  insurance  taxes,  $83,702.49 ;  ceipts  from  business  in  the  State, 

insurance  fees,  $14,830.50;  earnings  of  State  A  further  source  of  revenue  was  provided  by 

Prison    North,    $100,000;    earnings   of    Stete  an  act  reauiring  the  Secretary  of  State  to  charge 

Prison  South,  $69,076.68 ;  sale  of  State  lands,  fees  for  filing  articles  of  incorporation  and  other 

$21,224.84 ;   earnings  of  Reform  School,  $26,-  certificates  relating  to  corporate  franchises,  these 

505.75;  other  sources,  $45,110.75.    Theexpendi-  fees  to  be  in  addition  to  the  fees  already  al- 

tur«i  of  the  fund  may  be  classified  as  follow :  lowed,  and  to  be  by  him  paid  over  to  the  State 

Judiciary  expenses,  $217,282.71 ;  executive  and  treasury.     To   provide   funds  for  support  of 

Administrative  departments.  $77,638.74 ;  State  the  Stete  government  until  the  revenues  under 

educational  institutions,  $80,185.44;  State  be-  these  laws  should  become  available,  the  Gov- 

neTolent  institutions,    $721,333.45;    State    re-  enior.  Auditor,  and  Treasurer  were  authorized 

formatory  institutions,  $106,000 ;  Stete  prisons,  by  another  act  to  borrow  $700,000,  issuing  ^- 

$^69,076.68 ;  interest   on    public   debt,    $274,-  per-cent.  bonds  therefor,  payable  in  ten  years, 

074.68 ;  special  appropriations,  $423,798.97 ;  mis-  out  redeemable  at  the  option  of  the  State  in  five 

cellaneous,  $246,590.32.  years.    If  further  sums  should  be  needed   to 

The  receipts  of  the  general  fund  for  the  year,  meet  the  appropriations  of  the  session,  the  same 

M  appears  from  the  figures  above  given,  fell  officials  were  authorized  to   borrow  not  over 

short  of  the  expenditures  by  over  $850,000.    In  $700,000  additional,  issuing  the  same  kind  of 

1890,  as  in  every  year  since  1877,  the  Stete  failed  bonds  therefor.    They  were  also  authorized  to 

to  raise  a  revenue  sufficient  to  pay  ite  current  issue  3^per-cent.  bonds  to  raise  money  for  re- 


380  INDIANA. 

tiring  outstanding  State  bonds  which  may  fall  ,X.  Counties  of  Carroll,  Cass,  White,  Fulton,  Pulaa- 

due,  and  whenever  any  temporary  loan  indebted-  ki,  Newton,  Jasper,  Lake,  and  Porter, 

ness  of  the  State  can  be  funded  at  a  lower  rate  ,  "^LS^"^??*  °^  \^^^  Miami,  Wabash,  Huntini?- 

of  interest  they  were  authorized  to  issue  bonds  ^^u  Coi4&  A^^                         D^  K.ih 

at  such  lower  rite  In  amounts  sufficient  to  retire  La  Grk^^^^Steut^^^^^^            ^'          '             ' 

such  indebtedness.  XlILCountiee  of  Starke,  Laporte,  St  Joseph,  Mar- 

Legislatlye  Session.  —  The  fifty-seventh  shall,  Elkhart,  and  Kosciusko, 
regular  ^ssion  of  the  GeneraJ  Assembly  began  To  relieve  the  crowded  docket  of  the  State  Sn- 
on  Jan.  8  and  ended  on  March  9.  Early  in  the  ^^^^^  Court.  on  appellate  court  of  five  judges 
session  United  States  Senator  Daniel  W.  Voor-  ^^  ^.^eated,  which  tas  exclusive  jurisdiction  of 
hees.  Democrat,  was  re-elected  for  the  full  term  ^^  ^  j^  ^^^  ^he  lower  courts  in  cases  of  mis- 
of  SIX  years  over  Gov.  Alvm  P.  Hoyey,  the  Re-  demSnor,  cases  originating  before  a  justice  of 
publican  nominee.  The  most  important  legisl^  ^^e  peace  where  the  amount  in  oontroverey  ex- 
tion  of  the  session  pertains  to  Stat«  finances,  and  ^^g  ^^q  exclusive  of  coste,  all  cases  for  th*e  re- 
18  considered  separately  under  that  topic.  The  ^  ^^  ^  ^^ere  the  amount  does  not  ex- 
Democrats  were  again  m  control  of  both  houses,  ^^^  $1,000,  and  all  cases  for  the  recovery  of 
and  proceeded  to  pass  a  senes  of  measures,  specific  personal  property,  actions  between  lind- 
abndging  the  appointive  power  of  the  governor,  j  ^^  anrftenant  for  the  ^very  of  leased  prem- 
As  a  result  of  similar  measures  passed  at  the  jg^  ^nd  all  appeals  from  orders  allowing  or  dis- 
Mssion  of  1889  and  of  rulings  made  by  the  SUte  allowing  claimVagainst  decedent's  estates.  In 
Supreme  Court  thereon,  the  Goyeraor  had  al-  ^^^^  ^^33  ^^e  decision  of  the  court  shall  be  final, 
ready  lost  the  right  to  appoint  the  State  Geolo-  rj,^^  ^^t  is  to  be  in  force  for  six  years  only, 
gist,  the  State  Statistician,  and  the  .trustees  of  rj^^  g^^  ^^  175000  ^^s  appropriated  to  secure 
""f^ll^  il  the  penal  and  charitable  institutions  ^n  exhibit  of  the  resources  and  development  of 
of  the  State,  the  two  first-named  offices  being  ^y^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  Worid's  Columbian  Exposition, 

intrusted  to  a  board  of 
by  the  Governor.  To 
complete  and  furnish  the  Southern  Indiana  Hos- 
Insane,  the  sum  of  f  45,000  was  ap- 
and  for  improvements  at  the  Sol- 
^,,-  J  ,  .  .  J.-  M  .V.  T\  i.'  a*.  A.  «»«*»  -"V  Sailors*  Orphans'  Home  the  sum  of 
filled  by  appomtment  oj  the  Democratjc  State  ^55000.  The  practice  of  letting  out  by  contract 
Geologist ;  the  offl^  of  Mine  Inspector,  fil  ed  bv  ^^e  labor  of  pupils  at  the  State  benevolent  insti- 
appointmwit  of  the  Governor,  was  abohshed  ^utions  is  forbidden,  and  provision  was  made  for 
and  the  office  of  Inspector  of  Mines,  to  be  filled  ^heir  industrial  education  under  direction  of  the 
by  appointment  of  the  State  Geologist,  was  cr^  authorities  of  these  institutions, 
ated ;  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  appointed  i^  order  to  complete  the  State  Soldiers'  and 
by  the  Governor,  was  abolished,  and  the  State  g^i^^.  Monument  m  Circle  Park,  Indianapolis, 
Agricultural  and  Industrial  board  was  e^b-  ^  ^ax  of  5  mills  on  ea<jh  $100  was  authorixS^^  in 
hslied,  Its  members  being  appointed  by  the  Gov-  addition  to  other  texes,  for  each  of  the  yeaiB  1891 
wnor,  the  Secretery  of  State,  and  the  Stete  and  1892,  the  proceeds  of  such  levy  np  to  the  sum 
Auditor,  or  a  majority  of  them  (the  present  Sec-  ^f  $100,000  to  be  expended  upon  this  work.  An 
rotary  and  Auditor  being  Democrats) ;  the  immediate  appropnation  of  $80,000  was  made 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  .Eastern  Indiana  Hos-  f^m  the  State  tr^ury  for  the  same  purpose, 
pital  for  the  Insane,  appointeil  by  the  Governor,  p^rgons  or  companies  engaged  in  miSng  or 
was  abolished,  and  a  new  board  was  created,  to  manufacturing  were  requirJd^to  pay  their  em- 
be  elected  by  the  General  Assembly;  the  office  pj^y^s  at  least  once  in  two  weeks,  and  were  for- 
of  Natural  Gas  Supervisor  wag  created,  to  be  gjal^en  to  sell,  directly  or  indirectly,  to  any  em- 
filled  by  appointment  of  the  State  Geologist,  pi^y^  any  merchandise  or  supplies  at  a  higher 
All  these  acts  were  pa^  over  a  veto.  ^rice  than  they  sell  to  other  pe«ons  for  «Msh. 

The  State  was  redistncted  m  the  interest  of  ^.^e  Australian  ballot  law  of  1§89  was  amended 

the  Democrats,  both  for  members  of  Congress  ^  ^any  of  its  details. 

and  for  members  of  the  State  Legisla^ire,  the  rj^^^  foUowing  amendments  to  the  State  Con- 
bills  therefor  being  passed  over  a  veto.  The  new  gtitution  were  proposed  and  referred  to  the  next 
congressional  distncts  are  as  follow :  General  Assembly  for  concurrence :  First,  pro- 

T«      .'       *Tj         /-v       xTJi.      i.tTT  viding  that  corporations  may  be  taxed  Upon  their 

riJk,^pTe^^sVncr^^^^^  P-r  ^^'^^'^^«''  ^^'-  net  of  gross  earS^p ;  seconl,  extending^  limit 

11!  CouAtiS^of  Knox,  Greene,  Daviess,  Martin,  Du-  5^  regular  legislative  sessions  to  one  hundreil 

bois,  Lawrence,  Oranjfe,  and  Crawford.  days ;  third,  mcreasinfi:  the  term  of  office  of  the 

III.  Counties  of  Harrison,  Washington,  Jackson,  Secretary  of  State,  Auditor,  and  Treasurer  to  four 
Jenninffs,  Scott,  Jeflferson,  Clark,  and  Floyd.  years,  and  making  each  official  ineligible  for  im- 

IV.  Counties  of  Shelby,  Ripley,  Decatur,  Bush,  mediate  re-election ;  fourth,  making  the  term  of 
Fi^klin,  Dearborn,  Ohio,  and  Switzerland.  all  county  officers  four  years,  and  declaring  them 

V.  Counties  of  Owen,  Putnam,  Hcndnckn,  Morgan,  ineligible  for  immediate  re-election. 
Monroe,  Brown,  Johnson,  and  Bartholomew.  TiJt         *    *»*i*i*«i**«.w.   ^=-^*^*wij. 

VI.  Counties    of    Henry,    Delaware,    Randolph,  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 
Wayne,  Fayette,  and  Union.  Making  the  first  Monday  of  September,  known  as 

V II.  Counties  of  Marion,  Madison,  and  ITancock.  Labor  Dav,  a  le/aral  holiday. 

VIII.  Counties  of  Sullivan,  Vijro,  Clay,  Parke,  Ver-  Amending  the  law  regulating  the  descent  of  prop- 
million,  Foimtain,  and  Montgomery.  erty. 

IX.  Counties  of  Boone,  Tippecanoe,  Clinton,  Tip-  Exempting  honorably  disohaived  Union  soldiers 
ton,  Hamilton,  Howard,  Benton,  and  Warren.  and  sailors  m>m  work  on  the  publio  highways. 


INDIANA.  381 

To  proTide  for  the  incorporation  of  boards  for  the  Prisons. — At  the  State  Prison  North,  Michi- 

relief  of  diaabledministerB  of  the  Gospel,  miasionariea  gan  City,  there  were  735  prisoners  on  Nov.  1, 

or  their  dependents,  orphans,  and  o^er  persons.  iq^q.  during  the  year  ensuing  417  were  com- 

in.^d"Sfi>^'t^  to lJ?kITfc^  "^'^^^  ^^  ^^«  P"«^°  and  352  were  discharged, 
I'^Ekir^Sl^nK  ^e 'ti!;^^^^  learing  800  remaining^  on  Oct.  31,  1891     ^he 
\a^  of  natural  gas  (which  shall  not  be  conducted  at  a  toi^*!  receipts  from  prison  contracts  and  other 
pTvabiireexceedinj^  800  pounds  to  the  square  inch),  and  sources  were  f  117,833.90,  and  the  cost  of  main- 
making  it  unlawful  to  use  an^^  device  for  pumping  or  tcnance  $104,284.56,  showing  that  the  institu- 
any  other  artificial  process  to  increase  the  natural  flow  tion  is  more  than  self-supporting.    At  the  State 
of  natur^  gas  fjoni  any  well.  Prison  g^uth  811  nrisoners  were  received  during 
To  prohibit  the  kiUing  of  any  wild  bird  other  than  ^.u          -  endinxr  Oct  81   Iftftl   und  27fi  wpk»  di^ 
a  u-ame  bird  or  bird  of  prey,  or  the  sale  of  such  bird,  ^^  7  Y  ^'^"i?^  ^^^'  .^^»  ^^^^»  V^^aJ    Tu 
or  the  destruction  of  its Vst  or  eggs.  charged,  making  an  increase  of  36  for  the  year 
To  csublish  a  State  board  of  health.  Jn  the  total  number  of  prisoners.    The  average 
To  authorize  the  fomiation  of  corporations  for  the  daily  number  was  592.    The  receipts  for  convict 
porpoee  of  laying  pipe  linos  and  transporting  petro-  labor  were  $74,945,  and  the  disbursements  for 

i«ap-                             ^         ,   ^„          .       ,  maintenance  $74,764.88.    This  institution  is  also 

To  prevent  any  Dereon  from  unlawfWlj  wearing  the  self-sustaining. 

^'^L*?!l?^f±T'?,MfnLS.T^^^^^^^  At  the  PlSnfleld  Reform  School  there  were 

iS^       of  Veterans,  or  MihtaiyDideroftheLoyal  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^.^^  ^^^_ 

To  provide  for  filing  and  recording  trade-marks,  la-  Jng  the  year  ensuing,  and  237  discharged,  leav- 

belis  brands,  stamps,  and  wrappers.  ing  620  remaining  on  Oct  81,  1891.    The  net 

B«qulring  every  person  or  corporation  employing  cost  to  the  State  of  maintaining  the  institution 

women  or  girls  to  provide  suitaole  seats  for  their  ^as  $32,985. 

"^     •**•      *u      ♦  i>T  i       *^       ♦       ^          1  Agriculture.— The  Stat«  Bureau  of  Statistics 

over  100,000  inhabitSnti*.  iflJi^  ^^  ^              agricultural  products  in 

Making  it  unlawful  to  bum  natural  gas  in  what  are  ^^91 : 

known  as  flambeau  lights.  Wheat:  Number  of  acres  sowed,  2,891,922 ;  product 

A(>cepUM  from  UielQendncks  Mon^  in  bushels,  58,805,766.                                     ^ 

toon  Its  gift  of  the  Thomas  A.  Hendncks  monument.  Com :  ^^umber  of  acres  sowed,  8,687,927 ;  product 

To  punish  ba^  officers,  brokers,  and  othere  who  re-  in  bushels,  126,092,649. 

ceive  depoBita  after  insolvency.  Oa^ :  Number  of  acres  sowed,  897,962 ;  product  in 

AccepUng  the  act  ot  Congress  approved  Aug.  80,  bushels,  28,128,189.                              '      »  *- 

ISIK),  for  the  better  endowment  and  sup^rt  of  colleges  Barley :  K^umber  of  acres  sowed,  21,888 :  product  in 

f^f  agnculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  in  the  several  bushels  467  778 

Stattj,  and  d«»ignating  Purdue  University  as  the  Rye : 'NuiJiber  of  acres  sowed,  44,840:  product  in 

W-neflciary  under  the  act.  buafiels  808 148 

To  create  a  firemen's  pension  fund,  for  the  pension-  fiuekWheit :  Number  of  acres  sowed,  9,541 ;  prod- 

mirofdisabledfiremen,  and  the  widows  and  depend-  uct  in  bushels,  161  460 

tLt  children,  mothere,  and  fathers  of  deceased  fire-  Y\ax  soedil^'umW  of  acres  sowed,  14,146 ;  product 

men.  in  bushels  116  460 

Requiring  co^-mine  operators   to,  keep  accurate  qi^^^^  j^^y  /  Niimber  of  acres,  1,208,672:  product 

■scales  of  standard  manufacture  at  their  mines  for  the  in  tons  2  109  814.                        --»    »      >      if 

weifjhing  of  coal,  and  to  have  them  tested  daily,  au-  Timothy  hky :  Number  of  acres,  1,257,758 ;  product 

thormng  miners  to  appoint  a  check  weighman  to  pro-  j^  ^^^8  2  034  ^42                           »    >      »      i  r 

U;ct  their  interests  in  ^o  weighing  of  coal  rained,  pro-  1^^^'  potatcliis :'  Number  of  acres,  85,921 ;  product  in 

TidiDff  that  all  coal  shall  be  weighed  before  screen-  bushels  7  888  701 

ini:,  Aat  80  pounds  shall  form  a  bushel,  and  2,000  g^.^et  iJotatocs':  Number  of  acres,  8,889 ;  product 

pK>unds  a  ton,  making  various  reflations  for  the  safe-  j,j  bushels,  247  086                           --i    »       »  r 

ty  of  miners  while  at  work,  prohibiting  the  employ-  Tobacco:   Number   of  acres,  13,818;   product  in 

njt-nt  in  coal  mines  of  boys  under  fourteen  years  and  pounds  10  720  323. 

ftuiales  of  any  age.  j     »      »      • 

Coal.— What  is  known  as  the  Central  or  Illi- 

Edneatlon. — For  the  school  year  ending  in  nois  coal  field  extends  over  the  southwestern 

June,  1801,  a  total  of  521,841  children  were  en-  portion  of  Indiana,  underlying  an  area  of  about 

rolled  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State,  the  7,000  square  miles,  and  includes  19  counties; 

average  daily  attendance  being  869,060.    The  Warren  County,  lying  at  the  northern  limit,  and 

total  number  of  children  of  scnool  age  in  the  a  line  drawn  through  the  eastern  boundary  of 

State  was  763,247.    The  whole  number  of  teach-  Greene  County  markmg  its  extent  eastward.  The 

ers  employed  was  13,441,  and  the  total  number  coals  are  bituminous,  excellent  for  steam  and 

of  school-houses  9,801.    During  the  school  year  heating,  but  of  little  value  for  the  manufacture  of 

the  sum  of  $5,636,199.94  was  distributed  for  the  coke  and  gas.    According  to  reports  made  to  the 

support  of  the  schools.    The  permanent  school  State  Mine  Inspector,  the  production  of  coals 

funds  of  the  State  increased  in  value  during  the  has  declined  since  1887,  when  the  total  product 

vear  by  the  sum  of  f;71, 548.62,  their  value  on  reached  3,217,711  short  tons.    This  is  due  to  the 

June  30,  1891,  being  as  follows :  Common-school  introduction  of  natural  gas  into  the  cities  and 

fund  held  by  counties,  $7.360,271.24 ;  congres-  larger  towns,  together  with  the  use  of  crude  oil 

sional  township  fund  held  by  counties,  $2,496,-  as  fuel  at  Chicago  and  elsewhere.    For  the  year 

314.53 ;  total,  $9,856,585.77.  1889  the  statistics  of  coal  production,  as  com- 

At  the  State  Normal  School  the  total  enroll-  piled  by  the  Federal  census,  were  as  follow : 

ment  of  pupils  for  1891  was  1,086,  against  1,009  Number  of  regular  mines,  94 ;  local  mines,  256 ; 

for  1890.    The  receipts  of  the  institution  for  the  total  product,  2,845,057  short  tons  (of  which  there 

year  were  $53,794.59,  and  the  expenditures  only  were  shipped  from  the  mines  for  sale  2,527,112 

$37,372.57.  short  tons);  total  amount  received  for  sale  of 


382 


IOWA. 


coal,  $2,887,852;  average  price  at  the  mines, 
$1.02  per  ton ;  total  number  of  employes,  6,532 ; 
total  wages  paid,  $2,201,044 ;  number  of  persons 
employea  underground,  5,782. 

lOvfA^  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  the 
Union  Dec  28,  1846 ;  area,  56,025  square  miles. 
The  population,  according  to  each  decennial  cen- 
sus since  admission,  was  192,214  in  1850;  674,018 
in  1860;  1,194,020  in  1870;  1,624,615  in  1880; 
and  1,911,896  in  1890.    Capitol,  Des  Moines, 

GoYernment. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Horace  Boies, 
Democrat ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Alfred  N.  Poy- 
neer,  Republican ;  Secretory  of  Stote,  W.  M.  Mc- 
Parland ;  Auditor,  James  A.  Lyons ;  Treasurer, 
Byron  A.  Beeson;  Attorney-General,  John  Y. 
Stone ;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
Henry  Sabm ;  Railroad  Commissioners,  Frank 
T.  Campbell,  Spencer  Smith,  and  J.  W.  Luke ; 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Joseph  M. 
Beck;  Associate  Justices,  James  H.  Rotnrock, 
Gifford  S.  Robinson,  Josiah  Given,  and  Charles 
T.  Granger.  These  officials  are  all  Republicans, 
except  Gov.  Boies. 

Finances. — For  the  biennial  period  ending 
June  30, 1891,  the  receipts  of  the  Stote  treasury 
were  as  follow:  From  counties,  $8,120,287.96; 
from  insurance  companies,  $174,615.80;  from 
Stot«  officers  (fees),  $78,760.19 ;  from  telephone 
and  telegraph  companies,  $89,680.81 ;  from  mis- 
cellaneous sources,  $76,178.15;  transfers  from 
temporary  school  fund,  $80,957.81;  balance  on 
June  30,  1889,  $25,181.67;  totol  receipts  for  the 
period,  $8,544,961.89.   The  disbursements  for  the 

Seriod  aggregated  $8,056,902.44,  leaving  $488,- 
58.95  as  the  cash  balance  on  hand  on  June  30, 
1891.  At  the  latter  dato  there  were  warrants 
drawn  upon  tlie  treasury,  outstonding  and  un- 
paid, amounting  to  $88,960.42,  leaving  as  the 
actual  available  surplus,  $454,098.58.  The  rate 
of  State  taxation  for  1891  was  2  mills  on  the 
dollar.  There  is  no  Stote  debt  except  a  perma- 
nent bonded  debt  of  $245,845.19  held  by  the 
Stoto  School  fund. 

Education.— The  following  public-school  sta^ 
tistics  for  the  years  ending  July  1,  1890,  and 
July  1, 1891,  are  reported  by  the  Stoto  Superin- 
tendent : 


penses  for  the  period  were  $252,623.40.  The  Nor- 
mal School  contoined  657  pupils  in  188&-'90  and 
746  in  1890-'91 ;  it«  expenses  being  $52,498.65. 
The  studento  at  the  Stoto  Agricultund  College 
in  1891  numbered  425,  and  the  expenses  were 
$154,010.62. 

Charities. — ^The  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  and 
Home  for  Indigent  Children  at  Davenport  had 
426  inmates  at  the  close  of  the  year,  of  whom 
255  were  boys  and  171  pirls.  The  Soldier's  Home 
at  Marshalltown  contained  about  460  iamates  at 
the  same  date. 

In  the  Hospitol  for  the  Insane  at  Mount  Pleas- 
ant there  were  759  patiento  on  June  80, 1889 :  in 
the  two  years  following  643  persons  were  ad- 
mitted and  586  dischar^d,  leaving  816  on  June 
80,  1891.  The  current  expenses  for  1889-'90 
were  $188,569.14,  and  for  1890-'91,  $139,161.60. 

The  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Independence 
contoined  766  patients  on  June  80,  1889;  617 
were  admitted  m  the  succeeding  two  years  and 
550  discharged,  leaving  888  on  June  SO,  1891. 
For  the  year  1889-'90  the  cost  was  $131,649.58, 
and  for  1890-'91,  $181,051.89. 

In  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane  at  Clarinda 
there  were  242  patiento  on  June  80, 1889 ;  in  the 
two  years  following  813  were  admitted  and  246 
discharged,  leaving  809  on  June  80, 1891.  The 
current  expenses  for  the  two  years  1889-*91, 
were  $118,938.98. 

The  Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Children 
at  Glenwood  contoined  482  pupils  at  the  begin- 
ning and  457  at  the  close  of  the  biennial  period 
endmg  June  80,  1891.  The  number  admitted 
during  this  period  was  194;  discharged,  167. 
The  expenditures  for  the  two  years  were  $185,- 
968.98. 

At  the  College  for  the  Blind  at  Vinton  171 

?upils  were  enrolled  in  1889-'90  and  184  in 
890-'91.    The  expenditures  for  the  two  years 
were  $61,996.84. 

Agricaltare.— The  following  estimate  of  the 
product  of  Iowa  farms  in  1891  is  made  by  the 
officers  of  the  Stote  Agricultural  Society  upon 
the  basis  of  datA  collected  by  the  society : 


ARTICLES. 


mcMS. 

1890. 

1891. 

Children  of  school  mre- .......  r  -  ^ . 

000,490 

498,267 

800.809 

^40O 

21,107 

18,997 

912,710,700 

008,041 

Enrolled  In  pabUo  schools 

Average  duly  sttendanoe 

Male  teachers 

008,700 

817,207 

0,228 

Female  teachers 

21,041 

Number  of  school-hoasea. .  

Yaloe  of  achool-hooses 

18.129 
•18,184,914 

For  the  year  ending  July  1, 1890,  the  stote- 
ment  of  school  finances  is  as  follows:  Balance 
on  hand  July  1, 1889, 12,976,676;  receipts  from 
district  toxes,  15,885,418 :  from  semi-annual  ap- 
portionment of  Stote  School  fund,  f 799,578; 
irom  other  sources,  $651,885 ;  totol  receipts,  $9,- 
813,552;  paid  for  teachers'  wages,  14.318,871; 
paid  for  school  houses  and  sites,  f;509,205 ;  paid 
on  bonds  and  interest,  $327,363 ;  imid  for  fuel, 
rent,  repairs,  etc.,  $834,831 ;  paid  for  other  pu> 
poses,  $720,046:  totol  paymento.  $6,710,316;  bal- 
ance on  June  30, 1890,  $8,103,286. 

At  the  StAte  University  there  were  737  stu- 
dento in  1889-'90  and  890  in  1890-'91.    The  ex- 


Corn,  bushels 

Wheat,  boshels 

Oata,  boshela 

Eye,  boshela 

Barley,  bushels 

Buckwheat,  bushels 

Potatoes,  Iriah,  buahels. . . 
Potatoes,  sweet,  buabeJa . . 
Grass  seeda  (estlmAted)... 

Flax  seed,  bushels 

Hay,  tame,  tona 

Hay,  prairie  (estimated). . . 

Broom  com,  tons 

Sorghum,  gallons 

Butter,  pounds 

Oheese,  pounds. 

Wool 

Horses 

Mules 

Sheep 

Hogs 

Milch  cowa 

Other  cattle 

Orchard  and  Tine  product. 

Hive  product 

Poultry  product 

Bmall  fruits 

Timber 

Miscellaneous 


8,0n,»«8 

115,810,800 

2,051,400 

4,968,009 

414,000 

25,880,1160 


&164,016 
6,688,800 


8,480 

8,092,485 

166,890,715 

5,000,000 


1,095^00 
48,789 
458,000 
5,981,100 
1.879,618 
8,680,847 


Yah*. 


•100,509,479 

85.741,089 

96,€8<,4«4 

1,888.410 

1,811.491 

871000 

5,S8Ql8T8 

807.900 

1,790.000 

8.588.218 

88.497,840 

8,800.000 

270,570 

904,718 

88,788,148 

480,000 

800,000 

78,786,760 

8,888.818 

1,480.760 

S9.47^886 

88.978,9:5 

47,0S^JM1 

8,000,000 

<»0,000 

5,600,000 

760,000 

8,000,000 

10,000,000 


IOWA.  383 

Prisons. — At  the  close  of  the  year  there  were  Railroad  Commissioner,  C.  T.  Hart.    Before  the 

435  conTicts  in  the  State  Penitentiary  at  Fort  election,  candidates  Dunham  and  Hart  were  sue- 

Madison,  and  273  in  the  penitentiary  at  Ana-  ceeded  on  the  ticket  by  Mrs.  E.  G.  Cline  and  B. 

mosa.    Of  the  Fort  Madison  convicts,  305  were  V.  Draper,  resfjectively.    A  platform  was  adopt- 

employed  by  contractors,  who  pay  the  State  for  ed  favoring  strict  prohibition,  free  and  unlimited 

theur  labor  prices  ranging  from  45  to  50  cents  a  coinage  of  silver,  the  Australian  ballot  reform,  a 

day.    The  convicts  at  Anamosa  are  constructing  State  constabulary  to  enforce  prohibition,  and 

the  prison  buildines.  the  immediate  abolition  of  the  whole  United 

At  the  Indastrial  School  on  June  30  there  were  States  internal-revenue  system. 
401  boys  and  117  girls.   The  department  for  boys  The  Democratic  State  convention  met  at  Ot- 
is at  Eidora,  and  that  for  girls  at  Mitchellville.  tumwa  on  June  24,  renominated  Gov.  Horace 

Xllitla. — At  the  close  of  the  year  the  National  Boies,  and  selected  the  following  persons  as  his 
Goard  numbered  2,466  officers  and  enlisted  men,  associates  on  the  partv  ticket :  For  Lieutenant- 
organized  into  six  infantry  regiments  of  eight  Governor,  Samuel  jj.  Bestow ;  for  Justice  of  the 
companies  each.  They  are  well  equipped  and  Supreme  Court,  L.  G.  Kinne ;  for  Superintend- 
ready  for  active  duty.  ent  of  Public  Instruction,  J.  P.  Knoepfler ;  for 

Railroads.— On  June  30  there  were  33  rail-  Railroad  Commissioner,  Peter  A.  Dey.  The  plat- 
roads  in  operation  in  the  State,  with  a  mileage  form  favors  the  Australian  ballot  system,  de- 
of  8,440  miles.  For  the  year  ending  on  that  dav  nounces  trusts  and  the  importation  of  contract 
the  number  of  passengers  carried  was  6,669,650,  labor,  ur^es  the  election  of  United  States  Sena- 
and  the  number  of  tons  of  freight,  19,769,150.  tors  by  direct  vote  of  the  people,  declares  in  favor 
The  total  earnings  were  $43,102,399,  an  increase  of  liberal  pension  laws,  denounces  the  McKinley 
over  1890  of  $1,808,970.  The  number  of  em-  bill  and  the  appropriations  of  the  last  Confess, 
ployes  was  27,580,  or  296  fewer  than  in  1890.  opposes  the  non-residential  ownership  of  lands 

The  injunction  case  which  was  brought  against  and  foreign  syndicate  ownership  of  American  in- 

the  Railroad  CommissionerB  by  the  Burlington,  dustries,  and  demands  the  restoration  of  unearned 

Cedar  Rapids,  and  Northern  Kailroad  Company  railroad  grants. 

for  the  purpose  of  testing  the  validity  of  the  The  following  are  also  a  part  of  the  platform : 

"  joint-rate  '^^law^^  and  which  was  i)ending  in  the  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^    ^^  ^^  ^^  prohibitory  liquor 

State  Supreme  Court  at  the  begmnmg  of  the  i^w,  and  in  the  interests  of  true  temperance  we  favor 

year,  was  decided  on  Feb.  9  m  favor  of  the  de-  the  passinff  of  a  carefully  guarded  license-tax  law 

fendants.    The  objections  to  the  constitutional!-  whidb  shiSl  provide  for  the  isBuance  of  licenses  in 

ty  of  the  law  were  all  overruled  by  the  majority  towns,  townships,  and  municipal  corporations,  and 

of  the  court,  and  its  provisions  were  declared  which  shall  provide  that  for  each  license  an  an- 

valid.     The  regulation  by  the  State  of  joint  nu^  tex  of  $600  be  paid  into  tlie  county  treasury  and 

through  rat^w^declarJ not  tol^obnoious  S?i^,^n^^sh^^ 

to  any  coi^itutional  provision,  either  of  the  to&euseofsuch  municipalita^i. 

State  or  of  the  United  States.    From  this  con-  We  reaffirm  our  adherence  to  the  doctrine  of  the 

elusion  two  of  the  five  judges  dissented.    No  control  and  regulation  of  railroads  as  now  enacted 

Erogress  was  made  during  the  year  in  the  suits  into  a  law. 
rought  by  the  commissioners  against  various  ^  We  reiterate  our  demands  of  one  year  ago  for  the 
railroad  companies  to  enforce  the  joint  rates  es-  ?^.«^*?«««  *^^  ^il^^""'  '^^  ^'^  ^\  H  "^"^^  ^^  ^^^ 
tablished  un&r  the  provisions  of  the  above-men-  t^^^*^""  ^^"^  '^^  ^^^^  P^^^°  "^^  P"^'»^- 
tioned  law.  On  July  1  the  Republican  Convention  met  at 
Banks. — In  the  biennial  term  ending  June  80,  Cedar  Rapids,  and  made  the  following  nomina- 
1891,  the  number  of  saving  banks  increased  from  tions:  For  Governor,  Hiram  C.  Wheeler;  for 
50  to  88.  and  their  deposits  from  f  18,125,058.88  Lieutenant-Governor,  George  Van  Houten ;  for 
to  120,821,495.07,  while  the  number  of  State  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Silas  M.  Weaver ; 
banks  increased  from  80  to  122,  and  their  de-  for  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Henry 
posits  from  $7,271,515.22  to  $12,960^11.60.  Sabin  (renominated) ;  for  Railroad  Commission- 
Coal. — Almost  half  of  the  State  is  underlaid  er,  Frank  T.  Campbell  (renominated).  The  plat- 
vith  coal.  It  is  produced  in  26  counties,  and  is  form  praises  the  last  Ck>ngress  for  the  redemp- 
of  a  quality  generally  well  adapted  for  steam  and  tion  of  its  pledges  as  to  the  revision  of  the  tariff 
beating.  No  cannel  or  gas  coal  is  found  in  the  in  the  interest  of  home  industry  and  for  ite  work 
State.  The  quantity  produced  during  the  cen-  in  behalf  of  liberal  pensions  for  soldiers,  approves 
SOS  year  ending  June  80, 1880,  from  25  counties  the  coinage  act,  commends  the  policy  looking  to 
was  1,461,116  SkOTt  tons,  valued  at  $2,507,453  at  reciprocal  trade,  declares  that  tne  party  may  be 
the  mines.  The  wages  paid  M^gregated  $1,554,-  trusted  to  promote  a  plan  of  reform,  Australian 
<KM,  and  the  average  number  of  persons  employed  or  otherwise,  tending  to  protect  the  purity  of  the 
▼as  5,024.  The  total  product  of  all  grades  dur-  ballot,  commends  the  law  intending  to  protect 
ing  the  calendar  year  1889  was  4,061,704  short  our  country  from  the  immigration  of  paupera 
tons,  valued  at  $5,392,220.  The  average  number  and  criminals  from  foreign  lands,  declares  in 
of  persons  employed  during  the  year  was  9,198,  favor  of  equal  tAxation,  favors  the  passage  of  the 
and  the  amount  of  wages  paid  $2,903,291.  Conger  lard  bill,  and  favors  a  liberal  appropria- 

PoliticaL— On  June  10  the  Prohibitioniste  tion  for  the  World's  Fair, 

met  in  State  convention  at  Des  Moines  and  nomi-  On  the  leading  question  at  issue  in  the  canvass 

nated  the  following  ticket  for  State  officers :  For  the  following  declarations  were  made : 

Governor  Isaac  F.  Gibson ;  for  Lieutenant-Gov-  j^  ^^  interests  of  true  temperance,  and  under  the 

ernor,J.iJ.  Little;  for  Justice  of  the  bupreme  j^^g  of  Iowa,  enacted  by  the  representatives  of  sov- 

^urt,  Daniel  B.  Turney ;  for  Superintendent  of  creij^n  people,  the  saloon  was  made  an  outlaw  in  this 

Pubhc  Instmctioiif  Mrs.  M.  H.  Dunham ;  for  State.    We  charge  that  the  outlaw  has  had  the  pat- 


384  ITALY. 

ronage,  counsel,  and  protection  of  the  Democratic  appointed  March  9,  1890;  Minister  of  Justice 
party;  that  the  Deniocnitic  party,  as  it  has  won  and  of  Ecclesiastical  Affaire,  Giuseppe  Zanardelli, 
power,  haa  nullified  the  law,  defied  the  authority  of  appointed  April  4, 1887 ;  Minister  of  War,  Gen. 
the  btate  and  the  expressed  wil  of  its  People,  and  j^^  Bertole-Viale,  appointed  AprU  4,  1887; 
that  now  appeal  is  made  to  the  electors  of  the  whole  t*.  .  :  *^'?;™  £«*o,  »^pvt.*vcx*  ^P*»x  -«,  xwi  , 
State  for  approval  of  the  lawless  work.  We  recog-  S*"*l  «/.  .«^f"?f.'  Benedetto  Bnn,  appointed 
nize  that  the  issue  is  law  against  defiance  of  law,  March  30,  1884 ;  Minister  of  Commerce,  Agri- 
subordination  against  insubordination,  and  this  State  culture  and  Industry,  Luigi  Micele,  appointed 
of  Iowa  against  the  Democratic  party.  We  recog-  Dec.  81,  1888 ;  Minister  of  Public  Worfa,  Gas- 
nize  that  the  issue  is  between  the  interest  of  true  pare  Pinali,  appointed  March  9,  1889 ;  Minister 
teini>erance  and  freedom  and  the  rule  of  an  indis-  ^f  pog^g  and  Telegraphs,  Pietro  Lacava,  ap- 
crimmate  traffic.  We  renew  our  allegiance  to  the  pointed  May  10,  1889.  The  Ministry  of  Finance 
people  of  Iowa  and  submit  to  them  the  determination  *~"»»^';*  •'  ^{  .  *:  7  j  j^  i,.  -'  t^  ,  *vr 
S  the  issue,  promising  that  Uie  control  of  the  next  ^^f  subsequently  intrusted  to  Signer  Gnmal^ 
Legislature  by  the  Democratic  party  means  State-  Area  ana  ropalatlon.— The  area  is  286,5^ 
wide  license,  and  that  the  control  of  the  next  Le^is-  square  kilometres,  with  a  population  estimated 
lature  by  the  Republicans  means  continued  opposition  in  the  beginning  t>f  1890  at  30,947,306.  The 
to  the  behests  or  the  saloon  power  through  the  main-  average  annual  mortality  in  18i^'66  was  30-06 
tenance  and  enforcement  of  tlie  law.  pg^  i^OQO;  it  decreased  to  an  average  of  27-7  in 

There  was  also  a  fourth  ticket  in  the  field,  1883-'87,  and  to  25*6  in  1889.    The  mortality  of 

nominated  by  the  People's  party  and  containing  children  under  a  year  old  sank  from  225  per 

the  following  names:  For  Governor,  A.  J.  West-  1,000  in  1868-72  to  196*8  in  1888.    A  further 

fall ;  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  Walter  S.  Scott ;  improvement  is  found  in  the  decline    in  en- 

for  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  T.  F.  Willis ;  demic  and  infectious  diseases.    Nevertheless,  in 

for  Superintendent  01  Public  Instruction,  C.  W.  1888  the  deaths  from    infectious   diseases    in 

Bean ;  for  Railroad  Commissioner,  D.  F.  Rogers.  Italy  were  27*6  per  1,000.    In  1885  there  were 

A  lon^  and  interesting  canvass  followed  these  6,401  communes  in  Italy  in  which  not  a  single 
nominations.  Strenuous  efforts  were  made  by  drain  existed.  The  percentage  of  deaths  from 
the  Republicans  to  regain  control  of  the  office  of  smallpox  is  higher  in  Italy  than  in  any  other 
Governor,  which  they  lost  for  the  first  time  in  European  country,  amoimting  in  18S8  to  59*4  per 
1890,  but  they  were  somewhat  divided  regarding  100,000.  In  1888  vaccination  was  for  the  first 
the  policy  of  defending  the  prohibitory  law,  time  made  compulsory  in  Italy.  In  26  years  the 
while  the  "Democrats  were  united  in  denouncing  number  of  pupils  attending  elementary  sdiools 
it  as  a  failure  and  in  demanding  high  license,  has  risen  from  1,000,000  to  2,300,000.  The  illit- 
The  contest  turned  chiefly  on  local  issues,  of  erates  entering  the  army  have  fallen  from  64 
which  the  liquor  question  was  by  far  the  most  per  cent  in  lS)6  to  42*9  per  cent,  in  1888.  In 
prominent,  and  the  result  seemea  to  indicate  a  Germany  the  proportion  of  illiterate  recruits  is 
change  in  popular  feeling  in  the  State  upon  this  1*2  per  cent.,  and  in  France  10  per  cent  In 
question.  At  the  November  election  the  entire  higher  Italian  educational  institutions  the  in- 
Democratic  ticket  was  successful,  Boies  receiv-  crease  has  been  considerable.  The  more  serious 
ing  207,575  votes ;  Wheeler,  199,759 ;  Westfall,  forms  of  crime  show  a  tendencv  to  decrease,  al- 
11,918 ;  and  Gibson,  962.  The  pluralitv  of  Bestow  though  acts  of  violence  are  still  more  common 
for  Lieutenant-Governor  was  4,242 ;  of  Kinne  for  in  Italy  than  in  most  European  countries.  Italy 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  2,977 ;  of  Dey  for  stands  highest  in  Europe  in  homicides  and  san- 
Railroad  Commissioner,  7,046;  and  of  Knoepfier  guinarv  assaults.  The  number  of  prisoners  de- 
fer Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  829.  creased  from  80,000  in  1880  to  68,000  in  1888. 
As  a  result  of  the  election  for  members  of  the  Finances. — The  budget  estimate  of  revenue 
General  Assembly,  the  Senate  of  1892  will  con-  for  the  year  ending  June  30, 1891,  was  1,850,248,- 
tain  25  Democrats,  24  Republicans,  and  1  ad-  142  lire,  and  the  estimate  of  expenditure  was 
herent  of  the  Union  Labor  party;  the  House  1,872,133,271  lire,  adding  21,885,129  lire  to  the 
will  contain  53  Republicans,  46  Democrats,  and  1  deficits  of  the  previous  three  years.  The  deficit  of 
member  of  the  People's  party.  1889-'90  was  stated  in  the  budget  estimate  at  56,- 

ITALY,  a  constitutional  monarchy  in  southern  509,078  lire ;  in  1888-'89  the  actual  excess  of  ex- 
Europe.  The  Parliament  consists  of  a  Senate  penditure  was  230,461,086  lire,  and  in  1887-'88  it 
composed  of  members  nominated  from  among  was  57,151,120  lire.  The  public  accounts  divide 
citizens  distinguished  in  professional  or  public  receipts  and  expenditures  into  four  categories : 
life,  or  who  pay  3,000  lire  in  taxes  per  annum,  and  (1)  effective  receipts  and  expenditures ;  (2)  move- 
a  House  of  Deputies  numbering  508  members,  ment  of  capital;  (3)  construction  of  railroads, 
who  are  elected  on  collective  tickets  of  two  or  etc.;  (4)  receipts  and  expenditures  d'ordre.  The 
three  for  each  department.  The  elective  fran-  fourth  category  embraces  the  working  expenses 
chise  is  the  right  of  all  adult  males  who  are  able  of  the  state  domains,  interest  on  the  funds  for  se- 
to  read  and  write  and  pay  20  lire  or  francs  in  curing  paper  money,  treasury  deposits,  and  loans 
taxes.  The  reigning  king  is  Umberto  I,  eldest  son  for  pensions,  etc,  in  which  receipts  balance  ex- 
of  Vittorio  Emanuele,  whom  he  succeeded  on  Jan.  penditures,  as  also  in  the  third  category.  The  re- 
9, 1878,  when  not  quite  thirty-four  years  old.  The  ceipts  and  expenditures  in  the  second  and  third 
chief  of  the  ministry  is  f^rancesco  Crispi,  who  categories  are  classed  as  extraordinary.  The  or- 
was  first  appointed  on  July  29,  1887,  as  the  sue-  dinary  receipts  in  the  first  category  amounted  to 
cessor  of  Depretis.  In  the  beginning  of  1891  1,583,022,815  lire,  and  the  extraortlinarr  receipts 
the  Cabinet  was  constituted  as  follows:  Presi-  to  19,986,962  lire,  making  a  total  of  l,6(fe,009,477. 
dent  of  the  Council,  Minister  of  the  Interior,  and  lire.  The  total  expenditure  in  this  category  was 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  ad  interim,  Fran-  reckoned  at  1,613,972,792  lire,  leaving  a  deficit  of 
cesco  Crispi ;  Minister  of  the  Treasury  and  Min-  10,963,318  lire.  In  the  second  cate^ry  the  re- 
ister  of  Finance  ad  interim,  Giovanni  Giolitti,  ceipts  were  estimated  at  32,160,589  lire,  and  ex- 


ITALY.  385 

penditures  at  43,082,400  lire.    The  total  on  each  1890  of  109  o£Beers  and  3,180  men.     The  native 

Aide  of  the  account  in  the  third  category  was  levies  in  Africa  numbered  152  officers,  of  whom 

140,745,958  lire,  and  in  the  fourth  69,332,118  lire.  104  were  Italians,  and  5,295  men,  including  108 

Adding  the  latter  sum  to  the  ordinary  effective  Italian  under-officers. 

IV venue,  the  total  ordinary  receipts  are  found  to  be  The    Nary.  —  The    Italian    navy,  which   is 

1.552,354,663  lire,  while  the  ordinary  expenditures  counted  the  third  strongest  in  the  world,  had 

amount  to  1,579,911,314  lire,  giving  a  surplus  seven  great  ironclads  of  from  11,000  to  13,898 

uf  ?2,443.319  lire.    The  sum  of  tne  extraordinary  tons,  built  between  1876  and  1888,  all  capable  of 

rvtwipis  is  197,893,509  lire,  and  that  of  extraor-  steaming  from  16  to  18^  knots  an  hour,  armed 

dinary  disbursements  292,221,957  lire,  showing  a  with  the  heaviest  ordnance,  and  having  from  18 

deficit  of  94,328,448  lire.    Of  the  extraordinary  to  22  inches  of  armor  over  the  vulnerable  parts, 

expenditure,  165,816,114  lire   were    for   public  An  eighth,  the  "  Sicilia,"  of  13,268  tons  displace- 

works,  32,461,600  lire  for  the  army,  and  13,200,-  ment,  was  launched  at  Venice  on  July  6. 1891. 

0(H)  lire  for  the  navy.    Of  the  extraordinary  Two  others,  the  "Re  Umberto,"  of  equal  size, 

rerenne.  11,886,580  lire  were  raised  by  the  sale  and  a  still  larger  one,  the  "Sardegna,"  were 

of  property  and  16,530,000  lire  by  new  loans.  nearing  completion.     There  were  five  armored 

The  revised  budget  for  1890-'91  showed  a  battle  ships  of  older  type  and  under  5,000  tons 

deficit  of  45,000,000  lire,  the  previous  estimate  displacement,  a  torpedo  ram  of  3,020  tons,  three 

having  made  no  provision  for  a  falling  off  of  other  second-class  armor-clads  of  3,530  tons,  and 

over  ^,000,000  lire  in  the  revenue.    This  deficit  seven  under  3,000  tons,  while  eight  more  were 

▼as  reduced  by  economies  to  36,000,000  lire,  building  or  waiting  for  engines  or  armament. 

The  expenditure  on  public  works  was  fixed  at  Commerce  and  Production. — Although  the 

I!M.2ol,698  lire ;  the  ordinary  expenditure  for  financial  position  of  the  Government  has  grown 

war  at  259,620,402,  and  the  extraordinary  at  48,-  steadily  worse,  and  the  banking  and  currency 

1H6,120  lire ;  the  ordinary  naval  expenditure  at  system,  disorganized  by  the  acceptance  of  in- 

lUH.i97,418,  the  extraordinary  at  14,659,376  lire,  nated  values  and  shadowy  securities  that  have 

The  interest  on  the  consolidated  debt,  5  per  since  collapsed,  now  engages  the  anxious  atten- 

cent.,  except  a  small  portion,  amounted  to  449,-  tion  of  statesmen,  national  wealth  has  accumu- 

092,139  in  1889-'90.    The  interest  on  the  debts  lated  in  Italy  faster,  it  is  believed,  than  in  France ; 

seikarately  inscribed,  and  on  other  terminable  and  in  spite  of  the  depression  that  has  succeeded 

debts,  varying  from  3  to  6  per  cent.,  was  21,178,408  the  era  of  speculation,  it  is  still  growing  at  the 

lire  for  the  former  and  92,375,752  lire  for  the  vari-  rate  of  1,000,000,000  francs  a  year.     The  paper 

0U8  oblipttions  not  in  the  separate  book,  while  money  issued  by  the  six  banks  of  issue  was  of- 

the  sinkmg  fund  laid  aside  for  both  amounted  ficially  ascertained  to  be  1,102,900,000  lire  on 

to  1,340,358  lire  for  the  year.    The  interest  on  June  30, 1891,  which  is  200,000,000  lire  in  excess 

treasury  bonds  and  other  fioating  debt  was  13,-  of  the  amount  authorized  bylaw.    The  excess  of 

113,635  lire,  which,  with  the  annuity  of  3,225,-  this  circulation  over  the  metallic  reserve  of  429,- 

000  lire  set  aside  for  the  Pope,  makes  the  total  100,000  lire  is,  to  a  considerable  extent,  based  on 

interest  on  the  public  debt  578,984,932  lire.    The  loans  made  on  property  now  unsalable  during 

capital  of  the  aebt  amounted  to  11,241,000,000  the  progress  of  the  ouilding  mania.    The  illegal 

lire,  which  is  equal  to  f  75  per  capita.    The  in-  excess  of  the  emissions  is  believed  by  experts  to 

terest  is  about  fd.50  a  head,  and  amounts  to  be  nearer  500,000,000  lire.    The  amount  officially 

four  seTenths  of  the  total  value  of  exports  of  do-  established  was  legalized  by  the  law  of  June  SO, 

mestic  products.    The  property  owned  by  the  1891,  authorizing  the  banks  to  issue  notes  to  the 

^te  is  estimated  at  6,506,404,645  lire,  consist-  amount  of  four  times  their  capital,  on  condition 

ing  of  .526,479,530  lire  of  assets  in  the  treasury,  that  one  third  of  the  circulation  shall  be  pro- 

707.111,479  lire  in  loans,  real  estate,  etc.,  3,398,-  tected  by  a  metallic  reserve.     The  notes  of  the 

^,658  lire  in  property  of  a  reproductive  char-  other  banks,  though  legal  tender,  are  not  re- 

acter,  l,676,993,66o  lire  in  buildings  and  other  garded  with  the  same  confidence  as  the  state 

property  used  in  the  service  of  tne  state,  and  notes.     The  circulation  is  kept  on  a  gold  basis, 

197,019,310  lire  worth  of  material  in  use  in  the  notwithstanding  the  loss  of  the  French  trade, 

army  and  navy.   The  revenue  from  state  property  partly  compensated    for  by  increased  exports 

in  1888-'89  was  68^^14,394  lire  from  railroads,  to  Germany  and  other  countries,  and  by  the 

4,368,366  lire  from  ecclesiastical  property,  and  constant  infiux  of  gold  spent  by  tourists  and 

12..304,339  lire  from  other  resources,  making  84,-  foreign  residents,  estimated  at  500,000,000  lire 

887,099  lire  in  all.    The  aggregate  revenue  of  the  a  year,  which  exceeds  the  annual  deficiency  in 

communes  of  Italy  in  1889  was  640,340,410  lire,  the  balance  of  trade  of  325,000,000  lire  for  the 

and  the  revenue  of  the  provinces  118,625,599  lire,  past  two  years.    The  produce  of  the  six  great 

The  debt  of  the  communes  was  883,138,464  lire,  crops  (wheat,  maize,  other  cereals,  rice,  oil,  and 

and  that  of  the  provinces  172,409,115  lire  at  the  wine)  increased  from   about  97,000,000  hecto- 

beginning  of  1^.  litres  in  1860  to  134,000,000  in  1890.  The  product 

The  Army. — The  permanent  army  in  1890  of  the  mining  industry  in  1871  was  valued  at 

numbered  14^211  officers  and  248,036  men  of  all  42,000,000  lire,  and  gave  employment  to  80,000 

arms  in  active  service,  and  11,842  officers  and  575,-  men;  in    1889  the    value  was   53.500.000  lire, 

103  men  on  unlimited  leave  of  absence.  The  mo-  and  the  number  of  men  employed  was  49,000. 

bile  militia  had  3,776  officers  and  368,510  men  on  The  pay  of  operatives  in  all  branches  of  indus- 

the  rolls,  and  the  territorial  militia  5,224  officers  try  increased  greatly  between  1862  and  1869,  ex- 

and  1,625,621  men.    This  gives  an  aggregate  oept  that  of  women  in  silk  factories,  owing  to 

nominal  strength  of  2,852,823  fighting  men  as  the  crisis  in  the  trade,  and  the   workmen  in 

the  official  estimate.     The  African  corps,  which  the  sulphur  mines,  owing  to  decreased  market 

forma  a  part  of  the  standing  army,  consisted  in  value.    While  a  laborer  in  1862  had  to  work 

vou  XXXI.— 25  A 


386  ITALY. 

one  hundred  and  ninety-five  hours  in  order  to  6,721,  of  824,474  tons ;  of  which  667,  of  481,439 

earn  the  price  of  100  kilos  of  wheat,  in  1889  he  tons,  were  en^^ed  in  ocean  commerce ;  387,  of 

would  have  to  work  only  ninety-five  hours.  140,260  tons,  m  long  coasting  voyages ;  and  5,- 

The  total  value  of  the  special  imports  in  1889  667,  of  202,775  tons,  in  the  ordmary  coasting 
was  1,391,154,246  lire,  and  that  of  tne  special  or  trade  and  in  the  fisheries.  Of  the  first  class  75, 
domestic  exports  950,645,760  lire.  The  imports  of  128,122  tons,  of  the  second  43,  of  31,330  tons, 
of  the  precious  metals  were  49,612,800  lire ;  ex-  and  of  the  third  161,  of  27,797  tons,  were  steam- 
ports,  55,058,100  lire.  The  export  trade  shows  a  ers.  The  number  of  Italian  vessels  entered  at 
partial  recovery  from  the  sudden  drop  from  1,-  Italian  ports  in  1889  was  107,188,  of  13,312,182 
028,231,726  lire  in  1886  and  1,002,136,762  lire  in  tons,  and  the  number  of  foreign  vessels  was  9,- 
1887  to  891,934,589  lire  in  1888.  The  total  for  1889  602,  of  7,594,133  tons. 

is  almost  exactly  the  same  as  that  for  1885.  The  Railroads.  —  A  large  part  of  the  railroad 
cultivated  area  in  Italy  is  about  36  per  cent,  of  svstem  is  the  property  of  the  state.  In  1885  all 
the  total  superficies,  while  12  per  cent,  is  under  the  state  lines  were  leased  to  private  companies 
forest  and  13  per  cent,  is  waste.  Over  69  per  on  contracts  running  sixty  years,  though  termi- 
cent.  of  the  people  are  dependent  on  agriculture  nable  at  the  end  of  twenty  or  of  forty  years.  The 
The  value  of  tne  chief  articles  of  agricultural  net,  which  comprised  2,561  kilometres  of  railroads 
produce  in  1889  was  estimated  at  2,&9,943,399  in  1861,  had  ctowu  in  1891  to  13,068  kilometrKi, 
fire,  in  which  sum  wine  stands  for  985,369,170  exclusive  of  2,262  kilometres  of  steam  tramways, 
lire ;  wheat,  680,281,122  lire ;  olive  oil,  332,625,-  The  lines  are  the  Mediterranean,  with  a  len^h 
150  lire;  Indian  corn,  276,545,999  lire;  silk  of  4,770  kilometres:  the  Adriatic,  5.177  kilo- 
cocoons,  138,278,709  lire;  rice,  103,105,700  lire;  metres;  the  Sicilian, 714  kilometres;  the  Sardin- 
acid  fruits,  72,967,712  lire;  legumes,  71,353,790  ian, 759 kilometres;  others,  1,648 kilometres.  The 
lire ;  chestnuts,  65,533,641  lire.  The  other  prod-  receipts  in  1887  amounted  to  236,266,276  lire,  of 
ucts  contain^  in  the  list  are  hemp,  oats,  pota-  which  95,132,681  lire  were  from  passengers.  The 
toes,  barley,  flax,  rye,  and  tobacco.  The  imports  railroads,  built  to  a  large  extent  for  political  ob- 
of  cattle  in  1889  were  4^,896,  and  the  exports  26,-  jects  connected  with  the  unification  of  Italy,  and 
282  head ;  54,830  ho&p  were  exported  and  12,002  extended  beyond  the  present  needs  for  the  sake 
imported ;  and  of  sheep,  49,508  were  exported  of  satisfying  the  various  provinces,  have  been  one 
ana  7,381  imported.  The  woolen  industry  re-  of  the  main  causes  of-  the  disorder  in  the  pablic 
quired  95,991  quintals  of  imported  wool,  while  finances.  The  ordinary  expenditure  on  public 
17,722  quintals  were  exported.  The  yield  of  silk  works  in  1889-'90  was  29,496,155  lire,  and  the 
cocoons  was  75,678,000  pounds,  against  96,786,-  extraordinary  164,755,543  lire,  to  which  must  be 
173  pounds  in  1888.  The  value  of  animal  prod-  added  the  interest  on  the  railroad  bonds,  amount- 
uce,  including  cocoons,  milk,  wool,  meat,  etc.,  ing  to  138,000,000  lire.  The  debt  bears  interest 
was  1,180,000,000  lire ;  and  the  produce  of  the  at  4  per  cent.,  while  the  returns,  deducting  work- 
forests,  including  fire- wood,  charcoal,  timber,  ing  expenses,  were  only  1*41  per  cent,  on  the 
and  other  products,  with  the  exception  ef  chest-  Mediterranean  line,  1'62  per  cent,  on  the  Adriatic, 
nuts,  was  ^,000,000  lire.  The  sulphur  industry  and  on  the  Sicilian  and  Sardinian  lines  there 
represents  half  the  total  value  of  mineral  prod-  was  a  large  net  loss  on  the  working  expensee. 
ucts,  and  employs  more  than  half  the  labor  en-  Change  of  Minlstrr. — Signer  Crispi  obtained 
gaged  in  mining.  Next  in  importance  are  the  the  general  support  of  the  country  in  the  elec- 
zinc  and  lead  mines.  Almost  equal  to  the  sul-  tions  of  September,  1890,  on  the  programme  of 
phur  mines  in  the  number  of  men  employed,  and  the  continuance  of  the  triple  alliance  and  exist- 
quite  so  in  the  value  of  their  produce,  are  the  ing  armaments  without  new  taxation,  and  the 
marble  quarries.  The  growth  of  Italian  industry  rectification  of  the  budget  by  retrenchments.  In 
is  shown  in  the  increase  of  the  coal  and  coke  the  previous  three  years  the  ministry  had  effected 
imports  from  516,000  tons  in  1867  to  4,000,000  nearly  100,000,000  lire  of  economy  in  the  ex- 
tons  in  1890.  A  large  proportion  of  the  agricult-  penses.  The  diminution  of  receipts  by  20.000.- 
ural  products,  such  as  wine,  silk,  and  fruits,  is  000  lire  made  the  deficit  in  1890-'91  45,000,000 
raised  for  exports.  The  trade  with  the  United  lire.  In  the  corrected  budget  for  1891-'92  rev- 
States  in  Italian  products  has  expanded  much  enue  was  reckoned  at  16,500,000  lire  less  than  in 
faster  than  the  tnide  in  American  products  in  the  first  estimate.  Minister  Giolitti,  by  cutting 
^ly,  which  are  so  burdened  with  the  profits  of  down  expenses,  reduced  the  deficit  for  that  year 
intermediate  English  and  German  traders  that  to  38,000,000  lire,  and  this  was  futher  reduced 
they  can  not  compete  with  European  manufact-  by  Signer  Grimaldi  to  29,000,000  lire.  This 
ures.  The  Italians  are  so  well  disposed  toward  trenched  so  close  upon  the  necessary  require- 
American  goods  that  Manchester  sheeting,  Ger-  ments  of  the  Government  that  Signer  Crispi  de- 
man  machinery  and  implements,  and  Kussian  spaired  of  being  able  to  go  further  without  de- 
petroleum  are  spuriously  labeled  as  American,  stroving  the  efficiency  of  the  army  and  of  the 
The  chief  imports  from  the  United  States  are  public  services.  As  he  was  unable  to  carry  out 
raw  cotton,  tobacco,  resins,  and  lard.  In  ad-  nis  pledge,  the  conditions  for  a  crisis  were  pres- 
dition  to  these  a  market  could  be  found  for  ent  m  spite  of  the  great  majority  that  he  corn- 
lumber,  coal,  grain  and  flour,  candles,  clocks  manded.  His  Conservative  supporters  demand- 
and  watches,  machinery,  edge  tools,  machine-  ed  a  larger  share  in  the  Government,  and  if  it 
made  articles,  cotton  piece  goods  and  varus,  and  should  accord  it  he  would  lose  followers  on  the 
canned  fish,  meats,  and  vegetables.  The  prohib-  left  of  the  Chamber,  with  whom  he  was  more 
itory  decree  against  the  importation  of  American  closely  affiliated.  In  his  financial  statement 
pork  products  was  removed  in  October,  1891.  Signer  Grimaldi  applied  for  increased  duties  on 

Navigation. — The  number  of  vessels  in  the  certain  articles  of  import  and  a  new  excise  duty 

registered  merchant  navy  on  Jan.  1, 1890,  was  on  the  manufacture  of  alcohol.     The  measure 


ITALY.  387 

• 

▼as  opposed  by  the  Extreme  Left,  and  was  eriti-  ister  of  the  Treasury,  Signor  Luzatti ;  Minister 
c'i^ed  by  members  of  the  Kight,  who  suggested  a  of  Public  Instruction,  Signor  Villari. 
further  paring  down  of  the  military  and  naval  The  House  of  Deputies,  which  had  adjourned 
budget^.  Signor  Bonghi,  of  the  Conservative  on  the  resignation  of  Signor  Crispi,  was  called 
Opposition,  who  had  been  a  member  of  Minghet-  together  to  hear  the  new  Premier's  statement  on 
ti  s  Cabinet,  taunted  Signor  Crispi  with  follow-  Feb.  14.  He  said  that  the  Cabinet  would  con- 
ing a  policy  that  was  disorganizing  at  home  and  quer  or  fall  under  the  standard  of  retrenchment, 
humiliating  abroad.  Goaded  by  these  strictures,  It  proposed  to  effect  an  equilibrium  in  the  budg- 
tbe  Premier  declared  that  the  nnancial  policv  of  et  by  cutting  down  all  estimates,  including 
the  Government  of  the  Right  had  been  no  bet-  those  of  war,  the  marine,  and  the  African  de- 
ter, and  that  the  Minghetti  Cabinet,  which  was  partment,  and  would  not  impose  fresh  burdens 
defeated  over  the  budget  of  1876,  had  pursued  a  on  the  tax  payers.  A  bill  would  be  introduced 
servile  policy  abroad.  This  provoked  loud  pro-  dealing  with  banks  of  issue,  but  no  bills  of  a jpo- 
tests,  and  Signor  Final!,  the  Minister  of  Puolic  litical  character  would  be  brought  forward.  The 
Works,  left  the  ministerial  bench.  Signor  Crispi  foreign  policy  would  be  to  maintain  stanchly  the 
went  on  to  say  that  the  country  demanded  the  league  of  peace,  and  at  the  same  time  dispel 
adoption  of  the  bill,  which  woula  show  that  Italy  doubt  and  mistrust  that  had  arisen  in  the  rela- 
desired  a  strong  Government,  not  one  that  was  tions  with  France.  The  change  that  the  Mar- 
^'  in  a  chronic  state  of  doubt  and  uncertainty."  quis  di  Rudini  had  advocated  from  aeruiin  de 
Amid  the  uproar  that  followed,  the  reporter  of  liste  to  the  single-district  system  was  excluded 
the  budget  committee,  Signor  Luzatti,  who  had  from  the  programme.  The  bills  of  the  late  Ad- 
made  a  speech  in  favor  of  the  bill,  announced  ministration,  imposing  duties  on  alcohol  and 
that  he  would  give  his  vote  against  the  Govern-  heavy  oils,  abolishing  certain  prefectures,  and 
ment,  and  took  a  seat  with  the  Opposition.  A  reforming  administrative  districts,  were  with- 
motion  to  proceed  to  the  order  of  the  day  was  drawn.  The  Parliament  was  adjourned  several 
proposed  and  accepted  by  the  Government  after  times  to  allow  the  new  Grovernment  to  make 
i)ignor  Crispi  had  disclaimed  any  intention  of  their  financial  plans.  Signor  Zanardelli  led  the 
offending  his  supporters  on  the  Right,  and  the  Opposition :  the  Extreme  Left,  including  Re- 
Government  was  defeated  by  186  votes  against  publicans.  Socialists,  and  Irredentists,  by  whose 
123.  The  Premier  then  gave  notice  of  his  resig-  votes  the  Crispi  ministry  had  been  overthrown, 
nation,  which  he  tendered  to  King  Umberto  the  gave  a  qualined  support  to  the  Government ; 
same  day,  Jan.  31, 1891.  and  Signor  Crispi  maintained  a  neutral  and  ex- 
The  unlooked-for  defeat  of  the  Crispi  Admin-  pectant  attitude,  waiting  for  the  development 
istration  was  erroneously  supposed  in  France  to  of  the  financial  scheme.  Retrenchment  in  all 
signify  the  reversal  of  Crispins  policy  and  the  departments  was  found  to  be  impracticable,  be- 
end  of  the  triple  alliance.  The  King  found  it  cause  in  some  economy  had  already  been  car- 
difficult  to  find  a  successor  to  Crispi.  The  Lib-  ried  to  the  limit  of  efficiency.  Legislation  in- 
erals  held  a  meeting  with  a  view  to  the  reconsti-  stituted  by  the  late  Grovernment  for  the  purpose 
tution  of  the  historical  Left  and  the  formation  of  making  certain  taxes  more  productive  was 
of  a  purely  Liberal  ministry  that  would  have  the  gone  on  with,  and  was  expected  to  yield  an  in- 
sopport  of  the  45  members  of  the  Extreme  Left,  crease  of  about  10,000,000  lire  in  the  revenue, 
and  could  count  on  a  majority  of  300  against  200.  In  presenting  the  revised  budget,  on  March  21, 
This  combination  failed  because  Signor  Zanar-  Signor  Luzatti  stated  that  the  deficit  for  1800- 
delli  and  Signor  Nicotera  could  not  compose  '91  would  reach  70,000,000  lire,  and  that  the 
their  differences,  and  Zanardelli,  to  whom  the  floating  debt  was  450,000,000  lire.  For  the  corn- 
King  first  applied,  advised  the  recall  of  Crispi.  ing  year  the  Government  proposed  to  restrict  the 
He  could  not  return  because  there  was  no  pros-  area  occupied  in  Africa  to  the  triangle  of  M as- 
pect of  a  change  in  the  conditions  that  led  to  his  sowah,  Keren,  and  Asmara,  and  to  reduce  the 
retirement.  Signor  Bertole  Viale,  and  Signor  expenditure  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Italian 
Brin  were  consulted  in  succession,  but  neither  was  colony  in  Africa  from  18,000,000  to  6,000,000  or 
able  to  form  a  ministry.  The  Right  demanded  7,000,000  lire.  Salaries  were  cut  down  in  the 
economies  in  the  budget  amounting  to  40,000,-  consular  service  and  other  departments.  In  dis- 
000  lire.  The  Marquis  di  Rudini  was  called  up-  cussing  the  revenue  estimates  for  1891-'92,  on 
on.  and  he  came  to  an  understanding  with  Sign-  June  24,  the  Minister  of  the  Treasury  promised 
or  Nicotera  and  Signor  Saracco,  who  joined  that  the  expected  deficit  was  only  5,^4,000  lire, 
him  in  an  attempt  to  get  together  a  Cabinet  which  would  be  cleared  away  by  increased  re- 
pledged  tx)  the  desired  savings.  Not  being  able  ceipts  and  fresh  economies.  In  August  the  defi- 
to  agree  on  the  choice  of  their  colleagues  and  cit  was  reckoned  by  friends  of  the  Government 
the  division  of  the  offices,  the  combination  was  at  20,000,000  lire,  and  by  the  Opposition  at 
weakened  hj  the  withdrawal  of  Signor  Saracco.  thrice  that  figure.  The  Italian  schools  in  the 
The  new  ministry,  as  constituted  finally  on  Feb.  East,  in  which  80,000  children  were  instructed, 
9,  was  a  coalition  not  only  of  Liberal  and  Con-  were  suppressed.  Railroad  building  was  stopped 
servative  groups,  but  of  both  friends  and  oppo-  for  the  future,  except  on  lines  which  were  con- 
nents  of  Crispi's  home  and  foreign  policv.  It  tracted  for,  which  would  require  80,000,000  lire, 
was  composed  of  the  following  members :  Presi-  The  Marquis  di  Rudini,  in  November,  expressed 
dent  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  Foreign  the  intention  of  covering  railroad  expenditure 
Affairs,  the  Marouis  di  Rudini ;  Minister  of  the  bv  the  ordinary  revenue.  He  expected  to  in- 
Interior,  Signor  Nicotera ;  Minister  of  Public  elude  pensions  m  the  ordinary  budget.  A  pro- 
Works,  Signor  Branca;  Minister  of  Finance,  spective  deficit  of  21,000,000  lire  in  1892-'93 
Signer  Colombo ;  Ministerof  War,  Gen.  Pellonx;  would  be  avoided  bv  means  of  fresh  measures. 
Minister  of  Agriculture,  Signor  Chimirri :  Min-  but  the  efficiency  of  the  army  and  navy  would 


388  ITALY. 

not  be  impaired.  If  he  could  not  place  the  state  that  had  allied  themselves  with  the  Churr-h  in 

in  a  position  to  dispense  with  borrowing,  he  said  France  had  become  so  weak  and  disorganized, 

he  would  resign.    A  saving  of  68,000,000  lire  that  the  diplomatists  of  the  Vatican  thought  it 

had  been  effected  in  the  budget  of  1891-'92,  and  expedient  to  accept  and  approve  the  republic  in 

40,000,000  lire  more  would  be  saved  in  the  budg-  Prance,  and  in  domg  so  they  calculated  on  recti  v- 

et  for  1892-'93.  ing  some  support  from  Prance  for  the  claims  of 

The  Rudini  ministrv  accepted  the  foreign  the  Papacy  to  Rome.  The  present  Pontiff,  while 
policy  of  Crispi  with  all  its  obligations  and  re-  ostensibly  clinging  to  the  pretensions  advanced 
newed  the  triple  alliance,  notwithstanding  the  by  Pius  IX  to  the  full  restoration  of  the  tt'm- 
growing  discontent  with  the  burdens  that  it  im-  poral  power,  has  permitted  compromise  proposi- 
poses.  The  new  commercial  treaties  with  Ger-  tions  to  be  put  forward  under  his  auspices.  Bv 
many  and  Austria-Hungary,  and  the  one  with  removinjgf  the  ban  of  non  expedit  imposed  on  Ital- 
Switzerland  that  was  still  under  discussion  in  ian  Clericals  by  his  predecessor  and  himself,  by 
the  last  months  of  the  year,  held  out  prospects  which  they  are  not  permitted  to  vote  in  national 
of  an  improvement  in  the  economical  situation,  elections  or  to  be  elected  to  Parliament,  he  can 
by  an  increase  in  the  exports  of  agricultural  change  the  balance  of  power  in  party  politics  and 
products.  In  negotiating  the  treaties  the  Grov-  bring  in  a  Government  of  the  Right  that  would 
emment  took  care  not  to  injure  the  manufactur-  not  be  so  purely  hostile  to  Papal  pretensions  as 
ing  interests.  In  reference  to  the  nimored  ad-  the  Left  and  the  Right  of  the  Chamber  are  equal- 
hesion  of  Great  Britain  to  the  triple  alliance,  ly,  so  long  as  the  rule  of  electoral  abstention  is 
the  Marquis  di  Rudini  answered  an  interpella-  kept  in  force.  As  a  preliminary  condition,  it  is 
tion  in  the  Senate  on  June  29  by  saying  that  necessary  to  secure  the  acceptance  of  his  com- 
Italy  sought  to  have  understandings  and  agree-  promise  scheme  by  a  strong  enough  combination 
ments  with  powers  animated  with  a  desire  to  of  foreign  governments,  either  the  German  and 
preserve  peace  and  maintain  the  existing  bal-  Austrian  or  the  French  and  Russian,  or  all  of 
ance  of  power,  and  especially  the  status  quo  in  them.  This  scheme  has  been  supposed  by  some 
the  Mediterranean.  Some  years  before  there  to  involve  the  substitution  of  an  international 
had  been  an  exchange  of  views  between  Italy  guarantee  of  the  powers  for  the  Italian  law  of 
and  Great  Britain,  and  both  countries  had  pro-  guarantees  of  May  13, 1871,  the  removal  of  the 
posed  to  co-operate  for  the  maintenance  of  peace  Government  and  royal  court  to  some  other  citv, 
and  the  staiua  quo.  An  agreement  with  Ger-  and  the  conversion  of  Rome  into  a  free  city.  If 
many  and  Austria  had  alr^idy  been  arrived  at  this  plan  can  not  be  carried  out,  it  is  supposed 
for  the  renewal  of  the  treaties  of  alliance  that  that  Ijco  X  would  accept  an  arrangement  by 
would  lapse  in  1892.  These  alliances,  he  declared,  which  the  court  of  the  Vatican  and  that  of  the 
firmly  and  sincerely  maintained, "  will  assure  the  Quirinal  can  be  held  in  Rome  at  different  periods 
peace  of  Europe  for  a  lone  time  to  come."  At  of  the  year.  A  large  section  of  the  Clericals, 
an  interview  between  M.  de  Giers  and  King  comprising  a  few  of  the  more  Liberal  of  the  pre!- 
Umberto  and  his  ministers,  at  Monza,  on  Oct.  ates  and  many  laymen  of  the  provincial  aris- 
14,  the  Russian  minister  was  reported  to  have  tocracy,  are  in  favor  of  participating  in  Italian 
announced  and  explained  the  Franco-Russian  politics  on  the  simple  condition  that  the  status 
rajE>proeA«;)ien/,sayingthat  Prance  while  isolated  guo  represented  by  the  law  of  guarantees  shall 
was  subject  to  anxieties,  freed  from  which  she  receive  an  international  character.  A  part  of  the 
would  cease  to  be  an  element  of  uneasiness  for  irreconcilable  element,  old  ecclesiastics  and  no- 
other  countries ;  as  for  Russia,  the  idea  of  lean-  bles,  look  forward  to  the  downfall  of  the  unit- 
ing on  so  powerful  a  state  was  dictated  as  much  ed  monarchy,  and  the  establishment  in  its  stead 
by  state  reasons  as  by  the  mutual  inclinations  of  a  federal  republic  in  which  the  territoral  sov- 
of  the  two  nations ;  France  can  count  on  Rus-  ereignty  of  the  Pope  will  find  its  natural  place, 
sia  so  long  as  she  is  neither  aggressive  not  pro-  The  Papal  question  was  brought  before  the  pub- 
voking.  The  Czar  desired  to  Team  the  pacific  lie  view  in  a  practical  shape  by  an  untowara  in- 
sentiments  of  King  Umberto.  Between  Russia  cident  springing  from  the  accentuation  of  the 
and  Italy  the  only  points  of  difference  that  could  national  jealousy  between  the  French  and  the 
arise  were  concerning  the  Dardanelles  question,  Italians.  A  vast  number  of  pilgrims,  societies  of 
already  settled,  and  the  Bulgarian  question,  French  Catholic  working  men  and  others,  went 
which  the  Czar  had  no  desire  to  stir  up  so  long  to  Rome  in  the  beginning  of  October,  1891.  to 
as  Europe  enjoyed  the  present  tranquillity.  do  homage  to  the  Piope  and  receive  his  benedic- 

The  Roman  Question. — The  change  of  min-  tion.    A  party  of  these,  on  Oct.  2.,  insulted  the 

isters  removed  some  of  the  minor  causes  of  f  ric-  memory  of  Vittore  Emanuele  by  spitting  on  the 

tion  that  had  arisen  from  Crispins  aggressive  atti-  visitors'  register  at  his  tomb  in  the  Pantheon, 

tude  toward  the  Church  without  altering  the  es-  and  shouting  perdition  to  him  and  to  King  Um- 

sential  features  of  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  the  berto  and  long  life  to  the  Pope.    Three  very 

(Jovemment.    The  projects  concerning  divorce  young  men,  Michel  Trufe,  a  student,  Maurice 

and  the  deposition  of  bishops  were  abandoned.  Gregoire,  a  lawyer,  and  Eagi^ne  Choncary,  a 

Thepolicyof  the  new  Government  the  Marquis  di  journalist,  were  arrested  for  tne  outrage.    The 

Rudini  summed  up  in  the  words,  "  No  conces-  affair  caused  a  great  commotion  in  Rome.    The 

sion,  no  provocation,  no  condonation  of  affronts  bands  of  pilgrims  were  mobbed,  thousands  of 

to  the  civil  power.**    The  tension  caused  by  the  young  men   paraded  tAie   streets  cheering  the 

renewal  of  tne  triple  alliance  and  the  new  com-  king,  public  meetings  were  held  and  anti-French 

mercial  treaties  hastened  the  partial  rapproehe-  speeches  delivered,  great  numbers   of   citizens 

fnent  between  the  Vatican  and  the  Preycinet  went  to  the  Pantheon  to  inscribe  their  names  in 

ministry  in  France.  The  fortunes  of  the  monarch-  the  visitors*  book  at  the  tomb.    The  police  pre- 

leal    parties  had  fallen  so  low  and  the  parties  vented  serious  disorders,  and  the  Govemment 


ITALY.  389 

authorities,  seeking  to  minimize  the  international  ciety  was  called  the  Mala  Vita.    Its  existence 

character  of  the  incident,  simply  conducted  the  was  betrayed  by  some  of  the  members.    A  per- 

arrested  pilgrims  to  the  frontier,  instead  of  pros-  son  wishing  to  become  a  member  had  to  be  in- 

ecutiog  them    for  the  desecration  of  a  tomb  troduced  to  the  chief,  who  would  instruct  an- 

and  for  committing  **  an  ace  tending  to  diminish  other  associate  to  institute  a  rigorous  inquiry  as 

the  independence  of  the  state  and  to  destroy  its  to  whether  the  applicant  was  worthy.    All  these 

unity."    In  his  speech  delivered  at  Milan  on  negotiations  were  conducted  in  thieves'  slang. 

Nor.  9,  the  Premier  said :  There  were  three  grades  of  members,  each  pos- 

We  have  ertabliBhed  in  our  midst  the   Papacy,  ^.^s^Pf,  *  sepjrate  head--the  Camorristes^  the 

which  BometimM  aMumen  a  threatening  attitude ;  but  fic^iottu  and  the  Giovanotti,  or  novices.    When 

its  sphere  of  action  is  limited  to  the  exercise  of  spirit-  the  admission  of  a  new  associate  had  been  re- 

ual  power,  not  onlv  by  the  law,  which  will  not  be  solved  upon,  a  meeting  of  the  section  in  which 

lightly  coDtravenea,  but  also  by  almoet  unanimous  he  was  to  be  enrolled  was  convened.    He  took 

(Misent  even  on  the  part  of  those  who  deem  them-  the  oath  with  one  foot  in  an  open  grave,  the 

Hrlve*  moat  religioua.    The  country's  ecclesiastical  ot^er  being  attached  to  a  chain,  and  swore  to 

&'ff^^S^K??Slly^mb^e\^^^^^^  abandon  father,  mother  wife,  children  and  all 

raMntained.    The  dbplorable  incidents  brought  about  ^hat  he  held  dear  in  order  to  work  out  the  ob- 

h\  a  few  Hhort-aighted  persons  will  not  make  us  devi-  jects  01  the  association.    Humility  and  self-ab- 

at«  from  that  policy.    Not  for  so  slight  a  matter  will  negation  were  imposed  upon  the  novice  by  the 

we  raine  questions  reffardinff  the  Constitution  of  the  terms  of  the  oath.    No  one  was  allowed  to  join 

kingdom-    Not  for  that  will  we  tamper  with  the  im-  the  organization  who  had  been  a  gendarme,  a 

movable  statutory  law  of  guarantees,  the  wisdom  and  policeman,  or  a  custom-house  officer.     The  prin- 

expediency  of  which  have  been  proved  by  W  ex-  ^^                  ^                      appears  to  havelbeen 

unence.    Italy  will  not  fail  m  the  respect  whicli  she  ^''if*^  wwj^^i,  "i /'"^  ow.*wu^  c»P4/^i»io  w  "«»*^  ^^^^^ 

ow«  to  the  lilirty  of  conscience  and  religious  tolera  bngandage.  The  booty  obtained  m  predatory  ex- 

tion  which  it  ia  our  boast  to  profess.  peditions  and  the  ransoms  denved  from  the  capt- 
ure of  unlucky  travelers  were  thrown  into  a  com- 

Labor  Disturbance. — The  working  men's  mon  stock,  a  certain  proptortion  being,  however, 
demonstrations  on  May  1  were  attenoed  with  specially  set  apart  for  division  among  the  Cam- 
more  excitement  in  Italy  than  elsewhere.  Strong  orri^^tes,  whose  duty  it  was,  within  eight  days, 
guards  of  soldiers  were  posted  in  the  chief  cities  to  divide  the  remainder  among  all  the  members 
at  points  where  they  could  aid  the  police  in  pre-  of  the  organization,  an  exceptionally  large  share 
serring  order.  At  Kome  an  open-air  meeting  of  being  claimed  by  the  chief.  Breaches  of  the  so- 
5,000  persons  was  held  in  the  Fiazza  Santa  Croce.  ciety^s  rules  and  disobedience  to  the  orders  of  a 
^veral  Deputies  were  seated  on  the  platform,  supreme  officer  were  punished  by  torture  and 
and  most  of  the  speeches  were  moderate.  Sud-  death,  the  executioners  being  selected  by  lot.  In 
denly,  while  a  working  man  named  Vincenzo  the  event  of  any  person  thus  selected  failing  to 
Landi  was  making  a  speech  of  a  more  violent  carry  out  the  society's  decrees,  he  was  visited 
character  than  the  rest,  the  cavalrymen  stationed  with  the  same  penalty.  When  a  member  was  pro- 
in  the  square  were  ordered  to  mount.  The  crowd  moted  to  the  superior  grade  and  became  a  Cam- 
began  to  run  away  when  the  Socialist  Deputy  orriste,  he  had  to  undergo  a  cereraonv  similar  to 
Amilcare  Cipriani  shouted,  '*  We  must  act  if  we  that  which  accompanied  his  first  admission  to 
are  not  cowards."  A  pistol  shot  was  fired,  and  the  society,  with  certain  additions,  such  as  a 
the  next  moment  a  hail  of  stones  was  poured  mock  combat  with  daggers.  He  was  also  obliged 
down  on  the  heads  of  the  advancing  soldiers,  to  have  designs  or  hieroglyphics  tattooed  tipon 
who  charged  on  a  trot  and  dispersed  the  crowd,  his  body,  bv  which  he  could  at  any  time  be 
killing  some  and  injuring  several  hundred,  among  identified,  ^anyof  the  prisoners  were  women, 
them  the  Deputies  Cipriani  and  Barzillai.  who  The  outcome  of  the  trial  was  that  175  prisoners 
were  arrestM  with  800  or  400  more  persons,  out  of  170  were  convicted  as  members  of  the 
Among  the  police  and  military  10  men  were  criminal  association.  Extraordinary  precautions 
wounded.  In  Florence  the  police  attempted  to  were  taken  to  protect  the  witnesses  for  the  pros- 
breiUc  up  a  meeting  on  account  of  an  incendiary  ecution,  who  received  threatening  letters  from 
speech.and  when  the  mob  began  to  stone  shop  win-  the  families  of  the  accused,  denouncing  them  as 
dows  the  streets  were  cleared  by  a  cavalry  charge,  objects  of  the  vengeance  of  the  society.  The 
In  Naples  two  large  gatherings  were  liisper^  police  afterward  unearthed  an  affiliated  organi- 
by  the  police  and  the  orators  arrested.  On  the  zation  at  Taranto,  and  many  arrests  were  made, 
day  following,  a  strike  began  among  the  work-  Peace  Congress  at  Rome.— An  Intemar 
men  connected  with  the  building  trades  in  Rome,  tional  Peace  Congress  was  opened  on  Nov.  12, 
On  May  4  a  fire,  snpp^Msd  to  be  incendiary,  broke  by  ex-Minister  Bonghi,  its  president.  The  five 
out  in  the  barracks  of  the  carbineers  at  Rome,  questions  on  the  programme,  with  the  answers 
The  Government  was  sharply  assailed  in  the  given,  were  as  follow : 

Chamber  for  the  action  of  the  authorities  on  (1)  Pedagogical  reforms.     The  principles  of 

May  day  and  for  the  arrests  that  continued  to  be  peace  shall  m  propagated  in  the  schools.    We 

made.    The  attack  was  led  by  Deputy  Imbriani,  will  try  to  infuse  the  students  of  Europe  and 

who  was  supported  by  all  the  Raaicais,  and  sev-  America  with  a  spirit  of  respect  and  considera- 

cTal  stormy  oiscussions  of  the  subject  took  place,  tion  for  foreign  nations.     (2)  Peace  and  dis- 

The  Mala  Ylta. — A  secret  society,  organized  armament  as  questions  of  political  and  social 

for  criminal  purposes,  of  the  kind  that  formerly  economy.    The  main  speaker  on  this  subiect  was 

existed  in  southern  Italy,  but  were  thought  to  Capt.  Siccardi,  and  his  argument  was  that  the 

hsTe  been  stamped  out,  was  discovered  earlv  in  maintenance  of  excessive  armaments  causes  war, 

1891,  and  in  April  179  persons  were  tried  at  6ari  and  does  not  avert  it.    The  congress  urges  upon 

AS  being  concerned  in  the  conspiracy.    The  so-  peace  societies  to  agitate  the  subject  of  disarma- 


390  JAPAN. 

ment,  and  to  call  for  the  establishment  of  courts  sab  Bay  on  the  Red  Sea,  opposite  Aden,  548 
of  arbitration  to  precede  disarmament.  A  reso-  square  miles  in  extent.  A  protectorate  is  claimed 
lution  was  also  adopted  to  urge  arbitration  for  over  the  Empire  of  Abyssinia,  and.  by  an  nr- 
the  settlement  of  disputes  between  employers  rangement  with  Great  Britain,  Soroaiiland.  as 
and  employes.  (3)  The  establishment  of  an  in-  far  southward  as  the  limit  of  the  British  Ea>t 
temational  peace  bureau.  Bern  was  selected  Africa  Company's  territory,  is  recognized  as 
as  the  seat  of  such  a  bureau,  as  a  central  place  lying  within  the  Italian  sphere  of  interest  which 
of  information  concerning  the  labors  of  the  va-  extends  inland  to  the  borders  of  the  Egyptian 
rious  peace  societies.  The  bureau  is  not  to  ex-  Soudan.  Italy  has  the  right  to  occupy  the  town 
ercise  any  authority,  nor  to  control  the  labors  of  and  district  of  Kassala,  if  strategic  considera' 
any  peace  society.  Hodgson  Pratt,  Frederick  tions  require  such  a  step,  but  has  agreed  to  sur- 
Bajer,  Ducommun,  Mazzolini,  and  Love  were  render  tne  place  to  Egypt  if  the  Tatter  should 
elected  to  compose  the  bureau.  (4)  The  estab-  wish  to  resume  her  rule  in  the  district.  In  this 
lishment  of  a  yearly  conference  for  the  purpose  region  the  line  of  demarkation  between  the 
of  securing  a  communion  between  the  universi-  Italian  sphere  and  that  of  England  runs  from 
ties  of  Europe  and  America,  particularly  with  Has  Kasar  on  the  Red  Sea,  through  Bisha,  which 
respect  to  all  questions  of  arbitration.  The  con-  is  between  Kassala  and  Keren,  to  Famaki. 
gress  voted  for  a  yearly  conference  of  teachers  The  Italian  Oovemment  has  decided  for  the 
and  professors,  and  for  unions  of  the  students  to  present  to  restrict  military  operations  to  the  pro- 
meet  at  the  various  universities  in  turn.    (5)  The  tection  of  Keren,  Asmara,  and  Massowah.    T>e- 


quarrel  ^  ^  ,. 

peace  societies  can  not  attain  any  lasting  results  tx>rly  relations.  A  diplomatic  representative 
80  long  as  public  opinion  does  not  strive  against  was  accredited  to  Degiac  Makonnen,  the  Em- 
national  hatred  and  war  ideas.  The  press  has  peror*s  representative  in  Harrar,  with  whom 
been  too  willing  to  encourage  national  preju-  friendly  relations  were  established  already, 
dices.  The  next  congress  will  be  convened  at  Overtures  were  made  to  Menelek  for  peaceful  and 
siern  in  August,  1892.  cordial  relations,  based  on  assurances  that  Italy 
Colonies. — Italy  possesses  and  actually  occu-  had  no  design  to  raise  internal  difficulties  for 
pies  in  Africa  the  country  around  Massowah,  the  him  or  to  weaken  his  independence.  Gen.  Gan- 
sea-port  giving  access  to  Abyssinia,  with  Keren  dolfi,  governor  of  the  Italian  colony  of  Erythria, 
and  Asmara,  having  a  total  area  of  3,100  square  was  specially  appointed  to  establish  a  civil  ad- 
miles  ;  the  Dahlak  Arehipelago,  with  an  area  of  ministration,  and  to  separate  the  duties  of  the 
420  square  miles ;  and  also  Uie  territory  of  As-  governor  from  those  of  tue  military  commandant 


JAPAN,  a   country   in  the    north    Paclflo  out  of  the  civil  list  is  212,000  yen,  the  silver  yen 

Ocean,  east  of  China,  between  longitude  east  bein^  worth  80  cents.    The  civil  list  for  1890^*91 

156*"  32'  and  122"  45'  and  latitude  north  50°  56'  required  to  be  taken  from  the  treasury  3,214,381 

and  24°  6'.     The  most  eastern  portion  of  the  yen. 

empire  is  the  island  of  Shimushm  in  the  prov-  Area  and  Popnlation. — The  geodetical,  trig- 
ince  of  Chishima,  and  the  most  western  Yona-  onometrical,  ana  geological  survey  of  the  whole 
kunishima  in  the  Riu  Kiu  archipelago.  The  empire  is  being  steadily  carried  on.  The  plani- 
portion  most  northerly  is  the  island  of  Araito-  metric  calculations  for  five  provinces  have  been 
shima  in  Chishima,  and  that  most  southerly  is  brought  to  completion.  The  measurements  cor- 
Ilatermashiraa  in  Riu  Kiu.  The  Russian  term  reeled  to  Dec.  31, 1889,  showed  the  coast  line  of 
Kurile  and  the  Chinese  name  Liu  Kiu  or  Loo  Hondo,  the  main  island,  to  be  4,882  miles,  and  of 
Choo  are  no  longer  known  in  Japan,  and  both  the  whole  empire  to  be  17,575  miles.  The  area 
these  archipelagos  at  the  extreme  ends  of  the  of  Hondo  is  91,819  square  miles,  and  of  the  em- 
empire  are  integral  parts  of  Japan.  The  Gov-  pire  155,962  sqjiare  miles.  The  number  of  isl- 
ernment  is  a  constitutional  monarchy,  at  the  ands  under  official  knowledge  or  inspection  is 
head  of  which  is  the  Emperor  Mutsuhito,  bom  nearly  4,000,  but  of  these  only  520  have  a  coast 
Nov.  8,  1852,  and  officially  the  one  hundred  and  line  of  1  ri,  or  2*5  miles,  or  are  inhabited,  or 
twenty-third  of  the  line  of  mikados.  The  Em-  serve  for  light-houses  or  other  guides  to  naviga- 
press,'Haruko,  was  bom  May  28,  1850,  and  de-  tion.  For  meteorological  purposes  the  empire 
clared  Empress  of  Japan  on  the  day  of  her  is  divided  into  7  divisions,  m  which  are  31  well- 
marriage  to  the  Emperor,  Feb.  9,  1869.  No  equipped  stations  of  observation  and  record, 
children  have  been  bom  of  this  union,  but  by  Politically,  there  are  85  provinces,  804  counties, 
the  imperial  concubines  there  are  four  sons  or  shires,  42  large  cities  (on  communal  organi- 
and  seven  daughters,  the  last  born  Aug.  7,  1891,  zation  of  1888),  1,111  towns,  and  3,374  villages, 
all  of  whom  have  died,  except  Yoshihito,  bom  The  taxes  are  levied  on  private  property  as  fol- 
Aug.  31,  1879,  proclaimed  heir  to  the  throne  low:  Rice  fields,  110,213 acres;  ordinary  meadow 
Aug.  31, 1887,  and  elected  Crown  Prince  Nov.  3,  or  arable  land.  92,048  acres;  land  occupied  by 
1889.  There  are  ten  imperial  houses  or  families,  buildings,  12,787  acres;  forests.  292,238  aon^*; 
from  which  heirs  to  the  throne  may  be  taken,  other  lands,  sea-shore,  springs,  waste,  etc..  42.669 
and  which  furnish  the  princes  who  sit  in  the  acres;  total,  552,424  acres.  The  property  thus 
upper  house  of  the  Diet.    Their  total  allowance  assessed  is  divided  into  85,440,000  separate  lots 


JAPAN.  391 

or  parcels,  held  by  6,035,000  proprietors,  though  According  to  the  official  digest  of  1890-*91, 

in  a  small  minority  of  cases  owners  hold  several  the  total  revenue  was  78.198,910  yen,  raised  as 

properties  in  different  districts.    The  number  of  follows :    From  land,  53,580,878 ;  imposts,  1,053,- 

preiectures  or  local  governments  having  execu-  631 ;  sake,  15,184,587;  tobacco,  1,825,183;  stamps, 

live  officers  appointed  by  the  Emperor,  local  615,680:  banks  and  societies,  402,169;   internal 

assemblies,  courts,  etc.,  is  47:  subprefects,  567;  revenue,  8,539,387 ;  customs,  4,175,5^;  licenses, 

towns  having  mayors,   11,687;  the  prefectures  1,776,834;    profit    on    Oovernment   enterprises, 

having  an  average  population  of  852,596  persons,  8,842,061 ;    miscellaneous,   644,240 ;   interest  on 

an<i  the  subprefectures  of  70,006.  funds,  1,108,268.    The  expenditures  for  1890-'91 

According  to  the  census  returns  compiled  by  amounted  to  70,515,570  yen  of  ordinary,  and 

the  Department  of  Home  Affairs,  there  were  in  14,388,081   yen  of  extraordinary  expenses,  the 

Japan  on  Dec.  31,  1890,  7,806,052  houses  and  total  being  84,903,651  yen.    The  pubhc  debt  was 

40.45:^461    inhabitants— 20,431,997    males   and  255,445,566  yen  (less  than  6,000,000  yen  being 

'^.022,364  females.    Of  these,  3,768  were  nobles,  to  foreigners),  or,  counting  the  paper  money  in 

589bein^  heads  of  families  and  3,170  members  circulation,  which  amounts  to  40,065,256,  the  total 

of  families ;  2,008,641  were  of  the  ahizoku  or  indebtedness  was  295,510,822,  most  of  it  bearing 

gentry  class,  of  whom  482,044  were  heads  and  interest  at  5  per  cent.    In  1881  the  public  money 

1.516,597  members  of  families :  38.441,052  were  expended  in  oehalf  of  sufferers  by  earthouakes, 

of  the  heimin  or  commons,  7,762,322  being  heads  floods,  fire,  pestilence,  etc.,  amounted  to  2,387,957 

and  30,679,987  members  of  families.   Foundlings  yen,  the  appropriations  steadily  increasing  to  18,- 

not  yet  adopted  numbered  4,725,  and  prisoners  665,838  in  1888-*89.     There  are  196  national 

unregistered  as  citizens  1,018.     Compared  with  banks  in  Japan,  one  of  them  having  a  capital  of 

the  census  of  1889,  these  figures  show  a  decrease  17,826,100  yen,  another  of    10,000,000,  another 

of  34,820  houses  and  an  increase  of  381,441  per-  of  4,500,000,  and  three  of  over  1,000,000.     The 

son&    Married  couples  numbered  7,420,341,  and  capitals,  reserves,  and  dividends  of  these  banks 

single  persons   25,612,779,  of  whom  13,010,756  are  published  semi-anniuilly,  from  which  in  the 

were  males  and  12,602,023  were  females.     Of  first  half  of  1891,  as  compared  with  the  same 

births  during  the  year  there  were  1,145,374,  the  period  in  1890,  we  find  an  increase  of  2,860,000 

boTs  numbering  586,121  and  the  girls  559.258,  jen  in  capital  and  a  decrease  of  265,801  in  prof- 

with  91,752  babes  still-bom.    There  were  823,-  its,  an  increase  of  79,420  in  dividends,  which 

718  deaths,  425,059  being  of  males  and  898,659  average  5.752  per  100,  a  decrease  of  *186  sen  {f  of 

of  females.     Divorces  show  no  sign  of  decrease,  a  cent).    The  total  coinage  of  the  mint  at  Osaka 

there  being  about  the  usual  average  of  one  di-  for  the  year  ending  March  81, 1891,  amounts  to 

Torce  to  every  three  marriages,  or  109,088  to  48,478,934  pieces  of  the  real  or  nominal  value 

3^25,141.     During  the  year  1889  19,160  Japanese  of  11,001,848  yen ;  of  these,  177,200  pieces,  worth 

lived  abroad.    Of  persons  living  between  ninety  886,000,  were  gold ;  14,952,207  pieces,  worth  8,- 

andone  hundred  years  of  age  there  were  7,894;  448,616,  were  silver;   and  33,844,527,  worth  1,- 

between  one   hundred  and  one   hundred    and  667,227,  were  nickel.     The  number  of  mcMials 

Mven,  177;  the  women  outnumbering  the  men  struck  in  1891  amounted  to  19,054  pieces.    Since 

in  the  proportion  of  5,264  to  2,307.    On  Dec.  31,  the  foundation  of  the  mint,  in  1870,  the  total 

1889.  there  were   9,062  foreigners  residing  in  income  has  been  20,930,246  yen;  expenditure,  11,- 

Japan,  1,701  being  English,  889  Americans,  550  701,214;  net  profit,  9,229,081;  the  amount  of 

Germans,  885  French,  108  Swiss,  4,975  Chinese,  bullion  imported  into  the  mint  being:  Gold,  3,635.- 

Of  the  total.  90  were  in  the  diplomatic  service ;  751  ounces  (at  900  standard) ;  silver,  98.923,077 

185  employed  by  the  Japanese  Government ;  580  ounces  (at  900  and  800  standard) ;  nickel,  12,440,- 

in  ?pecul  occupations,  as  teachers,  missionaries,  978  ounces ;  and  copper,  327,484,545  ounces ;  and 

etc :  and  8,207  in  other  employments.  of  coins  struck :  Gfold,  12.687,151,  weighing  8,- 

Finaneefi. — The  approximate  budget  for  the  846,868  ounces,  worth  62,450,408  yen ;  silver,  278,- 
fi<cal  year  1892-'93,  as  given  by  the  Government's  448,684,  weighing  90,581,884  ounces,  worth  104,- 
official  organ  in  Tokio,  shows  an  estimated  total  844,931  yen ;  nickel,  75,368,788,  weighing  11, 802,- 
expenditure  of  91,806,809  yen  (as  compared  with  179  ounces,  worth  8,768,186  yen ;  copper,  1,208,- 
77.012,252  yen  in  the  previous  fiscal  year).  Of  922,118,  weighing  248,816,420,  worth  12,418,057 
this  sura  the  Crown  receives  8,000,000 ;  Foreign  yen ;  total,  1,570,871,686  pieces,  weighing  890,- 
Office,  679,910,000 ;  Home  Department,  8,952,296 ;  046,851  ounces,  worth  183,481,057  yen. 
treasury,  2,957,848 ;  army,  13,154,199 ;  navy,  5,-  Army  and  Nairy.— The  organization  of  the 
<56N.ol0;  justice,  3,555,145;  education,  1.021,413;  Japanese  army  differs  somewhat  from  that  of 
aericulture  and  commerce,  1,132,605 :  communi-  European  forces.  A  regiment  of  infantry  con- 
cations,  5,104,985;  total  for  ordinary  expendi-  sists  of  three  battalions  of  four  companies  each, 
ture,  71,872,221,  as  compared  with  67,785,482  in  On  a  peace  footing  a  companv  is  made  up  of  5 
the  previous  year.  In  extraordinary  expenditure  officers,  27  non-com missionea  officers,  and  160 
the  chief  items  are :  For  construction,  repairs  in  privates — 192  men  of  all  ranks.  On  a  war  foot- 
the  Home  Department,  4,470,970  yen ;  m  war,  ing  80  privates  are  added,  making  a  total  of  272 
construction  oi  forts,  2,875,000 ;  in  navy,  6,645,-  men.  In  peace  a  regiment  of  infantry  consists 
121  for  cruisers  and  men-of-war.  with  1.000,000  in  all  of  2,847  men  and  twelve  horses,  but  in 
for  beginning  an  iron  foundry ;  in  education,  for  war  the  number  of  privates  is  2,880.  In  cavalry, 
new  constniction,  800,0(X).  Total  of  extraordi-  the  respective  figures  for  peace  and  war  are  159 
narv  expenditure,  20,434,588  yen,  as  compared  and  189  men  in  each  company.  In  artillery  a 
witfc  9.226,81^  yen  of  the  previous  year.  These  battery  will  have  148  men  and*  4  guns  in  the  one 
estimates  were  made  before  the  great  earthquakes  case,  and  158  men  and  6  guns  in  the  other.  Tlie 
of  Oct.  28,  1891,  which  required  an  immediate  field  artillery  consists  of  li-centimetre  guns  of  an 
outlay  by  the  Government  of  5,500,000  yen.  Italian  model,  manufactured  at  the  arsenal  at 


392  JAPAN. 

Osaka.  At  present  only  six  foreigners  are  em-  key  to  the  situation  is  this :  Representative  goY- 
ployed  in  the  Japanese  military  service.  The  ernment  is  established  in  form,  out  not  in  fact, 
chief  ars«enal,  at  Koishikawa,  in  Tokio,  equipped  nor  will  it  be  so  long  as  the  Cabinet  ministers  are 
with  English  machinery,  turns  out  100  rines  and  responsible  only  to  the  Emperor  and  not  to  the 
30,000  cartridges  (or  70,000  if  necessary)  daily,  people.  **  The  Irresponsible  Cabinet  *'  is  the 
The  Murata  rifle,  invented  by  a  Japanese  colonel,  nickname  freely  applied  to  the  Government.  On 
is  in  use,  and  the  powder,  which  produces  little  the  assembling  of  tne  Diet  for  its  second  session, 
smoke  and  makes  little  noise,  is  an  invention  of  Nov.  26,  1801,  the  opposition  to  the  Cabinet  at 
the  Japanese  Artillery  Committee.  By  con-  once  took  pronounced  form.  The  budget  commit- 
scription  and  organization  the  total  effective  tee  of  the  Diet  recommended  a  reduction  of  the 
strength  of  the  Japanese  army  is  209,826.  The  estimates  to  the  amount  of  7,942,748  yen.  With 
actual  number  of  men  under  arms  in  the  seven  a  large  standing  army,  and  expenses  of  army 
military  districts,  including  the  ordinarv  garri-  and  navy  put  in  the  '* fixed  expenditures"  im- 
son  of  9,210,  together  with  the  Imperial  Gruard  pregnable  to  popular  criticism,  **  government  by 
of  5,591,  always  in  Tokio,  is  58,803.  Military  party,"  for  whicn  the  majority  of  the  represent- 
schools  and  gendarmes  furnish  4,286 ;  reserves  atives  agitate,  is  not  possible.  The  cnsis  was 
and  territorial  army.  146,212 ;  central  staff.  2,014 :  precipitated  March  25,  when,  after  a  prolonged 
making  in  all :  staff  officers,  450 ;  commissioned  series  of  votes  and  resolutions  carried  against  the 
officers,  3,360;  non-commissioned  officers,  10,391;  Oovernment,  the  Cabinet  ministers  met  at  the 
rank  and  file,  193,804.  The  proportion  of  con-  official  residence  of  the  Mmister  President  and 
scripts  per  1,000  inhabitants  is  16*94.  Of  the  con-  unanimously  voted  to  dissolve  the  Lower  and 
scripts  themselves,  only  4*23  have  been  taken  for  prorogue  tKe  Upper  House.  The  Imperial  R^ 
actual  service,  while  40*59  of  the  total  number  script  was  issued  the  same  evening.  No  date  is 
were  entirely  exempted.  The  Japanese  navy  yet  (Jan.  30)  fixed  for  the  new  electiona 
is  organized  like  that  of  Great  Bntain,  and  is  Earthquake. — Besides  inundations  causing 
officered  and  manned  entirely  by  natives.  In  great  loss,  the  most  destructive  earthquake 
1889  there  were  32  ships  of  war  of  49,616  tons  known  to  Japan  since  1854  took  place  in  cen- 
displacement  and  of  52,481  horse-power,  mount-  tral  Japan  at  6:30  a.  m.,  Oct.  28.  In  a  few 
ing  182  guns,  and  manned  by  5,889  men  of  all  minutes  8,000  people  were  killed  or  buried  under 
grades.  A  majoritv  of  the  war  ships  and  trans-  the  ruins  of  their  houses,  which  quickly  caught 
ports  have  been  built  in  Japan,  but  the  steel  ves-  fire.  Over  10,000  persons  were  reported  wounded, 
sels  of  the  first  class  in  England.  Fifteen  many  of  them  fatally,  90,000  nouses  were  de- 
torpedo  boats  and  several  large  steel  men-of-war  stroved,  whole  villages  and  towns  ruined,  river 
are  building  in  Europe  for  the  Japanese  navy,  banks  broken,  bridges  twisted  like  writhing  ser- 
which  has  now  a  sea-going  squadron  of  6  steel  pents,  railways  spoiled  for  miles,  and  public 
and  iron  ships  armed  with  ordnance  of  high  pow-  works  destroyed.  Rice  fields  rose  and  fell  like 
er.  Until  1884  service  in  the  navy  was  wholly  waves  of  the  ocean,  houses  were  in  some  instances 
by  volunteers ;  at  present  the  proportion  of  turned  upside  down,  and  groves  of  trees  moved 
conscripts  to  volunteers  is  7  to  20.  The  total  several  rods.  About  40,(KK)  souare  miles  were 
personnel  of  the  naval  establishment  is  15,585.  visited  with  instant  and  appalling  severity,  the 
The  total  annual  cost  of  the  army  and  navy  is  greatest  disasters  being  limited  to  the  rich  val- 
26'52  per  cent,  of  the  national  expenditure.  leys  of  Aichi  and  Gifu,  noted  centers  of  porce- 

The  Imperial  Diet. — The  Upper  and  Lower  lain  manufacture.    The  earthquake  storm  lasted 

Houses  of  the  Imperial  Diet  were  opened  in  due  many  days,  so  that  at  times  it  was  impossible  to 

form  in  November,  1890,  and  held  sessions  dur-  walk  or  stand.     In  one  day  700  minor  shocks 

ing  ninety-nine  days,  adjourning  March  8,  1891.  were  counted,  and  in  one  month  1,700.     Private 

On  the  20th  of  January  the  edifices,  especially  aid,  though  liberal,  being  unequal  to  the  emer- 

built  for  the  purpose  and  magnificently   fur-  gency,  the  Government,  without  waiting  for  the 

nished  in  modern  style,  were  consumed  by  fire.  Diet,  appropriated  2,500,000  yen  to  the  relief  of 

The  cause  alleged  was  the  electric-lighting  ap-  the  sufferers,  and  since  the  dissolution  of  the 

paratus,  which  the  Tokio  Electric-lighting  Com-  Diet  has  devoted  nearly  4,000,000  jren  to  repair 

pany  deny.    The  bills  that  passed  both  houses  the  public  works  and  restore  the  industries  of 

were :  Postponement  of  the  execution  of  the  new  the  desolated  region. 

commercial  code,  supplementary  rules  of  special        Minor  Events. — Amon^  the  deaths  of  the 

export  ports,  law  relating  to  the  appropriations  year  are  those  of  Prince  Sanjo  Saneyoshi,  a  leader 

for  new  war  ships,  law  of  weights  and  measures,  of  the  revolution  of  1868  and  a  noble  of  the 

revision   of   term    for  collection   of    land  tax,  highest  rank,  Feb.  22 ;  the  Hon.  John  F.  Swift, 

and  reduction  of  the  budget  for  the  fiscal  year  the  American  minister  plenipot-entiarv,  March 

1891.    The  chief  debates  and  most  exciting  in-  10 ;  Yoshida  Kiyonari,  Vice-Minister  or  Foreign 

terest  centered  upon  the  proposal  of  the  budget  Affairs  and  formerly  the  Japanese  minister  at 

committee  of  the  Diet  for  a  reduction,  amount-  Washington ;  and  Nakamura  Masanawo,  Senator, 

ing  to  9,000,000  yen  of  the  Government's  figures,  educator,  author,  and  translator  of  the  Constitu- 

After  a  deadlock  between  CaVnnet  and  Diet,  and  tion  of  the  United  States,    At  Otsu,  near  Kioto, 

under  an  implied  threat  of  dissolution,  the  Diet  the  Russian  Crown  Prince  was  suddenly  attacked 

yielded,  but  not  until  a  reduction  from  72,000,000  by  an  assassin,  Tsuda  Sanzo,  a  bigote<l  memlxT 

to  about  65,000,000  had  been  acceded  to  by  the  of  the  police  force,  who  feared  Russian  designs 

Cabinet.  against  Japan.    The  quick  movement  of  two  jin- 

Since  the  closing  of  the  Diet  there  has  been  riki-eha  men  defeated  the  attempt,  and  barely 

a  steady  gi*owth  of  party  organization  on  lines  saved  the  Prince's  life,  the  assassin  s  sword  gash- 

of  opposition  to  the  present  Cabinet,  with  the  ing  his  head  in  an  ugly  manner.    An  idmost  in- 

determination  to  overtnrow  it  if  possible.    The  credible  political  excitement  followed.    Theatrps 


JAPAN.  JEWS.                         393 

were  closed,  and  10,000  telegrams  of  condolence  periodicals.  Of  temples,  there  are,  108,031  Shin- 
were  received  by  the  Prince.  The  assassin  died  to  and  71.078  Budahist.  About  600  Christian 
ID  prison,  and  no  interruption  of  the  friendly  re-  missionaries  of  all  forms  of  the  faith  labor  in  Ja- 
lations  of  Japan  and  Russia  has  followed.  pan,  and  the  nominal  Christian  population  is  esti- 

Trade  and  Industry. — The  tables  of  exports  mated  at  250,000.  There  are  92  Christian  churches 
and  imports  show  that  the  resources  of  the  coun-  and  chapels  in  Tokio.  The  tendency  of  Japan- 
try  are  being  steadily  developed,  and  the  im-  ese  Chnstianity  is  less  in  the  direction  of  doc- 
ports  are  increasing  over  exports.  In  1880  the  trinal  reception  or  development,  and  more  directlj^ 
exprts  were  29,878.400  yen,  and  the  imports  41,-  toward  reiormation  of  morals,  abolition  of  li- 
101.937,  showing  an  excess  of  imports  over  ex-  censed  prostitution,  temperance,  Sabbath  keep- 
porUof  11,728,^7.  In  1889  the  exports  amounted  ing,  purification  of  the  home,  moral  elevation  of 
to  70,060,706,  imports  66,108,767.  The  half-yearly  family  life,  abolition  of  concubinage  and  polyg- 
statistics  from  Jan.  1  to  July  1, 1891,  show  that  amy,  and  lessening  of  divorce. 
the  exports  have  exceeded  the  imports  by  7,600,-  j  ElYS.  The  situation  in  Russia  has  been  the 
000.  There  are  now  in  Japan  36  mills  for  spin-  question  of  the  year.  The  persecutions  endured 
ning  cotton  yam,  with  877,970  spindles,  employ-  by  its  Jewish  inhabitants  nave  continued  with 
ing  17,248  persons.  An  attempt  made  by  a  for^  no  prospect  of  cessation,  despite  the  general  ex- 
ei^nier  to  obtain  a  patent  under  Japanese  laws  pressions  of  disapproval  from  nearly  every  coun- 
was  met  by  the  decision  that  the  granting  of  a  try  on  the  globe — from  Legislature,  Senate,  pub- 
patent  is  an  executive  act  within  the  power  of  a  lie  gatherings,  political  organizations,  the  press, 
minister  of  the  department,  and  that  ne  can  not  pulpit,  and  platform.  All  the  recognized  agen- 
be  forced  to  grant  one  to  a  foreigner.  An  ap-  cies  of  civilized  intercourse  seem  powerless  to 
peal  having  been  lodged,  decision  was  again  given  restrain  the  severity  of  anti-Jewish  enactments, 
against  the  foreign  nrm.  The  figure  of  Baron  de  Hirsch  rises  above  the 

Morals,  Education,  and  Religion. — The  shadows  of  the  time  as  the  personification  of 

large  Greek  Church  cathedral  on  Suruga  Dai,  philanthropy,  and  his  magnificent  provisions  for 

Tokio,  with  buildings  occupied  by  the  Russian  the  suffering  Jews,  which  have  spurred  on  active 

missionaries,  whose  work  in  Japan  has  resulted  agencies  in  Europe  and  America  in  their  behalf, 

in  IH.OOO  conversions,  was  dedicated  with  great  form  a  bright  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  year, 

eeremonv.    The  old  standards  of  public  morali-  The  interest  that  liaron  de  Hirsch  evinced  in  the 

ty,  excellent  under  feudalism,  bemg  somewhat  welfare  of  his  brethren,  which  was  illustrated  in 

altered  under  the  new  Western  ideas  of  indi-  his  gift  of  three  millions  for  the  agricultural 

ridaality  and  reaponsibility  upon  which  West-  and  technical  training  of  Jewish  youths  in  Aus- 

em  laws,  government,  and  progress  are  estab-  trian  Galicia,  culminated  in  his  deed  of  trust, 

iished.  the  Emperor,  for  the  first  time  in  the  whose    preamble   was    written   Jan.    22,  1891, 

history  of  Japan,  issued,  in  December,  1890,  a  whereby  the  capital  of  $2,400,000  was  remitted 

rescript  of  twenty  lines  inculcating  moral  du-  to  the  Baron  de  Hirsch  fund  of  New  York  for 

ties.    The  influence  of  this  act  has  been  very  aiding  exiles  from  Russia  and  Roumania.    For 

vide.    Loyalty  to  the  Emperor  and  obedience  to  some  months  previously  about  $10,000  monthly 

parents  is  maae  the  supreme  duty.    It  was  hung  had  been  sent  for  that  purpose,  and  expended  in 

Qp  in  the  schools  with  tne  Emperor's  photograph,  educational  work,  transportation,  the  purchase 

and  teachers  and  students  made  obeisance  to  of  tools,  and  temporary  relief.    With  the  capital 

it.  the  Christians  in  some  instances  refusing  on  hand  and  property  invested,  early  in  March, 

to  how,  and  in  others  explaining  that  it  was  the  Hirsch  fund  was  enabled  to  continue  and 

deference  to  a  niler  but  not  worship  of  a  god,  as  develop  its  lines  of  activity.    According  to  the 

the  Mikado  still  is  in  the  eye  of  Japanese  law.  deed  of  trust,  the  corporation  is  to  embrace 

The  total  number  of  the  school  population  of  among  its  objects  the  following : 

Japan  is  6,920.345,  but  of  these  only  3,277,489,  or  i.  Loans  to  emijrrants  from  Russia  or  Roumania, 

less  than  half,  are  in  school.    There  has  been  actual  agriculturiBts,  settlers  within  the  United  StaU's, 

a  reaction  against  female  education,  two  thirds  upon  real  or  chattel  security. 

of  the  absentees  from  schools  or  non-attendants  2.  Provision  for  the  transportation  of  emigrants,  se- 

^x'in^  girls.    There  are  530  middle  schools  for  looted  (after  their  arrival  at  an  American  port)  with 

males  and  1  for  females.    The  number  of  fe-  ^*^"^^^,^x,^^  ^f^'T  «^^'  "'I'T^H'^'  and  capacity  to 

mai^  of..j^.*     •      *u             •  I       u     1      •     o  Rftn  places  where  it  is  expected  the  conditions  of  the 

malytudcnts  m  the  special  schools   is  2  509.  labor  market  or  the  residence  of  friends  will  tend  to 

I  he  (jovemment  is  hostile  to  private  schools,  as  j^ake  them  self-supportinff. 

tending  to  breed  the  soshi  or  turbulent  and  law-  3.  I'rovision  for  training  emigrants  in  a  handicraft, 

le>s  young  men  who  figure  so  prominently  in  and  contributing  to  their  support  while  learning  such 

contemporary  politics,  and  even  draw  forth  the  handicraft,  and  for  fVimishuiir   tlie  necessary  tools 

special  executive  action  of  the  Central  Govern-  and  implements  and  other  assistance  to  enable  thein 

ment.    Only  21   students  were  sent  abroad  in  to  earn  a  livelihood.              „_._..  ^.  .      ^ 

iMtti     t>^:^      i.u         •*.  *•              *      .          •  •  4.  Provision  for  improved  mechanical  traimnfir  for 

1H90.    Besides  the  agitation  on  treaty  revision,  ^^j^  ^^     ^,,^,,     Emigrants  and   their  children, 

wonomy,  and  education,  the  Minister  of  Home  thereby  peraons  of  industry  and  capacity  m«v  nc- 

Affairs  promulgated  his  »♦  Instruction  to  Bud-  quiro  some  remunerative  employment,  either  by  the 

nhist  Priests,"  rebuking  them  for  their  "disgrace-  payment  of  apprenticeship  or  tuition  fees,  or  the  in- 


9(«  ^^-^/  iT on'i^  ~ —  —  — -T  ^—  ship  in  me  L  nuea  Maws  ami  lor  

^^  pnest-preachers,  39,673  simple  pnests.  and  education  and  the  e^ta])Ushincnt  and  subvention  of 

MM2  students  of  the  cultus.    The  Buddhists  special  schools,  workshops,  and  other  suitable  inren- 

su5tain  about  a  dozen  journals  and  800  minor  cies  for  promoting  and  maintaining  such  instruction. 


394  JEWS. 

6.  Provision  for  instruction  in  agricultural  work  telephones,  mills,  factories,  stores,  synagoguee,  and 
and  improved  methods  of  fanning,  and  for  aiding  places  of  recreation. 

settlers  with  tools,  and  implemenls  and  the  practical  To  establish  emigration  agencies  in  £urop<N  As-ia^ 

suiMjrvision  of  such  instruction,  conducted  upon  suit-  and  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  to  construct,  hire, 

able  tracts  of  land  and  in  necessary  building.  and  equip  vessels  for  the'  transport  of  the  eolonisus. 

7.  Co-operation  with  estiiblished  agencies  in  va-  To  make  or  procure  grants  of  land,  concession*  of 
rious  sections  of  the  United  States,  whose  duty  it  shall  mining  and  other  rights,  or  other  privileges  to  the 
be  in  whole  or  in  part  to  furnish  aid  or  relief  and  oolonists. 

education  to  needy  and  deserving  applicants  coming 

within  the  classes  designated  herein.  In  close  relation  to  Baron  de  Hirsch's  plans 

8.  Contributions  toward  the  niaintenonce  of  indi-  ^^s  the  visit  of  Arnold  White  to  Russia  during 
viduals  and  lamilies,  selected  by  such  corporation  ^^^  ^^^se  report  confirmed  the  published 
or  corporations,  while  temporarily  awaiting  work  or  „f„fi^  'i.^  «„  4.^  /kl  «r««f«k.^  .^^Ai^izi^  ^#  *k^ 
when  settled  in  the  new  fomesln  which  they  may  sUtements  as  to  the  wretched  condition  of  the 
be  established.  Jews.    In  particular  he  referred  to  the  strong 

9.  Such  other  and  further  modes  of  relief  and  such  physique  of  the  Jews  engaged  in  ^^culture, 
other  and  further  contributions  to  education  and  in  while  he  deplored  the  weak  constitutions  of 
such  departments  of  knowledge  as  the  said  trustees  or  town  residents,  due  to  the  overcrowding,  haid 
tlicirsuccessora  or  said  corporations  shall  from  time  labor,  and  excessive  poverty.  He  wrote  also 
to  time  decide.  that  the  lamentable  condition  of  the  children. 

In  conformity  with  the  provision  of  the  deed,  if  known  to  the  Czar,  would  bring  about  a  soft- 

which  authorizes  the  capital  of  $2,400,000  to  be  ening  of  the  laws  against  the  Jews.     Later  in 

expended  for  "acquiring  and  improving  land,  the  year  Harold  Frederic  spent  several  months 

allotting  farm  homings,  erecting  and  maintain-  in  Russia,  and  his  indictments  of  the  Russian 

ing  dwellings  for  the  occupancy  of  families  of  Government  appeared  in  the  "New  York  Times.'' 

Hebrew  emigrants  from  Russia  and  Roumania,  Meanwhile  the  active  work  of  distributing  the 

erecting   and  maintaining   schools  and   other  Russian  exiles  has  begun,  and  agencies  are  estab- 


New  England,  Kansas,  New  Jersey,  and  else-  tians  being  among  the  donors.  The  first  colony 
where  with  loans  bearing  interest  at  5  per  cent,  of  156  immigrants  has  been  sent  to  the  Argen* 
Dairy  and  truck  farms  have  proved  most  sue-  tine  Republic,  where  Baron  de  Hirsch  has  bought 
cessful,  while  small  fruit  and  berries  have  been  700,000  acres,  while  Dr.  Friedman  has  under- 
cultivated  profitably.  An  agricultural  settle-  taken  an  expedition  to  Midian  to  examine  its 
ment  has  been  formed  at  Woodbine,  N.  J.,  near  fitness  for  tne  exiles.  Turkey,  while  friendly, 
extensive  factories  not  far  from  Cape  May  and  will  not  permit  any  emigration  en  masse  in 
Philadelphia.  Similar  colonies  are  projected  in  Palestine.  The  highest  circles  in  Berlin,  Vienna. 
Pennsylvania,  Minnesota,  Texas,  ana  New  Mex-  and  Amsterdam  unite  in  raising  funds  for  the 
ico.  In  addition,  classes  are  conducted  iii  man-  refugees,  to  transport  them  to  more  hospitable 
ual  training  in  connection  with    the  Hebrew  climes. 

Technical  Institute  of  New  York,  and  a  school  Among  events  of  special  interest  was  the  ap- 
for  joung  and  old  immigrants  established,  pre-  polntment  of  Luigi  Luzzatti  as  minister  of  the 
paring  them  for  the  public  schools,  while  trans-  Italian  treasury;  the  election  of  John  PhilippsoD 
portation  is  furnished  to  emigrants  who  leave  as  member  of  tne  Swedish  Upper  House  of  Parlia- 
the  crowded  seaboard  cities  for  the  interior.  ment ;  the  appointment  of  Signer  Malvano  as 
Almost  simultaneously  with  the  help  given  Secretary-general  of  the  Italian  Ministry  of  For- 
for  American  colonization,  Baron  de  Hirsch  eign  Affairs ;  the  election  of  A.  F.  K.  Hartogh 
launched  his  plan  for  carrying  out  the  emigra-  and  J.  A.  Levy  as  members  of  the  Dutch  Parlia- 
tion  of  Jews  from  Russia.  On  Sept.  10,  the  ment ;  the  appointment  of  Ney  Elias  as  British 
Jewish  Colonization  Association  was  formed  in  consul-general  in  Persia :  the  election  to  the  Ans- 
London.  The  trust  fund  of  £2,000,000  is  di-  trian  Reichsrath  of  Freiherr  von  Oppenheim  and 
vided  into  20,000  shares  of  £100  each,  of  which  Leopold  Polak.  In  Australia,  Hon.  Julien  E. 
Baron  de  Hirsch  has  taken  19,990.  Amon^^  the  Salomons  was  knighted  and  appointed  member 
objects  for  which  the  company  is  established  of  Privy  Council  of  South  Australia;  J.  Sternberg 
are :  elected  member  of  Legislative  Council  of  Vie- 
To  assist  and  promote  the  emigration  of  Jews  fh)m  *?"* »  *^nd  S.  S.  Myers,  Mayor  of  North  Dunedin, 
any  parts  of  Europe  or  Asia,  and  principally  from  New  Zealand.  In  England,  Sidney  Stem  was 
countries  in  which  they  may  for  the  time  being  be  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Stowmarket. 
subjected  to  any  special  taxes  or  iwlitical  or  other  and  H.  S.  Leon  for  Northern  Bucks,  while  Gus- 
disabilities,  to  anv  other  parts  of  the  world,  and  to  tavus  Nathan  was  knighted.  On  June  23  Rev. 
form  and  establish  colonies  m  various  parts  of  I^orth  rji.  M  A#ll«i.  «.«»  .'««f„n«^  «u;«#  ««v>u;  ^*  ♦»,- 
and  South  America  and  other  countries  for  agricult-  ?  ^'/^ler  was  installed  chief  rabbi  of  the 
ural,  commercial,  and  other  purposes.  Jf  ^  o^  Great  Britain,  and  on  March  26  M. 
To  purchase  and  acquire  any  territories,  lands,  or  Dreyfous  was  elected  chief  rabbi  of  Paris.  The 
other  property,  or  interests  in  or  rii?hts  over  territo-  centenary  of  Jewish  emancipation  in  Franw  was 
nes.  lands,  or  other  proi>erty,  in  any  parts  of  the  celebrated  on  Sept.  27.     Cardinal  Manning  was 

wor^^'      1^,.,                 .,        .    ,       ,        ,      ,  presented  with  an  address  from  the  Jews  of  Enff- 

To  establish  commercial,  airncultural,  and  other  land  on  the  occasion  of  the  jubilee  of  his  ordiua- 

settlcments  m  any  temtories  or  lands  so  acquired,  *;q~                                            •* 

except  Eun)pc,  and  to  develop  them  by  cleurinif,         mi,^  ^ j  *       i-u  •     *u    t^   -l  j  c^  ^ 

draining,  fencing,  etc.  .   ^^^  record  for  the  year  in  the  United  States 

To  construct  and  maintain  roads,  tramways,  rail-  J^i  largely  a  chronicle  of  events  connected  with 

ways,  bridires,   harlwrs,    reservoirs,  water   courses,  the  Russian  refugees,  who  have  arrived  at  the 

wharves,    embankments,    fortifications,    telegraphs,  rate  of  8,000  a  month.     To  develop  the  work  of 


ff 


JEW&  JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  E.  396 

rerpptioD.   transportation,    and    distribution,    a  crowded  Jewish  district,  due  to  the  increased  Jm- 

f|ipcial  orraniution  was  formed,  and  agencies  migration,  in  the  tower  part  ol  New  York  city, 

r^tablished  in  manj  cities  in  the  interior.    The  gave  rise  to  much  discussion.     In  an  interview 

svinpatbf  of  all  is  assured,  with  the  exception  of  with  a  representative  of  the  "  Jewish  Messenger," 

ibe  labor  unions,  whose  opposition  is  bitter.    On  under  date  of  Seyt.  II,  the  New  York  Board  of 

Ihfl  general  appeal  of  the  ^ew  York  committee,  flealth  made  vanous  sucgestions,  urgtne  batter 

i^uul  in  October,  about  |00,000  was  received,  quarters  up  town  and  (lislribution  in  tnc  rural 

several  Christiana  contributing.     The  report;  of  district.    The  departure  of  Jesse  Seligman  for 

(he  New  York  United  Hebrew  Charities  contains  Europe  was  made  the  occasion  of  a  public  ban- 

interestine  fl§:ur^  on  the  subject  of  the  immi-  quet  in  his  honor  on  Oct.  1,  at  which  $30,000 

--  '-   -'  the  Barge  Office  show  that,  was  subscribed  for  the  Rus-sian  refugees.     The 

~    It.  30,  IHdl.  fl2,S74  Jewish  Emigration  Commissioners  sent  to  Europe  by  the 

..  „ __ this  city,  of  whom  nearly  United  States  have  returned. 

.OOOcame  after  June.  Theirnationalities  were  JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  EOeLESTON,  an 
as  follow;  Austriaiu,  6,450;  Danes,  SB;  Dutch,  American  soldier,  bom  at  Longwood,  near  Farm- 
It:  English,  98:  French,  19;  Germans.  B64;  ville,  Va..  Feb.  3,  1809 ;  died  in  Washington,  D. 
Roumanians.  874:  Russians.  54,1S4;  Swedes,  24;  C„  March  31,  18B1.  His  grandfather.  Peter 
Turks,  13—20,891  men,  16.303  women.  19,290  Johnston,  a  Scotchmau,  settled  on  James  river 
rhildren ;  195  were  returned  to  Europe  by  the 
Government.  Total,  82.574.  There  remained  in 
thecity  4S.029  ;  the  rest  left  for  other  cities,  but 
relumed.  About  70  (amities  are  provided  weekly 
Ttih  work  at  distant  mills;  in  a  few  weeks,  161 
.fimilien.  rcpresentini:  6S2  persons,  were  found 
mill  and  factory  work  in  19  States,  applications 
coming  in  from  all  quarters  tor  desirable  help. 
Uning  to  the  outlay  thus  entailed,  the  expetisee 
of  the  charities  have  increased  to  $150,000 
yearly,  the  Hirsch  fund  contributing  to  the 
Intnsportation  account.  During  the  year  ending 
-Vor.  I  S.045  new  applications  were  passed  upon, 
and  3.5SI  that  had  been  previously  examined  and 
"fre  rein  vest  igft  ted  ;  1,048  persons  were  aided 
with  transient  relief,  4,533  with  transportation, 
5.1S4  with  employment,  making  a  totafof  39,916  in  1727,  and  afterward  gave  to  Hampden  Sidney 
persons.  College  the  land  on  which  its  buildings  were 
Bespite  the  strain  caused  by  the  increased  im-  erected.  Joseph's  father  (also  named  Peter) 
migralion,  the  Jews  of  the  United  States  show  served  with  credit  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  be- 
conliniied  activity  in  benevolent  and  educational  came  n  lawyer,  and  In  1808  was  made  a  judge, 
work,  in  what  may  be  termed  home  missions.  He  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly  of 
Philadelphia  has  erected  a  new  edifice  for  the  Virginia,  and  in  1708-'09  was  its  Speaker.  His 
Hebrew  Education  Society ;  New  York,  a  Hebrew  wife  was  Mary  Wood,  a  niece  o(  Patrick  Henry. 
Educational  Institute  in  the  heart  of  the  over-  Joseph  was  graduated  at  the  Military  Academy, 
erowded  down-town  district;  Chicaeo,  a  manual  West  Point,  in  182D,  ranking  thirteenth  in  a 
training  school  for  children  of  the  refugees,  class  of  48.  Amone  his  classmates  were  Gens. 
New  lemnlea  have  been  built  or  are  in  process  of  Robert  E.  Lee.  of  tne  Confederate,  and  Ormsby 
ereetion  in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Brooklyn,  M.  Mitchell,  of  the  National  service.  Immedi- 
BiUimore,  Salt  Ijike  City,  and  elsewhere.  ately  after  graduation  he  was  oommiBsioned  a 
The  Jewish  question  has  been  a  prolific  subject  second  lieutenant  in  the  Fourth  Artillery,  and 
of  discussion  abroad  and  at  homo.  The  English  assigned  to  garrison  duty  at  Fort  Columbus,  N. 
reviews  have  contained  steady  referenee.i,  while  Y.  He  was  stationed  at  Fort  Monroe,  Va.,  in 
B«ron  de  Hirsch  and  Ooldwin  Smith's  articles  in  1830-'31,  look  part  in  the  Black  Hawk  eijHHli- 
the  "Xorth  American"  and  Baron  de  Hirsch's  tion  in  1832.  was  in  garrison  at  Charleston.  S.  C. 
aiwl  11, Leroy  Beaulieu's  in  "The  Forum"  hare  in  1833-'33,  at  Fort  Monroe  again  in  18S3-'34, 
been  of  special  interest.  The  latter  author  had  at  Fort  Madison.  N.  C,  in  18S4,  and  performed 
•  brilliant  aeries  of  papers  on  the  Jews  and  an ti-  topographical  duty  in  IB34-'35.  He  was  pro- 
Semilii'm  in  the  "  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  "  of  moted  to  first  lieutenant  in  Julv,  1836.  and 
Peb.  15.  May  1,  and  July  15.  was  an  aide  to  Gen,  Wiafleld  Scott  in  the  Semi- 
S.  Schechter  was  appointed  Reader  of  Tal-  nole  War,  but  resigned  on  May  31.  1837.  and  be- 
audic  Literature  in  Cambridge  Uiiivorsitv;  Dr.  came  a  civil  engineer.     On  July  7.  1838.  he  was 


fi.  Deutsch,  professor  in  the  Cincinnati  Hebrew  appointed  flret  lieutenant  of  topographical  i 

Vnion  College;    Dr.  Morris  Loeb,  Professor  of  gineers,  and  brevettcd  captain  for  gallantry  ... 

Chemistry  in  the  University  of  the  Citv  of  Sew  the  war  in  Florida.    A  story  is  told  of  his  service 

}"rfc:  Dr.  H.  M.  Leipziger,  an  assistant  super-  in  that  campaign  In  the  effect  that  he  was  with 

mlendent  of  the  New  York  citT  public  schools,  a  reconnoitcring  party  that  (ell  into  anambuscade. 

S;  W.  Kosendale  was  elected  Att'omev-Gcneral  of  and  nearly  all  the  offlters  were  killed  or  wounded : 

^ew  York.   Thanksgiving  was  mark'ed  by  union  whereupon  he  took  command,  conducted  an  or- 

ferviees  of  synagogue  and    church   in   several  derly  retreat  of  7  mites,  rejiellod  the  enemy,  and 

^jties.    Among  the  first  donations  to  relieve  the  earned  off  the  wounded.     He  was  struck  by  a 

Rusaian  famine  was  $1,400  from  the  svnagoguc  batlin  theforehcad.anddObulletspaEsedlhrough 

in  a ..      ^^^   condition   of  the  over-  his  clothing. 


396  JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  EGGLESTON. 

He  had  charge  of  the  improvement  of  Black  onel),  the   second  to  Albert  Sidney  Johnston 

river,  N.  Y.,  in  1838-'39,  of  the  Sault  Ste.  Marie  (who  had  been  a  colonel),  the  third  to  Robert  E. 

in  1840,  of  the  boundary  survey  between  the  Lee  (who  had  been  a  lieutenant-colonel),  the 

United  States  and  Texas  in  1841,  of  the  harbors  fourth  to  Joseph  K  Johnston,  and  the  fifth  to 

on  Lake  Erie  the  same  year,  and  of  the  Topo-  G.  T.  Beauregard  (who  had  been  a  captain).    J. 

graphical  Bureau  at  Washington  in  1842.    He  E.  Johnston^   commission  was   made  to  date 

served  again  in  Florida  in  1842-'4d,  and  the  from  July  4    Gen.  Johnston  says  in  his  "  Nar- 

next  year  assisted  in  surveying  the  boundary  line  rative" :  "  Information  of  these  nominations  and 

between  the  United  States  and  the  British  prov-  their  confirmation  came  to  me  at  the  same  time, 

inces.    He  was  engaged  in  the  coast  survey  in  On  receiving  it,  I  wrote  to  the  President  [Jcffer- 

1944-*46,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  promoted  to  son  Davis]  such  a  statement  as  the  precediD^. 

captain  in  the  engineer  corps.  and  also  expressed  my  sense  of  the  wrong  done 

During  the  Mexican  War  he  served  with  the  me.  But,  m  order  that  sense  of  injury  might 
army  of  Geu,  Scott,  being  in  action  at  Vera  not  betray  me  into  the  use  of  language  improper 
Cruz,  Cerro  Gordo,  Contreras,  Churubusco,  Mo-  from  an  officer  to  the  President,  I  laid  aside  the 
lino  del  Rey,  Chapultepec,  and  the  City  of  Mexi-  letter  for  two  days,  and  then  examined  it  dis- 
co. He  was  wounded  at  (3erro  Gordo,  and  again  passionately,  I  believe,  and  was  confident  that 
at  Chapultepec,  where  he  was  the  first  to  plant  what  it  contained  was  not  improper  to  be  said  bv 
aregimental  color  on  the  citadel.  For  his  gal-  a  soldier  to  the  President,  nor  improperly  saii 
lant  services  in  these  actions  he  was  brevetted  The  letter  was  therefore  dispatched.  It  is  said 
colonel,  April  12,  1847.  He  was  mustered  out  that  it  irritated  him  greatly,  and  that  his  irrita- 
as  lieutenant-colonel  of  volunteers  Aug.  28, 1848,  tion  was  freely  expressed.  The  animosity  a^nst 
but  was  reinstated  by  act  of  Congress  as  captain  me  that  he  is  known  to  have  entertained  ever 
of  engineers.  He  was  chief  of  topographical  since  was  attributed  by  mv  acquaintances  in« 
engineers  in  the  Department  of  Texas  in  1848-*53,  public  life  in  Richmond  to  this  letter." 
and  was  in  charge  of  the  Western  river  improve-  Gen.  Johnston's  force  in  the  Shenandoah  valley 
ments  in  1853-'55.  From  that  date  till  1860  he  was  opposed  by  a  National  force  under  Gen. 
was  a  part  of  the  time  on  garrison  duty,  part  RobertPatterson,  and  when  in  July  Gen.  McDow- 
in  active  service  in  Kansas  (during  the  strug-  ell  was  sent  forward  with  an  army  to  attack  the 
gle  there  between  Free-State  men  and  Slave-  Confederate  army  commanded  by  Gen.  Beaure- 
State  men),  part  on  special  duty  at  Washington,  gard  at  Manassas,  Patterson  was  relied  upon  to 
and  part  witn  the  Utah  expedition  as  acting  in-  prevent  Johnston  from  going  to  the  help  of 
spector-general.  He  was  made  lieutenant-col-  Beauregard.  But  Johnston,  maskin|r  his  move- 
onel  of  tne  First  Cavalry  in  March,  1855,  and  on  ment  by  means  of  cavalry,  went  with  a  large 
June  28, 1860.  was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  part  of  his  force  by  rail  to  the  help  of  Beaure- 
and  made  quartermaster-general  of  the  army,  gard,  and  arrived  with  part  of  his  men  while 
with  headquarters  at  Washington.  On  April  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  (July  21,  1861)  was  in 
22,  1861,  he  resigned  this  commission  and  re-  progress.  He  left  Beauregard  in  command  of 
turned  to  Virginia.  He  was  the  highest  in  rank  the  troops  engaged,  while  he  assumed  command 
in  the  United  States  armv  of  all  the  officers  who  of  the  whole  field  and  hurried  forward  the  re-en- 
left  it  to  take  service  in  the  Confederacy.  foreements.    These  came  just  in  time  to  turn  the 

He  was  immediately  commissioned  maior-gen-  scale  of  the  contest.  The  National  army,  after 
eral  of  Virginia  volunteers,  and  enga^^ed  in  or-  an  obstinate  battle,  was  defeated,  a  large  part  of 
ganizing  the  troops  that  were  pouring  into  Rich-  it  becoming  demoralized,  and  streamed  back  in 
mond.  Two  weeks  later  he  was  called  to  Mont-  confusion  toward  Washington.  Gen.  Johnston 
gomery,  Ala.,  and  made  a  brigadier-general  in  says :  "  [f  the  tactics  of  the  Federals  had  been 
the  array  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  assigned  equal  to  their  strategy  we  should  have  been 
to  the  command  of  Harper's  Ferry.  Here  he  beaten.  If,  instead  of  being  brought  into  action 
had  about  7,000  men,  But  he  protested  against  in  detail,  their  troops  had  been  formed  in  two 
the  policy  of  keeping  a  force  at  Harper's  Perry,  lines  with  a  proper  reserve,  and  had  assailed  Bee 
a  place  that  has  no  strategic  importance,  and  and  Jackson  in  that  order,  the  two  Southern 
in  June  he  was  authorized  to  abandon  it  and  brigades  must  have  been  swept  from  the  field  in 
move  toward  Winchester.  On  the  16th  of  May  a  few  minutes,  or  enveloped.  Gen.  McDowell 
the  Confederate  Congress  had  passed  a  bill  would  have  made  such  a  formation,  probably,  had 
creating  the  rank  of  full  general  and  providing  he  not  greatly  underestimated  the  strength  of 
for  five  appointees.  An  earlier  act  of  that  Con-  his  enemy."  Gen.  Johnston  was  severely  criti- 
gress  had  provided  that  "  in  all  cases  of  officers  cised  at  the  South  for  not  closely  following  the 
who  have  resigned,  or  who  may  within  six  defeated  army,  and  capturing  the  city  of  Wash- 
months  tender  their  resignations,  from  the  army  ing.    On  this  point  he  says : 

of  the  United  States,  and  who  have  been  or       tx.*i,   *^       /»*u  •  j-    4.  i   „vr       •  •         i 

u  ^:..4.^i  4.^  \>«;^;««i  ,.»^«»^;^<,  ;«  4^k«         If  the  tone  of  the  press  indicated  public  opinion  ana 

may  be  appointed  to  original  vacancies  in  the  f^^,.^^  j^  ^^^^  g^^^jj^  ^^^^  ^^.^^^  to  captureVashin^- 

array  of  the  Confederate  btates,  the  commis-  ton  received  strong?  aiid>eneral  condemnation.  Many 

sions  issued  shall  bear  one  and  the  same  date,  erroneously  attributed  it  to  the  President's  prohi  hi - 

so  that  the  relative  rank  of   officers  of   each  tion  [Mr.  f)avi8  reached  tlie  field  near  the  clone  of  the 

grade  shall  be  determined  by  their  former  com-  battle] ;  but  he  jrave  no  orders,  and  expressed  neither 

missions  in  the  United  States  armv."    In  An-  wish  nor  opinion  on  the  subject,  that  evereanu-  t'\ 

gust,  when   Mr.  Davis  made  the  appointments  '">'  knowledge.    Considennff  the  relative  strength  oj 

o    i'    i.u-     1         ;     *.  „  1  ^*  «;,,;«^  t^u^A^*-  »««L-  the  bellifferents  on  the  neld,  the  Southern  people  couKl 

under  this  law,  instead  of  giving  the  first  rank  ^^^  reasonably  haye  cxpect^Kl  greater  i^esults  tn>m 

to  Gen.  Joseph   E.  Johnston  (who  had  been  a  their  victory  than  those  accomplished:  the  defeat  ot 

brigadier-general  in  the  United  States  army),  he  the  invasion  of  Virt/inia,  and  the  preservation  ot  the 

gave  it  to  Samuel  Cooper  (who  had  been  a  col-  capital  of  the  Confederacy.    All  tne  military  condi- 


JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  EGGLESTON.  397 

tirtiLs  ve  knew,  forbade  an  attempt  on  Washington,  elaborate  works  for  the  reduction  of  these,  and 

The  Confederate  anuy  was  more  disorganized  by  vie-  when  he  was  nearly  ready  to  open  his  batteries 

t4*n  than  that  of  tlie  United  Stote8  by  defeat    The  Johnston  fell  back,  May '3-4,  to  Williamsburg. 

S.utht™  volunteere  l>€Ue^^  Uiat  the  objecta  of  the  j^  ^^^  afternoon  of  the  4t}i  the  rear  guard  of 

:^.'^J::^:^TJ^tlt  ^J^Z:^ll^^^  the  confederate  army  and  the  advance  |uard  of 

ih.m.    Many,  therefore,  in  ignorance  ol'  their  niili-  the  National  came  into  collision ;  both  sides  were 

lary  obli|yrations,  left  the  army— not  to  return.    Some  re-enforced,  and  the  skirmish  was  developed  into 

ha^^kned  home  to  exhibit  the  trophies  picked  up  on  a  battle  on  the  5th,  which  resulted  in  the  with- 

ihf  field;  othere  left  their  regiments  without  cere-  drawal  of  the  Confederates  after  heavy  fighting, 

mony  to  attend  to  wounded  friends,  frequently  accom-  leaving  400  of  their  wounded  in  Williamsburg, 

I*n>ingthem  to  hospitals  m  distant  towns.    Such  ^^^  ^y.^        ^j^h   them  about  that  number  of 

wtTfc  the  reports  of  general  and  Stan  officers  and  rail-  ^«:«^„^«   ®  mu«  ie«f;rN«oi  irv<»  «,«<>  oU^^.f  o  onn 

roiul  official    Exaggerated  ideas  of  the  victory,  pre-  P"^^®^',   The  Nation^  loss  was  about  2.200, 

vailiiiif  among  our  troops,  cost  us  more  men  than  the  the  Confederate  about  1,800.    McCIeJlan  moved 

Federal  army  lost  by  defeat.  slowly  up  the  peninsula,  establishing  a  base  of 

^       -  ,           ,     i.«     1^.         -ci-  xi.     /-.     *  J  supplies  at  White  House,  on  the  Pamunkey,  and 

Gen  Johnston  s  difficulties  with  the  Confed-  ^^^^^  westward  toward  Richmond.     The  chief 

e»te  Administration  began  early,  and  were  quite  ^^^^^^^  obstacle  in  his  path  was  the  Chickahom- 

senous     On  the  1st  of  March,  1862,  he  was  j,^^  ^^.^^  ^j^j^  -^^  connecting  swamps:  and  this 

obhged  to  write  directly  to  President  Davis  and  ^^^  j^  g^^j^  ^  direction  that  he  could  not  place 

remonstrate  ^mst  the  conduct  of  the  Secre-  ^^^  ^y^^^^  army  on  the  south  or  right  bank  of  it 

tar)-  of  \^  ar,  Hon.  Judah  P.  Beniamm,  who  was  without  imperfling  his  communications  with  his 

graatmg  eaves  of  absence  and  furloughs  with-  ^^    g^  ^^^  j^fg  j^j^  ^^      ^^^^  ^^at  stream, 

such 

army.  ^           .      xv/*    -     *^.^«*v/*v«v-.».^...v     «*     ^^  ^^^     ...x...    ««v*v* 

the  line  of  the  Rappahannock,  in  order  to  be  q^  JdcDowelTVoloiiThVm."*  Bu^^ 
nearer  Richmond  and  better  able  to  defend  it,  ^^^^  ^  ^^  ^^^^  ^  Confederate  force  that  was 
whatever  route  the  National  army  under  Gen.  nioving  down  the  Shenandoah  valley,  and  John- 
MtCleUan  might  choose  in  moving  acainst  that  g^^^^  g^^^ed  this  opportunity  to  attaclc  the  isolated 
^"&  J^J?®*^  ****^  ^™l  ^as^^moved  by  water  j^^j.  ^^  ^j^j^g  ^^  ^i^hin  six  miles  of  the 
to  Fort  Monroe  and  chose  the  approach  up  the  Confederate  capital.  He  was  favored  by  a  heavy 
Denmsula,Gen.  Johnston,  ma  council  of  war  with  ^^^^  ^^ich  in  the  night  of  May  80  swelled  the 
Mr.  Davis,  Gen.  Lee,  and  other  comtnandere,  ^^g,  ^^^  g^e  t  ^^^y  some  of  the  bridges.  He 
proposed  that  all  the  available  Conf^erate  supposed  that  all  were  impassable;  but  one  re- 
forces  in  Georgia  and  the  Carolmas  and  those  at  rained,  and  the  veteran  Gen.  Sumner,  anticipat- 
Norfoll^  Va.,  be  united  with  those  on  the  penm-  ^  ^jje  battle,  had  his  corps  drawn  up  ready  to 
sula  and  those  on  the  RAppahannock,  to  make  ^.^^^gg  ^s  soon  as  he  should  receive  the  comm'and 
as  large  an  army  as  possible  to  meet  the  inva-  ^  ^^  ^^  Johnston  attacked  on  the  31st,  and  his 
sion,  and  that  this  army  be  held  near  Richmond  n^^^  almost  surprised  the  enemy  in  their  half- 
to  await  the  advance  of  the  enemy,  instead  of  finished  intrenchmente ;  but  they  lost  heavily 
opposing  his  progress  up  the  peninsula.  Johns-  y^^^^^^  ^j^^  ^^^^j^g^  ^^^j  succeeded  in  carrying  them 
ton  says:  only  when  a  lar^e  detachment  made  a  detour 
In  the  difwufision  that  followed.  Gen.  Randolnh,  and  took  them  in  flank.  Johnston's  plan  of 
who  had  been  a  naval  officer,  objected  to  the  plan  battle  depended  mainly  upon  thrusting  in  a 
prop«ied,  because  it  included  at  leaat  the  temporary  f^^^^  between  McClellan's  detached  left  wing 
abandonment  of  Jiorfolk,  which  would  mvolve  tje  ^  ^j^  ^  ^  g^^j^  ^j^^  ^^  -^  ^ght 
probable  loss  of  the  matenala  for  many  veiwels-of-  2„«t,  ^«.,ki«  u  „r>  ««^  «4^  *u^  »««,«  *i^^  «i,f  if 
war  contained  in  the  navy-vani  ther^.  Gen.  Lee  Aank.  double  it  up,  and  at  the  same  time  cut  it 
opposed  it,  becauae  he  thought  that  the  withdrawal  off  from  all  connection  with  the  main  army. 
from  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  of  any  considerable  He  began  this  movement,  but  it  was  frustrated 
number  of  troopA  would  expose  the  important  sea-  bySumner,  whose  corps  crossed  the  river  prompt- 
ports  of  Charleaton  and  Savannah  to  the  danger  of  \y  on  a  single  frail  bridge,  met  the  Confederate 
<aptine.  He  thought,  too,  that  the  peninsula  had  fjanking  force,  and  after  hard  fighting  drove  it 
exwllent  fleldi.  of  battle  for  a  small  army  oontendm«  ^  and  cleared  the  ground.  At  the  close  of  this 
with  a  (Treat  one,  and  that  we  should  for  that  reason  "  ...  „v.:^i.  u^«^  4-i»«  ^^,,ki.>  ««*»»  y^#  t7«;» 
make  the  contest  with  McClellan'B  annv  there.  Gen.  battle-which  bears  the  double  name  of  Fair 
Lonjprtreet  took  little  part,  which  I  attributed  to  his  Oaks  and  Seven  Pines,  «^d  which  resulted  m  a 
dcafnMs.  I  maintained  that  all  to  be  accomplifthed.  National  loss  of  over  5,000  men  and  a  Confeder- 
by  any  successa  attainable  on  the  peninsula,  would  be  ate  loss  of  nearly  7,000 — Gen.  Johnston  received 
to  delay  the  enemy  two  or  three  weeks  in  his  march  two  wounds,  a  musket  shot  in  the  shoulder  and 
to  Richmond  for  the  reaaons  already  given;  and  that  ^  blow  in  the  breast  from  a  fragment  of  shell. 

'^^Za    !?'?  ^'J-  "*  ■^*'^''''^^*i*'{!'^^l"i?^  He  was  carried  from  the  field  in  an  ambulance, 

ranly  abandoned  to  achieve^  it,  and  would  be  decisive  *  J",    "^        .     ,  ,    .     ^*„««  +«  ^„f«  +iii  ^,^u^^r^ 

of  the  war,  as  well  as  of  th^  campaign.    The  Presi-  f^^  ^^^s  not  able  to  return  to  duty  till  autumn, 

dent  announced  his  decision  in  favor  of  Gen.  Lee's  Two  days  later  the  command  of  the  forces  about 

opinion,  and  directed  that  Smith's  and  Longstreet's  Richmond  was  given  to  Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee ; 

divisions  should  join  the  Army  of  the  Peninsula,  and  and  Johnston,  in  his  "  Narrative,"  takes  pains  to 

ordered  me  to  j^>  there  and  take  command,  the  De-  point  out  the  fact   that  as  soon  as  he  lost  com- 

paronents  of  ^orfolk  and  the  Peninsula  being  added  n^^nd  of  the  Army  of  Virginia  his  suggestion  was 

to  that  of  Northern  Viiigmia.  adopted,  and  the  concentration  of  forces  which 

Gen.  Johnston  assumed  his  new  command  on  had  been  denied  to  him  was  given  to  his  suc- 

April  17,  having  about  53,000  men,  and  proceeded  cessor.      He  criticises  his  own  action  at  Seven 

to  strengthen   the  defensive  works  across  the  Pines,  saying  that  he  brought  on  the  battle  too 

peninsula  at  Yorktown.    McClellan  constructed  soon  by  one  day ;  for  twenty-four  hours  later 


398  JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  EGGLESTON. 

the  river  would  have  been  higher  and  he  would  I  still  conceive  it  to  be  the  most  important  point 

have  received  a  re-enforcement  of  8,000  men,  in  the  Confederacy."    Gen.  Johnston  wrote  in 

who  without  his  knowledge  were  on  their  way  reply :  **  I  am  trying  to  e^ather  a  force  which  may 

to  him  from  the  south.  relieve  you.    Hold  out.      By  the  3d  of  June  he 

On  the  12th  of  November  Gen.  Johnston  re-  had  received  re-enforcements  to  the  extent  of, 

ported  for  duty  at  the  War  Office  in  Richmond,  perhaps,   15,000  men,   but  he  made  no   direct 

and  on  the  24th  he  was  assigned  to  a  command  movement  to  relieve  Vicksburg,  for  which  he 

in  the  Mississippi  valley,  including  the  forces  gives  these  reasons : 

under  Gens.  Bragff,  Pemberton,  and  Kirby  Smith.  My  forces,  not  equal  to  a  third  of  the  Federal  army, 
Here  he  repeated  his  advice  to  concentrate  forces,  were  almost  without  artillery  and  iield  transportatioii, 
and  form  a  large  army  in  order  to  attack  the  and  deficient  in  aininunition  for  all  arms ;  and  could 
army  under  Gen.  Grant ;  but  again  his  advice  was  ^^^  therefore,  have  been  moved,  with  any  hope  of 
unheeded.  He  proposed  that  the  force  near  Lit-  8ucc«»,  agwnst  that  powerful  army,  already  protected 
tie  Rock,  ArkT  crmmanded  by  Gen.  Holmes  ^P^  tSLTrLe"?t,53  if  r'^de^^^ 
which  was  not  confronted  by  an  enemy  should  ^ere,  of  course,  ^-ith  the  troops  in  Vicksburg  and 
be  brouffht  across  the  Mississippi  and  united  with  Port  Hudson.  The  troops  coming  ftom  the  east,  by 
that  under  Gen.  Pemberton,  while  Bragg's  should  railroad,  had  brought  neither  artillery'  nor  wagons. 
be  held  within  co-operating  distance,  and  that  Frequent  drafts  upon  the  country  had  so  much  re- 
Grant  should  be  vigorously  attacked.  "  As  our  duced  the  number  of  horses  and  mules  that  it  was  not 
troops  are  now  distributed,"  he  added,  "  Vicks-  until  near  the  end  of  June  that  artillery  and  wagons, 
burg^sindan^er."  During  the  winter  and  spring  ^fJ^^X^^^^^^^^^Z^^^^ 
there  were  various  movements  in  Gen.  Johnston's  artillery  and  wagons  from  Geoigia.  Some  twelve 
department,  with  none  of  which  was  he  intimate-  pieces,  found  without  carriages,  were  mounted  on 
ly  connected,  because  of  the  scattered  condition  such  as  could  be  made  in  Canton.  There  was  no 
of  his  forces.  The  principal  events  were  the  bat-  want  of  provision  and  forage  in  the  department,  but 
tie  of  Murfreesborough  or  Stone  river  (Dec.  31  they  were  still  to  be  collected ;  and  we  had  small 
and  Jan.  2),  fought  by  Gen.  Bragg  against  Gen.  'neans  of  collecting  them,  and  none  of  transporting 
Rosecrans,  which  is  generally  considered  a  drawn  ^^"^  "^'^  *  "'^^''^  *^y- 

battle,  though  Rosecrans  was  left  in  possession  Many  telegrams  passed  between  him  and  the 
of  the  field;  the  movements  of  Grant  toward  War  Department,  he  being  urged  to  at  tack  Grant's 
Vicksburg ;  the  ascent  of  the  Mississippi  by  Na-  wmy  at  all  hazards,  not  to  let  Vicksburg  be  lost 
tional  war  vessels,  which  ran  past  the  Confed-  without  a  struggle ;  replying  that  he  could  not  at- 
erate  batteries,  and  the  descent  of  ironclad  gun-  tack  with  any  prospect  of  success  unless  he  first 
boats.  When  Grant  had  crossed  to  the  west  side  received  large  re-enforcements,  and  being  told 
of  the  Mississippi,  marched  south  as  far  as  that  it  was  impossible  to  give  them  to  him.  At 
Bruinsburg,  and  recrossed  to  the  east  side  in  length,  about  the  1st  of  July,  he  put  his  forces 
order  to  attack  Vicksburg  in  the  rear.  Gen.  in  motion  toward  the  besieged  city,  but  it  fell 
Johnston  (then  in  Tennessee)  received  orders  from  on  the  4th,  and  Pemberton's  entire  army  became 
Richmond,  May  9,  to  go  at  once  to  Mississippi  prisoners.  A  few  days  later  Port  Hudson  also 
and  take  chief  command  there.  He  says:**!  leU,  and  the  Mississippi  was  then  compietelv 
had  been  prevented,  by  the  orders  of  the  Admin-  op©^  to  the  National  forces.  Johnston  then  fell 
istration,  from  giving  my  personal  attention  to  back  to  Jackson.  A  large  force,  under  Gen. 
military  affairs  in  mssissippi  at  any  time  since  Sherman,  advanced  against  him  there,  and  in  the 
the  22d  of  January."  He  set  out  at  once,  and  night  of  the  16th  he  abandoned  the  place,  mov- 
arrived  at  Jackson  in  the  evening  of  the  13th,  ing  eastward.  On  the  22d,  at  his  own  request  he 
finding  there  about  12,000  men  subject  to  his  ^^  relieved  from  further  command  of  the  De- 
orders.  He  telegraphed  to  his  Government  that  partment  of  Tennessee.  In  reply  to  the  criti- 
he  was  too  late,  but  would  do  what  he  could,  cisms  of  Mr.  Davis  and  Qten,  Pemberton,  which 
Grant's  army,  which  had  brushed  away  a  small  threw  upon  him  the  blame  for  the  loss  of  Vicks- 
Confederate  force  at  Raymond,  advanced  prompt-  burg,  Gen.  Johnston  sums  up  a  long  argument : 
ly  on  Jackson,  reaching  that  place  on  the  14th,  Without  reference  to  the  military  value  of  the 
and  attacking  Johnston's.  The  latter,  with  a  loss  place,  the  army  should  not  have  been  exposed  to  in- 
of  about  800  men,  mostly  prisoners,  evacuated  vestment  in  it;  for  the  capture  of  the  place  was  the 
the    city,  after  burning  most  of  his   supplies.  ^^^'^  ^^^^  <>^  *  "«??%  ^^l  investment,  surrender 

S??'i"'7tt^^  factoriesandaportion'o?  the  :^Tl.Z^or^T''ifZ'^'^e^^^ 

railroad,  and  then  turned  westward,  fought  Pem-  ^^d  been  unable  to  prevent  a  siege,  it  was  certain  that 

berton  at  Champion  Hills  and  at  the  Big  Black  it  could  not  break  ona     As  the  capture  of  the  place 

river,  and  drove  him   within  the  defenses   of  could  not  be  prevented,  the  array  should  have  been 

Vicksburg.     Johnston  had  sent  orders  to  Pem-  saved  by  leading  it  away.^  If  I  and'the  re-cnforeemente 
berton  to  abandon 
and  save  his 
18:  "On  therecei[ 

mediately  assembled  a  council  of  war.    . .  The  h^itotil^  to"trl^^er  u^'and  'send  "a  new  "wm- 

opinion  was  unanimously  expressed  that  it  was  mander  until  too  late,  the  Administration  mad©  it<«elf 

impossible  to  withdraw  the  army  from  this  posi-  and  Gen.  Pemberton  responsible  for  conaequences, 

tion  with  such  fnorale  and  material  as  to  be  of  and  those  conseauences  were  the  ruin  of  our  atiiure  in 

further  use  to  the  Confederacy I  have  decided  Tennessee  as  well  as  in  Mississippi. 

to  hold  Vicksburg  as  long  as  possible,  with  the  Ten  days  after  the  fall  of  Vicksburg,  Mr.  Davis 

firm  hope  that  the  Government  may  yet  be  able  wrote  a  long  letter  to  Gen.  Johnston,  in  which  he 

to  assist  me  in  keeping  this  obstruction  to  the  accused  him  of  insubordination  and  mismanage- 

enemy's  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  river,  ment,  to  which  the  general   replied  at  equal 


JOHNSTON,  JOSEPH  EGGLESTON.  399 

length  and  with  equal  plainness.  The  correspond-  miles  of  Marietta,  where  Hood's  corps  attacked 

ence  was  called  for  by  the  Confederate  Congress,  them  and  was  repelled  with  a  loss  of  about  1,000 

and  Mr.  Davis  submitted  his  own  letter,  but  took  men.    On  the  27tn  Sherman  made  a  heavj  assault 

advantage  of  a  misstatement  of  the  dates  to  on  Johnston's  center,  which  failed  with  a  loss  of 

withhold  Johnston's  reply.   Both  letters  are  given  over  2,500  men,  while  the  Confederate  loss  was 

in  full  in  the  general's  *'  Narrative."  but  little  over  800.    Sherman,  boldly  letting  go 

On  Dec.  IS,  1863,  Gen.  Johnston  was  trans-  his  communications  for  a  time,  now  took  ten 

ferred  to  the  command  of  the  Army  of  Tennessee  days'  provisions  in  wagons,  and  moved  south- 

—whicb,  under  the  leadership  of  Gen.  Bragg,  ward  with  his  whole  army,  thus  compelling  his 

had  fought  the  bloody  but  fruitless  battle  of  opponent  either  to  come  out  of  the  intrench- 

Chickamauga,  and  been  defeated  in  that  of  Mis-  ments  and  fight  him  or  to  retreat  again.     John- 

sionary  Ridge — and  established  his  headquarters  ston  fell  back  to  the  Chattahoochee,  where  he  had 

at  Dalton,  Ga.    He  spent  the  winter  in  reorgan-  elaborate  fortifications  on  the  north  side  of  the 

izing  his  forces,  constructing  defensive  works,  stream,  already  prepared  by  the  labor  of  a  thou- 

and  preparing  for  the  spring  campaign,  which,  it  sand  slaves  at  work  for   a  month.    Sherman 

was  generally  believed,  would  decide  the  contest,  moved  up  promptly,  and  on  July  9  threw  a 

In  May,  1864,  he  had  about  55,000  men  (if  large  part  of  his  army  across  the  stream,  at  a 

counted  in  the  same  way  that  the  opposing  force  point  above  the  Confederate  position.    This  river 

was  counted)  to  which  rolk's  corps  was  added  a  was  the  last  great  natural  obstruction  in  Sher- 

few  days  later,  when  Gen.  William  T.  Sherman,  man's  path  to  Atlanta,  and  Johnston  was  now 

with  an  army  of  98,000,  moved  against  him.  compelled  to  surrender  it  and  fall  back  again. 

Sherman  moved  by  his  right  flank,  turning  the  Sherman  followed  cautiously,  and  on  the  17th 

position  at  Dalton,  and  seni  McPherson's  corps  made  a  grand  right  wheel  toward  Atlanta.     But 

to  march  through  the  gap  at  Resaca,  and  cut  the  on  that  aa^  came  orders  from  Richmond  remov- 

railroad  over  which  Johnston  drew  his  supplies,  ing  Gen.  Johnston  from  command,  and  making 

McPherson  found  fortifications  at  Resaca,  feared  Gen.  Hood  his  successor.     Gen.  Johnston  thus 

to  attack  them,  fell  back  to  the  gap  in  the  explains  his  conduct  of  this  campaign : 

mountains,  and  thus  lost  a  golden  opportunity.  Gen.  Sherman's  troops,  with  whom  we  were  con- 

for  before  the  rest  of  Sherman's  army  arrived,  tending,  hod  received  a  longer  training  in  war  than 

Johnston  fell  back  to  Resaca  with  his  entire  force,  any  of  those  with  whom  I  had  served  in  former  times. 

By  some  fighting:  and  much  manoeuvring  Sher-  1*  ^"^  ^^^  ^o  ^  supposed  that  such  troops,  under  a 

man  gained,  with  his  right,  an  elevated  position,  l^^S^l^^  and  resolute  leader,  and  covered  by  in- 

fntm  «tK;aK  kio  »,ir«o  r.A»M  ^«.4^.^x<.r  4^k»^;i«T«^  tTenchments,  wcro  to  be  beaten  by  greatly  inlcrtor 

from  which  hw  guns  could  destroy  the  railway  numbers,     f  therefore  thought  it  our^licv  to  stand 

bridge  over  the   Oostenaula  nver,  and  at  the  on  the  defensive,  to  spare  the  blood  of  our  soldiers  by 

same  time  threw  two  pontoon  bridges  across  it  flffhting  under  cover  habitually,  and  to  attack  only 

three  miles  below  the  town.    This  made  it  neces-  wnen  bad  position  or  division  of  the  enemy^s  forces 

sarr  for  Johnston  to  fall  back  again  to  save  his  might  give  us  advantages  counter-balancing  that  of 

communications,  and  in  the  night  of  May  15  he  superior  numbers.     So  we  held  every  position  occu- 

retreated,  burning  the  bridges  behind  him.  fi^^'.Thi^ii^^lT''^  w""*"*  ""'^^^ 
Qk««».^«  #^ii^.»^  .>^.««^4^i»^  ««*!  rx«  fk*.  in*u  ened ;  then  fell  back  only  far  enough  to  secure  them, 
Shermwi  followed  promptly,  and  on  the  10th  ^atciing  for  opportunities  to  attirk,  keeping  nea^ 
lound  him  m  position  at  tassnlle,  whence,  after  enough  to  the  Federal  army  to  assure  the  Confederate 
sharp  skirmishing,  he  retreated  again  in  the  Administration  that  Sherman  could  not  send  re-en- 
night  of  the  20th  and  crossed  the  Etowah  to  forcements  to  Grant,  and  hoping  to  reduce  the  odds 
Allatoona.  Johnston  savs  he  intended  to  fight  against  us  by  partial  engagements, 
a  battle  at  Cassville,  but  fiood  and  Polk — two  of  The  reasons  for  his  removal,  as  given  in  the 
his  corps  commanders — told  him  their  positions  telegram  announcing  it,  were  that  he  had  "  failed 
were  enfiladed  by  Sherman's  artillery.  That  to  arrest  the  advance  of  the  enemy  to  the  vicin- 
general  avoided  the  strong  position  of  Alia-  ity  of  Atlanta,  far  in  the  interior  of  Georgia,  and 
toona  pass,  and  moved  westward  to  draw  John-  expressed  no  confidence  that  he  could  defeat  or 
ston  out  of  it.  In  this  he  was  successful,  and  repel  him."  In  answer.  Gen.  Johnston  wrote : 
the  armies  met  at  New  Hope  church,  where  there  '*  As  to  the  alleged  cause  of  my  removal,  I  assert 
was  irregular  fighting  for  six  days  but  no  gen-  that  Sherman's  army  is  much  stronger  compared 
eral  engagement.  During  this  time  Sherman  with  that  of  Tennessee  than  Grant's  compared 
strengthened  his  right,  and  then  extended  his  with  that  of  Northern  Virginia.  Yet  the  enemy 
left,  and  secured  the  roads  to  Allatoona ;  after  has  been  compelled  to  advance  much  more  slowly 
which  he  sent  a  force  to  occupy  the  pass  and  to  the  vicinity  of  Atlanta  than  to  that  of  Rich- 
repair  the  railroad.  Johnston  then  retreated  mond  and  retersburg,  and  penetrated  much 
again,  and  took  up  a  position  on  the  mountain  deeper  into  Virginia  tnan  into  Georgia.  Confi- 
slopes  crossing  the  railroad  above  Marietta.  Sher-  dent  language  by  a  military  commander  is  not 
man  followed  him  closely,  and  established  an  in-  usuallv  regarded  as  evidence  of  competence." 
trenched  line  parallel  with  his.  Here,  though  On  nis  removal  from  command.  Gen.  Johnston 
no  battle  was  fought,  the  firing  from  the  riiie  went  to  reside  in  Macon,  Ga.,  and  afterward  to 
pits  was  incessant,  and  there  was  much  loss  of  Lincolnton,  N.  C,  where,  on  Feb.  23, 1865,  he  re- 
life,  Johnston,  finding  that  he  could  not  hold  a  ceived  orders  to  assume  command  of  the  Army 
line  10  miles  long,  shortened  it  until  he  occupied  of  Tennessee  and  all  troops  in  the  Department  of 
only  the  slope  of  Kenesaw  mountain.  Sherman  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida,  and  **con- 
niade  corresponding  contractions,  kept  the  lines  centrate  all  available  forces  and  drive  back  Sher- 
close,  constnicted  elaborate  works,  and  never  man,"  who  had  made  his  march  to  the  sea  and 
intermitted  the  fire  of  artillery  and  musketry,  was  now  moving  northward  through  the  Caro- 
He  gained  and  held  some  good  positions  on  the  linas.  The  available  forces  were  about  16,000 
2lst,and  pushed  forward  twocorp^  to  within  three  men,  somewhat  scattered.    Such  a  force,  even  if 


400 


KANSAS. 


it  had  been  well  provisioned,  was  ridiculously  in-  stead  of  which,  Johnston  divided  the  money 
adequate  to  such  a  task,  and  Johnston  had  the  among  his  officers  and  men,  all  sharing  alike, 
greatest  difficulty  in  procuring  supplies.  He  When  Sherman  resumed  his  march,  Ijee^  army 
proposed  that  Gen.  Lee  retreat  with  the  Army  of  had  surrendered,  and  on  April  13  Johnston  sent 
Northern  Virginia  into  North  Carolina  and  join  him  a  letter  (which  had  been  dictated  by  Dans, 
forces  with  him,  that  they  might  together  fall  but  was  signed  by  Johnston),  proposing  an  annis- 
upon  Sherman  and  crush  him ;  but  Lee  answered  tice  and  a  meeting  to  arrange  terms  oi  peace.  To 
that  he  could  not  leave  Virginia.  A  few  thou-  this  Gen.  Sherman  agreed,  and  the  two  command- 
sand  additional  troops  were  sent  to  Johnston  from  ers  met  on  the  17th  at  Durham's  Station.  Sherman 
the  West,  and  Ilampton*s  cavalry  came  to  him  at  first  proposed  the  same  terms  that  had  l^een 
from  Virginia.  At  Averysborough,  35  miles  south  given  by  Grant  to  Lee,  but  Johnston  rejected 
of  Raleigh,  on  Cape  Fear  river,  March  16,  a  large  this,  on  the  ground  that  his  army  was  in  no  such 
part  of  Johnston's  forces  intrenched  themselves  straits  as  Lee*s.  He  proposed  instead  that  ther 
m  a  line  across  the  path  of  Sherman's  left  col-  arrange  terms  of  permanent  peace,  and  they 
umn,  which  was  marching  northward.  A  direct  drew  up  and  signed  a  memorandum  of  agree- 
attack  on  the  works  was  unsuccessful,  and  Kil-  ment,  which  provided  not  only  for  the  disband- 
patrick's  cavalry  was  roughly  handled  by  a  di-  ment  of  the  Confederate  armies  but  for  a  general 
vision  of  Confederate  infantry.  Then  the  flank  anmesty  and  the  immediate  reinstatement  of  the 
was  turned,  and  the  Confederates  retreated.  Each  State  governments  at  the  South.  This  was  re- 
side had  lost  about  500  men.  They  went  to  jected  b?  the  United  States  Government,  a? 
Bentonville,  30  miles  east  of  Averysborough  and  transcending  the  authority  of  a  military  com- 
about  the  same  distance  west  of  Goldsborough,  to-  mander  in  the  field.  On  the  26th  the  two  com- 
ward  which  Sherman's  columns  were  converg-  manders  signed  a  simple  military  agreement,  by 
ing,  and  at  Bentonville  Johnston  concentrate  the  terms  of  which  Jonnston's  army  was  surren- 
his  whole  force  and  intrenched  again  across  the  dered  on  the  same  terms  as  Lee's.  In  his  "  Nar- 
path  of  the  left  column.  This  time  he  com-  rative.-'  Gen.  Johnston  argues  that  the  failure  to 
manded  in  person,  and  he  had  a  very  strong  po-  establish  the  Confederacy  resulted  not  from  lack 
sition,  with  black-jack  thickets  protecting  ois  of  men  or  of  devotion  to  the  cause,  but  simply 
flanks.  But  Slocum's  corps  attacked  vigorously  from  the  faulty  financial  policy  of  its  Govern- 
as  soon  as  they  came  withm  sight  of  the  enemy,  ment,  which  neglected  the  opportunity,  at  the 
drove  back  the  Confederate  right  flank,  and  beginning,  to  send  to  Europe  the  whole  of  the 
planted  batteries  that  commanded  that  part  of  great  cotton  crop  of  1860  and  buy  at  once  a 
the  field.  On  the  Confederate  left  the  natural  ob-  plentiful  supply  of  arms  and  ^uipments,  but 
structions  were  greater  and  the  fighting  was  more  instead,  floodea  the  country  with  a  worthless 
obstinate,  but  after  nightfall  Johnston  retreated  paper  currency. 

toward  Raleigh  and  left  Sherman's  way  open  to        After  the  war,  he  was  successively  president  of 

Goldsborough.    In  this  last  action  (March  19)  a  railroad  company  in  Arkansas,  president  of  an 

fought  by  the  forces  of  either  Sherman  or  John-  express  company  in  Virginia,  ana  an  insurance 

ston,  theNational  loss  was  1.600,  the  Confederate  agent  in  Savannah,  and  in  1877  he  was  elected 

2,300.  Sherman's  army  rested  for  a  time  at  Golds-  to  Congress  from  the  Richmond,  Va.,  district, 

borough,  while  Johnston's  remained  at  Raleigh.  President   Cleveland   appointed  him  Comrais- 

Here  Mr.  Davis  and  his  Cabinet,  driven  out  of  sioner  of  Railroads  of  the  United  States.    He 

Richmond,  passed  him  on  their  way  southward,  was  a  pall  -  bearer  at  Gen.  Sherman's  funeral 

and  Johnston  tried  in  vain  to  convince  Davis  of  about  a  month  before  his  death.    His  wife,  a 

the  hopeless  condition  of  their  cause,  and  to  induce  daughter  of  Hon.  Louis  McLane,  died  in  1886. 

him  to  end  the  war  at  once  by  some  sort  of  negoti-  They  had  no  children.    Gen.  Johnston*s  only 

ation  for  peace.  He  continued  his  flight,  and  ord-  publication  was  his  **  Narrative  of  Military  0[ier- 

ered  Gen.  Johnston  to  obtain  from  a  treasury  ations  during  the  Late  War  between  the  States  ** 

agent  |39.000  in  silver  and  send  it  after  him ;  in-  (New  York,  1874). 


K 


KANSAS,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  the 
Union  Jan.  29,  1861 ;  area,  82,080  square  miles. 
The  population,  according  to  each  decennial 
census,  was  107,206  in  1860;  364,399  in  1870; 
996,096  in  1880 ;  and  1,427,096  in  1890.  Capital, 
Topeka. 

GoTernment. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Lyman  U. 
Humphrey,  Republican;  Lieutenant-Governor, 
Andrew  J.  Felt;  Secretary  of  State,  William 
Higgins;  Auditor,  Charles  M.  Hovey;  Treas- 
urer, S.  G.  Stover;  Attomey-GeneraL  John  N. 
Ives;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
George  W.  Winans;  Superintendent  of  Insurance, 
Daniel  W.  Wilder,  succeeded   by  William  H, 


McBride;  Railroad  Commissioners,  George  T. 
Anthony,  A.  R.  Greene,  and  James  Humphrey, 
succeeded  on  April  1  by  William  M.  Mitchell ; 
Chief -Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Albert  H. 
Horton ;  Associate  Justices,  William  A.  John- 
ston and  Daniel  M.  Valentine ;  Supreme  Court 
Commissioners,  Benjamin  F.  Simpson,  J.  C. 
Strang,  and  George  S.  Green.  Attorney-Gen- 
eral Ives  was  elected  on  the  Democratic  and 
Farmers'  Alliance  tickets;  the  other  elective 
State  officers  are  Republicans. 

Popalation  by  itaees.— The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 
eral census : 


KANSAS. 


401 


COUNTUa. 


A11«B 

Aodanon.. 

Anp*hott. . 
Atdklaoo  .. 

Barber 

Barton  . . . . 
Boarbon. . , 
Hrown .... 

BofTaJo 

Boticr 

(IttM    

ChiiUUa<)a 
Cb«roke« . . 
Cfa«T€rIUie  . 

Ctark. 

ruv 

Ckmd 

Collipf 

Ooouuiehe. 
CowifT.... 
CmwRird.. 
Decator... 
Dtcfciaaon. 
Doniphan.. 
Doni^aa... 
Edwarda.. 


E.k 

Kliisi 

Lllswortta , 

Finney 

Poole 

Ford 

Frankfin. 

Garfield 

G«ai7 

Gore , 

Graham 

Giant , 

Gray , 

OweleT , 

Gi««n«rood 

HvoUtOD 

Harp«r 

H  arrer 

naakek 

Hodiretnan 

Huwazd ...   . . .  •  < 

JarkMD . 

JeilentoD , 

JwrU 

Jobnaon 

Kansas 

Kemtey 

Klncmaa 

Kiowa., 

LabetUu 

Lan« 

IjeawTi  worth . . . , 

liocolo 

Ljod 

Lor»n 

Lvoo , 

Mrl>h«r800 

Marion 

Manball 

Mejd*. 

Miami 

Mlirhell , 

MoouritmerT.... 

Monis. 

MortfKi 

Nfmaha 

Seoetio 

Neait 

AOftOO. ........ 

0«(pe 

O^boroe 

Oiuwa 

Pawiwe. .  - 

PhflHps 

Pottawatomie... 

Piatt 

Kavllns 

P.WIO 

R*T»ubllc 

Rk» 

kller 

Booka 


18,111 

•••»•• 

88J»18 
7,»40 
12,825 
S6,266 
19,874 

8,050 

13,0e9 

26^888 

4,401 

2,850 

15,938 

19.280 

15.652 

2,515 

88,819 

29,S52 

8.408 

22.094 

12,753 

20.844 

8.515 

12.210 

7,S66 

9,146 

8,277 

5,258 

194)96 

b76 

10,018 

2,955 

4,499 

1,268 

8,406 

1,264 

16,140 

1,970 

13,160 

17314 

1,076 

2,280 

14,41*8 
15,917 
19,845 
16.489 

11.786 

2.857 
8^50e 

2,085 
88,748 

9.669 
16,418 

8,859 
82.1A0 
21,561 
20,877 
88,606 

2,516 
ia620 
14,975 
22.140 
10,«^76 
716 
19,(i88 
18,2  a 

4.948 
10.579 
81,842 
11.960 
12,506 

5,06s 
18,490 
17,886 

7,987 

6.756 
86,711 
18.978 
14,887 
12,841 
I        7,951 

vol-   XXXI.— 20  A 


wan  a. 


OOLOHBD. 


1800.      1880.     1800.     1880. 


10.958 

8,871 

8 

8&,887 

2.608 

10,028 

17,866 

12,554 

191 

18,587 


10,915 

80,161 

87 

159 

18,200 

15,808 

11,004 

869 

81,816 

16.749 

4,179 
16,170 
18,848 
ia476 

8,858 
10,608 

6,111 

8,885 

'"iib 

8,048 
10,847 

■  ■  •  •  •  • 

6,658 

1.186 

8,774 

9 

8 

10,46S 

168 

4,114 

11,851 

1,575 


16,898 
17,091 
12,856 
1^905 
896 
16^901 
14,870 
17,628 
8,788 

•*•••• 

12,887 
14.785 

8,788 

6,966 
18,905 
18,456 
10.889 

5364 
11,897 
15,804 

1,852 

1.628 
12,747 
14.898 

9,285 
10,106 

8,056 


898 

819 

8^ 
88 

847 
8^01 

489 


•  •  •  •  • 

106 

60 

lS-2 

119 

228 

144 

1,862 

1,S61 

7 
809 

68 
804 

88 
647 
488 

10 

178 

776 

8,172 

85 
6 

76 
185 

78 

"65 

881 

5 

£75 

89 

529 

46 

9 

•  •  •  •  • 

169 
67 
S5 

884 
1 

166 


10,580 

805 

14,772 

701 

17,457 

4 

15,987 

966 

9 

160 

10 

8,711 

87 

•  •  •      •  • 

15 

80,517 

8,058 

601 

5 

8T388 

4,718 

8,517 

89 

14,481 

797 

85 
1,046 

50 
161 
808 

85 
998 

60 
954 
505. 
8 
825 
887 
1 

87 
780 
128 

74 
184 
171 
864 
180 

•  •  •  •  ■ 

868 

89 

188 

848 

67 


OOUNTnS. 


850 
166 

«  •  ■  «  • 

8,410 
8 

896 
1,716 

868 


4 

119 

41 

488 

8 

821 

100 

1 

81 

914 

8,817 

56 

81 

68 

107 

..... 

78 
088 


Buab 

BnaaeU 

Saline 

Scott 

Sedgwick... 
Sequoyah... 

Sewara 

Shawnee  . . . 
Sheridan . . . 
Sherman . . . 

Smith 

Stnflbrd  .... 
Stanton  .... 
Stevens ... 
Samner .... 

Thomas 

Trepo , 

Wahannsoe. 
Wallace .... 
Washington 
Wichita.... 

Wilson 

Woodson 

Wyandotte. 


The  State.. 


wniTB. 


1800.      1880. 


5,199 
7,271 

16,945 
1,868 

42,208 

1,498 
48,900 

8,788 

6^248 
]^611 

8^20 

1,<>81 

1,899 
80.087 

5.682 

8,494 
10,048 

2,429 
88,S77 

1,620 
lOkSOl 

8,947 
47340 


1374,882 


^485 

7,817 

1838S 

48 

18.469 

568 

6 

88,665 

1367 

18 

18,668 

4^688 

5 

12 

80.6()8 

161 

8,510 

8,074 

679 

14,891 

14 

18,698 

6,467 

14,589 


958,165 


COLOSBS. 


1800. 


6 

62 
497 


£0 

78 

7,088 


61,861 


1880. 


6 

84 

880 


•  •  •  •   • 

1,407 

•  •  •  •  • 

869 

6 

•  ■  • 

6,1C4 

5366 

'"is 

2 

16 

800 

188 

"19 

»  •  ■  • 

174 

104 

6 

41 

85 

748 

646 

89 

7 

17 

19 

7 

77 
66 
4,576 


48,107 


10 
484 


80 


19 
08 

9  •   •   • 

129 

■  ■  •  • 

16S 

790 

18 

809 


8 

•  «  •  •  • 

8,179 

•  ■     A    • 

4.970 

65 

815 

•  •  •  •  • 

1,087 

49 

97 

881 

•  ■  ■  •  • 

868 

41 

684 

688 

'   '75 

874 

"*83 

671 

61 

68 

83 

117 

888 

88 

"n 

16 

57 

824 

66 


There  were  107  Chinese  and  856  Indians  in 
the  State  in  1800. 

Legrislatire  Session.— The  Leg^islature  be- 
gan its  regular  biennial  session  on  Jan.  13  and 
adjourned  on  March  18.  As  the  adherents  of 
the  new  People's  or  Farmers'  Alliance  party 
were  in  control  of  the  Lower  House,  and  of  both 
Houses  on  joint  ballot,  the  proceedings  of  the 
session  were  watched  by  the  public  with  great 
interest  The  choice  of  a  successor  to  United 
States  Senator  John  J.  Ingalls  first  claimed  the 
attention  of  the  legislators.  The  Republicans 
nominated  Senator  Ingalls,  and  made  earnest  ef- 
forts to  win  over  the  Alliance  members  to  his 
support,  but  without  success.  The  latter  de- 
cided to  nominate  a  candidate  directly  repre- 
senting their  own  principles,  and  in  caucus  on 
Jan.  26  selected  William  A.  Peffer,  on  the  seyen- 
teenth  ballot  the  vote  standing  Peffer,  56 ;  John 
F.  Willits,  88.  The  Democratic  candidate  was 
Charles  W.  Blair.  On  the  separate  ballot  in 
each  branch,  on  Jan.  27,  the  following  yote  was 
cast :  Senate — Ingalls  85,  Peffer  2,  scattering  8 ; 
House— Ingalls  28,  Peffer  96,  Blair  5.  The  first 
joint  ballot  which  was  taken  on  the  following 
day,  resulted  in  the  election  of  Peffer  by  the  fol- 
lowing yote :  Ingalls  58,  Peffer  101,  Blair  8,  for 
other  candidates  3. 

An  important  act  of  the  session  proyides  a 
system  of  law  for  the  promotion  of  irrigation. 
It  declares  that  all  natural  waters,  whether 
standing  or  running,  and  whether  surface  or 
subterranean,  in  that  portion  of  the  State  west 
of  the  ninety-ninth  meridian,  shall  be  devoted, 
first,  to  purposes  of  irrigation  in  aid  of  agricult- 
ure, subject  to  ordinary  domestic  uses,  and, 
second,  to  other  industrial  purposes,  and  may  be 
diverted  from  natural  beds,  basins,  or  channels 
for  such  purposes  and  uses,  provided  that  ex- 
isting vested  rights  in  such  waters  shall  not  be 
sheeted  without  due  legal  condemnation  and 
compensation.  Provision  is  made  for  the  crea- 
tion of  irrigation  districts,  which  are  authorized 
to  construct  ditches  and  works,  to  borrow  money 
and  issue  bonds,  and  to  levy  taxes  to  pay  for 
such  works.    The  charges  for  water  supplied  by 


402  KANSAS. 

« 

any  private  p^rson  or  corporation  to  another  for  salary  of  $2,500,  and  empowers  him  to  close  any 

irrigation  shall  be  fixed  in  each  county  by  the  bank  that  does  not  comply  with  the  law. 

county  commissioners,  and  the  rights  and  duties  An  act  to  prevent  ownership  of  land  by  non- 

of  such  person  and  corporation,  as  well  as  of  resident  aliens  provides  that  "every  non-resi- 

pnblic  imgation  districts,  are  defined  at  length,  dent  alien,  firm  of  aliens,  or  corporation  incor- 

The  sinking  of  artesian  wells  and  the  rights  of  porated  under  the  laws  of  any  foreign  country, 

owners  thereof  are  also  regulated.  shall  be  incapable  of  acquiring  title  to  or  taking 

By  another  act  the  business  of  public  ware-  or  holding  apy  land  or  real  estate  in  this  State, 
house  men  is  carefully  defined  ana  restricted,  by  descent,  devise,  purchase,  or  otherwise,  except 
The  maximum  rates  for  storage  and  handling  of  that  the  heirs  of  aliens  who  have  heretofore  ac- 
grain,  including  cost'of  receivmg  and  delivenng,  quired  lands  in  this  State  under  the  laws  there- 
are  fixed  at  one  cent  a  bushel  for  the  first  fifteen  of,  and  the  heirs  of  aliens  who  may  acquire  lands 
days  or  part  thereof,  one  half  cent  a  bushel  for  under  the  provisions  of  the  act,  may  take  such 
each  fifteen  days  or  part  thereof  after  the  first  lands  bv  devise  or  descent  and  hold  them  for  the 
fifteen,  but  not  over  four  cents  a  bushel  in  the  space  of  three  years  and  no  longer,  if  such  alien 
aggregate  for  continuous  storage  from  Nov.  15  at  the  time  of  so  acquiring  such  lands  is  of  ihe 
to  Majr  15  following.  Any  boa^  of  trade  issu-  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  if  not  twenty-one 
ing  licenses  hereunder  shall  appoint  a  State  years  of  age,  then  for  the  term  of  five  years  from 
weighmaster  and  such  assistants  as  shall  be  the  time  of  so  acquiring  such  lands ;  and  if  at 
need^  for  the  transaction  of  business  in  its  the  end  of  the  time  herem  limited  such  lands  so 
locality.  There  shall  also  be  a  State  inspector  of  acquired  have  not  been  sold  to  bona  fide  purchas- 
grain,  appointed  by  the  (Governor,  who  shall  ap-  ers  for  value,  or  such  alien  heirs  have  not  become 
point  deputy  inspectors  upon  the  nomination  of  actual  residents  of  this  State,  the  lands  shall  re- 
focal  boiuxls  of  trade.  The  inspectors  shall  de-  vert  and  escheat  to  the  State  of  Kansas."  Cor- 
termine  the  grade  of  grain  offered  to  public  porations  or  associations  in  which  more  than  20 
warehouses,  but  an  ap^al  may  be  taken  from  per  cent,  of  the  stock  is  owned  by  others  than 
their  decision.  citizens  of  the  United  States  are  prohibited  from 

The  sum  of  $60,000  was  appropriated  to  pur-  holding  real  estate  in  the  State.    But  alien  resi- 

chase  seed  grain  for  those  farmers  who  lost  ttieir  dents  of  the  United  States  who  have  declared 

crops  by  reason  of  the  drought  of  1800.    The  their  intention  to  become  citizens  may  acquire 

railroad  commissioners  were  authorized  to  pur-  and  hold  real  estate  for  six  years,  when  it  shall 

chase  such  grain  and  the  county  commissioners  escheat  to  the  State  if  they  have  not  become  full 

of  each  county  to  distribute  it,  taking  the  note  citizens.    Minor  alien  residents  of  the  United 

of  each  beneficiarv  for  the  cost  of  the  grain  sup-  States  may  acquire  and  hold  real  estAte  for  six 

plied  to  him.     In  addition,  certain    specified  years  after  they  mi^ht  have  declared  their  inten- 

counties  were  authorized,  on  their  own  account,  tion  of  becoming  citizens  under  the  naturaliza- 

to  purchase  and  distribute  seed  grain,  takine  the  tion  laws,  subject  to  escheat  if  they  have  not  be- 

note  of  each  beneficiary,  and  to  issue  bonds  for  come  full  citizens  in  that  time, 

the  sums  needed  for  such  purchase.  The  sum  of  $60,000  wa3  appropriated  to  con- 

A  new  law  for  the  management  of  the  State  tinue  the  construction  of  the  main  and  central 

Penitentiary  provides  for  a  board  of  three  di-  wings  of  the  State  House,  the  further  sum  of 

rectors,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Gbvemor,  one  $60,000  for  building  and  equipping  a  cottage 

each  year,  for  a  term  of  throe  vears.    The  war-  and  for  other  improvements  at  the  Ossawatomie 

den  of  the  Penitentiary  shall  be  appointed  by  Insane  Asyhim,  and  the  sum  of  $9,000  for  an  in- 

the  Governor.    By  another  act  is  established  a  dustrial  building  at  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Insti- 

State  Board  of  Public  Works,  composed  of  three  tute  at  Olathe. 

members  appointed  by  the  Governor.  Bills  to  establish  the  Australian  ballot  svstem. 

For  each  of  the  fiscal  years  ending  June  80,  to  resubmit  the  prohibitory  amendment  to  the 

1892,  and  June  30, 1893,  the  rate  of  State  taxa-  people,  to  establish  reduced  rates  on  railroads 

tion  for  current  expenses  was  fixed  at  3*5  mills,  and  to  permit  woman  suffrage  were  discussed  at 

and  for  interest  on  the  public  debt  at  '2  mill,  on  great  length,  but  failed  to  pass  both  Houses, 

each  dollar.    Numerous  acts  were  passed  author-  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

izing  various  townships  and  cities  to  issue  bonds  ^u      •      *i-   i.      *_                       r   ^     j  .    .t 

an Ase  the  proceeds  ?n  building  flouring  mills,  s^^^^^^^eTX^^'^^^lSZ 

or  in  aid  thereof .    A  new  apportionment  of  mem-  state,  to  tliree  fourths  of  one  cent  a  pound, 

bers  of  the  Legislature,  on  the  basis  of  the  cen-  Prescribing  the  manner  of  conducing  primarvelcc- 

sus  of  1890,  was  made  at  this  session.    Eight  tions. 

hours  were  declared  to  constitute  a  day's  work  Appropriatinj?  $8,500  to  establish  an  experiment 
for  all  laborers,  workmen,  mechanics,  or  other  station  at  the  Stete  Dniversitv  to  propMrato  the  eon- 
persons  employed  by  or  in  behalf  of  the  State,  or  ^'""l  9^  infection  supposed  to  be  dcstruo^ve  fcj 
by  or  in  befealf  of  any  county,  city,  township,  or  ^^^^  ^"^  ^^  ^  ^""«^  *'  ^  ^"™^"  ^"^  ^^ 
other  municipality  of  the  State.  To  prohibit  the  sale  or  j^ift  of  intoxicating?  or  stupe- 

Provision  was  made  for  submitting  to  the  peo-  fvin/?  liquore  or  drugs  to  ihmates  of  soldiere^  homes, 

pie,  at  the  November  election  in  1892,  the  ques-  Declaring  the  first  Monday  in  September  of  each 

tion  whether  a  convention  shall  be  called  to  re-  year  a  legal  holiday,  to  be  known  as  Labor  Day. 

vise,  amend,  or  change  the  State  Constitution.  .A]l?^v^?.'*F®^f8  ^^  ofBcial  bonds  to  fix  the  limit 

Another  importent  act  provides  for  the  re^^u-  of  their  liabilitv  thereon, 

lation  and  <^n'trol  of  Stat^  banks     It  requires  ^W^^IS^^^^^^^ 

from  each  bank  a  sworn  quarterly  st^itement  Prohib\tin|  cSmbinatious  to  prevent  competition 

snowing  the  condition  of  its  business,    it  creates  among  persons  engaged  in  buymg  and  selling  live 

the  office  of  State  Bank  Commissioner,  with  stock. 


EANSAa  403 

To  prohibit  the  editing,  publiflhing,  circulating,  public,  Ellsworth,  Russell,  and  Jewell  Counties. 

dL<^minating.  and  eelling  of  neWspapere  or  other  Regular  mining  operations  are  conducted  in  but 

publications  devoted  largely  to  the  publication  of  ^^  counties.    The  veins  vary  from  one  to  five 

S^c^nSST'*              "'"''        '^''°'''''       """  '^t  in  thickness,  and  are  mined  by  shaft  as  weU 

Providing  a  new  Uiw  for  the  regulation,  support.  ^  ^7  "  stripping."    The  scarcity  of  wood  in  the 

ftnd  maintenance  of  the  common  sdiools  in  cities  or  western  part  of  the  State  is  stimulating  the  de- 

the  ftnt  daaa.  veloping  of  the  coal-beds  as  well  as  the  construe- 

Accepting  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress  tion  of  branch  railroad  lines.    The  output  for 

rmiting  aid  to  State  or  Territorial  homes  for  disabled  1889  is  reported  as  2,280,768  short  tons,  valued 

aoldiereand  sailora,        ^^  $3,294,754,  or  an  average  of  $1.48  a  ton  at  the 

?:^^".ru;^^a^dC?oroT^^^^^  r^  .T^average£mber;of  persons  em. 

in  tneir  labels,  trade-marks,  and  forms  of  advertising.  P^^Y^  11  l«59  was  0,060,  and  the  amount  of 

Accepting  the  act  of  Congress  granting  aid  for  the  wages   paid    $2,820,591.      The    State   conducts 

endowment  and  support  of  colleges  of  agriculture  and  coal-mining  operations  at  Lansinff,  Leavenworth 

the  mechanic  arts.  County,  where  the  convicts  in  the  Penitentiary 

Increabiud^  the  salaries  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  ^re  employed. 

Treasurer,  Auditor,  and  certain  other  Stat«  officere,         Th«   Prohlbftftrr   Taw On   TVIftv  2.n   fh« 

ion  in  the  case  of  Wilkerson  vs,  Rahrer,  appealed 

The  Botkin  Impeaehment  —  Charges  of  in  1890  from  the  Circuit  Court  for  the  district 
misconduct  in  ofllce  against  Judge  Theodosius  of  Kansas,  in  which  the  chief  question  at  issue 
Boiiiin,  of  the  Thirty-second  Judicial  Circuit,  was  whether  the  Kansas  prohibitory  law  ought 
vere  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Lower  House  to  be  re-enacted  before  it  could  operate  to  pre- 
of  the  Legislature  during  its  session  this  year,  vent  the  sale  of  imported  liquors  in  the  original 
as  a  result  of  which  that  body,  after  investiga-.  packages.  The  court  unanimously  decided  that 
tion.  framed  numerous  articles  of  impeachment,  such  re-enactment  was  not  necessary ;  that  by 
charging  Judee  Botkin  with  intoxication  and  virtue  of  the  previous  decision  of  the  court  in 
with  unjudicial  conduct  on  the  bench.  For  the  Leisy  vs.  Hardin  the  Kansas  law  had  been  made 
purpc«e  of  trying  the  case  the  Senate  reassem-  inoperative  upon  imported  liquors  only,  but  that 
Llefl  on  April  2HJ  as  a  court  of  impeachment,  the  Wilson  law,  subsequently  enacted  by  Con- 
Several  weeks  were  occupied  in  taking  testimony  gress,  had  placed  imported  liquors  in  the  same 
and  in  hearing  arguments  of  counsel.  A  vote  category  as  liquors  already  within  the  State,  and 
upon  the  several  articles  was  not  taken  till  May  had  therefore  made  the  State  law  again  opera- 
26,  when  the  judge  was  acquitted  upon  every  tive  upon  such  liquors. 

article,  although  upon  the  articles  charging  un-  World's  Fair  ConTentioii.— As  the  Legisla- 

jadicial  conduct  in  court  there  was  a  narrow  ture  adjourned  without  passing  an  appropriation 

majority  against  him  of  the  Senators  voting.  in  aid  of  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  of 

Edneatloii. — The  State  University  continues  1893,  a  call  was  issued  on  March  17,  by  the  Board 

to  show  unusual  prosperity.  At  the  close  of  this  of  Agriculture,  for  a  State  convention  to  meet 

year  there  was  an  enrollment  of  about  590  resi-  at  Topeka  on  April  23,  to  devise  means  to  secure 

dent  students,  an  increase  of  more  than  100  over  a  proper  representation  of  the  State  at  the  £x- 

the  number  enrolled  at  the  same  date  last  year,  position.    About  300  delegates  from  all  parts  of 

Mortgage  Debts. — The  Federal  Census  Bu-  the  State  attended  the  convention.  They  decided 

reau  reports  that  the  total  number  of  mortgages  that  at  least  $100,000  ought  to  be  raised  in  order 

onreal  estate  recorded  in  the  State  during  the  to  insure  a  creditable  exnibit.    A  committee  of 

ten  years  ending  in  1889  was  620,049,  of  which  21  members  was  elected  and  organized  as  a  Bu- 

415.622,  or  BTHIS  per  cent,  of  the  total,  were  on  reau  of  Promotion.    On  April  80  this  bureau  is- 

acres,  and  204,427,  or  82'97  per  cent.,  were  on  sued  an  address  to  "  The  Feople  of  the  State," 

lots.    The  yearly  totals  exhibit  the  fact  that  in  which  called  upon  each  county  and  each  railroad 

1880  the  amount  of  recorded  mortgages  was  company  operating   lines  within  the  State  to 

118.625,284;  in  1881,  $21,343,449 ;  in  1882,  $22,-  contribute  such  portion  of  the  sum  of  $100,000 

410,810;  in  1883,  $27,697,409;  in  1884,  $89,579.-  as  the  assessed  value  of  their  property  for  the 

854;  in  1885,  $53,203,087;  in  1886,  $76,259,403;  year  1890  bore  to  the  total  assessed  value  of  the 

the  amount  reached  $97,520,069  in  1887;  de-  property  of  the  State  for  that  year.    To  raise 

clined  to  $69,977,822  in  1888,  and  to  $56,082,244  the  allotted  sum  promptly,  the  organization  of 

in  1889.    In  1980  the  amount  of  mortgages  re-  County   Columbian    Associations   was    recom- 

corded  against  acres  in  the  State  was  $15,^5,-  mended,  and  plans  for  such  associations  were 

775;  in  1881,  $17,514,785;  in  1882,  $17,634,017;  submitted.     The  April  convention  had  agreed 

in  1883.  $21,463,183;  in  1884,  $31,241,851;  in  upon  June  16  as  the  day  for  assembling  another 

1885,  $42,115,311 ;  in  1886,  $56,724,122;  and  the  convention  composed  of  delegates  representing 

lar^  amount,  $61,227,479,  was  in  1887,  from  the  subscribers  to  the  fund,  for  the  purpose  of 

which  year  the  amount  decreased  to  $44,865,279  electing  a  permanent  board  of  managers.    The 

in  1888,  and  to  $35,006,542  in  1889.    The  per  Bureau  of  Promotion,  at  their  meeting  on  June 

capita  mortgage  debt  of  the  State  is  $165.  10,  finding  that  sufficient  progress  had  not  been 

Coal. — ^The  coal  measures  of  Kansas  cover  made  in  securing  subscriptions,  postponed  the 

about  10,000  square  miles,  underlying  the  entire  date  for  assembling  the  convention  until  Sept. 

eastern  portion  of  the  State.    The  coals  are  bi-  16.     On  this  latter  date  the  records  showed  that 

turainous,  excellent  for  coking,  steam,  gas,  smelt-  counties  and  railroad   companies  representing 

inc:,  and  domestic  purposes.     Lignite  deposits  $46,560.56  of  the  apportionment  had  paid  in  the 

nsTe  also  been  worked  to  some  extent  along  the  first  installment  or  had  assented  to  the  plan  and 

vestem  limits  of  the  coal  areas  in  Cloud,  Re-  paid  in  part,  and  could  be  relied  upon  for  the  re- 


404 


KENTUCKY. 


mainder.  Delegates  representing  these  subscrip- 
tions met  in  convention  at  Topeka  on  Sept.  16, 
and  elected  a  board  of  managers,  who  thereafter 
attended  to  the  collection  of  subscriptions  and 
to  the  task  of  securing  a  creditable  State  exhibit. 

KENTUCKY,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to 
the  Union  June  1, 1792 ;  area,  40,400  square 
miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  decen- 
nial census  smce  admission,  was  220,955  in  1800 ; 
406,511  in  1810;  564.135  in  1820;  687,917  in  1830; 
779,828  in  1840;  982,405  in  1850;  1,155,684  in 
1860;  1,321,011  in  1870;  1.648,690  in  1880;  and 
1,858,635  in  1890.    Capital,  Frankfort. 

Goyernment. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Simon  B. 
Buckner,  Democrat,  succeeded  by  John  Young 
Brown,  Democrat ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  James 
W.  Bryan,  succeeded  by  Mitchell  C.  Alford ;  Sec- 
retary of  State,  George  M.  Adams,  succeeded  by 
John  W.  Headley ;  Auditor,  L.  C.  Norman ; 
Treasurer,  Henry  S.  Hale;  Attorney-General, 
P.  W.  Hardin,  succeeded  by  William  J.  Hen- 
drick;  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
Joseph  D.  Pickett,  succeeded  by  Edward  P. 
Thompson ;  Insurance  Commissioner,  Henry  T. 
Duncan;  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  Thomas 
H.  Corbett,  succeeded  by  G.  B.  Swango ;  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture,  C.  Y.  Wilson;  Rail- 
road Commissioner,  I.  A.  Spauldins,  J.  F.  Hagar, 
W.  B.  Fleming ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  William  H.  Holt;  Associate  Justices, 
William  S.  Pryor,  Joseph  H.  Lewis,  and  Caswell 
Bennett.  Gov.  Brown  and  the  other  St^te  of- 
ficers elected  with  him  in  August  assumed  office 
on  Sept.  1. 

Popnlation  by  Rac68.~The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 
eral census : 


WBITI. 


cocNTna. 


COUNTIES. 


Adair. 

Alien 

Anderson. 

BalUrd 

Barren 

Bath 

Bell 

Boone 

Bourbon. 

Riyd 

Boyle 

Bracken 

Breathitt 

Breckinridge.. 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell 

Galloway 

Campbell 

Carlisle 

Carroll 

Carter 

Osaey 

Chriatian 

Clark 

Clay 

Clinton 

Crittenden 

Cumberland . . 

DavieM 

Edmonson 

Elliott 

Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming 

Floyd 

Franklin 


•  ■  •  •  I 


wnxTS. 


1800.        1880. 


11,872 
12,Ml 

9^2 

e,912 
1T,679 
11.223 

9,651 
11,098 
10.051 
18,268 

8,089 
11,717 

8,582 
10,782 

7,288 
18,174 
10,481 
18,497 
48,496 

7,1S7 

8,498 
17,069 
11,836 
18,758 
10,571 
11.962 

6,777 
12,192 

7,416 
27,650 

7.542 

9,179 
10,228 
21,899 
14,487 
11.102 
16,229 


10,907 
11,020 

8.292 
12,658 
17.860 

9.965 

6.S74 
10,761 

8,642 
11,605 

7.198 
12,698 

7,557 
A282 

7,214 
11,861 

9,095 
12.080 
86,997 

ais2 

11,974 

10.875 

17,048 

7,929 

9,516 

6,901 

10.587 

7,827 

22.876 

6,667 

6,524 

9.849 

16.049 

18.646 

9.977 

18.889 


OOLOBBD. 


1880. 


1,849 
1,181 
1,048 
1,478 
8,«il8 
1,5S5 
750 
1.153 
6.925 
764 
4,S59 
652 
178 
2,194 
1,058 
7S2 
2,755 
1,178 
712 
425 
778 
185 
518 
15,889 
4,»i60 
467 
270 
927 
1,086 
6,468 
468 
85 
618 
18,797 
1,641 
188 
6,086 


1880. 


2,171 
1,069 
1,069 
1,726 
4,941 
2,017 

161 
1,282 
7,814 

556 
4,787 

816 

185 
2,204 
1,807 

820 
2,187 
1,215 

441 

"771 

871 

60S 

14.689 

4,186 
706 
811 

1,151 

1,567 

4,S54 

^W 

48 

511 

12,974 

1,575 
199 

4.860 


Fulton 

Gallatin 

Chvrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Onyson 

Green 

Greenup 

Hancock 

HaMin 

Harlan 

Harrison 

Eart , 

Flendereon. 

Henry , 

Hickman 

Hopkins , 

Jackson 

Jefferson 

Jessamine 

Johnson 

Kenton 

Knott 

Knox , 

La  Rue 

Laurel 

Lawrence. 

Lee 

Leslie 

Letcher 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

XJvingstoQ 

Logan 

Lyon 

McOncken . . . . 

McLean 

liadiaon 

Magoffin 

Marion 

Marshall. 

Martin 

Mason 

Meade 

Menifee 

Mercer 

Metcalfe 

Monroe 

Montgomery  . . 

Morgan 

Muhlenbei)g... 

Nelson 

Nicholas 

Ohio. 

Oldham 

Owen 

Owsley 

Pendleton 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Bnbertson 

Rockcastle 

Rowan 

Rassell 

Scott 

Shelby 

Simpson , 

Spencer , 

Taylor. , 

Todd 

Trigg 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster. 

Whitley 

Wolfe 

Woodford 


1800. 


The  State. 


7.778 
4,109 
8,109 
12,188 
25,887 
18,189 
9,516 
11,568 
8,416 
19,048 
6,088 
14,862 
14,880 
21,141 
11,767 
9,814 
19,880 
8.206 
164;827 
7,521 
10,989 
61,402 
5368 
12,999 
8,622 
18,208 
17,488 
^786 
8,924 
6,684 
14,618 
12,269 
8,717 
17,155 
6,168 
15,289 
9,072 
16,872 
9,0H 
12,448 
10.948 
4,186 
16,621 
8,674 
4,688 
11,9*24 
8,949 
10,416 
8.682 
11,199 
16,571 
12,536 
9.442 
21,580 
6,666 
16,242 
6,890 
15,819 
ai68 
17,201 
4,904 
24.897 
4,519 
9.657 
6.027 
7,861 
11,462 
11,669 
8,418 
5,418 
7,897 
10.862 
10,227 
6,611 
1^518 
22,180 
11.526 
12.221 
16.225 
16.821 
7,055 
7,496 


1,666,626 


1880. 


OOLOBKD. 


6^ 

4,186 

12,850 
21,287 
15,877 

9,468 
12,982 

7,759 
19,282 

6,164 
18,57^ 
14.294 
16,948 
11.628 

8,687 
16,418 

6,605 
120,408 

6,468 

9,062 
41,468 

'9^28 
a746 
8.664 
18.021 
4,024 
8.712 
6.459 
12.926 
11,172 
8.1S0 
16,977 
6,280 
11,878 
a,*145 
14,7C4 
6,794 
11,189 
9,207 
8,025 
16,077 
9.049 
8,707 
10.994 
8,887 
10.080 
7,000 
8.422 
18.020 
11,898 
10,119 
18,205 
5,456 
16,^98 
4.858 
15,922 
5.468 
12,«26 
8.852 
80,122 
5,581 
9.2S8 
AMi 
7,287 
9,968 
11.258 
7.844 
6,414 
7.860 
9,427 
10,449 
6.594 
14,646 
19,«i92 
11,9«« 
11,618 
12,5*0 
11,752 
6.668 
6,168 


1377479 


180O.     1880. 


8,827 

1.6(15 

508 

617 

8,089 

8.GU5 

688 

T08 

8,195 

ls.l 

409 

4(i; 

1,947 

%4»ti 

888 

ASH 

799 

S.OJ 

8,256 

a,2^i 

169 

114 

8.5612 

2.9^:! 

8,109 

2,nS9 

8,891 

7.573 

8,897 

2,mS 

1.828 

l.»a 

8,685 

8.7:0 

66 

45 

8«.749 

85>3 

8,787 

4.401 

88 

li& 

8,756 

2,5±> 

70 

768 

663 

611 

1.047 

54A 

2«7 

818 

141 

469 

2W 

40 

ii 

86 

14i 

165 

229 

8,708 

8,9•l^ 

749 

vm 

6,648 

7,SS1 

1.475 

1.4^^ 

^8I0 

4j»«8 

615 

H? 

7,4T6 

7.2>> 

178 

l."*) 

8,204 

8w»>4 

8U 

440 

28 

^ 

4,251 

4,8&f 

810 

l.f:4 

88 

4"^ 

8,110 

SwUS 

928 

1,<36 

578 

6^1 

8,784 

8>K 

60 

.^ 

8,884 

1««T^ 

8,881 

4.716 

1.829 

1.75i> 

1,866 

1.4M 

1.6SS 

2.211 

1,484 

1.508 

86 

S9 

687 

7^) 

168 

1» 

177 

174 

894 

M 

1,888 

1.196 

165 

2>3 

184 

4.17 

102 

106 

876 

K4 

6,064 

5,<M>2 

4,862 

Sc5W 

8.465 

2,T?7 

1.846 

1.fl?6 

1.456 

1,SW 

6,461 

6.:47 

8.675 

4,m 

829 

577 

2.716 

8.1  <» 

7.976 

7.6<9 

8,096 

2.4*> 

681 

899 

1,971 

1,«W 

760 

«7 

125 

75 

4,885 

.\«2 

872.9S1  I  271,451 


There  were  also  29  Chinese,  1  Japanese,  and 
98  Indians  in  the  State  in  1890. 


J 


KENTUCKY. 


405 


Finanees. — At  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year 
ending  June  80, 1889,  there  was  a  balance  in  the 
State  treasury  of  $72,025.24 ;  the  total  receipts 
for  the  year  following  were  $3,709,819.41,  and 
the  total  expenditures  for  the  same  period  were 
^,811,248.32,  leaving  a  deficit  on  June  80, 1890, 
of  128,503.67.  For  the  year  ending  June  80, 
1^1,  the  total  receipts  were  $3,652,348.72,  and 
the  total  expenditures  $8,628,829.01,  leaying  a 
balance  on  tne  latter  date,  after  deducting  the 
deficit  existing  at  the  beginmng  of  the  year,  of 
111.04.  Although  the  books  of  the  State  Treas- 
urer showed  this  slight  balance,  there  was,  in 
fact,  at  that  time  a  deficit  of  $229,025.77,  for 
which  amount  warrants  had  been  issued  by  the 
State  Auditor,  and  were  paid  bv  the  banks  of  the 
city  of  Frankfort,  by  virtue  of  an  arrangement 
made  with  them  by  the  Treasurer  in  considera- 
tion of  his  having  placed  with  them  the  State  de- 
posits at  an  agreed  rate  of  interest.  The  Auditor 
estimates  that  there  will  be,  at  the  close  of  the 
present  fiscal  year,  June  80, 1892,  a  deficit  of  $472,- 
<55.71.  The  new  Constitution  provides  that  so 
much  of  any  moneys  as  may  be  received  by  the 
Commonwealth  from  the  United  States,  under  the 
recent  act  of  Congress  refunding  the  direct  tax, 
shall  become  a  part  of  the  school  fund ;  but  that 
the  General  Assembly  may  authorize  the  use  by 
the  Commonwealth  of  the  money  so  received,  or 
any  part  thereof,  in  which  event  a  bond  shall  be 
executed  to  the  Board  of  Education  for  the 
amount  so  used.  The  Governor  recommends 
that  such  an  appropiation  of  this  money  be  made, 
in  order  that  it  may  be  used  to  redeem  these 
outstanding  warrants. 

The  State  tax  rate  for  1891  was  42*5  centa  on 
rach  $100,  of  which  15  cents  was  for  general 
State  expenses,  the  remainder  being  devoted  to 
school  purposes.  The  bonded  State  debt  re- 
mained unchanged  in  amount  during  the  year, 
beinff  $674,000. 

Education. — The  following  public-school  sta- 
tistics, covering  the  year  ending  June  80,  1888, 
and  June  30, 1889,  are  the  latest  available : 

WHITE  SCHOOLS. 


Bigbctt  number  atteodtng.  ..*.. 

Artnge  oomber  attending. 

Niunber  of  Kfaool  agu 

Teacherft,  male 

TetdMn,  female 

Total 

A?eng«  wages  per  montti 

Valae  of  Khool  property 

State  ftiBd. 

Kaittd  by  kwal  taxation,  etc. .. 


1888. 


288,024 

192JSM 

549.727 

8fVS9 

sjm 

7,606 

fSl  21 

«2,96iS,C04  87 

$1,071487  4& 

|0&a,886  47 


i88e. 


288,460 

198.721 

666,809 

8,910 

8,781 

7.091 

182  76 

|8,22«,6«8  76 

$1461,990  92 

$972,602  66 


COLORED  SCHOOLS. 

rraisw 

1888. 

1889. 

Ul^tMt  oamber  attending 

A  fwtee  number  attendl^ 

Samber  of  school  age 

42,811 

2<*.466 

107.170 

616 

644 

1460 

$84  87 

$284,142  86 

$20a.628  00 

$61,270  79 

42,626 

28,988 

109,168 

Twh«i,male 

698 

T«rb«n  female 

602 

Tool...:. 

1,200 

Ar^nffc  wages '.'.."...'. 

>«tiieofgcfaoolpropertT 

?tat«ftind.        *"  »~  ' 

$87  82 
$817,097  90 
$2284^6  08 

2«*Md  by  locai  "taxation^  ete! !  .* '. 

$67,786  19 

.  Charities. — At  the  three  State  asylums  for  the 
ULsane  there  were  about  2,120  patients  on  Dec 


81.     Each  institution  has  nearly  reached  the 
limit  of  its  capacity. 

Prisons. — The  report  of  the  State  Penitentiary 
at  Frankfort  for  the  two  years  ending  Dec. 
1, 1891,  is  as  follows:  Number  of  prisoners  on 
Dec.  1,  1889,  1,127;  number  received  for  the 
year  ending  Dec.  1, 1890,  611,  and  for  the  year 
ending  Dec  1, 1891,  791 ;  number  discharged  for 
the  jear  ending  Dec  1, 1890, 887,  and  for  the  year 
ending  Dec.  h  1891, 779 ;  number  in  confinement 
on  Dec.  1, 1891,  918.  The  reduction  in  prison 
population  during  the  period  is  due  to  the  trans- 
fer of  584  prisoners  to  the  new  branch  Peniten- 
tiary at  Eddyville.  The  number  remaining  in 
the  latter  institution  on  Dec  81,  of  this  year  was 
881,  and  the  number  at  Frankfort  was  898. 

The  buildings  at  Eddyville  were  completed 
and  turned  over  to  the  State  on  Dec.  24, 1890.  A 
total  of  $484,148.98  was  appropriated  bv  the 
Legislature  for  their  construction,  of  which  f  470,- 
758.41  was  expended. 

Coal. — The  coal  areas  of  the  State  represent 
both  the  Appalachian  and  the  Central  or  Illinois 
fields.  The  Appalachian  field  covers  the  eastern 
section  of  the  State  to  the  extent  of  10,000 
square  miles,  and  underlies  thiriy  counties. 

In  the  western  part  of  this  State  the  lower  ex- 
tremity of  the  Central  field  extends  over  about 
4,000  square  miles.  Twelve  coal  seams  are  iden- 
tified in  this  district,  but  only  five  are  worked  to 
any  extent. 

The  various  seams  comjprise  all  varieties,  from 
bituminous  shale  to  the  finest  cannel  coal.  The 
State  possesses  some  of  the  finest  beds  of  cannel 
coal  known  in  the  country,  which  are  found  in 
both  the  eastern  and  western  districts. 

The  product  of  coal  in  Kentucky  during  the 
census  year  ended  June  80,  1880,  was  946,288 
short  tons.  During  the  year  1^9  the  total  prod- 
uct was  2,899,755  short  tons,  valued  at  $2,874,- 
889.  The  number  of  employes  in  1889  was  5,260 ; 
the  wages  paid,  $1,756,868;  and  the  capital  in- 
vested, $6,581,880,  of  which  the  largest  amount 
was  in  Hopkins  County,  $1,268,440. 

Constitutional  Conyention.— The  conven- 
tion that  assembled  at  Frankfort  on  Sept.  8, 
1890,  to  revise  the  State  Constitution,  after  tak- 
ing a  recess  from  Dec  19  to  Jan.  6, 1891,  contin- 
ued its  sessions  until  April  11,  when  it  adjourned 
to  meet  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  September 
following,  having  completed  a  new  Constitution 
and  provided  for  its  submission  to  a  vote  of  the 
people  at  the  August  election.  One  of  the  chief 
evils  permitted  under  the  old  Constitution  was 
that  of  local  or  special  legislation.  The  General 
Assembly  of  1889-'90  sat  one  hundred  and  forty- 
nine  days,  and  passed  local  laws,  including  in- 
dex, covering  4,898  pages,  at  a  cost  to  the  State 
in  printing  of  $17,228.65,  and  in  other  respects 
of  $151,014.82.  The  average  time  and  cost  of 
the  four  preceding  Legislatures  had  been  but 
little  better.  The  new  Constitution  prohibits  spe- 
cial laws  on  a  large  number  of  suojects  and  in 
all  cases  where  general  laws  can  govern,  and 
limits  the  regular  sessions  of  the  Legislature  to 
sixty  days.  Other  important  features  of  the 
new  Constitution  are  the  provisions  forbidding 
lotteries  in  the  State ;  estaolishing  the  secret  or 
Australian  ballot  system  for  all  elections  (under 
the  old  Constitution  the  tnva-voee  system  of  vot- 
ing prevailed) ;  prohibiting  the  working  of  con- 


406  KENTUCKY. 

« 

victs  oatside  the  Penitentiary ;  providing  for  the  of  the  two  Houses  in  open  session ;  and  before  such 

irovernment  of  counties,  cities,  and  towns  by  uni-  officer  shall  have  affixed  his  signature  to  Miy  bill 

fnrm  Iftws  •  nrovidinff  a  uniform  svstem  of  courts  •  ^®  ^^^  suspend  all  other  business,  declare  that  such 

rorm  laws ,  proviaing  a  uniiorm  sysiem  oi  courra ,  ^.^^  ^.^  ^^^  j^  ^^,  ^^  ^^  j^^  ^jj  ^.      ^^  ^^^ 

limiting  the  rates  of  local  taxation ;  allowing  ^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  .^  ^  ^^^^^  ^  j^^     ^g^  ^^  ^^. 

county  officers  regular  salaries,  instead  of  fees ;  t^en  be  read  at  length  and  compared, 

and  providing  an  easy  method  of  constitutional  The  credit  of  tois  Commonwealth  shall  never  be 

amendment  by  vote  of  the  people.    Under  the  given  or  loaned  in  aid  of  any  person,  association,  mu- 

old  Constitution  amendment  was  impossible.  The  nicipalitv,  or  corporation. 

,date  of  the  State  election  was  changed  from  Au-  ,  The  Governor  and  Lieutenant-Governor  shall  be 

gust  to  November.    The  number  of  grand  jurors  elect^  for  the  term  of  four  years,  and  shall  be  melig- 

2.      -^^.,^  A  #-^^  in  4-^  10  ««^  4-k<.riA»A«Ii  Ao_  ible  for  re-election.    The  Governor  shall  have  the 

was  reduced  from  16  to  12  and  the  General  As-  ^^^  ^  ^^  vscancies  by  granting  commission*, 

sembly  may  provide  that  tkree  fourths  ^  a  jury  ^^ich  shall  expire  when  such  vscanSiea  shall  have 

may  render  a  verdict  m  civil  cases.    The  pro-  been  filled  according  to  the  provisions  of  this  Con^ci- 

slavery  provisions  of  the  old  Constitution  were  tution. 

replaced  by  a  declaration  in  the  Bill  of  Rights  The  Lieutenant-Governor  shall,  by  virtue  of  his 
prohibiting  slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  office?  he  President  of  the  Senate,  have  a  right  wheo 
except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  in  oommittee  of  the  whole,  to  debate  and  vote  on  all 
nartfshaUfavebeendulvconn^^^^  The  time  ^tee'S.ti^^vot?'  ^"^  "  equally  d...d^  to 
for  the  regular  meeting  of  the  General  Assembly  ^  TreasurerTAuditor  of  Public  Accounts,  Re^ieter 
was  changed  from  December  to  the  first  Tuesday  ©f  the  Land  Office,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture;  La- 
after  the  first  Monday  in  Januarv  of  the  odd-  bor,  and  Statistics,  and  an  Attorney-General  shall  he 
numbered  years.  Senators  shall  be  chosen  for  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  ofthe  State  at  the  same 
four  years,  half  of  their  number  being  elected  time  the  Governor  is  elected,  for  the  term  of  four 

every  second  year,  and  Representatives  shall  be  y®/}?*  *  **          n        1   u  n  v       u 

chosen  for  two  yijars.    The  number  of  Senators  ,   ^^®  Attomey-General  shall  have  been  a  practicmg 

u  iV  u    00       J  ^s-n      -^"^  "»*'"^^*  y^'^*'"*^**'  lawyer  eight  years  before  his  election, 

shall  be  88,  and  of  Representatives  100.    Other  i^e  Tilasurer,  Secretary  of  State,  Commissioner  of 

provisions  are  as  follow :  Agriculture,  Labor,  and  Statistics,  Attomey-GenenJ 

and  Be^ster  of  the  Land  Office  shall  be  ineligible  to 

No  person  who  may  have  been  a  collector  of  taxes  re-election  for  the  suoceedin^  four  years  after  the  ex- 

or  public  moneys  for  the  Commonwealth,  or  for  any  pi  ration  ofthe  term  for  which  they  shall  have  been 

countv,  city,  town,  or  district,  or  the  assistant  or  dep-  elected ;  and  the  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts  shall  be 

uty  of  such  collector,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  General  ineligible  to  re-election  for  the  succeeding  four  yv&n 

Assembly,  unless  he  shall  have  obtiuned  a  quietus  after  ne  shall  have  held  the  office  for  two  suoce«idini,' 


six  months  before  the  election  for  the  amount  of  such     terms. 


sourees  of  the  sinkiuK  fund  as  now  established  by  than  five  nor  more  than  seven  judges.    They  shall 

law  until  the  debt  of  we  Commonwealth  be  paid,  but  be  elected  by  districts,  and  the  General  Assembly 

may  enact  laws  to  increase  them.  shall  divide  tne  State  into  districts,  in  each  of  which 

The  General  Assembly  may  contract  debts  to  meet  one  judge  shall  be  elected, 

casual  deficits  or  failures  in  the  revenue ;  but  such  A  cireuit  court  shall  be  established  in  each  coxmtv. 

debts  shall  not  at  any  time  exceed  five  hundred  thou-  Every  male  citizen  of  tlie  United  States  of  the  aie 

sand  dollars :    Protuded^  The  General  Assembly  may  of  twenty-one  years,  who  has  resided  in  the  State  one 

contract  debts  to  repel  invasion,  supi>ress  insurrection,  year  ana  in  the  county  six  months,  and  in  the  pre- 

or,  if  hostilities  are  threatened,  provide  for  the  public  cinct  in  which  he  offers  to  vote  sixty  days,  next  pre- 

defense.  ceding  the  election,  shall  be  a  voter  in  said  precmct 

No  act  of  the  General  Assembly  shall  authorize  any  and  not  elsewhere, 
debt  to  be  contracted  in  behalf  or  the  Commonwealth,  Not  more  than  one  election  each  year  shall  be  held 
except  for  the  purposes  above  mentioned,  unless  pro-  in  tliis  State,  or  in  any  city,  town,  district,  or  county 
vision  be  made  therein  to  levy  and  collect  an  annual  thereof.  All  elections  of  State,  county,  citv,  town,  or 
tax  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  stipulated,  and  to  district  officers  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  aft- 
dischaige  the  debt  within  thirty  years;  nor  shall  er  the  first  Monday  in  November;  but  no  officer  of 
such  act  take  effect  until  it  shall  have  been  submitted  any  city,  town,  or  county,  or  of  any  subdivision  there- 
to the  people  at  a  general  election,  and  shall  have  re-  of,  shall  be  elected  in  the  same  year  in  which  mem- 
ceived  a  miyoritv  of  all  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  bers  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
it :  Pirovided^  The  General  Assembly  may  contract  States  are  elected.  Distnot  or  State  officere,  includ- 
debts  by  borrowing  money  to  pay  any  part  of  the  ing  members  ofthe  General  Assembly,  may  be  elected 
debt  ofthe  State,  without  submission  to  the  people,  in  the  same  year  in  which  members  of  the  House  of 
and  without  making  provision  in  the  act  authorizing  Representatives  of  the  United  States  are  elected.  All 
the  same  for  a  tax  to  discharge  the  debt  so  contracted,  elections  by  the  people  shall  be  between  the  hours  of 
or  the  interest  thereon.  6  o^clock  a.  m.  and  7  o'clock  p.  ji.,  but  the  General 

The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  re-  Assembly  mav  change  said  hours,  and  all  officere  of 
lease,  extinguish,  or  authorize  the  releasing  or  extin-  any  election  shall  be  residents  and  voters  in  the  pre- 
guishing.  in  whole  or  in  part,  the  contract,  indebted-  cinct  in  which  they  act  The  General  Assembly  shall 
ness,  liability,  or  obligation  of  any  corporation  or  provide  by  law  that  all  employers  shall  allow  em- 
individual  to  this  Commonwealth,  or  to.  any  county  ploy^s,  under  reasonable  regulations,  at  least  four 
or  municipality  thereof.  hours  on  election  days  in  which  to  oast  their  votes. 

The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no  power  to  limit  The  cities  and  towns  of  the  State  shall  be  divided 

the  amount  to  be  recovered  for  iiyuries  resulting  in  into  six  classes,  according  to  population,  and  the  or- 

death,  or  for  injuries  to  person  or  propertv.  ganization  and  powers  of  each  cisaA  idiaU  be  defined 

No  act,  excep>t  general  appropriation  bills,  shall  be-  by^eneral  laws, 

come  a  law  until  ninety  days  after  the  adjournment  The  tax  rate  of  cities,  towns,  counties,  taxing  dis- 

of  the  session  at  which  it  was  passed,  except  in  cases  tricts,  and  other  mxmicipalities,  for  other  than  sch«v>l 

of  emerffency.  purposes,  shall  not,  at  any  time,  exceed  the  follow oi? 

No  bill  shall  become  a  law  until  the  same  shall  rates,  viz :  For  all  towns  or  cities  having  a  popu- 

have  been  signed  by  the  presiding  officer  of  each  lation  of  16,000  or  more,  $1.60  on  the  hundred  dol- 


KENTUCKY.  407 

Ian;  for  all  towna  or  cities  having  leas  than  15,-  Senate,  one  from  each  superior  court  district    Noper- 

(n  V  and  not  Ie«  than  10,000,  |1  on  uie  hundred  dol-  son  in  the  employ^ or  in  any  wise  pecunarily  interested 

Ian;  for  all  towns  or  cities  having  less  than  10,000,  as  a  common  earner,  or  in  a  nulroad  corporation,  or  in 

75  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars ;  and  for  counties  railroad  business,  shall  hold  such  office.    The  pow- 

ind  taxing  districts,  50  cents  on  the  hundred  dollars ;  era  and  duties  of  the  Railroad  Commissioners  shall  be 

unless  it  should  be  necessary  to  enable  such  city,  regulated  by  law,  and  until  otherwise  provided  by 

town,  county,  or  taxing  district  to  pav  the  inter-  law  the  commission  so  created  shall  have  the  same 

»t  on,  and  provide  a  sinking  fimd  for  tne  extinction  powers  and  jurisdiction,  perform  the  same  duties,  be 

of,  indebtedness  contracted  before  the  adoi)tion  of  subject  to  the  same  regulstions,  and  receive  the  same 

this  Constitution.    No  county,  city,  town,  taxing  dis-  compensation,  as  now  conferred,  prescribed  and  al- 

trict  or  municipcdi^  shall  be  auUiorized  or  permitted  lowed  by  law  to  the  existiiLz  Railroad  Commissioners, 

to  become  indebted  in  any  manner  or  for  any  pur-  All  wage-eamen  in  this  State  employed  in  factories, 

pose,  to  an  amount  exceeding  in  any  year  the  in-  mines,  workshops,  or  by  corporations  shall  be  paid 

come  and  revenue  provided  for  such  year  without  for  their  labor  in  lawfm  money,    The  General  As- 

the  assent  of  two  thuds  of  the  voters  thereof,  voting  sembly  shall  prescribe  adequati^  penalties  for  viola- 

at  an  election  to  be  held  for  that  purpose ;  and  any  tions  of  this  section. 

indebtedness  contracted  in  violation  of  this  section  The  seat  of  Government  shall  continue  in  the  city 

shall  be  void.  of  Frankfort,  unless  removed  by  a  vote  of  two  Uiirds 

The  respective  cities,  towns,  counties,  taxing  dis-  of  each  House  of  the  first  General  Assembly  that 
trict^  and  municiiMlities  shall  not  be  authorized  or  convenes  after  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution, 
permitted  to  incur  indebtedness  to  an  amount,  includ-  If  three  fifths  of  the  members  of  each  House  of  the 
m^  existing  indebtedness,  in  the  aggregate  exceeding  General  Assembly  shall  approve  an  amendment  to 
the  following-named  maximum  percentages  on  the  this  Constitution,  it  shall  be  submitted  to  the  people 
Talae  of  the  taxable  property  therein,  viz :  Cities  of  at  the  next  general  election,  and  if  a  majority  of  the 
the  tint  and  second  classes,  and  of  the  third  class  the  votes  cast  shall  be  in  favor  of  such  amendment. 
htiv'mg  a  population  exceeding  15,000,  10  per  cent:  it  shall  become  a  part  of  the  Constitution;  but  no 
cities  of  Uie  third  class  having  a  population  of  more  than  two  proposed  amendments  shall  be  sub- 
lees  than  15,000,  and  cities  and  towns  of  the  fourth  mitted  to  the  people  at  one  time,  and  the  first  General 
class,  5  per  cent. ;  cities  and  towns  of  the  fifth  and  Assembly  herounder  shall  have  no  power  to  propose 
sixth  cbuises,  8  per  cent :  and  counties,  taxing  dis-  amendments. 
tricU,  and  otner  municipalities,  2  per  cent 

Whenever  any  county,  city,  town,  taxing  district,  or  This  Constitution,  as  submitted  to  the  people 

other  municipality  is  authorized  to  contract  an  in-  by  the  convention,  was  at  first  attacked  oy  an 

debtedness,  it  shall  be  required,  at  the  same  time,  to  influential  section  of  the  Democratic  party,  and 

piovidefortiiecollectionofan  aimual  tax  sufiicient  ^hen  the  Democratic    nominating  convention 

t.)  pav  the  interest  on  said  mdebte^ess,  and  to  create  ^^^^^  j^  j^^y  the  party  was  so  divided  with  refer- 

asinkinff  fund  for  the  payment  of  the  principal  there-  ^^^^  «.K«««i^  t-uJl  ^i  .^i«4^#^.m  ;i»,.i„«.fj^n   „«» 

of,  withS  not  more  thlnW  yean  fiom  t£e  time  of  «°^  ^^^^^  ^^t^  "^  ^}^^!^^  declaration  was 

contwcting  the  same.  made  on  this  subject.    Later  there  was  a  change 

The  Commonwealth  shall  not  assume  the  debt  of  of  feeling,  and  before  the  election  was  held  the 
any  coantv,  municipal  corporation,  or  political  subdi-  outspoken  opponents  of  the  instrument  had  be- 
vision  of  tne  State,  unless  such  deot  shall  have  been  come  very  few.  The  people  voted  overwhelming- 
contracted  to  defend  itself  in  time  of  war,  to  repel  in-  \y  in  its  favor.  The  Constitutional  Convention, 
Tajion,  or  to  supprcM  insurrection.  ^  ^  ^  ,,  ^  ,  which  adjourned  in  April  till  the  first  Wednes- 
.iI^^^^J^  **^^^*  ^'''"'•°'2?jr5*l^  .^!^J^^\JSZ  day  of  September,  reassembled  on  the  latter  day. 
J^n  Z  '^fJ^n^^^^a^^  --1}-  ,f 'te  of  the  fi^t  that  the  people  had  ef 
division  of  tiie  State;  nor  shall  ti&e  Commonwealth  phatically  approved  their  work,  proceeded  to 
become  an  owner  or  stockholder  in,  nor  make  dona-  make  amendments  and  alterations.  The  sec- 
tion to,  anv  company,  association,  or  corporation,  nor  tion  of  the  new  instrument  giving  the  Governor 
shall  the  Commonwealth  construct  a  nulroad  or  other  power  to  appoint,  with  consent  of  the  Senate,  all 
*^'t'j^*y;                     , ,      ,  „              ,     .  State  officers  not  required  to  be  elected  by  the 

The  General  Assembly  shall  not  autiionze  ^  j     ^^  stricken  out    The  State  Auditor. 

^^:^^r^o^:T'^^or^'^^r^-  &ntendent  of^^^^^^  Instruction,  and  Clerk 

panv.  association,  or  corporation,  or  to  obtain  or  ap-  ot  the  Court  of  Appeals  were  made  ineligible 

propriate  money  for,  or  to  loan  its  credit  to,  any  coi^  for  re-election.      Special  legislation  was  allowed 

poration,  association,  or  individual,  except  for  the  pur-  on  questions  of  local  option,  turnpikes,  bridges, 

pose  of  constructing  or  maintaining  bridges,  turnpike  and  public  roads,  public  improvements  and  build- 

Toads,  or  jrravel  roads.   ^    ,^    ,       ,,_^    ^       ».  n  ings,  and  common  schools  and  paupers. 

In  dwtnbuting  the  school  fbnd  no  distinction  shall  ^j,e  Railroad  Commissioners  after  the  term 

ML'UTS^WcSir^'^^^^  of  the  first    boa.^  appointed  by  Gov.  Brown 

tained.  ^^^^    expire,  shall   be  elected  by  the   people. 

Xo  railroad,  steamboat,  or  other  common  carrier,  Numerous  minor  chanfires  were  made,  and  the 

under  heavy  penalty  to  be  fixed  by  the  General  As-  instrument  in  its  altered  form  was  finallv  signed 

semblr,  shall  give  a  free  pass  or  passes,  6r  shall,  at  and  published  as  the  law  of  the  State  on  ^pt.  28, 

educed  rates  not  common  to  the  public,  sell  tickets  ^^  which  day  the  convention  adjourned  sine  die. 

for  tnuuiportation  to  any  Stat^  district,  city,  town,  or  Politic*!.— On  May  14,  a  State  convention  of 

HKd'a^V'srte  dist^^^  t^«  Democratic  part/  met  at  Louisville,  and 

officei^^V  membir  of  tiii  General  Awembly,  or  judge,  nominated  the  following  ticket  for  State  officers : 

^ho  shall  accept  or  use  a  free  pass  or  passes,  or  shall  For  Governor,  John  Young  Brown  (chosen  on 

receive  or  use  tickets  for  transportation  at  reduced  the  thirteenth    ballot  over  three   competitors. 

nifit,  not  common  to  the  public,  shall  forfeit  his  office.  Cassius  M.  Clay,  Jr.,  P.  W.  Hardin,  and  John  D. 

ronwlidation  of  competing  lines  of  railroad  is  for-  Clardy);  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  Mitchell  C. 

1         •   •      •       *y.v\.  A  ,^\^  vr,^-^  ..  f>.«  Alford;  for  Treasurer,  H.  S.  Hale;  for  Auditor, 

A  commission  is  estahliahcd,  to  be  known  as  the  j     ^    V/*i.r«««  .    fr»i.    Atf/^«-T^Av  aannKoi    "W     T 

**  Kentucky  Railroad  Commission,''  which  shall  be  Ij-  C.   Norman ;    for  Attoniey-General.  W.  J. 

compowKi  of  three  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  Hendnck :   for    Supenntendent    of   Public  In- 

Govemor,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  truction,  £.  P.  Thompson ;  for  Register  of  the 


408  KENTUCKY. 

Land  Office,  G.  B.  Swango :  for  Clerk  of  the  the  new  ConBtitution  because  it  bloto  from  our  laws 
Court  of  Appeals,  Abram  Addams.  aW  proviaions  that  authorize  human  slavery,  secures  a 
The  platform  contains  the  following  declara-  f?««?  ballot,  and  provides  against  fraud  and  corrup- 
tions* ^^^  *^  electionB;  subjects  to  regulation  by  Uw  all 

public  corporations ;  prohibits  ue  abuse  of  special 
We  insist  that  tariff  reform  is  the  paramount  ques-  legislation,  abolishes  lotteries,  enUuyes  and  protK-ts 
tion  before  the  American  people,  and  denounce  the  the  Common-school  fund,  increases  me  opportunities 
McKinley  bill  as  the  most  outrageous  measure  of  tax-  of  popular  education,  makes  more  equal  tiie  burdeos 
ation  ever  proposed  in  the  American  Congress.  of  taxation,  better  protects  the  agricultural  and  labor- 
Recognizing  the  fact  that  the  United  States  is  the  ing  interests,  and  makes  provision  for  its  own  ready 
greatest  silver-producing  country  in  the  world,  and  amendment  by  the  people. 

that  both  gold  and  silver  were  equally  the  money  of  We  believe  the  national  election  laws  should  be  no 

the  Constitution  from  the  beginning  of  the  RepuDlio  amended  that  every  American  citixen  should  be  al- 

until  the  hostile  and  fraudulent  le^slation  of  tne  Re-  lowed  to  cast  a  ft«e  ballot  and  have  it  fairly  counted. 

[^{^"thf "a^ur^m'S  ')  Ae  SS'^^.'Ti  ,  A  n«olutio„  n«ommending  Pr««dent  H^son 

feeling  that  the  great  interests  of  the  people  demand  ^^^  reoommation  aroused  opposition,  and  was 

more  money  for  use  in  channels  of  trade  and  com-  not  pressed  to  a  vote. 

merce,  we  tender  our  gratitude  to  the  Democrats  in  the  On  the  same  time,  May  20,  a  fourth  ticket  was 

last  Conj^ress  for  their  almost  unanimous  votes  in  both  placed  in  the  field  by  the  People's  party,  a  new 

Houses  in  favor  of  free  coinage  of  silver  and  demand  §tate  organization  in  sympathy  with  the  Farm- 

w'^v^H^'^u  K.^«.^fKl^  ""^  ^"^'^^  ^^"""^  ^^  ew'  Alliance.    On  this  ticket  were  the  following 

law,  given  to  it  by  our  fathers.  ^^^^ .  p^^  Governor, Erwin ;  for  Lieu- 

No  reference  was  made  to  the  question  of  tenant-Governor,  S.  F.  Smith ;  for  Treasurer.  I. 

adopting  the  proposed  new  State  Constitution.  O.  Sallee ;  for  Auditor,  W.  G.  Fuikerson ;  for 

The  convention  also  refused  to  take  action  on  a  Attorney-General,  B.  L.  D.  Guffy ;  for  Superin* 

resolution  approving  Grover  Cleveland  as  the  tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  J.  B.  Secrest ;  for 

next  Democratic  presidential  candidate.  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  T.  B.  Harreld ;  for 

On  May  29,  a  Prohibition  State  convention  Clerk  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  W.  B.  Ogden. 
met  at  Louisville  and  selected  the  following  The  platform  of  the  new  party  demands 
nartv  candidates:  For  Governor,  J^iah  Harris;  t^e  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver;  declaim 
for  Lieutenant-Governor  H.  M.  Winslow;  for  that  no  mor«  banks  of  issue  should  be  orgauixed, 
Treasurer,  J.  M.  Holmes ;  for  Auditor,  W.  W.  and  those  already  chartered  discontinued  as  soon  sb 
Goddard  ;  for  Attorney-General,  £.  J.  Polk ;  for  possible,  under  the  law ;  opposes  alien  ownership  of 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  A.  B.  lands ;  favors  laws  to  prevent  dealing  in  ftitunw ;  op- 
Jones;  for  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  Brad-  po»e»^all  taxation  that  has  for  its  object  the  building 
ford  McGregor ;  for  Clerk  of  the  Court  of  Ap-  ^P  ^^^"^^  ^^«f»  or  interest  at  the  expense  of  another 
•*«..i«  "p  G  •p-;««ri  Ti,«  »U4^#^*.»  «««f«;«i,i  class;  demands  a  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics:  that  the 
peals,  R.  S.  Friend.  The  platform  contained  Government  sliould  pay  the  Union  soldier  the  difler- 
tne  loiiowmg :  ence  between  currency  and  specie  at  the  time  he  was 

lUmlted:  That  the  necessity  of  the  times  requires  P*^^,  P*P?^  money,  with  interest  added,  and  that  to 

a  party  whose  dominant  issue  m  American  poU&cs  is  S^'  *^«^  payment^  Confess  should    issue  enoiurh 

the  principle  of  legal  prohibition  of  the  traffic  in  in-  T"?^^'^' ?5>^  making  them  full  legal  tender  lor  all 

toxicatinff  liquore  as  a  beverage,  and  all  other  public  **®^^'  P"°"°  ^^  private. 

wrongs  that  rest  upon  the  people  as  the  result  of  par-  On  State  questions  the  party  demands  that 

tisan,  class,  and  corrupt  legislation ;  such  we  believe  ,_,                --*_          ,,^ 

the  Prohibition  party  to  be,  whose  utterances  at  In-  ?«  °**^  tax  of  fifty  ceiits  be  taken  off  mortgages ;  that 

dianapolU  in  convention  assembled  we  approve.  *®S*  "^T  salaries  of  all  national.  State,  and  county 

We  favor  a  larger  circulating  medium  in  our  nation-  office"  he  reduced,  allowing  only  reasonable  compen- 

al  currency.  sation  for  services  rendered:  that  the  time  of  asseM- 

ing  property  be  changed  to  Jan.  1 ;  that  convicts  shall 

The  Republican  nominating  convention  was  he  worked  inside  the  walls;  that  the  employment  of 

was  held  a  Lexington  on  May  20.     Its  nominees  children  under  fourteen  years  of  age  in  factories  be 

were  Andrew  T.  Wood  for  Governor,  Henry  E.  Prohibited:  that  all  bonds,  notes. mortgages,  and  e^v 

Huston  for  Lieutenant-Governor,  Eli  Farme/for  i'e  "SLlfr  or  co^i^v""^?^^^^^            ^bHSSlS 

Tr«i«..r«r  nb,.rlp«  RUnfnrrl  fnr  An^if^r    T.    J  the  assessor  or  countv  court  clerk,  and  be  Stamped 


Superintendent 

IJardin  for  Register  of  the  Land  Office,  and  E.  collection ;  that  the  mechanic^  lien  law  be  made  the 

R.  Blaine  for  Clerk  of  the  Court  of  Appeals.  ""»«  «« that  of  Ohio. 

The  platform  contains  the  following :  At  the  August  election  the  entire  Democratic 

The  Republicans  of  Kentucky  in  convention  as-  ticket  was  successful.  For  Governor  Brown  re- 
sembled declare  their  adherence  to  the  principles  of  ceived  144,168  votes ;  Wood  116,087 ;  Erwin,  25.- 
tho  Republican  party  as  enunciated  in  the  plaiaform  of  631 ;  and  Harris,  8,293.  The  vote  for  the  other 
the  National  Convention  of  1888.  candidates  did  not  vary  materially  from  these  fig- 

They  heartily  indorse  the  administration  of  Presi-  -  -      -           .    *      ^          _.^ 


pension  tills,  and  are  opposed  to  the  free  and  unregu-     17,  Democrats  70,  People's  party  12. 
lated  coinage  of  silver.  The  new  Constitution  was  adopted  by  a  vote 

We  declare  that  we  recommend  the  adoption  of    of  213.950  yeas,  to  74,446  nays. 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  409 


LITEBATUBE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  est  and  instruction,  as  was  also  the  volume  of 
Book  production  in  the  **  Copyright  Year,"  as  it  "  Literary  Industries,"  which  tells  the  story  of 
has  been  called,  the  International  Copyright  bill  the  great  work  of  the  **  History  of  the  Pacific 
going  into  effect  July  1, 1891,  reached  4,665  vol-  States."  One  of  the  most  important  and  timely 
umes,  about  one  hundred  more  than  in  the  pre-  books  of  the  year  was  Justin  Winsor's  "  Chris- 
ceding  year,  and  was  very  nearly  the  same  as  that  topher  Columbus,  and  how  he  Received  and 
of  18^.  But  new  editions  and  translations  are  Imparted  the  Spirit  of  Discovery."  "  Bio- 
incladed  in  this  number  with  the  new  books,  graphical  Sketches  of  the  Delegates  from  Geor- 
Fiction  was,  as  usual,  the  most  largely  repre-  gia  to  the  Continental  Congress "  were  made  bv 
sented,  and  in  the  higher  class  of  books  science  Charles  C.  Jones,  Jr.,  and  Louis  Henry  Boutell 
was  perhaps  the  poorest  Few  notable  books  printed  privately  an  essay  on  ^  Alexander  Ham- 
were  contained  in  any  department  except  that  of  ilton,  the  Constructive  Statesman."  In  the  se- 
biogniphy.  It  is  interesting  to  note,  from  the  ries  of  "  American  Statesmen  "  "  Lewis  Cass  "  was 
summary  given  by  the  "  Publishers*  Weekly,"  from  the  pen  of  Andrew  C.  McLaughlin.  "  Gen- 
that  the  increase  in  literature  and  the  book  trade  eral  Andrew  Jackson,  Hero  of  New  Orleans  and 
in  the  United  States  during  the  past  decade  is  Seventh  President  of  the  United  States,"  was  the 
Dot  more  than  five  times  that  of  the  population,  subject  of  a  volume  by  Oliver  Dyer,  while  the 
while  for  the  thirteen  years  precedmg  1853  it  <*  Journal  of  William  Maclay,  United  States 
was  precisely  double  that  amount,  the  increase  Senator  from  Pennsylvania,  1789-1791,"  was 
io  the  production  of  books  being  800  per  cent,  published  for  the  first  time,  edited  by  Edgar  S. 
and  that  of  the  population  not  80  per  cent.  Maclay.  It  is  esteemed  of  the  highest  value  as 
Special  lines  of  study  from  standard  authorities,  giving  insight  into  the  early  workings  of  Con- 
as  in  the  Chautauqua  and  Epworth  circles,  and  gress.  **  Governor  William  Smith  of  Virginia  " 
the  growing  influence  of  newspaper  and  periodi-  was  a  memorial  volume  by  J.  W.  Bell.  "  Kecol- 
cal  literature,  is  believed  to  nave  much  to  do  lections  of  President  Lincoln  and  his  Adminis- 
with  the  tendency  toward  a  decrease  in  the  new  tration,"  by  Hon.  Lucius  E.  Chittenden,  is  a 
and  original  work  offered  to  the  public.  work  of  the  Register  of  the  Treasury  during  the 

Biograph J. — ^This  is  in  some  respects  the  exciting  period  of  the  war.  and  from  Carl  Schurz 
fullest  ana  most  interesting  class  of  books  pub-  came  an  essay  on  "  Abraham  Lincoln."  Charles 
lished  during  the  year.  In  all,  218  were  reooraed.  Wallace  French  also  treated  "  Abraham  Lincoln, 
Vols.  IX  and  X  of  "  The  Writings  of  George  the  Liberator,"  in  the  Series  of  "  American  Re- 
Washington,"  edited  by  Worthington  C.  FoiS,  formers."  "The  Life  and  Letters  of  Gen. 
broaght  the  work  nearer  to  completion,  as  did  Thomas  J.  Jackson  (Stonewall  Jackson),"  by  his 
Vol.  II  of  "The  Writings  and  Correspondence  wife,  Mary  Anna  Jackson,  had  an  introduction 
of  John  Jay,  First  Chief  Justice  of  the  United  by  the  Rev.  Henry  M.  Field.  "  Midshipman 
States,"  the  editor  of  which  is  Henry  P.  Johns-  Paulding,"  in  the  "Young  Heroes  of  our  Navy  " 
ton.  William  Wirt  Henry  began  a  new  bio^-  series,  was  by  Molly  Elliot  Seawell,  and  from 
raphy  of  his  grandfather,  in  three  volumes,  m  Major  John  G.Bourke  we  have  a  stirring  volume, 
1890,  the  second  of  which  appeared  in  1891,  "  On  the  Border  with  Crook."  Eugene  Coleman 
the  title  being  "  Patrick  Henry :  Life,  Corre-  Savidge,  M.  D.,  wrote  the  "  Life  of  Benjamin 
spondence  and  Speeches,"  and  the  material  in  Harris  Brewster."  In  the  "American  Reform- 
rreat  measure  new.  "The  Financier  and  the  ers"  series  we  have  "Frederick  Douglass :  *the 
Finances  of  the  American  Revolution,"  by  Will-  Colored  Orator,"  by  Frederic  May  Holland  ; 
iam  Graham  Sumner,  in  two  volumes,  was  the  "William  Lloyd  Garrison,  the  Abolitionist,"  by 
first  attempt  at  a  fitting  monument  to  the  gen-  Archibald  H.  Grimke ;  and  "  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe,  the 
ius  of  Robert  Morris,  to  whose  financial  opera-  Philanthropist,"  by  F.  B.  Sanborn ;  while  some- 
tions,  in  the  words  of  a  distinguished  historian,  what  in  line  with  the  same  are  a  second  series  of 
**  Americans  owed,  and  still  owe,  as  much  ac-  "  Speeches,  Lectures,  and  Letters,"  by  Wendell 
knowledgment  as  to  the  negotiations  of  Benja-  Phillips,  and  "  The  Biography  of  Dio  Lewis, 
min  Franklin  or  even  the  arms  of  Washington."  A.  M.,  M.  D.,"  prepared,  at  the  desire  and  with 
"John  Winthrop,  First  Governor  of  the  Massa-  the  co-operation  of  his  wife,  by  Marv  F.  East- 
chusetts  Colonv,"  by  Joseph  Hopkins  Twichell,  man.  "  The  Biography  of  Ephraim  McDowell, 
the  "Life  of  t'rancis  Higginson,"  by  his  de-  M.  D..  'The  Father  of  Abdominal  Surgery,*" 
scendant,  Thomas  Wentworth  Higginson.  "  Cot-  was  written  by  Mary  Younff  Ridenbaugh.  The 
ton  Mather,"  by  Barrett  Wendell,  "  Thomas  "  Autobiograpny,  Diary,  and  Correspondence  of 
Hooker,"  by  George  Leon  Walker,  and  the  James  Freeman  Clarke "  was  eilitea  by  Edward 
"  Life  of  General  Houston,"  the  gallant  Texan  Everett  Hale,  and  a  librarv  edition  was  made  of 
Governor,  by  Henry  Bruce,  all  belong  to  the  the  "  Life  and  Works  of  Horace  Mann,"  by  his 
series  of  "  Makers  of  America,"  while  "The  Life  wife,  in  five  volumes.  Frances  Anne  Kemble 
Md  Times  of  John  Dickinson,  1732-1808,"  by  added  "  Further  Records,  1848-1883,"  to  those 
(".  J.  Stills,  was  an  important  contribution,  of  her  girlhood  and  later  life,  already  given  to 
Vols.  I,  II,  and  V  of  "  Chronicles  of  the  Build-  the  world,  and  Elizabeth  Stuart  Phelp  (Mrs. 
ers  of  the  Commonwealth,"  historical  charac-  Herbert  D.  Ward)  contributed  a  memoir  of  her 
ter  studies  by  Hubert  Howe  Bancroft,  appeared  father,  "  Austin  Phelps."  "  Recollections  and 
somewhat  irregularly  in  order  but  full  of  inter-  Impressions,  1822-1890,"  by  Octavius   Brooks 


410  LITEBATUEE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891. 

Frothingham,  was  odd  but  entertaining,  and  plored  by  Thomas  Hitchcock.    '*The  Life  and 

**  Anne  ^radstreet  and  her  Time,"  by  Helen  Times  of  Kateri  Tekakwitha,  the  Lilv  of  the 

Campbell,  tells  the  story  of  the  first  American  Mohawks,  1656-1G80,'*  were  described  by  Ellen 

woman  writer.    In  the  **  Evolution  Series,"  Prof.  H.    Walworth ;   and   **  Service  in   the  Kind's 

Edward  D.  Cope  supplied  a  short  sketch  of  Guards  by  Two  of  Them,"  is  a  narrative  of  rois- 

**  Alfred    Russel    Wallace."    "  Phillips  Brooks,  sionary  work  on  the  Western  frontier  which  in- 

Bishop  of  Massachusetts,"  was  a  biography  by  dudes  studies  of  Indian  life.    **  The  Goodwins 

Newell  Dunbar;  "  William  Pinkney,  Fifth  Bishop  of  Hartford,  Conn.,  Descendants  of  William  and 

of  Maryland,"  a  review  by  Rev.  Hall  Harrison  of  Ozias  Goodwin,"  was  a  compilation  by  James 

Dr.  Hutton's  recent  biography  of  the  bishop ;  Junius  Goodwin.    Of  special  interest  was  **  The 

*'Life  and  Letters  of  Joseph  Hardy  Neesima,"  Life  of  Christopher  Columbus,"  translated  by 

by  Arthur  Sherburne  Haray,  told  tt^e  story  of  Henry  F.  Brownson  from  the  Italian  of  Fran- 

the  first  Japanese  evangelist  educated  in  our  cesco  Tarducci.     "Canadians  in  the  Imperial, 

country;    "Memorabilia    of    George    Cheever,  Naval,   and   Military    Service    Abroad,"   were 

D.  D.,    was  of  special  interest  to  ola  New  York-  chronicled  by  J.  Hampden  Bumham.   ^  Eli  Per- 

ers;    "Days  of  my  Years,"  by  Joseph  Cross,  kins*8  Thirty  Years  of  Witty,  Wise,  and  Eloquent 

D.  D.,  "  The  Field  and  the  Fruit,"  a  memorial  Men,"  by  Melville  D.  Lanaon,  contains  the  ex- 

of  a  twenty-five  years'  ministry,  by  James  H.  periences  of  that   humorist,  and    tells   many 

Tuttle,  D.  D.,  and  "  Reminiscences  of  a  Long  bright  stories. 

Life,"  by  J.  M.  Pendleton,  are  autobio^phical.  Criticism   and   General   Litentnre.~In 

**  Truman  Marcellus  Post,  D.  D.,"  by  his  son,  T.  this  department  some  excellent  work  was  done. 

A.  Post,  gives  the  record  of  one  of  the  early  abo-  "  Latest   Literary  Essays  and  Addresses"  of 

litionists ;  from  Rev.  Walter  Elliott  we'  have  James  Russell  Lowell  saw  the  light  in  the  year 

"The  Life  of  Father  Hecker";  from  Wilton  which  closed  the  poet's  career;  from  William 

Toumier"The  Cross  of  Iron,"  a  sketch  of  the  Dean  Ho  wells  we  had  hints  on  "Criticism  and  Fio 

life  and  work  of  Father  Field ;  from  Rev.  John  tion  "  (selected  from  the  Editor*s  Study  of  Har- 

Lobb  a  "Life  of  Rev.  T.  De  Witt  Talmage,  per's  Magazine);  from  Theodore  Child, "  Art  and 

D.  D." ;  and  from  John  R.  Howard  a  study  of  Criticism,"  monographs  and  studies ;  from  Ag- 

"Henry  Ward  Beecher"  in  his  entire  personality,  nes  Repplier,  "Points  of  View";  from  Charles 

In  the  series  of  "  American  Religious  Loaders  "  ap-  Dudley  Warner,  "  As  we  were  saying,"  twenty  or 

rred  "  Charles  Grandison  Finney,"  by  Dr.  G,  more  aelightful  essays ;  from  William  Wetmore 

Wright,  and  "  Francis  Waylanli "  by  James  Story,  "  Excursions  in  Art  and  Letters,"  charm- 

0.  Murray.    "Poliuto  "  (Franc  B.  Wilkie)  sup-  ing  as  usual ;  from  Thomas  Wentworth  Higgin- 

plied  "  Personal  Reminiscences  of  Thirty-five  son, "  The  New  World  and  the  New  Book,"  a 

Years  of  Journalism  " ;  "  Robert  Carter,  his  Life  series  of  literary  papers ;  and  George  William 

and  Work,  1807-1889  "  was  from  the  pen  of  the  Curtis   was   heard  from  in  "  From  the  Easy 

daughter  of  the  well-known  publisher ;  William  Chair."    The  first  series  of  "  Studies,  Literarr 

Brotherhead  described  "  Fortj  Years  among  the  and  Social,"  by  Richard  Malcolm  Johnston,  was 

Old  Booksellers  of  Philadelphia."   "  Life  and  La-  issued,  while  an  address  delivered  by  Col.  Robert 

bors  of  Henry  W.  Grady,  his  Speeches,  Writings,  G.  IngersoU  as  a  testimonial  to  Walt  Whitman, 


Root,  "  My  Three  Score  Years  and  Ten :  An  the  theme  of  John  Goss.    "  Beginnings  of  Liter- 
Autobiography  "  of  the  sculptor  Thomas  Ball,  ary  Culture  in  the  Ohio  Valley  "  were  traced  by 
and  "The  Life  and  Professional  Career  of  Emma  W.  H.  Venable,  and  J.  Walker  Fewkes  edited 
Abbott,"  by  Mrs.  S.  E.  Martin,  belong  to  bi-  Vol.  I.  of  "A  Journal  of  American  Ethnolo- 
ography  of  artists;  while  " The  Salem  &er,"  b;r  gv   and    Archaeology."     The  native  tribes  of 
George  C.  Bartlett,  was  the  title  given  to  remi-  North  and  South  America  were  linguistically 
niscences  of  Charles  H.  Foster.    "In  Memory  of  classified   and   ethnofrraphically   described  by 
Elizabeth  Haven    Appleton"  a  selection   was  Daniel  G.  Brmton,  M.D..  in  "The  American 
printed  from  her  lectures,  and  Mrs.  J.  Davis  Race";    and  "Emblematic  Mounds  and  Ani- 
published  "  In  Meraoriain :  Lucy  Webb  Hayes."  mal  EflBgies,"  by  Stephen  D.  Peet,  formed  Vol. 
"Thirty  Days  with  President  Harrison"  con-  II  of   the  "Antiquarian    Library,  Prehistoric 
tained  all  his  speeches  during  his  vacation  trip  America."    Maj.  John  G.  Bourke,  U.  S.  A.,  wrote 
through  the  country  during  the  year,  and  a  sec-  on  "  Scotalojric  Rites  of  all  Nations."     "  The 
ond  series  of"  Captains  of  Industry"  was  written  History  of  Modem  Civilization,"  a  hand-book 
for  young  Americans  by  James  Farton.    "  Sue-  based  upon  G.  Ducoudray's  **ffistoire  Sommaire 
cess  and  its  Achievers"  formed  the  theme  of  de  la  Civtlization,*'  while  a  continuation  and 
William  M.  Thayer ;  "  The  Women  of  the  French  completion  of  "  The  History  of  Ancient  Civiliza- 
Salons  "  by  Amelia  Gere  Mason,  was  a  sumptuous  tion"  is  rather  an  adaptation  than  a  translation, 
volume  on  an  attractive  theme ;  J.  L.  M.  Curry,  Ellen  M.  Mitchell  made  "  A  Study  of  Greek 
ex-Unitcd  States  minister  to  the  court  of  Spain,  Philosophy,"   while  "  Studies  of   tne  Gods  in 
wrote  on  "  William  Ewart  Gladstone  "  from  per-  Greece  **  was  the  title  given  by  Louis  Dver  to 
sonal  acquaintance ;  and  Harold  Frederic  made  eight  lectures  delivered  in  1890  at  the  Lowell 
a  study  of  character  development  on  a  throne  in  Institute.     Philip  Schaflf,  D.  D.,  treated  "The 
his  "Young  Emperor  William  II  of  Germany."  Renaissance"  under  the  most  favorable  con- 
"  Famous  English  Statesmen  of  Queen  Victoria's  ditions.     Nature  was  charmingly  described  in 
Reign,"  eight  in  all,  were  treated  by  Mrs.  Sarah  **  Sharp  Eyes :  a  Rambler's  C^endar  of  Fifty- 
K.  Bolton  in  her  usual  felicitous  style ;  while  two  Weeks  among  Insects,  Birds,  and  Flowers,'* 
"  Unhappy  Loves  of  Men  of  (Genius  "  were  de-  kept  by  William  Hamilton  Gibson ;  in  "  Short 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  411 

Cuts  and  By-paths,"  by  Horace  Lunt ;  in  "  Under  and  restored  by  Moncure  D.  Conway.  Vol. 
the  Trees  ana  Elsewhere,"  by  Hamilton  Wright  II  of  **  Hermetio  Philosophy  "  appeared,  and 
Mabie;  in  Bird-dom,"  by  Leander  S.  Eeyser;  Prof.  Morris  Jastrow  translated  *'A  Fragment 
and  in  "Arcadian  Days,"  actually  written  out  of  of  the  Babylonian  '  Dibarra '  Epic."  Greenoueh 
doors  by  William  Howe  Downes,  and  devoted  to  White  was  responsible  for  a  "  Sketch  of  the 
American  landscapes  in  nature  and  art.  "  Oray  Philosophy  of  American  Literature,"  Charles  F. 
Days  and  Gold,"  by  William  Winter,  wove  Richardson  directed  "The  Choice  of  Books," 
thought  and  fancy  into  twenty-four  essays  and  and  a  popular  edition  was  also  made  of  his  work 
thirteen  poems  on  rambles  in  the  British  Isles,  on  "American  Literature,  1607-1885,"  compris- 
and  Laurence  Hutton  traced  "Literary  Land-  ing  both  volumes  under  one  binding.  Other 
marks  of  Edinburgh."  "The  Sabbath  m  Puri-  works  of  value  are  "Short  Studies  in  Literature," 
tan  New  England  '  was  handled  in  an  interest-  by  llamilton  Wright  Mabie ;  "  English  Yersifi- 
ing  and  at  times  racy  manner  by  Mrs.  Alice  cation  for  the  Use  of  Students,"  by  Rev.  James 
Morse  Earie,  and  Mrs.  Caroline  E.  Upham  pre-  C.  Parsons ;  "  The  Compounding  of  English 
sented  "  Salem  Witchcraft  in  Outline."  Rev.  Words,"  by  F.  Horace  Teall ;  "  English  Words," 
W.  H.  Myers  gave  a  series  of  lectures  on  "  The  an  elementary  study  of  derivations,  by  Charles 
Nineteenth  Century  Young  Man,",  and  C.  C.  F.  Johnson ;  "  English  Composition,"  eight  lect- 
Everett  wrote  "  Ethics  for  Young  People."  ures  given  at  Lowell  Institute  by  Barrett  Wen- 
George  Sumner  Weaver,  D.  D.,  was  "  Looking  dell ;  "  The  World's  Literature,"  by  Mary  E. 
forward  for  Young  Men,"  while  Annie  Nathan  Burt,  a  course  in  English,  in  four  parts ;  "  From 
Merer  edited  "  Woman's  Work  in  America,"  Chaucer  to  Tennyson :  English  Literature  in 
with  an  introduction  by  Julia  Ward  Howe.  Eight  Chapters,"  oy  Henry  A.  Beers  (from  the 
"  The  Woman's  Club  "  was  a  practical  guide  and  Chautauqua  Press) ;  "  English  Authors,"  by  Miss 
hand-book  prepared  by  Olive  Thome  Miller,  and  Millie  Rutherford ;  "  The  Study  Class,"  a  guide 
Rose  Porter  compiled  "  Women's  Thoughts  for  for  the  student  of  English  Literature,  by  Anna 
Women."  Eliza  Chester  held  "Chats  with  Girls  B.  McMahon;  "American  Literature:  an  Eic- 
on Self-culture " ;  Eleanor  A.  Hunter,  "  Talks  to  mentary  Text-book  for  Use  in  High  Schools 
Girls " ;  Annie  H.  Ryder  bade  "  Go  right  on,  and  Academies,"  by  Julian  Hawthorne  and 
Girls  " ;  and  William  H.  Black,  D.  D.,  wrote  on  Leonard  Lemmon ;  "  Lamb's  Essays :  a  Bio- 
"  Womanhood."  "  The  New  Womanhood,"  vig-  graphical  Study,"  selected  and  annotated  by 
orously  studied  by  James  C.  Femald,  had  an  in-  lllizabeth  D.  ^Hanscom ;  "  Notes  on  English 
trodoction  by  Marion  Harland.  "  The  Stage  Literature,"  by  F.  Parker  Emery ;  "  Poetic  and 
History  of  Famous  Plays"  was  traced  by  Henry  Verse  Criticism  of  the  Reign  of  Elizabeth,"  by 
P.  Phelps,  giving  Hamlet  from  the  actors  stand-  Felix  E.  Schelling  (in  the  University  of  Penn- 
point.  Its  representatives,  and  a  comparison  of  sylvania  series  in  Philology,  Literature,  and 
their  performances;  William  D.  O'Connor  re-  Archieology).  "The  Story  of  the  Odyssey" 
viewed  "  Mr.  Donnelly's  Reviewers,"  while  "  The  was  told  by  E.  Brooks,  as  were  "  Children's 
Mortal  Moon  :  or  Bacon  and  his  Masks,"  by  J.  Stories  in  English  Literature"  by  Henrietta  C. 
E.  Roe,  ascribed  not  only  Shakespeare's  works,  Wright.  "  Child  Classics "  were  compiled  by 
but  the  entire  literature  of  his  age,  to  Lord  Veni-  Mary  R.  Fitch.  A  new  Riverside  edition  in 
lam.  George  Willis  Cooke  gave  us  "A  Guide  to  thirteen  volumes  was  published  of  "  The  Writ- 
the  Poetic  and  Dramatic  Works  of  Robert  ings  of  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes."  An  invalu- 
Browning " ;  "  A  Pew  Words  on  Robert  Brown-  able  work  accomplished  by  John  Foster  Kirk 
ing "  were  said  anonymously :  "  Petrarch :  a  was  "  A  Supplement  to  Allibone's  Critical  Die- 
Sketch  of  his  Life  and  Works,"  is  to  be  attrib-  tionary  of  English  Literature  and  British  and 
ut«d  to  May  Alden  Ward,  while  the  translation  American  Authors,"  in  two  volumes,  contain- 
in  proee  of  the  two  first  parts  of  "  The  Divine  ine  over  87,000  articles  (authors)  and  enumer- 
Comedy  of  Dante  Alighieri,"  by  Prof.  Charies  atmg  over  93,000  titles ;  whUe  "  The  American 
Eliot  Norton,  is  unique,  and  one  of  the  finest  lit-  Slang  Dictionary,"  by  James  Maitland,  in  a 
erary  productions  in  years.  A  book  of  much  in-  limited  edition  of  2o0  copies,  embodied  all 
terest  to  Dante  scholars  is  a  translation  of  "Eleven  American  and  English  slang  phrases  in  current 
Letters  of  Dante,"  bv  Charles  S.  Latham ;  and  use,  with  their  derivation  and  philology.  J. 
the  completion  of  Ftot  Geo.  H.  Palmer's  trans-  Devoe  Belton's  "  Literary  Manual  of  Foreign 
lation  of  Homer's  "Odyssey"  in  rhythmic  prose  Quotations"  found  a  place  also,  as  did  Rev. 
is  worthy  of  special  note.  G.  Bernard  Shaw  ex-  Tryon  Edwards's  "  Dictionary  of  Thoughts." 
tracted  "  The  Quintessence  of  Ibsenism,"  and  Dictionaries.— See  special  article  on  page 
Charies  Morris  devoted  three  volumes  to  "  King  240  of  this  volume. 

Arthur  and  the  Knights  of  the  Round  Table."  EducationaL— -Treating  the  subject  of  educa- 

"  A  Study  in  Comeille  "  was  made  by  Lee  Davis  tion  from  a  general  point  of  view,  we  have  "  The 

Lodge.     "  Sparks  from  a  Backlog,"  by  Nathan  Teacher  as  he  should  be,"  an  address  delivered 

Green,  was  a  collection  of  short,  detached  miscel-  by  C.  W.  Bardeen  before  the  New  York  Teach- 

lanies:  Sarah  Ball  Kitchen  suggested  "Thoughts  ers'  Association,  July  8,  1891,  and,  with  slight 

on  Life"  in  the  form  of  helpful  aphorisms;  and  changes.  July  21,  1891,  before  the  Chautauqua 

"  The  Professor's  Letters,"  by  Theophilus  Par-  Assembly ;  "  Or^nization  and  System  vs,  Ongi- 

sons,  written  many  years  ago  to  a  young  girl,  nality  and  Individuality  on  the  Part  of  Teacher 

and  now  publishea,  are  concerned  largely  with  and  Pupil,"  a  paper  read  before  the  National 

the  doctrines  of  Swedenborg.     Louis  F.  Day  Educational  Association  at  St.  Paul,  by  Henry 

laid  down  "  Some  Principles  of  Every-day  Life,'*  Sabin,  and  "  Inspirations  of  the  School-teacher,'' 


412  LITEBATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891. 

or  the  Essential  Mental  Operation  in  the  Act  of  for  the  Common  Schools.*'   Among  school-books 

Leamin&f."    In  the  **  Educational  Monographs "  may  be  mentioned  a  **  Grammar  of  the  Eng- 

Henry  M.  Leipziger  presented  "  The  Education  lish  Sentence,  and   Introduction    to   Compo^- 

of  the  Jews";  and  "Prussian  Schools  through  Uon/' by  Jonathan  Rigdon;  **  A  Briefer  Piuctioal 
American 
State 

in  Indiana/'  by  James  Albert  Woodbum,  formed  ney ;  "  Lessons  in  Industrial  Drawing,    by  Mary 

No.  10  of  "  United  States  Bureau  of  Education  Isabel  Gilmore ;  and,  in  **  Appletons'  Standard 

Circulars  of  Information,"  and  in  the  "  Johns  Arithmetics,"  "  First  Lessons  m  Arithmetic,"  by 

Hopkins  University  Studies  "  we  have  **  The  His-  Andrew  J.  Rickoff. 

tory  of  University  Education  in  Maryland,"  by  Fiction. — As  no  novel  among  the  1,105  works 
Bernard  C.  Steiner,  also  "The  Johns  Hopkins  of  fiction  published  in  1891  attained  especial 
Universitjr,  187^-1891,"  by  President  Daniel  G.  prominence,  "  Khaled,  a  Tale  of  Arabia,"  by  F. 
Gil  man.  with  supplementary  notes  on  "University  Marion  Crawford,  may  be  placed  at  the  h^id  of 
Extension  and  the  University  of  the  Future,"  by  the  list,  bein^  characterized  by  ail  the  subtle 
R.  G.  Moulton,  of  Cambridge,  Eng.,  University,  charm  that  distinguishes  that  author,  who  also 
"  Cornell  University,  her  General  and  Technical  contributed  -  The  Witch  of  Prague."  Julien 
Courses,"  was  the  themO'  of  Frank  C.  Perkins,  Gordon  (Mrs.  Van  Rensselaer  Cruger)  wrote  "  A 
and  of  individual  interest  are  " St.  Mary's  Sera-  Puritan  Pagan,"  "Vampires,"  and  "Mademoi- 
inary  of  St.  Sulpice "  (Baltimore,  Md.),  a  me-  selle  R^s^da "  (the  last  two  stories  being  con- 
monal  volume  of  the  centenary  of  the  institution,  tained  in  one  cover),  and  Frank  R.  Stockton  de- 
and  "  Memorials  of  St.  Paul's  School,"  by  Jo^h  lighted  his  admirers  with  "  The  Squirrel  Inn," 
H.  Coit,  D.  D.  Vol.  I  appeared  of  "A  His-  "The  House  of  Martha,"  "a  novel  of  delightful 
tory  of  Dartmouth  College,"  edited  by  John  incongruities,"  and  also  took  "The  Rudder  (irang- 
K.  Lord.  "  The  Great  Conspiracy  against  our  ers  Abroad "  in  a  volume  containing  other  sU>- 
American  Public  Schools,"  by  Rev.  R.  Haroourt,  ries  in  addition.  "  Mea  Culpa  "  was  a  powerful 
has  an  introduction  by  Bishop  C.  H  Fowler,  and  but  tn^c  effort  of  Sidney  Luska  (Henry  Har- 
is  illustrated  by  Thomas  Nast  and  others ;  the  land) ;  Edward  Eggleston  depicted  "  The  Faith 
"  Effect  of  the  College  Preparatory  High  School  Doctor  "  in  a  story  of  New  York,  ridiculing  the 
upon  Attendance  and  Scholarship  in  the  Lower  tenets  of  his  disciples ;  and,  in  collaboration  with 
Grades  "  was  considered  by  C.  W.  Bardeen,  who  Dolores  Marbourg,  GeorgjB  Cary  Eggleston  pro- 
also  delivered  an  address,  July  2, 1891,  on  "  The  duced  "  Juggernaut,'*  a  veiled  record,  from  which 
Tax  Paver  and  the  Township  System,"  and  it  would  have  been  as  well  if  the  veil  had  never 
Elizabetn  Harriscm  made  "A  Study  of  Child  been  withdrawn.  "She  loved  a  Sailor"  and 
Nature  from  the  Kindergarten  Standpoint."  "  A  Rose  of  a  Hundred  Leaves :  a  Love  Ston%" 
"The  Relation  of  the  Kindergarten  to  the  Pub-  "A  Sister  of  Esau"  and  "The  Beads  of  Tas- 
lic  School "  was  discussed  by  Mrs.  Kate  Douglas  mer,"  emanated  from  the  prolific  pen  of  Mrs. 
Wiggin,  the  popular  author  for  children,  and  Amelia  E.  Barr.  "In  the  *  Stranger  People*s' 
Martha  S.  Ilussey  proffered  "Helps  in  Teaching  Country,"  by  Charles  Egbert  Craddock  (Miss 
Reading."  "  Coiid\ict  as  a  Fine  Art,"  includ-  Mary  N.  Murfree)  deals  with  the  prehistoric  in- 
ing  "  Laws  of  Daily  Conduct,"  bv  N.  P.  Gilraan,  habitants  of  her  native  State,  and  from  her  sis- 
and  "  Character  Building,"  by  Edward  P.  Jack-  ter.  Miss  Fanny  N.  D.  Murfree,  came  a  novel, 
son,  in  one  or  separate  covers,  is  commended  to  "  Felicia,"  treating  largely  of  the  stage,  which 
every  teacher  by  Hon.  W.  T.  Harris,  United  aroused  considerable  comment.  F.  Hopkinson 
States  Commissioner  of  Education ;  and  George  Smith's  first  novel,  "  Colonel  Carter,  of  Carters^ 
M.  Steele,  D.  D.,  also  prepared  a  text-book  of  ville,"  portrayed  the  Virginia  gentleman  of  the 
"Rudimentary  Ethics'^  for  high  schools  and  old  school, ^while  the  latest  from  AmSlie  Rives 
academies.  "  Duty "  was  a  book  for  schools  by  (Mrs.  John  Armstrong  (Ilhanler)  was  entitled 
Julius  H.  Seelye.  "Literature  in  the  Public  "  According  to  St.  John,"  giving  a  startling  in- 
Schools "  formed  the  theme  of  F.  L.  Pattee,  terpretation  to  familiar  words.  "  The  Mammon 
and  Caroline  F.  Cutler  devoted  a  volume  to  of  Unrighteousness,"  by  Hialmar  H.  Boyesen, 
"  Primary  Manual  Training."  Books  containing  deals  with  the  leading  foible  of  American  life 
instruction  and  suggestions  to  teachers  under  thrown  strikingly  into  relief;  "Murvi^e  East- 
the  guise  partiallv  of  fiction  are  "  Evenings  at  man,  Christian  Socialist,"  and  "  A  Son  of  Old 
School,"  by  Clara  Marshall,  and  "  Buckeye-Hawk-  Harry  "  (the  last  a  story  of  heredity),  belong  of 
eye,  Schoolmaster,  or  the  Life  of  Carl  Macken-  right  to  Albion  W.  Tourg^ ;  while  "  An  Irapera- 
zie,  dedicated  to  the  School-teachers  of  America  tive  Duty,"  by  William  Dean  Howells,  pleased 
by  One  of  the  Teachers."  In  "  Appletons'  Science  some  and  shocked  others  by  its  treatment  of  the 
Text-books"  was  issued  "  Appletons'  School  Phvs-  race  question.  "  Jerry,"  which  at  first  appeared 
ics,  embracing  the  Results  of  the  Most  Recent  tie-  anonymously,  but  before  the  close  of  the  year 
searches  in  the  Several  Departments  of  Natural  was  owned  by  Sarah  Barnwell  Elliott,  hamllos 
Philosophy,"  by  John  D.  Quackenbos,  Alfred  M.  momentous  questions  ably,  if  with  crudity,  while 
Mayer,  Francis  E.  Nipher,  and  others.  Charles  "  Dally."  by  Maria  Louise  Pool,  describes  the 
F.  king  published  Vol.  Il  of  "  The  Picturesque  gradual  civilization  of  a  little  North  Carolina 
Geographical  Readers,"  and  Jacques  W.  Redway  savage.  "  Ciphers,"  by  Mrs.  Ellen  Olney  Kirk, 
wrote  on  "  The  Reproduction  of  Geographical  proves  that  tne  charming  author  of "  The  Storv 
Forms."  John  N.  Tilden,  M.  D.,  prepared  "  A  of  Margaret  Kent "  has  lost  none  of  her  power. 
Commercial  Geography  for  Academies,  High  Another  favorite.  Captain  Charles  King,  pub- 
Schools,  and  Business  Colleges,"  and  Wilbur  S.  lished  "Captain  Blake,"  "Two  Soldiers,"  and 
Jackman  took  up  the  subject  of  "  Nature  Study  "  Dunraven  Ranch  "  in  one  volume,  and  "  The 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1801.  413 

Trials  of  a  Staff  OfBcer";  he  also  edited ''By  construction  also;  "The  Captain  of  Company 
Land  and  Sea,"  a  collection  of  stories  by  army  K,"  by  Joseph  Kirkland,  the  author  of  "  Zury, ' 
and  naral  ofBcers.  In  **  A  Sappho  of  Oreen  a  strikinglv  realistic  tale ;  and  "  Uuldah  Brent*s 
Springs  and  other  Stories  *'  Bret  Harte  is  again  Will/*  bv  Mrs.  S.  S.  Bobbins, 
at  his  best,  while  an  entirely  new  departure  was  "  Monk  and  Knight :  an  Historical  Study  in 
made  by  Stanton  Page  (BLenry  B.  Puller)  in  Fiction,*'  in  two  volumes,  by  Rev.  Frank  W. 
*'  The  Chevalier  of  Pensidri  -  v  ani.''  Another  Gunsaulus,  is  intended  rather  for  the  student  of 
novel  of  Italy  was  **  An  Utter  Failure,'*  by  Mrs.  history  than  the  average  novel  reader :  *•  A  King 
Miriam  Cole'  Harris,  the  author  of  the  familiar  of  Tyre,"  by  James  M.  Ludlow,  carries  us  back 
'^Rutledge."  Stories  of  marked  local  coloring  to  the  times  of  Ezra  and  Nehemiah;  "Aleph 
are  "  A  Fagan  of  the  Alle^hanies  "  and  "  Told  in  the  Chaldean,"  by  Dr.  E.  F.  Burr,  was  religious 
the  Hills"  (of  Montana),  by  Marah  Ellis  Ryan ;  also  in  character;  from  Alice  K.  Cooley  we  nave 
"On  Newfound  River,"  by  Thomas  Nelson  Page ;  ** Asaph,"  an  historical  romance,  and  from  Har- 
^'Old  Abraham  Jackson  and  his  Family:  an  riet  Prescott  Spofford  "Azarian:  an  Episode." 
Episode  in  the  Evolution  of  Nebraska  Due-outs,"  "Dr.  Huguet,"  by  Edmund  Boisgilbert,  M.D. 
by  Anson  Uriel  Hancock ;  "  Otto,  the  Knight,  (Ignatius  Donnelly),  has  the  race  problem  at  the 
and  other  Trans-Mississippi  Stories,"  by  Octave  South  for  its  motive,  and  deals  largely  with  the 
Thanet  (Alice  French) ;  "  From  Timber  to  Town  supernatural ;  "  Dr.  Lamar,"  by  an  unknown  au- 
Down  in  Egypt,"  by  an  early  settler  who  prefers  thor,  deliberates  the  question  of  ending  suffering 
to  remain  nameless ;  **  Down  the  0-hi-o  "  in  ante-  or  useless  lives ;  ^*  A.  D.  2050  "  described  the  elec- 
bellam  days,  by  Charles  H.  Roberts ;  **  The  Im-  trical  development  of  Atlantis  by  a  former  resi- 
press  of  a  Gentlewoman,"  by  Fannie  E.  New-  dent  of  the  "  Hub,"  and  belongs  to  the  type 
berry;  "The  Puritan's  Daughter"  (sequel  to  of  novel  inaugurated  by  Edwani  Bellamy,  an- 
"  Creole  and  Puritan  "),  a  character  romance  of  other  of  which  is  "A.  D.  2000,"  by  Alvarado  M. 
two  sections,  by  T.  C.  De  Leon ;  "  Tom  and  Joe,  Fuller.  **  The  Crystal  Button,"  by  Chauncev 
Two  Farmer  Boys  in  Love  and  War  and  Peace :  Thomas,  details  adventures  in  the  forty-ninth 
a  Louisiana  Memory,"  by  Clarence  B.  Collins ;  century,  while  Milton  W.  Ramsey  contemplated 
"Flute  and  Violin,  and  other  Kentucky  Tales  ** Six  Thousand  Years  hence."  "The  Enchant- 
and  Romances,"  by  James  Lane  Allen ;  "  The  ed,"  by  John  Bell  Bouton,  "  Atmfin,"  by  Francis 
Primes  and  their  Neighbors:  Ten  Tales  of  Middle  Howard  Williams,  "Beyond  the  Bourn,"  by 
Georgia,"  by  RicharQ  Malcolm  Johnston ;  "  An  Amos  K.  Fiske,  "  The  Hidden  City,"  by  Walter 
Indiana  Man,"  by  Le  Roy  Armstrong ; "  Pine  Val-  H.  McDougall,  **  Zanthon,"  by  James  Doran,  and 
ley,"  the  story  of  a  Western  mining  region,  by  "  Prisons  of  Air,"  by  Moncure  D.  Conway,  deal 
L  B.  France ;  **  In  the  High  Valley,"  bv  Susan  with  the  .obscure  and  improbable,  while  books 
Coolidge  (Sarah  C.  Woofiey);  "In  Biscayne  that  grapple  with  the  problems  of  actual  daily 
Bay,"  by  Caroline  W.  Rock  wood ;  George  Fox  life,  its  struggles  and  necessities,  are  "  Masters 
Tucker's  literal  transcript  of  "  A  Quaker  Home  " ;  and  Men,"  by  Eugene  J.  Hall ;  "  Which  Wins  f 
^•Ringing  Bells,"  by  Reese  Rockwell;  "Jolly  Good  a  Story  of  Social  Conditions,"  by  Mrs.  Mary  H. 
Times  at  Hackmatack,"  by  Mary  P.  Wells  Smith ;  Ford;  "  Moina,  or  against  the  Mighty,"  ieal- 
••  A  New  England  Nun  and  other  Stories,"  by  ing  with  socialism,  by  Lawrence  L.  Lynch ;  "  A 
Hary  E.  Wilkins ;  and  "  Huckleberries  gathered  Tramp  in  Society,"  by  Robert  H.  Cowdrey ;  and 
from  New  England  Hills,"  by  Rose  Terry  Cooke ;  "  The  Rice  Mills  of  Port  Mystery,"  by  B.  F. 
while  "  A  New  York  Family,  by  Edgar  Fawcett,  Heuston.  "His  Cousin  the  Doctor  "  was  direct- 
presents  an  unattractive  picture,  lllezico  was  ed  against  Christian  science  by  Minnie  Willis 
the  scene  of  "  The  Yellow  Snake,"  by  William  Baines,  and  "  Rabbi  and  Priest,"  by  Milton  Gold- 
Henry  Bishop.  **  Columbia :  a  Story  of  the  smith,  is  founded  on  facts  of  Russian  persecu- 
Discovery  of  America,"  by  John  R.Musick,  opens  tion  of  Jews.  "Senator  Lars  Erikson''  was  a 
a  series  of  twelve  historical  novels  to  etnbrace  storv  of  love  and  politics  by  Franklin  W.  Lee, 
the  leading  events  of  American  history.  "  A  while  how  "  The  Bachelor's  Club "  was  finally 
Woman  of  Shawmut,"  by  Edmund  Janes  Car-  dissolved  was  told  by  I.  Zangwill.  "  St.  Martin  s 
JH^ter,  was  a  capital  romance  of  colonial  times.  Summer,"  by  Rose  Porter, "  The  Romance  of  a 
and  *'  Betty  Alden,  the  First-bom  Daughter  of  Spanish  Nun,"  by  Alice  M.  Baldy,  "  Phillida,"  by 
the  Pilgrims,"  followed  in  the  series  of  romances  Maude  Howe,  "  The  Sardonyx  Seal,"  by  Belle 
of  the  old  Plymouth  Colony,  of  which  Mrs.  Jane  Gray  Taylor,  "  Marguerite,"  bv  Mrs.  Mary  J. 
Q.  Austin  has  already  sent  out  three.  Another  Holmes,  "  Mostly  Marjorie  Day,''  by  Virginia  F. 
of  Mrs.  Mary  Hartwell  Catherwood's  tales  of  Townsend,  "  Sweet  and  Twenty,"  by  Mary  F. 
Acadia  was  "The  Lady  of  Fort  St.  John,"  while  Sanborn,  " The  Story  of  Two  Lives,'*  by  Stuart 
"  Prom  Colony  to  Commonwealth,"  by  Nina  Sterne  (Gertrude  Bloede),  "  If  she  Will,  she 
Morre  Tiflfany,' was  a  collection  of  stories  of  the  Will,"  by  Mary  A.  Denison,  "An  Exceptional 
Revolutionary  days  in  Boston.  *•  In  Old Quinne-  Case,"  by  Itti  Kinney-Reno,  "One  Woman's 
basset"  belonged*  to  the  same  period,  and  had  Way,"  by  Edmund  Pendleton,  "No  Saint,"  by 


die  tfixie,'*  by  John  Vincent  Rvals,  the  "  Ad-  L.  Pierce,  "  The  Man  with  a  Thumb,"  by  W.  C. 

Tentures  of  a  Fair  Rebel,"  Matt  Crim's   first  Hudson,  "The  Lady  of  Cawnpore,"  by  Frank 

novel,  are  essentially  Southern  in  tone.    Stories  Vincent  and  Albert  E.  Lancaster,  "  The  Ad- 

of  the  war  are  "The  Iron  Game,"  by  Henry  F.  ventures  of. Three  Worthies,"  by  Clinton  Ross, 

Keenan ;  "  Reunited,"  by  a  popular  "but  anony-  "  A  Manless  World,"  by  Agnes  Bond  Yourell, 

mous  Southern  author ;  "  Love  and  Rebellion,"  "  Cross  Roads,"  by  Mary  Halloway,  and  "  John 

by  Martha  Caroline  Keller,  which  includes  re-  Winthrop's  Defeat,"  by 'John  K.  Ludlum,  found 


414  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891. 

readers  and  were  excellent  of  their  kind.  "  A  year.  Many  are  read  and  enjoyed  by  older  peo- 
Nameless  Novel/*  by  M.  G.  McClelland,  opened  pie,  and  among  the  best  of  1891  are :  **  The  Mod- 
"  The  Nameless  Series " ;  *'  In  Office,*'  a  story  em  Aladdin "  and  **  Men  of  Iron,**  by  Howard 
of  department  life  in  Washington,  by  Louis  Pyle ;  **  The  Abandoned  Claim/'  by  Mrs.  Flora 
Vital  Bo^,  "  Back  to  Life,*'  by  T.  W.  Speight,  Haines  Longhead,  who  also  opened  a  new  series, 
"  Two  Men  of  the  World/'  by  Harriet  True  to  be  issued  monthly,  with  "  The  Man  from  No- 
Bates,  "  Her  Playthings,  Men,"  by  Mabel  E.  Ca-  where  '* ;  "  Prtt  Dw^mar's  Son,"  by  Julia  McNair 
hill,  and  "  A  God  of  Gotham,"  by  Lee  Basoom,  Wright-;  "  Ryle's  Open  Gate,"  by  Mrs.  Susan  T. 
are  all  of  the  sensational  type ;  while  "  Lost  in  Moore ;  '*  We  AH,*'  by  Octave  Thanet  (Miss  Alice 
Samoa,**  by  E.  S.  Ellis,  and  "  The  Spanish  Gal-  French^ ;  '» The  Scarlet  Tanager  and  other  Bi- 
leon,"  by  Charles  Sumner  Seeley,  with  *'The  peds,**  by  J.  T,  Trowbridcre;  **Foiur  and  Five: 
Braganza  Diamonds,"  by  James  Otis  Kaler,  treat  a  Story  of  a  Lend-a-Hand  Club,"  by  Edward 
of  the  adventurous.  Healthv,  wholesome  books  Everett  Hale ;  Kirk  Munroe's  '*  Prince  Dusty : 
are  **Out  at  Twinnett*s,**  "The  Chautauquans,"  a  Story  of  the  Oil  Reeions**  and  "Campmates: 
and  "  Country  Luck,"  all  three  by  the  familiar  a  Story  of  the  Plains^' ;  Oliver  Optic's  (W.  T. 
author  of  "  Helen's  Babies  " ;  "  In  the  Cheering-  Adams) "  Stand  by  the  Union  "  and  "  A  Missing 
up  Business,'*  by  Mary  Catherine  Lee ;  "  Adopt-  Million  ** ;  "  Among  the  Camps :  Young  People's 
inff  an  Abandoned  Farm,"  by  Kate  Sanborn;  Stories  of  the  War,"  byJHiomas  Nelson  Page; 
"  Farming."  by  Richard  Kendall  Munkittrick 
"  Around  Bronton,"  by  Mrs.  Mary  R.  Baldwin 
"  In  One  Girl's  Experience,"  by  Mary  H.  Howell 


Through  Forest  and  Fire,"  by  E.  S.  Ellis; 
"  The  New  Senior  at  Andover,"  by  Herbert  D. 
Ward,  partly  autobiographical ;  '*  John  Auburn- 


"  An  Entire  Stranger,*'  by  Rev.  T.  L.  Baily ;  "  A  top,  Novelist :  his  Development  in  the  Atmos- 

Modem  Exodus,*'  by  Pave  Huntington ;  "  Chris-  pf^ere  of  a  Fresh-water  College,*'  by  Anson  Uriel 

tie's  Home-making,"  by  Minnie  E.  Kenney;  and  Hancock;  "How  I  became  a  Sailor'*  and  other 

**  Thrown  on  her  own  Resources/*  by  Mrs.  Jennie  sketches  by  Omer  T,  Gillett,  M.  D. ;  "The  Boy 

E.  Croly  (Jennie  June),  which  tells  what  j?irls  Settlers,"  a  story  of  early  times  in  Kansas,  by 

can  do  under  similar  circumstances.    "  A  Fish-  Noah  Brooks ;  "  Our  Clerk  from  Barkton."  bv 

erman*s  Daughter  "  was  written  for  the  Order  of  Rev.  E.  A.  Rand ;  "  The  Bovhood  of  John  Kent,^* 

King's  Daughters  by  Jenny  Harrison.  by  Willis  Boyd  Allen ;  "  Tne  Jo-Boat  Bovs,"  bv 

Short  stories  were  numerous,  and  we  have  sev-  Kev.  J.  F.  Cowan ;  "  The  Little  Corporal "  and 

eral  excellent  volumes,  among  which  mav  be  its  companion  volume,  "  The  Colonel's  Charge/* 

mentioned  " Balaam  and  his  Master/' by  Uncle  war  stories,  by  Carlisle  B.  Holding;  "Master 

Remus  (Joel  Chandler  Harris) ;  "  Zadoc  Pine  and  William  Mitten,"  by  A.  B.  Longstreet,  D.  D. ; 

other  Stories,"  by  H.  C.  Bunner;  "With  my  "Percy  Wynn,'*   bjr    Francis  J.    Finn;   "Gid 

Friends,*'  tales  told  in  collaboration,  but  written  Granger  "  and  "  Little  Smoke :  a  Tale  of  the 

out  by  James  Brander  Matthews;  "The  Chase  Sioux,"  by  William  0.  Stoddard;  "  Wynema:  a 

of  the  Meteor  and  other  Stories,"  by  Edwin  Las-  Child  of  the  Forest,"  another  Indian  tale  by  S. 

setter  Bynner,  the   author  of  "  The  Begum's  Alice  Callahan ;  "  The  Boy  Convict  of  Berrouaa," 

Daughter  *' ;  "  Gallegher  and  other  Stories,"  by  by  Margaret  Winslow ;  "  Old  Rough,  the  Miser," 

Richard    Hardins  Davis,  who    published  also  by  Lily  F.  Wesselhoeft ;  "  A  Queer  Family,"  by 

"  Stories  for  Boys°* ;  "  Main-traveled  Roads :  Six  Effle  W.  Merriman ; "  Extraordinary  Experiences 

Mississippi  Valley  Stories,**  by  Hamlin  Garland ;  of  Little  Captain  Doppelkop  on  the  Shores  of 

"  Three  Tales,*'  by  William  Douglas  O'Connor ;  Bubbleland,'*  described  by  IngersoU  Lockwood 


and  other  Stories/'  by  Margaret  Crosby;  "A  and"MissDeeDunmoreBryant";MaryE. Barn- 
Book  o*  Nine  Tales,"  by  Arlo  Bates;  "Stories  ford,  "Eleanor  and  I:  a  Tale  of  the  Days  of 
of  the  Land  of  Evangeline,'*  by  Grace  Dean  King  Richard  II,*'  "Number  One  or  Number 
McLeod ;  "  The  Will  and  the  Way  Stories,*'  by  Two/'  and  "  Janet  and  her  Father " ;  and  Mrs. 
Mrs.  Jessie  Benton  Fremont;  two  volumes  by  H.  Dorsey,  "Tomboys"  and  "Two  Ways,"  two 
Thomas  A.  Janvier,  "The  Uncle  of  an  Angel  stories  in  one  volume.    John  Kendrick  Bangs 


Descript 
Anna  Katharine  Green  (Mrs.  Rohlfs) ;  "  A  New  were  compiled  by  William  M.  Griswold. 
Mexico  David  and  other  Stories  and  Sketches  of  Fine  Arts.— The  decline  in  the  character  of 
the  Southwest,"  by  Charles  F.  Lummis ;  and  "  A  art  books  was  even  more  marked  this  year.  From 
Woman's  Talent  and  other  Stories,"  by  Julia  M.  Josephine  L.  Abbott  we  have  "Outlines  for  the 
Hunt.  "  Eleven  Possible  Cases  "  were  proposed  Study  of  Art  in  its  Three  Main  Divisions :  Archi- 
by  Frank  R  Stockton,  Joaquin  Miller,  ana  sev-  tecture,  Sculpture,  Painting " ;  and  from  F.  N. 
eral  other  brilliant  authors,  who  combined  to  Scott,  "^stnetics,  its  Problems  and  Litersr 
make  an  entertaining  book.  "  Twenty  Good  tare " ;  George  0.  Seilhamer's  "  History  of  the 
Stories  *'  were  told  by  Opie  P.  Read,  the  Arkan-  American  Theatre,  New  Foundations,*'  carries 
sas  Traveler.  on  the  work  (of  which  three  volumes  have  now 
Jarenile  Books. — The  auality  as  well  as  the  appeared),  and  covers  the  period  1792-1797.  El- 
number  of  this  class  of  books  increases  year  by  Icn  Russell  Emerson  wrote  on  "  Masks,  Heads, 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  415 

and  Faces,  with  Some  Considerations  resnecting  sidered  in  the  Light  of  Spencer's  Philosophy,  as 

the  Rise  and  Development  of  Art  '* ;  ana  E.  B.  based  upon  the  Jrersistence  of  Energy  *' ;  while 

Warman  on  "  Gestures  and  Attitudes,"  giving  a  in  special  departments,  Montagu  Chamberlain 

i>ractieal  exposition  of  the  teachings  of  Delsarte.  supplied  "A  Popular  Hand-book  of  the  Omithol- 

Mrs.  J.  W.  Shoemaker  prepared  **  Delsartean  osy  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,"  based  on 

Pantomimes."    ''Mexican  Painting  and  Paint-  NuttalFs   Manual,  in  two  volumes;   John  B. 

ers,"  by  Robert  H.  Lambom,  gave  a  brief  sketch  Grant,  **  Our  Common  Birds  and  how  to  know 

of  the  development  of  the  Spanish  school  of  them,"giving99varietiesof  the  Northern  States; 

paintine  in  Mexico ;  while  ''  Colonial  Furniture  N.  S.  Goss,  a  **  History  of  the  Birds  in  Kansas  " ; 

of  New  England  "  was  "  A  Study  of  the  Domestic  Charles  J.  Maynard, ''  A  Manual  of  North  Ameri- 

Famitare  in  Use  in  the  Seventeenth  and  Eight-  can  Butterflies  " ;  Charles  S.  Newhall, "  The  Leaf 

eenth  Centuries,"  by  Irving  Whitall  Lyon,  M.  D.  Collector's  Hand-book  and  Herbarium  " ;   and 

"*  A  Message  to  China  Decorators  "  was  delivered  Charles  Sprague  Sargent,  VoL  II  of  **  The  Silva 

by  Mrs.  C.  Goodyear.  Helen  M.  Sparmann  made  of  North  America.     '*Tvpical  Elms  and  other 

''An  Attempt  at  an  Analysis  of  Music" ;  "  Pre-  Trees  of  Massachusetts,"  by  Lorin  L.  Dame,  had 

ludes  and  Studies :  Musical  Themes  of  the  Dav,"  an   introductory   chapter   by   Oliver   Wendell 

were  treated  by  W.  J.  Henderson;  and  "if  he  Holmes,  and  Fanny  D.Bergen  caught  "Glimpses 

Theorv  of  Music  as  applied  to  the  Teachings  at  the  Plant  World."  "  Nature's  Wonder  Work- 

aod  Practice  of  Voice  and  Instrument  in  the  ers,"  by  Kat«  R.  Lovell,  consisted  of  short  life 

New  England  Conservatory,"  by  Louis  C.  Eison.  histories  in  the  insect  world ;  Alpheus  Hyatt  and 

**  The  Study  of  Vocal  Physiology  "  was  recom-  J.  M.  Arms  described  "  Insecta    ;  W.  K*  Brooks, 

mended  by  Otto  T.  Simon.  "  How  shall  I  prac-  "The  Oyster  "  (a  popular  summarv  of  a  scientific 

ticet"  by  Julie  Rosewald,  contained  practical  study);  William  T.  Hornaday,  lor  eight  years 

suggestions  to  students  of  vocal  music,  and  Hen-  Chief  Taxidermist  of  the  United  States  National 

rv  £.  Krehbiel  made  '*  Studies  in  the  Wagnerian  Museum  at  Washington,  publis^hed  a  volume  on 


R.  Koehier  compiled  a  **  Catalogue  of  the  En-    neous  collections  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute 


Engra 

Cost"  Among  gift  lxx>ks  are  to  be  mentioned  Synonyms^  contains,  it  is  claimed,  several  thou- 
"  Scenic  Utah,  Pen  and  Pencil,"  by  Alfred  Lam-  sand  more  names  than  any  other  published  in- 
boume ;  "  Leaves  from  an  Artist's  Field-book,"  dex ;  and  from  Thomas  Sterry  Hunt  we  have  a 
by  Wedworth  Wadsworth ;  "  Ideals  of  Beauty,"  **  Systematic  Mineralogy,"  based  on  a  natural 
fac-8imiles  of  new  paintings  in  water  colors  by  classification.  G.Fredenck  Wright  gave  20  pages 
Mand  Humphrey,  with  poems  by  various  poets,  to  "  Supplementarv  Notes  to  the  Third  Edition  of 
illustrated  by  Joseph  M.  Gleeson  and  other  art-  *  The  Ice  Age  in  iforth  America,' "  and  James  D. 
ists;  "Yvemelfe:  a  Legend  of  Feudal  France,"  Dana  wrote  "On  the  Four  Rocks  of  the  New 
illostrated  by  J.  J.  Bissegger,  John  J.  Boyle,  F.  Haven  Region,"  in  illustration  of  the  features 
S.  Church,  and  others ;  "  Our  Amateur  Circus,  of  non-jolcanic  igneous  ejections,  with  a  guide 
The  Greatest  Show  on  Earth  :  Society,"  by  H.  to  walks  and  drives  about  the  city.  A  second  re- 
W.  McVickar ;  "  Where  Meadows  meet  the  Sea,"  vised  edition  was  made  of  Prof.  Joseph  Le  Conte*s 
sea  songs  and  pastoral  lays,  edited  by  H.  S.  Morris,  **  Evolution  " ;  Josiah  Parsoi^s  Cooke  published  a 
and  illustrated  by  F.  P.  English ;  **  Favorite  companion  volume  to  "The  New  Chemistry"  in 
Water-colors,"  fae-siiuiles  of  fivorite  works,  bv  *'  Laboratory  Practice  " ;  Samuel  P.  Sadtler,  "  A 
Francis  Day,  Charles  Howard  Johnson,  H.  W,  Hand-book  of  Industrial  Organic  Chemistry " ; 
MeVickar,  and  others;  "Through  Woodland  Arthur  V.  Abbott,  "A  Treatise  on  Fuel ";  Edwin 
and  Meadow  and  other  Poems,  with  Sketches  H.Hall  and  Joseph  Y.Bergen,  Jr., "A Text-book 
from  Nature,"  by  Marie  Low  and  Maud  West  of  Phvsics,"  largely  experimental,  on  the  basis  of 
Fine  editions  were  issued  of  "  Ben  Hur,"  by  Gen.  the  Harvard  College  "  Descriptive  List  of  Ele- 
Lew  Wallace,  with  over  one  thousand  marginal  mentary  Physical  Experiments."  "  Experiments 
drawings ;  of  William  Dean  Howells's  **  Venetian  of  ASrod3mamics,"  by  Prof.  Samuel  P.  Langlev 
Life*';ofWa8hingtonIrving's"Alhambra"  and  ("Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge,** 
•*  Sketch-Book."  and  of  Mrs.  Stowe's  "  Uncle  No.  801),  attempted  to  demonstrate^not  explain 
Tom's  Cabin."  "  Elizabethan  Songs  "  and  Whit-  — ^any  act  of  mechanical  flight  as  possible.  Sid- 
tier's  "  Snow-Bonnd  "  were  illustrated  by  Ed-  ney  Perley  made  a  study  of  **  Historic  Stoi-ms " 
mnnd  H.  Garrett,  and  Holmes's  "One-Hoss  from  1620  to  the  present  time,  and  a  revised 
Shay  "  by  Howard  Pyle.  edition  was  published  of  "  War  and  the  Weather," 
General  Science.  —  But  97  works  of  this  by  E.  Powers.  Samuel  Sheldon  supplied  "  Chap- 
class  were  published  during  the  year.  H.  W.  ters  on  Electricity  " ;  T.  O'Conor  Sloane,  "  Elec- 
Conn  wrote  "  The  Living  World,  whence  it  tricity  Simplified " ;  Philip  Atchinson,  "  The 
caroe  and  whither  it  is  drifting " ;  Hubbard  Elements  or  Dvnamic  Electricity  and  Magnet- 
Winslow  Mitchell,  M.D.,  on  "The  Evolution  of  ism  ";  Edward *Tre vert.,  *•  Electricity  and  its  Re- 
Lile,  or  Causes  of  Changes  in  Animal  Form,  a  cent  Applications  "  and  "  Dynamos  and  Electric 
Study  in  Biology " ;  N.  S.  Shaler,  on  "  Nature  Motors  and  all  about  them."  "  Dynamo  Con- 
Md  Man  in  America";  "Caucasian,"  an  "An-  struction,'n)y  John  W.  Urquhart,  and  "Electro 
thropology  for  the  People,"  a  refutation  of  the  Motors,"  by  S.  R.  Bottone  and  Alfred  M.  A. 
theory  for  the  Adamic  origin  of  all  races ;  and  Beale,  "  A  Practical  Guide  to  the  Testing  of  In- 
Thomas  H.  Musick, "  The  Genesis  of  Nature  con-  sulated  Wires  and  Cables,"  by  Herbert  Laws 


416  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891. 

Webb,  *'  The  Electric  Transmissi6n  Hand-book,"  printed  in  French,  in  Paris,  and  now  translated 

by  F.  B.  Badt,  '*  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  In-  by  Thomas  Willing  Balch  (his  son);  ''Spanbh 

candescent  Lamp,"  by  J.  E.  Randall,"  Telephones,  Institutions  of  the  Southwest,"  by  Frank  W. 

their  Construction  and  Pitting,"  by  F.  C.  AUsop,  Blackmar ;  **  The  Spanish  Conspiracy,"  kindred 

and  "The  Electro-Plater's  Hand-book,"  by  G.E.  in  theme,  by  Thomas  Marehall  Green;  "The 

Bonne^,  were  timely  and  useful  volumes.    '*The  United  States  and  Spain  in  1790:  an  Episode 

Electrical  Boy,"  by  the   inimitable  author  for  in  Diplomacy  described  from  hitherto  Unpab- 

boys,  J.  T.  Trowbridge,  conveyed  scientific  in-  lished  Sources,"  edited,  with  an  introduction,  by 

formation  in  the  most  attractive  manner,  while  Worthington  Chauncey  Ford :  and  the  '*  Evolu- 

"  Ethereal  Matter,  Electricitj,  and  Akasa,"  was  tion  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787,"  with  an  account 

a  theory  advanced  by  N.  Kolkin.    "  Hints  to  of  the  earlier  plans  for  the  government  of  the 

Power  users,"  by  Robert  Grimshaw,  and  ** The  Northwest  Territory,  by  Jay  A.  Barrett,  in  the 

Chemical  Analysis  of  Iron,"  by  Andrew  A.  Blair,  ••  University  of  Nebraska  Seminary  Papers."  Hor- 

belong  to  applied  science  also.    In  mathematics  ace  E.  Scudder  wrote  *'  A  Short  History  of  the 

we  have  "  Geodesy,"  by  J.  Howard  Gore ;  "  An  United  States "  for  beginners,  and  Alexander 

Introduction  to  Spherical  and  Practical  Astron-  Johnston  **  A  Shorter  Histoir  of  the  United 

omy,"  by  Dascom  Greene ;  "  Plane  and  Solid  States "  for  schools.    Part  I V  of  Vol.  IV  and 

Geometry,"  by  Seth   T.  Stewart ;    a  "  College  Parts  I,  II,  and  III  of  Vol.  V  *'  American  His- 

Algebra    and  "  Six  Place  Logarithmic  Tables,"  torical  Association  Papers"  were  published,  and 

by  Webster  Wells ;  "  A  Higher  Algebra,"  by  G.  the  fifth  and  last  volume  of  the  *  History  of  the 

A.  Wentworth ;  and  '*  The  Sextant  and  other  United  States  of  America  under  the  Constitu- 
Reflecting  Mathematical  Instruments,"  by  F.  R.  tion,"  by  James  Schouler,  saw  the  light,  closing 
Brainerd.  "  The  Young  Astronomer,"  by  James  with  the  election  of  President  Lincoln.  **  The 
H.  Carlisle,  supplied  helps  to  a  knowledge  of  the  Voice  of  the  People,"  by  W.  H.  F.  Henry,  con- 
constellations,  and  **  Optical  Projection,"  by  Lewis  tained  valuable  documents  and  information ;  and 
Wright,  was  a  treatise  on  the  use  of  the  lantern  "Studies  in  American  History,"  by  Mary  Shel- 
in  exhibition  and  scientific  demonstration.  don  Barnes  and  Earle  Barnes,  were  intended  for 

In  mental  philosophy  we  have  **  Hegel's  Logic,  young  students.    "  The  Story  of  Kentucky  "  was 

a  Book  on  tne  Genesis  of  the  Categories  of  the  told  by  Emma  M.  Connelly  in  the  "  Story  of  the 

Mind ;  a  Critical  Exposition,"  by  Hon.  William  States  "  series,  and  that  of ''  New  York  in  the  War 

T.  Harris,  the  accomplished  metaphysician  and  of  the  Rebellion,  1861-65  (Historical  and  Statisti- 

United    States    Commissioner    oi    Education:  cal),"  was  compiled  by  Frederick  Phisterer.  Other 

**  Mechanism  and  Personality :   an  Outline  of  histories  of  tne  civil  war  are :  ''  Thirty  Years 

Philosophy  in  the  Light  of  the  Latest  Scientific  after,"  by  Edwin  Forbes,  the  famous  war  corre- 

Researcn,  by  Francis  A.  Shoup,D.D.;  *' Outlines  spondent,  who  modestly  declares  it  an  artistes 

of  Physiological  Psychology,*  by  George  Trum-  story ;   **  Battlefields  and  Victory,"  by  Willis  J. 

bull  Ladd ;  "  Studies  in  Psycholoey,'^  by  S.  G.  Abbot ;  "  The  Battle  of  Gettysburg,  1863,"  by 

Burney ;  "  The  Soul  of  Man,  an  Investigation  Samuel  Adams  Drake ;  '*  The  Battle  of  Seven 

of  the  Facts  of  Physiological  and  Experimental  Pines,"  by  Mai-Gen.  Gustavus  W.  Smith,  C.  S. 

Psychology,"  bv  Paul  Cams ;  and  a  "  Hand-book  A. ;  a  second  eaition  of  **  The  Defense  of  Charles- 

of  Psychology,  t'eeling,  and  Will,"  by  James  Mark  ton  Harbor,"  by  Maj.  J.  Johnson;  "ReooUec- 

Baldwin.     "  Quickness  of  Perception,^  in  the  tions  of  a  Private :  a  Story  of  the  Army  of  the 

••  Memory  and  Thought  Series,"  was  by  "  Hans  Potomac,"  by  Warren  Lee  Goss ;  and,  from  con- 

Breitmaii "  (Charles  Godfrey  Leland),  while  **  Eye  temporary  newspaper  columns,  the  account  of  the 

and  Ear  Memory  "  consisted  of  chapters      Rev.  **  Kinston,  Whitehall,  and  Goldsborough  (North 

Jesse  L.   Hurlbut,  D.  D.,  and  others.     In  the  Carolina)  Expedition."  Gouvemeur  Morris  wrote 

"Evolution  Series"  "The  Scientific  Method"  "The  History  of  a  Volunteer  Regiment"  (Sixth 

was  set  forth  by  Francis  EUingwood  Abbot;  New  York),  while  the  "Orderly  Book  of  the 

"  Form  and  Color  in  Nature,"  by  William  Potts ;  Maryland  Loyalists  Rei?iment,  June  18,  1778,  to 

"Herbert  Spencers  Synthetic  Philosophy,"  by  Oct.  12,  1778,"  was  eoited  by  Paul  Leicester 

B.  F.  Underwood.     11.  E.  Haferkorn  compiled  Ford.    To  the  series  of  "Historic  Towns"  Henry 
••  Handy  List  of  Books  on  Mines  and  Mining."  Cabot  Lodge  contributed  "  Boston  "  and  Theo- 

History. — Fewer  works  of  history  were  pub-  dore  Roosevelt  "  New  York."    The  first  of  four' 

lished  in  1891  than  in  1890,  the  total  number  volumes  of  "  The  Memorial  History  of  the  Citr 

being  124.    "  Historical  Essays,"  by  Henry  Ad-  of  New  York  from  its  First  Settlement  to  1892,"^ 

ams,  covered  various  periods,  while,  proceeding  edited  by  James  Grant  Wilson,  was  issued,  cov- 

chronologically,  we  have  "The  Defenses  of  No-  ering  the  period  from  1492  to  1700.    "A  Classic 

rumbega,"  by  Eben  Norton  Horsford ;  "  The  Pil-  Town :  the  Story  of  Evanston,  by  an  Old  Timer," 

grim  Fathers  in   Holland,"  a  paper  read  be-  came  from  the  pen  of  Miss  Frances  E.  WilUzd ; 

lore  the  New  England  Historical  and  Genealogi-  Herman  P.  De  Forest  and  Edward  C.  Bates  were 

cal  Society,  March  4, 1891,  by  William  C.  Wins-  joint  authors  of  "The  History  of  Westborough" 

low,  D.  I). ;  "  The  Colonies,  1492-1750,"  by  Reu-  (Mass.),  and  J.  J.  Babson  supplied  a  second  series 

ben  Gold  Thwaites,  in  the  new  series  of  "  fepochs  of  "  Notes  and  Additions  to  the  History  of  Glou- 

of  American  History  " ;    "Sir  William  Johnson  cester"  (also  Mass.).    "  The  Birth,  Marriage,  and 

and  the  Six  Nations,"  by  William  Elliot  Griffis,  Death  Register,  Church  Records,  and  Epitaphs  of 

in  the  "  Makers  of  America "  series ;  two  volumes  Lancaster,  Mass.,  1643-1850,"  were  edited  by 

upon  "The  American    Revolution,"  by   John  HenrvS. Nourse,andthe"Historvof StGeor^'s 

Fiske,  in  continuation  of  his  plan  for  a  complete  Parish,"  Spottsylvania  County,  Va.,  bv  Philip 

history  of  the  United  States  from  1492  to  1865 ;  Slaughter,  D.  D.,  was  edited  by  R.  A.  Brack.  "  The 

"  The  French  in  America  during  the  War  of  In-  Communes  of  Lombardy  from  the  6th  to  the 

dependence,"  by  Thomas  Balch  (deceased),  first  10th  Century  "  were  treated  by  W.  Klapp  Will- 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  417 

iams  in  the  "Johns  Hopkins  Uniyersitj  Studies,"  an  "  Index  -  Digest  of  Rights,  Remedies,  and 

another  yolnme  of  which  was  a  "  History  of  Li-  Practice  at  Law  under  the  Codes  and  in  Equity,** 

beria,"  by  J.  H.  T.  McPherson,  and  H.  H.  North-  by  John  D.  Lawson ;  "  A  Treatise  on  Suits  in 

rop  wrote  "  The  History  of  the  French  Revolu-  Cnancery,"  by  Henry  R.  Gibson ;  "  A  Treatise  on 

tion,  1789-1795,  or  a  Country  without  a  God/'  the  Law  of  Judgments,  including  the  Doctrine 

'•The  Pamell  Moyement,"  by  T.  P.  O'Connor,  of  Res  Judicata,     in  two  volumes,  by  Henry 

had  a  sketch  of  the  author  by  Thomas  Nelson  Campbell  Black ;  and  a  '*  Brief  for  the  Argument 

Page.   S.  M.  Bumham  described  '*  Struggles  of  of  Questions  arising  upon  the  Pleading  on  the 

the  Nations,"  or  the  principal  wars,  battles,  sieges.  Trial  of  Issues  of  Law,  or  Fact  in  Cinl  Actions 

aod  treaties  of  the  world.    **  The  History  of  at  Law,  in  Equity  and  under  the  New  Proced- 

Historical  Writing  in  America "  was  given  by  J.  ure,"    by  Austin  Abbott,  who   published  also 

Franklin  Jameson  (originally  in  four  lectures  **New  Cases  selected  chiefly  from  Decisions  of 

deliTered  at  Johns  Hopkins  Universitj  in  1887) ;  the  Courts,  with  Notes,"  **  A  Digest  of  New  York 

and  to  the  press  of  the  same  institution  we  are  Statutes  and  Reports  from  July,  1882,  to  Jan. 

indebted  for  ** Seminary  Notes  on  Recent  His-  1, 1890,"  and  "New  Cases  selected  chiefly  from 

torical  Literature,"  by  H.  B.  Adams,  J.  M.  Vin-  Decisions  of  the  Courts  of  the  State  of  New 

cent,  and  other  authorities.  York,  with  Notes  "  (Vol.  XXVI).    A  second  edi- 

HoDsekeeping. — "  House   and  Hearth,"  by  tion  was  made  of  "  The  Practice  in  the  Courts 

Harriet  Prescott  Spofford,  gives  28  chapters  of  of  Law  in  Civil  Cases,"  by  R.  T.  Barton,  and  of 

thoughts  on  the  making  and  keeping  of  homes.  "  The  Law  of  Liens,"  by  Leonard  A.  Jones ;  and 

'^The    Washington     Cook-book:     Statesmen's  William  A.  Keener  arranged  "Selections  from 

Dishes"   consists   of   autographic   receipts  by  Leake's  Elements  of  the  Law  of  Contracts  and 

Mrs.  Benjamin  Harrison,  Mrs.  William  Wmdom,  Finch's  Cases  on  Contracts,"  in  two  volumes,  as 

and  others,  followed  by  "  The  Chafing-dish  and  a  text-book  for  law  students.    John  A.  Finch 

the  Blazer,"  by  Mn.  H.  P.  Bailey.   "Cookery  prepared  a  "Digest  of  Insurance  Cases,"  Frederick 

with  a  Chafing-dish  "  was  handled  by  Thomas  H.  Cooke  wrote  on  "  The  Law  of  Life  Insurance," 

J.  Murray,  and  Mrs.  H.  Llewellyn  Williams  pre-  and  James  H.  Gilmore  "  Notes  of  a  Course  of 

fwred ''  The  Book  of  Ices."    No.  1  of  "  The  Inf or-  Lectures  on  Smith's  Mercantile  Law."    From 

mation  Readers,"  by  E.  A.  Beal,  M.  D.,  covered  William  G.  Myer  came  "  Vested  Rights :   Se- 

"  Foods  and  Beverages,"  and  Mrs.  T.  J.  Kirk-  lected  Cases  and  Notes  on  Retrospective  and 

Patrick    supplied    "The    Modem    Cook-book."  Arbitrary  Legislation  affecting  Vested  Rights  in 

**  Good   Housekeeping,"  anonymous,  oontamed  Property  " ;  from  Emlin  McCmin,  a  "  Synopsis  of 

iofonnation  relating  to  the  management  of  the  Elementary  Law  (Substantive  and  Remedial)  and 

household  and  servants,  costs,  and  quantities,  the  Law  of   Personal  Property";  from   John 

etc.,  and  more  than  2,000  practical  recipes  are  Chipman  Gray, "  Select  Cases  and  other  Authori- 

to  be  found  in  "  The  Every-day  Cook  and  Re-  ties  on  the  Law  of  Propertv  " ;  from  William  T. 

cipe  Book,"  by  Miss  B.  Neil.  Brantly,  "  Principles  of  the  Law  of  Personal 

inrispmdeBce:  —  "  Constitutional  Legisla-  Property  " ;  from  Christopher  G.  Tiedeman,  "A 
lion  in  the  United  States,"  by  John  Ordronaux,  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Sales  of  Personal  Prop- 
"  Statutes  and  Statutory  Construction,"  by  J.  G.  erty  " ;  from  Joseph  J.  Darlington, "  A  Treatise  on 
Sutherland,  and  a  second  edition  of  "  The  Gen-  the  Ijaw  of  Personal  Property,  founded  on  Will- 
end  Principles  of  Constitutional  Law  in  the  iams " ;  and  from  Alfred  S.  Bolles,  "  The  Law  of 
United  States  of  America,"  by  Hon.  Thomas  M.  the  Suspension  of  the  Power  of  Alienation  in 
Cooley,  belong  to  the  higher  departments  of  the  State  of  New  York."  "  Suspension  of  the 
jurisprudence,  whUe  works  of  the  year  having  a  Power  of  Alienation  and  Postponement  of  vest- 
more  or  less  national  bearing  are :"  A  Treatise  on  ine  under  the  Laws  of  New  York,  Michigan, 
the  Law  of  Citizenship  in  the  United  States,  Mmnesota,  and  Wisconsin,"  was  treated  by 
treated  historically,"  by  Prentiss  Webster ;  "  A  Stewart  Chaplin ;  and  concerning  corporations 
Treatise  on  Extradition  and  Interstate  Ren-  we  have  two  volumes  by  Walter  Mnrphy  on 
dition,"  in  two  volumes,  by  John  Bassett  Moore ;  "  Corporations  in  Pennsylvania  " ;  "  Company 
•^The  Interstate  Commerce  Law,"  by  John  T.  Law,^by  Charles  Fisk  Beach,  Jr.,  in  two  volumes 
Wentworth;  "Laws  of  the  United  States  relat-  also;  Vol.  VI  of  "American  Railroad  and  Coi> 
in;?  to  (Currency,  Finance,  and  Banking  from  poration  Reports,"  edited  and  annotated  by  John 


countries  of  the  world,  by  George  Haven  Put-  by  Eben   H.  Gay;  "Nebraska  Railroad  Law,' 

nam;  "The  Pension  Lawyer's  Digest " ;  "Inter-  by  Leavitt  Bumham;  "The  Law  of  Railway 

Terence  Proceedings  in  the  United  States  Patent  Lines,"  by  William  C.  Anderson ;  Vols.  XXXI, 

Offic-e,"  edited  by  Woodbury  Lowery ;  Vol.  II  of  XXXII,  and  XXXIII  of  "  American  and  English 

« *•  Digest  of  the  Decisionsof  the  Supreme  Court  Corporation  Cases  " ;  and  Vols.  XLIV,  XLV,  and 

of  the  United  States,"  by  Henry  C.  Danforth,  XLVl  of    "  American    and    English    Railroad 

bringing  the  same  down  to  October,  1891 ;  Vols.  Cases."  Vol.  Ill  of  "  The  Law  of  Liens  in  Penn- 

IV  and  Vof  the  "American  Digest "  (Annuals  svlvania,"  by  W.  Trickett,  was  issued,  also  "A 

1H90 and  1891)  and  "The  Statutes  at  Large  from  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Bills  of  Lading,"  by 

December,  1889,  to  March,  1891,"  sent  out  by  the  William  W.  Porter,  and  "  A  Treatise  on  the  Law 

Government  Printing  Office,  making  Vol.  XaVL  of  Chattel  Mortgages,"  by  Darius  H.  Pingrey. 

Russell  H.  Curtis  edited  "Important  Federal  A  second  edition,  rewritten  and  enlarged,  ap- 

Statutes  annotated"  peared  of  "  The  Law  of  Expert  Testimony,"  by 

In  general  law  we  have  "  Commentaries  on  Henry  Wade  Rogers,  and  S.  D.  Thompson  laid 

the  Jurisdiction  of  Courts,"  by  Timothy  Brown,  down  the  "  Law  of  Electricity." 

VOL.  xxxL— 27  A 


418  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1801. 

**  New  Commentaries  on  Marriage,  Divorce,  Occlusion  and  Dilatation  of  Lymph  Channels,** 
and  Separation,"  by  Joel  Prentiss  Bishop,  filled  and  J.  Compton  Burnett,  M.  D.,  '*  The  Greater 
two  volumes.  James  M.  Kerr  was  the  author  of  Diseases  of  the  Liver."  **  In^mnia  and  its 
"  A  Treatise  on  the  Law  of  Homicide  " ;  H.  W.  Therapeutics"  was  by  A.  W.  Macfarlane,  M.  D. ; 
Chaplain,  of  "  Cases  on  Criminal  Law  "  (for  use  *'  Sprams :  their  Conseauences  and  Treatment," 
in  tne  law  school  of  Harvard  University) ;  and  by  C.  W.  Mansell  Mouliin,  M.  D. ;  **  Dyspepsia " 
Charles  A.  Ray,  of  "Negligence  of  Imposed  (in  the  "Red  Cross  Series"),  by  John  Dewar; 
Duties,  Personal."  Russell  Duane  selected  "  The  "  Lectures  on  Tumors  from  a  Clinical  Stand- 
Case  of  the  Sayward  "  for  the  law  oration  deliv-  point,"  by  John  B.  Hamilton,  M.  D. ;  and  '*  La 
ered  at  the  commencement  exercises  of  the  Uni-  Grippe  and  its  Treatment,  for  General  Readers,** 
versity  of  Pennsylvania,  June  11,  1891 ;  "  Cases  by  Cyrus  Edson,  M.  D.,  Chief  of  the  Health  De- 
on  Torts  "were  selected  and  arranged  for  the  partment  of  New  York  "Abnormal  Intra-tho- 
use  of  law  students  in  connection  with  **  Pollock  racic  Air  Pressures  and  their  Treatment "  was 
on  Torts,"  by  Francis  M.  Burdick,  and  "  Inter-  the  title  of  an  address  by  Charles  Denison,  M.  D, 
rogatory  Law "  comprised  1,230  questions  sub-  before  the  American  Chmatological  Association, 
mitted  to  the  gn^^^^^i^ST  elates  of  the  law  Sept.  3,  1890.  "Studies  in  Pathological  An- 
school  of  Cincinnati  College  for  the  years  1879-  atomy,"  by  Francis  Delafleld,  M  D.,  filled  two 
*91.  Vols.  XVI  to  XXI,  mclusive,  of  **  Ameri-  volumes ;  and  Frederick  B.  Robinson  published 
can  State  Reports,"  by  A.  C.  Freeman,  were  Vol.  I  of  "Practical  Intestinal  Sui^gery."  E. 
issued,  also  Books  9  and  12  of  "  Lawyers*  Reports  Martin,  M.  D.,  and  Hobart  Araory  Hare,  M.  D., 
annotated,"  edited  bv  Robert  Destv.  Of  local  were  joint  authors  of  "  The  Surgical  Treatment 
importance  are  "  The  Statutes  oi  Oklahoma,  of  Wounds  and  Obstruction  of  the  Intestines," 
1890,"  compiled  under  the  supervision  and  di-  and  Egbert  H.  Grandin,  M.  D.,  and  Josephus  H. 
rection  of  Robert  Martin,  Secretary  of  the  Ter-  Gunnm^,  M.  D.,  of  a  "  Practical  Treatise  on 
ritory ;  "  Real-estate  Statutes  of  Indiana,"  by  Electricity  and  Gynaecology."  Vol.  II  of  "  Ma- 
T.  E.  Ballard  and  E.  Emerson ;  an  "  Analytical  teria  Medica  and  Therapeutics,"  by  John  V. 


Massachusetts,"  edited  by  Henry  E.  Randall  and  and  Therapeutics,"  and  from  William  D.  Gentry, 
A.  E.  Wislizenus :  and  "  A  Treatise  on  Practice  M.  D., "  The  Rubrical  and  Regional  Text-book 
in  the  Courts  of  Pennsylvania,"  by  p,  Carroll  of  the  Homceopathic  Materia  Medica :  Selection 
Brewster,  in  two  volumes.  Everett  W.  Pattison  on  the  Urine  and  Urinary  Organs."  "  A  Treat- 
prepared  "  Forms  for  Missouri  Pleading,"  and  ise  on  Practical  Anatomy  for  Students  of  Anat' 
Gorham  D.  Williams  "  The  Massachusetts  Peace  omy  and  Surgery  "  was  prepared  by  Henry  C. 
Officer."  The  average  number  of  reports  were  Boenning,  M.  D.,  and  "The  Student*s  Atlas  of 
also  reached  from  the  several  States.  Vols.  XIV,  Artistic  Anatomy,"  by  C.  Roth,  was  edited,  with 
XV,  and  XVI  of  the  "  American  and  English  an  introduction,  by  C.  E.  Fitzgerald,  M.  D.  John 


Campbell  Black,  and  "  Martindale's  American  Times  to  the  Present,"  with  moral  and  phvsical 

Law  Directory  for  1890-91."  ^     _  reasons  for  its  j)erformance.    A  second  edition 

To  the" 
of  the 
Hamptoi 

"The  Criminal  Jurisprudence  of  the  Ancient  H.  Mead;  "Power  through  Repose."  by  Anna 
Hebrews,"  by  Rabbi  &  Mendelsohn,  LL.  D.  Payson  Call ;  "  Drinking  Water  and  Ice  Sup- 
Medicine  and  Snrgerj.— In  medicine  we  plies,  and  their  Relations  to  Health  and  Dis- 
have  "Fever:  ite  Pathology  and  Treatment  by  ease,"  by  T.  Mitchell  Prudden,  M.  D.;  "An 
Antipyretics,"  by  Hobart  Amory  Hare,  M,  D.,  Elementary  Hand-book  on  Potable  Water,"  by 
an  essay  to  which  was  awarded  the  Boylston  Floyd  Davis;  "Taking  Cold,"  by  Francke  IL 

Srize  of  Harvard  University  July,  1890;  "The  Bosworth,  M.  D.;   "Hygienic  Physiology,"  by 

[odern    Antipyretics,"   by   John    Ott,  M.  D. ;  D,  F.  Lincoln,  M.  D. :  "  Household  Hygiene,"  bv 

"  The  Physical  Diagnosis  of  the  Diseases  of  the  Mary  Taylor  Bissell,  M.D.,who  wrote  also  "  Physi- 


Porms  of  Nervous  Disease,"  by  M.  Allen  Starr,  Daughter's  Friend,"  by  an  old  practitioner;  and 

M.  D. ;  and  a  ninth  edition,  corrected  and  en-  "Vacation  Time,"  by  H.  S.  Drayton,  M.  D.,  with 

larged,  of  •'A  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  of  the  "  Hints  on  Summer  Living,"  deal  with  methods 

Nervous  System,**  by  William  A.  Hammond,  of  prevention  rather  than  cure ;  while  "  Helps  for 

M.  D.,  and  M.  Graeme,  M.  D.    Part  II  of  "A  Home  Nursing,"  by  Irene  H.  Ovington;  "The 

Text-book  of  Ophthalmoscopy,"  by  Edward  G.  Doctor  at  Home  and  Nurse's  Guide-book."  ed- 

I^ring.  M.  D.,  was  edited  and  revised  by  F.  B.  ited  by  George  Black,  and  "A  Cyclopaedia  of 

Loring,  and  D.N.  Skinner,  M.D.,  wrote  on  "The  Family  Medicine,  Surgery  Nursing,  and   Hy- 

Care  of  the  Eyes  in  Health  and  Disease."  "  Prof,  giene,*^  by  Henry  Hartshome,  M.  D.,  are  excel- 

Koch's  Cure  for  Consumption  (Tuberculosis)"  lent  and  useful  of  their  kind.    "Theraneutie 

was  popularly  explained  by  H.  Feller,  M.  D.  Sarcognomy,"  by  Joseph  Rodes  Buchanan,  M.  P., 

Samuel  C«  Buwey,  M.  D.«  treated  "  Congenital  is  an  application  of  the  science  of  the  soul. 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  419 

brain,  and  body  to  the  therapeutic  philosophy  Ring  and  other  Poems,"  by  Mrs.  Caroline  A. 

and  treatment  of  bodily  and  mental  diseases.  Mason,  had  an  introduction  by  Charles  G.  Ames. 

From  Frederick  S,  Sozinskey,  M.  D.,  we  have  a  •*  Lyrics  of  the  Living  Church :  Original  Poems," 

work  on  **  Medical  Symbolism,"  and  from  Paul  were  edited  by  C.  W.  Leffin^ell,  while  *•  Tales 

Paqttin,  M.  D.,  another  on  '*  The  Supreme  Pas-  of  the  Turf  and  *  Rank  Outsiders,' "  by  Richard 

fioDs  of  Man."    ^  Wood's  Medical  and  Surgical  L.  Cary,  Jr.  (Hyder  Ali),  were  illustrated  by 

Monographs "  reached  No.  1  of  Vol.  XII,  and  Gean  Smith.    "  A  Midsummer  Lark,"  by  W.  A. 

Vol  All  was  also  issued  of  the  **  Index  Cata-  Croffut,  went  through  a  second  edition,  and  Will- 

\oew  of  the  Library  of  the  Surgeon-General's  iam  Dean  Howells  opened  a  new  series  C' Harper's 

Office,"  Washington,'D.  C.  Black  and  White")  with  "  The  Albany  D^p6t,"  a 

Poetry. — ^Among  the  198  books  of  poetry  pub-  laughable  farce.    "  Sunshine  in  Life  "  was  a  col- 

lished  in  the  year  not  one  possessed  striking  lection  of  poems  for  the  King's  Daughters,  com- 

inerit>  though  there  were  seyeral  charming  ana  piled  and  arranged  by  Florence  P.  Lee.    The 

graceful  coUections.  "  The  Sister's  Tragedy,  with  **  Treasury  of  Favorite  Poems  "  was  a  contribu- 

other  Poems,  L3rriGal  and  Dramatic,"  of  lliomas  tion  to  the  **  Vignette  Series  "  by  Walter  Learned. 

Bailey  Aldrich,  stands  in  the  foremost  rank. ''The  "The  Passion  Play  in  *  Oberammersrau,' 1890," 

Poet  and  his  Self,"  by  Arlo  Bates,  is  reflective,  as  is  was  described  by  William  Allen  Butler.    Three 

also  "Two Worlds,*'  by  Richard  Watson  Gilder,  unique  volumes  were  "Republica:  a  National 

Edgar  Fawcett  published  "  Songs  of  Doubt  and  Poem  in  Seven  Parts,"  by  J.  P.  Campbell " ;  the 

Dream";    Waitman   Barbe,    "Ashes   and  In-  "Story  of  the  Union   in  Rhyme,  1492-1892," 

cense";  James  Whitcomb  Rile^r,  "The  Flying  anonymous;  and  "  The  American  Epic,"  a  poetic 

Islands  of  the  Night"  and  "  Neighborly  Poems  history  of  our  country  from  the  Stamp  act, 

on  Friendship,  Gnef,  and  Farm  Life " ;  Lizette  1764,  to    the   McKinley  Tariff   bill,  1890,  by 

Woodworth  Reese,  "  A  Handful  of  Lavender,"  Drumroond  Welbum. 

75  short  poems  dedicated  to  "  the  sweet  memory  Political,  Social,  and  Moral  Science.— In 

of  Sidney  Lanier  " ;  Nora  Perry,  **  Lyrics  and  politics  we  have  an  **  Introduction  to  the  Study 

Iiegends '' ;  Kate  Tannatt  Woods,  ^  Grandfather  of  Federal  Government,"  by  Albert  Bushnell 


ing  and  other  Poems  " ;  Madison  Cawein, "  Days  States,"  by  Westel  W.  and  William  F.  Willough- 
and  Dreams  " ;  Celia  Thaxter, "  Verses  " ;  Frank  by.  **  State  and  Federal  Government  in  Switzer- 
Chaffee,  **  Songs  of  Sprine";  J.  D.  Vinton,  land"  was  treated  by  John  M.Vincent  Prof. 
"Shadows  from  Life";  ^bella  T.  Aitken,  John  W.  Burgess  devoted  two  volumes  to  " Po- 
" Bohemia  and  other  Poems";  Morris  Garth,  litical  Science  and  Comparative  Constitutional 
"  Cuba,"  an  incident  in  the  insurrection,  and  Law,"  and  Alex.  L.  Peterman  wrote  "  Elements 
other  verse;  I.  McC.  Wilson,  "The  Fate  of  the  of  Civil  Government,"  a  text-book  for  use  in 
Leaf" :  Henry  O'Meara,  **  Ballads  of  America  " ;  public  schools,  etc.  Samuel  Freeman  Miller  de- 
Anna  M.  Bichards,  *^  Letter  and  Spirit  Poems " ;  livered  "  Lectures  on  the  Constitution  of  the 
and  Isaac  Baxley,  *•  Songs  of  the  Spirit."  Mrs.  United  States,"  and  Alfred  Bayliss  prepared 
Sarah  M.  B.  Piatt's  volume  of  short  poems  was  **  Easy  Lessons  on  the  Constitution."  **  The  Brit- 
entitled  "An  Irish  Wild-flower";  "The  Per-  ish  versus  the  American  System  of  National 
fume  Holder"  was  a  Persian  love  poem  by  C.  L.  Government "  was  a  paper  read  by  A.  H.  F.  Le- 
Betts;  Dr.  Weir-Mitchell  contributed  "  A  Psalm  froy  before  the  Toronto  branch  of  the  Imperial 
of  D^ths";  William  S.  Taylor,  "  Man  Immoiv  Federation  League,  Dec  18,  1890,  and  John 
ta].  an  Allegorical  Poem  " ;  Emma  Withers,  George  Bourinot,  clerk  to  the  Canadian  House 
"  Wildwood  Chimes";  and  Meredith  Nicholson  of  Commons^  made  "Canadian  Studies  in  Com- 
entitled  his  " Short  Flights"  into  the  region  of  parative Politics."  "Recent Constitution-making 
fancy  poems  and  sonnets.  We  have  "  Allen  m  the  United  States :  North  Dakota,  South  Da- 
Donnan,"  a  biography  and  poems;  Joseph  H.  kota,  Montana,  Washington,"  by  Prof.  Francis 


Block,  for  "Dramatic  Sketches  and  Poems";  Studies,"  "The  Constitutional  JOevelopment  of 
and  Richard  Hovey,  for  "  Launcelot  and  Guene-  Japan,  1858-1881,"  by  lyenaga  Toyokichi.  Prof, 
▼ere,  a  Poem  in  Dramas."    Franklvn  W.  Lee    Arthur  Latham  Perry  published  an  entirely  new 


Epopee 

Cleayer  Wilkinson,  "  The  Epic  of  Saul."    "  The  cal  Science  "  was  supplied  by  Richard  R.  Bowker 

Ride  to  the  Lady,"  by  Helen  Gray  Cone,  and  and  C^rge  lies,  and  "  Rudimentary  Economics 

•*  An  Idyl  of  the  Sun,"  by  Orrin  C.  Stevens,  are  for  Schools  and  Colleges,"  by  George  M.  Steele. 

not  to  be  forgotten,  nor   a  second   series  of  Slack  Worthington  had  a  volume  on  "  Politics 

^  Poems,"  by  Emily  Dickinson.    "  The  White  and  Property,"  and  Henry  S.  Chase,  M.  D.,  wrote 

Shoshone,"  by  Charles  L.  Paige,  and  "Winona:  "  Letters  to  Farmers'  Sons  on  the  Questions  of 

aDaooU  Legend,"  by  B.  L.  Huggins,  are  akin  the  Day."  "The  Report  of  the  Proceedings  of  the 

in  that  they  treat  of  Indian  life.    Walt  Whit-  American  Economic  Association  "  at  the  fourth 

man  bade  "  Good-bv,  my  Fancy."    A  memorial  annual  meeting  was  issued,  and  from  its  publi- 

▼olnme  of  James  Russell  Lowell  was  entitled  cations  was  reprinted  "  The  Tide  of  Economic 

"Odes,  Lyrics,  and  Sonnets,"  and  "The  Lost  Thought,"  an  address  delivered  by  Francis  A. 


420  LITEEATURB,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891. 


rious  economic  questions,  and  "  Food  and  Feed-  Patronage  in  the  United  States,   by  Lyon  Gaidi- 

ing  considered  as  a  Factor  in  making  the  Rates  ner  Tylor,  traced  the  "spoils  system"  back  to 

of  Wages  or  Earnings  "  formed  the  substance  the  organization  of  the  National  Government  in 

of  an  address  by  Edward  Atkinson  to  the  Cot-  1789-1801 ;  "  Congress  and  Cabinet,"  by  Gama- 

ton  Manufacturers'  Association,  April  26, 1891.  liel  Bradford,  discussed  the  advisability  of  giv- 

**  Which  f  Protection,  Free  Trade,  or  Revenue  ing  the  heads  of  executive  departments  seats  in 

Reform  f"  consisted  of  the  best  articles  of  the  the  national  Legislature ;  while  John  S.  Billings, 

most  eminent  political  economists  and  statesmen  M.  D.,  delivered  an  address  before  the  American 

on  these  subjects,  edited  by  H.  W.  Furber,  and  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Science  at  the 

another  volume  of  the  same  character  was  "  Both  Art  Club,  Philadelphia,  Jan.  14, 1891,  on  "  Pub- 


John  D.  Goss  wrote  "  The  History  of  Tariff  Ad-  on  subjects  connected  with  his  race,  and  from 

ministration  in  the  United  Stotes  from  Colonial  W.  Cabell  Bruce  came  a  consideration  of  "  The 

Times  to  the  McKinley  Administrative  BilL"  Negro  Problem,"   which  offered    no  solution. 

William  Draper  Lewis,  in   the  "  University  of  Henry  D.    Barrows  published    "  Intematioma 


Primer."  "  The  Corporation  Problem  "  disturbed  Peterman, 

William  W.  Cook  as  to  the  public  phases,  uses,.  Harriette  R.  Shattuck,  "  The  Woman's  Manual 

abuses,  benefit,  dangers,  wealth,  and  power  of  of  Parliamentary  Law."    George  Gunton  wrote 

corporations,  as  well  as  the  industrial,  economic,  on  "  Principles  of  Social  Economics  inductively 

and  political  questions  to  which  they  have  given  considered  and  practically  applied,  with  Criti- 

rise;  and  A.  B.  Stickney discussed  "The  Kail-  cisms  on  Current  Theories";    Robert  Archey 

way  Problem."    Achille  Loria  submitted  to  the  Woods,  on  "  English  Social  Movements  " ;  Walter 

American  Academy  of  Political  and  Social  Sci-  Francis  WQcox,  on  "The  Divorce  Problem:  a 

ence  a  paper  entitled  "  Economics  in  Italy,"  and  Study  in  Statistics."    H.  S.  Pomeroy  asked  "  Is 

"How  to  Co-operate"  was  explained  by  Herbert  Man   too  Prolific!   the   So-called   Malthusian 

Myrick.     "Economic  and  Industrial  Delusions"  Idea,"  and  "The  New  School  of  Criminal  An- 

was  a  dbcussion  of  the  case  for  protection  by  thropoloey "  formed  the  subject  of  an  address  by 

Arthur   B.   and   Henry  Farquhar.     "  Radicsd  Robert  Fletcher,  M.  D.,  before  the  Anthropol<^- 

Wrones  in  the  Precepts  and  Practices  of  Civil-  cal  Society  of  Washington.   Andrew  J.  Palm  also 

ized  Man,"  by  J.  Wilson,  opens,  not  inaptly,  an-  treated   "  The  Death  Penalty,"  and  a  second 

other  class  of  works,  among  which  are:  "The  series  of  "Papers  in- Penology"  was  compiled  by 

Condition  of  Labor,"  an  open  letter  to  Pope  Leo  the  editor  of  the  "  Summary,"  Elmira,  N.  Y. 

XIII  by  Henry  George,  with  the  "  Encyclical  "  The  Prison  Question,"  by  Charles  H.  Reeve, 

Letter    of  that  prelate ;  "  White  Slaves;  or  the  and  "  The  American  Siberia,  or  Fourteen  Years' 

Oppression  of  tne  Worthy  Poor,"  by  Lewis  Al-  Experience  in  a  Southern  Convict  Camp,"  by  J. 

bert  Banks,  and  "  Thirty  Years  of  Labor,"  a  C.  Powell,  bear  further  on  the  subject ;  while  of 

history  of  the  organization  of  working  men  by  special  interest  are  the  collection  of  papers  by 

T.  V.  Powderly.  "  Recent  Development  of  Amer-  George  Eennan  on  "  Siberia  and  the  Exile  Sys- 

ican  Industries,"  by  the  Class  of  '91,  initiated  tern,'  from  the  "  Century  Magazine "  (with  addi- 

Vol.  I  of  "Wharton  School  Studies  in  Politics  and  tions),  into  two  superb  volumes;  "Siberia  and 

Economics  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania."  the  Nihilists ;  why  Kennan  went  to  Siberia,"  by 

"  Public  Lands  and  Agrarian  Laws  of  the  Ro-  William  Jackson  Armstrong :  and  "  The  Nev 

roan  Republic  "  were  treated  by  Andrew  Stephen-  Era  in  Russia,"  by  Charles  A.  de  Amaud.    **  The 

son  in  tne  "  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,"  Cyclopedia  of  Temperance  and  Prohibition,"  a 

and  in  publications  oi  the  American  Economic  Tolume  of  670  pages,  provides  all  possible  inlor- 

Association   appeared   "  Government   Forestry  mation  on  all  phases  of  the  drink  question. 
Abroad,"  by  Gifford  Pinchot ;"  The  Present  Con-       Sports  and  Pastimes.— "  Sport :  or  Fish- 

dition  of  the  Forests  on  the  Public  Lands,"  by  E.  ing  and  Shooting,"  edited  by  A.  C.  Gould,  and 

A.  Bowers ;  and  "  Practicability  of  an  Aroencan  illustrated  from  the  fifteen  original  water  colors 

Forest  Administration,"  by  B.  E.  Femow.   "The  by  A.  B.  Frost,  Henry  Sandham,  F.  H.  Taylor. 

Farmer's  Side :  his  Troubles  and  their  Reme-  and  others,  is  by  far  the  handsomest  book  fall- 

dy,"  by  Hon.  W.  A-  Peffer,  United  States  Senator  ing  under  this  class.    "  The  Camp-Fires  of  the 

from  Kansas,  gives  an  authoritative  presentation  Everglades,  or  Wild  Sports  in  the  South,"  were 

of  the  aims  and  views  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance,  described  by  C.  E.  Whitehead,  and  "  The  Fishes 

and,  in  line  with  the  same,  John  N.  Cunning-  of  North  America  that  are  taken  on  Hook  and 

ham  proposes  "  The  New  Constitution  :  how  the  Line,"  by  William  C.  Harris,  the  latter  work  bein^ 


ograpi 

RailwayRates  and  (Government  Control,"  and  and  fly  fishing,  with  a  chapter  on  sea  fishin^r. 

Edward  W.  Bemis  wrote  on  "  Municipal  Owner-  Henry  Austin  drew  iip  "  American  Game  and  Fish 

ship  of  Gas  in  the  United  States."    "  The  Char-  Laws,"  and  "  Will  Wild  wood  "  (Fred.  E.  Pond) 


LITKRATURB,  AMBRIOAN,  IN  1801.  421 

prepared  "  The  Sportsman's  Directory."    "  Who  bath ;  and  John  Steinfort  Kedney,  D.  D.,  "  Mens 

Won!  the  Official  American  Yacht  Record  for  Christi,  and  other  Problems  in  Theology  and 

1891,"  compiled  by  James  C.  Summers,  com-  Christian  Ethics.*'    "  Prayer,  its  Nature,  Condi- 

pletes  the  fifth  year  of  that  important  publica-  tions,  and  Effects "  were  treated  by  C.  A.  Van 

tioD,  and  in  the  "  Hand-book  Library  "  we  have  an  Ando,  D.D. ;  "  Jesus  Christ,  the  Proof  of  Christi- 

"  Aquatic  Guide  "  and  "  Campbelrs  Lawn  Ten-  anity,"  by  Bishop  John  F.  Spauldine ;  **  Our 

nis,  and  the  Way  to  play  it."  James  M.  Rice  wrote  Father's  kingdom,"  by  Julius  fl.  Seelye*  **  The 

a  **  Kange  Manual  and  Score  Record,"  and  Henry  Larger  Christ,"  by  George  D.  Herron ;  "  The  Ad- 

W.  Struss  *♦  Ring  Riding,"  a  collection  of  move-  vancing  Kingdom,  or  the  Wonders  of  Foretold 

meats  and  commands  designed  for  the  use  of  History,"  by  Rev.  F.  E.  Tower.    "  Baptismal 

riding  schools  and  clubs.    *'  How  to  get  Mus-  Remission,"  by  G.  W.  Hughey,  D.  D.  and  "  Chris- 

cular*'  is  the  title  of  five  addresses  by  Charles  tianity  and  Some  of  its  Evidences :  an  Address," 

Wadsworth,    Jr.,    and    Walter   Camp  treated  by  Oliver  Mowat,  are  more  or  less  allied  in  tone 

"American  Football."    To  Fisher  Ames  we  are  "  Different  New  Testament  Views  of  Jesus  "  were 


indebted  for  "  A  Pi^tical  Guide  to  Whist  hy    collated  by  Joseph  H.  Cooper  from  the  Unita- 
the  Latest  Scientific  Methods    and  for  "  Amen-    rian  standpoint,  while  the  "  Socialism  of  Christ " 


Amencan  leads,  was  anonymous.  As  a  supple-  upon  Faith,  Hope,  and  Love,  together  with 
ment  to  "  American  Whist  illustrated,"  G.  W.  P.  goriB  HomilecticsB."  "  Institutes  of  the  Chris- 
supplied  "Whist  in  Diagrams."  T.  H.  B.  com-  tian  Religion,"  by  Emanuel  V.  Gerhart,  D.  D., 
piled  "  Conventional  Whist  Leads,"  while  Eugene  had  an  introduction  by  Rev.  PhUip  Schaflf.  James 
b.  EUiott  chronicled  "  Proceedings  of  the  First  Strong  considered  "  The  Doctnne  of  a  Future 
Amencan  Whist  Congress  held  at  the  City  of  Life  from  a  Scriptural,  Philosophical,  and  Scien- 
Milwaukee,  April  14-17,  1891."  "Gambling"  tiflc  Point  of  View."  "  Waymarks,  1870-1891," 
was  discussed  by  James  Harold  Remain  from  was  the  title  of  discourses  of  Bishop  Henry  C. 
the  standpoint  of  "  true  philosophy  and  ethics,"  Potter,  D.  D.,  with  some  account  of  their  occa- 
and  *'The  Gambling  Games  of  the  Chinese  in  sions.  Prof.  John  Bascom,  of  the  University  of 
Amenca  "  by  Stewart  Culin  in  the  "  University  Wisconsin,  formulated  "  The  New  Theology,"  and 
of  Pennsylvania  Series  in  Philology,  Literature,  P.  H.  Steenstra,  in  a  series  of  lectures,  discussed 
and  Archaeology  "  (Vol.  VI,  No.  4).  "  The  Two-  "  The  Being  of  God  as  Unity  and  Trinity." 
move  Chess  Problem"  was  treated  by  B.  G.  Francis  Howe  Johnson  asked  "  What  is  Reality  t " 
Laws.  **  A  Box  of  Monkeys  and  other  Farce  "  Positive  Religion "  consisted  of  essays,  frag- 
Comedies,"  by  Grace  Livingston  Furniss,  are  in-  ments,  and  hints,  by  Joseph  H.  Allen,  and  J.  Mac- 
tended  for  amateur  and  parlor  presentation,  and  bride  Sterrett  argued  upon  "  Reason  and  Author- 
•*  Original  Charades,"  by  L.  B.  R.  Briggs,  were  ity  in  Religion.'^  Richard  N.  Davies  presented 
collected  from  "  Scribner's  Magazine.'^  Sports  the  Biblical  evidence  for  the  "  Doctrine  of  the 
and  pastimes  of  all  kinds  are  covered  by  the  Trinity,"  while  "  The  Harmony  of  Ethics  with 
small  numbers  of  the  "  Manual  Library,"  from  Theology  "  was  an  essay  in  revision  by  Henry  E. 
eminent  authorities.  Among  these  may  be  men-  Bobbins,  D.  D.  E.  H.  Johnson,  D.  D.,  drew  up 
tioned  the  "Swimming  Instructor,"  by  Capt.  an  "  Outline  of  Systematic  Theology,"  and  James 
Webb,  and  the  "  Amateur  and  Professional  Oars-  T.  Bixby  denominated  an  examination  of  ra- 
man's  Manual "  by  W.  Beach.  "  Man's  Friend  tional  ethics  in  the  light  of  modem  science 
the  Dog,"  bv  George  B,  Taylor,  gave  informa-  "  The  Crisis  in  Morals/'  J.  R  Miller,  D.  D., 
tion  as  to  the  value  of  the  different  breeds  of  wrote  on  "  Making  the  Most  of  Life " ;  A.  J. 
dofjs and  the  best  way  to  care  for  them.  Baird,  D.  D.,  on  "The  World  and  how  to  take 
Theology, — More  works  in  this  department  it " ;  W.  Thornton,  on  the  "  Origin,  Purpose,  and 
werepublishedin  1891  than  in  the  year  preceding,  Destiny  of  Man";  Prof.  Robert  Ellis  Thomp- 
but  none  more  important.  "  Church  and  Creed,"  son  delivered  the  L.  P.  Stone  Lectures  for 
three  sermons  by  Rev.  R.  Heber  Newton,  presents  1891  on  "  The  Divine  Order  of  Human  Society  " ; 
that  divine's  understanding  of  "  the  doctrine  of  the  Bohlen  Lectures  for  the  same  year  were  by 
Christ  as  this  Church  hath  received  the  same,"  Rev.  William  Reed  Huntington  upon  "  The  Peace 
and  from  the  same  author  we  have  "  Five-Min-  of  the  Church  " ;  and  the  Yale  Lectures  on  Preach- 
ate  Talks  for  Young  People,  or  the  Way  to  Sue-  ing  by  James  Stalker,  D.  D.,  on  "  The  Preacher 
cess."  Twenty-two  "Sermons  "were  selected  and  and  his  Models."  Rev.  T.  De  Witt  Talmage 
published  from  the  writings  of  Rev.  Howard  preached  "  Among  the  Holy  Hills :  Sermons 
Crosby ;  from  Andrew  P.  Peabody,  D.  D.,  came  principally  relating  to  Palestine,"  and  "  Twentv- 
"  King's  Chapel  Sermons  " ;  from  Rev.  Edwin  H,  five  Sermons  on  the  Holy  Land  " ;  he  also  pub- 
Burgess,  a  volume  of  sermons  entitled  "  At  the  lished  "  From  Manger  to  Throne."  A  second 
Place  which  is  called  Calvary  " ;  from  Charles  H.  edition  was  made  of  the  "  Evolution  of  Man  and 
Parkhurst,  D.  D.,  "  Three  Gates  on  a  Side,  and  Christianity,"  by  Rev.  Howard  Macqueary,  whose 
otherSermons";fromChariesCuthbert  Hall,D.D.,  "Topicsof  the  Times  "consisted  of  eight  lectures 
a  volume  of  twentv  discourses,  entitled,  "Into  His  and  nine  sermons,  and  whose  defense  before  the 
Marvelous  Light ^';  and  Wellesley  W.  Bowdish,  ecclesiastical  court  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in 
uD.,  edited  "Interdenominational  Sermons  "bv  northern  Ohio  against  the  charge  of  heresy  was 
prominent  ministers  of  different  sects.  Frederick  printed  under  the  title  of  "  Ecclesiastical  Liber- 
H.  Hedge,  D.  D.,  contributed  twenty-four  "  Ser-  ty."  Rev.  Morgan  Dix,  in  a  series  of  sermons 
mons,";  J.  DeWitt  Burkhead,  D.D.,  "Theology  during  Lent,  1891,  defined  "The  Authority  of 
for  the  Masses  " ;  Dr.  James  Boyd  Brady,  "Saen-  the  Church  as  set  forth  in  the  Book  of  Common 
gwfest  Sermons,"  on  the  sanctity  of  the  Sab-  Prayer,  Articles,  and  Canons,"  and  Henry  R.  Per- 


422  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  189t 

cival  also  digested  and  arranffed  "  The  Doctrine  Church  History."  J.  E.  Alexander,  D.  D^  wrote 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  so  far  as  it  is  set  forth  **  A  Brief  History  of  the  Synod  of  Tennessee 
in  the  Prayer  Book."  "  The  General  Ecclesias-  from  1817  to  1877^' ;  Brooke  Foss  Wescott,  D.  D., 
tical  Constitution  of  the  American  Church"  was  "  Essays  in  the  History  of  Religious  Tliought  in 
the  theme  of  the  Bohlen  Lectures  for  1890  (pub-  the  West " ;  Rey.  Dwight  M.  Pratt,  D.  D^  **  A 
lished  in  1891)  by  Bishop  William  Stephens  Ferry  Decade  of  Christian  Endeayor,  1881-1891 " ;  while 
(of  Iowa),  and  George  K.  Crooks,  D.  D.,  edited  a  from  Mar^  Abigail  Dodge  (Gail  Hamilton)  came 
symposium  upon  "The  Present  State  of  the  "A  Washinfi;ton  Bible  Class,"  followed  by  "A 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church."  A  "  Hand-book  Chicago  Bible  Class,"  from  the  pen  of  Ursula  N. 
of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  United  States  Gesteield.  Vols.  I  and  II  of  a  second  series  of 
of  America,  1891 "  was  edited  by  Rey.  William  **  A  Select  Library  of  the  Nicene  and  Post-Ni- 
P.  White,  and  Edward  D.  Morris  wrote  "  A  Calm  cene  Fathers  of  the  Christian  Church  "  were  ed- 
Reyiew  of  the  Inaugural  Address  of  Prof.  Charles  ited  by  Philip  Schall,  D.  D.,  who  made  **  St.  Chrys- 
A.  Briggs.  Rabbi  &aac  M.  Wise,  in  his  '*  Pronaos  ostum  and  St  Augustine  "  the  subject  of  "  Studies 
to  Holy  Writ,"  established  on  documentary  eyi-  in  Christian  Biography."  The  errors,  ignorance, 
dence  the  authorship,  date,  form,  and  contents  etc.,  of  "  John  Caiyin  "  and  the  Presbyterian 
of  each  of  its  books  and  the  authenticity  of  the  Church  were  disclosed  and  exposed  by  T.  H. 
Pentateuch,  while  the  "  Harmony  of  Ancient  Hinchman  and  James  Bell,  white  "  What  Rome 
History  and  Chronology  of  the  Egyptians  and  teaches  "  was  shown  by  "  The  Nun  of  Kenmare," 
Jews  "  was  traced  by  Malcolm  Macdonald.  "  Exe-  Mary  Frances  Clare  Cusack.  "  From  Ocean  to 
gesis  "  was  the  theme  of  an  address  deliyered  at  Ocean  "  described  the  march  of  the  Salyation 
the  opening  of  the  autumn  term  of  Union  Theo-  Army  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  chronicled 
logical  Seminary,  Sept.  24, 1891,  by  Bishop  Mar-  by  Ballington  Booth.  Twenty-fiye  **  Sermons  on 
yin  Vincent,  and  Orello  Cone,  D.  D.,  had  a  yol-  the  Way  to  Salvation,"  by  Rey.  Charles  G.  Fin- 
ume  upon  "  Gospel  Criticism  and  Historical  ney,  the  reviyalist,  were  selected  and  arranged 
Christianity."  "  Christus  Mediator,"  by  Charles  by  Henry  Cowles,  while  "  Intimations  of  Eternal 
Elliott,  D.  D,  (an  historical  and  exegetical  treatise  Life  "  were  given  by  Caroline  C.  Leighton,  and 
on  the  atonement) ;  "  Fact  and  Fiction  in  Holy  Lucy  Larcom  had  a  small  volume,  "  As  it  is  in 
Writ,"  by  J.  Hendrickson  McCarty,  D.  D. ;  "  The  Heaven."  "  The  Drift  of  the  Youne  Men  with 
People  of  the  Book,"  by  Maurice  H.  Harris ;  relation  to  the  Churches  "  was  studied  by  Rev.  C. 
"  Wno  wrote  the  Bible,  a  Book  for  the  People,"  E.  Harrington,  D.  D.,  and  **  How  to  b!ecome  a 
by  Washington  Gladden,  D.  D. ;  "Seven  Lectures  Christian  was  told  in  five  simple  talks  to  the 
on  the  Credibility  of  the  Gospel  Histories,"  by  young  by  Lyman  Abbott,  D.  D.  "  Sovereign 
Rev.  John  Henrjr  Barrows;  "Biblical  Scholar-  Grace"  and  "Four Gospel  Dialoj^es" comprised 
ship  and  Inspiration,"  two  papers,  by  Llewellyn  addresses  by  D.  L.  Moody,  and  •n>hn  M.  Armour 
J.  Evans  and  Henry  P.  Smith ;  "  The  Change  of  wrote  on  "  Mercy  and  tne  Law."  "  What  can 
Attitude  toward  tne  Bible,"  an  address  before  Ethics  do  for  usf "  was  asked  by  William  Mack- 
the  Biblical  Institute  in  Boston,  by  Joseph  H.  intire  Salter  in  an  address.  The  "  Standard 
Thayer ;  "  The  Great  Discourse  of  Jesus  the  Eclectic  Commentary  on  the  International  Sun- 
Christ,  the  Son  of  God,"  anonymous ;  "  Histori-  day-school  Lessons  for  1892,"  by  Alfred  N.  G il- 
eal Evidences  "  of  both  the  Old  and  New  Testa*  bert,  had  geographical  notes  by  J.  W.  McGarvey. 
ments,  published  by  the  American  Tract  Society;  and  Drs.  David  J.  and  Joseph  D.  Burrell  pre- 
"  Studies  in  Old  Testament  History,"  by  Jesse  pared  "  Hints  and  Helps  on  the  Sunday-school 
L.  Huribut,  D.  D. ;  Vol.  II  of  a  "  Commentary  Lessons  for  1892,"  "  Elections  from  the  Relig- 
on  the  Old  Testament,"  by  Daniel  Steele,  D.  D.,  ions  and  Literary  Writings  of  J.  H.  Bocock, 
and  John  W.  Lindsay ;  "  Saint  Matthew's  Wit-  D.  D.,"  were  edited  by  his  widow,  and  "  Living 
ness  to  Words  and  Works  of  the  Lord,"  by  Fran-  Thoughts  of  John  Wesley  "  were  put  in  shape  by 
cis  W.  Upham ;  "  Studies  in  John's  Gospel,"  by  James  H.  Potts.  Henry  F.  Reddall  compiled 
David  Gregg,  D. D. ;  "A  Commentary  on  the  "Golden  Memories  of  the  Book  of  Books,"  in 


Studies  in  the  Gospel  of  St.  John,"  by  Dr.  Charles  counted  by  Arthur  T.  Pierson,  who  published 

F.  Deems;  and  "The  Busy  Man's  Bible,"  by  also  " Stumbling  Stones  removed  from  the  Word 

George  W.  Cable,  have  special  value,  while  from  of  God,"  "  The  Divine  Enterprise  of  Missions." 

J.  N.  Fradenburgh,  D.  D.,  we  have  "  Fire  from  a  series  of  lectures,  and  "  The  Greatest  Work  in 

Strance  Altars,"  a  study  of  the  environment  of  the  World."    Philo  F.  Leavens,  D.  D.,  in  "  The 

the  religion  of  the  Hebrews,  with  the  necessary  Planting  of  the  Kingdom  "  gave  a  synopsis  of 

effects  thereon, and  "Departed Gods," a conclud-  the  missionary  enterprise,  and  L.  P.Brockett, 

ing  volume  of  a  series  on  the  great  religions  of  M.  D.,  told  "  The  Story  of  the  Karen  Mission  in 

the  world.   Rev.  J.  A.  Birkhauser  narrated  "The  Bassein,  1880-1890." 

History  of  the  Church  (Roman  Catholic)  from  its  Yoyaiges  and  Trayels. — A  country  which 
First  Establishment  to  our  Own  Times,"  and  has  of  late  been  brought  prominently  to  the  at- 
Henry  Eyster  Jacobs  that  of  "  The  Lutheran  tention  of  the  world  was  visited  by  two  jour- 
Movement  in  England  during  the  Reigns  of  nalists  of  distinction  in  1891,  Thomas  Stevens 
Henry  VIII  and  Edward  VI."  Vol.  II  was  is-  performing  a  ride  of  more  than  1,000  miles 
sued  of  "  Papers  of  the  American  Society  of  "  Through  Russia  on  a  Mustang,"  taking  photo- 


LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891.  423 

l^phs  en  raui$,  with  which  his  book  is  illus*  and  Women  " ;  Eliza  Riihamah  Scidmore,  *'  Jin- 
tratedf  and  Charles  A.  Stoddard  going  "  Across  rikisha  Days  in  Japan  " ;  and  M.  B.  Cook,  **  Japan, 
Kassia  from  the  Baltic  to  the  Danube."  Henry  a  Sailor's  Visit.  "  How  we  went  and  what 
T.  Finck  published  **  Spain  and  Morocco :  Studies  we  saw,"  by  Charles  McCormick  Reeve,  was  the 
in  Local  Color,"  and  George  Bailey  Loring,  record  of  a  firing  trip  through  Efi^pt,  Syria,  and 
M.  D.,  ex-United  States  minister  to  Lisbon,  de-  the  JSgean  Islands,  and  "  The  Beautiful  Land, 
scribed  "  A  Year  in  Portugal,  1889-1890."  "  The  Palestine,"  by  John  Fulton,  D.  D.,  had  an  intro- 
Boy  TiATelers  in  Northern  Europe,"  by  T.  W.  duction  by  Bishop  Henrv  C.  Potter.  Rev.  Na- 
Knox,  and  "  Our  Young  People  in  Norway,"  by  than  Hubbell  chronicled  "  My  Journey  to  Jeru- 
Augusta  W.  Kellogg,  were  juvenile  in  tone,  as  in-  salem,"  with  travels  in  other  countries,  and  a 
dicated  by  their  names,  and  from  Virginia  W.  tour  around  the  world  to  study  missions  was 
Johnson  we  had  '*  The  LUv  of  the  Amo,  or  Flor-  summed  up  by  Daniel  M.  March,  u,  D.,  in  "  Mom- 
ence  Past  and  Present."  '*  The  Swiss  Republic,"  by  ing  Light  m  Many  Lands."  Martin  Brimmer  pub- 
Winchester  Boyd,  consists  of  notes  made  during  lisned  an  illustrated  voiumedescribing  the  history, 
four  years  of  diplomatic  service  in  that  country,  religion,  and  art  of  ancient  Egypt.  Samuel  A. 
and  **  Three  Vassar  Girls  in  the  Tyrol "  suggests  Mutchmore,  D.  D.,  devoted  two  volumes  to  *'  The 
at  once  Mrs.  Elizabeth  W.  Champney.  *'The  Moghul,  Mongol,  Mikado,  and  Missionary."  Bish- 
Stream  of  Pleasure"  is  the  title  given  a  narra-  op  John  F.  Hurst  wrote  "Indika:  the  Country 
tive  of  a  journey  on  the  Thames,  from  Oxford  and  People  of  India  and  Ceylon,"  and  supplied 
to  London,  by  Joseph  and  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Robins  an  introauction  to  **  A  Winter  in  India  and  Ma- 
Penneli,  with  a  practical  chapter  by  J.  G.  Legge,  laysia  among  the  Methodist  Missions,"  b^  M. 
and  Leonard  Allison  Morrison  made  a  tour  in  B.  V.  Enox,  I).  D.  Rev.  Josiah  Tyler  described 
seven  countries  "Among  the  Scotch-Irish."  "By  "Forty  Years  among  the  Zulus."  "The  Land 
Land  and  Sea  "  chronicled  incidents  of  travel,  of  the  Lamas,"  by  William  Woodville  Rockhill, 
with  chats  about  history  and  legends,  and  was  consists  of  notes  on  a  journey  through  China, 
from  the  pen  of  Mrs.  J.  M.  Francis,  wife  of  the  Mongolia,  and  Tibet,  made  in  disguise  bv  the 
United  States  minister  at  the  courts  of  Greece,  adventurous  young  American,  who  nas  haa  but 
Portugal,  and  Austria-Hungary.  Alpheus  Spring  two  predecessors  in  the  region,  and  who  traveled 
Packard,  M.  D.,  in  "  The  Labrador  Coast "  gave  a  700  miles  where  no  white  man  had  ever  set  foot 
ioumal  of  two  summer  cruises,  with  notes  on  the  before.  Herbert  Ward  gave  to  the  world  "  My 
history,  geolo^,  etc.,  of  that  region,  and  Helen  Life  with  Stanley's  Rear  Guard,"  and  important 
Mather  described  "One  Summer  in  Hawaii."  translations  bearing  on  the  vexed  question  of 
From  Edward  Everett  Hale  we  have  "  Afloat  and  the  Emin  Relief  Expedition  are  "  New  Light  on 
Ashore,"  and  from  Matthew  Woods,  M.  D.,  Dark  Africa "  from  the  German  of  Carl  Peters, 
"  Rambles  of  a  Physician,"  in  two  volumes,  by  H.  W.  Dulcken,  and  "  Ten  Years  in  Equatoria 
Under  the  title  of  "  Our  Italy "  Charles  Dudley  and  the  Return  with  Emin  Pasha,"  from  the 
Warner  describes  southern  California  in  his  own  Italian  of  Gaetano  Casati,  by  Mrs.  J.  Randolph 
inimitable  way,  and  Charles  Ledyard  Norton  Clav,  assisted  by  I.  Walter  Savage  Landor.  Heze- 
completed  his  "  Hand-book  of  Florida,"  Part  I  kian  Butterworth  continued  his  "  Zigzag  Jour- 
of  which  appeared  in  1890.  C.  V.  Hine  writes  neys  in  Australia,"  and  from  Charles  Erskme,  the 
with  enthusiasm  of  his  trip  in  a  canoe  "  On  the  only  survivor  of  the  United  States  exploring  ex- 
Indian  River,"  in  that  state,  and  from  Cecil  pedit;on  under  Admiral  Charles  Wilkes  (1838- 
Charles  we  have  "Honduras:  the  Land  of  Great  '40),  we  have  "Twenty  Years  before  the  Mast." 


Depths,"  which  supplies  much  practical  infor-    Charles  Paul  Mackie  went  "With  the  Admiral 
mation.    ^  The  Soutn  and  its  People  "  are  treat-    of  the  Ocean  Sea  "  on  his  momentous  voyage. 


California  during  a  Residence  of  Several  Years,"  the  Marvelous  City  of  the  West,"  by  John  J. 
and  26  papers  by  Frank  Bolles are  entitled*' Land  Flinn;  **San  Antonio  de  Bexar,  a  Guide  and 
of  the  Lingering  Snow :  Chronicles  of  a  Stroller  Histoir,"  by  William  Comer;  **  Glimpses  of  Pii- 
in  New  England  from  January  to  June."  "  Cal-  grim  Plymouth,"  anonymous ;  "The  Canadian 
ifomia  and  Alaska"  were  visited  by  William  Guide-book,"  by  Charles  G.  D.  Roberts;  "A 
Seward  Webb,  and  in  "Atlantis  arisen"  Mrs.  Week  in  New  York,"  by  Ernest  Ineersoll;  "Ap- 
Franoes  F.  Victor  described  "  Washington  and  pletons'  Dictionary  of  New  York,  in  its  thir- 
Oregon."  Book  4 of  " The  World  and  its  Peo-  teenth  year;  and  Appletons'  Hand-books  of 
pie,"  edited  by  Larkin  Dunton,  is  by  Fanny  E.  summer  and  winter  resorts. 
Coe, and  devoted  to  "Our  American  Neighbors."  Unclassified.— On  an  all-absorbing  topic  we 
** The  Spanish  American  Republics"  is  a  richly  have  "The  World's  Fair:  its  Meaning  and 
illustrated  volume  for  which  we  are  indebted  Scope,"  by  H.  G.  Cutler,  and  "  World's  Fairs, 
to  Theodore  Child,  and  in  this  connection  from  London,  1861,  to  Chicago,  1898,"  by  Gen. 
may  be  mentioned  bulletins  issued  by  the  Charles  B.  Norton,  a  pamphlet  of  98  pages,  pro- 
Bureau  of  American  Republics,  State  I)epart-  fusely  illustrated,  sent  out  by  the  committee  of 
ment,  Washington,  D.  C,  entitled  "  Hand-books  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition.  "  The  New 
of  the  American  Republics."  "  A  Run  around  York  Obelisk :  Cleopatra's  Needle  "  was  the  sub- 
the  World,"  anonymous,  describes  the  advent-  ject  of  a  volume  by  C.  E.  Moldenke,  and  Robert 
urcs  of  three  young  Americans,  and  from  Eliza-  Coltman,  Jr.,  M.  D.,  treated  "  The  Chinese ;  their 
beth  Bisland  we  have  "  A  Flying  Trip  around  Present  and  Future ;  Medical,  Political,  and  So- 
ihe  World."  "Noto:  an  Unexplored  Comer  cial."  "  Federal  Finances."  or  the  income  of  the 
of  Japan"  was  welcomed  from  Percival  Lowell;  United  States,  by  W.  E.  Burke,  explains  simply 
Alice  Mabel  Bacon  described  "Japanese  Girls  and  concisely  the  system  of  taxation  as  earned 


424  LITERATURE,  AMERICAN,  IN  1891. 

on  by  the  Government,  with  no  attempt  to  dis-  was  translated  from  the  French  of  V.  Dem- 
cuss  its  merits  or  those  of  any  other  system ;  cagaix,  by  C.  W.  Foster ;  Henry  Metcalf  devoted 
George  M.  Coffin  prepared  a  **  Hand-book  for  two  volumes  to  "  Ordnance  and  Gannerv " ;  A. 
National  Bank  Shareholders/*  deflnine  their  le^  C.  Gould  (Ralph  Greenwood)  wrote  on  ^  Modem 
rights  and  liabilities,  while  a  third  edition  with  American  Rines  '* ;  a  second  edition  was  made  of 
important  additions  was  made  of  his  "  Hand-book  **  Notes  on  Military  Science  and  the  Art  of  War/' 
for  Bank  Officers  "  in  general.  Three  additional  by  Joseph  M.  Califf,  and  William  W.  Dietz  pre- 
chapters  were  annexed  to  Charles  F.  Dunbar^s  pared  '*  The  Soldier's  First-aid  Hand-book.*' 
"  Chapters  on  the  Theory  and  Historv  of  Bank-  But  perhaps  the  most  important  book  of  the  year, 
ing/'  and  Hon.  John  Wanamaker  published  an  in  this  line,  was  **  The  New  Infantry  Drill  Re- 
argument  in  favor  of  **  Postal  Savmgs  Banks."  gnlations,"  which  supersedes  Upton's  **  Tactics." 
G.  M.  Harcourt  wrote  a  "  Banking  and  Commer-  **  The  Old  Navy  and  the  New  "  was  the  subject  of 
cial  Guide";  Mrs. Sallie Joy  Whito, on*' Business  a  timely  volume  by  Rear- Admiral  Daniel  Am- 
Openings  for  Girls/'  eminently  practical :  while  men,  v,  S.  N.,  with  an  appendix  of  personal 
"Type-writing  and  Type-writers,"  by  Arthur  letters  from  Gen.  Grant;  and  "Ocean  Steam- 
E.  Moore,  told  also  how  to  choose  a  machine,  ships  "  was  the  title  given  to  a  series  of  articles 
The  "  Book  of  Legal  Dictation/'  by  Charles  Cur-  gi  vmg  a  popular  account  of  construction,  develop- 
rier  Beale,  and  "  Office  Work  in  Short-hand  "  are  ment,  management,  and  appliances  which  ap- 
usef  ul  in  their  line,  as  is  also  a  practical  guide  for  peared  in  "  bcribner's  Maeazine,"  from  thepens 
inventors  by  E.  P.  Thompson,  entitled  "  How  to  of  F.  E.  Chad  wick,  J.  D.  J.  ICelley,  Rideely  Hunt, 
make  Inventions."  "  How  to  make  Money  out  and  others,  collected  into  a  handsome  nook, 
of  Inventions "  was  told  by  A.  Schemmel.  D.  "  Patterson's  Illustrated  Nautical  Dictionary " 
Walter  Brown  explained  the  "  American  Patent  was  edited  by  Howard  Patterson ;  William  dil- 
Svstem."  "  Stories  of  Industr^r "  for  young  peo-  pin  prop<»ed  a  scheme  for  "The  Cosmopolitan 
pie,  by  A.  Chase  and  E.  Clow,  give  an  idea  of  the  Railway  " ;  William  R.  Hutton  described  "  The 
trades  and  manufactures  of  the  world ;  only  Vol.  Washington  Bridge/'  known  during  its  oonstruc- 
I,  however,  was  issued  during  the  year.  T.  tion  as  the  Harlem  River  Bridge  and  Manhattan 
O'Conor  Sloane  described  "Rubber  Hand-  Bridge ;  and  Wolcott  C.  Foster  wrote  "  A  Trea- 
stamps  and  the  Manipulation  of  India  Rubber."  tise  on  Wooden-trestle  Bridges."  "  Weddings  " 
Vol.  II  was  published  of  the  "  Archit-ectural  and  were  treated  by  the  author  of  "  Cards,"  and  the 
Building  Monthly."  "The  Domestic  House  work  entitled  "Gentlemen  "gave  hints  necessary 
Planner  "  was  anonymous.  "  A  Move  for  Better  on  occasion.  "  Shall  Girls  propose  f  "  was  asked 
Roads  "was  the  title  given  to  prize  essavs  on  by  a  speculative  bachelor,  among  other  papers  on 
the  subject  of  the  common  roads  of  the  Ifnited  "Love  and  Marriage."  "  Health,  Happine^  and 
States.   F.  Hodgman  drew  up  a  "  Manual  of  Land  Longevity  "  were  eulogized,  and  rules  riven  for 


naturally  to  "Leather  Manufacture,"  bv  John  ton's  handy  little  volume  on  "Correspondence 
W.  Stevens,  and  thence  to  "  That  Uncomfortable  gave  sug^tions,  precepts,  and  examples  for  the 
Shoe,"  a  plain  and  practical  treatise  by  Avard  J,  constructinjf  of  letters,  and  a  practical  guide  for 
Moore.  "  The  Principles  of  Agriculture  "  were  "  copv "  writers,  by  Alexander  G.  Nevins,  was 
set  down  for  common  schools  by  I.  O.  Winslow,  entitled  "The  Blue  Pencil  and  how  to  avoid 
and  "  Mushrooms  "  were  exhaustively  treated  by  it"  "  The  Press  of  North  Carolina  in  the  Eight- 
William  Falconer.  Mrs.  Nettie  Colburn  May-  eenth  Century,"  by  Stephen  B.  Weeks,  was  of 
nard  startled  the  public  with  the  Question  *'  Was  special  interest  to  printers  and  publishers.  "  Na- 
Abraham  Lincoln  a  Spiritualist  f ''  "  The  Tran-  tional  Flowers,"  by  Fannie  A.  Dean,  was  sug- 
sition  Curve  Field  Book,"  by  Conway  R.  How-  gested  by  the  discussion  concerning  the  national 
ard;  "The  Engine  Runner's  Catechism,"  bv  flower  of  America.  A.  Minott  Wright  contended 
Robert  Grimshaw ;  "  Constructive  Steam-Engi-  for  the  United  States  as  the  greatest  countrr  in 
neering/'  by  Jay  M.  Whitham ;  "  The  Corliss  the  worid  in  "  Throe  Months  with  the  New  York 
Engine,"  by  John  T.  Henthom ;  "  Valve  Gears,"  Herald  " ;  while  "  The  Britannica  answered  and 
by  H.  W.  Spangler ;  Vol.  IV  of  "  Practical  the  South  vindicated "  was  a  defense  of  that 
Blacksmithing,"  by  M.  T.  Richardson ;  "  Strength  section  against  the  aspersions  of  the  "  Encyclopa^ 
and  Properties  of  Materials,"  by  William  G.  dia  Britannica"  and  a  criticism  of  the  work  bv 
Kirkaldy ;  "  Architectural  Iron  and  Steel,"  by  T.  K.  Oglesby.  "  The  American  Catalogue,"  in 
William  H.  Birkmire ;  with  "  The  Metal  Work-  three  parts  (founded  bv  F.  Levpoldt  in  1876,  and 
er,"  a  series  of  essays  on  house-heating,  edited  by  compiled  under  the  editorial  direction  of  R.  R 
A.  0.  Kittredge ;  and  "  A  Treatise  upon  Wire,''  Bowker),  covered  the  books  from  July  1, 1884,  to 
by  J.  Bucknall  Smith,  are  pre-eminently  suggest-  June  30,  1890,  and  other  valuable  works  of  refer- 
ive  and  valuable.  "  Hannibal/'  in  the  "  Great  ence  were  "  United  States  Government  Publica- 
Captain  Series,"  by  Theodore  Ayrault  Dodge,  tions,  July  1,  1884,  to  June  80. 1890,"  by  R-  R 
carries  on  his  history  of  the  art  of  war  to  the  Bowker  and  J.  H.  Hickcox:  Vol.  I  of  a  "Cora- 
battle  of  Pydna,  108  b.  c.  ;  while  "  The  Princi-  plete  Index  to  Littell's  Living  Age,"  for  which 
pies  of  Strategy  "  were  illustrated  mainly  from  we  are  indebted  to  Edward  Roth ;  and  "  The 
American  campaigns  by  John  Bigelow,  Jr.  "  A  Co-operative  Index  to  Periodicals  for  1890." 
Manual  of  Guard  Duty."  by  L.  W.  V.  Kennon,  edited  by  William  I.  Fletcher.    *>  The  Scientific 


LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1891. 


425 


OKver  Optic  his  "Annual."  "The  Debater's 
Treasury,  by  William  Pittinger,  comprised  a 
list  of  260  questions,  with  notes  and  arguments ; 
"*  Poor's  Manuid  of  Railroads  of  the  United 
States  for  1891 "  completed  the  twenty-fourth 
year  of  the  work  issued  by  H.  V.  Poor,  whose 
'"^  Second  Annual  Number  of  Poor's  Hand-book  of 
iDvestment  Securities  for  1891"  was  issued. 
""  The  Gast-Paul  Directory  of  Bankers  and  At- 
torneys and  Digests  of  tne  Laws "  proyed  use- 
ful to  many.  vol.  XV  of  "  Appleton's  Annual 
Cydopiedia"  for  the  year  1890  was  sent  out, 
and  Vols.  V  and  VI  completed  the  great  work  of 
the  "  Century  Dictionary."  Among  other  note- 
worthy books  of  reference  that  appeared  were 
**  An  Elementary  Latin  Dictionary,  by  Charlton 
T.  Lewis,  and  the  ninth  enlarged  edition  (which 
he  intimates  is  the  final  one^  of  John  Bartlett's 
adoiirable  *^  Familiar  Quotations." 

The  following  are  the  figures  of  book  pro- 
dactlon  in  the  United  States  for  the  years  1890 
and  1891,  as  arranged  for  comparison  under  spe- 
cial classifications  by  the  "  Publishers*  Weekly  " : 


CLASS  OF  WORK& 

FMtm 

Thcolosy  aod  zeHgton 

•lQT«oUe 

Edoe&tkm  and  langoAge 

Liw 

Uieary  biitonr  and  mtfioellany . . . 

Floe  art  and  Ulostrated  books 

Biofpvphj,  memoin 

Pohtiol  ud  toeUl  edenee 

Foetrr  tod  the  drama 

Dcscrtptton,  tnyeU 

HUtocy...: 

Medical  8d«]ies,  brgleiM 

r«ftUsrt» 

Pbyikil  and  inatheiiiBtlcal  sdenee 

Sports  tad  vnnaementtt 

I>om«8tle  and  rural 

Hestal  aod  moral  phUoaophy 

IlDmor  tad  sadra. 

TotaL 


1890. 


AfiB» 


1S91. 


I,!!'' 

1,105 

467 

528 

403 

460 

899 

855 

408 

843 

188 

251 

185 

228 

218 

211 

188 

19T 

168 

193 

162 

189 

IfiS 

124 

117 

108 

183 

106 

98 

9T 

82 

79 

20 

n 

11 

89 

42 

26 

4,665 


UTEBATUBE,     BRITISH,    IN    1891. 

Abont  the  same  number  of  books  were  produced 
daring  the  year  as  in  1890;  the  total  of  new 
books,  in  all  departments,  exceeding  by  15  the 
record  of  the  previous  year,  while  new  editions 
were  slightly  fewer.  The  falling  away  was  in 
dirinity  and  sacred  literature  (about  10  per  cent.)« 
in  htue9'ltttres  and  essays,  in  classical  and 
school  books,  and  in  the  fine  arts  and  illus- 
trated volumes.  The  estimate  of  about  four 
noTeb  for  every  working  day  (1,216  in  all,  of 
which  8M  were  new)  includes  a  large  collection 
«f  juvenile  books,  between  which  and  fiction  in- 
tended for  older  people  the  border  line  is  grow- 
ing yearly  less  defined.  In  travel  and  biography, 
in  law  books  and  inpoetry,  the  increase  was  de- 
cidedly marked.  Works  on  medicine  and  sur- 
gery were  less  numerous,  while  miscellany,  in- 
cluding pamphlets,  held  its  own. 

Biography. — The  most  important  contribu- 
tion to  literary  biography  made  during  the  year 
was  "The  Life  and  Letters  of  Robert  Brown- 
ing." in  two  volumes,  by  his  intimate  friend  Mrs. 
Satherland  Orr,  which,  falling  short  as  it  does  of 
our  desires  and  expectations,  is  nevertheless  valu- 
able. **  Browning  as  a  Philosophical  and  Religious 
Teacher"  was  also  studied  by  Prof.  Henry  Jones. 
^  Margaret  0.  W.  Oliphant  supplied  a  **  Mem- 


oir of  the  Life  of  Laurence  Oliphant  and  of 
Alice  Oliphant,  his  Wife,"  in  two  volumes; 
"  Letters  of  Charles  Dickens  to  Wilkie  Collins  " 
were  edited  by  Lawrence  Hutton ;  Frederic  G. 
Kitton  portrayed  "  Charles  Dickens  by  Pen  and 
Pencil " ;  and  Percy  Fitzgerald  gave  **  The  His- 
tory of  Pickwick"  in  addition  to  publishing 
•*  The  Life  of  James  Boswell,"  in  two  volumes. 
Mrs.  Annie  E.  Ireland  attempted,  without  signal 
success,  to  add  to  our  knowledge  of  "  The  Life  of 
Jane  Welch  Carlyle,"  reviving  a  painful  story, 
"  Swift,  the  Mystery  of  his  Life  and  Love,"  by 
James  Hay,  was  foolish  and  pretentious ;  while  in 
the  "  Great  Writers  Series  "  the  "  Life  of  W.  M. 
Thackeray  "  was  abljr  written  by  Herman  Merivale 
and  Frank  T.  Marzials.  "  Dr.  John  Brown  and 
his  Sister  Isabella  "  were  sympathetically  treated 
by  B.  T.  McLaren ;  Elizabeth  Wordsworth  contri- 
buted a  monograph  on  **  William  Wordsworth  " ; 
and  from  Bishop  Charles  Wordsworth  came 
"  Annals  of  my  Early  Life,  1806-'46,"  entertaining 
in  the  highest  degree.  Another  interesting  vol- 
ume was  "  Richara  Redgrave,  R.  A.,  C.  B. :  a  Mem- 
oir compiled  from  his  Diary,"  by  his  daughter, 
Miss  P.  M  Red  way.  "  Later  Leaves  "  was  the  title 
of  further  reminiscences  by  Montagu  Williams, 
while  "  A  Publisher  and  his  Friends,"  being  the 
memoir  and  correspondence  of  the  late  John 
Murray,  with  an  account  of  the  origin  and  prog- 
ress of  the  house,  in  two  volumes,  and  "Jas- 
min :  Barber,  Poet,  Philanthropist "  were  two 
exceptionally  attractive  emanations  from  Dr. 
Samuel  Smiles.  '*  Letters  of  John  Keats  to  his 
Family  and  Friends"  were  edited  by  Sidney 
Colvin,  and  "Select  Passages  from  the  Letters 
of  Lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu"  by  A.  R. 
Ropes.  "  Early  Days  recalled,"  by  Janet  Ross, 
ana  '*  Early  Papers  and  Some  Memories,  1850- 
'70,"  by  Henry  morley,  contain  agreeable  remi- 
niscences. Three  volumes  are  filled  with  the 
diary  and  letters  of  "Madame  D'Arblay,"  edited 
by  her  niece,  Charlotte  Barrett;  and  "Mrs. 
Thrale,  afterward  Mrs.  Piozzi "  was  a  sketch  of 
her  life  and  passages  from  her  diaries  edited  by 
L.  B.  Seeley.  "Charles  Stewart  Pamell:  a 
Memory,"  by  T.  P.  O'Connor,  was  remarkable 
for  its  rapid  accomplishment,  having  been  writ- 
ten and  published  within  a  week;  and  other 
volumes  dedicated  to  political  leaders  are :  "  Sir 
Robert  Peel  in  Eariy  Life,  1788-1812 ;  as  Irish 
Secretary,  1813-'18 ;  and  as  Secretary  of  State, 
1822-'27,"  edited  by  Charles  Stuart  Parker, 
M.  P. ;  "  Sir  Robert  Peel,"  by  Justin  McCarthy, 
M.P.,  in  the  "Series  of  Prime  Ministers  of 
Queen  Victoria,"  the  sixth  number  of  which  was 
"  The  Right  Hon.  William  Ewart  Gladstone,"  by 
Georce  W.  E.  Russell;  "Peel,"  again,  in  the 
"  Series  of  Twelve  English  Statesmen,"  this  time 
by  J.  R.  Thursfield ;  "  The  Rt.  Hon.  Arthur 
MacMurrough  Kavanagh,"  by  his  cousin,  Sarah 
L.  Steele,  and  from  papers  chiefly  unpublished ; 
and  an  "  Anecdotal  Life  of  Sir  John  Macdonald," 
by  E.  G.  Biggar.  "  A  Life  of  Love  and  Duty  " 
was  a  memoir  of  Commodore  Goodenough  edited 
by  his  widow,  and  "Memorials  of  Rev.  John 
Frederick  Stevenson  "  were  prepared  by  his  wife. 
"  George  Gilflllan  "  was  the  theme  of  anecdotes 
and  reminiscences  by  David  Macrae;  Arnold 
White  edited  "  The  Letters  of  S.  G.  0."  (Rev. 
Lord  Sidney  Godolphin  Osborne),  in  two  volumes ; 
"The   Naturalist  of  Cumbne:   a  Truo  Story, 


426  LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1891. 

being  the  Life  of  David  Robertson,"  by  his  " Pericles,"  bv  Evelyn  Abbott;  "Theodoric  the 
friend  the  Rev.  Thomas  R.  R.  Stebbing,  was  full  Goth/'  bv  Thomas  Hodgkin ;  and  '*  Sir  Philip 
of  interest  to  admirers  of  the  scientist  "  Letters  Sidney,"  by  H.  R.  Fox  Bourne.  "  Thomas  Bet- 
and  Correspondence  of  John  Henry  Newman  terton,"  by  Robert  W.  Low,  and  '*  Charles 
during  his  Life  In  the  English  Church  "  were  Macklin,"  by  Edward  A.  Paxry,  were  the  two 
edited  by  Annie  Mozley,  prefaced  by  a  brief  contributions  to  the  "Series  of  Eminent  Actors"; 
autobiography  of  the  cardmal,  whose  brother,  and  from  J.  R.  Robinson  and  H.  Hunter  came 
F.  W.  Newman,  published  "The  Early  History  "The  Life  of  Robert  Coates."  Two  volumes 
of  the  Late  Cardinal  Newman  "  in  anything  but  were  devoted  by  (Canon)  H.  S.  Holland  and  W. 
a  brotherly  spirit.  Edith  C.  Kenyon  wrote  a  S.  Rockstro  to  "  Jenny  Lind,  the  Artist,  18^-51." 
"  Centenary  Life  of  John  Wesley,"  and  "  Wesley  "  Randolph  Caldecott "  was  a  person^  memoir  by 
and  his  Successors  "  was  a  centenary  memorial  H.  Blackburn,  and  "  The  Life  of  Henry  Dawson, 
of  the  death  of  the  founder  of  Methodism,  from  Landscape  Painter,  1811-'78 "  was  written  by 
an  unknown  source ;  "  Wesley :  the  Man,  his  his  son,  Alfred  Dawson.  "  Watts  Phillips :  Play- 
Teaching,  and  his  Work  "  was  the  title  of  ser-  wright  and  Artist "  was  contributed  by  nis  sister, 
mons  and  addresses  delivered  in  City  Road  Miss  Watts  Phillips,  and  n  sketch  of  "  Maria 
Chapel  at  the  centenary  commemoration  of  John  Drummond  "  came  from  C.  Kegan  PauL  **  Col- 
Wesley's  death,  and  in  the  "  Series  of  English  lingwood  "  was  the  subject  of  a  volume  by  W. 
Leaders  in  Religion"  we  have  "John  Wesley,"  Clark  Russell,  and  Admiral  Sir  Augustus  Phil- 
by  Canon  Overton,  and  "  Bishop  Wilberforce,"  limore  dubbed  Admiral  Sir  William  Parker  "  The 
by  G.  W.  Daniell.  "  The  Life  of  Archibald  Last  of  Nelson's  Captains."  "  Heroes  of  the 
Campbell  Tait,  Archbishop  of  Canterburv,"  was  Telemph  "  were  immortalized  by  J.  Munro,  and 
careiTuUy  and  conscientiously  written  by  Randall  to  close  this  long  but  always  interesting  de- 
T. 'Davidson,  Bishop  of  Rochester,  and  Canon  partment,  Vols.  aXV,  XX V I,  XXVII,  and 
Benham.  "  The  "  Autobiography  of  Archbishop  aX  VIII  were  issued  of  the  "  Dictionary  of  Na- 
Ullathorne  "  was  edited,  with  selections  from  his  tional  Biography,"  edited  by  Leslie  Stephen  and 
letters,  by  Augusta  Theodosia  Drane.    Elizabeth  Sidney  Lee. 

R.  Vermilye  attempted  "  The  Life  of  Alexander       Essays.— Among  the  best  books  falling  under 

Duif  "  in  the  "  Missionary  Annals  Series  " ;  "A  this  classification,  which  includes  general  literary 

Modem  Apostle :  Alexander  N.  Somervilie  "  was  miscellany,  may  be  mentioned  "  Studies  in  Lit- 

treated  by  Dr.  George  Smith,  and  the  story  of  erature,"  by  John  Morley,  covering  a  space  of 

"  John  Kenneth  Mackenzie,  Medical  Missionary  twenty  years  in  date,  and  ranging  from  Words- 

to  China,"  was  told  by  Mary  F.  Bryson.    Bishob  worth  to  "  Maine  on  Popular  Government "  in 

Oxenden  wrote  the  "  History  of  my  Life,"  ana  theme,  collected  for  the  first  time  from  various 

"  General  Booth  "  was  an  historical  sketch  by  W.  magasnnes  and  other  sources.    Geor^   Moore 

T.  Stead.    "  Memorials  of  Robert  T.  Cunning-  published  his  "  Impressions  and  Opinions,"  and 

ham,"  edited  by  Rev.  David  Miller,  "  Thomas  Oscar  Wilde  his  "  Intentions,"  a  volume  of  essap 

Sopwith,"  by  B.  W.  Richardson,  and  "  George  containing  the  one  on  •*  The  Decay  of  Lying   ; 

Fife  Angas :    Father  and  Founder    of   South  Andrew  Lsing's  "  Angling  Sketches "  were  illus- 

Austndia,"  by  Edwin  Hodder.  are  lives  of  good  trated  by  W.  G.  Bum-Murdock,  and  he  also  sent 

if  not  illustrious  men.     "  Speaking  Years  "  was  out  "  Essays  in  Little."    "  A  Characteristic  of 

a  memory  of  Rev.  William  Cfarus,  formerly  Canon  Modern  Life  "  was  studied  by  A.  Jessopp,  in  five 

of  Winchester,  by  Rev.  C.  Bullock,  and  "  Bishop  essays;  while  Robert  Buchanan  was  tne  author 

Vesey  of  Sutton,  Coldfield,  and  Exeter "  came  of  "  The  Coming  Terror  and  other  Essays  and 

from  J.  R.  Willington.     "  The  Memoirs  of  the  Letters."    Lady  Wilde's  "  Notes  on  Men, Women, 

Tenth  Royal  Hussars  (Prince  of  Wales's  Own) "  and  Books,"  the  first  series  of  selected  essavs,  and 

were  collected  and  arranged  by  Col.  R.  S.  Lid-  "  A  Few  Impressions  from  the  Poems  of  ttobert 

dell,  late  their  commander,  and  Vol.  I  was  is-  Browning,"  by  Emily  Atkinson,  were  received 

sued    of   "Heroes   of    Britain    in    Peace   and  with  favor,  as  were  Joseph  Jacobs's  **  Essays  and 

War,"  by  E.  Hodder.    "  Some  Historic  Women  "  Reviews  from  the  '  Athemeum ' " ;    "  Essays  in 

were  chronicled  by  W.  Davenport  Adams,  and  English  Literature "  and  "  Essays  on  French 

among  their  number  is  to  be  reckoned  "  Emma,  Novelists,"  by  George  Saintsburv ;  "  Writers  and 

Lady  Hamilton,"  by  Hilda   Gamlin.     In  the  Readers,"  by  G.  Birbeck  Hill;'  "Boethins:  an 

"EnglishMenof  Action  Series  "we  have  "War-  Essay,"  by  H.  F.  Stewart;   "With  Poet  and 

wick,  the  King-maker,"  by  C.  W.  Oman ;  "  Sir  Player,"  essays  on  literature  and  the  stage,  by 

Francis  Drake,"  by  Julian  Corbett ;  and  "  Rod-  W.  Davenport  Adams;  and  "  On  the  Stage  and 

ney,"  by  David  Hanney.  In  the  "  Rulers  of  India  "  Off,"  by  Jerome  K.  Jerome,  who  also  kept  the 

"Clyde  and  Strathnaim,"  by  Sir  Owen  Tudor  "Diary  of  a  Pilgrimage."    Cardinid  Newman's 

Bume ;  "  The  Marquis  Cornwallis,"  by  W.  S.  "  Poetry  with  Reference  to  Aristotle's  Poetics 


Seton-Karr ;  "  The  Earl  of  Mayo,"  by  Sir  W.  was  edited  with  an  introduction  and  notes  by 
Wilson  Hunter :  and  "  Viscount  Hardinge,"  by  Albert  S.  Cook,  while  the  essay  of  the  same  prel- 
his  son  and  private  Secretary  in  India,  Charles  ate  upon  ecclesiastical  miracles  was  discussed. 
Viscount  Hardinge.  The  "Life  and  Writings  not  to  say  dissected,  in  "Philomythus:  an  Anti- 
of  Sir  Thomas  More,"  by  Rev.  T.  E.  Bridgett,  is  dote  against  Credulity,"  by  Dr.  Edwin  A.  Abbot 
by  far  the  most  substantial  and  scholarly  biog-  "  Forty  Tears  in  a  Moorland  Parish,"  by  Rev.  J. 
raphy  of  the  chancellor  that  has  ever  been  C.  Atkinson,  proved  excellent  reading,  and  con- 
writton,  and  appeared  opportunely.  Albert  tained  much  curious  and  antiquarian  lore;  some- 
Hastings  Markham  supplied  the  "  Series  of  Great  what  in  line  with  which  was  "  Parson  and  Peas- 
Explorers  "  with  the  "  Life  of  Sir  John  Franklin,  ant :  Some  Chapters  of  their  Natural  History," 
ana  the  Northwest  Passage."  "  Heroes  of  the  by  J.  B.  Bume.  "  Old  Time  Punishments  "  were 
Nations  "  who  were  chronicled  in  1891  were :  the  theme  of  William  Andrews.   Andrew  Wilson 


LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1891.  427 

caught  "Glimpses  of  Nature,"  while  nowhere  is  religious;  and  **  My  Danish  Sweetheart,"  by  W. 
&he  more  tenaerly  and  lovingly  portrayed  than  Clark  Russell,  has  the  breath  of  the  sea,  as  usual, 
in  "  Annals  of  a  Fishing  Village ^ and  "  On Sur-  "The  Little  Minbter"  and  "Better  Dead" 
rey  Hills,"  by  J.  A.  Owen,  who  calls  himself  on  were  by  J.  M.  Barrie,  author  of  "  A  Window 
the  title-page  of  the  last  volume  "  A  Son  of  the  in  Thrums  " ;  "  An  Old  Maid's  Love,"  bv  Maar- 
Marshes.  J.  R.  Rees  was  at  his  best  "  With  ten  Maartens ;  "  The  Scapegoat,"  by  Hall  Caine ; 
Friend  and  Book  in  the  Study  and  the  Fields."  "  The  Blue  Pavilions,"  by  Arthur  Thomas 
An  **  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  History  Quiller-Ck)uch,  who  masquez^ed  for  a  time  un- 
of  Language,"  by  H.  A.  Strone,  W.  S.  Logeman,  der  the  pseudonym  "  Q,  producing  "  Noughts 
&nd  B.  I.  Wheeler,  was  a  literary  curiosity,  and  Crosses,"  a  volume  of  short  stories,  which 
**  Primitive  Folk  Studies  in  Comparative  Eth*  established  his  claim  to  originality  and  power. 
Dology  "  were  made  by  Elie  Reclus  in  the  "  Con-  "  Lord  Arthur  Saville*s  Crime  and  other  Stories," 
temporary  Science  Series,"  and  a  second  series  hj  Oscar  Wilde,  possessed  unusual  merit.  Three 
of  **  Yorkshire  Legends  and  Traditions  "  was  is-  historical  novels  were  "  Darkness  and  Dawn,  or 
sued  bv  Rev.  Thomas  Parkinson.  "The  Women  Scenes  in  the  Days  of  Nero,"  by  Archdeacon 
of  Turkey  and  their  Folk  Lore "  were  carefully  Farrar ;  "  The  Story  of  Francis  Cludde,"  by 
studied  by  Lucy  Gamett.  "  Studies  in  the  Ar-  Stanley  J.  Wevman  (whose  latest  was  "  The  New 
thurian  Legend,"  by  John  Rhys,  held  a  high  Rector");  ana  "The  White  Company,"  by  A. 
place,  as  did  also  "  Olympos :  Tales  of  the  Gc^  Conan  Doyle.  Maxwell  Grey  (Miss  M.  G.  Tut- 
of  Greece  and  Rome,"  by  Talfourd  Ely.  Two  tiett,  of  the  Isle  of  Wight)  followed  "  Dean  Mait- 
Tolumes  contained  "  The  Story  of  the  Iliad  "  and  land  "  with  "  In  the  Heart  of  the  Storm,"  while 
"The  Story  of  the  Odyssey,"  by  Rev,  Alfred  the  two  novels  of  Walter  Besant  were  " Children 
J.  Church,  with  illustrations  from  Flaxman.  of  Gibeon,"  a  strong  book  dealing  with  the  labor- 
Charles  Godfrey  Leland,  with  Albert  Barrere,  ing  classes,  and  "  St.  Katherine's  by  the  Tower." 
compiled  "  A  Dictionary  of  Slang,  Jargon,  and  Thomas  Hardy's  "  A  Group  of  Noble  Dames  " 
Cant,"  in  two  volumes,  embracing  every  variety  proved  well  worth  reading,  though  out  of  his 
known,  and,  as  Hans  Breitman,  Leland  also  customary  vein.  "Eric  Brighteyes,"  by  H. 
gave  his  attention  to  "  Gypsy  Sorcery  and  For-  Rider-Haggard,  and  Grant  Allen's  four  books — 
tune-Telling."  Vols.  I  and  II  were  published  "  The  Great  Taboo,"  "  Dumaresq's  Daughter," 
of  the  "Journal  of  the  Gypsy  Lore  Society,"  "What's  bred  in  the  Bone,"  and  "Recalled  to 
and  Dr.  Raven,  the  well-known  antiquarian,  de-  Life " — with  their  suggestive  titles,  were  wel- 
voted  himself  to  "  The  Church  Bells  of  Suffolk."  comed  by  the  admirers  of  the  respective  authors. 
A  fourth  series  of  the  "  Bookworm,"  an  illustrated  Beatrice  Whitby,  who  made  her  name  by  "  The 
treasury  of  old-time  literature,  appeared.  J.  C.  Awakening  of  Mary  Fenwick,"  published  "  A 
CoUins,  in  "The  Study  of  English  Literature,"  Matter  of  Skill,"  "  One  Reason  why,"  and  " On 
niade  a  plea  for  its  recognition  and  organization  the  Lake  of  Lucerne,"  the  last  volume  contain- 
at  the  universities ;  and  John  Earle  treated  of  ing  five  other  stories.  F.  Anstey  Guthrie  wrote 
"English  Prose."  "Names  and  their  Mean-  "Tourmalin's  Time  Cheques";  B.  L.  Faneon, 
io^  was  a  book  for  the  curious  by  Leopold  "Ties — Human  and  Divme"  and  "The  Snield 
Wagner;  a  second  edition  was  made  of  "Pes-  of  Love";  George  Mann  ville  Fenn,  "A  Double 
simism,"  by  James  SuUy,  published  fourteen  Knot "  and  "  A  Golden  Dream " ;  George  Mac- 
Tears  ago ;  and  Alfred  W^  Pollard  spoke  "  Last  donald,  "  There  and  Back  " ;  Mrs.  Campbell- 
Words  on  the  History  of  the  Title-page,"  with  Praed,  the  "Romance  of  a  Chfilet"  and  "The 


of  Oxford :  their  Histories  and  Traditions."  Ar-  "  The  RaU way  Man  and  his  Children,"  "  The 
thur  Aeland,  M.  P.,  conopiled  "  The  Guide  to  the  Heir  Presumptive  and  the  Heir  Apparent,"  and 
Choice  of  R)oks,"  K  B.  Sargent  and  Bernard    Janet " ;    Adeline  Sergeant,  "Brooke's  Daugh- 


nods  "  From  Chaucer  to  Caxton "  and  "  From  famous    caricaturist,  came  out  in  a  new  rdle 

Caxton  to  Coverdale."  with  "Peter  Ibbetson";  and  David    Christie 

Fiction.— ^veral  good  novels  were  written,  Murrav  and  Henry  Herman  were  together  re- 

though  not  one  made  a  marked  sensation,  not  even  sponsible  for  "He  fell  among  Thieves."  "The 

*'  One  of  our  Conquerors,"  by  George  Meredith,  Wages  of  Sin  "  were  graphically  portrayed  by  Lu- 

the  first  from  his  pen  in  a  long  time,  but  inferior  cas  Malet  (Mrs.  Kingsley  Harrison).    "  Save  me 

to  nothing  that  ne  had  previously  produced,  from  my  Friends,"  by  E.  F.  Knight,  conveyed 

Kalph  Iron,  now  confessedlv  Miss  Olive  Schreinur,  more  than  one  moral;  Rosa  Mouchette  Carey 

contributed  "  Dreams " ;  William  Black  wrot«  contributed  three  of  her  cheery  little  romances, 

"Donald  Ross  of  Heimra,"  dealing  once  more  "Our  Bessie,"  "Averil,"  and  Mary  St.  John," 

vith  the  Scotch  Highlands;  Rudyard  Kipling's  while  novels  pronounced  excellent,  but  which 

reputation  gained  nothing  by  "  Lire's  Hanoicap,"  can  be  only  enumerated,  without  comment,  are 

»  volume  of  very  poor  stones,  "  Mine  Own  Peo-  "  A  Just  Impediment "  and  "  Miss  Maxwell's 

pie," and  "Under  the  Deodars";  and  his  sister  Affections,"  by  Richard   Price;  "Mr.  Chaine's 

Miss  Beatrice  Kipling,  made  a  first  attempt  in  Sons"  and  "Miss  Wentworth's  Idea,"  by  W.  E. 

literature,  not  altogether  successful,  with  "  The  Norris ;  "  My  First  Love  and  my  Last  Love,"  by 

Heart  of  a  Maid.'^   "  Blanche,  Lady  Falaise,"  Mrs.  J.  H.  Riddell ;  "  Well  Won,"  by  Mrs.  Alex- 

hy  J.  H.  Shorthouse,  is,  of  course,  mystical  and  ander ;  "  Within  Sound  of  the  Weir,"  by  T.  St. 


428  LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1801. 

E.  Hake ;  **  Consequences/'  by  Eserton  Castle ;  ographies  of  Great  Artists  Series  "  the  *'  Land- 
"  The  Roil  of  Honor,"  by  Annie  Thomas ;  "  The  scape  and  Pastoral  Painters  of  Holland  **  were 
Mischief  of  Monica  "  and  **  A  Pinch  of  Experi-    treated  by  Frank  Cundall,  as  were  "  David  Cox 


Hopkins.    *'  Cross  Currents  "  was  by  Mary  An-  wrote  a  **  Memoir  of  George  Cruikshank."    Ed- 

gela  Dickens,  a  granddaughter  of  the  great  novel-  ward  Gilpin  Johnson  edited  "Reynolds's  Dis- 

ist ;  Miss  Kettle  dwelt  upon  "  The  Magic  of  the  courses  on  Art,**  fifteen  addresses  of  Sir  Joshua, 

Pine  Woods  " ;  and  "  The  Three  Miss  Kings  "  was  with  a  biographical  and  historical  introductioiL 


Widower  Indeed  ";  Ouida's  sole  book  was  "Santa  ive";  and  R.  Pratt,  "Sciography,  or  Parallel 
Barbara.**  Mrs.  Hungerford  (the  Duchess)  wrote  and  Radial  Projection  of  Shadows."  As  in  our 
**  Little  Rebel " ;  P.  W.  Maude,  "  A  M!ercif ul  own  country,  handsome  gift-books  were  rare. 
Divorce  ** ;  and  Mona  Caird,  "  A  Romance  of  the  "  The  Warwickshire  Avon,"  by  A.  T.  Quiller- 
Moors.*'  "Tlie  Pilots  of  Pomona,"  by  Robert  Couch,  with  illustrations  by  Alfred  Parsons: 
Leighton,  was  an  exceptionallv  fine  contribution  "  The  British  Seas,'*  with  picturesque  notes  b? 
to  juvenile  literature,  mtended  for  boys.  W.  Clark  Russell  and  other  writers,  and  the  etch- 
Fine  Arts. — In  the  "University  Extension  in^ps  and  engravings  after  J.  C.  Hook,  Colin 
Manuals"  the  "Pine  Arts"  were  exhaustively  Hunter,  etc;  "The  Flowers  of  Japan,"  bv  Jo- 
treated  by  Prof.  G.  Baldwin  Brown,  covering  the  siah  Conder ;  "  By  Seashore,  Wood,  and  Moor- 

nre,  their  philosoi 
complishment.      . 

"  Manuals  "  was  "  The  Philosophy  of  the  Beauti-  ett,  are  among  the  best    "  Players  of  the  Pe- 

f  ul,"  by  William  Knight.    Philip  Gilbert  Ham-  riod,"  by  Arthur  Goddard,  was  the  title  of  a  first 

erton  described  "  The  Present  State  of  the  Fine  and  second  series  of  anecdotal,  biographical,  and 

Arts  in  France,"  and  L.  F.  Day  studied  "  Na-  critical  monographs  on  the  leading  English  act- 

ture  in  Ornament.*'    "  Hints  to  Amateurs :  a  ors  of  the  day. 

Hand-book  on  Art,"  by  Mrs.  Louise  Jopling,  of-  History. — "  The  Imperial  History  of  Enp- 
fered  many  useful  suggestions,  "  Architectural  land,"  in  three  volumes,  by  William  Cooke  St^- 
Perspective  "  was  by  F.  0.  Ferguson ;  "  Archi-  ford  and  Henry  W.  Dulcken,  reaches  from  the 
tecture  of  the  Renaissance  in  England,"  illus-  earliest  records  to  the  present  time ;  and  from 
trated  by  views  and  details  from  buildings  George  Carter  we  have  "Outlines  of  English 
erected  between  the  years  1560-1630,  by  J.  Alfred  History  from  1066-1815."  Part  I  of  Vol,  HI 
Gotch  and  W.  Talbot  Brown ;  while  the  "  His-  appeared  of  "  Annals  of  our  Time,"  by  H.  Ham- 
tory  of  Indian  and  Eastern  Architecture,"  for-  ilton  Fyfe,  covering  the  period  from  the  acces- 
merly  the  third  volume  of  the  second  edition  of  sion  of  Queen  Victoria  to  the  end  of  the  vear 
a  "  History  of  Architecture,"  by  James  Fergus-  1890 ;  also  Vol.  IV  of  "  Cassell's  History  of  Eng- 
son,  was  expanded  into  an  independent  and  land,*'  Jubilee  edition.  S.  R.  Gardiner's  **  His- 
original  work,  in  two  volumes.  A  third  revised  tonr  of  the  Great  Civil  War  1642-1649  "  and 
edition  of  the  "  History  of  the  Modern  Styles  of  "The  Interregnum  (a.  d.,  1648-1660),"  by  F.  A. 
Architecture,"  by  the  same  author,  was  also  is-  Inderwick,  approach  each  other  closely  in  point 
sued,  a  large  additional  space  being  given  to  the  of  time.  Osmund  Airy  wrote  a  "  Text-book  of 
architecture  of  England  and  America,  Vol.  Ill  English  History  for  Clolleges  and  Schools  " :  J. 
appeared  of  "  The  Castellated  and  Domestic  H.  Anderson,  a  "  History  of  George  the  Third's 
Architecture  of  Scotknd,"  by  David  Macgibbon  Reign  ** ;  while  "  The  Industrial  and  Commercial 
and  Thomas  Ross,  the  first  two  of  which  came  History  of  England,"  traced  in  lectures  delivered 
out  two  years  ago,  and  a  fourth  is  to  be  expected,  to  the  University  of  Oxfonl  by  the  late  James  E. 
"  An  Inventory  of  the  Church  Plate  of  Leices-  Thorold  Rogers,  was  edited  by  his  son,  Arthur 
ter,"  by  Rev.  Andrew  Trollope,  filled  two  vol-  G.  L.  Rogers.  "  The  Divorce  of  Catherine  of 
umes,  and  was  pronounced  the  most  complete  Aragon,"  intended  by  James  Anthony  Froude 
work  of  the  kind  that  has  yet  appeared,  the  as  a  supplementary  volume  to  his  "  History  of 
work  on  which  occupied  six  years.  "  Engravings  Englana,^'  possesses  all  the  brilliancy  which 
and  their  Value"  was  a  guide  for  the  print  col-  marks  the  larger  work,  and  was  one  of  the 
lector  by  J.  H.  Slater,  and  "  The  Masters  of  marked  contributions  to  literature  of  the  year. 
Wood  Engraving,"  a  magnificent  volume,  by  W.  "  Body,  Pai*entage,  and  Character  in  History : 
J.  Linton,  admirably  illustrated.  A  second  edi-  Notes  on  the  Tudor  Period  "  came  from  F.  Jor- 
tion,  in  one  volume,  of  "  A  Century  of  Painters  dan.  Vol.  II  of  "  The  History  of  Sicily  from 
of  the  English  School,"  by  Richanl  and  Samuel  the  Earliest  Times,"  by  E.  A.  freeman,  brought 
Redgrave,  was  welcomed,  and  "William  Ho-  the  work  from  the  beginning  of  Greek  settle- 
garth,"  by  Austin  Dobson,  was  filled  with  photo-  ments  to  the  first  intervention  of  the  Athenians ; 
gravures  of  the  artist's  masterpieces.  "G.  G.  Stephen  A.Morse  publishedVol.il  of  "A  His- 
Clivio  (Miniaturist) :  Life  and  Works,"  with  no-  torv  of  the  French  Revolution,"  and  also  wrote 
tices  of  his  contemporaries  and  of  the  art  of  book  "  The  Story  of  Portugal "  for  the  "  Story  of  the 
decoration  in  the  sixteenth  century,  by  John  W,  Nations  Series " ;  "  Waterloo  Letters,"  nitherto 
Bradley,  had  18  plates.    In  thp  "  *^""-*-^ted  Bi-  unpublished,  by  officers  who  served  in  the  cam- 


LITBBATUBB,  BRITISH,  IN  1891.  429 

paign  of  1815,  were  edited  with  explanatory  the  increase  of  our  knowledge  of  the  heavens  in- 

notes  by  Mai.-6en.  H.  T.  Sibome.    Rev.  E  Col>-  cident  to  the  introduction  of  the  spectroscope 

ham  Brewer  s  **  Historic  Note-book,"  with  an  ap-  and  the  modem  photographic  plate  into  the  oo- 

Sendix  of  battles,  met  many  needs ;  R.  Carstairs  serratory ;  and  William  F.  Denning  provided 
escribed  ♦'British  Work  in  India":  J.  T.  "  Telescopic  Work  for  Stariight  Evenings." "  Mo- 
Wfaeeler  wrote  "  A  College  Historv  of  India,  lecular  Motion  in  the  Radiometer,  in  Crookes's 
Asiatic  and  European  " ;  and  Archibald  Forbes  Tubes,  and  in  Some  other  Phenomena "  was 
dealt  with  the  same  country  in  *'  Barracks,  Biv-  studied  bv  Daniel  S.  Troy,  and  "  An  Introduc- 
ouacs,  and  Battles."  In  the  **  Series  of  Events  of  tion  to  the  Study  of  Petrology :  the  Igneous 
our  Own  Time  "  he  also  depicted  "  The  Afghan  Rocks,"  by  Frederick  H,  Hatch,  brought  to- 
Ware,"  18S9-*42,  and  1878-'80.  "  Eight  Days:  gether  an  amount  of  useful  information  impossi- 
a  Tale  of  the  Indian  Mutiny,"  by  R.  E.  Forrest,  ble  to  be  obtained  elsewhere  in  the  same  com- 
filled  three  volumes.  A.  H.  Howland  made  re-  nass.  "  The  Scientific  Papers  of  James  Clerk 
flections  upon  "  The  New  Empire,"  its  origin  Maxwell "  were  edited  in  two  volumes,  by  W.  D. 
and  constitution  and  its  relation  to  the  great  Niven,  eleven  years  after  the  death  of  tneir  au- 
republic  A.  Weir  established  the  *' Historical  thor,  but  proved  neither  less  valuable  nor  less 
Basis  of  Modem  Europe,"  and  R.  Hassencamp  welcome  for  the  delav ;  and  "  Zo51ogioal  Arti- 
wrote  a  "  History  of  Ireland."  **  South  Africa  cles,"  contributed  by  I^rof.  E.  Ray  Lankester  and 
from  Arab  Domination  to  British  Rule,"  by  R.  others  to  the  recently  completed  edition  of  the 
W.  Murray,  and  VoL  II  of  a  "  History  of  South  "  Encydopadia  Britannica,*'  were  collected  into 
Africa,"  by  George  McAll  Theal,  coverine  the  a  volume  and  lavishly  illustrated.  "  Animal 
period  from  1795-1834,  are  cognate;  "  Mahdiism  Life  and  Intelligence  "  were  studied  by  Prof.  C. 
and  the  Egyptian  Soudan  "  were  treated  by  F.  Lloyd  Morgan,  and  David  Syme  wrote  "  On  the 
R  WiDgate,  and  "  The  Caliphate,  its  Rise,  De-  Modification  of  Organisms.'»  "  A  Hand-book  of 
dine,  and  Fall,"  by  Sir  William  Muir.  For  an  European  Birds  "  was  supplied  for  field  natural- 
"  Early  Grecian  History "  (to  495  b.  c.)  we  are  ists  and  collectors  by  James  Backhouse,  Jr.,  and 
indebted  to  A.  H.  Allcroft  and  W.  F.  Mason;  Henry  Seebohm  attempted  the  "Classification  of 
for  '*  The  History  of  Commerce  in  Europe,"  to  Birds  "  in  general.  "  The  Riverside  Naturalist " 
H.  deB.  Gibbins;  while  "Ten  Tears  in  Upper  was  from  the  pen  of  E.  Hamilton.  "A  Text- 
Canada,  1805-1816,  beinff  the  Ridout  Letters "  book  of  Chemical  Physiology  and  Pathology  " 
was  edited  by  Matilda  Edgar.  Vol.  IV  of  Will-  was  written  by  Prof.  W.  D.  Halliburton,  and 
iam  Eingsford's  "  History  of  Canada  "  covered  Vol.  II  was  issued  of  "  A  Dictionary  of  Applied 


Vol.  Ill  of  '-Tlie  History  of  Hampton' Court  W.  Eldridge-Green,  M .  D.,  and  "The  Right 
Palace,"  describing  Orange  and  Guelph  times,  by  Hand :  Left-handedness  "  by  Sir  Daniel  Wilson. 
Eraest  Law ;  **  London  Past  and  rresent,"  in  "  The  History  of  Human  Marriaee  "  was  a  con- 
three  volumes,  by  Henry  B.  Wheatley,  essentially  tribution  to  sociology  by  Edward  Westermarck ; 
a  new  work,  though  based  on  Cunningham^s  Archdeacon  Farrar  gave  himself  to  "  Social  and 
hand-book  of  the  city.  Richard  Watson  Dixon,  Present-day  Questions";  "Modem  Humanists," 
''one  of  the  few  remaining  clergy  of  the  Church  according  to  John  M.  Robertson  in  his  sociolog- 
of  England  who  have  won  for  tnemselves  a  rec-  ical  essays,  were  Carlyle,  Stuart  Mill,  Emerson, 
ognized  place  in  modem  literatui-e,"  gave  to  the  Matthew  Arnold,  Ruskin,  and  Spencer,  the  au- 
world  \ol.  IV  of  his  "  History  of  the  Church  of  thor  being  himself  a  disciple  and  formerly  a  col- 
England  from  the  Abolition  of  the  Roman  Juris-  league  of  Charles  Bradlaugh ;  Sidney  Webb  and 
diction  " ;  and  Vol.  IV  of  "  The  Church  of  Scot-  Harold  Cox  united  on  "  The  Eight  Hours'  Day  " 
land,"  edited  by  Prof.  Story,  consisted  of  "  The  question,  and  Mr.  Webb  produced,  unassisted. 
Church  and  the  Law,"  by  Andrew  MacgeoNfe,  the  "  London  Programme."  Vol.  II  of  the  "  La- 
and  "The  Doctrine  of  the  Church,"  by  Rev.  Dr.  bor  and  Life  of  the  People,"  by  Charies  Booth, 
Milroy.  A  "  History  of  the  Christian  Church  was  published,  with  maps  and  appendix  under  a 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Death  of  Con-  separate  cover ;  and  "  The  Co-operative  Move- 
stantine"  was  written  by  F.  J.  Foakes-Jackson,  ment  in  Great  Britain"  was  traced  bv  Beatrice 
wid  a  "  History  of  the  Church  of  England,"  for  Potter.    "  Social  Diseases  and  Worse  Remedies  " 


Phnieal, Moral, and Intelleetnal Science*  against  Socialism  and  Socialistic  Legislation" 

—In  the  first  ^vision  we  have  "  The  Causes  of  consisted  of  an  introduction  by  Herbert  Spencer 

ftn  loe  A^e,"  explored  by  Sir  Robert  Stawell  and  essays  by  various  writers,  edited  by  Tnomas 

Ball, the  mitial  volume  of  the  "Modem  Sci-  Mackay.   John Rae's " Contemporary &x5ialism " 

ence  Series."    Agnes  M.  Clerke  set  forth  "  The  appeared  in  a  new  edition,  and  David  Maxwell 

System  of  the  Stars,"  while  "  The  Meteoritio  wrote  "  Stepping  Stones  to  Socialism."    George 

Hypothesis,"  by  the  able  spectroscopist  J.  Nor-  Howell  described  "  Trade  Unionism,  Kew  and 

nian  Lockyer,  was  a  statement  of  the  results  of  Old,"  and  John  A.  Hobson  propounded  **  Prob- 

» spectroaoopic  inquiry  into  the  origin  of  cosml-  lems  of  Poverty."     "  Black  America,"  by  W. 

cal  systems.  Dr.  William  Huggins,  by  whom  stel-  Laird  Clowes,  was  a  volume  of  letters  to  the  Lon- 

Iw  spectroscopy  was,  to  a  great  extent,  initiated,  don  "  Times  "  on  the  subject  of  the  ex-slave  and 

deliferedan  "  Address  to  tlie  British  Association  his  late  master  in  the  United  States,  written  in 

for  the  Advancement  of  Science"  (of  which  he  is  1890-'01 :  and  Joseph  Renner  Maxwell  studied 

president),  at  Cardiff,  Aug.  19, 1891,  devoted  to  "  The  Negro  Question,"  offering  hints  for  the 


430  LITERATURE,  BRITISH,  IN  1891. 

physical  improvement  of  the  ne^  race.  Col.  Stokes ;  "  The  Book  of  Proverbs,"  by  Rev.  R.  P. 
F.  Maurice  republished,  with  additions,  his  arti-  Horton ;  "  The  Book  of  Ecclesiastes,"  by  Rev. 
cle  on  "  War^'  in  the  "  Encyclopaedia  Britan-  Samuel  Cox ;  and  "  The  Book  of  Leviticus,"  bv 
nica  " ;  "  The  Development  of  Navies  during  the  Rev.  S.  H.  KeWoge,  "  Matthew  XXII  to  Mark 
Last  Half-century  "  was  traced  by  Capt.  S.  Erd-  XVI "  and  "  St  Luke  to  St.  John  III "  continued 
ley-Wilmot,  the  third  volume  of  "  Popular  Lect-  the  "  Sermon  Bible,"  and  Vols.  XIII-X V  were 
ures  and  Addresses,"  by  Sir  W,  Thomson,  was  also  issued  of  the  "  People's  Bible."  •*  An  Intro- 
devoted  to  *'  Navigational  Affairs  " ;  and  "  The  duction  to  the  Literature  of  the  Old  Testament," 
Last  Great  Naval  War,"  by  A.  Nelson  Seaforth,  bv  Dr.  S.  R.  Driver,  opened  the  "  International 
traced  in  imagination  the  future  of  England's  Theological  Library,"  and  Frederick  Gardener 
fleet.  In  the  "  University  Extension  Manuals "  supplied  **  Aids  to  Scripture  Study."  To  the 
"  The  Use  and  Abuse  of  Money "  was  discrimi-  "  Men  of  the  Bible  Series  "  George  Rawlinson 
nated  by  Dr.  William  Cunningham,  and  "  English  contributed  *'  Isaac  and  Jacob  "  and  **  Ezra  and 
Colonization  and  Empire  "  formed  the  theme  of  Nehemiah."  Leonard  A.  Wheatley  delighted  the 
Alfred  Caldecott.  "  Short  History  of  Political  biblio^pher  with  "  The  Story  of  the  Imitatio 
Economy  in  England  "  was  also  supplied  by  L.  Christi,"  and  Rev.  H.  R.  Haweis  defined  the  lim- 
L.  Price  in  the  same  series.  J.  N.  Keynes  gave  its  of  *'  The  Broad  Church."  An  address  by 
hims^f  to  **  The  Scope  and  Method  of  Political  Charles  H.  Spurgeon  was  entitled  '*  The  Greatest 
Economy,"  and  R.  H.  Inglis  Palgrave  issued  the  Fight  in  the  World,"  and  from  the  great  preacher 
first  part  of  a  *'  Dictionary  of  Political  Econ-  we  have  also  sermons,  as  from  Liddon,  Cheyne, 
omy,'' to  be  completed  in  12  parts.  Part  II  of  Mcljaren,  Lightfoot,  and  several  other  emi- 
Vol.  II  of  "  The  Theory  of  Credit,"  by  Henry  nent  divines.  Rev,  G.  Matheson  made  a  careful 
Dunning  Macleod,  was  issued.  **  National  Life  analysis  of  '*  The  Spiritual  Development  of  St 
and  Thought  of  the  Various  Nations  through-  Paul."  Descending  to  the  practical,  we  have  **  A 
out  the  World,"  a  series  of  addresses  by  the  late  Text-book  of  the  Science  of  Brewing,"  by  E. 
J.  E.  Thorold  Rogers,  Erikr  Magnusson,  and  oth-  Ralph  Moritz  and  George  Harris  Morris ;  notes 
ers,  was  designed  to  give  information  in  a  pop-  on  **  Epidemic  Influenza,"  its  origin  and  method 
ular  form,  and  **  Studies  in  Statistics,"  by  Geor^  of  spreading,  by  Richard  Sisley,  M.  D.,  and 
Blundell  Longstafl,  performed  the  same  ofiOice  m  "  Diphtheria :  its  Natural  History  and  Preven- 
a  different  manner.  "  The  Oxford  Movement,"  tion, '  by  R.  Thome  Thome,  being  the  Milroy 
by  the  late  Dean  Churoh,  covered  the  twelve  Lectures  before  the  Royal  College  of  Physicians 
years  from  1833  to  1845,  and  Dr.  B.  F.  Westcott  of  London  for  1891.  '*  Racine  Reminiscences 
furnished  "  Essays  in  the  History  of  Religious  and  Experiences  of  the  Turf,  by  Sir  George 
Thought  in  the  West"  Gold  win  Smith  dis-  Chetwynd,  in  two  volumes,  and  "'Turf  Celebri- 
cussed  '*  Canada  and  the  Canadian  Question,"  and  ties  I  have  known,"  by  William  Day,  delighted 
"  Canadian  Studies  in  Comparative  Politics  "  were  s{>ortsmen,  who  also  received,  in  the  "  Badmington 
made  by  John  George  Bourinot.  "  The  Ele-  Librarv,"  "  Riding  and  Polo,"  from  Robert  Weir, 
ments  oi  Politics "  were  exhaustively  discussed  and  **  Famous  wAl  Links,"  from  several  ex- 
by  Prof.  Henry  Sidgwick,  and  "Teaching  in  ports.  W.  A.  Kerr  published  "Practical  Horse- 
Three  Continents  "  was  reviewed  by  W.  Caton  manship  "  and  "  Riding  for  Ladies,"  and  Alfred 
Grasby  from  personal  observation.  "  Modem  Hutton  a  manual  for  teacher  and  pupil  called 
Customs  and  Ancient  Laws  of  Russia  "  were  the  "  The  Swordsman." 

theme  of  six  lectures  delivered  at  Oxford,  by       Poetry. — "  The  Light  of  the  World,"  by  Sir 

Maxime  Kovalevsky,  as  was  "  The  Little  Manx  Edwin  Arnold,  long  expected  and  hailed  'with 

Nation,"  of  the  Royal  Institution  Lectures,  by  T.  wide  acclaim,  j>ro veil  somewhat  disappointing. 

Hall  Caine.    "The  Lesson  of  the  Revolution"  Volumes  of  "Poems"  by  Ruskin  and  Leckyat- 

was  impressed   on  his   fellow-countrymen   by  tracted  some  attention  because  of  the  fame  of 

David  Balsillie.    J.  R.  Fisher  and  J.  A.  Strahan  their   authors   as  prose   writers.     "  Narrative 

rendered  lasting  benefit  by  setting  forth  lucidly  Poems  "  and  "  Lyncal  Poems,"  by  Alfred  Aus- 

"  The  Law  of  the  Press,"  while  "  The  Pentateucn  tin,  are  pronounced  the  most  varied,  sponta- 

of  Printing,  with  a  Chapter  on  Judges,"  by  neous,  and  attractive  of  his  verse;   and  an- 

William  Buides,  undertook  in  a  somewhat  fanci-  other  volume  of  rare  merit  was  "  Renascence," 

fill  manner  to  trace  the  rise  and  development  of  by  Walter  Crane.     Frederick  Tennyson  pub- 

the  art.     The  appearance  of  "Justice:  being  lished   "Daphne    and    other    Poems."     "The 

Part  II  of  the  Principles  of  Ethics,"  by  Herbert  Shorter  Poems  of  Robert  Bridges  "  were  received 

Spencer,  was  welcomed  in  the  intellectual  world,  with  favor ;  Lord  Honghtoirs  "  Stray  Verses, 

Tne  GLfford  Lectures  for  1890  before  the  Uni-  1889-1890,"  recall  his  father  in  some  measure; 

versity  of  Glas^w  by  Prof.  F.  Max  Mfiller  were  and  from  Robert  Buchanan  came  "  The  Outcast, 

upon  "  Physictu  Religion,"  following  the  former  a  Rhyme  for  the  Times."    William  Sharp  fol- 

series  delivered  by  him  in  1888  upon  "  Natural  lowed  Walt  Whitman  in  "  Sospiri  di  Roma " ; 

Religion."    Those  upon  the  same  foundation  for  "  In  the  Valhalla,"  by  J.  T.  Geddes,  attracted 

1891  were  from  Prof.  Sir  G.  G.  Stokes,  M.  P.,  attention  as  the  effort'of  a  working  man ;  Rev.  J. 

upon  "  Natural  Theology."    The  Bampton  Lect-  F.  Langbridge  produced  "  The  Cracked  Pid- 

ures  for  1891  were  by  Rev.  Charles  Gk)re,  who  die " ;  and  other  volumes  which  possessed  merit 

in  1890  edited  "Lux  Mundi,"and  were  upon  in  varied  directions  were  "A  Light  Load,"  bv 

"  The  Incarnation  of  the  Son  of  God."     The  Dolly  Radford ;  "  Michael  Villiers,  Idealist,  and 

additions  to  the  "  Expositor's  Bible "  were  six,  other  Poems,"  by  Emily  Hickey ;  "  Charybdis 

namely:    "The  General  Epistles  of  St.  James  and  other  Poems,"  by  Helen   M.  Waitbman; 

and  St  Jude,"  by  Rev.  Alfred  Plummer ;  "  The  "  The  March  of  Man,"  by  Alfred  Hayes ;  "  Glean- 

Gospel  of  St  John,"   by  Rev.  Marous  Dods;  ings,"  by  E,  L.  Tomfln;  "Verses  Grave  and 

"The  Acts  of  the  Apostles,"  by  Rev.  G.  T.  Gay,"  by  Ellen  Thomycroft  Fowler;  and  Aus- 


LITEBATURB,  BRITISH,  IN  1891.  431 

tnlian  "Songs  from  the  South/'  by  J.  B.  Morris;  "Across  the  Border;  or,  Fathan  and 
O'Hara;  while  "Younger  American  Poets,  1830-  Biloch,"  by  E.  E.  Oliver ;  "A  Summer  in  KiefE, 
1^,"  were  edited  by  Douglas  Sladen,  with  an  or  Sunny  Days  in  Southern  Russia,"  by  Isabel 
appendix  of  "  Younger  Caniuiian  Poets."  "  The  Morris ;  **  In  Troubadour  Land :  a  Ramble  in 
Poets  and  Poetry  of  the  Century,**  edited  by  Provence  and  Languedoc,"  by  S.  Baring-Gould ; 
Alfred  H.  lilies,  to  be  completed  in  ten  vol-  "  The  Countrv  of  the  Vosges "  and  "  Watering 
ames,  had  four  ii^sued  in  1891,  covering  "Crabbe  Places  of  the  Norumbega,"  by  Henry  W.  Wolff; 
to  Coleridge,"  "Southev  to  Shelley,"  "Keats  to  "New  China  and  Old:  Personal  Recollections 
Edward,  I^rd  Lytton,  and  "  William  Morris  to  and  Observations  of  Thirty  Years,"  by  the  ven- 
Robert  Buchanan."  Andrew  Lang  edited  "  The  erable  Arthur  E.  Moule;*and  "With  Gordon 
Bine  Poetry  Book,"  and  W.  E.  Henley  "  Lyra  in  China,"  letters  from  Thomas  Lyster,  lieuten- 
Heroica."  "Elizabethan  Songs  in  Honour  of  ant  R. E.,  edited  by  E.  A.  Lyster,  possessed  a 
Love  and  Beautie,"  collected  and  illustrated  by  varied  interest  and  found  many  reaaers,  as  did 
Edward  H.  Garrett,  had  an  introduction  by  An-  "  Russian  Traits  and  Terrors."  a  faithful  picture 
drew  Lang.  A  cheap  edition  of  the  "  Poetical  of  the  Russia  of  to-day,  by  E.  B.  Lanin  (the  col- 
Works  of  Dante  Gaoriel  Rossetti "  was  made,  lective  signature  of  seVeral  writers  in  the  "  Fort- 
snd  •*  Poems,"  by  Mrs.  Archer  Clive,  were  re-  nightly  Keview "),  with  an  ode  by  Algernon 
printed,  with  adoitions,  after  fifty  years.  Charles  Swinburne.  "  The  Melanesians,"  by  R, 
Tojrages  and  Travels. — Among  the  most  H.  Codrington,  was  devoted  mainly  to  anthro- 
promment  books  of  the  year  in  this  department  pology  and  folk  lore.  "  My  Canadian  Journal," 
were:  "  Japonica,"  three  papers  originally  writ-  d^  the  Marchioness  of  Dufferin  and  Ava,  con- 
ten  for  "Scribner's  Magazme,"  by  Sir  £Sdwin  sisted  of  extracts  from  letters  written  home  dur- 
Amold,  collected  into  a  niuidsome  volume,  with  ing  the  six  years  Lord  Dufferin  was  Governor- 
illustrations  from  life,  and  "  Seas  and  Lands,"  a  General  of  the  province.  Cecil  Roberts  described 
series  of  letters  also  from  his  pen  to  the  London  work  and  adventure  in  the  States  in  "  Adrift  in 
**  Daily  Telegraph "  from  both  America  and  America."  George  Broke,  "  With  Sack  and 
Japan.  "The  SStory  of  the  Rear  Column  of  the  Stock  in  Alaska/*  and  H.  W.  Seton  Karr,  "  Bear 
Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedition,"  edited  by  Mrs.  Hunting  in  the  White  Mountains,"  made  them- 
James  S.  Jameson,  and  "My  Person^  Experi-  selves  very  entertaining,  and  Max  O'Rell  (Paul 
ences  in  Equatorial  Africa  as  Medical  Officer  of  Blouet)  talked  of  himself  as  "  A  Frenchman 
the  Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedition,"  by  Dr.  T.  in  America."  T.  Fitzpatrick  took  "  A  Transat- 
H.  Parke,  practicaUy,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  closed  lantic  Holiday"  in  the  Eastern  States,  and 
the  unfortunate  controversy  of  last  year.  From  "  Dark  Days  in  Chile "  was  an  account  of  the 
Jane  P.  Moir  we  have  "  A  Lady's  Letters  from  revolution  of  1891,  by  M,  H.  Hervey.  Hume 
Central  Africa,"  and  from  L.  Monteith  Fother-  Kisbet  filled  two  volumes  with  the  travels  and 
ingh&m,  "Adventures  in  Nyassaland,"  a  two  adventures  of  "  A  Colonial  Tramp  "  in  Australia 
years*  struggle  with  Arab  slave  dealers  in  the  and  New  Guinea;  "Vicissitudes  of  Bush  Life  in 
same  region.  "  Home  Life  on  an  Ostrich  Farm,"  Australia  and  New  Zealand  "  were  recounted  by 
by  Mrs.  Annie  Martin,  was  one  of  the  most  Dugald  Ferguson ;  G.  E.Manneringwent  "Witn 
striking  descriptions  of  South  Africa  ever  Axe  and  Rope  in  the NewZealand  Alps";  "The 
penned,  and  attracted  wide  attention.  Ronald  Golden  Lake,"  by  W.  C.  Dawe,  told  the  marvel- 
dmith  was  at  home  in  the  "  Great  Gold  Lands  ous  history  of  a  journey  through  the  great  lone 
of  South  Africa,"  and  B.  P.  Mathers  dwelt  upon  land  of  Australia ;  Robert  Wallace  described 
"Zambesia:  England's  El  Dorado  in  Africa."  "  The  Rural  Economy  and  Agriculture  of  Aus- 
"  Life  in  Ancient  Egypt  and  Assyria,"  by  G.  tralia  and  New  Zealand " ;  and  W.  D.  Pitcairn 
Maspero,  and  "  Pharaons,  Fellahs,  and  Explor-  narrated  his  experience  in  "  Two  Years  among 
ere,  a  series  of  lectures  delivered  by  Miss  Amelia  the  Savages  of  New  Guinea."  "  My  Three  Yeara 
B.  Edwards  in  the  United  States  in  1880,  were  in  Manipur  and  Escape  from  the  Recent  Muti- 
of  special  value.  Henry  C.  Barkley  took  "A  ny  "  was  thrillingly  told  by  Mrs.  Ethel  St.  Clair 
Ride  through  Asia  Minor  and  Annenia,"  and  Grimwood ;  "  A  Month  in  a  Dandi "  was  the 
H.  de  Windt  "  A  Ride  to  India  Across  Persia  record  of  a  woman's  wanderings  in  northern  In- 
Md  fieloochistan."  "Journeys  in  Persia  and  dia,  by  Christina  S.  Bremmer,  and  "Young  In- 
Kardistan,"  by  Isabella  L.  Bird  (Mrs.  Bishop),  dia "  was  the  title  given  a  series  of  lettera 
included  a  summer  in  the  Upper  Karun  region  written  to  the  "Pall  Mall  Gazette"  during  a 
And  a  Tisit  to  the  Nestorian  Kayans ;  Miss  Ellen  political  tour  in  India  in  the  winter  of  1890-*01 
Miller  went  "Alone  through  Syria";  Rose  by  W.  S.  Caine.  J.  J.  Hissey  went  "Across 
Monteiro  described  "  Delagoa  Bay :  its  Natives  England  in  a  Dog-cart "  from  London  to  St. 
and  Natural  History";  J.  Foreman,  "The  Phil-  David's  and  back,  and  William  R.  Hughes  took 
Jppine  Islands" ;  and  Mrs.  Dora  Hoyt,  "Tahiti:  "A  Week's  Tramp  in  Dickens-land,"  collecting 
the  Garden  of  the  Pacific."  Other  women  who  reminiscences  of  the  "  inimitable  Boz."  Accorcl- 
traveled  and  described  their  travels  during  the  ing  to  V.  Cecil  Cotes,  "  Two  Girls  on  a  Barge  '* 
year  were  Mrs.  Oliphant,  who  visited  "  Jerusa-  made  a  trip  on  the  Thames  and  through  some  of 
km,"  and  Charlotte  Elizabeth  Riddell,  who  the  canals  of  England,  and  R.  Brougham  en- 
made  **A  Mad  Tour,  or  a  Journey  undertaken  joyed  his  "Cruise  in  Friesland  Broads." 


Piozzi,  were  furnished  with  an  introduction  by  lar,"  together  with  the  corresponding  figures  for 

the  Countess  Evelyn  Montenengo  Cesaresco.    "  A  1890,  printed  in  parallel  columns  for  the  purpose 

Girl  in  the  Karpathians,"  by  M^nie  Muriel  Nor-  of  rendering  comparison  easy.  It  will  be  ooserved 

i>>Ba;  **  Peeps  at  Portugal,"  by  W.  O'Connor  that  the  totals  present  only  a  slight  difference : 


432 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891. 


DIVISIONS. 


Tbeolosy,  sermoDS,  biblicul,  ote. 

Educatioaal,  classical,  and  phllo- 
lo^cal 

Jnvonile  works  and  tales 

Novels,  tales,  and  other  fiction. . 

Lafv,  Jurisprudence,  etc 

Political  aDd  social  economy, 
trade,  and  commeroe 

Arts,  idenoes,  and  iilostrated 
works 

Yoyagea,  travels,  gecMnraphlcal 
research 

History,  biography,  etc 

Puetrir  and  the  drama 

Year-Dooks  and  serials  in  vols. . . 

Medicine,  surgery,  etc 

Belles-lettres,  easays,  mono- 
graphs, etc 

Hisceilaneous,  tneludlng  pam- 
phlets, not  sermons 


1890. 


Il 


655 

615 
448 

8S1 
40 

87 

64 

18S 
294 
114 
818 
14S 

in 

611 


4,414 


158 

88 

96 

888 

89 


19 

89 
9T 

74 

1 

60 

191 

100 


1,821 
4,414 


6,786 


1801. 


li 


620 

687 

848 

898 

61 

105 

86 


828 

146 
810 
120 

181 

689 


4,429 


107 

107 

99 

820 

48 

81 

81 

88 

66 
66 

6 
65 

138 

143 


1,277 
4,429 


6,706 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  189L 

During  the  present  year  literature  has  flourished, 
on  the  whole,  and  manifested  about  its  usual 
rigor.  The  state  of  politioal  and  civil  affairs 
was  mostly  favorable,  and  authors  and  publish- 
ers availed  themselves  thereof  with  profit  in  both 
directions.  We  give  the  record,  as  heretofore, 
in  the  alphabetic^  order  of  countries  on  the 
Continent  of  Europe. 

Belgium.  —  History  and  historical  research 
maintain  in  Belgium  the  hie^h  position  of  former 
years.  M.  Piot,  Keeper  of  the  National  Records, 
nas  printed  Vol.  Vlll  of  the  "  Correspondence 
of  Cardinal  Granville,"  who  was  a  somewhat  fa- 
mous ecclesiastic  in  the  Low  Countries  when 
religious  troubles  broke  out  under  Philip  II.  M. 
Vander  Ilaeghen,  M.  Arnold,  and  M.  Vanden 
Berghe  are  continuing  the  publication  of  the 
admirable  bibliography  of  the  Low  Countries, 
entitled  *<  Bibliotheca  Belgica."  So  valuable 
was  the  work  esteemed  to  be  that  it  secured  the 
quinquennial  prize  of  5,000  francs  awarded  by 
ttie  Belgian  Government  for  the  best  publication 
of  the  year  dealing  with  national  history.  A 
Jesuit  father,  C.  Sommervogel,  has  undertaken 
to  supply  a  work  of  hardly  less  importance,  to 
be  issued  under  the  title  of  "  Bibiotneque  de  la 
Compagnie  de  Jdsus."  M.  Nameche,  the  veteran 
worker  in  this  department,  has  brought  out  two 
new  volumes  of  his  large  "Cours  d'Histoire 
Nationale,"  begun  in  18^,  and  now  nearly  fin- 
ished. Canon  Daris,  also  a  veteran  laborer  in 
this  field,  has  added  a  new  volume  to  his  *^  His- 
tory of  the  Diocese  and  Principality  of  Li^." 
The  most  important  contribution  to  Belgian 
history  is  pronounced  to  be  the  *'  Introduction  & 
THistoire  des  Institutions  de  la  Belgique  au 
Moyen  Age,"  by  Prof.  L.  Vanderkindere,  of  the 
University  of  Brussels.  The  author  has  brought 
the  narrative  down  to  the  Treaty  of  Verdun  in 
843.  Under  the  title  of  "La  Renaissance  des 
Lettres  et  TEssor  de  TErudititm  Ancienne  en 
Belgique,"  Prof.  Felix  Neve,  of  the  University 
of  Louvain,  has  collected  in  a  volume  essays 
previously  printed   on   Erasmus,  Sir  Thomas 


More,  and  some  other  humanists  of  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries,  who  left  marks  of 
their  influence  on  the  literature  of  the  Low  Coun- 
tries.   Pupils  of  the  state  universities  at  Liege 
and  Ghent  have  shown  zeal  and  ability  in  various 
historical  publications,  such   as  the  "Quarrel 
about  Investitures  in  the  Dioceses  of  Liege  and 
Cambray  (1075-1 107),"  by  M.  A.  Cauchie,  of  Lou- 
vain,  and  the  "  Election  of  Pope  Clement  V,''  bv 
M.  L.  Leclerc,  of  Brussels.    In  connection  witii 
these  historical  notes  we  must  not  omit  to  state 
that  two  eminent  workers  have  been  taken  away 
by  death,  viz..  Baron  de  Lettenhove,  who  was  just 
flnishing  the  ninth  volume  of  valuable  records 
relating  to  the  Low  Countries  and  England  dur- 
ing the  reign  of  Philip  II,  and  M.  Van  Weddin- 
ghen,  court  almoner,  and  distinguished  among 
the  Roman  Catholic  clergy  of  Beleium,  who  was 
at  work  to  the  very  last.    Weddinghen  was  in 
the  prime  of  life,  while  Lettenhove  was  seyenty- 
four  years  old.    In  political  economy  M.  £.  Ma- 
haim,  though  a  bcKmner,  has  shown  real  ability 
in  sketching  annals  of  the  colleges  of  Roman 
artisans,  of  the  corporations   of  workmen  in 
the  middle  ages,  and  under  the  aneien  regimt, 
of  the  professional  syndicates  in  France,  the 
trade  unions  in  England,  the  societies  of  work> 
men  in  Germany  and  Austria,  and  the  profes- 
sional unions  of  Belgium.    Baron  H.  de  Rover 
de  Dour*s  book  on  "Workmen's  Dwellings  in 
Belgium,"    with   appropriate    plates,    was   es- 
teemed to  be  so  good  that  it  was  crowned  by 
the  Royal  Academy.     M.  E.  de  Layeleye  has 
issued  an  interesting  monograph  on  "  La  Mon- 
naie  et  le  Bim^talisme  InternationaU"  and  has 
also  brought  out  new  and  revised  editions  of  his 
"  Contemporary  Socialism  "  and  "  Property  and 
its  Primitive  Forms."    M.  de  Harlez's  mono- 
graph on  "  The  Modem  Philosophical  School  of 
China "  is  noteworthy,  as  is  also  Prof.  P.  Hoff- 
man's volume  "  Religion  bas6e  sur  la  Morale.* 
The  topic  is  rather  new  on  the  Continent,  and 
the  author  draws  material  from  American  writ- 
ers as  to  the  point  of  framing  a  new  relieion 
based  mainly  on  morality  and  the  like,    xhe 
book  is  practically  a  supplement  to  Count  G. 
d'Alviella's  "  Contemporary  Religious  Evolution 
among  the  English,  Americans,  and  Hindus,** 
published  in  1884,  and  spoken  of  at  that  date. 
A  work  by  Messrs.  L.  and  E.  de  Taye,  on  "  The 
Plastic  Arts  in  Belgium,"  has  been  considered 
worthy  of  the  prize  of  25,000  francs  founded  by 
Leopold  II.    A  superbly  illustrated  volume  on 
towers  and  belfries  nas  attracted  much  attention. 
In  belles-lettres  "Young  Belgium"  still  stands 
prominent,  and  both  claims  and  receives  a  large 
share  of  public  consideration.    The  chief  of  the 
school.  Max  Waller,  died  a  year  ago.    M.  Mae- 
terlinck, a  Flemins^  of  Ghent,  brought  out  a  play. 
"  La  Princesse  Maleine,"  in  the  summer,  wntten 
in  French,  about  which  the  Paris  "Figaro" 
talked  very  extravagantly,  even  averring  that  it 
was  "  superior  to  the  best  of  Shakespeare's  " !  Lit- 
erature in  the  Flemish  language  continues  to 
flourish  in  verse  and  prose.    Several  works  of 
the  year  have  attained  popularity^,  such  as  M. 
Gittens's  historical  drama  of  the  times  of  Napo- 
leon I,  "  De  Maire  van  Antwerpen,"  M.  Stvns's 
little  volume  "  In  de  Ton,"  M.  Brans's  "  GeSich- 
ten  in  Proza,"  etc     M.  F.  de  Potter  has  done 
service  to  archeology  in  adding  a  new  volume  to 


LITERATURB,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891.  438 

his  history  of  the  bnildings  and  streets  of  Ghent.  Votes  "  is  an  historical  romance  by  the  chief  Bo- 
M.  L  Vaylsteke*s  dissertations  on  the  ArteTel-  hemian  novelist  of  the  present  day,  Alois  Jir&- 
des,  etc.,  are  highly  commended  by  the  critics,  sek.  The  period  is  the  fifteenth  century,  and 
Prof.  J.  VercoaUie,  of  the  Uniyersity  of  Ghent,  the  story  is  well  calculated  to  arouse  Bohemian 
has  famished  an  excellent "  Etymologisch  Woor-  ratriotism.  Shorter  historical  stories  are  J. 
denboek  der  Nederlandsche  Taal,"  in  which  is  ^rann's  **  In  Olden  Times "  and  B.  Brodsky's 
prored  the  reyival  of  Germanic  philology,  of  late  **  Ze  Zrucskych  Matrik."  Amon^  tales  of  mod- 
languishing  in  Belgium.  The  poet  of  West  em  life  much  praised  are :  S.  Hel]er*s  effective 
Flanders,  Albert  Rodenbach,  has  be^n  well  treated  story  ^  The  Romance  of  the  Battle  Field,'*  F.  He- 
of  by  M.  F.  Vanden  Weghe,  and  an  industri-  rites's  "  Nobility  of  a  Borough,"  V.  Vleck's  last 
oos  school-master  near  Ghent  has  written  a  book  work,  ^  The  Black  Lake,"  and  I.  Hermann's  real- 
on  **  Medical  Folk  Lore  "  of  Flanders,  said  by  istic  stor^  in  four  parts,  **  At  the  Ruined  Shop," 
the  critics  to  be  well  worthy  of  its  theme.  The  in  the  city  of  Prague.  In  shorter  tales  and 
Willems-Fonds  have  brought  out  a  capital  first  sketches  the  romantic  school  prevails,  with  real- 
Tolame  for  the  study  of  popular  poetry,  entitled  ism  now  and  then  appearing.  These  are  very 
**  Nederlandsch  Lieilerboek."  It  contains  patri-  numerous,  too  numerous,  in  fact,  for  us  to  give 
otic  and  local  ehansoM  (texts  and  melodies)  from  even  titles  here.  The  drama  has  been  enriched 
the  sixteenth  century  to  the  present  time,  such  this  year  by  several  works  of  merit.  "  The 
as  songs  of  the  Gneux  in  revolt  against  Spanish  Bracelet "  is  a  capital  comedy  in  one  act,  by  E. 
tvnuiny,  national  lyrics  of  Flanders,  Holland,  Bozdech,  who  died  suddenly  since  last  year*8 
the  Orange  Free  State,  and  the  Transvaal,  the  record.  J.  Vrchlicky's  comedy  "  The  Ears  of 
song  of  l^res,  etc.  A  second  volume  is  soon  to  Midas  "  is  highly  spoken  of,  while  a  tragedy  by 
appear,  containing  medinval  ballads,  love  songs,  the  same  author,  **  Love  and  Death,"  taken  from 
cmldren's  ditties,  and  the  like,  under  the  editor-  Spanish  history,  is  said  to  be  destitute  of  dra- 
ship  of  M.  Florimond  van  Duyse,  a  very  com-  matic  interest.  Other  productions  named  with 
petent  authority  on  Flemish  music.  favor  are  A.  Jir^k's  "  Vojnarka  "  (Bohemian 
Bohemia.— ^>ur  record  of  the  year  shows  that  country  life),  G.  Preissova's  **  Gazdina  Roba " 
there  has  been  more  than  usual  activity  in  liter-  (life  among  the  Slovenes  in  Moravia),  V.  Stech*8 
atnre  in  Bohemia.  Bv  the  side  of  older  schools  "  Gold  Rain  "  (social  life),  and  IC.  Pippich's 
of  thought,  designated  by  the  critics  as  *'  roman-  "  Visionary  Greatness."  For  the  most  part  the 
tically  patriotic  and  pessimistic,"  has  sprung  up  verdict  is  that  the  drama  has  been  but  slightlj 
a  realistic  movement  of  much  interest.  I^rric  affected  by  realism.  In  the  departments  of  sci- 
poetry,  on  the  whole,  is  less  renaarkable  than  in  ence,  philosophy,  and  theology  we  have  no  ma- 

theMil 

rears' toiL    THe  critics  give  only  faint  praise  to  established  reputations.'    H.  Drach'mann,  who 

the  book,  while  acknowledging  its  love  of  free-  had  rather  fallen  in  public  estimation,  has  re- 

dom  and  art.    Another  poet,  Vojtech  Pakosta,  newed  his  popularity  by  a  collection  of  lyric 

in  his  **  Forest  Walks,"  shows  greater  power,  Pjems  and  bjr  a  new  romance,  *•  Forskrevet." 

and  delineates  nature  with  rare  skill  and  ability.  This  is  described  as  being  remarkable  for  a 

The  pessimistic  school  is  represented  by  Jar.  masterly  i)]cture  of  the  author's  self  under  two 

Vrchlicky's  "  Voices  in  the  Desert,"  similar  to  personalities,  and  for  keen,  rapier-like  thrusts  at 

the  productions  of  Jos.  V.  Sliidek  noted  last  year,  men  and  things,  as  well  as  for  pictures  of  fasci- 

"A  Day  of  Bliss,"  by  the  gifted  Bohdan  Eamiu-  nating  beautv  and  perspicuity.    Besides   this, 

sky,  evinces  deep  feeling,  but  in  general  is  too  Drachmann  has  issued  a  volume  of  fresh  and 

melancholy  in    tone  for  most  readers.    F.  X.  entertaining  matter,  *'Tarvis:   Tales  from  the 

Svoboda's  patriotic  "In  our   Atmosphere"  is  Alps  of  Carinthia,"  and  a  series  of  sketches, 

sharply  criticised  as  weak  in  thought  as  well  as  in  **  Troldtoj  "  (with  appropriate  drawings  b3r  ^ood 

descriptive  power.    Several  of  the  younger  poets  artists),  of   well-known    popular   superstitions. 


and  Z.  Janko-Dvorsky's  **  Floating  Clouds  "  are  rences  "  give  clear  glimpses  into  the  limitations 

pronounced  to  be  approximating  so  nearly  to  the  of  life  and  the  depths  of  the  human  soul,  the 

extreme  of  naturalism  as  to  be  devoid  of  all  po-  former  painting  more  broadly,  the  latter  more 

etic  illusion  or  ideaL    The  most  noteworthy  real-  minutely  and  delicately,  after  the    manner  of 

ist  is  A.  Sova,  who  writes  under  the  pseudonym  verses  which  he  published  two  years  ago  under 

"  Ilja  Georgov.''    The  critics  give  him  credit  for  the  title  of  "  A  Purgatory."  C.  Ewald's  "  Erotik  " 

powerful  individuality,  and  much  good  fruit  is  is  said  to  evince  subtle  skill  in  analyzing  and 

expected  in  due  time.    Patriotic  poems  are  not  depicting  love  in  its  different  shapes.     Thor 

numerous  or  of  much  account.    The  pessimistic  Lange,  L.  Petersen,  and  A.  E.  Betzonick  are 

Khool  has  been  unusually  active.    Karel  Ku-  spoken  of  as  only  in  part  successful.    The  num- 

cera  has  published  a  collection  of  **  Lost  Stars,"  ber  of  novels  and  tales  is  as  large  as  usual.    Of 

in  which  are  united  old  Greek  legends  with  pa-  these,  the  critics  praise  Capt.  P.  F.  Rist's  *'Sol- 

triotic  motives  and  medisBval  lore.    The  critics  diers,"  a  collection  of  short  tales ;  S.  Schan- 

praised  B.  Karainsky's  tale  ••  MA  TatAna,"  J.  dorph's  two  volumes  of  tales,  "  From  Abroad 

Zeyer's  "A  Tale  of  Charlemagne,"  K.  Leger's  and  from    Home"   and  "On   Journeys";    P. 

tale  in  verse,  "In  Retirement,"  and  M.Cervinka's  Mariager's  "The  Queen  of  Cyrene,  and  other 

**  Hynek."    Works  of  fiction  have  been  numer-  Antique  Tales " ;  and  0.  Madsen's  "  A  Hole  in 

ous  this  year  and  of  good  quality.    "  The  Three  the  Ice,  and  other  Tales."     Several  beginners 

you  zxzi.— 28  A 


434  LITERATURE,  CONTINEKTAL,  IN  1891. 

have  tried  their  hands,  but  to  little  purpose,  ing,  and  K.  Giellerup  with  R,  Wapier.    Of  new 

New  novels  have  been  published  by  H.  F.  Ewald,  books  of  travel,  favorable  mention  is  made  of  the 

Holm-Hansen,  C.  Mailer,  P.  C.  v.  d.  Burgh,  J.  "JoumevinPour  Parts  of  the  World,"  by  Irgen&- 

Meyer,  B.  Elmeaard,  etc.     In  verse  there  is  Bergh  (illustrated) ;  "  A  Trip  to  Norway,"  by  K- 

nothing  deraandmg  special  mention.     Nik-B5gh  Arentzen ;  and  Capts.  Martmi  and  Schoenberg*s 

has  brought  out  **  Reminiscences  and  Melodies  " ;  "  Two  Danish  Travellers  on  the  Congo."     in  the 

V.  R5se,  a  narrative  poem,  "  Master  Dubitans" ;  department  of  philosophy,  of  little  account  this 


erable  talent.  In  the  drama,  Mrs.  E.  Gad's  new  "  -Esthetics  and  Life,"  by  A.  C.  Larsen.  Two 
comedies,  *•  A  Warning "  and  "  A  Silver  Wed-  small  volumes,  in  aid  of  the  study  and  under- 
ding,"  mark  an  advance ;  both  were  received  with  standing  of  the  Bible,  according  to  more  "  ad- 
applause  in  the  theatre.  G.  Esmann's  **  In  the  vanced^  criticism,  have  been  brought  out,  viz^ 
Province"  was  also  successful,  and  an  anony-  "The  Childhood  and  Youth  of  Jesus''  and 
mous  comedy,  "At  Gotham,"  is  praised,  fi.  "Jesus  in  G^alilee."  A  volume  or  two  of  ecclesi- 
Christiansen,  well  known  in  this  department,  astical  controversies  have  appeared,  coming  from 
has  published  "  Idle  Tales,"  a  clever  comedv,  and  two  theological  professors,  H.  Scharling  and  P. 
"  Peter  Plus,"  a  romantic  fairy  play.     Tne  au-  Nielsen. 

thor  who  writes  under  the  pseudonym  "  Wolde-  France.— Politics  have  had  some  though  not 
mar"  has  issued  a  play, "  Gregers,"  in  which  the  much  effect  upon  literature  this  year  in  France, 
seventeenth-century  people  and  style  of  speech  Students  of  history  proper  have  been  occupied 
are  brought  to  the  front.  K.  Gjellerup's  new  to  a  large  extent  with  memoirs,  journals,  etc..  in 
tragedy  "  Herman  Vandel "  is  held  to  be  in  search  after  facts  and  sound  views  and  conclu- 
measure  a  failure.  "  King  Waldemar,"  a  lyrical  sions;  while,  in  what  is  called  pure  literature, 
drama,  by  Anna  Brslev  ("  A.  Borch  ")  is  a  success,  public  sentiment  is  awakened,  and  novelists, 
and  is  accompanied  by  a  treatise  on  Danish  his-  oeing  tired  of  psychological  fiction,  are  disposed 
torical  plays.  In  history,  attention  has  been  to  return  to  tne  older  opinion  about  romance 
confined  to  Denmark  and  Norway.  One  vol-  and  its  proper  form.  In  our  last  year's  record 
ume  only,  "  The  Fall  of  Robespierre,"  by  L.  P.  we  simply  noted  that  Renan  had  published  VoL 
Toft,  deals  with  foreign  history.  Prof.  E.  Holm's  III  of  his  "History  of  Israel."  The  volume 
"Denmark-Norway,  1720-1780,"  is  very  valuable,  comprises  the  prophets  and  Babylonish  captiv- 
The  aged  historian  F.  Barford  has  begun,  in  ity.  Critics  generally  are  in  raptures  over  the 
continuation  of  a  previous  work,  "  The  History  wonderful  erudition  and  profound  research  of 
of  Denmark,  153C-1670,"  and  R.  Petersen  has  the  writer.  A  few  others,  who  cling  to  the  old- 
collected  a  series  of  "  Reminiscences  from  the  fashioned  orthodox  view  of  Bible  history,  are  not 
Shore  of  the  Sound."  Two  books  add  to  the  satisfied  that  Renan  is  any  more  safe  here  in  his 
war  literature  of  the  country,  viz.,  "  A  Parson-  teaching  than  he  has  proved  to  be  in  his  former 
age  in  Sundeved  (Sleswick)  during  the  war  of  volumes.  M.  Taine  has  undertaken,  inhis'^Ori- 
1864,"  by  N.  L.  Fejlberg,  and  "  The  Chief  Physi-  gines  de  la  France  Contemporaine,"  to  set  forth 
oian,"  by  an  anonymous  writer,  an  old  army  and  prove  that  the  riffims  inaugurated  by  the 
chaplain.  Many  new  contributions  to  history  despotism  of  Napoleon  is  still  in  force,  and'  that 
have  been  made  in  the  form  of  biographies.  C.  he  was  really  "  the  architect  of  modem  France/' 
Blangstrup's  "  Christian  VII  and  Caroline  Ma-  Taine's  widespread  popularity  is  likely  to  lead 
thilde  "  is  well  done,  and  a  new  life  of  Christian  many  to  adopt  his  views  on  the  matter.  Some 
IV  is  under  way  by  L.  Beering  and  A.  Larsen.  of  the  critics  say  that  he  draws  extreme,  pessi- 
handsomely  illustrated.  The  life  of  the  naval  mistio  conclusions  from  the  proofs  of  Napo- 
hero  Tordenskiold  has  been  told  once  more  by  Icon's  selfishness,  which  selfishness  he  holds  to 
P.  Ancher.  To' these  mav  be  added  "  Reminls-  be  the  chief  characteristic  of  the  present,  times 
oences  of  C.  E.  Bardenfieth."  Minister  of  Justice  in  which  we  are  living.  M.  Ernest  Lavisse  (noted 
and  personal  friend  of  King  Frederick  VII.  last  year)  continues  his  studies  on  the  origin  of 
"  Personal  Events  of  a  Lone  Life,"  by  Rev.  V.  contemporary  Germany.  The  new  volume  con- 
Birkedahl,  is  valuable  for  politics,  theolo^^y,  and  tains  the  history  of  the  youth  of  Frederick  the 
literature.  Timely  also  are  J.  Michaclsen  s  "  My  Great.  His  pages  are  lively  and  picturesque, 
Contemporaries,"  Commodore  Wilde's  "  From  and  can  not  fail  to  interest  and  instruct  the 
Sea  and  Land,"  and  H.  Bang's  "  Ten  Years,"  reader.  Following  in  the  same  line  of  investi- 
containing  recent  experiences  as  author,  journal-  gation,  M.  Godefroy  Cavaignac  has  written  an 
ist,  etc.  G.  Brandes,  who  beg:an  his  elaborate  able  volume,  in  which  he  compares  the  internal 
work  on  "  Young  Germany  "  in  1871,  gives  a  evolution  of  Prussia  with  that  of  Prance  during 
sixth  volume,  in  which  he  concludes  his  "  Main  the  period  of  the  revolution.  M.  Cavaignac's 
Currents  in  the  Literature  of  the  Nineteenth  contribution  is  well  deserving  of  examination. 
Century."  K.  Madsen,  a  skillful  critic,  has  pub-  especially  as  he  draws  the  conclusion  that  in  the 
lished  the  first  volume  of  "  Dutch  Painting,"  internal  development  of  Prussia  is  to  be  found 
which  is  highly  commended.  Prof.  J.  Steenstrup  the  secret  of  her  strength.  Pere  Didon's  "  Life 
has  issued  a  treatise  on  "  Our  Popular  Ditties  of  of  Jesus  Christ "  met  with  unbounded  success  in 
the  Middle  Ages,"  giving  their  true  form,  age,  France,  edition  after  edition  being  issued.  It 
and  aosthetio  value.  F.  Ronning  has  brought  has  also  been  translated  into  English,  and  is 
out  a  second  volume  of  his  "  Aee  of  Rationalism  published  in  two  volumes  (with  illustrations)  by 
in  Denmark,"  devoted  to  Ewald  and  WesseL  J.  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  New  York.  Some  of  the 
Stefansson  deals  with  the  English  poet  Brown-  French  critics  treat  the  work  rather  cavalierly. 


LITEBATURB,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891.  435 

from  the  rationalistic  standpoint,  but  it  seems  tigue.Opportuniste.'*    A  translation  of  Stanley's 

Srobable  that  it  will  survive  all  attempts  to  bin-  **  in  Darkest  Africa  "  has  been  published  in  Paris, 

er  its  takinff  a  permanent  place  in  religious  The  critics  compare  this  volume  (in  favor  of  their 

literature.    M.  V.  Sardou's  drama  '*  Therraidor  "  own  countryman)  with  Captain  Trivier's  travels 

has  stirred  up  several  writers  to  discuss  the  mat-  and  experience  in  Central  Africa.    A  number  of 

ter  anew,  ana  it  is  instructive  to  note  how  much  minor  oooks  of  travel  has  appeared,  as  well  as 

heat  and  passion  are  evolved  at  the  same  time,  some  studies  in  geography.    Of  these  we  name 

M.  H.  Welchinger  has  brought  out  an  interest-  a  few,  such  as  Col.  Gallieni's  "  Deux  Campagnes 

ing  collection  of  studies  on  the  revolution,  un-  au  Soudan  Fran^ais,"  M.  Borelli's  account  of 

der  the  title  **  Le  Roman  de  Dumouriez.'*    The  his  travels  in  Ethiopia,  M.  V.  Cambon*s  "  Au- 

book  will  amuse  many,  if  it  do  not  really  benefit  tour  des  Balkans,"  M.  G.  Thomas's  "  Du  Dan- 

anjbody.     The  Comte  d'H^risson  has  studied  ube  k  la  Baltioue,"  M.  L.  Lager's  "Russe  et 

carefully  certain  points  of  contemporarv  history,  Slaves,"  M.  C.  Diehrs  "Excursions  Arch^lo- 

and  writes  about  them  in  his  own  peculiar  style,  siques  en  Gr^e."   Some  lively  pages  of  M.  Alex. 

Two  volames  are  the  result,  viz.,  "  Romance  of  Dumas  fils  are  in  print ;  M.  A.  Hculhard  pro- 

the  Prince  Imperial  '*  and  *'  Man-Hunting  "  (re-  nounces  a  eulogy  over  Rabelais ;  and  M.  Becque 

ferring  to  Algeria  and  what  occurred  there),  has  brought  out  afresh  his  "QuerellesLitt^^raires.*' 

Public  opinion  seems  to  be  that  the  count  has  Madame  A.  Barine  has  devoted  a  monograph  to 

told  his  stories  well  and  to  the  point.    A  work  the  author  of  Paul  and  Virginia,  in  which  are 

entitled  "  Political  Caricatures  in  France  during  several  refreshing  lights  thrown  upon  St.  Pierre's 

the  War,  the  Siege,  and  the  Commune  "  is  pain-  life  and  character.    Among  criticisms  of  artistic 

fully  suggestive  of  that  disastrous  time  in  France,  and  literary  works  mention  may  here  be  made  of 

A  few  of  the  various  historical  works  of  the  year  M.  L.  Gouze  on  "  L'Art  Gothique,"  M.  E.  Le- 

roav  here  be  noted,  such  as  M.  E.  Spuller*s  "  Par-  gouv^'s  excellent  essays  on  the  Education  of 

liamentary  History  of  the  Secona  Republic";  Girls,  M.  E.  Picard's  "Pentalogie  D^dente," 

Vol.  VI  of  M.  Perren's  "History  of  Florence";  Dr.  Chatelain's  "La  Folic  de  JT  J.  Rousseau." 

"History  of  Vend^  Angevine,"  by  M.  C.  Port ;  M.  A.  Sorel's  "Madame  de  Stael,"  and  M.  Paul 

"The  Clergy  under  the  Old  Regime,"  by  M.  E.  Ginisty's  "L'Ann^e  Litt^mire."    Numerous  vol- 

Meric ;  the  conclusion  of  M.  Wallon's  "  Les  Re-  umes  of  verse  have  been  produced  during  the 

presentants  da  Peuple  en  Mission  et  la  Justice  year;  some  of  these  are  of  more  than  average 

Kevolutionnaire " ;    M.    Lair's  "Nicolas   Fou-  merit,  although  the  ^ield  as  a  whole  is  hardly  sat- 

quet";   M.  V.  Foumers  "Men  of  the  Four-  isfactory.     "Le  Regne  du  Silence,"  by  M.  Ro- 

teenth  of  July";  M.  Debidour's  "Diplomatic  denbach,  is  praised  by  the  critics ;  the  "  Rfives  et 

History  of  Europe  " ;  M.  Grand-Carteret's  curi-  Impressions    of  M.  Ch.  No  are  said  to  be  in  vivid 

ons  study  of  Bismarck.    Note  also  is  properly  to  ana  thrilling  verse.    Others  are  mentioned  with 

be  made  that  memoirs  and  jounuUs  have  been  approval,  viz.,    "  £tudes  Antiaues,"  by  Messrs. 

extensively  studied,  and  ofttimes  with  excellent  Houbron  and  Daniaux :  "  Cenares  Chaudes,"  by 


memoirs  have  been  curtailed,  modified,  altered,  domain  of  fiction  Zola  seems  still  to  hold  pre- 

80  as  materially  to  injure  their  value  for  the  eminent  position.    His  latest  volume,  "L'Ar- 

purposes  of  the  history.    M.  Goncourt's  "  Jour-  gent,"  is  powerfully  written,  no  doubt,  but  it 

nal.  1870, 1871 "  does  not  satisfy  those  best  quali-  shows  too  much  of  the  author's  beastly  taste  to 

fied  to  judge  of  that  grievous  time  of  trial  and  be  spoken  of  except  with  mingled  inuignation 

shame  to  France,  especially  Paris.    The  corre-  and  disgust.    It  can  be  nothing  but  wicked  per- 

spondence  of  the  poet  Roucher,  published  by  M.  versity  which  leads  him  to  outrage  the  feelings 

A,  Guillois,  under  the  title  "  Pendant  la  Ter-  of  aH  decent  people  by  his  course.    M.  Guy  de 

rear  **— i.  e.,  during  the  siege  of  Paris— is  strik-  Maupassant  has  brought  out  in  his  latest  book, 

ingly  characteristic  of  French  ideas  and  mode  of  "  Notre  Coeur,"  a  psychological  study  over  which 

action  under  certain  contingencifes,  Itisimpossi-  the  critics  are  much  exercised,  ana  respecting 

ble  to  give  even  the  names  of  books  of  this  sort,  which  various  opinions  are  expressed.    M.  Paul 

some  of  which  are  of  value,  no  doubt,  but  a  con-  Bourget's  new  novel,  "  Un  Coeur  de  Femme,"  is 

siderable  number  is  nearly  worthless.    Memoirs  also  of  the  psychological-study  sort,  but  gives 

of  rarious  sorts  are  pretty  much  the  rage  now,  no  only  moderate  satisfaction.  "  Tartarin  is  Dead ! " 

matter,  apparently,  now  disgusting  from  a  moral  everybody  knows  now,  and  M.  Daudet  seems 

point  of  view,  how  frivolous,  or  how  useless  they  wise  in  having  brought  his  career  to  an  end. 

may  be.    Louis  XV  and  his  abominable  licen-  Possibly  had  he  not  done  so,  Tartarin  might 

tiousness.  Cardinal  Richelieu  and  his  shocking  have  killed  off  Daudet.    M.  Anatole  France's 

sbamelessness,  souvenirs  of  kings  and    nobles  "  Thais "  is  not  a  very  successful  effort  to  reha- 

more  or  less  vile,  or  inferior  men's  secret  me-  bilitate  the  famous  courtesan  of  that  name  in 

moirs— such  as  these  are  printed,  and  must  find  ancient  days.    Stories  connected  with  the  thca- 

rpaders,  or  they  would  not  be  printed.    In  po-  tre  and  actors  and  actresses  are  numerous,  but 

litieal  studies  a  work  of  real  merit  has  made  its  do  not  need  to  be  named  here.    M.  Andr6  Theu- 

appearance,  viz.,  "La  Politique  Franyaise  en  riet,  a  well-known  and  good  writer,  has  published 

Tunisie."    To  this  we  may  add  M.  A.  Lebon's  four  novels,  all  of  which  are  praised  by  the  crit- 

interesting  volume,  "fitudes  sur  TAllemagne  ics.    M.  F.  Fabre'e  "Xaviere"  is  said  to  be  a 

Politioue'*;  "La  Vie  Politique  &  TEtranger,"  new  idyl  of  very  fascinating  character,  and  M. 

published  under  the  superintendence  of  M.  La-  Jean  Richepin  has  collected  in  a  volume  pictur- 

▼i?8e,  noted  last  year ;  Id.  L.  Marillier's  "  Liberty  esque  and  attractive  novelett-es,  under  the  title 

of  Conscience  " ;  and  M.  J.  Reinach's  "  La  Poll-  of  "  Truandailles."     M.  Henry  Rabusson  is  a 


436  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1801. 

brilliant  noyelist,  as  is  shown  in  his  last  Tolnme,  Germany  is  quite  on  fire  with  this  view.  The 
'*  Hallali  V*  M.  R.  de  Bonnieres  depicts  a  corner  matter  at  present  is  too  unsettled  to  predicAte 
of  the  old  Faubourg  St.  Germain  in  his  "  Le  anything  certain  in  the  near  future.  Time  alone 
Petit  Margemont/*  and  M.  A.  Hermant  shows  will  determine  which  view  is  to  prevaiL  Real- 
his  delight  in  psychological  studies  in  his  ism  has  made  rapid  progress  in  Germany  thi> 
"  Amour  de  Tete  and  his  **  Cceurs  k  Part.'*  In  year,  as  is  shown  in  numerous  published  dramas, 
the  "  Demiers  RSveurs  '*  M.  Paul  Perret  paints,  containing  a  large  amount  of  drastic  power  and 
in  a  lively  way,  people  who  despise  money  and  pungency.  The  position  of  Berlin  as  the  capital 
refuse  to  bow  to  Mammon.  "  Le  Cur^  d*Au-  city  (in  the  sense  of  Paris  being  the  capital  of 
chelles,"  by  Madame  G.  Peyrebrune,  relates  the  France)  will  haye  much  to  do  with  the  future 
struggle  01  a  youn^  parish  priest  a^inst  the  of  literature,  to  which  it  now  gives  direction, 
fascmations  of  the  female  sex.  The  journalist  Munich  alone  retains  power  in  the  domain  of 
M.  Paul  Fouchet  has  published  a  tasteful  novel,  art.  The  realistic  drama  and  novel  are  in  the 
"  Monsieur  Bien-Aime,"  which  is  ironical  and  fore-front,  as  is  made  evident  by  Wildenbmch's 
severe  against  hypocrisy  and  selfishness.  Under  "  Haubenlerche,"  the  scene  of  which  is  laid  in  a 
the  suggestive  title  "  Les  Larrons,*'  M.  H.  Le  modem  Berlin  paper  milL  The  critics  speak  of 
Roux  gives  a  series  of  painful  pictures  of  the  the  book  with  much  disapproval.  As  noted  last 
very  lowest  depths  of  Parisian  society.  An  old  year,  dramatists  of  the  *'  free  stage  "  prefer  pain- 
diplomatist,  M.  de  St  (^entin,  has  brought  out,  ful,  shocking  subjects,  such  as  inherited  vices 
in  form  of  a  noveU  an  interesting  descriotion  of  and  physical  and  moral  diseases,  and  they  bring 
contemporary  Persia,  containing  new  and  useful  forwara  physiological  motives  instead  of  psycho- 
information.  Gen.  Tcheng-Ki-TonR  (residing  logical.  A  man  under  the  curse  of  fate  can 
in  Paris)  has  tried  his  hand  at  a  novel,  depicting  find  no  salvation ;  for  him  there  is  only  the  in- 
French  life  and  manners.  The  critics  oestow  evitable  price,  the  catastrophe.  Gerbart  Ilaupt- 
praise  upon  his  effort.  We  name  a  few  other  mann's  "  Friedenfest  **  is  quoted  in  illustration 
novels,  but  have  not  space  for  particulars :  M.  of  the  fashion  of  designating  plays  as  familj 
J.  Normand*s  *'  Contes  k  Madame,'*  M.  Sutter-  catastrophes.  H.  Sudermann,  wno  is  said  to  be 
Laumann's  ^  L'Histoire  d*un  Trente-Sous/'  the  ablest  writer  of  this  school,  in  his  effective 
Madame  Rachilde's  **  Sanglante  Ironie,"  M.  P.  drama  "  Ehre  **  deals  with  the  question  of  honor 
Adam*8  supernatural  "  L*£issence  du  Soleil,'*  M.  as  between  patrician  and  plebeian  classes,  but 
J.  Dargene*s  "Sous  la  Croix  du  Sud,*'  M.  H.  not  very  satisfactorily.  In  this  writer's  latest 
Gonti's  "  Qria  et  Rose,*'  M.  P.  Zacoone's  **  Le  pla^ ,  "  Sodom*s  Ende,^'  the  catastrophe  naturally 
Crime  de  la  Rue  Monge,"  Comte  de  St-Aulaire's  excited  much  sensation,  seeing  that  the  Sodom 
**  La  Vocation  d'Anf^le,"  M.  H.  Lavedan's  *'  Noo-  referred  to  is  Berlin  of  the  present  day.  Critics 
tu rues'*  and  "Petites  Fdtes."  Only  a  small  complain,  and  not  unreasonably,  that  Suder- 
n umber  of  dramatic  publications  can  be  named  mann  has  here  gone  far  beyond  nature,  and  has 
as  of  any  importance.  M.  Georges  Duruy,  in  a  substituted  a  pathological  aiagnosis  for  a  picture 
work  entitlea  **  Ni  Dieu  ni  Maitre,"  has  tried  to  of  real  life,  and,  further,  that  "  this  matenalistic 
prove  that  society  can  not  exist  without  reli^on,  tendency  to  replace  psychology  by  physiology  is 
out  in  the  opinion  of  most  critics  with  indiifer-  in  danger  of  converting  the  action  oi  the  stage 
ent  success.  M.  M.  Sand*s  well-intended  pieces  into  that  of  a  sick-room."  Hauptmann's  latest 
are  collected  in  **Le  Thd&tre  des  Marionettes  de  work,  "  Einsame  Menschen,"  avoids  this  substi- 
Nohant."  Reprints  have  been  made  of  the  com-  tution,  and  brin^  about  the  catastrophe  in  the 
plete  dramatic  works  of  Messrs.  P.  Meurice  and  more  regular  artistic  way.  The  same  remark  is 
P.  Dugu^,  and  a  beautiful  Provencal  play,  "  La  true  of  "  Schuldig,"  by  R.  Voss,  author  of  •*  Eva** 
Reine  Jeanne,"  has  been  published,  M.  F.  Mis-  and  "Alexandra"  (noted  last  year).  The  cen- 
tral being  the  author.  The  record  in  respect  to  tennial  anniversary  of  the  birthday  of  F.  Grill- 
science,  philosophy,  theology,  and  kindred  topics  parzer  occurred  on  the  15th  of  jTanuary.  Re 
is  necessarily  brief,  there  having  been  only  scant  was  one  of  the  class  of  writers  of  fate-tragediesL 
attention  to  works  of  the  kind  dnriuK  the  year.  Though  of  Viennese  origin  and  Austrian  tenden- 
Germany. — Political  changes  in  the  new  em-  cies.  the  centenary  celebration  has  shown  that  as 
pire,  consequent  upon  Bismarck's  resignation  a  dramatist  he  belongs  to  the  whole  German  na- 
and  the  reforming  zeal  and  forwardness  of  the  tion.  H.  von  Kleist,  the  Prussopbile  author  of 
young  Emperor,  have  had  marked  influence  upon  the  Prussian  Hohenzollem  drama  "  Prinz  von 
literature  m  C^rmany  this  year.  Wildenbruch,  Homburg,"  and  Grillparzer,  the  Aostrophile 
one  of  the  chief  poets,  has  offered  homage  to  the  author  of  the  Austrian  drama  "  Koenig  Otto- 
new  lord  and  be«n  decorated  for  his  work  "  Der  car's  GlQck  und  Ende,"  are  re«^arded  as  having 
Neue  Herr."  A  pamphlet  entitled  "  Rembrandt  come  the  nearest  to  the  ideal  of  national  histori- 
als  Erzieber,  Von  Einem  Deutschen  "  has  had  a  cal  drama  set  up  by  Schiller's  "  WaJlenstein." 
wide  ciroulation,  and  has  roused  public  opinion  Besides  Grillparzer,  the  poet  L.  Anzengmber 
and  public  expectation  as  to  an  intellectual  re-  (died  last  year)  deserves  speciid  mention.  Bis 
cuperation  in  the  empire.  Whether  this  is  to  works  have  been  collected  and  published,  with  a 
come  from  the  people  or  elsewhere  is  a  (question,  biography,  by  A.  Bettelheim.  The  critics  refer 
The  present  Emperor,  with  more  audacity  than  to  his  powerful  play  (written  in  1877)  **  Das 
discretion,  has  written  himself  down  as  "  the  Vierte  Qehot "  as  going  the  round  of  the  thea- 
only  lord  in  the  land,"  and  many  hence  expect  tres,  and  as  illustrating  a  peculiar  view  of  the 
reform  to  come  from  above,  as  Wildenbruch  meaning  and  foree  of  the  nfth  commandment, 
holds.  Others, 
above  named, 

of  natural  means                   „  %         -                                         , 

and  conventional  laws  and  rules.     "Young"  Blumenthal's   comedy   "Das  Zweite  Gesicht" 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891.  437 

are  spoken  of  as  praiseworthy,  if  not  entitled  sian  lady,  Louise  von  Francois,  is  author  of  an 

to  entire  approval.    Comedy  is  not  the  strong  excellent  novel,  **  Letzte  Rottenburgerin."    The 

Eint  of  the  Germans,  according  to  Boeme.  historical  novel  is  well  represented  by  Ernst 
uemfeld  (just  deceased  at  eighty-nine)  was  an  Wichert,  favorably  known  as  novelist  and  dram- 
exception.  At  a  prize  competition  in  Vienna  atist,  in  *'Tileman  vom  Wege/'  and  bv  the 
00  less  than  two  hundred  and  sixty  anonymous  popular  August  Becker  in  his ''  Die  graue  tfette.*' 
comedies  were  sent  in,  and  W.  von  Wartenegg  The  last  novel  of  Karl  Emil  Franzos,  **  Judith 
received  the  prize  for  a  play,  "  Der  Ring  des  Trachtenberg,"  may  fairly  be  ranked  in  the  same 
Ofterdingen,"  which  is  pronounced  to  be  '*  rather  class.  To  the  social  novel  belong  Hermann 
a  patriotic  occasional  play  than  a  comedy."  Heiberg*8  "Drei  Sch western,*'  and  Conrad  Al- 
Grillparzei^s  lyrical  productions  have  been  berti's  "Das  Recht  auf  Liebe."  Short  stories 
brought  out  in  a  new  edition.  These  rank  very  are  popular,  such  as  Paul  Heyse*s  **  Weihnachts- 
higii,  and  except  from  Goethe  and  Schiller,  Ger-  gescnichten,"  Use  Frapan's  **  Enge  Welt "  and 
m&u  literature  can  produce  nothing  to  match  "Psyche,"  Hans  Hopfen's  "Neue  Geschichten 
them.  Titus  Ullrich,  now  a  very  old  man,  is  a  des  Majors."  J.  J.  David's  stories,  collected 
realist  of  the  superior  sort,  and  is  named  with  under  the  title  of  "  Die  Wiedergeborenen,"  have 
approbation  in  this  connection,  as  is  also  W.  a  touch  of  realism  and  are  excellent  in  style  and 
Jordan,  author  of  "Epistelen  und  Vortrftge."  execution.  Hans  Hoffmann's  new  satirical 
Other  lyrical  writers  who  are  spoken  well  of  are  stories,  "  Das  Gymnasium  zu  Stolpenburg,"  and 
D.  voQ  Liliencron,  M.  R.  von  Stem  (a  Socialist  W.  Raabe's  "  Stopfkuchen :  eine  See-und  Mord- 
regenerator),  and  A.  von  Berger,  the  last  being  gcschichte,"  display  the  humorous  element  to  a 
ak)  a  refined  critic.  On  the  whole,  Schopen-  large  extent.  In  historv  nothing  has  been  pro- 
hauer's  pessimism  is  declining  in  lyric  poetry,  duced  to  be  comparea  with  H.  von  Sybel's 
yet  in  the  writings  of  H.  Hango  it  retains  all  its  "  Geechichte  der  Grfindung  des  neuen  Deutschen 
force.  The  last  poems  of  the  Countess  Wilhelm-  Reichs,"  noted  last  year.  A  work  of  value,  like 
ine  Wickenburg-Almibsy  (who  died  prematurely)  to  Ranke's  "  History  of  the  Popes,"  has  been 
demonstrate  how  much  German  literature  owes  published  by  Ludwig  Pastor,  entitled  "  Ge- 
to  women.  Her  sones  and  ballads  and  legends  schichte  der'Pflpste  der  Renaissance."  Ranke, 
of  the  Tyrol,  in  "Margaretha  und  Oswald,"  though  a  Protestant,  wrote  with  ^reat  fairness 
hare  not  only  a  realistic  tendency,  but  also  and  impartiality.  The  present  writer,  though  a 
natural  freshness,  with  beauty  of  form.  Another  Roman  Catholic,  is  much  praised  as  exhibiting 
ladr,  also  a  poetess,  Use  Frapan,  deserves  to  be  the  same  Qualities.  Other  works  on  history 
ranked  with  the  one  just  named.  This  last  is  from  an  ecclesiastical  point  of  view  are  J.  Jans- 
further  in  good  repute  as  a  novelist.  The  sen's  "History  of  the  Reformation,"  A  Baum- 
**  Musenalmanach"  01  Goethe  and  Schiller's  time  garten's  "  Leben  Goethes,"  and  F.  X.  Kraus's 
has  been  revived,  and  is  fairly  received.  The  "  History  of  Christian  Art,"  Works  by  Werth- 
critics  say  that  for  the  present  epic  poetry  is  eimer,  Huber,  Krones,  and  others  are  prepared 
dead,  and  in  its  place  we  have  the  "  narrative  from  the  Austrian  outlook.  In  biography  and 
poem,"  or  novel  in  verse.  Max  Haushofer's  memoirs  Ranke's  "Zur  eigenen  Lebens-Ge- 
epic  story  "  Die  Verbannten  "  illustrates  the  schichte,"  edited  by  A.  Dove,  is  chiefly  a  collec- 
statement,  as  does  also  Joseph  Lauff's  "  Song  of  tion  of  materials.  A  suitable  biography  is  yet 
By-gone  Days"  in  Cologne,  with  its  melodra-  to  be  written,  Alfred  von  Ameth,  historian  of 
matic  ending.  Count  Adolph  F.  von  Schack,  the  Maria  Theresa  and  Prince  Eugene,  has  brought 
clever  translator  of  Firausi,  falls  below  his  out  "Erinnerungen,"  which  comprises  the  first 
proper  level  this  year.  Emilie  Ringseis  has  thirty  years  of  his  liJfe.  It  is  said  to  be  a  worthy 
published  a  work  for  religious  Christian  people,  counterpart  to  Grillparzer's  autobiography.  Per- 
oonsisting  of  hymns  that  set  forth  the  worsnip  sonal  recollections  of  Alexander  von  HQbner, 
of  the  Madonna.  The  leaders  of  the  novel — i.  e.,  an  Austrian  statesman,  cover  the  period  of  the 
Spielhagen,  Ebers,  Wilbrandt — ^have  paused  for  revolution  (1848),  and  are  valuable  as  well  as 
the  year.  Gottfried  Keller  has  died,  much  re-  interesting,  A  third  Austrian  statesman  and 
gretted.  He  was  a  master  in  the  novel  of  edu-  historian,  Freiherr  von  Helfert,  takes  as  his 
cational  tendencies  in  the  style  of  Goethe's  theme  the  revolution  planned  as  early  as  1815, 
*•  Wilhelm  Meister,"  as  well  as  a  miniature  when  Italy  came  into  Austrian  hands,  and 
painter  in  the  manner  of  Jean  Paul.  A  young  carried  out  in  1821.  The  life  of  Karl  von  Hase, 
countryman  of  Keller's,  Walter  Siegfriea,  has  who  gained  the  sobrimiet  of  "the  Protestant 
brought  out  a  novel  "  Tino-Moralt,"  and  seems  Pope  "  on  account  of  nis  struggles  in  behalf  of 
to  bid  fair  to  occupy  worthily  the  older  man's  rational  enlightenment  and  religious  toleration, 
place.  The  realistic  novel,  the  critics  think,  is  is  appended  to  his  collected  works.  J.  Minor 
doomed. and  Theodor  Fontane  is  vigorously  work-  has  added  a  second  volume  to  his  excellent  biog- 
ing  to  this  end,  as  his  latest  novel,  "  Unwieder-  raphy  of  Schiller,  and  A.  Bettelheim  has  pub- 
bringlich,"  shows  by  its  suggestive  character  lished  a  life  of  the  late  dramatist  Anzengruber. 
drawing,  witty  dialogue,  etc  The  veteran  Ru-  Several  volumes  of  correspondence  and  letters 
dolph  von  GottschalPs  latest  book  is  "  Steineme  have  also  appeared,  and  are  noted  as  valuable. 
Gast,"  a  historical  novel  of  much  ability.  Mile.  In  philosopny  and  theology  there  is  next  to 
Lola  Kirschner,  a  very  gifted  lady,  has  published  nothing  of  which  to  make  mention  here.  Ma- 
two  books,  "  Heil  Dir,  mein  Oesterreich ! "  and  terials  at  hand  do  not  furnish  any  help  whereby 
*'  Reil  Dir  im  Siegesknuiz,"  both  highly  praised  to  explain  the  fact,  and  we  must  leave  it  to  the 
hy  the  critics.  Iler  Austrian  fellow-country-  reader's  judgment  for  himself. 
▼oraan  Bertha  von  Suttner,  in  her  last  novel,  Greece. — The  number  of  books  published 
**  Vae  Victis ! "  has  depicted  war's  horrors  and  this  year  in  Greece  has  not  been  large,  owing  ap- 
oatrage  at  this  day  with  ^reat  power.    A  Prus-  parently  to  the  fact  that  the  weekly  and  month!) 


438  LITEEATCJRB,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891. 

periodicals  as  well  as  the  daily  papers  absorb  the  volume  are  said  to  be  real  gems.    In  conneeUon 

larger  part  of  what  is  produced  in  literature  and  with  this  Tolume  as  worthy  of  regard  we  may 

science.    Good  evidence  as  to  this  is  furnished  mention  G.  Marcora's  "  Poetical  Works,**  G,  Dros- 

hj  noting  that  everythine  written  thus  far  about  sinis's  collection  of  verses,  and  the  "  Rural  Idjls  ** 

the  newly  discovered  **  Treatise  on  the  Constitu-  of  Constantino  Krystallis,  a  promising  young 

tion  of  Athens,*'  even  emendations  proposed,  has  Epirote. 

appeared  in  the  daily  press.  In  philology  the  Holland. — The  third  part  of  Dr.  Piereon's 
foremost  production  nas  been  the  long-expected  great  work  •»  Hellas  "  is  praised  without  stint  by 
"  Patmian  Library  "  of  M.  J.  Sakellion,  Keeper  the  reviewers.  As  was  stated  last  vear,  Dr.  Pier- 
of  the  Manuscripts  in  the  National  Library.  It  son  is  a  writer  who  never  tires  tne  reader,  and 
is  very  valuable,  containing  a  minute  description  his  criticisms  on  the  Greek  poets  and  their  writ- 
of  the  736  manuscripts  in  the  library  of  the  ings  are  marked  by  freshness,  point,  deep  penetra- 
monastery  on  the  island  of  Patmos  and  an  ap-  tion,  and  an  admirable  entering  into  the  spirit  of 
pendix  of  anecdota  derived  from  them.  Besides  JEschylus,  Sophocles,  Euripides,  Pindar,  and 
this  interesting  work  may  be  mentioned  the  others  of  imperishable  renown  in  ancient  Greece, 
"  Notes,  Critical  and  Exegetical,  on  ^schylus,"  Dr.  Kramer,  in  a  biographical  sketch  of  Mary 
by  A.  Zakas,  and  the  "  Emendations  on  Greek  Stuart,  wife  of  William  111,  describes  her  as  a 
Authors,"  by  G.  Zekides.  Constantine  Rhados's  pious,  noble  woman.  The  volume  gives  evidence 
volume  is  on  a  controverted  question,  "  The  of  care  and  research,  and  is  quite  reliable.  An- 
Struggle  regarding  the  Greek  Language  in  other  posthumous  work  of  Jorissen's'*Historisehe 
France.*'  The  writer  is  a  zealous  purist,  and  his  Studifen  '*  has  appeared,  edited  by  Prof.  Matthes. 
work  well  worth  consulting.  "  The  Chian  Ana-  The  papers  on  Talleyrand,  Mettemich,  Guixot, 
lecta  *'  of  Constantine  Kanellaki  holds  a  posi-  and  reel  are  said  to  be  very  good.  Dr.  A.  v.  d. 
tion  about  midway  between  philology  and  his-  Linde  has  contributed  a  new  volume  on  Serve- 
tory.  It  deals  with  manners  and  folk-lore  in  tus,  in  which  he  is  very  severe  on  John  Calvin 
Chios,  golden  bulls,  seals,  etc.  The  **  Philo-  and  the  motives  which  led  to  his  course  in  the 
logical  Meletemata"  of  S.  Val vis  contains  es-  matter.  The  critics  speak  in  praise  of  a  number 
says,  literary  and  aesthetic,  on  both  old  and  new  of  historical  productions,  sucn  as  Dr.  D.  C.  NV- 
Greek  literature,  Manuel  Gedeon  has  published  holTs  "  Staatkundige  Geschiedenis  v.  Ned  ; 
two  volumes  on  historical  studies,  viz.,  "  Tables  of  Mr.  Theall's  "  Korte  Geschied.  v.  Zuid-Afrika  ** 
the  Patriarchs  of  Constantinople,**  in  biographi-  (1436-1835).  which  has  been  translated  into 
cal  form  (issued  in  numbers),  and  two  volumes  English ;  Mr,  Sillem's  biography  of  D.  v.  Hogcn- 
containing  '* Canonical  Orders,  Letters,  Decis-  dorp;  and  Mr.  F.  S.  A. deClercq's"Bydr.  totde 
ions,  and  Statutes  of  the  Patriarchs  of  Con-  Kennis  der  Res.  Ternate."  The  nistory  of  prov- 
stantinople,*'  a  compilation  of  interest  and  value  inces  and  towns,  as  well  as  of  morals  and  customs, 
to  students  of  ecclesiastical  history.  G.  Papa-  is  decidely  popular.  Prof.  Blok  tells  a  good  deal 
dopulos  has  furnished  a  monograph,  *'  Contribu-  about  Fnesland*s  soil,  trade,  people,  church,  etc. 
tions  to  the  History  of  our  Customary  Church.  (700-1300) ;  Mr.  Bondam  and  Mr.  Sloet  make  clear 
Music,**  in  which  is  a  good  deal  of  new  matter;  the  history  of  GuHderland;  Dr.  Krul  has  com- 
and  Antonios  Mompherratos,  another  production  piled  a  very  amusing  book  about  physicians,  etc, 
of  value  to  students,  "  Right  of  Inheritance  pos-  and  Dr.  Sepp,  a  very  learned  one  about  the  life  of 
sessed  by  the  Clergy  and  Monks  in  Greece  and  Protestant  clergymen  in  olden  times.  Agoodac- 
Turkey,  Vol.  IV  of  "  Universal  History,'*  writ-  count  of  old  Dutch  marriage  customs  is  to  be 
ten  by  Anastasios  Polyzoides  (deceased),  has  been  found  in  De  Roever*s  "  Van  Vryen  en  Trouwen." 
supplied  by  G.  Kremos,  his  associate,  containing  Dictionaries,  especially  **  Het  Woordenboek.** 
the  history  of  Greece  from  1821  to  the  present  are  making  good  progress.  Beets*s  "  Poezie  in 
time.  The  lecture  of  Prof.  George  Mistriotis,  Woordeii  *'  is  mucn  praised,  as  are  also  Mr.  v. 
Rector  of  the  University,  on  '*  The  Causes  of  Hoogstraten*s  "  Studies  en  Kritieken  **  and  Dr. 
Greek  Civilization,  Ancient  and  Modern,**  and  de  Luzao*s  "  De  Ned.  Scntimenteele  Roman."  The 
D.  Eliopulos's  "  Monograph  on  the  Greek  States-  letters  of  Prof,  Cobet,  the  distinguished  Greek 
man  John  Kolettis  **  (died  1847),  well  deserve  scholar  (died  last  year),  are  excellent  in  tone  and 
mention  here.  Geography  and  travel  are  fairly  spirit.  Notice  may  here  be  taken  of  the  tend- 
represen ted  this  year.  "The  most  important  works  cncy,  in  Holland  as  well  as  in  England,  to  as- 
are, "  The  Political  Geography  of  Cephalonia,  An-  sociate  insanity  with  genius,  as  if  there  was 
cient  and  Modern,**  by  A.  Miliarakis,  including  in  some  necessary  relationship  between  the  two. 
the  volume  Ithaca  and  the  adjacent  islands,  and  This  is  seen  in  certain  letters  of  Dekker  and  of 
**  Statistics  of  the  Population  of  Cret«,**  by  N.  BilderdVk  recently  printed,  and  also  in  various 
Stavrakis ;  two  volumes  concerning  the  Pelopon-  modem'  novels  tinged  with  like  gloomy  ideas, 
nesus,  viz., "  On  the  Other  Side  of  the  Isthmus,"  such  as  De  Meester's  "  Een  HuwelVk,*  Ijapi- 
by  S.  Paganelis,  and  "  A  Journey  from  Patras  to  doth*s  "  Modeme  Problemen,'*  Josephine  Giese*s 
to  Tripoli,**  by  Dr.  Koryllos ;  also,  a  collection  of  "  Gevloekt  *'  (i.  e., "  Cursed  '*),  etc  Several  In- 
excellent  essays,  by  J.  Balabanis,  giving  iinpres-  dian  novels  have  appeared.  Anne  Foore*s 
sions  of  travel  in  **Asia  Minor.'*  Beues-leitres  **  Bo^riana '*  (a  posthumous  work),  Margadanfs 
for  the  most  part  has  been  confined  to  the  period-  "  Drie  Jaren,**  and  Jaeger's  graphic  .sketches  of 
icals,  such  as  "  Hestia  *'  and  "  The  Week.'*  A  few  soldier  life  in  Atchin,  entitled  **  Van  Ginds,"  are 
tales  have  appeared  separately,  of  which  one  may  mentioned  with  approval  Some  good  historical 
be  named,  "  Nicolas  Sigalos,'*  by  G.  Xenopulos.  novels  and  novelettes  have  been  published,  and 
In  poetry  the  best  thing  of  the  year,  the  critics  some  excellent  pieces  for  the  sta^,  but  do  not 
say,  are  the  posthumous  verses  of  Aristoteles  require  special  mention.  Lyrical  verse  is  con- 
Valaoritis,  which  appear  in  a  second  edition  of  spicuous,  so  to  speak,  by  its  absence  this  year, 
his  poems,  edited  by  his  son.    The  lyrics  in  the  Possible  exceptions  arc  some  nice  poems  by  Priem 


LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891.  439 

tnd  Eoster,  a  few  pieces  of  Gorier  (rather  hard  meny  and  brisk,  one  of  his  best.    Mario  Praga, 

to  be  understood),  and  Van  Eden's  "  Ellen,"  very  son  of  a  poet,  aims  higher  in  his  two  dramas, 

sad,  but  beautiful.    Critics  protest  ag^ainst  what  "La  Moelie  Ideale  "  and  " Le  Vergini,'*  and  has 

iher  cfcnsure  as  a  prevalence  of  morbid  feelings  met  with  good  success.    Gerolamo  Rovetta,  in 

among  writers  of  the  day.    In  the  departments  his  **  Marco  Spada,"  has  grained  equal  success. 

of  philosophy  and  theology  we  have  no  record  of  Alessandro  d'Ancona  has  issued  two  large  vol- 

new  pubUcations  this  year.    This  was  also  the  umes  on  the  "  Origini  del  Teatro  Italiano."    It 

case  m  1890,  and  the  outlook  is  not  encouraging,  is  a  work  of  real  merit.    Historical  sciences  have 

so  far  as  Dutch  scholarship  is  concerned.    Two  yielded  almost  no  fruit  of  late.    There  are  nu- 

deaths  may  here  be  noted,  viz.,  Mr.  de  Veer  and  merous  workers,  but  they  furnish  very  little  for 

J.  £.  Sachse,  both  of  excellent  repute  in  letters,  the  press.    All  we  can  name  now  are  Ferrai's 

Italy. — They  who  are  in  position  to  be  best  **  Lorenzino  del  Medici  e  la  Society  Cortigiana 

informed  say  regretfully,  as  the  sober  truth,  del  Cinouecento,"  T.  Masserani's  "Cesare  Cor- 

that  a  state  of  unusual  languor  pervades  literary  renti,"  D.  Mantovani's  "  Lettere  Provinciali,'* 

life  in  Italy  at  the  present  time.    The  reading  and  Luigi  Rasi*s  **  Libro  degli  Aneddoti."   These 

public  is  very  small,  and,  as  foreign  rather  than  two  latter  are  said  to  treat  pleasingly  many  and 

native  books  are  read  by  the  people,  naturally  various  literary  and  artistic  questions.    In  other 

authors  have  small  inducement  to  ply  their  vo-  departments  of  history  and  in  philosophy  and 

cation.     Some  intellectual  activity,  of  course,  religion  we  have  nothing  of  moment  for  thiq 

there  is,  but  the  critics  declare  that  this  is  most! j  year*s  record. 

devoted  to  a  minute  analysis  in  phvsical,  histori-  Norway.— Critical  observers  afHrm  that  at 
cal,  and  philological  science,  ana  tnat  there  is  no  present  there  is  "  a  superfluity  of  scribblers  "  in 
synthesis  or  adequate  comprehensible  result  of  Norway.  Perhaps  the  dictum  is  too  severe ;  yet, 
all  these  researches.  We  give  accordingly  the  as  far  as  the  record  goes,  there  is  more  of  truth 
best  account  in  our  power  of  the  year's  produc-  than  poetry  in  it.  We  give  the  best  account  we 
tion.  In  poetry,  if  we  may  credit  Eugenia  Levi,  can,  under  the  circumstances,  by  judicious  selec- 
in  a  pleasant  book  published  in  Florence  recently  tion.  Henrik  Ibsen  (who  produced  nothing  last 
entitled  **  Among  our  Living  Poets,"  there  are  year  in  dramatic  literature)  has  created  a  great 
worthy  of  note  (along  with  much  of  mediocre  sensation  in  London  as  well  as  Christiania,  by  hia 
character)  the  productions  of  three  ladies,  viz.,  **  fledda  Gabler."  It  carries  the  mark  of  genius 
Bninamonti,  Countess  Lara,  and  Giarre  Billi,  with  it,  and  has  a  sort  of  antique  beauty,  a  feat- 
and  among  gentlemen  the  publications  of  Neuci-  ure,  by  the  way,  not  seldom  lost  sight  of  by  Il>- 
oni,  Graf,  Mazzoni,  Fogazzaro,  and  a  few  others,  sen,  and  a  sort  of  culture  in  which  he  plainly 
Dialect  poetrv  also  has  two  or  three  good  repre-  takes  delight.  Along  with  his  supposed  nat- 
sentatives.  Signor  Carducci  has  published  one  uralism,  there  is  found  to  be  a  kernel  emphati- 
new  poem  this  year,  entitled  "  Piedmont."  It  cally  idealistic.  Like  an  inspired  prophet,  he 
Ls  marked  by  lofty  style  and  a  glowing  strain  of  continually  is  foretelling  the  advent  of  a  new 
thoujjbt  It  is  monarchical  in  its  spirit,  and  re-  social  gospel.  Jakob  Bull  stands  in  marked  con- 
counts  the  part  taken  by  Piedmont  in  the  re-  trast  to  losen.  His  drama  "  Uden  Ansvar "  is 
nascence  of  Italy.  The  names  of  several  others  meant  to  controvert  lbsen*s  theory  as  to  he- 
are  given  as  worthy  of  mention,  viz.,  Guido  Maz-  redity.  The  critics  praise  it  heartily.  Three 
zoni,  Giovanni  Marradi,  Guido  Monasci,  G.  Tar-  of  the  gentler  sex  have  tried  their  hands  in 
^oni,  Tozzetti,  and  Camillo  Checchucci.  A  this  kind  of  literature,  and  have  failed  of  suc- 
translation  from  the  Sanskrit  of  a  short  love  cess.  Their  names  are  Laura  Kieler,  Asta  Graah, 
poem, "  Meirhadftta,"  has  been  made  by  G.  Morici,  and  Vetlie  Vislie.  Jonas  Lie's  new  Christmas 
which  is  said  to  be  excellently  worked  out.  In  story,  "Onde  Magter,"  is  attractive andpleasant. 
the  way  of  novels  and  romances  not  much  has  This  is  more  than  can  be  said  of  A.  Kielland's 
been  accomplished.  A.  G.  Barrili,  a  prolific  "Jakob,**  which  is  complained  of  as  having  too 
writer,  han  published  two  novels,  "  Amori  An-  much  of  the  satirist  ana  polemic  in  it.  Madame 
tichi"  and  "Rosa  di  Gerico."  Salvatore  Fa-  Amalie  Skram,  in  her  romance  "S.  G.  Myre," 
rina,  a  good  writer  in  past  years,  has  brought  out  gains  but  a  modicum  of  praise,  while  her  snpe- 
••Piti  f'orte  dell*  Amore*'  and  "Vivere  per  rior  ability  is  fully  acknowledged.  Amon^nov- 
Amare,**  which  are  rather  sharply  criticised.  It  els  of  the  year,  Knut  Hamsum*s  "Suit**  is  said 
will  suffice  to  give  the  names  of  some  others  to  be  a  remarkable  contribution  to  the  physiol- 
out  of  a  largo  number  who  have  achieved  mod-  ogy  and  psychology  of  hunger.  The  critics  call 
erate  success,  such  as  A.  S.  Novaro,  Onorata  it  "an  interesting  phenomenon,"  despite  itsde- 
Fava,  Bruno  Sperani,  G.  Verga,  and  A.  Giaco-  fects.  Ame  Garborg's  contribution  this  year, 
mellL  A  young  novelist,  De  Roberti,  is  rather  "  Kolbotnbrev  og  andro  Skildringar,**  is  a  species 
anxious  to  rival  Zola  in  the  Frenchman's  of  autobiographv,  and  is  much  praised  by  the 
abominations,  but  Zola  is  as  yet  far  ahead.  G.  critics.  Jakob  llilditsch*s  new  collection  of  short 
d'Annunzio.  in  his  last  two  novels,  imitates  Bus-  stories  is  very  good,  as  are  also  K.  Janson's  and 
sian  ones,  and  has  been  scolded  therefor.  Annie  R.  Johnsen's  similar  collections.  Both  C.  Flood 
Vivanti  (named  last  year  as  a  poetess,  intro-  and  J.  W.  Flood  have  issued  fresh  series  of  sea 
dueed  by  Signor  Carducci)  has  written  a  novel,  stories.  Dr.  Oscar  Tybring  has  brourfit  out  a 
"Marion,  Artista  di  Caffe-Concerto.*'  The  crit-  very  prettv  book,  " Smaa  Historier  og  Erindrin- 
ips  censure  the  book  as  a  representation  of  low  ger.**  Sof us  Aars's  "  SkovinteriOrer,  Naturskil- 
life  badly  set  forth.  In  Italian  dramatic  litera-  dringer  **  is  excellent  in  picturing  the  chase  and 
ture  poverty  largely  prevails.  There  are  some  animal  life;  as  is  also  the  painter  Kittelsen's 
signs  of  improvement.     Camillo  Antona  Tra-  "Fra    Lofoten,"    with    illustrations.     Among 


iprovement. 
'  fertile  wril 
edy,**Tordi  e  Fringuelli,"  which  is  said  to  bo 


versi.  a^very  fertile  writer,  has  furnished  a  com-    young  writers  may  be  named  Erik  Lie^Fon  of 

Jonas  Lie,  Ame  Dybfest,  and  Gabriel  Finne. 


440  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1801. 

These  have  done  well.  Works  in  verse  are  but  best  thine,  the  critics  say,  she  has  ever  produced, 
poorly  represented.  BjjSmstjerne  BjCmson's  Marian  (Siwalewicz,  another  novelist,  has  securbd 
*'  Digte  og  Sange  "  is  said  to  be  the  only  book  at  an  early  age  a  high  position  among  writers  of 
of  its  kind  worth  recording.  The  *'  Samlede  fiction  in  a  book  entitled  "  The  Second  Genera- 
Skrifter'' of  the  romantic  lyrist  Andreas  Munch,  tion."  Adolf  Dygasinski  has  given,  in  his '' M 
lately  deceased,  is  at  length  completed.  The  Andr6  Piscalski,''  a  tnithful  and  original  por- 
sixth  and  last  volume  of  A.  0.  Vinje's  **  Skrifter  trait  of  life  among  the  nobility.  The  same 
i  Utval  *'  came  out  this  year.  Vinje  (died  some  writer  was  sent  out  to  South  America  to  investi- 
twenty  years  ago)  was  a  sort  of  Norwegian  Hein-  gate  the  condition  of  the  Polish  emigrants  there, 
rich  Heine,  and  a  stanch  advocate  of  national  and  in  bis  **  Letters  from  Brazil  *^  he  gires  a 
purism.  The  volume  has  been  well  received,  gloomy  picture  of  what  he  saw  and  met  with. 
Ernst  Sars,  the  historian,  has  published  Vol.  IV  A  very  gifted  and  prolific  writer,  Mile.  Rodzie- 
and  last  of  his  great  work  **  udsigt  over  den  wicz  (noted  last  year),  has  published,  besides 
Norske  Historic.  It  was  begun  twenty  years  "  Tales  '*  and  "  Silhouettes,"  two  lai*Ker  works, 
ago,  and  is  a  work  of  permanent  value,  O.  Over-  "  The  Grey  Dust "  and  "  Blue  Blood.  The  lat- 
land's  illustrated  "  Isorges  Historic,"  Vol.  IV,  ter  is  charged  with  being  an  exaggerated  pict- 
has  appeared ;  another  volume  will  complete  the  ure  of  aristocratic  circles.  Similar  complaint  is 
work.  Literary  history  offers  little  of  any  mo-  made  of  A.  Krz]^2anowski*s  ^  Two  Streams," 
ment  this  year.  A  collection  of  brief  biogra-  which,  however,  evinces  genuine  faith  in  the  ideal 
phies  has  bieen  published  by  J.  Utheim,  entitled  and  in  sincere  patriotism.  Szymanski's  second 
'*  Otte  Forfattere."  L.  Dietrichson  has  begun  to  volume  of  Siberian  **  Sketches  "  is  pronounced 
publish  a  work  dealing  with  the  history  of  art ;  to  be  hardly  equal  to  the  first.  Madame  Ko- 
it  treats  of  that  peculiar  type  of  Norwegian  nopnicka*s  tsdes  "  My  Acquaintance "  are  excel- 
wooden  architecture  common  in  the  Middle  lent  in  spirit  and  sympathy  with  the  weak.  A 
Ages,  and  known  as  Stavkirker,  Prof.  M.  J.  few  other  writers  are  spoken  of  with  approval, 
Monrad  has  published  Vol.  II  of  his  "  ^sthe-  as  J.  Turczynski,  who  tells  about  the  Herculi 
tik,"  treating  of  art  and  artists  from  the  tra-  in  East  Galicia ;  Naganowski,  who  gives  a  glori- 
ditional  German  metaphysical  point  of  view,  ficationof  "Mighty  England";  and  A.  Krecho- 
Two  youthful  philosophers,  C.  A.  Bugge  and  H.  wiecki,  who  fumisnes  a  storv  of  the  fourteenth 
0.  Hansen,  have  contributed  to  the  literature  of  centuiy  entitled  "  The  (Jrey  Wolf."  The 
the  year.  The  former  has  dealt  with  the  moral-  drama  has  not  flourished  this  year.  A  few  nov- 
ity  of  the  theory  of  development,  and  the  latter,  elettes  have  met  with  success,  such  as  Sewer*s  corn- 
under  the  title  **  Moral,  Religion  og  VIdenskab,"  edy  "  M.  le  Marshal,"  Walewski's  "  The  Grass- 
has  published  a  treatise  to  which  had  been  pr&-  hoppers,"  Koziebrodzki's  '*The  Representative  of 
viously  awarded  the  Crown  Prince's  gold  medal.  Messrs.  MQller  &  Co.,"  etc.  Poetry  seems  to  be 
A  biography  of  Ole  Bull,  known  throughout  in  a  more  flourishing  condition  than  the  drama. 
Europe  and  America  as  the  Norwe^an  violinist,  There  are  several  young  aspirants  for  fame.  Of 
has  been  published  by  Oodmund  Vik.  Dr.  S.  lb-  these.  Franc  Nowicki  mis  won  praise  for  his  vol- 
seii  (son  of  the  poet)  has  contributed  a  political  ume  of  "  Poems."  Another  young  author  has 
treatise  on  "  Unioiiem  Mellem  Norge  og  Sver-  done  real  service  in  translating  the  "  Lusiads  "  of 
ige,"  and  H.  Pettersen  has  produced  a  biblio-  Camoens.  W.  Wysocki's  volume  ^'Oksana'^is 
graphical  work,  entitled  "  Anonymer  og  Pseu-  marked  by  lively  feeling  and  good  principle,  and 
donymer  i  den  Norske  Literatur,  1678-1890."  Kasprowicz's  tales  of  peasant  life  are  excellent 
Poland. — ^Something  more  than  a  year  ago  Stefan  z  Opatowka  has  brought  out  "  EleEries 
the  remains  of  Mickiewicz,  the  greatest  of  the  and  Sonnets,"  and  a  Jew  at  Warsaw  has  published 
Polish  poets,  were  brought  from  Paris  and  in-  the  first  part  of  a  rather  queer  mixture,  entitled 
terred  in  the  cathedral  at  Wawel,  near  Cracow.  "  The  New  Messiad."  In  history  we  note  the 
A  year  later,  i.  e..  May  8, 1891,  the  centenary  of  "  Heraldic  Studies  "  of  Anton  Malecki,  an  able 
the  so-called  Constitution  was  celebrated  with  writer,  and  Prof.  W.  Abraham's  "  Organization 
much  rejoicing  (except  in  Russian  Poland).  The  of  the  Church  in  Poland."  The  "  Prc^eedings  ** 
native  critics  speak  of  these  occurrences  as  not  of  the  second  congress  of  Polish  historians, 
only  important,  but  also  as  having  had  an  influ-  held  at  Lemberg  last  year,  contain  valuable  roa- 
eiice  for  good  on  the  literary  activity  of  the  terial  for  historical  purposes.  A.  Szezepanski 
year.  The  services  of  the  great  poet  were  freely  has  written  a  lively  sketch  of  the  national  hero 
commented  upon,  and  the  labors  of  those  noble  Kosciusko.  The  first  volume  of  the  "  Biography 
men  who  sought  to  infuse  new  life  into  their  of  Adam  Mickiewicz,"  by  his  son,  has  appeued 
country  were  gratefully  remembered.  The  vol-  and  been  well  received.  Count  LancKoron- 
umes,  tracts,  and  pamphlets  which  were  issued  ski  has  given  an  account  of  a  journey  in  Asia 
fuU^  substantiate  this  statement.  Henryk  Si-  Minor  for  archaeological  and  ethnographical 
enkiewicz,  eminent  among  Polish  writers,  has  purposes,  under  the  title  of  *'The  Cities  of  Pam- 
written  a  psychological  romance,  **  Without  phyiia  and  Pisidia,"  and  Count  Joseph  Potocki  has 
Dogma."  1  he  book  is  attractive,  the  style  mas-  narrated  his  experiences,  such  as  they  were,  in 
teriy :  but  the  expected  effect  in  molding  public  the  East,  in  his  "  Notes  of  a  Sportsman  in  In- 
opinion  has  not  yet  been  attained.  A.  Mankow-  dia."  The  Polish  Tatra  Mountains  have  been 
ski,  in  his  *"  Count  Augustus,"  deals  with  the  illustrated  with  pen  and  pencil  by  V/itkiewicz, 
same  theme,  and  with  less  success.  The  Poles  the  painter.  He  is  also  author  of  a  meritorious 
do  not  seem  to  take  kindly  to  what  is  felt  to  be  work  on  "  Our  Art  and  Criticism."  Other  sub- 
an  imitation  of  foreign  writers.  Madame  Or-  jects  we  must  perforce  pass  over  in  silence, 
zeszko  treats  of  a  profound  ethical  sentiment  in  Russia. — Tne  tone  of  despondency  among 
her  tale  "  The  Worshipper  of  Might,"  and  her  the  critics  in  regard  to  literature  in  Russia 
"  Fury,"  from  an  artistic  point  of  view,  is  the  continues  much  the  same  as  was  noted  last  year. 


LITBRATUEE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891.  441 

They  hold  that  *'  the  barrenness  of  Rnasian  lit-  terial  for  the  history  of  Russian  censorship  and 

er&ture  is  merely  a  reflection  of  the  emptiness  of  the  ministry  of  public  instruction  for  the  period 

daily  life  "  as  it  exists  in  the  empire.    Count  of  the  fifties  and  the  sixties.    The  aged  philolo- 

Tolstoi  is  as  much  a  puzzle  as  ever,  and  the  ma-  gist  Prof,  Bouslayev  is  also  writing  his  remi- 

iority  are  at  a  loss  what  to  make  of  or  do  with  niscences,  which  reach   back   to  the    thirties. 

him  and  his  peculiar  theories   and  practices.  Note  here  may  be  made  of  Vengeroff's  great 

Needing  fresh  ideas  and  new  impressions  from  **  Critioo-Biographical   Dictionary,     which   has 

the  outer  world,  intelligent  Russians  look  abroad  reached  to  half  of  the  letter  B.    In  philosophy 

for  sources  of  inspiration.     Tchekhoff  travels  there  is  nothing  remarkable  this  year.    B.  N. 

into  Asia,  Korolenko  wanders  along  the  Volga,  Tchitcherin  earned  off  the  prize  for  the  best  es- 

and  Oleb  Ouspenski  is  found  in  the  Caucasus,  say  on  Comte*8  classification  of  the  sciences. 

Constantinople,  or  Siberia.    They  do  not^  how-  Prof.  Redkin,  at  the  age  of  eighty-two,  has  just 

ever,  bring  rrom  distant  travels  exotic  pictures  died.    He,  like  Tchitcherin,  was  an  old  Hegelian, 

of  naturerbut  only  the  old  groans  over  prevalent  and  was  about  to  finish  the  publication  of  his 

social  diseases.    Tolstoi's  school  of  quietist  self-  lectures  (seven  volumes  alreaay  have  appeared) 

renunciation  exercises  a  certain  influence  be-  on  the  history  of  legal  philosophy.    Worthy  of 

caaw  of  adopting  a  sort  of  Christian  socialism,  mention  here  are  P.  Kaptarev's  '*  History  of 

vhich  after  all  will  never  gain  any  great  success  the  Soul:   Outline  Sketches  of  (he  History  of 

in  Russia.    The  leading  critics,  like  Mikhailov-  Mind,"  A.  Andrevevski*s  "  Genesis  of  Science, 

ski  Shelgounoff,  or  Skabitchevski,  either  for-  its  Principles  and  Methods."  and  Lessevitch's 

sake  their  legitimate  field  of  activity,  or  turn  to  *'  Scientific  Philosophy."     Historical  works  of 

the  past  and  write  reminiscences.  Thus  Mikhail-  the  year  have  been  chiefly  devoted  to  recent 

ovski  reviews  the  character  of  John  the  Ter-  times.    Vol.  II  of  Bilbassoff's  **  History  of  Cath- 

rible;  Shelgounoff   appends    to   his    published  erine  II"  is  ready  for  publication  (waiting  on 

works  "  Recollections  of  the  Past  and  Present " ;  the  censorship).    Madame  E.  Stchepkin  is  bring- 

and  Skabitchevski  publishes  a  ^  History  of  Mod-  ing  out  interesting  sketches  of  tne  life  of  an 

em  Russian  Literature  (1848-1890),"  in  which  "  Old  Land-owner  at  Home  and  in  the  Service" 

the  writer  of  memoirs   becomes    a   historian,  during  the  eighteenth  century.    **  The  Archives 

These  publications  furnish  printed  material  for  of  Prince  Th.  Kurakin "  are  considered  valu- 

a  history  of  the  celebratea  movement  of  the  able  for  the  period  of  Peter  the  Great ;  Vol.  I  is 

''Sixties,"  which  one  not  in  the  inner  circle  of  now  in  course  of  publication.     The  Imperial 

Russian  literature  finds  it  difficult  to  under-  Russian  Historical  Society  is  bringing  out  vol- 

stand.    "Men  of  the  Eighties"  designate  the  umes  of  dispatches  of  foreign  ambassadors  to 

younger  class  of  writers,  and  the  controversy  be-  the  Russian  court  during  the  eighteenth  centu- 

twcen  these  and  the  older  occupants  of  the  field  ry.    Senator  N.  P.  Semenoff  has  reached  nearly 

offen>  much  room  for  reflection  on  the  part  of  the  close  of  his  work  on  **  The  Emancipation  of 

the  student  of  Russian  literature.    Anotner  lit-  the  Peasants  in  the  Reign  of  Alexander  II."    It 

erary  controversy  has  been  between  the  liberals  is  elaborate,  full,  painstaking,  and  reliable.    A 

and  the  "*  Narodniki "  or  peasant  worshippers,  work  has  just  appeared,  by  A.  Exemplyarski,  on 

The  latter  seemed  to  be  pcMssessed  with  the  no-  **The  Grand  Dukes  and  Princes  Appanage  of 

tion  that  agrarian  socialism   is  the  gummum  Northern  Russia  during  the  Tartar  Period  (1238- 

himum  of  human  life,  while  the  other  party  de-  1505),"  two  volumes.    Ilovaiski  has  published 

sires  culture  and  proper  use  of  capital.    The  Vol.  Ill  of  his  '^  History  of  Russia,"  devoted  to 

dispute  has  been  eager  and  waged  with  energy :  the  sixteenth  century,  wnich  has  received  a  good 

bat  neither  of  the  contestants  appears  to  have  deal  of  adverse  criticism.    Butzinski's  "  CoToni- 

satisfted  any  but  those  who  believed  as  he  be-  zation  of  Western  Siberia  in  the  Beginning  of 

lieved.     In  helles-Uitres    Potapenko,  a  young  the  Seventeenth  Century  "  and  Shlyapkin's  '*  St. 

writer  who  made  his  dibui  ten  years  ago,  has  Demetrius  Rostoffski  and  his  Time  '  (1651-1709) 

attained  remarkable  success.    He  has  published  deserve  to  be  named  here.    A  new  histoncal 

this  year  three  productions,  and  made  a  collec-  society  has  been  founded,  and  it  publishes  a 

tion  of  his  works  in  two  volumes.    The  critics  "  Historical  Review "  which  gives  promise  of 

frive  long  and  careful  reviews  of  his  books,  and  well-earned  success.     In  art   and  archeology 

delight  to  point  out  his  admirable  skill,  his  deli-  has  appeared  VoL  III  of  **  Russian  Antiquities 

cacy  of  touch,  his  keen  observations,  his  deep  recoraed  •  in  our  Art   Monuments,"  by  Count 

feeling.  Potapenko's  "  In  Actual  Service,"  "  Com-  Tolstoi  and  Kondakoff.    The  volume  is  regarded 

nton  Sense,"  *'  Secretary  of  his  Excellency,"  and  as  a  great  acouisition  for  this  department.    Vol. 

*'  Never  "  are  said  to  illustrate  his  ability  to  the  IV  and  last  of  "  Transactions  of  the  Sixth  Odessa 

full  extent    Stanukovitch's  "  The  First  Steps "  Archaeological  Congress "  has  been  published. 

and  Borboruikin's  "Grown  Wiser"  are  worth j  Other  volumes  relating  to  "Eastern  Antiqui- 

of  mention.    Karonin  satirizes  Tolstoi  and  his  ties,"   edited    by  M.  Nikolski,  have    been  is- 

peculiar  gospel  in  **  The  Teachers  of  Life "  and  sued ;  also  two  volumes  of  "  Materials  for  the 

"  A  Boreky  Colony."    Count  Tolstoi's  influence  Archaeology  of  the  Caucasus."    Discoveries  on 

'^  said  to  De  on  the  wane  in  Russia.    The  poet  the  Orkhon  in  Mongolia  are  noted  as  of  spe- 

A.  Fet  (Shenshin),  who  belongs  to  the  conserva-  cial  interest.    Western  arts  have  received  proper 

tire  camp,  has  published  two  volumes,  entitled  attention  in  the  **  Complete  Collection  of  the 

**  My  Recollections  (1848-1889)."    There  is  said  Engravings  of  Rembrandt,"  edited  by  Rovinski, 

to  Imp.  along  with  a  good  deal  of  senile  gossip,  and  Vol.  I  of  a  new  book,  entitled  "  Italian 

much  entertaining  matter  in  these  volumes.    The  Art  in  the  Renaissance."     Ethnology  gets  its 

diary  of  Xikitenko,  of  St.  Petersburg,  professor  fair  share  in  a  new  periodical,  "  The  Living 

ftnd  censor,  is  being  published  in  a  Russian  pe-  Past,"  and   in  several    published  volumes  on 

^icaL    The  diary  abounds  in  interesting  ma-  the    subject.     Folk-lore   and    kindred    topics 


442  LITERATURE,  CONTINENTAL,  IN  1891. 

attract  much  attention.    In  political  economy  Seville  (1584),  the  other  about  the  Amazon,  by 

the  work  of  Behrendts.  **  The  Political  EoonomV  Father  C.  D.  Acufia  (1641),  an  equally  rare  toI- 

of  Sweden,"  VoL  I,  comes  down  to  1808.    L.  V.  ume.    New  papers  are  from  the  pens  of  well- 

Khodski*s  researches  on  VLand  and  Agricult-  known  writers,  F.  Doro  and  D.  M.  Jimenez  de 

ure,"  two  volumes,  are  very  interesting,  especial-  la  Espada,  on  points  of  interest.    Books  and 

Iv  in  connection  with  economic  conditions  of  pamphlets  relating  to  America  are  numerous,  in 

the  Russian  peasantry.    A.  PhilippofTs  work  on  view  of  the  approaching  ouadricentenary  of  the 

*'  The  Punishments  and  Legislation  of  Peter  the  discovery  of  tne  New  World  by  Columbus,  which 

Great  in  connection  with  his  Reforms  '*  is  equal-  is  to  be  held  in  Madrid  in  1892.    The  Seville 

ly  interesting.    Mention  may  properly  be  made  bibliophiles  have  lately  brought  to  light  an  old 

here  of  V.  Sudeykin*s  book  on  the  **  State  Bank  "  work,  **  Historia  del  Nuevo  Mundo,"  by  Father 

and  its  activity,  1. 1.  Yan juVs  "  Fundamental  Basis  Bemabd  Cobo,  of  the  order  of  the  Jesuits  (1653), 

of  Financial  Science,  the  Doctrine  of  State  Reve-  of  which  Vol.  I  has  been  published.    Provincial 

nue,*'  and  Levitsky's  "  Problems  and  Methods  of  history  and  topography  have  received  less  than 

the  Scieuce  of  National  Economy."    Dril.  who  the  usual  share  of  attention  this  year.    Biogra- 

belongs  to  the  anthropological  school  of  crimin-  phy,  however,  has  made  some  progress.    In  this 

al  physiology,  propounds  in  his  latest  work  (as  department  we  may  name  here  a  fife  of  the  first 

in  his' two  preceding  books)  his  theory  of  **  Psy-  Duke  of  Ossnna  and  founder  of  the  university, 

d^ophysical  Types  m  connection  with  Crime.**  D.  Pedro  T.  Giron ;  ''Life  and  Writings  of  tfie 

Spain. — ^The  Royal  Academy  de  la  Lengua,  late  Don  V.  de  los  Rios,"  known  as  author  of 

which  has  been  rather  languishmg  of  late  years,  a  life  of  Cervantes,  by  Luis  Vidart ;  a  life  of 

seems  to  have  waked  up  and  applied  itself  vigor-  Loyola,  of  little  value ;  and  **  Biographical  Die- 

ouslv  to  its  proper  vocation.    Tne  long-expected  tionary  of  Catalan  Writers,"  by  Molins.    The 

work   attributed    to    King  Alfonso   X,    **  the  Duchess  of  Alba  has  aided  in  this  matter  by 

Learned,'*  as  he  is  called,  entitled  **  Las  Canti-  publishing  letters  and  documents  selected  from 

gas  de  Santa  Maria,*'  has  been  published  in  two  the  archives  of  her  house,  throwing  Ught  on  ns- 

folio  volumes  at  the  expense  of  the  Academy,  tional  history  from  the  fifteenth  to  the  seven- 

and  with  an  exhaustive  preface  by  the  Marquis  teenth  centurv.    Works  on  art  have  been  scarce 

de  Valmar.    The  Snanisn  literati  are  not  at  one  this  year,  ana  nothing  of  special  note  has  ap- 

as  regards  the  authorship  of  the  book,  devoted  peared.    In  political  sciences,  besides  snmepam- 

to  the  praise  of  the  Madonna.    The  prevailing  phlets,  the  Duke  de  Ripalde  has  publishe<l  a 

opinion  among  the  critics  is  that  it  was  com-  larger  work  under  the  title  '*E1  Problema  So- 

piled,  like  the  Code  of  Laws  and  other  works,  cial  y  las  Escuelas  Politicas.**    In  bibliography 

by  order  of  the  King     In  any  event,  however,  several  works,  mostly  prize  essays,  have  been 

the  Academy  deserves  much  credit  for  publish-  issued,  such  as  a  **  Biographical  and  Bibliographi 

ing  one  of  the  most  remarkable  literary  monu-  cal  Dictionary  of  Authors,  Natives  of  Burgos," 


layo,  has  prefixed  a  new  and  valuable  life  of  matio,  or  of  light  literature  in  general.  Neither 
Lope,  written  by  Don  C.  A.  de  la  Barrora,  an  Zorrilla  nor  Nuffez  de  Arce,  Campoamor,  nor 
author  of  good  repute.  The  Royal  Academy  of  M,  Palacios  has  done  anything  this  year.  The 
History  has  also  been  very  active.  A  third  vol-  drama  is  languishing,  and  with  the  single  excep- 
ume  o'f  the  Chronicle  of  Catalonia  has  been  tion  of  the  two  brothers  Echcgaray,  who  still 
published,  relating  to  the  famous  rebellion,  struggle  on,  there  is  not  a  single  playwriter 
1641-60;  and  portions  of  a  Latin  history  of  worth  naming.  D.  Jos6  Echegaray  has  pro- 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  by  Gonzalo  de  Avora.  duced  two  comedies  of  the  light  sort,  like  the 
To  this  a  learned  preface  has  been  supplied  b^C.  French  vaudeville.  On  the  other  hand,  novel 
F.  Duro.  Other  original  papers  and  contributions  writing  seems  to  carry  the  day,  and  all  kinds  of 
by  academicians  afford  the  artist  and  antiquary  stories,  historical,  moral,  or  satirical,  are  appear- 
ample  matter  for  study  and  examination.  The  ing,  especially  m  the  periodical  press.  At  the 
collection  of  "  Inedited  Documents  '*  has  reached  same  time  it  is  only  fair  to  state  that  E.  P. 
its  ninety-ninth  volume,  which  gives  an  account  Bazan,  P.  Galdos,  ^ereda,  Picon,  and  others 
of  Vincart's  campaign  in  Flanders  (1637)  and  a  show  that  novel  writing  has  much  improved, 
short  chronicle  of  John  II,  of  Castile,  printed  A  novel  by  a  Jesuit  father,  entitled  "  PequeRe- 
for  the  first  time.  The  volumes  preceding,  ces,**  that  is  "  Trifles,"  has  gained  wide  success, 
from  the  eighty-eighth  onward,  are  filled  with  It  is  powerfullv  written,  the  critics  say,  by  one 
matter  equally  interesting  and  important  for  who  is  a  journalist  of  first-class  reputation,  and 
purposes  of  national  history.  Numerous  books  at  one  time  a  pnpil.  friend,  and  admirer  of  the 
relating  to  America  and  old  Spanish  colonies  celebrated  Cecilia  Bohl  de  Faber  (pseudonym 
have  been  reprinted  this  year,  a  further  proof  of  Feman  Caballero).  In  political  ideas  the  book 
what  before  has  been  stated,  that  more  books  is  at  variance  with  predominant  opinions  just 
respecting  America  have  been  published  during  now,  and  Bazan  and  Bobadilla  have  held  up  to 
the  last  half-century  than  in  three  preceding  ridicule  this  violent  satire  on  the  Spanish  aris- 
ones  put  together.  Besides  the  well-known  col-  tocracy  during  Amadeo's  short  reign, 
lection  "  Documentos  Incditos  de  Ultramar  "  and  Sweden.— Last  year  we  omitted  Sweden  from 
its  continuation  b^  the  Academy,  a  new  one  has  our  record,  owing  to  the  fact  that  there  were  no 
been  started,  entitled :  "  Colleccion  de  Libros  materials  at  hand  for  giving  an  intelligible  ae- 
quo tratan  de  America,"  of  which  two  volumes  count  of  progress  in  the  year  1890.  This  year 
have  appeared,  one  on  the  conquest  of  Peru,  by  we  are  glad  to  be  able  to  say  something  to'  the 
F.  de  Xerez,  a  reprint  of  the  first  edition  of  purpose,  although  it  is  largely  confined  to  one 


LITERATtrBE,  CONTINENTAL. 


le  good  Dovels  have  been  mitten  in 
"  Young "  Swedish  school  has  fairly 
n  to  the  necessity  of  the  case,  nnd  has  passed 


berg,  :tie  Zola  representative,  is  the  most  promi- 
ncQi  Ggure  in  bwedish  prose  fiction,  a  man  of 
fnti  artistic  and  literal  gi'ts,  possessed  of  a 
iDsrvellous  style,  firmness  of  touch,  and  quite 
tin)  fond  of  diatribes  against  the  gentler  sex. 
Ui3  last  book,  >■  I  HafslMndet,"  '■  On  the  Island 
Frioge,"  is  characteristia  of  the  man.  He  has 
heea  reading  Nietschc,  a  German  prophet,  and 
reproduces  in  fiction  liis  teacher's  theory  about 
tnperbaman  being  and  its  working.  From  the 
iccount  given  in  reviews,  the  book  is  hardly  to 
b«  pronounced  either  pleasing  or  profitable  to 
oidioaty  readers^  The  vounger  men  have 
proGud  by  watching  Strindberg^  style  without 
sdoptiDK  Eds  peculiar  views  as  to  life  and  con- 
duel.  Tor  Hedberg's  "Ett  Eldprot,"  "A  Test 
of  Fire,"  is  noted  as  a  psychological  study  also, 
laming  on  the  conflict  between  light  and  dark- 
md  growing  insanityia  a  j;oung 


of  the  inQuencea  that  are  crippling  intellectiial 
llle  in  Sweden.  Another  of  the  young  masters 
of  iljle  is  Axel  Lundeeard,  who  is  much  praised 
tor  conciseness  and  cloamcss,  conjoined  with 
•ilmirsble  lightness  of  touch.  His  last  book  is 
entilled  "La  Houche:  the  Story  of  a  Death- 
bed.'' in  which  he  tells  with  deep  tenderness  the 
slorv  of  the  poet  Heine's  last  days  in  Paris. 
Every  student  of  Heine  recognizes  who  "Iji 
Mouche  "  was.  Great  sensation  has  been  roused 
h  tome  chapters  of  an  unfinished  story,  "  GOsta 
Barlings  Saga,"  hj  Selma  LagerlSf,  describing 
in  a  highly  imaginative  way  the  wild,  quaint 
life  in  Vermland  some  sixty  years  back.  Of 
shnrtfTstories.  the  best  one  is  decidedly  vet  pow- 
erfull)'  naturalistic  by  Qustaf  af  Goijcrstara, 
eDtiilrf  "  Padermord,"  the  tale  of  a  murder  of 
t  pea-sont  of  Oland  by  his  wife  and  sons.  The 
mhItbis  and  description  throughout  display  in- 
sight and  force.  Worthy  cf  note  is  a  good 
".\ftErmath"  of  Victoria  Bcnedictson's  shorter 
rtadies.  Mr*.  H.  Nyblom  has  published  a  col- 
lection of  studies  and  essays,  eome  of  them 
d"cidedly  charming,  called  "  Dikt  och  Var- 
tlighcl,''  "  Fiction  and  Fact."  The  literary 
suwcss  of  the  year  (from  a  Dnanciai  point  of 
^iew)  bas  been  won  by  Sigurd's  "  Fru  Went  berg's 
<Snukorderingar,"  a  collection  of  broadly  hu- 
morous sketches  of  lower  middle  life.  "Sigurd" 
U  I  pen-name.  In  other  departments  a  few 
bfoks  hav«  been  pnblished,  which  we  hero  note. 
Viktor  Rrdberg  has  written  an  "  F/pilogue  "  for 
'tie  Swedish  translation  of  S.  Laing's  "Modem 
Science  and  Modem  Thought."  It  is  said  to  be 
*n  able  plea  for  a  rather  novel  kind  of  religious 
iilttlisni.  without  antagonizing  new  discoveries 
in  science.  Karl  af  Oeijerstam  has  somewhat 
'"  wy  on  "  Hvpnoliam  och  Religion,"  and  D. 
feresirtm  deal"  with  "Kommnnism  ooh  Soeial- 
i™."  Augnsl  Strindbei^  has  published  a  col- 
Irelion  of  mixed  essays  called  '■Trvckt  och 
J.lrtckt.''  A.  Hedin.  In  his  "  Episode  of  the 
-'rekUce,"  has  furnished  a  clever  study  in  the 
hiUory  ot  the  French  Revolutioa,  and  K  V. 


dealing 
rustic  life,  and 
up  to  the  repu- 
the   author.    In 


Baath,  fn  his  "Northern  Life  in  the  Olden 
Times,"  has  produced  a  valuable  as  well  as  in- 
teresting essay.  No  plays  of  the  year  hare  been 
specially  noteworthy.  F<^ns  Hedberg's  "  Barda 
fflnnen'' has  created  some 
with  realistic  representation 
E.  MichaelsBon's  "  Moln  "  is  q 

tation  heretofore  acquired  t . 

poetry  we  may  note  0.  D.  af  Wirs^n's  "Vintet^ 
crOnt"  and  D,  Fallstrflm's  "  Chrysanlemnm," 
New  poets  of  promise  are  Qustaf  FrBding  and 
Per  HallstiOm,  the  latter  a  sort  of  Swedish 
Browning. 

LOUISIANA,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to 
the  Union  April  80,  1812  ;  area,  46,720  square 
miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  de- 
cennial census  since  admission,  was  1(12,923  in 
1620;  215,730  in  ItjBO;  352,411  in  1840;  51T.T20 
in  1860;  708,002  in  1860;  726,915  in  1870;  089,- 
040  in  1S80;  and  1,118,567  in  161^0.  Capital, 
Baton  Rouge. 

Gore rnmcnt.— The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Francis  T. 
Nicholls,  Democrat;  Lie  it  ten  ant-Go  rem  or,  James 
Jeffries ;  Secretary  of  Slat«,  Leonard  F.  Mason ; 
Treasurer,  William  H.  Pipes;  Auditor,  Ullie  B. 
Steele ;  Superintendent  of  Public  Education. 
William  H.Jack;  Attorney- General,  Waller  H. 
Rogers;  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Thomp- 
E>on  J.  Bird;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
Edward  Bermudez;  Associate  Justices,  Samuel 
D.  UcEnery,  Charles  K  Fenner,  Lynn  B.  Wal- 
kins,  and  James  A.  Breaux, 

Fopolatlon  b;  Baces.^The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 


wn 

TE. 

«», 

IMH.. 

IHSO. 

1890. 

IBBO. 

AadU. 

8,061 

1 

s.ifa 

B 
1 

4.81  S 

«.s:s 

i 

MM 
am 

im 

ilioa 

8.10(1 
l.»M 

1 

4/« 

4,rw 

Wl 

we* 

I,S4II 
l!Mt 

IMBI 

S,S>W 
8,181 

4.KB 

B.K5 
8,MJ 

tow 

]!,S35 

is.ito 

II 

iftsM 

Bipn.1ji» 

BoKin 

iJS 

CMw,\l 

*^ 

I8.DM 

U.SS8 

rruiUlii 

w 

OnMhlU. 

ItelilDe. 

fiLBcmuil 

ifia 

444 


LOUISIANA. 


PARISHES. 


8t  Charles. 

8l  Helonft 

St.  James 

8t  John  tho  Baptist . . . 

8t  Landry 

8t  Martin 

8tMary 

8t  Tammany 

Tangipahoa 

Tensas 

Terre  Bonne 

Union 

Ytfrmilion 

Vernon 

Washington 

Webster. 

West  Baton  Rouge 

Wost  Carroll 

West  Feliciana 

Winn 

The8tate. 


WHRB. 

1890. 

1880. 

1,979 

1,401 

a,449 

8,828 

COM 

4,850 

4,674 

8,855 

17,780 

20,478 

6.988 

5,788 

1,904 

6,717 

&814 

4,268 

7,886 

5,606 

1,111 

1,571 

10,815 

8,618 

9,806 

8,014 

11,822 

6,771 

5,869 

4,788 

4,667 

8,475 

M20 

ijsa 

2,875 

2,252 

1,497 

1,889 

2,271 

2,287 

6,060 

4,797 

654,712 

451,954 

ooxjosmD. 


1890.     1880, 


6,758 
4,618 

10,086 
6,641 

22,840 
7,883 

14,430 
8,779 
4,754 

15,588 
9,797 
7,498 
2,912 
551 
2,080 
7,841 
5,983 
2,821 

12,791 
1,022 


562398 


6,746 
4,176 
9,862 
^792 

19,899 
6,876 

18,115 
2,005 
4,014 

16,2»7 
9,111 
5,512 
1,957 

«n 

1,712 
5,688 
6,415 
1,487 
10,522 
1,047 


483,655 


There  were  also  in  the  State  in  1890  315 
Chinese,  39  Japanese,  and  628  Indians. 

The  Lottery  Amendment.— Early  in  Janu- 
ary a  hearing  was  had  before  Judge  Buckner,  of 
the  district  court  at  Baton  Rouge,  in  themandch 
mils  suit,  State  ex  rel,  Morris  vs.  Mason,  which 
was  brought  in  December,  1890,  by  the  agents  of 
the  lottery  company  against  the  Secretary  of 
State,  to  compel  the  publication  of  the  proposed 
lottery  amendment  to  the  State  Constitution. 
The  secretary  of  State  had  refused  to  publish  the 
amendment-,  on  the  ground  that  it  had  not  been 
legally  adopted  by  the  Legislature.  On  Jan  19 
the  decision  of  Jud^  Buckner  was  rendered  in 
favor  of  the  defendant,  from  which  an  appeal 
was  taken  to  the  State  Supreme  Court  Argu- 
ments were  heard  by  that  tribunal  on  Feb.  17 
and  18,  and  the  decision  was  reserved. 

The  State  Constitution  requires  that  a  proposed 
amendment  be  passed  by  a  two-third  vote  of  all 
the  members  in  each  House  of  the  Legislature, 
after  having  been  read  in  each  House  on  three 
separate  days;  that  such  amendment,  tx)gether 
with  the  yeas  and  nays  thereon,  be  entered  on 
the  journal;  and  that  the  Secretary  of  State 
cause  it  to  be  published  in  certain  newspapers, 
af  tor  which  it  shall  be  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the 
people.  The  lottery  amendment  had  been  intro- 
duced and  passed  through  the  Legislature  not 
in  the  usual  form  of  a  resolution  proposing  an 
amendment,  but  in  the  form  of  a  bill  providing 
a  method  of  submitting  to  the  people  the  amend- 
ment therein  set  forth.  This  bul  had  passed  both 
Houses  by  a  two-third  vote,  had  been  presented 
to  the  Governor  like  any  other  bill,  nad  been 
vetoed,  and  had  passed  tho  House  over  the  veto, 
but  not  the  Senate  The  friends  of  the  bill 
claimed  that,  as  the  clause  of  the  Constitution 
relating  to  its  amendment  contained  no  require- 
ment that  proposed  amendments  be  submitted  to 
the  Governor  for  his  approval,  the  veto  in  this 
case  was  nugatory,  and  the  amendment,  having 
once  passed  each  House  by  a  two-third  vote, 
was  legally  before  the  people.  The  Secretary  of 
State  insisted  that  this  clause  of  the  Constitution 
should  be  construed  with  the  other  provisions  of 
the  instrument,  and  that  amendments  should  go 
through  the  same  course  as  other  legislation.  He 
farther  claimed  that,  even  if  this  proposition 


were  not  true,  the  measure  in  this  case,  being  in 
the  form  of  a  bill  containing  yarious  other  mat- 
ters beside  the  amendment  in  question,  was  sub- 
ject to  the  section  of  the  Constitution  relating  to 
the  passage  of  bills,  and  must  be  passed  over 
the  veto.  The  Secretary  also  attacked  the  cor- 
rectness of  the  printed  journals  of  the  Legisla- 
ture respecting  the  passage  of  the  amendment, 
and  also  claimed  that  it  contained  matters  of 
legislative  detail  which  could  not  legally  be 
placed  in  the  Constitution.  For  these  reasons 
ne  declined  to  publish  the  alleged  amendment 
The  court  rendered  its  decision  on  April  27.  A 
majority  of  threejud^es — Chief-Justice  Bermu- 
dez  and  Justices  Watkins  and  McEnery— decided 
that  the  amendment  need  not  be  suomitted  to 
the  Governor;  that  having  once  passed  each 
House  by  a  two-third  vote,  it  must  oe  published 
according  to  law,  and  submitted  to  the  people. 
They  decided  that  the  printed  legislative  journals 
were  conclusive  evidence  of  the  facts  therein 
stated ;  and  that  the  amendment  was  not  ren- 
dered void  by  any  allepned  legislative  matter 
which  it  contained.  Justices  Fenner  and  Breaux 
dissented  from  these  views. 

The  amendment  in  question  provides  that, 
during  the  term  of  twenty-five  years  from  Jan- 
uary, 1894,  John  A.  Morris,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
in  consideration  of  the  privilege  of  maintaining 
lotteries  during  that  period,  shall  pay  to  the  State 
annually  the  following  sums :  For  public  schoolN 
1350,000 ;  for  levees,  $850,000 ;  for  State  chari- 
ties, 1150,000;  for  pensions,  $50,000;  for  the 
city  of  New  Oaleans  lor  drainage  and  other  sani- 
tary purposes,  $100,000 ;  for  the  general  fund  of 
the  State,  $250,000. 

PolitlcaL—The  State  Supreme  Court  had  no 
sooner  decided  that  the  lottery  amendment  roost 
be  published  according  to  law,  and  submitted  to 
a  popular  vote  at  the  election  of  April,  1892, 
than  the  friends  and  opponent**  of  that  measure 
began  serious  preparation  for  a  determined  con- 
test before  the  people.  A  full  set  of  State  oflScers 
was  to  be  chosen  at  the  same  April  election,  and 
the  lottery  question  was  thereby  complicated 
with  the  various  local  personal  and  party  inter- 
ests usually  involved  in  a  State  election.  The 
first  skirniish  in  the  contest  was  to  determine 
whether  the  lottery  or  the  anti-lottery  Demo- 
crats should  control  their  party  and  nominate 
the  party  candidates,  a  Democratic  nomination 
being  ordinarily  equivalent  to  an  election.  The 
Democratic  convention  was  called  to  meet  on 
Dec.  10.  Several  months  prior  thereto  the  anti- 
lottery  Democrats  and  those  who  were  adherents 
of  the  Farmers*  Alliance  came  to  an  agreement, 
by  which  they  were  to  co-operate  in  securing  the 
election  of  anti-lottery  delegates  to  the  conven- 
tion, who  would  support  therein  a  fusion  ticket 
headed  by  Thomas  S.  Adams,  President  of  the 
State  Alliance,  for  Governor,  and  containing  rep- 
resentatives of  both  the  Alliance  and  the  anti- 
lottery  people  as  candidates  for  the  other  ofliocs 
In  opposition  to  this  ticket  the  lottery  people 
and  many  of  the  regular  Democrats,  without  rf- 
gpard  to  the  lottery  question,  urged  the  nomina- 
tion of  a  ticket  headed  by  ex-Gov.  Samuel  D. 
McEnery.  then  a  justice  of  the  State  Supreme 
Court.  At  the  Democratic  primaries  a  vote  for 
the  McEnery  faction  was  generally  regarde<i  as  a 
vote  in  favor  of  the  lottery,  while*  a  vote  for  the 


LOUISIANA.  445 

Adams  faction  was  clearly  a  vote  against  it  Asa  vention,  did  not  complete  its  work  till  Dec.  19. 
result  of  these  primaries,  the  McEnerv  party  car-  The  following  ticket  was  selected :  For  Governor, 
ried  erery  warn  in  New  Orleans,  while  many  of  Samuel  D.  McEnery ;  for  Lieutenant^GoTernor, 
the  country  parishes  sent  Adams  delegates,  con-  Robert  C.  Wicliffe ;  for  Secretary  of  State,  Leon- 
testing  delegations  being  frequently  the  result  ard  F.  Mason ;  for  Treasurer,  Gabriel  Montegut ; 
Under  these  circumstances,  the  Adams  delegates  for  Auditor,  Ollie  B.  Steele ;  for  Attomey-Gen- 
decided  to  run  no  risk  by  entering  the  conven-  eral,  Ed^r  W.  Sutherlin ;  for  Superintendent  of 
tioa  with  their  opponents,  unless  the  latter  would  Public  Education,  J.  V.  Calhoun.  The  foUow- 
ooncede  certain  of  their  demands,  among  which  ing  is  the  more  important  part  of  the  platform 
was  a  platform  declaration  denouncing  the  lottery  adopted : 

amendment  At  a  conference  between  the  two  We  call  the  attention  of  the  people  of  Louisiana, 
factions  on  the  day  preceding  the  conyention  it  and  especially  of  the  constituencies  interested,  to  the 
was  found  that  no  t)asis  of  agreement  eould  be  fact  that  many  parishes  were  unrepresented  in  this 
reached,  and  on  Dec  16  the  anti-lottery  and  convention,  through  the  revolutionanr  acts  of  the 
Alliance  delegates  assembled  in  one  hall  at  Ba-  delegates  from  those  parishes  who,  without  cause,  ex- 
ton  Rouge,  wliile  the  McEnery  delegates  assem-  f^ST;  PI?yi*^t^??'  "T^^  V?  ^®  ^f '"^  ^''^  "^^ 
ki^  ;«  ^»^f k»»  TU^  ««f,'  i;;4-f«»«^«^,.«.««firv«  ^  participate  in  its  deliberations,  as  they  were  ap- 
bled  m  anothet  The  anti-lottery  convention,  ^^^  ^^  but,  on  the  contnur,  oiganlzed  an  it 
being  called  to  order  by  the  chairman  of  the  dependent  convention  and  placed  in  nomination  a 
Democratic  State  committee,  who  is  an  opponent  ticket  which  has  none  of  the  authority  or  regularity 
of  the  lottery,  claimed  to  be  the  regular  Demo-  of  a  Democratic  nomination  with  which  to  go  before 
cratic  State  Convention.  On  the  other  hand,  the  }>eople,  and  can  only  be  classed  as  an  independent 
when  the  majority  of  the  Democratic  State  com-  or  third  party  ticket  ^  ,.  « 
mittee  learned  that  their  chairman  had  sided  ^  y®.f*\^^"«^^^*"""^.^^.,?^  ^^^  }9  a^l^® 
with  their  onponents^th^.^d  a  meetin^on  the  Ki^pyplS:S.M^ 

morning  of  Dec^  le,  deposed  him  from  office,  and  can  give  relief.   There  U  no  room  in  Uie  political 

selected  a  new  chairman,  who  called  the  McEnery  campaign  approaching  for  a  third  party,  and  the  es- 

coDvention  to  order  as  the  Beeular  Democratic  tablishment  of  a  thi^  party  in  the  South  can  only 

State  Conyention.     The  anti-Tottery  or  Adams  disrupt  the  Demociatic  party  and  aid  in  the  perpetua- 

convention,  according  to  the  report  of  its  com-  ^^^.P^  Republican  rule.  • 

mittee  on  credential,  contained  872  of  the  686        ^  *7*«:.  ^ -?f 'F®  miyonty  of  the  members,  both 

rl^lAMtPft  nAr»A«mrvixk  fnrm  «.  fnll  nnnvAnHnn  pro  and  anti,  Of  this  convention  have  been  instructed 

aeie»tes  nece^ry  to  lorm  a  full  oonvention,  ty  their  constituents  to  secure  the  submission  of  the 

and  It  WM  the  first  to  complete  its  work,  adiourn-  avenue  amendment  to  a  primary  election  of  white 

ing  on  Dec  17.    Thomas  S.  Adams,  although  Democratic  votere,  to  be  held  under  proper  rules  and 

chosen  to  head  the  tipket,  was  induced  to  oe-  regulations  at  a  date  previous  to  the  general  election ; 

dine  the  honor,  and  to  accept  the  candidacy  for  and  Whereas,  It  is  impossible  to  provide  for  such 

Secretaiy  of  State.    In  his  place.   Murphy  J.  settlement  in  the  absence  of,  and  by  reason  of  the 


Foster,  a  pronounced  anti-lottery  Democrat,  was    '^^^  °  V  ^T*^v  <*^  j?«H*^  ^^^  *"  opposed  to 
BAl«»f li  o-  f K-.  ^T^A  J^at^  fni.  a..L^^^     Th\.  ^    8a»d  amendment ;  therefore,  l>e  it_  _ 


.  _  pro- and  anti-lottery  Dem- 
urer, John  Pickett ;  for  Auditor,  W.  W.  Head ;  ocrats  for  the  submission  of  said  amendment  to  a 
for  Attorney-General,  Milton  J.  Cunningham ;  primary  election  of  white  Democratic  votera,  at  a 
for  Superintendent  of  Education,  A.  D.  Lafergue.  date  to  be  agreed  to  by  both  parties,  and  the  Stote 
The  pUtform  contained  the  following :  Central  Committee  is  directed  to  use  every  honorable 
^                                                      ^  means  to  bnng  about  a  settlement  of  this  ouestion  in 

The  Democratio  party  of  the  State  claim  thatL  accordance  with  the  power  herein  conveyed, 

through  its  adminUtration  and  by  the  observance  of  tj^^  Republican  State  Convention  was  not  held 

t  ^l;SS^tn^^'^1n^^^^^  -til  Jan.;i9  1892     It  then  nominated  the  fol- 

A  smgle  obstruction  now  stands  in  the  wiy  of  the  lowing  ticket :  For  Governor,  Albert  H.  Leonard ; 

progress  of  this  State.    An  amendment  to  the  State  for  Ijieutenant-Govemor,  H.  Dudley  Coleman  ; 

CooKtitution  is  proposed  whereby  its  revenue  shall  for  Secretary  of  State,  Terence  Voisin;  forTreas- 

be  largely  derived  from  the  Louisiana  lottery.    Such  urer,  Chester  B.  Darrale ;  for  Auditor,  Charles 

means  of  raising  revenues  are  at  variance  with  the  A.  Fontelieu;  for  Attorney-General,  John  Yott; 

cmhtttion  of  the  centuiy,  in  opposition  to  and  sub-  ^r  Superintendent  of  Public  Education.  L.  A. 


the  State  Democratic  platform  of  1883. 


nndemocraUc,  and  ito  adoption  destructive  of  our  peopleof  the  United  States  that  their  liberties  will  be 
Ubeitow.  No  Democratic  platform  should  be  adopted  Jeriously  threatened  by  the  continued  existence  of  a 
^hich  does  not  condemn  wd  denounce  all  lotteries    government  in  this  State  which  usurped  power  by 


»?^  V**  ?ff^  P^®^^  y*  promote  the  passage  of  laws  ^g  protest  against  the  political  intimidation,  per- 

which  will  secure  their  suppression.  juries,  and  murdera  which  have  so  long  disgraced 

The  McEnery  conyention,  which  also  claimed  We  earnestly  recommend  that  the  present  national 

«>  contain  a  majority  of  the  total  number  of  Uw  providing  for  a  bounty  on  sugar,  be  faithfully 

<lPlegate8  entitled  to  seats  in  a  Democratic  con-  earned  out,  and  we  trust  that  the  Republican  mem- 


446  LOWELL,  JAMES  BUSSELL. 

bers  of  Cozi^efls  will  prevent  tho  efforts  now  being  episode  of  bis  busy  life.     His  son  John 

made  by  tne  Democratio  members  of  that  body  to  naduated  at  Harvard,  studied  law,  traveled  in 

defeat  or  suspend  the  operation  of  that  wise  measure.  Europe,  and  returned  in  1806  to  devote  himself 

We  are  opposed  to  alf  monopolies  *nd  all  tojwt^  ^  literature,  especially  to  controversial  political 

The  revenue  amendment,  which  has  been  submitted  ^„j   ««i:„;^„o  S^*i^J      w^  »*f^»^irtJ^  fU^  «..^ 

by  a  Democratic  Legislature  to  the  people  of  the  State,  ^^^  religious  writing.      He  attacked  the  so  j^ 

presents  questions  of  grave  importance,  involving  porters  of  ttie  Wwr  ^  1812  with  great  skill  and 

financial,  economical,  and  moral  considerations.  Fully  seventy.     Edward  Everett  said  of  him:  "He 

recognizing  that  it  is  the  right  and  the  dutjr  of  every  possessed  colloquial  powers  of  the  highest  order 

voter  to  determine  these  questions  as  his  judgment  and  a  flow  of  unstudied  eloquence  never  sur- 

and   conscience   may  dictate,    the   Republicans  of  passed,  and  rarely,  as  with  him,  united  with  the 

LouisiMia  declare  that,  in  sympathy  ^^^^.the  senfa-  Smmand  of  an  accurate,  elegant,  and  logical 
ment  of  the  Federal  AdministraUon^^^          Kepub-  „    ^  his  pamphlets  tie  following  titles 

li^uS^M^or'^Ki^^^^^^  o^f  ^l  ST.  sugges^^^^^^^ «  K  without  Dishonor!  War 

fonn  of  gambling  Without  Hope";    "  Mr.  Madison's  War— a  Dis- 

Retolv€d^  That  wo  here  declare  white  supremacy,  passionate  Inquiry  into  the  Reasons  aUeged  by 

as  an  article  of  party  faith,  to  be  rank  political  heresy,  Madison  for  declaring  en  Offensive  and  Ruinous 

destructive  of  the  rule  of  the  miyority.  War  with  Great  Britain  " ;    '•  Are  you  a  Christian 

We  demand  the  ftillest  protection  of  the  nght  of  ^^  ^  Calvinistf"    He  was  an  ardent  lover  of 

ril  ir^''L>n''or  «tote  ^*^'***'^'^  '"'**'*'"*  ^^  °^  nature,  and  was  foremost  in  aiding  the  agricult- 

^We  de^^ce'^^l^ching  as  uiyustifiable  homicide,  ural  and  horticultural  interests  of  the  SUte 

and  demand  a  judicial  trial  of  aU  oflfendei*  against  Another  son  of  Judge  John  Lowell  was  Francis, 

the  law.  who  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1793, 

We  demand  the  repeal  of  all  caste  or  class  legisla-  and  became  a  merchant  in  Newburvport     In 

lation,   and   particularly  of  the   separate-car    law,  jqiq  he  visited  England,  and  remainecl  for  three 

which  is  hero  declared  a  blot  on  our  statute  books  ^^^^       Qn    his  return  he  introduced   cotton 

and  a  breeder  of  discord  and  turmoil   among  its  ^janufacture  into  the  United  States.     He  was 

citizens.  principdly  instrumental  in  having  inserted  into 

Delegates  to  the  Republican  National  Conven-  the  tariff  act  of  1816  the  clause  that  imposed  a 

tion  of  1892  were  elected  at  this  time,  and  a  reso-  duty  on  cotton  fabrics.     Lowell,  Mass.,  which 

lution  recommending  them  to  vote  for  the  re-  he  had  planned,  was  named  for  him.    Another 

nomination  of  President  Harrison  was  adopted,  son  of  Judge  John  Lowell  was  Charles,  father 

The  election  will  take  place  in  April,  1892.  of  James  RusselL    Charles  was  graduated  at 

LOWELL,  JAMES  BUSSELL,  an  Amen-  Harvard  College  in  1800,  and  studied  law,  but 
can  poet  and  essayist,  bom  in  Cambridge,  Mass.,  abandoned  its  practice  for  that  of  theology.  He 
Feb.  22,  1819 ;  died  there  Aug.  12,  1891.  It  spent  two  yeare  in  Edinbura^h,  studying,  trav- 
seems  more  than  usually  worth  while  to  take  a  eied  on  the  Continent,  and  after  his  return  was 
glance  at  Mr.  Lowell's  ancestry,  for  he  inherited  settled  over  the  West  Unitarian  Church  in  Bos- 
traits  from  each  progenitor,  making  more  ap-  ton,  a  place  which  he  held  until  his  death,  at 
parent  use  than  can  often  be  traced  of  the  varied  the  age  of  seventy-nine.  Failing  health  often 
and  interesting  material  which  it  was  his  happy  compelled  him  to  seek  rest  and  change,  and  he 
fortune  to  bring  into  an  environment  that  was  traveled  extensively  in  Europe.  He  was  an 
also  exceptionally  fortunate.  The  family  was  eloquent  and  fervid  orator,  a  strong  opponent 
descended,  in  this  country,  from  Pereival  liowell,  of  Slavery,  and  a  writer  on  questions  of  the  day. 
a  merchant,  who  came  from  Bristol,  England,  to  He  married  a  sister  of  Robert  Traill  Spence, 
Roxbury,  Mass.,  in  1639.  John,  son  of  Fercival,  of  the  United  States  navy.  When  Spence,  at 
was  the  earliest  minister  of  Newburvport,  where  nineteen  years  of  age,  was  serving  under  De- 
he  was  settled  from  1726  to  1767.  His  son  John  catur  on  a  captured  Tripolitan  gunboat,  she  was 
was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1760,  and  blown  up  by  a  hot  shot  sent  through  her  roaga- 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1762.  In  1776  he  repre-  zine.  After  the  explosion,  with  her  stem  blown 
sented  Newburvport  in  the  Provincial  Assembly,  to  pieces  and  under  water,  Spence  kept  on  load- 
and  was  an  officer  of  militia.  He  removed  to  ing  and  firing  the  gun  he  had  charge  of.  Finally, 
Boston  in  1777,  and  was  a  legislator  from  that  with  his  crew  of  eleven  survivors,  he  ordered 
citf  in  1778.  In  1780  he  was  a  dele^te  to  the  three  cheers,  and,  sitting  on  the  piece,  waving 
convention  that  framed  the  Constitution  of  his  cap,  he  went  down  with  the  wreck.  They 
Massachusetts,  serving  on  the  committee  that  were  rescued,  and  he  lived  to  repeat  his  valorous 
drafted  that  instrument.  He  secured  the  inser-  conduct  He  was  made  lieutenant  and  master- 
tion  into  it  of  the  clause  "  all  men  are  bom  free  commander  in  quick  succession,  and  at  the  age 
and  equal/*  which  he  believed,  if  accepted,  of  twenty-seven  became  past  captain.  He  was 
would  cause  the  legal  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  commended  for  his  manceuvre  in  obstracting 
State.  The  Supreme  Court  upheld  his  position,  the  British  fleet  off  Baltimore.  In  1822,  as 
and  slavery  was  declared  abolished.  In  1772-'78  senior  American  naval  officer  in  the  West  In- 
he  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congress,  dies,  he  issued  the  protest  against  Francisco 
and  was  appointed  by  that  body  one  of  three  Morales,  who  had  threatened  death  to  A  men- 
judges  for  the  trial  of  appeals  from  courts  of  ad-  cans  on  the  Spanish  main,  which  was  effective 
miralty.  In  1789  he  was  made  United  States  in  preventing  outrage  and  maint4unin^  the 
judge  of  the  district  of  Massachusetts,  and  in  honor  of  the  nag.  Through  his  mother,'  James 
1801  chief  justice  of  the  First  Circuit,  which  in-  Russell  Lowell  seems  to  have  inherited  his 
eluded  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  purest  imaeinative  strain  and  his  sense  of  hu- 
and  Rhode  Island.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  mor.  While  it  almost  seems,  when  we  read,  as 
of  the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  if  we  could  point  out  the  special  ancestor  from 
and  a  poem  or  an  oration  was  an  occasional  whom  he  took  the  cue  for  this  or  that  act  of  his 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL.  447 

life,  he  was  no  plagiarist  in  humanity.     His  placency  of  greatness,  and  I  did  not  go  away  emp- 

personality  informs  all  he  has  said  or  written,  so  ty.   Landor  was  in  many  ways  beyond  me,  but  I 

that  we  seem  to  see  the  expression  of  the  eye  loved  the  company  he  broue:ht,  making  persons 

and  the  attitude  of  body  as  well  as  mind  m  for  me  of  what  had  before  oeen  futile  names.** 

which  he  was  when  the  pen  obeyed  the  will.  Mr.  Lowell  held  in  such  abhorrence  the  custom, 

His  all-perrading  wit   and   humor,  allied  to  so  prevalent  of  late,  of  blending  the  public  and 

pathos,  are  probably  the  qualities  that  occasion  private  afiFairs  of  men  and  women  known   to 

this  emotion.                                                          .  fame,  that  in  writing  of  him  one  feels  even  more 

As  to  his  mental  ancestry,  that,  too,  was  of  the  than  usually  shy  of  seeming  to  intrude  upon  any 

blaest  blood.    The  influence  of  this  ancestry  privacy  but  that  which  may,  after  all,  be  called 

maj  be  traced,  perhaps,  but  here,  too,  he  has  the  most  sacred ;  for  what  is  the  laying  bare  of 

made  the  result  of  stuay  his  own  by  assimilation,  the  soul,  as  Lowell  in  common  with  all  critical 

He  is  original  by  his  own  definition,  given  in  his  writers  constantly  did,  but  spreading  abroad  to 

essay  on  Thorean.    '*  Originality  consists  in  the  the  best  of  one*8  ability  a  man's  inmost  nature  f 

power  of  digesting  and  assimilating  thoughts  so  In  a  tribute  to  his  friend,  Dr.  Oliver  Wendell 

that  they  b^me  part  of  our  life  and  surotance.  Holmes  says : 

Montaigne,  for  example,  is  one  of  the  most  *       ^i.-  1  •             ^  ^   rr       m         j  ^  1    wv 

origiJSr.uthors.  th^igh  he  helped  hin««lf  to  J^'Zp^^it^ZiTltlf^^''^^^:^. 

Ideas  m  every  direction.      But  they  turn  to  ghip.    If  he  had  any  fault  in  that  relation,  ft  was  a 

blood  and  coloring  in  his  style,  and  give  a  fresh-  too  generous  estimate  of  his  fri'aids.    He  loved  to  ap- 

Dess  of  complexion  that  is  forever  charming."  prove  anytliing  which  thcv  hod  done,  and  may  some- 

Again,  in  his  essay  on  Keats,  he  says:   "^n  times  have  been  partial  in  nis  Judgment    Yet  he  had 

hsTe  their  intellectual  ancestry,  and  the  likeness  ?he  courage  to  warn  a  ftiendif  he  thoupht  he  wasfall- 

of  some  one  of  them  is  forever  unexpectedly  mg  short  of  his  own  standard  of  excellence     In  gen- 

flashing  out  in  the  futures  of  a  descen^t,  1^  doTSfX^n tulfr^a^dVJ^^^^^^^^^^ 

may  be  after  a  rap  of  several  generations.    In  i^^  to  a  pun  when  the  temptation  was  strong.    With 

the  parliament  of  the  present  every  man  repre-  allhis  vast  reading,  he  was  not  in  the  habit  of  quot- 

sents  a  oonstitnency  of  the  past."  inf  passages  of  jprose  or  verse  from  the  authora  with 

Not  only  were  Lowell's  opportunities  for  study  whom  he  was  familiar.    I  speak  with  some  hesita- 

such  as  few  boys  of  his  time  possessed,  but  a  pas-  tion,  but  I  question  whether  he  remembered  con- 

bionate  love  of  books  made  his  reading  not  so  *??"<>"»  ^""^^  ■«  ^'^l  and  surely  as  some  of  his 

who  talked  through  them.    It  is  the  belief  that  Jnfonnation.    His  mind  was  too  robust  to  be  smoth- 

such  men  as  Lowell  will  read  that  makes  such  ©red  under  any  load  of  erudition.    Without  any  of 

men  as  Shakespeare,  Dante,  Cervantes,  Haw-  that  nervous  irritability  which  belongs  to  oversensi- 

thome,  and  Browning  writel    In  his  essay  on  tive  and  under-vitalized  or^iranizations,  he  was  alive, 

'•Some  Letters  of  V^lter  Savage  Landor,^*  he  a^ive  all  over  to  the  shows  of  the  outer  world  and  the 

gives  us  this  picture  of  his  eariy  habits  of  study :  movements  in  the  inner  world  of  conscioijaness.    He 

S  T  ».c  A»*  /:««^f .»^  f^  T  «»,i^C.>«  <«r^«.ira  Kv  K«o%.  had  an  eye  and  an  ear  for  the  trees  and  flowers  and 

I  was  first  directed  to  Landor  s  works  by  hear-  ^.^^  ^^  famwood ;  he  recognized  elements  of  beauty 

mg  how  much  store  Emerson  set  by  them.    I  ^^^  ^^e  lazy  Charles,  which  flowed  by  his  windows,  its 

grew  acQuamted  with  them  fifty  years  ago  m  watere  now  brackish  and  turbid  from  the  inland 

one  of  those  arched  alcoves  in  the  old  college  streams,  now  salt  and  lucid  fh>m  the  ocean.     Its 

library  in  Harvard  Hall  which  so  pleasantly  se-  broken  and  rccdv  banks,  the  monotonous  expanse  of 

eluded  without  whoily  isolating   the   student,  itsmarshes  were  dear  to  his  indulgent  outlook.   There 

That  foot-steps  should  pass  across  the  mouth  of  ««  »<>  f^^^  ^  muniflcent  as  those  wh^ch  the  poet's 

his  AUddin's^ve,  or  e\^  enter  it  in  search  of  ^^^  ^^^^'^  "l^'^  '^  humblest  surroundings, 

treasure,  so  far  from  disturbing  only  deepened  j^  regard  to  the  personal  and  anecdotal  man- 

ms  sense  of  possession.    These  famt  minors  of  ^^^  ^f  writing  biography,  Lowell  says,  in  his  essay 

the  world  he  had  left  served  but  as  a  pleasant  qj^  **  Izaak  Walton  " : 

reminder  that  he  was  the  privileged  denizen  of  *                                       , 

mother,  beyond*  the  flaming  bounds  of  place  The  modem  biographer  has  become  so  mdiscnm- 

and  time.'    There,  with  my  book  lying  at  ease  i^ate,  so  unconscious,  of  the  relative  importMice  of 

»nA  ;«  *i!^    *"oi^^  wTiwi  M.J  Mw«.  v*"6     ^j^,  a  sinirle  life  to  the  universe,  so  careless  of  the  just 

^L^  ^l^  u^ft^""  ^'  intimacy  on  the  broad  f.^»^  ^^^^^^  ^f  ^^^^  .^^[^^^  ^,  endurance,  so 

wmdow-shelf.  shifting  my  cell  from  north  to  communistic  in  assuming  that  all  men  are  entitled  to 

wuth  with  the  season,  I  made  fnendshins,  that  a^  equal  share  of  what  little  time  there  is  left  in  the 

have  Usted  me  for  life,  with  Dodsley  s  *  Old  world,  tfiat  manv  a  worthy  whom  a  paragraph  from 

Plays,'  with  Cotton's  *  Montaigne,'   with  Hak-  the  right  pen  might  have  immortali«ed  is  suff'ocated 

luyt's  *  Voyages,'  among  others  that  were  not  in  in  the  trackless  swamps  of  two  octavos.    I  am  m- 

my  father^s  library.    It  was  the  merest  browsing,  dined  to  aprfy  what  was  w»d  of  states  ^  men  also, 

nodnnKf  .o  T^K.wiAn  ^u^A  u    ix„*  k/%»  A^\i^\^  and  call  himnappicst  wh o  has  left  fewest  matenals  for 

ZT^h  f     i?w^^  ^"  ?  ^     "ii!^         •.  ^i^  history.    It  is  at  least  doubtful  whether  possip  gain 

im  t  wasi    All  the  more,  I  fear,  because  it  add-  y^    ^   bottling.    In  these  chattering  days,  ^^en 

w  the  stolen  sweetness  of  truancy  to  that  of  nobody  who  really  m  nobody  can  stir  forth  without 

*tudy,  for  I  should  have  been  buckling  to  my  the  volunteer  accompaniment  of  a  brass  band,  when 

ta^k  of  the  day.     I  do  not  regret  that  diversion  there  is  a  certiflcated  eye  at  every  key-hole,  and  when 

oi  time  to  other  than  legitimate  expenses,  yet  the  public  informer  hw*  become  so  essential  a  minis- 

Aall  1  not  gravely  warn  mv  grandson  to  beware  te'  ^  the  general  comfort  that  J*f , .^^^'^^f  .^J", f„f  „^ 

of  Anint,  fti^i:v»  •     T  ™  ■r.*.#L^«»  .,.,,i««««^«n.i;*,<«  about  its  business  of  a  morning  till  its  intellectual  ap- 

a  11  Ihpf ^  f  Vi? *     ^'  .^  r 'roin  "n<l^"^n^l"P  Ltite  is  appeased  with  tho  latest  doings  and  sajings 

111  1  heard  m  the  society  of  my  elders  into  which  {^f  j^j^^  D^Tand  Richard  Roe,  there  is  healing  in  the 

1  m  smuggled  myself,  and  perhaps  it  was  as  gentlemanlike  reserves  of  the  past,  a  benign  sense  of 

^pllorme;  but  those  who  formed  it  condescend-  aeclusion,  a  comfort  such  as  loved  hands  bring  to 

*<*  to  me  at  odd  moments  with  the  tolerant  com-  fevered  brows,  in  the  thought  of  one  who,  like  w  al- 


448  LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 

ton,  has  been  safe  for  two  hundred  yeare  in  the  im-  and  saw  no  indiscretion  in  making  a  king  speak  u 

pregnable  stronghold  of  the  grave.    Malice  domestic,  his  country  nurse  might  have  taugnt  him. 

treason,  interviews,  nothing  can  touch  him  further.  jjuch   of   the   same  advantage  of   stabUitr, 

The  sanctities  of  Aw  hfec^  not  be  haw^^  ^^^    combined  with  freshness,  terseness,  and 

Snof^^h^'p^^pW^^^^^^  JcliomW  strength  LoweU.found  ready  for  his 

ofanhistoriantomakethegreathighwaysoftheolden  wse  when   he  began  to  wield   the  poetic  pen. 

times  populous  and  noisy,  or  even  vulvar  with  their  What  he  said  of  Lincoln  in  his  **  Commemoni- 

old  life  again,  it  is  nevertheless  a  consolation  that  we  tion  Ode'*  might  have  been  said  of  the  language 

may  still  And  by-paths  there,  dumb  an  those  throufi^h  in  which  Lincoln  spoke,  and  through  which 

a  pine  forest,  sacred  to  meditation  and  to  grateful  Lowell's  praise  of  him  found  its  way  to  the 

thoughts.  hearts  of  nis  countrymen. 

If  Mr.  Lowell  was  fortunate  in  his  ancestry,  Nothing  of  Europe  here, 

if  his  nature  was  formed  from  the  blending  of  Oi^ then,  of  Europe  fronting  momwaid  Btill, 

traits  and  talents  that  made  the  sure  foundation  Ere  any  names  of  serf  or  peer 

of  a  republic  of  government  and  a  republic  of  Co^d  Natm^'s  equal  scheme  deface 

letters,  he  was  a\m  happy  in  the  language  that  ^^  ^^"*  *>«'  e^"^^  wia 

was  to  be  the  medium  of  his  thoughts.    It  was  i^'     v-Iu    r    *          *  -i  *u'  .«— *  1 

the  speech  of  men  who  had   preserved   their  New  birth  of  our  new  soil,  the  first  Amencan. 

language,  as  they  had  kept   tneir  principles,  Mr.  Lowell  has  set  forth  in   characteristic 

pure  from  early  times,  and  this  had  been  strength-  fashion  his  knowled^  and  appreciation  of  the 

ened  and  expanded  by  the  necessity  of  using  nature  and  life  of  which  his  own  genius  was  one 

words  to  express  the  grandeur,  the  pathos,  the  of  the  finest  products.    In  the  introduction  to 

tragedy,  the  courtliness,  the  imagination,  the  the  ^  Biglow  Papers "  he  puts  into  the  month  of 

reverence,  the  tender  affections,  that  naturally  Parson   Wilbur   the   following   description  of 

accompanicKi  the  settlement  by  men  and  women,  Yankee  character : 

exiled  patriots  and  Christians,  of  a  wild  and  x  strange  hybrid,  indeed,  did  circumstances  beget, 

picturesque  country  amid  savages;  the  attempt  here  in  the  New  World,  upon  the  old  Puritan  stock, 

to  transfer  monarchical  forms  and  leave  behind  and  the  earth  nevei  before  saw  such  mystic-pracd- 

the  monarchical  spirit,  to  preserve  liberty  and  caliam,  such  niggard-geniality,  such  calcnUting-fanat- 

to  prevent  license,  to  defend  dignity  and  to  i^s^  8uc\  <^^^™^  enthusiasm,  such  aow-faced 

shoS  due  resj^ct,  to  .^^^^^^^  ?hT'^^^a^lTi^^^^              ulftS^^k^^ 

love,  the  church  upon  godly  fear  the  state  upon  H^hianof  two  centuries  ago  than  John  Bull  him- 

a  blendmg  of  honor  for  dignitaries  and   in-  self  is.  ...  He  feels  more   at  home  with  Tnlke 

dividual  rights.    The  destiny  that  led  them  con-  Greville,  Herbert  ol  Cherbure,  Quarles,  Oeom  Her- 

querors  through  two  wars  with  their  mother-  bert,  ana  Browne  than  with  his  modem  £ngli:sh 

country— one  of  the  most  powerful  on  the  globe  cousins.     He  is  nearer  than  John  by  at  least  i 

—to  the  founding  of  a  nation  that  has  survived  hundred  yeara  to  Naaeby,  Marston  Moor,  Worcttter, 

the  greatest  civil  war  of  modem  times,  and  ^^  ^^  *'?l'''H?°?/i,°''®''i''J^  ^^''^-j™^  ^' 

~  j»^  *u^   «,^-^«   ««,i    ««f .    «r.ri    «t^«.«/i«Ji>7   rw#  lishmcn.    John  Bull  has  suffered  the  idea  of  tn« 

made   the  words  and   act5   ^nd  personnel  ot  invisible  to  be  very  much  fattened  out  of  him.   To 

ite  government  and  representatives   respected  move  John,  you  must  make  your  fulcrum  of  solid 

throughout  the  world,  made  a  language  not  beef  and  pudding;  an  abstract  idea  will  do  for 

only  fit  for  the  great  poet  or  orator,  but  one  Jonathan.    It  remains  to  speak  of  the  Yttokee  dit- 

that  might  go  far  to  the  production  of  orator  or  lect    Shakespeare  stands  less  in  need  of  a  ^loeearr  to 

poet.    The  part  that  the  growth  and  formation  5?<»t  New  Englimdere  thwi  to  many  a  native  of  the 

of  language  play  in  the  making  of  a  country's  ?ld  Country.    The  English  have  complwned  of  us 

literatjrelsj^^^^                   Ld  suggestively  ^^Ji^Kn/Siti' f^^^^^^^^ 

set  forth  by  Lowell  in  his  essay  on  Shakespeare :  ^n  unquestioned  part  of  the  currency  wherever  Eng- 

Shakespeare  was  doublv  fortunate.    Saxon  by  the  lish  is  spoken.    Undoubtedly,  we  nave  a  right  to 

father  and  Norman  by  tne  mother,  he  was  a  repre-  make  new  words,  as  they  are  needed  by  the  fresh 

sentative  Englishman.    A  country  boy,  he  learned  aspects  under  which  life  presents  itself  here  in  the 

fl»t  the  rough-and-ready  English  of  his  rustic  mates.  New  World;  and,  indeed,  wherever  a  language  l» 

who  knew  how  to  make  nice  verbs  and  adjectives  alive  it  grows. 

~"!!?-Ti!f  r±,^*'^7.J?^^u.?.*°.hfciT.^^t"°;  As  no  writer  in  our  country  has  done  more 

sense  of  the  word,  modem.    Shakespeare,  then,  found  ^^  f/  <>^l  i»pWe  tongue,  it  seems  appropriate  to 

a  language  already  to  a  certain  extent  utabluhedy  dwell  a  little  at  length  upon  his  notion  of  a 

but  not  yet  fetlocl^ed  by  dictionary  and  grammar-  writer's  duty  toward  the  words  that  are  his 

mongers ;  a  versification  harmonizea,  but  which  had  thoughte ;  for,  as  he  says,  "  we  think  in  words.** 

not  yet  exhausted  all  its  raodulationa,  nor  been  set  in  «  The  language  of  the  people  in  the  month  ol  a 

wT.^^^Ti'?^?/t5''<f,Shil^«^^^^  scholar -washis  ideal  of  literary  excellence.  In 
feet  that  will  dance  to  Urpbcan  measures  of  which  ^ i,_  ;««.-„^„«f i^„  4.^  lu^  ^^.^^^a  ^Jji^  ^#  4v^  u  n;« 
their  judges  are  insensible."^  What  was  of  greater  im-  \^^  introduction  to  the  second  series  of  the  Big- 
port,  no  arbitrary  line  had  been  drawn  between  high  ^^^  reapers,    ne  writes : 

word8  and  low ;  vulgar  then  meant  simply  what  was  I  imagined  to  myself  such  an  up-conntiy  man  » I 

common;  poetry  had   not  been   aliened.  fVom  the  had  of^n  seen  at  antislavery  gatherings,  capable 

people  by  the  establishment  of  an  upper  house  of  of  district-school  English,  but  always  instinctivelT 

vocables,  alone  entitled  to  move  in  the  stately  cere-  falling  back  into  the  national  stronghold  of  his  home- 

menials  of  verse  and  privileged  from  arrest,  while  ly  dialect  when  heated  to  the  point  0/  self-foi^tful- 

thcy  forever  keep  the  promise  of  meaning  to  the  ear  ncss.    In  choosing  the  Yankee  dialect,  I  did  not  act 

and  break  it  to  tne  sense.    The  hot  conception  of  the  without  forethought    It  had  long  seemed  to  me  tbit 

poet  had  no  time  to  rove  while  he  was  debating  the  the  vice  of  American  writing  and  speaking  was  » 

comparative  respectability  of  this  phrase  or  that;  studied  want  of  simplicity ;  that  we  were  in  danger 

but  he  snatched  what  word  his  instinct  prompted,  of  looking  on  our  mother-tongue  as  a  dead  language. 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


itordU 


lions,  and  prove 


gnfi  by  mdcUqi'  up  new  euckers  from  the  old 

iiplleoriu.     ThBtwBBhaiildbesllinsdetaUlk 

the  danger  bf  wliicb  we  kra  threatened 

-.bb]  BChool-miAter,    ffo  language  atlfrit 

fadi-d  inlA  didion,  nono  that  can  not  auuk  up  the 
ling  juicen  aevreted  for  it  in  the  rieh  mother-eartli 
Mtunon  folk,  ou-  briti^  forth  a  sound  and  lust/ 
k.  LanguBse  ia  the  aoil  of  thought  and  our  owd 
II.. : ,^1^  leaf-mold,  the  alow  depoxit  of  apes, 


ivLhe 


There  U  a  wider  gap,  and  one  iiiiplyina-  grentcr  boor- 
iBhtiofiH,  between  minuftfpiunt  and  mJtih-^  or  i<ipien4 
and  taeAant  Chan  between  dnv  and  droee,  or  agin 
and  againtt. 

Uf  eoume  in  what  I  have  laid.  I  wish  to  be  nn- 
dentood  as  keeping  in  Qiind  the  diftercnee  between 
provincial iams,  properl;  so  called,  and  alang.  Slang 
iH  always  vulgar,  bccaueo  it  is  not  a  natural,  but  an 
aflected  way  of  talking,  and  all  mere  tricks  of  speech 


should  bave  entirely  failed  in  my  design  if  1  had  n< 


laTttL,t  Howell  called  it,  may  clothe  Itself  anew  with 
living  green.  The  quality  of  eiiaggeration  has  often 
Wn  remarked  on  aa  typical  of  American  character, 
indoipecially  of  American  humor.  But  it  seems  to 
me  that  a  great  deal  of  what  is  set  down  aa  mere  ex- 
tnvsgance  is  more  fitly  to  be  called  intensiU'  and 
pi ct uniqueness,  symptoms  of  the  iitiajti native  (acuity 
in  full  health  and  strength,  thaugh  producing  as  yet 
miy  the  raw  and  forml^  matenal  In  which  poetry 
in  to  work.  Bj  and  by.  perhaps,  the  world  will  see 
it  rishinned  into  poem  and  picture,  and  Europe, 
which  will  bo  hard  pushed  for  originality  ore  long, 
nay  have  to  thank  us  for  a  new  sensation.  The 
l>Dch  continue  to  think  Shakespeare  exaggerated 
l-reauHe  ho  treated  English  just  as  our  country-folk 
d"  when  Ihev  speak  of  "a  steep  price"  or  say  that 
Ihfv  "fheeie  to''  a  thing.  The  flrat  postulat*  of  an 
originai  literature  is  that  a  people  should  use  their 
luiguige  invtinctively  and  unconsciously,  as  if  it 
■trcalively  part  of  their  growth  and  personality, 
not  as  the  mere  torpid  boon  of  education  or  inherit-- 
rou  XSSI. — 29  A 


made  it  appear  that  high  and  even  reflned  aantintant 
may  coexist  with  the  shrewder  and  more  comlo  ele- 


A  single  specimen  from  the  minute  iind 
thoughtful  study  in  words  contained  in  the  in- 
troduction will  suffice.  Speaking  of  "  illy,"  Low- 
ell sftys:  "Mr.  Bftitlett  sava  it  is  'aword  used 
by  writers  of  an  inferior  class,  wbo  do  not  seem 
lo  perceive  that  "ill"  is  itself  an  adverb,  without 
the  termination  ly,'  and  quotes  Dr.  Meaner,  Pres- 
ident of  Brown  University,  ns  ashing  triumph- 
antly, 'Why  don't  you  say  wclljt'  I  should 
like  to  hnve  Dr.  Messer  answer  his  own  question. 
It  would  be  truer  to  say  that  it  was  used  by  peo- 
ple who  still  remembered  that  iVf  was  on  adjec- 
tive, the  shortened  form  of  evil,  out  of  which 
Shakespeare  and  the  translators  ventured  to  make 
evUty.    The  objection  to  '  illy '  is  not  an  etymo- 


450  LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 

logical  one,  but  simply  that  it  is  eontpary  to  Not  as  oil  other  women  are 

good  usage— a  very  sufficient  reason.    *  1  IP  as  an  „  1*  *?®  >^*'  5°  "^  *°"^  i»  dear ; 

id  verb  was  at  flwt  a  vulgarism,  precisely  like  ^ZS^}?;'^i^  tZ'^^.^Snl^Z'^' 

the  rustic's  when  he  savs  -I  was  treated  bad  '  "  Beneath  the  ailver  evening  star, 

cne  rustic  s  wnen  ne  sa\8.    i  was  treaiea  oaa.  j^^^^     ^  j^^^  j^^^^^  ^  ^^^^  ^^^ 

In  coneludmg  his  brief  and  forcible  comparison  ^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^.^  ^  ^^^^  ^  ^^^1 

and  commenU,  LoweU  says :  ^^  ^j^^  l,„j^  Tver's  peaceful  might, 

I  profess  mvself  tt  fanatical  purist,  but  witli  a  hearty  Which,  bv  high  tower  and  lowly  mill, 

contempt  for  the  speech-gilders   who  affect  purism  Seems  following  its  own  wayward  wUl, 

without  any  thorough,  or  even  pedagogic,  knowledge  And  yet  doth  ever  flow  anghL 

of  the  engcudure,  growth,  and  luiinities  of  the  noble  And  on  its  full  deep  breast  serene, 

languas^e  about  wno»e  nUtalliances  they  seem  to  be  Like  quiet  isles  my  duties  lie ; 

so  solicitous.    Should  we  be  nothing  because  some-  It  flows  around  them  and  between, 

body  had  contrived  to  be  something  (and  that  per-  And  makes  them  fresh,  and  fair,  and  green, 

haps  in  a  provincial  dialect)  ages  agoj   and  to  be  Sweet  homes  wherein  to  live  and  die. 

nothing  by  that  very  attempt  to  be  that  something         ^r  ,         ..  hi  •     *.i.  .      • 

which  they  had  already  been,  and  therefore  which       .Not  quite  so  weU  known  is  the  one  begm- 

uobody  could  be  again,  without  beins  a  bore)    Is  iiing: 

there  no  way  left,  then,  1  thought  of  Being  natural,  ^       j       .    ^     ..humble,  low-bom  thing, 

of  bein^  jwi/-  which  means  nothing  more^  ^"l?t  And  hath  its  food  served  up  in  earUienw^k. 

ttve,  of  beloniin^  to  the  age  and  country  in  which  '^""  """^  ***  *«««•««»«**  u^  t^A  «<»m  vu    ^^ 

you  are  bom?    The  Yankee,  at  least,  is  a  new  phe-  „       '     .   , ^    , ,  '      .  ^\    j^  \t 

nomenon;  let  us  try  to  be  that,    I  should  have  en-  For  love  is  blind  but  with  the  fleshly  eye, 

tirely  failed  in  my  design  if  I  had  not  made  it  ap-  That  so  its  inner  sight  may  be  more  clear; 

pear  that  high,  and  even  refined,  sentiment  may  co-  And  outward  shows  ol  beauty  only  so  . 

exist  witli  the  shrewder  and  more  concise  elements  Are  needftil  at  the  flrsL  as  is  a  hand 

of  Yankee  character.    To  me  the  dialect  was  native,  To  gmde  and  to  uphold  an  infant's  steps : 

was  spoken  all  about  me  when  a  boy,  at  a  time  when  Fine  natures  need  them  not ;  their  earnest  look 

an  Irish  day-laboror  was  as  rare  as  an  American  one  Pierces  the  body's  mask  of  thm  dis^mse, 

now.    When  I  write  in  it,  it  is  as  in  a  mother-tongue.  And  beauty  ever  is  to  them  revealed 

and  I  am  carried  back  far  beyond  any  studies  of  it  to  Behind  the  unshapehest,  meanest  lump  of  clay 

long-ago  noonings  in  my  father's  hay  fields,  and  to  With  arms  outstretched  and  eager  face  ablaze, 

the  talk  of  Sam  and  Job  over  their  jug  of  blackstrap  Yearning  to  be  but  undoretood  and  loved. 

^St^':l^^^eX"o^n:Zli^'''''        SeveraJoftheseearlypoemB.,.n.m.rk.ble» 

*  ^  s  o  showing  that  love  not  only  taught  him  •*the 

The  hay  fields  to  which  he  alludes  lay  back  of  secret  of  grief,"  but  taught  him  even  thus  cariy 

the  house  in  Cambridge  in  which  he  Was  bom,  the  secret  that  grief  may  be  the  truest  teacher 

and  in  which  he   died.    It  was  a  large  frame  of  love,  a  divine  knowledge  that  is  generally  re- 

building,  standing  in  the  midst  of  great  elm  vealed  only  through  experience.    The  following 

trees,  secluded  from  the  street  and  over-looking  extract  conUins  one  of  the  most  striking  exprcs- 

the  river  Charles.    The  place  was  called  "  Elm-  sions  of  this: 

wood,"  and  was  a  historic  Tory  mansion  when  My  love,  I  have  no  fear  that  thou  shouldst  die; 

Hev.  Charles  Lowell  bought  it.    It  is  shown  in  Albeit,  I  ask  no  fairer  life  than  this, 

the  accompanying  engraving.  Whose  numbering  clock  is  still  thy  gentle  kiss. 

During  his  senior  year  Lowell's  habit  of  brows-  While  Time  and  Peace  with  hands  enlock^d  fly ; 

ing  instead  of  studying  cost  him  a  rustication,  if'  f.*"  '  ^^f  "^^^^  in  etemity 

Th%  moral  of  lapse/f roln  text-book  good.fcK.hav-  Z'^^^iT^l^X^^^oZl^^^^ 

lor    would   be^sier  to  point  if  he   had  not  Of  fwth  as  their  most  lofty  yeamin^s  high ; 

spent  that  period  of  disgrace  m  Concord,  Mass.,  Love  hath  so  purified  my  being's  core 

where  ho  was  invited  familiarly  to  £nierson*s  Meseems  I  scareely  should  be  startled,  even, 

house,  forming  there  the  acquaintance  of  Tho-  To  find,  some  mom,  that  thou  hadst  gone  before: 

reau,  Alcott,  and  the  coterie  of  men  that  make  ?,V?9®!  ^**^  ^y  ^<^^«»  *^*  knowledge  too  was  given, 

a  notable  group  in  American   literary  annals,  which  each  calm  day  doth  strengthen  more  and 

The  funny  side  of  transcendentalism  appealed  rpKoflil^v  -i,^  i^«-  -«^  v..*  ^^^  ♦  .v  n^^  i...  «^« 

.  1.U'  juu  1     -if  J  *.  1  nat  tney  who  love  are  but  one  step  from  heaven, 

at  once  to  him,  and  when  he  was  readmitted  to  "^  ^ 

college  tho  class  poem  in  which  he  gave  his        The  same  spiritual  exaltation,  incoroprehensi- 
mates  a  chance  to  laugh  with  him  was  not  the  ble  to  those  who  know  it  not,  was  afterward  em- 
ideal  Sunday-school  punishment  for  evil  courses,  bodied  by  Lowell  in  a  sonnet  written  after  the 
for  it  brought  him  praise  even  outside  the  sacred  loss  of  his  child: 
halls  and  the  appreciative  ears  for  which  it  was  l  thought  our  love  at  fhll,  but  1  did  err ; 
intended.     After  graduation,  Lowell,  like  all  his  Joy's  wreath  drooped  o'er  mine  eyes;  I  could  not  a« 
ancestors,  read  law,  but  this  also  probably  was  That  sorrow  in  our  happy  world  must  be 
mixed  with  literary  browsing,  as  he  soon  aban-  Love's  deepest  spokesman  imd  interpreter; 
doned  its  practice,  the  only  result  being  a  story  ?,"'?  «*  *  ""^'^S"  feels  her  child  firet  stir 
published  ^in  the  "Boston^iiscellany  "Entitled  Jl^e^'^Sy'ri  ^^\l  ^TX^ 
-  My  First  Client.      Another  respect  in  which  Thrill  with  that  life  we  saw  depart  from  her. 
Lowell   was  exceptionally   fortunate   was  that  O  mother  of  our  angel  child  I  twice  dear! 
his  first  love  was  early,  worthy,  and  enduring.  Death  knits  as  well  as  parts,  and  still,  I  wi 


wis, 


It  was  given  to  Maria  White,  a  gifted  and  beau-  Her  tender  radiance  shall  enfold  us  here, 

tiful   New   England   maiden,  to  whom  he  ad-  Even  i»  the  light,  home  up  by  inward  bliss, 

dressed  the  poems  that  appeared  in  his  first  pub-  J^"^«<^«  ^^^/21u  ^}°^™*  ^  ""^^  without  a  fear 

lished  volume,  -  A  Year^TLife."    One  of  the  To  print  on  farthest  stara  her  pitying  kiss. 

best  known  of  these  is  entitled  "  My  Love,"  Prom  the  time  of  his  marriage,  in  1844, 1^^- 

which  contains  these  stanzas:  ell's  writings  took  a  more  serious    tone  and 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


451 


defiuite  purpose.  In  1843,  in  connection  with 
Robert  Carter,  he  established  '*  The  Pioneer,  a 
literanr  and  critical  magazine."  Hawthorne, 
Whittler.  Elizabeth  Barrett,  Poe,  Dwight,  Story, 
Neal,  and  Parsons  were  among  the  contributors, 
but  the  publishers  failed  in  their  [lortion  of  the 
contract,  and  the  ho{)eful  venture  soon  came  to 
an  end.  In  the  following  year  Lowell  brought 
out  a  second  volume  of  verse,  containing  "  A 
Legend  of  Brittany,'*  and  he  and  his  wife,  who 
was  an  ardent  abolitionist,  became  regular  con- 
tributors to  ••  The  Liberty  Bell "  and  the  "  Anti- 
sUvery  Standard,"  in  one  or  the  other  of  which 
many  of  his  poems  had  appeared.  This  second 
volume  includes  his  first  gjvat  |:H)em,  "  The  Pres- 
ent Crisis,"  inspired  by  the  events  that  ended  in 
the  proclamation  of  war  with  Mexico.  It  is  of  in- 
terest to  trace  the  sentirneuts  imd  expressions  in 
the  earlier  poems  that  found  adequate  utterance 
in  this.  The  poet  at  last  caught  a  movement  and 
melody  that  alone  will  make  poetic  thought  and 
feeling  of  lasting  beauty  and  effect.  1  he  first 
suggestion  is  in  this  ode : 

Great  trutha  are  portions  of  the  soul  of  man ; 

Great  aouhn  are  portions  of  etemitv ; 
Each  drop  of  blooici  that  e^er  througn  true  heart  ran 

With  lofty  message  ran  for  thee  and  me ; 
For  God^  Law,  since  the  starry  song  began, 

Hatli  been^  and  still  for  evermore  must  be, 
That  every  aeed  which  shall  outlast  Timers  span 

Must  spur  the  suul  to  be  erect  and  free ; 
Slave  18  DO  word  of  deathless  lineage  sprung ; 

Too  many  noble  souU  have  thought  and  died. 
Too  many  mighty  poets  lived  and  sunj?, 

And  our  good  Saxon,  from  lips  purified 
^'ith  martyr  fire,  throushout  the  world  hath  rung 

Too  long  to  have  God^s  holy  cause  denied. 

The  sentiments  contained  in  the  sonnets  to 
Wendell  Phillips  and  Joshua  R.  Giddings, 
thoueh  apt,  are  too  familiar  to  need  repetition. 
The  following  lines  from  **  L'Envoi  "  are  l>etter ; 

Who  speaks  the  truth  stabs  falsehood  to  the  heart, 
And  bis  mere  word  makezt  despots  tremble  more 
Than  ever  Brutus  witlt  his  dagger  could. 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

Spirit  rapreme  of  Freedom  1  not  for  this 

Did  irreat  Columbus  tame  his  caffle  soul 

To  jostle  with  the  dawn  that  peek  at  courts ; 

Not  for  this,  friendless,  on  an  unknown  sea, 

<^opinff  with  mad  waves  and  more  mutiuous  spirits, 

Battled  he  with  the  dreadAil  ache  at  heart 

Which  temptis  with  devilish  subtleties  of  doubt, 

The  hermit  of  that  loneliest  solitude, 

The  silent  desert  of  a  f^reai  now  thought 

The  high  evangel  to  our  country  granted 

Could  make  apbatles,  yea,  with  tongues  of  fire, 

Of  hearta  hair  darkened  back  again  to  clay  I 

Tib  the  soul  only  that  is  national, 

And  be  who  pays  true  loyalty  to  that 

Alone  can  claim  the  wreath  of  patriotism. 

In  the  *•  Capture  of  Fugitive  Slaves  near  Wash- 
in^on"  the  same  measure  is  used  as  in  "The 
Present  Crisis."     Here  are  four  stanzas : 

Thou(;h  we  break  our  fathers*  promise,  we  have  nobler 

dutiea  first ; 
The  traitor  to  humanity  is  the  traitor  most  accursed ; 

Mao  is  more  than  constitutions;  better  rot  beneath 

the  sod 
Than  he  true  to   church  and  state  while  wo  are 

doubly  false  to  God ! 

Put  i^lden  padlocks  on  Truth^s  lipa,  be  callous  if  yo 

will, 
'rom  soul  to  soul,  o*er  all  the  world,  leaps  one  electric 

thrill 


But  if  before  bis  duty  man  with  listless  spirit  stands. 
Ere  long  the  Great  Avenger  takes  the  work  from  out 
our  handa. 

"  The  Present  Crisis "  is  one  of  the  poems 
that  stand  foi^ever  as  inspirers  of  lofty  sentiment 
and  noble  action.  Such  truth  and  melody  apply 
to  more  wrongs  than  the  one  that  iuhpired  them. 
The  following  arc  three  stanzas  from  it : 

AVhen  a  deed  is  done  for  freedom  through  the  broad 
earth^B  aching  breai^t 

Kuns  a  thrill  of  joy  prophetic,  trembling  on  fW>m  east 
to  west. 

And  the  slave,  wherever  ho  coweia,  feels  the  loul 
within  him  climb 

To  the  awful  veige  of  manhood,  as  the  cneigy  sub- 
lime 

Of  a  century  bursts  full  blossomed  on  the  thorny 
stem  of  Time. 

Careless  seems  the  Great  Avenger;  history *s  pages 

but  record 
One  death  grapple  in  the  darkness  Hwixt  old  systems 

and  the  W  ord ; 
Truth  forever  on  the  scaflold,  Wrong  forever  on  the 

throne^ 
Yet  that  scafibld  sways  the  future,  and  behind  the 

dim  unknown 
Standeth  God   within  the  shadow  keeping   watch 

above  his  own. 

For  Humanity  sweeps  onward;  where  to-day  the 

martyr  btands. 
On  the  morrow  crouches  Judas  with  the  silver  in  his 

hands; 
Far  in  front  the  cross  stands  ready  and  the  crackling 

fagots  bum, 
While  the  hooting  mob  of  yesterday  in  ailent  awe 

return 
To  glean  up  the  scattered  ashes  into  History *s  golden 

urn. 

The  next  notable  poem  in  the  volume  is  •*  Ex- 
treme Unction."  It  is  the  broken  utterance  of 
a  dying  man,  half  to  the  priest,  who  has  come  to 
offer  him  spiritual  consolation,  and  half  to  his 
own  too  conscious  soul.  The  evolution  of  imag- 
inative thought  on  this  theme  can  \)e  traced  much 
Bs  in  the  case  of  "The  Present  Crisis."  "Ex- 
tieme  Unction  "  opens  with  the  lines : 

Go !  leave  me,  priest,  mv  soul  would  bo 

Alone  witli  tnc  consoler.  Death  ; 
Far  sadder  eyes  than  thine  will  see 

This  crumbling  clay  yield  up  its  breath ; 
These  shriveled  hands  nave  deeper  staina 

Than  holy  oil  can  cleanse  away. 
Hands  that  have  plucked  the  world^s  coax«c 
gains. 

As  erst  they  plucked  the  flowers  of  May. 

And  continues: 

Men  think  it  is  an  awful  sight 

To  see  a  soul  just  set  adrifl 
On  that  drear  vovaffe  from  whose  night 

The  ominous  snadows  never  lift ; 
But  ^is  more  awful  to  behold 

A  helpless  infant  newly  bom. 
Whose  little  hands  unconscious  hold 

The  keys  of  darkness  and  of  mom. 

This  volume  contains  "  The  ChangtHnc,** 
"  Longing,"  and  the  poem  perhaps  most  popular 
of  all  that  Lowell  has  written,  "  The  Vision  of 
Sir  Launfal."  The  first  two  are  but  rhymed 
prose,  and  the  last  is  little  better  than  that, 
save  for  the  opening  address  to  the  day  in  June, 
in  which,  once  more,  the  poet  has  put  into  melo- 
dious rhyme  the  deep  love  for  nature  that  found 
half  expression  time  and  again.      Lowell  is  an 


452  LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 

ol^ist  whoso  studies  can  be  seen  and  whose  com-  his  maiwty  laugh  Uian  to  win  a  passage  to  hL»  rojtl 

pleted  poems  are  compositions.      As  a  tree  here,  «*"*  ^'^^  certain  eerious  things  which  1  had  deeply  at 

a  rock  there,  and  a  cloud  effect  from  another  *>eart.    I  say  this  because  there  is  no  imputation  Unit 

sketch  are  made  into  many  forms^  his  thought  ^t'of'^rnTa'^'l^^^^^ 

and  feehng  are  set  in  different  moods  and  meas-  ^li^ing  my  sitire,  to  gi ve  it  what  value  1  could  l^vond 

ures,  until  each   finds  its   happiest  expression,  the  passing  moment  and  the  iminodiate  application. 

Certainly  the  ''  Day  in  June  "  we  have  all  sung  How  far  Ibave  succeeded  I  can  not  tell,  but  [  have 

in  our  hearts  on  a  blissful  summer's  dav,  and  had  better  luck  than  I  ever  looked  for  in  seeing  my 

said,  "It  is  enough."     The  whole  poem  is  said  verees survive  to  pass  beyond  their  nonage. 

to  have  been  composed  in  about  forty-eight  hours        it  is  pleasant  to  remember  that  Mr.  Lowell 

of  almost  continuous  work. .  lived  long  enough  to  realize  that  his  countrvracii 

In  June,  1846,  appeared  m  the  "Boston  Con-  not  only  understood  him  as  he  would  wish  to 

rier"  the  first  installment  of  the  famous  "Big-  have  been  understood,  but  that  his  work  had 

low  Papers.       Ihese  are  poems  put  into  the  become  an  American  classic  whose  value  will 

mouth  of  a  Yankee  farmer,  whose  work  is  some-  increase  with  time,  and  whose  delight  is  fn^h 

what  edited  and  freely  commented  upon  bv  an  at  every  perusal.      In    the  Rev.  Homer   Wil- 

imaginary  New  England  parson,  and  of  a  New  bur's   notes  to  the  first  installment  of  Hoses 

England  countryman  who  went  to  the  seat  of  Bigiow's  contributions  appeared  the  first  draft 

war.    Dr.  Holmes,  in  an  article  published  since  of  "  The  Courtin*,"    in    regard  to  which    Mr. 

Lowell's  death,  says:  "  in  the  study  of  character,  Lowell  says:   "The  only  attempt  1  had  ever 

especially  as  he  observed  it  in  New  England,  and  made  at  anything  like  a  pastoral  (if  that  mav  be 

of  dialect  as  one  form  of  its  expression,  he  was  called  an  attempt  which  was  the  result  almost  of 

as  accurate  as  if  the  preservation  of  those  traite  pur©  accident)  was  in  *  The  Courtin'.*    While  the 

and  idioms  had  been  left  to  him  as  their  sole  de-  introduction  to  the  first  series  was  going  through 

positary.     His  •Yankee  Idyls     are  as  true  to  the  press  I  received  word  from  the  printer  that 

the  native  talk  of  the  rusti(»  of  his  early  remem-  there  was  a  blank  page  left,  which  must  be  filled 

brance  as  Bonny  Doone  and  Auld  Lang  fc»yne  to  i  g^t  down  at  once  and  improvised  another  ficti- 

the  language  of  the  Scotch  peasantry.       Mr.  tious  *  notice  of  the  press,'  in  which,  because 

Lowell  says  of  the  origin  of  these  papers :  verse  would  fill  up  space  more  cheaply  than 

Thinking  the  Mexican  War,  as  I  think  it  still,  ana-  prose,  I  inserted  an  extract  from  a  supposed  bd- 

tional  crime  committed  in  behoof  of  slavenr,  our  com-  fad  of  Mr.  Biglow.      I  kept  no  copy  of  it,  and 

T"  1^'  and  >yishing  to  put  the  feeling  of  those  who  the  printer,  as  directed,  cut  it  off  w^en  the  gap 
thought  as  I  did  in  a  way  that  would  tell,  I  iraagmed  Ji,    .       Presentlv  I  hptmn  to  receive  letlei4 

myself  such  an  up-country  man  as  I  had  often  seen  at  ^T.  "'^T*    .C  ^^^"">  *.  ^f^^  \^  Pe<«ive  leiiew 

antislavery  gatherings.      When  I  began  to  carry  out  asking  for  the  r^t  of  it,  sometimes  for  the  bal- 

my  conception,  and  to  write  in  my  assumed  character,  o«<^  o'  it.     I  had  none,  but  to  answer  such  de- 

1  round  myself  in  a  strait  between  two  perils.   On  the  roands  I  patched  a  conclusion  upon  it  in  a  later 

one  hand,  I  was  in  danger  of  being  carried  beyond  addition.      Afterward,  being  asked   to  write  it 


seeming  to  vulgarize  a  deep  and  sacred  conviction.    I     r'  "7^"  *  ""u«=^  »  "ii«:  u.uitj  s^cm .  uc... ... - 

needed^on  occasion  to  rise  above  the  level  of  mere  homely  way,  and  after  a  fashion  completed  it  by 
0a^,and  for  this  purpose  conceived  the  Kov.  Mr.  sketching  m  the  characters  and  maknig  a  con- 
Wilbur,  who  should  express  the  more  cautious  element  nected  story.  Most  likely  I  have  spoiled  it^ 
of  the  New  England  character  and  its  pedantry,  as     Here  is  an  extract  from  "  l^he  Courtin  " : 

Mr.  Biglow  should  serve  for  its  homely  common  sense.  _,    ,       ,           ,     .  ,        „     ,  .         .    •« 

vivified  and  heated  by  conscience.     Finding  soon  ^  ™a^«««  "c^  nights,  all  white  an'  aUll 

after  that  I  needed  some  one  as  a  mouth-piece  of  the  ..^^^ f  ^^^  <^^  »<^k  or  listen, 

mere  drollery,  for  I  conceive  that  true  humor  is  nev-  Moonshine  an'  snow  on  field  an'  hill, 

er  divorced  from  moral  conviction,  I  invented  Mr.  ^"^  silence  an'  all  glisten. 

Sawin  for  the  clown  of  my  little  puppet  show.     I  Zekle  crep'  up  quite  unbeknown 

meant  to  embody  in  him  tnat  half-conscious  unmo-  An'  peeked  in  thru  the  winder, 

rality  which  I  had  noticed  as  the  recoil  in  gross  natures  An'  there  sot  Iluldy  all  alone, 

iVom  a  puritanism  that  still  strove  to  keep  in  its  creed  'ith  no  one  nigh  to  hender. 

the  intense  savor  which  had  long  gone  out  of  its  faith  mi,^  „^^  „^^  «^,  .k„  „.„  ;„ 

^^to'e^S^'rit^t3^^^^  ^^^^^f^^^^^t^c^il^n^, 

enough  to  express,  as  it  was  my  plan  to  do,  the  pop-  ^  ,  ^    j    ^^  ^  ji                 ,. 

ular  Feeling  and  opimon  of  the  time.  ^^  ^^  ^pp,^  ^^  ^„  ^'5f„, 

In  view  of  the  instant  and  great  success  of  the  ^Twas  kin'  o'  kingdom-como  to  look 

venture,  the  author  s  accr)unt  of  his  relation  to  On  sech  a  blesMd  crctur, 

that  success  is  interesting :  A  dogrose  blushin'  to  a  brook 

Very  far  from  being  a  popular  author  under  my  ^^'^^^  modester  nor  sweeter, 

own  name — so  far,  indeed,  as  to  be  almost  unread— I  lie  was  six  foot  o'  man  A  1, 

found  the  verses  of  my  pseudonym  copied  every-  Clear  grit  and  human  natur*, 

where ;  I  saw  them  pinned  up  in  work-shops ;  I  heard  None  couldn't  quicker  pitch  a  ton 

them  quoted  and  their  authorship  debated  ;  I  once  Nor  dror  a  fiirrer  straighter. 

even,  when  rumoi  had  at  lengUi  eau|H:ht  up  my  name  He'd  sparked  it  with  full  twenty  gals, 

m  one  of  its  eddies,  had  the  satisfaction  of  heanng  it  Bed  squired  'em,  danced  'em,  druv  'em, 

demonstrated,  in  tlie  pauses  of  a  concert  that  I  was  Fust  this  one,  an'  then  thet,  by  spells- 

uttcriy  inocmpetent  to  have  written  anything  of  the  aU  is,  ho  couldnt  love  'em. 

.  '    ,     ,  But  long  o'  her  his  veins  'ould  run 

Again  he  says :  All  crinkly  like  curied  maple. 

If  I  put  on  the  cap  and  bells  and  made  myself  one  The  side  she  breshed  felt  ftill  o'  sun 

of  the  court  fools  of  King  Demos,  it  was  less  to  make  £z  a  south  slope  in  Ap'il. 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


453 


She  thought  no  vUce  hed  Hech  a  swing 

Ez  hu^n  in  tho  choir; 
My  I  when  he  mude  Olc  Hunderd  ring, 

bhe  k/uneed  the  Lord  was  uigher. 

She  heered  a  foot,  an*  knowed  it  tu, 

A-ra»pin'  on  the  scraper — 
All  ways  to  once  her  feelins*  flew 

Like  sparks  in  bumt-up  paper. 

He  kin^  o'  Pitered  on  the  mat, 

Some  doubtfle  o*  the  sekle, 
His  heart  kep'  goin'  pity-pat. 

But  her^  went  pity-Zekle. 

An^  yit  she  gin  her  cheer  a  jerk 
£z  though  she  wished  him  furdcr, 

An'  on  her  apples  kep'  to  work, 
Pariu'  away  like  murder. 

He  stood  a  spell  on  one  foot  fust. 

Then  stood  a  spell  on  toother, 
An'  on  which  one  he  felt  the  wust 

Ue  couldn't  ha'  told  ye  nuther. 

Says  he,  "  I'd  better  call  agin  " ; 

Says  she,  **  Think  likely,  mister  " 
Thet  last  word  pricked  him  like  a  pin. 

An' — wal,  he  up  an'  kist  her. 

When  ma  bimeby  upon  'em  slips, 

Uuldv  sot  pale  02  aahcs, 
All  kin^  o'  smily  roim'  the  lips 

An'  teary  roun'  the  lashes. 

These  stanzas  are  from  tho  first  communica- 
tion from  Hosea  Biglow  : 

Ez  fer  war,  I  call  it  murder — 

There  you  hev  it  plain  an'  flat ; 
I  dont  want  to  go  no  ftirdcr 

Than  m^  Testyment  fer  that ; 
God  han  smd  so  plump  and  fairly, 

It's  as  long  as  It  is  broad. 
An' vou've  gut  to  git  up  lurly 

£f  you  want  to  take  in  G(xL 

'Taint  your  eppyletts  an'  feathers 

Make  the  thing  a  grain  more  right ; 
'Taint  a  follerin' your  bell-wethers 

Will  excuse  ye  in  his  sight^ 
£f  yon  take  a  sword  an'  dror  it, 

An'  go  stick  a  feller  thru, 
Gov'ment  aint  to  answer  for  it, 

God  '11  send  Uie  bill  to  you. 

In  regard  to  the  lines  that  close  these  two 
stanzas,  Mr  Lowell  says  in  answer  to  a  criticism 
thjrt  they  were  profane :  **  In  the  first  place,  I 
was  writing  under  an  assumed  character,  and 
must  talk  as  a  person  would  whose  mouth-piece 
I  made  myself.  Will  any  one  familiar  with  the 
Xew  England  countryman  venture  to  tell  me 
that  he  does  not  speak  of  sacred  things  famil- 
iarly! that  Biblical  allusions  (allusions,  that  is, 
to  the  single  book  with  whose  language,  from 
his  church-going  habits,  ho  is  intimate)  are  not 
frequent  on  his  lipsf    If  so,  he  can  not  have 

fmrsued  his  studies  of  the  character  on  so  many 
^^g'^go  muster  fields  and  catt  le  shows  as  I.  But 
I  5Com  any  such  line  of  defense,  and  will  con- 
fess at  once  that  one  of  the  things  I  am  prond 
of  in  my  countrymen  is  that  they  do  not  put 
their  Maker  away  far  from  them,  or  interpret  the 
fear  of  God  into  being  afraid  of  him."  Bird-of- 
freedom  Sawin  writes  from  the  seat  of  war  to 
Ilosea: 

This  kind  o'  sogerin'  ain't  a  mite  like  our  October 

trainin,' 
A  chap  could  clear  right  out  from  there  ef  't  only 

looked  like  rainin', 


An'  th'  cunnles,  tu,  could   kiver  up  their  sliappoea 

with  bandanncrs. 
An'  send  the  insines  skootin'  to  tho  bar-room  witli 

their  banners 
(Fear  o'  gittin'  on  'em  spotted),  an'  a  feller  could  cry 

quarter 
£f  he  flred  away  his  ram-rod  artcr  too  much  rum  an' 

water. 
•  ••.... 

Afore  I  come  away  from  hum  I  had  a  strong  persua- 
sion 

That  Mexicans  wom't  human  beans — an  ourang-out- 
an^  nation ; 

I'd  an  idee  thet  they  were  built  artcr  the  darkie  fash- 
ion all. 

An'  kicken  colored  folks  about,  you  know,  's  a  kind  o' 
national ; 

But  wen  I  jined  I  womt  so  wise  os  that  air  queen  o' 
Sheby, 

Fer,  come  to  look  at  'em,  they  ain't  much  difi''ront 
from  wut  we  be. 

An'  here  wo  air  a-scrougin'  'era  out  o'  their  own 
dominions, 

A-shelterin'  'em,  cs  Caleb  sez,  under  our  eagle's  pin- 
ions, 

Wich  means  to  take  a  feller  up  jest  by  the  slack  o'  's 
trowses 

An'  walk  him  Spanish  clean  right  out  o'  all  his  homes 
an  houses; 

Wal,  it  does  seem  a  curus  way,  but  then  hooraw  for 
Jackson ! 

It  must  be  right,  fer  Caleb  sez  it's  reg'lar  Anglo- 
Saxon. 

Turning  his  attention  to  home  matters,  Mr. 
Biglow  wrote  as  follows  in  regard  to  a  State 
political  canvass : 


An'  that  eppyletts  wom't  the  best  mark  of  a  taint ; 

But  John  P. 

KobinsoQ  he 
Sez  this  kind  o'  thing's  an  exploded  idee . 

Parson  Wilbur  sez  hs  never  heerd  in  his  life 

Thet  th'  apostles   rigged  out  in  their  swaller-tail 

coats. 
An'  marched  round  in  front  of  a  drum  an'  a  flfe. 
To  git  some  on  'em  ofllce,  an'  more  on  'em  votes  * 

But  John  P. 

Bobinson  he 
Sez  they  didnt  know  eveythin'  down  in  Judee. 

Mr.  Loweirs  first  prose  writings  were  collected 
under  the  title  of  "  Conversations  with  the  Po- 
et^" and  they  formed  the  basis  of  many  of  the 
critical  lectures  that  he  delivered  before  the 
Lowell  Institute  in  1854-*55,  and  at  Harviu>d 
during  the  professorship  of  Literature  and  Belles- 
Lettres,  to  which  he  was  appointed  on  the  resig- 
nation of  Mr.  Longfellow.  Most  of  them  appear 
in  revised  forms,  in  the  **  Riverside  Edition,"  but 
of  some  he  writes:  "The  dates  attached  were 
those  of  publication,  but  the  bulk  of  the  material 
was  written  many  years  earlier.  I  have  refrained 
from  modifying'  what  was  written  by  one — I 
know  not  whether  to  say  so  much  olcler  or  so 
much  younger  than  I— but  at  any  rate  different 
in  some  important  respects,  and  this,  partly 
from  deference  to  him,  partly  from  distrust  of 
myself."  The  earliest  volume  of  the  present 
series  contains  the  "  Moosehead  Journal."  "  Cam- 
bridge Thirty  Years  ago,"  "I/eaves  from  my 
Journal  in  Italy  and  elsewhere,"  "  Keats,"  "  Li- 
brary of  Old  Authors,**  *•  Emerson  the  Lecturer," 
and  "Thoreau."    The  quaint,  delicate  humor, 


454  LOWELL,  JAM£S  RUSSELL. 

the  wisdom,  the  good  sense  that  pervade  these  This  characteristic  bit  of  insight  of  another 

essays,  never  lose  their  charm.    Lowell's  prose  is  sort  is  also  taken  from  ^  A  Moosehead  Journal  ** : 

more  flowing,  more  simple,  and  more  stately  in  practical  application  ia  the  only  mordant  which 

its  simplicity,  than  is  his  poetry.     One  loves  to  will  aet  tilings  in  the  memory.    Study,  without  it,  U 

be.  alone  with  his  books,  because  they  are  com*  ffymnaatica  and  not  work,  which  alone  will  get  intcl- 

pan  tons  of  the  most  genial  sort,  or  in  company  lectual  bread*    One  learns  more  metaphysics  from  a 

with  them  that  others  may  share  what  is  so  in-  single  temptation  than  from  all  the  pliiloeophaa.    It 

t-ensifled  by  sympathy,    they  are  the  kind  of  Jl  ^^^^S '^S"? \-'<?''5'^"il?L*^^^^^^^ 

i:«.^^4....»  tL^tT  ^Sr  4xZ,A^  Ui^^^\*  .»«^i»»  „i^„^  ing  18,  and  what  shifts  we  make  to  escape  thmkuur. 

htera-ture  that  one  finds  himself  reading  aloud  TJere  is  no  bore  we  dread  being  left  afene  with  «> 

all  alone,  that  he  may  make  the  ear  happy  as  much  an  our  own  minds.    I  have  seen  a  sensible  man 

well  as  the  eye.     We  forget  that  we  are  reading,  atudy  a  stale  newspaper  in  a  country  tavern,  and  huii- 

until  the  smile  on  our  lips  has  turned  to  a  laugh  band  it  as  he  would  an  old  shoe  on  a  raft  after  ahip- 

and  recalls  us  to  our  surroundings.     Lowell  is  wreck.    Why  not  try  a  bit  of  hibernation  t    There 

preeminently  quoUble,  without  seeming    epi-  are  few  brains  that  would  not^  better  for  livinif  on 

fframmatic   in   the  sense  in  which  Emerson  is.  ^^^^  ^^^  fat  a  little  while.    With  these  reflections, 

?r?oTi»  t If  JL«/i«^  w  i  fl.7jaK^  f  h«^f^  Vm^  I»  notwithstanding,  spent  the  afternoon  over  my  re- 

Nearly  evei7  sentence  has  a  finished  thought,  but  ^^    if  ^^^  own  Experience  is  of  so  little  use  to  u*, 

the  connection  is  so  easy  and  so  complete  that  ^hat  a  dolt  is  he  who  recommends  to  man  or  nations 

the  first  impression  is  that  the  thought  needs  its  the  experience  of  othoxa. 

setting.  __ 

His  appreciation  of  Yankee  character,  and  ^.^'^n*  **^®  enchanting  picture  of  **  Cambridge 

humorous  setting  forth  of  it,  is  as  delightful  in  Thirty  Years  ago    is  the  following: 

prose  as  in  verse.     Two  or  three  extracts  from  It  is  more  often  true  that  a  man  who  oould  scarce 

**  A  Moosehead  Journal,"  and  •*  Cambridge  Thirty  be  induced  to  expose  his  unclothed  body  even  to  a 

Yeare  ago,"  are  at  once  illustrations  of  the  au-  villapo  of  prairie  dogs  will  complacently  display  * 

thor's  pertjeption  and  of  his  style :  °^"^f  "  °J^^  ?  J^^  **»/  *'  ^"  ^Ph  "^'^"^  f 

*^      ^                               J     '  much  as  a  fig-leat  of  acquirement  on  it,  m  everv  ^- 

Nineteen  years  ago  I  was  walking  through  the  lery  of  Europe.    If  not  with  a  robe  dyed  in  the  ly nan 

Pranoonia  Noteh,  a^  stopped  to  chat  with  a  hermit,  purple  of  imaginative  culture,  if  not  with  the  clo«c- 

who  fed  with  gradual  logs  the  unwearied  teeth  of  a  ntting,  work-a-day  dress  of  social  or  business  training 

saw  mill.    As  the  strident  steel  slit  off  the  slabs  of  —at  least,  my  dear  Storg,  one  might  provide  hunself 

the  logs,  so  did  the  less  willing  machine  of  talk,  ac-  with  the  merest  waist-ciout  of  modesty. 

a?it^"ftw'.tS<5C'4-tS?„Th1^P?SJ^To  .,  0"«««  fancy  his  quiet  glee^a,  ho  wiote  in 

core,  and  which,  like  otlier  bark,  has  naturally  most  Cambridge  Thirty   Years  ago,     of  a  joke  i^ 

to  do  with  the  weather,  the  season,  and  the  heat  of  peated  bv  each  mcoming  college  class»  upon  a 

the  day.    At  length  I  asked  him  the  best  point  of  deacon  who  ''  kept  store  "  in  the  village : 

""'Sn!!"' ^!?^^  ^"^  ^!i^^  Mountain.  Enter  A,  and  asks  gravely,  «Havo  you  any  sour 

« Dunno-never  see  It"  apples,  deacon  t "          »         -"               ^          ^ 

tv.  J??.L°tf ^  iT^^  ^!S^7  °'*^?  ^  ^^f  ""^  *°-'?'^*  *^ will,  no,  I  haven't  any  just  now  that  are  exactly 

the  Uomuan  indifference  f  was  sincere  y  astonished,  ^^j.    ^,^1  there's  the  bcll-iower  apple,  and  folks  thi 

S^^L?*^  '^-    ^K^  ^<>f-«>°?Po  l*'^  »5"i  at-  like  ;  ^^       le  generally  Uke  thlt"    Exit  A. 

*^u  Pif^.'*?i"**i?':;H°'V,?"*  **^^  •  ^'^^"^  "^^  •  Enter  B.   Vna^Tyou  iiy  sweet  apples,  deacon  ? " 

« v^''^?  ^"^i!  Bar«'«^/        . ,  »*  Well,  no,  I  havent  any>t  now^SaTare  exactly 

«X^l^'^  Ponmsular  pnde.  sweet;  iut  there's  the  bclf-flowcr  apple,  and  folli 

;8^;^r''Tsl^?Lr^^                                and  thatuUasweetapplegeneraHy  UkeSLJ:'' 

die !    8ee  the  State  Houses,  old  ana  new,  the  cater-  In  **  Italy,**  he  says : 

pillar  wooden  bridges  crawling  with  innumerable        r««.«:««  a-..^ *—  -.u  *i-« 

legs  acmes  the  flats  of  the  Charfos;  see  the  Common  .i,Ff£'?''^.u^"*  *  .T"*7  ^^u^  eveiythii^  seems 

-laigest  park,  doubtless,  in  the  woVld-with  ito  files  Sl^V'ji\*  quickaand;  where  men  shed  their 

of  ti^  planted  as  if  by  a  driU-soigeant,  and  then  ?C!!.2J J  if^,**  ^"''  »*^*'"  ^^"^"^  ^''Vu°'l?  T"'*/ 

for  your  nunc  dimiUu.  ^                   *  n J^^'Ti?''''"^ ""'  "^r*""  5  ^i'^'^^^if <S  ^"^  highway, 

"1  should  Uke  'awl,  I  .AouWliko  to stan' on  Bunker  ^>}^?}l^^^^'l^'^^«^±^  ""{  bettonw  ite  d«i- 

HiU.    You've  been  there  offen,  likely  I"  fi^^jw  ^  ^\\^rA^''V?'it  *'^i?n^*'"'        f 

"  N-o-o  "  unwillinglv,  seeing  the  little  end  of  the  '^"^^^  heoAuae    it  had  got  to  be  so  old,"  the  sense  of 

horn  in  clear  vision  at  the  terminus  of  this  Socratio  f^X"^?"^^  unchanffcab  eneas,  and  repose   which 

perspective.  ^^^  8*^^  "*  **  delightful. 

**»Awl,  my  young  frien',  you've  lamed  neow  thet  This  is  a  quotation  from  the  essay  on  Keats: 

wut  a  man  ktn  see  any  day  for  nawthin',  childem  ^^^            \x.  ^          ^_  ^.       ir    J     .,,    tit  _j 

half-price,ho  never  Ahw  see.   Nawthin' pay,  nawthin'  ^«  ^  not  help  contrasting  Keats  with  Worda- 

vally  "  worth— the  one  altogether  poet,  the  other  essentially 

As' I  walked  on,  I  said  to  myself:  "There  is  one  "  Wordaworth,  with  the  pcytic  faculty  added :  the 

exception,  wise  hermit    It  is  just  these  yra/«  pictures  *?^®  shifting  from  form  to  form  and  from  style  to 

which  the  poet  puts  in  his  show-box.    The  divine  *^>'l5'  *?,^  pounng  his  hot,  throbbing  hfeinto  evenr 

faculty  is  to  see  what  everybody  can  look  at."  ^^^ '"  y^^  ^^,®*"  re'jwning  always  the  individual, 

'                                 .f       ^  producing  works,  and  not  so  much  living  m  his  po- 

Again  from  "  A  Moosehead  Journal " :  5™»  ■»  memorially  recording  his  life  in  them.   When 

Wordsworth  alludes  to  the  foolish  criticisms  on  his 

Uncle  Zeb  was  a  good  specimen  of  this  palieozoio  writings,  he  speaksserenely  and  generously  of  Words- 


heel  of  one  boot  upon  the  toe  of  the  other,  to  bring  it  which  is  quite  above  and  beyond  selfishness,    roesr 

within  point-blank  range,  and  say,  "Wuhl,  I  stump  was  his  employment;  it  was  Keats's  very  existence, 

the  devil  himself  to  make  that  'ere  boot  hurt  my  and  he  felt  the  roujrh  treatment  of  his  versca  as  if  it 

foot"  leaving  us  in  doubt  whether  it  were  the  virtue  had  been  the  wounding  of  a  limb.    To  Woidsworth 

of  the  foot  or  its  case  which  set  at  naught  the  wiles  of  compNosing  was  a  healthy  exercise:  his  slow  pulae 

the  adversary.  and  imperturbable  self-trust  gave  nim  assurance  of 


i 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. «  455 

life  80  long  that  he  oould  wait;  and  when  we  read  bis  logic  than  our  mere  Renso  could  master  ?    Were  we 

poemA  we  »hould  never  suspect  the  existence  in  him  enthusiasts  ?    I  hope  and  believe  we  were,  and  I  am 

ofanyeensebutthatof  observation,  as  if  Wordsworth,  thankful  to  the  man  who  made  us  worth  something 

the  poet,  were  a  half-mad  land-surveyor,  accompanied  for  once  in  our  lives.    If  asked  what  was  left,  what 

b^  Mr.  Wordaworth  the  distributor  of  stamps,  as  a  we  carried  home,  we  should  not  have  been  careful 

kind  of  keeper.    But  every  one  of  Keats^s  poems  was  for  an  answer.    It  would  have  been  enough  if  we  had 

a  »acrifice  of  vitality ;  a  virtue  went  away  fh>m  hiui  said  that  something  beautiful  had  pass^  that  way. 

into  every  one  of  uiem ;  even  yet.  as  we  turn  the  ...  I  have  heard  some  great  speakers  and  some  ac- 

leaves,  they  seem  to  warm  and  thrill  our  fingers  with  oomplished  orators,  but  never  any  that  so  moved  and 

the  flush  of  his  fine  senses  and  Uie  flutter  of  his  persuaded  men  as  he.    There  is  a  kind  of  undertow 

electrical  nervoa,  and  we  do  not  wonder  he  felt  that  in  that  rich  baritone  of  his  that  sweejM  our  minds 

what  he  did  was  to  be  done  swifUv.    The  faults  of  from  their  foothold  into  deeper  waters  with  a  drift  we 

Keats^s  poetry  are  obvious  enough ;  out  it  should  be  can  not  and  would  not  resist 

essay  on  "Tho- 

f fiance  at  tran- 
rum  which  are 
here  given : 

In  selecting  some  passages  from  the  critical  The  nameless  eagle  of  the  tree  Yggdrasil  was  about 

essays  we  have  the  double  advantage  of  leamine  to  sit  at  last,  and  wild-eyed  enthusiasU  rushed  fVom 

what  Lowell  thought  of  the  men  he  criticised  nil  sides,  each  eager  to  thrust  under  the  mjr'stic  biixi 

and  in  what  manner  he  told  his  thinkings.     It  that  chalk  egg  from  which  the  new  and  fairer  crea- 

hasbeen  said  that  although  Lowell's  criticisms  tion  was  to  be  hatched  in  due  time.    Bran  had  its 

were  charming  as  literature,  the  reader  did  not  prophets,  and  the  presartorial  simplicity  of  Adam 

'^^"t'lh?^T?T^V^?  authors^     We  do  not  l^^^^^ror^^^^^^ 

agree  to  this ;  but  Lowell  seems  to  talk  of  men  feathered  Mereury  as  defined  by  Webster  and  Wor- 

niore  m  the  manner  m  which  he  would  have  cester.    Some  had  an  assurance  of  instant  millennium 

talked  to  them  than  any  writer  we  can  recall,  so  soon  as  hooks  and  eyes  should  be  substituted  for 

Their  personalities  seem  present  while  he  makes  buttona.   Communities  were  established  where  every- 

the  genial,  sympathetic  exposi  of  their  doings  thing  was  to  be  common  but  common  sense.   The  be- 

and  undoings.      His  manner  of   dealing  with  lated^giftof  tongues,  as  aniong  the  Fifth-Monarchy 

I'^bZ^T  '^'^'■''^  province  of  criticism  in  ^n^eSm^^ls\^b^rto^^^^^ 

the  broad^t  sense  is  analysis  rather  than  con-  equally  so  to  the  most  distant  possible  heatWn  or  not 
elusion.  He  takes  criticism  out  of  the  field  of  ^gg  unexperimented,  though  many  would  have  sub- 
curiosity  into  that  of  imagination.  Here  arc  a  few  scribed  liberally  that  a  fair  trial  might  be  made.  It 
sentences  from  **  Emerson  as  a  Lecturer  " :  was  Uie  Pentecost  of  Shinar.  Many  foreign  revolu- 
_.  .  ^  „,  ,  ,  .,,  tionists  out  of  work  added  to  the  general  misunder- 
His  c,ve  for  a  fine  tolling  phrase  that  will  carry  standing  their  contribution  ofbroken  English  in  every 
true  18  like  that  of  a  backwoodsman  for  a  nfle ;  and  most  ingenious  form  of  fracture.  All  stood  ready  at 
he  will  dredge  you  up  a  choice  word  from  the  mud  ^  moment's  notice  to  reform  everything  but  them- 
of  Cotton  Mather  himself.  A  diction  at  once  so  rich  selves, 
and  so  homely  as  his  I  know  not  where  to  match  in  ^.  ^,  , 
these  days  of  writing  bv  the  page ;  it  U  like  home-  ^i  Thoreau  he  says : 

spun  cloth  of  gold.  The  many  can  not  miss  his  As  we  walk  down  Park  Street  our  eye  is  caught  by 
meaning,  and  only  the  few  can  find  it  It  is  the  open  Dr.  Winship's  dumb-bells,  one  of  which  bears  an  in- 
■ecrct  of  all  true  genius.  What  an  antiseptic  is  a  scription  testifying  that  it  is  the  heaviest  ever  put  at 
pure  life  I  At  sixty-five  (or  two  years  beyond  his  arm^  length  by  anv  athlete ;  and  in  reading  Thortou 
erand  climacteric,  as  he  would  prefer  to  call  it)  ho  we  can  not  help  feeling  as  if  he  sometimes  invited 
has  that  privilege  of  soul  which  abolishes  the  calen-  our  attention  to  a  particular  sophism  or  paradox  as 
dar  and  presents  him  to  us  always  the  unwasted  con-  the  biggest  ^ct  maintained  by  any  single  writer, 
temporary  of  his  own  prime.  .  .  .  We  do  not  go  to  The  radical  vice  of  his  theory  of  life  was  that  he  con- 
hear  what  £mer«on  says  so  much  as  to  hear  Emerson,  founded  physical  with  spiritual  remoteness  fVx>m  men. 
.  .  .  The  first  lecture,  to  be  sure;,  was  more  disjointed  A  man  is  far  enough  withdrawn  from  his  fellows  if 
even  than  common.  It  was  as  if,  after  vainly  trying  he  keep  himself  clear  of  their  weaknesses.  He  is  not 
to  get  his  paragraphs  into  sequence  and  order,  he  had  bo  truly  withdrawn  as  exiled  if  he  refuse  to  share 
at  last  tried  the  desperate  expedient  of  shuffling  them,  their  strength. 

It  was  chaos  come  again,  but  it  was  a  chaos  ftiU  t?^^  iqjr   *^  iqri   vr,    r^«.«ii   ^»fM-k,,#^ 

of  shooting  Store,  a  jumble  of  creative  forces.  .  .  .  F«>m  1845  to  1851  Mr.  Lowell  contributed 

The  vice  of  Emereon's  criticism  seems  to  be  that,  many  reviews  and  poems  to  the  "  Dial,'    the 

while  no  man  is  so  sensitive  to  what  is  poetical,  few  *'  Democratic  Review,"  and  the  '*  Massachusetts 

men  are  less  sensible  than  he  of  what  makes  a  poem.  Quarterly  Review."    In   1851   he  went  abroad 

He  values  the  solid  meaning  of  thought  above  the  ^jth  his  wife.  They  traveled  in  England,  France, 

•ubtlermeaninp  of  styla.  .  .  .  But  would  my  picture  ^j,d  Switzerland,  and  resided  in  Italy  for  some 

Lro^rfc^Vw'l:^^^^  time.    Here  Mr  Wll  made  the  stuiy  of  Dante 

m  at  the  comer  of  the  front  beich,  it  tumSi  in  that  revealed  that  author  to  many  of  his  coun- 

niddv  triumph  to  the  profaner  audience  as  if  he  were  trymen,  and    enriched    his    works  with    many 

♦u«  ? ».    ,^,_   !_x_j  *.._! -r ;-  studies  and  essays  on  Italian  "•**  ""''  iu«..«^..«« 

Although  used  by  him  in  his ! 
orship  and  not  published  unti 

I>idyou  ever  behold  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  J.".   ^     ^  a^fSmfa  ai^  in  nUno  >ilrl".* 

of  womanhood  mount   heavcnwaid   before  like   a  life,  and  extracts  are  in  place  here . 

rocket?^  . . .  Emerson  awakened  us,  saved  us  from  the  As  a  contribution  to  the  phj^siology  of  genius  no 

Wy  of  tfiis  death.    Did  they  say  he  was  disoon-  other  book  is  to  be  compared  with  the  **  Vita  Nuova." 

nected !    So  were  the  stare,  that  seemed  larger  to  our  It  is  more  important  to  the  understanding  of  Dante 

«yes,  still  keen  with  that  excitement  as  we  walked  as  a  poet  than  any  other  of  his  works.    It  shows  him 

homewud  with  prouder  stride  over  the   creaking  (and  that  in  the  midst  of  affaire  demanding  practical 

«now.    And  were  they  not  knit  together  by  a  higher  ability  and  presence  of  mind)  capable  of  a  depth  of 


456 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


oontempUtive  abstraction  equaling  that  of  a  Sooll 
who  hajB  ptassed  the  fourth  Btap  of  initiatioii.  It  en- 
ables ua  in  some  sort  to  see  how.  tVom  being  the 
8lave  of  hui  imajt^inutive  faculty,  ne  roae  by  sell- 
culture  and  force  of  will  to  that  maatery  of  it  which  ia 
art. 

Milton's  angels  are  not  to  be  compared  witli  Dan- 
te^Sf  at  once  real  and  supernatural ;  and  the  Deity  of 
Milton  is  a  Calvinistic  Zeus,  while  nothing  in  all 
poetry  approaches  the  imaginative  grandeur  of  Dan- 
te's vision  of  God  at  the  conclusion  of  the  "  Para- 
diso.''  .  .  .  The  range  of  Dante's  influence  is  no  lees 
remarkable  than  its  intensity.  .  .  .  Almost  all  otlier 
poets  have  their  seasons,  but  Dante  penetrates  to  the 
moral  core  of  those  who  once  fairly  come  within  liis 
sphere  and  possesses  them  wholly.  His  readers  turn 
students,  his  students  zealots,  and  what  was  a  taste 
becomes  a  religion.  The  homeless  exile  flnds  a  homo 
in  thousands  of  grateful  hearts. 

We  may  admit,  with  proper  limitations,  the  modem 
distinction  between  artist  and  moralist  With  tl)u 
one  form  is  all  in  all ;  with  the  other  tendency.  .  .  . 
The  whole  range  of  perception  and  thought  is  valu- 
able to  the  one,  as  it  will  minister  to  imagination,  to 
the  other  onlv  as  it  is  available  for  aigument  .  .  . 
The  results  of  the  moralist  pass  into  the  intellectual 
atmosphere  of  mankind,  it  matters  little  by  what 
mode  of  conveyance.  But  where,  as  in  Dante,  the 
religious  sentiment  and  the  imagination  are  botli 
organic,  something  interfused  with  the  whole  being 
ot  the  man,  so  that  they  work  in  kindly  svmpathy, 
the  moral  will  insensibly  suffuse  itself  with  ooauty  as 
a  cloud  with  light. 

To  read  Tjowell's  exposition  of  Dante's  char- 
acter and  works  is  to  become  possessed  with  a 
desire  to  see  in  him  and  them  ail  that  Lowell 
savr.  The  sympathetic  and  the  practical  un- 
folding of  the  poet's  nature  and  writings  go 
hand  in  hand  so  invitingly  that  to  join  the 
select  spiritual  and  intellectual  little  company 
seems  like  a  necessity  to  those  who  would  know 
the  best,  and  to  fail  of  it  a  loss  that  no  other 
study  can  repay. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lowell  came  home  in  1852,  and 
in  October,  1853,  Mr.  Lowell  sufifered  the  bitterest 
sorrow  of  his  life,  in  the  death  of  his  beautiful, 
gifted,  and  devoted  wife.  Although  an  invalid 
for  years,  she  had  been  his  inspiration  and  his 
sympathizing  critic.  She  had  written  a  little 
volume  of  verses,  which  was  printed  privately 
after  her  death.  Two  of  her  poems — ^'*The 
Morning  Glory  *'  and  "  The  Alpine  Shepherd  '* — 
became  favorites,  and  still  find  a  place  in  most 
American  anthologies.  In  **The  Wind-Ilarp" 
he  has  paid  one  of  many  tributes  to  her  loveli- 
ness, and  recorded  his  own  sorrow.  The  first 
two  stanzas  read : 

I  treasure  in  secret  some  long^  fine  hair 
Of  tcnderest  brown,  but  so  inwardly  golden 

I  half  used  to  fancy  the  sunshine  there, 

So  shy,  so  shifting,  so  waywardly  rare. 
Was  only  caught  for  a  moment  and  nolden 

While  I  could  say  Dearest/  and  kiss  it,  and  then 

In  pity  let  go  to  the  summer  again. 

1  twisted  this  magic  in  gossamer  strings 
Over  a  wind-harp's  Delphian  hollow ; 
Then  called  to  the  idle  breeze  that  swings 
All  day  in  the  pine-tops,  and  clings,  and  sings 

'Mid*  the  musical  leaves,  and  said,  ^^  Oh,  follow 
The  will  of  those  tears  that  deepen  my  words. 
And  fly  to  my  window  to  waken  these  chords." 

Much  better  known  is  **Auf  Wiedersehen," 
with  its  beautiful  palinode.  It  is  difficult  to  do 
it  justice  in  an  extract,  and  still  inorA  difficult 


to  omit  so  essential  a  part  of  his  thoughts  and 
words: 

The  little  gate  was  reached  at  last, 
Half  hidin  lilacs  down  the  lane ; 
She  puslied  it  wide,  and,  as  she  pobt, 
A  wistful  look  she  backward  ca«t, 
And  said — "^w/"  wudereehen  /  " 

The  lamp's  clear  ^leam  flits  up  the  stair; 

I  linger  in  delicious  pain ; 
Ah,  in  that  chamber,  whose  rich  air 
To  breathe  in  thought  1  scareely  daro, 

Thinks  she— "^«/  wiedertehen  /  " 

Sweet  piece  of  bashful  maiden  art  I 
The  English  words  had  seemed  too  fain, 

But  these— they  drew  us  heart  to  heart, 

Yet  held  us  tenderljr  apart ; 
She  said,  ^AuJ  tviederwehen  !  " 

PALIKODK. 

Still  thirteen  vears— 'tis  autumn  now 
On  field  and  hill,  in  heart  and  brain ; 

The  naked  trees  at  evening  sough ; 

The  leaf  to  the  fonuiken  bough 
Sighs  notr—^Auf  wiedergeAen  /  " 

The  loath  gate  swings  with  rustv  creak ; 

Once,  parting  there,  we  played  at  ipain ; 
There  came  a  parting,  w^hen  the  weak 
And  fading  lips  essayed  to  speak 

Vainly — ^Auf  wiedereehen  /  " 

Somewhere  is  comfort,  somewhere  faiUi, 

Though  thou  in  outer  dark  remain ; 
One  sweet  sad  voice  ennobles  death, 
And  still,  for  eighteen  centuries  aaith 
Softly  —^Au/vieders^hen  !  " 

We  should  not  have  the  complete  picture  of 
this  deepest  Lowell  unless  we  recalled  the 
Puritan  triumph  note  of  the  lovers  ode  and 
contrasted  it  with  these  poems,  or  more  particu- 
larly with  two  others,  "  Aft«r  the  Burial "  and 
"  The  Dead  House."  In  that  Yankee  character 
which  he  himself  had  depicted  such  faith  and 
exaltation  were  the  complement  of  such  despair 
and  suffering.     In  "  The  Dead  House,"'  he  says: 

Unaltered !  Alas  for  the  sameness 
That  makes  the  change  but  more ! 

'Tis  a  dead  man  I  see  in  the  mirrors. 
'Tis  his  tread  that  chills  the  floor! 

To  learn  such  a  simple  lesson. 

Need  I  go  to  Paris  and  Rome, 
That  the  many  make  the  household. 

But  only  one  the  home  ? 

'Twas  just  a  womanly  presence, 

An  influence  unexprest. 
But  a  rose  she  had  worn  on  my  grave-sod 

Were  more  than  long  life  with  the  rest ! 

'Twas  a  smile,  'twas  a  garment's  rustle, 

'Twas  nothing  that  1  can  phrase. 
But  the  whole  dumb  dwelling  grew  consciow 

And  put  on  her  looks  and  ways. 

Were  it  mine  I  would  close  the  shutteni. 

Like  lids  when  the  life  is  fled, 
And  the  funeral  flre  should  mind  it. 

This  corpse  of  a  home  that  is  dead. 

Still  stronger  are  the  expressions  in  "After 
the  Burial " : 

Yes,  faith  is  a  goodly  anchor ; 

When  skies  are  sweet  as  a  psalm. 
At  the  bows  it  lolls  so  stalwart 

In  its  bluff,  broad-shouldered  calm. 

And  when  over  breakers  to  leeward 

The  tattered  surges  are  hurled. 
It  may  keep  our  head  to  the  tempest. 

With  its  grip  on  the  base  of  the  world. 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


457 


But,  after  the  shipwreck,  tell  me, 

^  hat  help  in  it«  iron  thowa. 
Still  true  to  the  broken  hawser, 

Deep  down  auiid  sea- weed  and  ooze  ? 

In  the  breaking  gulfs  of  sorrow. 

When  the  heiplew  feet  stretcti  out 
And  find  in  the  deeps  ot  darkness 

No  footing  BO  solid  as  doubt, 

Then  better  one  spar  of  memory, 

One  broken  plank  of  the  pa»t. 
That  our  human  heart  may  cling  to, 

Though  hopeless  of  shore  at  last  I 

To  the  spirit  its  splendid  co^jecturers. 

To  the  flesh  its  sweet  despair, 
Its  tean  o^er  the  thin-worn  locket. 

With  its  anguish  of  deathless  hair  I 

Immortal  ?  I  feel  it  and  know  it. 

Who  doubts  it  of  such  as  she  f 
But  that  is  tho  pang^s  very  secret — 

Immortal  away  from  me. 

There'to  a  narrow  ridge  in  the  grave-yard 
Would  scarce  stay  a  child  in  its  raoe. 

But  to  me  and  my  thought  it  is  wider 
Than  the  star-sown  vague  of  space. 

Console  if  you  will.    I  can  bear  it — 
^fis  a  well-meant  alms  of  breath — 

But  not  all  the  preaching  since  Adam 
Hss  made  death  other  than  death. 

It  is  pa^an ;  but  wait  till  vou  feel  it— 
That  lar  of  our  earth,  tnat  dull  shock 

When  toe  plowshare  of  deeper  passion 
Tears  down  to  our  primitive  rock. 

Two  other  phases  of  suffering  have  found 
utterance  in  "The  Darkened  Mind,"  "The 
Fiivvt  Snow-fall,"  and  "Threnodia."  The  first 
alluded  to  the  insanity  of  his  unusually  keen- 
witted and  joyous- hearted  mother,  the  others  to 
the  death  of  his  children.  Longfellow's  poem 
*•  The  Two  Angels  "  was  drawn  forth  by  the  fact 
that  one  of  Longfellow's  children  was' born  the 
nijjht  that  Mrs.  Lowell  died. 

The  volume  that  contains  these  poems  has  two 
other  notable  ones,  "Pictures  from  Appledore" 
and  the  "Ode  to  Happiness."  A  long-lined, 
somewhat  heavy  movement  has  hindered  these 
{or  at  least  the  former)  from  becoming  the  fa- 
vorites which  their  beauty  of  thought  "and  im- 
spination  would  make  them.  "  Appledore"  is 
difficult  to  select  from,  but  this  will  perhaps  pre- 
sent it  best  of  any  extract : 

A  common  island,  you  will  say ; 

But  Btav  a  moment :  only  climo 

Up  to  the  highest  rock  of  the  isle. 

Stand  there  alone  for  a  little  while, 

And  with  gentle  approaches  it  grows  sublime 

Dilating  slowly  as  vou  win 

A  sense  fVom  the  silence  to  take  it  in. 

So  wide  the  loneness,  so  lucid  the  air, 

The  granite  beneath  vou  so  lucidly  bare, 

You  well  might  thiuK  you  were  looking  down 

From  some  sKT-silenceu  mountain's  crown, 

Whose  waist- oelt  of  pines  is  wont  to  tear 

Locks  of  wool  fh>m  tne  topmost  cloud. 

Only  be  sure  you  go  alone, 

For  Grandeur  is  in  accessibly  proud, 

And  never  yet  has  backward  thrown 

Her  veil  to  feed  the  stare  of  a  crowd ; 

To  more  than  one  has  never  shown 

That  awful  front,  nor  is  it  fit 

That  she,  Cothurnus-shod,  stand  bowed 

Tntil  the  self-approving  pit 

Enjoy  the  gust  of  its  own  wit 

In  babbling  plaudits  cheaply  loud; 

She  hides  her  mountains  ana  her  sea 

Prom  the  harriers  of  scenery. 


Who  hunt  down  sunsets,  and  huddle  and  bay, 
Mouthing  and  mumbling  the  dying  day. 

To  quote  the  beautiful  lines  of  the  "  Ode  to 
Happiness"  would  be  to  quote  them  all.  The 
best  that  can  be  done  in  these  limits  is  to  give 
single  lines  or  expi'essions : 

And  passed  from  eager  hand  to  hand 
The  onward-dancing  torch  of  life  1 

Thou  first  revealst  to  us  thy  face 
Turned  o'er  the  shoulder's  parting  grace, 

A  moment  glimpsed,  then  seen  no  more — 
Thou  whose  swift  foot-steps  we  can  trace 

Awuy  from  overy  mortal  door. 

l<Iymph  of  tho  unretuming  feet 

Souls  that  with  long  upward  beat 
liave  won  an  undisturbed  retreat 

—the  cliff 
That  o'er  the  abrupt  goige    holds  its  breath 

Where  tho  frail  hair's-breadth  of  an  (/" 
Is  all  that  simders  life  and  death. 

Unhistoried  as  smokes  that  rise 
From  happy  hearths  and  sight  elude 
In  kindred  blue  of  morning  skicB^ 

Yet  there  is  one  who  seems  to  be 
Thine  elder  sister,  in  whone  eyes 
A  faint,  far  northern  light  will  rise. 

lam  she 
Whom  the  gods  love,  Tranquillity ; 
That  other  whom  you  seeK  forlorn 
Half  earthly  was  ;  out  I  am  bom 
Of  the  immortals,  and  our  race 
Wears  still  some  sadness  on  its  face. 

For  a  taste  of  a  totally  different  quality,  we 

turn  to  "  Without  and  Within  " : 

• 

My  coachman,  in  the  moonlight  there, 
Looks  through  the  side- light  of  the  door; 

I  hear  him  wiUi  his  brethren  swear. 
As  I  could  do — but  only  mora. 

Flattening  his  nose  against  the  pane. 

He  envies  me  my  brilliant  lot, 
Breathes  on  his  aching  fists  in  vain, 

And  dooms  me  to  a  place  more  hot 

Meanwhile  I  inlv  curse  the  bore 
Of  hunting  still  the  same  old  coon, 

And  envy  him,  outside  the  door. 
In  golden  quiets  of  the  moon. 

The  winter  wind  is  not  so  cold 
As  the  bright  smile  he  sees  me  win, 

Kor  tho  host^s  oldest  wine  so  old 
As  our  poor  gabble  sour  and  tliin. 

Oh,  could  he  have  my  share  of  din. 

And  I  his  quiet !  past  a  doubt 
'Twould  still  he  one  man  bored  within. 

And  just  another  bored  without 

In  January,  1855,  Mr.  Longfellow  resigned  his 
professorship  in  Harvard  College,  and  Mr.  Low- 
ell was  elected  to  take  his  place.  lie  did  not 
enter  upon  it  immediately,  but  spent  two  years 
abroad,  continuing  studies  in  Italian,  French, 
and  Spanish,  devoting  himself  especially  to  old 
Frencn  and  Provencal  poetry,  in  which  he  be- 
came one  of  the  highest  authorities.  On  his 
return,  ho  assumed  the  chair  of  Belles  Lett  res. 

The  "  Atlantic  Monthly"  was  founded  in  this 
year,  1857,  and  Lowell  became  its  first  editor; 
Holmes,  Longfellow,  and  Emerson  being,  with 
him,  the  projectors  of  the  enterprise,  which  was 
planned  at  meetings  of  the  qiiartet  in  Emerson's 
cheery  study  in  Concord.    In  1863  he  became 


458 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


joint  editor,  with  Charles  Eliot  Norton,  of  the 
•*  North  American  Review,"  a  connection  which 
lasted  until  1873.  In  these  periodicals  appeared 
the  "Moosehead  Journal,"  "Cambridge  Thirty 
Years  ago,"  "Notes  of  Travel,"  and  the  frag- 
ment "  Fitz  Adam's  Storv." 

Meantime  the  political  events  that  preceded 
and  led  up  to  the  civil  war  were  of  the  keenest 
interest  to  him,  and,  in  order  to  throw  the  weight 
of  his  influence  on  the  side  of  the  Union,  ho 
brought  Hosea  Biglow  and  Parson  Wilbur 
again  upon  the  st^e,  their   utterances  being 

Sven  to  the  world  in  the  pages  of  the  "  Atlantic 
onthiy."  In  his  introduction  to  the  new 
poems  of  Hosea  Biglow,  Parson  Wilbur  says: 
*•  I  write  by  express  desire  of  Mr.  Biglow  him- 
self, whose  entire  winter  leisure  is  occupied,  as 
he  assures  me,  in  answering  demands  for  auto- 
graphs, a  labor  exacting  enough  in  itself,  and 
egregiously  so  to  him,  who,  being  no  ready  pen- 
man, can  not  sign  so  much  as  his  name  without 
strange  contortions  of  the  face  (the  nose  even 
being  essential  to  complete  success)  and  pain- 
fully suppressed  Saint-Vitus's  dance  of  every 
muscle  of  the  body."  Mr.  Wilbur  introduces 
a  letter  from  Mr.  Bifflow's  friend,  Mr.  Sawin, 
who  had  settled  in  Virginia  after  the  Mexican 
War.    It  opens : 

It^s  some  consid^ble  of  a  spell  senco  I  haint  writ  no 

letters, 
An*  therms  gret  changes  hez  took  place  in  all  polit*- 

cle  matters ; 
Some  canderdatcs  air  dead  on*  gone,  an*  somo  hez  ben 

defeated, 
Which  ^mounts  to  pooty  much  the  same ;  fer  it's  ben 

proved  repeated  • 

A  betch  o*  bread  thet  hain't  riz  once  ain't  goin'  to 

rise  agin. 
An'  it's  jest  money  throwed  away  to  put  the  emptin's 

in: 
But  thet's  wut  folks  won't  never  lorn ;  they  dunno  how 

to  go, 
Arter  you  want  their  rdom,  no  more'n  a  bullet-headed 

beau; 
Ther's  oilers  chaps  a-hangin'  roun'  thet  cant  see  pea- 
time's  past, 
Mis'ble  as  roosters  in  a  rain,  heads  down  on'  tails 

half-mast ; 
It  ain't  disgraceful  bein'  beat,  when  a  hoU  nation 

doos  it. 
But  chance  is  like  on  ambcrill — it  don'  take  twice  to 

lose  it 

His  description  of  matters  down  South  is  fol- 
lowed the  next  month  by  the  famous  **  Yankee 
Idyl,"  "  Mason  and  SlidelL"  The  "  Idyl "  is  in- 
troduced by  a  long  rhymed  dialogue  between 
Bunker  Hill  Monument  and  Concord  Bridge, 
which  brims  over  with  wit.  In  the  course  of  it, 
the  monument  remarks: 

"Ef  we're  a-goin'  to  prove  we  he  ^wd-up, 

'Twunt  be  by  barkin'  like  a  tamer  pup. 

But  tumin'  to  an'  makin'  things  ez  good 

Ez  wut  we're  allers  broggin'  that  we  could  * 

We're  boun'  to  bo  lafood  mends,  and  so  we'd  oughter, 

In  spite  of  all  the  tools  both  sides  the  water." 

The  bridge  replies : 

"  1  b'lieve  thet's  so ;  but  barken  in  your  ear, 

I'm  oldor'n  you — Peace  won't  keep  nouse  with  Fear. 

£f  you  want  peace,  the  thing  youVe  gut  to  du 

Is  jes'  to  show  you're  up  to  nghtin',  tu. 

/  recollect  how  sailors'  rights  was  won, 

Yard  locked  in  yard,  hot  gim-lip  kissin'  gun. 


Why,  afore  thet  John  Bull  sot  up  thet  be 

Hed  fi^ut  a  kind  o'  mortgage  on  tno  sea ; 

You'd  thouffht  he  held  oy  grandther  Adam's  will, 

An'  ef  you  anucklo  down,  he'll  think  so  still." 

Some  stanzas  of  the  "  Idyl "  read  as  follows: 

Ef  /  turn  mad  d<^  loose,  John, 

On  vour  front-parlor  stairs, 
Woula  it  jest  meet  your  views,  John, 
To  wait  an'  sue  their  heirs  f 
01c  Uncle  8.  sez  he,  "•  I  guess 
I  on'v  guess,"  sez  he, 
**  Thet  ef  Vottel  on  kit  toes  fell, 
'Twould  kind  o'  rile  J.  B., 
Ez  wal  ez  you  on'  me  1 

Who  made  the  law  thet  hurts,  John, 

Ileads  I  win — diUo  taiUT 
^  J.  B."  was  on  his  shirts.  John, 
OnlesB  my  memory  fails. 
Ole  Uncle  S.  sez  he,  **•  I  Ruess, 
(I'm  good  at  thet),"  sez  be, 
^  Thet  sauce  for  ^ooee  ain't^Mt  the  juice 
For  ganders  with  J.  B., 
No  moro'n  with  you  or  mo  1" 

We  own  the  ocean,  tu,  John, 

You  mus'n'  take  it  hard, 
Ef  wo  can't  think  with  you,  John, 
It's  iest  your  own  back  yard. 
Ole  Uncle  S.  sez  he,  "  I  ffuess, 
^fthtVs  his  dum,"  sez  tie, 
**  The  fcncin'  stuff  '11  cost  enough 
To  bust  up  friend  J.  B., 
Ez  wal  ez  you  an'  me  I " 

An  argument  that  was  put  forward  in  sober 
earnest  by  many  is  put  in  the  following  fashion 
by  Mr.  Sawin  in  a  letter  to  Hosea  Biglow : 

Wam't  it  more  proftable  to  bring  your  raw  material 

thru 
Where  you  can  work  it  into  grace  on'  into  cotton  tu, 
Than  sendin'  missionaries  out  where  feveni  might 

defeat  'em, 
An'  ef  the  butcher   didn't   call,  their  pMBbiouers 

might  cat  'em  ? 

The  next  installment  closes  with  the  follow- 
ing lines : 

1 — but,  gcn'lemen,  here's  a  dispatch  jes  come  in, 
Which  shows  thot  the  tide's  begun  tumin'  Of^in'— 
Great  Confednt  success !    C'lumbus  eevoooooted ! 
I  muB^  run  down  an'  hev  the  thinsr  properly  stated. 
An'  show  wut  a  triumph  it  is,  an' now  lucky 
To  fln'Uy  git  red  o'  thet  cussed  Kentucky, 
An'  how.  Hence  Fort  Donelson,  winnin'  uie  day 
Consists  in  triumphantly  gittln'  away. 

Perhaps  one  of  the  best-known  extracts  is 
from  the  passage  from  Hosea  Biglow,  which  be- 
gins thus : 

Once  git  a  smell  o'  musk  into  a  draw. 

An'  it  clings  hold  like  precerdents  in  law ; 

Your    gra'ma'am    put   it  there  —  when,   goodness 

knows — 
To  jes,  this-worldify  her  Sunday-clo'es ; 
But  the  old  chist  wun't  san'e  her  grandson's  wife. 
(For,  thout  new  furnitoor,  wut  gwd  in  life  ? ) 
An'  so  ole  dawfoot,  fVom  the  precinks  dread 
O'  the  spare  chamber,  shrinks  into  the  shed. 
Where,  dim  with  dust,  it  fust  or  last  subsides 
To  holdin'  seeds  an'  fitly  things  besides ; 
But  better  days  stick  fast  in  heart  an'  husk. 
An'  all  you  keep  in't  gits  a  scent  o'  musk. 

Jes  so  with  poets :  wut  they've  airly  read 
Gits  kind  o'  worked  into  tHeir  heart  an'  head, 
8o'8't  they  can't  seem  to  write  but  jest  on  sheers 
With  furrin'  countries  or  played-out  ideers, 
Nor  hev  a  fcelin'  ef  it  doesn't  smack 
O'  wut  somo  critter  chose  to  feel  'way  bcu^k. 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL.  459 

Then  follows  the  famous  description  of  spring  ington  ?  ...  U  the  only  rosuH  of  our  ••dmitting  a 

m  New  England,  and  then  more  of  that  sharp,  territory  on  Monday  to  be  the  giving  it  a  right  to 

wittv  satire  which  probably  had  more  influence  BteaUtoelf  and  go  put  again  on  Tuesday?  ...  We 

;«  ^!.»»:»»  »i,:».w,  ;^*u«  -;«kf  i;«.i,#.  /««  frU«  \r«,«  shall  need  somethmg  like  a  fugitive  slave  law  for 

m  serting  things  in  the  nght  light  for  the  New  runaway  republics,  aSd  must  get  a  provision  inserted 

Lngland    mind  than    the  gravest    sermons   or  i^  our  treaties  with  foreign  powers,  that  they  shall 

editonals.  help  us  catch  any  delinquent  who  may  take  refuge 

It  was  not  with  poetical  satire  alone  that  Mr.  with  them. 

LoweU  altacked  slavery  and  upheld  the  nation-  j    ^      sometimes  been  questioned  just  what 

IwJn™  r^^            lT.!ln  whiW  I^^^^ll  »"«*"'  when,  in  tSe  "Commemoration 

wntings  in  prose  came  from  his  pen,  while  the  ^^   „  j^        ^     ^  President  Lincoln  as  the  -  first 

subjects  they  discussed  were  of  burning  interest  Ar««..,«a«  "»    th^^^ 

The  fire  ancf  zeal  of  Garrison  without  His  intem-  jiTr^'in  ^^ Tf ^ l^nn  /ino±    t^^^^^^^^ 

jK^rance  and  dislovalty,  the  eloquence  of  Wen-  ^64?""^  '"^  *"'"  '^^'''^''  '"'  ^'"°°^'''  ''""*'"  '"^ 

dell  Phillips  with  lar  more  depth  of  thought  and  ' 

scholarship,  were  what  he  showed,  as  contrasted  People  of  more  sensitive  organizations  may   be 

with  these  two  constant  friends  and  coworkers,  shocked,  but  we  are  glad  that  in  this  our  true  war  of 

in  those  days.    An  article  on  "The  American  i?,^®?g°^,«?<^®'  which  is  to  free  us  forever  from  the 

Tract  Societ'y,''  written  in  1858,  shows  how  wide  ^^"^^l^  Z^S^l'mldt  ^^^^r^Lim^Xt 

a  range  his  mentel  eye  took  in.     He  writes:  ^f  the  veiy  earth-unancestried,  unprivileged,  un- 

If  the  piona  men  who  founded  the  American  Tract  known — to  show  us  how  much  truth,  how  much 

Society  had  been  told  that  widiin  forty  years  they  magnanimity,  and  how  much  state  craft  await  the  call 

would*  be  watchful  of  their  publications,  lest,  by  in-  of  opportunity  in  simple  manhood  when  it  believes 

advertence,  anything  disrespectful  might  be  spoken  in  the  justice  of  God  and  the  worth  of  man. 

of  the  Africitn  slave  trade  ;  that  they  would  consider  j     .,                   . .  j     ,•    .,       describes  a  stat^s- 

it  an  ample  equivalent  for  compulsory  dumbness  on  ^"  J'"^  ^™*  anicie  ne  tnus  aescrioes  a  8iai€S- 

the  vices  of  slavery    that   their  colporteurs  could  ™*'*  • 

awaken  the  minds  of  Bouthem  brethren  to  the  horrore  The  course  of  a  great  statesman  resembles  that  of 

of  St  Bartholomew ;   that  they  would   hold  their  navigable  rivera,  avoiding  immovable  obstacles  with 

peace  about  the  body  of  Cuffce  dancing  to  the  music  noble  bends  of  concession,  seeking  the  broad  levels 

of  the  cart- whip  provided  only  thcv  could  save  the  of  opinion  on  which  men  sooncAt  settle  and  longest 

soul  of  Sambo  alive  by  presenting  him  a  pamphlet,  dwell ;  following  and  marking  the  almost  impercepti- 

which  he  could  not  read,  on  the  depravity  of  the  ble  slopes  of  national  tendency,  vet  always  aiming  at 

double-shufile ;  that  thev  would  consent  to  be  fellow-  direct  advances,  always  recruiteJ  from  sourees  nearer 

members  in  the  Tract  Society  with  him  who  sold  heaven,  and  sometimes  bursting  open  paths  of  prog- 

thcir  fellow-members  in  Christ  on  the  auction-block,  ress  and  fruitful  human  commerce  through  what  seem 

if  he  agreed  with  them  in  condemning  transubstan-  the  eternal  barriers  of  both.    It  is  lovalty  to  great 

tiation  (and  it  would  not  be  difficult  for  a  gentleman  ends,  even  though  forced  to  combine  the  small  and 

who  ignored  the  real  presence  of  God  in  his  brother  opposing  motives  of  selfish  men  to  accomplish  them ; 

man  to  deny  it  in  the  sacramental  wafer) — if  those  it  is  the  anchored  cling  to  solid  principles  of  duty  and 

excellent  men  had  been  told  this,  they  would  have  action,  which  knows  How  to  swing  with  the  tide,  but 

shrunk  in  horror,  and  exclaimed :  "•  Are  th v  servants  is  never  carried  away  by  it,  that  we  demand  in  public 

(log^  that  they  should  do  these  things  f  ^    Yet  this  is  men. 

preciselv  the  presient  position  of  the  society.  .  .  .  The  -m     ▼         n  i.     i              *.•       •   *.        *.  •          ui« 

only  line  whfch  ChriSt  drew  is  that  whicli  parts  the  Mr.  Lowell  took  an  active  interest  in  public 

sheep  from  the  goats,  that  great  horizon  line  of  the  affairs,   writing    much   on  reconstruction    and 

moral  nature  of  man,  which  is  the  boundary  between  kindred  themes,  and  meantime  his  muse  was  not 

lii?ht  and  darkness.     The  society,  by  yielding  (as  silent.    **  The  Washers  of  the  Shroud,'*  written 

ihey  have  done  in  1858)  to  what  are  pleasantly  called  jn  1861,  was  a  lament  for  relatives  and  friends 

Uje  -  objections  «  of  the  South  (objections  of  so  forei-  ^jjo  were  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac    One 

ble  a  nature  that  wo  are  told  the  colporteurs  were  -4.o„--  «,««. 

**  forced  to  flee  "),  virtually  exclude  the  black  man,  if  »^"»*  ™"» • 

bom  to  the  southward  of  a  certain  arbitrary  line,  Tears  may  be  ours,  but  proud,  for  those  who  win 

from  the  operation  of  God^s  providence.  Death^s  royal  purple  in  the  foeman^s  lines ; 

What  claim  has  slavery  to  immunity  from  discus-  Peace,  too,  brings  team ;  and  *mid  the  battle-din 

nonl     Wo  are  told  that  discussion  is  dangerous.  The  wiser  ear  some  text  of  God  divines. 

Dangerous  to  what  I     Truth  invites  it,  courts  the  For  the  sheathed  blade  may  rust  with  darker  sin. 

point  of  the  Ithuriel  spear  whose  touch  can  but  re-  ^  __          .      «    -i.        »       'i-i.                                « 

veal  more  clearly  the  grace  and  grandeur  of  her  an-  "MemoruP  rositum,     wntten   m   memory  oi 

gelic  proportions.  Col.  Robert  G.  Shaw,  killed  at  Fort  Wagner  in 

i«  u:      -*•  1           *u     *!.             j«         1    !•  1863,  is  a  pcean  of  sorrow,  a  preliminary  study 

whte!lI^"'i?''^*^^*^^".^"'^'"5®^  ^or   the    magnificent  "Commemoration    Ode.^' 

Swell'te^                       '"        presidency,  Mr.  q„^  ^^^^  ^3 . 

We  bide  our  chance. 

The  truth  is  that  revolutionary  ideas  are  promoted  Unhappy,  and  make  terms  with  Fato 

not  bv  any  unthinking  hostility  to  the  rufhts  of  prop-  A  little  more  to  let  us  wait ; 

erty,  but  to  a  well-founded  icalousy  of  its  usurpa-  He  leads  for  aye  tlie  advance, 

ttons;andlt  is  privilege,  ana  not  property,  that  is  Hopes  forlorn — nopesthat  plant  the  desperate  good 

perplexed  with  fear  of  change.  For  nobler  earths  and  days  of  manlier  mood  ; 

In  an  article  entitled  "E  Pluribus  Unum"  ci^ireri^'^bS^h^M^     o'er  the  fight, 

ne  wrote :  ^  saintly  shape  of  fame,  to  cheer  the  right 

If  secession  be  a  right,  then  the  moment  of  its  ex-  And  steel  each  wavering  glance. 

t;;^Xl.?^r^J^.y^^^^^  The  noblest  elegiac  poem  ever  prj^uced  in  our 

shoild  vote  herself  out  of  the  Union  and  declare  her-  country  is  the     Commemonition  Ode.'    wntten 

wlf  annexed  to  Canada,  what  kind  of  a  reception  by  Lowell,  and  recited  by  him  at  the  memorial 

vonld  her  oommissionerd  be  likely  to  meet  in  Wash-  exercises  held  at  Harvard  College,  in  1865,  as  a 


460 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


tribute  to  the  dead  and  the  living  among  her 
graduates  and  students  who  had  gone  fortli  to 
the  war.  Other  famous  elegies  in  the  English 
language  are,  of  general  ones,  Gray*s  "  Elegy  in 


ennyson 

moriam  "  and  "  Ode  on  Wellington."  None  of 
these,  taken  as  a  whole,  outranks  Lowell's.  Some 
are  more  musical  in  parts,  but  not  one  is  more 
musical  in  all  parts,  not  one  grander  in  thought, 
tenderer  in  feeling,  more  moving  in  pathos,  and 
certainly  not  one  can  compare  with  it  in  nobil- 
ity of  tneme.    One  stanza  of  it  reads : 

Many  loved  Truth,  and  lavished  life's  best  oil 

Amid  the  dust  of  books  to  find  her, 
Content  at  last,  for  guerdon  of  their  toil, 

With  the  cast  mantle  she  hath  left  behind  her. 

Many  in  sad  fate  sought  for  her, 

Many  with  crossed  hands  siehed  for  her ; 

But  these,  our  brothers,  fought  for  her, 

At  life's  dear  peril  wrought  for  her. 

So  loved  her  that  they  died  for  her, 

Tasting  the  raptured  tlectncss 

Of  her  divine  completeness. 

The  closing  stanza  reads : 

Bow  down,  dear  Land,  for  thou  hast  foimd  release  I 

Thy  God,  in  these  aistempered  days. 

Hath  tauffht  thee  the  sure  wisdom  of  his  ways, 
And  through  thine  enemies  hath  wrought  thy  peace. 

Bow  down  in  prayer  and  pndse  I 
No  poorest  in  thy  borders  but  may  now 
Lift  to  the  juster  skies  a  man's  enfranchised  brow. 
O  Beautiful  I  my  Country !  oura  once  more  I 
Smoothing  thy  gold  of  war-disheveled  hair 
O'er  such  sweet  brows  as  never  other  wore, 

And  letting  thy  set  lips. 

Freed  from  wrath's  pale  eclipse. 
The  rosy  edges  of  their  smile  lay  bare. 
What  words  divine  of  lover  or  of  poet 
Could  tell  our  love  and  make  thee  know  it, 
Among  ^e  nations  bright  beyond  compare  ? 

What  were  our  lives  without  thee  I 

What  all  our  lives  to  save  thee  ? 

We  reck  not  what  we  gave  thee ; 

We  will  not  dare  to  doubt  thee, 
But  ask  whatever  else,  and  we  will  dare ! 

"  The  Cathedral "  was  written  in  1869.  It  has 
the  long-lined  monotony  which  is  the  one  draw- 
back to  Lowell's  verse,  but  it  is  the  master's 
work.    The  following  lines  represent  it  fairly  : 

Man  can  not  be  God's  outlaw  if  he  would. 
Nor  so  abscond  him  in  the  caves  of  sense 
But  Nature  still  shall  search  some  crevice  out 
With  messages  of  splendor  from  that  source 
Which,  dive  he,  soar  ho^  baffles  still  and  lures. 
This  life  were  brutish  did  we  not  sometimes 
Have  intimation  clear  of  wider  scope. 
Hints  of  occasion  infinite,  to  keep 
The  soul  alert  with  noble  discontent 
And  onward  yearnings  of  unstilled  desire  ; 
Fruitless,  except  we  now  and  then  divined 
A  mystery  of  purpose  gleaming  through 
The  secular  confusions  of  the  world, 
Whose  will  we  darkly  accomplish,  doing  oure. 
No  man  can  think  nor  in  himself  perceive, 
Sometimes  at  waking,  in  the  street  sometimes. 
Or  on  the  hillside,  always  unforewamed, 
A  grace  of  being,  finer  than  himself, 
That  beckons  and  is  gone— a  laiger  life 
Upon  his  own  impinging,  with  swifl  glimpse 
Or  spacious  circles  luminous  with  mind, 
To  which  the  ethereal  substance  of  his  own 
Seems  but  gross  cloud  to  make  that  visible. 
Touched  to  a  sudden  glory  round  th*^  -^'•^ 


Who  that  hath  known  these  visitations  fiect 
Would  strive  to  make  them  trite  and  ritual  f 
I,  that  still  pray  at  morning  and  at  eve, 
Loving  those  roots  that  feed  us  from  the  put, 
And  prizing  more  than  Plato  things  I  learned 
At  that  best  Academe,  a  mother's  knee, 
Thrice  in  my  life,  perhaps,  have  truly  j>myed, 
Thrice,  stirred  below  my  conscious  self,  have  felt 
That  perfect  disenthralhnent  which  is  God  ; 
Nor  know  I  which  to  hold  worst  enemy, 
Him  who  on  speculation's  windv  waste 
Would  turn  me  loose,  stript  of  tne  raiment  warm 
By  faith  contrived  against  our  nakedness. 
Or  him  who,  cruel -kind,  would  fain  obscure, 
With  pictured  saints  and  paraphrase  of  God, 
The  souPs  east  window  of  divine  surprise. 

This  p)oem  is  Lowell's  contribution  to  the  reli- 
gious controversies  of  his  day,  and  it  suggests  a 
mialit^  in  his  work,  both  in  verse  ana  prose. 
His  life  history  and  thought  can  be  traced 
through  his  writings  to  an  unuusal  degree. 
Whether  he  writes  directly  of  principles  or  di- 
rectly of  particular  men.  the  discussions  are 
always  really  of  ideas,  and  his  own  reach  and 
progress  of  conviction  can  be  traced. 

In  this  year  (1869)  Lowell  wrote  also  two  char- 
acteristic essays,  one  of  which,  **  On  a  Certain  Con- 
descension in  Foreigners."  is  perhaps  the  most 
popular  of  his  writings.  The  other  is  **  My  Gar- 
den Acquaintance,"  which  embodies  his  love  for 
nature  in  his  own  quaint  fashion.  In  cJosing  it, 
he  writes : 

There  is  something  inexpressibly  dear  to  me  in 
these  old  friendships  of  a  lifetime.  There  is  Hcaroe  a 
tree  of  mine  but  has  had,  at  some  time  or  other,  a 
happy  homestead  among  its  boughs,  and  to  which  1 
can  not  say ; 

^  Many  light  hearts  and  win^ 
Which  now  be  dead,  lodged  in  thy  living  bowers." 

My  walk  under  the  pines  would  lose  half  its  summer 
charm  were  I  to  miss  that  shy  anchorite,  the  Wilson'i) 
thrush,  nor  hear  in  haying  time  the  metallic  ring 
of  his  song  that  justifies  his  rustic  name  of  »rytht- 
whet.  I  protect  my  game  as  jealously  as  an  £nj;llsh 
squire.  If  anybody  had  oOlogizod  a  certain  cuckoo']< 
nest  I  know  of,  it  would  have  left  me  a  sore  place  in 
my  mind  for  weeks.  ...  I  would  not  if  I  could  con- 
vert them  from  their  pretty  pagan  ways. 

In  the  opening  of  the  other  essay  there  is  a 
lovely  picture  of  twilight  quiet  and  the  charm  of 
association : 

All  things  combined  in  a  result  as  near  absolute 
peace  as  can  be  hoped  for  by  a  man  who  knows  tliai 
there  is  a  writ  out  against  'him  in  the  hands  of  the 
printer's  devil.  ...  I  love  old  ways,  and  the  path  I  w»« 
walking  felt  kindly  to  the  feet  it  had  known  for  almcHt 
fifty  years.  .  .  .  How  many  times  I  had  lingered  to 
study  the  shadows  of  the  leaves  mezzotinted  upon 
the  turf  that  edged  it  by  the  moon,  of  the  bare  boughs 
etched  with  a  touch  beyond  Rembrandt  by  the  same 
unconscious  artist  on  the  smooth  page  ofsnow.  .  .  . 
**  Blessed  old  fields  I"  I  was  just  exclaiming  to  myself, 
when  I  was  interrupted  by  a  voice  which  asked  me 
in  German  whether  I  was  the  Hcrr  Professor,  Doctor, 
so  and  so  ? 

One  feels  so  intimately  assured  that  one  is  made  up 
in  part  of  shreds  and  leavings  of  the  past,  in  part  of  the 
interpolations  of  other  people,  that  an  honest  man 
would  be  slow  in  saying  yes  to  such  a  question.  1 
had  begun  life  with  the  theory  of  giving  something 
to  every  beggar  that  came  along.  ...  I  was  but  too 
conscious  of  a  vagrant  fiber  in  myself  which  often 
thrilled  me  in  m^  solitary  walks  with  a  temptation  to 
wander  on  into  infinite  space.  .  .  .  For  seven  yeare  1 
helped  maintain  one  heroic  man  on  an  imaginaij 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL.  461 

journey  to  Portland— «»  fine  an  example  as  I  have  If  every  literary  American  couW  say  some- 
ever  known  of  hopeless  loyalty  to  an  ideal.  I  assisted  thing  like  this  with  truth,  we  should  soon  cease 
soother  so  long  in  a  fruitless  attempt  to  reach  Meek-  ^^  ^g  ^^q  u  ^^^^  common-schooled  and  the  least 
knbur^-Schwenn  that  at  last  we  £inncd^^^^^  cultivated  of  people."  In  1872  Mr.  Lowell 
other's  faces  when  we  met  like  a  couple  of  augurs.  •  -^  j  e^  '^•i.iTi :  jt  ...it  \x-  -o 
.  .  I  could  not  help  associating  the  apparition  c^  my  visited  Europe,  with  his  second  wife  Miss  Frances 
new  friend  with  this  series  of  otherwiso  unaccounta-  Dunlap,  of  Portland,  Me,  whom  he  had  mar- 
ble phenomena.  1  accordingly  made  up  mjr  mind  to  ried  in  1857.  On  his  return  the  "Centennial" 
deny  the  debt  ...  He  took  a  high  tono  with  me  at  celebrations  of  187.'>-'76  appealed  to  his  patriot- 
once.  ...  He  even  brought  down  his  proud  stomach  jgni  and  local  sympathy,  and  he  wrote  several 
»  far  a«  to  ioin  himself  to  mo  for  the  rest  of  my  ^^j^g  ^^^  ^f  ^^ich  were  read  by  him  at  Concord 
homewaHi  walk,  that  he  might  give  mo  his  views  of  ^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^j,^  ^,1^  ^1,^  ^j.  Cambridge  ;  but  they 

But  wT^e?Te*^might  do  or  leave  undone,  we  Jj^^e  none  of  the  fire  and  moving^          of  the 

were  not  genteel Though  we  should  boast  that  Commemoration  Ode.      In  18 <6  Mr.  Lowell  was 

we  were  the  Great  West  until  we  were  black  in  the  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Republican  ticket, 

face,  it  would  not  bring  us  an  inch  nearer  to  the  and  in   the  following  year  he  was  appointed 

wortdV  west  end.  ...  In  short,  we  were  vulgar.  .  .  .  United  States  minister  at  Madrid.     Washington 

^NowBm  I  vulgar?"  flsks  the  culprit  shrinkingly.  ii-yj^g  ha<l  held  this  office  in  1842-*46.     In  1880 

«B«»ause  thou  art  not  like  unto  us,"  answew  Lucifer,  ^^  ^^  transferred  to  the  court  of  St.  James. 

"^^t^^  ^T^ontinue  to  be  the  mostcommon-  Here  a  representative  American  found  oppor- 

schooled  and  the  least  cultivated  of  people  in  the  tunity  to  maintain   the  simple  dignity  of  his 

world,  1  suppose  we  must  consent  to  endure  this  con-  country,  and  he  did  it  to  that  country's  credit 

de:4cendin|r  manner  of  foreigners  toward  us.    They  and  to  his  own  g^eat  satisfaction.    There  were 

can  never  appreciate  the  immense  amount  of  silent  no  diplomatic  questions  to  be  argued ;  and  if  in 

work  that  hajjbecndone  here,  making  this  continent  the  round  of  social  successes  his  countrymen 

slowly  fit  for  the  abocle  ot  man.    A  «eat  place  m  sometimes  felt  that  he  became  more   English 

&n^,^fa^o;j^t^:^o^frnr  |^-  the  Englishmen  themselves,  they  did%ot. 

inon  blood,  and  still  more  the  common  language,  are  i^se  their  admiration  of  him.    He  may  ^  judged 

fatal  instruments  of  misapprehension.    Let  thorn  give  by  his  own  written  words,  for,  m  addition  to 

up  trying  to  understand  us.  constant    calls  for   after-dinner   and  olT-hand 

From  the  essay  on  Chaucer,  written  in  1870,  speeches,  he  was  invited  to  deliver  addresses 

we  toke  the  following  characteristic  sentence :  o"  n^^ny  public  occasions.     One  of   the  most 

Modem  imaginative  litcratuw  has  become  so  self-  deli&hlf"!  and  original  of  his  essays    is  that 

conscious,  anS  therefore   so    melancholy,  that  art,  "P^"  ''J{Z^  S?*^w  ®*   S"^  "^^^n  ^""^  ^^^^^  V^ 

which  should  be  "  the  world's  sweet  inn,"  whither  wo  read  at  the  Working  Men  s  College,  m  London, 

repair  for  refreshment  and  repose,  has  become  rather  By  reading  one  paragraph  an  opinion  may  be 

a  watering-place,  where  one's  own  private  touch  of  formed  of  his  judgment  of  the  purpose  of  a 

liver  complaint  is  exasperated  by  the  affluence  of  book  which  he  considered  the  work  of  one  of 

other  sufferers  whose  talk  is  a  narrative  of  morbid  ^j^^  fl^^  greatest  authors  of  the  world : 

symptoms.     Poets  have  forgotten  that  the  nrst  lesson  ^,        V               ,  .     ..  ^       ^  .         .,       , 

ofliterature,  no  less  than  of  life,  is  the  learning  how  There  is  a  moral  m  "  Don  Quixote,"  ond  a  very 

to  bum  your  own  smoke ;  that  the  way  to  be  original  profound  one,  w^iether  Cervantes  put  it  there  or  not. 


»..    w.  D^..  »ui.v  •..%.   .^. ......  utmosphc. «  w-   A^                      ' 

uentimenta,  and  that  to  make  the  common  marvelous,  out  what  the  nature  of  thing*  really  and  perdunibly 
as  if  it  were  a  revelation,  is  the  test  of  genius.  »Bi  and  the  great  wisdom,  after  we  have  made  this 
-,,,,,.  -  ,.  T»  discovery,  or  persuaded  ourselves  that  we  have  made 
The  following  passage  from  his  essay  on  Pope,  |^  jg  i^  accommodating  our  lives  and  actions  to  it  as 
written  in  1871,  suggests  another  phase  m  his  best  we  may  or  can.  And  yet,  though  all  this  be 
intellectual  development :  true,  there  is  another  and  deeper  moral  in  the  book 
1  confess  that  I  come  to  the  treatment  of  Pope  with  than  this.  The  pothos  which  underii^  its  seeming 
diffidence.  I  wa«  brought  up  in  the  old  supeVstition  farcical  turmoil,  the  tears  which  sometimes  tremble 
that  he  was  the  greatest  piet  that  over  lived ;  and  under  our  lids  after  its  most  poignant  touches  ot 
when  I  came  to  fiSd  that  I^d  instincts  of  my  own,  l^umo^  the  sympatliy  with  its  hero,  which  survive 
and  my  mind  was  brought  in  contact  with  the  ?"  ^\»  ""OBt  ludicrous  defeats  and  humiliations,  and 
apostles  of  a  more  esoteric  doctrine  of  poetry,  I  felt  »»  only  deepened  by  them,  the  feeling  that  he  is,  atler 
that  aident  desire  for  smashing  tho  idols  I  hiid  been  all,  the  one  noble  and  heroic  figure  m  a  world  in- 
brought  up  to  worehip,  witliout  any  regard  to  their  capable  of  comprehending  him,  and  to  whose  mhab- 
artistic  bcautv,  which  characterizoj  youthful  zeal,  itants  he  is  distorted  and  caricatured  by  the  crooked 
What  was  it  U>  me  that  Pope  was  called  a  master  of  Pancs  in  those  windows  of  custom  and  convention 
rtvle  f  1  felt,  as  Addison  says  in  his  "Freeholder,"  through  which  Uiey  see  him-all  Uiis  seems  to  hint 
when  answcnng  an  argument  in  favor  of  the  Pre-  that  only  he  who  has  the  imagination  to  conceive, 
tender,  because  he  could  speak  English  and  George  and  the  courage  to  attempt  a  tria  ot  strength  with 
I  could  not,  that  I  "did  not  wish  to  bo  tyrannized  what  foists  itself  on  our  senses  as  the  order  of  nature 
over  in  the  best  English  that  ever  was  spoken."  The  ^jr  the  time  being,  can  iwhieve  great  results  or  kindle 
young  demand  thoughts  that  find  an  echo  in  their  the  co-operative  and  etficient  enthusiasm  of  his  fel- 
real  and  not  their  acquired  nature,  and  care  very  low-men. 

little  about  the  dn»8  they  are  put  in.    It  is  later  that  j^  Exeter  Hall,  in  1881.  at  a  meeting  held  in 

we  learn  to  like  the  conventional,  ob  we  do  olives,  -..pninrv  nf  Prp^idpnt  fiarflpld  Mr  LowpII  said  • 

There  was  a  time  when  1  could  not  read  Pope,  but  i^emory  ol  f  resident  uarneia,  Mr.  L.oweii  saia . 

ditnliked  him  on  principle.  ...  I  have  since  read  This  is  no  place  for  tho  turnings  and  windim^  of 

over  every  lino  that  Pope  ever  wrote,  and  every  letter  dexterous  rhetoric.     In  the  presence  of  that  death 

written  by  or  to  him,  and  that  more  than  once.    If  i  scene,  so  homely,  so  human,  so  august  in  its  unosten- 

have  not  come  to  the  conclusion  that  he  is  the  great-  tatious  heroism,  the  commonplaces  of  ordinary  eulogj 

est  of  poets,  I  believe  that  1  am  at  least  in  a  condition  stammer  with  the  sudden  shame  of  their  own  inepti- 

to  allow  him  every  merit  that  is  fairly  his.  tude.  .  .  .  Let  us  thank  God  and  take  courage  when 


462  LOWELL,  JAMES  RdSSELL. 

wo  reflect  that  it  was  through  the  manliness,  the  pa-  least  .  .  .  would   be   humor.  ...  I    mean   in  the 

tience,  the  religious  fortitude  of  the  splendid  victim  power  of  pervading  a  character  with  humor,  creating 

that  the  tie  of  human  brotherhood  was  thrilled  to  a  it  out  of  humor,  so  to  speak,  and  yet  never  oveistep- 

consciousuess  of  its  sacred  function.  .  .  .  The  cmula-  ping  the  limits  of  nature  or  coarsening  into  carim- 

tion  of  examples  like  his  makes  nations  great,  and  ture.    A  third  characteristic  of  Shakespeare  is  elo- 

keeps  them  so.    The  soil  out  of  which  such  men  as  auence,  ...  an  eloquence  of  Impassioned  thougbt 

he  are  made  is  good  to  be  bom  on,  good  to  live  on.  nnding  vent  in  vivid  imagery.    Of  each  and  all  ot 

good  to  die  for  and  to  be  buried  in.  these  we  find  less  in  ^Richard  III,"  as  it  appearK 

.     ^,  .  V     «.  4.1.  J.'  to  me,  than  in  any  other  of  his  plays  of  equal  preten- 

In  the  same  year,  in  a  speech  at  the  meeting  gion it  seems  to  me  that  im  cxwiinanon  of 

in   Westminster    Abbey  m  commemoration  of  "Richard  III  "plainly  indicates  that  it  is  a  play  which 

Dean  Stanley,  he  said :  Shakespeare  adapted  to  the  stage,  making  aJditiona, 


my 

may 

when  the  character  and  services  of  every 

man  of  the  British  race  in  every  land,  imder  what-  Mr.  Lowell  delivered  noteworthy  addresses  on 

ever  distant  skies  he  may  have  been  bom,  shall  be  the  unveiling  of  a  bust  of  (^oleridffe,  on  the  un- 

the  common  possession  »^^  the  «>niinon  inheriton<x^^^  ,.gi,in     ^j       ^^^^  ^^  Fielding,  on  being  made 

s^^t^rmTuran&l^'^  '""^  "'"'  ''  ^reJ^^^^ 

^      *  dedication  of  a  library  m  Chelsea.     His  wife  had 

In  an  address,  entitled  "Democracy," delivered  become  an  invalid,  and  in  February.  1885,  she 

on  the  occasion  of  assuming  the  presidency  of  died.    In  the  same  year  he  was  recalled  from  the 

the  Birmingham  and  Midland  Institute,  in  1884,  .mission  by  President  Cleveland.    He  had  been 

he  said :  honored  with  the  degree  of  l).  C.  L.  by  the  Uni- 

I  have  hinted  that  what  people  are  afraid  of  in  J^^^^X  of  Oxford,  and   that  of  LL.  I),  bv  Cam- 

democracy  is  less  the  thing  itself  than  what  they  con-  bridge,  and  he  was  elected  rector  of  the  Uni  ver- 

ceive  to  be  its  necessary  adjuncts  and  consequences,  sity  of  St.  Andrews.    After  his  return  he  resumed 

It  is  supposed  to  reduce  all  mankind  to  a  dead  level  his  lectures  at  Harvard.     His  home  was  with  hLs 

of  mediocrity  in  character  and  culture:  to  vulgarize  only  child,  Mrs.  Edward  Burnett,  at  Southbor- 


making  itself  generally  disagreeable  by  asking  the  ^^  vyurtis : 

powers  that  be,  at  the  most  inconvenient  moment,  Homo  am  I  come :  not,  as  I  hoped  mi|rht  be, 

whether  thcv  are  the  powers  that  ouj^ht  to  be.    If  the  To  the  old  haunts,  too  full  of  ghosts  for  me, 

powers  that  be  are  in  u  condition  to  give  a  satisfactory  But  to  the  olden  dreams  that  time  endeaia. 

answer  to  this  inevitable  question,  they  need  feel  in  And  the  loved  books  Uiat  younger  grow  with  yean; 

no  way  discomfited  by  it  .  .  .  An  appeal  tathe  reason  To  coimtry  rambles,  timing  with  my  tread 

of  the  people  has  never  beeu  known  to  fail  in  the  Some  happier  verse  that  carols  in  my  head, 

long  run.  .  .  .  There  is  more  rough-and-tumble  in  Yet  all  with  sense  of  something  vainly  mist, 

the  American  democracy  than  is  altogether  agreeable  Of  something  lost,  but  when  I  never  wist. 

to  people  of  sensitive  nerves  and  refined  habits,  and  How  empty  seems  to  me  die  populous  street, 

the  people  take  their  political  duties  lightly  and  One  figure  gone  I  dolly  loved  to  meet, 

laughingly^  as  is,  porhapsj  neither  unnatural  nor  un-  The  clear,  sweet  singer  with  tlie  crown  of  snow 

becoming  in  a  young  giant.    Democracies  con  no  Not  whiter  than  the  thoughts  that  housed  below ! 

more  jump  away  from  tncir  own  shadows  than  the  And,  ah,  what  absence  feel  I  at  my  side. 

rest  of  us  can.  .  .  .  But  democracies  have  likewise  Like  Dante  when  he  missed  his  laurelea  guide, 

their  finer  instincts.  .  .  .  Institutions  that  could  bear  What  sense  of  diminution  in  the  air 

and  breed  such  men  ob  Lincoln  and  Emerson  had  Once  so  inspiring,  Emerson  not  there  I 

surely  more  energy  for  good.    No,  amid  all  the  fmit-  But  life  is  sweet,  though  all  that  makes  it  swoet 

less  turmoil  and  iniscarrias^e  of  the  world,  if  there  bo  Lessen  like  sound  of  mends*  departing  feet, 

one  thing  steadfast  and  of  favorable  omen,  one  thing  And  death  is  beautiful  as  feet  orfriena 

to  make  optimism  distrust  its  own  obscure  distrust,  it  Coming  with  welcome  at  our  journey's  end ; 

is  the  noted  instinct  in  men  to  admire  what  is  better  For  me  Fate  gave,  whatever  she  else  denied, 

and  more  beautiful  than  themselves.  A  nature  sloping  to  the  southern  side ; 

Of  great  interest  is  the  address,  read  before  the  I  ^h'ttu^'oL^fScl'XTBkir' 

Edinburgh    Philosophical   Society,  on   Shakes-  I  muse  upon  the  margin  of  the  sea, 

peare's  Kichard  111.     In  the  opening  paragragh  Our  common  pathway  to  the  new  To  Be, 

Mr.  Lowell  says :  Watching  the  sails  that  lessen  more  and  more, 

„  -,,  ,     ,    .    u  tr-  *    •    TV     i_^  M  Of  good  and  beautiftil  embarked  before ; 

Horace  Walpole  wrote  "  Historic  Doubta  "  concern-  with  bits  of  wreck  I  patch  the  boat  shafl  bear 
mg  the  monarch  himself,  and  I  shall  take  leave  to  ex-  Me  to  that  unexhaust^  (Otherwhere, 
press  some  about  the  authorahip  of  the  drama  that  whose  friendly-peopled  shore  I  sometimes  sec, 
tears  his  name.  .  .  ,  There  are  three  special  consid-  By  soft  mirage  uplifted,  beckon  me, 
eration-s,  three  eminent   and    singular   qualities  of  Not  sadly  h?ar,  iS  lower  sinks  the  sun, 
Shakespeare,  which  more  than  a  1,  or  anytliing  else,  I  My  moorings  ti  the  past  snap  one  by  one. 
think,  set  hira  m  a  different  category  from  his  con-        '  ^  ^  ^  -^ 
temporaries;  and  it  is  these  that  I  would  apply  as        Mr.  Lowell's  first  public  address  aft«r  his  re- 
tests.    The  first  ..  ,  is  his  incomparable  force  and  turn  was  delivered  at  Harvard  College,  on  the 

delicacy  of  poetic  e^7««,»^^:  /  •  •  ;^"«  ^f  ^^  «H»^t  twohnndred  and  fiftieth  anniversary  of  itsfound- 

of  these  detective  clews  is  this  continual  cropping-  :__      t,.  •     ^^ .  ,,     .    '     ^•^ij    ./  ♦« 

up  of  philosophical  or  metaphysical  thought  ik  the      "5' ^  ^^'^  ^»  especially  interesting  utterance  to 

midst  of  picturesque  imagery  or  passionate  emotion,  :[^^^^_„T  .?/T°,"l"  ^l^^^  ^P^  follow  the  mental 

as  if  1 

which 

which 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL. 


463 


iafluences  in  which  he  was  reared,  his  conserva- 
tism, hiss  pugnacity,  his  plain  speaking,  his  ten- 
derness, his  refinement,  the  breadth  of  thought 
resulting  from  foreign  residence  and  success,  nis 
modesty,  his  hopefulness,  his  pessimism,  his  ele- 
gance and  ease  of  diction — all,  in  fact,  that  went 


year  but  e»  a  single  ^rain  of  the  sand  in  Tiuie^u  hour- 
glass and  tlie  inHcriptionM  of  Egypt  and  Assyria  mod- 
em as  yesterday^tt  newapaper.  Fancy  tlutters  over 
these  vague  wast^  like  a  outterAv  blown  out  to  sea 
and  finds  no  foothold.  It  is  true  that,  if  wo  mav  put 
as  much  faith  in  heredity  as  seems  reasonable  to 
many  of  us,  we  are  all  in  some  transcendental  sense 


•^     lU^Cut^/jr    Ik 


Jh^  fjt^  fk*^  ft^tvoh  £!f>^j>u>  btAf^  Hui  ^»*^ 


FAO-SnaLS  OF  A  SONNET  BT  JAIRS  RUSSKLL  LOWXLL. 


to  make  np  the  personality  whose  influence  is 
not  to  die  with  his  departure.  In  discussing  at 
his  opening,  the  curious  blending  of  disrespect 
and  reverence  for  old  things  that  characterizes 
the  American  of  to-day,  he  says : 

If  the  tablets  unearthed  and  deciphered  by  gcolo^ 
have  forced  us  to  push  back  incalculably  the  birth- 
day of  man,  they  nave  in  like  proportion  impover- 


ished his  recorded  annals,  making  even  the  Platonic 
the  coevi^M  of  primitive  man,  and  Pytha^ras  may 
well  have  been  present  in  Euphorvus  at  the  siege  of 
Troy.  .  .  .  Even  the  landscape  sometimes  bewitches 
us  by  this  glamour  of  the  past,  and  the  green  nasturcs 
and  golden  slopes  of  England  are  sweeter  both  to  the 
outwud  and  to  the  inward  eye  that  the  hand  of  man 
has  immcmorially  cared  lor  and  caressed  them.  .  .  . 
I  never  felt  the  working  of  this  spell  so  acutely  as  in 


464  LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSELL, 

those  gray  seclusions  of  the  collc^  quadrangles  and  the  race  can.  .  .  .  Let  onr  aim  be,  as  hitherto,  to  ffi?e 
oloistors  at  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  conscious  with  a  good,  all-around  education,  fitted  to  cope  with  as 
venerable  associations,  and  whose  very  stones  seemed  mimy  exigencies  of  the  day  a^  possible.  .  .  .  Let  it 
happier  for  being  there.  .  .  .  Are  wo  to  suppose  that  be  our  hope  to  moke  a  gentfemon  ot  eveipr  youth  who 
these  memories  were  less  dear  and  gracious  to  the  is  put  under  our  chaise ;  not  a  conventional  gentle- 
Puritan  scholars  at  whose  instigation  this  college  was  man,  but  a  man  of  culture,  a  man  of  intollectual  re- 
founded  than  to  that  other  Puritan  wlio  sang  the  dim  source,  a  man  of  public  spirit,  a  man  of  refinement, 
religious  light,  the  long-drawn  aisles  and  fretted  with  tiiat  good  tosto  which  is  Uie  conscience  of  the 
vaults  which  these  memories  recalled  ?  .  .  .  The  piti-  mind,  and  that  conscience  which  is  the  good  taste  of 
ful  contrast  which  thev  must  have  felt  between  the  the  soul. 

carved  sanctuaries  of  learning  they  had  left  behind         t     4.u     #  n  /locvx  »r      t         hi 

and  the  wattled  fold  they  were  rearing  here  on  the  ^  ^^  t?e  following  year  (1887)  Mr.  Lowell  ad- 

edge  of  the  wilderivess  is  to  me  more  than  tenderiy—  dressed  the  Tariff  Keform  League,  of  Boston, 

it  u  almost  sublimely— pathetic.  ...  We  come  back  and  in  the  course  of  his  remarks  he  said : 


ing  vou  are  in  your  jAnm  cap  and  the  drab  silk  that  ^o  pereonS^intereste,  and  not  only  so,  hut  to  coiJfomid 

has  been  tum^  again  since  we  saw  you  1    You  were  onrwith  the  other/.  .  .  1  do  not  believe  that  there  i* 

constantly  forced  to  remind  us  that  vou  could  not  give  ^  ^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^le  who  for  the  last  twenty  yea«  has 

us  this  and  that  which  some  other  Boys  had,  but  your  ^^^  ^^,1^  ^^  ^^^od     his  honest  opinion,  or  even  a 

discipline  imd  diet  were  wholesome,  and  you  sent  us  ^^^^^^  ^^  -^^  j^  ^is  vot«.    During  kll  tho^e  yeaw  no 

forth  into  the  world  with  the  sound  constitutions  imd  thoughtful  man  has  been  able  to  sie  anv  other  ditter- 

healthy  appetites  that  are  bred  of  simple  faiu'» . . .  Our  ence^between  the  two  great  parties  wfiich  stood  be- 

Puntan  ancestors  have  been  misrepresented  and  ma-  ^ween  him  and  the  refSrms  lie  deemed  eseentiaJ  to 

hgned   by  persons  without  imagination  enough  to  ^^^  well-being  of  his  country  than  that  the  one  was 

make  themselves  contemporary  with,  and  therefore  .^  ^^  ^.j^^^  to  stay  theref  and  the  other  was  out 

able  to  understand  ^e  men  whose  memories  they  ^^d  didnH  y^ish  tostay  there. . . .  Each  had  an  abun- 

strive  to  blacken. . . .  They  were  the  coevals  of  a^en-  ^         ^f  ^^^  ^^  j^^  ^^          ^^  ^^  ^^  ^i^.ij^  ^ 

eration  which  passed  on  in  scarcely  diminisheif  ra-  the  two  great  questions  of  vital  interest  to  the  coun- 

diance  the  torch  of  life  kindled  in  great  Eliza's  golden  t^v-thfi  tiiriff  and  finnncfi. 


religious  and  national,  and  the  new  discoveries  with  Jn  an  address  entitled  "  The  Independent  in 

their  suggestion  of  boundless  possibility,  the  alembic  Politics,"  read  before  the  Eeform  Club  of  New 

of  that.age  had  distilled  a  potent  elixir,  either  inspir-  York,  in  1888.  are  the  following  expressions : 

mg  or  intoxicating,  as  the  mind  that  imbibed  it  was  ^               '                               6      t*    oo.  «« . 

strong  or  weak.  Are  we  to  suppose  that  the  lips  of  the  "When  1  sav  that  I  make  no  distinctions  between  the 

founders  of  New  England  alone  were  unwetted  by  a  two  parties,  I  must  bo  allowed  to  make  one  exceotioo. 

drop  of  thot  stimulating  draught  ?— that  Milton  was  i  mean  the  attempt  by  a  pordon  of  tlie  Kepubiieans 

the  only  Puritan  that  had  reaa  Shakespeore  and  Ben  to  utilize  nassions  which  every  true  lover  of  his  coun- 

Jonson  and  Beaumont  and  Flcteher?    I  do  not  be-  try  should  do  his  best  to  alla^,  by  provoking  into 

lieve  it,  whoever  may.  ...  I  hope,  then,  that  the  day  virulence  again  the  happily  quiescent  animosities  of 

will  come  when  a  competent  professor  may  lecture  ovir  civil  war.    In  saying  this,  I  do  not  foiiget  that 

here  also  for  three  years  on  the  first  three  vowels  of  the  Democratic  party  was  quite  as  cfilcient  in  bring- 

the  Romance  alphabet  and  find  fit  audience,  though  ing  that  war  upon  us  as  the  seceding  States  them- 

few.    I  hope  tno  day  may  never  come  when  the  selves.    Nor  do  I  foi^get  that  it  was  by  the  same 

weightier  matters  of  a  language,  namely,  such  parts  sacrifice  of  general  and  f)cnnanent  interests  to  the  de- 

of  its  literature  as  have  overcome  death  b^  reason  of  mands  of  immediate  partisan  advantage,  which  is  the 

their  wisdom  and  of  the  beauty  in  which  it  is  incar-  besetting  temptation  of  all  portien.    Let  by-gones  be 

nated,  ...  are  not  predominant  in  the  teaching  given  by-goncs.      \et  I  may  sa^  in  passing  that  there  was 

here.  .  .  .  Give  us  science,  too,  but  give  us,  first  of  all  something  profoundly  comic  in  the  spectacle  of  a  <rreot 

and  last  of  all,  the  science  that  ennobles  life  and  party,  with  an  heroic  past  behind  it,  stating  that  its 

makes  it  generous.  .  .  .  There  is  some  danger  that  the  ^licy  would  be  to  prevent  some  unknown  villaias 

elective  system  may  be  pushed  too  far  and  too  fast  trom  doing  something  very  wicked,  more  than  twenty 

.  .  .  We  are  comforted  by  bein^  told  that  in  this  we  years  ago.  ...  If  the  politicians  must  look  after  the 

are  only  complying  with  the  spirit  of  the  age,  which  parties,  there  should  bo  somebody  to  look  after  the 

may  be,  after  all,  only  a  finer  name  for  the  mis-  politicians ;  somebody  to  ask  disagreeable  questions 

chievous  goblin  known  to  our  forefathers  as  Puck,  and  to  utter  uncomfortable  truths ;  somebody  to  make 

1  have  seen  several  spirits  of  the  age  in  my  time  of  sure,  if  nowsible,  before  election,  not  only  what,  but 

very  different  voices  and  summoning  in  veiy  differ-  whom,  the  candidate,  if  elected,  is  going  to  repre- 

ent  directions,  but  unanimous  in  their  propensity  to  f^ent 

land  us  in  tlie  mire  at  test  ...  I  know  that  I  am  ap-  »  ^.^ '^  «,«««  i«*^  ^«*«;i  k«  «.,«.«        *v 

proaching  treacherous  ashes  which   cover  bumi^  After  going  more  into  detail,  he  sums  up  thus: 

coals,  but  I  must  on —  .  One  of  the  arguments  against  But  the  tendency  of  excessive  protection  which 
the  compulsory  study  of  Greek — namely,  that  it  is  thoughtful  men  dread  most  is  that  it  stimulates  an  un- 
wiser  to  give  our  time  to  modern  languages  and  mod-  healthy  home  competition,  leading  to  overproduction 
em  history  than  to  dead  languages  and  ancient  his-  and  to  the  disasters  which  are  its  tainted  offspring ;  that 
tory — ^involves,  I  think,  a  verbal  fallacy.  .  .  .  Men  it  fosters  overpopulation,  and  thus  of  the  moMt  help- 
are  ephemeral  or  evanescent,  but  whatever  page  the  less  class  when  thrown  out  of  employment ;  tliat  it 
authentic  soul  of  man  has  touched  with  her  immor-  engenders  smuggling,  false  invoices,  and  odier  dc* 
talizin^  fing[er,  no  matter  how  long  ago.  is  still  young  moralizing  practices :  that  the  principle  which  is  its 
and  fair  as  it  was  to  the  world^s  gray  fathers.  Ob>  root  is  the  root  also  of  rings  and  syndicates  and  trusts, 
livion  looks  in  the  face  of  the  Grecian  muse  only  and  all  other  such  conspiracies  for  the  artificial  raiji- 
to  foiget  her  errand.  .  .  .  But  we  must  not  be  impa-  ing  of  profits  in  the  interests  of  classes  and  minorities, 
tient ;  it  is  a  far  cry  from  the  dwellers  in  caves  to  I  confess  I  can  not  take  a  cheerful  view  of  the  future 
even  such  civilization  as  we  have  achieved.  I  am  of  that  New  England  I  love  so  well,  when  hor  lead- 
conscious  that  life  has  been  trying  to  civilize  me  for  ing  industries  shall  be  gradually  drawn  to  the  South, 
now  nearly  seventy  years  with  what  seems  to  me  very  as  they  infallibly  will  be,  by  the  greater  cheapness  of 
inadequate  results.     We  can  not  afibrd  to  wait,  but  labor  there. 


LOWELL,  JAMES  RUSSEL.  LUTHERANS.  465 

There  are  few  themes  of  vital  interest  on  which  a  hundred  years  hence  where  I  am  standing  now, 

Jewell  has  not  spoken,  in  prose  or  in  verse.     We  conscious  that  he  speaks  to  the  most  powertul  una 

h»Te  quoted  his  utterances  on  love,  patriotism,  proBperous  community  ever  devised  or  developed  by 

sorrow^,  slavery,  education  and  culJ:,  nature,  rr^^hr^eVoldS^;^^^^^^^^^^ 

religion,  politics,  and  free  trade.    Of  socialism,  ^fter  become  a  reality  and  a  possession  forever, 
science,  and  faith  he  treats  in  the  preface  to  a 

book  entitled  ••  The  Progress  of  the  World."  The  closing  passages  of  this  speech,  among 

All  well-meaning  and  humane  men  sympathize  ^«jast  public  utterances,  strikingly  character- 

withtheMmaofLasalle  and  Karl  Marx.  All  thought-  "^d  his  own   literature,  which  is,  indeed,  the 

fnl  men  see  well-founded  and  insuperable  ditHculties  record  of  his  joys  and  sorrows,  his  aspirations 

in  the  way  of  their  accomplishment.  .  .  .  We  have  and  his  short'Comings,  his  wisdom  and  his  folly, 

alresd^  observed  a  movement  toward  the  introduc-  the  confidant  of  his  soul ;  and  to  his  countrymen 

tion  ot  socialisUc  theories  into  both  state  and  naUon-  that  literature  will  become  a  reality  and  a  pos- 

al  Iwslfion :  though  if  histonr  teach  anything  it  ^^^^^^  forever.  ^ 

teaches  that  the  true  function  ot  government  is  the         rnL„  #^n^„;«„  ,•    «  «^^,vi^»^  i:  *     *  tut     t 

prevention  and  remedy  of  evils  so  far  only  as  these  J^^  following  is  a  complete  list  of  Mr.  Ijw- 

depend  on  causes  within  the  reach  of  law,  and  that  it  «'!  8  publications :     Class  Poem    (Boston,  1888) ; 

hu  lost  any  proper  conception  of  its  duty  when  it  be-  "  A  1  ear  s  Life  "  (1841) ;  "  Poems  "  (Cambridge, 

oomesadiBtnbuterofalms.  1844);    "The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal"  (Boston, 

A# ««;«.,«-  K^  — ^„ .  ^^^ ;    second  edition,  1848,  and    included  in 

Of  science,  he  says :  ..  Vest-pocket  Series '») ;  "  Conversations  on  some 

I  can  not  share  their  fears  who  are  made  unhappy  of   the  Old   Poets  "  (1845) ;    **  Poems  "  (1848) ; 

by  tlie  foreboding  that  Science  is  in  some  unexplained  '•The   Biglow  Papers"  (1&48):**A   Fable  for 

w  to  take  from  us  our  semie  of  spirituid  things.  Critics  "  (1848) ;  "Poems ^  (2  vols.,  1849) ;  " Life 

>*6at8he  may  do  is  to  forbid  our, vulganzing  them  ^f  Keats,'*  prefacing  an  edition   of  his  works 

by  matenalistic  conceptions  of  their  nature;  and  in  nQnA\ .     a  v^w^»  »»    lO    ^*xi-      iqk>i\    V,  o^^*?^ 

this  she  wiU  be  serving  the  best  interests  if  truth  UPt>'„  "     ^f  ®  ,J^,  ^S^^    ^^^  o?^V^ 

and  of  mankind  also Give  to  Science  her  undis-  Works      (2  vols.,  1868);      Mason  and  Slidell,  a 

puted  prerogative  in  the  realm  of  matter,  and  she  Yanke^Idyl    (1862) ;  "  Fireside  Travels  "  (1864) ; 

must  become,  whether  she  will  or  no,  the  tributary  of  *'  The  President's  Policy  "  (1864) ;  **  Ode  recited 

Fiith.  . .  .  Should  the  doctrines  of  natural  selection,  at  the  Commemoration  of  the  Living  and  Dead 

furvival  of  the  fittest,  and  heredity  be  accepted  as  Soldiers  of  Harvard  University,"  21  July,  1865 ; 

M-B  of  nature,  thev  must  profoundly  modify  the  ur^^h^    biglow   Papers,"    second  series    (1867); 

ailf^e'iSiS^tTSi^^^  SS^  ::  ^^^^  tL  Wmof  ,and  o^^^^^^^  ll869J ; 

tinction  of  man  to  mitigate  natural  laws,  ^d  to  make  "  ^P?f  "«f  ,,"™J  Books  "  (1870) ;  "  The  Courtin' " 

them  his  partnere  if  he  can  not  make  them  his  (1874) ;     "  Three    Memorial     Poems       (1876) ; 

^rvanta.  **  Among  my  Books."  second  series  (1876);  and 

T    4cwaA  ir     T        11  J  J  i.     *i.     i.      i.  "  Democracy,  and  other  addresses "  (1887).     A 

In  1889  Mr.  Lowell  r^ponded  to  the  toast  ^ew  uniform  edition  of  his  works  (four  volumes 

;^Our  Literature/    at  a  banqnet  given  m  New  ^f        ^     ^nd  seven  of  prose)  was  issued  in  1891, 

\ork  m  oommemoration  of  the  hundredth  anni-  ^^  ^jjich  another  volume  will  probably  be  added 

rersary  of  Washington  s  inauguration.    He  said,  j^  1892.    Charies  Eliot  Norton  is  his  literary  ex- 

^  P""^  •  ecutor  and  will  write  his  life.    Mr.  Lowell's  works 

Scarcely  had  we  become  a  nation  when  the  only  did  not  circulate  very  largely  during  his  lifetime, 

pan  of  tile  Old  World  whose  language  we  under-  but  forsome  years  there  has  been  a  steady  increase 

wood  he^^  to  ask,  in  various  tones  of  despondency,  in  their  sale.    At   the  public  libraries,  in  the 

where  WM  our  literature.     We  could  not  im^roviM  calls  for  American  poets  he  is  surpassed  only  by 

) "JPl* '^^J Miltpps, tiou^^  Longfellow.     Early  in  1892  a  movement  was 

fort  to  do  It   Failing  m  this,  we  thought  the  question  i^«„«  ««   i?^»i».«^   /^.  *u^  ^^^t-i *  «   *^4.: 

PMtlv  unfair  and  wEoUv  dSagreeablS.    And,  indeed,  begim  m  England  for  the  erection  of  a  testi- 

it  hsd  n-vcr  been  put'to  several  nations  far  older  °*?"?iilUji"J  ir«^^V"*°®»®^  Abbey. 
thin  we,  and  to  which  a  taUs  tacer  had  been  longer         LUTHERANS.     The  following  is  a  summary 

wantin^l     But,  perhaps,  it  was  not  altogether  so  i!l-  of  the   statistics  of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran 

natured  as  it  seemed,  for,  after  all,  a  nation  without  a  Church  in  America  for  the  year  1891,  as  they  are 

liUrrature  is  imperfectly  represented  in  the  parltament  h  ven  in  the  **  Church  A  Imanac,"  and  may  l>e  re- 

lw''*°**V  ^' .'^^V^'  ^w!!5™*  '"^  t"*"^  "^  ^^  Karded  as  approximately  correct :  The  Church 

obhfjation  of  an  illustnous  blood.  ...  I  admire  our  v!„.-k«-o  «i  ^Srs,^^  a  qai   ^i»«„».*.»»  qoqo  .wv« 

enenry,  oar  enterprise,  our  inventiveness,  our  multi-  n"*"*^"  «1  synods,  4,861  clergymen,  8,282  oon- 

pHcitv  of  resource— no  man  more;  but  it  is  by  less  F^fi^^i'SU^   and   1,186,116  communicant  mem- 

viiiibly  remunerative  virtues,  I  persist  in  thinking,  hers,  2,790  parochial  schools  with  2,454  teachers 

that  nations  chiefly  live  and  feel  the  higher  meaning  and  111,777  pupils,  8,748  Sundav  schools  with  89,- 

of  their  lives.     Prosperous  we  may  be  in  otlier  ways,  183  officers  and  teachers  and  856,1 78  pupils.    The 

contented  with  more  specious  successes,  but  that  na-  institutions  of  learning  number  24  theological 

J^wV^*;"^™J*^'t*  '"Pgy^nfir  flgur««  to  the  census  seminaries,  having  propert;y  valued  at  |960;800, 

*hich  does  not  acknowledge  a  truer  prosperity  and  a  «„  j^„^     '*.  „«,«.r., /;.>«:*«  ivi'*R  aoa  /q  i.«„;«L  ^1 

richer  contentment  in  the  tilings  of  tEe  nlind/  Rail-  endowment  amounting  to  $4i5,686  (8  having  no 

wayn  and  telegraphs  reckoned  by  the  thousand  miles  endowment,  but  depending  for  their  income  on 

areexcellentthingsintheirway,  but  I  doubt  whether  annual  gifts  of  individuals  and  congregations, 

it  be  of  their  poles  and  sleepers  that  the  rounds  are  and  4  reporting  their  endowment  under  the  head 

made  of  that  ladder  by  which  men  or  nations  scale  of  colleges  or  academies),  having  66,850  volumes 

theeliffs  whose  inspiring  obstacle  interposes  itself  in  their  libraries,  employing  85  professors,  and 

between  thuni  and  the   ftilfillnriAnt  of  their  hiffheftt  i : ft/w\  _*..-j ^--"'^oollecesT having  nron- 

endowment  amounting 

„ .^  „.,^.^^^.„.^^  .^  „,. J>  "o  endowment),  1 27,- 

^oHy, the conidratontosouii'^e cannot M^  <J00  volumes  in   their  libraries,  employing  286 

own  as  yet  Buificcs  us;  but  I  believe  that  he  who  stands  professors  and  instructors,  having  4,086    eta- 

TOL.  ZZXJ.— 80   A 


466  LUTHERANa 

dents,  of  whom  953  have  the  ministry  in  view ;  85  were  $100,127.54.    The  work  in  India  is  nuiking 

academies,  having  property  valued  at  $482,000,  encouraging  progress.  The  Woman*s  Missionary 

only  two  reporting  endowment  amounting  to  Society  sent  out  3  additional  missionaries,  the 

$20,100,  having  10,053  volumes  in  their  libraries,  Rev.  and  Mrs.  John  Aberly  and  Miss  Amy  L. 

employing  140  instructors,  and  having  3,431  pu-  Sadtler.     The  Rev.  Dr.  Lemon  L.  UhL  after  a 

iiils,  of  whom  411  have  the  ministry  m  view;  12  few  years' sojourn  ax)d  study  in  the  United  States, 

ladies'  seminaries,  having  property  valued  at  returned  to  India.    During  his  sti^  in  this  coos- 

$252,500,  one  reporting  endowment  amounting  try  he  collected  $18,000  for  the  Watts  Memorial 

to  $3,500,  having  0,025  volumes  in  their  libra-  Colle^  at  Guntur,  India.    The  following  is  an 

ries,  employing  92  instructors,  and  having  893  exhibit  of  the  general  status  of  the  mission :  4 

pupils :   making  a  total  of  101  institutions  of  missionaries,  2  native  pastors,  5  sub-pastors,  19 

learning,  with   property  valued  at  $3,579,300,  catechists,  100  sub-catechists,  48  helpers,  6  Bible 

endowment  amounting  to  $1,220,822,  volumes  in  and  tract  colporteurs,  371   villages  contaiulDg 

libraries  213,530,  professors  and  instructors  553,  native  Christians,  2  churches,  135  prayer  houses 

and  9,300  students,  of  whom  about  1,000  are  6  mission  bungalows,  1  printing  press  and  book 

women  and  2,254  are  preparing  for  the  ministry,  bindery,  1  free  reading  room  and  book  depot. 

Besides  the  institutions  already  mentioned,  there  13,566  baptized  Christians,  7,052  communicants, 

are  34  orphans*  homes,  having  propertv  valued  227  Sunday  schools  with  8,737  pupils,  106  ele- 

at  $738,828,  endowment  amounting  to  $107,717,  mentary  schools  with  203  teaoners  and  3,263 

and  1,591  inmates;  and  38  homes  for  the  ag^ed,  pupils,  2  boarding  schools  with  125  pupils  and 

homes  for  deaconesses,  hospitals,  etc.,  having  vVatts  Memorial  College,  the  Rev.  Liuther  B. 

property  valued  at  $1,220,000,  2  of  which  have  Wolf,  president,  28  teachers  and  655  students, 

endowment  funds  amounting  to  $14,000,  the  rest  including  Christians,   Hindus,  and   Mohamme- 

are  supported  by  free-will  offerings.    There  are  dans.    There  are  4  women  engaged  in  zenanA 

pablisned   137  church  periodicals,  of  which  44  work  with  4  European  and  Eurasian  assistants 

are  in  English,  53  in  German,  16  in  Swedish,  13  and  10  native  Bible  teachers;    14  zenanas  in 

in  Norwegian,  4  in  Danish,  3  in  Icelandic,  3  in  which  instruction  is  given,  with  25  pupils  in 

Finnish,  and  1  in  French.  these ;  21  schools,  including  high-oast-e  Hinda, 

The  Lutheran  Church  in  America,  although  Mohammedan  industrial,  and  boarding  schools, 
divided  into  4  general  bodies  and  13  independ-  with  79  teachers,  892  pupils,  of  whom  711  are 
ent  synods,  has  one  standard  confession,  the  high-caste  Hindus,  128  Mohammedans,  and  53 
Augsburg  Confession  of  1530,  which  all  the  dis-  Christians;  Bible  classes  4.  pupils  60,  Sunday 
trict  synods  and  general  bodies  accept,  and  it  is  schools  6  with  300  pupils.  The  mission  in  Ai- 
in  so  far  a  united  church.  But  as  the  general  rica  met  with  some  reverses  on  account  of  sick- 
bodies  carry  on  their  affairs  independently,  they  ness  and  death  among  the  missionaries  and  na- 
are  here  treated  separately.  tive  Christians.    A  lay  missionary,  George  P. 

General  Synod. — This  is  the  oldest  general  Gall,  of  Philadelphia,  entered  upon  his  labors  in 

body,  having   been  organized  in  1821,  and  is  the  latter  part  of  1890.    Miss  Emily  Beekin  has 

composed  almost  entire!^  of  English  synods  and  also  been  sent  out  to  Africa  and  is  supported  br 

congregations.     The  thirty-fifth  biennial  con-  the  Woman's  Missionary  Society.    The  force  of 

vention  of  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evangelical  missionaries  consists  of  the  Rev.  and  MrsL  David 

Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States  of  Amer-  A.  Day  and  the  Rev.  David  Davidson,  a  native 

ica  was  held  in  Zion*s  Church,  Lebanon,  Pa.,  ordained  pastor,  besides  the  two  already  men- 

Bfay  20-29.  1891.    The  opening  sermon  was  de-  tioned,  and  several  young  men  who  have  been 

livered  by  the  retiring  president,  the  Rev.  Henry  trained  in  the  mission.    The  total  membership 

W.  McKnight,  D.  D.,  President  of  Pennsylvania  of  the  mission  is  159,  of  whom  130  are  communi* 

College,  Gettysburg,  Pa.    After  the  formal  or-  cants.    The  Sunday  school  has  214  pupils.    The 

ganization  of  the  convention,  the  Rev.  Jacob  A.  industrial  department  of  this  mission  is  a  most 

Clutz,  D.  D.,  President  of    Midland    College,  encouraging  feature.    The  members  of  the  mis- 

Atchison,  Kan.,  was  elected  president.    Twen-  sion  are  all  trained  to  work.    The  cultivation  of 

ty-seven  synods  were  represented  in  this  conven-  coffee,  eddoes,  sweet  potatoes,  and  cassava  are  the 

tion,  with  101  clerical  and  90  lay  delegates,  chief  industries  of  tne  native  Christians.    Con* 

Four  new  synods  were  received  into  connection  ceming  the  work  in  Africa,  the  report  of  the 

with  this  general  body :  California  Synod.  Rocky  board  says :   "  One  community  of  about  1.500 

Mountain  Synod,  German  Svnod  of  Nebraska,  souls,  presided  over  by  a  native  Christian  chief. 

and  German  Synod  of  California.    These  were  may  be  fairly  classed  as  half-civilized.  The  pred- 

all  oixanized  during  the  current  year,  on  terri-  atory  excursion  against  these  people  last  year 

iory  formerly  occupied  by  other  synods  in  con-  resulted  in  their  organizing  a  local  government, 

nection  with  the  same  general  body.  subject  to  the  Republic  of  Liberia,  which  will 

Much  of  the  time  of  the  convention  was  de-  greatly  unify  and  strengthen  them.    Under  the 

voted  to  consideration  of  the  reports  of  the  vari-  influence  of  the  mission,  hundreds  of  half-civil- 

ous  boards  and  action  on  these  reports.    Fol-  ized  people  are  gi*adual]3'  abandoning  their  rov- 

lowing  is  a  summarv  of  the  operations  of  this  ing  habits,  and  are  settling  down  to  agricultural 

body.    The  report  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Mis-  pursuits."    The  board  asked  for  $85,000  per  an- 

sions  was  very  encouraging.    The  receipts  dur-  nuin  from  the  district  synods,  to  carry  on  their 

ing  the  past  two  years  were  f  97,453.92.    Iiega-  labors  in  India  and  Africa.  The  following  action 

cies  were  received  amounting  to  $7,544.25 ;  con-  was  taken  with  reference  to  the  distraction  and 

tributions  from  Sunday  schools,  $12,145.31;  from  opposition  which   the  India  mission  has  been 

the  woman's    missionary   societies,  $17,363,30.  called  upon  to  suffer : 

The  entire  amount  that  passed  through  the  treas-  Wh^eas,  It  appeare  that  much  time  and  efiort  aw 

urer's  hands  was  $112,645.21.     The  expenditures  still  required  on  tne  part  of  our  miaaionarics  in  InCii 


LUTHERANS.  467 

In  preTent  the  spoliation  of  our  congreffations  bjf  na-  report  5,385  new  members :  their  benevolent  oon- 

tive  aKento  who  are  in  tJie  employ  of  miMionaries  tnbutionsamounted  to  $18,591.81,  while  the  total 

i*nt  outto  thj  South  Krahna  Durtnct  by  the  Amen-  contributions  by  missions  for  salary,  local  ex- 

^n»5:SSS  lL*T^S,%o^^^^^  l!?"-«^  fnd  benevolence  aggrre^te  1265,275.84. 

a«  having  gone  to  other  miasiona,  and  469  in  1890,  Dunng  the  same  penod  18  missions  became  sef- 

making  a  total  of  646,  nearly  all  joining  the  Baptisti,  sustaming.    The  missions  under  the  care  of  the 

not  because  they  were  convinced  that  immenion  and  board  durinfi[  the  past  two  years  were  located  as 

other  Bapciflt  peculiarities  were  preferable  to  Lutheran  follows:  Califomia,   5;  Colorado,  4;  Connect  i- 

doctrinea  and  practices,  but  from  various  motives,  out,  1;  District  of  Columbia,  2;  Illinois,  9;  In- 

i^JS^^j^*?  influences,  partisan  animosity  intensi-  ^iana,  5;    Iowa,  7:   Kansas,  17;  Maryland,  9; 

^'difiTeT'tttsSL^^^  M-T-i^;  ^:w\'«''  ^r'lrpV  ''it 

sion;  etc  *  and  Mexico,  1 ;    New  York,  8 ;   Ohio,  15 ;   Pcnusyl- 

lf%4fr«a«.  One  of  the  methods  of  procedure  is  for  vania,  28 ;  Tennessee,  1 ;  Wisconsin,  2.   Of  these, 

the  nativeBaptist  pastor  or  catechist  to  employ  one  120  are  English,  10  German,  2  Scandinavian,  and 

of  the  more  intelligent  members  of  a  Lutheran  con-  8  English  and  German. 

jrre«tion  as  an  agent  of  the  Baptist  mission,  who,  in-  The  Board  of  Church  Extension  reported  re- 

Ktead  of  gomg^out  mto  the  heathen  community  to  gmn  peipts  amounting  to  $79,855.18,  legacies  amount- 

r^lir^rfh^'FoSi^^l'ufra^d:^?^^^^  -^J^o  f^^mA  and  contributions  from  the 
them  over  to  the  Baptist  mission ;  and  ^2^!^^\  Missionary  Society  aggregating  $2.- 
Whereas,  Another  method  is  for  tiie  native  Baptist  475.30.  Ijoans  and  donations  were  made  to  81 
a^nt  to  concentrate  his  efforts  on  winning  over  the  congregations,  amounting  to  $88,453.61.  Fifty- 
trustees  of  property  held  by  the  Lutheran  conj^rega-  eight  lots  were  secured  in  imitortant  towns  and 
tioD,  and  then  instituting  legal  proceedings  for  the  cities,  valued  at  $20,000.  The  Western  secre- 
trsnsferoftheschool  or  prayer  Eous^togetiier  with  tarv,  the    Rev.    John    N.   Lenker,  visited    826 

IherS^^e'^Lotirt  mi^lo^aliT^  ?^^^    '"    *^®    '""^^^^    ""^    ^^^    ^^""^    ^'    ^^^ 

Wkerta^  Much  injury  has 'also  been  done  by  the  ^^"^^  secured  42  lots  for  churclies,  and  in  16 

Baptists  in  receiving  into  their  mission  pereons  who  congregations  aided  in  starting  subscriptions  for 

^ere  under  discipline  in  ours,  thus  making  it  very  new  churches,  this  makine:  a  total  of  97  congre- 

diifleolt  for  our  missionaries  to  exercise  discipline  gations  practically  aided  by  the  board.     The 

over  their  people ;  and  treasurer  reiwrtcd  the  assets  as  $200,610.66. 

?>?^  It  is  not  clwmed  tiiat  tiiese  unfratemal  The  Board  of  Education  reported  the  institu- 

and,  indee<L  un-Chnstian  methods  of  work  have  been  ^j        ^^^^^  j^^  care-Midland  College.  Atchison, 

employed  directly  by  any  of  the  American  Baptist  xr-^      ««^    r<«.fi,»»»  r«^ii««.«     n»»fi.l»«    in 

iniwionaries,  tiirei  ofwhom  are  at  present  locat^  in  Ka""  »"d  Carthage  College,    Carthage,   111.- 

our  field,  but  it  is  a  notorious  fact  that  the  native  *»   prosperous,  the  assets  of  the  former  being 

airents  who  are  omploved  and  paid  by  them  have  $69,266  and  of  the  latter  $57,156.48.    The  board 

liecn  using  these  and  other  equally  Improper  methods  also  reported  that  a  wealthy   member  of  the 

of^n'ing  proselytes;  and  Lutheran  Church.  Augustus  Konntze,  had  of- 

WhereoM,  A  charitable  view  of  Ae  case  might  lead  fered  to  give  a  tract  of  land  in  Omaha,  Neb., 

itf  to  Buppoae  that  those  native  Baptist  agents  had  ^^j^^   ^t  $100,000,  and  $50,000  in  cash,  for 

'SZT^r:t::a^rL^lr^^::l^^^  the  establishment  of  a  theological  seminary  in 

♦hat  during  the  past  year  a  number  of  letters  have  that  place,  provided  the  congregations  of   the 

Uan   addressed  to  one  of  the  Baptist  mineionar-  General  Synod  would  within  the  next  two  years 

i««,  calling  his  attention  to  the  methods  employed  by  give  an  additional  $150,000  for  the  proper  eouip- 

his  a^nta,  and  courteously  but  earnestly  protesting  mentof  the  institution.  This  offer  was  grateful  ly 

sfrainst  them ;  and                         .       , .  ,  accepted  by  the  general  body  at  this  convention. 

Whereat,  In  a  number  of  cases  m  which  our  mis-  ^^^  ^he  board  was  authorized  to  make  the  effort 

Monanes  protested  affamst  the  reception  of  some  of  .^  „„»^„««,  *u«  „.««„•,«.      T\.,»;n»  v^,»«  ^*  ♦!,«  ^^ 

their  runilway  boaidfrs  and  dlsciplfned  teachers  by  *?  secure  the  amount.     Dunng  one  of  the  ses- 

iheir  Baptist  co-workers,  tiie  request  was  unheeded  «on8  of  the  convention  pledges  of  contnbutions 

and  their  communications  not  even  received  the  court-  were  received  amounting  to  $20,710  for  the  new 

my  of  a  reply;  therefore  be  it  seminary.     In  addition,  $5,000  were  subscribed 

'Reml9§dy  By  the  General  Synod  of  the  Evangel-  for  the  liquidation  of  the  debt  on  the  Chicago 

ical  Lutheran  Church  in  the  United  States  of  Amer-  German  Theological  Seminary, 

ica,  m  eonvention  assembled,  tiiat  we  hereby  enter  The  reporti  of  the  Publication  Society  showed 

T^^i^^^X^AT^^ZiZ,  %  ^l  its  assetsTo  be  $66,^^    Its  «^^^^^^^^ 

Wrference  and  pioselytism  complained  of,  submit  ^wo  years  amounted  to  $141,040.98.    Ite  dona- 

t!ie  facto  to  the  moral  sense  of  the  Christian  worid  for  tions  to  the  various  boards  of  the  body  aggre- 

jadginent.  gated  $8,500.    Nine  new  books  were  published, 

10  new  books  or  new  editions  were  issued  for 

The  report  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions  their  respective  authors,  17  new  editions  of  its 

showed  that  the  receipts  for  the  past  two  years  own  publications  were  issued,  and  the  periodicals 

amounted  to  $75,974.26,  to  which  is  to  be  added  of  the  society  for  the  month  of  May  numbered 

a  halanee  on  hand  of  $1,075.00.    Of  the  amount  220,600  copies. 

received,    $11,557.55    were    from  legacies,    the  The  Board  of  Deaconesses  presented  its  firKt 

Woman's  Society  contributed  $7,487.60,  and  the  report.    The  object  of  this  board  is  to  establish 

Sunday  schools  $11,500.    The  report  shows  an  deaconess  houses,  in    which    women    shall    bo 

increase  in  contributions  over  the  previous  two  trained  for  all  kinds  of  lay  work — such  as  hos- 

years  of  $8,798.68.    The  board  has  nad  185  mis-  pital  work,  care  of  the  siclc  in  their  own  homes, 

sions  on  its  funds,  an  increase  of  21.  There  were  day  nurseries,  parish   visiting,  infant  schools, 

added  36  new  mission  congregations  and  36  new  etc.    The  board  proposes  to  send  eight  or  ten 

ohnrchea  purchased  or  erected.    In  these  135  women  to  Kaiserswerth.  the  mother-house  of  all 

missions  151  missionaries  were  employed,  who  similar  institutions  in  the  world,  where  they  will 


468  LUTHERANS. 

iieceiye  a  thorough  training   and  be  qualified  but  a  few  of  its  leading  landniarks,^  umnf  them '^  to 

to  establish   such   institutions  in  this  country,  recognize  at  least  Chri»tnin«,Ea«ter.  and  Whiteunday, 

This  plan  of  the  board  was  approved  by  the  gen-  ^^  "»®  apDointment  of  le»8oii«  appropriate  to  these 

eral  body,  and  authority  was  given,  as  far  ai  its  ^^^Lt  t  «L^"f ^*f  ''•  ^T  ^"*°"»**'  " 

Ti        X             -J*      i.1        ^ui'i-         *.#  would  not  be  wise  at  such  a  juncture  to  take  any 

means  allow  to  provide  for  tlie  establishment  of  ^^^^  ,^  ^^  ^^^^^  g  ^^  ^^^  would  wSud  th^ 

a  deaconess  house,  where  the  work  may  be  car-  growing  sentiment  Just  when  all  our  Protestant 
ried  on  as  soon  as  the  probationers  return  from  pulpits  are  seeing  the  propriety  of  using  ChriatsDaa 
Germany.  themes  at  Christmas  seasons,  ana  Resurrection  themes 
In  connection  with  the  report  of  the  Hymn-  *t  Easter,  it  would  be  impolitic  to  adopt  any  measures 
book  Publishing  Committee,  it  appeared  that  looking  to  a  separation  from  the  great  Protestant  corn- 
there  was  a  division  of  sentiment  in  the  27  dis-  "^unions. 

trict  synods  of  the  general  body  with  reference  When  the  matter  of  co-operation  with  other 

to  the  common  service  adopted  at  a  former  con-  bodies  for  a  religious  exhibit  at  the  Columbian 

vention.    After  a  protracted  discussion,  it  was  Exposition  was  presented,  the  following  resoiu- 

decided  to  let  the  forms  of  both  services  appear  tions  were  adopted : 
in  the  Book  of  Worship,  so  that  congregations 


with 

_   fitting  way  at  the  ColiimSian 

General  Council,  the  United  Synod  of  the  South,  Exposition  the  religious  progress  of  the  nation;  there- 

and  the  Joint  Synod  of  Ohio,  they  had  made  a  *'ore,                             ,.  «    .   , 

translation  of  the  Latin  edition  of  the  Augsburg  ^l^fd.  That  we  cordially  indoreethia  movement, 

Confession  ;  and  that  as  soon  as  the  tranilatioS  ^jlX^  ^^  ^^^^  cooperation  and  support  of  our 
of  the  German  editio  prineepa  could  be  finished 

the  two  translations,  in  parallel  columns,  would  At  a  subsequent  session  the  directors  of  the 
be  furnished  to  the  general  bodies  for  acceptance  Publication  Society  were  instructed  to  arrange 
and  their  disposition.  The  report  of  the  com-  for  a  proper  exhibit  of  the  work  of  the  body,  as 
mittee  on  **A  Development  of  Luther's  Small  the^r  may  deem  best.  A  resolution  strongly  op- 
Catechism  "  led  to  a  protracted  discussion  on  the  posmg  the  proposition  to  open  the  Kxposition  on 
merits  of  the  proposed  work  and  its  doctrinal  po-  oundays  was  adopted. 

sition.  The  matter  was  disposed  of  by  adoption  of  Resolutions  strongly  condemning  the  practice 

the  following  declaration  :  "That  in  the  prepa-  of  other  Protestant  denominations  in  ^sending 

ration  and  issue  of  this  development  of  the  Small  missionaries  among  Lutheran  people  in  Europe 

Catechism,  should  it  be  finally  adopted,  it  is  by  under  the  name  of  foreign -mission  work,  and 

no  means  the  intention  of  the  General  Synod  that  spending  scores  of  thousands  of  dollars  annually 

it  shall  in  any  way  change  or  modify  the  present  simply  to  transfer  these  Christians  from  one 

doctrinal  position  of  this  body.'*  evan^lical  Church  to  another,  while  hundreds 

During  one  of  the  sessions  of  this  conyention  of  millions  of   heathen  are  still   without  the 

the  announcement  was  officially  made  that  Mrs.  knowledge  of  the  saving  gospel  of  Christ,"  were 

Sarah  Utermehle.  a  member  of  the  Church  of  the  adopted. 

Reformation,  Washiiif;ton,  D.  C,  had  given  27  Following  are  the  general  statistics  of  thij 

acres  within  the  limits  of  the  city  to  found  a  body:  27  district  synods.  1,005  ministere*  1.448 

**  National  Lutheran  Home  for  the  Aged."    The  congregations,  and  154.540  communicant  roem- 

property  is  valued  at  $30,000,  and  is  deeded  to  bers :  16  parochial  schools,  8  teachers,  and  585 

an  incorporated  board  of  trustees.    The  condi-  pupils;  1,367  Sunday  schools,  19.526  officers  and 

tions  are  that  a  building  shall  be  begun  within  teachers,  and  158.708  scholars ;   5  theolo^cal 

two  years,  and  be  completed  within  five  years,  seminaries;  4  colleges;  2  academies;  and  2  or- 

Hon.  Prank  W.  Howbert,  of  Colorado  Springs,  phans'  homes.    The  thirty-sixth  convention  of 

Col.,  has  given  ten  acres  in  the  Garden  of  the  the  body  will  be  held  in  Canton,  Ohio,  beginning 

Gods  as  a  site  for  an  "  Invalid  Lutheran  Minis-  May  24,  1803. 

ters'  Home,"  on  condition  that  within  two  years  General  Conneil.— This  body,  organized  in 

a  suitable  building  be  erected  on  it,  at  a  cost  of  1867  and  consisting  of  English.  German,  and 

not  less  than  $5,000.    Both  of  these  gifts  were  Swedish    paj<tors  and   congregations,  held    its 

accepted.                              -  twenty-third  convention  in  the  Church  of  the 

With  reference  to  the  observance  of  the  Church  Holy  Trinity,  Buffalo,  N.  Y..  Oct.  14-20,  1^1. 

year  in  the  Sunday-school  lessons,  the  following  This  is  one  of  the  largest  bodies  of  the  Lutheran 

was  put  on  record :  Churoh  in  America,  representing,  according  to 

^             ,            .VI-                    1            *  ^^®  latest  statistics,  9  district  synods  (one  synod 

In  accordance  with   the  recommendation  of  the  not  yet  in  organic  connection  with  it),  979  luin- 

General  Synod  that  the  chief  festivals  of  the  Church  -.^^1.    \  eHl    oaner^trntinnR    AnH   9S^f^SU   «r»w« 

be  appropriately  observed  in  our  congregations,  and  If^^IflA'^J^^,^?^!'!^;*^                 1^'         ^™; 

by  inrerence  in  our  Sunday  schools,  ^-e  are  happy  to  municant  members :  maintaining  410  parochial 

note  a  more  general  observance  of  these  festival  days  schools,  692  teachers,  and  18,779  pupils;  1,306 

In  most  instances  in  our  schools,  so  far  as  your  com-  Sunday  schools,  14,866  officers  and  teachers,  and 

mittee  could  learn,  the  regrular  lesson  of  the  Inter-  162.179  scholars.    Its  membership  is  scattered 

national  course  is  either  laid  aside  or  made  to  incul-  through  nearly  all  the  States  and  Territories  and 

cate  the  lesson  of  the  day.    Your  committee  need  not  the  Dominion  of  Canada.     It  has  8  theoloiricHi 

mfonn  the  General  Synod  that  the  sentiment  18  grow-  BAminnriAB    7  nnllomM    ft  ayiA/lomiAA    »»<!  e^..^i 

mg  rapidly  in  all  our  Protestant  churches  that  the  ?!?**?S«  ^^L^^H^^'J^JT^^ 

IcSling  Christian  festivals  should  be  observed.    Rep-  \^^  P»"S»  *"£  ^^^^^  depart;menU  m  5  of  the  ooU 

resontative  men  in  all  denominations  have  petitioned  ^^^^*  and  24  orphans    homes,  deaconess  ins^ti- 

the  committee  on  the  International  Sunday -school  tutes,  hospitals,  and  immigrant  missions. 

Lessons  **to  recognize  not  the  whole  Christian  year,  The  opening  sermon  was  delivered  by  the  Rct. 


LUTHERAXa  469 

Joseph  A.  SeiaSy  D.  D.,  LL.  D.,  pastor  of  the  The   name  of  the  boarding  schopl    has  been 

Church  of  the  Holy  Communion,  Philadelphia,  changed  to  that  of  seminary,  and  the  standard 

The  district  synods  were  represented  by  59  cleri-  of  scholarship  has  been  advanced.    This  school 

cal  and  46  lay  delegates.    After  the  formal  or-  consists  of  both  day  and  boarding  pupils.    Here 

ranization  of  the  convention,  the  Rev.  Gottlob  are  found  the  more  advanced  scholars,  and  those 

F.  Krot«»l,  D.D.,  LL.  D.,  of  New  York  city,  was  who  desire  to  become  teachers  are  here  prepared, 

re-elected  president.  On  March  4, 1801, 21  young  men  were  graauated 

The  Church  Book  Committee  presented  the  at  the  seminary.  In  1890  a  zenana  mission  was 
completed  new  edition  of  the  Church  Book.  It  begun,  and  Miss  Agnes  I.  Schade,  of  Water  Cure, 
includes,  besides  the  liturgical  services,  the  or-  Pa.,  and  Miss  Kate  S.  Sadtler,of  Baltimore,  Md., 
ders  for  ministerial  acts,  which,  after  being  were  sent  out  to  India  to  carry  on  this  branch  of 
printed  in  provisional  form,  were  carefully  re-  mission  work.  During  1891  the  Rev.  and  Mrs. 
Tised  and  approved  for  publication.  In  the  Calvin  F.  Kuder  were  sent  out.  Rev.  Kuder  is 
preparation  of  this  book  with  the  common  serv-  to  take  charge  of  the  mission  schi>ols,  in  place  of 
ice  various  additions  not  comprised  in  that  serv-  the  Rev.  Pohl,  of  the  Brecklum  mission,  who  had 
ice  were  found  necessary.  The  number  of  psalms  been  loaned  to  this  mission  until  a  superintend- 
has  been  largelv  increased,  and  additional  can ti-  ent  of  the  schools  could  be  secured.  The  receipts 
cles  have  been  inserted.  It  wat*  also  deemed  de-  of  the  board  for  the  past  two  years  amounte<l  to 
sirable  to  append  to  the  English  Church  Book  a  $25,351.(K),  and  from  the  treasurer  of  the  "  Mis- 
limited  number  of  additional  hymns.  A  sub-  sionsbote"  were  received  $1,606.10.  The  ezpen- 
committee  has  been  co-operating  with  commit-  ditures  amounted  to  $29,978.68.  The  worx  of 
tees  of  the  Uniteil  Synod  of  the  South,  the  Qen-  missions  was  again  commended  to  the  attention 
end  Synod,  and  the  Joint  Synod  of  Ohio,  in  the  of  the  churches. 

preparation  of  a  new  English  translation  of  the  The  work  of  home  missions  is  carried  on  bj 

Augsburg  Confession  and  Luther's  Small  Cate-  the  district  synods  within  their  respective  tern- 

chism.     Much   work    was  done    by  individual  tories  and  by  three  general  mission  boards,  Eng- 

members  of  the  committee,  so  that  in  the  new  linh,  German,  and  Swedish,  on  territory  beyond 

Englisih  CKureh  Book  of  the  General  Council  the  bounds  of  the  synods.    The  following  is  a 

could  be  included  a  new  translation  of  the  Augs-  summary  of  the  general  and  local  work  for  two 

burg  Confession,  made  from  the  Latin  editio  years:  262  missionaries,  462  churches  and  sta- 

princepa  of  1530,  and  based  on  Richard  Taver-  lions,  83,917  communicant  members  in  mission 

ner's  English   translation  of  1586.     To  enable  congregations,  and  contributions  amounting  to 

the  committee  to  complete  its  work,  the  Council  f  123.058.    The  English  board  has  missions  in 

authorized  a  new  translation,  from  the  German  Boston,  Mass.,  Newark,  N.  J.,  Cleveland  and  To- 

etii/to  fln'fUJfpA,  of  the  Augsburg  Confession  (Me-  ledo,  Ohio,  Decatur,  111.,  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Du- 

lanchtnon  had  prepared  two  co[nes  of  the  Con-  luth,   Red  Wing,   Minneapolis,  and  St.   Paul, 

fession,  in  German  and  Ijatin,  for  presentation  to  Minn.,  Fargo,  N.  Dak.,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah, 

the  Emperor;  hence  both  are  of  enqual  authority  Portland,  Ore.,  and  Tacoma  and  Seattle,  Wash. 

as  confessional  writings),  which  is  to  be  printed  The  German  board  has  numerous  missions  in  the 

with  the  translation  from  the  Latin  in  parallel  provinces  of  Manitoba.  Assiniboia,  and  Alberta, 

columns.  Canada,  and  in  Kentucky  and  Alabama.    The 

In  close  connection  with   the  work  of   the  Swedish  board  carries  on  missionary  operations 

Church  Book  Committee  is  that  of  the  Commit-  among  its  countrymen  in  nearly  every  State  and 

tee  on  Sunday-school  Work.    The  Council  years  Territory,  the  latter  board  spending  annually 

Ko  authorized  its  own  series  of  lessons  for  Sun-  more  than  f  15,000  for  this  work.    The  educa- 

dav  schools,  baised  on  the  Churah  year.    The  tional  work  of  this  body  has  received  a  new  im- 

coinmittee  reported  that  the  lessons  authorized  pulse  by  the  opening  of  a  new  theological  semi- 

by  the  Council  were  regularly  published,  pre-  nary  iii  Chicago,  with  property  that  is  valued 

pared  for  publication  by  members  of  the  com-  at  $50,000. 

mittee.  aided    in    special    departments  by  the  The  superintendent  of  the  Lutheran  Emigrant 

Ke?.  William  Wackernagel,  D.  D.,  and  the  Rev.  Hou^e  in  New  York  city  reported  for  one  year 

Solomon  E.  Ochsenford.  and  that  they  were  is-  the  reception  and  entertainment  of  12,144  immi- 

sued  in  the  **  Church  Lesson  Leaf "  and  the  grants.    The  receipts  for  this  work  amounted  to 

**  Helper,'*  together  with  a  supplemental  leaf  for  $16,270.75,  and  the  expenditures  to  $14,800.20, 

the  fifth  Sundays  of  the  months;  and  that  these  both  items  being  for  one  year.    The  property  of 

leaves  were  published,  as  heretofore,  by  the  Lu-  this  mission  is  valued  at  $100,000,  and  the  mis- 

therun  Book  Store,  Philadelphia.    The  commit-  sion  is  free  of  debt, 

tee  was  instnict«d  to  continue  its  work.  The  English  Synod  of  the  Northwest^  organized 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  presented  its  in  1891,  was  accorded  representation,  but  action 

leport  through  the  secretary,  the  Rev.  William  on  its  reception  was  deferred  until  the  next  con- 

Ashmead  Schaeffer,  of  Philadelphia.    The  mis-  vention. 

sionary  operations  are  carried  on  in  the  Madras  The  General  Council  put  itself  on  record  asop- 

Presidencv  of  India,  with  Rajahmundry,  Samul-  posed  to  the  opening  of  the  Columbian  Exposi- 

cotta,  Tallapudi.  Dowlaishwaram,  and  Bhima-  tion  on  Sundays. 

wanim  as  centers.    Following  are  the  latest  sta-  The  twenty-fourth  convention  of  the  Council 

tistics:  5  ordained  missionaries,  5  wives  of  mis-  will  be  held  in  Fort  Wayne,  Ind.,  in  1892. 

s^ionaries  also  actively  engaged  in  various  depart-  Sy nodical  Conference. — This  general  body, 

ments  of  the  mission,  2  zenana  workers,  2  native  organized  in  1872,  and  consisting  almost  exclii- 

{Misttors.  89  teachers  and  catechists.  6  districts,  sively  of  German  pastors  and  congregations,  held 

1 '27  villages,  3,056  baptized  members,  978  com-  no  convention  in  1891.    Following  is  a  summary 

niantcants,  and  1,473  pupils  in  the  various  schools,  of  the  latest  statistics :  It  consists  of  4  synoda 


470 


LYTTON,  EDWARD  ROBERT  BDLWER. 


1,868  miDi:<it€i*8,  2,002  congregations,  and  899,800 
communicant  members ;  1,4*^  parochial  schools, 
1,306  teachers,  and  80,981  pupils :  183  Sunday 
schools  and  about  20,000  pupils,  though  the  lat- 
ter figures  are  far  f i*om  being  correct.  There  are 
maintained  4  theological  seminaries,  6  colleges,  0 
academies,  and  13  orphans*  homes,  hospitals,  etc. 
This  body  is  engaged  in  missionary  operations 
among  the  f reedmen  of  the  South,  having  con- 
gregations and  schools  in  Arkansas,  LouisianH, 
Virginia,  and  Illinois.  7  stations  with  604  mem- 
bers, and  6  schools  with  631  pupils.  Missionary 
operations  are  also  carried  on  among  the  »Iews  in 
this  country.  Following  are  the  latest  statistics 
of  home  missions  for  one  year:  200  missionaries, 
703  churches  and  stations,  36,800  communicant 
members  in  missions,  and  receipts  for  this  work 
amounting  to  $81,500.24. 

United  Synod.— This  body,  organized  in  1880 
and  consisting  of  English  synods,  held  no  con- 
vention in  1891.  It  is  composed  of  8  district  syn- 
ods, 201  ministers,  396  congregations,  and  30,- 
189  communicant  members;  312  Sunday  schools, 
2,658  officers  and  teachers,  and  22,977  scholars. 
On  its  territory  are  the  following  institutions : 
1  theological  seminary,  5  colleges,  8  academies, 
8  ladies'  seminaries,  and  2  orphans*  homes.  Its 
home  missionary  operations  are  summarized  in 
the  following  figures:  11  missionaries,  15  churches 
and  stations,  1,500  communicant  members  in  mis- 
sions, and  contributions  amountinj^  to  $4,000. 
During  the  year  this  bod^  sent  out  its  first  for- 
eign missionary  to  establish  a  mission  station  in 
Japan. 

The  ever-increasing  number  of  Lutheran  im- 
migrants and  the  rapid  anglicizing  of  these  for- 
eigners and  their  descendants  lavs  heavy  respon- 
sibilities upon  the  Church  in  this  country,  and 
the  resources  of  the  Lutheran  Church  are  strained 
to  their  utmost.  New  congregations  are  being 
organized  all  over  the  country,  at  the  rate  of 
a^ut  one  for  each  day  in  the  year,  and  more 
oould  be  organized  if  tne  Church  had  command 
of  the  necessary  men  and  means.  So  much  of 
this  work  is  carried  on  by  individual  congrega- 
tions, conferences,  and  district  synods,  that  it  is 
impossible  to  obtain  accurate  statistics  of  the  re- 
sults. The  following  is  an  approximately  correct 
summary  of  the  statistics  for  the  two  past  years: 
818  missiouaries,  2,358  churches  ana  stations, 
114,754  communicant  members  in  mis.«ion  con* 
gregations,  and  $364,527.14  contributed  by  the 
churches  for  this  work. 

LTTTON,  EDWARD  ROBERT  BULWER, 
Earl  of,  an  English  poet  and  diplomatist,  born 
in  England,  Nov.  8,  1831 ;  die.i  in  Paris, 
Prance,  Nov.  24,  1891.  He  was  the  only  son  of 
Edward  Lytton  Bulwer,  the  famous  novelist. 
The  son  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  by  private 
tutors,  finishing  his  course  of  study  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Bonn,  Germany,  where  he  devoted 
himself  especially  to  modern  languages.  He 
was  but  seventeen  vears  old  when  he  became 
private  secretary  to  his  uncle,  Sir  Henry  Bulwer, 
who  was  British  minister  at  Washington.  In 
1852  he  was  transferred  as  aitaehi  to  Florence, 
Italy,  and  in  1854  was  removed  to  the  embassy 
at  Paris.  While  here  he  published  his  fii*st 
work,  •*  Clytemnestra,  the  Earl's  Return,  the 
Artist,  and  other  Poems,"  under  the  pen-name 
of  "  Owen    Meredith."'     "  Clytemnestra "  is   a 


long  dramatic  poem,  and,  in  connection  with 
the  others,  was  well  received  by  the  critics, 
though  it  made  no  general  reputation  for  the 


KDWABD  BOHaBT  BOLWXU  LmOX. 

author  with  the  unknown  name.  This  little 
volume  contained  one  of  the  most  charming  of 
his  poems,  that  entitled  "Good-night  in  the 
Porcn,"  which  shows  the  melodious  versification 
of  which  he  became  roaster : 

A  Itttlo  longer  in  the  light,  love,  let  me  bo.    The  air 

iH  warm. 
I  hear  the  cuckoo^  last  good-night  float  from  the 

copse  below  the  farm. 
A  little  longer,  slater,  sweet,  your  hand  in  mine  on 

this  old  Beat 

In  yon  red  gable,  which  the  rose  creeps  round  and 
o^er,  your  casement  ahines 

Against  the  yellow  west,  o^er  those  forlorn  and  soli- 
tary pines. 

The  long,  long  day  ia  nearly  done.    How  silent  all 
the  place  lias  grown  I 

•  •  .  .  •  • 

Yes,  sad  indeed  it  seems,  each  night — and  sadder, 

dear,  for  your  sweet  sake ! 
To  watch  the  last,  low  linflrering  light,  and  know  not 

where  the  mom  may  break. 
To-night  we  sit  together  here.     To-morrow  night 

will  come — ah,  where? 

And  there's  my  epic — I  began  when  life  seemed  Ions. 

though  lonarer  art — 
And  all  Uie  glorious  deeds  of  man  made  golden  riot 

in  my  heart 
Eight  books — it  will  not  number  nine !    I  die  before 

my  heroine. 

Sister  I  they  say  that  drowning  men  in  one  will 

moment  can  recall 
Their  whole  life  long,  and  feel  again  the  pain— the 

bliss — that  thront^ed  it  all ; 
Last  night  those  phantoms  of  the  past  ag^n  oanio 

crowding  round  me  fast 

Once  more  the  trarden  where  she  walked  on  summer 

eves  to  tend  her  flowers, 
Once  more  the  lawn  where  first  we  talked  of  futnro 

yean  in  twilight  hours. 
Arose ;  once  more  she  seemed  to  pass  before  me  in 

tlie  waving  grass. 


LYTTON,  EDWARD  ROBERT  BULWBR. 


471 


80  lovely,  lo  beloved  I    Oh,  fair  as  though  that  aun 

had  never  Bet 
Which  staid  upon  her  golden  hair,  in  dreama  I  seem 

to  me  her  vet  I 
To  see  her  in  that  old  green  place — ^the  aame  husht, 

smiling,  cruel  face ! 

A*  little  older,  love,  than  you  are  now ;  and  I  was 
then  a  boy ; 

And  wild  and  wayward-hearted,  too ;  to  her  my  pas- 
sion was  a  toy, 

Soon  broken  I  ah,  a  foolish  thing— a  butterfly  with 
crumpled  wing ! 

A  life^  libation  lifted  up,  from  her  proud  lip  she 

dashed  untested ; 
There  trampled  lay  lovers  costly  cup,  and  in  the  dust 

the  wine  was  wastod. 
8he  knew  I  could  not  pour  such  wine  again  at  any 

other  shrine. 


I  thought  I  held  in  my  hot  hand  my  life  crusht  up  ; 

I  could  have  tost 
The  crumpled  riddle  from  me,  and  laughed  loud  to 

think  what  I  had  lost 
A  bitter  strength  was  in  my  mind ;   like  Samson 

when  she  scorned  him — l>lind. 

And  casting  reckless  arms  about  the  props  ot  life  to 

hug  diem  down — 
A  madman  with  his  eyes  put  out ;  but  all  my  anger 

was  mv  own. 
I  spared  tne  worm  upon  my  walk ;  I  left  the  white 

rose  on  its  stalk. 

•  •  «  ■  •  • 

<>ne  handful    of  their  buoyant  chaff  exceeds   our 

boards  of  careful  grain ; ' 
Because  their  love  br^iks  through  their  laugh,  while 

oun  is  fraught  with  tender  pain. 
The  world,  that  knows  itself  too  sad,  is  proud  to 

keep  some  faces  glad. 

Forgive  mo,  Lord,  if  overmuch  I  loved  that  form 

thou  mad^t  so  fair ; 
I  know  that  thou  didst  make  her  such ;  and  fair  but 

as  the  flowers  were — 
Thy  work :  her  beauty  was  btil  Thine ;  the  human 

leas  than  the  divine. 

Oh,  to  be  where  the  meanest  mind  is  more  than 

Shakespeare  !  where  one  look 
Shows  more  than  here  the  wise  can  And,  though  toil- 

ini^  slow  fVom  book  to  book ! 
Where  life  is  knowledge,  love  is  sure,  and  hope^s 

brief  promise  made  secure. 

In  1856  Lytton  was  promoted  to  be  paid 
nitaehf  at  the  Ha^iie.  Two  years  afterward  he 
was  appointed  paid  attache  at  St.  Petersburg, 
and  two  months  later  was  sent  in  the  same 
capacity  to  Constantinople.  In  1859  he  was 
tiansferred  to  Vienna.  While  there  he  was 
acting  consnl-general  at  Belgrade,  and  was  also 
employed  on  a  special  mission  to  keep  peace  be- 
tween the  Turks  and  the  Servians,  after  the 
Turkish  bombardment  of  the  Servian  capital. 
In  18(51  he  published,  anonvmously.  a  poera 
written  in  collaboration  with  Hon.  Julian  Pane, 
Willed  "Tannhftnser,  or  the  Battle  of  the  Banls." 
The  names  afl^xed  were  "  Edward  Trevor"  and 
"  Neville  Temple." 

As  a  result  of  his  studies  during  this  residence, 
he  also  published  a  little  volume  of  translations, 
«r  nither  paraphrases,  from  the  Servian  lan- 
pnajre.  entitled  "Scrbski  Pesme."  In  the  **  In- 
troduction" he  says : 


guage.  They  can  not,  indeed,  be  called  translations 
in  the  strict  sense  of  the  word.  What  they  are,  let 
the  reader  decide.  What  they  are  meant  to  be  is 
nothing  more  than  a  rude  medium  through  which  to 
convey  to  other  minds  something  of  the  impression 
made  upon  my  own  by  the  poetry  of  a  people  among 
whom  literature  is  yet  unborn  j  who  in  the  nineteenth 
century  retiun,  with  the  traditions,  many  also  of  the 
habits  and  customs  of  a  barbarous  age ;  and  whose 
social  life  represents  the  struggle  of  centuries  to  main- 
tain, under  the  code  of  Mahomet,  the  creed  of  Christ. 
It  is,  indeed,  this  stran^re  intermixture  of  Mahometan 
with  Christian  association  which  gives  to  the  poetry 
of  the  Serbs  its  most  striking  characteristic  It  is  the 
sword  of  a  Crusader  in  the  scabbard  of  a  Turk.  ThaL 
however,  which  mainly  distinguishes  this  ^m  all 
other  contemporary  poetry  with  which  I  am  ac- 
quainted is  the  evidence  borne  on  the  face  of  it  of  an 
origin,  not  in  the  heads  of  the  few,  but  in  the  hearts 
of  all.  This  is  a  poetry  of  which  the  People  is  the 
Poet. 

The  opening  poem  is  a  long  ballad,  ''The 
Battle  of  Kossovo."  One  of  the  lyrics  denomi- 
nated by  Lord  Lytton  •*  Popular  or  Domestic  "  is 
called  "  Love  and  Sleep,"  and  runs : 

I  walkt  the  high  and  hollow  wood,  irom  dawn  to 

even-dew. 
The  wild-eyed  wood  stared  on  me,  and  undaspt,  and 

let  me  through, 
Where  mountain  pines,  like  great  black  birds,  stood 

peroht  against  the  blue. 

Not  a  whiaper  heaved  the  woven  roof  of  those  warm 

trees  i 
All  the  little  leaves  lay  flat,  unmoved  of  bird  or 

breeze ; 
Day  was  losing  light  all  round,  by  indolent  degrees. 

Underneath  the  brooding  branches,  all  in  holy  shade. 
Unseen  hands  of  mountain  things  a  mossy  oouch  had 

made; 
There  asleep  among  pale  flowers  my  beloved  was 

laid. 

Slipping  down,  a  sunbeam  bathed  her  brows  with 

Dounteous  gold. 
Unmoved  upon  her  maiden  breast  her  heavy  hair 

was  rolled. 
Her  smile  was  silent  as  the  smile  on  corpses  three 

hours  old. 

''O  OodI''  I  thought,  "if  this  be  death,  that  makes 

not  sound  or  stir  I  '^ 
My  heart  stood  still  with  tender  awe,  I  dared  not 

waken  her. 
But  to  the  dear  God,  in  the  sky,  this  prayer  I  did 

prefer : 

**  Grant,  dear  Lord,  in  the  blessed  sky,  a  warm  wind 

fVom  the  sea. 
To  shako  a  leaf  down  on  my  love,  fW)m  yonder  leafy 

tree; 
That  she  may  open  her  sweet  eyes,  and  haply  look  on 


me. 


n 


In  the  following  poems  no  attempt  has  been  made 
It  a^unte  verbal  translation  fh>m  the  original  lan- 


The  dear  God,  from  the  distant  sea,  a  little  wind  re- 
least, 

It  shook  a  leaflet  from  the  tree,  and  laid  it  on  her 
breast 

Ilcr  sweet  eyes  op'ed  and  looked  on  me.  How  can  I 
tell  the  rest ) 

He  remained  four  years  in  Vienna,  being  pro- 
moted from  first  paid  a/Zac^^  to  second  secretary 
of  legation.  During  this  time  he  issued  a  vol- 
ume of  poems,  entitled  "  The  Wanderer,"  the 
pieces  being  grouped  under  the  title  of  the  coun- 
try in  which  thev  were  written :  "  In  Italy,"  "In 
France,"  "In  fengland,"  "In  Holland."  The 
"  Prologue "  is  one  of  his  most  cbaracteristio 


472 


LYTTON,  EDWARD  ROBERT  BULWEB. 


productions.    The  following  is  the  beginning  of 

Sweet  are  the  rwy  memories  of  the  lips, 

That  first  kissed  ours,  albeit  they  kiss  no  more : 
Sweet  is  the  sight  of  sunset-sailing  ships, 

AlUiough  they  leave  us  on  a  lonely  snore : 
Sweet  are  familiar  songs,  though  Music  dips 

Her  hollow  shell  in  Thought^s  forlomest  wells : 

And  sweet,  though  sad,  the  sound  of  midnight  bells, 
When  the  op^d  casement  with  the  night-rain  dripii. 
There  is  a  pleasure  which  is  bom  of  pain : 

The  grave  of  all  things  hath  its  violet. 
Else  why.  through  days  which  never  come  again, 

Boams  Hope  with  that  strange  longing,  like  Kegrot  i 
Why  put  the  posy  in  the  cold  dead  hand  f 

Why  plant  the  rose  above  the  lonelv  grave  ? 

Why  DriuK  the  corpse  across  the  salt  sea- wave  } 
Why  deem  the  dead  more  near  in  native  land  ? 
Thv  name  hath  been  a  silence  in  my  life 

So  long,  it  falters  upon  language  now, 

0  more  to  me  than  sister  or  than' wife 

Once  .  .  .  and  now — ^nothing !    It  is  hard  to  know 
That  such  things  have  been,  and  are  not,  and  yet 
Life  loiters,  keeps  a  palse  at  even  measure. 
And  goes  upon  it  business  and  its  pleasure, 
And  knot's  not  all  the  depths  of  its  regret 

The  following  is  the  first  stanza  of  one  of  the 
poems  in  the  section  *'  In  France,'*  which  is  en- 
titled "Progress": 

When  Liberty  lives  loud  on  every  lip, 

But  Freedom  moans^ 
Trampled  by  Nations  whose  faint  foot-falls  slip 

Iu)und  bloody  thrones ; 
When,  here  and  there,  in  dungeon  and  in  thrall, 

Or  exile  pale, 
Like  torches  dying  at  a  Ameral, 

Brave  natures  fail ; 
When  Truth,  the  armed  archangel,  stretches  wide 

God^s  tromp  in  vain, 
And  the  world,  drowsing,  turns  upon  its  side 

To  drowse  again ; 
O  Man,  whose  counte  hath  called  itself  sublime 

Since  it  began, 
What  art  thou  in  such  dying  age  of  time. 

As  man  to  man  f 

In  an  entirely  different  vein,  but  belonging  to 
the  same  period,  is  the  poem  "  Astarte  " : 

When  the  latest  strife  is  lost,  and  all  is  done  with, 
Ere  we  slumber  in  (he  spirit  and  the  brain, 

We  drowse  back,  in  dreams,  to  days  that  life  be^un 
with, 
And  their  tender  light  returns  to  us  again. 

1  have  cast  away  the  tangle  and  the  torment 

Of  the  cords  that  bound  mv  life  up  in  a  mesh : 
And  the  pulse  begins  to  throb  that  long  lay  dormant 
'Neath  their  pressure;  and  the  old  wounds  bleed 
afresh. 

And  again  she  comes,  with  all  her  silent  graces. 
The  lost  woman  of  my  vouth,  yet  unpcssest : 

And  her  cold  face  so  unlike  the  other  races 
Of  the  women  whose  dead  lips  I  since  have  prest 

■  «••••  ^ 

I  remember  to  have  murmured,  morn  and  even, 
^  Though  the  Earth  dispart  these  Earthlies,  face 
from  face. 

Yet  the  Heavenlies  shall  surely  join  in  Heaven, 
For  the  spirit  hath  no  bonds  in  time  or  space. 

**  Where  it  liateth,  there  it  bloweth ;  all  existence 
Is  its  region  ;  and  it  houscth,  where  it  will. 

I  shall  feel  her  throusrh  immeasurable  distance. 
And  grow  nearer  and  be  gathered  to  her  still.** 


Earth^ft  old  sLns  proas  fast  behind  me,  weakly  will- 
ing: 

Faint  before  me  fleets  the  good  I  have  not  done: 
And  my  search  for  her  may  still  be  unavailing 

'Mid  the  spirits  that  are  passed  beyond  the  sun. 

Many  of  Lord  Lyttou's  poems  bear  evidence  of 
religious  fervor  and  longing.  Among  those  in 
this  volume  is  one  on  the  Scripture  passage,  *'Ye 
seek  Jesus  of  Nazareth  which  was  crucified :  he 
is  risen ;  he  is  not  here  *' : 

If  Jesus  came  to  earth  again. 

And  walked,  and  talked,  in  field,  and  street, 
Who  would  not  lay  his  human  pain 

Low  at  those  heavenly  feet  f 

And  leave  the  loom,  and  leave  the  lute. 
And  leave  the  volume  on  the  shelf, 

To  follow  him,  unquestioning,  mute, 
If  *twere  the  Lora  himself  f 

How  many  a  brow  with  care  overworn. 

How  many  a  heart  with  grief  oVrladen, 
How  many  a  youth  with  love  foriom, 

How  many  a  mourning  maiden, 

Would  leave  the  bafflinir  earthly  prize 
Which  fails  the  earthly,  weak  endeavor. 

To  gaze  into  those  holv  eyes. 
And  drink  content  forever ! 

The  last  book  of  "The  Wanderer,"  called 
**  Palingenesis,"  opens  thus : 

My  Saviour,  dare  I  come  to  thee, 
Wno  let  the  little  children  come  ? 
But  If...  my  soul  is  faint  in  me  ! 
I  come  fVom  wandering  to  and  fro 
This  weary  world.    There  still  his  round 
The  Accuser  goes :  but  thee  I  found 
Not  anywhere.    Both  ioy  and  woo 
Have  passed  me  by.    I  am  too  weak 
To  grieve  or  smile.    And  yet  I  know 
That  tears  lie  deep  in  all  1  do. 
The  homeless  that  are  sick  for  home 
Are  not  so  wretched.    Ere  it  break, 
Beceivo  my  heart ;  and  for  tlie  sake, 
Not  of  my  sorrows,  but  of  thine, 
Bend  down  thy  holy  eyes  on  mine. 
Which  are  too  fWl  of  misery. 

The  next  year  he  published,  still  under  his 
pen-name  of  Owen  Meridith,  **  Lucile,"  a  novel 
m  verse.  The  dedication  to  his  father  explains 
his  feeling  about  the  poem : 

I  dedicate  to  vou  a  work,  which  is  submitted  to  the 
public  with  a  diffidence  and  hesitation  proportioned 
to  the  novelty  of  the  effort  it  represents.  For  in  thU 
poem  I  have  abandoned  those  forma  of  veree  nitli 
which  I  had  most  familiarized  mv  thoughts,  and  have 
endeavored  to  follow  a  path  on  wfiich  I  could  discover 
no  footprints  before  me,  either  to  guide  or  to  warn. 

There  is  a  moment  of  profound  discoursgement 
which  succeeds  to  prolonged  effort ;  when,  the  labor 
which  has  become  a  habit  havin^r  ceased,  we  miss  tfar 
sustaining  sense  of  its  championship,  and  stand,  with 
a  feeling  of  stranjfeness  and  embarrassment,  before 
the  abrupt  and  naked  result  As  regards  myself,  in 
the  present  instance,  the  force  of  all  such  sensations  \» 
increased  by  the  circumstances  to  which  I  have  re- 
ferred. And  in  this  moment  of  disoouragemeot  and 
doubt  my  heart  instinctively  turns  to  you,  from  whom 
it  has  so  often  sought,  from  whom  it  has  never  failed 
to  receive,  supports 

Feelings  onl}r  such  as  those  with  which,  in  ds.r» 
when  there  existed  for  me  no  critic  less  gentle  than 
yourself,  I  brought  to  vou  my  childish  manuscripts- 
feeling  only  such  as  those  which  have,  in  later  yeans 
associated  with  your  heart  all  that  has  moved  oroi^ 
cupied  my  own — lead  me  once  more  to  seek  assuranco 


LYTTON,  EDWARD  ROBERT  BULWER.  473 

from  the  gnsp  of  that  hand  which  haa  hitherto  been    time  to  Lisbon,  and  here  he  again  served  asehargS 

my  guide  and  comfort  through  the  life  I  owe  to  you.       d'affaires.    He  successfully  concluded  the  nego- 

Andaa  in  childhood,  wheneid8tencehad  no  toil  be-    elation  of  a  commercial  treaty    between  Great 

^"""l  w^vt^Jli^jif  n?T;  ntJiJ?  ^' Wn^^fT^v^n    Britain  and  Portugal,  and,  in  1868,  was  trans- 
S^e^SSTrSi^JS^iSrktrl^^^^^^  ferred  to  Madrid.  Tn^863  he  hjui  published  his 


iieyourpnsaenoebetweenmyself  and  the  public,  and  ing  as  char jfS  d'affaires.     At  this  time  he  pub- 

to  mingle  with  those  severer  voice*  to  whose  final  ijg^ed  "  Orval.  or  the  Fool  of  Time,"  a  dramatic 
-^ntence  I  submitmy  work  the  beloved  and  gracious  paraphrased  from  the  Polish,  and  founded 

u^ts  of  your  own.  ^the   "  undivine  comedy  "  of  Count  N.  A.  Z. 

Prom  many  fine  philosophical  passages  in  the  Krasinski,  **  Nie-boska  Komedyja  " ;  the  volume 

poem  we  select  two :  ftlso  contained  imitations  and  paraphrases  in  verse 

^  ,       .  .  ,  from  Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  and  Danish  literature. 

OMuioeof  the  holiest  joys  we  mhent;  Another  transference,  in  1873,  was  to  Paris,  as 

lIlSTt  ^?S  SlT^Kirthrot^^^^^^    desertsand,  '^-tary  of  embassy..  He  waspften  left  in  entire 

Grown  impatient  too  soon  for  thelong-promised  land^  charge  serving  as  minister  plenipotentiary.  While 

He  tarns  from  the  worahip  of  thee,  as  tJiou  art,  there  he  succeeded  to  the  title,  as  second  Baron 

An  exprettlesB  and  imageUw  truth  in  the  heart,  Litton,  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1878.  He  de- 

And  takes  of  the  jewels  of  Egypt,  the  pelf  clined  the  governorship  of  Madras,  and  was  then 

And  the  ^Id  of  the  godless,  to  make  to  hiinseli  appointed  Her  Majesty's  minister  at  Lisbon  in 

A  »udv,  idolatrous  image  of  thee,        ^  ,  ^   ,  1874.     While  there  he  published  a  volume  of 

And  then  bows  to  the  sound  of  the  cymbal  the  knee.  ^^^^  entitled  "  Fables  In  Song,"  and  a  memo- 

The  torrows  we  make  to  ourselves  are  false  gods :  rial  of  his  father,  called,  "  Speeches  of  Edward, 

Like  the  prophets  of  Baal,  our  bosoms  with  rods  Lord  Lytton,  with  some  of  his  Political  Writings, 

We  may  smite,  we  may  gash  at  our  hearts  till  they  hitherto  unpublished,  and  a  Prefatory  Memoir 

bleed,  w  j  j    *      jj      v*  i  by  his  Son."    In  1876  he  was  appointed  Viceroy 

rtt^i^^^t^t^ulf:^^!:.!!^^^^^^  o'  lndia,and  in  1877  he  presfdfcl  at  the  cer^ 

Tbe  land  IS  athtrHt,  and  cne»  out ! . . .  tiH  in  vain ;  •      u  u         *.u    -^i«:«^    *  rk^iui  -*.  au 

The  mat  blessing  of  Heaven  descends  not  in  rain.  moni^  held  on  the  plains  of  Delhi,  at  the  proc- 

.  .  ,  .  lamation  of  Queen  Victona  as  Empress  of  In- 

-,.       ,  "  „         ui    1         V  1.    1-  '^        1  dia.    In  the  same  year  he  was  honored  with  the 

Thmojh  ril  symboU  1  search  for  her  sweetness-ln  q^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^i^,jl  ^i^jgj^„  ^^  ^^^  q^^^  ^^ 

Jud^e  her  love  by  her  life.    For  our  life  is  but  love  ^^  Bath.    Lady  Lytton  was  one  of  a  small  num- 

In  act    Pure  wan  hers :  and  tlie  dear  God  above,  ber  who  were  pven  the  Order  of  the  Inipenal 

Who  knows  what  his  creatures  have  need  of  for  life.  Crown  of  India,  and  their  eldest  son,  Victor 

ADd  whoi»e  love  includes  all  loves,  tlirough  much  Alexander  George  Bobert,  at  the  Queen's  sug- 

patient  strife  ,       ,  ,  ,  gestion,  was  mi^e  her  godson.    In  1880  Loni 

Led  her  soul  into  peace.    Love,  though  love  may  be  lytton  was  created  Earl  of  Lytton  and  Viscount 

i«  »??I*5i -«*  i«.,^w    xr^.^-^  «-♦:«.«  !.«-„««  Knebworth.    In  the  same  rear  he  offered  his 
in  vam,  18  yet  lovely.    Her  own  native  heaven  ..  tr>  «  t   j- 

More  clearly  she  mirrored,  as  life's  troubled  dream  resignation  as  Viceroy  of  India.  ^    ,  ^, 

Wore  away ;  and  love  sighed  into  rest,  like  a  stream        He  was  afterward  minister  to  t  ranee.    In  1881 

That  breaks  its  heart  over  wild  rocks  towanl  the  appeared  '*  Julian  Fane,  a  Memoir,"  written  to 

chore  commemorate  his  deceased  friend,  who  had  been 

Of  the  great  sea  which  hushes  it  up  evermore  his  collaborator  in  "  Tannhftuser  "  and  other  lit- 

With  itB  little  wild  wailiwr.  No  stream  from  its  source  erary  work.    In  1883  appeared  in  two  volumes 

Sriw'^"^  ^"""^  lone  y  wever  ite  course,  u  xjJe  Life.  Letters,  and  Literarv  Remains  of  Ed- 

But  what  some  land  is  gladdened.    No  star  ever  rose  „^^  -d-.i^^*  t  ^,J  t  «*<.^-  »»  ^^'a  ;«  iqqr  u  ri^^ 

And  set,  without  influence  somewhere.    Who  knows  ^^^i,  Bui wer.  Lord  Lytton,    and  in  1^     Glen- 

What  earth  needs  from  earth's  lowest  creature  t    No  avenl,"  a  poem  m  two  volumes.   In  1^7  appeared 

life  '*  After  Paradise,  or  Legends  of  Exile. '^    The 

Can  be  pure  in  its  purpose  and  strong  in  its  strife  following  extract  is  from  *'  The  Apple  of  Life," 

And  all  life  not  be  purer  and  stronger  thereby.  one  of  his  finest  poems : 
The  spirits  of  just  men  made  perfect  on  high. 

The  army  of  martyrs  who  stand  by  the  Throne  He  mused,  as  he  went,  "  Life  is  good  : 

Andf^azG  into  the  Face  that  makes  glorious  their  own,  But  not  life  in  itself.    It  is  well  while  the  wine-cup 
Know  this,  surely,  at  last    Honest  love,  honest  sor-  is  hot  in  the  blood, 

^    row.  And  a  man  goeth  whither  he  listeth,  and  doeth  the 
Honent  work  for  the  dav.  honest  hope  for  the  morrow —  thin^j^  that  he  will. 

Are  these  worth  nothing  more  than  the  hand  they  And  liveth  his  life  as  ho  lusteth,  and  taketh  in  freo- 

make  weary,  dom  his  fill 

The  heart  they  have  saddened,  the  life  they  leave  Of  the  pleasure  that  pleaaeth  his  humor,  and  feareth 

dreary  ?  no  snare  by  the  wav. 

Hmh !  the  sevenfold  heavens  to  the  voice  of  the  Spirit  Shall  I  care  to  be  loved  by  a  queen,  if  my  pride  with 
Eoho:  He  that  o^erooraeth  shall  all  things  inheriL  my  freedom  I  pav  I 

Better  far  is  a  handful  of  quiet  than  both  hand^, 
In  January.  18C3,  he  was  transferred  to  Copen-  though  filled  to  overflow 

hftgen  as  secretary  of  legation,  where  he  was  With  pride,  in  vexation  of  spirit    And  sweeter  the 

»lsoMaraerf'a/rairc«,and  inl864  he  wassentin  „     rosw  that  blow      ,..,,,  , 

the  same  capa^itv  to  Athens.    In  October  of  that  ^"^"I'^X^^t^^J^^J^^ 

Tw  he  married  Jklith,  second  daughter  of  Hon.  ^1,^^  ^^  th^^  ^r^  guanled  by  d^ons  to  brighten 
Wward  V^illiers,  and  niece  of  the  Earl  of  Claren-  the  gardens  of  kin^. 

<lon.    As  if  to  complete  the  ronvd  of  foreign  Let  a  man  Uke  his  chance,  and  be  happy.    The  hart 
courts.  Lord  Lytton  was  again  transferred,  this  by  the  hunter  pursued, 


474 


MACDONALD,  SIB  JOHN  ALEXANDER. 


That  far  from  tae  herd  on  the  hill-top  bounds  swift 

through  the  blue  solitude. 
Is  more  to  be  envied,  though  death  with  his  dart  fol- 
low fast  to  destroy. 
Than  the  tame  beast  that,  pent  in  the  paddock,  tastes 

neither  the  danger  nor  joy 
Of  the  mountain,  and  all  its  surprises.    The  main 

thin^  is,  not  to  live  long^ 
But  to  hve.    Better  moments  of  rapture  soon  ended 

than  ages  of  wrong. 
Life^A  feast  is  best  spiced  by  the  flavor  of  death  in  it 

Just  the  one  chance 
To  lose  it  to-morrow  the  life  that  a  man  lives  to-day 

doth  enhance. 
The  mav-be  for  me.  not  the  must-be !    Best  flourish 

while  flourish  the  flowers. 
And  fall  ere  the  frost  falls.    The  dead,  do  they  rest  or 

arise  with  new  powero? 
Either  wav.  well  for  them.    Mine,  meanwhile,  be  the 

cup  or  lifers  fullness  to-night 
And  to-morrow  .  .  .  Well,  time  to  consider  ^  (he  felt 

at  the  fhiit).    *«  What  delight 
Of  his  birthright  had  Esau,  when  hungry  t    To-day 

with  its  pottage  is  sweet 
For  a  man  can  not  feed  and  be  full  on  the  faith  of  to- 
morrow's baked  meat** 

Among  minor  poems  is  tho  following  typicnl 
one,  entitled  **  Changes  " : 

Whom  first  we  love,  you  know,  we  seldom  wed. 

Time  rules  us  all.    And  life,  indeed,  is  not 
The  thing  we  planned  it  out  ere  hope  was  dead. 

And  then,  we  women  can  not  choose  our  lot 

Much  must  be  borne  which  it  Is  hard  to  bear : 
Much  given  away  which  it  were  sweet  to  keep. 

God  help  us  all  I  who  need,  indeed,  his  care. 
And  yet,  I  know,  the  Shepherd  loves  his  sheep. 

Mv  little  boy  begins  to  babble  now 
tJpon  my  knee  his  earliest  infant  prayer. 

He  has  his  father's  eager  eyes,  I  know. 
And,  they  say,  too,  his  mother's  sunny  hair. 

But  when  he  sleeps  and  smiles  upon  my  knee. 
And  I  can  feel  nis  light  breath  come  and  go, 

I  think  of  one  (Heaven  help  and  pitv  me  1 ) 
Who  loved  me,  and  whom  I  lovea,  long  ago,— 


Who  might  have  been  ...  ah,  what  I  daro  not  think ! 

We  all  are  changed.    God  Judges  for  us  best 
•God  help  us  do  our  duty,  ana  not  shrink. 

And  trust  in  Heaven  humbly  for  the  rest 

But  blame  us  women  not,  if  some  appear 
Too  cold  at  times ;  and  some  too  gay  and  light 

Some  griefs  gnaw  deep.   Some  woes  are  hard  to  bear. 
Who  knows  the  past  f  and  who  can  judge  as  right } 

Ah,  were  we  judged  by  what  we  might  have  been, 
.<\nd  not  bv  what  we  are,  too  apt  to  fall ! 

My  little  child — he  sleeps  and  smiles  between 
These  thoughts  and  me.  In  heaven  we  shall  know  all ! 

Owen  Meredith  has  been  severely  criticised  &; 
a  plagiarist,  and  there  is  some  show  of  truth  in 
the  charge.  The  plot  of  his  '*Lueile"  is  bor- 
rowed from  a  novel  of  George  Sand's.  The 
striking  likeness  between  his  "  Bird  at  Sunset  ** 
and  Bryant's  "  To  a  Waterfowl "  has  been  point- 
ed out  many  times,  but  few  of  the  critics  appear 
to  have  noticed  the  fact  that  Lvtton's  is  by  far 
the  finer  poem.  Martha  Walker  Cook,  who 
translated  Krasinki's  **  Undivine  Comedy  "  (Phil- 
adelphia, 1875),  accused  Lytton  of  knowing  far 
more  than  he  acknowledged  of  this  poem,  and  of 
borrowing  very  largely  from  it  in  his  •*  OrvaL" 
In  the  preface  to  that  poem  he  had  said  that  he 
hafl  never  seen  the  Polish  work«  did  not  even 
know  the  name  of  its  author,  and  had  simply 
used  an  analysis  of  it  which  he  found  in  the 
*'  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes."  Whatever  maj  be  the 
truth  of  all  these  indictments,  it  is  certam  that 
when  every  deduction  has  been  made  for  them, 
the  unquestionably  original  work  that  is  still 
left  gives  him  very  high  rank  &s  a  poet-.  Among 
his  English  contemporaries,  Browning  and  Ten- 
nyson alone  surpassed  him. 

Lord  Lytton  died  in  Paris,  where  his  funeral 
was  attended  with  great  ceremony,  3.500  troops 
being  detailed  by  the  French  6ovemment  a^ 
escort.  H  is  wi  fe  and  fi ve  ch  i  Idren — two  sons  and 
three  daughters — survive  him.  In  Engluid  the 
service  was  attended  with  every  mark  of  con- 
sideration. 


M 


MACDONALD,  SIR  JOHN  ALEXANDER, 

a  Canadian  statesman,  born  in  Glasgow,  Scot* 
land,  Jan.  11,  1815;  died  in  Ottawa,  Canada, 
June  6,  1891.  He  was  the  eldest  son  of  Hugh 
Macdonald,  of  Kingston,  Ontario,  formerly  of 
Sutherlandshire,  Scotland,  and  was  educateil  at 
the  Grammar  School.  Kingston.  He  married 
(first)  Isabella,  daughter  of  Alexander  Clark,  of 
Dalnavert,  Inverness-shii-e,  Scotland  (she  died 
in  1856),  and  (second,  in  1867)  Susan  Aenes, 
daughter  of  T.  J.  Bernard,  a  member  of  Her  Maj- 
esty's Privy  Council  for  the  Island  of  Jamaica. 
He  studied  law  with  Goorgc  Mackenzie,  was 
called  to  the  bar  of  Upper  Canada  in  1830,  and 
was  appointed  Queen's  counsel  in  1846.  He  was 
a  bencher  ex  officio  of  the  Law  Society  of  On- 
tario. He  entered  parliamentary  life  in  Novem- 
ber, 1844,  when  he  oecame  member  of  the  Cana- 
dian Assembly  for  Kingston,  which  constituency 
he  represented  uninterruptedly  until  the  union 
of  the  provinces  in  1867.  He  was  returned  for 
the  same  scat  for  the  Commons  of  the  Dominion 
of  Canada  at  the  general  election  of  1867,  in  1873, 


and  in  1874 ;  was  unseated  on  petition,  Nov.  21. 
1874;  re-elected.  Dee.  29,  1874;  contested  the 
city  of  Kingston  in  1878,  when  he  was  defeated: 
but  immediately  afterward  was  elected  by  atn^la- 
niation  for  Marquette,  Manitoba,  which  seat  ho 
vacated  on  acceptance  of  olBce  as  Premier  and 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  Oct.  17.  1878.  He  w»s 
then  elected  for  Victoria,  British  Columbia:  w«s 
elected  for  Carlton  and  Lennox  in  1882  (doub)p 
return),  and  decided  to  sit  for  the  former  con- 
stituency :  was  elected  for  Carlton  and  Kingston 
in  1887,  decided  to  sit  for  the  latter,  and  was  re- 
elected for  Kingston  in  1891. 

He  became  a  member  of  the  Executive  Coun- 
cil (Cabinet)  of  Canada,  on  May  11,  1847.  and  so 
continued  until  March  10, 1848  (in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  Hon.  W.  Morris);  from  Sept.  11, 
1854,  to  July  29,  1858.  in  the  McNab-Monn,  the 
Taoh6- Macdonald,  and  the  Macdonald-(^artier 
administrations;  trom  Aug.  6,  in  the  latter  vear, 
to  May  23,  1862,  in  the  Cartier- Macdonald  ad- 
ministration ;  and  from  March  80, 1864,  until  the 
union,  in  the  Tach^-Macdonald  and  the  Belleau- 


MACDONALD,  SIB  JOHN  ALEXANDER.  475 

Maodonald  adroinistrations.  He  was  Receiver  tween  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States,  the  la- 
General  from  May  21  to  Dec.  7,  1847:  Comruis-  bors of  which  eomnnssion  resulted  in  the  Treaty  of 
sinner  of  Crown  Lands  from  the  latter  date  to    Washington.   The  following  are  among  the  prin- 


signed,  having  been  defeated  on  the  seat-of-gov-  improvement  of  the  criminal  law ;  promotion 
emnient  qaestion.  He  returned  to  office  the  of  public  instruction ;  consolidation  of  the  Ftat- 
same  year  as  Postmaster-General,  but  he  re-  utes ;  extension  of  the  municipal  system  ;  reor- 
!iigned  on  the  following  dav,  on  his  reappoint-  ganization  of  the  militia;  settlement  of  the  seat- 
rnent  as  Attomey-Geneml,  U.  C,  which  office  he  of-government  question ;  establishment  of  direct 
held  until  the  defeat  of  the  Administration  on  the  steam  mail  communication  with  Europe ;  estab- 
Militiabill,  May,  1862,  when  he  and  his  colleagues  lishment  of  additional  penitentiaries,  criminal 
retired  from  office.  He  led  the  opposition  in  the  lunatic  asylums,  and  reformatory  prisons,  and 
Assembly  until  the  defeat  of  the  Sandfleld  Mac-  providing  for  the  inspection  thereof ;  providing 
donald-Dorion  ministry,  when  the  Tach^-Mac-  for  the  internal  economy  of  the  House  of  Com- 
(ionald  Government  wais  formed,  March  80, 1864,  mons ;  reorganization  of  the  civil  Fervice  on  a 
and  he  returned  to  his  old  office  of  Attorney-  permanent  basis ;  construction  of  the  Intercolo- 
General,  and  was  Government  leader  in  the  As-  nial  Railway;  enlargement  of  the  canals;  enact- 
sembly  from  that  time  until  the  union  of  the  roent  of  a  stringent  election  law ;  ratification  of 
provinces,  1867.  He  held  the  office  of  Minister  the  Washington  Treaty ;  confederation  of  Brit- 
of  Militia  Aflfairs  jointly  with  that  of  Attorney-  ish  North  America  and  extension  and  consolida- 
General  from  January  to  May,  1862,  and  from  tion  of  the  Dominion.  He  also,  while  leader  of 
August,  1865,  until  the  union.  He  was  requested  the  Opposition,  on  several  occasions  manfully 
to  take  the  place  of  Sir  E.  P.  Tach6  as  Prime  gave  his  ministerial  opponents  the  benefit  of  his 
Minister  on  tlie  death  of  that  gentleman  in  1865,  ability  and  long  experience  in  perfecting  several 
but  waived  his  claim  in  favor  of  Sir  N.  F.  Bel-  of  their  most  important  measures,  notably  the 
lean.  He  was  a  delegate  to  England  and  other  Insolvent  act  and  the  act  constituting  the  Su- 
countries  on  public  business  on  many  occasions;  preme  Court  of  the  Dominion.  During  the  sum- 
was  a  delegate  to  the  conference  in  Charlotte-  mer  of  1880,  in  company  with  the  Ministers  of 
town  in  18&,  which  had  been  convened  for  the  Railways  and  Agriculture,  he  visited  England  and 
purpose  of  effecting  a  union  of  the  maritime  arranged  the  contract  for  the  construction  of  the 
provinces ;  also  to  that  which  succeeded,  in  Que-  Canadian  Pacific  Railway,  to  which  Parliament 
uec,  the  same  year,  to  arrange  a  basis  of  union  of  ^ave  effect.  He  attended  the  conference  held 
all  the  British  North  American  colonies ;  and  m  London  on  Nov.  18, 1884,  at  which  the  Impe- 
was  chairman  of  the  London  Colonial  Confer-  rial  Federation  League  was  formed,  and  he  moved 
ence  in  1866-'67,  when  the  act  of  union  known  as  the  appointment  of  a  general  committee  to  con- 
tbe  ''British  North  American  act"  was  passed  duct  its  affairs.  He  was  a  D. C. L.  of  Oxfoid 
by  the  Imperial  Parliament.  On  July  1,  1867,  University,  also  of  Queen's  University.  Kingston, 
wben  the  new  Constitution  came  into  force,  he  and  McGill  College,  Montreal,  and  Trinity  Col- 
was  called  upon  to  form  the  first  Government  for  lege,  Toronto. 

the  new  Dominion,  was  sworn  of  the  Priv^  Coun-  Sir  John  A.  Macdonald  has  been  compared  with 
cil.  and  was  appointed  Minister  of  Justice  and  Sir  Robert  Walpole  and  Lord  Beaconsfield.  but 
Attorney-General  of  Canada,  an  office  which  he  with  scant  justice  to  the  former.  In  the  com- 
filled  until  he  and  his  ministry  resigned  on  the  pleteness,  length,  and  durability  of  his  success  aa 
Pacific  Railway  charges,  Nov.  6, 1878.  On  the  a  statesman  he  has  had  no  predecessor  in  the  his- 
resignation  of  the  Mackenzie  administration, Oc-  tory  of  constitutional  government.  His  prestige 
t^iber,  1878,  he  formed  the  Government  that  he  was  the  growth  of  half  a  century,  and  at  least 
continued  to  lead  until  the  day  of  his  death,  in  three  generations  of  Conservatives  had  grownup 
which  he  at  first  took  the  portfolio  of  Minister  trained  to  believe  in  him.  He  had  overcome  all 
f>f  the  Interior.  He  resigned  this  office  and  be-  his  political  foes,  and  again  and  again  led  his 
came  President  of  the  Council  and  Superintend-  party  to  victory.  No  leader  ever  surpassed  him 
ent  of  Indian  Affairs  on  Oct.  17,  188»S.  He  re-  in  inspiring  arfection  among  his  follower**.  The 
wjrned  these  portfolios  Nov.  28,  ICfeO,  and  became  love  for  him  of  those  who  knew  him  well  waa 
Minister  of  Railways  and  Canals,  which  office  he  filial,  and  unfairness,  cruelty,  ingratitude  were 
held  until  he  died.  unable  to  shake  their  attachment.  Yet  he  was 
Although,  in  his  public  career,  the  name  of  Sir  personally  liked  by  his  political  opponents  al- 
John  sometimes  appears  as  that  of  an  official  sub-  most  to  a  man,  and  at  the  last  many  a  life-long 
>lt«rn.  it  is  noteworthy  that  from  first  to  last  he  political  foe  sobbed  as  he  passed  by  the  remains 
was  the  actual  Premier  and  the  inspiring  and  con-  of  the  great  chieftain.  II  is  very  mistakes  were 
iroUintr  genius  in  every  ministry  in  which  he  held  taken  as  strokes  of  genius :  and  the  sinister  means. 
»  portfolio,  and  for  over  forty  years  he  was  vir-  soothing  to  the  envy  of  the  mass,  to  which  he  at 
tually  ruler  of  Canada.  In  1871  Sir  John  was  times  resorted,  came  to  be  regarded  as  the  neces- 
•ppointed  one  of  Her  Majesty's  joint  high  com-  sary  adjuncts  of  statesmanship.  From  his  fail- 
nji^sioners  and  plenipotentiaries,  together  with  ings  his  virtues,  in  the  "  general  censure,"  took 
Karl  de  Grey,  Sir  Stafford  Northcote  (afterward  no  corruption.  Sir  John  was  created  a  Knight 
Marquis  of  Ripon\  Sir  Edward  Thornton,  and  Commander  of  the  Bath  (civil)  in  July,  1867, 
Ri^ht  Hon.  Montague  Bernard,  to  act  in  connec-  and  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the  Bath  in  No- 
tion with  five  commissioners  named  by  the  Presi-  vember,  1884 ;  also  a  Knight  Grand  Cross  of  the 
<lent  of  the  United  States  for  the  settlement  of  Royal  Order  of  Isabel  la  Catolica  (of  Spain)  in 
the  Alabama  claims  and  of  matters  in  dispute  be-  January,  1872.    He  was  nominated  a  member  of 


476  MAINE. 

Her  Majesty's  Most  Honorable  Privy  Council  in  6,710  shareholders,  and  total  assets  of  |i,0a3.- 

July,  1872,  and  sworn  in  August,  1879.    Since  301.53,  an  increase  in  the  past  year  of  $399;242j22. 

his  decease,  his  widow  has  been  created  a  baron-  Legislative  Session,— The  sixty-flfth  Legis- 

css  in  her  own  right.   This  is,  with  one  exception,  lature  convened  on  Jan.  7  and  adjourned  on 

the  fli-st  instance  of  a  colonial  peer,  or  peeress,  April  3.    An  imporUnt  result  of  the  session  was 

being  created  bv  the  British  sovereign.    The  ex-  the  passage  of  an  Australian  ballot  law  which 

ception  was  Lord  Mount  Stephen,  ex-President  applies  to  all  elections  after  Sept.  1,  1892.    The 

of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Railway  Company.    A  olhcial  ballots  to  be  used  under  this  act  shall  be 

steel-plate  portrait  of  Sir  John  was  published  in  printed  at  the  expense  of  the  SUte,  except  in 

the  "  Annual  Cyclopiedia  "  for  1882.  municipal  elections,  when  the  expense  shall  \x 

MAINE,  a  New  England  State,  admitted  to  borne  by  the  city.    Candidates  for  office  may  W 

the  Union  March  15, 1820;  area,  38,040  square  nominated  by  a  convention  or  caucus  of  any 

miles.    The  population,  according  to  each  de-  political  party  that  polled  at  least  1  per  cent,  of 

cennial  census,  was  298,269  in  1820;  899,455  in  the  total  vote  cast  in  the  last  gubernatorial  elec- 

1830 ;  501,793  in  1840 ;  583,169  in  1850 ;  628,279  tion  in  the  Stete  or  in  the  district  for  which  they 

in  1860;  626.915  in  1870;  648,936  in  1880;  and  are  to  be  elected,  or  by  nomination  papers  duly 

661,086  in  1890.    (Capital,  Augusta.  signed  by  at  least  1,000  voters,  if  the  candidaie 

Government— The  following  were  the  State  is  to  be  voted  for  through  the  State  at  large,  or 

officers  during  the  year:   Governor,  Edwin  C.  by  at  least  1  for  every  lUO  persons  voting  at  the 

Burleigh,  Republican :  Secretary  of  State,  Nich-  last  gubernatorial  election  within  the  district 

olas  Fessenden;  Treasurer,  George  L.  Beal;  At-  for  which  the  nomination  is  made,  iu  case  of 

torney-General,  Charles  K.  Littlefteld ;  Commis-  other  candidates,  provided  that  the  number  of 

sioner  of  Industrial  and  Labor  Statistics,  Sam-  signers  shall  not  be  fewer  than  25.    Such  nomi- 

uel  W.  Matthews;  Superintendent  of  Cofuraon  nation  papers  shall  be  filed  with  the  city  clerk,  if 

Schools,  Nelson  A.  Luce,;  Railroad  Commission-  the  candidate  seeks  a  municipal  offiee;  in  other 

ers,  Asa  W.  Wildes.  Roscoe  L.  Bowers,  and  Da-  cases,  with  the  Secretory  of  State.    Each  candi- 

vid  M.  Mortland ;    Board  of  State  Assessors,  date  must  signify  in  writing  his  acceptonoe  of 

chosen  by  the  State  Legislature  in  April,  Prank  the  nomination.    The  names  of  candidates  nom- 

Gilman,  Otis  Hayford,  and  B.  F.  Chadbourne;  inated  by  any  party  shall  be  grouped  together 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  John  A.  ujwn  the  ballot,  headed  by  the  name  of  the 

Peters;  Associate  Justices,  Charles  W.  Walton,  party.     A  blank  space  shall  be  left  after  the 

William  W.  Vir&:in,  Artemas  Libbey,  Lucilius  names  of  candidates  for  each  office,  in  which  the 

A.  Emery,  Enoch  Foster,  Thomas  H.  Haskell,  voter  may  write  other  names  for  whom  be  de- 

and  William  P.  Whitehouse.  sires  to  Vote,  and  questions  submitted  to  the 

Finances. — The  treasury  stAtement  for  1890  people  shall  be  printed  below  the  list  of  caodi- 
is  as  follows :  Cash  on  hand  Jan.  1,  1890,  $62,-  dates.  Each  ballot  shall  be  not  less  than  4  inches 
678.41 ;  receipts  during  the  year,  $1,495,367.03 ;  wide  and  not  less  than  6  inches  long,  and  shall 
expenditures,  $1,382,579.27 ;  cash  balance  on  be  so  folded  in  marked  creases  that  the  width 
Dec.  31,  1890,  $175,466.17.  During  1890  a  tern-  and  length  shall  be  uniform.  On  the  back  and 
porary  loan  of  $300,000  was  negotiated,  as  au-  outside  shall  be  printed  the  words,  '*  Official  bal- 
thorized  by  chapter  ccxlvi  of  the  Resolves  of  1889,  lot  for,"  followed  by  the  designation  of  the  poll- 
it  being  found  that  the  receipts  would  not  meet  ing  place  for  which  the  ballot  is  prepared,  the 
the  expenditures^  owing  to  the  extraordinary  date  of  the  election,  and  a /aen'mtte  of  thesig- 
appropriations  maile  by  the  Legislature  of  1889.  nature  of  the  Secretary  of  State  or  the  city  clerk 
Of  this  loan,  $250,000  was  negotiated  with  the  preparing  the  ballots.  Cards  of  instruction  aod 
German  Savings  Bank  in  New  York  and  $50,000  specimen  ballots  on  tinted  paper  shall  be  printed 
with  the  German  Savings  Bank  of  Brooklyn,  for  the  guidance  of  voters.  Lists  of  candidates 
both  loans  bearing  interest  at  4  per  cent,  per  nominated  shall  be  published  prior  to  the  elec- 
annum,  payable  semi-annually.  There  is,  in  ad-  tion.  The  municipal  officers  in  each  city,  town, 
dition  to  this  temporary  debt,  a  permanent  or  plantation  shall  cause  the  polling  places  there- 
bonded  debt  of  $2,602,300.  in  to  be  provided  with  voting  shelves  or  corn- 

For  1891  the  estimated  receipts  of  the  StJite  nartments  in  which  voters  may  mark  their  bal- 

treasurjr  were  $1,266,298.17,  and  the  estimated  lots  screened  from  observation.    The  voter  shall 

expenditures  $1,457,303.85.    The  State  tax  rate  prepare  his  ballot  secretly  at  the  voting  shelf  or 

is  2*25  mills  on  the  dollar  compartment  by  marking  a  cross  opposite  the 

Yalnatlons. — The  first  report  of  the  Board  name  of  the  candidate  for  whom  he  wish«s  to 

of  State  Assessors,  created  this  year  by  act  of  the  vote,  writing  in  any  name  if  he  wishes,  or  he  may 

Legislature,  shows  the  total  valuation  of  prop-  place  his  cross  opi)osite  the  name  of  a  party  or 

erty,  as  fixed  by  the  local  assessors,  to  be  $200,-  political  designation,  and  he  shall  then  be  deeineil 

716,167.  te  have  voted  for  all  the  candidates  of  that  partv 

Savings  Banks. — At  the  close  of  1891  there  or  designation  grouped  thereunder.     He  shall 

were  53  savings  banks  in  the  State,  having  de-  fold  his  prepared  ballot  as  it  was  when  he  n^ 

posits  amounting  to  $50,278,452.44,  a  gain  dur-  ceived  it,  and  deposit  it  forthwith, 

mg  the  year  of  $2,407,285.54.    The  total  number  To  avoid  any  question  respecting  the  scope  of 

of  depositors  was  140,668,  a  gain  of  6,147.  the  prohibitory  law  growing  out  of  the  "oriffi- 

Twelve  trust  and  banking  companies  are  trans-  nal-package  "  decision  of  the  United  State?  Su- 

acting  business  in  the  State,  with  a  capital  stock  prenie  Court  and  the  passage  of  tlie  Wilson  bill 

of  $1,003,900.    They  have  deposits  amounting  by  Congress,  an  act  was  passed  declaring  that 

to  $2,516,143.88,  an  increa««e  of  $390,112.09;  and  the  statutes  in  foree   respecting    intoxicating 

total  assets  of  $4,279,477.44,  a  gain  of  $649,-  liquors  shall  be  "  made  to  apply  to  all  intoxicat- 

581.67.    The  loan  associations  show  a  total  of  ing  liquors  imported  in  the  original  package/ 


MAINK  477 

Amendments  were  made  to  these  statutes  by  through  forest  or  waste  land  to  remove  or  de- 
which  the  penalty  for  importing  liquors  into  the  stroy  each  year  all  inflammable  material  on  its 
State,  or  transporting  them  from  place  to  place  right  of  way,  and  to  equip  its  locomotives  with 
therein,  was  increased  to  $500  and  one  year's  fire  and  spark  arrestore.  Train  officers  who  dis- 
imprisonment  in  case  of  persons,  and  to  $500  in  cover  fences  or  woods  along  the  track  to  be  on 
casse  of  corporations.  In  all  cases  the  knowledge  fire  must  report  the  fact  at  the  next  stopping 
of  any  servant  shall  be  the  knowledge  of  the  place  which  is  a  telegraph  station.  Hunters  in 
corporation.  Officers  may  search  the  persons  as  any  woodland  are  required  to  use  non-com  bus- 
well  as  the  premises  of  people  complained  of,  and  tible  wads  in  loading  their  fire-anns,  and  persons 
if  any  fluids  are  poured  uut  or  otherwise  de-  building  camp-fires  in  or  near  any  woods  shall 
stroyed  by  such  people  to  prevent  their  seizure,  not  abandon  them  until  they  are  totally  eztin- 
such  fluids  shall  be  deemed  to  be  intoxicating  guished.  The  selectmen  of  each  town  are  made 
liquors.  County  attorneys,  as  well  as  sheriffs,  ex  officio  forest  fire  wardens,  with  authority  to 
are  directed  to  inquire  into  any  violation  of  summon  all  necessary  help  in  extinguishing  for- 
these  laws  coming  to  their  notioe,  and  to  insti-  est  fires  in  their  town.  The  county  commissioner 
tute  proceedings  thereunder.  shall  appoint  fire  wardens  for  all  unorganized 

The  report  of  the  State  Valuation  Commission,  places.    The  State  land  agent  is  made  a  State 

created  by  the  Legislature  of  1889,  was  received  forest  commissioner,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to 

at  this  session,  and  adopted  as  the  valuation  of  collect  and  classify  statistics  relating  to  the  for- 

the  State  for  purposes  of  taxation.    It  presents  ests  of  the  State.    The  commissioner  shall  also 

a  total  valuation  of  $309,090,041.  take   measures  for   awakening  an  interest    in 

Another  act  creates  a  Board  of  State  Assessors,  forestry  in  the  public  schools,  academies,  and 

consisting  of  three  members  chosen  by  the  Leg-  colleges,  and  for  imparting  elementary  instruc- 

i^latnre,  and,  except  in  case  of  the  first  members,  tion  upon  the  subject. 

holding  office  for  six  years.  This  board  is  re-  Two  amendments  to  the  State  Constitution 
quired  to  perform  all  duties  now  required  b^  wera  proposed  for  submission  to  the  people  in 
law  to  be  done  by  the  Governor  ana  Council  September,  1892 — the  first  amending  section  8, 
relative  to  the  assessment  and  taxation  of  rail-  Article  VII,  so  that  the  Governor,  and  not  the 
road  corporations  and  associations,  and  all  corpo-  Legislature  in  joint  convention,  shall  have  the 
rations,  companies,  and  persons  doin^  telegraph,  appointment  of  the  adjutant-general  and  Quarter- 
telephone,  and  express  business  within  the  State,  master-general ;  the  second  aiding  the  following 
and  shall  assess  all  taxes  upon  corporate  fran-  educational  provision : 

chises.    Such  board  shall  eaualize  tlie  State  tax  ^^     ^^  ^^^^1 1^^^^  ^^^  ^^ht  to  vote,  or  be  elig- 

among  the  several  towns  and  unorganized  town-  i^ic  to  otJice  under  the  Constitution  of  this  State,  who 

)ihips,  shall   fix  the  valuation  of  real  and  per-  ghall  not  be  able  to  read  the  oonatitution  in  the  £ng- 

sonal  estate  on  which  the  State  and  county  taxes  lieh  language  and  write  his  name ;  provided,  however, 

are  to  be   levied,  and  shall  perform  the  duties  that  the  provision  of  this  amendment  shall  not  apply 

heretofore  devolving  upon  the  Legislature  in  to  anv  person  prevented  b^  a  physical  disability  from 

apportioning  State  tox^mong  the  towns.    The  complying  with  its  requiMtions.  nor  to  any  penon 

KnL^  -k  11  X.^\A  .^<.<.:^«. :«  ^^JL,  ,^^^*^  «♦  i^oof  ^ho  now  baa  the  nght  to  vote,  nor  to  any  person  who 

boord  shaU  hold  sessions  m  every  county  at  least  ^j^^n  y^  ^.^.^      ^^^^        ^^  \^^^  at  tfc  time  thU 

onoe  m  two  years,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  in-  amendment  shall  take  effect 

formation  for  its  work,  and  shall  file  with  the 

Secretary  of  State  biennially  a  SUte  valuation  as  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

fisefl  by  it.    This  valuation  shall  be  the  basis  Making  the  first  Monday  in  September,  known  as 

for  apportioning  the  State  and  county  taxes.  Labor  Day,  a  legal  holiday.            ^,.      ,^    , 

The  board  shall  equalize  and  adjust  the  assess-  Reqmnng  all  teachem  in  the  public  schools  to  de- 

»,-.«•  M^  ^#  ^.»kl^»»  K»  .^.i;»r.  ♦rv  ^^  ^o^ii/»f  vote  not  less  than  ten  minuter  each  week  to  the 

ment  list  of  each  town  by  adding  to  or  deduct-  i„j,t^ction  of  children  in  the  principles  of  kindneiw 

mg  from  it  such  amount  as  will  make  it  equal  ^^  ^^^^  ^d  animals. 

to  its  full  market  value.  Permitting  administration  to  be  granted  on  the  es- 

On  the  basis  of  the  censns  of  1890  the  State  tate  of  intestate  persons   more  than  twenty  years 

was  redistricted  for  members  of  Congress  as  after  their  decease. 

follows:  Requiring  instructors  in  the  public  schools  to  be 

examined  in  the  elements  of  natural  science  as  applied 

Fiist  Distnct,  York  and  Cumberland  rountlcs,  to  agriculture.    " 

Second  Difttriot,  Oxford,  Franklin,  Androscoggin,  Establishing  a  board  of  registration  in  the  cities  of 

fiwadahoc,  Knox,  and  Lincoln.  the  State. 

Third  District,  Kennebec,  Somerset,  Waldo,  and  Establishing  a  State  board  of  dental  examiners. 

Hancock.  Appropriating  $24,500  for  a  new  building  and  for 

Fourth  District,  Penobscot,  Piscataquis,  Aroostook,  other  improvements  at  the  State  Agricultural  College, 

and  Washington.  Appropriating  $66,000  for  pensions  to  invalid  sol- 

The  State 
the  SUte 

Aboard  ^ 

lif^hed.   with   authority  to  represent  the  State  l(equiring  all  loan  and  building  associations  to  bo 

and  procure  a  proper  exhibit  of  her  industries  incorporated. 

and  resources  and  history  at  the  World's  Colum-  To  protect  the  rights  of  minority  stock-holdere, 

bian  Exposition,  for  that  purpose  having  power  and  to  provide  a  method  by  which  the  value  of  their 

to  apnoilTan  executive  -^oner  and  to^^^  ^^^^^^^  "S.'Ai'lJ^^'l^^]  ^SllTeo^T- 

his  salary.      The  sum  of  $40,000  was  appropri-  ^^^^  ^^J,  franchiHe  of  the  corporation. 

sted  to  carry  out  the  provisions  or  the  act.  Providing  that  fraternal  beneficiary  associations 

An  act  for  the  protection  of  forests  requires  may  be  licensed  to  do  business  within  the  SUte  by 

every   railroad    company    whose    road    pass^es  the  Insurance  Commissioner. 


478  MANITOBA. 

Providing  that  raortuageB  may  be  forecloBed  by  rie  country  it  i»  verv  oomprehennve.    It  seemt 

suit  in  equity,  in  addition  to  the  other  modes  pre-  to  have  been  held  to 'mean  the  country  all  about 

**^K^  ^^  th^'         \  point  of  junction  of  the  AssiniVioine  with 

To^'pi^idJ'^L^^strBtlon  of  vital  Btati«ti«i.  ^^®,  J^  ^T^i  *'!^,  the  settlement  was  to  1« 

Giving  a  right  of  action  lor  injuries  causing  death.  ^^^  Assmiboia,  but  it  ^became  more  commonlT 

The  widow,  3iildren,  or  heirs  may  recover  not  over  known    as  "  Lord  Selkirk's  Settlement."    The 

$OjOOO.  first  arrival  of  immigrants  was  in  1818,  and  wis 

To  prohibit  discrimination  in  life  or  endowment  under  the  direction  of  Lord  Selkirk's  agent,  Mr. 

imiurance  policies.  Miles  McDonald.    These  settlers  came  from  ihe 

Edaeatlon. — The  following  common- school  Scottish  Highlands  by  what  was  then  the  usual 
statistics  cover  the  school  year  1889-90:  Chil-  route,  via  Hudson  Bay  and  York  Factory,  up 
dren  of  school  age,  211,547 ;  number  attending  Hayes  and  Hill  rivers,  and  by  Lake  Winnipeg  to 
school,  139.676;  average  daily  attendance.  98,864;  Ked  river,  a  most  formidable  journey  even  for 
average  school  year.  twenty*two  weeks  two  days ;  Scottish  Highlanders.  It  is  said  that  the  first 
teachers  employed,  7,517;  average  monthly  wages,  fort  was  erected  at  Pembina,  on  Red  river.  ju>i 
male  teachers,  $84.40 ;  average  monthly  wages,  south  of  what  is  now  known  as  the  United  States^ 
female  teachers,  $17.60;  number  of  towns  and  boundary  line.  It  was  called  "Fort  Daer."  Tho 
plantations  having  town  system,  127;  number  of  name  Daer  gave  the  courtesy  title  to  the  heir  of 
school  districts,  3,805 ;  number  of  school-houses,  the  Earldom  of  Selkirk.  However  this  may  be. 
4,354 ;  built  during  the  year,  62 ;  cost  of  new  the  site  eventually  fixed  upon  for  the  new  settle- 
buildings,  $176,252 ;  value  of  school  property,  ment  was  on  the  west  side  of  Red  river,  about  5 
$8,455,965;  expenditures  for  the  year,  $1,827,-  miles  below,  or  northward  of .  the  mouth  of  the 
558.  Assiniboine.    In  1814  the  new  settlers  amounted 

In  comparison  with  the  figures  for  the  year  to  200.    This  little  colony  was  the  nucleus  of  the 

preceding,  there  was  a  decrease  of  517  in  the  province  of  Manitoba. 

number  of  children  of  school  age,  of  8,487  in  the  Lord  Selkirk,  in  1816,  caused  a  fort  to  be  built, 

number  attending,  of  278  in  the  average  daily  and  called  it  Fort  Douglas;  the  name  sunives 

attentlance,  and  of  82  in  the  number  of  teachers,  in  Point  Douglas,  in  the  northern  part  of  the 

The  marked  decrease  in  the  number  attending  present  city  of  Winnipeg.    The  early  histories  of 

school  is  in  part  offset  by  the  increase  in  attend-  all  the  older  colonies  on  this  continent  present 

ance  upon  the  free  high  schools,  which  were  harrowing  pictures  of  hardship  and  suffering; 

maintained  during  the  year  in  210  towns  and  but  it  is  aoubtful  if  any  of  them  passed  through 

cities.    In  these  schools  15,299  pupils  were  regis-  a  more  trying  ordeal  than  did  the  early  settlfr> 

tered,  an  increase  of  399.  of  Assiniboia.    Planted  in  the  very  heart  of  the 

At  the  three  normal  schools  the  average  num-  continent^  they  saw,  in  their  isolation,  that  they 

ber  of  pupils  during  the  year  was  as  follows:  stood  upon  a  fertile  spot;  but  it  might  be  only 

AtFramingham,  120;  atCastine,  100;atGorham,  an  oasis,  for  aught  uiey  knew;  for  all  beyond 

109.    There  were  77  pupils  in  the  Madawaska  the  horizon  of  their  Wsion  was  an   unknown 

Training  School  durin;:  the  year.  wilderness.    The  Northwest  Company,  long  the 

Railroads. — On  June  80   there  were  1.882  fierce  rivals  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  in 

miles  of  railroad  in  operation  in  the  State.    The  the  fur  trade,  regarded  the  new  settlement  as 

ll^ross   earnin<2^  of  railroads  for  the  year  end-  being  under  the  protection  of  the  latter,  if  not 

ing  on  that  day  was  $7,012,778.92 ;  the  number  really  the  work  of  that  association,  projected  in 

of  passengers  carried,  5,502,646 ;  and  the  num-  order  to  obtain  a  firmer  foothold  upon  the  great 

ber  of  tons  of  freight,  10,889,420.    There  were  surrounding  territory.     As  early  as  1804  the 

51  miles  of  street  railroad  in  the  State.  former  company^  had  established*  a  post  called 

MANITOBA.    About  the  beginning  of  the  Fort  Gibraltar,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 

present  century  Thomas  Hamilton-Douglas,  the  spot  now  occupied  by  this  colony;  and  they  as- 

fifth  Earl  of  Selkirk,  gave  much  attention  to  the  sumed  that  the  settlement  was  a  trespass  upon 

subject  of  emigration,  especialljr  from  Scotland,  their  rights.    The  Indians,  encouraged  by  this 

He  established  a  colony  in  Pnnce  Edward  Isl-  example,  treated  the  newcomers  with  open  hos- 

and,  of  which  he  had  become  a  grantee,  and  then  tility.     At  the  same  time  even  the  people  of 

conceived  the  bolder  design  of  planting  a  colony  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  seemed  to  look  with 

of  Scotch  Highlanders  and  islanders  within  the  anything  but  a  favorable  eye  upon  the  little 

territory  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  of  which  agricultural  colony.    Amid  the  frequent  plots 

company  he  is  believed  to  have  been  an  associate,  and  squabbles  of  the  rival  companies  these  un- 

Still,  this  project  was  the  earl's  private  venture,  fortunate  settlers  became  objects  of  suspicion  to 

in  which  the  company  had  no  part.    It  was  both.    More  than  once  the  whole  colony,  in  d rend 

found  necessary  not  only  to  obtain    from  the  or  despair,  took  fiight  in  a  body,  and  made  their 

Hudson  Bay  Company  their  title  t^  a  tract  of  way  to  Pembina,  but  were  induced  to  return  to 

land  for  the  proposed  settlement,  but  to  obtain  the  place  of  their  earlier  abode, 

from  the  aborigines  their  title,  which  they  were  In  1816  the  Earl  of  Selkirk  visited  this  his  pet 

not  yet  aware  of  having  conveyed  to  the  King  colony,  and  found  it,  in  a  great  measure,  broken 

of  England,  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  or  any-  up.    The  task  of  setting  matters  right  he  found 

body  else.    So  the  Indians  were  made  content,  to  be  most  formidable.    What  with  the  Indians 

at  least  for  the  time.    There  is  a  tradition  that  and  the  Highlanders  and  the  Hudson  Bay  peo- 

the  concession  from  the  Indians  to  the  Earl  of  pie  and  the  Northwesters,  he  was  involved  m  a 

Selkirk,  or  to  the  Hudson  Bay  Company,  to  be  perplexing  chaos.    The  French- Indian  Metis,  or 

transferred  to  him,  was  of  "as  much  land  as  B(n/»-6ru/i,  with  others  ready  for  such  frays,  had 

could  be  seen  under  a  horse*s  belly.*'     This  de-  been  let  loose  upon  the  settlement ;  its  mills  and 

scription  is  rather  vague,  but  in  that  level  prai-  many  of  its  houses  and  barns  had  been  burned. 


MANITOBA. 


479 


Md  the  pIftM  wemed  all  but  ruined.     At  lungth  under  the  name  of  the  "  Hudson  Bay  Company," 

the  e»rl  manaffed  to  reorganize  his  littla  colony,  but  there  were  other  sources  of  miw>ry.    The  Red 

and  left  it  with  improved  proapecU.    Tben  tlio  Hver  and  the  Assinilxiine  were  subject  to  Soods 

6 lace   was  called    Kildonan,  tor  a   place   near  iu   spring,  and   at  times  they  sprend  over  the 

lelmsdale,  Siitherlandshlre,  Scotland.     In  1817  whole  country,  especially  around  their  point  of 

Lord  Selkirk  made  a  settlement  of  German  De  junction.    Houses,  hatna,  cattle,  sometimes  even 


Menron  soldien  n 

river,  in  what  is  no 

In  1831  one  caus- 

moved  i 


r  known  an  St.  Boniface. 

of  the  misery  of  the  colon- 
a  great   measure   througt 


the  amalgamation  of  the  two  rival  fur  companies,    which  is  digniOcd  by  Ibe  name  of  "Stony  Mount- 


480 


MANITOBA. 


ain/*  Had  it  not  been  for  this  eminence,  the 
history  of  at  least  tne  first  settlement  on  Red 
river  would  have  baen  short  and  tragic  There 
Nature  had  provided  for  the  unfortunate  people 
an  asylum  against  the  fury  of  the  floods,  and 
there  they  waited  until  the  subsidence  of  the 
waters  enabled  them  to  return  to  their  desolated 
homes  and  begin  anew  the  struggle  of  life. 
With  experience,  the  inhabitants  learned  to 
prepare,  to  some  extent,  for  these  floods.  The 
catastrophe  was  regarded  as  an  annual  proba- 
bility. Owing  mainly  to  engineering  provisions 
connected  with  railway  works,  these  inundations 
are  not  likely  to  recur. 

These  Selkirk  settlers  found  themselves  afflict- 
ed from  time  to  time  by  a  plague  of  locusts  or 
grasshoppers,  which  swept  northward  into  the 
Red  river  and  Assiniboine  settlements  in  im- 
mense clouds  and  devoured  every  green  thing 
before  them.  On  each  of  these  occasions  the 
agricultural  crops  were  almost  entirely  con- 
sumed, and  the  people  were  driven  to  the  verge 
of  starvation.  There  were  years  in  which  actual 
famine  was  only  averted  through  charitable  aid 
from  abroad. 

The  Earl  of  Selkirk  died  in  1820,  and  in  1835 
all  his  claims  upon  the  Red  river  were  by  his 
legal  representatives  transferred  to  the  Hud- 
son Bay  Company.  The  population  of  the 
somewhat  scattered  settlement  was  then  esti- 
mated at  5,000.  This  comprised  a  motlev  of 
Scottish  Highlanders  and  their  thoroughbred 
descendants.  Fronch  half-breeds  (otherwise  called 
Metis^  or  Boia-hnUe)^  English  half-breeds,  and 
officials  of  the  Hudson  Bay  Company.  The 
latter  class  had  now  come  to  regard  the  Selkirk 
or  Fort  Garry  settlement  as  the  capital  of  their 
domains,  ami  the  whole  colony  a  dependency  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company  itself.  Fort  Garry 
had  been  built  in  1821,  concurrently  with  the 
amalgamation  of  the  two  fur  companies.  This, 
known  as  **  the  old  Fort."  was  replaced  in  1885 
by  the  more  capacious  and  substantial  and  not 
unpicturesque  New  Fort  Garry,  on  the  north 
b»ink  of  the  Assiniboine.  only  a  few  rods  above 
the  point  of  its  junction  with  the  Red  river. 
This,  in  its  turn,  was  razed,  in  1882.  to  make 
way  for  the  re(juirements  of  a  growing  city. 

About  the  time  that  the  settlement  had  com- 
pleted its  fourth  decade  people  in  the  eastern  prov- 
inces of  British  North  America  began  to  make 
inquiries  about  this  great  and  almost  unknown 
region.  Expeditions  were  sent  out  by  them  to 
spy  out  the  land,  and  enterprise  and  curiosity 
sent  many  private  explorers  upon  the  same  track. 
It  WAS  soon  made  known  to  all  that  the  Hudson 
Bay  territories  comprised  industrial  resources  of 
enormous  value,  especially  for  agriculture  and 
mining — that,  in  short,  within  themselves  they 
embraced  the  elements  of  an  empire.  The  Do- 
minion of  Canada  was  founded  in  1867.  and  one 
of  the  earliest  resolves  of  its  government  was, 
that  the  Hudson  Bay  Company  "must  go,'*  or 
agree  to  some  reasonable  arrangement  for  sur- 
rendering the  soil  of  this  vast  territory.  In  1869 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company  sold  out  all  their  ter- 
ritorial right  and  claim  to  the  British  Govern- 
ment, acting  for  Canada,  for  the  sum  of  £800,000 
and  certain  land  reservations;  and  Canada  paid 
that  money  and  entered  into  possession.  The 
population  of  the  whole  territory  was  then  esti- 


mated at  12,000,  but  this  must  hare  been  excln- 
sive  of  the  Indians. 

As  it  now  turned 
out,  the  French  half- 
breeds  had  arrived  at 
the  conclusion  that 
this  large  portion  of 
the  world  was  made 
solely  for  them;  and 
in  this  same  year(1869) 
they,  under  the  inspi- 
ration and  leadership 
of  Louis  RieU  raised 
a  rebellion,  put  forth 
manifestoes,  and  in- 
dulged in  all  the  dem- 
onstrations usual  on 
such  occasions.  **Rier8 
second  rebellion,"  in 
1885,  was  a  natural 
sequel  of  the  first  Its 
main  interest  was  ex- 
cited by  the  prompt- 
ness arid  spirit  with 
which  the  Canadians 
of  every  province,  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  British 
Columbia,  sprang  to 
me^t  the  occasion, 
while  yet  unaware  of 
the  magnitude  of  the 
defection.  (See  "  An- 
nual Cyclopedia  '*  for 
1885,  page  124). 

Desoriptlon  and 
Recent  Prcwrress.— 
The  area  of  Manitoba, 
as  finally  determined, 
is  128,200  square  miles, 
lis  progress  in  popu* 
lation  and  industrial 
pursuits  in  1881-'82 
were  phenomenal.  In 
1871  the  village  about 
Fort  Garry  contained 
241  souls.  This  num- 
ber had  so  far  increased 

within. the  two  ensuing  years  that  in  1878  it  vas 
deemed  advisable  to  have  the  place  iDCorpontecl 
as  a  city,  under  the  name  of  Winnipeg,  in  1881 
the  census  return  gave  the  population  of  liie 
young  city  as  7.085.  In  the  spring  of  186^  it  was 
over  25,000,  and  the  railway  trains  were  bringinf; 
population  into  the  province  at  the  rate  of  over 
1,000  a  day ;  and  to  facilitate  this  movement  the 
CanadiHU  Pacific  Railway  Company's  emplojes 
were  laying  down  rails  on  their  now  celebrated 
line  at  a  rate  of  speed  which  had  no  precedent 
By  the  census  of!  1801  the  population  of  the 
province  amounteil  to  154,442,  and  that  of  Win- 
nipeg to  25,042. 

Legislation.-— On  Feb.  2G.  1891.  the  fonHh 
session  of  the  seventh  Legislaturo  of  the  pro  vino* 
was  opent*d  at  Winnipeg  (after  the  election  of 
Samuel  Jacob  Jackson,  Speaker,  vice  Hon.  Will- 
iam Win  ram,  deceased)  by  His  Honor  John 
Christian  Schultz,  with  the  following  speech : 

J/r.  Speaker  and  OtnUemtn  nf  ik%  lA^idaHf*  A*- 

While  I  have  much  pleasure  in  meeting  you  on  th« 
opening  of  ihia  the  fourth  aeasioa  of  the  Mventb  Wi»- 


MONUMSMT  IX  WIXNIPBO  TO 
TBI  SOLDIKB8  THAT  FfLL 
IN  THK  RKO  BITSB  RC- 
BBLUON. 


•» 


MANITOBA.  MANUAL  TRAINING.            481 

lature  of  this  province,  yet  I  am  urrieved  to  mlns  from  MANUAL  TRAINING.  The  first  complete 
maong  you  the  Hon.  William  Winram,  who,  for  the  historical  sketch  of  this  subject  in  the  United 
last  three  yeare  so  efficiently  dischanjed  the  responsi-  ^^^^^  appears  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclopiedia  "  for 
bleduti«of  Speaker  of  the  Legi8lauve  Assembly  1887,  un\ler  the  title  Education,  Iitousteial. 
thid  province.  1  am  sure  you  will  join  with  me  in  my  A .  ^  »  i  QorT '  v  v  u  *^*^  ,  *  *  . "'  ±«±^^o  »'«*- 
heartfelt  sympathy  with  his  family  in  their  deep  Since  1887  much  has  been  done  to  shape  and  de- 
affliction,  and  will,  witli  me,  also  deplore  the  loss  the  nne  it  as  well  as  to  introduce  it  into  the  common- 
province  has  sustained  by  the  death  of  this  faithful  school  systems.  The  studies  and  exercises  were 
sod  tried  public  servant  then  designated  by  many  names,  and  the  pur- 
1  have  noticed  with  much  pleasure  the  increased  poses  of  them  were  popularly  confounded  with 
interest  which  is  bein^  taken  in  Manitoba  as  a  place  those  of  trade  schools.  "Manual  training  "  is  now 

for  immigiTiUon.  m  i*  f?^ 'VJSlSt  »  technical  term,  standing  for  a  system  of  edu- 
measure  to  the  export  oi  a  Janre  surplus  of  wheat  _  . .  _  i  _j  _  *  -i.  •  j  n  •*.  •  •  i  j 
and  other  grain  froiVthU  pit>vince  duriSg  this  season,  c^^^^n  based  upon  certain  deflnite  principles,  and 
and  to  the  exertions  of  ray  Government  in  making  employing  a  variety  of  methods.  It  is  no  longer 
known  to  the  world  the  advantiu^es  of  Manitoba  as  a  an  equivalent  or  alternative  term  for  industrial 
place  for  settlement  You  will  be  asked  to  provide  education,  nor  for  industrial  training.  Indus- 
means  to  enable  mv  Government  to  adopt  still  more  trial  education — education  combining  scientific 
•cti  ve  measures  to  bring  about  the  speedy  settlement  and  practical  technical  training  of  a  certain  grade 
of  the  large  area  of  land  m  this  province  sUll  unoc-  _^l^  ^^  ^^^  „ot  employ  manual  trainiS^  at 

T  connection  with  the  agricultund  development  of  ^^^  ^^S^  »»  its  course,  but  industrial  trwning, 
this  province,  I  observe  with  much  satisfaction  that  »»  'he  term  was  m  use  a  few  years  ago,  is  disap- 
the  farmere  of  the  province  have  very  generally  pearing.  "  Manual  training  "  (which,  after  all,  is 
taken  advanta^  of  the  provisions  of  the  act  passed  a  misnomer)  is  likely  to  stand  for  the  system  of 
at  the  last  session  of  this  Legislature  respecting  the  instruction  that  aims  at  quickening  the  in  tell  i- 
otablishmcnt  of  farmers;  institutes.  I  have  no  doubt  gence  and  faculty  of  thought,  obser>'ation,  and 
bitt  ^^*"f'&^ili°**^'*'^  ''^^""'^  reasonine  by  means  of  exercises  not  of  the 
*  Such  pJogres^  h(S^*  made  by  the  commission  ^«i?d  only,  but  of  the  eye  as  well,  and  many 
appointed  to  consolidate  the  statutes  that  their  report  <^^"«f  members  and  muscles  of  the  body,  but 
will  be  submitted  at  an  earlv  date.  Before  the  con-  whicn  does  not  involve  the  notion  of  physical 
eolidation  can  be  completed  it  will  be  necessary  td  exercise,  as  such,  nor  mere  manual  dexterity,  nor 
make  a  number  of  amendments  to  the  statutes  of  this  of  developing  skiU  for  the  production  of  a  ma- 
province  as  at  present  existing,  in  order  to  incorpo-  terial  object.  This  is  not  the  system  that  is  in 
rate  them  with  the  consolidated  statutes  ^^^    in  many  of  the  schools  and  institutions 

Jf!^n^^^^^«^u^ft,rthT.^^^  named  in  thik  article.    In  some  a  combination 

be  louna  neceasarv  to  secure  lurtner  accommooatton  .  ...       ...    'jx-i         ^i.>iji       x« 

for  the  care  and  treatment  p/  insane  patients,  in  con-  «'  this  with  industrial  or  technical  education  is 

sequence  of  the  increasing  number  of  that  unfortu-  to  be  found,  but  it  is  the  system  that  seems  to 

nate  class  of  the  community.    The  number  of  patients  be  the  object  sought  through  many  and  seem- 

admitted  to  the  Home  for  Incurables  since  its  estab-  ingly  widely  divergent  wavs  for  the  common 

lishinent  has  almost  reached  the  limit  of  accoramoda-  schools  in  manv  places,  and  by  the  seekers  aft«r 

tion     An  enlargement  of  the  present  building,  to  the  best  secondary  education  everywhere  in  the 

meet  the  increasing  necessities,  will  have  to  be  con-  TjnUed  States 

^''T^pM^^^fo/^epiiBt  fiscal  vear  and  ,  Alabama.— The  Alabama  Polytechnic  Insti- 

the  estimates  for  the  current  year  will  shortly  be  tute,  at  Auburn,  introduced  manual  training  in 

submitted  to  you,  from  which  you  will  be  pleased  to  1885.  well  equipped  with  buildings  and  machin- 

leam  that  the  policy  of  economv  inaugurated  by  my  ery  for  four  departments — wood-working,  forg- 

Government  has  been  strictlv  adhered  to.  ing,  founding,  and  machinery.    It  has  a  special 

I  leave  you  to  the  consideration  of  the  business  appropriation  from  the  Legislature.    The  course 

*lT..Tui"dS4roSr,J^ll'Co^"dur^^^^  «  "Wrgatory  upon  the  three  lower  classes,  and 

the  ringle  'dedre  of  «dv«icing  the  best  interests  of  ^t^""**  °*  ^"l  ''^"^  three  exercises  a  week  of 

the  province.  three  hours  each. 

mu-            i_      A>'«.i-j]'x      Aui.             M  First  vear:  carpentrv  and  cabinet  making,  about 

This  speech  sufficiently  indicates  the  tenor  of  gve  months ;  turning,  about  three  months.    Second 

legislative  proceedings  during  the  session.     The  year :  pattern  making,  half  of  the  first  tenn ;  followed 

total  provincial  receipts  from  all  sourctes  during  by  molding  and  casting,  ten  weeks;  forging  for  the 

the  Tear  were  $924.431 ;  the  total  expenditure,  remainder  of  the  year.    Lectures  on  metallurgy  are 

|l,0Sl.641.      A  large  proportion  of   the   latter  given  during  this  year.    Third  year :  chipping,  tfling, 

Ls  represented  bv  works  of   permanent  public  and  finishing  take  the  firstterm,  and  machine  work  the 

beneSt     Manito^  is  es^ntial^  and  all  b^ut  ex-  [Je^f"^^^^^^^^^^^ 
clusively,  an  agncultural  country.    The  product 

of  cereal  crops  in  1800  was  as  follows :  Wheat,  Colorado. — Haish  Manual  Training  School  of 

746,058  acres,  14,665,769  bushels ;  oat^s,  285,534  the  University  of  Denver  has  taken  account  of 

acres,  9.513,433  bushels ;   barley,  60,035  acres,  the  older  schools,  such  as  St.  Louis,  Chicago,  and 

2.069,415  bushels.    According  to  most  reliable  Toledo,  in  fitting  up  its  very  complete  plant  and 

authorities,  coming  down  to  Dec.  10,  the  crop  for  arranging  its  course.    The  shops  have  the  latest 

1891  will  have  been:  Of  wheat,  over  25,000,000  improved  appliances  for  128  students.  The  school 

hashels;  oats.  14,792.605  bushels ;  and  of  barley,  year  is  divided  into  3  terms,  of  sixteen,  thirteen, 

3.197,875  bushels.     The  average  yield  of  wheat  and  eleven  weeks,  respectively,  and  the  course  of 

per  acre  for  the  latter  year  was  25*3  bushels,  study  and  hand  training  is  continued  through 

•frainst  an  average  of  21*1  for  1890 :  the  average  three  years.    It  is  a  pay  school, 

ot  oats,  48-3  per  acre,  against  41*3  in  1890;  arid  Connecticnt. — Tne' State  Normal  School  at 

the  average  of  barley,  35*6  bushels  per  acre,  New  Britain  has  had  manual  training  for  several 

Against  32  in  1890.  years,  under  favorable  conditions  and  with  good 

vol*  XXXI.— 81  A 


482 


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MANUAL  TRAINING. 


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PROBLBMS  IN  JODTBRT,  OARVIHO,  TUMIIWa,  AMD  PATTKBH  WOHX. 


MAKUAL  TRAINING.                                                483 

results.    The  use  of  carpenter's  tools,  carving,  Georgia. — In  Atlanta  University  a  mechani- 

modeling,  and  sewing  are  taught.    There  is  a  cal  course  of  three  years  embraces  two  years  of 

well -equipped  workshop.      All  students  take  wood  working  and  one  of  metal  working,  and, 

courses  in  sldjd,  and  those  who  desire  it  receive  including  drawing,  requires  seven  hours  and  a 

special  training.    All  must  make  for  themselves  half  a  week  of  all  boys  above  l^e  third  grade,  in 

apparatus  for  illustrating  physical  science.    The  addition  to  the  other  studies.    A  brick  building 

cmldren,  who  begin  in  the  kindergarten,  con-  for  the  department  was  provided  by  private 

tinue  in  the  training  of  the  workshop  till  they  subscription,  and  has  been  well  equipped  and 

lea?e  the  schooL    There  were  about  8(M)  children  supplied  with  tools.    To  those  who  have  finished 

in  1890.    They  have  a  molding  room,  drawing-  the  course  and  have  shown  ability  and  fitness, 

room,  workshop,  and  gvmnasium.  special  instruction  in  some  of  the  trades  is  given. 

The  Normal    School  at  Willimantic   has   a  The  School  of  Technolo^,  at  Atlanta,  estab- 

course  which  proceeds  from  and  carries  forward  lished  by  the  Legislature  in  1888,  for  education 

the  kindergarten  work,  but  no  sl5jd.    In  all  the  and  training  in  the  industrial  and  mechanic  arts, 

.schools  connected  with  State  and  city  institutions,  aims  at  placing  the  pupil  during  the  course  of 

State  Reform  School,  Storr*s  Agricultural  School  training  in  an  environment  not  unlike  what  he 

at  Mansfield,  Industrial  School  at  Middletown,  may  find  when  he  enters  on  the  active  duties  of 

orphan  asylums,  and  homes  for  the  destitute,  in-  life.    But  the  object  is  educational.    This  is  not 

dustrial  education  is  carried  on.  a  trade  school,  though  it  teaches  the  manual 

New  Haven,  beginning  in  1886  with  a  perma-  dexterity  necessary  in  all  trades,  with  courses  in 

nent  special  instructor  in  manual  training,  has  the  usual  studies,  and  especially  in  drawing, 

now  l6  classes,  one  for  each  grammar  school,  in  The  course  covers  four  years,  and  there  are  no 

which  24  bovs  each  have  been  instructed  two  electives. 

hours  a  week.  The  pupils  are  selected  by  the  The  Normal  and  Industrial  College,  at  Mil- 
principaU  in  their  discretion.  The  course  is  ledgeville  was  established  in  1889.  The  Legis- 
sTstematic  and  extends  to  a  great  variety  of  lature  appropriated  $35,000  in  money,  to  be  paid 
practice  with  tools,  not  with  the  object  of  con-  in  three  yearly  installments,  beginning  in  1801, 
structing  any  articles  for  use,  though  such  ar-  and  gave  for  the  use  of  the  college  valuable 
tides  are  often  made.  Drawing  is  studied  and  property  in  Milledgeville  (22  acres),  with  a  hand- 
practiced  throufi^h  the  course.  some   and   commoidious     dwelling   and    small 

The  Greenwich  Manual  Training  School,  opened  buildings,  and  gave  $8,000  for  the  current  ex- 

in  1889  in  connection  with  the  public  scnools,  penses  of  1891,  and  has  since  appropriated  $1,800 

has  lately  had  more  than  100  pupils,  about  one  toward  those  of  1892.    The  city  gave  $1,000. 

third  of  nigh-school  age,  the  remainder  of  gram-  and  the  people  of  the  city  lent  and  advanced 

mar-school  ages,  besides  a  few  adults,  working  $50,000  to  enable  the  directors  to  push  the  erec- 

from  one  to  two  hours  a  week.  tion  and  equipment  of  the  necessary  buildings. 

In  Brooklyn  and  Stamford  studies  and  work  so  as  to  open  the  institution  in  the  fall  of  1891 

hare  been  introduced  to  a  greater  or  less  extent,  with  its  full  quota  of  860  pupils.    There  are  four 

and  in  Norwich,  where  a  systematic  course  is  departments — the   normal,  the    industrial,  the 

likely  to  be  opened  soon.  collegiate,  the  domestic — not  constituting  sepa- 

Distriet  of  Columbia. — ^The  public  schools  rate  schools.    Industrial  and  free-hand  drawing, 

are  provided  with  progressive  stuaies  in  manual  manual  training,  cooking,  and  dress-making  are 

training,  beginning  in  the  kinder^rten  and  lead-  taueht. 

ing  up  to  the  physical  and  chemical  laboratories  Illinois. — In  the  article  before  referred  to  is 

of  the  high  school.     Bovs  of  the  seventh  and  giventhehistori'of  the  beginnings,  in  1888,  of  the 

eighth  grammar  grades  nave  two  hours  a  week  Chicago  Manual  Training  School,  founded  and 

in  wood  and  metal  work,  similar  to  that  of  the  St.  controlled  bv  the  Commercial  Club  of  Chicago. 

Ijouis  school.    One  such  laboratory  was  opened  Under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Henry  H.  Bel  field, 

in  1886,  with  1  teacher  and  150  boys.    There  are  the  experiment,  which  graduated  its  first  elates 

now  18  laboratories,  4  teachers,  and  1,600  boys,  (which  was  in  carpentry  only)  in  1886,soon  became 

Girls  have  cooking  and  sewing.  a  large  and  thorough-going  hi^h  school  upon 

Florida.— State  and  county  authorities  have  the  so-called  manual- training  principles,  with  all 

taken  up  the  subject  of  manual  training,  and  the  pupils  it  could  accommodate,  and  a  model 

already  it  has  been  successfully  introduced  in  for  many  schools  which  have  been  opened  or  are 

the  normal  schools  for  white  and  black  and  in  about  to  be  opened  in  different  parts  of  the 

the  gxaded  schools  at  Pensacola  and  Jackson-  country.    The  plant  has  been  steadily  increased, 

ville,  the  latter  for  colored  youth.    In  the  State  and  in  1890  the  building  was  considerably  en- 

Kormaj  and  Industrial  College  for  colored  stu-  larged.      The  wood  n)oms   accommodate    166 

dents  at  Tallahassee,  the  professor,  F.  C.  Johnson,  boys;  the  foundry  and  forge  rooms,  90  each; 

is  a  graduate  of  the  Chicago  Manual  Training  and  the  machine  shop,  60.    All  are  completely 

SchooL    The  course  runs  through  several  years,  equipped  for  each  student.    Power  is  supplied 

and  much  attention  is  paid  to  drawing,  espe-  by  a  Corliss  engine  of  52  horse-power  and  2  steel 

cially  mechanical  drawing.    In  the  Agricultural  boilers.     The  drawing  rooms,  furnished  with 

and  Mechanical  College,  at  Lake  City,  the  course  models  and  casts,  have  tables  and  lockers  for 

runs  the  entire  four  years,  disciplinary  and  in-  365  boys.    This  is  the  course ; 

structive,  with  drawing  all  the  way.    The  shops        _  ^    ^     -,., ...ai\. 

for  work  in  ^^^  -/-J*\*-  -^^^^  z/«^^^ /if.li^h'^^ 

and  supplied  with  hand  tools ;  the  wood  shop  jy^^i,-^^  ,  Free-hand,  model  and  obiect,  projection, 
for  forty  students.  No  trades,  but  the  pnnci pies  machine,  perepective.  Shop  Tf'orifc.- Carpentry,  join- 
underlying  all  trades  and  handicraft,  are  taught,  ery,  wood  turning,  pattern  making,  care  and  uae  of 
and  nothing  is  made  for  sale.  tools. 


MANUAL  TRAININQ. 


HiDDLi  Yt/LiL—Malheraalia!  Geometry  and  pUin 
trij[Dmeti7.  licienci .'  Physic:>.  Lanyuai/i :  GeDnral 
history  Bnd  Engliah  literature  or  l^ftCin.  Drawing; 
Onhographlc  projeolion  apd  Bhadows,  line  and  bnwh 
ahading,  i»oniolrio  projection  end  shadowB,  diitails  of 
tn«chinery,maohinegfriininiianiJnjmeut.  Shop  Wori: 
UoldiDg,  Cluing,  forginK,  welding,  lemperii^,  Bold- 
orine,  bniiinff. 

81NI0B  Year.— JToCAinutici.-Book-lcuepinK,  high- 
er ttlgeb™,  rovieWB.  Snmti:  ChemiBlO',  phyaioal 
mography.  Laagaagt,  etc:  Englioh  liltrature,  civil 
Kovominent,  political  economy,  or  Lutin  or  French. 
J}nicing;  HoiihincB  from  moa»urenieQt,  b  "  " 
from  meaanrement,  arohitecturBl  perapcctii 
thine  Shop  Work;  Chipping,  fllinR,  fitting,  . 
drilling,  plsnlniF,  etc..  study  of  mnchinory,  mftnB«o- 
ment  and  care  of  eleam  engiiteB  and  boilera.  iDatnic 
lion  iagivoQ  upon  the  production,  propBrtiea,  and  u»«b 
of  Uie  maUriab  used  in  each  year.  Throughout  Che 
oonree  one  hour  a  day  is  given  to  drawing  and  two 
houTH  lo  shop  work;  the  reniaindor  of  each  school 
day  is  devowil  lo  Btudy  and  recitation. 

Educfttinn.  not  manufacture,  is  the  controlling 
principle,  and,  notwithstanding  the  protninenco 
given  to  nuinuftl  work,  experience  shows  that 


"^Z 


the  other  branches  need  not  fall  behind  those  of 
the  best  high  schools.  On  the  recommendation 
of  the  director,  gradnatea  of  this  school  are 
admitted  without  examination  to  many  of  the 
leading  polytecluiio  and  engineer!  ng  institutes  of 
this  and  olFior  States.  In  September,  18»0.  155 
juniors  were  admitted,  and  in  18S1, 130.  It  is  a 
par  school. 

The  Chicago  English  ITigh  and  Manual  Train- 
ing School  was  opened  by  the  Boaril  of  Educa- 
tion in  the  fall  of  18(11,  wiih  largo  workshops  and 
an  academic  department,  having  about  (he  same 
studies  as  the  other  hii-h  schools.  The  course  is 
optional,  and  over  200  boys  are  enrolled.    The 


eipedmentwas  begun  in  1880  byamanual  Irtin- 
in^  annex  to  the  high  schools,  und  was  madeaii 
independent  school  in  1890. 

The  Cook  Countf  Normal  School,  in  order  U> 
follow  out  the  principles  of  the  kindergarten  in 
all  the  pubtic-BchooI  grade*,  has  a  course  m 
manual  training  for  which  there  is  a  room  fitted 
up  with  the  latest  appliances,  and  which  iaclo^elT 
related  to  and  supplemented  bj  free-hand  and 
industrial  drawing.  "  It  is  the  purpose  of  the 
school,"  says  Prof.  Francis  W.  Parker  principal 
since  1888,  "  to  bring  the  members  face  to  face 
with  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  their  pro- 
spective profession.  Manual  training  wdl  ije- 
come  a  factor  in  our  common  schools  just  so  fa'^t 
as  skillful  tcftohers  are  trained  who  can  do  Ibe 

Peru  introduced  manual  training  into  the  pub- 
lic school  ten  rears  ago,  has  lost  nothing  ot  in- 
terest and  usefulness,  and  there  is  now  a  settle 
content  with  it  as  a  part  of  the  public-school 
system.  Holine  and  Beardstown  public  Bchools 
hare  manual  training  of  som^sort. 

Iowa. — In  the  Davenport  pablic 
Khools  the  initial  step  to  manual 
training  was  taken  some  years  (go 
by  the  introduction  ot  industrial 
drawing.  In  the  lower  grades  this 
was  suppleinented  by  stick  IsvId; 
and  paper  folding.  In  IB88  a  well- 
flttea  cooking  school  was  openi'd 
for  prls  of  the  high  school  and 
ninth  grade  grammar.  The  coun« 
was  of  forty  lessons.  It  was  popu- 
lar, and  seemed  to  eiert  a  good  ef- 
fect upon  the  interest  in  other 
work.  In  1890  another  large  room 
was  furnished  for  training  bovs  in 
the  use  of  joiner's  tools.  OnlTboys 
of  fourteen  yearsareadroittei  At- 
tendance is  optional,  but  once  be- 
gun must  be  continued,  except  for 
good  reason  shown.  Two  and  a 
half  hours  a  week  is  the  usual  in- 
struction, and  the  pupils  must  keep 
up  with  their  regular  studies.  Tbis 
they  cheerfully  do,  while  showing 
great  interest  in  the  manual  work. 
The  directors  of  the  Independent 
School  District ofWestDesMoine* 
in  1889.  appointed  a  committee  to 
investigate  the  subject.  The  com- 
mittee visited  the  manual  training 
siihools  of  St  Paul.  Minneapolis. 
,j_  Chicago,  and  Toledo,  and  reported 

in  favor  of  the  adoption  of  the  sra- 
tem  in  the  schools  of  the  West  CilJ. 
A  mom  was  at  once  Btted  up  for  shop  work,  and 
later  another  for  domestic  economy.  Two  spe- 
cial teachers  were  engsKcd  at  the  outset.  The 
course  is  to  some  extent  a  combination  of  man- 
ual training  with  industrial  and  technical  nbi- 
CBfion.  It  is  carried  through  [our  years.  anH 
there  is  drawing,  free-hand  and  mechanical.  »ll 
through.  The  pupils  have  begun  with  kinder- 
garten in  the  primary  schools. 

The  hoys  hove,  first  year,  hand  wnrk  \n  wood  aii 
care  and  use  of  tools ;  second  year,  machine  work ;  Ihinj 
year,  band  work  in  metaK  eiwtinit.  solderinjt,  tn" 
hraiing;  fourth  year,  machine  wnrk  in  metals.  stu>i<r 
of  aivam  engiue  audb^lei*.    tiirla  have,  fliat  ]'<m 


MANUAL  TRAININO. 


m^ 

i 

ins,  drawiD)[  and  cuttiUjir  of  ^uiuenla   from 

.  Stdii^uid  inmking  KarThenb>;  faiuth   year, 

iiBtry  of  oombuaUoQ   end  of  cooking,  Mlee'tion, 

and  use  of  cookinsappirstue  and  utcDsilo.  »e\eo- 


0«knliXHiH  hss  hnd  drawing,  sewing,  and  coo\i- 

Hentnekf.— Loiiisrille  is  to  have  a  mamial 
IrHining  high  school  as  soon  as  the  building  can 
be  erected,  when  an  eit«nded  uourse  of  study 
will  be  arranged.  At  present  SH  boys  of  the 
rreshman  class  of  the  regular  high  school  re- 
ceive instruction  in  the  ufle  of  wood-working 
tooU  forty-flre  minutes  eauh  day.  and  in  draw- 
ing one  hour  a  week,  nil  the  time  that  can  be 
rpared  aa  the  course  nf  studf  is  now  arrangnl. 

Lonlslana. — In  Tulano  University,  Kew  Or- 
leans, a  manoal  training  school  is  a  distinct  de- 
portment, but  the  Isboratorr  and  workshop,  in 
chafKe  of  Ihe  Director  of  Manual  Training,  ia 
administered  in  connection  with  two  other  de- 
partments— the  high  srhoii!  and  the  college. 
Shop  work,  drawing,  and  some  eiporimental 
work  are  carried  on.  There  are  a  carpenter's 
shop,  forge  shnp.and  machine  room,  well-fltted 
and  supplier!  with  machinery  (ind  tools.  The 
tnanaal  training  course  in  the  high  school 
eomi'rises  the  second  and  third  years,  and  ia 
pnroly  educational,  with  drawing  as  an  important 

Krt  throughout.  Ave  hours  a  week.  In  the  col- 
re  course,  manual  training  is  given  in  the 
freshman  and  sophomore  years,  five  hoars  a 
week  in  additinn  to  a  like  nnmher  of  hours  in 
drawing.  In  the  junior  and  senior  years  engi- 
neering and  other  technical  work  is  taken  up. 

Maryland. — The  Baltimore  Manual  Training 
School  has  been  increasing  in  every  way  upon 
the  lines  taken  op  at  first  and  fullv  described 
in  thia  "  Annual "  for  1887.  The  curriculum  has 
not  materially  been  altered.  A  post-graduate 
course  was  opened  in  ISSN.  Sixteen  instniclors 
are  now  employed.  The  school  year  18»0  began 
with  BOS  pupils,  of  whom  0  were  special  stu- 


dents, and  of  these,  6  were  from  Johns  Hopkins 
University.  During  the  year  249  were  admitted, 
o.n_..uj_._     n-L ^  17  graduates  in  1890. 


The  school  is  now  handsomely  housed  and  admi- 
rably equipped.  It  was  the  &r?t  manual  training 
school  in  the  United  States  estatilished  as  pan 
of  the  public  school,  and  it  is  stilt  the  largest 
among  similar  schools. 

MssSBchngettg.— The  Legislature  in  18B9  re- 
qncsted  the  Board  of  Education  to  investigHte 
and  report  upon  the  subject  nf  mnnual  training, 
and.  among  other  things,  upon  what  additional 
lepislation,  if  any,  was  necessnry  in  order  to  pro- 
vide such  instruction  in  the  schools  nf  the  Com- 
monwealth. An  act  of  1884  requires  industrial 
drawing  to  be  taught  in  all  the  public  schools, 
and  permits  every  town  and  requires  every  city 
and  town  of  more  than  10,000  inhabitants  to  give 
free  instruction  in  industrial  drawing  to  persons 
over  fifteen  years  of  age.  Another  act  of  the 
same  year  anthnri;:es  the  purchase  of  hand  tools 
at  the  expense  of  the  town.     The  Board  of  Edu- 


trial  drawing  is  taught  in  301  of  the  351  cities 
and  towns  in  the  State;  models  and  objects  are 
used  in  connection  with  the  drawing  in  119  of 
them,  while  in  43  special  teachers  are  employed. 
Nearly  80  per  cent,  of  the  school  population 
received  instruction  in  Industrial  drawing  in 
1880.     The  State  Normal  Art  School  has  over 


school  ftiithoritiea  to  introduce  and  teach  indus- 
trial drawing. 

In  Ihe  Boston  public  schools  the  experiments 
described  in  the  article  of  1887  have  been  car- 
ried on  in  about  the  <ame  manner,  sewing  in 
regular  course  for  girls,  industrial  drawing  for 
all :  and  outside  the  course,  in  small  classes  at  a 
time,  instruction  to  girls  of  certain  grades  in 
cooking  and  hoys  in  carpentry.  Asa  result  of 
this  long  experience,  manual  training  is  to  be 
made  a  part  of  the  school  system.    A  compre- 


486  MANUAL  TRAINING. 

hensive  plan  has  been  adopted  for  the  entire  studies.     The  change  wrought  in  pome  of  the 

city,  and  will  be  gradually  worked  out     The  boys  is  roost  wonderful.    To  be  deprived  of  their 

generous  support  of  Mrs.  bhaw  and  Mrs.  Hem-  tools   is   the    severest    punishment    that   boys 

enway,    who    have     maintained    the    outside  hitherto  most  unruly  can  now  incur,  and  it  has 
schools,  is  not  to  be  withdrawn  all  at  once,  nor    been  found  that  as  much  is  done  in  the  regular 

their  plan  dispensed  with.     The  Citv  Council  studies  as  when  the  whole  time  was  given  to  them, 

has  appropriated  $100,000  for  a  mechanic  art«  The  wood  working  has  helped  to  retain  boys 

high  school,  and  the  course  of  study  in  the  longer  in  school.    Formerly  they  were  almost 

elementary  schools  is  to  be  shaped  with  reference  universally  taken  out  to  be  put  to  work  as  soon 

to  it,  so  tnat  boys  who  ai'e  to  follow  industrial  as  the  law  would  permit. 

puwuits  shall  be  trained   in   the  best  way  to  p^  ^^    ^_The  fl«t  year  is  armnged  with 

profit  by  this  new  opportunity.     1  he  course  laid  ^^^^^^  reference  to  the  drawibg,  light  tool^ork  only 

out  begins  m  the  kindergarten.     It  has  been  beinff  introduced.    By  using  only  very  thin  wood, 

found  that  a  child  who  has  had  a  year  in  the  the  third  dimension  in  both  drawing  aiid  tool  work 

kindergarten  has  had  his  perceptive   faculties  is  practically  eliminated.    A  board  placed  upon  the 

so  quickened  that  he  has  a  year  s  start  of  the  regular  desks  is  used,  the  drawing  is  made  upon  the 

child  who  enters  first  into  the  primary  school.  "^9^^  ^^^  the  piece  thus  drawn  is  afterj^ajd  cut  out 

The  rudiments  of  manual  trailing  are  Uken  Zli^'>:^^''L^^l'^^^.'i^^^ 

up  in  the  primary  schools  with  stick  laying,  timately  together  in  the  mind  of  the  pupil,  and  he  is 

paper   cutting,    clay    modeling,    etc.      In    the  taught  at  the  same  time  the  necessity  of  using  care 

grammar-schools  a  distinction  between  the  boys  and  accuracy  in  his  drawing.    The  instruction  i» 

and    girls    is    introduced.    Qirls    have    sewing  given  bv  the  teacher  to  the  whole  class  from  a  model 

and  cooking,  these  being  accepted  after  several  at  the  blackboard.    The  pupil  thus  begins  at  the 

years'  experience  as  indisputobly  of  educational  aome  Ume  to  make  an  accurate  drawing  of  a  piece, 

knd  practical  valuo-^ucational  in   matter  of  P^.  ^^ -fi^  ^^^  '  ^?'^'^'     The  flrat.  fc^oii 

nii«   I  afM.vtw«M     a.uv     ^uvout^^tini  *u   ui»vi^x  v  m.  beffius  With  thc  CUDC,  snd  teachcs  parallel,  horizontal, 

neatness,  order,  and  value  of  time,  and  practical  ^J  vertical  lines,  aid  proceeds  rtep  by  step  till  at 

in  many  instances  which  are  interesting  and  tlie  end  of  the  year,  out  of  these  pieces  thus  formed, 

forcibly    instructive.      The    committee    recom-  which  mav  be  called  the  alphabet,  are  made  the 

inends  that  every  girl  be  taught  plain  sewing,  needle-book,  fish-line  winder,  a  pin-cushion,  6l<<a, 

and  in  the  upper  classes  pattern  making  and  corner  bracket,  silk  winder,  pencil  sharpener,  calen- 

cutting,  and  cooking  and  so  much  of  chemistry  ^ar,  easeL  inkatand,  and  box  Tor  paper  and  envelop«- 

as  en^into  it.   W  are  now  8  cooking  (.^'^^f  ^^-^.^^t^e^^^^^^^^ 

schools,  3  more  are  nearly  ready,  and  4  more  ^.^^k;  (2)  To  introduce  tiie  tiilid  dimeni^on,  with  it» 

on  the  way— m  all  15,  so  distributed  about  the  necessary  additional  views;  and  (8)  to  provide  tool 

city  as  to  be  convenient  to  groups  of  the  other  work  which  shall  serve  as  a  preliminary  training  to 

schools.     A  principal  of  cooking  schools  will  the  joining  course.    The  drawing  consists  of  some 

have  oversight    and  authority  upon    all,  and  new  geometrical  views,  and  introduces  top,  front,  and 

the  teachers  must  not  only  be  familiar  with  »ide  views.    These  \iew8  are  drawn  on  tiiin  stock  as 

the    art    they    teach,    but    must    illustrate   in  ^"7"i*l®*^'l^yrJu*'*  Y'"!'^'5"*S^t^®° 'J^^ 

person   the  iiost   perfect    habits    of    neatness,  SfSout                        ^'^  ^"^              ^      ^ '" 

and    convey    their    instruction    in   well-chosen  The   third   year   introduces  the  more  practical 

language.      All  the  boys  of  every  class,  and  methods  of  working  in  both  the  drawing  and  totA 

all  classes  of  the  same  grade  throughout  the  work.    The  two  are  here  separated  for  a  time,  the 

city,  are  to  have  exercises  in  wood  work  (the  P«I>il  making  on  paper  correct  working  drawing  of 

starting-point  is  drawing,  not  models),  and  the  various  models  illustrating  various  principles,  putting 

work   beginning  in   the  fourth  class.      Below  <>»  »]!  dimensions  and  showing  all  facto  of  fomi 

this-that  is,  in  the  fifth  and  sixth  classes-they  ""f"^^  by  the  workman  for  tije  construction  of  the 

uiiio     i/uai*  lo,  m  w«o  u^i.im  »••»  r>i Abii  vxoo^vto     imoj  piecc,  aud  lu  the  tool  wofk  makimr  models  m  wood, 

practice  construction  in  card-board.    Two  plans  Working  from  correct  working  drSwings,  and  usiufr 

of  a  four  yeare  course  have  been  arrangeil  on  the  for  markinjf  out  the  work  Uie  rule,  square,  gauire. 


same  principles,  each  complete  in  itself,  dif-  and  bevel,  instead  of  the  elementary  principles  of 
fering  in  certain  practical  features.  They  are  second  year.  They  are  at  lengtii  brought  tojfcther 
being  thoroughly  tested,  one  in  one  school,  the  f^a^ni  the  pupil  niakinif  in  the  school-room  the  work- 
other  in  another,  and  it  is  the  intention  to  re-  fng  drawings  of  the  models  he  is  afterward  to  make 
duce  the  two  to  one  harmonious  system.  What  ^s^-^-t^-  ^J^^Af^'X^'^^r^t^.  W 
classes  to  instruct  first,  upon  the  introduction  of  ^evel,  sawing?,  planing,  boring,  jointing  and  dowcHnir, 
the  system  and  how  many  at  a  time,  are  mortising  (two  joints),  chiseling  exercise,  towel 
problems  that  have  been  submitted  to  long  ex-  rack,  exercise  in  dovetailing  (plain),  book  rack,  and 
periment  and  much  discussion.     It  has  been  knife  box. 

determined  that  to  begin  with  boys  of  the  second  .  The  work  of  tiie  fourth  year  is  a  review  and  con- 
grade  is  best,  and  that  a  single  teacher  can  tinuation  of  the  third  year.                                ^ 
?*    .       .     .     7  «^x^          M             w   !^  ^         ,  Flax  No.  2. — For  the  fourth   class  a  series   of 


the  introduction  of  the  plan  is  the  fourth ;  and  pencil  used  m  the  bench  work  are  safiicicnt  for  the 

in  this  there  are  about  8,000.     In  one  of  the  drawing  in  this  course.     No  surface  planing  is  rv- 

grammar  schools  the  pupils  in  the  lower  grades  W^^.  and  the  pupil  has  thus  only  to  gniM)  two 

«.»  .i»»..Ti'n»  «{.nr>iA  ^.^rn^f*;^  /^-*no  «.ki'M«  .. «^  dimcnsions.    This  scncs  coiisists  of  titlecn  modols. 

are  drawing  simple  geometric  forms,  which  are  j,^^  ^^^  ^^^^           ^^^^^^  ^^         ,^^  ^1-.^  ^^es 

then  cut  out  of  white  wood  by  the  i^e  of  a  knife  j,^  ^een  ammffei  This  course  is  based  upoi  tiie  ex- 
only,  with  commendable  results.  Ihis  work  is  ercises  developed  at  Nfifis,  Sweden— that  is  to  »av, 
not  in  any  way  a  substitute   for   intellectual  the  exercises  have  the  same  progreasivo  order,  though 


MANUAL  TRAINING.  487 

Tefffesented  bj  different  models.    Bat  as  the  models  Hyde  Park  schools  have  sewiDg  for  all  girls 

thenuelves  are  of  minor  importance  and  only  an  ex-  jq  grammar  schools. 

P'?r**'%^^'^«®A®''*'^.''^^*'^«"®^'?'^  Lawrence  provides  sewing  for  girls  during 

•like.    This  «  American  series,"  as  it  has  been  called,  f^nrth  And  fifth  taai^            »           o                  d 

hM  at  present  thirty-one  models,  ranging  from  a  lourtn  ana  nitn  years, 

wedge  to  a  small  ckbinet     Like  S7preparatory  Maiden  hiw  sewing  m  five  grammar  schools, 

couree  for  the  fourth  class,  this  is  even  more  closely  Milton  and  New  Bedford  for  all  girls  in  gram- 

coan«>cted  with  mechanical  drawing,  using  drawing-  mar  schools.    Newton  lor  all  girls  from  fourth 

board,  T-square,  and  triangles.  ^L^he  pupil  must  to  seventh  grades,  inclusive, 

make  his  own  working  drawings.  Quincy  pupils  are  encouraged  to  make  at  their 

Brookline  ha^  instruction  in  sewing  for  girls  homes  articles  of  paper,  pasteboard,  wood,  etc. ; 

of  the  first,  second,  and  third  grades  of  all  the  and  in  some  schools,  taught  by  graduates  of 

grammar  schools,  arranged    on    a   systematic  the  Bridgewater  Normal  School,  the  pupils  are 

Clan,  and  in  charge  of  a  special  teacher.    All  taught  to  make  simple  apparatus  for  illustrating 

inds  of  plain  sewing  are  taught,  and  cutting  topics  in  chemistry. 

and  fitting  in  the  last  year.    Cooking  is  compuf  Somerville  has  sewing  for  girls  in  fourth  to 

$ory  in  the  Lincoln  &hool  to  the  girls  of  the  ninth  grades. 

4  upper  trades;  the  classes  have  two  hours  Springfield    has  a  syjstematic  and  thorough 

a  week.    In  the  Center  School  it  is  given  to  course  in  manual  training.    Sewing  to  girls  of 

those  who  desire  it  in  the  8  lower  grades.    It  is  the   first  four  grammar  grades,  by  a  special 

taught  in  a  vacation  school,  kept  at  the  expense  teacher.     Wood  work  is  optional,  and  confined 

of  toe  town,  during  July  and  August,  for  girls  largely  to  the  ninth  grade   grammar  and  the 

orer  twelve  years  of  age.    A  vacation  school  for  high  school.     About  240  are  in  the  training 

boys  of  the  same  ace  offers  lessons  in  carpentry  classes.    Weekly  lessons,  covering  one  year,  for 

of  a  more  praciical  sort  than  that  taught  in  the  the  ninth  grammar,  and  daily  lessons,  covering 

regular  school  classes.  three  years,  for  the  high  school. 

Cambridge  has  sewing  in  the  3  lowest  gram-  Stoneham  schools  nave  modeling  in  clay  and 

mar  grades.    There  are  manual  training  classes  pAPer  cutting. 

connected  with  the  English  High  School.    The  Waltham  provides  sewing  for  all  girls  from 

Cambridge  Training  School  for  toys  was  founded  third  to  ninth  grades,  and  manual  training  ex- 

by  Frederick  B.  Rindge,  and  is  under  the  ira-  ercises  each  day  for  boys  in  seventh,  eighth,  and 

mediate  control  of  a  committee  appointed  bv  him  ninth  grades. 

to  carry  into  execution   his  plans.     Pupils  in  Watertown  has  sewing  in  the  grammar  schools 
the  Manual  Training  School  wui  recite  two  hours  twice  a  week  by  a  special  teacher, 
a  day  in  the  English  High  School,  and  will  work  Wellesley  has  sewing  for  all  girls  in  the  gram- 
three  hours  a  day  in  the  shops — one  hour  in  mar  schools. 

drawing,  and  two  hours  at  the  bench.  It  is  in-  Winchester  has  sewing  for  girls  of  fourth 
tended  through  this  course  to  make  it  possible  and  fifth  years,  and  optional  classes  in  cooking 
for  boys  of  more  than  ordinary  capacity,  appli-  out  of  sciiool  hours.  Carpentry  is  taught  boys 
cation,  and  fidelity,  whose  circumstances  make  in  the  eighth  and  ninth  classes, 
it  important  to  give  the  minimum  time  to  prep-  The  reform  schools  and  schools  for  the  de- 
aration.  to  enter  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  fective,  all,  or  nearly  all,  have  incorporated  man- 
Technology  at  the  end  of  three  yearp.  ual  training  into  their  school  exercises.    The 

Canton  has  cooking  classes  provided  by  pri-  Board  of  Education  reports  that  the  new  ele- 
vate subscription  and  taught  in  regular  school  ment  of  education  is  ^dually  working  its  way 
hours.  The  attendance  is  voluntary,  and  90  per  into  the  schools,  and  is  of  opinion  that  no  fur- 
cent,  of  the  girls  have  joined.  ther  legislation  is  necessary. 

Dedham  has  sewing  as  a  part  of  the  regular  Minnesota. — In  1887  a  room  in  the  St.  Paul 

grammar-school  course,  cooking   for   girls  in  High-school  building  was  fitted  up  for  optional 

evening  schools,  and  during  the  summer  months  courses  in  wood  working  and  to  accommodate 

a  successful  vacation  school  for  slOjd  work,  with  40  pupils.    More  than  twice  that  number  ap- 

fouT  classes  of  boys.  plied  to  enter ;  the  accommodations  were  en- 

Kaston,  in  the  primary  and  grammar  schools,  larged.  and  at  length  opened  to  06  pupils,  in  8 

has  plain  sewing  for  all  girls,  and  some  instruc-  classes,  5  of  boys  and  8  of  girls— -boys,  three 

tion  in  cooking.    One  lesson  a  week  in  carpentry  hours  a  week ;  girls,  an  hour  and  a  half.    In  the 

isgiven  to  boys  of  the  two  upper  grammar  grades  following  year  a  much  larger  appropriation  was 

and  the  lowest  grades  of  the  nigh  school.  Attend-  made,  and  an  addition  to  the  building  was  put 

ance  is  voluntary.    Expenses  are  paid  from  the  up  containing  rooms  and  apparatus  for  metal 

income  of  the  Oakes  Ames  fund.  working.    The  city  now  has  a  fine  manual-train- 

Pall  River  provides  a  special  elective  course  ing  school  house.    The  privileges  of  the  course 

in  the  high  scnool,  called  the  industrial  course,  are  extended  to  all  students  of  both  sexes  of  the 

Including  two-hour  lessons,  and  from  six  to  ten  seventh  grade,  and  on  through  the  high  school, 

a  week  in  wood  and  metal  work,  during  the  four  comprising  6  terms  of  prescrioed  work  in  which 

year?.    Rooms  in  the  high-school  building  are  drawing — and  for  girls  domestic  economy— are    . 

veil  fitted  up  with  benches,  lathes,  forges,  and  included.    It  is  entirely  optional,  but  the  pupil    • 

all  other  necessary  means  for  carrying  on  the  having   once   entered   a  class   must    continue 

work.    The  superintendent  of  the  shop  says  in  it. 

the  objects  of  his  lessons  are  purely  educational.  In  Minneapolis  the  system  has  been  in  sue-   •' 

There  are  $5  pupils  in  these  classes.    The  ex-  cessful  operation  since'  1887.    The    beginning 

penses  of  the  course  are  paid  from  the  Diirfee  was  made  in  the  Central  High  School,  with 

fund  of  150,000.    Sewing  is  taught  only  in  the  benches  and  tools  for  34  pupils  at  a  time,  or  120 

cTening  schools  of  the  city.  in  all,  during  each  monung  session  of   four 


488  MANUAL  TRAINING. 

hours,  allowing  the  pupils  eighty  minutes  each.  New  HaiDfishfre. — A  bepnning  has  heen 

In  the  same  year  similar  provfsion  was  made,  made  in  Ck)ncord  with  carpentry  in  ibe gram lunr 

and  cour^^es  were  begun  on  smaller  scales  in  2  schools. 

branch  high  schools.    In  1889  another  school  New  Jersey. — The  law  of  1887  provides  for 

was  opened,  and  systematic  courses  of  instruction  State  aid  in  introducing  manual  training,  equal 

are  now  carried  on  in  4  high  schools.    The  equip-  to  the  amount  appropriated  by  any  city  or  di>- 

raent  in  all  is  the  same,  though  the  Central  still  ac-  trict,  not  less  than  $500  and  not  more  than 

commodates  the  largest  numbers.    The  superin-  $5,000. 

t«ndent  says  that,  in  his  opinion,  a  danger  m  the  At  Montclair  the  small  and  careful  beginning; 

way  toward  accomplishing  the  most  valuable  re-  made  in  the  middle  grammar  grades  in  liSS2  hia^ 

suits  lies  in  allowing  the  pupils  too  early  to  con-  prospered.   In  his  report  for  1891,  Superintendent 

struct  things,  and  that  too  much  attention  can  Spaulding  says  that,  after  eight  years  of  ezperi- 

not  be  given  to  the  first  elementary  movements  ence,  it  is  his  conviction  that  the  value  of  the 

and  operations.  school  course  is  greatly  enhanced  by  the  manual 

Stillwater  has  daily  exercises  in  drawing,  has  training.  A  systematic,  continuous  course  is  now 

shop  work  in  the  hic^h  school,  and,  by  way  of  a  established  in  the  schools  of  this  city,  beginning 

begmning,  deV^otes  the  Friday  afternoon  sessions  with  the  kindergarten  of  the  first  year  in  the 

generally  to  exercises  in  manual  training.  primaries. 

lIis90uri.-.The  Manual  Twining  Sch^^  of  ^.^^         ^^^^^  ^  ^^^^  ,^^  ^^  ,  ,.^^,^  ^ 

Washmgton   University.  St.  Louis,  opened  m  and  clay  modeling,  which  are  continued  during  the  5^- 

1880,  was  the  eariiest,  and  is  now,  perhaps,  the  ond  year,  when  usually  the  regular  primary  rtudie* 

foremost  in  the  country.    The  enrollment  has  are  taken  up.    Until  the  sixth  year  all  the  mantud 

increased  from  226  in  1885-'87  to  289  in  1890-'91.  work  is  in  the  regular  claBs-rooms.     In  the  sixth 

This  last  number  is  exceeded  only  by  the  Chicago  year,   the  flwt  "grammar"  year,  the  pupils  come 

school    The  results  of  the  class  exercises  in  ""^der  a  special  teacher  of  clay  modeliM  two  houw 

drawing  and  tool  work  have  been  exhibited  for  tlV^;  J^J^^^'Z^Jt.lZ  ^'J^JZr^'t.tZ^ 

thesakf  of  infiuence  upon  educational  methods  l^o^slN^t^'t^lirL^uW 

at  the  annual  meetings  of  the  National  i^Alucar  of  joiner's  tooln  in  the  carpenter's  shop.    Eighth-vcar 

tion  Association  at  Sarato^,  N.  Y.,  in  1882  and  giAs  have  two  hours  a  week  of  instruction  in  domeitie 

1883;  at  Madison,  Wis.,  in   1884;  at  St.  Paul,  economy  and  cooking,  and  boys  like  hours  in  wood 

Minn.,  in  1890.     Partial  exhibits  have  been  made  carving.     Ninth-year  «rls  have  first  cooking,  and 

in  Springfield,  Pitchburg,  and  Worcester,  Mass. ;  afterward,  about  two  thirds  of  the  year,  wood  carv- 

in  Jfew  York  city  and  Albany,  N.  Y. ;  in  Colum-  J"**?^  '^^  ^^"" f  ^««^-  .J^^^^^^ ^,?^"  '^  ""^  ^^^J?- 

u ^j  n-^.: iS  rki,s«.  :.,  i  ,..,;«»./ii«  ir„  .  ,•-.  ^^  and  metal  work  throughout  the  year.     In  the 

bus  and  Cincinnati,  Oh  o;  m  Louisville,  Ky  ;  in  ^^^^y,   eighth,  and  ninth  yea«  «"  blvc  one  hour 
De  Funiak  Springs,  Fla. ;  and  in  Kansas  City,  ,  ^-eek  m  chawing  under  a  special  teacher. 
Mo.    A  large  selection  was  sent  to  the  Interna- 
tional Exposition  at  Paris,  1889.  and  the  school  The  Orange  Common  Council  in  1888  voted 
was  awarded  a  gold  medal    To  meet  the  press-  $1,000  for  the  addition  of  manual  training  to 
ing  demands  for  increased  accommodations  a  the  public-school  studies,  and  a  like  sum  was 
new  building  is  to  be  put  up  adjoining  the  pres-  received  from  the  State.    At  the  opening  of  the 
ent  one,  and  the  plant  enlarged  to  a  capacity  fall   term  practice  was  begun  upon  a  conn^e 
for  500  students.    Then  200  boys  may  be  atl-  which,  as  accominotlations  were  completed,  com- 
mitted every  year,  and  about  120  will  be  gradu-  prised  paper  work,  clay  modeling,  sewing,  dniw- 
ated.    The  curriculum,  covering  three  year!?,  as  mg.  and  the  elements  of  caTpentty,«nd.foT  girts 
described  in  the  *'  Annual  Cyclopaedia"  for  1887,  of  the  high  school,  cooking.    Two  special  teach- 
will  not  be  changed.    The  average  age  at  gradu-  ers  were  engaged  and  one  of  the  drawing  teachers 
ation  is  eighteen.    Eight   classes  have  passed  assisted.    It  was  an  interesting  and  successful 
through  the  school,  and  many  of  the  graduates  movement  from  the  first.    The  carpentry  room 
are  directors  or  teachers  of  the  newer  manual  is  commodious,  and  provided  with  lynches,  tooLs 
training  schools  and  of  supplementary  classes  to  and  lockers,  all  of  the  most  approved  sort :  and 
public  and  private  schools  which  have  been  es-  it  is  to  be  enlarged  and  fitted  up  for  the  addi- 
tablished  in  many  different  States.    Prof.  C.  M.  tion    of   wood  turning.     The   cooking   school, 
Woodward,  the  director  since   the  beginning,  opened  in  1889,  is  well  arranged  and  equipped, 
says,  in  reference  to  the  eleven  years'  work  of  The  sources,  the  essential    qualities,  and    the 
the  school,  that  he  '*  is  gratified  by  the  thought  means  of  preparing  good  and  wholesome  food, 
that,  in  spite  of  its  many  shortcomings,  the  may  here  be  tlioroughly  studied,  but  the  prepa- 
sehool  has  demonstrated  the  feasibility  of  incor-  ration  of  dishes  or  composition  of  menus  is  not 
porating  the  elements  of  intellectual  and  manual  aimed  at.    In  general,  throughout  the  manual 
training  in  such  a  way  that  each  is  a  gainer  training  courses,  instruction  is   given  twice  a 
thereby";  and  that  ho  has  "correctly  read  the  week  for  an  hour  at  a  time, 
public  demand  for  an  education  which  shall  in-  Elizabeth  schools  had  taught  industrial  draw- 
sure  the  most  valuable  mental  discipline  at  the  ing  for  several  years,  when,  in  1888,  manual  train- 
same  time  that  it  gives  preparation  for  the  vari-  ing  was  introcluced.    In   1890  the  course  was 
ous  duties  of  active  life."    It  is  a  pay  school.  dn)pped.    In  1891  it  was  resumed  in  part 

Nebraska. — The  Omaha  High  School  opened  Vineland  school  trustees  in  1876,  by  almost 

a  manual  training  department  in  1885.  which  unanimous  vote,  directed  that  plans  be  prepared 

has  successfully  maintained  optional  courses  to  for  the  engrafting  of  industrial  education  upon 

boys  and  girls  in  carpentry,  wood  turning  and  the  public-school  system  of    the    town.     The 

carving,  and  in  mechanical  drawing:  two  hours  plans  were  a  long  time  in  hand,  and  the  expense 

a  d&y  during  the  first  two  years  of  the  high  of  the  outfit  for  manual  training  was  a  serious 

school  course.  obstacle.    After  the  law  of  1887  was  passed  the 


MANUAL  TRAINING.                                                   489 

citizens  Toted  $500,  and  so  secured  a  like  sum.  drawing.  Boys*  work  is  under  the  direction  of  the 

An  instructor  was  engaged,  who  beeran  in  the  sum-  department  of  mechanic  art«,  girls' work  under 

mer  a  training  school  for  the  teachers,  and  with  domestic  economy.    The  course  is  three  yeai*s. 

the  school  year  the  system  went  into  operation.  ^        „          „     ,.  ,   ,                 ,        .      ,    , 

In  1888  the  people  a^in  voted  $500,  and  a  sec-  ^'"^  YjAiu-Enghsh  language,  rhetonc,  algebra, 

ond  summer  training    school    established    the  T'^f^lMl^Vul^^^^^ 

..             ,    '^  .                    mi                *  uic,  elocution,  Buppleinentary  reouimr.    JJrawtnQ  for 

course  m  a  t  horough-gomg  way.    Two  lessons  of  ^,  ^^  ^,>^ ,  Kee-hand  and  inatrSmentol  working 

about  an   hour  are  given  each  week,  and  all  drawings;  free-hand,  model,  and  cast  drawing;  clay 

pupils  are  instructed  in  drawing.     The  good  re-  modeling.    For  OirU :  Special  work  in  drawing  and 

suits  are  seen  in  all  the  other  school  work.  desigrn,  m  preparation  for  wood  carving,  millinery. 

The  Paterson  High  (school  has  some  similar  in-  «nd  dress  making.    Manual  Work  for  Boy$ :  Bench 

struct  ion  work — use  of  tools,  joinery,  construction ;  wood  turn- 

Paltz  reports  that  "two  full  sets  of  carpenters'  ^^  cups;  pattern  making-pfincipl^  of  molding; 

tools  have  been  placed  m  the  room  set  aj)art  for  draft  halving,  core  boxes,  building  up.  Manual  Work 

manual  training,  and  the  room  itself  enlarged  /or  6^t>2«.' ITie  various  stitchcH  and  principles  of  hand 

and  conveniently  fitted  up  for  work.*'    But  the  sewing,  making  apron,  talks  on  materials  used,  ma- 

normal-school  circular  of  the  State  Superintend-  chine  stitchinjg,  and  b^nnings  in  cutting  and  dress- 

ent  does  not  show  that  this  subject  has  any  part  making ;  hy^ene,  first  wid  second  courees-methods 

in  the  curriculum  of  the  normal  schools,  and  in  ^J^^^f '  '"^  *"^^*''  *"'''*"  "^^  accidents  and  care 

only  two  of  the  m  or  more  reports  for  1^  of  g^^^^p  *YEAR.-General  history  and  English  hia- 

tbe  county  and  district  commissioners  and  city  tory,  or  Latin,  essay  writing,  geometry,  trigonometry, 

and  Tillage  superintendents  is  any  mention  made  book  keeping,  physics,  with  laboratory  practice,  elo- 

of  manual  training.  cution,  vocal  music,  supplementarv  reading,  physical 

In  Plattsburg,  "  drawing,  form  studr,  clay  and  culture.  Drawing:  Perspective,  architectural,  elements 

sand  modeling,  stick  laying,  paper  cutting,  and  ofdesign;  and^or  WmechanicaV<)rj^ir^*^ 

pasting  have  been  successfully  pursued  (luring  l^oldlnf  ^'re  maki^^^^^                                swept^un 

the  past  year,"  and  "  there  is  a  growing  demand  ^.^rk,  oraamenUl  piefcs  in  bi^ze ;  in  foi^ng-man? 

for  an  extension  of  manual  training  to  tool  work,  a^ement  of  fire,  drawing,  upsetting,  forming,  welding, 

sewing,  cooking,  etc.    The  problem  how  to  meet  making  steel  tools,  solderiri,  sheet-tin  work,  brazing, 

the  demand  has  not  yet  been  solved.*'  Manual  Work  for  Girls:  Wood  carving,  cutting  and 

The  Albany  High  School  has  many  classes  in  making  dresses,  talks  on  choice  of  materials,  color, 

carpentry  and  industrial  drawing.                       _  *"Ti.f?™\ 

Jamestown   public  schools  h 

knitting  in  the  primaries,  and        ^  ^    ._^.  ^ „„^^ ^„  ^ 

the  workshop,  sewing  room,  and  printing  office  iirurgy,'withiSoratoiy  pract^^^^^ 

are  open  to  as  many  pupils  as  can  be  accommo-  tion,  eupplementar}*  reaciing,  physical  culture.  Draw- 

dated.    The   pnpils  are  selected   according    to  ingjor  Boys :  Advanced  mechanical  drawing ;  prob- 

their  fitness  for  this  extra  work.  lema  in  construction.    Drawing  for  GirU :  Optional 


have  tried  to  start  a  movement  toward  the  in-  lincry,  selection  of  materials,  lessons  on  form  and 

troduction  of  manual  training  by  such  experi-  color^  to  trimming  and  making  hats,  bonneta,  and 

mentsas  thev  could  make  at  their  own  expense  toques;  cooking,  making  fire,  care  of  utensils,  tlie 

and  without  interfering  with  the  regular  school  chemical  and  nutritive  properties  of  foods,  pinepara- 

work  Ami  in  sntnA  ^J^StAt\o(^  thpsfl  pxnorimpnts  ^^^^  *°^  cooking  of  dishes,  table  serving,  and  mar- 

worit,and  in  some  instances  tnese  exponmenis  keting :  dress  making-cutting  and  making  dress  from 

i?  "'^S,  ?  ^^.^^*'*^*-  1  1.  -«««  •!  -t  original  design :  household  economy— the  application 
The  Pratt  Institute,  founded  m  1887  and  nch-  of  scientific  nicUiods  to  practical  housekeeping, 
ly  endowed  by  the  late  Charles  Pratt,  is  a  com- 
prehensive industrial  school,  in  which  special  The  high-school  course  leads  to  the  advanced 
attention  is  given  to  manual  training,  beginning  work  of  the  high  school,  with  its  architectural 
with  the  kindergarten.  There  is  a  technical  and  mechanical  drawing,  applied  design,  wood 
high-school  department,  an  art  department,  one  csrving,  and  art-needlework  courses,  and  to  the 
of  dramatic  science,  one  of  commerce,  one  of  Advanced  work  of  the  mechanic  art  school,  with 
mechanic  arts,  and  one  of  music,  and  a  kinder  its  trade  school  and  school  of  applied  science  and 
garten  for  students  of  various  ages  and  differ-  technology.  There  were  8,282  pupils  in  the  fall 
ing  requirements  and  purposes.    Tuition  in  all  and  winter  of  1891. 

is  low.  in  pome  classes  merely  nominal.     The  In  the  latter  part  of  1886  the  movement  for 

building  and  equipment  are  already  extensive  the  adoption  or  trial  of  manual  training  for  the 

and  complete,  and  are  to  be  enlarged  and  in-  public  schools  of  New  York  city  took  shape  when 

creased.    The  arrangement  and  equipment,  to  the  Board   of  Education  referred  the  general 

which  the  founder  gave  so  much  thought  and  subject  to  their  Committee  on   the  Course  of 

tinie,  are  elaborate.    The  halls,  libraries,  recita-  Study.    The  committee's  report,  presented   in 

tion  rooms,  laboratories,  and  work  rooms  are  fully  June,  1887,  set  forth  the  origin  and  development 

supplied  with  apparatus.      The  technical  high  of  the  subject-matter  as  a  school  study  and  the 

school  affords  an  academic  course  arranged  on  a  history  of  its  adaptation  and  use  in  this  country, 

manual-training  system.    Book  work  is  the  same  and  recommended  the  introduction  of  *•  what  is 

for  boys  and  girls,  but  the  manual  work  differs  generally  known  as  manual  training"  into  the 

from  the  beginning,  excepting  in  some  of  the  city  schools,  or  at  first  some  of  them,  and  pre- 


490  MANUAL  TBAININa. 

sented  the  outlines  of  a  proposed  course.  The  children  of  very  poor  and  working  people  has 
report  was  adopted,  and  in  October  of  the  same  been  broken  in  upon ;  a  limited  number  have 
year  the  matter  was  re-referred  to  the  same  com-  been  admitted  at  the  charge  of  $100  a  year  or 
mittee,  with  power  to  frame  a  course  of  study,  less,  half  the  seats  at  least  are  still  reserved  for 
and  to  introduce  such  course  into  not  more  than  the  free  pupils.  So  far,  pay  pupils  and  free  pupiU 
twelve  grammar  schools  and  the  primary  depart-  associate  freely  and  influence  each  other  bene- 
ments  connected  with  them,  and  to  employ  spe-  ficially.  The  plan  works  well.  The  superintend- 
cial  teachers  of  manual-training  subjects.  A  ent  in  his  last  report  says  they  have  pupils 
complete  new  course  of  study,  including  manual  who  seem  singularly  incapable  of  composition, 
training,  was  arranged  and  a  new  manual  pre-  or  even  the  lesser  grace  of  orthography,  some  of 
pai'ed.  This  course  of  study  is  so  ordered  that  whom  have  been  in  the  school  from  t^e  kinder- 
all  the  branches  of  education  are  interwoven  to-  garten  up,  and  have  received  the  same  careful 
gether,  and  ail  the  instruction  and  study  and  ex-  treatment  as  the  others ;  they  laj^  behind  in 
ercises  of  the  schools  are  affected  or  influenced  language,  which  is  their  weak  point,  and  they 
by  the  manual-training  features  or  idea.  It  is  so  would  have  been  regarded  as  ounces  in  other 
complete  and  elaborate  that  the  mere  outline  is  schools.  But  some  of  them  do  admirable  work 
too  long  to  be  inserted  in  this  article.  This  teach-  in  other  branches.  In  the  case  of  these  children, 
ers'  manual  entirely  su^rsedes  the  rea^lar  one  proficiency  in  manual  and  art  work,  and  in  nat- 
in  the  schools  in  which  it  is  used.  With  the  new  ural  history  usually  go  together.  After  they 
year  the  experiment  was  begun  in  a  few  selected  have  developed  their  peculiar  bent,  and  are  en- 
schools.  During  1888  the  course  was  placed  in  couraged  by  their  success  in  the  manual  branches 
four  boys*  and  five  girU'  grammar  schools  and  they  gradually  gain  a  better  control  of  tongue 
the  eleven  primaries  connected  with  them.    This  and  pen. 

put  more  than  10,000  children  under  the  new  The  College  for  the  Training  of  Teachers,  into 
training.  In  1889  it  was  extended  into  12  more  which  has  been  merged  the  Industrial  Education 
grammar  schools  and  their  primaries.  It  was  Association,  described  in  the  article  of  1887, 
then  in  82  schools — nearly  18,000  pupils.  The  and  which  received  a  charter  from  the  regents 
results  were  so  good  that  many  of  the  features  of  the  University  of  the  St«te  in  1889,  has  an 
were  embodied  in  the  re|^ular  course  for  the  en-  elaborate  department  for  the  instruction  of  teaeb- 
tire  city,  which  was  revised  that  year  and  went  ers  in  all  branches  pertaining  to  manual  training, 
into  effect  in  the  next,  1890.  The  free-hand  and  The  various  publications,  the  lectures  on  this 
mechanical  drawing  were  made  the  same  in  the  subject,  and  tne  furnishing  of  teachers  of  roan- 
two  courses,  except  so  far  as  directly  connected  ual  training  are  continued  by  the  colle^. 
with  the  shop  work  of  the  manual  -  training  Special  attention  is  given  to  form  study  and 
course.  By  the  end  of  1890  there  were  five  more  drawing,  domestic  economy,  mechanical  draw- 
schools  and  their  primaries,  another  thousand  ing,  and  wood  working.  There  are  Saturday 
and  a  half  of  children,  under  the  manual-train-  classes  for  the  convenience  of  teachers  actually 
ing  course.  By  the  end  of  1891,  20,670  pupils  engaged  in  teaching  in  New  York  and  vicinity, 
have  the  free-hand  drawing,  more  than  a  third  There  is  a  model  school  of  four  grades — kinder- 
of  these  have  mechanical  drawing,  which  is  in  garten,  primarv,  grammar,  and  high, 
all  of  the  grammar  grades ;  cutting  from  drawn  The  college  has  an  endowment  fund.  Tuition 
work  in  the  highest  primary  and  lowest  grammar  fees  are  moderate,  and  there  are  several  scholar 
gmdes  is  taken  by  somewhat  less  than  6,000,  and  ships. 

about  the  same  number,  all  the  girls  in  the  three  Ohio. — The  Legislature  in  1886  authorized  the 

higher  primary  and  five  lower  grammar  grades,  levying  of  a  tax  for  manual  and  domestic  school 

have  sewing ;  while  clay  modeling,  in  the  highest  purposes. 

primary  and  all  grammar  grades  but  the  nigh-  The  tnistees  of  the  State  University  at  Go- 
est,  is  taken  by  about  9,000 ;  clav  and  paper  are  lumbus  are  erecting  a  building  for  a  manual- 
used  in  form  study,  the  former  by  all  pupils  in  training  school. 

the  five  lowest  primary ;  shop  work  in  wood  in  In  Toledo  the  Manual  Training  School,  estab- 
the  five  higher  grammar  grades  is  taken  by  about  lished  under  an  ordinance  of  the  Common  Coun- 
1,800  boys ;  cooking  in  the  second  and  third  cil  in  1884,  is  maintained  under  the  joint  control 
grammar  by  a  still  smaller  proportion  of  girls,  of  the  Board  of  Education  and  the  directors 
The  course  runs  through  fourteen  terms,  seven  of  Toledo  University,  as  described  in  the  former 
years.  All  pupils  are  required  to  study  all  the  article.  Instruction  in  the  workshops  and  in 
subjects  taught  in  their  respective  classes,  but  a  free-hand  and  mechanical  drawing  is  furnished 
pupil  who  does  not  wish  to  take  the  manual-train-  by  the  University  Board,  while  the  intellectual 
ing  course  can  go  to  one  of  the  other  schools,  of  studies  are  pursued  in  the  public  schools  at  the 
which  there  are,  schools  and  departments,  about  expense  of  the  City  Board.  The  effect  of  this 
190  within  the  limits  of  New  York  city.  united  action  is  to  enlarge  the  scope  of  public 
The  College  of  the  City  of  New  York  maintains  instruction  so  as  to  include  instruction  in  some 
the  courses  of  manual  training  established  many  of  the  practical  arts.  The  course  including  this 
vears  ago,  and  described  in  the  article  of  1887.  instruction  is  known  as  the  manual  training 
'The  Workingman's  School,  founded  by  Felix  course.  Graduates  of  it  are  occupying  such 
Adler,  in  1879:  the  pioneer  and  model  school  of  places  as  superintendents  of  manufactures,  as 
this  class,  still  has  a  Kindergarten,  with  a  normal  architects,  designers,  draughtsmen,  and  teachen^; 
class,  and  develops  work  and  studies  on  the  but  they  were  taught  no  trades.  In  connection 
same  principles,  tnrough  three  primary  and  five  with  ordinary  school  studies  they  were  taught 
grammar  classes ;  in  all  a  course  of  eleven  years,  the  elements  of  industrial  drawing,  and  the  skill- 
There  are  now  between  800  and  400  pupils,  ful  handling  of  tools  that  are  at  the  foundation 
Since  1800  the  custom  of  receiving  only  the  of  all  arts.    The  work  in  manual  training  causes 


HANUAI.  TRAINING. 


DD  inteimption  or  ilirainutlon  oF  work  ia  uther  i 
departments ;  and  the  nchool  becomes  more  use' 
{ill  and  popular  from  rear  to  year.  The  course, 
wbicb  bta  beea  somi^vhat  altered  since  1887,  atill 
corcrs  four  Tean.  and  the  Jeasons  occupy  from 
two  and  ft  h»lf  hours  to  seven  hours  u  weok. 
Tbere  are  drawing cIub^s iJl  through  the  course; 
sewing,  wood  shops,  biockaniith  shop,  and  ma- 
chine shop.  The  fnur-atnnr  building,  which 
lomis  a  wing  of  the  hi^h-school  grouj    is  spe- 


eoruunitei)  in  1S6S  opened  in  the  following 
and  upon  the  act  ol  the  Legislature  laving  a 
tai  for  such  education  the  owners  gave  to  the 
cilT  Board  of  Education  the  use  of  the  buildii  g 
and  ^u  proent  for  frM  classes  to  pupils  of  the 
publjc  echoola  of  the  high  school  grade  and  at 
least  fourteen  years  ol  age.     Other  liuat  the 


high-Bchooi  grade  or  acquirements  are  admitted, 
anil  without  examination,  on  proper  certificates. 
It  is  a  pay  school. 

PennsflTanl*. — In  1887  the  Legislature  pro- 
vided for  the  appointment  of  a  coinniission  to 
make  inquiry  and  report  on  the  subject  of  in- 
dustrial education  looking  toward  the  bist 
means  of  promoting  il  and  how  far  it  is  pogsi 
ble  or  desirablp  to  inwrponite  it  inlc  the  eiisting 
sjstem  of  publiL  mstruclion  Ihe  chairman  of 
the  commission  George  W  Aiherlon  LL  D 
1  resident  of  the  Pennsyl>ania  btate  College 
T  sited  institutions  in  Kurope  and  the  other 
members  visited  the  schools  of  the  btate  and 
elsewhere  and  collected  a  vast  amount  of  m 
formation  a  small  part  of  whi(.h  was  sub- 
mitted to  the  Legislature  with  their  report  in 


public-school  pupils  pay  a  small  fee.  The  work, 
eilending  through  three  years,  is  in  the  use  of 
irals.  and  mechanical  and  free-hand  drawing. 
Nine  hours  a  week  are  req^uired,and  one  third  of 
the  time  is  given  to  drawing.  The  ground  cov- 
FivJ  is  much  the  same  as  in  the  course  for  boys 
Id  Toledo, 

The  Cincinnati  Technical  School,  which  is  in 
fact  a  manual  training  school,  was  Incorporated 
by  the  Order  of  Cincinnati.  It  was  opened  in 
ItWe.  In  the  following  year  the  Commercial 
Club  as  a  body  took  an  interest  in  the  pro;eFt, 
still  it  has  since  borne  nearly  half  the  espenses 
of  the  school.  The  object  of  the  school  id  to 
furnish  inslruction  and  practice  in  the  use  of 
tools,  in  mechanical  and  free-hand  drawing,  in 
nisthematics,  the  English  language,  and  the 
lutural  and  physical  sciences.  The  facility  of 
making  plana  and  the  ability  to  ezecute  them 
m  sought  for,  rather  than  manual  dexterity  or 


convinced.  We  believe  that  the  ti 
when  this  step  forward  in  the  development  of 
our  public-school  system  ought  to  be  taken." 
And  It  is  recommended  that  provision  be  made 
for  the  introduction  of  manual  training  into 
each  State  normal  school— wood  work  for  all  stu- 
dents, iron  work  for  younR  men,  and  sewing  for 
Toung  women,  as  much  as  could  be  nccomplished 
in  a  course  of  twelve  weeks  U  the  lime  were 
chiefly  given  to  it :  the  work  to  be  accompanied 
at  every  step  with  drawing  in  a  progressive 
course.  That  an  appropriation  be  made  to  each 
Slate  normal  school  of  $5,000  for  plant,  and 
$2,000  a  year  for  maintenance.  That  afler  1800 
no  certificate  or  diploma  bo  pratitcd  to  any  pupil 
or  graduate  who  shftll  not  have  eornple'led  at 
leni^t  the  equivalent  of  a  six-weeks'  course  in 
wood  work;  and,  to  train  teachers  already  em- 


492                                                    MANUAL  I'RAINING. 

plored,  a  summer  school  in  wood  vrork  and  iron  6  classes,  who  have  nearly  two  hours  a  week  at 

work  at  the  State  College.    A  moderate  annual  the  bench  or  lathe,  and  a  half-hour  at  meehan- 

appropriation  to  such  school  districts  as  shall  ical  drawin^if. 

establish  manual  training.     That  provision  be  The  Wilkesbarre   schools   have  joinery  and 

made  for  the  introduction  of  drawing  as  a  re-  sewing. 

quired  study  in  every  school  in  tue  State ;  and  Rhode  Island. — Newport  has  made  a  be^nn- 

to  require  every  distVict,  in  subsequent  build-  ning  in  manual  training  under  the  Townsend 

ings,  to  provide  rooms  for  manual  training,  and  fund,  and  the  Board  of  Slducation  contemplates 

for  the  grouping  of  schools,  and  for  special  in-  the  erection  of  a  building  to  meet  all  the  re- 

structors.    That  there  be  a  special  deputy  super-  quirements  of  a  svstematic  course.    A  sewing 

intendent  of  public   instruction  as  director  of  and  cooking  school,  on  manual  training  princi- 

manual  training.    That  the  system  be  introduced  pies,  has  been  maintained  for  several  years  chiefly 

into  the  reformatory  institutions,  and,  in  case  through  the  exertions  of  Miss  Katherine  Worme- 

any  change  be  made  in  the  provisions  for  main-  ley,  and  wood  working  has  been  introduced  into 

taining  soldiers*  orphan  schools,  at  least  wood  the  boys'  schools. 

work  for  boys  and  sewing  and  cooking  for  girls  Providence,  in  several  of  the  grammar  schools, 

be  introduced.     This  report  has  not  vet  been  has  lately  given  special  attention  to  the  teaching 

fully  acted  upon  bv  the  Legislature.    ThePenn-  of  drawing.    Instruction  has  been  given  in  the 

sylvania  State  College,  though  a  manual  labor  handling  of  tools,  and  a  cooking  school,  with  a 

school  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  pro-  special  teacher,  has  been  arranged  for  certain  of 

vides  a  great  deal  of  instruction  upon  manual  tne  grammar  schools.    A  new  building  for  a 

training  lines  for  the  first  two  years.  manual  training  high  school  is  nearly  completed. 

Pitt«Durg,  encouraged  by  t^e  generous  offer  Bristol   school    board   maintains   a    cooking 

pf  Henry  Phipps,  Jr.,  to  provide  a  teacher,  opened  school. 

a  kitchen  school  for  the  training  of  youne  women  Pawtucket  is  about  to  bnild  a  new  high  school, 
in  the  art  of  cooking,  which  has  succeeded  well,  with  provision  for  a  manual  training  course. 
Several  small  towns  on  Alleghany  river  have  South  Carolina. — Claflin  University,  Orange- 
made  experiments  in  the  simpler  kmds  of  wood  burg,  has  a   department  of   manual  training, 
and  iron  work.  Over  $20,000  has  been  spent  in  supplying  outfits 

In  Philadelphia  the  movement  has  assumed  a  for  the  various  industrial  departments  in  which 

very  considerable  magnitude,  and  the  school  au-  these  classes  will  be    taught.    The  indiistrial 

thorities  are  making  provision  for  its  introduc-  education  work  that  the  university  is  doing  for 

tion  into  all  the  grades  of  the  city  schools.    Sev-  the  colored  people  of  the  South  is  very  great 

eral  institutions  of  a  higher  grade,  for  the  edu-  and  valuable. 

cation  of  young  men  for  the  arts  and  industries.  The  Winthrop  Training  School  for  teachers,  at 

have  long  existed  here,  and  the  excellent  work  Columbia,  provides  normal  instruction  in  man u&l 

done  by  them  has  created  a  public  sentiment  in  training.    This  school  is  exclusively  for  young 

favor  of  eye  and  hand  training  which  does  not  women  who  already  have  a  good  education,  and 

exist  in  most  sections  of  the  State.    The  first  only  those  who  intend  to  teach  are  wanted  there, 

manual  training  school  for  boys  graduated  its  Virginia. — In  the  Virginia  Agricultural  and 

first  class  in  June,  1888.     By  that  time  there  Mechanical  College,  at  Blacksburg,  there  is  sys- 

wcre  more  than  300  pupils.     The  school  was  tematic  instniction  in  drawing  and  in  the  use  of 

crowded,  and  30  applicants  properly  qualified  iron-working  tools  upon  the  method  of  the  St. 

had  to  be  turned  away.    A  second  school  for  Louis  Manual   Training  School.      The   course 

boys  has  been  opened.  runs  through  three  years,  and  averages  six  hours* 

Girard  College  Manual  Training  Department,  work  a  week, 

described  in  the  former  article,  continues  to  sue-  The  Miller  Manual  Labor  School  of  Albemarle, 

ceed  upon  a  strict  adherence  to  the  Russian  sys-  Crozet  Station,  also  has  instruction  on  the  plan 

tem,  **  training  for  instruction,  not  construction."  of  the  St.  Louis  school.    The  complete  course  is 

It  has  been  found  necessary  to  guard  against  too  four  years, 

much  specializing  and  too  much  machinery.  Washington. — The  Seattle  High  School  has 

The  brexel  Institute  of  Art,  Science,  and  In-  an  industrial  course,  which  is  such  a  modifica- 

dustry,  founded  in  18yl  by  Anthony  J.  Drexel,  tion  of  the  scientific  course  as  provides  for  work 

with  a  gift  of  |2,000,000  for  building  and  en-  in  shop  and  laboratory.    Mechanical  drawing 

dowment,  will,  in  January,  1892,  open  classes  in  and  wood  work  are  fairly  started  and  obtaining 

a  normal  department  fitted  for  courses  in  manual  good  results,  even  with  imperfect  facilities.    A 

training.    Tuition  fees  are  extremely  moderate,  complete  course  has  been  arranged  similar  to 

and  there  are  to  be  100  scholarships  in  all ;  15  in  those  in  the  older  manual  training  schools  of  the 

the  manual  training.  country,  with  wood  carving  and  domestic  econ- 

Tidioute  opened  m  1888  what  is  often  called  omv  for  girls.    The  object  is  not  to  teach  any 

the  industrial  annex  upon  the  public  schools  for  trade,  but  to  train  the  hands  and  eyesof  the  pupils 

elective  courses ;  which  ai*e  taken  with  much  in-  while  their  minds  are  being  developed,  and  to 

terest  and  good  results.  interest  them  in  the  direction  of  manual  labor, 

Westchester  opened  a  manual  training  room  domestic  duties,  and  the  accompanying  sciences, 

in  1889 ;  convenient,  well-lighted,  with  deadened  Wisconsin.— In   Appleton    manual  training 

floor  and  ceiling,  and  thoroughly  well  fitted  up  was  introduced  into  the  Ryan  High  School  in 

for  instructing  18  students  at  a  time.    This  de-  1889.    There  is  a  course  in  drawing,  including 

partment  is  in  excellent  working  order,  and  has  working  drawings  obtained  from  the  raanufact- 

a  two  years*  course  open  to  boys  of  the  senior  urers  of  the  city ;  carpentry,  for  which  there  is  a 

and  junior  high-school  classes,  and  girls  who  ex-  workshop  for  l5  boys  at  a  time;  forging,  and 

pect  to  teach.    There  are  86  pupils,  divided  into  wood  carving  for  the  girls. 


MARYLAND. 


493 


Eoa  Claire  schools,  since  1885,  have  had 
mauual  training  as  part  of  the  work  of  the 
eighth  grade,  grammar,  and  of  the  hi|^h  school. 
Tbe  course  covers  three  years,  with  lessons  in 
the  use  and  care  of  tools,  in  carpentry,  turning, 
fort:ing,  etc^  and  drawing.  Girls  have  wood 
carving  a  part  of  each  year.  The  enrollment  is 
increasing.  A  new  high  school  is  under  con- 
tract, to  contain  accommodations  for  the  manual 
training  school. 

MARYLAND,  a  Middle  AtUntic  State,  one  of 
the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution 
Apnl  28,  1788 ;  area,  12,210  square  miles.  The 
population,  according  to  each  decennial  census, 
was  319,728  in  1790;  341,548  in  1800:  380,546  in 
1810;  407,350  in  1820;  447,040  in  1830;  470,019 
in  1840 ;  583,034  in  1850 ;  687,049  in  1860;  780,- 
894  in  1870 ;  934.943  in  1880 ;  and  1,042,390  in 
1880.    Capital,  Annapolis. 

GoTemmeiit. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Elihu  E. 
Jackson,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  State,  E.  W. 
Le  Compte ;  Treasurer,  Edwin  H.  Brown ;  Comp- 
troller, L.  Victor  Baughman ;  Attorney-Gener- 
al, William  P.  Whyte :  Secretary  of  State  Board 
of  Education,  M.  A.  Newell ;  Tax  Commissioner, 
Frank  T.  Shaw ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  Richanl  H.  Alvey ;  Associate  Justices, 
John  M.  Robinson,  James  McSherry,  Levin  T. 
H.  Irvinj:.  William  S.  Bryan,  John  P.  Biscoe, 
Oliver  Miller,  and  David  Fowler. 

PopalatioB  by  Races.— The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the 
Federal  census : 


wum. 

OOLOSXD. 

OOUNTUS. 

180O. 

1880. 

1890. 

1880. 

AllMnuir. 

19J41 

e8.A40 

868,920 

4,7^7 
10,008 
80,190 
21.SS0 

6.975 
16.085 
42.865 
14,080 
22,416 
12,096 
10,416 
17.4T2 
14.882 
11.816 

8.060 
14.502 
12,-48 
87,191 
14,600 
12,898 

86,468 

14,649 

72.766 

278,5S4 

4.442 

9.601 
28,706 
22,644 

7,700 
14.684 
42,962 
12,068 
21,88S 
11,741 
10.400 
1^608 
18,965 
12,067 

8.244 
12,974 
11,786 
86l495 
12.948 
12,522 

724,093 

1,470 

14,648 

10.860 

67.8:6 

5,109 

8,895 

2,185 

8,978 

8,215 

8.808 

6.64li 

188 

6.577 

4.178 

7,065 

9,710 

11,245 

6,r45 

7,751) 

9,<'58 

7,587 

2,.'H»0 

M«0 

6,tM 

21vS,004 

1A19 

Amw  A  mixIflL 

18.S17 

Baltlmcwv. 

10,.%C5 

BaMoiore  city 

58,716 

divert 

bM6 

Cvniiae 

CarroIL 

4,166 

2,286 

r«n 

Charles 

Dorcbcfim'. 

4,464 

10.^48 

&476 

Frederick. 

7,t20 

G&rreU 

Harford 

112 
6.657 

Huwai^ 

4.f99 

Kent 

7,205 

9.150 

Prioce  Oeofgo 

12.486 

Qncen  Anne 

7.189 

St.  Maiy 

8,600 

J^OOlCTfCt 

8,fi94 

Talbot 

Wafihlnfrton 

7,829 
8,066 

Wioomloik 

5.078 

Worcester 

7,017 

The  Bute 

;  824,149 

210,280 

There  were  197  Chinese.  6  Japanese,  and  34 
Indians  in  the  State  in  1890. 

Finances.— The  total  revenue  received  into 
the  treasury  during  the  flscal  vear  1891  was 
$2,827,568.29,  and  the  balance  Sept.  30.  1890. 
was  |(i66,845.94,  making  the  total  in  the  treas- 
nrv  during  the  fiscal  year  $3,494,414.23.  The 
receipts  for  1891  are  less  than  for  1890  by  $3,- 
0^.036.65.  This  large  decrease  is  mostly  due 
to  the  sale  of  the  bonds  of  the  **  exchange  loan 
Qt  1889,**  which  occurred  during  1890. 


The  total  disbursements  during  the  fiscal 
vear  1891  were  $2,958,083.93,  being  less  than 
those  of  1890  by  $2,731,402.08.  This  difference 
is  due  to  the  redemption  during  1890  of  the 
State  5-per-cent.  sterling  bonds.  The  balance 
at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  was  $541,380.80. 

The  estimates  of  receipts  for  the  current  fiscal 
year  amount  to  $2,082,559.90,  which,  if  realized 
and  added  to  the  balance  on  Sept.  80,  would 
made  the  total  in  the  treasury  during  the  cur- 
rent fiscal  year  $2,623,890.20. 

The  receipts  on  account  of  the  Free-school 
fund  during  the  fiscal  year  were  $69,272.21. 
This,  added  to  the  balance  standing  to  the  credit 
of  this  fund  Sept.  80,  1890,  $6,988.52,  makes 
an  aggregate  during  the  fiscal  year  1891  of  $76,- 
210.73.  The  disbursements  during  the  same 
time  were  $71,052.21,  leaving  a  balance  on  Sept. 
30.  1891,  of  $5,158.52. 

The  receipts  into  the  several  sinking  funds  for 
the  fiscal  year  were : 

General  sinking  Aind $10,91 2  25 

Balance,  Sept.  80, 1690 2,884  07    $18,746  82 

Finking  ftand  treasary  relief  loan . . .  109,7^8  £5 
Sinking  ftind  defense  redemption 

l«i» $424,714  24 

Balance,  Sept  $0, 1890. 8CS  88 

425,566  57 

Sinking  ftiiid  exchange  loan  1889. . .  t?7.2r9  00 

Balance,  &ept  80, 1890 18,684  50      5Q,9(.8  60 

#604,969  74 

There  was  invested  on  account  of  these  sink- 
ing funds  during  the  past  fiscal  year,  $604,- 
888.58,  leaving  cash  balance  to  the  credit  of  the 
treasury  relief  sinking  fund  of  $81.21. 

The  general  sinking  Aind  established  by  the 
investmentu  flnm  surplnii  funds  of  the  State 
treasniT  contains  stocks  and  bonds  aggre- 
gating.,       $278,008C5 

Tieasury  I:e1ief  Loan  Pinking  ftand  established 
in  the  fiscal  year  188tt.  in  accordance  with 
a  special  tax  tor  the  redemption  of  $500,000 
of  treasury  relief  bonds,  oonuins  stocks  and 
bonds  aggrenting 562,810  60 

The  Defense  Kedempiion  Loan  Sinking  f^d, 
established  in  the  fiscal  year  1884  for  the 
redemption  of  that  loan,  as  by  special  tax, 
cootains  stocks  and  bonds  aggregating. 1,580,521  78 

The  Exchange  Loan  of  18«<9  Sii  king  fund,  es- 
tnblished  by  the  Board  of  Public  Works  bv 
exchanging  the  preferred  stock  of  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  K.  U.  Co.  held  by  the  State 
for  bonds  of  said  loan,  by  virtue  of  Art  XII, 
sec  8,  of  the  Conf^titntlon,  contaics  stocks 
and  bonds  aggregating 1.29S,2C8  130 

Total  stocks  and  bonds  held  by  sinking 
Ainds $8,719,044  48 

According  to  the  Comptroller's  report,  the 
acts  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1878  and  1888 
levying  a  special  tax  of  1^  cent  on  each  $100 
of  the  taxable  property,  to  meet  the  interest  and 
create  a  sinking  fund  for  the  redemption  of  the 
bonds  of  the  treasury  relief  loan,  can  now  be  re- 
pealed, but  he  suggests  that  this  s{>ecial  tax  bo 
added  to  that  levied  to  pay  the  interest  and 
create  a  sinking  fund  for  the  redemption  of  the 
exchange  loan  of  1886,  as  the  tax  of  ^  cent  on 
each  $100  is  inadequate  to  meet  even  the  interest 
on  said  loan ;  consequently,  no  sinking  fund 
could  be  created. 

The  receipts  of  the  oyster  fund  amount  to 
$52,260.33,  which  is  less 'than  those  of  the  pre- 
ceding year  by  $5,918.34,  The  expenditures 
have  been  $78,045.81,  which  exceed  those  of  tho 


494  MARYLAND. 

preceding  year  by  |2,680.00.     In  the  expend!-  school   purposes   deriTed   from   all    sonms— 

tures  is  included  $2,726.68   for  building  two  State,  county,  and  city— were  $2,237,164.88,  of 

schooners.    The  amount  standing  to  the  credit  which  amount  there  was  paid  from  the  State 

of  this  fund  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  year  1891  treasury   for  white   schools    $470,345.16  ;  for 

was  $79,720.76.  colored  schools,  $122.988.88 ;  total,  $593,329.04 

The  total  indebtedness  of  the  State  at  the  The  amounts  received  from  the  State  treasury 

close  of  the  fiscal  year  1891  was  $10,721,642.52,  for  white  and  colored  schools,  respectively,  were 

an  increase  of  $80,518.07 ;  but  this  is  only  tern-  $4.48  each   for  the  white   pupils  in   average 

porary,  as  the  amount  of  the  **  exchange  loan  daily  attendance  and  $7.12  each  for  the  colored 

of  1891,*'  issued  at  the  close  of  the  year,  was  that  pupils  in  average  daily  attendance.     The  total 

iiiiich  greater  than  the  amount  exchanged  and  amount  of  expenses  of  all  the  schoob  in  the 

redeemed  of  the  old  loans,  for  the  exchange  and  State  shows  an  expenditure  of  $9.98  each  for 

redemption  of  which  this  new  loan  is  being  the  total  number  of  pupils  enrolled  during  the 

issued.    Deduct  from  the  gross  debt  the  pro-  year,  and  of  $18.12  each  for  the  total  number 

ductive  stocks  held  bv  the  State,  and  the  cash  of  pupils  in  average  daily  attendance.     The 

and  stocks  held  by  the  sinking  fund,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  of  white  pupils  whs 

net  debt  will  be  $8,876,046.88,  a  decrease  of  only  56  per  cent,  of  the  number  enrolled,  and  of 

$536,170.77  since  last  vear.  colored Jmpils  only  50  per  cent. 

The  assessment  of  the  real  and  personal  prop-        The  State  Normal  School  during  1891  was  full 

erty  in  the  several  counties  and  city  of  Balti-  to  its  utmost  capacity,  reaching  the  limit  of 

more  for  1891  is  $510,008,077,  being  greater  than  numbers  fixed  by  law,  and  the  applicants  for 

that  of  1890  by  $27,818,253.    The  levy  for  State  admission  far  exceeded  this  limit    The  Board  of 

taxes  for  1891  on  the  real  and  personal  property  Education  and  the  Association  of  School  Com- 

of  the  State,  at  17^  cents  on  eacn  $100,  amounted  missioners  of  Maryland  have  united  in  reque:»t> 

to  $905,258.50.  ing  the  General  Assembly  to  provide  for  enlai^- 

The  State  levy  for  public  schools  for  the  fiscal  ing  the  building, 
year  1891  amounted  to  $535,503.25     The  re-       Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal. — Subsequent 
ceipts'of  school  tax  for  1891  amounted  to  $576«-  to  the  filing  of  the  opinion  of  Judge  Alvev.  on 
850.64,anincreaseoverthatof  1890  of  $8,418.36.  Oct.  2.  1890.  detailed  in  the  "Annual  Cyelo- 
The  disbursements  of  the  school  tax  amounted  piedia"  for  1890,  an  appeal  was  taken  by  the 
to  $607,205,  an  increase  of  $5,217.99.  State  and  the  canal  company  to  the  Court  of 
United   States   Direct   Tax.  —  By  act  of  Appeals,  but  the  decree  of  the  court  below  was 
Congress,  chapter  xlv,  of  1861,  a  direct  tax  of  affirmed  in  February,  1891.    The  trustees  were 
$20,000,000  was  levied  upon  the  several  States  to  unable  to  complete  the  repairs  by  May  1, 1891. 
meet  the  expenses  of  the  war  then  being  waged,  as  stipulated,  and  the  time  was  extended,  and, 
and  Marvland*s  quota  of  this  tax  was  $436,-  by  the  latter  part  of  August  the  canal  was  sui- 
823.33.    The  General  Government  made  every  ficientlv  repaired  to  permit  transportation.   Th** 
provision  to  collect  this  tax,  but  at  the  same  cost  oi  repairs  largely  exceeded    the    highest 
time  accorded  the  privilege  to  the  States  to  as-  estimate,  and  has  amounted  to  $360,000,  while 
sume  their  quotas,  and  for  prompt  payment  a  the  tonnage  has  only  been  about  50,000  tons  r>f 
discount  of  15  per  cent,  was  stipulated.    Mary-  coal  and  the  gross  receipts  about  $20,000.    The 
land  assumed  her  quota  of  the  levy,  and  by  an  practical  results  thus  far  accomplished  are :  The 
act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  1862,  chapter  canal  has  passed  under  the  control  of  the  Balti 
cxliii,  issued  the  '* Maryland  defense  loan^  to  more  and  Ohio  Railroad  Company;  an  addi- 
provide  means  for  the  defense  of  Maryland,  and  tional  debt  of  at  least  $360,000,  taking  priority  of 
especially  to  meet  the  State's  proportion  of  the  the  claims  of  the  State,  has  been  created ;  the 
United  States  direct  tax,  levied,  or  to  be  levied,  revenues  are  not  sufficient  to  pay  the  expenses 
for   the  purpose  of  suppressing  rebellion  and  of  the  restored  work,  and  a  sale,  sooner  or  later, 
maintaining  the  integrity  of  the  Union.    On  seems  to  be  inevitable,  perhaps,  even  before  the 
June  28,  1862,  Maryland  paid  her  proportion  expiration  of  the  four  years  named  in  the  court's 
of  this  war  tax,  $436,823.33,  less  15  per  cent.,  decree.    The  proceeds'  of  this  sale  will  in  all 
leaving  the  net  sum  $371,299.83.  probability  prove  not  more  than  enough  to  re- 
Congress  at  its  last  session  passed  an  act  to  imburse  the  trustees  for  the  cost  of  these  repairs 
credit  and  pay  to  the  several  States  and  Terri-  and  to  pay  the  repair  bonds  of  1878,  if  indeed 
tories  and  the  District  of  Columbia  all  monevs  they  prove  adequate  for  these  purposes,  and 
collected  undei  the  direct  tax  levied  by  tfie  consequently  the  State  and  the  bondholders  of 
act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  5,  1861.    The  1844  will  get  nothing.    Had  the  lease  as  au- 
Comptroller  suggests   that  after   the  amount  thorized  by  the  act  of  1890  been  made,  the 
($371,299.83)  paid  to  the  General  Government  is  results  would  have  been  very  differenL    A  rail- 
returned  to  the  State  treasury,  it  should  be  road  competing  in  the  interests  of  the  people 
E laced  to  the  credit  of  the  Defense  Redemption  with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  would 
loan  Sinking  fund,  a  fund  created  for  the  re-  have  been  built  along  the  line  of  the  canal  from 
demption  of  loans  issued  to  defray  the  expenses  Cumberland  to  Georgetown ;  the  repair  bond- 
incurred  bv  the  State  during  the  civil  war.  holders  of  1878  and  the  labor  claims  of  $70,000 
Education.— The  whole  number  of  diflferent  for   repairs  prior  to  the  recent   expenditures 
pupils  enrolled  in  the  schools  of  the  State  dur-  would  nave  been  paid  in  full ;  the  bonaholders  of 
ing  the  year  was :  White,  189,214 ;  colored.  34,-  1844  would  have  received  25  per  cent,  of  their 
796 :  total,  224,010.    The  average  number  of  bonds,  and  the  State  would  he  in  the  regular 
pupils  in  daily  attendance  in  all  schools  was :  receipt  of  an  annuity  of  $15,000.    The  building 
White,  106,170;  colored,  17,273;  total  average  of  a  railroad  throiigh  Allegany,  Washinijton, 
attendance,  123,443.     The  total  expenses  for  Frederick,  and  Montgomery  counties  would  also 


MARYLAND.  495 

bftTe  added  to  the  State's  rerenues  from  the  tax  appointing  a  committee  to  confer  with  that  body  on 
on  its  gross  receipta,  while  the  benefit  to  these  i.^"8  subject  1  would  al»o  suggest  that  such  con- 
four  counUes  in  the  increase  of  their  taxable  ference  should  embrace  the  quesUons  connected  with 

basis  would  have  been  very  great    Moreover,  2"®  co™™^"  "«^^  of  fishery  in  the  Potomac  and 

uKHo   wuuAu   Mf.  ^»  wwu   »y*j   giirau.     *«.v/»w»«;a,  Pocomoke.    The  large  and  valuable  oyster  grounds 

the  project  was  to  extend  the  proposed  railroad  of  the  Potomac,  whiSi  belong  entirely  to  Mar>'land, 

from  Georgetown  to  Baltimore,  so  as  to  make  are  a  subject  of  concurrent  legislation,  and  enjoyed 

that  city  its  real  terminus,  and  thus  to  give  to  it  by  the  citizens  of  Virginia  equally  with  our  own. 

the  manifest  and  great  advantages  of  being  an  while  the  citizens  of  Mar>iand  are  entirely  excluded 

outlet  for  the  coal  from  West  Virginia  over  the  fro™  wiy  rights  in  the  Pocomoke. 

West  Virginia  Central  and  Pittsburg  Railway,  The  eighth  article  of  the  compact  of  1785  pro- 

and  moreover  lead  to  commercial  and  business  vides  that  all  laws  and  regulations  in  relation  to 

relations  of  incalculable  value  with  that  great  the  preservation  of  fish  in  the  Potomac  and 

and  growing  region.    The  experiment  of  con-  Pocomoke,  within  the  limits  of  Virginia,  shall 

tinning  to  spend  money  on  the  canal  in  the  be  made  with  the  mutual  consent  and  approba- 

hope  of  makmg  it  pay,  however  well  meant,  has  tion  of  both  States. 

been  a  costly  one  to  the  State,  while  to  the  The  Penitentiary.— The  annual  report  of 

bondholders  of  1844  it  has  thus  far  proved  to  be  the  Maryland  Penitentiary  shows  that  financially 

anvthing   but  a  success.     The  long-cherished  it    has  been   more  than  self- sustaining.     The 

policy  of  the  State  to  secure  for  the  people  two  Board  of  Directors,  after  paying  all  expenses, 

competing  lines  of  transportation  from  the  coal  paid  into  the  SUte  treasury  in  1890  a  surplus 

fields  has  been  reversed,  and  both  of  these  high-  of  |1,901.64.  and  are  ready  to  pay  for  1891  a 

ways  are  now  under  the  control  of  the  same  surplus  of  $8,022.85. 

corporation,  and  the  rates  of  toll  and  trans-  By  an  act  of  the  General  Assemblv  of  the  last 

portation  can  be  fixed  without   the  check  of  session  |25,000  a  year  was  appropriated  for  ten 

competition.  years  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing  additional 

The  Oyster  Industry.— The  general  meas-  grounds  for  the  extension  of  the  Maryland  Peni- 

urers  at  Baltimore  report  that  the  sales  in  that  tentiary  and  for  the  erection  of  necessary  build- 

citv  from  Oct.  15  to  Dec.  15, 1890,  were  1,701,-  ings  thereon.    It  also  savs  that : 

??li'?fi'®^  k"^  ''^'°-  ^*-  ^^  ^?  ?^\^y  ®^^'  It  was  suggested  two  veai*  ago,  with  a  view  of  the 

2.259,410  bushels,  an  increase  of  about  88  per  grate's  doing  what  it  ^ould  to  aid  the  farmers  of  the 

cent.,  which  must  be  credited  to  the  Culling  state,  to  have  binding  twine  manufactured  at  the 

law,  as   the  percentage  of    decrease  had  pre-  Man'land  House  of  Correction  by  the  prisoners  con- 

viously  been  in  a  greater  ratio ;  but  to  make  finca  therein ;  but  upon  investigation  it  was  deemed 

this  law  effective  it  will  be  necessaiy  to  extend  inexpedient,  owing  to  the  fact  tliat  most  of  the  in- 

its  proviwona  to  all  pereons  having  small  oysters  ""^^^^  ^'^''*  ^^f '  ^^^^  sentences,  and  are  «  class  of 

:-  iL.^^-.- „«,!  *i.%^u»  ^^^..^^  »ii  »,.»L.i»»Kio.  persons  generally  unfitted  for  such  work.     But  with 

m  poesession,  and  thereby  destroy  all  marketable  ^^  extension  of  the  Maryland  Penitentiary,  it  would 
value  m  them.  The  Governor,  in  his  messajge,  ^te  entirely  feasible  to  erect  the  necessary  machinery 
recommends  the  limiting  of  the  time  for  taking  at  a  comparatively  small  cost  for  the  manufacture  of 
oysters  with  scoops  or  dredges  to  Nov.  1 ;  and  binding  twine ;  in  doing  so  the  State  would  not  con- 
that  all  licenses  to  take  oysters,  either  with  fiict  with  any  similar  manufactory  in  the  State  con- 
tongs  or  with  scoops  or  dredges,  should  expire  ducted  by  private  enterprise,  while,  at  Uie  same  time, 
with  the  close  of  the^season.     He  adds :  '^ :^pu\d\e  a  vast  saying  to  those  engaged  in  wheat 

raismg  throughout  the  State.     Under  the  present 

T         ^1         11             ^    A'       4.    *v^    ^^:iut^^  ^fi  system  the  prison  labor  is  hired  out  to  nianufacturere, 

I  miii>t  also  callyour  attention  ^.^^^^  ^n^»**^f  aid  should  the  State  erect  a  factory  and  manufacture 

the  oyster  fund     'The  receipts  from  l»c«^«^  ^  dr^ge  ^.^         ,       j,    chaining  the  consumers  with  the 

are  eonstantlv  decreasing  while  ^  c^I^.'^se  of  main-  ^^^^f%^  ^aw  material  anS  the  cost  of  the  work,  at 

teimn^  and  liceping  in  order  the  boate  of  the  fisheiy  ^       .     ^^^  ^y^^    ^^  ^.^^  ^^^1^  j^^     ^^  ^.^^^^  ^f 

foroew  increasing  as  the  boate  get  older    Jhe  totol  j^    g               j^  ^/^^   ^^             ^^.    tindingtwine 

receipts  for  this  nind  were  in  1889  $61,502.08 ;  m  .  ^  ^^^v  i^^a  *^»;««  ti^nn  fi,«v  at«  «/.w  orimr^iA/i  ♦« 

1«90,^,178.67 ;  and  in  1891,  $62,260.88 ;  'while  'the  «^  »  fo^suchl^ffiaf  aSd     LrSore  ^^^^ 

expenditure*  were  in  1889  $68,806.09;, in  1890,  $70,-  ff  J^S^  aTawTs  r^^^^^^^^                                   enactment 

955.91 ;  and  in  1891,  $73,646.81 ;  showing  at  present  ^^  ^^^'^  *  ^*^  **  recommenaea. 

an  annual  deficit  of  over  $20,000.    The  license  to  The  Australiail  Ballot  Law. — The  General 


requite  the  scmpeni  andtongers  to  contribute  to  this  t'^^^  ^^P^^^  ?^^'^«  ?'^\Z  rLZr^nfJC' 

expense.    If  the  licenses  to  tong  or  to  scrape  were  all  and  the  appointnient  by  the  Governor  of  elec- 

ii«8ued  from  the  Comptroller's  office  to  the  clerks  of  tion   officers,  with   a  view  of  securing  greater 

the  circuit  courts,  and  one  third  of  the  receipts  fairness  and  freedom  in  elections.    From  all  sec- 

therefrom  were  paid  over  to  the  State,  it  would  tions  of  the  State  where  the  law  applies  it  has 

probably  be  sufficient  for  all  present  emergencies;  received  approval  and  commendation.     There 

5"^.*^*^2  J*f5'^_.??j  ^^?_^?_"™?i. P^*^?!  *?^  are  counties  where  the  provisions  of  the  law  do 


., . absolutely  necessary.  . 

A  cause  of  most  embarrassment  in  the  enforcement    election  laws  be  revised  and  re-enacted.   Indeed, 


of  our  laws  is  found  in  the  lack  of  harmony  between  the  application   of    the    Australian  system  to 

the  laws  of  Maryland  and  those  of  Virginia,    The  primary  elections  is  advised  by  him. 

Legislature  of  that  State  is  now   in  session,  and  ^  Political.— At  the  election  held  in  November 

?ri  tr^^tS^t^  tK^lLi^^n^r ^tr  ^  ^fui^  ^or  Governor  the  Democratm  candi^^^^^^^  Frank 

their  coH>peration;  I  woulk,  therefore,  recommend  Brown,   was  elected,   receiving    108,589    vot^, 

that  you  pass  a  joint  resolution  eariy  in  your  session  while  the  Republican  candidate,  W.  J.  Vannort, 


496  MASSACHUSETTS. 

received  78,388  votes,  and  Edwin  Higgins,  the  low:  Interest,  $1,586,491.72;  legislative  depart- 
Prohibition  candidate,  5,120  votes.  At  thi»  ment,  (315,003.77 :  executive  and  other  depart- 
election  six  proposed  amendments  to  the  State  nients,  $93,244.15 ;  State  House  and  Comroon- 
Constitution  were  voted  upon.  The  first  em-  wealth  Building,  etc.,  $39,283.99 ;  sundnr  com- 
powerisd  the  Governor  to  disapprove  separate  missions,  $307,300.19;  printing,  $115,9b&36 ; 
items  in  appropriation  bills;  the  second  re-  educational,  including  State  Library,  $199,007.60; 
stricted  the  exemption  of  corporations  from  judiciary,  $254,546.07;  public  buildings,  $515,- 
taxation ;  the  third  provided  for  uniformity  of  392.30 ;  agriculture,  including  scholarships,  etc^ 
taxation;  the  fourth  related  to  the  election  of  $61,764.01 ;  State  and  military  aid,  including  ex- 
county  commissioners ;  the  fifth  authorized  the  penses,  $457,352.87 ;  charitable,  $602,306.98 :  re- 
sale of  the  State's  interest  in  hll  works  of  inter-  formatory  and  correctional,  $810,568.08 ;  mill- 
nal  improvement ;  and  the  sixth  empowered  the  tarv,  $235,186.18. 

Legislature  to  provide  for  the  taxation  of  mort-  The  transactions  on  account  of  the  sevenl 
gages,  if  such  taxation  is  imposed  in  the  countv  sinking  funds  and  trust  deposits  show  the  follow- 
or  city  where  the  mortgaged  property  is  situated,  ing  aggregates  for  the  year:  Cash  on  hand  Jan. 
All  of  these  amendments  were  adopted  except  1, 1891,  $5,282,185.58 ;  cash  receipts  during  the 
the  third.  The  State  Legislature  as  now  consti-  year,  $20,037,376.82 ;  toUl,  $25,319,562.40;  pay- 
tuted  includes  in  the  Senate  22  Democrats  and  ments  on  these  accounts,  $20,776,287.63 ;  cash 
4  Republicans,  and  in  the  lower  house  78  on  hand  Jan.  1,  1892,  $4,543,274.77. 
Democrats,  10  Republicans,  and  3  Independents,  The  State  debt  on  Jan.  1,  1891,  was  $31,381.- 
giving  a  Democratic  majority  of  18  in  the  Sen-  168.30,  and  on  Jan.  1. 1892.  $27,929,415.55,  a  de- 
ate,  65  in  the  House,  and  83  in  a  joint  ballot.  crease  of  $3,451,742.75.  This  decrease  is  account- 

MASSAGHU SETTS,  a  New  Encrland  State,  ed  for  by  the  payment  from  the  sinking  fund  of 

one  of  the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitu-  the  debt  incurred  on  account  of  the  Troy  and 

tion  Feb.  6, 1788 ;  area,  8,315  sqiiare  miles.    The  Greenfield  Ratlrosd  and   th»  Hoomp  Tunnel* 

population,  according  to  each  decennial  census,  amounting  to  $3,834,742.75.  and  by  the  issue  of 

was  378,787  in  1790;  422.845  in  1800 ;  472,040  in  new  bonds  as  follow:  For  the  metropolitan  sew- 

1810;  523.159  in  1820;  610,408  in  1830;  737,699  erage  loan,  $868,000;  for  the  armory  loan,  $15,- 

in  1840;  994,514  in  1850:  1,231,066  in   1860;  000 :  toUl  issue,  $383,000. 

1,457,351  in  1870;  1,783,085  in  1880;  and  2,238,-  The  total  value  of  the  several  sinking  funds 

948  in  1890.    Capital,  Boston.  held  by  the  State  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  was  $21,568,- 

GoTernment. — The  following  were  the  State  960.37;  the  increase  during  the  year,  $1,355,- 

officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  William  E.  696.41 ;  the  decrease  by  payment  of  the  funded 

Russell,  Democrat ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Will-  debt,  $3,834,742.75 ;  and  the  total  value  of  the 

iam  H.  Ilaile,  Republican ;  Secretary  of  State,  funds  on  Jan.  1, 1892,  $19,089,914.03. 

William  M.  Olin,  Republican ;  Treasurer,  George  Valaation. — The  total  assessed  valuation  of 


Stevens,  George 

ward  W.  Kinslev,  who  died  on  Dec.  26:  Chief  $90,907,647.     Included  in  the  assessment  were 

Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Walbridge  A.  4,498,012  acres  of  hind,  361.066  dwellings,  181,- 

Field  ;  Associate  Justices,  Charles  Devens  (who  705  horses,  257,896  neat  cattle,  47.536  sheep,  and 

died  on  Jan.  7,  and  was  succeeded  by  John  La-  40,776  swine.    Personal  estate  in  Suffolk  Countv, 

throp),  William  Allen  (who  died  on  June  4,  and  which  includes  the  citv  of  Boston,  was  valued  at 

wassucceeded  by  James  M.  Barker),  Charles  Allen,  $207,821,828,  and  real  estate  at   $677,828,400. 

Oliver  Wendell  Holmes,  Jr.,  Marcus  P.  Knowl-  For  1891  a  total  State  tax  of  $1,500,000  was 

ton,  and  James  M.  Morton.  levied. 

Finances.— The  receipts  and  payments  on  ac-  LeglslattTe  Session.— The  General  Court  of 

count  of  revenue  for  the  year  were  as  follow  :  1891  assembled  on  Jan.  7  and  was  prorogued  on 

Cash  in  the  treasury  Jan.  1,  1891,  $1,488,057.19;  June  11,  having  been  in  session  one  hundred  and 

cash  received  during  the  year,  $18,792,998.53;  fifty-six  days.    Although  the  Senate  consisted  of 

payments  during  the  year,  $18,956,569.52 :  cash  in  20  Republicans  and  20  Democrats,  there  was  no 

the  treasury  Jan.  1, 1892,  $1,324,480.20.    The  esti-  delay  in  the  organization  of  that  body.  Senator 

mated  revenue  for  the  year,  exclusive  of  the  di-  Henry  H.  Sprague,  Republican,  being  re-elected 

rect  tax,  was  $3,782,837.50,  and  the  actual  rev-  President  without  opposition.    In  the  House,  the 

enue  $4,329,919.79.    Adding  to  the  latter  sura  Ronublicans,  being  m  the  majority,  re-elected 

the  direct  tax  receipts,  $1,500,000,  and  the  bal-  William  B.  Barrett  &s  Speaker,  without  opposi- 

ance  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  $1,488,057.19,  there  is  found  tion.    During  the  session  431  acts  and  1 18  resolves 

to  be  a  total  actual  revenue  of  $7,817,976.98.  were  passed  and  been  me  taw.    A  bill  redistrictinp 


irporation 

stock    taxes,    $468,689.71  ;  from    savings-bank  are  included  portions  of  the  city  of  Boston, 

taxes,  $1,053,606.28 ;  from  insurance  companies,  No  opposition  was  o£fered  this  year  to  the  de- 

$317,432.64;  from  excise  tax  on  life-insurance  mands  of  the  farmers  for  legislation  proteftin? 

companies,   $127,802.45  ;    from   liquor  licenses,  them  against  the  sale  of  imitation  butter.  Early 

$573,714.10;  from  State-prison  industries,  $146,-  in  the  session  an  act  was  pa.ssed  prohibitinir  the 

699.40;  from  interest  on  deposits.  $174,908.2:^  manufacture  and  sale  of  any  such  article,  bmal- 

The  principal  expenses  may  be  classified  as  fol-  lowing  the  production  and  sale  of  oleomargarine 


MASSACHUSETTS.  497 

without  coloration  nnd  in  such  a  manner  as  of  streets  over  unimproved  areos  in  the  citj. 

\Tould  apprise  the  consumer  of  its  real  character.  No  streets  shall  be  built  over  the  areas  so  sur- 

The  insptsctors  of  milk  were  given  authority  to  veyed  except  those  laid  out  on  the  plans  of  this 

enforce  these  provisions.    Later  another  act  was  board.    The  question  of  rapid  transit  m  the  city 

I«s8ed  which  imposes  a  penalty  upon  any  per-  was  referred  to  a  commission,  consisting  of  the 

ton  selling  or  offering  for  sale  oleomargarine,  mayor  and  city   engineer,   three   members  ap- 

butterine,  or  other  substance  imitating  butter,  pointed  by  the  mayor,  and  three  appointed  by 

whether  colored  or  not,  to  any  one  who  asks  for  the  Governor. 

butter.  It  is  further  provided  that  dealers  in  For  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  manufact- 
oleomargarine  and  like  substances  shall  post  con-  ure,  sale,  or  importation  of  clothing  made  in 
i^picuou^ily  in  their  places  of  business  a  placard  unhealthful  places,  the  appointment  of  two  ad- 
saying  that  oleomargarine  or  butterine  is  sold  ditional  inspectors  on  the  district  police  was 
there;  peddlers  are  required  to  post  upon  each  authorized. 

of  their  vehicles  a  placard  showing  that  they  Fraternal  beneficiary  organizations,  endowment 

are  licensed  to  sell  oleomargarine ;  tubs  or  pack-  companies,  and  bond  schemes  received  a  large 

ages  must  be  labeled  with  a  placard  bearing  the  share  of  attention.    A  stringent  bill  affecting 

word  ^  oleomargarine" ;  and  at  hotels,  restau-  the  first  named  was  reported,  and  a  contest  arose 

rants,  and  lunch  counters  guests  or  patrons  shall  as  to  whether  it  should  affect  all  companies  or 

be  notified  when  served  with  any  substance  in  only  those  formed  since  a  certain  date  in  1890, 

place  of  butter.    Every  opened  tub  or  package  the  result  being  that  the  whole  matter  whs  sent 

offered  for  sale  shall  have  upon  it  a  placard  bear-  over  to  the  next  Legislature.    The  bond  schemes 

ing  the  word  ^  oleomargarine.**    A  dairy  bureau,  were  forbidden. 

consisting  of  three  members  of  the  Boaixi  of  Being  satisfied  that  the  Cape  Cod  Ship  Canal 

Agriculture  appointed  by  the  Governor,  is  direct-  Company  was  unable  to  complete  the  work  in- 

ed  to  enforce  this  act,  with  the  aid  of  an  assist-  trusted  to  it,  the  Legislature  refused  an  exten- 

ant  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Agriculture,  and  sion  of  its  charter,  apd  conferred  its  rights  and 

is  authorized  to  expend  not  over  $4,000  in  this  franchises  upon  the  Boston,  Cape  Cod.  and  New 

work.  York  Canal  Company,  on  certain  conditions. 

The  act  of  1890  creating  the  Gypsy-moth  Com-  The  sum  of  $75,000  was  appropriated  to  se- 

mission  was  repealed,  and  the  worlc  of  extcrmi-  cure    a    representation    of    tne    resources   and 

nating  the  gypsy-moth  {)est  was  intrusted  to  the  progress  of  the  State  at  the  Columbian  Exposi- 

State  Board  of  Agriculture.  tion  in  1893. 

The  clause  in  the  license  law  forbidding  the  Two  constitutional  amendments  which  passed 

sale  of  liquor  over  a  public-bar  was  stricken  out,  the  Legislature  of  1890 — one  abolishing  the  poll 

and  a  provision  was  introduced  prohibiting  the  tax  as  a  prerequisite  for  voting,  the  other  provid- 

sale  of  liquor  at  tables  in  any  room  where  liquor  ing  that  a  majority  of  the  members  of  each 

selling  is  the  exclusive  or  principal  business.     A  branch  of  the  Legislature  shall  form  a  quorum  to 

radical  change  was  made  in  the  law  respecting  do  business — were  approved  again  at  this  session 

tlrunkennesa.    Police  officers  may  now  release  and  provision  was  made  for  their  submission  to 

from  custody  any  person  arrested  for  intoxica-  the  people  in  November.     An  amendment  for 

tion,  after  he  has  become  sober,  if  satisfied  from  biennial  elections,  which   was  passed  in  1890, 

his  afiSdavit  that  he  has  not  been  arrested  for  in-  failed  of  approval  at  this  session.     There  was 

toxication  twice  before  within  a  year.    Whether  also  passed  for  the  first  time  an  amendment 

the  prisoner  is  released  or  not,  his  affidavit  shall  striking  out  the  constitutional  requirement  that 

be  referred  to  a  probation  officer,  who  shall  in-  the  Governor  shall  be  seized  in  his  own  right  of 

vestigate  the  court  records,  and  if  there  is  no  a  freehold  in  the  Commonwealth  of  the  value  of 

recoil  against  him  of  two  arrests  within  the  £1,000. 

year,  no  further  action  shall  be  taken  in  the  case.  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

except   to   discharge  the  person   if  he   is  still  Giving  to  notaries  public  the  jurisdiction  and  right 

under  arrest :  but  if  the  records  show  two  or  to  act  in  all  counties. 

more  arrests,  he  shall  be  tried  for  drunkenness.  Imposing  a  penalty  for  unlawfully  issuing  certifl- 

iH'ing  first  rearrested  if  he  has  already  been  dis-  <^**f®  ^^  divorce.                        ,  i   .i.    o.  .  t^    -j    r 

charged.     At  the  same  time  the  jinaltv  for  „ ^RHrvi^^fnffnVTtro  SS^L^^^^ 

>...Ji _i^   J  A     :        .^         'i.  #  «  Health  to  examme  into  the  best  metnoos  for  protect- 

drunkenness  was  changed  to  imprisonment  for  .      ^^       1^    ^^  j^i^^  ^.^^^^ 

not  more  than  one  year,  without  fine,  in  every  ^^  prohibit  the  employment  of  prisoners  outside  of 

c*^.  their  place  of  confinement 

The   only  important  labor  measure   enacted  Prohibiting  after  Nov.  l,  1892,  the  heating  of  steam 

prr»hibit8  the  imposition  of  fines  upon  or  the  railroad  passenger  cars  by  stoves  or  furnaces  placed 

withholding  of  wages  from  weavers  for  imper-  wiUiin  or  attached  to  the  car.       .^     .    .        ^       , 

fections  that  mavarise  in  the  processof  weaving.  ,  To  authorise  V'^.^J?*^  Board  of  Ag^^^^^ 

The  State  Supreme  Court,  later  in  the  year,  df-  Yj^^^  ^^'^^^^^^  mformation  relating  to  abandoned 

cided  that  this  act  was  unconstitutional  and  void.  To  prevent  excessive  charges  in  the  redemption  of 

Cities  and  towns  were  empowered  to  man u fact-  tax  titles, 

ure  and  distribute  gas  and  electricity.      A  tax  of  Incorporating  the  town  of  West  Tisbury. 

5  per  cent  was  imposed  on  collateral  inheritances.  Requiring  the  polls  to  bo  opened  at  6  o'clock  in  the 

when  the  estate  is  valued  at  over  $10,000.  forenoon  on  the  days  appointed  for  the  election  of 

The  city  of  Bost/^n  was  authorized  to  borrow  ^^  and  city  officers, 

outside  of  its  debt  limit  $3,600,000  for  park  pur-  .^^JI^^^^  caSt'^LtXtfo^"'      "^^       ^ 

poses  and  $1,000,000  for  completing  the  public-  Prohibiting  the  sale  to  any  child  under  sixteen  years 

library  building.     A  board  of  survey  was  created  of  any  candy  or  other  article  inclosing  liquid  or  sirup 

with  authority  to  lay  out  the  course  and  grade  Tvhicn  contains  more  than  1  per  cent  of  alcohol. 

roij.  XXXI. — 82  A 


498  MASSACHUSETTa 

Constituting  nine  honra  a  dayV  work  for  eountj  lem,  269:  at  Westfield,  189;  at  Worcester,  170; 

emploves.  at  the  Normal  Art  8<:hool,  225. 

Limiting  the  height  of  buildings  in  citie*  to  125        Charltle*.— The   following  is  a  siimmari»a 

feet  above  the   street ;  e  evatore,  sugar  reflnenes,  gtatement  of  the  condition  of  the  State  charitar 

'*1Fi?^gteirare?o7&^^^^^^^^^  ble  institutions:  Danvers  Lunatic  Hospital  p.- 

to  change  the  names  of  corporatioik  tients  on  Oct.  1,  1890,  818 ;  admitted  durmg  the 

Raising  the  compulsory  sjhool  age  to  fifteen  vcars  year  ensuing,  866 ;  discharged.  862 :   reiuaiuing 

in  cities  and  towns  where  opportunity  is  flunishod  Sept.  80,  1891,  817;  total  expenses,  $166,411.5:!. 

for  industrial  education.  Northampton  Lunatic  Hospital,  patients  on  Oct. 

To   authorise   the    Superior   Court   in   criminal  i,  1890,  405;   admitted,   I4l;    discharged,   1«J: 

cases,  to  sentence  persons  convicted,  although  an  ap-  remaining  Sept.  30,  1891,  458;   total  expenses, 

peal  has  been  taken,  where  such  appeal  seems  fnvol-  |e2,721.18.     Westbomugh  Insane  Hospitkl,  pa- 

°"to  prohibit  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  children's  tienU  on  Oct.  1;  1890.  508 ;  admitleil  897 ;  dis- 

toys  and  confectionery  containing  arsenic.  charged,  412;  remaining  feepL  oO,    1891.  493; 

Giving  to  the  Superior  Court  exclusive  original  total  expenses,  $98,008.28.      Taunton    Lunatic 


priating  $50,000  for  its  maintenance,  provided  a  suit-  r,„J«tiP  Hnamtll   nRtiPnta  An  Oot'  1    IftflO  TS.**- 

ible  ve^l  for  such  school  be  ftimishea  by  the  United  ^^""?,V  ,  IX^T/  Rf  "^"7  ""  ^-  '' . 'f^'^/ 

g^jg^                                                   ^  admitted,  549;  discharged.  o09 :  remaining  S>pt 

Giving  the  Commissionere  of  Savings  Banks  au-  80, 1891,  826;  totel  expenses,  $172,327.20.     Wor- 

thority  to  prevent  foreign  co-operative  banks  from  cester  Insane  Asylum,  patients  on  Oct.  1.  It90, 

transacting  business  within  the  Commonwealth.  299;  admitted,  165:  discharged,  53;   remaining 

To  establish  a  board  of  commissioners  for  the  pro-  on  Sept.  80, 1891, 411 ;  total  expenses.  $68,042.07. 

motion  of  uniformity  of  legislation  in  tiie  United  g^^^^  Almshouse  at  Tewksbury,  insane  depart- 

■^li^n-tin.  the  Trustee,  of  Public  K«.n..tion.  S^^-jJ^S^JS.  ^ ;  «milS?«n"^i..l5;  1^^^ 

almshouse  department  proper,  inmates  on 
1890,  802;  admitted.  2,815 ;  discharged, 

wealth.         '  2,772;  remaining  on  Sept.  80. 1891,845.     State 

To  esUblish  a  sinking  ftmd  for  the  State  House  Farm  at  Bridgewater,  inmates  on  Oct.  1,  189a 

loan,  due  in  1901.  545 .  admitted.  788 ;  discharged.  666 ;  remaining 

Edncatton.  ~  The  following  public -school  on  Sept.  80,  1891,  612  (of  the  latter  number  223 
statistics  cover  the  school  year  1890-'91 :  Num-  are  insane  persons) :  total  expenses,  $74,989.09. 
ber  of  children  between  five  and  fifteen  years.  At  the  Perkins  Institution  for  the  Blind  there 
876.491 ;  number  of  all  ages  in  the  schools  dur-  were  W^  pupils  on  Sept.  80.  The  total  receipti 
ing  the  year,  876,986;  average  attendance,  278,-  for  the  year,  including  a  balance  of  $60,415.85, 
602;  teachers  employed  —  men  1,016.  women  were  $290,466.54,  and  the  expenditures  and  in- 
9^680;  average  monthly  wages  of  male  teachers,  vestments  $284,450.17,  leaving  a  new  balance  of 
$118.07;  female  teachers,  $48.17;  number  of  $6,016.87.  At  the  School  for  the  Feeble-minded 
public  schools,  7,289 ;  average  length  of  school  at  Waltham  there  were  296  pupils  on  Sept.  80, 
year  in  months,  8*9.  During  the  year  244  high  1890 ;  83  were  admitted  during  the  year  and  34 
schools  were  maintained,  with  26,294  pupils  in  discharged,  leaving  845  in  the  school  on  Sept 
attendance,  an  increase  of  8  schools  and  977  pu-  30,  1891.  The  totol  expenses  of  the  institution 
pils.  Evening  schools  to  the  number  of  266  for  the  year,  including  $78,846.24  for  new  build- 
were  supported  in  65  cities  and  towns.    The  ings,  were  $150,288.26. 

number  of  teachers  employed  therein  was  1,018,  Prisons.  —  The  number  of  convicts  at  the 

the  total  number  of  pupils  enrolled  28,458.  and  Stat«  Prison  on  Oct.  1, 1890,  was  580 ;  during 

the   average   attendance    14,526.      The   whole  the  year  following  164  convicts  were  received 

amount  of  money  raised  by  taxation  for  the  sup-  and  129  discharg^,  leaving  615  remaining  on 

port  of  public  schools,  including  only  wages  of  Sept  80,  1891.    The  net  cost  of  supporting  the 

teachers,  fuel,  and  care  of  fires  and  scliool -rooms,  prison  during  the  year  was  $148,487.26,  from 

was  $5,707,514.87,  an  increase  of  $182,681.72  for  which  may  be  deducted  the  profit  of  $10,075.65 

the  year.    The  amount  expended  for  new  school-  derived  to  the  State  during  the  year  from  the 

houses  was  $1,026,082.27.    The  expenditures  for  manufactures  and  other  industries  carried  on  in 

schools,  exclusive  of  the  sum  paid  for  i*epairing  the  prison  by  convict  labor.    At  the  State  Re- 

and  erecting  school-houses,  was  $6,652,972.67,  or  formatory  at  Concord  there  were  738  prisoners 

$17.67  for  each  child  of  school  age.    The  total  on  Oct.  1.  1890,668  were  received  during  the 

expenditures,  including  repairs  and  new  school-  year  ensuing,  and  589  were  discharged,  leaving 

houses,  aggregated  $8,554,545.57  or  $22.72  for  812  remaining  on  Sept  30,  1891.    The  currpnt 

each  child  of  school  age.  expenses  of  the  institution  were    $175.4;^0.8C. 

During  the  year  471  private  schools  and  acad-  from  which  should  be  deducted  $16,922.66,  the 

emies,  having  an  attendance  of  59,080  pupils,  profit   made  upon  the  labor  of  prisoners,  and 

were  in  operation.  $0,958.36  received  from  rents,  etc.,  leaving  |151.- 

The  new  law  under  which  two  or  more  small  554.84  as  the  net  cost  of  the  institution  for  the 
towns  may  unite  in  securing  the  services  of  a  year.  The  Refonnatory  Prison  for  Women  con- 
trained  superintendent  of  schools  is  producing  tained  242  inmates  on  Oct.  1. 1^0,  216  were  re- 
satisfactory  results.  ceived  during  the  year  following,  and  210  dis- 

At  the  State  normal  schools  the  following  pu-  charged,  leaving  248  remaining  on   Sept  30. 

pils  were  in  attendance  during  the  year:    At  1891.    The  expenditures  for  the  year  were  $50.- 

Bridgewater,  284 ;  at  Framingham,  167;  at  Sa-  611.85,  and  the  receipts  from  labor  of  prisoners 


MASSACHUSETTS.  499 

and  othersonrces  $12,789.05,  making  the  oet  cost  be  equal  to  the  best  known  to  commerce,  and 

of  the  institution  $37,871.90.  legislation  to  suppress  trusts  and  to  secure  a 

At  the  several  county  prisons  and  houses  of  more  complete  taxation  of  personal   property, 

correction  there  were  3,945  prisoners  on  Oct.  1,  On  the  public-school  question  the  following  dec- 

1H90,  15,439  commitments  to  these  institutions  laration  was  made : 

were  made  during  the  year  following,  15,211  The  public  common  school  is  a  foundation  stone 

prisoners  were  discharged,  and  there  were  4,173  of  the  republic.     We  will  sacredlv  guard  it  from  re- 

remaintnff  on  Sept.  80,  1891.  moval  or  undermining  bv  hostile  hands.    To  this 

The  Industrial  School  for  Girls,  at  Lancaster,  end.  and  that  its  power  and  beneficence  may  continue 

on  Sept.  30  contained  91   pupils;   the  Lyman  unabated,  we  are  affai^nst  any  sectarian  i 

School  for  Bovs,  200 ;  and  the  Primary  Sch6ol,  at  ^I'i^r.^nVllfv  f^^C  -n'^^ i^f 'SSJ^Sn;^''^^!  ""^ 

>!on«>n  (at  whkh  neVlected  and  dependent  chil-  ^1^^.                       ^ 

dren  and  those  convicted  of  light  offenses  are  mu    i»       ui-        o*  *    ri          *•              l  u    i. 

cared  for),  329,  of  whom  259  were  boys,  58  girls,  tJ^*L^P"SIT  ftate  Convention  was  held  at 

and  12  women  Boston  on  Sept.   10.    Two  candidates  for  the 

BAnk&._nurinff  the  rear  2  savinffs  lianks  4  gubernatorial  nomination  were  presented  to  the 

JjT^iil^dt^J^^JX^Af^Z^.  convenUon,  Hon.  William  W  dn|po  and  Hon. 

tlve  bi^s  were  OTganizoTfind  began  busiW  Pff'*'  H.  Allen,  of  whom  the  latter  wai.  se- 

There  are  now  in  the  State  181  wvings  banks,  ^f^}'^  ""'he  first  ballot  by  the  following  vote : 

with  assets  of  $890.784,807.51 ;   19  trust  con.pa-  ^llen.  ,U:  (  rapo,  614 ;  scattenng  4.    1-or  the 

mes.withassctror f8a,124J29«.16;  108«M,peVa-  °''?**.^'  Auditor.   Gen.  John  W.  Kiinball  was 

live  banlu,  with  assets  of  f  lt.874,530.14;  iT-ol-  ^'*t     „  °T   **'*,  c?'?P?1,'.'*"a,     i^'e"t.-Qov. 

I«teral  I<»n  companies,  with  assets  of  f8':8,-  ?*''«•  ^?'"7  «'^tate  Olin   Treasurer  Mai- 

207.72;   and  2  mWtga^  loan  companiesTwith  den,  and  Attorney-Genenjl   Pillsbjjry  were  re- 

a-^<*tsof  fl,8»1.704.ra7  making  a  t^l  of  818  nominated  without  on«»ition.     The  platform 

insUtutioius  with  assets  of  ♦487.058,646.20.  and  "PP'^"^  J^e  national  Administration,  denies  the 

an  increasTof  11  ill8Utution^  and  of  127.718,-  chnrKWof  Republican  extravagance  m  enacting; 

mM  in  assets     The  savings  banks  show  total  P*"«°"  '»^»-  ^"^""^  further  restriction  of  immi- 

deposits  on  Oct  81, 1891,  amSunting  to  f869,626,-  P^t'on-  «">«  contains  the  following : 

385..H  an  increase  of  $16,988,448.80  for  the  year.  H  U  a  canlinal  principle  of  the  Kepubliosn  par^ 

Licenses.— At  the  December  elections  of  this  *•'  ftiU. and  adequate  protection  should  be  eiven  to 

Tear  10  cities  voted  for  license  and  12  for  no  li-  eveyaf .«"  'n  every  btate  and  Tcrntory  of  the  IJmon 

•          u_-               •                     1     ".1  ,oiw>    mI'1  m  the  eniovment  of  nw  Civil  and  political  riKhw ;  and 

cense,  being  a  gain,  compared  with  1890,  of  4  cit-  i^  j^  essentfal  to  the  safety  of  our  (lovemnient  that  the 

i€S  on  the  side  of  no  license.    The  total  city  A'ote  right  of  ballot  and  thepurity  of  elections  should  be 

shows  a  majority  of  8,274  votes  against  license,  maintained  sacred  and  inviolate. 

Of  the  821  towns,  about  250  voted  no  license.  We  are  unalterably  opposed  to  the  unlimited  coin- 

Political.— On  Sept  1  a  Stete  convention  of  age  of  silver  by  this  country,  excepting  upon  a  uni- 

the  People's  party  met  at  Boston  and  nominated  ^^rni  international  ratio  to  jtold,  and  under  similar 

thA  fnll««n«i  A-n*1»H..tiKi  fnr  «f**a  nffl«»r«.  T?«r  restnctions  ttud  couditious,  both  asto  the  government 


_^^  _^ __^  __ ._^  party  dLv..,^.^.w 

Joseph    D.   Cadle;    for    Treasurer,  Thomns  A.  in  Ohio, lowailndranai  Michigan, m^ 

Watson ;   for  Auditor,   William  0.  Wakefield :  We  again  affirm  our  unwavering  fidelity  to  the 

for  Attorney-General,  Israel  D.  Andrews,  sue-  American  system  of  protection,  and  our  belief  in  its 

ceeded  on  the  ticket  by  Herbert  Mcintosh       At  inestimable  value  to  the  interests  of  this  countiy. 

an  earlier  convention,  field  in  Boston,  an  organi-  ,  F^  *^»^o'  ^^  "?<»*  emblem  legislation  for  the  re- 

».*t««  #^«  ♦kV.  r.-l#^  i,ri  kIIJT^               1^^  o  rtnction,  prevention,  and  suppression  of  tlio  evils 

ation  for  the  party  had  been  perfected  and  a  ^^.      fj^^  ^^  ^l^'^f  intoxicating  liquors,  and  we 

platform  adopted,  which  embraced  many  of  the  demand  that  all  laws  for  the  promotion  of  this  desir- 

doctrines  of  the  Parraers'  Alliance,  and  some  of  able  result  be  faithftilly,  diligently,  and  vigorously 

the  principles  of  the  Nationalists,  a  faction  be-  enforced. 

lieving  in  government  ownership  and  control  of  The  standard  of  living  and  education  among  the 

property  and  industries  working  people  is  the  true  test  of  the  prosperity  of  a 

On  Sept  9  the  Prohibitionists  met  in  Stat*  con-  «>"P*7  ?  ^Y"  ""'H^^^yH^  t  ^1  ?il^"*i''li^.*'  f^rX  '^^ 

Tikn»;^»  -♦  ti7».«w^f»»  M.^A  »^.«:.,.4..»^  ♦!.«  #^ii^«r  all  just  and  reasonable  legislation  calculated  to  mam- 

rention  at  Worcester  and  nominated  the  follow-  ^^.^  ^^  ^4,,^^^^  ^he  pre^nt  high  standard  of  Masaa- 

ing  ticket:  For  Governor,  Charles  E.  Kimhull;  chusetts  in  this  regard,  and  to  insure  to  all  the  ftiU 

for  Lieutenant-Governor.  Augiistus  R.  Smith;  enjoyment  of  the  fruits  of  their  labor,  should  receive 

for  Secretary  of  State,  Alfred  W.  Richardson  ;  for  our  earnest  a')probation  and  support 

Auditor,  Wiinam  0.  Armstrong:  for  Treasurer.  q^  g^p^.  29  the  Democratic  State  Convention 

Samuel    B.    Shapleich;   for    Attorney-General,  ^et  at  Worcester,  and  renominated  Gov.  Rus- 

Wolcott  Hamlin.     The  candidate  for  Auditor  ^^d  ^^^  Auditor  Trefrv  by  acclamation.     John 

was  a  colored  man,  his  nomination  being  mad«  w.  Corcomn    was    again   made  the    candidate 

for  the  purpose  of  attractmg  the  colored  vote,  forLieutenant-Oovenior.and  Eldridge  Cushman 

heTeiofore    almost    entirely    Republican.      The  for  Secretary  of  State.    For  Treasurer  the  nom- 

platform    contains  the  usua\  denunciation   of  j^^  ^„j,  j^^^  S.  Grinnell,  and  for  Attorney- 

the  liquor  traffic,  calhng  special  attention  to  General  George  M.  Steams.     The  platform  con- 

the  great  exportation  of  rum  from   Boston  to  ^^^^  the  following: 

Africa,  amounting  to  over  100  barrels  a  day,        mv    t>      h-  .*„  i.-«  <•   *^«  a *v 

inil  r.^r.^.  «.;.;i  TL^i^^  ^tr^^,w^    i«««;«»»o«i    o„>  The  Republican  party  has  fastened  upon  the  com- 

and  favore  civil-service  reform,   univereal  suf-  ^onwealtli  a  svrtcm  bv  which  Uie  mSst  important 

ITR^  without  regard  to  sex.  subject  only  to  an  functionsofou/Statogovemmentare  vested  in  boards 

educational  qnalincation,  restriction   of  immi-  which  are  proetioallv  beyond  the  power  of  the  Gov- 

gration,  a  currency  every  dollar  of  which  shall  cmor  and  res^iousiblc  to*nobody.     We  demand  that 


MEISSONIEK,  JEAN  LOUIS  ERKEST. 


membcra  of  all  mmmiHlon*,  i*  well  ui  other  admin- 


S'C 


e  oppointfiBB,  bu  made 

pie  by  being  made  accountuble  to  the  peoplt 

Wa*  believe 
books.    Belle 

on  cHioiQnt  A^  .,„.„  _.  .... „.  v.... 

laing  the  achool  <ige  ic 

11  our  nympathf  with  nil  wise  aod  coiuti- 

1  in  ttiD  inlerons  of  tnanuid  laltor, 

and  we  renuw  tlie  declunitiana  upon  this  nubjcct  id 
our  platform  of  lastycar:  wcindome  the  recoramenda- 
tioDB  contained  lu  the  Uovernar'a  inBUgural  nieaiui^ 
and  hia  action  in  ntj^nrd  to  Buppreaeing  Che  evils  of 
the  Bweoting  nysteai. 

A  demnnd  was  inmlo  for  the  repeal  of  the 
McKinleynct  so  far  as  it  increusvsratesol  dutirs, 
and  for  the  enac-tment  of  a  (Genuine  measuro 
at  tariff  retorni.  The  recent  silver  legialation  of 
Congress  was  denounced ;  and  tlie  free  coinage 
of  silver,  in  Ihc  absence  of  international  agree- 
ment, was  disapproved. 

A  fourth  ticket  was  placed  in  the  field  br  a 
stnnll  fiitlion,  known  as  the  Socialist  IiaW 
party,  contiiininfc  the  following  naines :  For  Gov- 
ernor, Harry  W.  Robinson ;  (or  Lieutenant-Qov- 
emor.  Gec)rBe  R.  Peare;  for  SeercWry  of  Stute, 
Edward  W.  Tlieinert ;  for  Treasurer,  (Charles 
iiViede ;  for  Auditor,  Sijiiire  E.  Putney ;  for  At- 
tcrney-Qcneral,  James  Waldock. 

During  the  canvass,  the  Beptiblican  nnd  Dem- 
ocratic candidates  for  Governor  were  heard  upon 
the  stump  in  every  county  of  the  Stale.  Tlie 
rote  for  Governor  was  as  follows :  Riis.Hclt,  137,- 
962;  Allen.  ISl.OIS:  Kimball,  8,00«:  Winn,  1,- 
773:  Robinson,  1.429.  Although  Allen  wns 
defeated,  all  the  other  candidates  on  the  Repub- 
lican ticket  were  elected  by  coneiderablc  plurali- 
ties. For  Lieu  tenant- Governor,  llaile  received 
157,ai8  votes ;  Corcoran.  145.88-5 ;  .Smith.  0.348  ; 
Shield?,  2.aB9  ;  anil  Peare.  1.471.  The  plurality 
of  Olin  for  SecreUry  of  Stale  was  15,384 ;  of 
Harden  for  Treaanrer,  14,155:  of  Kimball  for 
Auditor.  12,780 ;  of  Piilsburv  for  Attorney-Gen- 
eral, 12,317.  Members  of  the  State  Lcgiflature 
were  elected  as  follow:  Senate — Republicans 
24,  Democrats  18 :  House — Republicans  14H, 
Democrats  BO,  Prohibitionist  1.  To  the  Exec- 
utive Council,  C  Republicans  and  I  Democrat 
were  elected.  Tlie  proposed  amendment  to  the 
State  Constitution  aWlishing  the  poll  tax  as  a 
prerequisite  for  voting  was  adopted  by  a  vole  of 
144,931  yeas  to  53,554  nays :  the  amendment  fix- 
ing the  number  of  members  necessary  for  a 
quorum  in  the  Iicgislature  whs  adopted  by  a  vote 
ol  1,^3,688  vens  to  29,590  nays. 

MElSSdNIER,  JEAN  LOUIS  ERNEST, 
French  painter  of  getire  and  historical  subjects, 
bom  in  Lyons.  France,  on  Feb.  31.  1815.  accoiil- 
ing  to  Vapcreau  (although  the  <late  has  lieen 
■riven  as  1811  by  Mcissonier's  friend  Jules 
Claretie,  and  as  1813  bv  other  w rile rsX  died  in 
Paris  on  Jan.  31. 1891.  Meiiwmier  was  the  fourth 
child  of  a  eommitin'onnairt  de  marchandisr..  nnd 
his  childhood  was  cramped  by  extreme  poverty. 


taste  for  painting,  and  obtained  permi^Bton.  nnt 
without  much  difBculty,  to  take  lessons  of  a 
professor  of  drawing  at  Grenoble,  H.  Ferial," 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  went  to  Paris  to  devote 
himself  to  the  study  of  art  "  Well  for  him  that 
he  was  born  robustl  "exclaimed  JulesClaretic  in 
after  years.  "But  what  is  a  stmggle  CTcn  in 
roiseryfora  true-born  artist  1    I  bave  read  somc- 


of  his  earlier  years.  Thn  evolution  of  his  pecul 
iar  talent  was  H  repetition  of  the  familiar  story 
of  a  natural  gift  demanding  expression  in  the 
face  of  many  obstacles.  "  When  in  school." 
gays  Vapereau,   "he   manifested  a   very   liv 


where  that  in -these  dark  days  of  his  lUfrv' 
Meissonier  used  to  work  side  by  side  with  Dtu- 
bigny  at  the  production  of  pictures  (or  export  st 
five  francs  a  square  metro.  It  is,  perhaps,  onljs 
studio  tradition.  But  it  is  a  fact  that  Tony 
Johannot.  to  whom  Meissonier  exhibited  hi» 
sketches  at  the  time,  gave  him  enconrageraenU 
and  that  Ijeon  Cogntet  opened  his  studio  to  him." 
Yet  he  remained  only  four  months  with  Cognift. 
Meissonier  may  fairly  be  accounted  a  bom 
draughtsman,  for  his  early  training  was  bamper^ 
and  imperfect. 

It  wns  impnsFiliIe  for  Meissonier  to  mnintsin 
himself  by  painting  alone  in  the  firJ't  third  of  a 
century  which  in  its  last  third  witnessed  million- 
airesoilering  scores  of  thotisands  of  francs  for  his 
works.  He  resorted  to  illustration,  the  frequent 
resource  of  youthful  painters,  nnt  because  he 
loved  illustration  the  more,  bnt  because  it  wi* 
necessary  to  live.  In  this  field  also  he  met  mn- 
slant  rebuffs.  Once  he  went  timidly  to  the  Hoe 
St.  Jacques  nnd  offered  an  editor  four  srpis 
drawings  which  ho  hoped  might  be  used  for  (hi- 
illustration  of  a  fairy  tale.  It  is  to  the  editor's 
credit  that  hesaw  meri  tin  the  work,  hut  the  merii 
was  not  deemed  sufficient  to  counterbalnnce  the 
expense  of  engraving  the  drawings,  nnd  hf 
bowed  Ihe  heart-sick  young  arlist  out.  There  is 
another  story  of  a  publisher  who  was  accosioninl 
to  keep  Meissonier  waitingin  an  ante-room  where 
paper  and  pencils  lay  upon  a  table,  placed  s°  a 
decoy  for  the  artist,  who  almost  nnconscionslj 
began  to  make  sketches  which  became  the  bofU 
of  the  publisher  on  his  departure.  Mcis-mnipr's 
enriiiMt  illustrative  work  is  considered  to  be  fi'o 
representing  humorous  and  pathetic 


MEISSONIER,  JEAN  LOUIS  ERNEST.  501 

scenes   in    the  life    of  '*  The    Old    Bachelor.'*  these  two  pictures  were  sold  for  only  100  francs 

About  the  same  time  he  drew  three  designs  for  apiece,  but  by  them  the  artist  scorea  a  hit.    He 

the  '*  Bible  of  the  Sieur  Raymond,"  published  in  followed  it  up  with  pictures  of  smokers,  readers, 

IS^.  For  the  "  Discourse  on  Universal  History,"  chess  players,  and  sentinels.    Says  one  writer : 

al^  published  by  Curmer,  he  drew  the  figures  of  ^  His  earlier  stvle,  and,  as  some  think,  his  best, 

Isaiah,  St.  Paul,  and  Charlemagne,  and  many  was  a  frank  stu^y  of  character  and  costume  for 

head  and  tail  pieces  and  ornamental  letters.     He  its  own  sake.    He  painted  pictures  without  any 

illustrated  a  new  edition  of  Lamartine's  **  Chute  thought  of  a  motive,  for  nothing  but  the  delight 

d'un  An^"  but  this  was  before  the  appearance  of  representing  simple  subjects  with  sincerity 

of  Laroignat,  and  the  blocks  of  Meissonier*s  and  force.    The  figures  that  then  sat  to  his  im- 

earliest  works,  sent  to  England  to  be  engraved,  agination  were  topers,  chess  players,  serenading 

are  said  by  M.  Burty  to  have  been  **  massacred."  cai^aliers,  bibliophiles  ensconced  in  snug  corners 

He  famished  two  designs  foran  edition  of  "Orlan-  of  seventeenth-century  libraries,  and  so  on." 

do  Kurioso,"  43  for  a  '*  Paul  and  Virginia,"  and  Much  attention  was  bestowed  upon  Meissonier's 

86  designs  reproduced  in  wood,  with  one  on  steel,  pictures  in  the  Salon  of  1880.    These  were  "  The 

for  the  **  Chaumidre  Indienne,"  issued  bv  M.  Doctor "  and  **  The  Monk  at  the  Bedside,"  both 

Conner  in  1838.    Meissonier's  work  in  the  latter  considered  to  have  been  inspired  by  **  Paul  and 

Tolume  includes  landscapes,  plants,  and  foliage,  Virginia,"  which  the  artist  was  then  illustrating, 

and  ornamental  letters  as  well  as  figures.    A  and  both  "  remarkable  for  the  expression  of  an 

vignette  landscape,  **  The  Valley  of  the  Tomb,"  intensity  of  sympathy  which  has  subsequently 

won  espial  praise  for  Meissonier  from  his  fel-  disappeared  from  Meissonier's  works."    Of  the 

low-artists.    To  M.  Curmer's  official  account  of  same  date  is  the  first  "Smoker,"  and  a  little  later 

the  removal  of  the  remains  of  Napoleon  I  from  "  A  Beer  Drinker."    In  the  Salons  of  the  next 

St  Helena  to  Paris  Meissonier  contributed  two  ten  years  Meissonier  was  represented  by  a  simi- 

illustrations,  the  '*  Entrance  into  Havre  "  and  lar  class  of  studies.    "  The  Reader "  of  1840  is 

*»  The  Quays  at  Rouen."  This  was  in  1840.   From  one  of  the  more  famous.   '*  The  Skittle  Players  " 

1841-43  Meissonier  regularly  contributed  de-  ("  La  Partie  des  fioules "),  exhibited  in  1849.  is 

sign?,  figure  drawings,   head  and    tail   pieces,  counted  as  one  of  the  artist's  masterpieces.    His 

and  ornamental  letters  to  M.  Cunner's  serial  fame  was  already  established.    The  third  medal 

publication    '*  Les    Fran^ais    peints    par   aux-  awarded  him  in  1840  was  followed  by  a  second 

memes."     Two  children's  books  published   in  medal  in  1841,  first  medal  in  1843  and"  1848,  and 

1845  were  illustrated  by  Meissonier,  and  he  exe-  the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  in  1846.    He 

cated    10   drawings,    engraved    on    wood,  for  had  become  a  shining  mark  for  the  critics  of  the 

''Lazarellode  Tormes."    He  also  furnished  some  old  school,  who  accused  him  of  always  "con- 

eompositions  for  the  **  Comedie  Humaine "  of  templating  natnre  through  the  small  end  of  a 

lialzac.  telescope,    and  of  studying  "  stuffs,  gilding,  in- 

In  after  years  Meissonier's  work  as  an  illustra-  teriors,  and  a  still  life  to  which  living  nature  is 
tor  was  almost  forgotten  until  biographers  and  only  an  accessory."  But  Meissonier  had  already 
collectors  began  to  attach  to  it  an  importance  gained  a  large  popular  following, 
due  in  their  eyes  to  his  swelling  fame  as  a  painter.  In  the  famous  Salon  of  1853,  which  contained 
Vet  this  work  has  a  marked  value  in  itself,  and  Delacroix's  "  Pilgrims  of  Emmaus  "  and  Rosa 
it  is  of  significance  because  it  embodies  an  in-  Bonheur's  **  Horse  Fair,"  Meissonier,  among 
fluence  upon  his  art.  In  drawing  on  the  block  other  pictures,  exhibited  the  well-known  ex- 
for  the  wood  enjrraver  he  was  compelled  to  fur-  ample  "  The  Bravos"  and  a  panel  painting  of  a 
nish  most  careful  execution  and  araughtsman-  subject  from  the  **  Decameron,"  noteworthy  from 
ship  most  accurate  in  details.  Of  necessity  his  the  circumstance,  rare  in  Meissonier's  works,  of 
subjects  were  rendered  in  miniature.  The  liooks  its  presenting  several  female  figures.  "  An  In- 
which  he  illustrated  and  the  old-time  costumes  cident  of  Civil  War,"  dated  1852,  and  **  Mo- 
which  he  studied  undoubtedly  exercised  some  reau  and  Dessoles  before  Hohenlinden,"  dated 
influence  upon  the  choice  of  subjects  for  his  1853,  were  among  the  artist's  first  military  sub- 
paintings,  jects  of  importance.    At  the  Universal  Exhibi- 

His  work  as  an  illustrator  antedated  hut  a  lit-  tion  of    1865,  where  he  received   the  "  grand 

tie  his  dibnt  as  a  painter.    Of  "  The  Visitors,"  medal,"  Meissonier  was  represented  by  four  panel 

owned  by  Sir  Richard  Wallace,  Meissonier  wrote :  paintings,  small,  of  course,  but  up  to  that  time 

"My  first  picture,  exhibited  in  1833  or  1834.  his  masterpieces.    They  were  "La  Rixe"  ("The 

houpht  for  a  hundred  francs  by  the  Society  of  Tavern  Brawl."  familiar  through  colored  prints), 

the  Friends  of  Art  at  Paris,  and  adjudged  to  M.  "  Les  Bravos,"  "  La  Lecture  chez  Diderot,"  and 

Poturle,  who  has  always  kept  it.     After  his  "The  Skittle  Players."    One  writer  has  said  that 

death  it  was  bought  by  Sir  Richard  Wallace."  Meissonier  painted  the  "Diderot "  to  confute  the 

The  picture  represents  an  old  gentleman  receiv-  critics,  who  declared  him   equal  only  to  studies, 

ing  two  visitors,  all  in  the  costume  of  James  I  never  to  historic  work;   that  he  painted  the 

of  England,  and  is  said  to  be  remarkable,  not  "  Portrait  of  the  Sergeant."  a  subject  in  full 

so  much  for  the  detail,  as  for  the  Rembrandt-  out-of-door  light,  to  answer  those  who  said  that 

wque  management   of  lights.    In  1 836  Meisso-  he  could  only  paint  interiors ;  and  that "  La  Rixe  " 

nier exhibited   "The  Chess  Players"  and  "The  was  his  reply  to  those  who  claimed  he  could 

Little  Messenger,"  which,  according  to  Theophile  never  paint  movement.    The  last  picture  was 

Gautier,  "attracted  at  once  a  crowd  of  admirers,  presented  by  Napoleon  to  the  Prince  Consort 

and  in  which  the  artist  stnick  his  true  line  as  of  England.     Yet  critics  who  had  a  right  to 

the  conscientious  and  skillfnl  painter  of  minia-  be  heard  protested  against  the  tendency  personi- 

tu re  subjects."    This  was  a  new  departure  in  fied  by  Meissonier.    Said  one:  "  The  Exposition 

the  French  art  of  that  day.    Like  his  first  work.  Universclle  finds  the  new  school  of  the  Trivial 


502  MEISSONIEE,  JEAN  LOUIS  ERNEST. 

denying  art,  genius,  inspiration,  poesy,  to  hold  to  000  and  presented  to  the  Metropolitan  Museam 

an  impossible  cult  of  reality."  of  Art.    In  the  last  years  of  his  life  he  paint eil 

At  about  this  time  Meissonier  began  to  paint  a  lar^e  water  color  6t  the  same  subject  for  an 

pictures  a  little  larger  in  size,  but  his  perfection  English  print  pub] i.^  her.  In  1866  Meissonier  paint- 

of  execution  and  iiniiih  remained  unimpaired,  ed  the  **  Marshal  Saxe  and  Staff,"  sold  for  $8,- 

In  1856  he  was  made  an  otTicer  of  the  Legion  of  600  at  a  New  York  sale  in  1876. 

Honor.    In  1857  his  "  Confidence,"  called  by  The  year  1867  may  be  regarded  as  bringing  the 

Qautier  "a  pearl  and  a  marvel  among  pictures/'  culmination  of  Meissonier's public  triumphs.    In 

and  his  "Amateur  in  a  Studio"  weretlrst  exhibit-  that  year  the  International  Exhibition,  held  in 

ed.    The  **  Soldiers  at  Cards,"  painted  in  1858,  Paris,  included  a  magnificent  fine-arts  section, 

was  sold  by  the  artist  for  $5,000,  and  sold  in  tliis  and  all  the  art  critics  of  Europe  gathered  for 

city  in  1876  for  f  11,500.      The  Emperor  Na-  the  fray.     Meissonier  were  represented  by  14 

poleon  III    began    to  bestow  liberal  commis-  pictures.    He  received  one  of  the  eight  grand 

sions  upon  Meissonier,  who  visited  Italy  once  or  prizes,  and  when  the  prizes  was  presented  bvthe 

twice  to  secure  sketches  for  *' The  Emperor  at  Emperor  his  '^Battle  of  Solfermo"  formed  the 

the  Battle  of   Solferino,"  a  picture  long  an-  center  of  the  "Art  Trophy "  erected  in  the  space 

nounced,  but  not  exhibited  until  the  Salon  of  cleared  for  the  ceremony.     The  same  year  he 

1864.    This  was  the  first  of  a  series  of  eight  was  made  commander  of  'the  Legion  of  Honor, 

pictures  projected  by  the  artist  to  illustrate  the  English  critics  at  the  exhibition  spoke  of  Meis- 

"  Napoleonic  cycle."    In  1860  a  remarkable  loan  sonier's  "  heartlessnesb  "  as  compared  with  £doa- 

exhibition  of  modem  works  was  held  in  Paris,  ard  Prere  or  Israels.    Said  one :  **  Wonderfully 

at  which  Meissonier  was    most   favorably  rep-  minute  are  the  works  of  Meissonier.  and  they 

resented.    In  1861  he  was  elected   a  member  convey  a  great  number  of  facts  in  a  very  small 

of   the  Academic  des  Beaux  Arts,  succeeding  compass.     But,  after  all,  what  are  these  fact:^! 

Peyol.    M.  Chesneau  and  other  thoughtful  writ-  What  does  he  really  tell  us  of  the  joys  and  sor- 

ers  began  to  analyze  the  success  of  ftfeissonier  as  rows,  hopes  and  fears,  loves  and  hates  of  human 

more  than  a  change  in  fashion— as  a  significant  kindf    Much  as  we  admire  him,  does  he  ever 

development  in  French  civilization.    In  1861  he  touch  our  hearts  f"    But  this  exhibition  showed 

exhibited  the  "Portrait  of  Madame  T.,"  his  first  clearly  that  Miissonier,  althou|;h  his  position 

portrait  of  a  lady.    To  the  English  International  was  unrecognized  by  many  critics,  had  become 

Elxhibition  of  1862  Meissonier  contributed  four  the  chief  figure  in   French  art.    At  the  out- 

pictures,  unnoticed  in  Mr.  Palgrave*s  introduc-  break  of  the  Franco-Prussian   War  Meissonier, 

tion  to  the  catalogue  of  the  French  school.    In  who  had  been  nominally  attached  to  the  Em- 

the  same  year  the  "Napoleon  in  the  Campais^n  peror*s  staff,  was  made  colonel  of  foot  regi- 

of    France"    was  shown  in  Paris    and  "The  ment,  and  it  is  said,  amon^  other  advent ure<. 

Halt "  was  finished  for  the  Due  de  Morny.    The  that  he  narrowly  escaped  bemg  shut  up  in  Metz 

Salon  of  1864  contained  the  "Solferino"  and  with  Bazaine.    The  exhibition  of  the  Wallace 

"The  Retreat  of  1814."    For  the  latter  picture  collections  in  London  in  1872 gave  the  English  a 

Meissonier  had  the   coat  worn  by  Napoleon  I  better  opportunity  for  making  acquaintance  with 

copied  by  a  tailor  "  with  a  Chinese  exactitude."  Meissonier,  and  at  the  Vienna  Exnibition  of  1873 

He  put  the  garment  on    himself,  mounted  a  the  artist  won  fresh  laurels.    In  1877  he  i^ent  to 

wooden  horse  in  his  studio,  saddled  like  the  Em-  the  Salon  a  portrait  of  Dumas.    He  also  painted 

geror*s  steed,  and  passed  hours  in  studying  his  a  portrait  of  Mr.  Vanderbilt,  and  one  of  Mrsw 

gure  and  the  fall  of  the  skirts  in  a  mirror.    At  J.  W.  Mackay,  whose  dissatisfaction  with  her 

another  time  he  moved  his  wooden  horse  to  the  portrait  gave  rise  to  an  acrimonious  controversy, 

housetop  durin&f  a  snow-storm,  and  while  the  Out  of  this  affair  grew  the  Meissonier  Exhibi- 

flakes  whitened  his  coat  and  the  cold  changed  tion  of  May,  1884,  which  was  designed  by  the 

his  face  to  a  livid  hue  he  patiently  sketched  the  friends  of  the  artist  to  be  a  "  vindication."  '  Thi< 

effects  which  he  saw  in  the  mirror  before  him.  exhibition   contained    155   pictures,  about  one 

In   his  studio  he    had  a  miniature  landscape  third  of  the  artistes  work,  but  it  can  not  be  said 

made  and  strewn  with  white  powder,  represent-  to  have  presented  his  peculiar  talent  in  any  new 

ing  snow,  through  which  he  drew  models  of  light.    It  afforded,  however,  a  valuable  oppor- 

tumbrels  and  heavy  wagons,  that  he  might  study  tunity,  since  for  many  years  of  his  life  Aleiii- 

the  furrows  and  the  fall  of  the  snow.     In  his  sonier  rarely  exhibited  in  the  Salon.     His  nest 

work  and  in  his  painstaking  capacity  for  the  conspicuous  appearance  before  the  public  was  in 

closest  application  and  study  Meissonier  was  in-  the  controversv  among  French  artists,  which  led 

defatigable.    The  jurors  at  the  Salon  of  1864  to  the  establishment  of  a  new  or  rival  Salon  in 

refused  to  award  the  "grand  medal"  to  the  18901    Meissonier  was  a  leader  among  the  seced- 

painter  of  those  remarkable  pictures,  and  were  ers,  and   exhibited  a  picture  called  "  Octobre, 

soundly  rated  by  Edmond  About  and  other  crit-  1806."    So  far  as  his  art  was  concerned,  Meis- 

ics.    Probably  the  best  known  of  Meissonier*s  sonier's  industry  remained  unabated  to  the  close 

works,  certainly  of  his  Napoleonic  pictures,  is  of  his  life,  but  his  execution  grew  harder  and 

the  "  1807,"  "  a  page  of  history,  but  unlike  the  more  constrained,  and  his  coloring  more  harsh 

*  1814/ a  page  of  triumph.'    Upon  this  painting  and  metallic  in  quality. 

the  artist  worked  for  fifl  een  years,  and  it  remains,  Meissonier's  etchings  are  not  numerous.    The 

we  believe,  the  largest  of  his  works.     He  mod-  more  important  are:  "La Saint e Table,"  "L* A d- 

eled  all  the  horses  in  wax  and  every  figure  was  dresse  du  luthier  Vuillaume."  **  Le  Petit  Fu- 

drawn  from  life.    This  is  the  picture  for  which  meur,"  "  Le  Vieux  Fumeur,"  "  Les  Apprets  du 

the  late  A.  T.  Stewart  paid  f60,000.     At  the  sale  Duel,"  "  Les  Pecheurs,"  "  II  Signer  Annebale.'* 

of  the  Stewart  collection,  in  1887,  this  picture  "Lee  Reitres,"  "Le  Sergent,"  and  "M.  Polichi- 

was  purchased  by  Judge  Henry  Hilton  for  $66,-  nclle."    He  used  an  extremely  fine  point  in  bis 


MEISSONIER,  JEAN  LOUIS  ERNEST.  MELVILLE,  HERMAN.           503 

etching,  but  his  eulogists  consider  that  the  mi-  when  Delacroix  headed  the  romantic  movement, 

nutene^s  of  his  detail  is  lost  sight  of  in  a  general  Severe  academic  art  as  typified  in  Paul  Delaroche 

**  largeness  of  effect/*  never  swerved  him  from  his  purpose.    The  in- 

At  death  of  Meissonier.  which  was  followed  by  fliience  of  Constable  and   Bonnmgton,  which 

a  pompous  funeral,  he  left  a  widow,  to  whom  he  stimulated  Theodore  Rousseau,  "  the  father  of 

was  married  a   few  years  before,  and  a  son,  modem  French  landscape  art,"  affected  Meis- 

Cbarles  Meissonier,  a  painter  of   some  talent.,  sonier   not   a   whit.     Before   Turner's    death 

whose  mother,  Meissonier's  fii'st  wife,  was  a  sister  Meissonier  himself  had  become  an  influence  in 

of  the  artist  Steinheil.    Meissonier's  career  was  French  art  and  a  bone  of  contention  for  critics, 

rendered  extraordinary  by  his  isolated  position  He  saw  Millet,  Corot.  Dupr^,  and  Diaz  win  slow 

in  art.  the  perfection  of  his  execution,  the  re-  recognition,  and    finally    fame.    His    life-time 

markable  prices  paid  for  his  work,  and  the  ex-  stretched  from  the  classicism  of  David  to  the 

sited  place  which  he  occupied  in  the  popular  impressionism  of  Claude  Monet  and  Degas    His 

estimation.      For  nearly  two  generations   this  purposes,  his  methods,  and  to  a  great  extent  his 

''  painter  of  the  infinitely  little    ruled  the  king-  subjects  were  the  same  at  the  end  as  at  the  be- 

dom  of  Liliput  alone.     He  was  imitated   by  ginning  of  his  career. 

artists  like  Plassan,  Chavet,  Fiehel,  and  Fichelet.  In  other  respects  alfo  Meissonier  was  cx<^p- 
He  was  approached  only  by  Bargue.  Among  tional.  No  artist  of  this  century  received  in  his 
artists  of  the  past  he  was  compared  with  the  life-time  such  prices  as  have  been  paid  to  Meis- 
Duteh  ma:«ters  of  the  seventeenth  century,  with  scnier  or  his  agent  for  his  woris.  For  the 
Terburg.  Gerard  Dow,  Metzu,  and  Mieris.  So  **  1^07  "he  received  |60,000,  and  for  the  "Arrival 
far  as  execution  is  concerned,  his  best  work  de-  at  the  Chateau,"  in  the  Vanderbilt  gallery,  $40.- 
serves  much  of  the  admiration  which  has  been  000.  His  *'  1804,"  formerly  in  the  Delahante  col- 
lavished  upon  it.  His  executive  ability  in  his  lection,  was  re-sold  by  dealers  to  M.  Chauchard, 
chosen  field  was  something  to  wonder  at.  His  the  owner  of  Millet's  **  Angelus,"  for  a  price  re- 
finest  achievements  will  always  retain  a  real  and  ported  to  be  $100,000.  Yet  Meissonier  was  not  a 
a  considerable  value.  That  his  was  the  highest  rich  man,  and  it  was  an  effort  for  him  to  main- 
art  no  one  can  claim  seriously.  It  was  the  tain  his  two  costly  establishments  in  the  Boule- 
**  how  "  rather  than  the  **  what "  which  interested  vard  Malesherbes,  and  at  Poissy.  In  both  cases  he 
him.  The  ideal,  the  sentimental,  the  moral,  was  the  architect,  and  at  his  country  house  he  was 
never  found  expression  in  his  art.  Ho  remained  the  designer  of  even  the  furniture  and  the  silver 
unmoved  by  contemporary  currents  of  thought  table  service.  Both  places  have  been  frequently 
and  feeling,  and  a  conception  of  humanity  for  described  by  newspaper  coiTespondents,  for 
humanityV sake  was  reflected  in  nothing  which  whom  this  "artist  of  millionaires"  has  been  a 
be  did.  He  was  a  virtuoso  among  painters,  or.  to  never  ending-theme.  In  person,  Meissonier  was 
useanother  simile, a  splendid  mechanism.  It  is  small,  almost  dwarfish,  with  bowed  shoulders, 
natural  that  there  should  have  been  some  differ-  long  white  hair,  a  flowing  white  beard,  promi- 
ences  among  his  critics.  His  admirer  Theophilc  nent,  slightly  hooked  nose,  and  keen  dark  eyes. 
Gautier  claims  for  his  work  ''the  serious  quali-  The  number  of  Meissonier's  paintings  owned 
ties  of  grand  painting";  Menard  wrote  that  in  this  country  may  be  estimated  at  about  75. 
**it  is  always  the  man  rather  than  the  accessories  Among  the  owners  are  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
which  plays  the  principal  part  in  his  pictures " ;  of  Art,  Mrs.  William  H,  Vanderbilt,  Cornelius 
Edmond  About  pointed  to  his  faultless  drawing  Vanderbilt,  Mrs.  Paran  Stevens,  William  W. 
and  the  "  dignity  and  elegance  of  his  liliputian  Astor,  J.  D.  Rockefeller,  Jay  Gould,  D.  O.  Mills, 
personages " ;  oiid  Chesncau  emphasized  Meis-  Theodore  Havemeyer.  and  Henry  C.  Gibson,  of 
sonier's  study  of  the    "expression  of  feeling,  Philadelphia. 

especially   the    refinements  of   the    intellect."  MELVILLE,  HEBMAN,  an   American  ro- 
Much  of  this  may  be  admitted  without  affecting  mancer,  bom  in  New  York  city,  Aug.  1, 1819 ;  died 
the  final  judgment  u(K>n  Meissonier's  ari.    It  is  there,Sept.28, 1891.  Hisgreat-grandfat her,  Allan 
not  enough  to  say.  as  one  writer  has  said,  that  Melville,  emigrated  to  America  from  Scotland  in 
"  Meissonier's  pictures  interest  the  mind  like  1748,  and  established  himself  as  a  merchant  in 
clockwork,  .  .  .  like  any  fine  and  successful  ex-  Boston.    Allan's  son,  Major  Thomas  Melville, 
hibition  of  the  mechanical  talent.''    It  is  not  was  a  member  of  the  Boston  "  tea  party."    He 
an  unfair  summary  which  Hamerton  made  when  was  the  last  person  in  that  city  to  retain  the  old- 
he  wrote:  •*  Perfection  in  any  kind  of  art  is  so  fashioned  cocked  hat  and  knee  breeches,  and  in 
rare  that  when  we  meet  with  it  we  aro  sure  to  this  way  became  the  original  of  Dr.  Holmes's 
take  notice  of  it.  .  .  .  Meissonier  is  not  a  man  poem,  "The  Last  Leaf."    His  son  Allan,  father 
of  any  grandeur  or  sublimity  of  genius,  and  he  of  Herman,  was  an  importing  merchant  of  New 
has  apparently  no  tenderness,  but  his  keen  ol)-  York,  a  gentleman  of  fine  culture,  and  an  exten- 
senraiion  and  ready,  accurate  hand  have  made  sive  traveler.     On  his  mother's  side,  Herman 
him  king  of  his  own  realm  in  art,  and  his  work,  was  descended  from  Gen.  Peter  Gansevoort,  also 
I  suppose,  will  never  dimini-^h  in  money  value,  of  Revolutionary  fame,  and  known  as  "the  hero 
hecause  such  work  must  always  be  excessively  of  Fort  Stanwix."    His  father's  early  death  corn- 
rare."  pelled  the  lad,  who  had  passed  most  of  his  boy- 
Of  hardly  less  interest  to  the  student  of  char-  nood  at  and  near  Albany,  to  seek  his  own  fortune. 
iK^tcr  is  Meissonier's  independence  of  the  art  as  His  fondness  for  English  composition  was  early 
well  as  the  actual  life  of  his  time.     His  boyhood  noticed  by  his  Albany  instructor.  Dr.  Charles  B. 
was  the  old  age  of  David,  the  leader  of  the  classical  West,  now  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.    It  was  doubtless 
school  in  which  Ingres  and  Isabey  were  the  fore-  the  stories  of  travel  told  by  his  father  and  a  sea- 
most  papils.    But  Meissonier  was  no  more  in-  faring  uncle  which  originally  influenced   Mel- 
fected  with  classicism  than  with  romanticism  ville  to  follow  the  sea  as  a  vocation,  and  to  ship 


604 


MELVILLE,  HERMAX. 


for  Liverpool  as  cabin  boj  in  1887.  Relum- 
ing, be  devoted  some  time  to  teaching  at  Ijudb- 
ingburg,  N.  Y.,  and  Pittsfield,  Mbeb.,  and  re- 
ceived at  one  period,  as  hia  records  abow,  a  sal- 
ary of  "  six  doUara  a  quarter  and  board,"  Mot 
long  aftorirard  bo  was  again  seized  witb  the 
roving  spirit,  induced  tbis  time,  perhapa,  by  Ihe 
reading  of  Danii's  "  Two  Years  before  ihe  Mast," 
which  appeared  in  1840.  On  Jan.  1,  1841,  the 
whaler  ■■Acoshnet"  sailed  from  New  Bedford, 


bound  for  the  Pacific  sperm -flsbery,  and  Mel- 
ville bei^n  the  vojnge  that  was  responsible  for 
his  chief  romance.  The  '*  AcuahneC  bad  cruised 
for  eighteen  niontha  when  it  reached  the  island 
of  NuKuheva,  in  the  Marquesas  group.  To  that 
island  in  the  summer  ot  1842,  being  wearied  with 
harsh  (are  and  hard  treatment,  the  young  sailor 
escaped  from  the  whaler,  with  a  sineje  eompan- 
ion,  familiarly  knnwti  aa  "Toby."  The  latter'* 
real  name  was  Richard  T.  Greene.  The  com- 
rades entered  the  hostile  Typee  valley  by  mis- 
take, but  throufjh  a  fortunate  accident  mode 
friends  with  the  gentle  but  man-devouring 
savages.  Their  sojourn  in  the  "  happy  vallev  "  is 
the  basis  of  Melville's  flrat  book,  "  Ti^pee.''  and 
it  may  justly  be  said  that  in  romantic  descrip- 
tions of  the  South  Sea  islanders,  their  surround- 
ings, and  their  ways  of  life,  this  book  has  never 
been  eicelled.  '■  Toby "  mysteriously  disap- 
peared, to  Bnd  Melville  in  New  York  aomo 
months  after  the  apnearancc  of  the  first  edition 
ot  "  Typee."  Melville  biin^if  remained  for  four 
months  in  the  valley,  and  was  finallf  rescued 
from  his  friendly  captivity  by  an  Australian 
whaler  attor  a  flght  on  the  island's  beach  be- 
tween two  factions  o1  the  natives.  From  Nuku- 
heva  he  sailed  to  the  Society  Islands  in  this 
vessel,  and  thence  to  the  Hawaiian  group,  re- 
maining long  enough  at  both  places  to  take 
observations  o(  the  countries  ano  their  people. 
At  Honolulu  he  joined  the  crew  of  the  frig- 
at«  "  United  States,"  then  on  its  return  voyage, 
and.  after  a  sojourn  at  one  of  the  Peruvian 
ports,  reached  Itoston  in  the  autumn  of  1S44, 
wiiere  he  was  discharged.  The  following 
months  were  passed  at  Lansingburg.  in  the 
writing  of  his  nrst  l)ook,  "Typoe."  About  the 
time  it  was  Qnished  an  old  friendship  between 
his  father's  family  and  that  of  the  late  C'hicf- 
Juatice  Lemuel  Shaw,  of  Massachusetts,  was  re- 
newed, and  this  tod  to  his  engagement  witb  Jus- 
tice Shaw's  daughter.  Their  marriage  followed 
nn  Aug.  4. 1847,  in  Boston.    Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mel- 


ville resided  in  New  York  city  until  1850,  ahen 
they  purchased  a  farm-house  at  Pittsfleld,  Um. 
The  house  was  situated  so  as  to  command  an  un- 
interrupted view  of  Greylock  Mountain  and  Ihe 
adjoining  hills,  and  was  named  Arrow  Hetd. 
from  the  numerous  Indian  antiquities  found  Id 
the  neighborhood.  Ili-re  he  tviuained  for  thir- 
teen years,  occupied  with  his  writing  and  with 
managing  his  larni.  lie  had  many  Uterarj 
neighbors  In  the  surrounding  towns,  but  wu 
more  intimate  witb  Hawthorne  than  with  any 
others  durine  the  latter's  residence  at  the  "  fA 
collage  "  in  Lenox.  While  at  Pittsfleld  be  w 
indui^  to  enter  the  lecture  field,  and  from  1857 
to  1800  he  filled  many  engagements  in  lycenms. 
chiefly  speaking  of  his  ailventurea  in  the  Sonlh 
Seas,  He  let;tured  in  cities  as  widely  apart  u 
Montreal.  Chicago,  Baltimore,  and  San  Fnincisra, 
viriting  the  last-named  place  in  1800,  by  the 
Isthmus  route,  for  the  benefit  of  his  health.  Be- 
isides  this  voyage,  he  jouri]eyed  to  England  ind 
the  Continent  in  184Q  and  1856,  partly*  to  super 
intend  the  publication  of  English  editions  ot  his 
works  and  partly  for  recreation.  At  Pittsfield. 
besides  hia  own  family,  Mr.  Melville's  molher 
and  sisters  were  with  him.  As  his  children  grew 
up,  be  found  it  necessary  to  obtain  for  them  bet- 
ter facilities  for  study  than  the  village  school 
afforded :  and  so,  in  the  autumn  of  1HG3.  the 
household  was  broken  up  and  he  removed  wilh 
his  wife  and  children  to  the  New  York  boili« 
that  was  afterward  bis  home,  No,  104  Ea.'it  26th 
Street,  in  December,  1806.  he  was  appoinud 
by  II.  A.  Smyth,  a  former  Iraveltnc;  companion 
in  Europe,  a  district  officer  in  the  tHev  York 
Custom  Ilouae.  Tbis  place  he  held  until  1683, 
preferring  it  to  indoor  clerical  work,  and  then 
resigned  when  the  duties  became  too  arduous 
for  his  failing  strength. 

Melville  from  early  manhood  indulged  deeply 
in  philosophical  studies,  Ilawlhomc  has  de- 
scribed in  the  "  English  Note-Books"  his  fend- 
ness  for  discussing  such  matters.  This  habit 
grew  as  he  advanced  in  years,  until  his  conversi- 
tion  with  friends  became  chiefly  a  philosophical 
monologue.  He  was  also  much  interested  in  sll 
matters  relating  to  the  fine  arts,  Bnd  devoted 
most  of  his  leisure  hours  to  the  two  subject". 
A  notable  collection  of  etchings  and  engravinp 
from  the  old  masters  was  (Hadaall^  made  by  him. 
those  from  Claude's  paintings  being  a  specialty. 
After  he  retired  from  the  Custom  House,  his  tsll. 
stal  wart  figure  coald  be  seen  almost  daily  Inunp- 
ing  through  the  Fort  George  district  or  Cen- 
tral Park,  his  roving  inclination  leading  him  lo 
obtain  as  much  out-door  life  as  |io««ible.  His 
evenings  were  spent  at  home  with  his  books,  his 
pictures  and  his  family,  and  usually  with  then 
alone ;  for,  in  spite  of  the  melodramatic  decla- 
rations of  various  English  gentlemen,  Melville'' 
seclusion  in  his  later  years,  and  in  fact  through' 
out  his  lite,  wos  a  matter  of  personal  ehniee. 
More  and  mote,  as  he  grew  older,  he  avoided 
every  action  on  hia  own  part  and  on  the  part  of 
bis  family  that  might  tend  to  keep  hia  name  end 
writings  before  the  nublic.  A  few  friends  felt 
at  liberty  to  visit  him;  he  himself  sought  no 
one.  Various  efforts  were  made  by  the  Xe» 
York  literary  colony  to  draw  him  from  his  re- 
tirement, but  without  success.  It  has  been  fue- 
gested  that  he  might  have  accepted  a  roogaune 


MELVILLE,  HERMAN.  METALLURGY.                 605 

editorship,  but  this  is  doubtful,  as  he  could  not  Iho  first  of  'Hhe  poets  of  the  deep,"  using  the 
bear  business  details  or  routine  work  of  any  sort,  word  "poet"  in  its  general  sense.  A  few 
IJis  brother  Allan  was  a  New  York  lawyer,  and,  months  before  his  death  Melville  collected  his 
until  his  death  in  1872,  managed  Melville's  remaining  shorter  poems  in  a  similar  book, 
affairs  with  ability,  particularly  the  literary  ac-  "'Timoleon,  etc.'*  (1891),  which  was  dedicated  to 
counts.  It  was  late  in  the  year  1845  when  "  My  Countryman,  Elihu  Vedder."  The  causes 
Melville  completed  the  manuscript  of  "  Typee,"  of  the  decline  in  popularity  of  Melville's  writ- 
At  nearly  the  same  time  his  brother,  Gansevoort  ings  may  be  found  chiefly  in  his  own  career. 
Bielville,' failed  for  England  as  secretary  of  le^a-  Had  he  confined  himself  cfoselv  to  an  amplifica- 
tion to  Minister  McLane,  taking  the  manuscnpt  tion  of  the  interesting  materials  first  discovered 
vith  him.  It  was  offered  to  John  Murray,  who  by  himself,  after  the  manner  of  a  later  Call- 
at  once  accepted  it,  buying  the  book  outright  for  fomian  romancer,  he  might  have  gone  on  in- 
England  for  a  moderate  sum.  The  same  plan  definitely  producing  works  of  more  than  com- 
was  followed  a  year  later  with  **0moo."  The  mon  respectability.  But  he  was  led  by  his  incli- 
house  of  Murray  wished  to  include  both  vol-  nation  for  philosophical  speculation  to  commit 
umes  in  their  **  Colonial  and  Home  Library,"  grave  literary  errors,  which  destroyed  his  popu- 
so  the  title  "Typee"  was  omitted,  and  that  book  Inrity  with  the  reading  public.  Perhaps,  also, 
was  first  published  in  England  as  "  Melville's  having  once  recited  the  story  of  his  adventures 
Marquesas  Islands."  In  the  United  States  in  a  series  of  romances,  he  felt  his  inability  to 
Wiley  &  Putnam,  whose  London  agent  had  con-  create  new  characters  and  situations  in  the  same 
tracted  for  the  work,  brought  it  out  simultane-  domain ;  and  his  subsequent  efforts  might  be 
ously  with  the  English  edition  in  the  spring  of  considered  as  vain  seeking  after  new  successes. 
1846.  Both  "Typee "and  "Omoo"  (1847)  were  With  lessening  fame  his  desire  for  retirement 
immediate  successes,  and  Melville  gained  an  in-  increased,  until  a  generation  of  writers  for  the 
temational  reputation  at  an  earlier  date  than  press  grew  up  to  whom  the  announcement  of  his 
James  Kusseli  Lowell,  who  was  bom  in  the  same  death  was  the  revelation  of  his  previous  exist- 
vear.    Harper  &  Brothers  issued  "  Omoo  "  in  the  ence. 

United  States,  and  "Typee"  was  placed  with  METALLUBOY.    The  relation  between  the- 

them  two  vears  later.    This  firm  published  all  ory  and  practice  in  metallurgy,  with  special  ref- 

of  Melville  s  works  except  four,  not  including  erence  to  the  indebtedness  of  the  practical  man 

two  privately  printed  booklets.    "  Mardi,  and  a  to  the  scientific  investigator,  formed  the  subject 

yoyige  Thither  "  (1849)  was  severely  criticised  in  of  the  address  of  Prof.  W.  C.  Roberts-Austen,  as 

some  quarters   for  certain   "metaphysical  and  president  of  the  chemical  section  of  the  British 

morbid  meditations."  "  Redbum,  his  First  Voy-  Association.    Practical  metallurgists,  the  author 

age"  (1849),  more  favorably  received,  was  partly  said,  are  too  apt  to  think  that  improvements  in 

liased  on  Melville's  own  experiences  on  his  trip  their  processes  are  mainly  the  result  of  their 

to  Liverpool.     "  White  Jacket,  or  the  World  in  own    experience  and  observation    unaided   by 

ft  Man-of-War  "  (1850)  of  course  tepeated  much  science.    On  the  other  hand,  those  who  teach 

of  his  life  on  board  the  frigate  "  United  States."  metallurgy  often  forget  that  for  the  present 

**Typee"  and  "White  Jacket "  are  the  most  con-  they  have  not  only  to  give  instruction  in  the 

sistent  of  his  books.     With   "  Moby  Dick,  or  method  of  conducting  technical  operations,  but 

the  White  Whale"  (1851)  he  reached  the  top-  have  truly  to  educate,  by  teaching  the  chemistry 

most  notch  of  his  fame.    It  is  perhaps  the  most  of  high  temperatures,  at  which  ordinary  reactions 

paphic  and  truthful    description  of   whaling  are  modified  or  even  reversed,  while  they  have 

life  ever  written,  although  it  contains  some  of  further  to  deal  with  many  phenomena  of  much 

the  objectionable    characteristics  of    "Mardi."  importance  which  can  not  as  yet  be  traced  to 

**  Pierre,  or  the  Ambiguities "  (1852)  was  tho  the  action  of  elements  in  fixed  atomic  propor- 

M(^al  for  an  outburst  of  hostile  criticism.    In  tions,  or  in  which  the  direct  influence  of  the 

the   year  following  its    publication  the  great  atom  is  onlv  beginning  to  be  recognized.    Met- 

Harper  fire  occurred,  destroying  the  whole  stock  allurgical  cnemistry  is,  in  fact,  a  special  branch 

'^>f  Melville's   books — although  the  plates  were  of  chemical  science  which  does  not  come  within 

preserved — and  keeping  them  out  of  print  at  the  ordinary  sphere  of  the  academic  teaching  of 

a  roost  unfortunate  time.    Thereafter  Melville's  chemistry.    It  is  often  urged  that  metallurgical 

star  waned.    "  Israel  Potter  "  (1855)  and  "  The  practice  depends  upon  the  apnlication  of  chemi- 

Confidence  Man  (1857)  detracted  from  his  repu-  cal  principles  which  are  well  taught  in  every 

tation;  and  "The  Piazza  Tales"  (1856),  while  large  center  of  instruction,  but  a  long  series  of 

containing  the  powerful  stories  of  "  Benito  Ce-  chemical  reactions  exist  which  are  of  vital  Im- 

reno"  and   "Tne  Bell-Tower,"  was  published  portance  to  the  metallurgist,  though  they"  are  not 

in  an  unattractive  form.     "  Battle-Pieces,  and  set  forth  in  any  manual  of  chemistry  or  dealt 

Aspects  of  the  War"  (1866)  embraces  some  of  with  in  courses  of  purely  chemical  literature. 

the  best  lyrics  inspired  by  the  civil  war,  nota-  The  author  gave  particular  attention  to  the  in- 

Wy  **  Sheridan  at  Cedar  Creek."      "  Clarel,  a  fluence  of  allotropism  on  the  qualities  of  metal. 

Poem  and  Pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land  •'  (1876),  and  showed  that  interest  was  centered  to  a  large 

is  written  in  the  author's  most  mystical  style,  extent  on  the  Question  whether  metals  can,  like 

At  the  beginning  of  his   physical  decline  he  many  metalloids,  pass  under  the  application  oi 

^ote  and  privately  circulated  a  little  story  en-  heat  or  mechanical  stress  from  a  normal  state  to 

titled  "John   Marr,  and  other  Sailors"  (1888),  an  allotropic  one,  or  whether  metals  may  even 

to  which  a  few  poems  were  appended.      This  exist  in  numerous  allotropic  states.    Prof.  Sprint, 

volume  was  dedicated  to  W.  (;lark   Russell,  a  of  Li^ge,  has  given  evidence  that  in  cooling  leaa- 

gfnial  correspondence  with  whom  cheered  Mel-  tin  alloys  polymerization  may  take  place  after 

file's  last  years.    Mr.  Russell  considers  Melville  the  alloys  have  solidified.,  and  it  seems  to  b^  ad- 


506  METALLURGY.    (Ibon,  Stbkl.) 

mitted  that  tho  same  cause  underlies  both  poly-  iron  they  use.  During  the  last  thirty  years  the 
merization  and  aliotropy.  The  phenomenon  of  United  States  has  increased  its  relative  produo- 
allotropy  is  dependent  upon  the  number  of  the  tion  from  1  ton  of  pig  iron  for  every  32  inhab- 
atoms  iii  each  molecule ;  but  we  are  at  present  far  it-ants  to  1  ton  for  every  7i  inhabitants.  Tb« 
from  being  able  to  sav  what  degree  of  impor-  Middle  States  have  advanced  from  1  ton  to 
tance  is  to  be  attachecl  to  the  relative  distance  every  11  inhabitants  to  1  ton  for  evei^'  2^  in- 
between  the  atoms  of  a  metal  or  to  the  *' position  habitants.  In  Pennsylvania,  in  1860  1  ton  was 
of  one  and  the  same  atom  "  in  a  metallic  molecule,  produced  for  every  5  inhabitants ;  in  1870, 1  ton 
whether  the  metal  bo  alloyed  or  free,  and  it  for  every  8f :  and  in  1890, 1  ton  for  every  1^  in- 
must  be  admitted  that  in  this  respect  orcranic  habitant.  A  marked  increase  is  shown  in  the 
chemistry  is  far  in  advance  of  metallurgic  chem-  Southern  States,  which  in  1860  produced  1  ton 
istry.  It  is  probable  that  minute  quantities  of  for  every  99  inhabitants;  in  1870,  1  ton  for  everr 
foreign  matter,  which  profoundly  modify  the  66  inhabitants ;  and  in  1890, 1  ton  for  every  lOJ^ 
structure  of  masses  of  metal,  also  induce  alio-  inhabitant's.  In  the  Western  States  the  produe- 
tropic  changes.  In  the  case  of  the  remarkable  tion  in  1860  was  1  ton  for  every  70  inhabitant5 ; 
action  ofimpurities  on  pure  f(oId,  the  author  has  in  1870,  1  ton  for  every  82f  inhabitants;  in 
suggested  that  the  modifications  which  are  pro-  1880,  1  ton  for  every  24  inhabitants ;  and  in 
duced  may  have  direct  connection  with  the  peri  1890, 1  ton  for  every  12f  inhabitants, 
odic  law.  and  that  the  causes  of  the  specific  Mr.  Berkeley,  President  of  the  English  Institu- 
variations  in  the  properties  of  iron  ana  steel  tion  of  Civil  Pingineers,  specifies  as  the  most  con- 
may  be  thus  explained.  The  recent  use  of  spicuous  difference  between  English  and  Ameri- 
nickel-steel  for  armor  plate  and  the  advocacy  can  practice  in  the  production  of  iron,  the  out- 
of  the  use  of  copper-steel  for  certain  pur-  put  from  one  blast  furnace.  The  largest  pro- 
poses are  the  industrial  justification  of  the  au-  auction  in  Gi^eat  Britain  seems  not  to  exceed  7oO 
thor's  views  as  to  the  influence  of  the  atomic  tons  in  the  week,  while  in  Amenca  it  has  reached 
volume  of  an  added  element  on  the  mechanical  2,000  tons.  It  might  bo  Questioned  whether  this 
properties  of  i:*on,  and  it  is  remarkable  that  the  large  output  from  a  single  furnace  was  not  ob- 
two  bodies  silicon  and  aluininuin,  the  properties  tained  at  some  sacrifice  of  economy  in  material 
of  which  in  the  free  state  are  so  different,  should  used  and  of  wear  and  tear  of  furnaces.  The  pro- 
nevertheless  when  alloyed  with  iron  affect  it  in  duction  of  pig  iron  in  the  United  States  amount- 
the  same  way.  Silicon  and  aluminum  have  al-  ed  to  10,000,C^  tons,  or  2.000,000  tons  more  than 
most  the  same  atomic  volume.  The  conse-  that  of  the  United  Kingdom.  This  amount  was 
quences  of  allotropic  changes  which  result  in  al-  wholly  used  within  the  country,  showing  a 
teration  of  structure  are  very  great.  The  case  larger  quantity  of  iron  used  per  head  of  the  pop- 
of  the  tin  regimental  buttons  which  fell  into  a  ulation  (300  nounds)  than  in  any  other  part  of 
shapeless  heap  when  exposed  to  the  rigorous  the  world.  In  Great  Britain,  after  deaucting 
winter  at  St.  Petersburg  is  well  known.  The  ffom  its  production  the  quantity  exported,  the 
recent  discovery  bj  Hopkinson  of  the  changes  in  production  equaled  only  250  pounds  per  bead  of 
the  density  of  nickel-steel  (containing  22  per  the  population. 

cent,  of  nickel)  which  are  proauced  by  cooling  to  Describing  the  results  which  had  been  obtained 
— SO"*  affords  another  instance.  This  variety  of  from  a  plant  erected  at  tho  Hoerde  works  for  the 
steel  after  being  frozen  is  readily  magnetizable,  elimination  of  sulphur  from  pig  iron,  Herr  J. 
although  it  was  not  so  before ;  but  its  density  is  Massenez  claimed  that  a  saving  of  lime  and  coal 
reduced  by  no  less  than  2  per  cent,  by  the  ex-  was  realized  and  a  certainty  that  no  red-short 
posure  to  the  cold.  charges  were  obtained  in  the  treatment  in  tho 
Iron  and  8teel. — The  year  1800  is  declared  by  converter,  while  the  pig  iron  pa^^  to  the  con- 
Mr.  John  Birkinbine,  President  of  the  American  verier  at  a  suitable  temperature.  There  was  also 
Institute  of  Mining  Enpneers, memorable  as  plac-  the  further  advantage  that  it  rendered  the  Bas- 
ing the  United  States  in  the  lead  of  the  nations  semer  works  independent  of  the  time  at  which 
in  the  production  of  pig  iron.  The  total  produc-  the  individual  blast  furnaces  were  tapped,  as  the 
tion  in  that  year  in  the  several  countries  from  pig  iron  required  for  the  Bessemer  process  could 
which  reports  had  been  received  was:  United  ue  taken  at  anytime  from  the  desulphurizing 
States,  9,202,703  gross  tons ;  Great  Britain,  7,904.-  plant  Sir  I.  Lowthian  Bell  said  that  their  ex- 
214  gross  tons;  Germany,  4,563,025  metric  tons;  periences  at  Barrow  with  the  mixer  showetl  thut 
France,  1,970,160  metric  tons;  and  Sweden.  781.-  it  obviated  the  difficulties  arising  from  the  very 
958  metric  tons.  Of  the  other  pi jj-iron- produc-  great  variation  in  the  composition  of  the  pig 
ing  countries,  Austria-Hungary,  Belgium.  Italy,  iron,  which  necessarily  affected  all  future  opera- 
Spain.  Canada,  and  Russia,  none  have  produced  in  tions.  If  they  had  too  much  silicon  they  had 
any  one  year  1,000,000  gross  tons.  The  pro<luc-  far  too  hijrh  a  temperature  in  the  converter,  and 
tion  of  the  United  States  for  1890  exceeded  that  of  if  they  had  too  little  silicon  they  had  far  too 
Great  Britain  by  16  |)er  cent.,  and  that  of  other  low  a  temperature,  and  the  consequence  was  a 
countries  by  much  more.  Among  the  factors  variation  in  the  product  which  was  a  great  in- 
named  by  the  author  as  aiding  in  securing  its  convenience  and  a  cause  of  great  waste.  Since 
very  large  output  to  the  United  States  is  the  they  had  applied  the  mixer  they  got  really  an 
fact  that  7  per  cen^.  of  the  amount  never  took  average,  and  thus  avoided  the  variation.  Mr.  J. 
the  form  of  pig  iron,  but  was  taken  in  la-  B.  Stead,  of  Middlesborough,  said  that  he  had 
die  directly  from  the  blast  furnace  to  the  con-  tried  an  interesting  experiment  in  mixing  ferro- 
verters.  Another  factor  was  the  association  of  manganese  with  sulphide  of  iron  and  smeltinc 
the  blast  furnace  and  the  chemical  laboratory;  them  together  in  a  crucible,  the  results  of  which 
another,  the  study  which  the  consumers  have  bore  out  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  the  author 
given  to  the  character  and  qualities  of  the  pig  of  the  paper. 


METALLURGY.  (Iron,  Steel.)                                            607 

The  following  are  some  of  the  conclusions  ground  sections,  instead  of  the  surfaces  of  fract- 

imched  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Ball  from  his  studies  of  the  ure,  has  been  increasingly  emploTed.     The  aid 

eifect  of  carbon  on  iron :  1.  That  in  iron  contain-  of  photography  has  been  invoKed  to  make  the 

ing  0*1  per  cent,  of  carbon  the  tenacity  of  the  results  obtame^  by  single  observers  the  property 

metal  increases  by  hardening  either  in  oil  or  in  of  all. 

water,  with  tlie  temperature  at  which  the  metal  In  a  paper  on  "  The  Future  Situs  of  the  Princi- 
is  quenched,  with  a  view  to  hardening,  a  mazi-  pal  Iron  Production  of  the  World,"  Mr.  Edward 
mum  tensile  strength  beins  reached  at  a  temper-  Atkinson,  having  shown  that  while  the  world's 
ature  of  about  l.dOO''  C.  Ihis  temperature  once  demand  for  iron  and  steel  is  likely  to  continue, 
exceeded,  however,  the  tenacity  of  the  metal  di-  as  it  does  now,  to  tax  the  capacity  of  all  pro- 
minishes^  although  the  extensibility  increases,  ducing  countries,  the  United  States  is  the  great- 
2.  By  raising  the  percentage  of  carbon  from  0*1  est  consumer.  The  enormous  increase  in  de- 
to  0*2  the  maximum  tena<rity  is  attained  not  at  mand  will  require  the  utmost  effort  of  pro- 
1,300'  0.,  but  at  a  much  lower  temperature —  duction  at  ereiy  point  where  the  raw  materials 
about  1,000* — below  the  melting  point  of  iron  can  be  assembled  at  reasonable  cost,  and  where 
oxide,  which,  moreover,  was  not  present.  3.  By  furnaces  can  be  operated  to  advantage  on  either 
fuKher  considerably  increasing  the  percentage  continent.  Supremacy  in  production  must  go 
of  carbon,  this  point  of  maximum  tenacity  ap-  to  the  point  where  the  facilities  for  working 
jiarently  disappears,  and  the  annealed  metal  has  the  mines  are  best  and  the  cost  of  assembling 
nearly  as  high  a  tensile  strength  as  the  same  the  materials  at  the  furnace  is  least.  Such  a 
metal  which  has  been  quenched  in  oil  from  any  point  appears  to.  exist  in  the  southern  Appala- 
temperature  up  to  a  bright-red  heat.  Beyond  ehian  region,  the  northwestern  strip  of  which, 
this  temperature,  or  when  quenched  in  water,  from  Pennsylvania  to  Alabama,  as  aescribed  in 
the  hardened  metal  became  so  hard  and  brittle  a  letter  from  Mr.  George  B.  Cowlam,  of  Knox- 
that  it  could  not  be  gripped  by  the  jaws  of  the  ville.  Tenn.,  and  Mr.  Goldsmith  B.  West,  of  Jack- 
testing  machine.  son  ville,  Fla.,  is  an  unbroken  coal  field,  80,000 

In  an  address  before  the  Iron  and  Steel  In-  square  miles  in  area,  containing  from  2  to  5  thick 
stitute  Dr.  Wedding  said  that  the  progress  of  workable  seams  of  excellent  coal.  A  valley  strip 
the  metallurgy  of  iron  in  Germany  had  been  of  nearly  equal  area  extending  along  the  south- 
practicable  only  with  the  help  of  science.  Chem-  eastern  side  of  this  coal  field  is  a  broad  belt  of 
istry.  physics,  and  mechanics  have  furnished  persistent  and  heavy  seams  of  fossil-iron  ores, 
the  foundations  for  successive  improvements,  which  run  a  little  more  than  40  per  cent,  of  me- 
Sometimes  new  processes  or  devices  have  been  tallic  iron,  rather  high  in  silica  and  phospho- 
directly  deduced  from  the  results  of  scientific  rus,  containing  considerable  lime,  and  well 
inciuiry:  sometimes  it  has  been  the  function  of  adapted  to  furnace  work.  The  southeastern  rim 
science  to  seek  the  principles  underlying  prac-  of  the  valley  strip  is  another  belt  of  hvdrated 
tical  improvements,  and  thus  to  render  their  ores,  brown  hematite  or  limonite,  running  up- 
further  aevelopment  possible.  In  the  matter  of  ward  of  50  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron  of  desira- 
testing  the  tendency  now  is,  departing  from  ble  qualities.  The  mountain  strip  southwest  of 
former  rules,  not  to  draw  conclusions  from  this  valley  contains  large  beds  of  very  high 
single  results,  perhaps  of  a  purely  accidental  grade  iron  ores,  mainly  magnetite  Bessemer  ores, 
character,  but  to  make  observations  systemat-  Seven  distinct  beds  large  enough  to  be  worked 
ically,  in  series,  and  upon  as  many  samples  as  have  been  traced  in  different  parts  of  this  strip, 
possible,  for  the  elimination  of  accidental  errors ;  The  topography  of  the  region  is  favorable  to  its 
and  also  to  establish  the  most  suitable  methods  development  by  a  system  of  cross  lines.  The 
of  testing,  so  that  even  if  errors  be  involved  report  bv  Carroll  D.  Wright,  Commissioner  of 
they  need  not  vitiate  comparisons  when  the  same  Labor,  snows  that  as  between  the  Northern  and 
methods  have  been  emploved.  This  latter  tend-  Southern  States  a  great  difference  in  tlie  cost  of 
ency  may  be  asserted  lilcewise  for  the  special  iron  and  coal  exists  in  favor  of  the  South,  al- 
branch  of  analytical  chemistry  which  deals  with  though  it  is  partly  compensated  as  to  the  ore  by 
the  ores  and  products  of  iron.  Here  also  are  re-  the  comparatively  higher  percentage  of  iron  in 
ported  not  so  much  the  invention  of  wholly  new  the  Northern  States.  Tables  giving  the  cost  of 
methods  as  the  determination  of  the  sources  a  ton  of  pig  iron  in  7  establishments  in  the 
and  limits  of  eiTor  which  are  and  always  will  be  Northern  States,  5  in  the  Southern  States,  and  1 
involved  in  the  different  methods  employed.  In  in  Great  Britain,  show  it  to  be  from  $13.07  to 
the  laboratory  of  the  Rothe  Erde,  near  Aachen,  $16.50  in  the  Northern  States,  from  $9.16  to 
there  are  made  in  a  year,  by  ^  or  3  chemists  and  $10.61  in  the  Southern  States,  and  $10.21  in  the 
8  or  7  assistants,  26,500  chemical  determinations  British  establishment.  As  between  2  establi^ih- 
and  62.000  bending  and  tensile  tests,  so  that  ments  in  the  United  States,  8  on  the  Continent 
about  00  chemical  determinations  must  be  made  of  P^nrope,  and  8  in  Great  Britain,  the  cost  of 
dally.  Phosphorus  can  be  determined  in  thirty  producing  a  ton  of  steel  rails  is  from  $24.79  to 
minutes,  carbon  in  thirty,  manganese  in  one  $27.68  in  the  United  States,  $18.71  to  $24.52  on 
hundred,  silicon  in  sixty,  and  sulphur  (cadmium  the  Continent,  and  $18.58  to  $21.90  in  Great 
method)  in  thirty.  Thus  it  has  been  made  prac-  Britain.  While  reasons  are  pointed  out  for  which 
ticable  to  maintain  a  continuous  control  of  the  the  cost  of  labor,  after  all  the  materials  have  been 
running  of  works,  and  even,  for  instance,  to  assembled,  should  be  less  relatively  per  ton 
wail  before  tapping  a  heat  in  the  open-hearth  of  steel  rails  in  the  United  States  than  on  the 
fumiice  until  its  suiHcientlv  complete  dephos-  Continent  or  in  Great  Britain,  the  actual  results 
phorization  has  been  chemically  ascertained.  The  show  a  difference  as  against  the  United  States 
microscopy  of  iron  is  constantly  widening  its  of  $3.78  in  favor  of  Great  Britain  and  $3.49 
field.    Toe  method  of  examination  of  carefully  in  favor  of  the  Continent. 


508  METALLURGY.    (Iron,  Steel.) 

An  invention  foi'  the  ma  ufacture  of  continu-  den  that  a  violent  ruptuTe,  attended  bj  a  sharp 
ous  sheets  of  malleable  iron  atid  steel  direct  report,  has  taken  place.  The  cause  doubtless  is 
from  fluid  metal  was  described  by  Sir  Henry  the  surface  treatment  to  which  the  shot  is  sub- 
Bessemer  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  Iron  and  jected  in  order  to  get  the  requisite  hardness. 
Steel  Institute.  The  author's  first  experiments  which  leads  to  internal  strains  being  set  up.  In 
were  made  in  1856,  and  resulted  in  his  being  one  case  mentioned,  the  head  of  the  projectile 
able  to  produce  a  thin  sheet  some  3  or  4  feet  in  had  been  thrown  to  a  distance  of  many  feet  bv 
length.  The  sheet  had  a  clear  surface,  was  the  violent  spontaneous  rupture  of  the  metal, 
nearly  free  from  oxidation,  and  absolutely  free  The  importance  of  rest  in  bringing  about  a 
from  scale.  It  was  as  tough  as  any  rolled-iron  diminution,  if  not  a  disappearance,  of  interna) 
plate  he  had  ever  seen,  and  it  left  no  doubt  in  strains  in  masses  of  metal  is  illustrated  by  the 
nis  mind  of  the  entire  success  of  this  system  of  behavior  of  chrome-steel  projectiles  which  had 
rolling  thin  sheets  direct  from  molten  metal,  to  be  stored  for  several  months  before  their 
The  invention  was  patented,  but  did  not  find  transportation  to  a  distance  could  be  ventured 
favor  with  manufacturers.  Since  then  the  au-  upon.  The'  tendency  to  the  development  of 
thor  had  made  improvements  by  which  he  pro-  cntcks  in  tempered  steel  dies  was  discussed  m  a 
posed  to  remedy  its  defect-s,  and  it  now  became  letter  written  to  the  speaker  by  Thomas  Graham, 
a  question  which  was  the  least  costly  mode  of  when  master  of  the  mint,  who  said  it  was  con- 
dealing  with  a  ladlef  ul  of  fluid  steel — forming  it  sidered  that  if  such  dies  were  kept  in  store  for  a 
into  massive  ingots  in  molds  or  making  it  into  year  or  two,  they  became  less  apt  to  crack  when 
thin  sheets  in  the  manner  proposed  f  in  use,  and  coined  more  pieces  than  dies  newly 

In  a  paper  at  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  on  tempered.    The  same  phenomena  had  to  be  con- 

**  Illustrations  of  Progress  in  Materials  for  Ship-  sidered  in  the  manufacture  of  steel  ordnance,  a 

building  and   Engineering  at  the  Royal  Naval  fact  which  enforces  the  objections  of  those  who 

Exhibition,"  Mr.  W.  H.  White  referred  specially  are  opposed  to  oil-hardening  the  parts  of  a  &teel 

to  the  specimens  of  bending,  stamping,  flanging,  gun,  the  development  by  which  of  minute  fissures 

and  welding  as  showing  the  relative  behavior  of  or  cracks  in  the  metal  was  also  referred  to  by 

mild  steel  and  iron  under  the  shock  of  powerful  the  speaker. 

explosives,  and  as  serving  also  as  a  useful  re-  Describing  a  new  automatic  hydraulic  forging 

minder  of  the  enormous  advantages  and  great  press  that  had  been  erected  in  Manchester,  Mr. 

economies  which  had  resulted  from  the  substi*  W.  D.  Allen,  in  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 

tution  of  mild  steel  for  iron  in  structures  made  said  that  it  was  essential  in  the  production  of 

up  of  plates  and  stiffening  bars.    Allusion  was  heavy  forgings  from  cast  ingots  of  mild  steel, 

made  to  the  increased  sizes  of  plates  now  supplied  that  the  mass  of  metal  should  be  operated  on  as 

in  steel,  and  it  was  said  that  the  difficulties  ex-  nearly  as  possible  throughout  its  entire  thiek- 

perienced  in   welding  mild  steel  have  practi-  ness.     When  employing  a  steel  hammer  for  this 

cally  disappeared.    The  exhibits  of  forged  steel  purpose,  it  had  been  found  that  the  external  sur- 

and  cast  steel  were  described,  and  the  ram-stem  face  of  the  ingot  absorbed  a  large  proportion  of 

castings  in  war  ships  were  especially  referred  to.  the  sudden  impact  of  the  blow,  and  that  a  com- 

When  these  were  made  in  forged  iron,  the  rab-  paratively  small  effect  only  was  produced  on  the 

bets  to  receive  the  armor  plating,  shell  plating,  central  portion  of  the  ingot,  because  of  the  re- 

etc.,  the  special  forms  required  for  the  spur,  and  sistance  offered  by  the  m  inertia  of  the  mass  to 

the  arrangements  for  attaching  decks,  breast-  the  rapid  motion  of  the  falling  hammer — a  dis- 

hooks,  etc.,  all  had  to  be  obtained  by  costly  ma-  advantage  that  was  entirely  overcome  by  the 

chine  work,  often  involving  months  of  almost  slow,  though  powerful,  compression  of  the  hy- 

continuous  labor,  after  the  forging  had  come  out  draulic  forcing  press,  which  seemed  destined  to 

of  the  shop  completed  as  far  as  the  hammer  supersede  the  steam  hammer  for  the  production 

could  do  the  work.     Under  these  conditions  it  of  massive  steel  forgings. 

was  not  unusual  to  see  the  central  portions  of  In  the  process  invented  by  Capt.  G.  Feodos- 

war  ships  far  advanced,  while  work  at  the  bow  sieff,  of  St.  Petersburg,  for  tempenng  steel,  glyc- 

and  stern  were  untouched  because  of  the  want  of  erin  is  employed  for  hardening,  tempering,  or 

stems  and  stern  posts.     Now,  thanks  to  the  use  annealing  steels,  cast  steel,  or  cast  iron.    The 

of  steel  castings,  no  such  delay  was  necessary.  specific  gravity  of  the  glycerin  is  graduated,  ac- 

A  new  method  of  testing  the  hardness  of  iron  cording  to  the  composition  of  the  steel  and  the 
and  steel  during  manufacture  has  been  devised  effect  desired,  by  adding  water.  The  quantity  of 
by  A.  C.  Caspersson,  of  Forsbacka  Iron  Works,  glycerin  is  from  one  to  six  times  greater  in 
Margretshill,  Sweden,  who  conducts  a  current  of  weight  than  the  pieces  to  be  plunged  into  it,  ami 
electricity  through  a  test  piece  of  iron  or  steel  its  temperature  is  varied,  according  to  the  hand- 
allowing  the  current  to  melt  the  metal ;  upon  ness  of  the  metal,  from  15®  to  S^**  C.,  a  higher 
which  the  strength  of  the  current  required  in  temperature  being  employed  for  tempenng  the 
the  operation  is  compared  with  the  strength  of  haraened  steels,  while  a  lower  temperature  is 
current  required  for  the  fusion  of  a  standard  used  for  tempering  the  milder  st«e1s. 
piece  of  metal  of  determined  degree  of  hardness.  The  investigations  by  M.  H.  Le  Chatelier  of 

Part  of  Sir  Frederick  AbePs  address  at  the  the  influence  of  hardening  on  the  electrical  re- 
opening meeting  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute  sistance  of  steel  have  been  extended  to  a  new 
was  devoted  to  the  self-destruction,  if  that  term  seriesof  metals  and  alloys.  These  metals,  which 
may  be  used,  of  steel  projectiles  by  the  develop-  show  no  molecular  changes  before  fusing,  have 
mentof  cracks.  Steel  projectiles  may  be  received  electrical  resistances  that  vary  directly  with  the 
from  the  manufacturer  to  all  appearance  sound,  temperature,  plus  a  constant.  Copper,  silver, 
yet  after  a  time  cracks  will  develop  themselves,  and  their  alloys  have  almost  an  identical  coeflS- 
in  extreme  cases  the  occurrence  has  been  sosud-  cient  for  temperature,  while  the  coefficient  for 


METALLURGY.    (Aluminum,  Gold,  Silvke.)  .  509 

platiouni  and  its  alloys  is  three  times  as  great,  beginning  of  the  operation,  after  which  it  is  re- 

AVhen  heated  in  oxygen,  the  curve  of  electric  re-  produced  in  large  quantity  in  an  artificial  form, 

distance  for  silver  remained  straight,  its  me-  as  a  consequence  of  the  reduction  of  the  fluoride 

ehanical  properties  were  not  changed,  and  its  of  aluminum.    Thus  obtained,  it  is  of  higher 

melting  point  was  found  to  be  1,783"  C.    When  purity  than  the  natural  mineral,  which  always 

heated     with    hydrogen     its    properties   were  contains  spathic  iron  ore  and  quartz. 

changed  from  the  temperature  of  1,200°  C. ;  its  In  the  Hall  process  for  preparing  aluminum 

rnsistanee  increased  more  rapidly  than  when  in  a  mixture  of  alumina  and  some  fluoride  serving 

oxygen,  the  metal  after  cooling  showed  great  as  a  flux  is  submitted  to  the  action  of  the  elec- 

loss  of  strength,  and  the  melting  point  was  low-  trie  current,  the  electrolyte  being  placed  in  ves- 

ered  to  1,680  C.    The  metal  takes  on  a  dull  ap-  sels  of  iron  lined  with  coke  and  having  a  capacity 

pearance,  similar  to  that  of  palladium,  obtained  for  from  80  to  130  kilogrammes  of  material, 

by  deposition  from  its  hydrate.      These  facts  For  obtaining  pure  aluminum  the  electrodes  are 

prove  that  silver  at  a  red  heat  occludes  hydro-  made  of  carbon ;  for  aluminum  bronze,  copper 

gen.      A  large  number  of    metals  show,  like  electrodes  are  used,  which  dissolve  as  the  min- 

ircm,  sudden  molecular  changes,  which  occur  at  eral  is  reduced. 

well-defined  temperatures.     The  electrical   re-  Aluminum  and  its  alloys  can  be  smelted  in  a 

sistauces  then  show  at  those  temperatures  sud-  small  way  in  ordinary  fire-clay  or  iron  crucibles 

den  variations  in  their  law  of  increase,  but  the  without  the  metal  thereby  becoming  brittle  or 

absolute  value  does  not  change  on  passing  a  acquiring  silicon,  provided  no  liquid  method  is 

point  where  those  changes  occur,  as  is  the  case  employed    and   the  smelting  point  is  not  too 

on  passing  the  melting  point.    Molecular  changes  much  exceeded.    Large  quantities  of  aluminum 

occur  in  zinc  at  680'  u. ;  in  brass,  with  38  per  are  smelted  in  a  reverberatory  furnace  fed  with 

cent,  of  zinc,  at  1,330"  C. ;  and  with  an  alloy  of  wood  or  gas  fuel.     Owing  to  its  high  specific 

copper,  iron,  and  nickel  at  1,270"  C.    In  brass  temperature,  the  metal  requires  much  time  for 

the  molecular  change  is  accompanied  by  a  con-  smelting,  and  likewise  for  cooling  to  the  correct 

siderable  absorption  of  latent  heat.    Some  alloys  casting  temperature. 

show  progressive  molecular  changes  which  call  A  new  aluminum  flux,  called  stephanite,  is 

to  mind  those  observable  in  the  chemical  equilib-  composed    of  about  70  per   cent,  of  alumina 

rium  of  saline  solutions.    The  presence  of  small  and  emery.  While  not  volatilizable,  it  gives  off  in 

quantities  of  foreign  matter  seems  to  hinder  the  the  furnace  its  metallic  gases  or  vapors,  which 

transformation  and  the  amount  of  the  change  unite  with  the  fusible  iron  acting  as  a  condens- 

seems  to  vary  considerably  with  different  speci-  ing  agent,  while  all  impurities  go  to  the  liquid 

mens.     At  temperatures  above  those  of  trans-  slag  and  are  drawn  off  in  the  usual  manner.  The 

formation,  iron,  nickel,  and  their  alloys  exhibit  tests  of  the  action  of  this  flux,  made  in  June,  at 

a  law  of  change  for   the  electrical  resistance  Messrs.  H.  Young  &Co.*s  foundry,  Pimlico,  gave 

which  is  similar  to  that  of  platinum  and  its  al-  the  *'  inevitable  conclusion ''  that  Mr.  Stephan's 

leys,  while  at  lower  temperatures  the  law  of  method  of  incorporating  aluminum  with  iron  is 

change  is  infinitely  more  rapid.  a  practical  success,  producing  a  metal  combining 

By  means  of  the  acoustic  method  which  he  the  qualities  of  iron  and  steel. 

has  invented,  M.  Mercadier  finds  that  steel  con-  One  of  the  new  applications  of  aluminum  is  to 

taining  nickel  in  the  proportion  of  25  to  100  is  the  refining  of  other  metals  by  the  addition  of 

homogeneous  and  nearly  isotropic.    The  incorpo-  small  quantities  of  it.     It  is  thus  applied  to  the 

ration  of  the  nickel  with  the  steel  in  sufficient  refining  of  iron,  copper,  and  brafs. 

quantity,  he  adds,  while  increasing  the  homo-  Gola  and  SllTcr. — Balling's  method  of  using 

geneity  of  the  metal,  imparts  to  it  an  isotropy  cadmium  in  assaying  gold  bullion   is  regarded 

similar  to  that  of  the  belies  glaees  of  Saint-Go-  by  Mr.  Cabell  Whitehead  as  inferior  to  the  old 

bain.  method  with  silver:  but  with  certain  modifica- 

Alamlnnm. — According  to  a  paper  by  Dr.  tions  it  may  be  found  rapid  and  satisfactory  for 
Lindeck,  of  Darmstadt,  aluminutn  is  preferable  a  preliminary  assay.  The  author  has  found 
to  silver  on  account  of  its  lightness  and  its  non-  cadmium  an  efficient  aid  in  the  estimation  of 
discolorative  quality.  It  is,  however,  effected  by  small  quantities  of  silver  in  gold  bullion  con- 
alkalies  and  even  by  soap ;  it  can  not,  therefore,  tnining  considerable  amounts  of  copper  or 
be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  household  utensils,  platinum.  In  his  method  the  ore  is  covered  with 
As  an  adjunct  for  the  production  of  castings  free  potassium  cyanide,  and  heated  till  the  cyanide 
from  blow-holes,  for  use  in  the  manufacture  of  is  in  quiet  fusion.  A  suitable  proportion  of 
the  lighter  parts  of  instruments,  for  the  manu-  cadmium  is  then  dropped  into  the  crucible,  where 
facture  of  tubes  and  wires,  etc..  it  is  adapted  in  it  quickly  melts  and  forms  a  bright,  homoge- 
a  remarkable  degree.  As  an  alloy  it  is  also  very  neous  alloy  with  the  gold.  On  cooling  the  con- 
useful  ;  and  it  meets  with  great  favor  in  the  fine  tents  on  a  porcelain  slab,  the  alloy  will  be  found 
arts ;  but  no  method  of  soldering  the  metal  has  in  one  piece,  and  is  easily  detached  from  the 
yet  been  invented.  Herr  von  Vogtlander.  in  potassium  cyanide.  It  is  then  washed  in  warm 
the  discussion  of  the  paper,  referred  to  the  diffi-  water,  dried,  and  placed  in  a  mortar,  where  sev- 
culties  experienced  in  the  employment  of  the  eral  sharp  blows  with  a  hammer  quickly  reduce 
metal  as  a  greater  drawback  to  its  general  use  it  to  powder,  which  is  assayed, 
than  the  question  of  price.  The   improved   furnace  of  the  Fulton  Iron 

Graham's  method  of  obtainin||f  aluminum  is  Works.  San  Francisco,  for  melting  bullion  is 

based  ujK)n  the  reduction  by  sodium  of  fluoride  operated  on  the  principle  of  an  ordinary  forge, 

nf  aluminum,  produced  by  the  action  of  sul-  The  pan  constituting  the  bottom  of  the  furnace 

phate  of  alumina  upon  fluor-spar  and  cryolite ;  is  filled  with  a  mixture  of  bone  ash  and  fire-clay, 

out  the  latter  mineral  is  employed  only  at  the  thoroughly  tamped  down  and  then  scooped  out, 


510  METALLURGY.    (Coppeb,  Tix.) 

so  as  to  leave  a  lining  of  the  mixture  about  two  during  the  process  to  a  gas  compound  of  oxygen 

inches  thick  over  the  entire  inner  surface  of  the  and  nitrogen.     By  this  the  ore  is  heated  to  a 

pan.     On  the  top  of  this,  and  confined  by  a  white  heat,  and  is  desulphurized.    The  gold  is 

wrought-iron  basket  or  grate,  charcoal  and  bull-  then  ready  to  be  amalgamated,  or  is  treated 

ion  are  placed.      As  the  bullion  melts,  it  perco-  with  a  bath  of  aqua  rigiti. 

lates  through  the  charcoal  to  the  bottom  of  the  In  the  method  of  ^  illiam  West  for  treating 

pan,  and  as  it  accumulates  there  it  is,  to  a  certain  complex  sulphide  ores  carrying  sil%'er,  the  ore 

extent,  refined  by  the  absorption  of  the  base  by  having  been  crushed  to  suitable  dimensions,  a 

the  bone  and  ash  lining.     The  melt-ed  bullion  sufiicient  amount  of  pyrites  is  added  to  reduce 

is  drawn  off  directly  into  molds.     The  succeed  •  the  zinc,  if  it  exceeds  that  amount,  to  21  per  cent. ; 

ing  bars  can  be  melt^  and  poured  ut  intervals  the  charge  is  roasted  till  most  of  the  sulphur 

of  about  fifteen  minutes  each.  is  driven  off,  and  is  then  drawn,  and  when  cool  is 

A  eold-savlng  apparatus  patented  by  Mr.  John  moistened  with  water.    In  this  condition  it  is 

H.  Hobart  comurises  a  novel  arrangement  of  placed  upon  a  layer  of  pebbles  in  a  false-bot- 

amalgamating  plates  or  copper  plates,  intended  tomed  tank.    The  sulphurous-acid  fumes  from 

more  particularly  for   savinp^  noat   gold,  but  the  furnaces,  having  been  cooled,  are  forced  into 

adapted  for  ordinary  gold  savm^.    The  arrange-  the  tank,  and  with  them  a  jet  of  steam  at 

ment  is  such  that  barriers  or  impediments  are  low  pressure  is  admitted  to  facilitate  chemical 

formed  in  the  course  of  the  pulp,  so  as  to  cause  a  action.    The  result  is  the  conversion  of  the  zinc 

whirling  or  eddying  of  the  nowmg  material  very  oxide  to  zinc  sulphite,  which  rapidly  changes  to 

advantageous  for  the  catching  of  the  precious  sulphate.    The  operation  is  usually  repeated  for 

particles.  the  oxidation  of  all  the  zinc.    The  ore  is  leache<l 

In  the  process  of  J.  Buchanan,  of  Glasgow,  with  water  in  other  vats,  and,  the  zinc  having 

for  precipitating  gold  and  silver  from  the  liquid  been  thus  removed,  the  residue,  containing  the 

in  which  they  are  dissolved,  in  the  process  of  ex-  load  and  precious  metals,  is  dried  on  an  iron 

tracting  the  same  by  chlorine,  bromine,   and  floor  heated  by  the  hot  sulphurous-acid  fumes 

iodine  the  liquid  is  allowed  to  percolate  through  from  the  muffles,  after  which  it  is  ready  for  the 

iron  or  steel  borings  at  the  ordinary  or  at  an  lead  smelters. 

elevated  temperature.     The  gold  and  silver  are  Crude  silver  is  refined  at  Lau  ten  thai  according 

claimed  to  be  thus  completely  deposited  on  the  to  Roessler's  method  by  treating  it  in  eraphite 

iron,  from  which  they  may  afterward  bo  removed  crucibles  with  powdered  quartz  and  silver  sul- 

by  riddling  and  washing,  or  otherwise.    Copper,  phate.     The  process  occasions  less  than   the 

brass,  zinc,  or  any  other  metal  or  alloy  capable  ordinary  loss  of  silver,  and  purifies  it  almost 

of  precipitating  gold  and  silver  under  the  condi-  completely  from  bismuth.     The  slag  consists 

tions,  may  be  used  instead  of  iron,  together  with  mainly  of  silicates,  and  is  sold  according  to  the 

charcoal.  percentage  of  silver  and  bismuth. 

In  J.  Edlington  Cha8ter*s  process  for  extract-  Copper  and  Tin.  —  Experiments  are  do- 
ing gold  from  refractory  ores,  the  pulverized  scribea  by  Mr.  Percy  C.  Gilcnrist,  which  he  has 
quartz  or  ore  is  fed  direct  from  the  stamps  into  been  makm^with  the  object  of  obtaining  similar 
tne  hopper  of  the  machine ;  thence  it  passes  by  advantages  in  copper  smelting  to  those  which  ro- 
gravity  into  mercury  kept  bright  by  a  weak  cur-  suited  from  the  replacement  of  the  ordinary 
rent  of  electricity.  siliceous  linings  of  steel-melting  furnaces  bv  a 

In  the  Moebius  electrolytic  parting  apparatus,  lining  cK)mpo»ad  of  basic  material,  or  the  Oil- 
as  operat-ed  at  the  works  of  the  rinos  Altos  christ  basic  process.  Improved  results  were 
Company,  Chihuahua,  the  dori  bullion,  which  sought  in  the  direction  of  lessened  oxidation  and 
varies  in  fineness  from  '800  to  *900  in  silver,  and  consequently  increased  yield.  The  removal  of 
25  to  50  in  gold,  is  cast  into  thin  plates.  The  arsenic  was  accompanied  by  an  increased  yield 
plates  are  hung  in  the  cell  and  subjected  to  the  of  '*  blister,"  and  advantages  were  gained  in  the 
action  of  a  current  of  small  electro-motive  force,  greater  durability  of  the  furnace  bottom ;  and 
The  silver  passes  into  the  solution  (nitrate  of  a  considerable  gain  in  output  was  obtained  in 
copper  and  nitrate  of  silver  acidulated  with  ni-  the  treatment  of  white  or  "  pimple "  metal, 
trio  acid)  from  the  anodes,  and  is  precipitated  as  Analyses  of  various  samples  showed  no  practical 
heavy  needles  and  tree-like  crystals  at  the  cath-  difference  between  the  refined  copper  produced 
odes.  The  copper  from  the  anodes  is  also  dis-  from  the  basic  blister  and  that  produced  from 
solved,  but  remains  in  solution  provided  the  acid  blister  when  an  acid-lined  refinery  is  used, 
exciting  liquid  is  sufficiently  acidulated  or  carries  When  making  ordinary  tough  cake,  however,  it 
enough  nitrate  of  silver.  All  the  lead  (as  per-  is  doubtful  whether  the  extra  cost  of  the  initial 
oxide),  the  platinum  metals,  antimony,  and  other  basic  lining  and  of  the  current  repairs  is  oom- 
impurities  remain  with  the  gold  m  the  bag  pensated  by  the  slight  increase  in  the  yield,  but 
surrounding  the  anodes.  The  process  is  also  the  saving  in  making  "best-selected"  copper 
employed  at  one  or  two  works  in  the  United  from  ordinary  arsenical  blister  is  considerable. 
States.  An  important  departure  in  electro-metalliiriy 

The  inventor,  Mr.  Moles  worth,  claims  for  the  has  been  made  by  Messrs.  Elmore,  of  Leeds,  Eng- 

Molesworth   process  for  extracting  gold  from  land,  in  their  process  for  the  manufacture  of 

pyrites  or  other  refractory  matrices  that  it  will  tubes  and  articles  of  a  similar  character  by  the 

save  from  90  to  95  per  cent,  of  the  gold  con-  electrical  deposition  of  copper.    The  process  for 

tainod  in  pyrites,  at  a  cost  of  about  As,  per  ton  of  the  electrical  deposition  of  copper  on  a  large  scale 

crushed  ore.      The  process  consists  in  calcining  for  the  purpose  of  producing  pure  copper  was 

the  crushed  ore  or  pyrites  in  a  cylinder  which  introduced  several  years  ago,  and  is  extensively 

is  kept  slowly  revolvmg  in  a  furnace  where  only  used.    By  the  old  processes  the  copper  so  pro- 

a  moderate  heat  is  required,  and  exposing  it  duced  is  again  cast  and  used  where  articles  of 


METALLURGY.    (Alloys.)  511 

high  quality  and  for  special  purposes  are  re-  portance  of  which  can  not  be  OTeresiiinated  when 
quired.  The  discov^ery  of  Messrs.  Elmore  is  the  we  consider  that  the  limit  of  strength  of  steel 
automatic  production  of  finished  articles  direct  suited  for  ship-building,  boilers,  and  other  rivet- 
daring  the  process  of  electro-deposition.  Thedis-  ed  structures  is  not  so  much  determined  by  the 
tinguishing  features  of  this  process  are  the  purely  quality  of  the  steel  that  may  be  used  as  by  the 
automatic  chamcter  of  the  working,  the  appar-  quality  of  the  rivet  steel  used  m  combining  plates 
ently  low  cost  of  production,  and  the  greatly  ini-  of  high  tensile  strength. 

proved  character  of  the  finished  product.    One  Of  aluminum,  Mr.  Garrison  believes  that  while 

element  of  its  value  lies  in  the  fact  that  the  tubes  for  some  special  purposes  it  may  be  employed  in 

produced  by  it  are  seamless,  of  a  true  circular  sec-  the  manufacture  of  iron,  this  use  can  not,  with 

tiou  of  uniform  thickness,  and  homogeneous,  and  our  present  knowledge  of  its  properties,  be  large, 

that  they  can  be  produced  practically  in  any  It  might,  however,  he  larger  if  the  material  was 

length  and  of  any  diameter.  less  expensive.    Of  chrome  steel,  the  status  is, 

The  solvent  action  of  acid  ferric  salts  is  utilissed  on  the  whole,  not  satisfactory.  Other  steel  alloys 
in  Herr  B.  Schultze's  process  for  recovering  coming  into  use  are  so  mucA  better  that  it  seems 
tin  from  tin-plate  scrap.  The  process  includes  only  to  be  a  question  of  time  when  it  will  drop 
three  principal  operations — ^the  solution  of  the  out.  Cooper  acts  much  like  sulphur  in  render- 
tin,  its  precipitation,  and  the  treatment  of  the  ing  steel  more  or  less  red-short  and  destroy- 
waste  liquor.  When  acid  ferric  sulphate  is  used,  ing  its  welding  power.  Copper-steel  alloys  are 
the  tin-plate  cuttings  are  placed  in  iron  baskets  almost  too  new  to  determine  for  what  particu- 
and  lowered  into  the  solution  contained  in  an  lar  purposes  they  would  be  most  useful.  It  is 
o{)en  wooden  vat.  The  tin  covering  is  stripped  claimed  in  the  Schneider  patents  that  they  are 
off  the  iron  in  a  few  hours.  A  similar  procedure  useful  for  making  ordnance,  armor  plate,  rifle 
is  taken  when  an  acid  stannic  solution  is  used,  barrels  and  projectiles,  and  also  girders  for  build- 
The  precipitation  of  the  tin  from  the  neutral  ing  purposes  and  ship  plates,  in  view  of  the  re- 
stannous  solution  is  effected  by  running  it  into  marKable  elastic  limit  of  copper-steel,  while  it 
vats  containing  clean  metallic  iron.  The  re-  maintains  at  the  same  time  a  considerable  elonga- 
aetion  is  slow,  but  the  reduction  is  complete,  tion.  its  use  may  become  very  extensive  in  the  arts. 
The  precipitate,  when  washed  and  clean^  from  It  has  the  advantage  over  aluminum,  nickel,  and 
iron,  is  either  melted  or  used  for  making  tin  tungsten  steels  of  being  cheaper  to  manufacture, 
salts.  The  green  vitriol  liquors  from  the  pre-  Regarding  the  properties  of  certain  new  alloys 
eipitating  vats  are  concentrated  by  allowing  and  their  value  in  engineering  applications,  Mr. 
them  to  drop  slowly  over  a  large  heap  of  cleaned  Garrison  considers  Tobin  bronze,  which  is  com- 
iron  scrap,  which  causes  a  rapid  evaporation  posed  chiefly  of  zinc  and  copper,  with  small  pro- 
and  a  deposit  of  ferrous  sulphate  on  the  metal,  portions  of  tin,  iron,  and  lead,  as  practically  a 
This  may  be  washed  off  and  purified  as  commer-  brass,  or  a  sterro  or  delta  metal  with  the  addition 
cial  copperas  by  recry stall izing,  or  it  may  be  of  a  small  amount  of  lead,  which  tends  to  render 
used  for  forming  the  acid  liquor  for  dissolving  copper  softer  and  more  ductile.  According  to  the 
fresh  qnan titles  of  tin.  inventor's  claims,  it  can  be  forged  and  stamped 

In  tne  analysis  of  tin  ores,  Dr.  J.  S.  C.  Willis  at  a  red  heat  as  readily  as  steel.    Bolts  and  nuts 

has  found  nascent  hydrogen  the  most  convenient  can  be  forged  from  it  by  hand  or  by  machinery, 

reagent  for  obtaining  tin  in  the  metallic  state.  when  cold  drawn.    Its  increased  density  and 

Alloys. — In  a  long  series  of  investigations,  W.  high-elastic  limit,  and  the  facility  with  which  it 
Spring  nas  shown  that  alloys  may  be  formed  at  can  be  upset  while  hot,  adapt  it  for  special  pur- 
ine o^inary  temperature,  provided  that  minute  poses.  In  forgine  it,  care  should  be  taken  to 
particlesof  the  constituentelements  are  submitted  work  it  only  at  a  cnerry-red  heat, 
to  great  pressure.  W.  Hallock  has  recently  given  Three  copper  alloys  containing  phosphorus 
strong  evidence  in  favor  of  the  view  that  an  alloy  have  gained  a  place  in  engineering  work — phos- 
can  be  produced  from  its  constituent  metals  with  phor-bronze,  deoxidized  bronze,  and  the  Eureka 
but  slight  pressure,  if  the  temperature  to  which  tempered  copper.  The  use  of  phosphor-bronze 
the  mass  is  submitted  be  above  the  melting  point  is  the  result  of  the  discovery,  by  Messrs.  Monte- 
of  the  alloy,  even  though  it  be  far  below  the  melt-  fiore  and  Kllnzel,  that,  by  adding  small  propor- 
ing  point  of  the  more  easily  fusible  constituent,  tions  of  phosphonis  or  pnosphuret  of  tin  or  eop- 
A  further  instance  is  thus  afforded  of  the  fact  per  to  copper,  the  oxides  of  tnat  metal,  nearly  al- 
that  a  variation  of  either  temperature  or  pressure  ways  present  as  an  impurity,  were  deoxidized  to 
will  effect  the  union  of  solids.  a  greater  or  less  extent,  and  the  copper  was  much 

One  thing,  says  Mr.  P.  Lynwood  Garrison,  in  improved  in  strength  and  ductility ;  the  grain  of 

his  review  of  the  subject,  mu^t  not  be  overlooked  the  fracture  became  firm,  the  color  brighter,  and 

in  considering  alloys  of  steel— that,  whereas  fre-  a  greater  fluidity  was  attained.    The  results  of 

quently  admirable  results  are  obtained,  in  some  comparative  experiments  with  phosphor-bronze 

respecta  the  material  is  practically  worthless  on  and  other  similar  alloys  indicate  that  copper 

account  of  its  unworkability  in  the  ordinary  wears  nearly  60  per  cent,  faster  than  standard 

operations  of  the  machine  shop.    This  is  illus-  phosphor-bronze ;  that  arsenic  bronze  contain- 

treted  in  some  of  the  grades  of  manganese  steel,  ing  no    lead  wears  about  42  per  cent,  faster. 

One  of  the  most  serious  disadvantages  connected  but  that  containing  7  per  cent,  of  lead  wears 

with  the  use  of  mild  steel  for  ship-building  pur-  15  per  cent,  faster,  while  that  containing  the 

poses  is  its  greater  liability  to  corrode  in  salt  water  same  amount  of  lead  as  phosphor-bronze  wears 

than  iron.    In  several  of  the  new  steel  alloys,  only  1  per  ceiit.  faster;  that  Damascus  bronze, 

more  particularly  in  nickel-steel,  this  defect  is  containing  as  high  as  12-50  percent  of  lead,  wears 

overcome.    Some  of  these  alloys  seem  to  be  par-  from  7  to  8  per  cent,  slower;  and  that  an  ex- 

ticularly  well  adapted  for  rivets — a  fact  the  im-  periraental  alloy  containing  less  tin  and  more 


512  METALLURGY.    (Pbocbssbs.) 

lead  than  any  of  the  other  alloys  experimented  8and  filter,  and  the  quick  filtration  and  precipi- 

with  wears  13*50  per  cent,  slower.  tation  of  the  gold  chloride  with  fi-esh  ana  active 

Deoxidized  bronze— an  alloy  resembling  phos-  ferrous  sulphate.     The  gold  is  precipitated  as 

phor-bronze  somewhat  in  composition,  and  also  metallic  gold  of  a  reddish-brown  cojor,  which, 

delta  metal,  in  that  it  contains  zinc  and  iron —  after  being  allowed  to  settle,  is  collected,  washed, 

is  found  to  have  a  tensile  strength  of  150.000  dried,  and  melted  with  soda  and  borax  in  graphite 

pounds  per  square  inch  against  70,000  pounds  pots  and  cast  into  bars.    The  efficiency  and  econ- 

in  copper  wire,  and  its  sheets  a  tensile  strength  omy  of  the  process  are  such  that  in  working  on 

of  from  30,000  to  50,000  pounds  per  square  inch,  a  large  scale  crude  ore  of  the  assay  value  of  |4 

The  action  of  silicon  on  copper  m  silicon-bronze  per  ton,  carrying  about  one  third  of  its  gold  free 

is  similar  to  that  of  phosphorus,  as  a  deoxidizer ;  and  two  thiztls  in  sulphurets,  can  be  profitablj 

while  the  silica  formed    is  a  valuable  flux  for  treated. 

any  metallic  oxides  remaining  unreduced.  Wire  The  method  of  working  the  Bemados  electric 
made  from  this  alloy  is  said  to  have  the  same  re-  welding  process  has  hitherto  been  kept  secret, 
sistauce  to  rupture  as  phosphor-bronze  wire,  but  has  recently  been  published.  An  ordinary 
with  a  higher  degree  of  electric  conductivity,  lighting  low-tension  continuous-current  dynamo 
and,  though  very  much  lighter  than  ordinary  is  used,  to  the  terminus  of  which  a  battery  of  ae- 
wires,  is  of  equal  strength.  The  manufacture  of  cumulators  is  connected,  and  into  this  the  cur- 
silicon-bronze  lias  greatly  improved  since  its  in-  rent  flows  continuously.  When  the  welding  eir- 
troduction.  The  latest  kinds,  with  perhaps  less  cuit  is  closed  the  current  flows  from  the  dynamo 
conductivity,  have  a  greater  strength,  which  and  accumulates  through  a  largo  regulating  re- 
gives  it  particular  efficiency  when  subjected  to  sistance.  One  terminal  of  the  system  is  con- 
strains (3aused  by  accumulations  of  snow  and  ice.  nectcd  by  means  of  a  flexible  cable  to  a  carbon 

It  is  claimed  for  the  new  alloy  of  copper,  pencil  fixed  in  an  insulated  holder.  This  is  held 
nickel,  and  manganese,  called  man&^anine,  that  by  the  workman.  The  other  terminal  is  con- 
its  specific  resistanqe  is  higher  than  that  of  nick-  nected  to  tho  table  on  which  the  work  lies,  or  to 
oline,  which  has  hitherto  passed  as  the  least  re-  the  work  itself.  Thus  the  carbon  pencil  forms 
sisting  metal.  Its  resistance  being  affected  in  one  pole  and  the  work  the  other  ynyle,  and  the 
only  a  minute  degree  bv  high  temperatures,  it  is  electric  arc  is  sprung  between  them.  It  is  po@- 
adapted  for  tho  manufacture  of  measuring  in-  sible  to  obtain  an  arc  for  welding  purposes  six 
struments  and  electrical  apparatus  in  general,  inches  in  length  and  having  a  sectional  area  of 
for  which  as  little  resistance  as  possible  under  about  two  square  inches.  When  iron  or  steel  is 
different  degrees  of  heat  is  required.  Moreover,  under  treatment,  it  is  usual  to  make  the  car- 
while  the  resistance  of  other  metals  is  increased  bon  the  negative  pole  and  the  iron  or  steel  the 
by  raising  the  temperature,  that  of  manganine  positive  pole ;  for  other  metals  the  poles  are 
is  diminished,  sometimes  reversed. 

A  new  alloy  of  gold  and  aluminum,  containing  The  burning  of  zinc  during  melting  may  be 
78  per  cent,  of  gold,  has  been  discovered  by  prevented  by  covering  the  metal  while  in  a 
Prof.  Roberts- Austen.  It  is  described  as  the  crucible  or  ladle  with  a  layer  of  common  salt 
most  brilliantly  colored  alloy  yet  known.  It  is  Combustibility  is  impaired  if  a  layer  of  char- 
bright  purple,  and  by  the  reflection  of  light  from  coal  is  kept  on  top  of  the  zinc,  or  of  any  other 
one  surface  to  another  bright  ruby  tints  are  ob-  soft  metal  which  can  be  melted  in  a  ladla  The 
tained.  Of  other  alloys  of  gold  and  aluminum,  coating  of  oxide  forms  a  protection  against  oxi- 
1  per  cent,  of  aluminum  gives  the  precious  metal  dation  only  to  a  certain  degree,  but  the  layer  of 
a  green  color,  and  the  very  hard  and  white  alloy  charcoal  tends  to  reduce  the  oxide  again  to  its  me- 
contains  10  per  cent,  of  gold.  tallic  form.    Indeed,  it  is  possible  to  recover  le«d. 

Tho  following  alloys  have  recently  been  in-  tin,  zinc,  and  antimony  from  the  dross  or  oxide 
vented :  Nickel-aluminum,  composed  of  20  parts  which  gathei-s  in  the  ladle.  It  is  only  necessary  to 
nickel  and  8  parts  aluminum,  used  for  decora-  melt  the  oxide  with  charcoal,  salt,  and  soda  to  pet 
tive  threads;  zinc-nickel,  composed  of  90  parts  it  again  into  useful  shape.  The  dross, salt, char- 
zinc  and  10  parts  nickel,  used  as  a  pigment ;  coal,  and  soda  should  be  powdered,  mixed,  and 
nickel- hardlead,  composed  of  100  parts  type  melted.  The  soda  and  salt  melt  into  a  past? 
metal  and  5  parts  nickel,  used  for  metallic  types  mass,  and  the  carbon  unites  with  the  oxygen  of 
and  for  electros;  platinide,  composed  of  GO  parts  the  dross,  leaving  the  met^l  free.  The  salt  and 
platinum,  35  parts  nickel,  2  parts  gold,  and  3  soda  simply  act  as  flux  in  reducing  the  oxides, 
parts  iron,  used  for  crucibles  and  chemical  uten-  A   method  of    recovering   acid    from    waste 


60  parts  cobalt,  or  40  parts  cobalt,  10  parts  alu-  this  object  in  a  simple  and  economical  manner, 

minum,  40  parts  copper,  or  30  parts  copper ;  met-  Tho  plant  consists  of  three  parts,  viz.,  a  special 

alline,  composed  of  35  parts  cobalt,  25  parts  combined    roasting   and    evaporating   furnace, 

aluminum,  10  parts  iron,  and  30  parts  copper.  adapted  for  carrying  on  continuous  double  dis- 

Processes-— The  Thies  process  of  treating  low-  tiilation  ;  a  series  of  cooling   and  condensing 

grade  auriferous  sulphides  is,  in  brief,  according  pipes ;  and  a  condenser  for  collecting  acid  that 

to  the  inventor's  account,  the  treatment  of  dead-  would  otherwise  be  lost.    The  waste  liquor  is 

roasted  auriferous  concentrates  (pyrite,  some-  allowed  to  run  in  a  continuous  stream  into  the 

times  also  chalcopyrite,  as  at  the  rhcenix  mine,  furnace,  and  is  there  decomposed  by  the  cora- 

Cabarrus  Co.,  N.  C.)  with  nascent  chlorine,  with-  bined  action  of  heat,  air,  and  steam  from  the 
out  artificial 
iron  c 


tificial  pressure  or  exhaust,  in  lead-lined    liquor  itself  into  hydrochloric  acid  and  oxide  of 
cylinders ;  the  throwing  of  the  mass  on  a    iron.    The  latter  remains  in  the  furnace  and  is 


METALLURGY.  (Miscellaneous.)  513 

raked  from  time  to  time,  while  the  hydrochloric  direction.    The  m^tal  of  the  surface  of  the  bar 

acid  is  condensed  and  is  used  over  again  in  the  thus  acquires  an  increased  motion  in  a  spiral  di- 

g&lvanizing  process.  When  the  apparatus  is  once  rection,  and  is  drawn  over  its  core,  receiving, 

erected  and  in  working  order,  it  is  only  neces-  consequently,  the  form  of  a  pipe.    It  is  not 

^rv  to  supply  it  with  fuel  in  order  to  recover  practicable,  without  an  excessive  expenditure  of 

hydrochloric  acid  continually  from  waste  pickle,  power,  to  make  the  interior  diameter  of  such  a 

and  to  remove  the  irregularities  in  the  form  of  pipe  very  large.    But  it  is  sufficient  that  an  in- 

oxideof  iron.    The  acid  recovered  is  generally  of  terior  space  is  created,  for  there  is  no  difficulty 

the  same  strength  as  that  originally  used  for  in  widening  it  over  a  mandril.    Since  in  the 

pickling,  and  is  suitable  for  use  in  galvanizing,  operation  the  pipe  moves  spirally  forward  and 

The  oxide  of  iron  is  used  for  filtering  in  the  all  its  parts  are  spirally  pushed  and  pressed,  the 

puddling  process   and  for  other  purposes  for  metal  becomes  still  denser.    It  is  this  spiral  ar- 

which  it  is  well  adapted,  and  goes  a  long  way  rangement  of  material  which  makes  tlie  Man- 

toward  paying  for  the  fuel  that  is  used.  nesmann  pipes  so  remarkable,  apart  from  the 

The  experiment  of  glazing  a  furnace  lining  advantage  they  possess  in  presenting  no  lines  of 

was  succ^sfully  tried  at  the  Crown  Point  Iron  weldiii|^.    Moreover,  blow-noles  are  so  squeezed 

Company's  works,  Lake  Champlain,  on  the  oc-  out  spirallv  as  to  make  the  walls  of  the  pipe 

casion  of  relining  and  starting  in  blast  one  of  its  impermeable. 

large  furnaces.  After  the  fire-bricks  were  in  place        The  importance  of  extending  the  use  of  the 
a  cheap  article  of  graphite  or  plumbago  was  re-  less-known  metals  is  pointed  out  bv  Prof.  W.  C. 
duce<l  to  a  paste  with  water,  and  the  interior  of  Roberts- Austen.    There  will  doubtless  be  in  the 
the  furnace  washed  with  it.    The  plumbago  paste  immediate  future,  he  says,  a  rapid  increase  in 
gave  a  slippery  glaze  to  the  fire-brick  lining,  the  number  of  metallurgiofd  processes  that  de- 
which  refused  to  be  coated  with  slag,  and  the  pend  on  reactions  which  are  set  up  by  submitting 
charge  pressed  down  in  less  time  and  left  the  chemical  systems  to  electric  stress.    Sodium  is 
lining  free  and  clear.  growing  iii  importance  for  cUcapening  the  pix)- 
In  the  new  method  for  producing  steel  free  auction  of  aluminum,  and  as  a  powerful  weapon 
from  sulphur  and  phosphorus  proposed  by  the  of   research.    The  production   of   magnesium, 
French  Society  Metallurgique  uu  Midi,  the  pig  which  was  a  curiositv  a  few  years  ago,  now  con- 
iron  is  taken  at  the  moment  of  fusion,  and,  some  stitutes  a  considerable  industry.    We  may  con- 
minutes  before  introducing  it  into  the  converter,  fidently  expect  to  see  calcium  and  barium  pro- 
very  fine  sand  and  a  very  small  quantity  of  crys-  duced  on  a  large  scale  as  soon  as  their  utility  has 
tallized  chromic  acid  are  thrown  into  the  bath,  been  demonstrated  by  research.    Minerals  con- 
After  introduction  into  the  converter,  as  soon  as  taining  molvbdenum  are  not  rare,  and  the  metal 
eruption  begins,  finely  divided  carbonate  of  am-  could  probablv  be  produced  as  cheaply  as  tin  if 
monia,  inclosed  in  small  balls  of  pure  pig,  is  in-  a  use  were  to  be  found  for  it.    The  quantities  of 
troduced  into  the  bath.    The  product  oi  the  cast-  vanadium  and  thallium  that  are  available  are  also 
ing  is  a  homogeneous  iron  or  steel,  free  from  far  from  inconsiderable ;  but  we  as  yet  know  lit- 
metalloids.  tie  of  the  action  of  any  of  these  metals  when 
The  method  of  M.  Bertrand,  of  Paris  Grenelle,  alloyed  with  others  which  are  in  daily  use.    The 
for  producing  magnetic  oxide  on  iron  consists  field  for  investigation  is  vast  indeed/for  it  must 
i-ssentially  in  depositing  by  gal  vano-plastic  means  be  remembered  that  valuable  qualities  maybe 
a  metal  or  a  metallic  alloy  susceptible  of  vola-  conferred  on  a  mass  of  metal  by  a  very  small 
tilization  at  a  temperature  of  about  1,000*'  C.  (quantity  of  another  element.    The  useful  quali- 
After  receiving  this  coating  the  articles  are  in-  ties  imparted  to  platinum  by  iridium  are  well 
troduced  into  a  furnace,  where  the  metallic  de-  known.    A  small  quantity  of  tellurium  obJiter- 
posit  is  volatilized.    The  iron  oxidizes,  without  ates  the  crystalline  structure  of  bismuth,  but 
receiving  sufficient  oxygen  to  form  a  sesquioxide,  we  have  lost  an  ancient  art  which  enabled  brit- 
but  enough  to  form  the  magnetic  oxide.  tie  antimony  to  be  cast  into  useful  vessels.    Two 
Dr.  W.  Stahrs  process  for  recovering  cobalt  tenths   per   cent,  of   zirconium    increases  the 
from  low-grade  ores  consists  in  roasting  the  pow-  strength  of  gold  enormously,  while  the  same 
<lered  ore  with  salt  and  pyrites,  whereby  the  amount  of  bismuth  reduces  the  tenacity  to  a 
c-obalt  and  copper  and  manganese,  if  present,  are  very  low  point.    Chromium,  tungsten,  cobalt, 
<^nverted  into  chlorides,  while  the  iron  is  chlo-  titanium,  cadmium,  zirconium,  and  lithium  are 
ridized  to  a  small  extent  only.    After  roasting,  already  well  known  in  the  arts,  and  the  valuable 
the  ore  is  leached  with  water,  and  the  solution  properties  which  metallic  chromium  and  tung- 
i**  treated  with  sulphuretted  hvdrogen  to  remove  sten  confer  upon  steel  are  already  familiar :  but 
the  copper.    Prom  the  filtrate'  cobalt  is  precipi-  as  isolated  metals  we  know  little  of  them.  A  rich 
tated  with  sodium  sulphide.  reward  awaits  the  labors  of  chemists  who  will 
Miscellaneous.— With  good  reason,  said  Dr.  bring  themselves  to  divert  their  attention,  for 
Wedding,  of  (Germany,  in  an  address  before  the  even  a  brief  period,  from  the  investigation  of  or- 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute,  may  the  invention  of  ganic  compounds  to  raise  alloys  from  the  obscur- 
the  Brothers  Mannesmann  in  the  manufacture  ity  in  which  they  are  at  present  left, 
of  pipes  be  regarded  as  an  important  improve-        In  welding  and  metal  working  by  electricity, 
raent    For  pipes  destined  to  meet  severe  re-  two  systems  are  in  use;  the  incandescent  sys- 
quireroents  of   resistance  to  interior  pressure,  tern,  m  which  the  material  operated  upon   is 
it  is  indeed  calculated    to  revolutionize   pre-  traversed  by  currents  of  large  volume  and  low 
vious  practice.    The  process  consists  in  feeaing  electro-motive  force,  the  current  having  a  con- 
a  Polici,  highly  heated  round  bar  of  ingot  metal  tinuous  metallic  circuit  during  the  welding  op- 
between  rolls  which,  while  their  axes  are  oblique  eration :  and  the  arc  system,  in  which  the  electric 
to  the  axis  of  revolution,  revolve  in  the  same  are  is  utilized.    A  pai)er  by  Mr.  A.  B.  Wood,  in 

VOL.  XXXI.— 88  A 


514 


METHODISM'S. 


the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers, 
calls  attention  to  the  arc  system  as  one  of  the  re- 
cent developments  in  the  art  of  metal  working. 
In  it  the  material  may  be  included  in  the  electric 
circuit  or  may  be  wholly  without  it ;  in  either  in- 
stance the  enormous  heat  of  the  electric  arc  is 
brought  into  requisition  and  utilized.  In  the 
Coffin  arc-welding  system  the  material  is  in  the 
electric  circuit  or  independent  of  it,  as  the  case 
may  require,  different  processes  being  applied  as 
may  be  best  suited  to  the  work.  The  system  seems 
destined  more  especially  to  give  material  aid  in 
work  on  sheet  metal,  tubes,  and  boilers,  since  the 
tremendous  heat  of  the  arc  can  be  applied  where 
it  is  most  needed.  The  heating  of  the  material 
is  not  dependent  upon  its  electrical  resistance  or 
its  current-carrying  capacity,  and  perfect  con- 
tact at  a  joint  is  not  a  necessity,  whne  these  are 
points  of  the  utmost  importance  in  operating  on 
such  work  under  the  incandescent  system.  The 
mechanical  application  is  readily  made. 

METHODISTS.  General  Statistics.— The 
statistics  of  the  world's  Methodism,  prepared  by 
the  special  committee  on  statistics  of  the  (Ecu- 
menical Conference,  held  in  Washington  in  Oc- 
tober, give  the  following  numbers : 


Amm^tn  ehurchss: 

Methodiat  EpiBcopal 

Methodist  lipisoopal,  sk>uth 

MethfHllst,  Cknada  

African  Methodist  Episcopal 

African  Methodist  KpiscopalZion. 

Colored  Methodist  hplscopal 

Methodist  Protesuut 

TTnlied  Brethren  In  Christ 

Union  American  Methodist  Epis- 
copal  

African  Union  Methodist  Prot- 
estant   

Free  Methodist 

Congregational  Methodist 

Primitive  Methodist 


ChoirlMt.  Mlaftrtm.'  Mcnbcn. 


British  Methodist  Episcopa 

Independent  Methodist 

Evangelicitl  Association 

West  Indian  Mechodist 

British  Wesleyan  Conference  Mis- 

slons 

United  Methodist  Free 

Wesleyan  Methodists 


Total  American. 


In  Europe 

In  Asia 

In  Africa 

In  Australasia  and  Polynesia  and 
South  ?ea  missions 


22,858 
11,767 
8,092 
4,069 
8.50U 
8.196 
2,003 
2,779 

50 

60 
962 

50 
77 

86 

2,062 

279 

22 

29 

600 


1^058 
^050 
1.819 
4,160 
8,660 
1,800 
2,158 
2,017 


12,256,468 
1,218,561 
241,876 
475,565 
426,000 
180,824 
157,604 
197.128 


112 

66 

l,a'M) 

60 

64 

*'*8 

1,227 

101 

19 

8 

660 


8,500 

6.990 

20,998 

6,525 

^620 

"2^566 

150,284 

58,576 

5,226 

8,765 

19,526 


67,465      89,042   5,888,994 


1^584 
811 
671 

8,250 


4,488 
588 
865 

788 


915,986 
85,818 
77,284 

98,140 


Total 77,181      45,271    6,506,667 


I.  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  —  The 

"  Methodist  Year  Book  "  for  1892  gives  statistics 
of  the  annual  conferences  of  this  church  for  1891, 
of  which  the  following  is  a  summary :  Number 
of  annual  conferences,  (including  those  in  foreign 
mission  fields),  131 ;  of  ministers  (including  those 
in  full  connection  and  on  trial),  15,877;  of  local 
preachers,  14,202  ;  of  members  and  probationers, 
2,385,916 ;  of  Sunday  schools,  27,273,  with  303,- 
644  officers  and  teachers  and  2,313,844  pupils : 
of  churches,  23,350,  valued  at  $99,277,101 ;  of 
parsonages,  8,749,  valued  at  $15,236,681.  Amount 
of  benevolent  contributions :  For  the  Missionarv 
Society,  $1,228,888:  for  the  Board  of  Church 
Extension,  $311,827;  for  the  Freedmen's  Aid 


and  Southern  Education  Societv,  $322,656 ;  for 
the  Sunday  School  Union,  $26,138;  for  the 
Tract  Society,  $23,863  ;  for  the  Board  of  Educa- 
tion (including  all  sources  of  revenue),  $75,440; 
for  the  American  Bible  Society.  $37,317:  for 
the  Woman's  Foreign  Missionary  Society.  $263,- 
660;  for  the  Woman's  Home  Missionary  Society, 
$155,398. 

Board  of  Education. — The  total  receipts  of 
the  Board  of  Education  for  1891  were  $74,577. 
The  board  has  investments  to  the  amount  of 
$226,000.  One  thousand  and  sixty-nine  students 
— 909  young  men  and  160  young  women,  all  but 
60  of  whom  were  intending  to  mcome  ministers, 
missionaries,  or  teachers — were  aided  during  the 
year  by  loans.  The  whole  number  aided  since 
the  organization  of  the  board  in  1868  was  3.818. 
The  whole  amount  loaned  was  $49,037.  The 
educational  institutions  under  the  care  of  the 
Church  consist  of  15  theological  institutions, 
56  colleges  and  universities,  53  classical  i^em- 
inaries,  10  colleges  and  seminaries  for  young 
women,  and  74  schools  connected  with  foreign 
missions.  These  return  in  the  aggregate  2j304 
teachers,  and  39,298  students,  and  $22,780,436  of 
property  and  endowments  free  of  debts. 

A  meeting  of  presidents  of  colleges  connected 
with  this  Churcn  was  held  at  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
Nov.  10,  and  discussed  the  subjects  of  *'  The  Ks- 
tablishment  and  Classification  of  our  Institutions 
of  Learning,"  *'  The  Methods  of  raising  Fund5 
for  creating  and  endowing  Institutions  of  LeaiD- 
in^,"  "The  Methods  of  raising  and  appropri- 
ating Funds  for  aiding  Needy  Students,"  and 
"  Is  there  a  Demand  for  Institutions  devoted  ex- 
clusively to  Post-graduate  Work  f  "  A  memo 
rial  was  resolved  upon  asking  the  General  Con- 
ference to  take  measures  for  fixing  the  minimum 
requirements  for  the  bachelor's  degree  in  col- 
legjes  officially  recognized.  A  permanent  '*  Col- 
lege Association  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church"  was  organized,  to  which  institutions 
requiring  three  years  of  special  preparatory  and 
four  years  of  college  wort  are  eligible  to  repre- 
sentation in  membership. 

Church  Extension.— The  General  Committee  of 
Church  Extension  met  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  Kor. 
5.  The  receipts  of  the  board  for  the  year  from 
conference  collections  had  been  $145,0b9;  from 
other  sources,  on  general  account,  $48,779; 
making  a  total  of  $193,788.  For  the  Loan  fund, 
to  be  added  to  the  capital,  $52,876 ;  from  prop- 
erty. $7 ;  and  from  loans  returned,  $65,155.  or 
$118,038  in  all ;  maktn|r  the  total  receipts  $311.- 
826  and  showing  a  net  mcrease  of  $12,540.  The 
Loan  fund  had  reai^hed  a  cash  capital  of  $729.- 
810,  and  property  valued  at  $22,608,  or  a  total  of 
$752,418.  Five  hundred  and  ninety- three  churx^hes 
had  been  aided  during  the  year,  making  the  whole 
number  aided  from  the  beginning  7,937.  Appli- 
cations were  on  hand  from  317  churches  for 
$143,625.  The  committee  apportioned  $309,000 
among  the  conferences  to  be  raised  for  the  enai- 
ingyear's  work. 

Ireedman's  Aid  Society. — The  income  of  thL« 
societv  for  the  year  ending  June  80,  1891.  was 
$322,656,  or  $56,008  more  than  in  the  year 
preceding.  The  society  sustains  10  collegiate 
mstitutions,  1  theological  seminary,  and  11  aca- 
demical institutions  among  the  colored  (leople 
of  the  South  and  3  collegiate  and  16  academic 


METHODISTS.  515 

insiitations  among  the  white  people;  in  all  of  $381  to  $4,000  in  1890;  and  the  accounts  of  the 

which  are  returned  330  teachers  and  0,310  pu-  Building  fund  show  that  $7,930  have  been  raised 

pils.    The  aggregate  value  of  the  property  of  for  its  purposes  since  it  was  instituted, 

the^  institutions  is  $1,800,800.  III.    American    Wesleyan    Church.— The 

Missionary  Society. — ^The  annual  meeting  of  special  commissioner  of  the  United  States  cen- 
the  General  Missionary  Committee  was  held  in  sus  on  the  statistics  of  churches  gives  the  fol- 
Cleveland,  Ohio,  beginning  Nov.  11.  The  treas-  lowing  numbers  for  this  denomination :  Kum- 
arvr  reported  that  the  cash  receipts  of  the  ber  of  annual  conferences,  22;  of  church  or- 
society  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  31  had  been  ganizations,  565 ;  of  church  edifices  and  halls  in 
|1;228,888,  or  $93,616  over  those  of  the  previous  which  services  are  held,  554;  seating  capacity  of 
rear.  Of  the  total  amount,  $1,078,544  had  come  churches  and  halls,  104,737 :  value  of  church 
(lirectly  from  the  churches  through  the  collec-  property,  $393,250 ;  number  of  members,  16,492. 
tions.  The  increase  in  contributions  of  this  The  thirteenth  quadrennial  meeting  of  the 
class  was  $26,901.  Besides  the  receipts  already  General  Conference  was  held  in  Grand  Rapids, 
mentioned,  $22,169  had  been  obtained  from  Mich.,  beginning  Oct.  21.  A  report  was  made 
various  sources  to  meet  contingent  appropriations  of  the  beginning  of  a  mission  during  the  quad- 
made  by  the  board  to  respond  to  pressing  de-  rennial  term  in  Western  Soudan,  Africa.  The 
maods  in  India.  If  this  amount  were  added  the  Missionary  Society  had  received  $5,826,  and 
total  receipts  would  be  swelled  to  $1,256,056.  had  expended  $4,469.    As  the  result   of   dis- 

Appropriations  were  made  for  the  ensuing  cussions  concerning  the  articles  on  regenera- 

year  as  follow:  Foreign  missions — Africa,  $5,-  tion    and    sanctiflcation,  the  Church  was   de- 

400;  South  America,  $60,545 ;  China,  $121,772 ;  clared   bound  to   the  law  on    the    subject    as 

Germany,  $35,600 ;  Switzerland,  $9,500 ;  Scandi-  expressed  prior  to  1887,  and  no  action  in  con- 

navia,  $48,170;  India,  $123,729;  Malaysia,  $9,-  nection  with    it  was    regarded  as  legal   since 

000;  Bulgaria,  $22,000:  Italy,  $43,634;  Mexico,  1844.    New  articles  on  the  subjects  were  pio- 

|od,000 ;  Japan,  $66,000 ;  Corea,  $17,562 ;  Lower  posed,  conditionally  approved,  and  ordered  in- 

California,  $1,000 ;  total  for  foreign   missions,  serted  in  the  Discipline,  with  a  foot-note  explain- 

1622,912.     Domestic  missions^ Welsh,  $2,250 ;  ing  that  they  were  in  process  of  adoption,  and  not 

Scandinavian,  $57,950 ;  German,  $50,250 ;  French,  to  be  regarded  as  legal  unless  approved  by  a  two- 

17.275;    Spanish,    $14,000;    Chinese,    $11,400;  thirds  vote  of  the  annual  conferences.    A  section 

Japanese,  $7,000 ;    Bohemian  and    Hungarian,  on  temperance  and  prohibition  was  added  to  the 

|7.3oO ;  Italian,  $4,750 ;  Portu&ruese,  $800 ;  Amer-  Disciphne.    Arranefements  were  made  for  incor- 

iean  Indian,   $9,350 ;   English-speaking,   $827,-  poratmg  the  Churcn. 

625.     MiscelUneous    appropriations,    $1(^,455.  IT.  Methodist  Chni*ch  of  Canada. — JUts- 

Total  of  all  the  appropriations,  $1,225,867.    Re-  sions :  The  domestic  missions  of  this  Church 

appropriated,  $8,000 ;  contingent  appropriations,  include  399  missions,  with  842  missionaries,  73 

142.167.  assistants,  and  88,109  members.    The  Indian, 

Woman^s  Foreign  Missionary  Society, — The  French,  Chinese  (in  British  Columbia),  and  for- 

receipte  of  this  society  for  the  year  ending  Oct  ei^  (in  Japan)  missions  return  76  missions,  72 

1,  1891,   were  $263,^,    showing    an   advance  missionaries,  47  teachers,  15  interpreters,  and 

of  $48,330  over  the  receipts  of  the  preceding  6,891  members,  distributed  as  follow :    Indian, 

year.    The  society  supports  120  missionaries,  of  4,153 ;    French,  254 ;    Chinese,   165 ;   Japanese, 

whom   101  are  in  the  foreign   field,  and  350  1,819.    The  Board  of  Missions,  at  its  annual 

^hools,  with  about  12,000  pupils.    About  80,-  meeting  in  October,  appropriated  $236,366  for 

000  patients  are  treated  annually  by  its  physi-  missionary  works,  of  which  $100,073  are  to  be 

cians.    Of  the  missionaries.  82  are  m  India,  27  applied  to  domestic  missions, 

in  Japan,  23  in  China,  8  in  Mexico,  5  in  South  Y.  Wesleyan  Methodigt  Chnrch.— The  fol- 

America.  2  in   Italy,  1  in  Bulgaria,  and  3  in  lowing  statistics  of   the    Wesleyan    Methodist 

Corea.    Twelve  are  medical  missionaries.  Church  of  Great  Britain  for  1891  were  given  by 

Woman* s  Home  Missionary  Society — The  cash  the  Rev.  David  J.  Waller  in  his  paper  at  the 

receipts  of  this  society  for  the  year  ending  in  (Ecumenical  Conference  on  "  The  Status  of  Meth- 

OctoDer,  1891,  were  $155,8S6 ;  estimated  value  of  odism  in  the  Eastern  Section  " : 

supplies  distributed  to  frontier  preachers  and  in- — 

dustrial  homes,  $160,824.    The  society  has  in  the  countries.             uinbten. 

South  12  model  homes  and  industrial  schooLs,  12 

missionary  teachers,   198  resident  pupils,  and    gnifiand  2.018 

more  than  1,000  day  pupils  in  industrial  classes.  MiMions !!!.!.!.!!!!!!!!  |       'mi 

In  the  Western  States  and  Territories  and  among  Ireland. . . 

Mormons  and  Spanish  Americans  it  has  16  in-  *^"°<*-  ■ 

dustrial  schools  and  36  missionaries:   in  city  Total 
missions,  26  missionaries  and  many  helpers ;  in 


288 
82 


pnachen. 


16,088 
10,782 

'"96 


2.924  26.S60 


Hcmbcn. 


486,960 

118,4.^7 

2d.6fi2 

1,461 

627,500 


8  deaconesses'  houses,  54  deaconesses  and  nurses ;  In  Australasia,  where  an  affiliated  general  con- 

makine  in  all  143  missionaries.  ference  has  been  organized,  there  are  593  rainis- 

11.  Methodist    Protestant    Chnrch.— The  ters,  4,636  lay  preachers,  and  73,310  church  mem- 

rea»ipt8  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  for  bers,  making  the  total  for  the  Eastern  Section  of 

the  vear  endine:  April  80  were  Cl4,573;  amount  the  Wesleyan  Methodist  Church  3,517  ministers, 

of  funds,  $2,500,  balance  in  favor  of  the  current  31,496  lay  preachers,  and  700,810  members,  to- 

fand,  $510.    The  foreign  mission  is  in  Japan,  gether  w'ith   11,910  Sunday  schools,  including 

with  stations  at  Nagoya  and  Yokohama.  151,716  teachers  and  1,234,080  pupils. 

The  reports  of  the  Woman's  Board  show  a  Mr.  W^aller's  tables  also  embraced  statistics  of 

gndual  increase  of  income  in  twelve  years  from  other  British  Methodist  churches,  including  the 


516  METHODISTS. 

Primitive  Methodist  Church,  the  United  Meth-  euit  could  be  removed,  reported  that  it  had  con- 

odist  Free  churches,  the  Bible  Christian  Church,  suited  with  competent  counsel,  who  had  found 

the  Methodist  New  Connection,  the  Wesleyan  that  no  modifications  appeared  to  be  possible ; 

Reform  Union,  and  the  Independent  Methodist  that  no  court  had  power  to  change  the  Deed 

churches.    The  totals  for  these  are  1,900  minis-  Poll ;  and  that  the  only  way  of  securing  relief 

ters,  23,551  lay  preachers,  and  346,258  members,  was  by  act  of  Parliament,  to  obtain  which  prac- 

with  8,177  Sunday  schools,  including  113,200  tical  unanimity  in  the  connection  would  be  ne- 

teachers  and  816.315  pupils.  cessary.    The  existing  special  arrangements  with 

Wesleyan  Missionary  Society.— The   annual  regard  to  town  missions  appeared,  however,  not 

meeting  of  the  Wesleyan  Missionary  Society  was  to  bo  illegal.   After  a  discussion  of  the  question, 

held  in  London,  May  3.    Alderman  W.  0.  Quib-  the  Conference  resolved 

ell.  of  Newark,  presided.    The  receipts  for  the  ^,^^  .^  ^.^^  ^^  ^^^    ^^  ^^  numerous  advanUift-- 

year  had  been  £122,072,  and  the  expenditures  ^jj^^^  would  arise  from  an  extension  of  the  temn.t 

£132,885,  while  the  debt  had  risen  to  £19,377.  ministerial  residence  in  a  circuit,  and  also  of  the  i»-t 


The  following  general  summary  of  the  work  of    that  eighteen  districts  have  adopted  minutes  in  fsvor 
the  society  was  given :  of  it,  the  Conferonce  shall  appoint  a  special  c(»iimit- 


JSl^Md  Biti^iS?  ^^^  "'  xrunav^i,  »r..„u  ^uuuu-  ^f^^^-ittj^  |](^e  proposals  to  the  judgment  of  tL 

Central  or  prindpal  sutions.  called  circuits 868  people.     The  special  committee  shall  report  its  om- 

Chapels  and  other  preaching  places  in  connection  with  elusions  to  both  sessions  of  the  next  Conference. 

the  above-mentioned  central  or  principal  stations,  aa 

fsr  as  ascertained.. v  :'■:."".":' j,i ^"^^        A  rule  allowing  the  circuits  to  control  a  cer- 

^*p1roume«?el "      ."'  !^!!'!^^:    ?.    1°*.  *""     888  t*in  part  of  the  S^ntributions  for  home  missions 

OtW  paid  agents,  as  cateohista,  interpi«ten,  day-  was  rescinded,  and  the  whole  fund  "WHS  ordered 

school  teachers,  etc '.  vv  'A •  * '  ;  *  *  •,   ^^^  administered  bv  the  General  Committee  on  the 

^tSJhei? ete**  "   '"^   preachers,  Sabbath  -  school    ^^  y^^  ^^  ^  ^^^^^  ^^^        j^y  ^j^^  district  meetine^. 

Full andMCTedited chunih 'memiw'rs; ".'..'".'. '. '. .'    .* .* .'  84,722  The  Conference  decided,  subject  to  approval  by 

On  trial  for  church  membership ;•;■••  *MJ2  the  district  meetings,  to  abolish  the  yearly  eol- 

Seholars  attending  either  the  Sabbath  or  day  schools. .  65,808  i^f^^^j^  j^  ^^^  classes  in  behalf  of  home  missions. 

The  report  of  the  Wesleyan  home  missions,  and  to  substitute  for  it  an  assessment  on  the  cir- 

May  4,  spoke  of  the  work  of  the  great  central  cuits.    Approval  was  given  to  the  work  carried 

missions  as  "  surprisingly  successful."  on  within  the  Church  in  behalf  of  social  purity. 

The  income  of  the  cnapel  fund  for  the  year  and  the  Social  Purity  Committee  was  authorizeil 

was  £9,054.    There  had  been  383  cases  of  erec-  to  represent  the  Conference  at  any  general  coun- 

tions  and  enlargements,  at  an  outlay  of  £276,-  cilof  Christian  Churches  that  might  beheld  dur- 

801,  whereby  18,115  sittings  had  been  added  to  ing  the  year  in  the  interest  of  that  cause,  and 

the  total  church  accommodation.    The  erections  especially  to  consider  the  relation  of  personal 

involved  a  sum  of  £198,903,  to  be  raised  by  con-  character  to  public  life.    The  Temperance  Com- 

tributions,  and  the  expenditure  in  new  erections  mittee  was  authorized  to  seek  the  establishment 

and  reductions  of  debt  had  been  £353,000.  of  White  Cross  associations  in  connection  with 

The  committee  of  the  fund  for  the  extension  Bands  of  Hope.  A  resolution  was  adopted  ex- 
of  Methodism  in  Great  Britain  had  i-eceived  130  pressing  strong  disapproval  by  the  Conferenf* 
applications  and  had  promised  106  grants  and  of  raising  money  for  any  Metliodist  purpose  by 
loans  to  the  total  amount  of  £6.196,  of  which  it  any  means  in  which  the  element  of  gambling  is 
had  paid  £5,698.  It  had  received  since  the  involved.  The  Conference  deplored  the  wide- 
foundation  of  the  fund  1,913  applications,  and  spread  prevalence  of  betting  ana  gambling  which 
had  promised  assistance  in  1,366  cases  to  the  certain  occurrences  of  the  past  year  had  brought 
amount  of  £98,332.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  into  painful  prominence,  and  expressed  it<  sor- 
securing  the  return  of  its  loans,  it  would  make  no  row  that  countenance  had  been  inven  to  Xhcve 
more  at  present.  The  fund  was  formed  to  pro-  vices  in  high  places,  and  that  the  newspapers 
mote  the  building  of  1,000  chapels  in  the  metrop-  stimulated  them  by  devoting  so  ranch  spat^  to 
olis.  This  number  had  already  been  exceeded  the  publication  of  sporting  items;  entered  a  pro- 
in  erections  and  enlargements,  but  in  many  test  against  their  publication  of  such  news,  and 
cases  the  new  buildings  had  only  superseded  pre-  suggested  the  need  of  legislation  on  the  subject, 
viously  existing  inadequate  cliapels.  The  com-  For  securing  more  full  and  distinct  lay  represen- 
mittee  gave  many  reasons  why  the  fund  should  tation  in  the  district  meetings  the  circuits  were 
be  continued  and  special  reasons  for  present  ac-  authorized  each  to  send,  in  luidition  to  the  cir- 
tivity.  The  Committee  on  the  London  Mission  cuit  stewards,  a  freely  elected  representative  to 
reported  an  increase  of  465  members.  those  meetings.    The  use  of  the  term  "  church  " 

Reports  were  received  by  the  committee  of  was  authorized  in  speaking  informally  of  the  so- 

the  Sunday  School  Union  dt  6,992  schools,  with  cieties  and  the  connection.   In  formal'documents 

129,280  officers  and  teachers  and  938,327  pupils,  the  legal  designation  of  societies  has  to  be  re- 

Wesleyan  Conference. — The  one  hundred  and  tained.    It  was  ordered  that  henceforth  an  sl»- 

forty-cighth  Conference  met  at  Nottingham,  July  stract  of  the  accounts  of  the  Book  Room  should 

21.  '  The   Rev.   Dr.  Thomas  B.  Stevenson  was  be  presented  annually  to  the  Conference, 
chosen  president.     A  committee  af)j)ointed   by         iVest  hidian  Conference.— The  West  Indian 

the  previous  Conference  to  ascertain  whether  Triennial   General  Conference  met  in  its  third 

any  modification  could  be  legally  made  in  the  session  at  Bridgetown.  Barbados,  March  16.   The 

Deed  Poll,  whereby  the  restriction  of  the  pastoral  Rev.  George  Sargeant  presided.     The  General 

time  to  three  consecutive  years  in  the  same  cir-  Conference  includes  two  annual  conferences,  the 


METHODISTS.  5I7 

Eastern  and  Western,  the  statistical  returns  declared  itself  in  favor  of  free  education,  and  of 
from  which  are  sammarized  as  follow :  Number  a  board  or  undenominational  school  being  placed 
of  chapels,  279 ;  of  preachine  places,  166 ;  of  within  easy  reach  of  every  child  in  the  country ; 
ministers,  101 ;  of  local  preachers,  458 ;  of  full  protested  against  any  scheme  of  assisted  educa- 
inembers,  47,743 ;  of  menibers  on  trial,  2,576 ;  of  tion  which  did  not  at  the  same  time  grant  popu- 
junior  members,  8,256 ;  of  pupils  in  Sunday  lar  control  of  the  schools  assisted  ;  and  expressed 
schools,  30,810 ;  of  day  pupils,  28,916.  These  re-  the  belief  **  that  the  proposals  which  have  been 
turns  show  an  increase  in  six  years,  or  since  the  made  by  the  Government  would  not  only  per- 
meeting  of  the  first  General  Conference,  in  1885,  petuate,  but  would  intensify  the  anomalies  and 
of  4,453  members,  5,880  junior  members,  6,489  injustice  which  already  exist,  and  would  be  dan- 
pupils  in  Sunday  schools,  and  6,976  pupils  in  gerous  to  the  civil  ani  religious  liberties  of  the 
lay  schools.  The  work  of  higher  education  was  people  of  the  country  and  contrary  to  their 
provided  for  at  York  Castle  and  Barbican,  Ja-  social  and  intellectual  progress  and'  freedom." 
raaica,  Coke  College  and  girls*  high  schools  in  Legislation  was  proposed,  to  the  effect  that  lio 
Antigua  and  British  Guiana,  which  were,  in  all,  person  engaged  in  the  manufacture  or  sale  of 
attended  by  216  pupils.  The  sum  of  £60,460  mtoxicating  liquors,  or  holding  shares  in  any 
had  been  raised,  and  £70,221  had  been  expended  limited  liability  or  joint-stock  company  where 
of  chapel  and  other  trust  income,  in  six  years ;  intoxicants  are  manufactui'ed  or  sold,  should  be 
and  29  new  chapels,  7  ministers*  residences,  and  a  member  of  the  Connection.  The  view  prevailed 
4  school-houses  had  been  built.  Missions  had  in  discussion  that  so  positive  a  measure  might 
been  undertaken  in  Panama  and  St.  Lucia.  The  bear  in  some  instances  upon  really  blameless 
su!)jects  of  the  formation  of  an  annuitant  soci-  persons,  and  the  Conference,  while  "it  accepted 
ety,  chapel  and  trust  funds,  and  education  were  the  principle  of  the  proposed  legislation,  referred 
considered.  On  the  last  subject  the  Conference  the  arrangement  of  the  details  to  the  General 
resolved,  with  especial  reference  to  two  cases  Committee.  Public  attention  being  at  the  time 
where  Government  ordinances  had  been  passed  directed  to  the  scandals  developed  in  the  judicial 
or  were  under  consideration,  that  an  acceptable  proceedings  in  the  "  baccarat  case,*'  the  Confer- 
«cheme  must  comprise  the  establishment  of  a  ence  in  its  resolutions  declared  its  regret  that 
system  of  Government  schools  under  the  direc-  the  Prince  of  Wales  did  not  follow  more  closely 
tion  of  a  representative  board,  sufficiently  tol-  tlie  example  of  his  royal  parents,  and  also  ex- 
erable  and  ec^uitable  to  satisfy  the  reasonable  pressed  the  opinion  that  nis  conduct  was  not 
claims  and  wishes  of  all  parties,  and  allowing  consistent  with  the  exalted  position  of  the  heir- 
equal  rights  of  visitation  and  religious  instruc-  apparent  to  the  throne,  and  the  belief  that  it 
tion  to  the  ministers  of  the  several  churches,  would  do  incalculable  injury  to  laree  masses  of 
Delegates  were  chosen  to  the  Methodist  (Ecu-  people.  The  Conference,  it  was  added,  "  while 
menical  Conference  appointed  to  meet  in  the  profoundly  regretting  his  conduct,  respectfully 
United  States  in  October.  The  Rev.  George  expresses  the  hope  that  he  will  refuse  in  future 
Sykes  was  chosen  to  be  president  of  the  next  to  pve  further  countenance  to  this  degrading 
General  Conference.  national  vice  in  any  of  its  forms.** 

VI.  Primltire    Methodist    Connection. —  The  income  of  the  Primitive  Methodist  Mis- 

The  numerical  reports  made  to  the  Conference  sionary  Society  was  £11,099  for   the    General 

in  .June,  give  the  following  footin|js  :  Number  of  fund  and  £2,318  for  the  African   fund.     The 

church  members,  192,652;  of  ministers,   1.043;  expenditure  had  been  £10,476  for  the  General 

of  local  preachers,  16,256;  of  class  leaders,  10,-  fund,  and  £2,863  for  the  African  fund.    The  so- 

408;  of  connectional  chapels,  4,405;  of  other  ciety  had  54  stations  in  the  United  Kingdom, 

preaching  places,  1,267 ;  01  hearers,  585,346 ;  of  with  7,041  members,  and  653  membei's  on  the 

Sunday  schools,  4,118,  with  60,833  teachers  and  foreign  stations. 

430.87^  pupils ;  value  of  connectional  property.  Congregations  of  Primitive  Methodists  largely 

£3.283^303.  composed  of  emigrants  from  Great  Britain  have 

The  year*s  profits  of  the  Book  Room  exceeded  been  formed  in  the  United  States,  chiefly  in  New 

£4.300,' of  which  £3,800  had  been  given  to  the  England,  Pennsylvania,  and  Wisconsin.    Until 

Superannuated  Ministers'  Widows'  and  Orphans'  1891  they  were  formed  into  two  conferences, 

fund.    The  total  issue  of  publications  had  been  the  Eastern  and  the  Western.    At  its  session  in 

more  than  2,500,000.  1891  the  Eastern  Conference  was  divided  into 

The  Conference  met  at  Northampton,  June  10.  Ea^^tern  and  Pennsylvania  Conferences. 

The  Rev.  Joseph  Ferguson  was  chosen  president.  VII.  Metliodist   New    Connection.  —  The 

The  first  subject  for  discussion  concerned  the  numerical  summary  of  all  the  districts  of  this 

a^   Qualification    for  Deed  Poll  membership,  body,  at  home  and  abroad,  ^ives  as  totals ;  Num- 

rvgaraing  which  the  Conference  reaffirmed  tne  ber  of  chapels,  522 ;  of  ministers,  203 ;  of  local 


proof  of  his  physical  incapacity  to  the  year, 

perf4)rm  the  duties  of  that  office.    A  proposition  probationers. 

submitted  to  the  quarterly  meetings  lor  the  rec-  Missionary  reports  were  made  to  the  Confer- 

oprnition  of  a  separate  order  of  evangelists,  the  ence  from  the  home  missions   and  missions  in 

Connectional  establishment  of  an  evangelists'  Ireland,  and  from  China,  where  there  were  10  na- 

home,  and   the  setting  apart  of  a  minister  to  tive  students  in  the  Training  Institution,  1,890 

train  evangelists  and  superintend   their  work  members  and  530  on  trial,  and  6,000  patients 

had  been  defeated  by  an  overwhelming  majority  had  l)een  cared  for  in  the  medical  work.    With- 

adverse  to  all  its  counts.    In  its  resolution  con-  in  six  months  39  invitations,  each  signed   by 

ceming  educational    measures  the  Conference  from  20  to  100  people,  had  been  received,  to 


518  METHODISTS. 

open  new  preaching  stations.    Services  had  been  of  the  Benevolent  fund.  The  income  of  the  Su- 

established  in  20  of  the  places.  perann  nation  and    Beneficent  fund  had  be«D 

The  Conference  met  m  Leeds,  June  15.  The  £8,838,  and  the  expenditure  on  its  account  £7.- 
Rev.  Henry  I.  Marshall  was  chosen  president.  188.  The  capital  of  the  fund  had  reached  £40,- 
The  Connectional  Committee  reported  concern-  076.  The  income  of  the  Chapel  Relief  fund 
ing  the  negotiations  for  union  with  the  United  had  been  £603,  and  the  expenditure  £471.  Ad- 
Methodist  Free  Churches,  transmitting  the  reso-  vances  had  been  made  from  the  Loan  fund  of 
lutions  of  the  General  Assemblv  of  those  societies  £2,190.  The  capital  of  this  fund  amounted  lo 
and  calling  attention  to  the  fact  that  they  did  £12,760.  The  ''Silver  Wedding  fund"  (  a  fund 
not  express  an  opinion  on  the  particular  point  commemorative  of  the  twenty-fifth  anniversanr 
which  the  lost  Conference  of  the  New  Connection  of  the  Annual  Assembly)  amounted  to  £29,500. 
had  submitted  to  the  judgment  of  the  Assem-  The  newly  formed  Chapel  Insurance  fund  had 
bly.  The  Conference  ordered  that  the  resolu-  issued  429  policies.  The  Book  Boom  returned 
tions  of  the  Assemblv  of  the  United  Methodist  a  year's  profit  of  £1,802.  The  amount  of  £S3,- 
Free  Churches  be  placed  on  the  minutes,  and  2&  had  been  raised  for  foreign  missions  and  £21.- 
added  to  them  as  its  own  expression :  997  had  been  expended  upon  them.    A  scheme 

That,  considering  that  the  Assembly  of  the  United  '?r  the  prosecution  of  special  active  evangelis- 
Methodist  Free  Churches  ffave  no  deliverance  on  tlie  tic  work  among  the  masses,  denominated  *'  for- 
rcport  of  the  joint  committee,  and  considering  es-  ward  movement,"  was  introduced,  for  which  it 
pecially  that  the  discussion  of  the  question  of  the  was  proposed  to  raise  the  sum,  of  £15,000.  to 
union  'has  developed  serious  ditferences  of  opinion  be  called  the  "  Weslev  Memorial  fund."  In  the 
and  sentiment  among  our  ministers  and  people  the  Connectional  evangelistic  scheme  12  evangelbts 
Conference  is  constrained  to  conclude  that  lurther  >,_  j  Vva*»n  <>mni/^v<Jr/^i> •.;•><»  fK«  v^o*  ^/^n^^^f.r.^ 
action  in  relation  to  the  proposed  union  is  not  at  pros-  2«  •  ^  emploved  during  the  year,  conducting 
ent  advisable.  The  Conference,  however,  devoutly  86  missions.  Forty  thousand  books  and  8,000 
trusts  that  whatever  may  be  the  course  of  events,  the  Bibles  and  Testaments  had  been  sold  through 
relations  of  tlie  ministers  and  members  of  the  two  the  operation  of  the  Jubilee  and  John  Wesley 
denominations  will  continue  to  be  those  of  fraternal  mission  cars.  Questions  relating  to  the  employ- 
sympathy  and  cordial  co-operation  in  the  great  com-  ment  of  woman  evangelists  and  the  evangelization 
mon  cause  ofour  Lord  Jesus  Christ.  ^f  villages  were  referred  to  the  Connectional 

In  its  resolutions  on  education  the  Conference  Committee  for  consideration.    A  training  house 

unanimously    approved    of   a   svstem  of    free  for  female  workers,  suitably  furnished,  fitted  up 

education  which  should  extend  throughout  the  by  private  means,  was  offered  to  the  Assembly 

whole  school  life,  and  declared  that  no  scheme  as  a  gift,  and  accepted.  The  Assembly  acknowl- 

for  free  or  assisted  education  would  be  satisfac-  edged  the  reception  of  the  resolutions  of  the 

tory  which  did  not  provide  for  the  universal  Methodist  New  Connection  Conference  on  Union, 

establishment   of  school   boards  charged  with  reciprocating  the  friendly  and  fraternal  senti- 

the  duty  of  supplying  all  educational  deficiencies  ments  expressed  in  them,  and  declared : 

as  the  V  might  arise;  and  that  in  every  case  there  ^rv  *  *u-    a        vi    j    •             ..     *•  ^   ..     il^ 

should    b{.  b<y:^  school,  within  'reasonable  JK^C'Cr^^'^^^'J^Tof^^T?^^^" 

reach  of  all.    A  full  del«ration  was  appointed  to  ^^^68  on  the  joint  committee,  the  Annual  Asiemblv 

attend  the  Methodist  (Ecumenical  Conference,  has  earnestly  and  honestly  endeavored  to  give  pra*'- 

An  invitation  to  appoint  two  persons  as  guests  to  tical  effect  to  the  sentiment  and  principle  of  MetlK^- 

attend  the  Congregation  Council  was  accepted,  dist  Union,  and  it  now  confidently  leaves  the  ultimme 

and  they  were  appointed.    In  a  resolution  unani-  issue  with  the  great  Head  of  the  Church,  believiru? 

mously  adopted  the  Conference  expressed  sor-  ^^^^     v]!.^  *'T'  ^^  ^"  u'"  ^"^  i"^*/'  ''^x.''? 

^          f                                          r  accomplish  that  unity  among  his  people  for  which 

*"  he  earnestly  prays. 
St  the  recent  revelations  in  a  court  of  law  of  gam- 

bling,  and  cheating  in  gamblinsr,  by  those  who  oc-  The  annual  meeting  of  the  United  Methodist 

cupy  high   positions  in  society-,  and  from  whom,  Free  Churches  Home  and  Foreign  Missionarr 

tlierefore,  a  higher  example  of  virtue  should  proceed.  Society  was  held  in  London,  April  27.    Mr.  R. 

But  it  is  most  deeply  concerned  that  the  Prince  of  Shadforth  presided.    The  society's  inccome  for 

W  ales  should  have  been  intimately  involved  in  these  fu             l  'j  v^     «o^  «qq        -^  •/    pTT>ATirli>«T« 

disreputable  proc^cediugs.     Such  eneouratfement  of  noavSf     ti^V^^'^' VW'  ^  lu    ®*P®"^^^f 

viceind  immorality  by  one  from  whom  the  nation  P*'^^-    .T?«  report  showed  that  the  society 

expects  impulse  and  encouragement  to  its  hiarher  life  had  66  missionaries,  295  lay  preachers,   10,335 

is  frauglit  with  great  danger  to  it^  future  well-being,  church  members,  227  preaching  places,  and  11,- 

It  earnestly  hoi>cs  that  all  such  practices  by  one  who  347  pupils  in  Sunday  school,  each  item  showing 

aspires  to  be  the  king  of  a  Cnristian  people  will  an  increase, 

henceforth  cease.  IX.  Bible  Christian  Cliurcli,— The  sumroa- 

YIII.  United  Methodist  Free  Chnrches. —  ries  of  the  connectional  statistical  reports  of  this 

The  following  is  a  summary  of  the  statistics  of  Church  presented  to  the  conference  m  July  give 

these  societies  as  thev  were  reported  to  the  Annual  as  the  number  of  local  preachers  1,923 ;  of  obap- 

Assemblyin  July:  dumber  of  itinerant  preachers,  els,  854;  of  preaching  places,  159;  of  full  mera- 

878  ;  of  supernumeraries,  43 ;  of  local  preachers,  bers,  31,601 ;  of  members  on  trial,  562;  of  teaeh- 

3,333 ;  of  leaders,  3,801 ;  of  church  members,  77,-  ers,  8,946 ;  of  pupils,  52.503.    A  net  increase  of 

710;  of  persons  on  trial  for  membership.  8,134 ;  662  members  was  returned, 

of  chapels,  1,399 ;  of  preaching  rooms,  235 ;  of  The  Conference  met  at  Plvmouth,  July  29. 

Sunday  schools,  1,374,  with  26,514  teachers  and  The  Rev.  Frederick  William  }k>ume  was  chosen 

203,333  pupils.  president.    The  Missionary  Society  returned  an 

The  Annual  Assembly   met  in  Sunderland,  incomeof  £4,757.  showing  an  increiise  of  £138,  A 

July  14.    The  Rev.  M.  t.  Mvers  was  re-elected  committee  was  appointed  to  draw  up  a  scheme 

president.    Reports  were  made  of  the  condition  for  the  fitting  celebration  of  the  centenary  of  the 


METHODISTS.  519 

birth  of  James  Thorne,  which  will  occur  in  was  discussed  under  the  heads  of  "The  Influ- 

181^5.  ence  of  Modem  Scientific  Progress  on  Religious 

The  Missionary  Con rention  of  the  Bible  Chris-  Thought,"  "  The  Attitude  of  the  Church  toward 
tians  was  held  in  London,  May  4  Resolutions  the  Various  Phases  of  Unbelief,"  and  **  The 
were  adopted  recommending  earnest  preaching  Bible  and  Modem  Criticism";  that  of  "The 
**  in  the  power  of  the  Holy  Ghost  sent  down  from  Church  and  her  Agencies  "  under  the  heads  of 
heaven,  and  advising  every  effort  to  establish  "The  Responsibility  and  Qualifications  of  the 
mission  centern  in  all  the  important  towns  as  Preacher,"  "  Church  Agencies,"  •*  The  Intellect- 
well  as  to  sustain  and  extend  the  operations  of  ual  and  Moral  Qualifications  of  the  Preacher," 
the  society  in  the  colonies  and  China.  "  The  Religious  Press  and  the  Religious  Uses  of 

(Ecamenical  Conference. — The  second  CScu-  the  Secular  Press,"  **  The  Place  and  Power  of 
menical  Methodist  Conference  (the  first  having  Lay  Agency  in  the  Church,"  "  The  Deaconess 
been  held  in  London  in  1881)  met  in  Washington,  Movement,"  "  Methodist  Brotherhoods  and  Sis- 
D.  C,  Oct.  7.  The  following  churches  were  repre-  terhoods."  and  "  Woman's  Work  in  the  Church  " ; 
sented  by  a  total  of  300  delegates  from  the  West-  the  subject  of  education  under  the  heads  of  *•  The 
em  Section  and  200  from  the  Eastern  Section,  Religious  Training  of  the  Young,"  **  The  Fam- 
WcMem  Seeiion :  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  ily,"  "  The  Sunday  School,"  "  Elementary  Edu- 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  South,  Methodist  cation,  how  it  may  be  best  promoted,"  "  The 
Church  in  Canada,  African  Methodist  Episco-  Ethics  of  Elementary  Education,"  "Sectarian- 
pal  Church,  African  Methodist  Episcopal  Zion  ism  and  State  Education,"  "  Secondary  Educa- 
('hurch.  Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  tion,"  "  The  Broadest  Facilities  for  Higher  Edu- 
Methodist  Protestant  Church,  United  Breth-  cation  the  Duty  of  the  Church,"  "  University 
ren  in  Christ,  American  Wesleyan  Church,  Union  Education,"  and  "  The  Adaptation  of  (Ecumen- 
Americau  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Afri-  ical  Methodism  to  World  Leadership  in  the  Field 
(AH  Union  Methodist  Protestant  Church,  Free  of  University  Education  " ;  that  of  "  Romanism  " 
Methodist  Church,  Congregational  Methodist  under  those  of  "  Romanism  as  a  Political  Power  " 
Church,  Primitive  Methodist  Church,  Brit-  and  "  Romanism  as  a  Religious  Power" ;  that  of 
i«ih  Methodist  Church,  Indenendent  Methodist  temperance  under  those  of  "  The  Church  and  the 
Church,  United  Brethren  in  Christ  (Old  Constitu-  Temperance  Reform  "  and  "  The  Legal  Prohibi- 
tion), Evangelical  Asssociation.  Eastern  Section :  tion  of  the  Saloon  " ;  that  of  "  Social  Problems  " 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Church,  Primitive  Metho-  under  those  of  "  The  Church  in  her  Relation  to 
(list  Church,  United  Methodist  Free  Churches,  Labor  and  Capital,"  "  The  Moral  Aspects  of  La- 
Methodist  New  Connection,  Irish  Methodist  Con-  bor  Combinations  and  Strikes,"  "  The  Moral  As- 
(erence,  Bible  Christian  Church,  Wesleyan  Re-  pects  of  Combinations  of  Capital,"  "The  Obi iga- 
form  Union,  Free  Gospel  Church,  Australasian  tions  of  the  Church  in  Relation  to  the  Social  Con- 
Wesleyan  Methodist  Church,  French  Wesleyan  dition  of  the  People,"  "  Christian  Work  among 
Conference,  West  Indian  Wesleyan  Conference,  the  Poor,"  "  Chnstian  Work  among  the  Rich, 
South  African  Wesleyan  Conference.  Previous  to  and  "  Christian  Work  in  Agriculture  Districts  " ; 
the  opening  of  the  Conferehce  a  reception  was  that  of  missions  under  those  of  *' Missions  in 
given  in  New  York  to  the  delegates,  Oct.  5,  when  Heathen  Lauds,"  "  New  Fields  entered  since 
Mr.  John  D.  Slayback  presided.  An  address  of  1881,"  and  "  Missions  in  Christian  Lands";  that 
welcome  was  made  by  tne  Rev.  J,  M.  King,  D.  D.,  of  "The  Church  and  Public  Morality"  under  those 
and  addresses  in  response  were  made  by  the  Rev.  of  "  Legal  Restraints  on  the  Vices  of  Society," 
T.  B.  Stephenson,  D.  D.,  President  of  the  Brit-  "  Marriage  and  Divorce  Laws,"  "  The  Lord's 
ish  Weslevan  Conference,  and  by  representa-  Day,"  and  "  The  Attitude  of  the  Church  toward 
lives  of  other  foreign  and  American  Methodist  Amusements."  Other  subjects  treated  of  were 
churches.  Bishop  Thomas  Bowman,  of  the  Meth-  "  International  Arbitration,"  "  The  Christian 
odist  Episcopal  Church,  presided  at  the  opening  Resources  of  the  Old  World,"  "  The  Christian 
session  of  the  Conference.  The  opening  sermon  Resources  of  the  New  World,"  and  "  The  Church 
by  the  Rev.  Dr.  William  Arthur,  of  England,  of  the  Future." 

was  read  for  him  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  T.  B.  Stephen-  An  executive  commission  was  constituted  on 
$()n.    An  address  of  greetin^^  was  made  by  Bishop  the  basis  of  the  organization  of  the  Oecumenical 
J.  P.  Hurst,  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  Conference,  to  consist  of  eighty  members,  and 
who  spoke  to  the  French  and  German  delegates  be  divided  into  the  Eastern  Section  with  thirty 
in  their  own  languages.    Other  addresses  were  membersandthe  Western  Section  with  fifty  mem- 
made  by  the  Hon.  J.  H.  Carlisle,  of  Woflford  bers,  the  same  to  be  distributed  by  a  fixed  plan 
College,  S.  C,  the  Rev.  George  Douglass,  D.  D.,  among  the  several  bodies  associated  in  theConfer- 
of  the  Methodist  Church  of  Canatla,  and  the  ence.    It  was  given  power  to  act  in  the  interim 
Rev.  Dr.  T.  B.  Stephenson,  of  England.    At  the  of  the  (Ecumenical  Conference  not  exceeding  the 
following  sessions  the  chief  officers  or  represent-  limitation  of  the  rules  of  that  body.    The  con- 
ative  delegates  of  the  several  bodies  participat-  ference  recognized  gratefully  the  growing  desire 
in^  in  the  Conference  presided  in  turn.    The  for  closer  union  among  the  evangelical  churches, 
following  subjects  were  discussed,  in  essays  and  and  particularly  the  extension  of  that  desire 
hy  chosen  and  volunteer  speakers :  "  The  Present  among  the  various  Methodist  churches ;  declared 
Statiw  of  Methodism  in  the  Eastern   Section  "  that  it  could  not  doubt  "  that  concerted  action 
<Orwit  Britain,  Europe,  and  the  Eastern  Colo-  amonj^  the  different  Methodist  bodies  upon  many 
nies);  "The  Present  Status  of  Methodism  in  the  questions  would  be  greatly  to  the  advantage  of 
Western  Section"  (America).    "The  Christian  tne  kingdom  of  God";  suggested   "that  such 
Church,  its  Essential  Unity  and  General  Catho-  concerted  action  might  be  possible  and  useful  in 
licity  " ;  "  Christian  Co-operation."    The  general  the  following  great  provinces  of  the  Methodist 
subject  of  "  The  Church  and  Scientific  Thought "  world,  namely :  (a)  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  in- 


520  MEXICO. 

cludinff  the  affiliated  conferences  and  missions ;  the  budget  for  the  year  to  come.  The  President 
(6)  the  United  States,  including  its  missions  and  of  the  United  Mexican  States  is  chosen  for  four 
mission  conferences ;  {c^  Australasia,  with  Poly-  years  by  an  electoral  body  created  by  the  general 
nesia  and  its  other  missions ;  {d)  Canada,  with  its  suffrage.  The  President  has  the  right  to  appoint 
mission/*  The  churches  represented  in  the  Con-  and  remove  the  seven  Secretaries  of  State,  (ion. 
ference  were  therefore  re<Juested  *'  to  consider  Porflrio  Diaz  entered  on  his  second  term  as  Presi- 
whether  such  concerted  action  be  possible,  and,  if  dent  on  Dec.  1,  1888.  The  Cabinet  at  the  begin- 
so,  by  what  means  and  in  what  way."  A  scheme  ning  of  1891  was  made  up  of  the  following  mem- 
for  the  erection  of  a  bronze  statue' of  John  Wes-  bers :  Secretary  of  Foreign  Relations,  Ignacio  M. 
ley  in  the  city  of  Washington  was  approved,  and  Mariscal ;  Secretary  of  Finance,  M.  Dublan  ;  Seo- 
a  committee  was  appointed  to  further  it.  Fra-  retary  of  War  and  the  Navy,  Gen.  Pedro  Ilino- 
ternal  delegates  to  the  Presbyterian  Council  of  josa ;  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  Manuel  R.  Rubio; 
1892,  to  be  neld  in  Toronto,  Ontario,  were  pro-  Secretary  of  Justice  and  Public  Instruction,  Joa- 
videdfor.  A  memorial  was  addressed  to  the  com-  quin  Baranda;  Secretary  of  Public  Works  and 
missioners  of  the  Columbian  Exposition  against  Commerce,  C.  Pacheco.  In  June  Benito  Gomez 
opening  the  fair  on  Sunday.  Resolutions  were  Farias  became  Minister  of  Finance,  and  Manuel 
passed  on  the  subject  of  social  purity,  against  ira-  Fernandez  Leal  was  appointed  Secretary  of  Pub- 
moral  legislation,  and  urging  that  men  of  noto-  lie  Works,  Colonization,  and  Industry.  On  July  1 
riously  immoral  life  should  not  be  allowed  to  a  new  department,  that  of  Communications  ami 
occupy  places  of  public  trust  and  authority ;  ex-  Commerce,  was  created,  of  which  Manuel  G.  CoBdo 
pressing  svmpathy  with  movements  for  the  abo-  was  made  Secretary. 

lition  of  t^e  opium  traffic  in  Asia ;  and  the  fol-        Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Mexic-o 

lowing  on  the  subjects  mentioned  in  it :  is  751,664  square  miles.    About  19  per  cent.  <»f 

This  Conference  views  with  deep  concern  the  sub-  the  native  inhabitants  are  of  pure  Spanish  blood, 

tile  and  ixjrsistent  efforts  of  the  Roman  hierarchy  to  38  per  cent.  Indians,  and  43  per  cent,  of  niixetl 

make  its  power  felt  out«ide  its  own  proper  sphere  in  blood.     The  great  majority  of  the  people  profess 

many  lands,  to  the  detriment  and  danger  of  the  civil  the  Roman  Catholic  religion,  which  has,  however. 


courage  ana  tne  wisuom  to  wiwi-  V    \     u  iTV     j      -cTj**    7-       • Tc*  V     • 

stand  the  unwarrantable  pretensions  of  thoirecclesi-  den  to  hold  land.     Jiducation  m  most  btAtes  is 

a«tical  Ruperior»,  and  the  Conference  further  disclaim.'*  gratuitous  and  compulsory.     There  were  10,7i«» 

any  intentions  to  Hcek  for  itself  or  the  churches  it  rep-  elementary  schools  m  1888,  with  548,977  pupils, 

resents  a  wnglc  privilege  which  it  would  not  readilv  besides  a  great  number  of  intermediate  schools, 

concede  u>  all  othere:  but  it  feels  bound  to  remind  colleges,  and  professional  and  technical  schools, 
the  membere  of  these  churches  ot  the  sacred  rights  and         Finance.— The  Federal  Government  derives 

privileges  they  ei\)oy,  won  tor  tliem  by  the  tjacnflcen  ..  *  "  "-t,,,!    #LJ«    ilT.^-*    o^^    It^-I     j^^i^ 

and  fidelity  of  their  forefathcra,  and  to  call  on  them  to  ^^   revenue    from    import   and    export   dutie:^ 

unite  with  the  members  of  other  Proti*stant  churches  stamps,  and  internal  taxes  on  certain  articles  of 

in  maintaining  their  groat  inheritance  of  freedom,  consumption  and  from  contributions  levied  on 

and  handing  down  the  same  intact  to  the  succeeding  the  individual  States.     The  States  lew   direct 

generatiouH.  taxes,  and  have  hitherto  imposed  excise  duties  on 

A  pastoral  address  was  issued  to  the  ministers  imported  and  domestic  merchandise.     In  1891  a 

and    members  of  all  the    Methodist  churches  revision  of  the  system  of  State  taxation  was  taken 

throughout  the  world.  in  hand  with  the  design  of  doing  away  with  tbi* 

African  Methodist  Union. — A  meeting  of  duties  on  imported  articles.  The  Federal  rev- 
representatives  of  the  African,  African  Zion,  and  enue  in  1890-'91  was  estimated  in  the  budget  at 
Colored  Methodist  Episcopal  Churches  was  held  $41,770,000,  and  expenditure  at  $38,452,804.  The 
in  Washington  during  the  session  of  the  Metho-  foreign  debt,  contracted  in  London  and  Berlin,  is 
dist  (Ecumenical  Conference,  in  favor  of  frater-  £16,500,000,  consisting  of  £10,500,000  of  6^r- 
nity  and  organic  union.  Resolutions  were  passed  cent,  bonds  issned  in  1888  for  the  purpose  oi  re- 
favorable  to  organic  union  The  bishops  of  the  deeming  the  old  defaulted  debts  at  tne  rate  of 
several  churches  represented  were  requested  to  40  cents  on  the  dollar  in  accordance  with  an  ar- 
present  the  subject  to  their  several  annual  con-  rangement  concluded  with  the  creditors  in  Jtine. 
ferences  and  to  advocate  the  appointment  of  a  1886,  and  of  a  further  loan  of  £6,000,000  obtained 
commission  concerning  it ;  and  a  committee  was  in  September,  1890,  to  enable  the  Government  to 
appointed  to  publish  accounts  of  all  matters  in  pay  off  arrears  of  railroad  subventions.  The 
connection  with  the  Conference.  internal  debt,  as  far  as  it  has  been  converted. 

MEXICO.      A    federal    republic   in    North  amounts  to  $31,500,000.    In  1890  Congress  au- 

America.    The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  thorized  the  Minister  of  Finance  to  arrange  a 

Congress,  consisting  of  a  Senate,  in  which  each  compromise  with  the  holders  of  the  old  Spanish 

of  the  27  States  and  the  F^eral  District  is  rep-  bonds  of  the  nominal  amount  of  $14,000,000. 

resented  by  two  members  elected  indirectly  for  The  Federal  revenue  increased  from  $14,882,366 

four  years,*  and  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  the  in  1868-'69  to  $32,385,981  in  1888-*89.  In  ISSQ-W 

members  of  which  are  elected  biennially  by  direct  the  expenditure  was  $86,765,895,  of  which  the 

popular  suffrage.    One  half  of  the  Senators  retire  items  were  $12,449,693  for  army  and  navy,  $6.- 

every  two  years.    The  Congress  meets  on  Sept.  16  145,555  for  public  works.  $5,910,'370  for  financial 

for  general  legislative  business,  and  adjourns  on  administration,  $5,400,003  for  the  debt>  $3,553.- 

Dec.  15,  unless  the  session  is  prolonged  thirty  128  for  the  interior,  $1,350,471  for  education  and 

days  more.    On  April  1  it  comes  together  again,  worship,  $1,009,036  for  legislation,  $465,095  for 

and  till  May  31  is  occupied  with  auditing  the  ac-  justice,  $432,695  for  foreign  relations,  and  $49,- 

oounts  of  the  previous  nnan3ial  year  and  passing  849  for  the  executive. 


,riff  proclaimed  bv  the 
*—    ■■      •   ty  on  liTB 
iiiLitl  );nHl5 


to  8  cents,  that  on  cottou  was  mised  to  10 
n  kilngraiuiiip.iietireiRlit.  Duties  on  furni- 
iiiii'ral>lj'  lowL>red,  thosi'  cm  jt-weiry 


IPS,  which  vrpre  formerly 
jpt.  The  duly  on  Dne-grainM  giinnoirder 
reiluced  by  one  half,  and  coarse  puwder  and 


522  MEXICO. 

dynamite  were  placed  on  the  free  list  Ma-  near  the  foot-hills  of  the  Cordillera,  which  abound 
cfiinery,  coal,  telegraph  and  telephone  wires,  iron  also  in  maho^ny.  ebony,  rosewood,  rubber.  Cam- 
pipes,  and  wood  pulp  remain  on  the  free  list.  peche  wood,  Irouwood,  and  trees  yielding  roediei- 
The  Army  and  JNavy. — The  standing  army  in  nal  substances.  The  exports  of  woods  in  188^ 
1891  consisted  of  17,307  infantry,  armed  with  '90  were  $1,739,138.  against  $1,390,215  in  the  pr&- 
Remington  rifles  of  *43  caliber ;  5,484  cavalry ;  vious  year.  Sarsaparilla  is  gathered  for  export. 
1.604  artillery,  having  steel  breech-loaders  and  The  cultivation  of  the  banana  on  the  coasts'  has 
other  modern  guns ;  S55  engineers ;  1,950  rural  become  a  profitable  industry,  and  the  exporta- 

fuards ;  and  244  gendarmes ;  making  a  total  of  tion  of  oranges  from  the  State  of  Sonora  and  the 
7,244.  There  are  over  3,000  officers,  and  the  to-  hot  lands  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  increasing, 
tal  military  strength  of  the  nation,  including  the  The  fruit  brings  high  prices  in  the  American 
reserve  of  the  active  army  and  the  ^neral  re-  market.  The  same  regions  produce  lemons,  nut&, 
serve,  is  181,523  infantry,  25,790  cavalry,  and  3,-  ^uavas,  pine-apples,  tamarinds,  citrons,  and  all 
650  artillery.  The  military  academy  at  Chapul-  kinds  of  tropical  fruits  and  other  products  in 
tepeo  has  about  300  students.  The  naval  force  ^reat  variety,  including  rice,  arrow-root,  beans, 
consists  of  two  unarmored  vessels  carrying  two  jalap,  indigo,  plantains,  and  datesw  They  also 
20-pounders  and  three  small  gunboats.  contain  good  grazing  ground.  Indian  com 
Commerce  and  Prodnclion. — The  export  thrives  in  all  parts  of  Mexico,  and  furnishes  the 
trade  has  increased  from  $32,663,554  iu  1879^*80  staple  food  of  the  people.  Usually  two  crops  are 
to  $62,499,388  in  1889-*90.  Aside  from  silver,  grown  every  year.  Since  the  introduction  of  the 
the  greatest  increase  has  been  in  henequen  and  wheat  culture  on  the  Mexican  plateau  the  two 
in  coffee,  the  export  of  which  increased  from  less  crops  are  raised  in  alternation,  one  of  wheat  and 
than  6,000,000  Kilogrammes  in  1883  to  9,250,000  two  of  corn  every  two  years.  Wheat  began  to  be 
kilogrammes  in  18^.  Henequen  is  grown  on  exported  from  ^anora  to  Liverpool  in  1889,  and 
the  peninsula  of  Yucatan.  The  export  of  this  the  authorities  have  taken  measures  to  encour- 
flber  in  1889''90  was  valued  at  $7,392,244,  age  the  trade.  It  is  estimated  that  IIO.OOO.OOO 
against  $6,872,593  in  1888-89.  The  ramie  cult-  bushels  of  wheat  and  440,000,000  bushels  of  com 
ure  is  encouraged  by  the  Government.  Other  might  be  ex[>orted  if  the  entire  suitable  area 
fibrous  plants  are  the  organ  cactus  and  the  species  were  brought  into  cultivation.  The  cereal  prod- 
called  ciWo,  growing  in  Lower  California,  from  uct  of  all  the  States  in  1888  was  returned  as 
which  paper  is  maae.  The  export  of  ixtle  in  131,478,425  bushels  of  com,  11,396,195  of  wheat, 
1889-*90  was  $827,980  in  value.  Coffee  is  raised  and  5,930,716  of  barley.  Of  beans,  which  form  an 
in  the  States  of  Chiapas.  Vera  Cruz,  Morelos,  important  part  of  the  diet  of  the  people,  7.«66,- 
Oajaca,  Colima.  and  in  Michoacan,  where  the  980  bushels  were  raised.  One  of  the  great  agri- 
celebrated  Uruapam  coffee  is  produced.  The  cultural  industries  is  that  of  the  nMi^ni^y  or  agave, 
crop  is  valued  at  $4,200,000  per  annum,  and  one  from  which  the  national  fermented  drink.  pQque, 
half  of  it  is  exported  to  ihe  United  States,  which  is  extracted,  while  the  pulp  and  fiber  are  used  for 
is  the  chief  market  for  henequen,  taking  80  per  making  paper,  cordage,  and  other  articles.  The 
cent,  of  the  entire  export  The  value  of  the  cof-  raising  of  cattle  in  Sonora,  Chihuahua,  Coahuila. 
fee  export  in  1889-90  was  $4,811,000,  against  $3,-  and  others  of  the  northern  States,  as  well  as  in 
886,035  in  1888-'89.  Cotton  is  produced  without  Vera  Cruz  and  Michoacan,  has  become  one  of  the 
fertilizers  and  with  little  cultivation  in  Sonora,  largest  interests  of  the  country.  In  the  north 
Chihuahua,  and  other  States,  and  the  annual  larse  ranches  have  been  bought  and  stocked 
crop  is  valued  at  $10,857,000;  but  the  culture  has  bA' Texan  cattle  growers  and  British  capitalists, 
become  less  profitable  since  the  railroads  were  The  capital  value  of  the  20,574  cattle  ranches  ex- 
built,  allowing  foreign  cotton  to  be  brought  to  isting  in  1883  was  $515,000,000,  and  in  that  vear 
the  manufacturing  centers  at  less  cost  than  the  there  were  estimated  to  be  in  the  country  1,500.- 
domestic  product.  Cacao  of  fine  quality  is  pro-  000  homed  cattle,  1,000,000  sheep,  2.500,000  goats, 
duced  in  Tabasco  and  Chiapas,  but  not  on  a  1,000,000  horses,  and  500.000  mules.  The  ex- 
large  scale  for  export.  Tobacco  has  become  an  ports  of  horses,  cattle,  and  other  animals  to  the 
export  article  of  imoortance ;  the  value  of  the  United  States  in  1887-*88  wcpr  valued  at  $507,- 
crop  is  about  $2,500,000  per  annum,  and  the  ex-  377.  In  1889-*90  the  value  of  the  animal  exports 
port  in  1889-'90  was  $948,332.  The  rubber  ex-  was  $500,217.  The  exports  of  hides  and  skins 
ports  from  the  Soconusco  district,  where  the  reached  $1,913,129. 

iKwt  cacao  is  raised,  have  almost  ceased  because  The  cotton  mills  consume  80,000,000  poundsof 
the  Indians  have  destroyed  the  trees.  The  Pub-  cotton  annuallv,  of  which  one  third  is  imported 
lie  Works  Department  in  1889  made  a  contract  from  the  United  States,  and  the  value  of  the 
with  three  Mexican  citizens  who  have  under-  product  is  $13,000,000.  The  native  industries  of 
taken  to  plant  a  million  trees  a  year  for  the  next  distilling,  cigarette  making,  pottery,  the  weav- 
fifteen  years  in  the  State  of  Oajaca.  The  sugar-  ing  of  woolen  zarapes  or  blankets,  tanning, 
cane  is  cultivated  extensively  in  Morelos,  \  era  saddlery,  hammock  making,  etc.,  are  being  so[)- 
Cruz,  and  other  States ;  the  average  value  of  the  plemented  by  others  at  a  rapid  rate ;  though  as 
croD  is  $8,735,000.  The  vanilla  plant  grows  yet  only  the  beginnings  of  manufacturing  in- 
wild,  and  the  export  of  this  article  was  $917,409  Sustry  have  been  made.  Sugar  is  extracted 
in  value  in  188RD-*90.  The  gum  exports  were  by  primitive  processes.  Good  iron  is  pHnluce^i 
$719,746.  Orchil  weed  is  collected  in  Lower  Cali-  and  common  agricultural  implements  are  made 
fomia,  and  pays  an  export  duty  of  $10  a  ton.  0th-  in  the  country.  The  textile  and  other  factories 
er  mosses  and  lichens  are  gathere<l  for  the  dye  in  the  State  of  Colima  have  been  freed  from  all 
substances  that  they  yield.  Medicinal  herl)s  and  taxes,  and  by  the  law  of  1887  anvthing  requirwi 
roots  are  found  in  the  iierras  calienfes,  the  low  for  wine  growing,  the  silk  culture,  or  fish  cult- 
plains  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  in  the  forests  ure  can  be  brought  free  of  duty  into  any  part 


ml  impleu 
mpt.  "Hie ! 


psnts  are  likewise  exenipl.  The  State  of  Puebla  necessary  for  the  raining  and  agricultural  indus- 

m   1886   offered  a  bounty  ot   60   cents  a   kilo-  tries  were  transferred  to  the  free  list      There 

gramme  for  ail  the  silk  produced,  and  eiempted  are  more  than  1,000  mines  in  the  republic  em- 

malbeny  planUtions  from  taxes.      The  silk  be-  ploying  about  300  OUO   men,  and  tummg  out 


lorieg  of  Tetela  and  Oajaca  are  equipped  with  130,000,000   worth   of    silver   and    $5,000,000 

French  machinery,  and  the  industry  is  frrowiuK  worth  of  other  minerals  per  annum.     The  ei- 

lapidly.     Coal.  iron,  and  quicksilver  mines  were  port  ot  silver  in  188B-'H0  was  |38,000.000.     The 

eiempt«d  in  1887  from  all  taxation  for  fifty  capital  invested  in  silver  mines  is  1500,000,000, 


524  MEXICO. 

of  which  about  one  fifth  belongs  to  American  railroad,  which  has  a  share  capital  of  $11,835,- 

citizens.    Coal  is  mined  in  Coahuila  to  supply  500  and  a  debt  of  $9,742,000,  was  transferred  to 

the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad.    Anthracite  was  an  English  company. 

discovered  in  Sonora,  Puebla,  Michoacan,  and  Posts    and    Telegraphs. — There  were  87.- 

other  States  in  1881,  but  it  can  not  be  profitably  500,640   inland    and    3f,193,403    intemationftl 

mined.   The  Mexican  railroads  use  English  coal,  letters,  papers,  etc.,  sent  through  the  post-offiw 

and  the  steam  factories  wood    and    charcoal,  in  1889.    The  length  of  the  telegraph  lines  in 

Petroleum  and  asphaltum  are  widely  distributed,  that  year  was  27,8ol  miles,  of  whicn  14,841  miles 

but  are  not  utilized.    The  lead  exports  in  1889-  were  the  property  of  the  National  €k>vemment. 

*90  were  $007,329  in  value.  Of  the  rest,  about  a  third  belonged  to  the  States 

Of  the  total  exports  in  1889-*90  the  United  States  and  the  remainder  was  divided  between  railroad 

received    $43,022,440;    England,    $13,722,122;  and  telegraph  companies. 

France,  $3,159,258 ;  Germany,  $1,693,773 ;  Spain.  Belatloiis  with  the  United  States.— Xegt^ 

$534,057 ;  other  countries,  $367,738.  Exclusive  of  tiations  for  a  revision  of  the  extradition  treary 

coin  and  bull  ion  and  silverore,theimpoi'ts  into  the  with  the  United  States  were  opened    by  the 

United  States  from  Mexico  were  valued  at  $22,-  Mexican  Government  in  April,  1891.     A  con- 

690,915,  as  compared  with  $21,329,601  in  1889,  vention  for  a  new  survey  of  the  boundary  bv  a 

$17,329,889  in  1888,  $14,719,840  in  1887,  $10,-  mixed  commission  was  concluded.     The  com- 

687,972  in  1886,  and  $9,267,021  in  1885.    The  missioners  began  their  work  in  November.    Col. 

exports   of  fibrous   substances  to  the   United  Jacobo  Blanco  and  Feli]}o  Valle  are  at  the  heiui 

States  were  $5,851,822  in  value ;  coffee,  $3,542,-  of  the  Mexican  commission,  the  former  as  chief 

851;   hides  and  skins,  $1,579,250;    dnigs  and  engineer   and  the  latter  as  astronomer.     The 

dyes,  $1,349,743.     The  largest  article  of  export  United  States  commissioners  are  Col.  John  W. 

to  Great  Britain  and  to  France  is  mahogany  and  Barlow  and  Lieut.  David  du  B.  Gailliard.  of  the 

other  hard  wood.     The  total  value  of  the  im-  Engineer  Corps,  and  M.  H.   Moseman,  of  the 

ports  in  that  year  was  $46,000,000,  having  risen  Coast  Survey.    In  the  new  Mexican  tariff,  which 

ni  steady  progression  from  $88,715,000  in  1885-  went  into  force  on  Nov.  1,  1891,  the  duties  were 

'86.    The  imports  from  the  United  States  were  raised  on  many  articles  of  American  produce 

valued  at    $12,666,108,    the   principal   articles  and  manufacture  as  a  preliminary  to  negoti^t- 

being  iron  and  steel  goods,  raw  cotton,  fnmi-  ing  new   reciprocity    arrangements    with   the 

ture.  and  cotton  fabrics.    From  Great  Britain  United    States   Government.     Jos^  Limatour, 

iron  and  machinery  and  cotton  goods  are  largely  President  of  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  was  aj'- 

im ported,  and  from  France,  are  sent  woolen  pointed  a  special  commissioner  to  discus  the 

manufactures,  wines,  apparel,  and  all  kinds  of  bases  of  a  new  treaty.    The  reciprocity  eonven- 

fine  goods.  tion  concluded  at  Washington  on  Jan.  ^.  18'<l 

Railroads. — There  were  4,648  miles  of  rail-  by  Gen.  U.  S.  Grant  and  William  H.  Tresc<»i. 
road  in  operation  in  1890,  and  1,360  miles  more  acting  for  the  United  States,  and  Minister 
were  building.  American  companies  had  $245,-  Matias  Romero  and  Estanislao  Canedo  as  Mexi- 
126,249  invested,  and  English  companies  about  can  plenipotentiaries,  was  si&^ned  by  the  pre<i- 
$75,000,000.  In  1889  the  number  of  passengers  dents  of  both  republics  in  IViay,  1884 ;  ratifica- 
was  12,977,952.  The  receipts  from  passenger  tions  were  exchanged  at  Washington  on  May  2«). 
traffic  were  $2,090,505,  and  from  875,894  tons  of  and  the  convention  was  proclaimed  on  June  2. 
freight  carried  $4,822,690.  In  1890  the  line  1884.  It  could  not  go  into  effect  until  the  laws 
from  Tampico  to  San  Luis  de  Potosi,  opening  and  regulations  necessary  to  carry  it  into  o[jora- 
communications  with  the  northern  part  of  the  tion  were  passed  by  both  countries,  and  for  this 
central  plateau,  was  completed.  Connecting  the  term  of  one  year,  from  May  20,  1884,  was 
links  were  made  between  the  railroad  from  allowed.  On  Feb.  25,  1885,  the  "period  was  ex- 
Monterey  to  the  Gulf  and  the  International  and  tended  to  May  20,  1886,  both  governments  har- 
National  Mexican  lines,  and  an  extension  from  ing  failed  to  pass  the  necessary  legislation.  On 
Monterey  to  Linares  was  finished.  The  Jalapa  May  14,  1886,  the  term  was  extended  for  another 
and  Matamoras  Izucar  sections  of  the  Inter-  year,  and  on  May  20,  1887,  the  treaty  became 
oceanic  line  were  completed,  and  connection  was  void,  the  bill  to  give  it  effect  having  been  re- 
made with  the  Halmanales  Railroad.  In  the  iected  by  the  Ilouse  of  Representatives  in 
same  year  the  Valley  of  Mexico  and  the  North-  Washington. 

eastern  Railroads  were  opened  to  traffic.  The  Insnrrectionar  j  Morement. — Since  the  sec- 
Mexican  Central  Company,  incorporated  in  ularization  of  the  State  various  revolutionary 
Massachusetts  in  1891.  had  1,527  miles  open  in  uprisings  have  been  fostered  by  the  clerical 
1891 ;  the  Mexican  National,  1,248  miles ;  Mexi-  party.  The  revolution  of  Palo  Blanco,  which 
can,  321  miles,  exclusive  of  71  miles  in  the  unseated  Ijerdo  de  Tejeda  and  made  Gen.  Por- 
Jalapa  branch ;  Mexican  Northern,  78  miles ;  firio  Diaz  President  for  the  unexpired  term,  in 
Mexican  Southern,  79  miles;  Monterey  and  1877  was  of  a  different  character.  In  1^  Diaz 
Mexican  Gulf,  390  miles ;  Sinaloa  and  Durango,  was  regularly  elected,  and  his  administration  has 
38  miles ;  International,  409  miles ;  Sonora,  262  since  been  marked  by  prosperity,  the  introduce 
miles.  The  International  Railroad,  begun  in  tion  of  American  capital,  and  a  great  deTclop- 
1883  and  completed  in  1888  by  a  company  char-  ment  of  the  national  resources.  His  enemi*^ 
tered  in  Connecticut,  was  built  chiefiy  to  trans-  accuse  him  of  selfish  ambition,  of  the  arbitrary 
port  coal  from  mines  in  Coahuila  that  have  not  removal  of  officials  who  were  not  subservient  \o 
vet  proved  profitable.  It  runs  from  Ciudad,  his  personal  aims,  of  accepting  gifts  of  stock 
torfirio  Diaz  (formerly  Piedras  Negras),  on  the  in  companies  receiving  concessions,  and  of  pur 
Rio  Grande,  to  Torreon,  where  it  connects  with  suing  a  system  of  religions  persecution  and  op- 
the  Mexican  Central.    On  Aug.   1,  1891,  the  pression  of  the  Catholic  Church.      PiomiDent 


MEXICO.  MICHIGAN.                     525 

among  the  denunciators  have  been  Gen.  Reiz  tress  in  northern  Mexico,  caused  by  a  failure  of 
SandiraU  who  was  expelled  from  the  army  for  the  crops,  created  a  condition  favorable  to  revo- 
A-dition,  and  Catarino  Garza,  a  journalist  who  lution.  A  ^erilla  war  was  still  carried  on  near 
has  conducted  several  revolutionary  periodi-  the  border  by  detached  bands  of  Garza's  men, 
cals  hostile  to  the  Diaz  Government  in  the  bor-  who  escaped  into  Texas  when  attacked  and  pur* 
der  towns  of  Texas,  and  has  lately  resided  on  sued  in  force  by  Col.  Ceron*s  frontier  guard.  The 
hi<  cattle  ranch  near  Palito  Blanco,  Texas.  The  Mexican  operations  were  directed  by  Gen.  Ber- 
latter  collected  a  band  of  revolutionists,  and  in  nardo  Reps  at  Monterey.  The  American  troops 
September,  1891,  he  issued  a  manifesto  proclaim-  co-operatmg  to  prevent  a  violation  of  the  frontier, 
in^  the  overthrow  of  Diaz.  At  the  head  of  from  though  consisting  only  of  two  companies  of  in- 
oO  to  100  men  he  crossed  the  Rio  Grande,  and  fantr^  and  two  of  cavalrv,  were  able  bv  their 
had  several  encounters  with  Mexican  troops,  activity  to  compel  the  bands  to  scatter  wherever 
When  pursued,  he  and  his  lieutenants  who  m-  they  were  assembled  on  American  soil.  The 
vaded  Mexico  with  other  guerilla  bands  took  persons  engaged  in  the  movement  who  were  res- 
refuge  on  the  American  side  of  the  river.  Gen.  idents  of  Texas  were  compelled  to  return  to  their 
Sandival,  in  the  mountain  districts  of  northern  ranches,  where  they  were  located  by  spies  and 
Mexico,  recruited  men  for  the  revolutionary  en-  scouts,  and  roundups  were  carried  out  by  the 
terpri^e  and  laid  plans  for  a  general  uprising.  United  States  troous,  which  resulted  in  the  capt- 
In  the  States  of  N^ueva  Leon,  Tamaulipas,  Coa-  ure  of  some  of  the  leaders, 
huila,  and  Chihuahua  there  was>  widespread  MICHIGAN,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to 
^Tmoathy  with  the  revolutionary  movement,  and  the  Union  Jan.  26,  1887;  area,  58,015  square 
the  Mexicans  of  Texas  were  generally  in  league  miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  de- 
vith  Garza.  For  that  reason  warrants  issued  by  cennial  census  since  admission,  was  212,267  in 
the  United  States  authorities  for  the  arrest  of  1840;  397,654  in  1850;  749,ll^in  1860;  1.184,059 
persons  accused  of  abetting  the  movement  could  in  1870;  1,636,987  in  1880;  and  2,093,889  in 
Dot  be  executed.    Capt  Bourke  and  Capt.  Hardie  1890.    Capital,  Lansing. 

endeavored  to  intercept  Garza's  bands  when  they  GoTernmeiit. — The  following  were  the  Stat« 
appeared  on  the  American  side,  with  detach-  officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Edwin  B. 
nients  of  the  United  States  cavalry  force  sta-  Winans,  Democrat ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  John 
tinned  at  Port  Ringgold.  Companies  of  Texas  Strong ;  Secretary  of  State,  Daniel  E.  Soner, 
rangers  also  took  the  field.  Be-enforcements  who  resigned  in  December  and  was  succeedea  bv 
of  regular  troops  were  hurried  up  to  strengthen  R.  R.  Blacker;  State  Treasurer,  Frederick 
the  frontier  guard.  The  guerillas,  who  were  su-  Braastad;  Auditor-General,  George  W.  Stone; 
I)erior  in  numbers,  made  every  effort  to  avoid  Commissioner  of  State  Land  OflSce,  George  T. 
wmbats  with  the  American  forces,  and  would  Shaffer ;  Attorney-General,  Adolphus  A.  Ellis : 
not  fire  unless  driven  into  a  comer.  The  wild  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Ferris  S. 
nature  of  the  country  was  favorable  for  their  Fitch;  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  William  E. 
concealment,  and  when  hard  pressed  theT  could  Magill ;  Commissioner  of  Railroads,  Charles  R. 
dbperse  and  disguise  themselves  as  cattle  herd-  Whitman ;  Commissioner  of  Labor,  Henry  A. 
ers.  Nevertheless,  several  of  the  bands  were  Robinson ;  Commissioner  of  Mineral  Statistics, 
overtaken  and  some  of  the  members  were  wound-  Charles  D.  Lawton  ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
ed  and  taken  prisoners.  Nothing  would  induce  Court,  John  W.  Champlin ;  Associate  Justices, 
these  men  to  reveal  the  plans  of  the  conspiracy  Allen  B.  Morse,  John  W.  McGrath,  Charles  D. 
and  the  persons  engaged  in  it.  Lon^,  Claudius  B.  Grant.  On  Dec.  31  Chief- 
After  they  were  dispersed  by  the  Mexican  Justice  Champlin's  term  expired,  and  Justice 
tnx)ps  in  their  first  raias,  the  revolutionists  did  Morse  became  Chief  Justice.  R.  M.  Mont- 
not  venture  across  the  border  in  force  for  many  gomery  took  his  seat  as  Associate  Justice  on  the 
weeks.    On  Nov,  16  they  attacked  Guerrero  in  same  day. 

considerable  numbers.    At  the  same  time  Garza  Finances. — The  following  is  a  summary  of 

i&«ued  a  proclamation  in  which  he  spoke  in  the  the  operations  of  the  State  treasury  for  the 


force  was  strong  enough  to  cope  with  the  Mexi-  on   hand    June  80,   1891,    f  1,224,644.32.     The 

can  army.    His  followers  had  increased  already  summary    for  the  general  fund  is  as  follows : 

to  nearly  1,000  men,  and  others  were  joining  Balance' on  hand  June  30,  1890,  |903,420.60; 

fwt.    An  invoice  of  arms  brought  from  New  receipts,  $3,090,438.16;  disbursements,  $2,117,- 

York,  consisting  of  1.000  rifles,  was  captured  in  994.82;  balance  on  hand  June  30,  1891,  $972,- 

the  Rio  Grande  by  the  American  custom-house  444.04.    Included  in  the  general  fund  receipts 

officers.    Gen.  Sandival  was  said  to  be  organiz-  is  the  sum  of  $1,295,184.09,  received  of  county 

ing  another  insurrectionary  army  in  which  2,000  treasurei-s    from    the    State   tax    levy.    There 

men  were  enrolled.     Gen.  Lorenzo  Garcia  en-  is  also  included  an  item  of    $31,000  paid  to 

countered  a  large  body  of  Garza*s  men,  and  the  the    State    by    the    General    Government    for 

revolutionists  were  driven  to  take  refuge  in  the  the  support  of  the  agricultural  college.    From 

desert  parts  of  Texas.    The  Mexican  Govern-  specific  taxes  on  railroad,  telegraph,  and  mining 

nient,  alarmed  at  the  rapid  spread  of  the  insur-  companies  and  the  like  was  realized  $1,071,749.- 

"^tion,  hastened  troops  from  central  Mexico  48,  nearly  all  of  which  was  devoted  to  educa- 

until  they  had  8,000  or  10,000  near  the  frontier,  tional  purposes.    The  following  table  shows  the 

and  were  able  to  patrol  the  whole  length  of  the  cost  of  mamtaining  the  State  institutions  for  the 

Rio  Grande  with  squads  of  50  men  and  garrison  year    ending  June  30,   1891,  and   the  portion 

the  States  of  Nueva  Leon  and  Coahuila.     Dis-  thereof  derived  from  the  State  treasurj* : 


526 


MICHIGAN. 


INSTITUTIONS. 


Mlehlffun  Soldiers*  lloiue 

SchoolB  for  deaf,  dumb,  blind,  etc. 

iDsane  aAylums 

InstilutioDB  of  learninff 

Beformatory  aud  penal  Inatitu- 

cions 

MiacelUneona 

Total 


Fran  Sum 
tnanry. 

FVcKD  othmr 
■ounM. 

$68,897  50 
189,2(19  h5 
899.219  98 
264,088  17 

25H,824  50 
100,562  78 

$40,906  06 

6,758  bl 

201,696  68 

206,712  91 

192,998  06 
1,772  92 

11,219,692  78 

$649,842  86 

INSTITUTIONS. 


Michigan  Soldiers*  Home 

Schools  for  deaC  dumb,  blind,  etc. 

Insane  asylums. 

Institutions  of  learning 

Beformatory  and  penal  institu- 
tions  

Mtsoelianeoua 

Total 


CBrrtnt 
•zpantM. 

172,660  02 
118,817  64 
644,219  42 
866,410  89 

897,196  04 
103,764  49 


$1,602,547  49 


BuIUinf  and 
•padal. 


$6,200  64 

6,706  29 

46.795  82 

189,506  9S 

77,046  12 
1,892  79 


$277,646  84 


The  State  debt  is  practically  extinguished, 
there  being  now  \>utstandinff  only  about  $100,- 
000  of  bonds,  none  of  which  bears  interest.  But 
there  is  a  trust  fund  debt  on  which  the  State 
pays  interest  permanent^  for  the  benefit  of  edu- 
cational institutions.  The  rate  of  taxation  is 
12-7  cents  on  $100. 

Edneation. — The  following  statistics  cover 
the  public-school  year  of  1895-'91 :  Number  of 
districts  7,168,  increase  in  one  year  23 ;  school 
population  654,502,  increase  14,483 ;  number  en- 
rolled in  public  schools  427,032,  increase  2,328; 
average  school  year  in  months,  7*7;  number 
teachers  employed,  15,990;  average  monthly 
wages,  male,  $46.78,  increase  40  cents;  average 
monthly  wages,  female, $32.78,  increase  46 cents; 
number  of  school-houses,  7,531,  increase  38; 
value  of  school  property  $13,858,627,  increase 
$571,990.  The  school  revenue  for  the  year  was 
as  follows:  From  balance  of  preceding  year,  $1,- 
095,840.35;  from  primary-school  interest  fund, 
$795,813.47;  one-mill  tax  in  townships,  $658,- 
305.11;  district  tax,  $3,451,729.93:  other  sources, 
$761,436.34;  total,  $6,763,126.20.  The  total 
amount  paid  teachers  was  $3,328,287.04.  There 
are  reported  6,655  ungraded  and  513  graded  dis- 
tricts. The  free-text-book  system  has  been 
adopted  throughout  the  State,  and  in  1891  the 
city  of  Detroit  also  voted  by  a  large  majority  to 
furnish  all  the  pupils  in  the  public  schools  with 
free  books. 

The  principal  of  the  various  educational  funds 
held  by  the  State  on  June  30,  1801,  was  as  fol- 
lows: Agricultural  College  fund,  $395,605.73; 
Normal  School  fund,  $64,622.62 ;  Primary  School 
fund,  $4,410,623.05;  University  fund,  $518,- 
218.01. 

The  number  of  students  at  the  various  State 
educational  institutions  for  the  year  1890-'91 
was  as  follows :  Universitv  of  Michigan,  Ann 
Arbor.  2,157;  Agricultural  College,  Lansing, 
369;  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti,  900;  Michigan 
Mining  School,  Houghton,  56 ;  School  for  the 
Deaf,  Flint,  303 ;  School  for  the  Blind,  Lansing, 
95;  State  Reform  School,  Lansing,  715;  Indus- 
trial Home  for  Girls,  Adrian,  233;  School  for 
Dependent  Children,  Coldwater,  206. 

Charities. — Insane  patients  were  distributed 
among  the  several  asylums  as  follow :  Kalama- 


zoo, 1,011;  Pontiao,  975;  Traverse  City,  700; 
Ionia  Asylum  for  Insane  Criminals,  ITo.  All 
of  the  institutions  are  badly  cruwde<l,  aitd  maii\ 
insane  persons  are  for  that  reason  kept  iu  jial- 
and  county  asylums. 

The  State  Soldiers*  Home  at  Grand  Rapid> 
has  a  total  enrollment  of  1,461,  of  whom  541  &nr 
reported  present. 

Live  Stock. — In  the  spring  of  1891  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  reported  in  Michigan  39C.94(» 
horses,  405,818  milch  cows,  363,625  other  cattle. 
450,830  hogs,  and  1,908,372  sheep. 

Railroads. — The  total  revenue  realized  from 
the  operation  of  Michigan  railroads  during  tb>^ 
year  was  $94,096,854.^,  an  increase  over  the 
preceding  year  of  $5,950,262.45.  The  operating 
expenses  for  the  same  period  were  $63,92o,U91.- 
54,  a  decrease  of  $689,763.41,  leaving  a  net  in- 
come on  traffic  account  of  $dl,809;!276.64,  which 
was  $6,900,470.73  in  excess  of  the  net  income  of 
the  vear  before. 

Tne  total  track  mileage  in  the  State,  as  ascer- 
tained for  purposes  of  taxation  was  6,944''> 
miles.  The  amount  realized  to  the  treasury 
from  the  specific  taxation  of  railroad  compenit» 
was  $778,493.91,  an  increase  of  $21,204.99.  The 
capital  stock  paid  in  is  reported  at  $338,199,- 
052.70,  making  the  capital  per  mile  $23,0I9i^. 
The  earnings  per  mile  were  given  in  1891  &» 
$6,285.11.  According  to  the  report  of  the  State 
Labor  Bureau  for  the  vear  1891  the  funded  debt 
of  the  railroails  of  Michigan  was  $388,889,^69. 
and  the  floating  debt  $27,490,659.  The  co>t 
of  construction  was  $281,205,724. 

Banks. — On  Jan.  7, 1889,  when  the  present 
State  banking  law  went  into  effect,  80  btink> 
were  doing  business  in  the  State,  with  asset> 
amounting  to  $38,963,417.  The  report  of  the 
banking  commissioner  for  the  year  1891  enu- 
merates 124  State  banks,  with  assets  amountinir 
to  $65,191,097.53,  an  increase  of  44  in  number, 
and  $26,228,555.34  in  assets.  These  banks  on 
Dec.  2, 1891,  reported  their  deposits  $49,751,4(».- 
06.  The  common  rate  of  interest  paid  saving 
depositors  was  4  per  cent.  The  106  national 
banks  in  the  State  reported  $70,555,261.76  in  re- 
sources, with  $15,244,600  in  capital  stock  anil 
$38,500,510.19  in  deposits. 

Salt. — The  salt-producing  territory  of  the 
State  is  divided  into  9  districts,  with  a  total 
manufacturing  capacitv  of  5,900.000  barrels.  In 
the  year  ending  Nov.  36, 1891, 113  firms  operated 
122  plants  and  produced  3,966,784  barrels.  again!4 
3,863,407  barrels  in  1890.  The  largest  district  in 
the  State  produced  no  salt  during  1891. 

Labor. — The  State  labor  commissioner  pub- 
lished an  elaborate  report  covering  the  year  181M, 
largely  devoted  to  the  condition  of  female  laU)r 
in  the  State.  The  average  wage  of  the  13.1-^ 
working  women  who  reported  to  the  commissioner 
was  79  cents  a  day,  $216.46  a  year.  Only  2,:^- 
women  reported  that  they  saved  anything  from 
their  wages,  and  these  averaged  $^.87  a  year. 
The  average  expense  was  reported  to  be  $202.21 
a  year,  leaving  an  actual  average  saving  of  |14.- 
24  per  annum.  The  lowest  wage  paid  was  |1 » 
weeK  and  the  highest  $18.75.  Of  the  woman 
workers,  9.108  lived  at  home  and  730  with  rela- 
tives. The  common  length  of  the  day  was  ten 
hours.  One  reported  a  day  of  eighteen  hour*, 
118  reported  working  fifteen  hours,  168  reported 


MICHIGAN.  527 

thirteen  hoars,  377  reported  twelve  hours,  7,161  of  the  factions  wanted  to  use  the  caption  "  Reg- 
reported  ten  hours,  1,501  worked  nine  hours,  968  ular  Democratic  Ticket  "  over  its  nominees  on 
wi»rkt'd  eight  houn^,  135  worked  seven  hours,  86  the  official  ballot  to  the  exclusion  of  the  other 
worked  six  hours,  and  1  worked  three  houi*s.  Of  faction.  The  Supreme  Court  decided,  on  manda- 
the  female  laborers  canvassed,  181  were  under  mus  proceedings,  that  both  factions  were  equally 
the  age  of  twelve,  while  8,569  were  between  the  entitled  to  use  the  caption, 
ages  of  thirteen  and  eighteen.  Five  began  work  Another  important  act  of  the  Legislature  was 
at  the  age  of  eight,  and  34  at  the  age  of  forty  or  to  consolidate  the  several  prison  boards  into  one 
over.  Out  of  the  whole  number,  1,060  were  or-  board,  and  place  under  tne  control  of  a  single 
phans,  2,361  had  no  mother,  3,432  had  no  father,  body  all  the  penal  and  reformatory  institutions 
and  8,336  had  both  parents.    The  report  states  supported  by  the  Stat«. 

that  6,571  of  the  women  stooped  over  their  work,  Decisions, — The  most  important  decision  of 

while  2,682  had  to  reach  up.  the  Supreme  Court  during  1891  was  that  by 

Lind  Yalnes, — The  average  assessed  value  of  which  tne  law  providing  for  indeterminate  sen- 
agricultural  real  estate  in  the  lower  peninsula,  tences  for  convicted  criminals  was  set  aside  as 
according  to  the  assessment  rolls  of  1891,  is  f20.-  unconstitutional.  The  law  was  passed  in  1889, 
82  an  acre ;  of  city  realty,  $2,820.72 ;  of  village  and  under  it  the  trial  judge  of  a  State  court 
realty,  f  131.44  an  acre;  timbered  land, $13.53  an  might  sentence  a  criminal,  duly  convicted,  to 
WLTe  I  of  upper  peninsula  mineral  land,  $480  an  serve  an  indeterminate  time  in  prison,  between 
acre.  The  average  rent  of  an  acre  of  farm  land  specified  limits,  the  date  of  his  release  being  left 
is  83  cents,  and  of  an  acre  of  city  realty  $162.45.  to  the  Board  of  Prison  Control,  that  body  to  use 
In  the  city  of  Detroit,  in  1884,  there  were  3,310  its  discretion.  The  Supreme  Court  held  the  law 
persons  holding  real  property  under  $1,000  in  to  be  invalid,  in  that  it  conferred  judicial  powers 
value,  while  in  1891  there  were  13,774  of  the  on  the  Board  of  Prison  Control,  and  declared  that 
same  class,  an  in^jrease  of  10,461,  or  316  per  cent,  criminals  sentenced  under  the  in  determinate  sys- 

Farm  Mortgages. — In  a  late  report  the  Bu-  tem  were  entitled  to  their  release  at  the  expira- 

reau  of  Labor  states  that  of  90,803  farms  in  the  tion  of  the  minimum  period  of  imprisonment 

State  into  the  condition  of  which  inquiry  was  provided  by  law  as  punishment  for  the  crimes 

made,  84^488  were  occupied   by  owners.     The  of  which  they  were  convicted.    As  a  result,  sev- 

number    of   farms  mortgaged   was  43,079,  and  eral  convicts  were  actually  released  before  the 

the  number  not  mortgag^  was  47,724.    The  as-  the  expiration  of  the  time  they  were  sentenced 

$:essed  value  of  the  mortgaged  farms  was  $79,-  to  serve. 

713,041,  the  total  mortgage  indebtedness  $37,456,-  The  court  held,  in  a  decision  filed  during  the 

3?2.  and  the  average  rate  of  interest  7*2  percent,  year,  that  a  female  ward  of  the  State  Industrial 

Legislation.— -The  Legislature  sat  for  about  School  for  Girls  might  marry  without  the  consent 

six  months  at  the  beginning  of  1891.    The  most  of  the  board  of  control  or  the  managers  of  the 

famous  of  its  enactments  was  what  is  known  as  the  institution.    The  question  arose  over  a  girl  who 

Miner  electoral  law,  which  provides  that  the  was  regularly  committed  to  the  institution  and 

presidential   electors  shall   be   chosen   by  con-  was  afterward  sent  into  a  private  familv  on 

gressional  districts,  one  from  each  district,  and  ticket-of-leave,  the  institution  still  maintaining 

not  on  a  single  ticket  by  the  State  at  large,  as  its  authority  over  her.    She  married  without  the 

l»efore.   The  Taw  has  given  rise  to  much  contro-  consent  of  the  managers  at  the  school,  and  was 

versy,  and  has  attracted  national  attention.    The  by  them  imprisoned  in  punishment.     Habeas- 

railroad  laws  were  amended  in  several  important  corpus    proceedings   were   instituted,  and   the 

particulars.    Among  the  railroad  laws  enacted  young  woman's  release  was  ordered  by  the  Su- 

was  one  providing  that  where  passenger  earnings  preme  Court  of  the  State. 

were  reported  by  the  company  to  exceed  $3,000  a  PoliticaL— No  general  election  occurred  in 

mile  the  maximum  rate  of  fare  should  be  3  cents  a  the  State  during  1891.    At  the  spring  elections 

mile;    where  the  reported   passenger  earnings  the  only  office  to  be   filled  was  that   of    ius- 

were  less  than  $3,000  a  mile,  the  maximum  fare  tice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  the  term  of  Chief-J us- 

should  be  4  cents.    A  law  providing  for  the  tax-  tice  John  W.  Champlin  being  about  to  expire, 

at  ion  of  mortgages  was  enacted  after  bitter  op-  Justice  Champlin  was  a  candidate  for  re-elec- 

position.    Toward  the  end  of  the  year  a  move-  tion  on  the  Democratic  ticket,  while  the  Repub- 

raent  was  set  on  foot  to  test  the  validity  of  the  lican  candidate  was  R.  M.  Montgomery,  who  was 

mortgage  tax  law  in  the  Supreme  Court.   Banks  elected  after  a  quiet  canvass, 

declined  to  take  mortgage  security  unless  the  The  only  notable  elections  held  in  the  autumn 

l)orrower  or  mortgager  contracted  to  pay  the  tax  were  the  special  congressional  election  in  the  Fifth 

on  the  mortgage.                                      '  District  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 

The  election  law  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  Congressman  M.  E.  Ford  and  the  municipal 
1891  provides  in  the  main  for  the  Australian  election  in  the  city  of  Detroit.  In  the  former, 
system  of  voting  with  a  secret  ballot  The  new  Charies  E.  Belknap  was  the  Republican  candi- 
system  was  tried  in  the  Detroit  municipal  elec-  date  and  John  S.  Lawrence  the  Democratic  cau- 
tion in  the  autumn  of  1891,  and  met  with  uni-  didate.  Mr.  Belknap  was  chosen.  The  Detroit 
versal  approval.  But  one  serious  difficulty  arose,  election  was  chiefly  notable  on  account  of  the 
The  law  provided  that  the  tickets  nominated  by  split  in  the  Democratic  party.  Two  city  con- 
any  regularly  called  convention  of  any  party  ventions  were  organized,  and  two  tickets  nomi- 
were  to  be  placed  upon  the  official  ballot  by  the  nated.  At  the  head  of  one  was  William  G.  Thomp- 
election  commission,  under  such  names  and  cap-  son  for  mayor,  and  the  other  was  led  by  John 
tions  as  the  several  parties  might  designate.  Miner.  Tlie  canvass  was  characterized  by  the 
Two  conventions  were  held  by  the  Democratic  greatest  acrimony.  The  Republicans  nominated 
party  and  two  tickets  placed  iii  the  field.    Each  Hazen  S.  Pingree  for  mayor,  and  he  was  elected 


528 


MINERAL  WOOL. 


MINNESOTA. 


by  a  small  majority  over  all.  The  Republicans 
also  gained  control  of  the  City  Council.  The 
Democrats  had  just  secured  the  State  govern- 
ment for  the  first  time  in  thirty  years,  and  the 
Detroit  split  was  of  the  deepest  moment  to  the 
State  at  mrge,  inasmuch  as  it  tended  to  jeopard 
the  supremacy  of  the  partv. 

MINERAL  WOOL  Otl  MINERAL  COT- 
TON, a  filamentous  substance  produced  from 
furnace  slag,  resembling  wool  or  cotton  in  ap- 
pearance, useful,  by  reason  of  its  low  conducting 
power,  as  packins^  to  prevent  the  freezing  of 
water  pipes  and  the  cooling  of  steam  pipes  and 
boilers,  and  also  to  keep  out  dampness,  and  as  a 
protection  against  fire,  it  being  incombustible. 
The  spray  from  the  slag  emitted  from  the  vol- 
cano of  Kilauea  is  blown  by  the  wind  into 
flassy  fibers  called  the  **  Hair  of  P^le,"  which 
ave  the  same  nature  and  character  as  artificial 
slag  wool,  the  process  of  manufacturing  which 
was  invented  by  John  Player,  and  was  patented 
at  the  United  States  Patent  Ofilce  on  Mav  31, 
1870,  and  the  patent  was  renewed  on  Feb.  1, 
1876.  The  liquid  slag  issuing  from  a  tap  in  the 
pig-iron  furnace  is  conducted  through  a  runnel 
formed  b^  coal  ashes  on  iron  plates  to  the  point 
where  it  is  to  be  blown  and  allowed  to  fall  in  a 
stream  about  1  centimetre  thick  for  a  distance 
of  15  centimetres,  where  it  is  met  by  a  powerful 
blast  of  steam.,  which  separates  it  into  long  fila- 
ments, as  fine  as  hair  and  as  white  as  wool,  in 
which  form  it  drops  into  the  room  constructed 
for  its  reception.  This  chamber  is  about  100 
feet  from  the  place  where  the  jet  of  steam  strikes 
the  falling  stream  of  slag.  In  some  furnaces 
the  slag  is  brought  on  cars  in  a  molten  state  to 
the  place  where  it  is  tapped  and  blown  into  the 
wool  house.  In  the  Krupp  works  at  Essen, 
Germany,  a  blast  of  cold  air  is  used,  instead  of  a 
jet  of  steam,  to  blow  the  slag  into  filaments. 
Ordinarily,  pellets  of  slag  of  various  sizes  are 
found  mingled  with  the  wool-like  mass.  These 
are  larger  arops  of  the  slag  that  the  blast  fails  to 
divide  thoroughly,  and  must  be  separated  from 
the  product.  A  process  for  preventing  them 
from  falling  into  the  chamber  by  means  of  a 
second  blast  of  steam  or  air  striking  the  blown 
slag  in  its  passage  through  the  air  transversely 
from  below  was  patented  in  Germany  by  A.  D. 
Elbers  in  1877.  The  light  wool,  blown  upward 
by  this  second  blast,  falls  into  a  basket,  while 
the  heavier  pellets  and  lumps  are  not  defiected 
from  their  original  course.  The  long  filaments 
are  broken  up  into  short  ones,  and  the  substance 
when  ready  for  use  has  the  appearance  of  wool 
waste.  The  handling  of  mineral  wool  is  attended 
with  some  danger  to  the  health,  as  the  fine 
threads  penetrate  the  skin  easily,  producing  in- 
fiammation,  and  the  dust  when  inhaled  irritates 
the  respiratory  organs.  In  some  furnaces,  after 
the  manufacture  of  this  by-product  was  intro- 
duced it  was  afterward  abandoned  on  account 
of  the  injurious  effects  on  the  health  of  the 
workmen.  The  uses  of  mineral  wool  are  many. 
As  a  packing  and  insulating  material  for  steam 

fiipes,  boilers,  and  cylinders  it  rivals  asbestus. 
t  is  used  for  the  insulating  layer  in  ice  chests 
and  ice  cellars.  As  a  protection  against  damp 
and  for  deadening  sound  it  is  used  in  boara 
floors,  and  also  in  roofing.  To  guard  materials 
ex|)oscd  to  damp  and  decay  it  finds  various  em- 


plo}[ments.  In  making  telegraph  cables  a  pro- 
tective layer  of  mineral  wool  is  often  Ui^-^l. 
Another  ar'plication  is  for  the  filtration  of  the 
corrosive  fiuids  used  in  the  manufacture  of  papr 
and  pasteboard.  For  purposes  of  insulation 
cotton  or  linen  hose  filled  with  mineral  w^x^l  is 
sometimes  wrapped  round  the  pipes  or  cylinders. 
Another  method  is  to  mix  it  with  dissciked 
borax  or  alum,  forming  a  soft  mass  like  mortar 
that  hardens  and  adheres  to  the  parts  that  are 
to  be  insulated 

MINNESOTA,  a  Western  State,  admitteil  to 
the  Union  May  11,  1858;  area,  83,3(>5  square 
miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  dec<?n- 
nial  census  since  admission,  was  172,023  in  I860: 
439,706  in  1870 ;  780,773  in  1880 ;  and  1,801,826 
in  1890.    Capital,  St.  Paul. 

6h>Temmeiit. — The  following  were  the  Statr- 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Williain  R. 
Merriam.  Republican  ;  Lieutenant  -  Governor. 
Gideon  S.  Ives ;  Secretary  of  State,  F.  P.  Brown : 
Auditor,  Adolph  Bierman;  Treasurer,  Joseph 
Bobloter;  Attomev-General,  Moses  E.  CUpn: 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  D.  L 
Kiehle ;  Insurance  Commissioner,  C.  P.  Bailoy ; 
Railroad  and  Warehouse  Commissioners,  John 
P.  Williams,  John  L.  Gibbs,  George  L.  Becker: 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  James  Gil- 
fiUan;  Associate  Justices,  Loren  W.  Colliits 
William  Mitchell,  Daniel  A.  Dickenson,  and 
Charles  E.  Vanderburgh. 

Finances. — The  estimated  receipts  and  diis- 
bursements  for  the  fiscal  years  1892  and  1893  are 
as  follow : 


ITEMS. 


Beeeipts: 

State  taxes 

Bailroad  taxes 

iDsaranoe  taxes 

Insaniice  fees. 

Telephone  and  telegraph  fees 

Incorporation  fees 

Interest  on  deposits 

Seed-grain  loans 

MlnlnfT  taxes 

Earning  of  various  State  institations. 

Forestry  transfer 

Misoellaneons 


189S.         1803. 


|97S,000 

780,000 

110.000 

17,000 

S,000 

80.000 

1.\000 

1^000 

6.000 

60,000 

80,000 

^000 


$1,000,000 

785.OQ0 
iNflOn 

7n.rt«> 
85i0f« 


Total |«,001.000     t2,05«.O00 


JHtbursemfnU  : 

Execntiye  expenses 

Judicial  expenses 

Printinif  and  paper 

Interest  on  railroad  bonds 

Support  of  State  insUtutions 

Kepairs,  etc.,  and  improvements. 

Boards,  commissions,  etc 

Societies 

Fire  companies 

Miscellaneous 

Printing  laws  in  newspapers.  — 
Legislative  expenses 


|d!5,000 

140.000 
8K.000 
65,000 

840.000 
80,000 
65,000 
40,000 
80,000 

184,500 


lioaooA 

14.\«'0rt 
liOOi* 

84a,»*) 

75,0<»0 
4.\(W» 
82.t»0 

15a0rt» 


Total $1,524,500     $IJ6«.5eo 


BECAPrrULATION. 

Receipts,  1 892 $2,001,000 

Disbursements,  1 892 1,524.500 

Surplus,  1892. 

Receipts,  1898 $2,050,000 

Disbursements,  1898. 1,766,500 

Surplus,  1898 

Total  surplus,  1692-^)3. 


$476,500 


$288,500 


$imfi» 


MINNESOTA.  629 


This  estimate  shows  that  the  excess  of  receipts  Repealing  the  law  recjuiring  liquor  licenftes  to  bo 

over  disbursements  for  the  years  1892-^93  will  5^^^^°  «"?  a^«  <^«rtflm  time  in  the  year  and  fw^^^^^ 

approximate  f  700,000,  which  sum  will  be  availa-  f^  ^«  ^^^^°«r  of  licenses  for  fractional  parU  of  a 

ble  for  enlarging  and  improving  State  institutions  Appropriating?  $400  for  a  monument  at  the  scene 

aiid  other  necessary  objects.    1  he  various  boards  ^f  ^g^  Indian  niaasacro  in  Swift  County, 

and  commissions  have  suggested  expenditures  Providing  for  the  organization  of  scliool  districts, 

which,  if  made,  would  involve  an  outlay  of  about  Amending  law  of  nonnal  schools.   • 

11.500,000.      It  will  probably  be  impossible  to  Regulating  labor  of  railwav  employ4«.            . 

provide  so  large  a  sum  of  money,  as  it  is  forbid-  Amending  section  235  of  the  penal  code,  relating  to 

den  by  law  to  create  any  turther  bonded  debt,  and  ^i^„^^d'ingSon  245  of  the  penal  code,  relating  to 

It  IS  undesirable  to  mcrease  the  tax  levy.  indecent  as^ult  upon  women. 

In  July,  1892,  the  payment  and  retirement  of  Amending  the  penal  code  relating  to  the  slander  of 

the  4^  per  cent.  Minnesota  railroad  adjustment  women. 

U)nds  becomes  possible.    The  amount  then  out-  Amending  penal  code  relating  to  wages  of  laborcre. 

standing  will  be  13,966,000.    All  of  this  sum,  ex-  _,       .,           ^,                 ,         ^.,.         -  ,, 

cer.i  $1,686,000.  is  held  by  the  various  trust  funds  Education.—  The  general  condition  of  the 

of  the  State.    Of  the  latter,  it  is  proposed  that  Public  schools  in  1891  is  shown  by  the  following 

a  certain  portion  be  absorbed  by  the  cash  availa-  statistics :  Number  of  pupils  enrolled  in  the  pub- 

ble  in  the  Internal  Improvement  fund,  leaving  lie  schools  entitled  to  apportionment,  225,336 ; 

about  $1,500,000  of  bonds,  which  may  be  allowed  for  which  $721,136  was  allowed,  or  about  $3.20 

to  run  at  the  rate  of  4^  per  cent.,  or  funded  for  each  pupil. 

into  a  bond  bearing  lower  interest.  It  is  rec-  The  Governor,  in  his  biennial  message,  says : 
ommended  that  a  funding  bill  be  prepared  per-  "  It  would  be  well  to  enlarge  the  present  high- 
mitting  the  proper  officers  to  take  up  the  bonds  school  board,  consisting  of  three  members,  to  five, 
when  the  option  may  be  availed  of,  in  case  any  the  two  additional  to  be  selected,  one  by  the 
saving  can  be  effected  for  the  State.  Should  the  Board  of  Regents  and  one  by  the  Normal  School 
ondition  of  the  money  market  warrant,  a  bond  Board.  The  employment  of  a  special  secretary 
luring  a  rate  as  low  as  3i  per  cent,  a  year  could  who  would  devote  his  time  to  the  inspection  and 
be  sold  at  par.  A  constitutional  amendment  improvement  of  the  high  and  graded  schools 
authorizing  the  trustees  of  the  Internal  Land  seems  to  me  desirable.  Quite  a  number  of  graded 
Improvement  fund  to  exchange  the  land  con-  schools  might  rank  as  high  schools  if  the  appro- 
tracts  in  that  fund,  amounting  to  about  $1,800,-  priation  was  increased  $8,000  a  year.  The  sum 
000,  for  the  adjustment  bonds  held  in  other  of  $400  is  allowed  each  high  school  under  certain 
trusts,  and  to  provide  that  when  so  exchanged  an  conditions,  and  at  this  time  the  appropriation 
equal  number  of  bonds  be  canceled,  thus  extin-  only  provides  for  60.  At  least  25  wlditional 
ffuishing  that  amount  of  the  State  debt,  has  been  schools  should  receive  the  aid  of  $400. 
recommended  to  the  Legislature  for  action.  State  Institutions  of  Charities  and  Cor- 

Leeislatlre  Session— The  work  of  the  Min-  rection8.-The  following  shows  the  expense 

nesota  Legislature  includes  the  passage  of  about  of  each  inmate  for  the  year  ending  July  31, 1891 : 

70  general  laws  and  about  800  special  laws.    The  St.  Peter's  Hospital,  $166 ;  Rochester  Hospital, 

chief  contests  were  over  the  usury  bill  to  reduce  $171 ;  Fergus  Falls  Hospital,  $428 ;  total  insane, 

the  legal  rate  of  interest  from  8  to  6  per  cent,  $182.    Soldiers'  Home.  $266 ;  ^hool  for  Deaf, 

which  is  disposed  of  for  two  years;  tlTe  Keyes  »109  J  School  for  Blind  $325 ;  School  for  Feeb^^^^^ 

Australian  law,  which  passed  through  the  efforts  ^ind^d,   $183:  School  for  Dependents,   $204; 

of  the  Republicans  and  a  few  Alliance  men  and  Reform  School,  $138 ;  Reformatory,  $349 ;  State 

Democrats,  requiring  the  voter  to  mark  every  Prison,  $250 ;  total.  $201. 

name  on  the  ticket,  and  the  Courier  and  Hompe  During  the  year  all   the   State  correctional 

railroad  bills,  the  former  of  which  gave  way  to  and  charitable  institutions  were  visited  except 

the  latter.    Radical  changes  have  been  made  in  the  St.  Peter's  HospiUl,  the  Soldiers  Home,  and 

the  prison  law,  and  the  binding-twine  plant  at  the  the  State  Reformatory.                  ,       ,  .           , 

State  Prison  has  been  provided  for.    The  State  The  Fergus  Falls  Hospital  was  found  jn  cxcel- 

has  been  reapportioned  into  congressional  dis-  lent  condition.    The  Rochester  Hospital  for  the 

tricts,  and  some  changes  have  been  made  in  the  Insane  was  thoroughly  inspected  and  found  m 

election  law.    Two-  constitutional  amendments  excellent  condition. 

at  least  will  be  submitted— one  in  regard  to  the  The  population  of  the  Soldiers  Home  contm- 

taxation  of  telegraph  and  telephone  lines,  and  ues  to  decrease.    The  number  of  inmates  m  the 

the  other  prohibiting  special  legislation.    The  home  has  been  as  follows:  Sept.  dO,  1888,  0-3; 

jury  svstem  and    the    penal    code    have  been  1889,121;  1890,118;  1891,110. 

amended,  and  changes  have  been  made  touching  May  31, 1889,  the  number  reached  141.      This 

the  judiciary.    The  most  important  general  laws  number  was  not  again  reached  until  i^^o- jfo* 

that  have  become  effective  are  the  following:  1891,  when  it  was  144.    After  that  time  it  de- 

T  .  .         1  *•          1  •       -n              *                •  «.«  clined  until  Auff.  31,  1891,  when  it  was  109,  the 

Jotnt  rcssolution   askimr  Conffreas  to  appropnato  j^""^^  uimw^uj,.  «*,  ^     *.  ^^  n..««.«Kor    ift«« 

m<.nev  for  a  ship  canal  around  Niagara.  lowest  number  reported  since  December    1888. 

Joint  resolution   to  Congrew   protesting  against  The  finances  of  the  home  are  in  good  condition. 

guaranteeing  the  bonds  of  the  Nicarogua  Conal.  There  was  a  surplus  of  $3,865  at  the  bcgmnmg 

Amending  the  general  laws  relating  to  the  taxation  of  the  fiscal  year,  which  had  increased  to  $8,795 

of  railroad  lands.  at  the  close  of  the  year. 

Taxing  the  output  of  minmg  companies.  jj^g  jj^^  dormitory  building  for  the  School  for 

Kisrulating  building  and  loan  associations.  ^    j^  ^  j    progressing,  but  will  not  probably  be 

Legttlizmg  the  incorporation  of  church  societies.  mw  j^c»*  »=>  ^     '^    1„  k«V«w>  Toii..o..ir  ift09      THn 

PrSviding  for  supcnJision  of  mutual  building  asso-  ready  for  occupancy  before  January,  1892.    The 

ciations.  ^          ^                                      *  number  of   pupils  is  larger   than   ever.     The 

YOU  XXXI.— 84  A 


630  MINNESOTA. 

newbuilding  will  allow  vacating  the  attic  dorroi-  the  State.    Experiments  were  continued  with 

tories.  a  great  variety  of  grasses,  many  varieties  of  com. 

The  School  for  Dependent  Children  appeared  to  with  leguminous  plants  and  root  crops.    Mixt- 

be  in  excellent  condition.    The  new  win^  for  the  ures  of  oats  and  peas  of  different  varieties  and 

littJe   children  is  approaching  completion,  and  of  different  relative  quantities  were  sown  under 

is  admirably  planned.    The  cottage  for  the  resi-  similar  and  unlike  conditions.     Root  pruning, 

dence  of  the  6tat«  agent  was  under  way.  listing,  deep  tillage  and  surface  tillage  for  com. 

The  Reform  School  is  in  process  of  removal,  together  with  tests  of  varieties  were  continued. 

The  new  plant  is  one  of  the  finest,  if  not  the  In  the  line  of  animal  industry  several  kind>  oi 

very  finest,  in  the  United  States.  work  were  undertaken  |ind  are  progressing  sati<- 

The  Reformatory  has  reached  a  satisfact-ory  factorily,  giving  promise  of   results  of  great 

financial  basis.    Beginning  the  year  with  a  defi-  value.    A  valuable  stock  of  hogs  was  secured, 

cit  of  $14,217,  it  closed  with  a  surplus  of  $10,-  Sheep  feeding  was  made  a  subject  of  experiment. 

162.     Besides  this,  unsold  stone  is  estimated  at  White  Pine. — ^There   are  really    but    thret* 

$16,000.    During  the  year  78  inmates  have  been  white  pine  States — Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  &Dd 

released,  of  whom  49  remain  under  its  guardian-  Michigan — and  for  census  purposes  statistics  of 

ship.  the  standing  pine  owned  by  manufacturers  and 

The  State  Prison  runs  quietly,  and  is  to  all  the  amount  of  State  holdings  were  collected, 

appearance  admirably  conducted.    The  managers  The  figures  of  the  latter  were  furnished  by  th« 

are  negotiating  for  an  additional  binding- twine  State  Auditor,  but  there  can  be  only  an  estimate 

plant,  bein^  encouraged  by  the  success  of  the  of  the  standing  pine  owned  by  the'OovemmenU 

binding- twme  business  thus  far.  as  the  figures  of  the  land  office  are  inconclusive. 

The  new  solitary  prison  has  been  opened,  and  In  Minnesota  the  manufacturers  have  10.000,- 

is  a  decided  improvement  upon  the  old  one.  000,000  feet  of  building  pine,  the  State  has  20,- 

The  two  years*  prison  contract  expired  Sept.  000,000,000  feet,  and  the  Federal  Government  is 
80.  No  bid  was  received,  except  tnat  of  ttie  estimated  to  have  20,000,000,000  feet,  a  total  of 
Minnesota  Thrasher  Com  pan  v,  which  was  46  cents  60,000,000,000  feet,  more  than  the  holdings  of  all 
a  day  for  half  the  convicts.  ^The  bid  was  rejected  manufacturers  in  the  three  States, 
as  being  too  low,  and  a  new  contract  was  finally  The  statistics  show  that  Minnesota  has  ad- 
closed  at  66  cents  a  day.  vanced  from  third  place  in  1880  to  first  place 

The  Cottonwood  County  poorhouse  has  proved  in  1890,  with  double  the  amount  of  manufactured 

an  expensive  nuisance,  and  the  commissioners  product.    It  is  the  opinion  of  the  expert  that 

are  seriously  discussing  the  sale  of  the  farm.  another  lumber-manufacturing   city  will  soon 

Goodhue  County  poorhouse  proves  to  be  thor-  have  to  be  built  in  Minnesota  on  the  upper  Mi^ 

oughly  satisfactory.  sissippi,  in  order  to  accommodate  needs  of  tb3 

Redwood  County  has  a  poor  farm  of  170  acres  in  manufacturers.    There  is  not  room  in  Minneap- 

the  northeastern  comer  of  the  county,  which  olis  to  manufacture  any  more,  and  with  the  im- 

served  an  admirable  purpose  in  relieving  the  mense  pine  forest  yet  untouched,  there  is  enou^ 

county  of  the  care  of  a  class  of  paupers  who  to  build  another  lumber  city  and  also  to  kc^p 

became  self-supporting  when  requirea  to  go  to  Minneapolis  going.    The  output  of  lumber  from 

the  poorhouse.  Minneapolis,  Minn.,  amounted  to  $6,584,456. 

Tne  Renville  County  commissioners  purchased  Crops.— Durine  August  a  report  was  prepared 

a  fine  farm  of  320  acres,  with  a  large  stock  bam  hj  the  State  Auditor  from  returns  recetveil  bj 

at  a  cost  of  $8,000.     Specific  reports  on  the  dif-  hira    from  the  county  auditors  of    the  State, 

ferent  county  jails  were  included  in  the  annual  These  reports  were  quite  elaborate,  and  showed 

report  of  the  commissioners.  the  Hcreage,  number  of  bushels,  and  yield  per 

Minnesota  at   the   World's    Fair.— The  acre  for  1890,  and  the  acreage  for  1891  in  the 

board  of   managers  of   the  World's  Fair  for  various  counties.    The  wheat  acreage  an  1890 

Minnesota  includes :  D.  A.  Montfort,  J.  J.  Pur-  was  2,078,787,  yielding    40,298,142  bushels  of 

long,  A.  L.  Ward,  George  N.  Lamphere,  M.  B.  grain,  but  this  year  the  acreage  is  8,359,983, 

Ilarrison,  and  L.  P.  Hunt.    Minnesota  has  been  which,  estimated  at  20  bushels  an  acre,  a  f&ir 

assigned  a  site  for  a  building.    It  is  about  175  average  for  this  year,  will  yield  67,193,660  bushels 

feet  square,  and  is  on  a  comer  of  two  avenues,  of  wheat.    The  com  crop  was  estimated  at  31.- 

It  is  in  the  improved  portion  of  Jackson  Park,  907,648  bushels,  taking  an  average  of  1^  bushel-^ 

near  a  lovely  artificial  lake,  and  only  a  short  dis-  to  the  acre;   the  oats  about  51.000,810,  on  so 

tance  from  Lake  Michigan,  with  magnificently  average  of  85  bushels  to  the  acre,  and  the  flax 

adorned  landscape  between  it  and  the  lake.    A  5,598,144  bushels,  an  average  of  12  bushels, 

legislative  appropriation  of  $50,000  has   been  The  following  gives  an  estimate  of  the  hcn^g^ 

made  and  further  funds  are  being  collected,  so  sown  in  this  State  to  the  three  great  crops— 

that  Minnesota  may  erect  a  building  and  make  com,  oats,  and   fiax — ^by  counties :   The  totAl 

a  display  equal  to  her  importance  in  the  sister-  acreage  in  corn  is  782,416,  an  increase  of  55,9*23 

hood  of  States.  acres  over  1890.  The  acreage  in  oats  is  1,457.166, 

Agriciiltnral  Experiment  Station.— The  giving  an  increase  of  117.179  acres  oyer  18ii<>. 

biennial  report  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experi-  The  fiax  acreage  is  466,512,  an  increase  of  66,371 

ment  Station   shows  that  numerous  improve-  acres  over  1890. 

ments  have  been  made  in  the  buildings  and  a  The  figures  issued  by  the  Agricultural  Depart- 

dairy  department  equipped,  in  which  there  is  an  ment  at  Washington   credit  Minnesota  wiih  a 

increasing  interest  and  demand  for  instruction,  wheat  acreage  in  1891  of  3,143,917.  bushel*  55.- 

Much  attention  was  paid  to  experiments  in  the  833,000,  value  $45,159,692;  com  814,556.  bu$^hel> 

use  of  fertilizers,  in  the  hope  of  discovering  what  21,586.000,    value    $8,418,436 ;    oats    1,415,(^. 

fertilizers  were  most  available  and  effective  in  bushels  52,015,000,  value  $14,044,163. 


MINNESOTA.  MISSISSIPPI.                   631 

Bailrotd  tnd  Warekonse  CommlsslOD.—  Le  Saeur,  Sibley,  Cwrvcr,  McLeod,  Bcnville,  and 

Since  the  creation  of  the  commission  the  records  ^t^HSI:           ^      *  i>            w    i.-  ^      ov 

demonstrate  that  much  has  been  accomplished  of  i±P*dTSS^  ^^^'  Washington,  Chicago, 

direct  benefit  to  the  ^nepal  public,  as  the  grad-  ^  r}^^  ^^^   ^^  Hennepin. 

ual  but  material  reduction  m  transportation  ^  The  counties  of  Cook,  Lake,  St  Louis,  Itasca, 

rates  for  freight  and  passengers,  and  as  requiring  Cpxlton,  Aitkin,  Crow  Wing,  rine,_Mille  Lac«,  Ano- 

Morrifion, 


_          ,                             _  Nor- 

t^tter  mMh7nerT,Tower  iiiJeiWrthri^'u^  7"'V.^'^5?'  ^'"^l';:J'S''t"f^  ^l?  l^^nW^'^T^i^^'i 

eo.t  of  transacting  business,  aided  by  a  grow-  ^o^  Stevenis  Pope,  Douglas, 

in^  traflBc,  hare  also  assisted  in  making  lighter  ^Maowaawn^T       o     *u        o*  *       j    •**  jt 

the  burdens  of  transportation.     The  commis-  ^  •fJoSISSIPPI,  a  Sonthem  State,  admitted 

Moners  regard  the  issuing  of  free  passes  as  now  to.tbe  Union  Dec.  10, 1817 ;  area,  46,810  Muare 

practiced  in  Minnesota  as  an  unjust  discriminar  ^,^^    The  population,  according  to  each  decen- 

tion  affainst  everv  nasaen^r  that  navs  and  thus  J*"*!  census  since  admission,  was  75,448  m  1820; 

non  againsrevery^passengerinai  pays,  ana  inus  g-^-    .      -^oo.   q^kusi    ;„  ijun.   unftKOft  in 


corrupti — — 

jurioasalike  to  public  and  private  interests,  and  Jackson.           ^     mi.    *  n      .                ^i.    o^  ^ 

to  the  interest  of  the  companies  themseWes,  and  GoTeniiiieiit— The  following  were  the  State 

that  it  is  one  of  the  chief  obstacles  in  the  way  officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  John  M. 

of  proper  and  necessary  reform  in  raUway  man-  gtone.  Democrat ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  M.  M. 

agementand  the  control  thereof  under  authority  Evans ;  Secretair  of  State,  George  M.  Govan ; 

of  the  State.    The  present  law  regulating  com-  Treasurer,  J.  J.  Evans ;  Auditor,  W.  W.  Stone; 

rnon  carriers  espec^ly  permits  the  issuance  of  Attorney-General,  T.  Marshall  Miller;  buperin- 

pa.«es for  the  free  transportation  of  passengers,  tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  J.  R.  Proton; 

althoQgh  aU  other  discrimination  is  prohibited  Railroad  Commissioners,  J.  F.  Sessions,  Walter 

under sereie penalties  McLaurin,  and  J.  H.  Askew;  Chief  Justice  of 

The  decision  rende^d  in  March,  1891,  bv  the  the  Supreme  Court,  Thomas  H.  Woods ;  Asso-^ 

Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States,  holding  "ate  Justices,  J.  A.  P.  Campbell  and  limothy 

that  certain  provisions  of  the  act  of  1887  regu-  E.  Cooper.         _,      ,    ,          •     ^l     ox  ..    ^ 

laiing  common  carriers  are  not  in  harmony  with  Finances.— The  balance  m  the  State  treas- 

the  Federal  Constitution,  will  make  necessary  ^H  on  Jan.  1,  1890,  after  deducting  the  sums 

H.me  changes  in  the  Minnesota  laws  in  this  re-  en^if^Jl^^  ^^i.  ex-Treasurer   Hemingway,    was 

gard.    It  was  understood  when  the  law  of  1887  $276,835.90;  the  total  re^ipts  for  the  year  fol- 

^as  enacted  that  whUe  the  railroads  were  en-  [owing  were  $1,251,698  64,  wid  the  total  dis- 

1  itled  to  receive  reasonable  rates  for  service  ren-  bursements  were  *V2iam22  leaving  a  balance 

dered,  the  legislature  was  the  sole  arbiter  as  to  on  Dec.  31  1890,  of  f  l^'l^-32.    For  the  year 

what  rates  were  reasonable.      It  was  also  ad-  }^^\  the  total  receipts  "^^'11^^^]^^^^^^ 

rnitted  that  this  power  could  be  delegated  by  total  disbursements,  $1,1 1 8  682  8^ 

the  Legislatnre  tb  a  board  of  commissioners,  ance  on  Dec.  31.  1891,  $413,396.37.    The  chief 


and  Warehouse  Commissioners,   and  provided  ^..^     t^    — ^o«-    .u  *     *  *u     o*  * 

no  means  for  a  review  of  its  action,    fhe  court  450-    ^^^J^fiiwo    'p<^^>Pt8  «rom    the    State 

of  last  resort  has  determined  that  action  upon  t«x  ^^re  $606  811.45 ;  from  the  pnvilege  taxes 

such  matters  is  not  final  either  in  a  commission  f}^^^^^'^!^^^!?^'^^''^^  $83,923.62 ;  from  retail 

or  in  the  Legislature  itself.    The  power  of  the  "^"/se^'  f  i  Zv^l  '^  V*        -n      qi   iooi   :  .i.„i 

UgisUturetS  make  reasonable  rateffor  common  .   The  total  State  debt  on  Dec.  31, 1891,  mclud- 

cArriers  is  not  denied,  but  whether  a  given  rate  mg  '°*T«L^S;5t  a^EJ^^Ik^  *^    •qo^  ^ 

so  made  is  reasonable  is  a  judicial  auction,  and  amount  to  $3,375,*3.te.  pfthissum,p7,(XK)81 

must  be  settled  as  other  matters  of  law  and  fact  represents  only  »  "<>'ni]^*]  ^ebt,  wh^h  pr^^^^ 

'^  determined,  through  the  medium  of   the  never  will  be  paid,  and  $1.606,312J0  represents 

courts.  a  <lebt  of  which  the  State  is  pledged  to  pay  the 

^  Politlcal.-Under  the  Apportionment  act  of  interest  and  not  thepnjicipaOeaving^^^^^ 

Congress  approved  Feb.  7, 18§1,  which  fixes  the  as  the  actual  payable  State  debt.    The  total  Mr 

number  of  members  of  the  House  of  Representa-  ?r,^,^d,,X*JS?V«'5  ^^  P^'^lli^l  i'no  im  fn^«filT 

tives  after  March  8, 1893,  Minnesota's  delegation  $165,847,334  in  1890  and  f  ^f  v^^^^.^^/."  ^^^^^^ 

:^as  increased  from  5  to  7,  and  the  State  has  V>oth  of  which  years  a  State  tax  of  4  mills  on  the 

been  redistricted  as  follows:  dollar  was  levied.  Tir;ccic«r.r.« 

Railroads.— There  were  built  m  Mississippi 

^  1.  The  counties  of  Houston,  Fillmore,  Mower,  Free-  during  the  year  ending  June  80, 1890, 102o7  miles 

Jjrn,  Waseca,  Steele,  Dodge,  Olmsted,  Winona,  and  of  railroad,  and  during  the  year  ending  June  80, 

'^^bwha.  1891.  42*83  miles.     The  total  mileage  in   the 


\Viu-,u  i-  -^  «w«x*,  *«p*y™j^.jx,^,  -—--"»    shows  the  white  and  co  orea  popuiaiion  oi  ino 
ll^lWMedicme,  Lac  Qm  Parle,  cLppewa,  and  Cot-     l^^^^^^^ggo  ^^^  1890,  as  rep6rted  by  the  Fed- 

3.  The  counties  of  Goodhue,  Dakota,  Rice,  Scott,     eral  census: 


532 


MISSISSIPPI. 


COXJUTOS. 


Adams 

Alcorn 

Amite 

Attala 

Benton 

Bolivar 

Calhoun 

Carroll 

Chlcknaaw. . . 

Ohoctaw 

Claiborne. . . . 

Clarke 

Clay 

Coahoma .... 

Copiah 

Covington . . . 

DeBoto 

Fianklln 

Greene 

Grenada 

Hancock 

Harrlaon  . . . . 

Hinds 

Ho1m&4 

Issaquena . . . 
Itawamba . . . 

Jackson 

Jasper 

Jefferson .... 

Jones 

Kemper 

Lafavette 

Lauderdale . . 
Lawrence.... 

*  Leake 

Lee 

Leflore 

Lincoln 

I/>wnde8 .... 

Madison 

Marion 

Marshall 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Neshoba. 

Newton 

Noxubee 

Oktibbeha... 

Panola 

Pearl  River. . 

Perry 

Pike 

Pontotoc .... 

Prentiss 

Quitman 

Kankin 

Scott 

Sharkey 

Simpson 

Smith 

Sumner 

Sunflower . . . 
Tallahatchie . 

Tate 

Tippah 

Tishomingo. . 

Tunica 

Union 

Warren 

Washlngrton . 

Wayne 

Webster 

Wilkinson... 

Winston 

Yalobusha. . . 
Yazoo 


The  State. 


WHITS. 


1800. 


C,OM 
9.64$ 
7,509 

12,666 
5,578 
8,290 

11,1S8 
8,076 
8,456 
8,180 
8,419 
7,717 
6,652 
8,168 

14,602 
6,805 
6,862 
^4M 
8.928 
8,950 
6.758 
9,108 

10,685 

6,980 

692 

10,695 
7,S10 
7,818 
8.612 
7.027 
7,845 

11.695 

14,509 
6.286 
9,826 

12.841 
2.450 

10.216 
6,y44) 
6,024 
fi.47S 
9.588 

11,980 
7.872 
8,820 

10,082 
4.616 
6,5S5 
9,064 
2,298 
4,669 

10.681 

10.629 

10,767 
888 
7,464 
6.917 
1.226 
6wl64 


2,606 
4,974 
8.898 
9,9S1 
8,289 
1,218 
11,569 
8,648 
4,669 
6,769 
9.084 
8,864 
6,977 
7,618 
8,515 


639,708 


1880. 


4,796 
9,868 
6,494 

11,658 
6.777 
8,694 

10,191 
7,881 
7,6y6 
6,587 
8,910 
7,181 
6,256 
8,412 

18,101 
4,0^)4 
7.631 
4,862 
8,881 
8.286 
4.685 
5,749 

11.675 
6,911 
826 
9,666 
6,184 
6,844 
4,260 
8,4()9 
7,100 

11,886 
9,9A9 
4,987 
8,104 

12,656 
2,280 
7,701 
5.688 
6,946 
4,450 

10,998 

10,651 
6,671 
6,556 
8,428 
6.808 
6.109 
9,521 

2,857 
8,572 
9,609 
9,787 
692 
7.198 


1,406 
4,994 
6,462 
7,289 
1,764 
4,168 
9,094 
9.8i'2 
7,611 
1,856 
9.932 
8,717 
8.478 
4,971 

•  •  •  •  ■ 

8,670 
6.118 
7.68'. 

8,498 


479,898 


COLOBCD. 


1800.     1880. 


19,978 
8^71 

10,689 
9,523 
6.007 

26.784 
8,5.0 

10,698 

11,486 
2.717 

11,095 
8,106 

18,064 

16,161 

16,680 
2,984 

17,819 

4,964 

945 

11,084 
2,626 
8,370 

28,677 

88,988 

11.628 
1,018 
8,440 
7,288 

16,408 
1,296 

10,084 
8,958 

l^l84 

6,082 

6,043 

7,699 

14.414 

7,696 

21,106 

81,297 

8,064 

16,508 

18.792 

7,085 

2,176 

6,192 

82,728 

12,109 

17,918 

669 

1,887 

10,672 

4,411 

8.918 

8,897 

10,467 

4,700 

7,189 

8,974 

1,746 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

6,876 
93S7 

10.868 
8,970 
1.018 

10,936 
4,037 

84,616 

86,7(»8 
4.041 
8.026 

18,727 
6.072 
9,011 

27,878 


747,780 


17,847 
4,409 
8,^10 
8.260 
6,246 

16,968 
8,800 
9,961 

10,209 
8,496 

12,858 
7,828 

12,110 

11,166 

14.442 
1.968 

16.848 
4,871 
7S6 
8,881 
1,764 
8,146 

82.279 

20,288 
9.174 
1.103 
8,488 

^68I 

18,061 

869 

&587 

10,286 

11,588 

4,478 

4.660 

7,814 

7,997 

6,842 

82.656 

19,907 

2,461 

18,388 

18,001 

6.677 

1,768 

4,6S6 

84,672 

10,869 

18,680 

"1,676 
8,118 
4,249 
2,421 
816 
9.659 
4.182 
4,898 
8,014 
1,636 
2,295 
2,Sl)7 
6,757 
9,627 
8,066 
1,16^ 
7,206 
8,098 
82,616 
21,861 
8,770 

'H243 
8,927 
8,116 

26342 


650,291 


There  wore  122  Chinese,  1  Japanese,  and  2,054 
Indians  in  the  State  in  1890. 

Edncation. — During  the  past  two  years  the 
enrollment  of  educable  children  has  increased 
nearly  6,000,  and  the  increase  in  average  attend- 
ance falls  but  little  below  that  number.  For 
the  same  period  the  increase  in  number  of  teach- 


ers employed  is  4Si,  and  in  salaries  |59,560. 
Within  the  past  two  years  more  than  700  &ehfx>( 
buildings  have  been  erected.  The  estiraateil 
value  of  public-school  buildings  in  the  Stole  b 
$1,129,615. 

Nearly  every  city  or  town  in  the  State  hafing 
a  population  of  1,000  or  more  is  &  separate 
school  district,  and  maintains  a  public  school  for 
eight  or  nine  months  in  the  year.  In  addition 
to  these,  many  high  schools  have  sprung  up. 

At  the  State  University  during  the  sehwl 
year  1890-'91  there  were  217  students  in  the 
collegiate  department  and  23  in  the  law  defian- 
ment ;  at  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Cul- 
lege  there  were  about  275  students ;  at  the  In- 
dustrial Institute  and  College  (for  girls).  JJO? 
students;  and  at  the  Alcorn  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  (for  colored),  238  students 
The  State  Normal  School  at  Holly  Springs  has 
an  enrollment  of  about  200  students. 

Charities.— The  accommodations  of  the  State 
Lunatic  Asylum  at  Jackson  were  increased  dur- 
ing the  year  bv  the  erection  of  a  new  building 
for  the  colored  insane,  which  will  accommodalf 
400  patients.  The  75  colored  patients  in  the 
East  Mississippi  Insane  Asylum  were  transferred 
to  it  on  Dec.  19,  making  a  total  of  550  patii?Dt5 
in  the  Jackson  institution.  The  buildings  a: 
Jackson  will  now  accommodate  about  82 J 
patients. 

At  the  East  Mississippi  Asylum,  at  Meridian, 
there  has  been  a  daily  average  of  246  patients  fr 
the  two  years  1890^*91.  There  are  also  mauj 
insane  in  the  county  jails  and  elsewhere. 

At  the  Institution  for  the  Deaf  and  Duml' 
there  were  81  pupils  at  the  close  of  the  year. 
The  cost  of  the  institution  to  the  State  in  ISDl 
was  about  118,000. 

Penitentiary.— On  Dec.  3  there  were  r43 
prisoners  at  the  State  Penitentiary,  of  whom  54 
were  white  and  489  colored.  The  average  num- 
ber during  1890  was  456,  and  during  1891, 5i>9. 
The  institution  is  now  managed  by  a  State 
Board  of  Control,  which  directly  superintends 
the  labor  of  prisoners.  During  1890  the  car- 
riage-making industry  employed  a  considerable 
number  of  prisoners  within  tne  walls,  while  the 
remainder  were  engaged  in  farming.  During 
1891,  in  addition  to  carriage-making  and  farm* 
injj,  a  portion  of  the  prisoners  were  raakin? 
brick  for  the  addition  to  the  State  Lunatii' 
Asylum  at  Jackson.  The  Penitentiarv  is  not 
only  self -supporting,  but  during  1890  tiie  Stat^ 
derived  from  it  an  income  of  $19,000,  and  dur- 
ing 1891  an  income  of  $29,295.44. 

Pen8ion8.^Since  1888,  the  first  yearinwhifh 
the  State  appropriated  money  to  p>ension  Con- 
federate soldiers,  the  list  of  pensioners  has  in- 
creased from  1,000  to  1,284,  in  1890.  The  fir>t 
year  the  fund  appropriated  was  $21,000.  and 
each  pensioner  received  $21;  in  1889  the  nun- 
ber  increased,  but  the  appropriation  was  th- 
same,  and  the  amount  paid  each  was  $17.S> 
For  1890  the  fund  was  increased  to  $30,000,  as.^ 
the  pensioners  obtained  $23.36  each. 

Confederate  Monument.— Early  in  Jono  a 
monument  to  the  Confederate  dead  of  Missi.-^ 
sippi  was  unveiled  at  Jackson  in  the  presence  cf 
a  large  concourse.  United  States  Senator  E.  C. 
Walthall  delivered  an  oration  on  the  Confe'kr- 
acy,  and  an  address  upon  the  life  and  character 


MISSOURI.  533 

of  Jefferson  Davis  was  made  by  ex-6ov.  Robert  Flnanees. — ^The  balance  in  the  Treasury  Jan. 
Lowrr.  The  roonnment  was  erected  at  a  cost  1, 1B89,  was  $585,499.07;  the  receipts  from  all 
of  fSbfOOO,  half  of  which  was  appropriated  by  sources  during  1889  were  $3,757,851.92;  the  total 
the  State  Legislature,  and  half  was  raised  by  a  receipts  in  1890  were  $3,393,513.99 ;  the  out- 
committee  of  ladies.  The  shaft  is  placed  in  a  stanaing  warrants  charged  to  the  school  fund, 
conspicuous  position  on  the  grounds  surround-  $1,996.26 ;  the  disbursements  in  1889  were  $4,- 
ing  the  State  Capitol,and  contains,  in  a  chamber  002,096.45,  and  in  1890  $2,832,280.92,  leaving  a 
at  its  base,  a  statue  of  Jefferson  Davis.  balance  Jan.  1,  1891,  of  $904,483.87.    In  the 

Political. — The  only   State   officers    to    be  State  revenue  fund  the  balance  on  Jan.  1, 1889, 

chosen  this  year  by  popular  election  were  three  was  $15,937.94 ;  the  receipts  for  the  biennial 

r&ilroad  commissioners.    At  a  State  convention  period  were  $4,273,399.51,  and  the  expenditures 

of  the  Democratic  party,  at  Jackson,  on  July^  16,  $4,092,401.78,  leaving  a  balance  Jan.  1, 1891,  of 

the  commissioners  then  in  office — J.  F.  Sessions,  $180,997.78.    The  balance  in  the  sinking  fund 

Walter  McLaurin,  and  J.  H.  Askew— were  re-  Jan.  1, 1889,  was  $330,025.78.    In  1889  $742,000 

nominated.     A  declaration  of  party  principles  was  paid  out  of  this  fund  to  redeem  maturing 

was  adopted  by  this  convention,  of  which  the  bonds,  and  in  1890  $218,000.     In  1890,  also, 

following  is  a  portion :  $33,840  was  paid  for  the  purchase  of  32  unma- 

The  f«me™  have  been  unduly  taxed;  they  have  iSSl'^"^ '  the  balance  Jan.  1, 1891.  was  ♦468,- 
Wen  made  the  bearers  of  the  burdens  imposed  for  the         m?    j*  u  *.    ^      ax.  _a     a       1.1. 

benefit  of  the  maimfacturew,  while  the  prices  of  their        The  disbursements  for  the  support  of  public 

ohiff  products  are  fixed  by  the  prices  in  Euroi>e.  The  schools  in  1889  were  $843,320.19,  and  in   1890 

pn)tective  system  has  been  so  arranged  as  to  restrict  $861,386.40,  of  which  $1,331,605.99  were  the  one 

the  markets  and  thus  reduce  the  prices  of  such  prod-  third  of  the  State  revenue  applied  to  school  pur- 

ui  u  and  at  the  same  time  enhance  the  prices  of  what  poses,  and  $371,865  were  the  receipts  from  inter- 

u'"I!!r'^"*»I^*    y,-^     ^    -1        1,    11  v.      .     ,  est  on  certificates  of  indebtedness.     The  dis- 

>v  e  believe  that  gold  and  wlver  should  be  corned  u.,«.,««,««*fl   «r^.  «k»   ^,-,^^^^  «#  ♦!,«  c*«*^  tt^: 

.n  the  i«me  tcm^  and  conditions,  and  when  the  bursements  for  the  support  of  the  State  Uni- 

(invtmmentshallcease  to  diHcriminate  between  them  varsity  during  the   biennial  penod  were  $55.- 

thiy  will  freely  circulate  side  by  side,  and  be  equally  967.08;  the  moneys  in  this  fund  arise  from  the 

u^ful  and  acceptable.    We  also  believe  there  snould  proceeds  of  the  lands  granted  by  acts  of  Con- 

U-  an  additional  issue  of  treasury  notes,  interchange-  gress  in  1818  and  1820  for  the  establishment  of 

able  with  coin,  sufficient  to  transact  the  business  of  "a  seminary  of  learning."    For  the  School  of 

tl^e  country,  and  to  relieve  the  present  financial  de-  ^jneg  ^nd  Metallurgy   $20,000  was  expended 

^TeXmand  libcnd  appropriations  for  the  improve-  ^"I'SFo^''®  ^""'^  ^^^^  ^""^  ^'''' ^^^  "°'''"*^  ^^^^« 

Jiu-nt  of  our  rivers  and  narbore.  ^^r  . ,        ^   *  ,      , 

We  are  opposed  to  what  is  known  as  the  Sub-        The  sums  paid  out  for  support  of  the  three 

tiwury  Scheme,  as  violative  of  the  time-honored  lunatic  asylums,  including  repairs  and  improve- 

irinciplea  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  a  violation  ments,  was  $250,390.58;  for  trie  Deaf  and  Dumb 

f.f  the  Democratic  idea  of  proper  construction  of  the  Asylum,  $181,481.52 ;  and  for  the  Blind  Asylum, 

( OQKtitution,  and  we  n^^t  tliat  the  discuHsion  of  g5|  qi^  23 

tljv^e  has  been  thnwt  into  the  politics  of  our  •  fhe  Missouri  Penitentiary  cost  the  State  $114.- 

'  870.46 ;  the  Reform  School  for  Boys,  $22,638.51 : 

No  party  ventured   to   place  an  opposition  and  the  Industrial  Home  for  Girls,  $17,103.97. 
ticket  in  the  field,  and  at  the  November  election        The  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  personal 

the  candidates  above  named  received  all  the  property,  including  railroad,  bridge,  and  tele- 

h&llotscast.    The  vote  for  McLaurin  was  31,986;  graph  propertv,  for  1889,  was  $807,551,460.29, 

for  Sessions,  81,552;  for  Askew,  31,475.    At  the  and  for  1890  $862,772,099.44.    Of  this,  the  rail- 

ssme  election  meabers  of  the  General  Assembly  road,  bridge,  and  telegraph  property  amount^ 

of  1892  were  chosen.     Forty-five  Senators  and  in  1889  to  $57,420,321.29,  and  in  1890  to  $60.- 

1'3  Assemblymen  were  elected,  all  regular  Dem-  322,959.44.    The  State  revenue  tax  was  |  of  1 

oorets,  except  3   Repnblicans,  1   Greenbacker.  per  cent;  the  State  interest  tax,  1^  of  1  percent, 
snd  7   Independents.     The    ''understanding"        Edneation. — For  the  school  year  ending  in 

clause  of  the  new  State  Constitution  was  not  1890  the  county  commissioners  reported  as  fol- 

rigidly  enforced  in  the  registration  of  voters  low :  White  children  of  school  age  enumerated, 

preceding  this  election.  810,707;  colored  children  of  school  age,  48,047; 

^MISSOURI,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  the  total,  858,754;  white  children  enrolled  in  the 

rn ion  Aug.  10, 1821 ;  area,  69.415  square  miles,  public  schools,  687,510;    colored  children   en- 

The  population,  according  to  the  census  of  1890,  rolled,  32,804;  total  enrollment,  620,314  ;  aver- 

was  2.679,184.    Capital,  Jeflferson  City.  age  number  of  pupils  attending  each  day,  884,- 

(JOTemment. — The  following  were  the  State  627 ;  whole  number  of  teachers  emploved,  13,785, 
oiHcers  during  the  year:  Governor,  David  R.  of  whom  6,123  were  male  and  7,662  female,  13,- 
Fnmcis ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Stephen  H.  Clav-  065  white  and  720  colored ;  average  monthly  sal- 
comb;  Secretary  of  State,  Alexander  A.  te  aryof  teachers,  $41.94;  number  of  schools  in  op- 
Sueur :  Auditor,  James  M.  Seibert :  Treasurer,  eration,  9,712,  of  which  9,205  were  white  and 
Ijon  V.  Stephens ;  Attorney-General,  John  M.  607  colored ;  total  number  of  school-rooms  oc- 
Wood,  all  Democrats;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su-  cupied,  12,574 ;  number  of  pupils  that  can  beac- 

Jreme  Court,  Thomas  A.  Sherwood ;  Associate  commodated,  701,947 ;  average  cost  per  day  for 

ndffes,  Francis  M.  Black,  Theodore  Brace,  Shep-  tuition  on  enrollment,  4*9  cents ;  average  cost  per 

sni  Barclav,  James  B.  Gantt.  J.  L.  Thomas,  and  day  for  tuition  on  average  attendance,  7*9  cents. 

Ciporge  B.  MacFarlane ;  Clerk,  Jacob  D.  Conner,  The  value  of  school  property  in  the  State  was 

all  Democrats ;  Superintendent  of  Public  Schools,  $12,194,381.    The  receipts  and  expenditures  for 

lilojrd  E.  Wolfe.  the  year,  as  reported  by  the  county  commission- 


534  MISSOURI. 

ers,  were  as  follow:  Amount  on  hand  July  1,        LecrislatiTe  Session. — The  thirty-sixth  Lei:- 

1889,  $1,413,826.74;  receipts  during  the  year  for  islative  session  began  on  Jan.  7,  and  adjourn^ 

tuition    fees,   f20,848.44 ;    from  public  funds,  on  March  24.     A  vote  was  taken  Jan.  27  for 

$1,487,515.98;  from  railroad  tax,  $204,747.72;  United  States  Senator.    In  the  Senate  George 

from  loan  voted,  $582,787.10;  from  local  taxa-  G.  Vest  received  24  votes;   Samuel  W.  Jleadlee, 

tion,  $4,214,237.18;  total  receipts,  $7,932,463.16 ;  7;  and  0.    D.  Jones.  1.    In  the    House  Vest 

amount  paid  for  teachers'  wages.  $3,472,225.26 ;  received  106  votes ;  Headlee,  25 ;  and  LerereU 

for  incidental  expenses,  $665,928.63;  for  salaries  Leonard,  8.    The  following  day  a  joint  session 

of  district  clerks,  $213,922.54 ;  for  purchase  of  was    held,  the   vote  was  verified,  and  Sen&tor 

sites,  erection  of  school-houses,  and  furnishing  Vest  declared  his  own  successor.    Gov.  Francis 

them,  $704,103.66;  for  repairs  and  rent,  $350,-  sent  in  his  message  Jan.  9.    Among  hisrecom- 

280.08 ;    for    defraying    indebtedness  (sinking  mendations  is  one  for  the  restoration  of  the 

fund  and   interest),    $223,608.64 ;   for  library.  Board  of  Fund  Commissioners,  abolished  bj  the 

$27,801.71;    total  expenditures,  $5,657,870.52;  thirty-fifth  General  Assembly.    Under  the  head 

amount  on  hand  July  1,  1890,  $2,274,592.64.  of  legal  matters,  the  Governor  calls  attention  to 

The  number  of  volumes  in  the  district  libraries  the  claim  of  the  State  against  the  St.  Louis  and 

was  130,880.    The  number  of  trees  planted  on  San  Francisco  Railroad  for  $800,000,  being  the 

Arbor  Day  was  9,903.  purchase  price  for  that  railroad,  which  the  Sinte 

The  permanent  school  funds  were  as  follow :  nad  sold  on  March  17, 1868.    Suit  was  instituted 

Total  amount  of  St4ite  school  fund  in  State  cer-  in  the  circuit  court  of  St.  Louis  Jan.  30, 1889, 

tificates  and  cash  in  the  treasurer  to  the  credit  of  the  dav  before  the  ten-year  period  of  limitation 

the  school  fund,  $8,140,853 ;  university  or  semi-  would  nave  expired,  for  the  principal  and  6  per 

nary  fund,  $540,000;  county  school  fund  $3,-  cent,  interest  from  maturity.     The  defendant 

687,565.43  ;    township    school    fund,    $3,831,-  filed  a  demurrer  to  the  State's  petition,  bat  it 

056.95 ;  district-public-school  fund,  $48,407.61 ;  was  overruled,  and  the  case  set  for  trial  at  the 

total,  $10,747,881.99.  February  term  of  the  St.  Louis  circuit  court. 

The  total  number  of  students  enrolled  in  the  The  attorneys  of  the  railroad  have  notified  the 

preparatory  and  college  departments  of  the  State  State  of  their  intention  to  take  depositions  in 

University  at  Columbia  was  245,  and  in  the  pro-  New  York  and  various  other  cities,  beginning 

fessional  courses  187.    Of  the  latter,  9  were  in  Jan.  10, 1881. 

the  agricultural,  60  in  the  normal,  69  in  the  law,        In  regard  to  education  the  Governor  said: 
17  in  the  medical,  38  in  the  engineering,  and  4       The  last  Legislature  set  aside  one  thiid  of  the  rew- 

in  the  commercial  department.  nue  for  the  support  of  the  public  BchooU,  and.  in 

The  semi-oentennial  anniversary  of  the  laying  addition,  appropriated  $183,388  for  the  State  Cniver- 

of  the  comer-stone  of  the  university  was  cele-  sit/  and  State  normal  schools,  making  a  totol  appp>- 

brated  July  4, 1890.    The  connection  that  had  VJ}*!^^?^  ^^l  ^ho  benefit  of  education  for  the  y^^tri 

existed  for  several  years  between  this  institution  1889-90  of  ?1.514,m99.    In  addition  to  this  sum  ti^ 

and  the  l«»«^uri  Jedi«.l  CoUege  at  St  Louis  ^^JlCSl^^^r^^d^^^^fu^^^^^ 

was  severed  m  1890.    Dr.  A.  W.  MoAlester  was  $1,942,508.99  paid  out  of  the  State  treiSun'  for  the 

appointed  dean  of  the  medical  department,  and  promotion  of  education  in  Missouri  during  the  past 

a  thorough   three  vears'  course  was  adopted,  twoveare.    This  is  independent  of  the  money  nt»c^ 

The  General  Assemblv  enacted  a  law  in  18o9  by  in  tne  school  districts  of  the  State  by  local  taxati'Hi 

which  the  military  'department  of    the  State  and  from  country  and  township  funds,  which,  for  the 

University  was  made  the  Missouri  State  Military  ^^^  Jf^"  ^^^^,^t  It^J^^^^"^  $S.Si6A9yj>  a 

School.    The  corps  of  cadets  is  to  consist  of  one  ^J^\^^^  f  $10,4or,656.»0  paid  V  the  people  oi  Mis- 

^iix^vi.     a.ii«  v^iiJ-o  x^i  v.av.cuo  *o  vv  wiicu>>»  yx  vr»o  Roun  foF  scbool  puTposes  dunnsr  the  past  two  yeare. 
from  each  senatonal  and  representative  district  *^    *^  »        r—        ^ 

in  the  State,  each  to  be  an  actual  resident  in  the        Among  the  bills  passed  by  tlie  Legislature  were 

district  and  appointed  by  the  Senator  or  the  the  following : 

Representative  in  August  of  each  year.  These  ca-       Prohibiting  the  alien  ownership  of  land, 
dets  pay  no  tuition  fees,  but  only  laboratory  and        Bequiring  mine  operators  to  give  employed  ncoo 

incidental  fees  in  any  department  of  the  uni-  hour  above  ground, 
versity  where  they  may  be  matriculated,  and  are       Extending  the  Australian  ballot  law  to  all  parts  of 

reckoned  a  part  of  the  National  Guard  of  the  t'^o^if*  *   r        i     a    j       j     j-.^i^4 

a*«f«  u.,*j».;;fa  ^nu«.»  ^..^»{.<i*;rx*,  «»,,i  o„u         For  the  assessment  of  surplus  ftmds  and  undivided 

State,  having  its  military  organization  and  sub-  aividends  of  banks. 

ject  to  its  rules.  .       ,  ,      ,  ,      ^  Prohibiting  pool  selling  and  book-makinjj.    Mak- 

By  a  congressional  land  grant  the  State  re-  in^  it  a  felony  to  blacklist  employe*, 
ceived  about  800,000  acres  for  the  endowment  and        For  endowment  of  the  State  University, 
maintenance  of  a  college  of  the  mechanic  arts.        Requiring   original-package  dealers  to  take  out 

All  but  about  60,000  acres  has  been  sold,  and  ^"?"***'*^P.^^^®'^®1,  .^  ^^  ,        ^  ^.^    .  *l 

from  the  proceeds  $312,000  invested  in  State  cer-  Wor^S'Tlai^f '^         '  * 

tificates  at  5  per  cent.    The  State  has  designated        yj^^j      the'legal  contract  rate  of  interest  at  8  jxt 

Columbia  as  the  site  of  the  college,  but  has  so  ^eQ^. 

far  failed  to  provide  tl^e  buildings  to  which  the        Providing  for  the  forfeiture  of  principal  and  inter 

congressional  grant  can  not  be  applied.  est  in  cases  where  exceeding  10  per  cent  interc-st  i-' 

Tne  enrollment  at  the  State  normal  schools  changed, 
was  as  follows:  At  Kirksville,  620  pupils;   at        Appropriating  one  third  of  the  revenue  for  sch^'l 

Warrensburg,  744;  at  Cape  Girardeau,  849.  The  purposes.  ,    ,  -^^^ 

Lincoln  Inst|ute  for  t™%  colored  teachers,  J^nTr  SiTIJit^^l^rfr  IJ^T^n^^^ 

at  Jefferson  City,  enrolled  52  pupils  m  the  nor-  ^^^  g^ut^^  * 

mal  department  out  of  a  total  of  183.    About        Taxing  sleeping-car  companies  |2  on  the  $100  d 

7,591  were  reported  enrolled  in  private  schools,  gross  eainings. 


.     ^  •'•■''"    for   Fupi»fit    of    tli<»   S*   •••  1.      1  '     -      '  '     ^ 

j».  ..«itn'    j'.inirs    t»>    \'  \>\    f    ••«-  '    . 

J'  • 

1  i 

1*1  1  '  r    1         ' 

'.'..-     .i.'i'UitMl,  but  llii^  Mi| '»rm'  ('<-urt,  j  ,.  .. 

^(«i:iu<l    lU^faUulion  •    i.ih  rnse  (-"o 

..    ^      '1"U:ih\ia"    for    l"^'.*'!.    {».    iih.'t)    wi^-  i   .. 

:     irml  4ti  M,i_>  h<**or«»  .Itid^i   Uuri^^i'.s--,  ii  ,.,   . 

.**'iM»  iiiSiruci:-.''  •<    t<     tl.i-  j'lr;  wns   Jt**  f,, 

-     ••  ikfon*  >ou  I'un  ct'iivif  f  i.n       fcn-laiit  j., 

K-  money  to  his  >wn  us«\w!i|j  i  k  ii  if'.[  •    .  .- 

■  iiM«  nl  4  oilvciLiiti;  •     !•  "ain   said   iiumh'V  it   .t     . 

'.\<»  the  Si  \te  of  i»."    '!*t^  jt.'v  s:.    u  v..- 

•    >.  \.  And  wt^rc  rii.s4'hatg'<Mi.     On  tiu;  i.i  \t  |., 

.•:  Juiy,  the  ji.iV    remitTtMl   a   vcnlict    tt  |. 

'••  iu5  th»i|jiiiui>IiMieMT  ,»i  two  yi'»ir>  in  IIm'  j^'.    .*.. 

MiMiy.     MotioiK   wen-    nia<i«'   for  u   th-t  ,.  ,,  „ 

'    •►iivj  uioni!'.!'.^  .«[  Ill*    mrv  win*  irir    !i-  <\,..  . 

•>  rwi>firi  of  int«'\ii»it4i<ri,  .n-ii   ^.^Mn•  r»n  f-r.  .  . 
.  i'   oT    opinionN   j>rt'\i'\    ^    foiin<*<i.      i '.         .«   •    ■ 

!i  was  <ii»nit*l.     A[»jH  u  w  -^  iiion  i.ikri'  ♦<>  \.  ,"r  .  ■« 

■  :|'r»'rne  Court.    Tr-:    .  ■'• -tiil  ot}i.>r  ii..|i;  I-  'I  •. 

.^/linst  th    <x-'I  n  }i-'"^vr.    mk'   it»r  f«»r:::rrv  :^!    7   ''i    »• 

■•  I'thtT  itir  hMijiriL'  f.    "*-•  '"■'"  nH'ii'>y.  '!  .     u 

't   ronfedrnitr*  ll<»m»».     i    ;-  ih>ti«*ii;..  I',  .  .  ,i.  • 

fii'-:;rin>vill»%    v-      -  •         i    m   j\].i:l.   j«   d  f.  ■       i- 

•.    I  "L  reatly   !-     ^t-     •.•••.   ••!   to   ir^    tu.l  ..,  ■.  .• 

V.  ii  <  j»ro\i>'  «•  ;»»■  :         i;j>ortuf  lift  fii  :    •   -  r.« 

"'.•»i.'Ical  Snrr»%.  ■-^••  »"  •  oi  t',,»  j..'^rj»;,.  " 

"■  ?..'  AniT"-'    a' .1    -^     '   .1-  \S  in-^low  was  .  m      , 

.  >  iM  N't'*'  I! .-  lo.  T'»  vti  r-'r   ''f.  .i«»M  h  »        ",     '*»...  ,  *  '   i        •   •  ■■  ^ 

.  ^.  ..'     ..,.:,  •'  ..;^\  J-fM.  ^!.o\*-  If  \  I   '» 

.-f     .'t     •••       ;•'.,     I"    lla*  Olid   (>f    I'-lM)  V.  ,'1 

■"'<)       ^'i  >[  '         •   'M  rt<    h}l^'o    '" '  ,1  T- '    I         ..         i         *■  ■       .    vii 

,.>''l.«  -d       /.       f'J"     H'SllltS     of     !■■•'  Mr'  .I*-.    .-. 

I     ■•..•••      '  ♦«.     I-    it    rir>'i;''i*>>'<-»"l.  n  i*  '  •  •  •  f 

•    I       '••• .'  .!r  '.' >  (Kid  hi'CT)  d"ii<'  l»v  i[t  I''*    .  '     •  '  .  ' 

.lul  ij )»'!  fj*  ;«"•'!<.    TIm' Ti'«"^«  Tit  M '('■«..  ..-    >>       .       .     '  -  \.-'l- 

M      .■•'.  t'    »'«       "Iv  in{'>  tht'^»' smO-  mi^   »'       .•     .  '  .  ■  '       ''   '.  j» 

►    '.   n,.  in   Jul  '••;(»n   tfio  chiys.  \i  m  ^1  '•■•     ?   I 

'I  ;■  ■     ;v  '\  .       'l  «'■  Infills,  aii'l  r«''  ■        '  ».,'■'» 

•    •  /   v\ii(l\  no  s<"('i.;  ;':i'.  aii'l  t!n   1  '    f   'i    ■    .       •     ^ 

.    '  h.id     *K'»  ?i     iuMdo;     1.574  no   I'^'.ts*    ..     •  i      ,    ■ 

'..'•1    Kt  ,.'    (1    Hr  d    mn])j»d  Im.iI-!    >       •' «    .    •        •-   »» 

•I*  •  ii;-MMlM.ti   !i  r.f  tb»»  pra'iit«'*4  .w'!    w* 

•\\nv^.     A  )tr<  i'fiiinary  r^-port  fr-ir\\      i    i'*  • 

•  •  '^    iz'w'i-s   rvsiilt-  ()f  \ho   livUl  r•il-^,  ^^    :•    »»  i 
.iir'nir  the  year-*  1M90-'J)1.  it  \n»i^ '.«'•■.  •    •       a     ,      i 

•  .<•  The  vfihif  nf  Coal  and  coal  ••old.  m -i   ♦>         '•    !  n.s    ' 
-"v^  it  "irmM  n  main  iiKJ^tcr-  iinh»  .'•%     '«    ':  t 

•  -siion  of  ihr  arnouut  (if  thn  which  'i.   i    •      .  '■•  . 

^Vr'h   a   bed    2  ft'ct   thick,  the  it-r-d  H.-.n  ■     .  •«.,.    ■ 

■"O  totj^    of   ftvailahlo   eonl    jht  s<'1uh»I  h\   k  ■•|»' '  i;  i-    '• 

ton.  i<<  *:> 'J"»U.     '1  ho  valiK    of  tri.j'  !    n.  .ii-  '    •    . 

.   t«/triro   rnilo  ni  siudi   i'< -d    is  «?i  »i'  th'V  \>«'«   •^n'   '•     . 

•  .1  1-iw  a  profit  of  10  (•('nt>  ]>or  ^Mwtiiwn^,      I'lif   ;m'  -. 

'   A  tlie  coal  from  an  acre  of  a  caiitnin  i>f  Alt'ekU'iiluirg  ii-.-.^-'w  i**  li-t  i-'rcuch 


■  '• 

r 


.  '1- 

•  ♦    •*.- 

t.   •••  1  ;• 

.irr«   t.» 

•  ■  \.  in 

■    .      0- 

« 

• .  :vir 

1   t    .1.- 

:  and 

;k'\  Hs 

^t-ritL 


MOLTKK, 


535 


1  .r  suppn>rt  of  tlio  ^*  *  * 

.     •      .    ill  nl  ^'mIJiI"'    -.    •!•  J-*. 

I.-:   in'    hut   llip  Mipiiiji'  ('<urt, 

.    I  .1  in  h.'  c*«»n>titutn.!;Hl. 

><*L«ud    Uefalcution.-    mw  caso   ■- ♦<» 

*  •  ■•{"TiatliA"    for    1M'<»,    j<.   .Vi.Ii    v.»« 

irwu  ih  M.i\  lK?lon*  .liia^«   r»iu.^<>%a 

"**  i»i>iriiLl :«>*■'<   t<    Ihi'  j'ji'  \N«j«   M'^ 

"  lkff»rf  you  ran  couvi«f  tin    •   fi-'i'Luit 

*  iM*|h  »e   lK.\ton<1  &  reason fi hi'"  «t«"uhi. 
•  •  M«I»!nce  ih  the  t-ift^*,  tlmt  '»<•    .•.-.■«    i 

money  lo  his  own  use,  Hiih  : 

.jh»*<il  (ouverUiig  t<.  retain  Winl    .•    im  - 
••i\e    the   fcit.lti;  of  It."     T*  (^  jii'\     - 

^.v.  and  wi?r('  disfhurgcti.     On  I  hi    i  .  xi 
.J  July,  the  jurv   renders  I  a  vtnii  r      f 
*'-  iius  LhtL^uiiLis^liment  at  tw«i\iMr^    u  .•  i 
'f/iiy.     Afotion.H  wen?   mml«'   fi)r  u   .■    ' 
p'  Tiuli^R  Burgess  the  attid.»\ii>  mIVi'  .- 
->iii«.' memlMtrjs  ot  lh»?  jur>  w<n  m 
h\  reason  of  intoxieauon.  .wA    ... 
j'    of    opinions  previi  ti-»»    ftiiir..<:       •• 
ii  was  iieniid.     Ap{K>al  w»^  ih«*fi  •  ikm 
'[•rerao  Court.    Th«'r«*  mTi* -till  ofli  •    m   !    • 
i>:ainst  th'  ex-Tn^asUTr.   *ue   tt.i  f. ■•  .•  r » 
.]•*  uthf'r  lor  loaning  ttu*  Sfns  '-  m  •  •  \ 
•  lie  (onffdernto  Home.— 'i  l:«-  in-.* 
.     Hi irjLjinsvilie,    wa**    oprn*-*!    wi    A.-; 

■•    i.ot    n?ady   to   Ik;   op«t-5,'»,t    t,.    .;     •  ., 
y,  h.>s  provifjou  for  lis"  •  ii|.^'V'r:    f  i.i-  . 

'"•Injrlcal  Snrrpy. — An  a**  oi  i  .    i.  . 

"and  Minos;  the  U>anl  wn<«'rjjn.  /-.i 
I'  w'ntr  August,  and  Arlh  .i  H  r.  >i-\v  w 
St^ate(W)ioifiJ<t'. «"»tor!"t,' oi;      •  <     <*  .-. 
'wties  in  Sept^^in'vT.    l!.^i»nt'f 
»  th"   Le^i''ijitnr4' in  .j:Uiu  n  ••    1 -'•        .   •• - 
(♦•st    of   th«''    *rirv»»\    t«»   f.,t»*:Ml     *    i    'hi 
*i<j.ll><.10.      Mdnthlv '  rt-'K-n-*    hx- 1>    •    •   . 
i."i  b'lileinis  i-s-sUtHj,  C'^h*^  n'^n't-.  «  .  •    •• 
!  :   «.i»i  la!  dffmrtMU'T'ts    i>    it    f      .   •    "J 

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.'"Me  inoH' th'ir<' ,  ^hlv  into  1  ri' ^*  ..  ,i.- 

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'■  •  ^.  hrn«»*',  sand-.       "^  <•-  :ii<mi»^    jo  <i 
V  -t*- .,  (>.f  wineli  no  n  •■  ;  \.  • 

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I.M'0*;it*<  give?*  rc.snlt>  of  the  ti»ld 
a  ihirinjr  the  years  1H<K>-'»1. 
•   !  re  to  the  value  «»f  eoal  and  eo»d 
rt  '<ays  it  "mu««t  remain  iiuhMer- 

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I.     With  a   Vm'<]    2  feet  thiek,  the 

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'  'Vf  allow  a  profit  of  10  cents  per 
•due  of  the  coal  from  an  acre  of 


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'  .'■  -lOjinpri}'"  .•  J,  f  •?■  'ie-  State  LnnM*l«*  .\  v- 

•  Ml  Khitun.  \\>i>  !»;40,o(»()  for  supfor*.  ?s'JO(mm) 
'  :•  i'»>0!i.  nl>,   and    $19,200    for    >-jilnr'e«. 

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a  (.nptaia  of  Mecklenburg  lrooi>b  u^  l^^  i  ^^^^fi 


636  MOLTKE,  HELMUTII  KARL  BERNOARD. 

service,  was  killed  in  Russia  at  the  passa£:e  of  the  after  he  had  been  made  a  major,  they  were  roa> 
Beresina  in  1812.  In  1818  young  llelmuth  passed  ried.  He  was  much  his  wife's  senior,  yet  their 
his  examination  as  candidate  for  a  degree  at  the  union,  until  it  was  broken  by  her  death  in  186B, 
head  of  his  class.  He  served  for  a  year  as  a  page  was  remarkably  harmonious  and  aifectioDate. 
at  court,  as  the  rules  of  the  Danish  service  re-  though  they  had  no  children.  In  1845  he  pub- 
quired,  and  in  March,  1819,  was  appointed  a  lished  a  critical  work  on  *'  The  Russo-Turkish 
lieutenant  in  the  Oldenburg  regiment.  He  won  Campaign  of  1828-'29  in  European  Turkey/* 
the  good-will  of  his  superiors  by  his  attention  to  that  made  a  great  impression  on  armv  circles' in 
duty  and  zeal  for  knowledge.  Desiring  to  serve  Germany  and  still  stands  high  among  the  cla&^'u-s 
for  a  time  under  the  Prussian  flag  in  order  to  of  military  criticism.  In  the  same  year  he  w&. 
complete  his  training,  he  asked  the  King  for  an  appointed  aide-de-camp  to  Prince  tieinrich  of 
advance  of  pay,  as  he  was  very  poor.  His  colo-  Prussia,  who  was  living  in  Rome,  where  he  died 
neU  the  Duke  of  Hoist ein,  afterward  King  of  in  the  following  year.  After  his  return  from  the 
Denmark,  gave  him  leave  of  absence  and  good  East  Moltke  h^  published  maps  of  the  Bospo- 
recommendations ;  but  the  King,  whom  he  rus  and  Constantinople  and  had  drawn  the  map 
promised  to  repay  by  acquiring  such  knowled^  of  Asia  Minor  published  in  Kiepert*s  *'  Atlas, 
and  capacity  in  the  Prussian  service  as  wouid  and  while  in  Rome  he  made  a  map  of  the  city 
enable  him  to  serve  Denmark  more  efficiently,  and  its  environs.  While  the  prince  s  corpse  was 
refused  to  pay  the  expenses  of  any  Danish  officer  borne  on  board  a  man-of-war  to  Germany,  Moltke 
seeking  service  abroad,  and  owing  to  this  refusal  traveled  through  Spain  and  France,  leaving  the 
the  future  strategist  of  the  Schleswig-Holstein  ship  at  Gibraltar.  For  the  next  two  years  he 
campaign  remained  in  the  Prussian  service,  served  on  the  staff  of  the  Eighth  Army  Corps 
which  ne  entered  in  1822.  He  became  a  second  stationed  at  Coblentz,  and  then  was  given  char^ 
lieutenant  in  the  infantry  regiment  stationed  at  of  a  department  of  the  general  staff  at  Berlin, 
Frankfort-on-the-Main,  and  did  regimental  duty  from  which  he  was  transferred  before  lon^ 
for  a  short  time,  after  which  he  studied  in  the  to  the  post  of  chief  of  staff  of  the  Magdeburg 
military  academy  at  Berlin  and  in  the  school  at  corps,  being  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  in  1850 
Frankfort-on-the-Oder,  and  applied  himself  so  and  colonel  in  1851.  In  1855  he  was  called  from 
assiduously  to  the  practice  and  theory  of  the  this  post  to  become  aide-de-camp  to  Prince  Fried- 
military  art  that  in  1832  he  was  assigned  to  duty  rich  Wilhelm,  the  future  Kaiser  Friedrich.  Ho 
on  the  general  staff.  He  took  part  in  the  topo-  accompanied  this  Prince  to  St.  Petersburg  and 
graphical  survey  of  Silesia  and  Posen.  About  Moscow  in  1856,  on  the  occasion  of  the  Czar's 
this  time  he  published  a  pamphlet  entitled  coronation.  Graphic  and  unr^trained  pictures 
"Holland  and  Belgium,"  discussing  the  politico-  of  court  life  ana  observations  on  the  country, 
military  aspects  of  the  secession  of  Belgium  from  the  people,  and  the  army,  contained  in  letters  to 
the  Netherlands.  In  1835  he  obtained  leave  of  his  wife,  were  printed  without  leave  long  after- 
absence  to  visit  the  East,  and  was  presented  to  ward  in  a  Danish  newspaper,  and  later  in  an 
the  Sultan  Mahmoud,  who  asked  him  to  remain  authorized  version  in  the  "  Rundschau'*  and  in 
in  order  to  assist  Chosref  Pasha  in  reorganizing  the  form  of  a  pamphlet.  He  was  made  a  major- 
the  Turkish  army  on  the  Prussian  system.  Will-  general  in  1856,  and  after  the  trip  to  Russia  be 
ing  to  oblige  the  Sultan,  the  King  of  Prussia  went  with  the  prince  to  England,  and  remained 
gave  his  permission.  When  Mehemet  Ali,  with  him  when  he  took  command  of  a  regiment 
Viceroy  of  Egypt,  invaded  Syria,  Moltke  and  at  Breslau  and  in  1857  of  the  First  Brigade  of 
another  officer  named  MQhlbach  went  to  the  the  Guards. 

headquarters  of  Hafiz  Pasha  in  the  valley  of  the        When  Gen.  Reyher  died,  in  1857,  Moltke,  one 

Euphrates  to  act  as  military  advisers.    In  the  of  the  youngest  general  officers  in  the  service, 

advance  of  the  Turkish  army,  70,000  strong,  on  was  intrusted  with  the  duties  of  chief  of  the 

Aleppo  Moltke   commanded  the  artillery.     He  general  staff,  though  only  provisionally  till  May. 

advised  the  commander-in-chief  to  remain  on  the  1859,  when  he  was  permanently  appointed  chief 

defensive  until  the  raw  troops  could  be  trained  of  staff  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant-general, 

into  some  degree  of  efficiency,  and  when  Hafiz  His  preparations   for   mobilization    when   the 

Pasha,  relying  on  the  enthusiasm  roused  by  the  French  army  advanced  through  Lombardy  con- 

moUaha,  insisted  on  making  the  disastrous  attack  vinced  the  Prussian  military  authorities  that  he 

on  Ibrahim  Pasha's  position,  Moltke  predicted  would  uphold  and  improve  the  standards  set  by 

that  on  the  morrow  he  would  be  a  general  with-  Schamhorst,  Gneisenau,  Muffling,  and  Revher, 

out  troops.    Returning  to  Berlin   in  August,  and  impelled  the  French  Emperor  speedify  to 

1839,  Moltke  was  placed  again  on  the  general  concluae  the  peace  of  Villafranca.    A  critical 

staff,  and  for  his  services  in  the  Syrian  campaign  history  of  the  Italian  campaign  prepared  under 

he  received  the  order  Pour  le  Merife,    A  year  his  direction  was  the  first  of  a  series  of  valuable 

later  he  was  assigned  to  the  staff  of  the  Fourth  military  works  issued  by  the  Prussian  staff.  Tho 

Army  Corps,  stationed  at  Magdeburg.    Descrip-  prospect  of  a  war  with  a  maritime  power  caused 

tions  of   his  experiences  and    observations  in  the  Prussian  Government  to  commission  Moltke 

Turkey  contained  in  his  correspondence  with  his  to  prepare,  at  the  shortest  notice,  a   general 

sister,  Frau  Burt,  wife  of  an  Englishman  living  scheme  of  naval  defense,  which  was  worked  out 

in  Holstcin,  were  published  under  the  title  of  with  the  assistance  of  the  best  fnaval  and  engi- 

•*  Letters  from  Turkey,  1885-'39."    These  letters,  neer  officers.    The  plans,  which   involved  the 

which  gave  him  a  high  literary  reputation,  had  creation  of  a  common  navy  under  Prussian  di- 

already  won  the  admiration  of  Mr.  Burt's  attract-  rection,  were  submitted  to  the  Diet  at  Frankfort, 

ive  daughter,  and  this  impression  ripened  into  but,  the  war  cloud  having  passed  over,  they  wen* 

love  when  they  met  in  her  father's  house.    They  not  examined  for  three  years,  at  the  end  of  which 

were  soon  engaged,  and  in  April,  1842,  a  few  days  a  federal  commission  condemned  all  the  Pnis- 


MOLTKE,  HELMUTII  KARL  BERNHARD.  637 

sian  propositions.    When  Wilhelm  I,  who  had    and  a  man  of  aesthetic  and  literary  tastes,  Baron 
acted    as   Regent  since  1857,  became  King  in    von  Moltke  was  so  sparing  of  words  that  he  was 


Bismarck,  the  head  of  the  Cabinet,  and  Gen.  von  German  array  which  Gen.  von  Moltke  explained 
Koon,  the  Secretary  of  War,  to  carry  on  the  to  Parliament,  as  far  as  was  necessary,  in  terse 
fight  for  the  new  armaments  in  Parliament,  and  weighty  speeches,  as  he  had  been  elected 
Moltke  proceeded  with  the  organization,  which  Deputy  for  a  district  in  East  Prussia. 
was  completed  in  1863.  In  1864  the  war  of  When  the  French  war  broke  ont  the  prepara- 
Prussia  and  Austria  against  Denmark  on  account  tions  had  been  so  complete,  down  to  the  mmut- 
of  the  Elbe  duchies  gave  him  his  chance  to  est  details,  that  a  rapid  concentration  of  the 
[>rove  his  strategical  ability  by  drawing  up  the  Prussian  troops  on  the  line  of  the  Rhine  pre- 
j>lan  of  operations  against  the  army  in  which  he  vented  the  invasion  of  German  territory.  A 
ha<i  first  learned  the  soldier's  trade.  After  Field-  bold  advance  of  the  three  German  armies,  at  first 
Marshal  von  Wrangel  had  invaded  the  duchies  extended  over  a  line  of  150  miles,  drawing 
and  taken  DQppel  bv  storm,  as  he  had  planned,  together  after  the  affair  at  Worth,  caused  Idao- 
Moltke  accompanied  th^  King  to  the  seat  of  war  Mahon  to  retire,  and  closed  in  round  Metz,  cut- 
and  directed  the  concluding  operations  as  chief  ting  Bazaine*s  line  of  retreat  to  Chalons.  These 
of  staff  with  Prince  Friedricn  Karl  as  com-  movements  were  executed  with  sufficient  caution 
mander- in-chief.  When  it  was  discovered  that  to  allow  the  German  armies  to  support  one  another 
England  would  not  interfere,  the  German  army  in  case  of  a  French  attack,  but  promptly  enough 
was  allowed  to  deliver  a  crushing  blow  to  to  give  the  Germans  a  great  advantage  from  the 
the  Danes,  which  was  easy  to  do  with  the  beginning.  The  campaign  was  not  planned,  for 
needle-gun  and  breech-loading  cannon,  and  to  no  one  could  have  foreseen  the  disorganization 
occupy  Jutland  and  the  islands  too.  if  necessary,  of  the  French  defense  caused  by  the  concur- 
in  order  to  obtain  the  desired  terms,  which  were  rent  political  revolution.  The  German  mobili- 
ihe  annexation  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lau-  zation  in  July,  1870,  when  870,000  men,  with  1,- 
enburg  to  Germany.  The  allies  quarreled  about  200  guns,  in  the  space  of  two  weeks  were  massed 
the  possession  of  the  duchies,  and  in  1860  Prus-  on  the  frontier  between  Coblentz  and  Germers- 
sia  found  herself  at  war  with  Austria  and  the  heim,wasafeat  that  had  never  been  accomplished 
majority  of  the  confederated  German  states,  before,  and  was  a  striking  manifestation  of 
Sarrounded  by  enemies  and  in  danger  of  having  Moltke's  genius  as  a  military  administrator, 
whole  sections  of  the  monarchy  cut  off  from  the  Before  March  1, 1871,  a  million'German  soldiers 
main  body,  it  was  necessary  for  the  Prussians  to  were  united  on  French  territory,  while  a  quarter 
cany  the  war  into  the  enemy*s  country.  The  of  a  million  more  were  ready  to  move  to  the 
swift  advance  of  the  Prussian  armjr  into  Bo-  front,  and  the  movement  of  these  masses  of 
hernia  in  three  columns,  such  a  division  being  troops  was  directed  by  Moltke,  whose  disposi- 
rendered  safe  by  the  introduction  of  the  field  tions  were  accepted  implicitly  by  the  King.  He 
telegraph,  and  the  crushing  defeat  of  Benedek  s  had  no  chance  during  the  war  to  exhibit  his 
army,  taken  on  three  sides  at  KOniggr&tz,  proved  strategical  insight  as  brilliantly  as  at  K5nig- 
to  the  world  the  strategical  genius  of  Moltke  and  grfttz.  He  cautiously  swung  the  Army  of  the 
the  superior  organization  of  the  Prussian  army,  Meuse  round  to  the  northwest  when  Emperor 
for  which  he  and  the  general  staff  received  the  Napoleon  and  Mai'shal  MacMahon  had  moved 
credit.  The  position  of  the  Austrians  was  not  to  the  north,  and  in  dealing  with  the  various 
known  until  Prince  Friedrich  Karl,  on  the  after-  developments  that  he  could  not  account  for 
noon  of  July  2, 1866,  found  a  large  force  posted  on  military  grounds  he  was  always  on  guard 
behind  the  Bistritz.  He  determined  to  attack  against  surprises.  The  great  augirentation  of  the 
at  daybreak,  and  asked  that  a  part  of  the  second  German  cavalry  since  1866  gave  him  a  great  tac- 
army  should  hold  the  Austrians  in  check  near  tical  advantage  over  the  French  commanders,  for 
Josephstadt.  Moltke,  feeling  sure  that  he  could  all  the  German  manceuvres  were  effectually 
bring  up  the  second  army,  that  of  the  Crown  screened  by  their  cavalry.  The  efficiency  of  the 
Prince,  although  it  was  wearied  out  by  a  week  military  machine  perfected  by  his  life's  labor  was 
of  hard  marching  and  fighting,  persuaded  the  seen  in  the  military  results  of  the  war — nearly 
King  to  countermand  the  order  to  rest  the  ar-  400.000  French  soldiers  carried  as  prisoners 
mies  on  the  following  day,  and  direct  the  whole  of  to  Germany,  150,000  men  disarmed  in  Paris,  100,- 
the  second  armv  to  attack  the  enemy  on  the  000  more  driven  into  Switzerland,  22  fortresses 
right  flank.  When  the  battle  opened  eight  Aus-  captured,  and  1,885  field  guns,  5,873  fortress 
trian  corps  were  found  in  position,  but  they  were  guns,  and  600,000  rifles  taken.  He  was  made  a 
rolled  up  and  routed  completely  when  the  Crown  field  marshal  after  the  conclusion  of  the  war, 
Prince  came  up.  After  the  war  of  1866  Moltke  received  a  dotation  from  the  Parliament,  and  in 
and  his  general  staff  had  the  great  work  of  ex-  1872  was  made  a  life  member  of  the  Reichsrath. 
tending  the  Prussian  military  system  to  the  Residing  in  the  staff  palace  in  Berlin  in  winter, 
other  North  German  states  and  preparing  for  and  on  his  estate  of  Kreisau  in  summer,  he  con- 
the  war  with  France.  With  a  dotation  of  200,-  tinned  to  preside  over  the  organization  of  the 
coot  balers  granted  by  the  Landtag,  he  purchased  German  army  while  it  was  l^ing  successively 
an  estate  near  Schweidnitz,  Silesia,  on  which  to  increased,  to  give  instruction  to  officers  of  the 
pass  his  declining  years  in  repose.  After  his  staff,  and  to  attend  Parliament  regularly,  in 
wife's  death,  in  1^8,  he  withdrew  from  court  fes-  which  he  represented  the  West  Prussian  county 
tiviries  and  social  gatherings  more  than  ever,  of  Memel-Heydekrug,  and  occasionally  to  speak 
Although  affable  to  all,  polished  in  manners,  on  military  subjects.     The  Emperor' presented 


538  MONTANA. 

him  with  the  star  of  the  order  Pour  le  Mirite  and  about  half  the  members  went  home.  The 
with  the  medallion  portrait  of  Frederick  the  half  remaining  agreed  to  accept  the  proposition 
Great,  a  distinction  usually  reserved  for  royalty,  of  the  Democrats  in  case  the  consent  of  the  ah- 
and  wished  to  confer  on  him  the  title  of  prince,  sentees  could  be  obtained.  This  was  secur^ 
which  Moltke  declined.  Thesimpiicitvanaraod-  and  a  caucus  was  held  on  Jan.  S6.  The  main 
esty  of  his  character,  the  absence  of  self  assertion  feature  of  the  proposal  of  the  Democrats,  name- 
and  personal  ambition,  were  the  secret  of  the  ly,  to  organize  with  2S  Republicans  and  27  Dem- 
affection  shown  for  '*  Father  Moltke  "  by  the  ocrats,  thus  giving  the  former  S  and  the  latter 
officers  and  soldiers  of  the  army.  He  chose  as  2  of  the  contest^  seats,  was  readily  accepted; 
his  confidential  assistant  Count  Waldersee,  who  but  differences  of  opinion  arose  on  the  m^hcd 
was  appointed  quartermaster-general,  and  who  of  organization.  It  was  finally  decided  to  pro- 
succeeded  him  as  chief  of  staff  when  he  resigned,  pose  that  the  Democrats  shouia  have  the  offices 
on  Aug.  29, 18^,  and  was  succeeded  in  turn  by  of  the  House  and  a  majority  of  the  committees. 
Count  von  Schieffen.  When  he  assumed  the  provided  they  would  open  a  new  journal  and  hold 
office  the  period  required  for  the  mobilization  of  a  new  election  of  officers.  These  propositions 
the  Prussian  army  was  estimated  to  be  twenty-  were  embodied  in  a  resolution,  which  also  sab- 
one  days,  and  when  he  asked  the  young  Emperor  mitted  the  matter  for  final  settlement  to  the 
to  relieve  him  because  he  could  ^*  no  longer  Senate  committee,  Messrs.  Goddard  and  Thorn- 
mount  ahorse  "  it  could  be  done  in  ten  days.  He  ton.  On  Jan.  27  the  Democratic  House  held  a 
still  continued  to  act  as  military  adviser  to  the  caucus  to  consider  the  compromise,  and  ad- 
general  staff,  and  was  appointed  President  of  the  joumed,  leaving  everything  in  the  hands  of  the 
National  Defense  Commission.  In  politics  Gen.  Senate  committee.  They,  nowever,  expressed  a 
von  Moltke  was  a  member  of  the  Conservative  willingness  either  to  give  the  Republicans  the 
party,  but  not  a  strong  partisan.  **  Urst  todgen,  majority  of  one  and  take  for  themselves  the  en- 
dann  wagen  "  (first  weigh,  then  wage)  was  the  tire  organization,  or  to  take  the  majority  and 
motto  he  took  when  he  was  made  a  count.  Like  give  the  organization  to  the  other  party;  and 
Napoleon  and  Wellington,  he  did  scarcely  any  also  to  open  a  new  journal  in  case  such  prooeed- 
regiment«l  duty  during  his  career.  He  had  a  ing  should  be  deemed  legal  by  the  committee, 
reputation  for  cool  calculation  and  imperturbable  This  committee  met  and  arranged  details,  and 
sangfroid,  and  his  courage  was  well  known  from  submitted  copies  of  the  proposed  agreement  U^ 
the  few  occasions  when,  for  sufficient  reasons  and  the  caucuses  of  the  two  assemblages,  dated  Jan. 
without  the  least  bravado  or  ostentation,  he  un-  28, 1891.  After  setting  forth  the  facts  in  the 
hesitatingly  exposed  his  life,  as  when  at  KOnig-  case  the  agreement  goes  on  t^  provide  that  the 
grfttz  ho  rode  down  into  the  first  line  of  skirmish-  two  bodies  shall  meet  at  Helena  at  noon  of  Thur?- 
ers  in  the  wood  of  Sadowa,  in  order  to  observe  day,  Jan.  29,  and  proceed  to  the  organization  of 
the  enemy's  position.  the  House  on  a  plan  of  which  the  Following  are 

MONTANA,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to  the  main  features : 
the  Union  Nov.  8,  1889;  area,  146,080  square        i.  The  House  to  consist  of  25  membcre  of  each  party 

miles ;  population,  according  to  the  census  of  about  whose  election  there  was  no  dispute,  toftether 

1890, 182,159.    Capital,  Helena,  which  has  a  pop-  with  8  of  the  6  Republican  contestants,  to  bo  choeen 

ulation  of  23,834.  by  ballot  by  the  25  undisputed  Renublican  members, 

Government— The  following  were  the  Stat«  «"»<?  2o*"  the  Democnrtic  cont^tanta  similarly  chosen. 

officers  during  the  year:  Governor.  Joseph  K.  „  ?:Pil?if"*?^^,^  "^H^  to  order  at  the  hour 

.  T;^,.f»^..^f  nv>«r»«»^*  T«k«  T?  Hi^tr^^^.  named  by  the  oldest  member,  and  a  temporary  clerk 

;  Lieutenant-Governor,  John  E.  Rickards;  ^i^^^^^  f<nm  «mon.r  th^  riAmocratic  memh-*~    Th*. 

It  a  oommitt 
each  party. 
Attorney-General,   Henri  J.  Haskell;  Superin-        8.  After  the^adoption  of  their  report,  the  House  to 

tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  John  Gannon ;  adopt  a  preamble  and  resolutions,  of  which  the  most 

Chief  "         "  ■         '     '       ■*       '     *         '     ''" 

Blake 

and  E.  xi,  «i»rwuuu.     ^u  ui  tii«»  uxuuc«  »i^  ^m:-  ^j     ^^  ^.^^  f^^  ^1,^  f^jl       -^ ^_ _ 

publicans  except  the  Governor.  members  of  the  first  and  second  Legislatures,  includini: 

Finances. — The  balance  m  the  treasury  Jan.  the  contestants  on  both  sides,  the  ofllcerM  and  att^ehe* 

1,  1891,  was  $187,181.49 ;  the  amount  of  Stat«  also,  if  not  already  paid,  to  receive  pay  for  the  entiit 

taxes  collected  in  1891  was  $331.301.63 ;  the  bal-  period  of  each  session;  the  Democrats  to  have  a  m*- 

ance  on  Jan.  1, 1892,  was  $315,330.32.  Jo^ty,  if  they  so  desired,  of  all  the  standing  comiwi- 

The  total  assessed  valuation  of  real  and  per-  ^  and  the  chsmnanfthips  of  the  same ;  the  ni  e^ 

^ I  ^«^^^«i.„  :„  ♦!»«  Cf„4-»  #^-  iQfii  «,«o  ^lAA  adopted  by  the  Democratic  assemblage  to  be  theruits 

SoS^i-S'^^PrSr^^  *1  ^^?  ?^^-  ^""^  18»1  ^a?.  *l^-  of  tie  Hoi8e,andlntheevcntof  thesicknessordeath 

688,7o2.    The  rate  of  taxation  was  2i  mills.  of  any  member,  the  relative  numbere  of  the  parties  to 

The  total  debt  of  counties  on  March  1.1891,  be  maintained;  and  in  case  of  the  Inabilitv  to  act  of 

was  $1,830,006.51,  a  reduction  of  $107,143  from  any  officers  or  attacMa^  or  of  any  more  bein^  re- 

the  total  debt  of  counties  in  1890.  quired,  the  Democrats  to  elect  the  new  officers  or  ai- 

Leflrislatiye  Segslon.— The  deadlock  in  the  ^^f- 
Legislature,  caused  by  the  disputed  election  of        The  resolutions  further  prescribed  the  names  of 

representatives  in  the  Thirty-fourth  Precinot,  in  officers  and  €Ut<ich4s  to  be  elected  by  one  ballot. 

Silver  Bow  County  (see  "Annual  Cyclopiedia  "  for  leaving  a  blank  only  for  the  name  of  the  Speaker 

1890),  continued  after  the*  time  for  opening  the  pro  tern.    They  were  signed  by  all  members  of 

session,  Jan.  6, 1891,  but  was  finally  ended  at  the  ooth  parties,  one  only,  a  Silver  Bow  Republican, 

close  of  the  month.    While  the  subject  of  a  com-  signing  under  protest.    The  House  accordingly 

Sromise  was  under  consideration  in  the  third  week  met  and  organized  on  Jan.  29,  the  Committee 

1  January,  the  Republican  House  adjourned  on  Credentials  reporting  the  names  of  Messrs. 


Toole;  Lientenant.Qbvernor  John  RBictards;  'S^^^,TZ^^ S^^^^^^ITJ^^"^ 
Secretary  of  State,  Louis  Rotwitt ;  Treasurer,  temporary  Speaker  to  appoint  a  committee  on  creden- 
Richard  0.  Hickman ;  Auditor,  E  A.  Kenney ;    tials,  consisting  of  two  from  eac 


MONTANA.  639 

Thompson,  Montcith,  and  Roberts  (Republicans),  ^  Regulating  the  mining  of  coal,  and  for  the  protoc- 

and  Messrs.  Day  and  Dussault  (Democrats)  as  tion  of  coal  minere. 

members  for  the  contested  seats.    The  report  Amending  the  law  in  r^ard  to  acquisition  of  rights 

was  adopted  without  dissent,  and  the  oaths  of  ±^!;iyiI^^'^^Xr£j'^^tl^  ^aL^'"^^  ""I 

office  were  administered.    There  was  some  diffl-  i^^l           ^                ^                 '            ' 

culty  in  filling  the  blank  left  for  the  name  of  the  For  the  protection  of  discharged  employ^,  and  to 

Speaker  pro  tern,,  but  that  of  R.  G.  Humber  was  prevent  blacklisting. 

finally  selected ;  the  ballot  was  cast,  and  the  Gov-  For  the  prosecution  of  criminal  cases  on  inforroa- 

emor  and  Senate  were  notified  that  the  House  tion. 

was  ready  to  proceed  to  business.  Requiring  railroad  companies  to  pay  for  damages 

In  the  Senate  the  question  of  fines  imposed  on  *°??Sj^;„„  ♦!,«  ^:«:««  ^^  ♦!.«  «,*«-»  ^^  t  4r  -. 
the  S«nato«  who  iSt  the  State  in  gua.7.  riri^Zi^^^^T^ol^^lr;:^  "'  '''''"~" 
1890  (see  "  Annual  Cyclopaedia     for  1890),  was  For  submitting  the  question  ^fa  constitutional 
brought  up,  and  the  resolution  then  passed  was  amendment  fixing  the  terms  of  county  commission- 
reported  back  with  instructions  that  tne  fines  be  era. 
remitted.    The  report  in  accordance  with  these  Repealing  the  gag  law. 

instructions  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  8  to  1, 5  ^o  provide  for  the  election  of  presidential  electors, 

being  excused  from  voting.  and  of  a  Representative  m  Congre^^         .,    .„        ^ 

n.f*  *k{^«r  ♦!,«««  ^««.-  Jl^^i^^A  v^f^r^  fu«  ««.  Attaching  certam  portions  of  Northern  Pacific  and 

But  thirty-three  days  remamed  before  the  ex-  Cooke  City  railways  to  Yellowstone  County  for  taxa- 
piration  of  the  session  by  constitutional  hmita-  tion  and  judicial  purposes. 
tion,  and  into  these  had  to  be  crowded  the  work  For  a  new  charter  for  the  city  of  Helena. 
that  would  have  occupied  the  ninety  days  pre-  For  the  filling  of  vacancies  in  the  Legislative  As- 
scribed  for  the  first  Legislature  and  the  sixty  of  sembly. 

the  second.    Appropriations  were  made  for  sal-  ^^\  the  submission  of  the  question  of  the  perma- 

arics  for  the  two  years,  for  the  support  of  SUte  ^^^^  location  of  the  State  capital. 

institutions  and  othe^debts,  and  iSr  other  pur-  Rud^Si^  CoSil               ^^      ""^ 

poses,   somewhat  in  excess,  it  appears,  of  the  to  enable  universities   and   colleges   under  the 

present  resources  of  the  State.    Some  time  was  patronage   of   religious   bodies   to   reorganize   and 

waited  in  fruitless  attempts  to  organize  new  change  their  names,  amended. 

counties,  and  more  on  the  selection  of  sites  for  To  provide  for  the  uelection,  location,  appraisal, 

State  institutions.    A  bill  was  passed  dividing  ««lSi  ">d  lewing  of  State  lands,  amended, 

the  newly  ceded  portion  of  the  Crow  reserve  be-  ,  ^'^  ^«°^  ."^  ,^*  ^^^a^  ^  bounUes  on  stock- 

tween  .  V'ellowstone    and    Park  Counties.    The  ^Tl'cL^^TlSe'^^^^       of  sugar  beets  and 

Committee  on  Public  Lands  reported  favorably  the  manufacture  of  sugar  therefrom,  amended, 

on  a  petition  to  Congress  to  open  Fort  Shaw  To  fix  Sept  1  as  a  legal  holiday,  to  be  known  as 

military  reservation  to  homestead  settlement.  Labor  Day. 

A  bill  to  extend  the  term  of  corporations  from  Allowing  cities  and  towns  to  incur  certain  Indebt- 

20  to  50  years  was  vetoed  by  the  Governor,  ®^£^*®-.,.      -    .i.     i    *•       /.  i?.  *       j         ^     /. 

passed  over  the  veto  by  the  Senate,  and  lost  in  s,^^I?'''^'J'l^Z^}i^^^                       ^^  ^**"^*y  ^^- 

SfHouse  by  a  vote /20  to  29..   An  act  to  pr^  ''^^n^^i^l'Z^^'^t.^^^ 

Tide  for  the  organization  of  an  irngation  board  Requiring  transient  merchants  to  take  out  licenses. 
and  the  sale  of  bonds  therefor  was  defeated  by 

a  vote  of  25  to  24.    A  bill  was  passed  conferring  A  bill  was  also  passed  providing  for  the  ap- 

additional  powers  on  clerks  of  district  courts,  pointment  of  a  commissioner  to  look  after  the 

This  is  designed  to  expedite  business  in  districts  mineral-land  interests  of  Montana,  the  office  to 

where  only  four  terms  of  court  are  held  each  expire  in  Februarv,  1893.    The  commissioner  is 

rear.     Under  present  laws  no  steps  can  be  taken  to  have  $3,000  salary,  and  $3,000  for  expenses. 

to  probate  a  will  till  the  district  court  convenes,  Hon.  Martin  Maginnis  was  appointed  to  the  of- 

but  this  act  enables  the  clerk  to  transact  all  fice  by  the  Governor. 

preliminary  business,  subject  to  review  by  the  Two  members  of  the  Legislature  died  during 

court.  the  year.    Hon.  Aaron  C.  Wetter,  a  member  of 

A  bill  making  it  a  misdemeanor  for  a  miner  the  constitutional  convention  and  of  the  first 

or  a  mine  owner  to  make  a  contract  for  more  and    second    Legislatures,    from    Beaverhead 

than  eight  hours*  work  in  a  day  was  defeated.  County,  died  during  the  session.  Feb.  5.    Hon. 

It  was  supported  by  nearly  4,000  miners.  W.  J.   Penrose,  editor  of  the  Butte  "  Mining 

A  bill  to  create  a  railroad  commission  provid-  Journal  *'  and  member  of  the  House,  was  assas- 

ing  for  three  commissioners  at  a  salary  of  $3,000  sinated  in  the  street  in  Butte  on  June  10. 

a  vear  eaeh,  and  an  assistant  at  a  salary  of  $1,500.  Railroads.— The  number  of  miles  of  railroad 

was  lost.    Acts  concerning  the  assessment  and  completed  was  2,11 6i^;  in  course  of  construction, 

collection  of  taxes,  and  to  provide  for  the  selec-  200.    A  bill  passed  Confess  in  March  granting 

tion,  appraisal,  and  sale  or  lease  of  State  lands  to  the  Missoula  and  Northern  Railroad  Com- 


ers to  the  fair  was  raised  to  sixteen,  one  for  mountains  was  completed  in  November.    The 

each  county.  contract  requires  the  extension  of  this  line  nine 

The  following  are  among  other  bills  passed :  miles  south  to  the  large  timber  fields,  which  it 

Pre8cribing  the  method  by  which  railroad  com-  [^  "fcessary  to  tap  in  order  to  secure  material 

panics  shall  exercise  the  right  of  eminent  domain.  ^^^  the  extensive  prosecution  of  mining  m  that 

Allowing  married  women  to  transact  business  in  section.    This  brings  the  road  within  thirty-five 

their  own  names  as  sole  traders,  miles  of  the  Castle  mines. 


540  MONTANA. 


One  of  the  greatest  works  on  the  extension  of  not    Suddenly  the  •stounding  claim  was  set  up  that 

the  Great  Northern  is  the  Wickes  tunnel,  which  oM  the  iwrtions  of  the  coiintry  which  had  not  been 

will  require  about  15,000  carloads  of  granite  and  voluntarily  examined  by  the  individual  prospector 

will    cost    more    than    $200,000.    The  granite  ^^^^'^^  "^<^®^  >^o  ^ency  of  the  government,  but  at  his 

comes  from  a  quarry  fifteen   miles    south,  of  ^^ V^P^i'*!®' *"*^  ^^^^^^'^"^  proved  to  be  miDeral  at 

Helena,  on  Clancy  creek.     At  Great  Palls  almut  ?  certain  date,  were  to  be  considered  non-mineral  and 

iilOO  cSo  4  t/T  L  pinpmlpH  i«  t1?i^  f.SiV;  *       ;  ^  ¥*!S™*  ^^^^  property  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 

jpiuu,UUU  is  to  be  expended  in  the  erection  of  road  Company  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the  ch^r 

ear  shops.    Great  smeters  are  now  in  course  of    itaelfsaid  Wsuch^land^  never*^^^^^ 
construction  at  that  place.  the  company  could  take  other  land**  in  lieu  theruof  in 

Mineral  Lands  and  Railroads.— An  impor-    ^^^^  to  make  up  the  quota  that  it  ckimed. 
tent  controverey  is  in  progress  in  regard  to  tiie        The  Legislature  passed  memorials  on  the  same 
claim  of  the  Northern  Pacific  to  mineral  lands,    subject,  one  to  Cong^and  one  to  the  LeS^ 
It  was  to  forward  the  mterest  of  the  Stete  in  this    tures  of  other  Stat4  and  Tetritor^  intenStod^ 
matter  that  the  office  of  Mineral  Land  Commis-    The  following  is  t^  meLrKc^n^^ 
sioner  was  created.     Following  is  an  extract        wa^^»»  ti.«»  v««*i,        d    -^    «  .,   *, 
from  his  report :  aJ^^'^^X^^^  ^o^them  Pacific  fiailroad,  rannini? 

repon, .  400  miles  througrh  the  mounUinous  mineral  portioS 

The  vaat  land  grant  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail-  *^l  Montana,  claims  ownership  to  over  8,000,000  acn» 
way  Company  stretches  from  the  eastern  to  the  wcfitem  ^"*'  'nountainous  mineral  lands,  none  of  which  are 
boundary  of  the  State  of  Montana  in  one  broad  belt,  i  S^  *^"  lands,  and  has  been  pennitted  to  select 
which,  including  indenrmity  lands,  is  nearly  70  miles  f  ^^7  aoout  2,000,000  acres  of  our  choicest  mineral 
wide  and  over  700  miles  long.  The  Congrees  which  ij^^'  embracing  the  most  productive  mining  camps  of 
created  this  corporation  gave  it  one  half  the  lands  Montana,  and  on  which  are  more  than  4,000  mining 
within  these  limits,  carefully  excluding  all  mineral  P">P«rtie8»  discovered  and  recorded,  but  as  yet  un- 
lands,  and  emphasizing  their  reaervafion  from  the  Patented,  and  over  1,000  patented  mines  bearing  gold, 
grant  by  giving  to  the  company  indemnity  for  such  »"\er,  copper,  or  lead  •  and  none  of  these  lands  are 
lands  as  might  turn  out  to  be  mineral.  Little  pro-  «4?"c«itural,  or  such  lands  as  they  are  entitled  to 
specting  had  then  been  done;  very  little  was  known  ^^^.^T  "*®"'  grant;  and  whereas^  imder  tlio  present 
of  the  character  of  these  lands.  All  the  discoveries  **^^8ions  of  the  courts,  if  the  patents  to  these  2,000,000 
of  mineral  land  had   yet   to  be  made,  the  mines     *^^®®  <*' selected  land  should  bo  issued  to  this  railroad 

oped,  and  these  to  be  finally  J^">pany,  it  would  wrest  from  their  rightful  ownere 
nd  grant  of  the  company  and  7?®*®  thousands  of  mining  properties,  and  all  the  un- 
sed  therefor  with  other  lands     a»s<»yered  mines  in  this  vast  area  of  mineral  land? 

->,-  ^ „,.    .wu«t.^  would  seem  to  be  plainer  than     S**"      5®^™®  **®  property  of  the  Northern  Pacific 

the  fact  that  the  raservation  went  with  and  was  part     ^^"road  Company ;  and  whtreasy  we  believe  tliat  the 
.     of  the  grant;  and  that  future  exploration,  survey,  and     Y^'^gr^^sjonal  action  can  alone  save  these  mines  t ) 
classification  would  be  necessary  to  define  the  non-     "^®  P«<>P^e  ^  whom  belongs  this  heritage  of  untold 
mineral  lands,  which  would  become  the  property  of    »"'iiion8 : 

the  company,  and  the  mineral  lands,  which  were  re-  .  ^^^^  therefore,  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  Slor- 
served  to  be  forever  open  to  the  prospector  and  the  !""*  ^°  earnestly  request  of  your  honorable  bodies  in 
miner,  under  the  mining  laws  of  the  United  States,  ^^'^g™**  assembled,  that  you  will  pass  such  an  act  or 
It  was  not  until  later  that  the  audacious  claim  was  *u**  S?  ^^^^  forever  preserve  to  the  people,  not  onlv 
set  up  that  lands  not  then  known  to  be  mineral,  or  i?®  discovered  but  all  the  undiscovered  mines  of 
known  to  be  mineral  at  a  certain  date,  were  therefore  Montana,  bearing  gold,  silver,  copper,  and  lead,  and 
not  mineral,  and,  by  consequence,  passed  to  the  cor-     *^*  other  valuable  mineral  except  coal  and  iron. 

^iTii^^Kj^  ^   p^x.         .        .  ^™®  s^its  involving  these  claims  have  since 

One  object  of  the  great  grant  was  to  secure  an  im-  been  decided  ajmin«jt  fh«  ^rn-^o^      tL         I? 

mediate  or  a  rapid  construction  of  the  road      Tho  !^^*^T^!^    *.  ¥^- 1   w^®  railroad.    In  another 

railroad  did  not,^as  it«  charSJ  and  its  gi^rcontem!  3  l^.T'^  w}^^^  ^^'"^  i**^  ^""^^  ^*"^  *^  ^^ 

plated,  open  up  and  develop  the  country  for  tho  I?    ,  *^^  VV^  *"®  railroad  company.     But.  as 

people;  but  the  people  opened  up  and  developed  the  ^"  j  ^*"^  "**^  "^^  taken  up  as  a  mineral  claim 

country  for  tlie  railroad.     For  financial  reasons  its  ^^^  t'^e  patents  issued,  the  case  would  rest  be- 

construction  was  delayed  until  the  Indians  had  been  tween  the  patentee  and  the  Government 
subdued,  the  mines,  or  many  of  them,  discovered.         Irrigation.— A  bulletin  of  the  Census  Biinpan 

and  cities  and  towns  had  been  buildeA  and  faring  on  the  snbiflof  nf  4r^<~«!l«  ,•„  m  ^       bureau 

opened  along  the  line  of  it»  route.     All  th^  oortion  ^uJX  ^uDject  of  irrigation  m  Montana  shows 

ofthe  railroSd  in  this  Stat^^aSd  ^  other  StetL^here  ^^f  9^?.^?  '"^  V^®  ^^^  3^702  farms  irrigated 

the  mineral  lands  are  in  controversy,  was  delayed  in  ^^\?!^  »Jofal  number  of  5,6C4.    A  State  congress 

Ju»|ding  beyond  the  time  limit  fixed  for  forfeiture  ™®'  m  Helena,  Jan.  7,  1892,  to  consider  the  best 

both  of  the  charter  and  the  land  grant,  and  but  for  m^ns  for  securing  irrigation  for  the  arid  lands, 

the  succcasful  operations  of  a  financier  of  great  vigor  and  especially  to  getan  expression  from  the  De<> 

the^^roS'?iSb ?«'>*"">?''  builtyet^Altho^h  pie  of  the  Stite  on  the  resolutions  of  the  irrS^ 

tne  railroad  failed  in  Its  mission  as  a  prospector  and  tion   concresa   thaf   mof   in    Qaif   T-vi  r?-^  *^ 

a  pioneer,  and  although  its  construction  wm  delayed  W^X;^^^^!!-     '^#™®:u       ^r  ^^?  ^i^y  in 

untU  the  country  whTch  it  was  dSd  to  openT«^  f^S  T^r^f'  '^"l''^.  i!''!^ ^^"^  T^'*^"  ^  ^^*^  S^*^ 
so  far  occupied  and  developed  independently  of  it  territories  by  the  General  Government  of  the 

that  other  companies  felt  justified  in  building  equally  ""occupied  portions  of  the  arid  regions  of  the 

good  railways  without  any  land  grant  at  all.     Con-  P^hlic  domain. 

gress  did  not  exercise  its  power  of  forfeiture,  but,  Edocation.  —  The  number  of  children  of 
recognizing  the  greatness  and  the  value  of  the  enter-  school  age  was  29,353  ;  number  attending  Dublin 
pnse  permitted  the  company  to  complete  its  line  schools,  19,051 ;  the  number  of  teachf.?^^^ 
and  to  acquire  Its  immense  grant,  which  makes  it  the  nlovpd^ft'i.  RvpJir«!ol!i:i  teacliers  em- 
most  extensive  land  owner  Tn  America  outside  of  the  2Ml  tntkl  ?^f«?^'''' •i^^.'^^^i?^  teachers, 
General  Government  iteclf.  A  lai^e  portion  of  the  fi^'5?'  ^""^^^  amount  paid  to  teachers,  $273,- 
lands  msido  the  lines  of  the  grant  has  never  been  ll^'ol'  *"^<'""t  collected  for  school  purposes, 
surveyed  or  in  any  way  examined,  prospected,  or  f^*^»"21-^l ;  amount  paid  for  libraries,  $6,289.50* 
classified  by  the  Government  The  labor  and  toil  of  lor  school  apparatus,  $7,621.42:  for  incidental 
the  voluntary  prospector  and  miner  has  alone  made  expenses,  $54,197.54  :  sites  and  buildin^^L  tfti  - 
known  which  are  mineral  districts  and  which  are  100,570.13.                                        Duuaings.  $1,- 


MONTANA.  MOROCCO.                     541 

A  circnlar  letter  was  issued  in  May  in  regard  According  to  the  last  census,  Montana  ex- 

to  the  purchase  and  lease  of  State  lands  bv  the  ceeded  any  other  State  in  the  production  of 

Board  of  Land  Commissioners.    Sections  10  and  copper,  the  output  in  1880  beine  reported  at 

36  in  each  township  and  72  sections  known  as  98,222,444  pounds,  while  that  of  michigan  was 

university  lands  belong  to  the  State.    When  the  86.455,675.    The  product  in  1890  was  reported 

surveys  and  classification  of  these  lands  have  at  122,950,000  pounds,  as  against  99,570,000  at 

been  completed,  they  will  be  offered  for  sale  or  Lake  Superior,  and  a  total  of  272,510,000. 

lease.     Until  this  is  done,  no  right  can  be  initi-  The  National  Mining  Congress  is  to  be  held  at 

ated  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  of  Helena  in  July,  1802. 

the  State.  The  law  prescribes  that  they  shall  be  The  Sapphire  Mines.— Interest  in  the  sap- 
sold  at  not  less  than  $10  an  acre,  the  proceeds  to  phire  and  ruby  fields  shows  no  decline.  Only 
constitute  a  permanent  school  fund,  the  inter-  the  bars  and  bench  lands  lying  along  the  Mis- 
est  only  of  which  shall  be  expended  in  the  sup-  souri  can  be  successfully  work^  until  arrange- 
port  of  the  schools ;  or  they  may  be  leased  for  ments  can  be  made  to  carry  water  to  other 
periods  of  not  more  than  five  years.  These  lands  tracts.  It  is  proposed  to  do  this  by  means  of  a 
are  not  subject  to  pre-emption  homestead  entry,  canal  from  Jefferson  river, 
or  any  other  entry  under  the  land  laws  of  the  The  Sapphire  and  Ruby  Company  of  Montana, 
United  States ;  but  those  who  entered  upon  in  London,  has  secured  4,000  acres  on  the  right 
school  lands  in  good  faith  prior  to  March  6, 1891,  bank  of  the  Missouri,  twelve  miles  northeast  of 
for  the  purpose  of  making  a  home,  will  be  given  Helena.  The  precious  stones  are  found  on  the 
the  preference  in  the  disposition  of  those  lands ;  bed  rock  of  an  ancient  river-channel,  now  a  dry, 
meantime  they  are  liable  under  the  law  for  cut-  elevated  terrace,  skirted  by  Missouri  river  and 
ting  or  removing  from  them  timber  or  other  covered  with  gravel.  The  tract  includes  £1- 
mat«rial,  or  despoiling  the  property  in  any  way.  dorado  Bar,  formerly  a  celebrated  gold  field. 

Strong  efforts  were  made  in  the  Legislature  to  Marble. — An  examination  of  the  Sweet  Grass 

have  the  State  University  located  at  Missoula,  Hills  is  reported  to  have  shown  that  the  marble 

the  Agricultural  College  at  Bozeman,  and  the  there  is  of  the  finest  quality.    It  concludes  four 

Norm^  School  at  Twin  Bridges,  but  no  choice  varieties;  a  common  marble,  a  green,  and  a  varie- 

was  made.    One  proposition  was  to  unite  all  the  gated  kind,  and  a  black  marble,  very  rare  and 

State  institutions  for  higher  education  in  one  susceptible  of  a  high  polu^h.    A  company  has 

great  university.    There  are  72  sections  of  land  secured  patents  on  a  tract  of  territory  there,  640 

available  for  a  university,  but  no  fund  or  other  acres  in  all. 

resources.    All  the  institutions  together  would  Salmon. — Sena  tor  Sanders  this  year  addressed 

have  200,000  acres  of  land,  and  about  $20,000  in  a  letter  to  the  Interior  Department  in  reference 

cash.    None  of  the  bills  for  locating  the  institu-  to  the  desirability  of  clearing  the  obstructions 

tions  were  passed.  from  Clark's  Fork  of  Columbia  river,  so  as  to 

Appropriations  were  made  for  the  Montana  allow  the  salmon  free  passage  up  that  river  and 

fjaw  Library,  and  the  Historical  Society  was  its  tributaries,  and  the  Flathead  reservation  and 

made  a  State  institution.  Flathead  lake.    He  suggested  that  as  this  would 

Montana  University,  four  miles  north  of  He-  result  in  an  increasea  food  supply  for  the  In- 

lena,  in  the  Prickly  Pear  valley,  ol)6erved  its  dians,  the  agents  might  be  directed  to  make  a 

first  anniversary  in  June,  with  orations  by  three  reconnoissanee,  and  report  in  regard  to  the  ob- 

graduates.    A  project  is  under  war  to  build  an  structions.    This  was  done,  and  the  matter  was 

electric  railroad  from  the  city  to  the  university,  then  referred  to  the  United  States  Fish  Com- 

A  committee  of  the  State  Association  of  Con-  missioner,  since  it  was  deemed  that  the  improve- 
gregational  Churches  has  been  visiting  various  ment  would  be  of  as  much  vdlue  to  the  white  as 
places  in  order  to  select  a  site  for  a  proposed  to  the  Indian  inhabitants, 
college  under  the  care  of  the  denomination.  Bears. — ^The  bounty  of  $12,000  offered  for 
Helena  bid  240  acres  and  $15,000  cash;  Great  destructive  animals  was  almost  or  quite  ex- 
Falls,  300  acres  and  $10,000  cash ;  and  Living-  hausted  during  the  year ;  $5  is  paid  for  every 
ston,  200  acres  and  $20,000  cash.  lion  or  bear,  $2  for  every  wolf  or  coyote,  and 

Mining. — Great  and  increasing  activity  in  this  $1  for  every  lynx  or  bobcat  killed  when  the 

industry  is  shown.    Discoveries  are  constantly  scalp  is  presented  to  the  proper  ofilcer  and  be 

made,  and  improved  facilities  for  development  punched.    The  number  of  bears  killed  amounts 

constructed.    Experiments  are  making  in  the  to  about  1,200,  mostly  black  and  cinnamon  bears 

use  of  electricity  in  treating  the  ore.  from  Missoula.  Dawson,  and  Custer  counties. 

A  recent  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  is  of  MOROCCO,  an  absolute  monarchy  in  north- 
interest  to  miners  and  prospectors.  It  discusses  western  Africa.  The  Sultan  is  chosen  from  the 
the  question  as  to  what  is  meant  by  the  pro-  Shereefian  family  of  Tafiallet.  which  claims  de- 
vision  of  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  scent  from  the  Prophet's  daughter  Fatima.  Each 
declares  that  a  mining  claim  shall  not  be  subject  Sultan  before  his  death  chooses  his  heir,  whose 
to  relocation,  notwithstanding  the  failure  of  the  succession  is  not  often  successfullv  contested, 
owner  to  perform  the  labor  required  by  law,  if  because  he  has  possession  of  tfie  imperial 
in  the  mean  time  he  has  resumed  work.  The  treasury  and  control  of  the  black  household 
conclusion  is  given  in  the  following  words :  troops,  which  furnish  a  large  proportion  of  the 
"When,  therefore,  he  availed  himself  of  the  palace  officials.  The  reigning  Sultan  is  Muley 
statutory  privilege  of  resuming  work  to  preserve  Hassan,  born  in  1831,  who  succeeded  his  father, 
his  estate  from  forfeiture,  we  hold  that  he  should  Sidi  Mohamme<l,  on  Sept.  17, 1873.  The  Sultan 
have  prosecuted  the  same  with  reasonable  dili-  has  an  army  of  10,000  trained  infantry,  armed 
gence  until  the  requirements  for  the  annual  with  rifles,  400  cavalry,  and  a  number  of  bat- 
Ubor  or  improvements  had  been  obeyed."  teries  of  field  artillery,  besides  irregular  levies 


542  MOROCCO. 

estimated  at  300,000  men.    About  25,000  are  in  mined  that  there  shall  be  no  partition  of  Morocco 

ordinary  times  kept  under  arms  near  the  Sultan  that  will  not  secure  to  her  advantages  equal  at 

in  his  progresses  from  town  to  town.  least  to  those  reaped  by  other  M^iterranean 

Area  and  Popnlation. — The  extent  and  powers,  and  would  thwart  or  retard  the  oonsoli- 
boundaries  of  the  empire  are  undefined.  The  dation  of  the  French  possessions  in  northwestern 
area  is  said  to  be  219,000  square  miles.  The  Africa,  and  vigorously  oppose  the  acquisition  by 
population  has  been  estimated  at  9,400,000,  com-  Spain  of  strategic  positions  commanding  the  en- 
posed  of  Berbers,  mixed  and  pure  Arabs,  Tua-  trance  to  the  Mediterranean,  of  which  Gibraltar 
regs,  and  a  small  proportion  of  negroes.  The  is  now  the  only  key.  Italy,  Austria,  and  Ger- 
people  are  Sunnite  Moslems  of  the  Malekite  many  work  together  with  En|rland  for  the  preser- 
creed.  There  are  about  300,000  Jews  and  1,600  vation  of  the  status  quo  until  they  can  see  their 
Christians,  who  are  not  admitted  to  citizenship,  way  to  obtaining  compensation.  The  govern- 
but  are  under  the  protection  of  foreign  powers,  ment  of   Muley  Hassan    has  been    atrocious. 

Commerce  and  Nayigation. — ^The  commerce  Wherever  his  authority  is  paramount,  men  of  in- 

was  formerly  in  the  hands  of  the  English  and  famous  character  hold  the  offices  of  kaids  and 

French.     In  recent  years  Germany  has  got  a  governors,  while  the  industrious,  the  intelligent, 

considerable  share  of  it    On  June  1, 1890,  Ger-  and  the  enterprising  natives  are  robbed  of  their 

many  concluded  a  commercial  treaty  with  the  possessions  unless  they  can  hide  them  from  the 

Sultan.    A  line  of  steamers  was  already  running  knowledge  of  their  tyrants.    There  is  no  pubhc 

l)etween  Hamburg  and  Tangier.    The  German  police  force,  and  what  the  official  extortioners 

duties  on  sulphur,  coral,  cocoons,  and  spun  silk  leave,  brigands  and  highway  robbers  can  take, 

from  Morocco  were  removed,  and  those  on  dates.  The  penalty  for  saving  is  worse  than  that  for 

almonds,  oil,  lead,  cork,  lemons,  oranges,  iron  crime.    The  Berber  tribes,  which    have    main- 

and  copper  ores,  hides  and  skins,  and  other  arti-  tained  their  independence,  except  when  periodi- 

cles    were    lowered.     Loaf  sugar,  cotton  and  cally  raided  by  the  Sultan's  army,  live  in  differ- 

woolen  and  mixed  cloths,  felt,  candles,  aniline  en t  degrees  of  comfort  and  civilization.  In  some 

dyes,  gilt  jewelry,  and  other  articles  of  German  even  the  women  learn  to  read  and  write.  In  1891 

manufacture  are  imported  in  increasing  quanti-  great  distress  was  caused  in  all  the  southern 

ties.    The  total  imports  in  1889  were  valued  at  provinces  by  the  ravages  of  locusts,  which  de- 

£1,681,275,  and  the  exports  at  £1,585,020.  There  stroved  half  the  wheat  crop  in  Rabat  and  Daial- 

were  2,336  vessels,  of  778,953  tons,  entered  at  the  baida  and  the  whole  of  the  maize  and  peas  crops 

ports  of  Morocco  in  1889,  and  2,352,  of  783,529  at  Mazagan,  produced  a  scarcity  of   grain  at 

tons,  cleared.    Of  2,042  vessels,  of  612,689  tons,  Mogador  and  throughout   the   wheat-growing 

entered  in    1888,  394,  of   237,890   tons,  were  districts,  injured  the  olive  and  almond  trees, 

French ;  735,  of  211,994  tons, were  English;  726,  consumed  the  fruit  and  vegetable  crops  ever}- 

of  136,558  tons,  were  Spanish ;  33,  of  9,404  tons,  where  except  in  northern  Morocco,  where  they 

were  German;  92,  of  7,^3  tons,  were  Portuguese;  appeared  too   late  to  do  much    damage,  and 

41,  of  6,246  tons,  were  Norwegian :  13,  of  1,875  caused  a  failure  of  pasturage  and  such  mortality 

tons,  were  Danish ;  and  8,  of  1,799  tons,  were  of  among  cattle  that  people  sold  a  large  part  of 

various  other  nationalities.  their  live  stock  for  whatever  they  could  get 

Political  and  Economical  Condition. —  The  Spanish  Government  in  April,  1891,  laid  a 
Morocco  was  a  thickly  populated  and  highly  cable  to  connect  the  port  of  Ceuta  with  Tangier, 
civilized  country  in  an.cient  times.  It  was  one  The  natives  in  the  Angcra  district  prevented  the 
of  the  chief  sources  from  which  cereals  were  im-  erection  of  telegraph  poles  by  the  Spaniards  until 
ported  by  the  Romans.  The  Berbers,  who  con-  the  Moorish  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  inter- 
stitute  the  bulk  of  the  inhabitants,  are  as  vigor-  fered.  An  insurrection  at  Cape  Juby  impelled  the 
ous,  warlike,  and  industrious  as  o^  old,  and  the  British  to  send  a  gunboat  to  that  part  of  the 
richness  of  the  soil  is  unimpaired.  The  policy  of  coast,  whore  there  is  an  English  factory.  Late 
the  Arab  conquerors,  who  hold  the  outlets  of  the  in  the  year  disturbances  broke  out  in  the  vicinity 
country,  though  they  have  never  been  able  to  im-  of  Tangier,  and  the  British  Government  dis- 
pose their  rule  thoroughly  on  the  Berbers,  checks  patched  war  vessels  to  that  port  and  threatened 
all  development  The  possessors  of  wealth  are  to  land  sailors  if  the  governor  could  not  protect 
systematically  plundered.  The  exportation  of  British  interests  from  the  depredations  of  the 
grain  is  forbidden,  and  other  exports  are  so  taxed  rebellious  tribes.  The  trouble  was  caused  by  ex- 
that  there  can  be  no  development  of  the  export  actions  of  local  officials  to  which  the  peasants  re- 
trade  till  the  restrictions  are  removed.  Foreign-  fused  to  submit. 

ers  know  little  about  the  country  because  their  In  October  important  changes  were  made  in 
route  of  travel  is  confined  to  the  road  from  Tan-  the  personnel  of  tne  Sultan's  court  His  favorite 
gier,  through  Qnasr  el  Kebir,  to  Fez,  the  usual  brotner,  Muley  Ismain,  was  accused  of  a  con- 
residence  of  the  Emperor,  and  thence  through  spiracy  to  overthrow  the  Sultan  and  mount  the 
Meouinez,  to  the  seaport  of  Rabat,  or  sometimes  tnrone.  This  popular  prince  was  deposed  from 
to  the  old  royal  city  of  Morocco,  and  thence  to  the  office  of  khalifa  or  chief  judge  and  sent 
Mogador,  where  they  can  take  ship  for  Tangier,  away  to  the  city  of  Morocco.  He  was  succeeded 
The  independence  of  Morocco  is  maintained  by  the  Sultan's  son,  Muley  Abdul  Aziz.  At  the 
through  the  rivalry  of  England,  France,  and  same  time  the  chief  Arau2  and  other  officials  were 
Spain.  The  Spaniards  look  on  the  country  as  disgraced  and  the  powerful  and  generally  de- 
tneir  political  neritage.  The  French  desire  to  tested  Vizier,  Si  Ahmed  ben  Musa.  whom  am- 
ext-end  their  boundaries  where  Morocco  touches  bassadors  have  regarded  as  the  principal  obstnic- 
Algeria,  and  especially  to  obtain  control  of  the  tion  to  the  exercise  of  wholesome  foreign  infiu- 
Sahara  and  the  route  of  the  projected  railroad  to  ence  on  Muley  Hassan,  was  dismissed.  He  was 
Timbuctoo  and   Senegal.     England   is   deter-  succeeded  by  Si  ben  Scgher. 


NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OP  SCIENCEa         NAVY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATEa  543 


NATIONAL  ACADEMY  OF  SCIENCES,  as  a  Time  Standard,"  by  Thomas  C.  Menden- 
Officers :  President, Othniel C. Marsh ;  Vice-Pres-  hall;  "Measurement  of  Juoiter's  Satellites  by 
ident,  Prancis  A.  Walker;  Foreign  Secretary,  Interference/*  by  Albert  A.  Michelson ;  "Astro- 
Wolcott  Gibbs ;  Home  Secretary,  Asaph  Hall ;  nomical  Methods  of  determining  the  Curvature 
Treasurer.  John  S.  Billings.  During  1891  two  of  Space,"  by  Charles  S.  Peirce:  "On  a  Color 
sessions  of  the  Academy  were  held,  the  first — the  System,"  by  Ogden  N.  Rood ;  *'  On  the  Applica- 
stated  session — ^in  Washington  on  April  21-24  tion  of  Spectrum  Analysis  to  the  Analysis  of  the 
On  that  occasion  the  following  papers  were  read  Rare  Earths,  and  a  New  Method  for  the  Prepa- 
by  members :  "  Report  on  the  Human  Bones  of  ration  of  Pure  Yttrium,"  by  Henry  A.  Rowland ; 
the  Hemenway  Collection  in  the  United  States  "The  Tertiary  Rhjmchitidte  of  the  United  States," 
Army  Museum,  prepared  by  Dr.  Washington  by  Samuel  H.  Scudder ;  also  the  following  papers 
Matthews,  U.  S.  A.,"  oy  John's.  Billings;  "Stel-  by  non-members:  "Preliminary  Notice  of  the 
lar  Motion  Problems,"  by  Lewis  Boss;  "Re-  Reduction  of  Rutherfurd's  Photographs,"  by 
searches  on  the  Embryology  of  MoUusks,"  by  John  K.  Rees,  introduced  by  Edwara  C.  Picker- 
William  K.  Brooks  and  E.  G.  Conklin ;  "  On  the  ing,  and  "  The  Proteids  of  Albuminoid^  of  the 
Distribution  of  Colors  in  Certain  North  Amen-  Oat  Kernel,"  by  Thomas  B.  Osborne,  introduced 
can  Reptiles,"  by  Edward  D.  Cope;  "On  the  by  Samuel  W.  Johnson.  Subsequent  to  the  meet- 
Taxonomy  of  the  Apodal  Fishes,  by  Theodore  in^  held  in  April,  William  Ferrel,  Julius  E. 
Gill ;  "  On  ASrodromics,"  by  Samuel  P,  Langley ;  Hilgard,  John  Le  Conte,  and  Joseph  Leidy  died, 
"  Application  of  Interference  Methods  to  Spectro-  and,  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the  Acad- 
scopic  Measurements,"  by  Albert  A.  Michelson ;  emy,  Cleyeland  Abbe,  Eugene  W.  Hilgard,  Jo- 
*"  Further  Studies  on  the  Brain  of  Limulus  Po-  seph  Le  Conte,  and  S.  Weir  Mitchell  were  ap- 
lyphemus,"  by  Alpheus  S.  Packard;  "Effect  of  pointed  to  prepare  memorial  sketches  of  the 
f^ressure  and  Temperature  on  the  Decomposition  deceased  scientists.  (Brief  notices  of  their 
of  Diazo-Com pounds,"  by  Ira  Remsen ;  "  On  the  careers  also  appear,  among  the  Obituaries, 
Yttrium  Earths,  and  a  Method  of  making  Pure  American,  in  tne  present  volume.)  At  a  busi- 
Yttriura."  by  Henr^  A.  Rowland ;  also  the  fol-  ness  meeting  of  the  Academy  its  members 
lowing  papers  contributed  by  scientists  not  mem-  accepted  in  trust  the  money  left  to  them  by 
bers  of  the  Academy,  but  presented  by  members :  their  fellow-member  Frederick  A.  P.  Barnard, 
"  The  Solar  Corona,  an  Instance  of  the  Newto-  late  President  of  Columbia  College,  the  inter- 
nian  Potential  in  the  Case  of  Repulsion,"  by  est  of  which  is  to  be  expended  in  the  procur- 
Frank  II.  Bigelow :  "Allotropic  Silver;  Note  on  ing  of  a  Barnard  medal,  which  will  be  given 
a  Paper  by  M.  G.  Lippman.  by  M.  Carey  Lea ;  once  in  five  years  for  the  best  services  in  physics 
and  "The  Corona,  from  Photographs  of  the  or  astronomical  science.  The  nominations  are 
Eclipse  of  Jan.  1, 1889,"  by  H.  S.  Pritcnett.  Other  to  be  made  by  the  Academy,  and  it  is  open  to  for- 
business  consisted  of  a  report  of  the  Watson  trus-  eigners.  The  president's  annual  reftopt^  Con- 
tees,  who  have  in  charge  the  consideration  of  gress  was  also  submitted  to  the  members  at  a 
the  award  of  a  medal  to  the  person  in  any  coun-  private  business  meeting.  Receptions  to  the 
try  who  shall  make  any  astronomical  work  worthy  Academy  were  given  by  President  Seth  Low,  of 
of  special  reward  and  contributing  to  the  prog-  Columbia  College,  and  by  Mrs.  Henry  Draper, 
ress  of  astronomy.  The  Watson  medal  for  where  an  account  of  the  astronomical  and  pho- 
1800  was  awarded  to  Prof.  Arthur  Auwers,  of  tographic  work  of  the  "  Henry  Draper  Memorial 
Berlin.  There  were  two  vacancies  in  the  Acad-  fund  as  conducted  at  Harvard  University  was 
emy,  but  owing  to  the  large  number  of  names  presented  by  Prof.  Edward  C.  Pickering,  director 
pre»3ented  for  election  a  choice  was  impossible  of  the  observatory  there, 
and  action  was  deferred  for  a  year.  The"Scien.  NAVY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES.  A 
tiflc  Session  "  was  held  in  New  York  on  Nov.  careful  estimate  of  the  armored  navies  of  the 
10-13,  when  the  following  papers  were  read :  world,  made  one  year  ago,  in  which  the  fighting 
"  On  Geographical  Variation  among  North  Amer-  efficiency  of  each  armor-clad  then  built  or  build- 
ican  Birds,  considered  in  Relation  to  the  Peculiar  ing  was  considered,  established  the  fact  that  in 
Interirradation  of  Colopte*  AureUfts  and  C,  Ca-  18i94,  so  far  as  annored  construction  is  con- 
/«r,"  by  Joel  A.  Allen ;  "  The  Follicle  Cells  of  cemed,  the  United  States  will  rank  sixth  in  na- 
Salpa,  by  William  K.  Brooks;  "On  the  Varia-  val  power.  By  that  time  nearly  all  the  vessels 
tion  of  Latitude,"  by  Seth  C.  Chandler ;  "  On  under  construction  in  January,  1891,  in  our  own 
Degenerate  Types  of  Scapula  and  Pelvic  Arches  and  other  navies  will  be  completed.  Unarmored 
in  the  I/acertilia,"  by  Edward  D.  Cope ;  "  A  cruisers  and  thinly  plated  armor-clads  (with  less 
Nomenclator  of  the  Families  of  Fishes,"  by  than  6  inches  of  wrought  iron  or  its  equivalent 
Theodore  Gill;  "Some  Aspects  of  Australian  in  compound  or  steel)  were  not  considered.  But 
Vegetation  "  and  "  The  Nomenclature  of  Vege-  unarmored  vessels  are  possessed  by  the  different 
table  Histology,"  by  George  L.  Goodale;  "On  powers  in  nearly  the  same  proportion  as  armor- 
Certain  New  Methocls  and  Results  in  Optics,"  by  clads,  and  whatever  value  l)e  assigned  them,  the 
Charles  S.  Hastings;  "An  Exhibition  of  the  result  would  not  be  materially  altered.  Making 
New  Pendulum  Apparatus  of  the  United  States  some  slight  corrections  for  changes  in  the  de- 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  with  Some  Results  of  sign  of  ceilain  ships  since  the  table  was  prepared, 
its  Use  "  and  "On  the  Use  of  a  Free  Pendulum  and  expressing  their  strengths  in  percentages  of 


544 


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that  of  Great  Britain,  the  first  10  naval  powers 
probably  stand  as  follow : 


Onkr. 

Powor. 

lUliUlT*  ilKngth. 

1 

Ort«t  Britain 

100 

2 

PVancft ....  1  ......... 

(>8 

8 

Italy 

Basiila 

4^ 

4 

88 

5 

Qerniany 

81 

6 

United  States 

17 

7 

Spain 

11 

8 

China 

G 

9 

Austria. 

b 

10 

Turkey 

8 

This  is  far  superior  to  the  condition  of  aflFairs 
in  1882,  when  our  navy  was  one  of  the  weakest 
in  the  world.  An  account  of  the  preliminary 
efforts  of  rebuilding  the  navy  to  ana  including 
1888  is  given  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclopaedia "  for 
that  year  (pages  787  to  798),  to  which  frequent 
reference  will  be  made  in  this  article.  At  that 
time  but  three  of  the  new  vessels — the  '*  Dolphin," 
"  Atlanta,"  and  **  Boston  " — were  completed,  and 
armor-clad  construction  had  just  begun.  The 
work  has  since  been  prosecuted  unremittingly, 
until  at  present  there  are  ready  for  service,  or  m 
course  of  construction,  13  armored  vessels,  25 
cruisers  (unarmored)  of  various  types,  and  3  tor- 
pedo boat^  The  details  of  these*  new  vessels  are 
given  in  the  accompanying  tables. 

Notes  on  the  Tables.— The  abbreviations 
used  are :  A.  C,  armored  cruiser ;  b.,  barbette ; 
bit,  armor  belt  (on  the  water-line) ;  B.  S.,  battle 
ship;  C,  cruiser;  CI.,  class;  cr.,  cruiser;  CJ.T., 
conning  tower ;  Disp.,  dispatch :  ft.,  feet ;  g.  b.. 
^nbpat ;  in.,  inch  or  inches ;  mm.,  millimetres 
(in  diameter  of  bore) ;  P.  C,  protected  cruiser 
(L  e.,  a  cruiser  with  complete  curved  armor  deck) ; 
P.  P.  C,  partiall3r  protected  cruiser  (i.  e.,  with 
armor  or  protective  deck  covering  boilers  and 
engines  only,  or  extending  over  the  entire  length, 
but  simply  bullet-proof,  and  intended  chiefly  for 
cellular  subdivision);  P.  P.g.b.,  partially  protected 
gunboat;  R.C.,notchkissrevolving  cannon;  R.P., 
rapid-fire  (guns) ;  s.,  screw  or  screws ;  T.,  turret. 

The  "  Puritan,"  "  Monadnock,"  "  Amphitrite," 
"  Terror,"  and  "  Miantonomoh  "  have  iron  hulls ; 
all  others  are  of  steel.  The  "  Boston."  **  Atlan- 
ta," "  Dolphin,"  and  *'  Petrel "  have  single  screws ; 
the  remainder  have  twin  screws,  except  cruisers 
12  and  13,  in  which  three  are  fitted.  The  speeds 
given  for  vessels  that  have  had  their  trials  are. 
first,  the  maximum  results  obtained  on  the  trial 
at  load  draught  for  the  best  hour,  and  .second,  the 
average  speed  for  the  whole  run  of  four  or  six 
hours,  continuous  steaming ;  in  the  case  of  vessels 
not  yet  completed,  the  higher  speed  is  that  which 
is  expected  on  trial  for  one  to  four  hours,  and 
the  second  is  the  '*  sustained  sea-speed,"  which 
it  is  believed  the  vessel  will  be  able  to  maintain 
under  favorable  conditions  for  several  days.  In 
the  recently  designed  ships  the  ability  to  pre- 
serve high  speed  has  been  aimed  at,  instead  of 
power  to  achieve  high  speeds  for  short  periotls 
by  excessive  forcing,  and  the  weights  assigned 
to  boilers  and  engines  have  been  therefore  more 
liberal.  In  comparing  the  speeds  given  in  these 
tables  with  others  reported  from  abroad,  it  must 
be  remembered  that  the  latter  are  chiefly  from 
runs  oyer  a  measured  mile,  and  could  not  be 
maintained  over  the  long  cou!*ses  on  wliich  our 
vessels  are  tried. 


548  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

An  asterisk  (*)  attached  to  any  data  indicates  ery  protection  other  than  the  armor  deck.  Thear- 
that  it  is  more  fully  given  in  the  "  notes."  The  raor  protection  is  equally  excellent :  17  to  20 
first  of  the  two  amounts  given  in  the  column  of  inches  (horizontally  mea&ured)  over  heavy  guns, 
"  coal  capacity  "  is  the  number  of  tons  that  can  10  inches  (horizontal  measurement)  over  8-inch 
be  carried  when  the  bunkers  are  full,  the  second  battery,  17  inches  on  redoubts  under  13-inch  gun 
is  the  normal  supply  with  the  vessel  at  her  de-  barbettes,  5  inches  on  the  broadside  between  re- 
signed load  draught ;  when  the  total  bunker  doubts  as  a  protection  against  high  explosive 
capacity  is  on  board,  her  displacement  is  greater  shell,  and  18  inches  on  the  water-line.  The 
than  that  given  in  the  displacement  column  by  speed  is  fair.  All  three  vessels  are  expected  to 
the  difference  between  the  two  coal  supplies,  be  ready  for  service  early  in  1894. 
The  coal  bunkers  surround  the  boilers  and  en-  The  •*  New  York  "  is  an  armored  cruiser  of  the 
gines,  and  are,  in  general,  arranged  to  ^ve  as  latest  type.  She  is  intended  as  a  **  cruiser 
much  protection  as  possible  consistent  with  ac-  destroyer,"  a  "  commerce  protector,"  and  general 
cessibility.  The  danger  of  shot-holes  at  the  wa-  raider  along  the  coasts  of  an  enemy.  These 
ter-line  is  reduced  by  cellular  subdivision  and  a  roles  she  is  able  to  play,  since  her  speed  is  sune- 
protective  deck ;  in  some  vessels  fui^ther  secur-  rior  to  that  of  all  other  armored  cruisers,  ana  it 
ity  is  afforded  by  a  belt  of  woodite  or  similar  is  doubtful  if  any  unarmored  ones  could  escape 
water-excluding  material  extending  around,  or  in  other  than  the  smoothest  water,  her  size 
partly  around,  the  ship  at  the  water-line.  This  (especially  length)  giving  an  immense  advantage 
material  will  allow  a  snot  to  pass  through  with-  over  most  vessels  and  affording  the  option  of 
out  resistance,  but  through  resilience  and  elas-  compelling  or  refusing  battle.  The  protection 
ticity  closes  behind  it  again,  leaving  little  or  no  to  the  hull  consists  of  a  steel  deck  0  inches  thick 
hole  for  the  admission  of  water;  and,  if  water  on  the  slopes  amidships;  a  water-line  belt  of 
should  gain  entrance,  it  reduces  the  space  in  the  armor  (including  skin  plating)  of  5  inches  ex- 
cells  that  the  water  could  fill,  and  consequently  tending  from  the  protective  to  the  berth  deck 
assists  to  preserve  the  stability  which  otherwise  abreast  the  machinery ;  a  coffer-dam,  or  belt  of 
might  be  in  danger  from  this  cause.  The  boilers  water-excluding  material,  with  the  same  limits 
are  chiefly  horizontal  fire-tubular,  though  the  above  and  below,  extending  completely  around 
torpedo  boats  and  the  ''  Monterey  "  (in  part)  have  the  ship ;  and  lastly  as  much  defense  as  possible 
the  water-tubular  type.  The  new  armored  ves-  is  derived  from  the  arrangement  of  tJie  coal 
sels,  the  "  Monadnock  "  and  the  later  cruisers,  supply.  Two  of  the  8-inch  ^ns  are  mounted  in 
have  vertical  triple-expansion  engines;  the  tor-  a  10-inch  barbette  forward  in  a  7-inch  covered 
pedo  boats  have  quadruple  expansion,  and  the  turret;  two  others  are  similarly  disposed  aft; 
other  vessels  have  compound  or  triple  expansion,  the  remaining  |)air  are  mounted,  one  on  each 
chiefly  horizontal.  With  the  exception  of  the  side  amidships,  in  semicircular  barbettes,  and 
practice  cruiser,  none  of  the  recent  design^  have  covered  with  machine-gun-proof  shields.  The 
been  fitted  with  sail  power  beyond  a  light  fore-  complement  of  officers  and  men  is  475.  The 
and-aft  or  schooner  rig.  "  New  York  "  is  expected  to  be  completed  in 

In  the  "  Massachusetts,"  "  Indiana,"  and  "  Ore-  1892. 
ffon"  (see  illustration)  it  is  believed  that  the  The  "  Puritan"  is  described  on  page  789  of  the 
Unitea  States  possesses  fighting  ships  that  have  "  Annual  Cyclopiedia"  for  1888.  Since  that  arti- 
few  equals  and  probably  no  superiors.  They  are  cle  was  written  considerable  changes  have  been 
designated  as  **  coast-line  battle  ships,"  which  made  in  her  design.  The  battery  is  now  four 
means  that  they  are  primarily  intended  for  the  12-inch  guns  mounted  in  barbette  turrets,  with 
defense  of  our  coast,  and  their  greatest  fighting  the  plane  of  fire  10^  feet  above  water,  which 
efficiency  is  expected  to  be  under  conditions  likely  will  admit  of  'its  being  fought  in  much  heavier 
to  arise  in  such  defense.  To  allow  access  to  a  weather  than  if  in  roller-b^  turrets.  On  deck, 
large  number  of  harbors,  the  mean  draft  has  between  the  turrets,  is  a  superstructure  in  which 
been  kept  down  to  24  feet,  considerably  less  than  are  the  quarters  of  the  officers.  The  former 
that  of  vessels  of  like  tonnage  abroad.  With  quarters  below  have  been  given  up  to  the  crew, 
this  draft  400  tons  of  coal  can  be  carried,  giving  affording  additional  space  for  their  accommoda- 
a  steaming  endurance  or**  radius  of  action  "of  tion.  which  was  much  needed.  The  armor  belt 
about  4.000  miles;  but  the  bunkers  will  hold  is  to  be  5  feet  7  inches  deep  and  14  inches  thick 
1,800  tons,  sufficient  for  16,000 miles  at  10 knots,  amidships.  The  armor  deck  is  2  inches;  bar- 
so  that  these  ships  may  be  dispatched  on  distant  bettes,  14  inches  ;  and  inclined  turrets,  8  inches, 
service.  But  they  ought  not  to  be  sent  out  to  The  ''Amphitrite"  and  *' Monadnock"  are  to 
immediate  action  with  the  bunkers  full,  as.  with  be  of  the  same  type,  but  smaller,  with  9-inch  side 
the  consequent  increased  displacement,  the  top  armor,  11*5  inch  oarbettes,  7'5-inch  inclined  tur- 
of  the  armor  belt  is  only  a  few  inches  above  rets,  and  10-inch  guns. 

water.  Their  batteries  are  the  most  formidable  The  "Terror"  is  to  have  roller-base  turrets 
of  any  yet  designed  for  ships  of  war.  The  large  12*5  and  11*5  inches  thick,  side  armor  7  inches. 
Italian  and  English  guns  of  about  100  tons  are  Similar  in  design  to  the  "  Miantonomoh." 
theoreticallysuperior  to  the  13-inch  guns  of  these  The  design  of  the  "Monterey"  (as  coast- 
ships;  but  they  fire  much  more  slowly,  their  ex-  defense  vessel  No.  1  has  been  named)  ha^ 
cess  of  penetrating  power  is  of  doubtful  value,  received  important  modifications.  The  armor 
and  recent  developments  have  shown  the  English  belt  is  reduced  to  18  inches  amidships  and  the 

Eieces  at  least  to  be  total  failures.    The  auxiliary  barbettes  to  13  and  11*5  inches;  the  turrets  an? 

attery  of  8-inch  guns  has  no  counterpart  in  of  8  and  7i  inches.     The  16-inch  and  12-inch 

other  navies.    It  is  a  complete  answer  to  the  open  guns  have  been  replaced  by  two  12-inch  and  t«ro 

barl>ette  with  thinly  shielded  gun,  as  well  as  to  10-inch,  respectively.    The  dynamite  gun  and  4- 

the  "Italia "type  without  water-line  or  machin-  inch  rapid-fire  guns  have  been  removed.    The 


NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.                                      549 

armor  deck  forward  has  been  increased  from  2  to  from  private  parties  within  the  limit  of  cost  pre- 

3  inches.  scribed  by  law.    Both  will  be  launched  in  1892. 

Coast-defense  vessel  No.  2  will  not  be  built,  The  "  betroit,"  **  Montgomery,"  and  cruiser 

as  the  act  authorizing  her  construction  has  been  No.  11  are  twin-screw,  well-decked  cruisers  of 

repealed.  2,000  tons  each,  with   water-tight  steel  deck, 

Pn)tected  cniiser  No.  6,  building  at  the  Union  eleven  sixteenths  of  an  inch  thick,  coal  protec- 

Iron  Works,  San  Francisco,  is  officially  desi^nat-  tion,  and  partial  woodite  belt.    One  6-inch  gun 

ed  as  unarraored,  but  the  protective  deck  is  4f  is  mounted  on  the  forecastle  and  one  on  the 

inches  thick  on  the  slopes  abreast  the  boilers  and  poop ;  the  5-inch  are  in  sponsons.  four  on  each 

engines,  the  guns  of  tne  main  battery  are  pro-  side,  with  bow  and  stem  fire  for  the  forward 

trtted  by  turrets  and  barbettes  or  segmental  and  after  pair,  respectively.    These  vessels  will 

shields,  all  of  4  inches  thickness,  and  the  fpound-  probably  aU  be  completed  during  1892. 

ers  of  the  secondary  battery  have  2-inch  shields.  The  "Machias"  and  gunboat  No.  6  are  twin- 

A  belt  of  water-excluding  niaterial  2  feet  9  inches  screw,  well-decked  vessels  of  1,050  tons  with 

thick  is  worked  above  the  protective  deck,  com-  water-tight  deck,  coal  protection,  and  partial 

pietely  surrounding  the  ship  at  the  water-line,  woodite  belt.    On  the  forecastle  is  mounted  one 

The  space  between  the    protective  and  berth  4-inch  gun,  on  the  poop  another ;  the  remaining 

decks  IS  subdivided  as  usual  into  a  large  number  six  are  in  sponsons,  two  under  the  forecastle 

of  compartments,  and  much  of  it  is  filled  with  with  bow  fire,  two  under  the  poop  with  stem 

coal,  giving  additional  protection.     As  in  the  fire,  and  one  on  each  side  amidsnips.    The  com- 

"  New  York,"  the  machinery  of  this  cniiser  has  plement  of  officers  and  men  is  150.    Both  vessels 

been  given  sufficient  weight  to  insure  a  high  should  be  ready  for  service  during  the  summer 

sustained  sea  speed  nearly  approaching  the  prob-  of  1892. 

abie  maximum  performance  over  the  usual  trial  The  practice  cmiser  is  designed  for  use  at  the 

c-oiirse.    The  complement  of  officers  and  men  is  Naval  Academy.     She  is  a  twin-screw,  well- 

46($.     Cruiser   No.  6  will  be  completed  about  decked  gunboat  of  885  tons,  barkentine  rig,  with 

July,  1898.                                         •  5,000  square  feet  spread  of  canvas.    Quarters 

I^rotected  cmisers  No.  12  and  18,  practically  are  provided  for  a  captain,  8  wardroom  officers, 

indentical   in  design,  are  unique  in  type.    The  and  120  cadets  and  men.    She  will  be  completed 

leading  features  are  speed  and  radius  of  action,  during  1892. 

The  anticipated  maximum  speed  is  22  knots;  The  harbor-defense  ram  is   from  a   desicrn 

sustained  sea  speed,  21  knots;  and  the  horse-  by  Rear-Admiral  Daniel  Ammen,  U.  S.  N.    The 

power  corresponding  is  21,000  and  16,400,  re-  armor  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  a  **turtle- 

spectively.    This  power  is  divided  between  three  back,"  6  inches  thick  at  the  water-line  and  2*5 

jets  of  engines  and  three  screws     One  is  in  the  inches  on  the  crown.     The  conning  tower  is 

usual  position  for  a  single  screw  vessel,  and  the  18  inches,  and  all  hatches  and  ventilators  and 

others  are  farther   forward,  as  in  twin-screw  the   smoke-pipe    have  armored  bases.     When 

ships.    The  protection  to  the  vitals  consists  of  ready  for  action  the  ram  is  submerged  to  fight- 

a  complete  protective  deck  4  inches  thick  on  ing  trim  bv  admitting  water  into  the  double 

the  slopes  over  boilers  and  engines,  2*5  inches  bottom.    Tne  only  projections  above  the  armor 

thick  forward  and  abaft :  second,  of  a  coffer-dam  deck  are  the  conning  tower,  smoke-pipe,  ventila- 

or  belt  of  water-excluding  material  5  feet  thick  tors,  and  boat  supports.    The  contract  time  for 

and  cellular  subdivision ;  lastly,  coal  protection,  delivery  is  July,  1892,  and  she  should  be  ready 

The  guns  of  the  main  battery  are  protected  by  for  service  very  soon  afterward. 

4-inoh  and  2-inch  shields,  and  the  6-pounders  The  design  for  torpedo  cmiser  No.  1  is  laid 

also  by  2  inches.    The  coal  supply  is  very  large,  aside,  awaiting  further  action  bv  Congress.    It 

a^K>ut'2,400  tons,  sufficient  for  about  31,500  nau-  was  found  impossible  to  build  her  within  the 

tical  miles  at   10  knots.    Being  mtended  for  limit  of  cost  prescribed  by  law. 

commerce  destroyers,  they  were  designed  to  rep-  Armor. — The  development  of  armor  manu- 

resent  merchant  steamers  as  closely  as  pessible ;  facture  in  the  United  States  has  been  unin- 

military  tops  have  therefore  been  omitted,  and  termptedly  successful.    From  its  inception,  in 

the  sponsons  for  the  battery  are  inconspicuous.  1887  (see  "Annual  Cyclopedia"  for  1888,  pngc 

Both  cmisers  will  be  completed  during  1898.  794),  to  the  present  time  the  progress  has  been 

The  •*  Cincinnati "  and  "  Raleigh  "  are  twin-  remarkable.      When  the  first  new  ships  were 

screw  protected  cruisers  with  thick  protective  begun  in  1882  no  establishment  in  this  country 

decks,  high  speed,  and  powerful  batteries  of  was  able  to  turn  out  iron  plates  of  over  five 

rapid-fire  guns.    The  single  6-inch  is  mounted  inches  thickness.    The  wise  policy  of  the  Navy 

on  the  forecastle ;  two  5-inch  are  placed  on  the  Department  in  giving  the  first  call  for  modern 

poop,  one  on  each  side ;  the  other  eight  are  in  armor  in  one  large  contract  enabled  the  Bethle- 

^ponsons,  two  under  the  poop,  two  under  the  hem  Iron  Company  to  perfect  its  plant  and  ac- 

forecastle,  and  four  in  broaaside.    They  are  well-  quire  the  secrets  of  armor  manufacture  from 

decked  vessels,  i.  e.,  having  poop  and  forecastle,  abroad.    In  November,  1890,  Secretary  Tracy, 

hut  with  the  waist  or  central  portion  uncovered,  finding  that  the  amount  of  armor  required  for 

The  protective  deck  is  2*5  inches  thick  on  the  the  new  ships  was  far  in  excess  of  what  the 

slope  over  the  machinery  spaces  and  2  inches  at  Bethlehem  Company  could  produce  within  the 

the  ends.    A  coffer-dam,  or  belt  of  woodite,  will  necessary  time,   entered  into  a  contract  with 

be  worked  above  the  protective  deck  next  the  Carnegie,  Phipps    &  Co.,  of    Pittsburg,    who. 


550  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

equipped,  nnd  they  are  delivering  armor  at  a  of  nickel-steel  untreated  —  showed  themselves 
rapiu  rate.  superior  to  both  of  the  best  two  plate  obtained 
The  question  of  the  best  material  for  armor  from  Schneider  in  1890.  The  others  were  all 
has  been  hotly  discussed.  Compound  (hard-steel  good.  The  conclusions  of  the  Annapolis  trial  of 
face  with  wrought-iron  back),  steel,  and  nickel-  tlie  preceding  year  were  sustained  as  to  the 
steel  are  the  chief  conipetitors.  The  conclusions  superiority  of  nickel-steel,  and  the  Harvey  prrv 
of  the  Gun-foundry  6oard  and  investigations  cess,  though  still  somewhat  defective  as  regards 
undertaken  on  its  own  account  decided  the  Navy  uniformity,  was  shown  to  add  materially  to  the 
Department  to  adopt  steel  for  the  armored  ves-  resisting  qualities  of  the  plate. 
sels  under  construction,  and  all  contracts  were  In  less  than  five  years  the  iirmor  industry  has 
made  for  that  metal.  Before  deliveries  had  be-  been  created  and  developed  to  a  point  at  which 
gun,  and  while  there  yet  remained  time  to  alter  we  are  able  to  produce  armor  equal  to,  and.  !k) 
the  provisions  of  the  contract,  the  department  far  as  any  tests  here  or  elsewhere  have  shown, 
conducted  what  may  be  regarded  as  the  most  superior  to,  any  manufactured  abroad.  The 
important  of  all  recent  armor  tests  in  this  or  any  work  on  the  plates  for  the  vessels  building  is  go- 
other  country.  Three  test  plates,  10*5  inches  ing  forward  rapidly,  and  it  is  believed  that  little 
thick,  were  acquired — two  from  Schneider  &  Co.,  further  delay  will  arise  from  future  tardiness  of 
of  Creusot,  France,  of  steel  and  nickel-steel  re-  deliveries;  and  when  the  ships  are  completed,  we 
spectively,  the  third  from  Cammell&  Co.,  of  Shef-  shall  have  the  satisfaction  of  knowing  that 
field,  England,  was  of  compound  steel  and  iron,  their  armor  protection  is  superior  to  that  of 
As  the  latter  firm  offered  tneir  plate  for  sale  to  equal  thickness  on  any  vessels  in  the  world  of 
the  department  without  solicitation,  and  were  previous  or  contemporaneous  construction, 
aware  tnat  it  would  be  tested  in  competition  with  A  most  important  point  connected  with  the 
the  two  that  had  already  been  contracted  for  with  development  of  armor  in  this  country  is  the 
Schneider  &  Co.,  their  efforts  to  place  it  in  com-  success  obtained  by  Carnegie,  Phipps  &  Co. 
petition  seem  to  indicate  their  perfect  confidence  with  the  rolling  process  of  manufacture,  by 
m  it,  and  that  it  was  probably  equal  to  their  best  which  the  great  expense  of  forging  under  the 
production.  The  trial  was  conducted  publicly,  hammer  is  rendered  no  longer  absolutely  nece*- 
and  under  conditions  acknowledged  to  be  per-  sary.  This  places  armor  manufacture  within 
fectly  fair  by  the  agents  of  the  armor  factories  the  reach  of  several  firms  heretofore  deterred 
immediately  before  it  was  begun.  The  result,  from  attempting  it  on  account  of  the  great  ex- 
while  in  a  measure  anticipated  by  our  ordnance  pense  of  establishing  a  suitable  plant 
authorities,  exceeded  their  expectations,  and  was  Projectiles. — During  the  past  few  years  the 
a  source  of  disappointment  and  considerable  manufacture  of  proi'ectdes  specially  adapted  to 
alarm  to  those  nations  that  had  wholly,  or  in  piercing  armor  has  been  vastly  improved.  The 
part,  committed  themselves  to  the  use  of  com-  long  used  and  highly  esteemed  chilled  cast-iron 
pound  armor.  The  all-steel  plate  gave  the  least  PalTiser  shot  is  powerless  against  modem  armor, 
penetration,  but  was  cracked  through.  The  breaking  up  like  so  much  glass  on  its  hard  face, 
compound  plate  was  completely  perforated  by  or  crushing  to  fragments  in  a  vain  attempt  to 
each  projectile  (four  6-inch  and  one  8-inch),  and  penetrate  the  more  homogeneous  varieties:, 
at  the  end  of  the  firing  was  a  total  wreck  with  Chrome  steel  and  other  varieties  of  that  metal 
nearly  the  entire  hard-steel  face  stripped  off.  under  special  treatment  have  been  tried,  with  the 
The  nickel-steel  plate,  while  not  exhibiting  quite  resulting  production  of  a  projectile  that  will 
so  great  resistance  to  penetration  as  that  of  all-  pass  through  the  toughest  armor  almost  without 
steel,  approached  it  very  closely  in  that  respect,  a  scratch,  and  often  without  deformation  sufii- 
and  showed  a  marked  superiority  in  tenacity  and  cient  to  prevent  its  being  used  again.  The  lead- 
resistance  to  rupture.  No  through  cracks*  were  ing  processes  are  probably  the  Holtzer  and  the 
developed,  and  the  few  surface  cracks  were  unim-  Firminy,  though  several  others  approach  them 
portant.  Neither  the  all-steel  nor  the  nickel-  closely  in  results.  No  attempt  was  made  to  pro- 
steel  allowed  a  single  projectile  to  get  through,  duce  such  projectiles  in  the  United  States  until 
In  the  opinion  of  the  trial  board  the  nickel-steel  1890,  when,  through  the  efforts  of  the  Navy 
proved  itself  the  best,  owing  to  its  freedom  from  Department,  the  Carpenter  Steel  Company  of 
serious  cracks,  which  more  than  counterbalanced  Reading,  Pa.,  was  induced  to  purchase  the 
the  slightly  greater  penetration  it  permitted,  patents  and  secret  processes  of  the  Firminy 
Subsequent  trials  of  tne  same  plate  to  ascertain  tyi)e,  which  were  offered  at  much  more  reason- 
its  behavior  in  cold  weather  showed  that,  while  able  rates  than  those  of  its  chief  competitor, 
it  was  perhaps  not  wholly  uninfiuenced  by  tem-  During  the  present  year  the  Carpenter  Company 
perature,  the  difference  was  very  slight,  and  cer-  has  begun  deliveries  under  contract,  and  their 
tainly  not  greater  than  that  exhibited  by  other  productions  have  proved  satisfactory,  the  more 
kinds  of  armor  under  similar  conditions.  so  as  their  later  shells  show  a  distinct  improve- 
During  1890  and  1891  several  thin  plates  ment,  due,  it  is  said,  to  a  partial  abandonment  of 
treated  by  the  Harvey  process  of  surface  harden-  the  Firminy  formula  in  favor  of  one  of  their 
ing  by  carbonization  and  subsequent  manipula-  own  discovery.  Several  other  methods  of  manu- 
tion  were  tested,  with  results  superior  to  any  facture  of  domestic  origin  have  been  develo|)0(i 
over  before  attained.  The  process  was  then  and  give  promise  of  good  results,  though  not 
applied  to  thicker  armor,  ana  during  Octol)er,  yet  considered  satisfactory. 
November,  and  December,  1891,  nine  plates  of  Common  shell  (i.  e.,  shell  not  intended  for  use 
American  manufacture  were  tested  at  the  new  against  armor)  are  still  largely  made  of  cast  iron, 
naval  proving  ground  at  Indian  Head.  The  especiallv  for  the  larger  calibers ;  but  as  forged- 
results  were  most  satisfactory.  Two  of  the  plates  steel  sliells  have  manv  advantages,  notabl^r  tneir 
—one  of  nickel-steel  Harveyized  and  the  other  greater  capacity  for  Dursting  cliarges,  owing  to 


XAVY  OF  TUB   UNITED  STATES. 


551 


eqnal  strength  with  thinner  walls,  a  means  of 
producing  them  at  a  moderate  cost  has  been 
persistently  sought.  It  is  hoped  that  several 
methods  recently  invented  wilt  accomplish  the 
desired  end,  and  contracts  have  been  entered  into 
with  two  concerns— the  United  States  Projectile 
(.'ompany,  of  Brooklyn,  and  the  American  Pro- 
jectile Company,  of  Boston — for  a  large  number 
of  6-ineh,  5-inch,  4-inch,  and  6-pounder  caliber. 
The  process  of  the  latter  company  employs 
electro-weldinp,  by  which  a  drop-forged  head  is 
united  to  a  steel  tube. 

Gans. — ^The  manufacture  of  naval  giins  is 
proceeding  substantially  UT)on  the  same  lines  as 
described  on  page  705  of  the  **  Annual  Cydopie- 
dia  "  for  1888.  The  principal  change  in  design 
has  been  in  the  direction  of  length,  which  htvs 


twelve  tons.  None  of  this  latter  size  have  been 
or  are  likely  to  be  constructed  in  the  near  future, 
as  it  is  a  generally  accepted  idea  that  such  ex- 
tremely heavy  ordnance  is  not  needed  for  naval 
purposes.  In  case  the  constantly  changing  con- 
ditions of  warfare  should  demand  their  produc- 
tion, the  Bureau  of  Ordnance  has  prepared  de- 
signs in  which  it  is  believed  that  the  difficulties 
experienced  with  this  caliber  abroad  have  been 
overcome. 

The  largest  guns  deemed  desirable  by  our 
naval  authorities  are  of  18  inches,  thirty-five 
calibers  in  length  of  bore,  and  weighing  135,500 
pounds.  Pour  of  these  pieces  are  to  be  mounted 
on  each  of  the  battle  ships  "Massachusetts," 
*•  Indiana,"  and  **  Oregon." 

As  may  be  i^een  from  the  table,  155  heavy  gims 


TABLE  OF  UNITED  STATKd  NAVAL  BBEECH-LOADINO  GUN^. 


CAUBKR  OF 

GUN  AND 

NUMBER  OF 

DESIGN. 


4-i])^  MftlkL.. 


40 


4-in^R.  F ■  40 

5-iii^MiirkL..    8U 


Mn.,  R.  F. 


88 


»-in.,MArkL..  80 

O-in^MarklL.  80 

6-in^  Mark  III,  80 

ofdOcals. 

6-iii^  Mark  III,  85 

of  85  cab. 

6  in, Mark  HI.  40 

of  40  cab. 

8-|]L,lfarkI^.  80 


^iD.,  Marie  XL. 
8-i2i.,  Mark  lit, 

ofSdeab. 
8-in.,  Mark  III, 

«»f40cab. 
lO-in^  Marie  I, 

ofDOeals. 
ia-iD.,MarkI* 

of85cil«. 
10-liL,  Mark  n, 

ofaOcab. 
10-to..MarkII, 

of  85  cab. 
IS-in^MarkL. 

18-ln.,  Blarkl.. 


In. 
157-8 

157-5 
150*8 

191-5 

176-0 

180-0 
188*8 

218 -S 

849-S 


1^ 


^ 


Ft 

18-7 

18-7 
18*5 

17-4 

15-8 

161 
16-8 

18-8 

21-8 


"^1 


289-0 i  21*5 


80 
85 

40 

80 

85 

80 

85 

85 

85 


289-9 
290-5 

880  5 

806-8 

848*8 

807*8 

854*9 

419*2 

454-5 


21-5 
25-4 

28-7 

27*4 

80-5 

27-4 

81-2 

86-8 

400 


Tom. 
15 

1-5 
2*8 

8-1 

4-8 

4-9 

4-8 

5-2 

60 

12-8 
12-9 
18-0 
181 

15  2 

257 

27-1 

28-2 
25-1 

27-6 

45-S 

60*5 


I 


LlM. 

8,880 

8,400 
6,190 

7,000 

10,775 

10,900 
10,800 

11,654 

18^70 

27,600 

28,800 
29,100 
29,400 

84,000 

57,600 

60,660 
63.100 
56,400 

61,900 

101,800 

185,500 


In. 
18-0 

18*0 
18  0 

16*5 

21*5 

21*5 
20-5 

20*5 

21-0 

80-0 

80*0 
28-8 

28*8 

40-0 

40-0 

890 

89-0 

450 

i9'0 


1 

1 

If 

i 

1  ^ 

Lbt. 

Lb*. 

Ft. 

Zero  to 

80 

12  to  14 

88 

2,0€0 

1  In  25. 

do. 

80 

do. 

88 

2,000 

nnl80 

20 

26  to  29 

60 

2,000 

to  1  In  80. 

ZeroU) 

80 

28  to  80 

60 

2,250 

1  In  25. 

1  In  180 

84 

60 

100 

2,000 

to  1  in  80. 

do. 

24 

4r>  to  48 

100 

2,000 

Zero  to 

S4 

44  to  47 

100 

2,000 

llnS5. 

do. 

24 

do. 

100 

2,060 

do. 

24 

do. 

100 

2,160 

1  111  160 

82 

105  to 

850 

2,000 

to  1  in  80. 

115 

do. 

82 

do. 

850 

2.0CO 

Zerofo 

82 

do. 

250 

2,0S0 

1  In  25. 

do. 

82 

do. 

250 

2,150 

1  in  180 

40 

825  to 

500 

2,000 

to  lln  85. 

240 

Zero  to 

40 

do. 

600 

2,080 

lin25. 

Zero  to 

40 

do. 

600 

2,000 

1  in  26-8. 

Zero  to 

40 

do. 

500 

2,100 

1  In  25. 

Zero  to 

48 

425 

850 

2,100 

lln2& 

da 

58 

550 

1,100 

2,100 

«  o 

*    9 


FU-Uma 
915 

915 
1,660 

1,754 

2,778 

2,778 
2,7T8 

2,990 

8,204 

6,982 

6,r82 

7,408 

8,011 
18,864 
14.996 

18,861 

I 
15,2S5 

25,985 

88,627 


Ip. 
8-0 

80 
90 

91 

11-8 

11-8 
11*8 

12-5 

18-2 

18-8 

16*8 
19-8 

80*8 

84*8 

86*8 

84*8 

86  6 

88-1 

87-2 


IB. 

60 

60 
6*5 

6*6 

8*5 

8-5 
8-5 

90 

9-4 

12-6 

12-6 
18*4 

14-0 

16-8 

17*8 

16-8 

18-0 

22-0 

24-5 


.1 

6  § 


I     7 


8 


117 


19 


8 


been  generally  increased  from  five  to  ten  calibers. 
That  is  to  say,  a  6-inch  gun  of  recent  construc- 
tion is  from  thirty  (five  times  six)  to  sixty  (ten 
times  six)  inches  longer  than  one  built  three  or 
more  years  ago.  The  added  weight  thus  en- 
tailed IS  accepted,  in  view  of  the  considerably  in- 
creased velocity  imparted  to  the  projectile  by  its 
being  exposed*  to  the  accelerating  infiuence  of 
the  powder  gas  through  a  greater  distance,  and 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  the  powder  now  used 
bums  more  satisfactorily  in  the  longer  guns. 

Extensive  additions  have  been  made  to  the 
plant  of  the  Washington  Gun  Factory,  both  as 
regards  its  capacity  for  turning  out  a  larger  num- 
ber of  guns  01  the  sizes  previously  built  and  its 
facilities  for  constnicting  the  larger  calibers,  in- 
cluding the  16-inch  gun  of  one  hundred  and 


had  been  completed  up  to  the  middle  of  Novem- 
ber, 1891,  ana  not  one  of  all  this  number  has 
failed  even  in  a  slight  degree  in  service  or  in 
proof,  or  has  shown  weakness  or  defects  requir- 
ing either  unusual  care  in  its  subsequent  hand- 
ling or  its  return  to  the  factory  for  repairs.  This 
remarkable  showing  is  believed  to  be  unique  in 
the  history  of  gun-making. 

The  improvement  in  the  quality  and  quantity 
of  the  machinery  at  theWashington  Gun  Factory 
and  the  adoption  of  advantageous  methods  and 
settled  principles  of  construction  have  caused  a 
marked  reduction  in  the  time  required  to  manu- 
facture the  various  pieces  of  ordnance,  and  in 
their  cost.  The  following  table  shows  the  gain 
since  high -power-gun  construction  was  begun  in 
this  country.    At  first,  the  gun  factory  having 


552 


NAVY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


little  or  no  plant,  a  lar^  portion  of  the  work  of 
assembling  and  finishing  was  contracted  for 
with  private  firms : 


ATSRAOB  Tin K  TO 

PBODUOB  IM   DATS 

or  TBX   WOEKIKO 

BOUBB. 

AVBBAOB  COST. 

CALIBER. 

By  COB- 

Uset  with 

prirate 

flmu. 

AitlM 

gsB  tte- 
tmy,  1688. 

AttlM 

1888. 

1890. 

18»1. 

gun  lii^ 
lory,  1880. 

6-lnch 

8-lnch 

lO-inch 

144 
250 
8(H) 

T5 
150 
205 

60 
105 
150 

$8,400 
8^500 

$2,649 
^16S 
0,8M 

$1,298 
2Ji2 
3,500 

Except  two  5-inch  for  the  "  Chicago,"  none  of 
the  other  calibers  had  been  complete  at  the  end 
of  1890.  The  average  time  required  for  each 
during  1891  was  as  follows :  For  the  4-ineh,  48 
days ;  for  the  5-inch,  55  days ;  for  the  12-inch, 
270  davs;  and  the  estimated  time  for  the  13-inch 
is  360  days. 

Ganpowder.— The  Du  Pont  Powder  Com- 
pany has  produced  brown  slow-buminff  powder 
adapted  to  all  calibers  up  to  the  10-inch,  and  is 
now  engaged  upon  that  for  the  12-inch  and  13- 
inch  guns,  witn  every  prospect  of  immediate 
success.  Each  class  and  caliber  of  gun  requires 
a  special  sort  of  powder  in  order  to  obtain  the 
best  results,  and  its  characteristics  can  only  be 
determined  by  trial  and  experiment.  Other  firms 
are  at  work  on  these  powders,  and  their  products 
have  shown  distinct  improvement,  though  not 
yet  up  to  the  required  standard.  A  new  kind  of 
square-grained  black  powder  coated  with  the 
slower-burning  brown  variety  has  been  tried  in 
the  rapid-fire  guns,  with  good  results.  But  the 
greatest  advance  in  this  department  is  in  smoke- 
less powder.  Prof.  C.  E.  Munroe,  the  chemist  of 
the  naval  torpedo  station  at  Newport,  has  in- 
vented a  powder  of  this  kind  which  has  been 
developed  and  successively  adapted  to  the  vari- 
ous calibers  up  to  the  4-inch,  with  excellent  re- 
sults. With  about  half  the  usual  charges,  the 
velocities  obtained  have  shown  a  gain  of  150  to 
200  feet  a  second,  without  increase  of  pressure  in 
the  guns.  This  powder  is  specially  safe  and 
stable;  it  is  uninjured  by  repeated  heating  for 
long  periods,  and  even  by  boiling  in  water. 
Commodore  Folger,  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of 
Ordnance,  is  so  fully  convinced  of  the  progress 
made  in  the  manufacture  of  smokeless  powdei*s 
that  he  expresses  his  belief  that  in  a  very  short 
time  the  use  of  ordinary  gunpowder  will  be 
abandoned,  at  least  in  calibers  of  6  inches  and 
less,  for  some  form  of  the  smokeless  type. 

High  Explosives.— The  use  of  high  explosives 
in  the  navy  is  increasing,  and  experiments  look- 
ing to  their  employment  for  the  bursting  charges 
of  shells  are  bemg  prosecuted.  Armor-piercing 
shell  with  thick  walls  and  small  chamber  capa- 
city require  a  more  powerful  explosive  than  the 
small  cnarge  of  gunpowder  they  are  capable  of 
containing.  Gun-cotton  offers  great  advantages, 
from  the  simplicity  and  safety  of  its  manufacture 
and  handling.  The  capacity  of  the  apparatus  for 
its  production  at  the  torpedo  station  at  Newport 
has  been  doubled,  and  Messrs.  E.  1>.  Du  Pont 
&  Co.  have  undertaken  the  establishment 
of  a  gun-cotton  plant,  stimulated  thereto  by  a 
large  order  from  the  Navy  Department,  condi- 
tional upon  such  establishment.     Emmensite, 


the  invention  of  Dr.  Em  mens,  is  another  explo- 
sive that  is  beinp^  experimented  with.  It  seem<i 
to  keep  well  without  deterioration,  is  safe  to 
handle,  and  is  powerful  in  its  action.  Whether 
it  can  be  fired  through  armor  before  detona- 
tion is  yet  to  be  determined,  but  its  value  for 
many  purposes  seems  beyond  doubt.  An  experi- 
mental 10-inch  breech-loading  mortar  has  been 
installed  at  the  proving  ground  for  testing  high 
explosive  shell. 

Rapid-flre  Gans. — The  recent  development 
of  rapid-fire  guns  in  the  United  States  has  fullv 
kept  pace  with  the  progress  abroad.  The  lead- 
ing types  used  in  the  navy  are  the  llotchkiss,  the 
Driggs-Schroeder,  and  tfie  Dashiell.  The  Sea- 
bury  system  is  likewise  being  exprimented 
with,  and  promises  good  results.  The  largest 
caliber  considered  practicable  for  fixed  ammuni- 
tion by  our  ordnance  officers  is  the  5-inch,  and 
even  in  that  the  weight  of  the  shell  has  been 
somewhat  reduced.  The  6-inch  is  extensively 
used  in  Europe,  but  as  the  cartridge  (powder 
charge,  projectile,  and  cartridge  case)  weighs 
over  160  pounds,  it  is  unwieldy  and  probably  not 
much  more  rapid  to  handle  than  if  the  charge 
and  projectile  were  separate  in  the  ordinary  way. 
But  the  6-inch  gun  will  be  fitted  with  some  form 
of  rapid-working  breech-closure,  probably  the 
Dashiell. 

The  calibers  in  service  in  the  navy  are  the  1- 
ponnder,  8-pounder,  6-i)ounder,  4-inch  (33- 
pounderj,  ana  5-iuch  (50-pounder) ;  the  quick- 
firing  6-inch  gun  is  only  of  the  **  rapid-fire*  type 
as  regards  its  breech  mechanism.  From  their 
superior  power  and  accuracy  and  less  weight,  the 
1-pounder  of  37  millimetres  bore  (about  1*5 
inch)  and  the  8-pounder  of  47  millimetres 
(about  1'9  inch)  have  practically  displaced  the 
revolving  cannon  of  the  same  caliber.  The  3- 
pounder  has  fallen  somewhat  into  disfavor,  and 
m  turn  is  being  supplanted  by  the  1-pounder 
and  the  6-pounder.  It  is  regarded  as  an  un- 
necessary size  for  most  vessels,  the  others  giving 
sufficient  variation  in  caliber  for  all  ordinary 
purposes.  Too  many  different  kinds  of  projectiles 
approaching  each  other  in  size  are  liable  to  lead 
to  confusion  of  the  ammunition  supply  during 
an  engagement. 

One  of  the  features  of  the  batteries  of  recentlv 
designed  cruisers  has  been  the  extensive  employ- 
ment of  rapid-fire  guns  of  4  and  5  inch  caliber. 
The  6-inch,  of  the  usual  breech-loading  tvpe, 
which  has  been  the  standard  cruiser  gun,'has 
laigely  given  place  to  them. 

Machine  Gans.— The  musket-caliber  Gatlinp 
gun  now  remains  the  sole  representative  of  this 
type  of  gun,  the  i-evolving  cannon  being  dis- 
placed, as  mentioned  above. 

Naval  ProYlngGronnd.— InFebruarr,  1890, 
a  tract  of  659  acres  at  Indian  Head,  on  the  Poto- 
mac, 26  miles  below  Washington,  was  purchased 
and  convei-ted  into  a  naval  proving  ground  for 
the  tests  of  guns,  armor,  and  projectiles.  It  has 
been  put  in  thorough  working  order,  and  all  test* 
are  now  conducted  there.  It«  nearness  to  the 
gun  factory  and  the  Naw  Department,  and  readv 
accessibility  by  water,  have  greatly  facilitated 
ordnance  work. 

Torpedoes,— Up  to  Jan.  1, 1892,  no  automobile 
torpedoes  had  been  placed  upon  any  vessels  of  the 
navy,  but  it  is  expected  that  during  the  coming 


NAVY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATEa 


;    li. 


KAVy  OP  THE  UNITKD  STATES. 


NAVY  OP  TUB  UNITED  STATES. 


NAVY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

"   J 


NAVY  OP  THE  UNITED  STATEa 


658  NAVY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATEa  NEBRASKA. 

year  all  will  receive  complete  outfits.  The  How-  ing  more  and  more  attention  each  year  as  the 
ell  Torpedo  Company,  in  their  latest  model,  have  state  of  affairs  under  existing  laws  becomes  wone 
produced  a  highly  satisfactory  weapon,  and  and  worse.  As  the  case  now  stands  most  officers 
deliveries  have  begun  under  the  contract.  At  will  reach  the  age  of  fifty  years  before  promo- 
the  instance  of  the  department,  E.  W.  Bliss  &  tion  out  of  the  grade  of  lieutenant.  This  is  the 
Co.,  of  Brooklyn,  have  purchased  the  patents  and  result  of  ill-considered  crowding  of  the  list  im- 
secrets  of  the  Whitehead  torpedo,  and  a  con-  mediately  after  the  civil  war  and  of  the  various 
tract  has  been  made  with  them  for  100  18-inch  acts  passed  since,  by  which  the  number  of  ofii- 
(diameter)  torpedoes  of  the  most  recent  type,  cers  in  each  grade  was  reduced.  Various  plans 
This  firm  is  also  nearly  ready  to  begin  deliver-  have  been  devised  to  remedy  this  state  of  things 
ies.  The  Hall  torpedo  is  still  in  the  experimental  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  brought  the  mat- 
stage.  Three  Patrick  dirigible  torpedoes  have  ter  before  Congress  in  his  last  report, 
been  purchased  for  harbor  defense,  and  negotia-  Naval  Besenre. — Much  interest  has  been 
tions  have  been  opened  with  the  Sims-]^ison  aroused  recently  regarding  the  development  of  a 
Company,  but  no  purchases  have  been  made  naval  militia  in  all  the  seaboard  States,  and  in 
from  lack  of  funds  for  the  purpose.  This  tor-  several  of  them  appropriations  were  made  by  the 
pedo  is  also  of  the  dirigible  type — L  e.,  directed  legislatures  for  the  expenses  of  such  organiza- 
oy  wires  extending  from  the  operator  to  the  tor-  tions  on  the  same  footing  as  the  National  Guard, 
pedo.  In  March,  1891,  following  out  the  recommenda- 

Submarine  Gan. — The  projectile  of  the  sub-  tions  of  Secretary  Tracy,  Congress  appropriated 
marine  gun  may  also  be  considered  a  torpedo.  It  $25,000  for  the  armament  of  such  forces.  This 
is  fired  underneath  the  water  from  a  special  form  money  was  allotted  to  the  several  States  in  pro- 
of gun  contained  within  the  vessel.  It  differs  portion  to  the  number  of  men  actually  on  the 
from  an  ordinary  torpedo  fired  from  an  under-  rolK  The  number  certified  to  as  mustered  in 
water  tube  in  that  the  driving  force  is  wholly  in  and  serving  in  the  naval  militia  is  as  follows : 
the  giin,  the  projectile  being  merely  a  missile  California,  371 ;  New  York,  342 ;  Massachusetts, 
containing  no  means  of  self-propulsion.  It  is  288;  North  Carolina,  101;  Rhode  Island.  54; 
one  of  Ericsson's  last  inventions,  and  had  not  Texas,  48 ;  total,  1,149.  Since  the  date  of  that 
been  fully  tested  and  developed  at  the  time  of  report  this  number  has  been  much  increased  and 
his  death.  No  trials  have  been  made  under  the  the  Lake  States  have  begun  to  form  organizations, 
present  arrangement.  An  additional  sum  has  conseouently  been  asked 

Torpedo  Nets, — The  Midgely  Wire  Belt  Com-  for  to  continue  the  supply  of  arms  to  those  at 
pan V,  of  Beaver  Falls,  Pa.,  have  submitted  for  present  unprovided.  The  Navy  Department  has 
trial  a  sample  net  for  defense  against  torpedoes,  sought  to  encourage  this  movement  by  every 
which  compares  favorably  in  stowage,  weight,  meanswithin  its  power,  and,  to  facilitate  the  train- 
and  flexibility  with  those  in  use  abroad.  An-  ing  by  actual  service  on  board  ship,  the  squad- 
other  American  company  is  negotiating  for  the  ron  of  evolution  conducted  drills  for  two  weeks 
purchase  of  the  patent  rights  of  the  Bullivant  at  Boston  and  in  Long  Island  Sound,  in  w^hich 
(English)  net.  These  will  be  tested  as  soon  as  the  the  naval  militia  of  New  York  and  Massachu- 
submarine  gun  is  completed,  and  if  they  are  found  setts,  which  States  were  most  advanced  in  prep- 
satisfactory  one  or  the  other  will  be  supplied  to  aration,  took  part. 

armored  vessels  of  the  navy,  to  which  they  are  at  Coaling  Stations  Abroad. — In  the  event  of 

present  to  be  confined.  war  our  ships  would  be  unable  to  purchase  coal 

Torpedo  Boats.— The  navy  still  remains  de-  in  foreign  port-s.  This  has  made  the  establish- 
ficient  in  torpedo  boats.  The  Cushing  (torpedo  ment  of  coaling  stations  abroad  a  question  of 
boat  No.  1)  is  completed,  and  her  launching  tubes  great  moment,  and  considerable  attention  has  re- 
are  being  placed  on  board.  Another  boat  of  the  cently  been  paid  to  it  Santa  Barbara  de  Sa- 
first  class  is  under  construction,  and  the  "  Sti-  mana,  St.  Nicholas  Mole,  and  St.  Thomas,  in  the 
letto '^  has  been  refitted  and  makes  a  fair  second-  West  Indies,  Pearl  Harbor,  in  the  Haw^aiian 
class  boat,  Tlie  submarine  torpedo  boat  do-  Islands,  the  Galapagos  Islands,  and  other  point-? 
scribed  on  page  798  of  the  "  Annual  Cyclopro-  have  been  considered.  A  site  in  the  harbor  of 
dia"  for  1888  was  not  built,  her  design  being  in  Pago  Pago,  Samoa,  has  been  ceded  bv  the  Sa- 
several  respects  unsatisfactory.  moan  Government,  and  the  station  has  been 

Dynamite  Gun. — The  experiments  with  the  established  under  authority  of  Congress. 

"  Vesuvius,"  whose  battery  consists  of  guns  of  NEBRASKA,  a  Western  State,  admitted  to 

this  kind,  have  not  been  wholly  satisfactory.  The  the  Union  March   1,  1867;  area,  77,510  squan* 

valves  and  breech  mechanism  are  undergoing  al-  miles.      The  population,  according  to  each  dc- 

terations,  which  are  expected  to  effect  consider-  connial  census  since  admission,  was  122,993  in 

able  improvement.    The  design  of  the  vessel  is  1870:  453,402  in  1880;  and  1,058,910  in  1890. 

not  approved  for  the  purpose  intended,  and.  Capital,  Lincoln. 

while  the  guns  are  admitted  to  be  valuable,  if  any  Goyernment. — The  following  were  Stiite  of- 

are  to  be  hereafter  mounted  on  shipboard  the  fleers    during   the    year:   Governor.    John    M. 

method  of  instaUution  will  be  greatly  changed,  Thayer,  Republican,  succeeded  on  Jan.  8  by 

and  probably  some  armor  protection  given.  James  E.  Boyd,  Democrat,  who  was  ousted  from 

Personnel.— In  view  of  the  rapid  building  office  on  May  5  by  decree  of  the  State  Supreme 

up  of  the  navy,  the  number  of  enlisted  men  al-  Court,  and  was  succeeded  by  John  M.  Thayer, 

lowed  (8,250,  including  750   apprentices)  will  the  latter  holding  the  office  for  the  remainder 

doubtless  soon  be  increased,  and,  if  the  new  ships  of  the  year.    Lieutenant-Governor,  Thomas  J. 

are  to  be  manned  as  soon  as  completed,  this  in-  Majors;  Secretary  of   State,   John    C.    Allen; 

crease  must  be  made  within  the  next  two  years.  Auditor  of  Public  Accounts,  Thomas  H.  Ben- 

The  question  of  promotion  of  officers  is  attract-  ton ;  Treasurer,  John  E.  Eill ;  Attoniey-General, 


NEBRASKA.  559 

George  H.  Hastings;  Superintendent  of  Public  party  associates.    A  motion  for  a  recess  (not 
Instruction,  Alexander  K^  Goudy ;  Commissioner  adjournment)  until  the  following  day  was  finally 
of  Public  Lands  and  Buildings,  A.  R.  Hum-  entertained  and  carried.    When  the  conyention 
phrey  ;  Chief  Justice  of  the   Supreme    Court,  reassembled  on  Jan.  8,  Speaker  Elder  was  served 
Aiuasa  Cobb ;  Associate  Justices,  Samuel  Max-  with    a    mandamus    from    the  State  Supreme 
well  and  T.   L.   Norval.     Except  Gov.  Boyd,  Court  ordering  him  to  open  and  publish  the 
these  officer^  are  all  Republicans.  returns,  and,  in  obedience  thereto,  the  canvass 
Contest  OTer  State  Offices. — According  to  proceeded,  Boyd  was  declared  elected  Governor, 
ofBcial  returns  of  the  election  of  1890,  James  E.  and  the  Republican  candidates  were  declared 
Boyd,  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor,  elected  to  the  other  offices.    The  proceedings  of 
received  71,331  votes,  or  1,144  more  than  his  the  day  were  marked  by  disorder,  and  armed 
nearest  competitor,  John  II.  Powers,  the  Inde-  officers  of  the  law  were  in  attendance, 
jpendent  or  Farmers'  Alliance  candidate,  and  All  the  persons  thus  declared  elected  qualified 
2,453  more  than  L.  D.  Richards,  the  Republican  themselves,  and  all  obtained  immediate  posses- 
candidate.     For  all  the  other  State  offices  the  sion  of  their  offices,  except  Gov.  Boyd.    To  him 
returns  gave  the  Republican  nominees  slight  Gov.  Thayer  refused  to  surrender  the  executive 
pluralities.     As  in  every  case  the  Independent  apartments,  on  the  ground  that  he  was  not 
candidates  had  failetl  of  election  by  only  a  few  eligible  to  the  office  of  Governor.    Other  quarters 
thousand  votes,  they  professed  to  believe  that  in  the  State  House  were,  however,  assigned  him 
their  defeat  had  been  compassed  by  fraud  and  while  Gov.  Thayer  fortified  himself  in  the  exec- 
intimidation  practiced  at  tne  polls  by  their  op-  utive  chambers,  and  for  a  time  each  contestant 
ponents,  and  on  these  grounds  they  decided  to  claimed  to  act  as  the  State  Executive.    On  Jan.  9, 
contest  the  election.    Late  in  November,  1890,  at  the  time  of  his  refusal  to  vacate  his  office, 
notices  of  contest  were  served  upon  Boyd  and  Gov.  Thayer  filed  in  the  State  Supreme  Court  a 
the  successful  Republican  candidates,  anddurhig  petition  praying  that  a  writ  of  quo  warranto 
the  following  month  a  large  mass  of  testimony  issue  against  Gov.  Boyd  for  the  purpose  of  trving 
was  taken  in  various  parts  of  the  State,  bearing  the  title  of  the  latter  to  the  office  claimed  by 
upon  the  charges  alleged  by  the  contestants,  him.    On  Jan.  13  the  court  ordered  the  writ  to 
In  the  gubernatorial  contest  case  testimony  was  issue,  saying  at  the  same  time  that,  pending  the 
also  taken  late  in  December  in  behalf  of  Powers,  trial  of  the  cause,  it  recognized  Boyd  as  the 
tending  to  show  that  the  father  of  Boyd  had  legal  Governor  of  the  State  by  virtue  of  the 
never  been  naturalized,  and  that   the  son,  not  declaration  of  the  joint  convention  of  the  Legis- 
being  a  citizen,  was  ineligible  to  the  office  of  lature,  and  that  Gov.  Thayer  would  lose  none  of 
Governor.     When  the  Legislature  assembled  in  his  le^al  rights  by  quietly  submitting  to  the 
January,  all  this  testimony  was  ready  for  its  ex-  situation,     in  view  of  this  assurance  of  the 
amination.    The  first  duty  of  that  body  in  de-  court,  the  latter,  on  Jan.  15,  yielded  up  the  ex- 
termining  the  result  of  the  election  is  prescribed  eeutive  apartments  to  Gov.  Boyd, 
by  the  State  Constitution  as  follows :  Meanwhile,  in  the  Legislature  the  Independ- 
The  returns  of  every  election  for  the  offlcem  of  the  «nts  had  passed  through  both  houses  a  joint 
executive  department  shall  be  aealcd  up  and  trans-  resolution  appointing  Jan.  20  as  the  day  when 
mittijd  by  the  returning  oftlcerB  to  the  Secretary  of  the  joint  convention  should  meet  for  the  purpose 
State,  directed  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Rcpre-  of  hearing  the  contested  election  cases.    On  that 
gcntativcs,  who  shall,  immedintely  after  the  organiza-  day  Gov.  Bovd  and  the  other  contestees  sub- 
tion  of  the  House,  and  before  proceeding  to  other  mitt^d  to  the  convention  a  protest  against  its 
busincM,  open  and  nubhah  the  sanic  in  the  presence  proceedings,  on  the  ground  that  the  joint  reso- 
:hd^Z^^at%u?^"r^^^^^^  I»tion  unSer  which^  had  met  had^ot  .been 
House  of  Repn«cntativcs.    The  pereon  having  the  signed  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor  as  President 
bighest  number  of  votes  for  either  of  said  offices  of  the  Senate,  nor  submitted  to  the  Governor  for 
shall  be  declared  duly  elected.    Ooiitestcd  elections  his  approval.    The  convention  therefore  passed 
for  all  of  said  offices'shall  be  determined  hy  both  a  resolution  asking  the  opinion  of  the  State 
Houses  of  the  Legislature,  by  ioint  vote,  in  such  Supreme  Court  upon  the  question  whether  such 
manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  ^  resolution  must  be  submitted  to  these  officials 
Pursuant  to  these  provisions,  the  two  houses  for  their  signatures,  when,  as  in  the  present  case, 
met  in  joint  convention  on  Jan.  7.    A  resolution  they  were  both  interested  in  the  case  as  con- 
wns  then  offered  by  the  Independents,  proposing  testees.    To  this  question  the  court,  on  Jan.  20, 
that  action  upon  the  returns  be  suspendea  until  replied  that  the  signature  of  the  Lieutenant- 
the  pending  contest  over  State  officers  should  be  Governor  and  the  approval  of  the  Governor  were 
decided  by  law;  but  the  presiding  officer  of  the  clearly  necessary,  according  to  the  terms  of  the 
convention,  Lieutenant-Governor  Meiklejohn,  a  State  Constitution,  and  that  such  a  i-esolution,  if 
Republican,  niled  that  no  business  could  be  con-  vetoed,  must  be  passed  by  a  three-fifth  vote  of 
sidered  or  acted  upon  by  the  convention  till  the  both    Houses    in   order   to   become   law.    The 
returns  were  opened  and  published  according  to  Independents,  on  learning  this,  dissolved  the 
the  constitutional  reqjiirement  alK)ve   quoted,  joint  convention   and   decidwl   to   begin    over 
This  ruling  was  followed  by  scenes  of  confusion,  again.      A   new   joint   resolution,   fixing    Feb. 
in  which  the  Independents  attempted  to  carry  17  as  the  day  for  the  meeting  of  the  joint 
an  adjournment   of   the   convention,   but   the  convention,  was  introduced,  but   the  impossi- 
liieutenant-Govenior  refused  to  put  the  motion  bility   of   obtaining  the   Governor's  signature 
therefor.     The  Speaker  of   the   House,  S.  M.  thereto   was  conceded.      A   few  of   the   Inde- 
Elder,  an  Independent,  then  refused  to  open  and  pendents  became  disheartened  at  the  prospect  of 
publish  the  returns  as  required  by  the  Constitu-  passing  it  over  a  veto,  and  on  Feb.  5  practically 
tion,  and  in  this  course  was  supported  by  his  gave  up  the  fight  by  joining  with  the  Democrats 


560  NEBRASKA. 

and  Republicans  of  the  House  in  passing  a  reso-  Candidates  for  office  may  be  nominated  by  the 

lution    requesting   Gov.   Boyd    to   dehver   his  convention  or  caucus  of  any  political  party  that 

inaugural  address.    A  few  days  later  the  Senate  polled  at  the  last  election  1  per  cent,  of  the  entire 

voted  down  the  joint  resolution,  and  with  this  vote  cast  in  the  State,  county,  or  other  division 

defeat  ended  all  hopes  of  the  contestants.  for  which  the  nomination  is  made,  or  by  nomina- 

In  the  quo  warranto  suit,  Thayer  v.  Boyd,  a  tion  papers  signed  by  electors  of  the  district  for 

motion  to  dismiss  was  early  filed  by  the  respond-  whicn  tne  nomination  is  made  to  the  number  of 

ent  on  the  ground  that  the  relator  had  no  title  500  when  the  nomination  is  for  a  State  office, 

or  authoritv  to  maintain  the  suit,  and  that  the  and  to  a  number  not  exceeding  50  where  the 

facts  stated  did  not  form  a  good  cause  of  action,  office  is  to  be  filled  by  the  electors  of  a  city. 

Earl V  in  March,  after  a  hearing,  the  court  over-  county,  or  other  division  less  than  the  State,  and 

ruled  this  motion  and  ordered  the  respondent  to  to  a  number  not  exceeding  20  when  the  office  i:« 

file  his  answer.  to  be  filled  by  the  electors  of  a  township,  precinct. 

Arguments  upon  the  merits  of  the  case  were  or  ward,  provided  that  the  number  of  signatures 

heanf  toward  the  middle  of  the  month,  and  on  need  not  exceed  one  fourth  of  the  total  number  of 

May  5  the  court  rendered  an  opinion  to  the  effect  voters  when  the  nomination  is  for  other  than  a 

that  Boyd  was  not  a  legal  citizen  of  the  United  State  office.    Ballots  shall  be  white,  printed  with 

States,  and  was  therefore  ineligible  to  the  office  black  ink.   Each  ballot  shall  contain  the  name  of 

to  which  he  had  been  elected.    The  fact  that  his  every  candidate  duly  nominated,  the  names  of  all 

father,  being  an  alien,  had  never  completed  his  candidates  for  each  office  being  arran^red  under 

naturalization  as  a  citizen  during  the  minority  the  designation  of  the  office  in  alphabetical  order, 

of  his  son,  who  was  bom  in  a  foreign  country,  excepttnat  the  names  of  electors  of  President  and 

was  held  to  be  conclusive  against  the  citizenship  Vice-President,  presented  in  one  certificate  of 

of  the  latter.    It  was  further  decided  that  the  nomination,  shall  bearranged  in  a  separate  group, 

alien  inhabitants  of  the  Territory  of  Nebraska  at  At  the  end  of  the  list  of  candidates  for  eacn 

the  time  of  its  admission  as  a  State  did  not  be-  office  a  blank  space  shall  be  left  for  writing  in  the 

come  citizens  of  the  United  States  by  virtue  of  names  of  other  candidates.    Each  polling  place 

the  acts  of  Congress  admitting  the  State  into  the  shall  be  provided  with  a  sufficient  number  of 

Union.    In  view  of  these  facts,  the  court  held  booths  or  compartments,  which  shall  be  fnr- 

that  the  election  of  1890  for  Governor  was  void,  nished  with  such  supplies  and  conveniences  as 

and  that  the  person  elected  Governor  at  the  pre-  shall  enable   the  voter  to  prepare  his  ballot, 

ceding  election  was  entitled  to  hold  over  after  the  and  in  which  electors  may  mark  their  ballots 

expiration  of  his  term  for  the  term  succeeding,  screened  from  observation     Thennmberofsuch 

From  these  conclusions  of  the  majority  of  the  booths  shall  not  be  fewer  than  one  for  every  fifty 

court  Justice  Maxwell  dissented.  Pursuant  to  the  voters  or  fraction  thereof  registered  in  tlie  dis- 

majority  opinion,  however,  judgment  of  ouster  trict  or  precinct.  Before  delivering  a  ballot  to  an 

was  entered  against  Gov.  Bovd,  in  obedience  to  elector,  two  of  the  election  officers  shall  write 

which  he  immediately  surrenoered  to  Gov.Thayer  their  names  in  ink  upon  the  back.    The  elector 

the  Executive  office.  His  counsel  then  carried  the  shall  indicate  his  choice  by  marking  a  cross  with 

case  up  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  upon  ink  opposite  the  name  of  his  candidate,  or  by 

a  writ  of  error,  but  no  decision  had  been  reached  writing  in  the  name  of  his  candidate.    He  shaft 

by  that  tribunal  at  the  close  of  the  year.  then  fold  the  ballot  so  as  to  conceal  his  choice, 

LcfrislatiTe  Session.  —  The  Legislature  as-  and  deliver  it  to  the  judge  of  election,  who  shall 

sembled  for  its  regular  biennial  session  on  Jan.  6,  deposit  it  in  the  ballot-box.  Electioneering  with- 

and  adjourned  on  April  4.    Its  action  in  the  con-  in  any  polling  place  or  within  100  feet  thereof  is 

troversy  over  the  State  executive  offices  is  re-  forbidden. 

corded  in  the  foregoing  paragraph.  Both  Houses  Another  important  act  of  the  session  regulates 

were  controlled  by  members  of  the  new  Inde-  and  defines  at  length  the  rights  and  duties  of 

pendent  or  Farmers'  Alliance  party.    Hostility  public  warehousemen.    The  mixing  or  shipping 

to  railroads  was  one  of  their  cardinal  doctrines,  of  different  grades  of  grain  together  is  forbid- 

and  their  avowed  purpose  was  to  pass  at  this  ses-  den,  except  by  consent  of  the  owner.     Ware- 

sion  some  law  compelling  a  reduction  of  railroad  houses  are  divided  into  three  classes,  and  they 

tariff  rates.    Several  radical  measures  were  in-  shall  receive,  ship,  store,  and  handle  the  prop- 

troduced  and  were  the  subjects  of  prolonged  and  erty  of  all  alike  without  discrimination, 

heat^  debates.    One  of  these,  known  as  the  New-  Eight  hours  are  declared  to  constitute  a  legal 

berry  Maximum    Freight-rate  bill,  passed  the  day's  work  for  all  classes  of  mechanics,  servants. 

House,  and  after  causing  a  dead  lock  in  the  Sen-  and  laborers,  except  those  engaged  in  farm  or 

ate  for  several  days,  was  carried  in  that  body  and  domestic  labor. 

submitted  to  Gov.  Boyd.    In  the  bill  an  attempt  The  State  was  re-districted  into  six  congres- 

was  made  to  embody  in  a  law  for  Nebraska  the  low-  sional  districts,  as  follow : 

est  rates  in  force  in  Iowa.    A  reduction  from  ex-  i_The  counties  ofCa«.s  Otoe,  Nemaha,  KichaidBon, 
istmg  rates  of  from  40  to  60  per  cent  was  con-  Pawnee,  Johnson,  and  Lancanter. 
templated.    Gov.  Boyd,  believing  that  such  an  2.— Sarpy,  Dou^laB,  and  Washington, 
act,  if  enforced,  would  bankrupt  every  road  in  the  3.— Burt,  Thureton,  Dakota,  Dixon,  Cuming,  Dod^ 
State,  returned  the  bill  without  his  approval  on  Colfax,  Stanton,  Waviie,  Cedar,  Knox,  Pierce,  Madi- 
the  last  day  but  one  of  the  session,  and  it  failed  eon,  Platte,  Nance,  Boone,  Antelope,  and  Merrick, 
to  pass  over  his  veto.    A  secret-ballot  law  was  ^.-Saundcre,  Butler,  Seward   baline,Ga^  J^^ 
««„!.«^«^  „♦  fK:o  eAoo:/xn      tt*i/1a«.  ife  r^wrxvioi^r>a  all  ^o^i  Thftyef,  I ilmofe,  York,  Polk,  and  Hamilton, 
enacted  at  this  session.     Under  its  provisions  all  r,;_„Jl,   Adams,  '  Webster,   Franklin,    Kearney, 
ballots  used   at  elections  shall  be    printed  at  Phel™,  Harlan,  Gosper,  Furnas,  Red  Willow,  Front- 
county  expense,  except  m  municipal  elections,  ier,  Hitchcock,  Hayes,  Perkins,  Chaae,  Dundv,  Clay, 
when  they  shall  be  printed  at  municipal  ex{)ense.  and  NuckolK 


NEBRASKA.  561 

6.— Sionx,  Scott^  Bluff,  Banner,  Kimball,  DawcD,  Providing  for  the  eBtabliahment  of  affricultural  and 

Box  Butte,  Cheyenne.  Sheridan,  Duell.Cheny,Qrant,  horticulture  experiment  stations  at  Culbertson  and 

Arthur,  Keith/Linooln,  McPherBOUj  Iiookcr,  Thorn p-  Ogalalla. 

botL,  Logan,   Dawson,  Custer.  Blaine.  Brown,  Keya  To  regulate   the  business  of  building  and  loan 

Paha.  Bock,  Loup,  Ilolt,  Garneld,  Valley,  Sherman,  associations. 

Buffalo,  Howard,  Greeley,  'Wheeler,  and  Boyd.  To  protect  associations  and  unions  of  working  men 

4          ..        .,      ,             i.i.i.1'11.  in  the  use  of  labels,  trade-marks,  and  other  forms  of 

An  act  to  provide  cheaper  text-books  in  the  advertising  goods  manufactured  \)y  them, 

schools  requires  school  boards  to  purchase  all  To  enable  associations  of  persons  to  become  bodies 

text-books   necessary  in  their  district,  and  to  corporate  for  the  puiposo  oi  acquiring  and  holding 

make  contracts  with  publishers  for  supplying  real  estate,  issuing  bonds  thereon,  and  borrowing 

such  books  for  a  term  of  years  not  exceeding  m^ey. 

five.    All  books  so  purchased  shall  be  field  as  Requiring  railroad  companies  to  equip  all  engines 

the  property  of  the  district,  and  shall  be  loaned  ^^  tSSc^                                 automatic  couplers 

to  pupils  free  of  charge,  except  that  pupik  shall  coating 'the  county  of  Boyd  out  of  the  unorganized 

be  liable  for  damage  or  loss.    Pupils  or  parents,  territory  north  of  Holt  County, 

if  they  so  desire,  may  purchase  their  text-books  To  require  rcgistere  of  deeds  to  keep  a  record  of 

of  the  board,  and  shall  be  charged  therefor  only  mortgage  indebtedness,  and  to  make  annual  reports 

the  cost  price.  therefrom. 

For  the  purpose  of  relieving  the  necessities  of  ^o  prohibit  the  keeping  of  giris  under  eighteen 

people  in  the  counties  afflicted  with  drought  in  ^^rho    '^^i  ^f  ^'^            twenty-one  years,  in 

L*l?^Jl^'"^  *'''5™^''3.  ^'^    appropriation    of  "^  Lking^t  a  feloSJ' to  sell  or  give  fire-aims  or  am- 

^100,000  was  passed,  and  a  commission  was  ap-  munition  to  any  Indian  not  a  citizen. 

pointed  to  purchase  supplies  therewith  and  to  Making  it  a  felony  to  sell  or  give  malt,  spirituous, 

superintend  their  distribution.    By  another  act  or  vinous  liquors  or  intoxicating  drinks  to  any  In- 

the  Governor  and  the  Secretary  of  State  were  d^an  not  a  citizen. 

authorized  to  issue  4-per-cent.  bonds,  payable  in  ^^  authorize  the  organization  of  mutual-insurance 

five  years,  to  the  amount  of  $100,000,  the  pro-    ^SP*^!®?*,.  v     c*  *  i i    ^  i.    uv      j  * 

«.wv^«  #«^«I  ♦u^  »-.i«  ^#  «,i,;^u  «i;«ii  u         J  •    iTi:  To  establish  a  State  board  of  health,  and  to  regu- 

ceeds  from  the  sale  of  which  shall  be  us«i  m  the  i^te  the  practice  of  medicine.                '                ^ 

purchase  of  supplies  and  seed  gram  for  distnbu-  Assenting  to  the  act  of  Congress  appropriating 
tion  among  people  made  destitute  by  the  loss  of  money  for  Uie  support  of  colleges  of  agnculture  and 
their  crops  during  1890.  The  purchase  and  dis-  the  mechanic  arts  in  the  several  States, 
tribution  were  intrusted  to  a  relief  board  of  nine  Railroads.— The  number  of  miles  of  railroad 
persons  appointed  by  the  Governor  with  the  ad-  assessed  in  1891  by  the  State  Board  of  Equaliza- 
vice  of  the  Senate.  For  the  purpose  of  paying  tion  was  5,418,  against  5,157  for  the  vear  preced- 
Ihe  bonds  at  maturity  an  annual  tax  of  one  ing.  Although  the  mileage  increased,  the  total 
eighth  of  a  mill  was  levied.  The  county  boards  assessed  valuation  of  railroad  propertv  for  the 
were  authorized  to  use  any  surplus  general  funds  year  was  fixed  at  $29,265,917.80,  or  $588,803.25 
m  the  purchase  of  food,  fuel,  seed  grain,  and  less  than  in  1890,  the  valuation  per  mile  being 
feed  for  teams,  and  to  distribute  these  among  reduced  from  $5,788.42  to  $5,401.45. 
destitute  and  needy  farmers,  taking  in  payment  Taluation.— The  total  assessed  valuation  of 
their  notes,  payable  in  three  years  at  7  per  cent,  the  State  for  1891,  as  fixed  by  the  State  Board  of 
interest.  The  counties  were  also  empowered  by  Equalization,  was  $183,159,260.48,  a  decrease  of 
popular  vote  to  authorize  the  issue  of  bonds  in  $1,611,04406  over  the  valuation  of  1890. 
amount  not  exceeding  3  per  cent,  of  their  valua-  Relief  Commission.— The  final  report  of  the 
tion  and  not  exceeding  $20,000  in  any  case,  and  State  Relief  Commission,  appointed  by  the  Leg- 
to  use  the  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  such  bonds  islature  of  this  year  to  distribute  provisions  and 
inthepurchaseof  seed  grain  and  feed  for  teams,  grain  to  needy  farmers,  shows  that  the  total 
the  fanners  giving  their  notes  therefor,  payable  amount  of  money  at  its  disposal  was  $200,785.91, 
in  five  years  with  7  per  cent,  interest.  of  which  $195,687.67  was  expended  as  required 

To  secure  an  exhibit  of  the  resources  of  the  by  law.  Provisions  were  supplied  to  41,668  per- 
State  at  the  Worid's  Fair  in  Chicago,  $50,000  sons,  and  grain  to  13,662.  The  amount  of  grain 
was  appropriated,  and  a  commission  was  ap-  distributed  was  as  follows :  Wheat,  57,796  bush- 
pointed  to  attend  to  its  expenditure.  A  Girls*  els;  com,  38,445  bushels ;  barlev,  10.818 bushels; 
Indnstrial  School  for  Juvenile  Delinquents  was  oats,  12,779  bushels;  potatoes,  6,680  bushels, 
establishedat  Geneva,  and  $40,000  was  appropri-  Political.— A  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
ated  for  the  erection  of  buildings,  the  land  and  two  regents  of  the  State  University  were  to 
therefor  being  given  to  the  State.  For  addi-  be  chosen  this  year  at  the  November  election, 
tional  buildings  at  the  Institution  for  Feeble-  The  first  ticket  in  the  field  was  nominated  by 
minded  Youth,  near  Beatrice,  $25,000  was  ap-  the  Prohibitionists  in  convention  at  Lincoln  on 
propriated,  and  for  two  wings  to  the  main  build-  Aug.  5.  It  contained  the  names  of  R.  W.  Rich- 
inu  of  the  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at  Hastings,  ardson  for  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and 
$60,000.  William  Gorst  and  Mrs.  Caroline  M.  Woodward 

Two  amendments  to  the  State  Constitution  for  regents  of  the  State  University.  The  reso- 
were  proposed  for  submission  to  the  people  at  lutions  adopted  by  the  convention  favor  Govem- 
the  general  election  in  1892 — one  providing  for  ment  ownership  of  railroads  and  telegraph  lines, 
the  election  of  railroad  commissioners  by  the  a  graduated  income  tax  in  place  of  the  internal- 
people,  the  other  providing  for  the  preservation  revenue  system,  service  pensions  for  soldiers, 
and  investment  of  the  permanent  school  funds,  womtn  suffrage,  and  the  election   of   United 

Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow :  States  Senators  by  direct  vote  of  the  people.  An 

Repealing  the  act  of  1889  establishing  a  bounty  for  increase    of   the  circulating  medium  was   de- 

thc  manufacture  of  sugar.  manded,  and  the  liquor  traffic  was  denounced  in 

TOL.  XXXI.--36  A 


662        NEBRASKA.  NETHERLANDS. 

severest  terms.    After  the  convention  it  was  dis-  honest  the  provision  of  the  law  recently  enibcted  al- 

covered  that  the  candidate  for  justice  of  the  lowing  parties  to  stipulate  against  payment  in  silver 

Supreme  Court  was  ineligible  to  that  office,  and  and  sflver  certiflcatwi,  thus  setting  up  one  standard 

the  name  of  Mrs.  Ada  M?  Bittenbender  was  sub-  ^^'"^^^  ^^  and  another  for  the  poor. 

stituted  on  the  ticket.  ^^^  Republican  State  Convention  was  held  at 

On  Aug.  18  the  State  convention  of  the  In-  Lincoln  on  Sept  24    It  resulted  in  the  nomina- 

dependent  or  Farmers*  Alliance  party  met  at  tio^  of  A.  M.  Post  for  justice  of  the  Supreme 

Hastings  and  nominated  the  following  ticket:  Court,  over  four  other  candidates,  one  of.  whom 

For  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Joseph  W.  'was  Chief-Justice  Amasa  Cobb,  who  sought  a 

Edgerton;  for  regents  of  the  State  University,  renomination.     For  regents  of  the  SUte  Uni- 

A.  d*Allemand  and  B.  A.  Hadley.    A  long  plat-  versity,  H.  P.  Shumway  and  C.  H.  Marple  v^ere 

form  was  adopted,  which  demands  that  the  Leg-  nominated.    The  platform  commends  the  >a- 

islature  shall  enact  a  freight-rate  law  establish-  tional  Administration,  approves  of  reciprocity 

ing  rates  as  low  as  those  in  force  in  Iowa;  that  and  the  protective  tanff,  and  favors  an  addi- 

corporations  enjoying  public  franchises  shall  as-  tional  World's  Fair  appropriation  by  the  next 

sume  public  burdens  and  be  liable  in  damag:es  Legislature.    These  resolutions  also  appear: 

for  injuries  of  iheir  employes  sustained  while  We  approve  of  the  silver-coinage  act  of  the  present 

on  duty;  that  laws  be  enacted  prohibiting  alien  Administration,  by  which  the  entire  product  of  the 

ownership  of  land  and  discouraging  land  specu-  ">^«''  ^'^^  ^^  *^«  ^m^  States  is  added  to  the  cur- 

lation ;  and  that  all  lands  held  %y  railroads  and  S^^^e^:  °^  ^^tJ^^^  ^""l  we  denounce  the  Democmtic 

iovxyju ,  €Mx±xA  I.MWU  ou  «c»iiuo  uvi^  Kij  iM«Av/<»uo  auu  doctTinc  of  the  free  and  unlimited  coinage  of  silver  as 

Other  corporations,  and  not  actually  needed,  be  a  financial  policy  liable  to  precipitate  the  people  of 
reclaimed  and  held  for  actual  settlers.  It  also  every  city  and  every  State  in  the  Union  in  a  pro- 
denounces  Gov.  Boyd's  veto  of  the  maximum  longed  and  disastrous  depression,  and  delay  the  re- 
freight  bill  as  an  outrage  perpetrated  in  the  in-  vival  of  business  enterprise  and  prosperity  so  ardently 
terest  of  railroads ;  expresses  sympathy  with  desired,  and  now  so  apparently  near, 
wage  earners  who  are  seeking  to  enforce  the  We  are  heartily  m  favor  of  t]ie general  provisions  of 
^iJ£.4^  i,^.,»  i»«r.  A^^i^^^  i«  #»,r^-  «#  «  ^^^T,ir.^  thc intcrstatc commcrce act, and wc dcmand thc rejTula- 
eight-hour  law;  declares  m  favor  of  a  service  ^.^^  ^^^^  ^.j^^  ^^  traisportation  lines  in  such  a 

pension  bill,  a  bill  equalizing  soldiera   bounties,  manner  as  to  insure  fair  and^reasonable  rates  to  the 

and  a  bill  pensioning  pnsoners  of  war ;  pledges  producers  and  consumers  of  the  country.    We  favor 

the  support  of  a  party  to  the  Soldiers'  and  Sail-  such  legislation  as  will  prevent  all  illegal  combina- 

ors'  Home ;    denounces  the  system  of  convict  tions  and  unjust  exactions  by  aggregated  capital  and 

labor  as  maintained  in  the  State  by  the  Repub-  corporate  powers.    We  insist  upon  the  suppres^on  of 

lican  party;  and  asks  Congress  to  provide  for  all  tnwts,  combines,  and  schemes  designed  to  amn- 

the  establishment  of  postal  savings  banks.    A  cially  increase  the  pnce  of  the  necessaries  of  hfe, 

resolution  was  adopted  favoring  the  exclusion  Early  in  the  canvass  the  Democratic  ticket 

from   the    schools   of  United  States  histories  was  withdrawn,  and  the  contest  narrowed  down 

which  do  not  include  the  fireside  history  of  the  to  one  between  the  friends  and  enemies  of  the 

country,  and  another  favoring  the  appointment  Farmers*  Alliance  and  its  doctrines.    At  the 

of  a  State  board  of  arbitration,  witn  power  to  November  election  the  Republican  candidate  for 

enforce  its  findings.  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  was  elected  bv  a 

On  Sept.  17  the  Democratic  State  Convention  vote  of  76,447  to  73,311  for  Edgerton,  Indepcnd- 

met  at  Grand  Island  and  nominated  Jefferson  H.  ent,  and  7,322  for  Bittenbender,  Prohibitionist. 

Broady  for  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  For  regents  of  the  Stat«  Universitv,  Marple, 

two  candidates  for  regents  of  the  State  Uni-  the  Republican  candidate,  and  Hadley,  Inde- 

versity.     The  platform  adopted  condemns  the  pent,  were  elected. 

McKinley  bill  and  the  reciprocity  ideas  of  the  ^  NETHERLANDS,  a  constitutional  monarchy 
National  Administration,  favors  a  tariff  for  rev-  in  western  Europe.  The  legislative  body,  called 
euue  only,  congratulates  the  people  on  the  de-  the  States-General,  consists  of  a  First  Chamber 
feat  of  tne  Prohibition  amendment,  denounces  of  50  members,  elected  by  the  provincial  states, 
the  ousting  of  James  E.  Boyd  from  the  gover-  and  a  Second  Chamber  containing  100  Deputies, 
norship,  arraigns  the  Republican  State  Board  of  elected  by  male  citizens  twenty-three  years  old. 
Transportation  for  failing  to  reduce  freight  who  pay  10  guilders  of  land  taxes,  or  a  personal- 
rates,  favors  protection  of  labor,  liberal  pensions,  property  tax  beyond  the  limit  of  partial  exemp- 
the  election  of  railroad  commissioners  by  the  tion,  or  who  are  lodgers  under  the  law.  About 
people,  and  the  passage  of  a  law  governing  one  man  in  three  has  a  vote.  The  whole  of  the 
freight  charges,  and  contains  the  following  reso-  Second  Chamber  retires  at  the  end  of  the  four 
lutions:  years'  period.    In  the  Upper  Chamber  one  third 

^         ,         ,      .  .       *     ,  . ,.         ,  .        .  of  the  members  are  replaced  every  three  vears. 

We  condemn  the  gi  vmg  of  subjidiies  and  bounties  New  bills  can  only  be  originated  by  the  Govem- 

^^e^;;?:CSv'orVthreSn%f  U*^^^^^^^^  --'  ^  ^  T?H  <>\^%.^-\2--^^ 

ators  by  direct  vote  of  the  people.    We  denounce  all  Amendments  to  the  Constitution  must  be  pa^ 

truats,  pools,  and  combines,  and  we  favor  such  action,  "7  ^oth  Chambers,  which  are  thereupon  dis- 

State  and  national,  as  will  forfeit  to  the  public  all  solved,  and  the  amendments  are  submitted  for 

franchises  and  property  owned  or  used  by  corpora-  confirmation  to  newly  elected  Chambers,  requir- 

tions  or  other  concerns  to  form  trusts  in  manufactures,  ing  a  two-thirds  vote.    The  reigning  sovereign 

trade,  or  commerce  to  the  injurj-  and  spoliation  of  ig  Wilhelmina  Helena  Pauline,  born  Aug.  31. 

the  people,  and  also  to  ineure  the  punishment  cnm-  jggQ  daughter  of  the  late  King  WiUem  III  and 

we'ifL    ^'^^^"'^^"^^'^  conspinng  against  the  public  ^^   ^^^^  ^.^^^  p^„^^  ^^^^  ^,   ^,^j^^^ 

We  favor  the  free  coinage  of  silver,  and  that  it  ^*^o  ^^^  *»  Regent  during  thi  minority  of  the 

may  be  made  a  full  and  legal  tender  for  all  debts,  infant  Queen.    The  ministry  in  the  beginning 

private  or  public,  and  denounce  as  ui^ust  and  dis-  of  1891  was  .composed  of  the  following  mem- 


NETHERLANDS.  563 

bers:  President  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  ish  India,  2  per  cent,  from  Hamburg,  1-8  per 

the  Colonies,  Baron  Mackay,  appointed  Feb.  17,  cent,  from  France,  and  0*6  per  cent,  from  otner 

1890;  Minister  of  the  Interior,  Dr.  A.  F.  de  countries.    Of  the  exports,  43*6  per  cent,  went  to 

Savomin  Lohman,   appointed    Feb.  17,  1890;  Prussia,  26  i>er  cent,  to  Great  Britain,  12*8  per 

Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  C.  Hartsen,  ap-  cent,  to  Belgium,  6-3  per  cent,  to  the  Dutch  East 

pointed  April  20,  1888;  Minister  of  Finance,  Indies,  2  per  cent,  to  the  United  States,  1*7 

Dr.  K.  A.  Godin  de  Beaufort,  appointed  April  per    cent,    to    Hamburg,    1'6    per    cent,    to 

20. 1888 ;  Minister  of  Justice,  Dr.  G.  L.  M.  K.  Kussia,   0*9    per    cent,    to    France,   0*8    per 

Ruj^  van  Beerenbroeck,  appointed  April   20,  cent,  to  Italy,  and  4*8  per  cent,  to  other  countries. 

1888 ;  Minister  of  Marine,  H.  Dyserinck,  ap-  Of  the  soil  of  the  Netherlands,  which  has  a  total 

pointed  April  20, 1888 ;  Minister  of  War;  J.  W.  area  of  8,299,906  hectares,  712,524  hectares  are 

Bergansius,  appointed  April  20,  1888;  Minister  barren  heath,  146,868  hectares  are  marsh  and 

of  Public  Works  and  Commerce,  J.  P.  Havelaar,  water,  44,809  hectares  in  roads  and  dykes,  92,- 

appointed  April  20, 1888.    (For  area  and  popula-  353  hectares  more  are  untaxed,  38,850  hectares 

tion,  see  '•  Annual  Cyclop«Bdia  "  for  1890.)  are  covered  with  buildings  and  residences,  1,144,- 

Finances. — In  the  budget  for  1891  the  rev-  066  hectares  are  in  pasture,  859,844  hectares  are 
enue  was  estimated  at  12^,536.025  guilders,  of  under  field  crops,  54,124  hectares  are  in  gardens 
which  44,200,000  guilders  are  derived  from  ex-  and  orchards,  and  226,968  hecteres  are  under 
cise,  23,638,000  guilders  from  indirect  taxes,  12,-  forest.  Of  the  farming  land,  nearly  60  per  cent. 
302,175  guilders  from  the  land  tax,  11,515,000  is  cultivated  by  the  owners.  The  imports  of 
guilders  from  the  personal  tax,  6,980,000  guild-  wheat  in  1889  were  valued  at  69,445,000  guild- 
ers from  the  post-office,  5,310,800  guilders  from  ers;  of  rye,  48,964,000  guilders;  of  wheat  and 
import  duties,  4,464,000  guilders  from  patents,  r>'c  fiour,  19.984,000  guilders;  exports  of  wheat, 
i355,000  guilders  from  state  railways,  2,480,000  35,562,000  guilders;  of  rye,  25,501,000  guilders; 
guilders  tTom  domains,  1.350,000  guilders  from  of  flour,  13,309,000  guilders.  The  total  imports 
navigation  dues,  1,270,000  guilders  from  tele-  of  cereals  and  flour  were  166,327,000  guilders  in 
graphs,  661,500  guilders  from  the  state  lottery,  value,  and  the  exports  95,138,000  guilders.  The 
231.000  guilders  from  the  tax  on  gold  and  silver,  importe  of  iron  and  steel  and  manufactures 
140,000  guilders  from  shooting  and  fishing  thereof  were  valued  at  129,417,000  guilders, 
licenses,  and  7,639,950  guilders  from  other  and  the  exports  at  87,419,000  guilders;  im- 
sources.  The  total  expenditure  is  set  down  as  ports  of  drugs  at  165,9i95,000,  and  exports  at 
139,930,839  guilders,  of  which  34,942,118  ^uild-  130,010,000  guilders ;  imports  of  textile  materi- 
ers  are  for  the  public  debt,  23,906,805  guilders  als  and  manufactures  at  104,277,000,  and  exports 
for  financial  administration.  22,120,220  guilders  at  99,571,000  guilders,  not  including  flax,  the 
for  public  works,  21,269,860  guilders  for  the  export  of  which  amounted  to  130,010,000  guild- 
army,  13,894.342  guilders  for  the  navv,  11,192,-  ers.  The  imports  of  coffee  were  36,587,()00,  and  the 
117  guilders  for  the  interior,  5,254,964  guilders  exports  26,0)53,000  guilders.  There  is  a  large  trade 
for  justice,  1,239,584  guilders  for  the  colonial  with  England  in  live  animals,  margarine,  and 
department,  756,302  guilders  for  foreign  affairs,  dairy  products,  the  exports  of  butter  amount- 
654,527  guilders  for  legislation,  650,000  guilders  ing  to  47,652,000  guilders  in  1889,  and  those  of 
for  the  civil  list,  and  50,000  guilders  for  con-  cheese  to  11,207,000  guilders.  The  importe  of 
tingencies.  The  excise  duties  m  1889  produced  mineral  oil  were  14,713,000  guilders.  Cofd  was 
44.136,909  guilders;  direct  taxes,  27,431401  imported  to  the  amount  of  40,588,000  guilders, 
guilders;  indirect  taxes,  24,956,939  guilders;  the  quantity  mined  in  the  country  being  valued 
customs  duties,  5,282,966  guilders.  These  taxes  at  onlv  223,569  guilders.  There  were  8,573 
amounted  to  22i  guilders  per  head  of  the  popu-  steam  factories,  having  4,280  engines, 
lation.  The  funded  debt  in  1891  amounted  to  Change  of  Ministers.— The  Government  of 
1,096,517,160  guilders,  of  which  630,567,200  Lohman,  Hartsen,  and  Baron  Mackay,  represent- 
guilders  pay  2\  per  cent,  interest,  340,912,900  ing  the  Catholic  Clercial  party  and  the  Evangeli- 
guilders  were  raised  in  1886  at  8^  per  cent,  in-  caT  party  in  the  Protestant  districts  called  the 
terest,  94,942,800  guilders  pay  8  per  cent.,  and  Antirevolutionists,  took  office  in  1888— after  the 
the  bulk  of  the  remainder  3^  per  cent.  The  in-  first  general  election  subsequent  to  the  extension 
terest  charge  on  the  funded  debt  was  31,708,649  of  the  suffrage  to  persons  paying  10  guilders  in 
guilders;  the  sinking  fund,  2,673,900  guilders;  texes  had  resulted  in  a  Second  Chamber  com- 
espenses  of  the  floating  debt,  500,000  guilders;  posed  of  45  Liberals,  26  Catholics,  27  Anti- 
annuities,  59,569  guilders.  There  are  15,000,000  revolutioniste,  1  Conservative,  and  1  Socialist 
guilders  of  jxaper  money  in  circulation.  — for  the  purpose  of  establishing  the  system 

(For  statistics  of  the  army  and  navy,  see  **An-  of  stete-aioed  confessional  schools  on  the  Eng- 

nual  Cyclopasdia "  for  1890.)  lish  model  in  the  place  of  the  system  of  secular 

Commerce  and  Production. — The  value  of  education  introduced  bv  the  Liberals  in  1878. 
the  special  importe  increased  steadily  from  This  was  accomplished  by  the  new  school  law  of 
1.091,487,000  guilders  in  1885  to  1,245,287,000  1889.  The  Cabinet  was  also  pledged  to  a  reform 
guilders  ftt  1889.  The  value  of  the  exporte  of  of  the  colonial  administration,  in  which  it  was 
domestic  producte  increased  from  891,036,000  less  successful,  and  promised  to  introduce  a  re- 
guilders  to  1,114,806,000  guilders  in  1888,  and  in  organization  of  the  army  and  navy  on  the  basis 
the  following  year  declined  to  1,094,078,000  of  universal  suffrage,  but  has  delayed  bringing 
guilders.  Of  the  importe  in  1889,  23*9  per  cent,  in  measures  to  carry  out  this  project  in  a  tlior- 
came  from  Great  Britein,  19*4  per  cent,  from  ough  manner,  not  on  account  of  the  opposition 
Prussia,  14*2  per  cent,  from  Belgium,  11*5  per  of  the  Liberals,  who  accept  the  idea,  but  owing 
cent,  from  the  Duteh  East  Indies,  6*1  per  cent,  to  the  practical  difficulty  of  imposing  a  burden 
from  the  United  States,  2*4  per  cent,  from  Brit-  of  such  magnitude  on  the  people.    As  it  made  no 


564  NETHERLANDa 

progress  toward  the  fulfillment  of  its  prof^ramme  for  covering  or  reducing  the  accumulated  deficit 

and  drew  criticism  upon  itself —much  criticism  on  of  36,000,000  guilders,  and  also  a  bill  to  secure  a 

financial  and  other  grounds — the  ministry  has  more  equitable  distribution  of  taxation, 

lost  prestige,  and  Minister  Lohman  declared  that  Colonies. — The  Dutch  have  a  colonial  empire 

it  would  resign  if  the  elections  of  June,  1801,  for  in  the  East  and  West  Indies  covering  766,137 

the  Second  Chamber  went  against  the  Govern-  square  miles,  with  a  population  of  29,550.000 

ment.    Rear-Admiral  Dyserinck,  the  Minister  of  souls.    Of  these,  29,475,613  are  found  in  the  East 

Marine,  had  resigned  in  March,  owing  to  an  ad-  Indies,  embracing  Java  and  Madura,  SumatiH, 

verse  vote  of  the  Chamber,  and  was  replaced  by  Bauca,  the  Riau-Lingga  archipelago,  Billeton,ihe 

Capt.  Kruvs.    In  the  elections  the  Antirevolu  •  west  coast  and  the  Dutch  dii>tricts  in  the  soatb 

tionists  lost  9  and  the  Catholics  2  seats.    The  and  east  of  Borneo,  Celebes,  the  Molucca  Islands, 

new  Chamber  was  composed  of  57  Liberals,  19  the  Timor  archipelago,  Bali  and  Lombok,  and 

Antirevolutionists,  24  Catholics,  and  2  Radicals.  New  Guinea  east  of  141*"  of  east  longitude.  Tbe&e 

The  Catholic  leader  Schaepman  was  ousted  by  a  islands  have  a  total  area  of  719,674  square  railed 

Liberal  and  the  Socialist  Domela  Nieuwenhuis  The  European  population  in  the  beginning  of 

by  a  Radical,  while  the  sole  representative  of  1889  consisted  of  28,805  males  and  23,731  females, 

the  old  Conservative  part^  was  defeated.    On  of  whom  21,097  males  and  20,484  females  were 

July  8  the  Cabinet  handed  in  their  resignations,  bom  in  the  East  Indies. 

Eight  weeks  aftei  the  elections  had  resulted  in  The  revenue  of  Netherlands  India  for  1891  was 

favor  of  the  Liberals,  the  popular  and  accom-  estimated  at  116,414,315  guilders,  and  expend!- 

plished  burgomaster  of  Amsterdam,  Dr.  van  ture  at  136,840,646  guilders,  leaving  a  deficit  of 

Tienhoven,  finally  overcame  the  many  difficulties  20,426,331  guilders.    The  receipts  are  made  up 

that  stood  in  the  way  of  his  getting  together  a  of  11,581,4^  guilders  from  sales  of  Government 

ministry  composed  of  Liberal  elements  purely,  coffee  in  Holland,  207,900  guilders  from  sales 

It  was  constituted  on  Au^.  20,  and  consists  of  the  of  cinchona,  5,822,650  gilders  from  sales  of  tin, 

following  members :  President  of  the  Council  and  795,000  guilders  from  railroad  revenue  in  Holland 

Minister  of  the  Interior,  Dr.  Tak  van  Poortvliet ;  and  1,430,597  guilders  from  other  receipts  in  Hol- 

Mlnister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Dr.  van  Tienhoven,  land,  17,080,000  guilders  from  sales  of  opium, 

who  had  been  Minister  of  the  Waterstaat  in  10,340,000  guilders  from  import,  export,  and  ex- 

1877-79 ;    Minister  of  Finance,   Dr.  Pierson ;  cise  duties,  16,067,000  guilders  from  knd  reve- 

Minister  of  Justice,  Dr.  H.  J.  Smidt,  who  held  in  nue,  12,067,000  guilders  from  sales  of  coffee  in 

1877-79  the  same  portfolio  in  the  Kappevne  min-  Java,  7,742,000  guilders  from  sales  of  salt,  and 

istry ;  Minister  of  Marine,  J.  C.  Jansen ;  Minister  83,299,638  guilders  from  other  sources  of  revenue 

of  War,  Lieut.-Col.  Seyffardt;  Minister  of  the  in  the  East  Indies.    The  accounts  for  1890  were 

Waterstaat,  Commerce,  and  Industry,  C.  Lely ;  expected  to  show  a  surplus.    The  total  receipts 

Minister  of  the  Colonies,  Dr.  Baron  van  Dedem.  in  the  Netherlands  were  19,837,577  piilders,  and 

The  retiring  ministry  had  brought  in  a  new  in  the  East  Indies  96,576,738  guilders.  Of  the 
military  bill  and  one  for  the  insurance  of  work-  expenditure,  about  one  third  goes  for  the  main- 
men  against  accidents,  but  was  able  to  make  no  tenance  of  the  army  and  navy,  and  the  same  pro- 
progress  with  them,  even  with  the  help  of  Mod-  portion  for  the  general  administration  of  the 
erate  LiberaK  The  former  proposed  to  incorpo-  Government  in  the  East  Indies  and  the  Nether- 
rate  in  the  army  annually  16,300  of  the  40,000  lands.  The  supreme  administrative  and  execu- 
^oung  men  who  would  be  liable  to  serve  on  the  tive  authoritv  in  East  India  is  vested  in  a  ^v- 
mtroduction  of  obligatory  service,  which  would  emor-general,  who  is  assisted  by  a  council  of  5 
provide  a  standing  army  of  45,000  men,  a  garri-  members,  who  advise  him  on  legislative  qucs- 
son  army  of  20,000  men,  and  a  reserve  force  of  tions.  Dr.  C.  Pynacker  Hordyk  was  appointed 
20,000  men,  besides  50,000  Landwehr  men  and  Governor-General  on  June  19, 1888.  Tne  army 
a  complementary  reserve  of  209,500.  Clergymen  of  Netherlands  India  consists  of  1,406  officers 
and  divinity  students  would  be  exempt.  The  and  33,169  men,  of  whom  14,984  are  Europeans 
Schutteryen  or  national  guards  would  oe  abol-  The  new  Minister  of  the  Colonies  has  declared 
ished,  but  the  Landsturm  would  include  all  able-  in  favor  of  the  continuance  of  the  war  in  At- 
bodied  citizens  up  to  the  age  of  forty  who  are  not  cheen  by  the  system  of  blockading  the  coast  of 
enrolled  in  the  army  or  auxiliary  forces.  In  the  that  part  of  Sumatra,  in  the  place  of  active  of- 
place  of  this  sweepingscheme  of  reorganization  fensive  operations.  The  average  production  of 
the  new  Minister  of  War  introduced  a  provis-  coffee  on  Government  lands  before  1890  was 
ional  measure  moderately  increasing  the  army.  520,000  piculs  (of  133^  pounds)  a  year.  The  har- 
The  new  ministry  was  pledged  to  a  large  exten-  vest  for  1891  was  estimated  at  383,796  piculs. 
sion  of  the  suffrage,  but  promised  not  to  give  The  railroads  have  a  total  length  of  790  square 
priority  to  this  question.  It  bound  itself  by  a  miles.  In  November,  1891,  the  Dutch  Chamber 
formal  declaration  to  execute  the  primary-educa-  approved  a  bill  for  the  construction  of  railroads 
tion  law  and  maintain  the  observance  of  Sunday,  to  connect  Batavia,  Bantam,  Malang,  Blitar,  Pro- 
The  budget  for  1892,  which  was  presented  on  bolingo,  and  Panaraeken. 
Sept.  18,  estimated  the  revenue  at  127,600,000  The  West  India  colonies  of  the  Netherlands 
guilders  and  the  expenditure  at  130,000,000  consist  of  Dutch  Guiana  or  Surinam,  on  the  north 
guilders,  leaving  a  deficit  of  2,600,000  guilders  coast  of  South  America,  and  the  island  of  Cura- 
te be  met  by  increasing  the  taxes.  The  sum  of  90a.  The  Government  of  Dutch  Guiana  is  in 
5,000,000  guilders  for  the  demonetization  of  sil-  charge  of  a  f^overnor,  assisted  by  a  council  of 
vet  that  has  figured  in  former  budgets  was  omit-  officials,  nominated  and  elected  members.  The 
ted.  There  was  a  larger  sum  appropriated  for  area  of  the  colony  is  46,060  square  miles,  and  the 
public  instruction,  but  less  for  public  works,  than  population  consists  of  29,204  males  and  28.161 
in  the  previous  budget.    Measures  were  promised  females.    Paramaribo,  the  capital,  has  27,753  in- 


NEVADA.  565 

habitants.  The  revenue  in  1888  was  1,825,000  Horton;  Treasurer,  John  F.  Egan;  Attorney- 
guilders,  and  the  expenditure  1,611,000  guilders.  General,  J.  D.  Torrevson;  Superintendent  of 
For  1890  the  revenue  was  estimated  at  1,340,813  Public  Instruction,  Orvis  Ring ;  Surveyor-Gen- 
and  expenditure  at  1.647,153  guilders,  as  com-  eral,  John  E.  Jones ;  Justices  of  the  Supreme 
pared  with  1,426,013  guilders  of  revenue  and  Court,  R.  ft.  Bigelow,  M.  A.  Murphy,  C.  II. 
1,628,541  guilders  of  expenditure  in  1889.  The  Belknap ;  Clerk,  J.  Josephs ;  Regents  of  the 
imports  in  1889  were  valued  at  4,898,855  guild-  University,  £.  T.  George,  J.  W.  Haines.  All 
ers,  and  the  exports  at  3,521,807  guilders.  In  these  officers  are  Republicans. 
1888  the  production  of  sugar  was  6,206,553  kilo-  Finanees. — The  balance  in  the  treasury  on 
grammes;  of  cacao,  1,543,019  kilogrammes  ;  of  Jan.  1,  1891,  was  $366,825.28;  the  receipts  and 
coffee,  5,560  kilogrammes;  of  bananas,  516,799  transfers  during  the  year  amounted  to  $453,- 
bunches.  In  188l  there  were  granted  441  con-  891.54 ;  the  totid  expenditures  were  $503,414.05 ; 
cessions  for  gold  mining.  The  export  of  gold  the  outstanding  warnmts  at  the  end  of  the  year, 
was  1,410,795  guilders.  Gov.  de  Savornin  Loh-  $2,723.89 ;  the  net  balance  on  Jan.  1, 1892,  was 
man,  in  his  endeavor  to  benefit  the  black  popu-  $314,579.38.  Of  this  balance,  the  sum  of  $140,- 
lation,  became  involved  in  a  conflict  with  the  748.49  was  credited  to  the  general  fund,  $48,- 
Provincial  States,  as  the  legislative  council  is  037.84  to  the  State  school  fund,  $36,157.43  to 
called,  which  frustrated  his  purposes.  He  im-  the  general  school  fund,  $24,719.35  to  the  State 
ported  food  on  Government  account,  on  the  interest  and  sinking  fund,  $18,795.44  to  the 
ground  that  there  was  scarcity,  and  sold  it  to  Territorial  interest  fund,  $23,094.88  to  the  State 
the  poorer  people  at  less  than  market  rates,  thus  University  fund,  $11,899.74  to  the  University 
offending  the  merchants.  In  the  arrangements  fund  (90,000-acre  grant),  $7,274.60  to  the  insane 
for  celebrating  the  anniversary  of  representa-  interest  and  sinking  fund,  $897.83  to  the  State 
tivo  government  the  Governor  was  ignored,  library  fund,  $8,601.07  to  the' contingent  Uni- 
The  Legislature  was  opned  without  him.  The  versity  fund,  and  $4,853.26  to  the  interest  ac- 
negroes,  incensed  at  the  treatment  of  their  pa-  count  (90,000-acre  grant).  Of  the  disbursements, 
tron,  interrupted  the  festivities,  and  afterward  $49,553.04  was  for  the  expenses  of  the  Legisla- 
looted  the  merchants'  stores.  The  Governor  re-  ture,  $99,825  for  the  support  of  schools,  $M),000 
leased  some  that  were  arrested,  and  the  mob  be-  for  purchase  of  bonds,  $23,000  for  redemption 
came  more  inflamed  and  for  two  days  held  pos-  of  bonds,  and  $25,730  for  interest  on  bonds, 
session  of  Paramaribo.  The  civic  guard,  militia.  The  State  debt  on  Dec.  81, 1891,  with  accrued 
re^lar  force,  and  marines  put  an  end  to  the  interest,  amounted  to  $222,913.39,  exclusive  of 
riot,  killing  many  negroes.  The  Governor's  ac-  the  $380,000  irredeemable  State  bonds.  The 
tion  during  the  disturbance  led  to  a  dispute  with  cash  in  the  treasury  applicable  to  the  payment 
the  Attorney-General.  In  consequence  of  these  of  the  debt  was  $185,158.60.  On  Jan.  11, 1892, 
troubles  he  was  dismissed  in  May,  1891,  and  M.  $24,000  of  outstanding  State  bonds  were  re- 
van  Asche  van  Wyck  was  appointed  in  his  place,  deemed.  The  sum  of  $169,000  was  in  4-per-cent. 
The  whites  say  that  the  prosperity  of  the  colony  State  bonds  belonging  to  the  State  school  fund, 
depends  on  their  retaining  the  upper  hand,  and  and  $38,000  in  4-per-cent.  bonds  belonging  to 
that  it  is  still  suffering  from  the  consequences  the  University  fund. 

of  a  too  precipitous  emancipation  of  the  slaves.  The  Comptroller's  report  shows  that  the  net 

The  soil  is  so  rich  that  the  negroes  can  live  with-  receipts  into  the  treasury  from  the  organization 

out  regular  work,  and  for  that  reason  the  su^ar  of  the  State  government  to  the  end  of  1891, 

and  cacao  plantations  can  only  be  cultivated  with  twenty-seven  years,  were  $11,281,082.03,  of  which 

the  labor  of  Chinese  and  Indian  coolies,  especially  $1,610,750.28  was  received  from  the  sale  of  State 

the  latter.    Latterly  the  Indian  Government  has  lands,  $1,728,047.14  from  the  proceeds  of  mines, 

refused  to  allow  further  importations  of  Madras  and  $5,753,458.01  from  the  State  tax  on  real  and 

coolies  until  the  Surinam  authorities  can  offer  personal  property.    The  expenses  of  the  Legis- 

guarantees  that  they  will  be  humanely  treated  iature  have  decreased  from  $79,944  in  1865  to 

and  regularlv  inspected.  $49,558.04  in  1891,  and  of  the  executive  depart- 

The  question  of  the  delimitation  of  the  aurif-  ment  from  $52,511.15  to  $89,729.37. 

crous  lands  on  the  border  of  Dutch  Guiana  and  The  taxable  property  in  the  State  was  valued 

the  French  colony  of  Surinam  was  settled  in  May,  at  $24,663,384.57  in  1890,  and  at  $29,807,542.98 

1891,  bv  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor  of  Rus-  in  1891,  an  increase  of  $5,144,158.41.    The  total 

sia.     He  declined  to  act  as  arbitrator  until  the  tax,  State  and  county,  in  1891  was  $691,472.70, 

French  Government  withdrew  its  restrictions  re-  that  of  the  State  amounting  to  $228,539.81.    The 

garding  the  scope  of  the  award.    Nevertheless,  total  value  of  the  property  of  the  Central  Pa- 

the   French  people  expected  that  the  decision  cific  in  the  State  in  1891  was  estimated  at  $8- 

would  be  in  their  favor,  and  were  much  disap-  008,090.94,  that  of  the  Virginia  and  Truckee 

pointed  when  he  confirmed  all  the  claims  ad-  Railroad  Company  was  $982,596.25,  and  of  all 

vanced  by  the  Netherlands.    The  natural  front-  railroad  property  $10,680,997.19. 

ier  formed  by  the  river  Lawa  is  fixed  as  the  The  total  debt  of  counties  on  Dec.  81, 1891, 

boundary  between  the  two  colonies.  was  $446,741.60,  of  which  $325,222  is  bonded. 

NEVADA,  a  Pacific  Coast  State,  admitted  to  Five  of  the  fourteen  counties  have  no  debt 

the  Union  Oct.  31,  1864;  area,  110,700  square  Edacation. — The  schools,  which  cost  the  State 

miles ;    population,  according  to  the  census  of  $3,049.52  in  1865,  were  maintained  in  1891  at  an 

1890,  45,761.    Capital,  Carson  City.  expense  of  $76,212.50.    The  total  expense  be- 

GoTernment. — The  following  were  the  State  tween  these  years,  inclusive,  was  $790,052.20. 

officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Ross  K.  Col-  The  present  market  value  of  securities  in  the 

cord ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  J.  Poujade ;  Secre-  school  funds,  consisting  of  State  and  United 

tary  of  State,  Olin  H.  Grey ;  Comptroller,  R.  L.  States  bonds,  is  $1,169,500.    The  total  number 


566                      NEVADA.  NEW  BRUNSWICK. 

of  children  of  school  age  in  1890  was  10,022 ;  the  naces,  11  flour  and  grist  mUla,  11  saw  mills,  and 

namber  of  school-houses,  254 ;  of  teachers,  251 ;  10  borax  works. 

average  number  of  months  of  school,  7;  average  State  Lands. — ^The  report  of  the  Sarrejor- 

montnly  wages  of  male  teachers,  of  whom  there  General  for  the  years  18o9-*90  was  published  in 

were  41,  $97.68;  of  female  teachers,  $68.86.  1891.  It  gives,  among  many  important  statistics, 

The  State  University,  at  Reno,  had  145  stu-  a  statement  of  the  results  of  a  survey  ordered  by 

dents  in  1890.    It  forms  a  part  of  the  public-  the  Government  of  California  to  correct  and  es- 

school  system,  and  is  free  to  residents  of  Ne-  tablish  that  portion  of  the  eastern  boundajy  line 

vada.    It  is  coeducational,  and  has  five  depart-  of  that  State  southeastward  from  Lake  Taboe. 

ments— namely,  schools  of  mines,  agriculture.  Two  surveyors  from  Nevada  were  appointed  to 

and  liberal  arts,  a  normal  school,  and  a  business  act  with  those  from  California.    The  monument 

department.    As  an  agricultural  and  mechani-  on  the  State-line  point  at  the  northern  shore  of 

caf  college,  it  will  hereafter  receive  aid  from  the  the  lake,  marking  the  boundary,  was  found  to  be 

United  States  Government,  beginning  with  $15,-  1,609  feet  too  far  west ;  the  point  of  intersection 

000  annual  appropriation,  and  increasing  $1,000  of  the  one  hundred  and  twentieth  meridian  of 

a  year  until  it  reaches  $25,000.    The  State  made  longitude  with  the  thirty  ninth  parallel  of  lati- 

an  appropriation  of  $8,000  for  the  construction  tude  was  found  to  be  4,078*3  feet  too  far  west  as 

of  a  laboratory  and  its  maintenance  for  1891  and  formerly  established :  and  the  boundary  monu- 

1892,  and  $20,000  for  the  support  of  the  univer-  ment  in  latitude  858  on  the  Colorado  river  was 

sity  for  two  years.    The  amount  held  in  trust  found  to  be,  according  to  this  survey,  1,264  feet 

by  the  State  for  the  institution  in  bonds  and  due  east  of  the  true  State  line, 

cash  was  $124,254.57.  Oovernor's  Message.— In  his  inaugural  mes- 

State  Prison. — The  support  of   the  State  sage  to  the  Legislature,  Gov.  Colcord  called  at- 

Prison  during  the  year  required  $83,508.01 ;  the  tention  to  the  inequalities  of  assessment  and 

receipts  from  the  prison  were  $2,678.25.    The  taxation.    He  said  that,  while  the  amount  now 

numoer  of  prisoners  during  the  years  1889  and  required  for  State  purposes  is  90  cents  on  each 

1890  averaged  95.  $100,  if  all  the  property  could  be  assessed  at  70 

Charities. — An  appropriation  of  $26,000  was  per  cent  of  its  tictual  cash  value,  the  require- 

made  for  the  support  of  the  State  Orphans'  Home  ments  would  not  exceed  55  cents  on  the  $100. 

for  the  years  1891  and  1892,  one  of  $85,000  for  For  this  purpose  he  recommended  a  State  board 

the  State  indigent  insane,  and  $1,000  for  the  of  equalization.    Other  recommendations  made 

deaf,  dumb,  and  blind ;  the  total  amount  ex-  by  the  Governor  were  the  adoption  of  the  Aus- 

pended  on  State  charitable  institutions  in  1891  tralian  ballot   svstem,  the  investment  of   the 

was  $54,807.15.  school  funds  on  hand  in  cash  in  bonds  of  other 

Agricnltnral  Experiment  Station. — This  States,  a  moderate  appropriation  for  an  exhibit 
is  at  Reno,  and  receives  $15,000  annually  from  at  the  World's  Fair,  a  provision  for  an  annual 
the  Government,  under  the  provisions  of  the  encampment  of  the  State  troops,  and  an  ap- 
Hatch  act.  Experiments  have  proved  the  soil  propriation  for  the  Fish  Commission, 
well  suited  for  poUtoes,  a  large  number  out  of  NEW  BRUNSWICK.  The  Hon.  Sir  S.  L. 
the  100  varieties  tried  having  been  successf ullv  Tilley,  C.  B.,  K.  C  M.  G.,  continues  in  the  Lieu- 
cultivated.  Thirty  varieties  of  grasses  were  triea,  tenant-Governorship  of  the  province,  with  a  Cabi- 
and  many  were  found  saitablc  to  a  dry  climate,  net  consisting  of  Hon.  N.  G.  Blair,  Attomey- 
but  it  was  shown  that  alfalfa  could  not  be  sui>  General  and  Premier ;  Hon.  James  Mitchell,  Pro- 
passed.    More  experiments  are  to  be  made.  vincial  Secretary  and  Receiver-General ;  Hon.  P. 

Mining. — The  product  of  the  mines  for  the  G.  Ryan,  Chief  Commissioner  of  Public  Works; 

year  ending  Sept.  30, 1891,  was  375,708  tons ;  the  Hon.  L.  J.  Tweedie,  Surveyor-General ;  Hon. 

gross  yield  or  value,  $5,948,563.19 ;  the  net  yield,  William  Pugsley,  Solicitor-General ;  Hon.  Archi- 

$762,895.71.    The  yield  of  the  Comstock  lode  for  bald  Harrison  and  Hon.  C.  H.  La  Billois,  without 

1890  was  about  $4,228,908.31  (the  last  quarter  office.     By  the  appointment  of  seven  members 

estimated  from  the  other  three).    The  number  the  Legislative  Council  has  been  increased  to  its 

of  men  employed  on  that  lode  is  from  1,500  to  full  strength  of  eighteen.    In  the  House  of  As- 

2,000.    Some  of  the  placer  mines  have  been  put  sembly  but  one  change  has  taken  place,  a  new 

in  condition  to  be  worked  more  successfully  by  memtier  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  through  res- 

the  building  of  flumes  for  conveying  water  to  ienation  in  the  representation  for  the  county  of 

them.    A  company  has  been  formed  to  reclaim  Kent. 

from  the  sands  in  the  bed  of  Carson  river,  by  Legislation. — The  important  measures  passed 

means  of  dredges  and  electric  amalgamators,  the  at  the  session  of  the  Legislature  in  Marcn  and 

fold  and  silver  they  are  supposed  to  contain.  April  were: 

'hese  sands  have  been  swept  into  the  river  from  ,                *    i.      y.   .,.         ^                  *        ^^ 

the  mills  reducing  the  ore  of  the  Comstock  lode.  ^^  ^^  *?  ^™?''  facilitate  the  coiwtniction  of 

It  is  believed  that  the  value  of  these  deposits  P*'^^'?  ^r^'^"*    ^^'"^  ^""^  ^^'^'lJ''\  '^"^  ^^""'^^ 

ii   w         iT  #  1  nn  JSfi  nnn                     i/iivo«  «ir^v/j»*w»  mjif  of  bndgoe,  where  required,  with  stone  pici>  and 

may  reacn  f  1UU,UUU,UUU.                        ,       ,     -  iron  or  steel  Bupcretructuro,  and  authorizes  a  loan  not 

The  gross  yield  of  salt,  borax,  and  soda  for  to  exceed  $2oO,(X)0  nt  4  per  cent  interest,  to  be  met  by 

three  fourths  of  1890  was  $72,047.85,  and  the  net  a  Binkin^  fund  annually  taken  fVom  the  approjpriatioD.s 

yield  $18,418.02.    It  is  said  that  extensive  beds  for  pubRc  works.    It  repeals  the  act  paaeed  in  1SM> 

of  niter  have  been  found  on  the  south  of  the  for  a  similar  purpose,  under  which  no  operations  had 

Central  Pacific  Railroad,  near  the  sink  of  Hum-  taken  place.                ,,       «.        -  ,,       ,       ., 

holfif  rivpr  respecting  the  office  of  Queen^s  printer. 

Dome  nver.                    mu   a  i.  i          u       «  which  chansres  the  mode  of  Government  printini?,  the 

Manafactnrinflr.— The  total  number  of  manii-  Queen^s  printer  becoming  an  officer  of  the  Pnjvincial 

factunng  establishments  m   1890  was   166,  of  Secretary's  department,  and  provides  that  afl  money 

which  118  wece  quartz  mills,  18  smelting  fur-  received  forthe  public  printing  and  advertising  ahail 


NEW  BRUNSWICK. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 


567 


bo  paid  to  the  Receiver-General  hb  part  of  the  publio 
revenues,  and  idl  expenses  be  paid  from  the  provincial 
tn^nsurv.  The  act  goes  into  operation  by  proclama- 
tion of 'the  Lieutenant-Governor. 

An  act  relating  to  the  Legislative  Council,  which 
aholisihes  the  Legislative  Council  and  vests  the  legis- 
lative powers  in  the  Lieutenant-Governor  and  Legis- 
lative Assembly,  instead  of  ^^  the  Lieutenant-Gover- 
nor, Legislative  Council,  and  Assembly."  The  low- 
er branch  of  the  Legislature  has  repeatedly  passed 
acti^  to  abolish  the  upper  branch,  but  these  have  al- 
ways been  thrown  out  by  the  Legislative  Council. 
Th'e  present  bill,  as  introduced  by  the  Govemaient 
and  passed  by  tlie  Assembly,  provided  for  immediate 
abolition.  Amendments  delaying  the  operation  of  the 
measure  were  moved  in  the  Legislative  Council,  and 
afU'r  much  spirited  debate  the  bill  as  introduced  was 
carried.  A  reconsideration  was  moved  in  the  Council 
on  the  follo\«'ing  day,  with  the  result  that  the  act  will 
not  come  into  operation  until  afler  the  first  session  of 
the  Legislature  in  1894,  or  when  the  present  House  of 
AAsemoly  ceases  to  exist  by  dissolution. 

An  act  in  aid  of  the  construction  of  railways,  au- 
Uiorizing  the  Government  to  pay  a  subsidy  of  $2,500 
a  mile  to  an^  corporation  undertaking  to  construct 
the  lines  of  railway  that  are  named  in  the  act,  and 
providing  for  a  loan  to  meet  the  subsidies. 

An  act  to  amend  the  ^  Common  Schools  act  ^  and 
the  act  relating  to  the  Universitv  of  New  Brunswick, 
by  which  the  Chief  Superintendent  of  Education  be- 
comes the  president  or  the  senate  of  the  university, 
and  makes  other  changes  in  the  management  of  the 
institution,  bringing  it  into  closer  relations  with  the 
educational  system  of  the  province. 

An  act  respecting  railways,  being  a  ffeneral  act  for 
the  incorporation  of  companies.  It  deals  with  all 
niatters  incident  to  the  building  and  management  of 
railways  in  the  province. 

An  act  relating  to  mines  and  minerals,  authorizing 
prospecting  licenses  for  gold  and  silver  up  to  100 
areas  (each  150  feet  by  250  feet),  issued  at  50  cents  an 
area  up  to  10  areas,  and  25  cents  afterward  per  arciL 
p<vxl  for  one  year.  These  licenses  can  bo  renewed 
for  second  year  by  payment  of  half  this  amount 
Leases  for  twenty  years*  to  work  and  mine,  on  pay- 
ment of  $2  an  area  of  150  feet  by  250  feet  Benew- 
able  annually  at  50  ceDt»  an  area  in  advance. 

Royalty  on  gold  and  silver,  2i  per  cent  Licenses 
to  search  for  minerals  other  than  gold  and  silver, 
pvid  for  one  year,  $20  for  5  square  miles.  Lands 
applied  for  iiiust  not  be  more  than  2i  miles  long,  and 
the  tract  so  selected  may  be  surveyed  on  the  Survcyor- 
Generars  order  at  expense  of  licensee  if  exact  bounds 
cannotbeestablishea  on  maps  in  Crown  Land  Oltice. 
lU'DcwaUi  for  second  year  may  be  made  by  consent  of 
8ur\eyor-Gencral,  on  payment  of  $20.  Second  rights 
to  .search  can  be  given  over  same  ground,  subject  to 
party  holding  first  rights,  on  payment  of  $20.  Leases 
are  given  on  payment  of  $50  for  1  square  mile,  good 
for  two  years,  and  extended  to  three  years  by  furtlier 
payment  of  $25. 

The  following  are  the  royalties:  Coal,  10  cents  a 
U*n  of  2,240  pounds ;  copper,  4  cents  on  every  1  per 
cent  in  a  ton  of  2,852  pounds ;  lead,  2  cents  on  every 
1  I^er  cent  in  a  tcm  of  2,240  pounds ;  iron,  5  cents  a 
ton  of  2,240  potmds ;  tin  ana  precious  stones,  5  per 
cent  of  value. 

Agriealtare. — An  exhibition,  principally  of 
nianufactures,  was  held  in  the  city  of  St.  John, 
in  September  and  October,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a  local  company,  and  an  agricultural 
exhibition  in  October,  under  the  management 
of  the  District  Agricultural  Society,  was  held  at 
Predericton.  The  products  of  the  farm  through- 
out the  province,  both  as  respects  quantity  and 
quality,  are  in  advance  of  other  years.  An  in- 
creased interest  in  the  improvement  of  agricult- 
pral  live  stock  has  been  promoted  through  the 
importation  of  a  large  number  of  pure-bred 


cattle  and  sheep  b^  the  Government  of  the  prov- 
ince, thus  oontmuing  a  policy  that  was  adopted 
a  few  years  ago  in  the  importation  of  horses. 
The  cattle  and  sHeep  were  sold  at  reduced  prices 
to  the  agricultural  societies,  and  by  them  dis- 
tributed through  the  province. 

Censas, — The  third  census  since  the  confed- 
eration of  the  provinces  was  taken  during  the 
summer.  The  province  has  gained  only  61  dur- 
ing the  decade,  the  population  in  18i81  being 
821,288,  and  in  1891  being  821,294.  Taken  by 
counties,  the  gains  are  shown  to  have  been  where 
the  population  is  largely  French. 


COUMTEES. 


Albert 

Carieton 

Charlotte 

OloQcester 

Kent 

Kings 

Noitbamberland 

Queens 

KesUiroucbe 

8t  John 

Bunbnry 

Victoria 

Westmoreland... 

York 

Fredericton  city. 

8t  John  city 

Moncton 


1881. 


1801. 


12329 

10,971 

SM65 

22,528 

8«,087 

28,761 

81,614 

•  24,901 

22,618 

•  28.868 

25,617 

£8,094 

85,109 

26,716 

14,017 

12,162 

7,068 

8311 

52,966 

49,574 

6,651 

6.768 

15,686 

•18,218 

87,719 

•41,484 

80,897 

80,979 

6.218 

6,602 

41,858 

89,179 

5,088 

8,765 

•  Largely  French. 

Trade. — The  value  of  exports  of  the  province 
for  1891  was  $7,182,748,  and  of  the  imports  |5,- 
858,885.  Of  exports,  $3,289,190  went  to  the 
British  Empire,  $8,646,358  to  the  United  States, 
and  $297,205  to  all  other  countries.  Of  imports, 
$2,866,882  came  from  the  British  Empire,  $2,- 
994,088  from  the  United  States,  and  $497,415 
from  all  other  countries. 

Finances. — The  balance  of  debit  in  the  cur- 
rent revenue  account,  Dec.  81,  1890,  was  $42,- 
587.57.  The  total  payments  were  $868,018.19, 
and  the  total  receipts  $815,262.20,  making  a 
balance  of  $90,888.56  against  the  province  on 
current  revenue  account  on  Dec.  81, 1891.    The 

fross  debt  of  the  province  at  the  same  date  was 
2,484,559.78;   assets,    $590,468.26;   net   debt, 
$1,894,091.47. 

NEWFOUNDLAND.  Le^lBlative  Session. 
— During  the  legislative  session  of  1891  several 
important  acts  were  passed,  which  are  here 
summarized : 

A  comprehensive  act,  denlin^  with  the  manage- 
ment of  the  whole  postal  service  of  the  colony,  and 
afitfimilating  it  to  that  of  Great  Britain  and  Canada, 
defines  the  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  Post- 
master-General and  the  onicials.  It  also  regulates 
local  and  foreign  postage,  parcels-post,  registration  of 
letters,  money  orders,  post-ottice  savings,  bonks,  etc. 

The  act  to  provide  for  Newfoundland  Llovd'h  Clas- 
siflcation  and  Registry  of  Shipping  ana  for  the 
encouragement  and  improvement  of  ship-buildintr 
authorizes  tlie  payment  of  a  bounty  on  vessels  built 
in  the  colony,  on  the  certiflcoto  ot  Lloyd^s  8Hr\-eyor 
that  they  have  been  built  in  accordance  witli  the 
specifications  laid  down  in  section  2.  A  fee  of  ten 
cents  per  ton  is  to  be  paid  for  survev.  Provision  is 
also  made  for  the  annual  survey  of  all  steam  or  sailing 
vessels  engaged  in  the  deep-sea  flshcrieft  (including 
Labrador)  and  the  foreign  trade  of  the  colony,  the  fee 
to  the  surveyor  to  be  five  cents  per  ton.  Bounty  for 
vessels  built  to  be  according  to  class — seven  years' 
class,  four  dollars  a  ton  ;  ten  yean*  class,  five  aollars 
a  ton  ;  thirteen  yea»^  class,  six  dollars  a  ton.    Thrco 


568 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 


surveys  to  be  held  on  each  vessel :  1.  When  in  full 
frame ;  2.  When  planking  (except  deck)  is  completed ; 
8.  When  vessel  is  completed.  Certificate  to  be  given 
by  Lloyd's  surveyor  on  final  survey. 

An  act  amending  a  previous  ^  Act  for  the  construc- 
tion and  equipment  of  a  line  of  railway  toward 
UalPs  Bay.  etc.,"  authorizes  the  Government  to  pur- 
chase the  x^ewfoundland  Railwav,  and  to  raise  by 
loan  such  sum  of  money  as  may  be  necessary  there- 
for. It  further  provides  the  form  of  bond  to  be  given 
under  the  provisions  of  the  amended  act 

An  act  amending  a  previous  ^^  Act  for  the  re|^tra- 
tion  of  births,  marriages,  and  deaths,^'  appoints  as 
registering  otttcers  all  clergymen  and  other  persons 
who  are  legally  entitled  to  baptize,  celebrate  marriages, 
or  perform  funeral  services  in  tlie  colony  and  having 
charge  of  a  mission  or  congregation.  ^  It  also  provides 
that  no  burial  shall  take  place  without  a  certifi- 
cate. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  improvement  of  education 
authorizes  tne  Governor  in  Council  to  appoint  a 
a  board  of  nine  commissioners,  of  whom  three  shall  be 
members  of  the  Church  of  Rome,  three  shall  be  mem- 
bers of  the  Church  of  England,  two  shall  be  members 
of  the  Methodist  Church,  and  one  Presbyterian.  It 
also  defines  their  powers  and  duties  in  connection 
with  the  improvement  of  the  educational  system  of 
the  colony.  Since  this  act  was  passed  by  the  Leffisla- 
ture  the"  Church  of  England  Synod  and  the  Metho- 
dist Conference  objected  to  its  provisions,  and  the 
oommissioners  have  not  yet  been  nominated  by  the 
Governor  in  Council.  The  Legislature,  last  ses- 
siozi,  voted  the  sum  of  $20,000,  to  be  paid  annually 
for  increasing  the  salaries  oi  teachers  or  board  schooU 
throughout  the  colony,  which  was  distributed  for  the 
first  time  in  1891. 

The  act  to  amend  "•  the  Fisheries  Commission  act** 
provides  for  the  promulgation  of  the  rules  and  regula- 
tions of  the  commission  oy  resolution  of  both  branches 
of  the  Legislature  and  publication  in  the  ^^Koyal 
Gazette,"  and  declares  that  nothing  in  the  rules 
made  shall  affect  the  treaty  rights  on  the  coast  of  this 
colony  of  any  state  or  power  in  amity  with  Her 
Majesty. 

"  The  Newfoundland  French  Treaties  act  of  1891 " 
makes  provision  for  carrying  into  elfect  engagements 
with  France  respecting  fisheries  in  Newfoundland. 
After  reciting  articles  m>m  the  various  treaties  aft'ect- 
ing  the  fisheries,  fh)m  that  of  Utrecht  (1713)  to  tJiat 
of  Paris  (1815),  the  act  declares  that  all  orders  given 
by  Ilcr  Majesty  to  the  Governor  of  Newfoundland,  or 
any  officer  or  oificcrs  on  that  station,  which  she  or 
they  deem  necessary  to  fulfill  the  purposes  of  said 
treaties  and  agreements,  or  ^*  any  acts  done  by  said 
(xovemor  or  officer  or  officers  in  pursuance  of  such 
orders  and  instructions  as  aforesaia,  shall  be  lawful, 
and  no  action,  suit,  or  other  proceeding  shall  be 
brought  or  mwntained  in  respect  of  the  same."  The 
act  amo  jrecites  the  terms  of  the  agreement  or  modus 
Vivendi  of  1890  between  Her  Britannic  Majesty  and 
the  Government  of  the  republic  of  France,  in  virtue 
of  which  the  differences  wnich  had  arisen  in  connec- 
tion with  the  catching  and  canning  of  lobsters  on  tJie 
treaty  shore  of  Newfoundland  were  to  be  submitt^ 
to  a  commission  of  arbitration,  and  declares  that  all 
orders  or  instructions  issued  by  Her  Majesty  to  the 
Governor  or  officer  or  officers  "which  she  or  they 
deem  necessary  for  enforcing  said  modus  vivendi  dur- 
ing the  fishing  season  of  1891,  or  an;^  continuation 
thereof,  pending  the  arbitration  aforesaid,  and  all  acts 
done  by  said  Governor  or  officers  in  pursuance  of  such 
orders  shaU  be  lawful,  and  no  action,  suit,  or  other 
proceeding  shall  be  maintained  in  respect  to  tlie 
same  " ;  and  that "  persons  refusing  to  obey  the  lawful 
orders  from  Her  Migesty's  officers  shall  l>e  liable  to  a 
fine  of  |2e^." 

T^e  act  to  amend  the  ^  Crown  Lands  act  of  1884" 
provides  that  when  any  person  desires  to  obtain  a 
lease  of  nun^tral  land  he  shall  mark  the  land  by  four 
boundary  posts  or  cairns,  the  extent  of  inclosed  land 
not  to  exceed,  sue  square  mile ;  and  that  as  soon  as 


possible  he  shall  apply  to  the  Surveyor-General  for  a 
Ficense  and  deposit  a  foe  of  $20,  the  first  notice  filed 
to  give  priority  of  claim.  The  first  license  shall  be  for 
a  year ;  a  fee  of  $30  shall  entitle  to  extension  for  another 
year :  and  a  fluther  sum  of  $50  to  an  extension  tor 
another  year.  At  any  time  a  partv  may  apply  for  a 
lease  (under  tlie  usual  conditionsY  depositing  with 
his  application  $25.  Owners  of  mills  are  not  to  per- 
mit sawdust  or  refuse  to  be  introduced  into  bays  or 
creeks,  under  a  penalty  of  $100  for  each  offense. 

The  act  to  amend  the  "  Crown  Lands  act  of  ISdO'' 
renders  less  onerous  the  conditions  under  which  the 
timber  land  may  be  held  for  the  establishment  of 
wood-pulp  industry.  It  provides  that  the  license  fee 
per  mile  of  land,  payaole  each  twenty-five  years, 
shall  be  $20  instead  of  $30 ;  and  that  the  cxpt'odi- 
ture  on  buildings  and  machinery  shall  be  $l,00i)  per 
mile  of  land,  instead  of  $3,000 ;  also  removes  all  re- 
strictions on  removal  of  machinery  or  buildings,  and 
repeals  provision  as  to  planting  of  trees  to  replace 
those  cut  down. 

The  act  to  provide  for  the  holding  of  an  industrial 
exhibition  in  St  John^s  in  1892  directs  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  commission  to  superintend  operations,  and 
appropriates  $2,000  for  the  exhibition. 

The  act  amendin^^  "  the  Tcmpeninoe  act  of  IfsSl'"* 
provides  for  prohibition  or  the  repeal  of  prohibition 
m  any  district  where  a  minority  ot  the  voters  poll  in 
favor  of  such  prohibition  or  repeal  of  prohibition. 

The  act  to  amend  "*  the  Act  relating  to  the  preser- 
vation of  game  and  deer"  provides  that  the  ckiM 
time  for  caribou  shall  end  on  Sept  15  instead  o(  Oct 
1 ;  that  persons  who  have  ptarmigan  in  their  poc^-s- 
sion  on  Jan.  12  may  offer  them  n>r  sale  till  Jan.  ^'; 
and  also  extends  the  close  time  for  trout^  etc,  from 
Dec.  1  to  Feb.  1  succeeding. 

The  act  amending  "  the  st  John^  Municipal  act^* 
makes  the  term  of  the  Council's  office  three  yean 
instead  of  two,  and  makes  every  male  British  subject 
residing  in  the  town  and  paying  any  municipal  as- 
sessment a  voter.  It  also  gives  plenary  powers  to 
Council  regarding  all  matters  affecting  the  health  and 
safety  of  the  inhabitants,  the  establishment  of  loar- 
kets,  the  care  and  construction  of  streets,  and  the 
management  of  the  fire  department  It  also  gives 
Council  authority  to  impose  a  "■  business  tax ^  on 
distillers,  brokers,  railway  and  steamboat  companion, 
proprietors  of  billiard  rooms,  peddlers,  carters,  insur- 
ance companies,  banks,  gas  companies,  telegraph. 
telephone,  and  electric-light  companies  doing  bui^inese 
in  St  John^s. 

The  Fi8heries.~The  most  Tarlnable  and  im- 
portant of  the  fisheries  is  the  cod  fishery,  which 
IS  carried  on  upon  the  banks,  the  shores  of  the 
island,  and  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Labrador,  which 
is  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Newfoundland.  In 
1890  the  export  of  codfish  (inclusive  of  Labrador) 
was  1,040,916  quintals,  the  value  being  $3,986,- 
898.  Of  this  quantity  266,622  quintals  were  ex- 
ported from  Labrador,  the  value  beine  $698,217. 
In  addition  142,000  pounds  of  boneless  codfish 
were  exported— value,  $6,390.  Of  cod  oil  3,193 
tun^  were  exported  in  1890,  and  of  refined  cod- 
liver  oil  6,440  gallons.  The  total  value  of  the 
exports  of  the  cod  fishery  of  1890  was  $i238,- 
556.  It  is  estimated  that  150,000  quintals  of  cod- 
fish are  consumed  in  the  island. 

The  following  figures  show  the  number  of  seals 
taken  in  the  years  named :  In  1887,  280,555 ;  in 
1888,  286,464 ;  in  1889,  207,084 ;  in  1890, 220,321 : 
in  1891,  343,503.  The  number  of  men  engag«<l 
in  the  seal  fishery  in  1891  was  4,284 ;  of  steameis, 
19,  having  a  tonnage  of  5,947  tons. 

In  1890  the  export  of  lobsters  was  69^  cases ; 
value,  $520,078. 

The  quantity  of  herring  exported  in  1890  was 
107,063  barrels ;  value,  $278,847. 


NEWFOUNDLAND. 


569 


The  value  of  the  export  of  salmon  in  the  same 
year  was  $113,870. 

Total  value  of  fisheries  in  1890,  $5,640,766. 

The  Fisheries  Commission  are  conducting  their 
operations  with  a  twofold  object : 

(1)  To  restore  exhausted  waters  to  their  former 
abundance  by  the  artificial  propagation  of  ma- 
rine and  other  food  fishes ;  (i)  to  protect  the  va- 
rious fisheries  by  a  proper  regulation  for  the  sea- 
sons for  fishing  and  of  the  various  appliances  for 
catching  fish. 

At  Dildo  cod  and  lobster  hatcherv,  one  of  the 
largest  in  the  world,  in  1891.  40,000,000  codfish 
were  hatched  and  planted  in  Trinity  Bay,  and  also 
about  15,000,000  young  lobsters. 

In  addition,  the  propagation  of  lobsters  was 
carried  on  by  means  of  floating  incubators,  the 
invention  of  Mr.  Adolph  Nielsen,  Superintendent 
of  Fisheries,  in  nearly  all  the  great  bavs.  A  re- 
markable success  has  been  reached.  The  incuba- 
tors are  worked  by  men  who  have  been  specially 
instructed,  and  at  a  verv  small  cost.  The  ova 
are  stripped  from  the  fiorils  under  the  tails  of 
the  female  lobsters  which  are  brought  to  the  fac- 
tories before  they  are  thrown  into  the  boilers,  and 
the  germs  of  life  are  thus  saved  from  destruc- 
tion. The  incubators  are  placed  near  the  lobster 
factories  in  pure  sea  water  which  has  a  certain 
amount  of  motion.  They  are  hatched  in  a  few 
days  and  liberated,  and  then  a  fresh  supply  of 
ova  is  obtained.  In  1891  432  of  these  boating 
incubators  were  used  at  18  different  stations. 
The  astounding  number  of  550,000,000  were 
hatched  in  the  season.  It  is  anticipated  that  this 
method  of  artificial  propagation,  together  with 
a  stringent  enforcement  of  a  close  season  and 
the  pronibition  of  the  capture  of  immature  lob- 
sters, will  have  the  effect  of  arresting  the  threat- 
ened destruction  of  the  lobster  fishery,  and  even 
of  extending  it  by  planting  lobsters  in  waters 
where  they  were  previously  unknown.  In  no 
other  country  has  such  success  been  reached  in 
lobster  hatching.  Mr.  Nielsen  has  invented  a 
lobster  trap  which  will  permit  the  escape  of  young 
lobsters  that  have  not  reached  the  reproductive 
age,  and  are  too  small  for  use,  while  larger  lob- 
sters are  retained. 

The  herring  fishery  receives  special  attention, 
and  under  Mr.  Nielsen's  instructions  for  curing 
and  packing  this  fishery  is  developing  rapidly. 
During  his  researches  last  summer  Mr.  Nielsen 
discovered  a  bank,  over  one  hundred  miles  long, 
off  the  west  coast  of  the  island  where  herring  of 
a  superior  quality  resort  in  large  numbers,  and 
where  a  summer  drift-net  herring  fishery  might 
be  established.  In  summer  the  herring  are  fat 
and  in  the  best  condition  for  being  taken. 

1^1  nances. — The  following  table  shows  the 
imports,  exports,  and  revenue  in  the  years 
named: 


Indnstiies. — ^The  last  census  showed  that 
there  were  in  the  colony  55  saw  mills,  4  tanner- 
ies, 5  breweries  and  distilleries,  6  iron  foundries, 
6  bakeries,  7  furniture  factories,  95  other  facto- 
ries ;  value  of  factories,  $954,536 ;  value  of  goods 
produced,  $1,554,536;  number  of  hands  em- 
ploved,  2,450. 

ftinerals. — As  a  mining  country  Newfound- 
land occupies  a  high  place.  It  stands  sixth 
among  the  copper-producing  countries  of  the 
world.  From  1864,  when  the  first  copper  mine 
was  opened,  till  1879  copper  and  nickel  ore  to 
the  value  of  $4,629,889  had  been  exported.  Since 
that  date  copper  mining  has  ^one  on  steadily. 
At  present  the  chief  copper  mines  are  those  of 
Tilt  Cove  and  Little  Bay,  on  the  shores  of  Notre 
Dame  Bay.  From  these  two  mines  the  export  in 
1890  was  as  follows : 


Copper  Inf^ts . . . , 
Copper  ^reen  ore , 
Copper  regaiuft. . . 


ToUI. 


VftllM. 


|17fi^92 

8,400 

48,000 

$226,792 


TKAR. 


1887. 
1888. 
1889. 
1860. 


Importa. 

Espofti. 

$5,897,408 
7.420,400 
6i,607.065 
8^68,355 

$5,178,780 
8,r82,018 
6,122,985 
6,099,686 

$1,272,600 
1.870.029 
1,862,698 
1,154,586 


The  public  debt  in  1890  was  $4,138,627,  which 
averages  about  $19.69  per  head  of  the  entire 
population.  The  interest  on  the  public  debt  in 
1890  was  $202,914. 


An  extensive  deposit  of  iron  pyrites,  averaging 
52  per  cent,  of  sulphur,  was  discovered  a  few 
years  ago  at  Pilley's  island  in  the  same  bay.  In 
1890  the  export  of  pyrites  from  this  mine  was 
1,670  tons;  value,  $72,315.  In  1891  the  export 
was  more  than  doubled,  and  in  1892  will  prob- 
ably reach  70,000  tons.  An  antimony  mine  has 
been  recently  opened  in  the  same  region,  which 
promises  well,  and  news  of  a  large  deposit  of  as- 
oestos  on  the  west  coast  has  been  received  lately. 
Silver  and  lead  mines  are  worked  in  Placcntia 
Bay,  but  as  yet  on  a  small  scale.  Both  these 
minerals  have  also  been  found  in  workable  qi^n- 
tities  at  Port-a-Port,  St.  George's  Bay.  A  very 
valuable  gypum  mine  has  recently  been  opened 
at  Romaine  s  brook,  St.  George's  Bay,  from  which 
the  export  is  large,  but  returns  are  not  yet  avail- 
able. The  coal  area  of  St.  George's  Bay  as  yet 
unworked  is  25  miles  wide  by  10  in  length. 

Shipping. — The  registered  shipping  on  Dec. 
31,  1891,  was  2,207  vessels ;  net  tonnage,  98,619 
tons.  In  1890  48  new  vessels  were  built ;  ton- 
nage, 1,896  tons ;  bounty  paid,  $7,566. 

Railways,— The  construction  of  the  Hall's 
Bay  Railway  made  excellent  progress  during 
1891.  At  the  close  of  the  year  alwut  70  miles 
were  graded  and  the  rails  laid  over  a  considerable 
portion  of  this  line.  From  600  to  800  men  were 
einoloyed  on  it. 

Political.— The  political  events  of  the  "An- 
cient Colony  "  during  1891  were  peculiarly  im- 
portant They  have  been  developed  chiefly  in 
connection  with  the  vexed  (question  of  the 
"French  shore."  British  subjects  had  estab- 
lished lobster  factories  at  various  points  alone 
that  portion  of  the  coast  on  which  the  French 
have  certain  fishing  privileges  secured  to  them 
by  treaties.  The  French  objected  to  such  opera- 
tions as  a  violation  of  the  treaties,  and  claimed 
an  exclusive  right  to  take  lobsters,  or,  at  least, 
an  equal  right  with  British  subjects.  The  Brit- 
ish Government  held  that  the  right  of  the 
French  was  limited  "  to  taking  and  drying  fish," 
but  that  the  treaties  did  not  include  the  catch- 
ing of  shell  fish  and  their  manufacture  and 
packing  on  shore. 


570  NEWFOUNDLAND.  NEW  HAMPSHIBK 

After  lengthened  neeotiations,  both  Govern-  nized  the  validity  of  the  protest,  and  declined  to 

ments  agre^  to  refer  the  points  in  dispute  to  a  ratify  the  Bond-Blaine  reciprocity  treaty.    This 

commission  of  arbitration.    Pending  the  results  treatv  was  strongly  objected  to  bv  a  large  party  in 

of  such  arbitration,  a  modus  vivend%  was  agreed  Newfoundland,  on  the  ground  tnat  it  made  large 

on,  to  the  terms  of  which  the  Government  and  and  valuable  concessions  to  the  United  Statea,  but 

people  of  Newfoundland  strongly  objected,  and  failed  to  secure  corresponding  concessions  to  the 

two  deputations  were  sent  to  England  to  lay  colonj,  so  that  the  advantages  were  nearly  all  on 

their  grievances  before  the  British  public  and  one  side. 

present  a  protest  to  the  Government.  No  im-  Soon  afterward,  in  order  to  mark  its  disap- 
mediate  results  followed,  and  meantime  the  pro-  proval  of  what  they  considered  the  unwarrant- 
visions  of  the  obnoxious  modtis  vivendi  were  en-  able  interference  of  Canada,  the  Government  of 
forced  by  Sir  Baldwin  Walker,  who  commanded  Newfoundland  declined  to  grant  licenses  for  ob- 
the  war  ships  stationed  on  the  coast.  It  was  taining  bait  to  any  Canadian  fishing  vessels, 
discovered  that  there  was  no  legal  authority  for  while  such  licenses  were  given  free  of  cham  to 
the  enforcement  of  this  modus  vivendi,  the  old  American  fishing  vessels.  Canada  had  hitherto 
statute  which  gave  power  to  naval  officers  to  made  an  exception  in  favor  of  Newfoundland 
put  the  treaties  in  force  having  been  inadvert-  fish  and  admitted  it  free  of  duty,  while  all  other 
ently  repealed.  When,  then.  Sir  Baldwin  Walk-  fish  had  to  pay  duties;  and  lately,  to  mark  their 
er  closed  certain  British  lobster  factories,  Mr.  sense  of  the  wrong  done  them  by  the  refusal  of 
James  Baird,  a  St.  John's  merchant,  whose  prop-  bait,  the  Canadian  Government  withdrew  this 
erty  had  been  interfered  with,  took  an  action  privilege,  so  that  Newfoundland  fish  has  to  pay 
against  him  and  obtained  a  judraient  in  the  duty  in  Canadian  ports*  The  Newfoundland 
Supreme  Court  awarding  him  $5,000  damages.  Government  at  once  responded  by  placing  in- 
Then  the  British  Government  discovered  that  to  creased  duties  on  several  articles  of  Canmlian 
enforce  the  modus  vivendi  a  new  act  of  Parlia-  produce,  such  as  flour,  pork,  butter,  tobacco, 
ment  must  be  passed.  A  bill  for  this  purpose  com  meal,  and  farm  produce.  Thus  the  close  of 
was  hastily  introduced  into  the  House  of  Lords,  1891  found  two  British  colonies  engaged  in  a 
reviving  an  old  coercive  act  which  eave  naval  war  of  tariffs. 

officers  almost  unlimited  control  on  tne  French  Exploration. — ^The  year  1891  was  marked 
shore.  As  soon  as  the  terms  of  this  coercive  by  the  discovery,  or  rather  rediscovery,  of  the 
act  were  known  in  the  colony  the  Legislature,  Grand  Falls  of  Labrador,  about  the  same  time, 
then  in  session,  passed  resolutions  condemning  by  H.  G.  Bryant,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Prof, 
it  in  this  strongest  terms,  appointing  delegates  to  Kenaston,  of  Washington,  and  by  a  party  of 
proceed  to  London  to  arrest  the  progress  of  this  tudents  from  Bowdoin  College, 
bill,  and  claiming  that  they  should  be  heard  at  NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  a  New  England  State, 
the  bar  of  the  House  of  Lords.  Their  claim  one  of  the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Consti- 
was  allowed.  One  of  the  most  brilliant  and  dis-  tution  June  21, 1788;  area,  9,305  square  miles, 
tinguished  audiences  that  ever  assembled  within  The  population,  according  to  each  decennial  cen- 
the  walls  of  the  Upper  House  listened  to  the  rep-  sus,  was  141,885  in  1790 ;  183,858  in  1800 ;  214,- 
resentatives  of  the  "Ancient  Colony"  as  they  460  in  1810;  244,022  in  1820;  269,328  in  1830; 
pleaded  for  their  righU  and  privileges,  detailed  284,574  in  1840;  817,976  in  1850;  326,073  in 
the  wrongs  and  grievances  from  which  they  long  1860;  818,300  in  1870;  346,991  in  1880;  and 
suffered,  and  protested  against  the  new  coercive  376,530  in  1890.  Capital,  Concord, 
measure,  whicn  they  regarded  as  a  violation  of  GoTemment. — The  following  were  the  State 
the  Constitution  of  the  colony.  The  scene  was  officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Hiram  A. 
historic,  and  the  impression  made  was  decisive.  Tuttle,  Republican ;  Secretary  of  State,  Ezra 
The  final  result  was  that  the  British  Govern-  S.  Steams;  Treasurer,  Solon  A.  Carter;  At- 
ment  withdrew  the  obnoxious  measure,  on  con-  tomey-General,  Daniel  Barnard ;  Superintendent 
dition  that  the  Legislature  of  the  colony  passed  of  Public  Instruction,  James  W.  Patterson ;  In- 
an  act  which  would  legalize  the  provisions  of  surance  Commissioner,  John  C.  Linehan ;  RaU- 
the  modus  vivendi  for  a  limited  period.  This  road  Commissioners,  Henrv  M.  Putney,  Benja- 
was  done.  The  nature  of  the  act  nas  been  de-  min  P.  Prescott^  and  J.  M.  Mitchell,  who  re- 
fined in  the  early  part  of  the  present  article,  signed  on  April  11.  The  vacancy  caused  by  the 
No  pro^ss,  however,  has  yet  been  made  in  the  resignation  of  Commissioner  Mitchell  remained 
arbitration.  unfilled  during  tlie  year,  by  reason  of  the  per- 

Then  another  political  agitation  arose  in  con-  sistent  refusal  of  the  Council  to  confirm  the  nom- 
nection  with  an  attempt  to  negotiate  a  reciproc-  ination  of  Thomas  Cogswell,  which  was  repeat- 
ity  trade  arrangement  between  the  United  States  edly  made  by  the  Governor.  Chief  Justice  of 
and  Newfoundland.  Mr.  Bond,  Colonial  Secre-  the  Supreme  Court,  Charles  Doe ;  Associate  Jus- 
tary,  was  authorized  by  the  British  Government  tices,  Isaac  W.  Smith,  William  H.  H.  Allen, 
to  proceed  to  Washington,  and,  in  conjunction  Lewis  W.  Clark,  Isaac  N.  Blodgett,  Alonzo 
with  the  British  ambii^ador,  to  open  communi-  P.  Carpenter,  and  George  A.  Bingham,  who  re- 
cations  for  this  purpose  with  the  Government  signed  early  in  the  year  and  was  succeeded  by 
of  the  United  States.    A  draft  treaty  was  drawn  William  M.  Chase. 

up ;  but  as  soon  as  the  terms  were  known  the       Finances. — The  following  figures  show  the 

Government  of   Canada  presented  a  vigorous  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  treasury  for 

protest,  alleging  that   the   treaty,  if   ratified,  the  year  ending  May  81  and  the  condition  of 

would  affect  the  fishing  interests  of   Canada  the  ^tate  debt :  Cash  on  hand  June  1, 1890,  $202.- 

raost  injuriously,  and  greatly  embarrass  them  in  061.31 ;  receipts  during  the  year,  $1,799,807.85; 

carrying   out   fisherv  arrangements   with    the  disbursements  during  the  year,  $1,690,050.06; 

United  States.    The  British  Government  recog-  cash  on  hand  June  1, 1891,  $811,819.08;  liabili- 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  571 

ties  Jane  1, 1890,  $3,601,010.45 ;  assets  June  1,  ply  to  all  elections  held  for  the  choice  of  presi- 

1890.  $209,5i56.11;  net  indebtedness  June  1,1800,  aential   electors,  representatives   to    Congress. 

12,481,453.34 ;   liabilities  June  1,  1801,  $2,579,-  State  and  county  officers,  and  to  the  election  of 

376.39 ;  assets  June  1, 1801,  $310,885.75;  net  in-  all  other  officers  chosen  at  biennial  elections,  or 

debtedness  June  1,1801,  $2,260,040.64;  reduction  to  an^r  elections  of  national  or  State  officers, 

of  debt  during  the  year,  $221,412.70.    The  rev-  Any  city  that  chooses  its  municipal  officers  an- 

enue  for  the  year  amounted  to  $831,870.06,  and  nually  may  adopt  the  provisions  of  the  act  for 

the  expenses  to  $610,457.36,  making  the  excess  such  elections,  by  a  vote  of  its  qualified  voters, 

of  revenue  over  expenses  $221,412.70,  which  cor-  and  any  town  may  adopt  the  provisions  of  the  act 

responds  with  the  reduction  of  the  debt.  for  its  annual  elections.    After  April  30, 1802, 

The  revenue  was  derived  from  the  following  city,  ward,  and  town  caucuses  of  qualified  voters 
sources :  From  the  State  tax,  $500,000 ;  from  representing  a  political  party  which  at  the  last 
railroad  tax,  $110,520.61;  from  insurance  tax,  preceding  biennial  election  polled  at  least  3  per 
$13,332.58;  from  direct  tax  refunded  by  the  cent,  of  the  entire  vote  cast  in  the  State  for 
United  States,  $181,801.02;  from  interest  on  de-  governor  ma^r  in  a  city  or  ward  nominate  can- 
posits,  $2,250.75;  from  miscellaneous  sources,  aidates  for  city  or  ward  officers,  and  in  town 
$33,857.10 ;  total,  $831,870.06.  The  expenses  for  town  officers,  whose  names  shall  be  placed 
were  divided  into  ordinary,  $204,575.07;  extraor-  upon  the  ballots  to  be  furnished  by  the  city 
dinary,  $118,462.76;  and  interest  charg^  $157,-  clerk,  town  clerk,  or  Secretary  of  State.  Such 
418,63.  There  was  collected  and  distributed  to  caucuses  may  choose  delegates  to  State,  district, 
the  towns  during  the  year  a  tax  on  savings  or  county  conventions,  and  such  conventions 
banks  to  the  amount  of  $642,312.45i  may  nominate  one  candidate  for  each  State,  dis- 

During  the  year  State  bonds  to  the  amount  of  trict,  or  county  office  whose  name  shall  be  placed 

$114,000  were  paid,  as  well  as  a  temporary  State  upon  the  official  ballots.    Candidates  may  also 

loan  of  $150,000,    The  funded  State  debt  on  be  nominated  by  nomination  papers,  signed  by 

May  31  was  as  follows :  Bond  of  1873,  due  July  qualified  voters  of  the  State,  district,  county, 

1,  1870,  $500 ;  municipal  war  loans,  due  from  city,  ward,  or  town  in  and  for  which  the  officer 

Jan.    1,   1802,  to    January,   1005,    $2,206,100;  is  to  be  elected  to  the  number  of  at  least  500 

bonds  of  1870,  due  1801  and  1802  (July  1,  $100,-  where  the  officer  is  to  be  elected  by  the  voters  of 

000  each  year),  $200,000 ;  total  funded  debt,  $2,-  the  entire  State ;  to  the  number  of  250  where 

406,600.  the  officer  is  to  be  elected  by  the  voters  of  a 

The  valuation  of  railroad  property  for  1801,  as  congressional  district ;  of  60  wnere  the  officer  is 

fixed  by  the  State  Board  of  Equalization,  was  to  be  elected  by  the  voters  of  a  councilor,  or  sen- 

$19,547,300,  against  $17,867,008  for  1800.    An  atorial  district,  or  of  a  county  or  city ;  and  of  25 

annual  tax  of  $500,000  is  paid  to  the  State  by  where  the  officer  is  to  be  elected  by  the  voters  of 

the  towns  according  to  their  valuation.  a  town  or  ward  of  a  city.    All  biallots  used  in 

Legislatire  Session, — The  regular  biennial  biennial  elections  and  in  all  other  elections  for 

session  of  the  Legislature  began  on  Jan.  7  and  national  and  State  officers  shall  be  prepared  by 

ended  on  April  11.    The  difficulties  that  pre-  the  Secretary  of  State  at  State  expense ;  and  all 

ceded  its  organization    and  the  action  of  the  ballots  used  in  annual  elections  in  cities  and  towns 

clerk  of  the  Lower  House,  by  which  the  Republi-  shall  be  prepared  by  the  city  or  town  clerk  at 

cans  obtained  a  majority  in  that  body,  are  dis-  municipal  expense.    Every  ballot  shall  contain 

cussed  at  length  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclopiedia  "  for  the  names,  residences,  and  party  politics  of  all 

1890,  page  600.    On  the  opening  day  of  the  ses-  candidates  whose  nominations  have  been  duly 

sion  tne  returns  of  votes  cast  for  Governor  in  the  made,  the  names  being  arranged  alphabetically, 

November  election  were  opened  in  the  presence  according  to  surnames,  under  the  designation 

of  both  Houses,  and,  as  there  appeared  to  be  no  of  the  office.    Blank  spaces  are  to  be  left  at  the 

choice  by  the  people  for  that  office,  a  ballot  was  end  of  the  list  of  candidates  for  each  office  for 

taken  which  resulted  in  the  election  of  Hiram  those  who  wish  to  write  in  names  not  printed  on 

A.  Tuttle,  Republican,  by  a  vote  of  185  to  150  for  the  ballot.    The  voter  shall  designate  nis  choice 

Charles  H.  Amsden,  Democrat.    The  choice  of  a  by  a  cross  in  a  square  at  the  rignt  of  the  name 

successor  to  United  States  Senator  Henry  W.  of  each  candidate.    The  ballots  shall  be  of  plain 

Blair  devolved  upon  this  Legislature.    At  their  white  paper,  with  4  pages  not  more  than  5  nor 

respective  caucuses  the  Republicans  nominated  less  than  4^  inches  in  width,  and  not  less  than 

Jacob  H.  (Jallinger,  and  the  Democrats  Charles  6  inches  in  length.    The  names  of  candidates 

A  Sinclair,  the  former  receiving  05  votes  on  the  shall  be  printed  in  black  ink  and  in  uniform 

first  ballot  in  the  Republican  caucus,  Jan.  15,  type,  and  the  ballots  shall  be  folded  in  marked 

to  62  votes  for  Senator  Blair,  25  for  Person  C.  creases  lengthwise.    On  the  back  and  outside, 

Cheney,  and  11  scattering,  and  being  nominated  when  foldea,  shall  be  printed  the  words  "  official 

on  the  second  ballot.    On  Jan.  20  the  separate  ballot  for,"  followed  by  the  designation  of  the 

ballot  for  Senator  taken  in  each  House  resulted  polling  place  for  which  the  ballots  are  prepared, 

as  follows :  Senate,  Gallinger  14,  Sinclair  0,  Har-  the  date  of  the  election,  and  a  fat  simile  of  the 

ry  Bingham,  Democrat.  1 ;  House,  Gallinger  101,  signature  of  the  officer  who  prepared  the  ballots. 

Sinclair  183,  Charles   H.  Bums,  Republican,  1.  such  fac  simile  being  at  no  election  a  copy  of 

In  the  joint  convention  of  the  following  day  that  used  at  a  former  election,  and  being  kept 

Gallinger  was  declared  elected.    On  the  same  secret  till  the  day  of  election.    The  selectmen  in 

day  Ezra  S.  Steams,  Republican,  was  elected  the  different  wards  and  towns  shall  prepare  the 

Secretary  of  State  and  Solon  A.  Carter,  Repub-  polling  places  therein,  and  shall  cause  tne  same 

lican,  was  re-elected  State  Treasurer.  to  be  suitably  provided  with  marking  shelves  or 

The  passage  of  a  secret-ballot  act  was  an  im-  compartments,  at  which  voters  may  conveniently 

portant  result  of  the  session.    Its  provisions  ap-  mark  their  ballots. 


672 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 


NEW  JERSEY. 


The  necessity  of  adopting  some  legislation  to 

Srotect  the  people  from  endowment-order  swin- 
les  was  earnestly  discussed  at  this  session; 
and  an  act  was  passed,  known  as  the  Barber  bill, 
which  places  these  orders  under  the  control  of 
the  insurance  commissioner.  Under  the  pro- 
visions of  this  law  the  commissioner  early  in 
the  year  refused  licenses  to  a  large  number  of 
endowment  orders,  practically  making  it  impos- 
sible for  such  orders  to  do  business  in  the  State. 

The  levy  of  an  annual  State  tax  of  $500,000 
was  authorized  for  each  of  the  years  1892  and 
1893.  In  order  to  redeem  such  portions  of  the 
war-loan  bonds  at  their  maturity  as  the  revenue 
of  the  State  would  not  provide  for,  the  Treasurer 
was  authorized  to  issue  and  sell  new  State  bonds 
not  exceeding  $800,000  in  amount,  at  a  rate  of 
interest  not  exceeding  4  per  cent. 

The  sum  of  $175,000  was  appropriated  for  the 
purchase  of  land  and  the  construction  of  a  build- 
ing for  the  State  Library,  such  sum  to  be  raised 
by  the  sale  of  State  bonds  to  the  amount  of 
$175,000,  payable  in  twenty  years,  and  bearing 
not  over  4  per  cent,  interest. 

For  the  purpose  of  securing  an  exhibit  of  the 
resources  of  the  State  at  the  World's  Columbian 
Exposition,  the  sum  of  $25,000  was  appropriated 
to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  a  State 
board  of  managers. 

The  State  was  redistricted  for  Senators  and 
for  members  of  the  Governor's  Council. 

Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

Assenting  to  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  80, 
1890,  appropriating  money  in  aid  of  colleges  of  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts  in  the  several  States. 

Providing  for  the  election  by  the  alumni  of  Dart- 
mouth Colleg:e,  of  five  additional  trustees. 

Accepting  the  provisions  of  the  will  of  Benjamin 
Thompson,  of  Durham,  which  contemplate  the  estab- 
lishment of  an  agricultural  college  in  that  town 
under  the  control  of  the  State. 

Making  thfe  dav  of  each  biennial  election  in  the 
State  a  legal  holiaay. 

To  prevent  the  killing  of  moose,  caribou,  and  deer. 

Making  the  first  Monday  of  September,  known  as 
Labor  Day,  a  legal  holiday. 

Establishing  a  new  apportionment  for  the  assess- 
ment of  public  taxes. 

To  prevent  the  sale  of  adulterated  foods,  drugs,  and 
other  articles. 

I^tablishing  a  State  board  of  cattle  commission- 
ers. 

Establishing  a  State  board  of  registration  of  den- 
tistry. 

Providing  for  the  removal  of  the  New  Hampshire 
College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  from 
Hanover  to  the  farm  of  the  late  Benjamin  Thompson 
in  Durham. 

Providing  that  if  any  State  shall  by  law  denjr  any 
insurance  company  or  citizen  of  this  btate  any  rights 
or  privilej^cs  which  are  granted  to  insurance  com- 
panies or  citizens  of  that  State,  then  this  State  shall 
in  like  manner  deny  to  insurance  comjianies  and 
citizens  of  that  State  all  such  rights  and  privileges. 

Establishing  a  State  board  of  library  commission- 
era,  which  sh^l  promote  the  establishment  and  effi- 
ciency of  free  public  libraries. 

Accepting  the  refund  by  Congress  of  the  direct 
tax  of  1861. 

Establishing  the  city  of  Rochester. 

Charities. — The  State  Insane  Asylum  at  Con- 
cord, which  has  accommodations  for  350  patients, 
was  filled  throughout  the  year.  The  receipts  of 
the  institution  for  the  year  were  $108,478,  and 
the  expenditures  $108,344.    There  is  a  perma- 


nent fund  for  the  use  of  the  asylum  amounting 
to  $275,932. 

Prisons.— At  the  Concord  State  Prison  there 
were  107  convicts  on  Dec.  30,  1890.  During  the 
year  following  61  convicts  were  received  and  4*3 
discharged,  leaving  126  remaining  on  Nov.  30, 
1891,  of  whom  122  were  men  and  4  womeiL  At 
the  State  Industrial  School  there  were  about  120 
inmates  during  the  year. 

SaTings  Banks.— The  aggregate  of  deposits 
in  the  73  savings  banks  of  the  State  on  Sept.  30 
was  $69,531,024.62,  an  increase  of  $3,804,005.58  in 
one  year.  Their  guarantee  fund  on  that  date 
amounted  to  $4,139,476.62,  their  surplus  to  $2,- 
396,367.98,  and  their  miscellaneous  debts  to  $2i- 
650.75,  making  their  total  liabilities  $76,091,519.- 
97.  The  total  number  of  depositors  was  166,264, 
an  increase  of  6,482  in  one  year,  and  the  average 
for  each  depositor  was  $418,  against  $411  in 
1890.  There  are  certain  trust  companies  of  the 
State  which  are  authorized  to  receive  savings 
deposits,  and  the  amount  held  by  such  on  Sept. 
30  was  $1,527,075.83. 

Insnranee. — During  the  past  two  years  the 
foreign  insurance  companies,  which  left  the 
State  a  few  years  ago  after  the  passage  of  the 
valued-policy  law,  have  been  gradually  resuming 
business.  I^he  following  table  shows  the  busi- 
ness done  by  all  companies  in  the  State  during 
1890  and  1891. 


ITEMS. 


1890. 


1891. 


KXW  BAMPeuntB  STOCK  OOMPAmU.. 


Bisks  written 

Premiums  collected. 
Losses  paid 


|45,90«L008  87 
fi51,T29  17 
S85,5&2  69 


f46,«8,7«l  » 
217,885  « 


KKW  HAMPBHIKS  CASH  MFnTAU. 


Bisks  written 

PremiumB  collected. . 
Losses  paid 


$7,919,902  28 

120,791  86 

8a,484  82 


Bisks  written 

Preminms  collected 
Losses  paid' 


WOKKIGV  STOCK  OOXPAinzS. 

|19,885.S00  28 

250,256  90 

42,785  86 


Bisks  written 

Premiums  collected. 
Losses  paid 


FOREiair  MITTtrAtS. 

|2,19»,201  00 

S9.148  51 

6,056  48 


$5,689,538  23 

90,402  M 
^023  SS 


$22.881896  29 

S00.58R51 
89,880  31 


$2,265^474  OA 

2>',171  34 

6,120  35 


NEW  JERSEY,  a  Middle  Atlantic  State,  one 
of  the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution 
Dec.  18, 1787 ;  area,  7,815  square  miles.  The  pop- 
ulation, according  to  each  decennial  census,  vras 
184,139  in  1790;  211,149  in  1800;  345,562  in 
1810;  277,426  in  1820;  320,823  in  1830;  373,306 
in  1840;  489,555  in  1850;  072.085  in  1860:  906,- 
096  in  1870;  1,131,116  in  1880;  and  1,444,933  in 
1890.    Capital,  Trenton. 

GoTernment.— The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Leon  Abbett, 
Democrat;  Secretary  of  State,  Henry  C.  Kelsey; 
Treasurer,  John  J.  Toffey,  succeeded  by  George 
R.  Gray ;  Comptroller,  Edward  J.  Anderson,  suc- 
ceeded by  William  C.  Heppenheimer ;  Attorney- 
General,  John  P.  Stockton ;  Superintendent  of 
Public  Instruction,  Edwin  0.  Chapman;  Com- 
missioner of  Banking  and  Insurance  (an  office 
created  by  the  Legislature  this  year,  the  first  in- 
cumbent being  appointed  in  >iarch),  George  B. 
M.  Harvey,  who  resigned  early  in  June  and  was 
succeeded  by  George  S.  Duryee ;  Chief  Justice  of 


NEW  JERSEY.  573 

the  Sapreme  Court,  Mercer  Beasley;  Associate  follow:   Value  of  railroad   property  in    1891, 

Justice?,  Manning  M.  Knapp,  Alfred  Reed,  Ed-  $210,044,045 ;  other  classes  of  property  in  1891, 

ward  W.  Scudder,  Bennet  Van  Syckel,  David  A.  as  they  appear  by  the  return  of  ratables  in  the 

Depue,  Jonathan  Dixon.  William  J.  Magie,  and  Comptroller's  office  $701,820.029 ;    total  value, 

Charles  G.  Garrison;  Chancellor,  Alexander  T.  $911,864,974.    Upon  the  railroad  valuation   a 

McGill,  Jr.;  Vice-Chancellors,  Abraham  Y.  Van  tax  of  $1,050,224  for  State  purposes  was  assessed 

Fleet,  John    T.  Bird,    Henry   C.  Pitney,  and  in  1891.    The  same  tax  on  this  property  for  1890 

Robert  S.  Green.  was  $1,010,805,  the  valuation  for  tnat  year  being 

Finanees.— The  balance  in  the  State  revenue  $202,106,027. 

fund  on  Oct.  81, 1890,  was  $488,760.87 ;  the  re-  L^islatiTe  Session.— The  one  hundred  and 

ceipts  for  the  year  ensuing  were  $2,180,428.96;  fifteenth  Legislature  met  at  Trenton  on  Jan.  18, 

the  disbursements  were  $2,162,015.87 ;  and  there  and  adjourned  on  March  20.    One  of  its  duties 

remained  a  balance  of  $402,168.96  on  Oct.  81,  was  the  selection  of  a  State  Comptroller  and  a 

1891.    The  receipts  included  the  following  items:  State  Treasurer  for  the  term  beginning  in  1891. 

Tax  on  railroad  corporations,  $1,046,085.10 ;  tax  The  successful  candidate  for  the  former  office  was 

on  miscellaneous  corporations,  $406,058.98 ;  fees  William  C.  Heppcnheimer,  and  for  the  latter 

paid  for  certificates  of  new  corporations,  $91,-  George  R.  Gray — ^both  Democrats.    The  secret- 

479.26 ;    tax  on  foreign    insurance  companies,  ballot  law  of  1890  was  amended  in  many  of  its  de- 

$6,616.06;  State  Prison  receipts,  $79,869.81 ;  of-  tails.  It  does  not  now  appl^  to  municipalities  hav- 

ficial  fees,  $28,904.67 ;  judicial  fees,  $24,952.64 ;  ing  fewer  than  4,000 inhabitants;  but  in  a  modified 

riparian  lands,  $49,560.22 ;   interest  and  divi-  form  it  is  extended  to  town  meetings  and  town- 

dends,  $18,870 ;  direct  war  tax  refunded,  $882,-  ship  elections.    At  such  meetings  or  elections 

614.83.    The  disbursements  may  be  classified  as  the  booths  and  official  envelopes  for  secret  vot- 

follow :  Ordinary  State  expenses,  $1,272,612.84 ;  ixig  shall  be  provided  bv  the  town  or  township 

special    appropnations    paid,  $186,751.58 ;   ex-  officials,  but  there  shall  be  no  official  ballots, 

penses  incurred  in  the  previous  year,  $86,893.30 ;  The  trustees  of  the  State  Institution  for  the 

temporary  loans  paid  with  interest,  $410,280.16 ;  Deaf  and  Dumb  were  legislated  out  of  office,  and 

paid  on  war  debt  and  loan  sinking  fund,  $181,-  the  control  of  the  school  was  placed  in  the  hands 

357;  miscellaneous  expenses,  $174,671.54;  total,  of  the  State  Board  of  Education.    Instead  of  a 

$2,162,015.87.  board  of  managers  for  each  of  the  State  lunatic 

In  the  State  school  fund,  which  is  distinct  asylums  at  Trenton  and  at  Morristown,  as  here- 
from the  State  revenue  fund,  the  balance  on  Oct.  toiore,  a  single  board  of  seven  members  was  es- 
31,  1890,  was  $662,025.64 ;  the  receipts  for  the  tablished. 

year  ensuing  were  $256,184.10 ;  the  disburse-  For  the  sake  of  economy,  the  board  of  com- 
ments were  $437,37496 ;  and  there  remained  a  missioners  of  the  sinking  fund  was  abolished, 
balance  on  Oct.  81,  1891,  of  $480,884.78.  At  the  and  its  powers  and  duties  were  conferred  upon 
latter  date  the  permanent  investments  held  bv  the  State  Treasurer,  without  increasing  his  sal- 
this  fund  amounted  to  $8,815,567.60,  to  which  ary.  An  unsalaried  commission  was  created  to 
should  be  added  the  cash  balance  of  $480,834.78,  represent  the  State  at  the  World's  Columbian 
making  the  total  value  of  the  fund  $8,796,402.88.  Exposition,  and  the  sum  of  $20,000  was  appro- 
The  income  only  is  used  for  school  purposes.  priated  to  defray  necessary  expenses  in  securing 

The  sinking-nind  receipts  for  the  year,  includ-  a  proper  exhibit  for  the  State, 

ing  the  annu^  State  appropriation  of  $90,000  The  State  was  redistricted  for  members  of 

and  $41,357  loaned  to  this  fund  by  the  revenue  Congress,  on  the  basis  of  the  census  of  1890,  as 

fund,  amounted  to  $194,029.87.    The  disburse-  follows : 

ments,  including  $162,331  for  payment  of  prin-  First  Dbtrict,  counties  of  Camden,  Cumberland, 
cipal  and  interest  on  the  State  debt,  were  $164,-  Cape  Mav,  Gloucester,  and  Salem. 
704.55.     On  Oct.  81  the  total  value  of  this  fund  Kecona  District,  counties  of  Atlantic,  Mercer,  Bur- 
was  $538,686.93,  a  decrease  of  $14,470.18  during  Ungton.  and  Ocean, 
the  fiscal  year.    The  permanent  State  debt  now  ™'^  District,  counties  of  Somerset,  Middlesex, 

amounts  to  $1,006,300.    The  Governor  says  in  "^^g  rS?^"?-  .         *•       ^  q          w          ti 

i,;o  i-««.  «««««!  «*««L««J .            V.V  v**tv    «./«,  Fourth  District,  counties  of  Sussex,  Warren,  Hun- 

his  last  annual  message :  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  the  following  townships  in  Eshcx 

During  the  past  fiscal  year  the  entire  floating  debt  County  :  Belville,  Bloomfield,  Caldwell,  Last  Orange, 
of  $400,000,  which  existed  at  the  commencement  of  Franklin,  Montclair,  and  Livingston, 
my  administration,  was  fully  paid  off  and  discharsjed.  Fifth  District,  counties  of  Bergen  and  Passaic,  and 
and  over  $10,000  paid  for  interest  thereon.     Over  the  following  portion  of  Hudson  County :  townships 
$64,000  has  been  expended  for  obtaining  title  to  the  of  Guttenburg,  North  Bergen,  Union,  Wechawken, 
camp  ground  at  Sea  Girt,  which  was  taken  under  con-  West  Hoboken,  and  town  of  Union, 
deranation  proceedings  instituted  under  acts  of  1888  gjxth  District,  city  of  Newark  in  Essex  County, 
and  1889.    Pavmcnts  have  been  made  for  the  Home  Seventh  District,  cities  of  Jersey  City  and  Hoboken, 
for  Disabled  Soldiers,  the  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  the  and  townships  of  Harrison  and  Kearney,  all  in  Hud- 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  and  other  purposes  gon  County. 

amounting  to  over  $75,000.    Over  $92,000  was  spent  Eighth  District,  county  of  Union,  city  of  Bayonne 

to  enlarge  and  rebuild  the  Assembly  Chamber ;  $90,-  in  Hudson  County,  and  city  of  Orange  and  townships 

000  of  the  public  debt  has  been  paid ;  over  $41,000  has  of  Clinton,  South  Orange,  West  Orange,  and  Milbura 

been  loaned  to  the  sinking  fund ;  and  alterations  and  in  Essex  County. 

additions  have  been  made  to  the  State  House,  upon  ,-„«^,        *,       ^..-ij-              «          *^v 

which  nearly  $26,000  have  been  expended.  The  State  was  also  divided  for  members  of  the 

The  sum  of  $882,614.83  was  collected   from  the  Assembly  into  sixty  districts,  each  district  hav- 

(Jnited  StateH,  without  the  payment  of  any  commis-  ing  one  Assemblyman. 

sion  or  charge  therefor.  Authority  was  given  the  Court  of  Pardons  to 

Talaations. — The  total  assessed  valuation  of  license  the  release  on  parole  of  any  convicts  in  the 

property  in  the  State  subject  to  taxation  is  as  State  penal  institutions,  on  such  conditions  as  it 


574  NEW  JERSEY. 

should  deem  proper,  such  license  being  signed  cit^,  and  to  penons  furnishing  materials  for  the  same, 

by  the  Governor  and  being  revocable  by  the  a  hen  on  the  public  moneyaofthe  city  due  or  to  be 

court,  or  by  the  Governor  when  the  court  is  not  ^'^^  under  the  contract  of  aidd  city  with  anv  pei>on 

.     --oci/^n  or  persons  by  which  such  public  works  are  beiiijgcon- 

in  session.  structed 

It  was  made  unlawful  for  any  corporation  to  Providing  for  the  permanent  iinpro\inent  of  public 

retain  or  keep  back,  without  the  voluntary  con-  roads,  the  expense  to  be  borne  in  part  by  the  State 

sent  of  its  workmen,  anv  part  of  the  wages  due  and  in  part  b^  the  counties, 

them  under  pretense  of  assisting  or  relieving  Appropriating  $5,000  for  stocking  the  waters  of  the 

them  when  sick  or  disabled;  and  corporations  State  with  food  firfies. 

were  forbidden  to  require  their  workmen  to  enter  .  Appropnating  $5^000  to  establish  a  manual  tr«n- 

infn   jinv  mntrart  hv  whirh  their  wairPfl  mav  be  *^  school,  and  $7,000  to  erect  a  chapel  for  rtlitfi.^us 

into  any  contract  oy  wnicn  ineir  wages  may  oe  p^rp^^ggg  ^  ^^^  state  Kcform  School  lor  Juvenile  of- 

re  tamed  as  aforesaid.  fendeia. 

Provision  was  made  at  this  session  for  a  State  Accepting  and  assenting  to  the  act  of  Congre«  re- 
board  of  taxation,  consisting  of  three  members  binding  to  the  States  the  proceeds  derived  from  the 
to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor  with  the  consent  direct-tax  levy  authorized  in  1861. 
of  the  &nate,  and  holding  office  for  five  years.  Making  every  Saturday  from  12  o'clock  noon  until 
The  duty  of  securing  the  equalization,  revision,  ^2  o'clock  midnight  a  legal  holiday, 
and  enforcement  of  taxation  in  the  Stat«  is  in-  Edacation. — The  school  census  of  1891  shows 
trusted  to  the  board,  which  is  given  authority  to  430.340  children  in  the  State  between  the  ages 
compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses  and  adminis-  of  five  and  eighteen  years,  an  increase  of  19,828 
ter  oaths.  over  1890.    There  were  enrolled  in  the  public 

Any  tax  payer  feeling  aggrieved  by  the  assess-  schools  during  the  year  237,500  children,  an  in- 

ment  of  taxes,  or  by  the  action  of  anv  board  of  crease  of  8,428 ;  the  number  attending  private 

tax  review  or  commissioners  of  appeal,  and  any  schools  was  54,865,  an  increase  of  7,580,  and  the 

taxing  district  or  county  feeling  aggrieved  by  number  not  attending  any  school  was  137.975. 

the  action  of  any  board  or  boards  of  equaliza-  The  average  dailv  attendance  was  146,713.    The 

tion,  may  file  a  petition  with  this  board  and  have  number  of  male  teachers  employed  was  760,  with 

his  complaint  heard,  such  board  having  author-  an  average  salary  of  $76.38  per  month ;  the  num- 

ity  to  revise  and  correct  the  taxes.    Other  acts  of  ber  of  female  teachers  was  3,857,  with  an  aver- 

the  session  were  as  follow :  age  salary  of  $44.40  per  month.    The  total  value 

Repealing  the  act  of  1890  providing  for  the  forma-  ?^!lH^^^^                       !2fc^?€f«? -?"™^i^' 

tion  Ind  g^'cmment  of  boroughs.       *  ^^^i^ol  year  a  total  of  $3,986,612,81  was  expended 

Designating  the  Rutgora  Scientific  School  as  the  P  the  State  for  public-school  purposes,  the  fol- 
benellciary  of  the  tVinds  granted  by  Congress  in  aid  of  lowing  being  the  princii^al  items  of  expenditure, 
colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  in  the  For  teachers*  salaries,  $2,443,061.50;    for  fuel, 
several  States.  $98,064.29 ;  for  building  and  repairing  school- 
Establishing  a  department  of  banking  and  insurance  houses,  $680,831.97 ;  for  janitors*  salaries,  books, 
under  the  control  of  a  commissioner  to  be  appointed  stationery,  taking  census,  etc,  $408,666.91.     At 
by  the  Governor.    The  powers  of  the  Secretary  of  *i, "  of„f  J^ir^^^.TG^krw.!  ♦i*^  i4T»»^l»»^  :»  loni 
State  as  Insurance  Comiiissioner  are  vested  in  this  ^^^  ^^f^^  Normal  School  the  att«ndwice  in  im 
department  ^^  ^^^  pupils,  and  at  the  Model  School  con- 
To  provide  for  the  formation  and  government  of  nected  therewith  541.    The  revenue  for  the  sup- 
villages,  port  of  these  institutions,  in  addition  to  the 
Providing  for  a  commission  to  revise  and  consoli-  $20,000  annually  appropriated  by  the  State,  is 
date  the  general  statutes  of  the  State  relating  to  vil-  derived  from  the  tuition  fees  of  the  Model  School, 
la^es,  towns,  and  townships. .  ,  ^  ^      .     .               ,  amounting  to  $15,729.63,  and  from  other  sources 

«,Sto"Sf  Seli^'!^^  w^^o"uf iLISilSTs^iS^^^^^  ^f^f,  Thij  7ith  the  balance  of  $7,271.07 

the  estate  does  not  exceed  $200.  ^^  '^^^  ^^  "^^  date  of  the  last  school  treasurers 

Providing  that  honorably  discharg;ed  Union  sol-  report,  made  the  total  receipts  $46,421.96.    The 

diers  and  sailors  holding  salaried  appointive  offices  in  disbursements  amounted  to  $38,781.60. 

any  city  or  county  shall  not  be  removed  for  political  CllErities. — At  the  Morristown  insane  Asv- 

rcarons,  but  only  for  good  cause  shown  after  a  hearing,  lum  there  were  under  treatment   on  Oct  3l 

Providing  for  State  policemen,  and  defining  their  ggg  patients,  of  whom  455  were  males  and  443 

^Pro"idingforSo  establishment  of  libraries  of  pxt>.  ^^'"^l^^T    S^V^^^i'^Jf '',PT*^i^^^^r^^ 

fesaional  bwks  in  the  several  counties,  for  the  use  of  ^^^  admitted  and  207  disch^ged.    The  daily 

teachers  in  the  public  schools.  average  was  899.    All  except  108  of  the  898  pa- 

To  abolish  theofllceofchosen  freeholders  in  certain  tients  remaining  on  Oct  31  were  8upporte<l  at 

towns,  boroughs,  and  incorporated  villages.  public  expense.     The  receipts  of  the  institu- 

Providing  a  new  system  of  police  courts  and  police  tion,  including  balance  on  hand  at  the  b^n- 

justices  in  cities  of  the  first  class.  ^ing  of  the  year,  were  $227,973.26 ;  the  expendi- 

hP^'i^JnWn^  t^  ^^^  were  $221,528.64,  leaving  a  baknS  on 

{hem  by^aw             ^^                         ^      ^  Oct  31  of  $6,444.62.    At  the  ^^Prenton  Insane 

Authorizing  courts  of  common  pleas  to  license  social  Asylum  the  daily  average  of  patients  for  the  year 

clubs  to  sell  liquor.  ending  Oct  81  was  8(W.    There  were  admitted 


comnii88ionewi**wivi«.  V*  i.uBitioi,^;ii«^  mstitution  at  tne  Close  oi  tne  year,  w.  „„^...  .^- 

fis?TuO/S  ^ll^^'^Z^l^^S^i^'''''''  --  ^tnno'rtif  at'Tu^?^^  ^^r^^^^ 

To  provide  for  the  appointment  of  commissioners  ^^?^  ^  supported  at  public  expense.    The  re- 

for  the  promotion  of  uniformity  of  legislation  in  the  ceipts,  including  balance  on  hand  at  the  be- 

United  States.  ginning  of  the  fiscal  year,  amounted  to  $221.- 

Giving  to  laborers  employed  on  public  works  in  any  847.73,  the  disbursements  amounted  to  $180,- 


^' 


NEW  JERSEY.  NEW  MEXICO.                  575 

439.18,  leaying  a  balance  on  hand  Oct.  81  of  and  77,000  shareholders,  of  whom  probably  18,- 

$40,90i3.55.  000  are  paying  for  homes  with  money  borrowed 

At  the  Institution  for  Feeble-minded  Women  from  the  respective  associations.  The  increase 
there  were  46  patients  at  the  close  of  the  fiscal  of  the  net  capital  of  these  associations  during 
year,  an  increase  of  17  over  the  previous  year.  1891  was  approximately  $1,000,000 ;  in  the  num- 
The  sum  of  $8,960.21  w^  received  from  vanous  ber  of  shares,  30,000 ;  in  the  number  of  share- 
sources,  of  which  the  State  paid  '$8,464.56.    The  holders,  5,000. 

institution  expended  $8,589.68.    The  last  Legis-  Abandoned  Farms. — Statistics  collected  in 

lature  amended  the  law  so  as  to  give  this  insti-  1890  show  a  total  of  813  abandoned  farms  in  the 

tution  the  care  of  feeble-minded  sirls  of  the  age  State  covering  18,487  acres.    In  Atlantic  County 

of  twelve  years  and  upward.    Additional  accom-  there  are  55  abandoned  farms,  covering  an  acre- 

modation  for  50  inmates  has  been  provided.    At  age  of  2,755 ;  Cape  May,  15,  covering  2,000  acres ; 

the  School  for  Deaf  Mutes  there  were  139  pupils  Monmouth,  5,  215  acres ;   Ocean,  16,  916  acres ; 

daring  the  fiscalyear,  an  increase  of  20  over  the  Camden,  4,  no  acres  given;  Passaic,  10,  1,284; 

previous  year.    The  average  attendance  was  124.  Bergen,  20,  836 ;  Cumberland,  24,  570 ;  Mercer, 

The  Stat«  pavs  to  maintain  the  institution  $76  10,  688 ;  Middlesex,  12,  456 ;   Morris,  5,  1,270 ; 

r  quarter  for  each  pupil,  making  a  total  of  Burlington,  32,  993 ;  Gloucester,  3, 150 ;  Somer- 

i7,924  for  the  last  fiscal  year.  set,  60,  2,090 ;  Hunterdon,  1,  73 ;  Sussex,  88, 

Soldiers'  Home.— On  Oct.  31  there  were  457  8,238;  Warren,  8,  956.  Considering  that  there 
inmates  in  the  Soldiers'  Home  at  Kearney,  a  de-  are  a  total  of  84,307  farms  in  the  State  with  an 
crease  of  6  from  the  preceding  year.  During  area  of  2,929,778  acres,  the  percentage  of  those 
the  Tear  350  were  admitted,  262  discharged,  19  abandoned  is  very  small.  Almost  one  Uiird  of  the 
expelled,  46  died,  and  29  were  dropped  from  the  farms  reported  abandoned  are  located  in  the 
rolls.  The  average  number  per  aay  was  472.  counties  of  Somerset,  Sussex,  and  Warren. 
Since  the  home  was  opened  there  have  been  17,-  Political. — One  third  of  the  Senators  and  all 
334  soldiers  cared  for  by  the  institution.  The  of  the  members  of  the  Lower  House  of  the  Leg- 
total  receipts  for  the  year  were  $83,188.12,  and  Lslature  were  chosen  at  the  November  election  of 
the  disbursements  were  $72,986.32,  leaving  a  this  year.  Seven  Democrats  were  elected  to  the 
balance  in  the  hands  of  the  treasurer  of  the  home  Senate,  and  that  body  in  1892  will  contain  16 
of  $10,201.80.  Democrats  and  5  Republicans.     Eighteen  Re- 

Prisons. — The  daily  average  of  prisoners  con-  publicans  and  42  Democrats  were  elected  to  the 

fined  in  the  State  Prison  during  the  last  fiscal  tower  house. 

year  was  951,  of  whom  919  were  males  and  32  NEW  MEXICO,  a  Territory  of  the  United 

females.     This  is  a  decrease  of  22  in  the  daily  States,  organized  Sept.  9,  1850 ;  area,  122,580 

average.     The  number  of  prisoners  at  the  close  square   miles.    The   population,    according   to 

of  the  fiscal  year  was  989,  an  increase  of  77  over  each  decennial  census,  was  61,547  in  1850 ;  93,- 

the  previous  year.    The  expense  of  maintaining  516  in  1860;  91,874  in  1870;  119,565  in  1880; 

the  institution  was  $173,869.31,  of  which  $79,-  and  153,598  in  1890.    Capital,  Santa  F^. 

869.31  were  paid  from  the  receipts  for  labor.  Goyemment. — The  following  were  the  Ter- 

At  the  State  Reform  School  there  were  346  ritorial  officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  L. 

bojs  at  the  opening  of  the  fiscal  year.    During  Bradford  Prince,  Republican :  Secretary,  Ben- 

the  year  202  were  received  and  219  discharp^ed,  jamin  M.  Thomas ;  Auditor,  Trinidad  Alarid, 

leaving  829  remaining  on  Oct.  31.    The  receipts,  succeeded  by  Demetrio  Perez ;  Treasurer,  Antonio 

including  a  balance  01  $5,318.23,  were  $60,211.11  Ortiz  y  Salazar,  succeeded  by  Rufus  J.  Palen; 

and  the  expenses  were  $55,980.81.  Solicitor-General,  Edward  L.  Bartlett ;  Superin- 

On  Oct.  31,  1890,  there  were  63  girls  in  the  tendent  of  Public  Instruction  (an  office  created 

State  Industrial  School  for  Girls  ana  16  out  at  by  the  Legislature  in  February),  Amado  Chavez; 

service.     On  Oct.  81, 1891,  there  were  70  girls  in  Secretary  of  the  Bureau  of  Immigration,  Max 

the  school  and  20  under  indenture.    The  total  Frost ;   Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

receipts  from  all  sources  during  the  year  were  James  O'Brien ;  Associate  Justices,  William  D. 

$13,516.47;  the  expenditures  were   $12,801.71.  Lee,  Edward  P.  Seeds,  John  R.  McFie,  and 

Militia. — The  National  Guard  consists  of  825  Alfred  A.  Freeman, 

officers  and  8,909  enlisted  men.    This  force  is  Finances. — The  total  expenses  of  the  Ter- 

organized  into  57  companies  of  infantry  and  two  ritory  for  the  fiscal  vear  ending  March  3, 1891, 

Oatling-gun  companies.    The  expenditures  for  were  $178,679.23.    On  that  day  the  Territorial 

National  Guard  purposes  for  the  last  fiscal  year  debt  amounted  to  $866,433.04,  of  which  $720,- 

amounted  to  $124,418.68.  000  was  a  bonded  debt,  and  |146,488.03  a  float- 

The  State  now  owns  a  tract  of  119  acres  at  Sea  ing  debt  represented  by  outstanding  warrants. 

Girt,  which  is  expressly  reserved  for  the  encamp-  The  credit  of  the  Territory  has  appreciably  ad- 

ment  and  other  uses  01  the  Guard.  vanced  since  the  funding  act  of  18cU  has  become 

SaTingps  Banks,  etc. — Twenty-five  savings  operative,  but  taxation  under  it  is  burdensome, 

banks  renorting  to  the  Secretary  of  State  show  on  The  tax  rate  levied  forTerritorial  purposes  in  1891 

Jan.  1, 1891,  total  deposits  amounting  to  $32,462,-  was  9  15-100  mills,  in  addition  to  which  a  2  mill 

603.35  due  to  125,078  depositors,  and  a  surplus  of  tax  for  schools  is  levied  uniformly  in  each  county. 

$2,950303.    On  Jan.  1, 1890,  the  number  of  de-  The  total  assessed  valuation  of  propertv  m 

positors  was  117,999.    Reports  to  the  State  Bu-  the  Territory  in  1889  was  $46,041,010,  and  in 

reau  of  Statistics  show  that  during  1891  24  new  1890  $45,199,847.91.    This  decrease  was  caused 

bailding  and    loan  associations  were  incorpo-  by  a  reduction  in  the  value  of  cattle  made 

rated,  making  a  total  of  270  associations  now  in  general Iv  throughout  the  territory  in  1890. 

active  operation,  with  a  net  capital  approximat-  Legisiatiye  Session. — The  twenty-ninth  Ter- 

ing  $23,500,000  represented  by  410,000  shares  ritorial  Legislature  convened  at  Santa  F6,  on 


676  NEW  MEXICO. 

Dec.  20, 1890,  and  adjoarned  on  Feb.  26  follow-  representation  of  New  Mexico  at  the  Worlds 

ing.    An  important  result  of  the  session  was  Columbian  Exposition  at  Chicago  the  sum  of 

the  passage  of  acts  for  the  better  management  $25,000  was  appropriated.     The  tax  rat«  for 

and  support  of  the  public  schools.    A  Territorial  Territorial  purposes  for  the  next  two  years  was 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  who  with  fixed  at  6|  mills  annually.    Other  acts  of  the 

the  Governor  and  three  others  shall  form  a  session  were  as  follow : 

Territorial  board  of  education,  was  for  the  first  o^r  *u  ••  ri  -.-•  ^.^ 
time  placed  at  the  head  of 'the  public^hool  be»Ttl;o'^e'^SH^S^t'Sp;SS!Jl^r^ 
system.  In  addition  to  the  work  of  general  probate  judges  to  be  twenty-four  yeare  of  age,  mem- 
supervision,  he  is  required  to  hold  teachers'  in-  bere  of  theTenritorial  Council  to  be  thirty  yeare  of 
stitutes  annually  in  each  county  and  to  collect  age,  and  the  Delegate  to  Congress  to  be  twenty-five 
statistics  of  all  public  and  private  schools.    He  years  of  age. 

is  appointed,  for  two  years  by  the  Governor,  with  To  provide  for  the  printing  of  bills,  reports,  and 

the  consent  of  the  Legislative  Council.    Each  °^^f  documents  in  the  Spani^  lanfljiago. 

county  shall   elect   bilnniaUy  at    the    general  ^^"^^Zlrt^hH^.t^T^^^ ^^^^ 

election  a  county  superintendent  of  schools,  who  connected  therewith. 

shall   have  charge  of   the   schools  within    the  Authorizing  the  refunding  of  town  and  city  bond«. 

county,  while  the  local  affairs  of  each  school  Increasing  the  bond  required  of  the  Territorial 

district  shall  be  managed  by  a  board  of  three  Treasurer  from  $20,000  to  $400,000,  and  of  the  Auditor 

directors  elected  annually.    An  annual  tax  not  ^"J™  S^i^po  to  $100,000. ,       ^      ,     .               .       , 

exceeding  3  mills  on  the  dollar  shall  be  levied  towM^imcTfiU  ^^                          mcorporation  of 

on  all  taxable  property  in  the  Territory,  the  D^i^dig^SiTsccond  Friday  in  March  as  Arbor 

proceeds  of  which  for  each  county  shall  be  paid  p^y. 

to  the  county  treasurer,  and  distributed  by  him  Requiring  tho  publication  of  legal  notices  in  both 

for  the  purpose  of  paying  teachers'  wages.    In  English  and  Spanish. 

each  school  district  the  school  directors  are  an-  To  punish  persons  unlawftiUy  destroying  or  iniur- 

thorized  to  levy  a  tax  of  not  over  5  mills  on  the  i^g  private  property  and  unlawfully  fencing  lands  to 

dollar  to  raise   additional   money  for   schools  which  they  liavo  no  title, 

therein,  and  each  district  may  i4e  bonds  for  wh^iT&  fh^a^rZc^crlg^d^^^^ 

building  and  completing  school-houses,  provid-  ti^n,  and  wills  contained  in  the  treatise  of  Pedro 

ing  for  their  payment  at  maturity  by  the  levy  Murillo  de  Lord©  upon  these  subjects, 

of  a  special  tax  of  not  over  5  mills  on  the  dollar.  Providing  a  method  for  establishing  the  rights  of 

A  poll  tax  of  one  dollar  is  also  levied,  and  the  appropriation  of  water  for  ditches,  canals,  or  recdcn 

proceeds  devoted  to  school  purposes.    The  pay-  ot  reservoirs,  and  requiring  registration  of  all  such 

ment  of  this  tax  is  a  prerequisite  for  voting.  "??<»  hereafter  made,  chimged,  or  enlarged. 

The  proceeds  of  liquor  licen^s  are  also  apprS-  i^1&*t^^f.  !^^                                    ,  ;«« 

•  *  J  J         v     1       r«u:ij u  i.~,    -.  «         -J  Kclating  to  the  termination  of  oral  leases  of  mines. 

priated  for  schools.    Children  between  five  and  Assenting  to  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  Au-.  30, 

sixteen  years  of  age,  are  required  to  attend  the  i890,  providing  for  the  endowment  and  support  of 

public  schools  at  least  three  months  in  each  year,  agricultural  colleges. 

unless  physically  disabled  or  living  more  than  two  Authorizing  and  requiring  counties  and  munici- 

miles  from  a  school.     Books  are  to  be  furnished  palities  to  compromise  and  refund  their  matured  and 

at  public  expense,  if  the  parent  or  guardian  is  maturing  indebtedness. .       ^    ,        ^      ^ 

unable  to  buy  them.    In  place  of  the  district  ^^^/'J^^^S^n  "i,'!?!!!'*??^^  '?i?  -""^  •*"'  ^^  ^'^"^' 

-^u^^i«   4.i.^«^  «i.«n  K^  ,««L*.«;««j   ;«   i^ ^^^  ment  of  murder  and  theft  in  their  various  forms. 

schools  there  shall  be  mamtamed  m  mcorpo-  Authorizing  counties  to  issue  bonds  for  the  purpose 

rated  cities  and  towns  a  system  of  free  public  ©f  building  court  houses,  jails,  and  bridges  to  an 

schools,  at  the  expense  of  such  cities  or  towns,  amount  not  exceeding,  will  all  other  bonded  indebt- 

which  shall   be  open  not  less  than  three  nor  edness,  4 per  cent  of  tho  assessed  valuation, 

more  than  ten  months  each  year.  Providing  for  the  incorporation  of  the  proprietors 

A  high-license  law  fixes  the  following  annual  of  commumtv  land  grants.                         ^           . 

fees  fo?  retail  liquor  selling:  In  place?  having  ^r?J^*^?,?.,r%T«^{r *^ ^?"^*^"P'' """'  of  a  portion 

not  more  than  55o  inhabitants,  $100;  in  plac4  ^^^^  ^"'^'^  of  San  Miguel, 

having  not  less  than  500  and  not  more  than  The  Legislature  failed  to  pass  a  bill  reappor- 

1,000  inhabitants,  $200;  and  in  places  having  tioning,  according  to  the  census  of  1890.  the 

over    1,000    inhabitants,    $400.     Incorporated  members  of  each  House  among  the  several  coun- 

cities  or  towns  may  impose  an  additional  license  ties.    This  duty,  thereupon,  fell  by  law  upon  the 

fee  if  permitted  by  their  articles  of  incorporation  Governor,  who  published  his  order  of  reappor- 

or  ordinances.    The  sale  of  liquor  to  a  person  tionment  a  few  weeks  after  the  adjournment 

who  is  in  the  habit  of  becoming  intoxicated  Education. — ^The  following  statistics  present 

after  notice  from  his  relatives,  or  to  a  minor  approximatel;^  the  condition  of  the  public  schools 

without  consent  of  parent  or  ^lardian,  is  pro-  at  the  beginning  of  the  year:  Number  of  public 

hibited.     Fines  are  imposed  lor  drunkenness,  schools,  633;  number  taught  in  English,  169; 

and  liquor  shall  not  be  sold  on  election  days,  number  taught  in  Spanish,  135 ;  number  taught 

The  effect  of  this  act  was  to  close  nearly  two  in  both  languages,  228;  number  of  school-houses, 

thirds  of  the  saloons  before  the  end  of  the  year.  132;  male  teachers,  373 ;  female  teachers,  179 ; 

An  act  was  passed  limiting  express  rates  and  pupils  enrolled,  24,767 ;  averag^e  daily  attend- 

taxing  express  companies  on  theii  receipts  for  ance,  17,218  ;   raised  by  taxation  for  schools, 

transportation  within  tho  Territory.  $130,563.    The  most  immediate  results  of  the 

The  issue  and  sale  of  Territorial  bonds  to  the  new  school  law  of  this  year  are  seen  in  the  larger 

amount  of  $25,000  was  authorized  for  the  pur-  towns.    In  East  Las  Vegas  a  beautiful  stone 

pose  of  raising  money  to  erect  a  building  for  the  school-house  has  been  erected,  and  five  other  dis- 

Insane  Asylum  at  Las  Vegas.    For  securing  the  tricts  in  San  Miguel  County  have  voted  bonds 


NEW  MEXICO.  NEW  YORK.                    577 

for  a  similar  purpose.  In  Albuquerque  the  capacity,  and  the  smelters  are  not  able  to  receive 
schools  have  opened  with  12  teachers,  under  a  all  the  ore  that  is  produced.  This  will  probably 
citysuperintendent.  result  in  the  establishment  of  a  large  smelting 
The  Agricultural  College  is  in  full  operation  plant  at  Cerrillos.  From  the  borders  of  Colorado 
at  Mesilla  Park,  having  125  pupils  at  tne  close  to  the  Mexican  line  general  prosperity  prevails 
of  the  year.  The  Territorial  University  build-  in  mining  matters.  The  total  mmeral  product 
ing  has  been  completed  during  the  year,  and  will  for  1890  was  almost  exactly  $3,000,000. 
be  used  for  the  normal  school  at  an  early  date.  Election  Dispnte. — The  beginning  of  the 
The  laboratory  building  for  the  School  of  Mines  year  found  two  of  the  outgoing  county  commis- 
is  in  process  of  erection.  A  school  for  the  deaf  sioners  of  Santa  Fd  County,  John  H.  Sloan  and 
and  dumb  has  been  conducted  at  Santa  F^  during  Teodoro  Martinez,  and  the  clerk  of  the  board, 
the  year,  having  about  15  pupils.  Pedro  Delgado,  lying  in  the  county  jail  for  con- 
Charities. — The  Legislature  of  this  year  tar-  tempt  of  the  orders  of  Justice  Seeds  of  the  Ter- 
dUy  acknowledged  the  claims  of  the  pauper  m-  ritorial  District  Court.  The  offense  of  the  com- 
sane  by  passing  an  act  appropriating  $25,000  missioners  consisted  in  disobeying  the  injunction 
for  an  asylum.  At  the  close  of  the  year  the  con-  of  the  court  bjr  issuing  certificates  of  election  to 
struction  of  the  building  had  so  far  advanced  the  Democratic  candidates  for  certain  local  and 
that  its  completion  in  May,  1892,  was  assured.  Territorial  o£Rces  voted  for  at  the  election  of 
The  Territory  supports,  by  an  annual  appropria-  November,  1890,  and  in  refusing  to  canvass  the 
tiou  of  $5,000,  an  orphan  s  home  and  industrial  vote  of  all  the  precincts  of  said  county  at  the 
school  at  Santa  Fe.  election,  as  the  court  had  ordered.  (For  a  state- 
Penitentiary. — At  the  close  of  the  year  there  ment  of  the  events  prior  to  Jan.  1, 1891,  which 
were  113  convicts  in  the  Territorial  Penitentiary,  ended  in  the  imprisonment  of  these  officials,  see 
of  whom  5  were  women.  The  greater  number  of  the  **  Annual  Cyclopiedia"  for  1890,  page  610.) 
convicts  have  been  emplo;rcd  in  brick-making.  The  offense  of  Delgado  arose  from  his  refusal  to 
Militia. — The  Territorial  militia  consists  of  1  recognize  or  recora  the  doings  of  the  Republi- 
regimeut  of  cavalry  of  6  companies,  containing  can  county  commissioners,  who  had  been  recog- 
280  men,  and  1  regiment  of  infantry  of  6  com-  nized  by  tfustice  Seeds  as  the  legal  board.  On 
panics,  containing  298  men.  Jan.  12  the  imprisoned  commissioners  caused  a 
Lnmber. — The  lumber  industry  of  central  and  writ  of  habeas  corpus  to  be  sued  out  of  the  Ter- 
northern  New  Mexico  is  increasing.  This  region  ritorial  Supreme  Court,  for  the  purpose  of  bring- 
contains  extensive  forests  of  fine  yellow  pine,  ing  the  Question  of  the  legality  of  their  impris- 
on the  Tierra  Amarilla  grant  5  mills  are  run-  onment  oefore  that  court.  A  hearing  was  nad, 
ning,  turning  out  1,000,000  feet  a  month ;  on  the  and  early  in  February  that  court  (Chief -Justice 
Petaca  grant  2  mil  Is  are  in  operation,  turning  out  0*Brien  dissenting)  decided  that  the  district 
about  ^0,000  feet  a  month ;  on  the  Pecos  river  court  had  full  jurisdiction  to  issue  the  orders 
the  Cooper  mill  turns  out  about  100,000  feet  a  that  it  had  made  respecting  the  duties  of  the 
month.  Other  mills  in  the  Santa  F6  range,  in  commissioners,  and  that  the  petitioners  were  in 
the  Sandia  mountains,  and  in  the  Zufii  mount-  contempt  for  disobedience  thereof,  and  remand- 
ains  produce  about  1,000,000  feet  a  month.  The  ed  them  to  jail  until  they  should  pay  the  fine  of 
mills  on  the  Maxwell  grant  turn  out  over  1,000,-  $200  each  and  costs,  imposed  by  the  district 
000  feet  a  month.  court.  From  this  decision  an  appeal  w^as  allowed 
Irrigation. — In  New  Mexico  crops  were  raised  to  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  pending 
by  irrigation  in  the  census  year  enaing  June  30,  which  the  court  released  the  prisoners  on  bail. 
1890,  on  91,745  acres,  or  148*35  square  miles — a  Meanwhile  clerk  Delgado  in  January  had  sued 
little  more  than  one  tenth  of  1  per  cent,  of  the  out  a  similar  writ  of  habeas  eorvfis,  bringing  his 
entire  area  of  the  Territory.  The  aggregate  case  also  before  the  Territorial  Supreme  Court, 
number  of  farms  was  4,174  (not  including  those  A  decision  was  rendered  in  this  case  in  Febru- 
of  the  Pueblo  Indians),  and  of  these  3,085.  or  ary,  in  which  the  court  (Justice  O'Brien  again 
nearly  three  fourths,  depended  upon  irrigation,  dissenting)  found  no  excuse  for  the  disobedience 
The  average  size  of  irrigated  farms,  or  rather  of  of  the  orders  of  Justice  Seeds.  An  appeal  to  the 
irrigated  portions  of  farms,  wa<!  80  acres.  United  States  Supreme  Court  was  allowed,  but 
Stock-raising. — The  number  of  cattle  re-  in  this  case  the  court  refused  to  release  the  pris- 
tumed  for  taxation  in  1890  was  1,129,088.  Ow-  oner  on  bail.  The  United  States  Supreme  Court 
ing  to  considerable  losses  in  some  localities  dur-  reached  a  decision  late  in  May,  sustaining  the 
ing  the  winter,  it  is  probable  that  the  number  decree  of  the  Territorial  court.  Nothing  then 
has  not  increased  in  the  mean  time.  Their  as-  remained  for  Delgado  but  to  stay  in  prison  in- 
sessed  valuation  in  1890  was  $9,336,038.50.  The  definitely,  or  obey  the  court  by  recognizing  the 
number  of  sheep  in  1890  was  1,172,249,  valued  at  Republican  board  of  commissioners  and  carrying 
$1.262,603 ;  the  number  of  horses,  52,465,  valued  out  their  orders  as  their  clerk.  The  latter  course 
at  $1,201,105;  the  number  of  mules.  2,718,  val-  he  finally  decided  to  take  early  in  June,  after  he 
ued  at  $112,734;  swine,  6,319,  valued  at  $15,399;  had  been  incarcerated  nearly  five  months.  The 
goats,  55,775,  valued  at  $61,127;  and  burros,  commissioners  were  also  obliged  to  submit  and 
3,091,  valued  at  $16,197.50.  pay  their  fine,  thus  ending  a  most  remarkable 

Mining. — The  mining   industry  throughout  attempt  to  defy  a  legal  tribunal, 

the  Territory  has  increased  in  amount  and  profit  NEW    YORK,  a  Middle  State,  one  of  the 

during  the  past  year.    The  beneficial  effects  of  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution  July 

the  tariff  on  lead  are  seen  in  all  the  camps  where  26,  1788;  area,  49,170  miles.    The  population, 

an  argentiferous  galena  is  the  staple  ore.    Re-  according  to  each  decennial  census,  was  840,120 

lieved  of  competition  with  the  ill-paid  labor  of  in    1790;    589.051   in    1800;    959,049  in  1810; 

Mexico,  every  such  mine  is  running  to  its  full  1,372,111  in  1820;  1,918,608  in  1830;  2,428,921 

VOL.  XXXI.— 37  A 


578  NEW  YORK. 


«UTurauit9iiu---^u«  iunuwiiii;  wt:i«  tuo  oLuw.  .^  ^^^    -    by  receipts  from  the  United  States  for 

officers  during  the  year :   Governor,  David  B.  direct  tax  refunded  to  the  SUte  amounting  to  $2,21»,- 

HilJ,  Democrat;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Edward  880.86,  ftom  corporation  taxes,  coUatenJinheritancc 

F.  Jones ;  Secretary  of  State,  Frank  Rice ;  Comp-  taxes,  fVom  the  United  States  for  the  Soldien  and 

troller,  Edward  Wemple ;  Treasurer,  Elliot  Dan-  Sailors'  Home,  and  from  lapsed  appropriations.    The 

forth;  Attorney-General, Charles F. Tabor;  State  |um  of  $2,218,880.86  was  rroeived  from  the  United 


Superintendent  of  Prisons,  Austin  Lathrop  ;  Su-  citizens  a£d  paid  into  the  Federal  Treasury,  and  iv- 

penntendent  of  Insurance  Department,  Robert  funded  in  pursuance  of  an  act  of  Congreaa  approved 

A.  Maxwell ;  Superintendent  of  Bank  Depart-  Mareh  2, 1891. 

raent,  Charles  M.  Preston ;  Superintendent  of        The  entire  residue  of  Niagara  Park  debt  bonds  is 

Public  Works,  Edward  Hannan ;  Commissioner  beld  in  trust,  amounting  to  $400,000,  maturing  at  the 

of  Statistics  of  Labor,  Charles  F.  Peck;  Rail-  rate  of  $100,000  per  year  and  interest  from  July  1, 

road  Commissioners  William  E.  Rogens  J  V.  'V^^^lZydlu^t^}^ 

Baker,  Jr..  and  Michael  Rickard  ;  Chief  Judge  maturing  In  1898  at  6  per  cent  interest  a  yei?,  which 

of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  William  C.  Ruger ;  As-  can  reaSly  be  called  in  and  canceled  upon  fair  terms, 

sociate  Judges,  Robert  Earl,  Francis  M.  Finch,  It  will  be  reduced  to  the  extent  of  $495,860  by  taxw 

Charles  Andrews,  Rufus  W.  Peckham,  John  C.  levied  and  appropriated  for  the  purpose  in  1890  and 

Gray  and  Denis  O'Brien.  ^^^^f  ^^^  whicn  had  not  been  collected  and  paid  into 

Finances.  —  The  State  Treasurer  is  Elliot  the  treasury  at  the  end  of  the  last  fiscal  ^ear. 


year  by  the  payment  of  $100,000  Niagara  reser-  being  1»  mill  and  the  valuation  of  property  $S,77y,- 
vation  bonds  and  $1,936,650  canal  debt.  On  398,746,  which  is  the  lowest  tax  rate  since  lb55.  The 
Sept.  30,  1891.  its  amount  was  $2,927,654.87,  direct  school  tax  produced  $8,830,999.19 ;  $4,466,517.- 
dassified  as  follows :  88  ^»»  spent  from  the  treasurv  for  educational  pur- 
General  fund  (Indian  annuities),  $122,694.87 ;  ^^U'^tTl  ^'^^^T^  ^"^"^  *^^  ^"^  ^^'  ^' 
canal  debt,  $2,404,960  ;  Niagara  reservation  ^he  State  debt  it  the  'end  of  the  fiscal  year  was 
bonds,  $400,000 ;  total,  $2,927,654.87 ;  aggregate  $2,927,664.87,  and  tlie  surplus,  including  as  a&«tst 
sinkina;  fund,  $1,913,030.99.  Total  debt  unpro-  claims  not  yet  collected,  was  $6,022,778.98 
vided  for,  but  not  yet  due,  $1,014,623.88,  which  The  total  expended  on  the  new  Capitol  is  $19,09<i,- 
is  made  up  as  follows:  Canal,  $491,929.01;  984.35;  collections  from  corporation  taxes  were  |1,- 
Niagara  reservation,  $400,000 ;  general  fund  (In-  ?50,338.53 :  collection  from  taxation  of  foreign  bank- 
dian  annuities),  $122^94.87.                            '  ing  capital,  $86,184.02. 

Part  of  the  canal  debt  matures  on  Oct.  1, 1892,  Le^lslatlre    Session. — The  Legislature  of 

and  the  remainder  on  Oct  1,  1893.    The  balance  1891  began  its  session  on  Jan.  6  and  continued 

of  $491,929.01,  now  unprovided  for.  will  not  have  until  April  30,  making  the  shortest  session  since 

to  be  paid  by  tax,  as  there  is  expected  to  be  a  1874.    Owing  to  a  political  discussion  in   the 

surplus  in  the  canal  fund  revenue  to  meet  it    If  Senate  over  a  resolution  introduced  by  the  Re- 

that  prediction  be  well  founded,  the  State  has  publicans  and  opposed  by  the  Democrats,  to  al- 

levied  its  last  tax  for  the  payment  of  the  canal  low  the  Senato  Committ^  on  Canals  to  invest]- 

debt.  gate  the  canals,  practical Iv  no  business  was  done 

The  Niagara  Park  debt  matures  at  the  rate  of  m  the  last  two  weeks  of  the  session.    The  num- 

$100,000  each  year,  but  its  bonds  are  held  by  ber  of  chapters  of  new  laws  is  389,  which  is 

the  State,  and  can  be  paid  at  any  time  from  the  smaller  than  the  average  for  manr  years.    The 

surplus  now  in  the  treasury  if  the  liCgislature  so  deadlock  caused  much  bitter  feeling  between 

direct.    They  draw  interest  at  the  rate  of  2}  per  the  Senate  and  the  Assembly.    A  bill  was  passed 

cent,  a  year.  by  the  Assembly  taking  away  the  conflrmin<; 

The  principal  of  the  general  fund  debt  for  power  of  the  Senate  and  placing  all  power  of 

Indian  annuities,  $122,694.87,  is  an  imaginary  appointments  in  the  hands  of  the  Governor, 

indebtedness  and  does  not  actually  exist,  the  The  Senate  refused  to  consider  this  bilL 

interest  on  about  that  sum  being  annually  »p-  The  Legislature  of  1890  resolved    that  the 

propriated  by  the  Legislature  as  annuities  to  the  popular   vote    on   the  prohibition  amendment 

Indians.  should  take  ulace  in  the  spring  of  1891.    The 

From  the  foregoing,  therefore,  it  appears  that  Senate  passed  a  bill  making  an  appropriation  for 

the  State  debt  is  practically  wiped  out.  the  expenses  of  the  election.    But  this  was  de- 

The  report  of  tne  State  Comptroller  shows  for  layed  in  the  Assembly  by  amending  so  that  the 

the  fiscal  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1891,  the  receipts  election  should  not  take  place  until  Noveml^er. 

were  $21,243,639.35.  and  expenditures  were  $19,-  1891.    Owing  to  the  political  deadlock  this  hill 

880,041.65.    The  common-school  fund,  in  securi-  was  not  passed,  and  the  election  can  not  take 

ties  and  money  in  the  treasury,  amounted  to  $4,-  place  until  1892. 

193,140.77,  the  United  States  deposit  fund  was  Bills  failed  providing  for  a  State  census  which 

$4,017,220.71,  the  literature  fund  was  $284,201.-  should  have  been  taken  in  1885,  and  for  reap- 

30,  and  the  college  land  scrip  fund  was  $474,-  portioning  the  State  into  congressional  districtJ^ 

409.12,  the  total  for  these  four  trust  funds  being  A  law  was  enacted  to  take  the  place  of  a  special 

18,968,971.90.    The  Comptroller  says :  charter  for  the  Young  Womeu^s  Christian  As- 


NEW  YORK.  679 

sociatioa  of  Brooklyn,  allowing  any  twenty  or  absohitely  necessary,  that  they  shall  be  of  the 
more  women  who  are  citizens  of  the  State  to  plainest  construction,  and  that  any  increased  ex- 
form  themselves  into  an  association  for  the  im-  pense  for  better  bridges  shall  be  borne  by  the 
proYeroent  of  women.  respective  localities  benefited. 

A  new  law  provides   that  no  life-insurance  A  charter    was  granted    to    the    Whirlpool 

company  doing  business  within  this  State  shall  Bridge  Company  to  construct  a  bridge  north  of 

make  any  discrimination  between  white  persons  the  whirlpool  in  Niagara  river,  with  a  capital  of 

and    colored    persons,  wholly  or    partially   of  $500,000. 

African  descent,  as  to  the  premiums  or  rates  for  The  law  of  1890  relating  to  the  repair  and 

policies  upon  the  lives  of  persons.    Another  law  improvement  of  highways  was  repealed.    The 

mcorporates  several  Methodist  churches  in  the  oleomargarine  act  was  amended  so  as  to  make 

Genesee  Conference,  with  Rochester  as  a  center,  it  a  misdemeanor  for  persons  to  furnish  their 

owning  properly  to  the  value  of  $400,000  in  all,  servants  with  oleomargarine  or  skim  milk  for  eat- 

and  such  otner  religious  societies  and  pastors  as  ing  or  cooking.    The  State  will  pay  30  cents  a 

shall  wish  to  be  associated  with  them,  to  carry  day  per  head  for  tramps  sentenced  to  county 

on  co-operative  insurance  against  lessor  damage  penitentiaries. 

by  fire  or  lightning.    Red  property  owned  by  The  electoral  reform  law  of  1890  was  amended 

any  incorporated  association  of  present  or  former  so  that  the  certificates  of  municipal  nominations 

volunteer  firemen,  actually  and  exclusively  used  are  to  be  filed  with  the  city  clerks,  not  the 

and  occupied  by  such  corporation,  and  not  ex-  county  clerks;  that  the  number  of  signers  for 

ceeding  $15,000  in  assessed  value,  is  exempted  independent  nominations  is  increased  from  1,000 

from  taxation.    It  is  provided  that  the  personal  to  3,000  for  StAte  oflScers,  100  to  250  in  the  As- 

property,  franchises,  and  business  of  all  fire  and  sembly  districts,  and  from  250  to  500  in  the 

marine  companies  incorporated  in  this  State,  or  county  or  Senate  districts;  that  the  blank  bal- 

any  other  State  or  country,  shall  hereafter  be  lot  is  abolished ;  that  the  pariynaines  are  printed 

exempt  from  taxation  and  assessment  for  St«to  on  the  ballot ;  that  the  number  of  ballots  for 

purposes;  but  they  shall  in  all  other  respects  be  each  50  voters  is  reduced  from  200  to  100;  that 

liable  to  assessment  and  taxation.  election  districts  shall  contain  not  over  400  in- 

The  new  commission  in  lunacy  having  reported  stead  of  300  voters,  and  shall  be  divided  before 
good  progress  in  the  work  of  transferring  the  Au^.  1 ;  that  the  ballot  clerks  shall  not  write 
insane  poor  from  county  institutions  to  the  initials  on  ballots;  that  voters  need  not  stay 
State  hospitals,  an  appropriation  of  $454,000  three  minutes  in  the  booths :  that  when  ballots 
was  passed  for  additions  to  present  Stete  hospi-  seem  to  have  been  marked  for  identification  they 
tals  for  the  accommodation  of  the  increased  shall  be  preserved,  so  that  their  validity  may  be 
number  of  patients.  A  special  commission  was  examined ;  and  that  no  mark  shall  be  put  on 
appointed  to  decide  upon  the  plans,  and  work  is  paster  ballots.  The  registry  laws  were  amended 
to  oegin  at  once  upon  the  hospital  buildings  in  so  as  to  reduce  the  number  of  inspectors  in  the 
Utica,  Poughkeepsie,  Middletown,  and  Bing-  rural  districts  from  five  to  three,  and  the  num- 
hamton,  with  additions  later  in  Buffalo  and  ber  of  registry  days  outside  of  cities  from  three 
Rochester.  The  State  bought  for  $100,000  the  to  two.  A  concurrent  resolution  was  passed, 
Monroe  County  asylum  at  Rochester.  Every  which  must  pass  another  Legislature,  transfer- 
county  in  the  State,  with  the  exception  of  New  ring  to  the  courte  contested  elections  for  the 
York  and  Kings  specially  exempted,  now  comes  Legislature.  A  concurrent  resolution  was  passed 
under  the  State-care  act.  The  Assembly  Com-  providing  for  additional  judges  to  the  Court  of 
mittee  on  Public  Lands  and  Forestry  was  or-  Appeals. 

dered  to  investigate  the  Forestry  Commission-  An  appropriation  of  $10,000  was  made  for 

ere     This  was  done,  and  the  commissioners  were  university  extension    under   the    care    of    the 

fonnd  to  have  been  negligent  in  their  duties,  regents. 

ordered  by  the  last  Legislature,  in  a|.praising  New  charters,  making  radical  changes,  were 

and  buying  lands  for  an  Adirondack  park.    The  granted  to  Buffalo  and  Albany.    The  charters 

minority  report  went  no  further  than  this,  but  of    Syracuse,    Kingston,    and    Rochester    were 

the  majority  report  found  the  commission  guilty  amended.    Utica  was    allowed    to    extend    its 

of  criminal  negligence,  and  introduced  a  bill  leg-  boundaries  northerly.    Albany  was  authorized 

islating  it  out  of  office.    The  Assembly  refused  to  issue  $253,000  in  bonds  for  the  erection  of 

to  adopt  the  majority  report,  but  it  did  adopt  public  buildings. 

the  minority  report,  thus  practically  killing  the  Miscellaneous   laws  were   passed  as  follow: 

bill  removing  the  commission  from  office.    The  Exempting  household  groceries  from  levy  under 

excitement  attending  the  investigation  made  it  executions;  repealing  the  law  of  1890  requiring 

impossible  to  pass  any  of  the  bills  relating  to  statemente  to  be  filed  at  periods  of  twenty  years 

the  Adirondacks.  showing  the  amounts  due  on  real  estate,  bonds. 

In  the  supply  bill  $2,400  was  appropriated  as  and  mortgages ;  providing  that  where  a  trust  is 

the  contribution  of  the  State  of  New  \ork  to  the  or  shall  be  expressed  in  tne  instrument  creating 

erection  of  the  bronze  teblet  on  the  battle  field  of  the  estate,  every  sale  or  other  act  of  the  trustees 

Gettysburg,  at  the  spot  known  as  the  **  high-  in  the  contravention  of  the  trust  shall  be  void ; 

watermarkof  the  rebellion";  also  $10,000  for  the  regulating  the  keeping  of  intelligence  offices, 

bronze  statue  to  be  placed  on  the  State  monu-  employment  bureaus,  etc.,  in  Brooklyn ;  provid- 

ment  on  the  same  field,  the  terms  of  office  of  ing  that  intelligence  offices  in  New  York  must 

the  commissioners  being  extended  until  May  30,  return  fees  to  applicants  for  positions  where  the 

1892,  in  order  that  they  may  complete  this  work,  latter  have  not  obtained  positions,  and  to  em- 

An  important  law  provides  that  in  the  future  ployers  where  servants  have  not  remained  more 

only  such  canal  bridges  shall  be  built  as  shall  be  than  a  month. 


580                                                        NEW  YORK. 

Edneatlon. — ^This  branch  of  the  State  gov-  an  acre  of  land,  and  he  renews  his  recommenda* 

emment  is  under  the  charge  of  a  State  saperin-  tion  that  provision  be  made  for  carrying  out  that 

tendent,  whose  salary  is  $5,000.    The  present  idea,  making  it  applicable  at  first  to  all  school 

incumbent  is  Andrew  S.  Draper.    In  his  annual  sites  outride  of  cities  and  incorporated  villages, 

report  he  shows  that  the  number  of  children  in  With  reference  to  the  public  schools  main- 

the  State  of  school  age  (i.  e.,  between  five  and  tained  on  the  six  Indian  reservations,  he  says 

twenty-one  years)  in  1891  was  1,821,778.    The  that  the  educational  facilities  offered  by  the 

number   of    children   attending   the   common  State  for  the  Indian  youth  are  inadequate.    The 

schools  in  the  same  year  was  1,054,044.    More  tribal  influences  are  against  the  day  school.  The 

than  767,000  children  of  school  age  were  either  Indian  boys  and  girls  need  to  be  taken  into  an 

not  in  school  at  all,  or  received  instruction  else-  institution  where  all  their  habits  can  be  regu- 

where  than  at  the  public  schools.    The  cost  of  lated,  and  where  they  can  be  educated  indus- 

supplying  this  education  to  somewhat  more  than  trially.    He  therefore  recommends  that  the  Leg- 

haiE  the  children  of  school  age  in  the  State  was  islature  take  steps  to  induce  the  General  Goveni- 

$20,269,118.29,  an  average  cost  of  $19.22.  ment  to  provide  for  the  reception  of  our  Indian 

Tabulated  statements  are  submitted  showing  children  at  the  Indian  school  at  Carlisle,  Pa., 

that  since  1801  there  has  been  a  steady  increase  and  if  such  efforts  do  not  avail,  that  the  State 

in  the  number  of  children  of  school  age  in  the  appropriate  $150  per  year  necessary  to  maintain 

cities,  and  a  gradual  decrease  in  the  towns.    The  each  pupil  there. 

same  condition  applies  to  the  number  of  chil-  He  concludes  his  report  with  a  reference  to  the 
dren  in  actual  attendance  at  the  public  schools,  steady  decrease  in  the  percentage  of  attendance 
In  1861  there  were  270,926  ohilaren  attending  at  the  public  schools.  lie  says:  **The  reports 
the  city  schools,  and  in  1891  513.066.  In  the  show  that  in  1851  the  *  total  attendance,'  corn- 
towns  the  figures  were:  1861,601,928;  1891,540,-  prised  75*6  per  cent  of  the  school  population. 
978.  A  comparison  of  the  tables  for  the  yeara  This  percentage  has  constantly  fallen  off  with 
1890  and  1891  shows  that,  although  the  reported  surprising  re^arity  during  the  intervening? 
number  of  children  of  school  age  in  1891  was  forty  years.  In  1861  it  was  65*6  per  cent. :  in 
22,823  less  than  in  1890,  yet  the  number  of  1871  it  was  68*4  per  cent. ;  in  1881  it  was  6]'4 
children  in  attendance  on  the  public  schools  was  percent.;  and  in  1891  it  was  57*8  per  cent, 
greater  by  11,884.  With  reference  to  the  in-  This  is  a  showing  which  must  engage  the  atten- 
crease  in  the  minimum  length  of  the  school  year  tion  of  all  thoughtful  persons." 
from  twenty-eight  to  thirty-two  weeks  in  the  A  State  Flower. — In  order  to  obtain  an  ap 
rural  districts,  he  says  that  it  is  entirely  practi-  proximate  decision  as  to  the  opinion  of  the  chil- 
cable  to  maintain  scnools  in  the  rural  districts  drcn  concerning  their  favorite  flower,  a  vote  was 
for  thirty-eight  or  forty  weeks  in  the  year.  The  taken  throughout  the  State  on  Arbor  Day  in 
number  of  teachers  employed  in  the  public  1890,when.  out  of  a  total  vote  of  318,079,  the  gold- 
schools  in  1891  was  31,982,  of  which  10,482  en  rod  received  81,308  votes  to  79,666  cast  for  the 
taught  in  cities  and  21,500  in  the  towns.  There  rose.  But  as  the  total  vote  for  these  two  flowers 
were  5,859  male  teachers  and  26,623  females,  did  not  equal  half  of  the  entire  vote  cast,  the  $u- 
The  aggregate  amount  paid  in  wages  to  these  perintendent  of  public  instruction  decided  on  a 
teachers  was  $11,012,986.     There  were  12,072  second  ballot,  to  be  taken  this  year  on  the  two 

gublic  school-houses  in  the  State  last  year,  favorites  of  1890.  Accordingly,  on  Arbor  Day, 
»f  those,  45  were  log  houses,  10,126  frame,  May  8, 1891,  a  vote  was  taken,  which  resulted  as 
1,573  brick,  and  828  stone.  The  cities  had  follows: 
595  school-houses,  and  the  towns  11,477. 
The  average  value  of  the  school-houses  is 
$51,246  in  the  cities,  $1,700  in  the  towns,  and 
$4,142  in  the  State  at  large.  The  cost  of  main- 
taining the  public  schools  in  1891  was  $17,174.- 
835.  Between  1887  and  1890  special  efforts  were 
made  to  improve  the  school  property  of  the 
State.  The  importance  of  the  subject  was  fre- 
quently presented  at  educational  conventions, 
teachers*  institutes,  and  school  meetings;  de- 
signs for  school-houses  were  published  by  the  The  majority  of  the  rose  over  the  golden  rod 
department ;  prizes  were  offered  for  the  best-  is  therefore  88*414,  thus  establishing  the  rose  as 
kept  school  grounds  in  the  common-school  dis-  the  State  flower. 

tricts,  and  legislation  was  secured  which   re-  Charities. — The  annual  report  of  the  Stati' 

quired  the  most  essential  improvements.    The  Board  of  Charities  shows  that  the  receipts  were 

result  of  the  i^tation  was  that  $3,634,917.07  $18,868,454;  the  expenditures,  $17,605,660;  the 

were  expended  in  improvement  of  school  prop-  number  of  public  beneficiaries  in  the  varions 

erty  in  1890,  against  $1,405,773.51  in  1886.  classes  of  institutions  on  Oct.  1, 1891,  was  74,773, 

The  cost  per  capita  of  total  population  in  this  an  increase  of  3,878  during  the  year.    The  prin 

State  (census  1890)  for  the  maintenance  of  pub-  cipal  ones  were:  Dependent  chililren,  23,732:  in- 

lic  educational  interests  last  year  was  $2.90.  sane,  16,647  ;  poor-house  inmates,  10,637  ;  agetl 

His  report  says  that  the  observance  of  Arbor  and  friendless,  7,464 ;  hospital  patients,  5,048. 
Day  has  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  many  Insnrance. — This  department  is  under  the 
school  grounds  are  too  small  to  admit  of  orna-  direction  of  a  superintendent,  who  receives  a  sal- 
mentation,  and  are,  indeed,  totally  inadequate  aryof  $7,000,  and  a  deputy,  who  receives  a  salary 
to  the  necessities  of  the  schools.  lie  thinks  that  of  $4,500.  The  present  superintendent  is  Jaraes 
every  school  site  should  contain  at  least   half  F.  Peirce ;  deputy,  Michael  Shannon.  Theannoal 


PLACE  OF  vonriNG. 

Ron. 

red. 

In  the  118  school-commlMioDer  districts. 
In  the  32  citlM 

142,089 

1,800 

74 

9H 

S8JM 

In  the  7  normal  schools 

VTl 

In  the  8  Indiam  reservations. 

Mlffcellan^ons 

8« 

Total 

294,816 

806.4112 

KBW  YORK. 


581 


report  for  1890  was  issued  in  April,  and  the 
following  is  an  abstract  of  the  statements  ren- 
dered by  the  life,  fidelity  and  casualty,  and  co- 
it  {)cnitive  companies. 


LIFE  COMPANIES. 


!'umb€r 


1890. 

80 
$758,228,700 


Leserre |«M,975,868 

All  other  BabiUtieA 8,514,080 


Total  Babilities $664,489,898 


SSarplaa. 

Capital  stock.. 


$88,789,862 
&,099,fi50 


PTMniams  received $149,508,949 

All  other  R««iiptB. 87,671,010 


Total  income. $187,424,950 


Claims  paid 

Dividends  to  policy  holders. 
Paid  for  fbrfeited  polkaes. . . 

lucpeDtee 

Dividends  to  stockholders . . 


$56,608,615 

14,271,501 

18,827,225 

89,616,761 

i{29,4U7 


Totsl  disbursements $126,658,529 

Pofidcs  In  forre 1,272,806 

1d£  niaooe  in  ibroe $3,&I2,955,751 

INDUSTRIAL  RISKS. 


1890. 

OOMPArfT. 

Ncwofpollda. 

AjAOQBt  luuind. 

Metro{>otttan 

2,096,595 

],22fV8» 

402,147 

7,812 

$281,115,440 

Pr<Ml#nttft1 

18^068,498 

John  HRD<M)ck. 

45,772,709 
905,878 

<f«rinaDis 

Total ... 

8,784,886 

$412,878,026 

FIDELITT  AND  CASUALTY  COMPANIES. 

1800. 

Knrnber  of  companies 11 

Assets. $10,240,254 


rneamed  premlams $8,988,716 

All  other  labilities 825,726 

Total  Habnitiefl $4,844,441 

Capital  stock $8,904,600 

IJarplua. 1,461,212 

Premimns  received $7,421,587 

All  other  recelpU 4l^868 

TnUl  income $7,837,456 


I^flfwes  paid $2,656,006 

Dividends  to  stockholders 576,776 

Expenses 8,988,444 

Total  disbaraemento $7,171,226 

RISKS  IN  FORCE.  180O. 

Arrident $602,029,900 

Hfesm  boiler 208,759,209 

PideHty 158,080,459 

Plate  ^lasa 27,649.944 

ToUl $991,498,512 

Lunacy. — ^The  commission  appointed  to  the 
charge  of  this  subject  consists  of  three  members, 
88  follows:  Charles  P.  McDonald,  Goodwin 
Brown,  and  Henry  A.  Reeves.  Their  annual  re- 
l>ort  for  the  year  ending  Oct.  1, 1891,  shows  that 
827  insane  patients  were  transferred  from  county 
houses  to  State  hospitals,  of  whom  392  were  men 
and  435  were  women.  There  are  1,215  patients 
still  remaining  in  county  houses,  of  whom  547  are 
men  and  668  women.    The  commission  expects, 


shortly,  that  the  1,215  patients  will  be  under 
State-care,  as  the  construction  of  nearly  all  of 
the  State-care  buildings  is  well  under  way  and 
will  be  completed  by  Oct.  1, 1892.  Some  998 
patients  have  been  taken  from  cc^unty  houses 
under  State  care  since  the  State-care  act  went 
into  effect  in  May,  1890,  which  provides  that 
when  the  final  transfer  is  made  the  care  of  the 
insane  shall  be  a  State  charge,  and  an  annual 
appropriation,  estimated  by  the  commission  in 
lunacy  at  not  to  exceed  $1,800,000  for  the  pres- 
ent number  of  patients,  will  be  necessary  to 
comply  with  the  provisions  of  this  act. 

New  York  and  Kings  Counties  are  not  subject 
to  the  provisions  of  the  State-care  act.  Under 
county  care  in  New  York  on  Oct.  1,  were  5,390 
patients,  of  whom  2,459  were  men  and  2,931 
were  women.  The  total  shows  an  increase  of 
843  patients  last  year  over  that  of  the  preceding 
year.  In  Kings  there  were  1,997  patients  under 
county  care  on  Oct.  1,  of  whom  828  were  men  and 
1,169  women.  The  number  of  insane  under 
county  care  in  Kings  last  year  shows  an  increase 
of  llS  over  that  of  last  year. 

The  investments  in  hospitals  amount  to  $9,- 
590,488.97.  There  are  9  separate  institutions 
belonging  to  the  State.  In  addition,  New  York 
County  has  4  asylums  for  the  insane,  Kings 
County  has  2,  and  there  are  17  licensed  private 
asylums. 

The  whole  number  of  insane  in  custody  on 
Oct.  1, 1891,  was  16,628,  asfoUows:  State  hospitals, 
7,200;  licensed  private  asylums,  847;  asylums 
of  New  York  and  Kings  Counties,  7,863 ;  county 
poor-houses  awaiting  removal.  1,213. 

This  is  an  increase  of  618  in  the  number  of 
insane  over  the  previous  year,  although  a  de- 
crease in  the  ratio  to  population. 

Banking  Department — This  department  is 
under  the  management  of  a  superintendent,  who 
receives  a  salary  of  $5,000  a  year.  The  present 
incumbent  is  Charles  M.  Preston,  whose  report 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  Sept.  30, 1891,  relative 
to  incorporated  -  banks,  individual  bankers,  safe- 
deposit  companies,  and  trust  companies,  shows 
that  20  banks  have  been  organized,  with  a  capi- 
talization of  $2,370,000.  The  increase  of  total 
resources  of  State  banks  on  Sept.  12, 1891,  over 
the  same  date  in  1890  was  $4,875,788.  It  ap- 
pears from  the  receiver's  report  of  the  North 
Kiver  Bank  of  New  York  city  that  he  has  already 
paid  50  per  cent.,  and  it  is  probable  he  will  pay 
additional  dividends.  The  increase  in  banking 
capital  for  the  year  by  the  formation  of  new 
banks  was  $2,370,000,  and  the  total  increase  in 
the  capital  of  the  ten  associations  previously  or- 
gan izea  was  $1,095,000.  There  has  been  a  de- 
crease in  the  banking  capital  of  7  banks  during 
the  same  period  of  $1,294,125.  The  outstanding 
circulation  of  banks  incorporated  under  State 
laws  is  $83,434.  No  individual  banking  associa- 
tions were  organized  during  the  year,  and  but  3 
are  now  doing  business  in  this  State.  There 
were  organized  9  national  banks  in  the  year, 
with  a  capiteliz^tion  of  $1,700,000,  against  20 
new  banks  organized  under  the  State  banking 
act,  with  a  capiUlization  of  $2,370,000.  At  the 
close  of  the  fiscal  year  there  were  83  trust  com- 
panies in  active  operation  in  the  State,  20  of 
them  being  in  New  York  city  and  7  in  Brook- 
lyn.   Three  new  trust  companies  were  organized. 


582  NEW  YORK. 

The  increase  of  capital  of  trust  companies  was  upon  which  have  also  been  calculated.    Some 

$563,000.  Gtf9  truss  bridges  have  been  criticised  by  the  board. 

At  the  close  of  tlie  year  19  safe-deposit  com-  of  which  535  have  been  repaired  by  the  various 

panics,  with  a  total  capital  of  |3,20G,000,  were  companies  and  134  entirely  rebuilt, 

ni  operation— an  increase  of  Z — 12  of  which  are  Prisons. — These  are  under  the  direction  of  a 

in  New  York  city  and  3  in  Brooklyn.  Superintendent  whose  salary  is  $6,000.     The 

The  securities  deposited  with  the  superintend-  present  incumbent  is  Austin  Lathrop. 

ent  by  the  different  banks  and  trust  companies  The  highest  number  of  convicts  in  the  State 

amounted,  on  Oct  1, 1891,  to  $2,972,878.98,  an  prisons  during  the  fiscal  year  was  3,913,  an  in- 

increase  of  $414,360.    The  total  expenses  of  the  crease  of  208.    The  3  prisons  have  3,737  celK 

department  were  $47,108.    His  report  concludes :  and  it  has  been  necessarv  in  many  instances  to 

I  have  carefully  examined  the  reviMon  of  the  bank-  ^'^TL^r^«J!!lKf}li^«SL^^     in  ««^raf  ;«n  in  tli. 

ing  laws  prepared  by  the  revision  commiBsion,  and  „  ^^^  number  of  mdustnes  in  operation  m  the 

am  of  the  opinion  that  its  enactment  into  law  would  3  prisons  dunng  the  year  was  22,  and  the  nuiu- 

materially  increase  the  surety,  etHciency,  and  im-  ber  of  men  employed  2,158. 

portancc  of  institutions  organized  under  the  State  The  financial  results  in  the  prisons  for  the 

banking  laws,  and  the  State  banking  system  would  fiscal  year  show  a  deficiency  of  $201,645.23,  an 

be  gj^atljr^i^nproved  thereby^    T^^^^  increase   of    $42,629.59.      This  increase  is  ex- 
Auburn  and 
increased  cost 

falling  off 

eiii  book-keeping  of  any  corporation,  I  am  convinced  of  $80,012.19  in  manufacturing  earnings  at  Sin«; 

that  the  interest  of  the  public  would  be  better  served  Sing,  owing  to  the  reduction  in  the  apprai^ied 

and  the  efficiency  of  the  department  materially  im-  value  of  the  assets  of  the  industries  made  when 

proved  if  a  uniform  method  for  the  original  entry  of  ^  change  of  wardens  took  place  in  April,  1891. 

oSITulLJ''  ^""^""^                 *™*'  company  were  made  tj^^  ^f^j  ^^ij^^^  ^^re  $19,461.52  greater  than 

~Mwt  of^ir  institutions  keep  separate  books  for  the  ^^^  ^^  ^^^.  Previous  year. 

entry  of  deposits  only,  so  that  on  examination  of  such  The  eammgs  and  exTOuditures  for  care  and 

deposits  for  any  period  it  can  be  easily  ascertained  if  maintenance  were  divided  among  the  3  prisons 

the  proper  amounts  have  been  carried  to  Uie  general  as  follow : 

ledger  I  but  in  some  instances  separate  deposit  books  siNO  SIKO. 

are  entirely  ignored,  the  receipts  from  ajl  Bour^  ap^     Expenditures  for  care  and  malntenanoe. ♦1»,29  SI 

peanng  mixed  together  in  the  same  book,  and  in  a     Mi JcellaDeoun  earnings $8,806  85 

few  cases  there  is  no  book  whatever  between  the  ue-     Manolkoturing  eami^ 6<C816  40 

posit  slips  and  the  ledgers,  and  in  order  to  prove  the  7i,638  M 

aei>osits  with  the  general  ledger  for  any  period,  ex-  

amlners  are  obliged  to  depend  entirely  on  the  deposit  Deficient |11A,606  08 

slips,  unless  they  examine  each  account  in  the  indi-  AUBURN 

vidual  lodgers.     I  would  therefore  recommend  the  _        ..^      ,^            ..."                    *.«^..««^ 

enactment  of  a  law  making  it  the  duty  of  the  super-  SSSjJ?^'^  S^^TSs                 "^iiCiaaffl  ♦"**•"*  * 

intendent  to  prescribe  a  uniform  method  of  original  ManuftetaringeamtS^i'llliMS  « 

entry,  and  enabling  him  to  enforce  the  observance  of  i^ess  loas  by  &«. . .  .77. . .      28^795  IS 

the  same.  91,100  51 

^^—^^.^^^        Oft  •"Q  Ti 

Railroads. — There  are  three  railroad  commis-  -~    - 

sioners,  whose  salaries  are  $8,000  each.    The  Deficiency $42,637 » 

present  incumbents  are  Michael  Rickard,  Will-  clinton 

lana  E.  Rogere,  and  J.  V.  Baker,  Jr.    The  report    Expenditure,  for  cai«  «k1  malntem^ tiauns  » 

of  the  railroad  commissioners  for  the  year  end-    Addlosabyflra Vis  « 

ing  June  30, 1891,  says  that  the  business  on  the  

railroads  was  largely  increased ;  the  same  can  be    Mlsoellaneons  e.min,rs $5,951  89  ^'^"^  " 

said  of  operating  expenses.    During  the  year  the  MannikcturtaR  eamtngs..    |9«,064  77 

board  considered  and  disposed  of  16  references    Leas  loen  by  fire 8,188  66 

by  the  Governor,  the  Legislature  and  committees  ^t^*  ^^     ^^^  ^ 

thereof,  and  numerous  complainta  preferred  by 

cities,  towns,  associations,  and  individuals.  Deficiency f4S,!90i  6i 

The  record  of  accidents  for  the  year  ending  m  *  i  ^  «-i       ,   *u  *v     a.  *  ^           -««,  -.r^ 

Sept.  80,  1891,  shows  a  deplorable  increase  i^  Totaldefldencyln  the  three  8uf  prison...  $«>1.6I5» 

compared  with  previous  years — 720  persons  were  During  the  year,  in  certain  articles  publi5hed 
killed  and  1,728  injured,  as  compared  with  695  in  the  public  prints  of  the  State,  charges  were 
killed  and  1,434  injured  the  previous  year.  Of  made  oi  the  cruel  and  inhuman  treatment  of  the 
these,  142  were  from  causes  beyond  their  control,  prisoners  confined  in  the  State  prison  at  Danne- 
1,123  by  their  own  misconduct  or  incaution,  46  mora,  and  of  improper  conduct  on  the  part  of 
by  intoxication,  and  123  indeterminable.  the  prison  official  in  the  administration  of  the 
The  report  says :  Much  advance  has  been  made  affairs  of  such  prison  and  of  its  discipline ; 
within  the  past  few  years  in  the  method  of  light-  in  consequence  of  which  the  Superintendent  of 
ing  cars  by  using  the  Pintsch  system.  This  State  Prisons  appointed  a  committee  consisting 
method  of  lighting  is  by  gas  manufactured  from  of  Oscar  F.  Craig,  chairman  of  the  State  Board 
crude  petroleum  stored*  in  strong  iron  tanks  un-  of  Charities ;  wT  M.  P.  Round,  secretary  of  the 
der  the  cars.  The  physical  condition  of  railroads  Prison  Association  of  the  State  of  New  York: 
continues  to  improve.  The  number  of  railroad  and  Lewis  Balch,  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of 
truss  bridges  in  the  Stat«  is  about  2,500,  not  in-  Health,  to  investigate  the  matter.  After  care- 
eluding  the  New  York  elevated  roads,  the  strains  f ul  examination  a  negative  report  was  returned. 


NEW  YORK.  583 

Factory  Inspection  (Jaraes  Connolly,  State  Purcell,  Gilbert  Robertson,  Jr.,  and  Florence  F. 

Factory  Inspector). — The  sixth  annual  report  of  Donovan.     In  their  annual  report  for  the  year 

this  department  shows  that  in  10,112  factories  vis-  ending  Not.  1, 1890.  they  say  tnat  in  the  cigar- 

ited  during  the  year  there  were  employed  422,070  making  industry  upward  of  100  strikes  occurred, 

persons,  of  whom  17,495  were  children  between  most  of  which  were  confined  to  the  metropolitan 

fonrteen  and  sixteen  years  of  age.    There  were  district,  and  in  every  case  the  question  of  wages 

106  children  under  sixteen  reported  as  having  was  the  principal  subject  of  dispute.    Toward 

been  injured  more  or  less  seriously  in  factories  the  end  of  June,  1890,  the  cigar-makers  of  Bin^- 

during  the  year,  and  23  children  were  fatally  in-  hamton  demanded  an  advance  in  the  prices  paid 

jured.    The  employment  of  young  girls  in  the  for  rolling  and  bunch-making,  and  upon  this 

tobacco  industry  is  condemned  l^canse  of  the  demand  being  refused  a  strike  ensued  in  15  of 

injury  to  their  health,  and  it  is  urged  that  they  the  largest  factories  in  that  city, 

be  prohibited  from  working  at  this  trade.  On  May  31, 1890,  the  workmen  of  the  P.  Cox 

The  inspectors  served  notices  of  suit  for  viola-  Shoe  Company,  of  Rochester,  went  on  strike, 

tion  of  tbe  weekly  payment  law  upon  the  Cha-  after  presenting  certain  demands  in  writing,  to 

t<eaugay  Ore  and  Iron  Company,  oi  Plattsburg ;  which  the  company  made  written  reply,  offering 

the  Crown  Point  Iron  Company,  of  Crown  Point ;  to  adjust  all  differences  except  that  in  reference 

theShanley  &  Alfred  Lumoer  Company,  of  Shan-  to  the  method  of  using  certain  machinery.    In 

ley ;  and  the  St.  Regis  Leather  Company,  of  St.  November  the  proprietors  of  19  of  the  principal 

Regis  Falls ;  and  it  is  expected  that  suits  will  be  shoe  factories  of  Rochester  entered  into  an  agi^e- 

brought  promptly  to  trial.  ment  to  dismiss  from  their  employ  all  members 

The  report  shows  that  New  York  State  has  of  the  Boot  and  Shoe  Workers*  International 

the  best  law  so  far  as  it  applies  to  the  employ-  Union  imtil  the  strike  against  the  P.  Cox  Shoe 

ment  of  children  in  factories,  but  it  is  defective  Company  should  be  abandoned  and  the  right 

in  not  prohibiting  children  under  fourteen  from  should  be  conceded  to  all  employers  to  operate 

being  employed  in  mercantile  houses,    Statis-  machinery  in  such  manner  as  they  might  elect, 

tics  are  giveii  showing  that  the  employment  of  On  Dec.  1  this  lockout  commenced,  and  in  the 

children  is  being  rapidly  diminished.    In  1887  following  week  the  board  made  formal  inquiry 

there  was  an  average  of  82  children  between  the  into  the  causes  of  the  controversy.    This  inves- 

ages  of  fourteen  and  sixteen  years  in  every  1,000  tigation  and  subsequent  attempts  to  settle  the 

persons  employed  in  the  factories  which  were  dispute  developed  the  fact  that  the  parties  to 

inspected ;  m  1888  this  was  reduced  to  66  in  each  the  controversy  could  easily  have  adiusted  the 

1.000;  in  1889  there  were  53;  in  1890,  43;  in  differences  which  led  to  the  strike,  ana  the  only 

1801,  41.    The  report  further  says  that  the  re-  obstacle  to  a  settlement  was  the  question  of  the 

vision  commission  has  been  at  work  upon  a  codi-  disposition  to  be  made  of  the  former  workmen 

fieation  of  the  factory  acts.  of  the  P.  Cox  Shoe  Company  and  those  who  took 

State  Forests. — The  annual  report  of  the  their  places. 

State  Forestry  Commission  shows  that  the  prac-  The  most  important  strike  of  the  year  was 

tice  of  girdling  and  peeling  the  trees  to  ootain  that  upon  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson 

spruce  bark  for  temporary  shanties  has  almost  River  Railroad,  investigation  of  which  was  made 

entirely  ceased.    The  reports  of  the  trespasses  and  special  report  sent  to  the  Legislature  soon 

committed  during  1890  snows  that  over  f  2,000  after  the  commencement  of  the  session. 

was  collected  by  the  commission  in  the  settle-  Political.— The  Republican   State  Conven- 

ment  of  actions  for  trespass.    There  has  been  a  tion  met  in  Rochester  on  Sept.  9.    The  platform 

conjsiderable  decrease  of  the  acreage  of  the  forest  approved  the  le^slation  of  the  Fifty-first  Con- 

E reserve  in  the  Adirondacks  through  the  cancel-  gress,  the  administration  of  President  Harrison, 
ition  and  redemption  of  the  State's  title  through  and  the  policy  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  The 
the  State  Comptroller's  oflace,  this  decrease  dur-  McKinley  tariff,  including  reciprocity,  was  men- 
ing  188S-*90  amounting  to  30,000  acres.  tioned  at  length  with  approval.  It  was  resolved 
The  financial  statement  of  the  commission  that  **  every  dollar  issued  by  the  Government, 
shows  an  unexpended  balance  of  $6,000  at  the  whether  paper  or  coin,  should  be  as  good  as 
close  of  the  fiscal  year.  The  commission,  having  every  other  dollar."  The  Union  veterans  of  the 
finished  the  work  of  examining  lands  for  the  civil  war  were  thanked ;  the  speedy  construction 
proposed  State  park,  were  able  to  put  their  for-  of  the  Nicaragua  Canal  was  commended ;  the 
esters  at  work  upon  the  examination  of  lands  vigorous  enforcement  of  the  United  States  alien 
offered  for  sale  under  the  law  of  last  year  au-  contract  law  was  urged ;  the  amendment  of  the 
thorizing  the  purchase  of  lands  suitable  for  a  ballot  law  by  substituting  the  blanket  ballot 
State  park.  This  act  appropriated  $25,000.  was  approved ;  and  the  financial  policy  of  the 
Over  2,000  acres  in  Essex  and  Warren  Coun-  Republicans  in  the  previous  Legislature  was  de- 
ties  have  already  been  selected,  and  which  will  clared  sound.  The  following  nominations  were 
be  acquired  upon  being  accepted  by  the  com-  made :  For  Governor,  J.  Sloat  Fassett ;  Lieuten- 
missioners  of  tne  land  office.  After  tie  law  first  ant-Governor,  John  W.  Vrooman ;  Secretary  of 
went  into  effect  the  lands  offered  the  commission  State,  Eugene  F.  O'Connor ;  Comptroller,  Arthur 
were  either  held  at  a  higher  price  than  that  al-  C.  Wade ;  Treasurer,  Ira  M.  Hedges ;  Attorney- 
lowed  by  the  law,  or  else  were  outside  of  the  General,  William  A.  Sutherland ;  Engineer  and 
proposed  lines  for  a  State  park.  The  report  Surveyor,  Verplanck  Colvin. 
states  that  the  lack  of  foresters  to  make  examina-  The  Democratic  State  Convention  met  in  Sar- 
tions  was  an  additional  reason  for  not  carrying  atoga  on  Sept.  16.  The  platform  pledged  fidel- 
out  earlier  the  provisions  of  last  year's  law.  ity  to  the  national  Democratic  platiorms  of  1884 
Arbitration  and  Mediation.— This  board  and  1888.  It  declared  "against  the  coinage  of  a 
consists  of  three  members,  as  follows :  William  silver  dollar  which  is  not  of  the  intrinsic  value 


584                                                        NEW  YORK. 

of  any  other  dollar  of  the  United  States."    The  keepsie  district  was  more  complicated.    On  the 

Sherman    silver    law    was    denounced.      The  face    of    the    returns   the    Republican  candi- 

McKinlejtariff  was  termed  a  "humbug."  Credit  date,  who  died  before  the  matter  was  settled, 

was  claimed  for  reducing  State  taxation  to  a  had  a  small  majority.    But  it  was  claimed  bj 

lower  rate  than  it  had  reached  in  many  years.  It  the  Democrats  that  32  ballots  cast   for   him 

was  declared  that  a  State  census   should    be  in  one  of  the  towns  of  Dutchess  Ck)anty  came 

taken;    that    a    congressional   apportionment  within  the  meaning  of  the  law  relating  to  marked 

should  be  made ;  and  that  a  constitutional  con-  ballots,  because  a  printer's  "quad     aopeared 

vention  should  be  held.    The  Republican  party  upon  them.    The  Democrats  asserted  that  the 

was  blamed  for  not  passing  these  three  measures,  quad-marked  ballots  were  voted  by  design ;  and 

An  extension  of  electoral  reform  was  demanded,  tne  Republicans  that  it  was  only  an  accidenu 

and  a  revision  of  the  tax  laws,  so  that  personal  The  county  board  of  canvassers  threw  out  the 

property  could  be  reached.    The  following  were  ballots  and  elected  the  Democratic  candidate, 

the  nominations :    For   Governor,   Roswell    P.  The  Republican  clerk  of  the  county  refused  to 

Flower;  Lieutenant-Governor,  William  F.  She©-  certify  the  returns,  and  thev  were  certified  by  a 

han ;  Secretary  of  State,  Frank  Rice ;    Coim>-  temporary  clerk,  named  Mylod,  elected  by  the 

troller,  Frank  Campbell ;  Attorney-General,  Si-  board.    The  certificate  thus  signed  was  sent  to 

mon  W.  Rosendale;  Treasurer,  Elliot  Danforth;  the  Secretary  of  State;  and  the  county  clerk 

State  Engineer,  Martin  Schenck.  was    promptly    removed    by   Gov.    Hill.     In 

The  Prohibitionists  met  in  Albany,  also  in  the  mean  time  there  had  be«n  so  many  orders 

September,  and  nominated  a  full  State  ticket,  and  counter-orders  by  Supreme  Court  justices 

Jonn  W.  Bruce  was  the  candidate  for  Governor,  both  in  General  Term  ana  in  Special  Sessions, 

The  Socialist  party  nominated  Daniel  de  Leon  that  the  whole  situation  in  regard  to  the  four 

for  the  same  office.  '  seats  had  become  hopelessly  tangled.  Both  sides. 

The  election  for  Governor  resulted :  Flower  therefore,  agreed  to  refer  the  four  cases  to  the 
(Democrat),  582,893 ;  Fassett  (Republican),  534,-  highest  court  in  the  State,  the  Court  of  Appeals, 
956 ;  Bruce  (Prohibitionist),  30,353 ;  De  Leon  and  to  abide  by  the  result.  While  the  court  was 
(Socialist).  14,651.  Flower's  majority  over  Fas-  still  considering  the  cases,  one  of  the  justices  of 
sett,  47,937.  For  Lieutenant-Governor,  Sheehan  the  Supreme  Court  ordered  that  the  quad- 
(Democrat)  had  34,419  over  Vrooman  (Republi-  marked  ballots  in  the  Poughkeepsie  district 
can).  The  five  Democratic  candidates  for  State  should  be  counted  for  the  Republican,  and  a  cer- 
offices  had  majorities  averaging  43,000.  The  eleo-  tificate  to  that  effect  be  forwarded  to  the  Secre- 
tion of  1890  eave  the  Democrats  a  majority  of  8  tary  of  State.  The  county  clerk  obeyed  the  in- 
out  of  a  total  of  128  in  the  Assembly.  In  the  structions  of  the  court ;  but  after  mailing  the 
Senate,  which  held  over  from  the  year  before,  certificate  he  received  an  order  from  another 
the  Republicans  had  a  majority  of  six.  The  net  justice  countermanding  the  order  of  the  first 
Democratic  majority  of  two  on  joint  ballot  was  justice.  He  then  followed  the  returns  to  Albany 
used  by  them  in  January,  1891,  in  electing  David  and  took  them  out  of  the  mail  before  they  had 
B.  Hill  as  United  States  Senator  to  succeed  Will-  reached  the  proper  officials.  This  left  the  State 
iam  M.  Evarts.  board  of  canvassers  with  but  one  return  before 

After  the  election  of  November,  1891.  it  was  them — that  certified  to  by  the  Dutchess  County 
apparent  that  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature  board  (called  the  Mylod  certificate),  and  electing 
were  very  close.  The  official  count  for  the  As-  the  Democratic  Senator  from  the  Poughkeepsie 
sembly  gave  the  Democrats  67  and  the  Repub-  district.  On  Dec.  29  the  (>)urt  of  Appeals  de- 
licans  61.  The  Democrats,  therefore,  had  one  cided  that  the  Democrat  had  no  case  in  the  Troj 
less  in  the  Legislature  of  1892  than  thej  had  in  district,  and  that  the  Republican  should  be 
the  Legislature  of  1891,  and  the  Republicans  one  seated.  In  the  Syracuse  district  the  decision 
more.  In  the  Senate  the  results  of  the  election  was  that  the  ballots  with  the  wrong  indorse- 
of  1891  could  not  be  determined  without  the  aid  ments  should  be  thrown  out.  thus  electing  the 
of  the  courts.  The  outgoing  Senate  had  19  Re-  Democrat.  This  made  the  Senat«  stand  15 
publicans  and  13  Democrats ;  the  incoming  Sen-  Republicans  and  15  Democrats.  In  the  Bor- 
ate had  28  members  whose  election  was  certain.  nellsTille  district  the  court  decided  that  the  Be- 
Four  of  the  districts,  with  their  chief  centers  of  publican  candidate  was  ineligible,  but  it  did  not 
population  at  Troy,  Syracuse,  Homellsville,  and  decide  that  the  Democrat  hiul  been  elected.  The 
Poughkeepsie,  respectively,  were  in  doubt.  On  inference  drawn  by  some  was  that  a  new  elec- 
the  face  of  the  returns  the  Republicans  had  the  tion  should  be  held ;  and  yet  the  wording  of  the 
advantage;  but  the  returns  were  disputed  by  opinion  by  the  court  was  so  ambiguous  as  to 
the  Democrats.  In  the  Troy  district  the  claim  leave  a  doubt  in  the  mind  of  every  one.  In  the 
was  made  that  certain  minor  features  of  the  bal-  case  of  the  Poughkeepsie  district  the  court  de- 
lot-reform  law  had  not  been  complied  with.  In  clared  that  the  form  of  the  certificate  signed  bv 
the  Syracuse  district  the  claim  was  made  that  in  the  temporary  clerk  of  the  Dutchess  County 
nine  election  districts  ballots  were  voted  which  board,  and  electing  the  Democrat,  was  legal ; 
had  the  indorsement  of  other  districts  than  but  the  opinion  was  also  worded  so  doubtfully 
those  to  which  they  belonged,  and  that  1,218  as  to  make  the  Republicans  think  that,  while  the 
votes  cast  for  the  Riepublican  candidate  should  form  of  the  certificate  might  be  legal,  yet  the 
be  thrown  out.  In  the  Homellsville  district  it  matter  contained  in  it  was  not  legu,  and  that 
was  claimed  that  the  Republican  candidate  was  the  quad-marked  ballots  should  not  have  been 
ineligible  under  the  State  Constitution,  because  thrown  out.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Democrats 
he  held  an  office  in  the  city  of  Homellsville,  claimed  that,  as  the  State  board  had  but  one 
and  that  his  majority  of  1,762  votes  in  the  dis-  certificate  before  it.  there  could  be  no  way  but 
trict  was  void.    The  situation  in  the  Pough-  to  count  that  certificate.    The  State  board  of 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


585 


canvassers,  composed  of  five  Democrats,  there* 
fore  met  at  once  and  canvassed  the  returns, 
(^anting  this  certificate  from  Dutchess  County. 
The  result  was  that  when  the  Senate  met,  on 
Jan.  6,  there  were  16  Democrats  and  15  Kepub- 
]  leans,  with  the  Homellsville  district  vacant. 
The  Democrats  asserted  their  right, given  by  the 
C Constitution,  that  the  Senate  should  be  the  judge 
of  the  qualifications  of  its  own  members;  and 
by  a  vote  of  IG,  against  the  15  Republicans,  de- 
cUred  the  Democrat  from  the  Homellsville 
district  entitled  to  his  seat  This  gave  the 
I>emocrats  17  votes  in  the  Senate  of  1892-U3, 
and  the  Republicans  15. 

NEW  TOBK  CITY.  Goyernment— The 
citf  officials  who  held  office  during  the  year 
were :  Mayor,  Hugh  J.  Grant ;  President  of  the 
Board  of  Aldermen,  John  H.  V.  Arnold ;  Regis- 
ter. Frank  T.  Fitzgerald ;  Sheriff,  John  J.  Gor- 
man, all  of  whom  are  Tammany  Democrats  and 
entered  on  the  duties  of  their  special  offices  on 
Jan.  1, 1891. 

Finances. — ^The  condition  of  the  city  debt  on 
Jan.  1,  Ifi^,  was  as  follows : 


of  January  and  continue  each  month  thereafter, 
while  the  moneys  to  meet  such  obligations  are 
not  collectable  until  autumn,  and  the  result 
is  that  the  city  is  compelled  to  provide  itself 
with  funds  for  the  maintenance  of  the  city  gov- 
ernment and  for  the  payment  of  its  annual 
charges  by  borrowing  large  sums  of  money, 
which  approached  $20,000,000  last  year,  on  rev- 
enue bonds,  which  are  redeemed  when  the  taxes 
are  collected. 

The  appropriation  for  current  expenses  for 
1891  was  $35,992,891.22.  Of  this,  $33,764,804 
was  raised  by  taxation.  The  tax  rate  for 
the  year  was  1*90  per  cent.  This  is  a  lower 
rate  than  the  citizens  have  had  before  since 
1860. 

As  the  tax  books  were  not  opened  for  the  col- 
lection of  taxes  for  the  year  1891  until  Oct.  5, 
the  current  expenses  of  this  city  were  necessarily 
paid  from  the  proceeds  of  revenue  bonds  issued 
m  anticipation  of  taxes.  The  amount  of  such 
bonds  issued  in  1891  was  $19,680,150,  at  a  cost 
for  interest  of  $240,819.42.  The  condition  of 
the  money  market  has  been  such  that  the  aver- 


FUNDED  DEBT. 


1.  Parable  from  tbe  fitoking  ftind,  under  ordliuuioee  of  the 

Common  Cooncil 

2.  Fajable  from  the  tUnklng  frind,  onder  provli^iooB  of  chapter 

iSA,  aecdon  6,  Laws  of  1S7&  and  section  17«,  New  York 
Citr  Consolidation  act  of  18Si 

3.  PaTablB  Irom  tbe  ainkine  ftind,  under  provisions  of  chapter 

SSS,  section  &  Laws  or  1878,  and  section  1.'2,  New  \  ork 
City  Consolldatton  act  of  1SS2,  as  amended  by  chapter 
lTii,L*wsoflS89 

4.  Payable  from  the  sinking  Aind,  under  provisions  of  chapter 

f9.  Laws  of  1889 

5.  Payable  from  the  slnkinj;  frmd,  under  |  rovislons  of  the 

constitational  amendment  adopted  -  ov.  4,  ISS4 

Gl  Payable  ttom  taxation,  under  provisions  of  chapter  490, 
Laws  of  lim 

7.  Payable  from  taxation,  under  the  several  statutes  author- 

izing their  lasne. 

8.  BondA  Issued  for  local  improvemenrs  after  Jane  9. 18S0 

9.  Debt  of  the  annexed  territory  of  Westchester  County 


Total  ftanded  debt 

Tssned  under  spedal  laws 

Issued  tn  anticipation  of  taxes  of  1881 

Total  amounts. 


OaUtnadlDg 
Dec  SI,  IBM. 


I«nwd  daring 

1890. 


$4,203,000  00 
9,700,000  00 

88,091,080  63 

9,747,000  00 

2S,87ft.000  00 

445,000  00 

03,974,942  85 

4,178,000  00 
697,000  00 


$6,097,846  85 

86,000  00 

1,220,000  00 


e&%000  CO 


R«d«OIIMd 

during  1890. 


OaUtMultng 
Deo   81,  1891. 


$S00  00     $4,267,2C0  00 


1,164,500  00 


2,471,200  00 

'"2a,666'66 


9,700,000  00 

87,688.927  88 

9,782,000  00 

86,600,000  00 

446,000  00 

66,508.742  80 

4,793,000  CO 

66D,(>00  00 


1146,871,022  83     $7,682,346  86     $8,664,500  00  1160,298,869  78 


207,188  00  27,000  00 
I    19,680,150  00 


1146,678,210  88.  $27,289,406  86 


207,198  00 
19,672,560  00 


27,000  00 
7.600  00 


$23,684,288  00  $160,888,460  78 


Total  frinded  debt $150,298,809  78 

Less  amount  held  by  oommia- 

siooer  of  the  sinUng  fUnd  as 

investmento $4\6I9,668  94 

Casli 7,168.866  89 

52,788.480  88 


Net  ftanded  debt.  Dee.  81. 1891 $97,616,488  90 

Revenue  bonds  issued  in  anticipation  of  taxos 

of  1391 0^1)  7.600  00 

(1802)  27,000  00 

Debt,  indnding  revenue  bonds $97,6u0,08d  90 

Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  bonds  to  the 
extent  of  $7,582,34i3.85  have  been  issued  for  per- 
manent improvements  during  the  year,  the  net 
debt  of  the  city  shows  a  decrease  at  the  close  of 
the  year  1891  of  $514,379.30.  The  taxes  payable 
in  this  citT  in  the  autumn  of  each  year  are  for 
meeting  the  expenses  of  the  city  government  for 
the  year  in  which  they  are  imposed.  The  obii- 
pitions  which  the  city  is  required  to  meet  for 
Its  general  expenditures  begin  with  the  month 


age  rate  of  interest  paid  on  these  bonds  during 
the  past  year  has  been  nearly  ^  per  cent,  higher 
than  during  the  year  1890. 

There  is  a  rebate  at  the  rate  of  6  per  cent,  a 
year  allowed  on  all  taxes  paid  prior  to  Dec.  1. 
This  rebate  for  the  year  1891  was  $173,679.91. 

The  Receiver  of  faxes  collected  $30,698,245.88 
and  the  Clerk  of  Arrears  $2,015,460.26;  toUl, 
$32,713,706.14.  The  discount  on  taxes  paid 
prior  to  Nov.  1  was  $173,679.91,  and  the  interest 
collected  on  delinquent  taxes  $356,286.16. 

Board  of  Estimate  and  Apuortionnient.— 
This  body,  consisting  of  the  Slayor,  the  C'omp- 
trollcr,  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Aldermen, 
and  the  President  of  the  Department  of  Taxes 
and  Assessments,  allowed  the  following  amounts 
for  1892 : 

Mayoralty,  $28,000 ;  Common  Council,  $76,800 ; 
Finance  Department,  $300,200;  State  taxes, 
$2,398,504.91;  interest  on  city  debt,  $5,151,- 
770,94;  redemption  of  principal  of  city  debt, 


586 


NEW  YORK  CITY. 


$1,190,428.36;  rents,  $126,625;  armories  and 
drill  rooms— rents,  $39,050 ;  armories  and  drill 
rooms — wages,  $49,776;  judgments,  $750,000: 
Law  Department,  $213,600;  Department  of 
Public  Works,  $3,148,770;  Department  of  Pub- 
lie  Parks,  $1,003,150;  Department  of  Street  Im- 
provements, Twenty-third  and  Twenty-fourth 
Wards,  $310,200;  Department  of  Public  Chari- 
ties and  Correction,  $2,170,125;  Health  Depart- 
ment, $435,138;  Police  Department,  $5,045,- 
468.31 ;  Department  of  Street  Cleaning,  $1,978,- 
540;  Fire  Department,  $2,301,282;  Department 
of  Taxes  and  Assessments,  $120,520;  Board  of 
Education,  $4,448,355.64;  College  of  the  City  of 
New  York,  $148,000;  Normal  College,  $125,000; 

Srinti ng,  stationery,  and  blank  books,  $256,200 ; 
[unicipal  Service  examining  boards,  $25,000; 
coroners,  $54,700;  commissioners  of  accounts, 
$32,500;  sheriff,  $120,232;  register,  $130,250; 
Bureau  of  Elections,  $411,300;  preservation  of 
public  records,  $45.030 ;  fund  for  street  and  park 
openings,  $306,915.20;  jurors'  fees,  $50,000; 
salaries— city  courts,  $383,300;  salaries — judici- 
ary, $1,098,810;  miscellaneous,  $174,147.73;  char- 
itable institutions,  $1,232,716.10;  total,  $35,881,- 
205.19.  Deduct  general  fund,  $3,000,000.  Grand 
total,  $32,881,205.19. 

This  shows  that  the  amount  allowed  for  1892 
is  $35,881,205.10,  which  is  reduced  by  deducting 
the  general  fund  made  up  by  receipts  from  vari- 
ous sources  during  the  year,  including  the  un- 
expended balances  of  previous  years,  amounting 
to  $3,000,000.  The  total  amount  to  be  raised 
by  taxation  is  $32,881,205.19,  which,  as  com- 
pared with  the  allowance  made  for  1891,  shows 
a  nominal  reduction  of  about  $300,000 ;  but  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  the  actual  expenses  of  the  city 
government  have  been  increased  about  $1,000,- 
000.  Of  this  amount,  the  sum  of  $400,000  must 
be  allowed  to  the  Department  of  Street  Clean- 
ing, and  $200,000  additional  to  the  Board  of 
Education. 

Wealth  of  the  Clty.—By  law  the  first  Mon- 
day in  July  is  fixed  for  the  Common  Council  to 
receive  the  tax  rolls.  It  was  found  that  the  as- 
sessed value  in  1891  of  the  city*s  real  estate  was 
$1,464,247,820,  an  increase  of  $65,957,813  over 
that  of  1890.  The  total  personal  estate  was  es- 
timated at  $321,609,518,  an  increase  of  $22,921,- 
135.  The  total  of  the  real  and  personal  estate 
of  the  city  was  found  to  be  $l,78o,a57,338,  which 
shows  an  increase  of  $88,878,948.  In  detail  the 
rolls  are  as  follow : 


WARDS.  lUd 

First |88.61«,162 

Sfloond 8(1,909,147 

Third 41,247,910 

VoorUi 14.882,108 

Fifth 4'?,599,920 

Sixth 88.062,900 

Seventh 22,096,507 

Eighth 41,188,9S8 

NiDlh 84,510,640 

Tenth 21,61  S.232 

Eleventh 21,074,287 

Twelfth 2n,5T9.dM) 

Thirteenth 13,888,229 


ASSESSED  VALUE,   1890. 

WARDS. 
Foarteonth .... 

Fifteenth 

Sixteenth 

Seventeenth . . . 
Eifrbteenth .... 
Nineteenth .... 

Twentieth 

Twenty-flret . . 
Twenty-seoond 
Twenty-third . . 
Twenty-fourth. 


Real  Mlatc. 

$26,B(>G,892 
62,984,970 
41,220,28.^ 
4!,G63,1&3 
88,.'S99,550 

229^533,820 
51  ,.3.50.550 
98.01 2.8M 

140.69  l,H5Q 
8a02],906 
17,640.856 


Total $1,464,247,820 


Pqnooal  wtat*. 

Besldent r28Jt,l  84^187 

Hon-resident 14.854,981 

Shareholders  and  banks 73,570,450 


Total  personal  estate $321,609,618 


Department  of  Public  Parks.— This  bn- 

reau  is  under  the  direction  of  a  board  of  four 
commissioners  as  follows:  Albert  Gallup,  Presi- 
dent, Waldo  Hutchins,  Nathan  Straus,  and 
Paul  Dana.  Headquarters  of  the  boutl  are  at 
61  Chambers  Street. 

During  the  year  the  department  complet^ed 
the  improvement  of  Riverside  Park  from  72d  tu 
79th  Street,  and  partially  widened  and  partially 
extended  the  bridle  paths  in  Central  Park 
Work  was  also  begun  on  the  small  parks  on 
Park  Avenue  between  56th  and  67th  Street^s,  on 
the  plaza  at  Fifth  Avenue  and  110th  Street, 
and  the  park  entrance  at  106th  Street  and 
Eighth  Avenue.  Plans  have  also  been  prepared 
for  the  Macomb's  Dam  bridge.  Two  other 
events  of  the  year  were  the  Sunday  opening  of 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  which  proved 
a  great  success. 

At  the  Metropolitan  Museum  170,000  persons 
visited  the  collection  from  May  till  the  close  of 
the  year,  showing  an  average  attendance  of 
6,000  each  Sunday,  while  on  week  days  the  aver 
age  was  over  700  persons.  On  Oct.  1  the 
Washington  Bridge  passed  into  the  control  of 
the  Park  Board,  which  then  appropriated  $6,000 
to  pay  the  salaries  of  those  who  have  been  hold- 
ing over  under  the  commission. 

During  the  summer  months  free  concerts  were 
given  in  the  parks  in  different  portions  of  the 
city,  there  having  been  one  every  night  in  one 
nark  or  another.  A  laree  number  of  settees 
nave  been  added  to  Centnu  Park  and  Rivendde 
Drive,  and  the  driveways  and  bridle  paths  in 
Central  Park  have  been  increased  and  improved. 

An  entrance  to  Central  Park  is  being  erected 
at  106th  Street  and  Eighth  Avenue.    The  do- 

Eartment  engineer  has  prepared  plans  for  the 
ridge  over  the  Harlem  river,  which  is  to  re- 
Clace  McComKs  Dam  Bridge.  The  cost  will 
B  $1,250,000. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Park  Board  on  Dec  80  it 
was  decided  to  grant  the  petition  of  the  Naval 
Reserve  and  allow  the  battalion  to  use  Castle 
Garden  as  an  armory.  This  arrangement  is  not 
to  be  permanent,  and  it  is  expressly  stipulated 
that  it  is  to  continue  onl^  until  the  permanent 
use  of  the  building  is  decided  upon. 

Surrogate's  Court  (Rastus  S.  Ransom.  Sar- 
rogate). — During  the  year  the  surrogate  {leard 
2,878  motions  and  wrote  2,303  decisions.  He 
listened  to  220  will  contests, admitted  1,446  wills 
to  probate  and  rejected  11,  and  has  but  13  con- 
tested will  cases  at  present  unfinished.  In  all, 
1,600  wills  were  offered  for  probate  during  the 
year.  Letters  of  administration  to  the  number 
of  2,871  were  granted,  and  1,485  documents  were 
filed.  He  signed  13,970  orders  and  decrees,  and 
clerks  in  his  office  recorded  217,188  folios.  He 
issued  570  orders  on  compulsory  accountings 
The  sum  of  $698,785  was  certified  to  the  Comp- 
troller as  being  the  amount  of  collateral  inherit- 
ance tax  upon  estates  as  assessed  and  fixed. 

Judiciary.— In  the  Supreme  Court  (Presid- 
ing Justice,  Charles  H.  Van  Brunt;  Associate 
Justices,  George  P.  Andrews,  George  C  Barrett, 
George  L.  Ingraham,  Abraham  R.  Lawrence. 
Morgan  J.  O'Brien,  and  Edward  Patterson) 
about  1,400  cases  were  tried  by  juries,  and  1,2()2 
at  Special  Term.  There  were  155  divorces 
granted.    More  cases  are  left  on  the  calendar  to 


NEW  YORK  CITY.  587 

be  disposed  of  this  year  than  ever  before  in  the  posed  of  during  the  past  year  as  compared  with 

history  of  this  court.    In  the  General  Term  of  previous  years:  1891,  4,172;  ltJ90,  8,942;  1869, 

the  Superior  Court  207  cases  were  disposed  of,  8,928. 

and   in  the  Special  Term  297.    In  tne  latter  More  money  was  turned  into  the  city  treas- 

there  were  595  jury  trials,  15.928  decisions,  and  ury  from  forfeited  bail  bonds  than  ever  before, 

18.526  orders  filed.'  There  were  naturalized  9,008  the  aggregate  being  $22,400. 

persons.  Police. — This  department  is  under  the  super- 

At  the  General  Term  of  the  Court  of  Com-  vision  of  four  commissioners,  who  are  appointed 
mon  Pleas  (Judges,  Chief,  John  Sedgwick,  P.  for  a  term  of  six  years  each  by  the  Mayor.  They 
llenrv  Dugro,  Henry  A.  Gildersleeve,  John  J.  are  Charles  F.  JiacLean,  President;  James  J. 
FreeJman,  David  McAdam,  and  Charles  H.  Martin,  John  McClave,  and  John  R.yoorhis.  The 
Tniax)  870  appeals  were  disposed  of  and  150  Superinteudentis  William  Murray,  and  the  head- 
opinions  were  written.  At  the  Trial  Terms  561  quarters  are  at  800  Mulberry  Street. 
cases  were  disposed  of.  There  were  177  sched-  The  force  on  Jan.  1, 18^,  consisted  of  a  su- 
ules  filed  in  assignment  matters,  showing  liabili-  perintendent,  a  chief  inspector,  8  mspectors,  15 
ties  of  $12,590,104.69,  nominal  assets  of  |l7,854,-  surgeons,  84  captains.  155  sergeants,  40  detective 
912.78,  and  actual  assets  of  ^8,260,374. 14.  sergeants,  164  roundsmen,  8,146  patrolmen,  75 

In  the  City  Court  (Judges,  Simon  M.  Ehrlick,  doormen,  and  18  on  probation,  a  total  of  8,054, 

James  M.  Fitzsimons,  John  H.  McCarthy,  Uenry  an  increase  of  111  over  1890.    During  the  year 

P.  McGown,  Joseph  £.  Newberger,  ana  Robert  44  members  of  the  force  died,  44  were  retired,  29 

A.  Van  Wyck),  General  Term,  207  cases  were  were  dismissed,  and  21  resigned, 

disposed  of,  and  1,875  cases  were  disposed  of  at  There  wero  89.920  arrests,  as  against  84,556 

the  Trial  Terms.    There  were  9,606  judgment  during  1890.    Of  this  number,  70,911  were  males 

rolls  entered,  amounting  to  $6,000,0(X).  and  19,019  were  females.    The  nrincipal  crimes 

In  the  United  States  District  Attorney's  of-  and  misdemeanors  for  which  tne  arrests  were 

fice  (Edward  Mitchell)  and  the  United   States  made  are  as  follow:  Intoxication,  26,069;  dis- 

Circuit  Court  (Judges,  E.  Henry  Laoombe,  Wil-  orderly  conduct,  15,866 ;  violation  of  corporation 

liam  J.  Wallace)  more  work  was  accomplished  ordinances,  6,778;  felonious  assault,  5,268;  bus- 

last  year  than  in  any  previous  year.    There  were  picious  persons,  4.094 ;  violation  of  excise  law, 

brought    before    United  States  Commissioners  8,428;  petit  larceny,  8,330;  vagrancy,  1,923;  and 

John  A.  Shields  and  Samuel  M.  Hitchcock  585  grand  larceny,  1.8()6. 

cases  of  a  criminal  nature,  and  11  before  United  The  police  stations   furnished   lodging  for 

States  Commissioner  Samuel  H.  Lyman.    Some  157,275  homeless  persons,  of  whom  68,928  were 

74  indictments  were  found  and  62  cases  were  females.    At  the  Bureau  of  Information  over 

tried  and  disposed  of,  and  there  were  1,470  cus-  6,000   persons   called   for   assistance.       There 

toms  cases  litigated.    In  the  United  States  Cir-  were  710  letters  received,  of  which  489  were  an- 

cuit  Court  891  new  cases  were  brought  in  com-  swered.     The  bureau  received  and    cared  for 

mon  law,  and  1,856  were  tried  and  disposed  of.  8,128  lost  children,  of  whom  1,071  were  girls  and 

In  the  Equity  Department    189    were    heard,  included  86  colored  waifs.    Besides  these,  105 

There  were  529  appeals  from  the  Board  of  Gen-  female  and  96  male  foundlings  were  cared  for 

eral   Appraisers  filed,  and   1,402  motions  were  and  turned  over  to  the  Department  of  Charities 

heard  and  passed  upon  by  the  various  judges  in  and  Correction, 

the  circuit.  There  were  77  runaway  children  captured  by 

District  Attorney's  Office  (office,  82  Cham-  the  police  and  returned  to  their  families  or  rela- 

bers  Street.    District  Attorney,  DeLancy  Nicoll).  tives.    Of  missing  people,  142  were  reported,  all 

— The  annual  report  of  the  District  Attorney  of  but  8  of  whom  were  heard  from.    At  tne  morgue 

the  county  shows  that  in  1891  the  volume  of  201  unknown  dead,  including  21  females,  were 

business  was  greater,  and  that  more  cases  were  reported,  92  of  the  bodies  having  been  identified, 

disposed  of,  than  ever  before.    The  Grand  Jury  The  property  cJerk  received  2,088  different  lots 

received  and  acted  upon  4,204  cases,  as  compared  of  stolen  or  unclaimed  property,  and  delivered 

with  8,942  in  1890.  772  lots,  aggregating  in  value  $108,994.16.    The 

An  analysis  of  the  cases  received  and  disposed  different  police  stations  during  the  year  deliv- 

of  shows  tnat  numerically  the  crime  of  larceny  ered  $959,794  worth  of  property  which  had  fallen 

stands  first,  1,401  complaints  therefor  having  into  the  hands  of  the  police,  and  was  claimed  be- 

been  received  and  828  were  convicted ;  589  per-  fore  it  could  reach  the  property  clerk.    The  su- 

sons  were  charged  with  assault  and  199  convicted :  perintendent  issued  566  permits  to  carry  pistols, 

517  with  burglary^  of  which  number  477  were  1,179  permits  for  parades,  268  ball  permits,  and 

convicted ;  186  with  robbery ;  88  with  forgery ;  246  permits  for  funerals.    The  Telegraph  De- 

55  with  homicide,  out  of  which  number  27  were  partment  required  the  services  of  two  or  three 

convicted  ;  8  for  murder  in  the  first  degree;  2  extra  operators  the  year  round.    About  851,000 

for  murder  in  the  second  degree ;  and  the  remain-  messages  were  sent  and  received  durine   the 

der  for  manslaughter.  year,  of  which  over  two  hundred  thousand  were 

The  Grand  Jury  dismissed  1,182  oases,  and  of  general  alarms, 
the  remainder  2,056  upon  arraignment  for  trial  During  the  year  there  have  been  employed 
pleaded  guilty,  or  were  convicted,  401  were  ac-  matrons  in  two  station  houses,  at  Oak  and  Eliza- 
quitted,  633  indictments  for  various  misde-  beth  Streets.  These  appointments  were  made 
itieanors  were  discharged  or  sent  to  the  Court  of  simply  as  an  experiment,  and  the  Police  Board  is 
Special  Sessions,  thus  making  the  total  number  watching  the  result  of  their  work  with  the  closest 
actually  disposed  of  and  cleared  from  the  dockets  scrutiny.  The  station  house  on  West  68th 
of  the  General  Sessions  amount  to  4,172  cases.  Street  was  completed  during  the  year,  and  is 
The  following  shows  the  Aamber  of  cases  dis-  ready  for  occupancy. 


588  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

Public  Works. — This  department  of  the  city  Nov.  5  to  24,  on  account  of  the  depletion  of  the 

government  is  under  the  charge  of  a  commis-  stored  water,  the  supply  through  tne  two  aque- 

sioner  appointed  by  the  Mayor,  independent  of  ducts  had  to  be  reduced  to  100,000,000  gallons  a 

the  Board  of  Aldermen,  for  a  term  of  four  years,  day,  since  which  time  the  recent  rainfalls  have 

The  present  incumbent  is  Thomas  F.  Gilroy,  enabled  the  department  to  gradually  increase  it 

with  headquarters  at  81  Chambers  Street.    There  to  125,000,000  gallons  a  day. 

are  nine  sub-bureaus,  as  follow :  1,  for  layine  By  next  summer  the  available  storage  capacity 

water   pipes,  constructing   sewers,  walls,    ana  will  be  increased  about  4,500,000,000  gallons  by 

hydrants,  paving  streets,  etc.  (William  U.  Burke,  the  completion  of  the  double  Sodom  reservoir, 

water  purveyor) :  2,  for  the  collection  of  revenue  and  about  two  vears  thereafter  the  three  other 

from  the  sale  and  use  of  water  (Joseph  Kiley,  storage  reservoirs  now  in  course  of  construe- 

water  registrar) ;  3,  for  the  care  of  all  property  tion  will  be  completed,  adding  22,000,000,000 

connected  with    the  supply  of   Croton   water  gallons  to  the  storage  capacity,  and  making  the 

(chief    engineer.    Qeorg:o  W.  Birdsall) ;   4,  for  entire  storage  capacity  89.200*000,000. 

grading,  nagging,  curbing,  and   guttering  the  The  quantities  of  work  done  in  regulating, 

streets  (William  M.  Dean,  superintendent);   5,  grading,  curbing,  and  flagging  streets  during  the 

for  lamps  and  gas  (Stephen  McCormick,  super-  year  included :  170,012  cubic  yards  earth  placed 

intendent);  6,  for  streets  and  roads  (John   B.  in  embankments ;  64,878  cubic  yards  rock  exea- 

Shea,  superintendent) ;  7,  for  repairs  of  and  sup-  vated ;  38,850  cubic  yards  earth  excavated ;  27.- 

plies  to,  etc.  (William  G.  Bergen,  superintend-  020  lineal  feet  new  curbstones  set;  8,854  lineal 

ent) ;  8.  for  the  removal  of  incumbrances  (Mi-  feet  curb  reset ;  193,584  square  feet  new  flagging 

chael  T.  Cummings,  superintendent) ;  9,  for  the  laid ;    81,640  square  feet  old  flagging  reiaid ; 

care  of  sewers  (Horace  Loomis,  engineer).  9,767  lineal  feet  picket  fence  built. 

The  annual  report  of  this  department  shows  Durine  the  year  1,118  new  gas  lamps  and  103 

that  in  extending  and  improving  the  means  for  electric  lamps  were  placed  and  lighted  on  15^ 

the  distribution  of  water  17  miles  of  mains,  with  miles  of  new  streets.    There  are  now  27.080  ga& 

151  stopcocks  and  163  fire  hydrants,  have  been  lamps  and  1,196  electric  lamps  in  use,  lighting 

placed,  making  now  a  total  of  684'71  miles  of  525  miles  of  streets,  2^  miles  of  piers  and  bridges, 

water  mains,  with  7,101  stopcocks  and  8,789  fire  and  89  acres  of  public  parks  and  places.    There 

hydrants.    There  have  been  placed   1.568  new  are  1,307  miles  of  gas  mains  in  the  sti^eets  of  the 

water  meters,  making  a  total  of  28,640  now  in  city. 

use.    The  revenue  paid  into  the  city  treasury  In « the  care  and  repair  of  macadam  roadways 

for  water  rents,  penalties,  and  permits  to  tap  70,172  square  yards  of  new  macadam  superstruct- 

water  mains  amountedto  $2,923,513.46.  ure  were  laid  on  Seventh  Avenue,  from  110th  to 

The   new  aqueduct  was  transferred  by   the  145th  Street ;  108,662  square  yards  of  roadways 

aquedact  commissioners  to  the  care  and  cus-  wereresurfaced  with  gravel,  and 3,273  truck  loads 

tody  of  the  department  on  June  30,  and  a  state-  of  surface  material  were  used  in  the  work  done 

ment  issued  by   the   aqueduct  commissioners  by  the  Maintenance  Department  in  addition  to 

showed  that  the  total  cost  of  the  aqueduct  up  that  done  by  contract.     New  pavements  have 

to  and  including  Dec.  31,  1891,  was  $25,309.-  been  laid  as  follow : 

990.95.    Of  this  sum  there  were  paid  out  on  oranitk  and  trap  blocks.         h^ 

vouchers,  pay  rolls,  etc.,  $2,967,000.88 ;  on  con-    on  new  8ti«et«.  payable  by  aMessmeots M,m 

tracts,  agreements,  etc.,  $20,690,099.03  ;  for  land    Rei>ayement8  within  land  granta 7<(,7ii 

and  land  damages,  $57,869.82 ;  expenses  of  com-    gepaTemenra  under  |l.oou.ooo  appropriation ieu.Tfi6 

missioners  of  appraisal,  $2,098,36r70.     The  city     Bep»^eo>enta  under  annual  appropriation _nvow 

began  to  receive  water  through  the  new  aque-         Total 8<a,«47 

duct  on  July  15, 1890,  beginning  at  the  rate  of  asphalt                         s«.  t^^ 

about  85,000,(K)0  gallons  a^ay,  which  by  Jarh  1,     Oanety  ttreeta.  parable  by  aaeeaam'enti 9,S 

189 1,  increased  to  60,000,000  gallons  a  day.    The    Beparementa  within  land  graota a,5yi 

supply  through  the  old  aqueduct,  was  reduced     Repavemonta under  ♦1,00«,0(K) appropriation 188.<« 

from  the  maximum  capacity  of  98,000,000  gal-    ««l-^«™«^  »»^«'  "»«»» appropriation ^'^ 

Ions  a  day  to  75,000,000  gallons  a  day,  making  Total i»o,iis 

the  daily  total  supply  to  the  city,  with  the  10,-  ,.     ^ ,  , ,                   ,  ,  ,^                      ~r;^ 

000,000  gallons  a  <fay  received  through  the  Bronx  ^""^  ^^  ^'^  pavemenu  laid. 8l^.:« 

river  conduit,  145,000,000  gallons.    During  the  The  following  is  the  present  mileage  of  paved 

year  this  was  gradually  increased  to  164.000,000  streets  on  Manhattan  Island :  Cobbles,  3*34  miles: 

gallons  a  day,  of  which  150,000,000  came  through  specification  stone  block,  197-25;  souare  stone 

the  two  aqueducts  and  14.000,000  gallons  through  blocks,  122*09 ;  macadam,  24*24 :  asphalt^  24*89 ; 

the  Bronx  river  ox)nduit.    It  is  evident    that,  total,  871*75. 

with  even  the  ordinary  rainfall  in  quantity  and  There  have  been  constructed  and  laid  in  the 
in  its  distribution  over  an  entire  year,  much  streets:  Gas  mains,  41*89  miles;  electrical  sul)- 
larger  storage  capacity  is  required  in  the  Croton  ways  and  conduits,  35-68 ;  single  horse-car  tnukf', 
watershed  for  a  daily  supply  of  150,000,000  than  10*10 ;  single-track  cable  rails  on  Third  Avenue 
for  one  of  98,000,000  gallons.  The  average  an-  (completed),  7 ;  single-track  cable  rails  on  Third 
nual  rainfall  in  the  Croton  watershed,  according  Avenue  (uncompleted),  4*50:  single-track  cable 
to  the  records  of  more  than  forty  years,  is  about  rails  on  Broadway  (completed  and  paved),  9-80; 
48  inches.  During  1891  the  rainfall  was  only  steam  and  salt-water  pipes.  0*81. 
86*CJ3  inches,  or  more  than  18  per  cent,  below  the  The  contract  for  tne  Criminal  Court  build- 
average.  The  consequence  was  that  14,700,-  ing  calls  for  its  completion  in  five  hundred 
000,000  gallons  of  water  had  to  be  drawn  from  working  days,  of  which  four  hundred  and 
the  storage  reservoirs,  lakes,  and  ponds,  and  from  thirty-one  have  been  consumed.    The  average 


NEW  YORK  CITY.  689 

height  of  the  building  on  its  four  street  fronts  the  commerce  of  this  port,  that  the  city  should, 

is  to  be  112  feet  from  the  street  level  to  the  para-  under  the  powers  conferred  by  law,  acquire  the 

pet;  the  Etro  Street  front  is  to  be  built  within  whole  North  river  water-front  as  far  as  58th 

49  feet  of  this  height,  the  Franklin  Street  front  Street  and  that  of  the  East  river  as  far  as  Grand 

to  within  75  feet  of  the  parapet,  the  White  Street  Street.    Improvements  on  a  comprehensive  plan, 

f  root  to  from  57  to  65  feet  below  the  parapet  and  with  a  contmuous  sea-wall  and  piers  at  proper 

the  Center  Street  front  to  within  75  feet  of  the  intervals  and  of  sufficient  length,  could  then  be 

parapet.     There  are  10  interior  partition  walls,  made,  thus  meeting  the  requirements  of  com- 

all  of  which  are  within  46  feet  of  the  roof.    Two  merce  and  carrying  into  effect  the  provisions  of 

of  the  four  stories  of  the  marble  interior  arcade  the  act  of  1871. 

are  built.     The  iron  work,  heating  apparatus,  Street  Cleaning. — ^This  department  is  under 

and  plumbing  are  advanc^  to  the  full  extent  the  control  of  a  commissioner  with  his  office 

possible  with  the  progress  on  the  mason  work,  at  187  Stewart  Building,  (Thomas  S.  Brennan, 

w  ith  an  adequate  force  of  workmen  the  build-  Commissioner).    The  appropriation  for  1891  wa? 

in g  can  be  put  under  roof  in  sixty-four  days.  The  $1,511,250,  which  was  an  increase  over  that  of 

construction  of  the  new  Harlem  court-nouse  is  1890   of    $239,724,   although    the   population 

progressing  favorably.    The  fifteen  free  floating  showed  an  increase  of  6  per  cent.,  or  100,827.  The 

baths  were  thoroughly  repaired  and  equipped  in  appropriation  was  used  as  follows :   Adminis- 

the  spring  and  placed  in  their  respective  summer  tration,  $124,000 ;  sweeping,  $377,000 ;  carting, 

berths  in  June.     The  total  attendance  for  the  $616,000 ;  snow  and  ice,  $40,000 ;  final  disposi- 

bathing  season  of  1891  was  2,350,362  males  and  tion,  $292,000;  new  stock,  $50,000 ;  rentals  and 

1,081,967  females    The  operations  of  the  Bureau  contingencies,  $13J^0. 

of   Encumbrances  are  summarized  as  follow:  The  work  accomplished  by  the  department 

Complaints  of  obstructions  received  and  attended  and  the  cost  were  as  follow :  Swept,  56,528*68 

to,  4^242 ;  seizures  and  removals  of  obstructions  miles  of  streets,  cost  $5.09  a  mile ;  carted,  1,450,- 

made,  4,054 ;  cartloads  of  refuse  material  removed  741  loads,  cost  87  cents  a  load ;  and  final  disposi- 

from  the  streets,  597 ;  dead  and  dangerous  shade  tion,  1,659,415  loads,  at  15  cents  a  yard, 

trees  removed,  639 ;  telegraph  poles  removed,  1,-  The  refuse  was  disposed  of  by  dumping  831,- 

537 :    miles  of  telegraph  wire  removed,  2,232 ;  027  loads  at  sea,  736,756  loads  behind  bulkheads, 

permits  issued  to  place  building  material  on  and  filling  in  lots  with  119,844  loads, 

streets,  7,276 ;  miscellaneous  permits  1,026.  Yital  statistics. — The  Board  of  Health  con- 

Sewera^  was  extended  into  new  streets  by  the  sists  of  the  President  of  the  Board  of  Police,  the 

construction  of  7*35  miles  of  new  sewers,  with  health  officer  of  the  port,  and  two  commission- 

66  receiving  basins,  and  1*52  miles  of  new  sewers  ers,  one  of  whom  must  have  been  for  five  years 

were  built  in  place  of  old  and  defective  ones,  a  practicing  physician.     The  commissioner  who 

The  sewerage  system  on  Manhattan  Island  now  is  not  a  physician  is  the  president  of  the  board, 

includes  4&'24  miles  of  sewers,  with  5,314  re-  The   commissioners  are   as  follow :    President 

ceiving   basins.     In  the  maintenance  of   this  Charles   G.    Wilson,    Dr.    Joseph   D.    Bryant, 

system,  162,305  miles  of  sewers  and  4,387  receiv-  Health-Officer  William  M.  Smith,  and  Presi- 

ing  basins  were  cleaned.  dent  of  the  Board  of  Police  Charles  F.  Mac- 

A  summary  of  contracts  shows  that  during  Lean.    The  headquarters  of  the  Board  of  Health 

the  year  there  were  made :  is  at  301  Mott  Street.    During  1891  the  vital 

"f?^^**^  statistics  were  as  follow : 

.^6  sewer  contracts $811,468  16 

n  renrulating  and  gT»dli« 278,818  99 

44paTlne .• 1,861,870  06 

T4  mteeeilaDeoiu M0,0C4  84 


FTEMS. 


Deatto  under  one  year. . 

834ooiitracta.    Totaloort. 12,788,125  78     Deaths  under  five  years. 

Total  deaths. 


Dock  Department— There  are  three  com-  Toui  reported  births 

mfesioners,  «i  follow :  President,  Edwin  A.  Post ;  Totji  jjpojted  njjnjjgj.. . 

Treasurer   James  Matthews;  and    J.  Servant  Deatd  late per  i,ooo living 
Cram.  The  office  of  this  department  is  at  Pier  A, 


1891. 


11,244 
18,225 
48.084 
46.604 
15,764 
8.414 
25*96 


1890. 


10,251 
16,249 
40,280 
89,250 
14,992 
8,815 
24-66 


North  river.  During  the  year  9  new  piers  wei-e  The  principal  causes  of  death  were  as  follow  : 
built  on  the  North  river  and  5  on  the  East  Phthisis,  5,160;  pneumonia,  5,817:  diarrhceal 
river.  Of  those  on  the  North  river,  10  piers  were  diseases,  3,585;  Bright's  disease  and  nephritis, 
extended  to  the  new  pier-head  line.  On  the  2,508 :  heart  disease,  2,287 ;  bronchitis,  1,834 ; 
North  river  600  feet  of  masonry  sea-wall  were  violence,  1,957;  diphtheria,  1,363;  scarlet  fever, 
built  and  1,400  feet  on  the  East  river,  and  1,200  1,221 ;  influenza,  838 1  measles,  664 :  croup,  605 ; 
feet  of  crib  bulk-head  were  constructed  in  the  typhoid  fever,  384 ;  whooping  cough,  353 ;  cere- 
upper  part  of  the  island.  A  total  of  new  wharf-  bro-spinal  meningitis,  189 ;  malarial  fever,  187  ; 
age  front  was  thus  provided  of  more  than  two  smallpox,  2;  and  typhus  fever,  1. 
and  a  half  miles,  equaling  over  10  per  cent,  of  The  Bureau  of  Contacious  Diseases  (Cyrus 
the  entire  dock  frontage  of  the  city  of  Liverpool.  Edson,  chief)  report  that  during  the  year  25,189 
The  receipts  of  the  department  were  over  $1,650.-  cases  were  attended  by  sanitary  inspectors.  This 
000.  the  largest  of  any  year  in  its  history.  number  included  9  typhus  fever,  1,329  typhoid 
The  city*s  water-front  property  is  now  sub-  fever,  7,218  scarlet  fever,  11,863  measles,  4,749 
stantially  all  improved,  but  private  owners,  with  diphtheria,  and  21  smallpox.  There  were  26,128 
their  limited  holdings,  are  unwilling  or  unable  inspections  made,  and  8,520  general  and  special 
to  properly  improve  their  dock  property.     It  is  reports  submitted. 

recommended  as  a  measure  of  economy  in  the  There  were  25,243  primary  vaccinations  and 

use  of  the  water-fronts,  and  for  the  advantage  of  83,790  revaccinations  jierf ormed  during  the  year, 


590  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

and  910  sick  children  were  visited.     The  disin-  Arrears  of  Pergonal  Taxes  (John  G.  H.  Meyers) 

fecting  corps  visited  29.568  houses  in  which  con-  paid  into  the  city  treasury  about  $81,000.    (3) 

tagious  diseases  were  reported,  fumigated  27,866,  The  office  of  the  Corporation  Attorney  (Louis 

and  disinfected  94,588  rooms ;  1,049  patients  suf-  Hanneman)  collected  over  $12,000.   (4)  The  Pub- 

fering  from  contagious  disease  were  removed  to  lie  Administrator's  office  (Charles  £.  Lydecker) 

hospital,  and  18  dead  bodies  were  removed  to  the  paid  into  the  city  treasury  $7,606.65,  commissions 

morgue ;  34,950  pieces  of  infected  goods  were  on  intestate  estates. 

removed  for  disinfection,  8.116  pieces  were  de-  The  money  sought  to  be  recovered  in  ^^nc^li- 

stroyed,  and  the  rest  returned  to  owners  after  gence  cases"  from  the  city  ag^gated  $224,000. 

disinfection.     The  veterinarian  of  the  depart*  of  which  only  $3,785  was  obUined. 

ment  had  charge  of  538  cases  of  contagious  Fire. — This  department  is  under  the  control 

diseases  in  animals,  made  1,536  inspections,  and  of  a  board  of  three  commissioners,  as  follow : 

examined    34,240   head   of    cattle.      Sixty-six  Henry  D.  Pnrroy,  President,  S.  Howland  Rob- 

glandered  horses  were  destroyed,  and  136  post-  bins,  and  Anthony  Kickhoff.    The  headquarters 

mortems  on  cattle  were  made.  of  the  department  is  at  157  East  67th  Street,  and 

The  total  number  of  orders  issued  by  the  the  chief  is  Hugh  Bonner, 

board  for  the  abatement  of  nuisances  was  25,-  This  department  includes  1.035  officers  and 

232 ;  attorneys'  notices  issued  for  non-eompli-  men,  57  engine  companies  (including  3  floatiog 

ance  with  orders,  15.054 :  civil  actions  begun,  engines),  22  hook-and-ladder  companies^  91  steam 

2,435 ;  arrests  made,  06 ;  judgments  obtained  in  fire  engines.  3  flre  boats,  37  hook-and-ladder 

civil  courts,  288 ;  judgments  obtained  in  crim-  trucks,  and  382  horses. 

inid  courts,  224 ;  permits  issued,  4,330 ;  persons  During  the  year  there  were  3,925  fires,  of  which 

removed  from  overcrowded  apartments,  3,308.  3,559  were  confined  to  point  of  starting :  173  firc>s 

The  inspections  by  officers  of  the  Sanitary  Bu-  confined  to  building ;  56  extended  to  other  build- 

reau  were  664,801  (171,058  more  than  in  1890),  as  ings;  2,711  fires  extinguished  without  engine 

follow :  By  sanitary  inspectors,  58,494 ;  sanitary  stream ;  814  fires  extinguished  with  one  engine 

police,  292,701;  division  of  contagious  diseases,  stream;  400  fires  extinguished  with  more  than 

26,128 ;  plumbing  and  ventilation  mspectors.  55,-  one  engine  stream ;  1,252  fires  resulting  in  nomi- 

117;  milk  inspectors,  94,670;  fruit  and  food  in-  nal  damage  onlv;  762  fires,  building  not  dam- 

spectors,  41,606 ;  meat  and  fish  inspectors,  66,-  aged :  635  fires,  building  slightly  damaged ;  209 

^1 ;  offensive  trades  inspectors,  29,133 ;  assistant  fires,  building  considerably  damaged,  and  16  fires, 

chemists,  21.  building  destroyed;  estimated  loss,  $6,618,517: 

Night   inspections   of   tenements   to   report  insurance,  $77,402,837;  average  loss  by  each  fin?, 

overcrowding  numbered  53.570,  and  3,308  per-  $1,686.24;  number  of  fire  alarms,  4,185. 

sons  removed  from  overcrowded  apartments.  The  The  Bureau  of  Combustibles  received  for  li- 

inspectors  of  plumbing  and  ventilation  reported  censes,  permits,  and  penalties  $47,430.33. 

2,748  houses  begun  during  1891,  of  which  2,629  In  the  Bureau  oi   Inspection  of   Buildings 

were  finished,  and  there  are  at  present  2,474  in  there  were  1.616  applications  for  new  buildings; 

process  of  construction.     There  were  examined  2,802  proposed  new  buildings ;  estimated  cost, 

144,870  specimens  of  milk  offered  for  sale,  and  $56,001,681 ;  2,160  applications  to  alter,  repair, 

1.744  quarts  of  adulterated  milk  were  destroyed,  etc. ;  2,385  proposed  to  alter,  etc ;  estimated  cost. 

There  were  184  persons  arrested  for  offering  $7,445,231 ;  violations  of  law  reported  and  acted 

adulterated  milk  for  sale,  of  whom  166  were  upon,  1.340 ;  buildings  reported  for  fire-escapes, 

tried  and  3  were  discharged.     The  amount  col-  1,793;  buildings  reportea  unsafe,  1,2x4;   and 

lected  in  fines  was  $4,336.     As  a  result  of  the  complaints  investisrated,  2,946. 

inspections  by  the  fruit  and  food  inspectors,  1,-  Of  fire-alarm  telegraphs  there  are  272  alarm 

841,244  pounds  of  stuff  unfit  for  food  were  con-  boxes,  47  fire-apparatus  houses.  13  school-houses, 

demned  and  seized,  an  increase  over  1890   of  and  6  hospitals  which  are  connected  by  under- 

285,168  pounds.     There  were  2  arrests  for  offer-  ground  telegraph  through  the  city  subways  and 

ing  this  stuff  for  sale,  and  the  accused  were  fined  subsidiary  conauits  by  means  of  59^  miles  of 

$10.     The  meat  and  fish  inspectors  condemned  cable,  having  577  miles  of  conductors.    During 

and  seized  1,595,497  pounds  of  meat  and  fish  1891  915  telegraph  poles  and  67  miles  of  wire 

unfit  for  food,  an  increase  of  395,156  pounds  were  taken  down. 

over  the  preceding  year.     Three  arrests  were  The  Chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Boiler  Inspectors 

made  in  this  connection,  and  $100  was  imposed  reports  making  6,471  inspections ;  6,381  tests  of 

as  fines.    Dead  animals  to  the  number  of  48,914  boilers,  of  which  40  were  condemned.    There 

were  removed  from  the  streets,  an  increase  of  were  6.651  engineers  examined  during  the  year, 

6,948  over  the  previous  year.  and  5,942  certificates  were  granted. 

Law. — The  work  in  this  division  is  divided  Edncation. — Theboard  having  control  of  this 

among  four  offices:  (1)  Corporation  CounseFs  subject  consists  of  21  commissioners,  who  are  ap 

office  (William  II.  Clark).    The  records  of  this  pointed  by  the  Mayor.    The  president  is  John  L 

office  for  1801  show  that  it  has  tried,  at  Circuit  N.  Hunt  and  the  city  superintendent  is  John 

and  Special  Terms  of  the  different  courts  of  rec-  Jasper.    The  number  of  schools  and  departments 

ord,  98  suits,  and  102  appeals  and  760  motions  is  now  upward  of  306,  including  a  nautical  school, 

were  argued.     The  Corporation  Counsel  exam-  in  which  there  were  register^  on  Sept.  30  59.- 

ined  and  approved  935  contracts  entered  into  199  pupils  in  the  grammar  departments  and  113,- 

between  the  city  and  various  contractors,  wrote  887  pupils  in  the  primary  departmentsi.    At  that 

899  opinions  on  questions  submitted  to  him  by  time  6  new  schools  were  in  course  of  constmction, 

the  heads  of  departments,  and  also  collected  and  and  would  be  opened  during  the  coming  year, 

turned  into  the  city  treasury  $301,618.88.    (2)  affording  accommodation  for  8,000  pupils.  There 

The  office  of  the  Attorney  for  the  Collection  of  were  refused  395  grammar  pupils  and  4,747  pri- 


NEW  YORK  CITY.  691 

mwry  pnpils  owing  to  lack  of  room,  but  more  and  again  connecting  with  the  Broadway  line, 

than  one  third  of  these  subsequently  found  ac-  Also,  a  route,  the  center  line  diverging  from  the 

commodation.  Broadway  line  at  or  near  14th  Street,  ninning 

It  was  proposed  that  the  office  of  Counsel  to  under  Union  Square  to  Fourth  Avenue;  thence 

the  Board  of  Education  be  abolished,  the  Board  under  Fourth  and  Park  Avenues  to  a  point  112'15 

of  Estimate  deciding  that  all  legal  matters  upon  feet  north  from  the  north  line  of  40th  Street ; 

which  the  Board  of  Education  needed  advice  thence  to  the  left  on  a  curve  with  a  radius  of 

(^uld  be  attended  to  by  the  Corporation  Counsel,  250  feet  for  a  distance  of  154*55  feet ;  thence  by 

but  this  action  failed  to  go  into  effect.  tangent  a  distance  of  202*18  feet  to  a  j)oint  40*1 

Rapid  Transit. — A  Board  of  Rapid  Transit  feet  north  from  the  south  line  of  42d  Street  and 

Railroad  Commissioners  for  the  City  of  New  York,  215*7  feet  west  from  the  center  line  of  Fourth 

consisting  of  William  Steinway,  John  H.  Starin,  Avenue ;  thence  to  the  right  on  a  curve  with  a 

Samuel  Spencer,  John  H.  Inman,  and  Eugene  L.  radius  of  250  feet  a  distance  of  124*23  feet ; 

Bushe,  appointed  by  the  provisions  of  chapter  iv  thence  by  tangent  46'30  feet ;  thence  to  the  left 

of  the  Laws  of  1891,  to  determine  upon  a  gen-  on  a  curve  with  a  radius  of  250  feet  a  distance 

eral  plan  of  construction  of  a  rapid- transit  rail-  of  182-37  feet  to  a  point  4*4  feet  north  from  the 

way  to  be  established  in  this  city,  reported  to  the  north  line  of  43d  Street  and  150*5  feet  east 

Common  Council  on  Oct.  20, 1801,  that  a  decision  from  the  center  line  of  Madison  Avenue ;  thence 

favoring  an  underground  and  viaduct  railway  by  tangent  39*58  feet ;  thence  to  the  right  on  a 

was  reached,  and  a  route,  as  follow :  The  center  curve  with  a  radius  of  400  feet  a  distance  of 

line  recommended  to  begin  at  a  point  under  the  382*28  feet  to  a  point  in  the  center  line  of  Madi- 

westerly  side  of  Whitehall  Street,  distant  along  son  Avenue  65*0  feet  north  from  the  north  line 

the  same  62*5  feet  north  from  the  northerly  line  of  44th  Street ;  thence  under  Madison  Avenue 

of  South  Street  produced ;  thence  by  diverging  to  the  south  line  of  96th  Street ;  thence  to  the 

lines  under  Whitehall  Street  and  Battery  Park  right  on  a  curve  with  a  radius  of  400  feet  for  a 

and  State  Street,  resi)ectively,  forming  a  loop  distance  of  240*07  feet;  thence  by  tangent  a 

line,  the  tracks  converging  to  parallelism  at  a  distance  of  132*98  feet ;  thence  to  the  left  on 

point  under  Broadway  between  Bowling  Green  a  curve  with  a  radius  of  400  feet  a  distance  of 

and  Morris  Street;  thence  under  Broadway  and  240*07  feet  to  the  south  line  of  98th  Street  at  a 

Union  Square  to  59th  Street ;  thence  under  the  point  distant  175  feet  east  from  the  easterly  line 

Boulevaiti  to  121st  Street ;  thence  by  viaduct  to  of  Madison  Avenue ;  running  thence  by  viaduct 

134th  Street;  thence  under  the  Boulevard  to  parallel  with  Madison  Avenue,  the  center  line 

the  south  line  of  156th  Street;  thence  by  viaduct  aistant  175  feet   east   from   the  easterly  line 

to  the  north  line  of  159th  Street ;  thence  under  thereof,  across  streets  and  private  property  to  a 

the  Boulevard  to  169th  Street;  thence  under  pom  1 124*6  feet  north  from  the  line  of  north  134  th 

Eleventh  Avenue  to  a  point  1,460  feet  north  of  Street  and  distant  175  feet  east  from  the  easterly 

the  center  line  of  190th  Street ;  thence  by  a  line  of  Madison  Avenue ;  thence  to  the  ri^ht  on 

viaduct  on  the  same  straight  line  produced  to  a  a  curve  with  a  radius  of  857*15  feet  a  distance 

point  442  feet  north  from  the  intersection  of  said  of  408*6  feet  to  a  point  on  the  west  line  of  River 

straight  line  with  the  center  line  of  the  King's  Street  54  feet  11  inches  south  from  the  south 

Bridge  Road;  thence  to  the  right  on  a  curve  line  of  136th  Street;  thence  by  tangent  across 

with  a  radius  of  1,910  feet  and  a  tunnel  a  the  Harlem  river  a  distance  of  400  feet ;  thence 

distance  of  860*6  feet ;  thence  by  tangent  138  to  the  left  on  a  cur\'e  to  the  south  line  of  134th 

feet ;  thence  by  curve  to  the  left  with  a  radius  Street  at  its  intersection  with  the  center  lino  of 

of  1.910  feet,  a  distance  of  360  feet  in  tunnel  and  Walton  Avenue ;  thence  by  viaduct,  depressed 

a  distance  of  510*6  feet  by  yiaduct,  to  a  point  on  structure,  and  tunnel,  as  the  contour  of  the 

a  line  coincident  with  the  center  line  of  Audubon  lands  may  require,  along  the  line  of  Walton 

Avenue  produced  and  distant  425  feet  north  Avenue  to  Stebbins  Place ;  thence  to  the  inter- 

from  the  center  line  of  217th  Street :  thence  by  section  of  the  center  lines  of  Sylvan  Avenue  and 

viaduct  and  on  a  tangent  coincident  with  the  Belmont  Place ;  thence  along  the  line  of  Sylvan 

center  line  of  Audubon  Avenue  produced  across  Avenue    to    its   terminus  at   Orchard   Street ; 

the  Government  ship  canal,  and  thence  by  the  thence  in  a  straight  line  to  the  center  line  of 

same  tangent  and  in  depressed  structure  670  Berrian  Avenue  at  the  southerlyj)oint  thereof ; 
feet;  thence 
to  and  across 
on   the    same 

Btnicture,  and  tunnel,  as' the  contour  'of  the  Avenue  and  Croton  Avenue;  thence  along  Kirk- 
lands  may  require,  to  a  point  100  feet  north  of  side  Avenue  to  Travers  Street,  and  thence  by 
the  center  line  of  Delafield  Lane ;  thence  to  the  straight  line  to  and  under  Jerome  Avenue  to 
left  on  a  curve  with  a  radius  of  1,910  feet  to  a  the  north  line  thereof. 

Kint   80   feet  south  from  the  center  line  of  The  general  plan  of  constniction  of  the  loop 

!lafield*s  old  lane;  thence  by  a  tangent  to  a  under  Battery  Park, State. and  Whitehall  Streets 

point  112*4  feet   south    from    the   south    line  shall  be  double  track:  from  the  Morris  Street 

of  Rock  Street ;  thence  to  the  right  by  a  curve  junction  to  near  Vesey  Street  shall  be  three 

with  a  radius  of  500  feet  for  a  distance  of  parallel  tracks  on  the  same  level,  with  suitable 

220*8  feet  to  a  point  in  the  center  line  of  Forest  switches  and  connections  between  them  ;  from 

Street  112*4  feet  north  of  the  south  line  of  Rock  Vesey  Street  to  190th  Street  on  the  west-side 

Street;  thence  by  tangent  coincident  with  the  line  shall  be  four  parallel  tracks  on  the  same 

center  line  of  Forest  Street  to  the  city  limits,  level ;  and  thence  across  the  Government  ship 

Also,  a  loop  from  Broadwav,  under  Mail  Street,  canal  and  Spuyten  Duy vil  Creek  to  the  city 

City  Hall  Park,  Park  Row,  and  Chambers  Street,  limits  shall  be  two  parallel  tracks  on  the  same 


592  NEW  YORK  CITY. 

level.  On  the  east-side  line  from  14th  Street  to  At  Union  Souare,  a  system  of  tracks  has  been 
the  Harlem  River  shall  be  four  parallel  tracks  devised  by  which  ail  trains  on  the  Broadway  and 
on  the  same  level,  and  thence  to  the  city  limits  Madison  Avenue  line  are  accommodated  at  a  sin- 
shall  be  two  parallel  tracks  on  the  same  level,  gle  station,  and  all  grade  crossings  between 
The  tunnels  snail  be  not  less  than  11  feet  6  trains  in  opposite  directions  are  avoided.  At  96th 
inches  in  height  in  the  clear,  and  11  feet  in  Street  the  contour  of  the  ground  necessitates  the 
width  for  each  track.  Whenever  necessary  for  termination  of  the  tunneL  It  therefore  became 
the  proper  support  of  the  surface  of  the  street,  necessary  to  deflect  the  line  from  Madison  Ave- 
the  roof  of  tiie  tunnel  shall  be  of  iron  girders  nue  and  occupy  private  property,  thence  to  the 
with  solid  plate-iron  covering,  supported  by  Harlem  river,  on  account  of  the  prohibition  in 
suitable  iron  columns  between  each  of  the  the  Rapid- transit  act  against  the  use  of  MadLison 
tracks  and  supporting  walls  on  the  outside.  Avenue  for  an  elevated  structure. 
The  roof  of  the  tunnel  shall  be  as  near  the  sur-  Coanty  Clerk'g  Office  (County  Clerk,  Leon- 
face  of  the  street  as  the  pipes  and  underground  ard  Geigerich,  who  held  office  until  Dec  11, 
structures  now  laid  therem  and  the  street  grades  when  he  was  succeeded  by  William  J.  McKenna). 
will  permit.  Viaducts  shall  be  of  masonry  or  —The  following  is  a  report  of  the  work  done  in 
iron,  or  both  combined.  The  Government  ship  the  County  Clerk's  office  during  the  year: 
canal  and  the  Harlem  river  shall  be  crossed  by  In  the  law  department  there  were :  Judg- 
double-track  drawbridges  not  less  than  60  feet  ments  filed,  final,  4,970 ;  introductory,  36 ;  total, 
in  the  clear  above  mean  high-water  mark,  with  5,006 ;  fee  received,  $2,48d.  Notes  of  issue  re- 
clear  spans  of  not  less  than  125  feet  between  the  ceived,  new  cases — Circuit  Term,  2,148 ;  Special, 
center  piers  and  bulkhead  line.  North  of  the  1,266;  total,  3,414;  fee  received,  $10,242. 
Harlem  river  the  construction  shall  be  by  via-  In  the  equity  department  there  were  issued 
duct,  depressed  structure,  and  tunnel,  as  the  1,560  judgments,  1,273  reports.  14,000  special 
grades  of  the  land  upon  the  proposed  routes  proceedings,  1.715  complaints,  2.200  orders,  260 
shall  require.  The  junction  of  the  tracks  near  accounts  and  inventories,  160  oaths,  and  240  no- 
14th  Street  shall  be  effected  by  dividing  them  tices  of  claims. 

around  Union  Square,  raising  one  pair  and  de-  In  the  docket  department  notices  of  216  gen- 
pressing  the  otner,  so  that  trains  going  in  era!  assignments,  20  sheriff^s  sales,  and  3  insolv- 
opposite  directions  shall  not  cross  on  the  same  encies  were  posted. 

level.    All  station  approaches  shall  be  as  far  as  There  passed  through  the  hands  of  the  record 

possible  through  private  property  to  be  acquired  department  for  indexing  2,860  bonds  and  6.290 

lor  that  purpose.     Except  that  on  the  doule-  executions,  460  mandamus  and  habetu  eorptts 

vard,  station  approaches  may  be  in  the  center  of  110  inventories  and  accounts,  215  remittances, 

the  street.    A  footway  shall  be  provided  the  130  commissions,  300  cases  and  exceptions,  and 

whole  length  of  the  line  between  the  center  160  street-opening  maps, 

tracks,  and  refuge  niches  shall  be  built  in  the  Electrical  Control. — This  board  consists  of 

side  walls  at  proper  intervals  for  the  convenience  the  Mayor,  Jacob  Hess,  and    Theodore  Moss, 

and  protection  of  employes.    The  motive  power  The  office  of  the  bureau  is  at  1266  Broadway. 

shall  be  electricity,  or  some  other  power  not  re-  During  the  year  5.224  poles  and  7,152i  miles  of 

quiring  combustion  within  the  tunnel;  and  the  wire  were  removed  and  114  miles  of  subways 

motor  or  motors  shall  be  capable  of  a  uniform  constructed.    The  capacity  of  this  subway  work 

speed  for  long  distances  of  not  less  than  40  is  as  follows:  47  miles  for  electric-light,  721 

miles  per  hour,  exclusive  of  stops.  miles  for  telephone  and  telegraph,  and  121  miles 

The  man  ner  of  construction  from  South  Ferry  to  for  Edison-light, 
aboik  34th  Street  shall  be  by  underground  tunnel-  There  are  now  in  use  in  the  city  1,420  miles  of 
ing  without  disturbing  the  surface  of  the  street,  subways,  divided  as  follow :  Electric-light  sub- 
In  case  of  necessity  the  excavations  below  Beaver  ways,578  miles;  telephone  and  telegraph  subways, 
Street  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  Canal  Street,  721  mUes ;  and  Edison  subways,  121  miles.  There 
and  at  such  other  special  points  as  this  commis-  are  at  present  59  altematinfl;,  and  84  arc  circuits, 
sion  may  during  the  progress  of  the  work  deter-  making  a  total  of  143  high-tension  circuits  in 
mine,  may  be  made  by  excavation  from  the  use  in  the  subways,  with  528  miles  of  electric- 
street  surface,  and  all  excavations  in  Fourth  light  conductors.  There  are  29,666  miles  of  tele- 
Avenue  above  14th  Street  and  in  all  other  streets  graph  and  telephone  wires  and  388  miles  of  Kdi- 
and  avenues  above  34th  Street  may  be  made  in  son  conductors.  The  reports  are  conclusive  that, 
the  same  manner.  from  an  electrical  standpoint,  the  operation  of 

The  loop  at  Battery  Park  is  adopted  as  furnish-  the  subways  is  a  success, 

ing  the  best  and  most  convenient  method  for  the  The  establishment  of  a  municipal  telegraph 

terminal  handling  of  the  trains,  both  way  and  exchange,  to  connect  the  departments  and  other 

express.    The  3  tracks  between  Bowling  Green  points  between  which  communication  is  necessary 

Junction  and  Vesey  Street  provide  amply  for  the  and  desirable,  is  recommended  by  the  Mayor, 

volume  of  traffic  below  the  City  Hall,  and  avoid  Immigration. — The  care  of  immigrants  ar- 

encroachment  beyond  the  curb  line  in  Broadway  riving  in  the  United  States  is  a  Federal  charge, 

at  its  narrowest  points.    The  introduction  of  a  and  is  under  the  supervision  of  Superintendent 

loop  at  City  Hall  Park  by  which  trains  may  be  John  B.  W^eber.    During  the  year  tne  office  was 

stopped,  turned,  and  dispatched  up  town  continu-  at  the  Barge  Office,  in  &ttery  Park, 

ously,  and  without  switching,  ana  without  grade  In  1891  430,884  immigrants  were  landed  at 

crossings,  for  trains  in  opposite  directions,  fur-  the  Barge  Office.    Of  all  the  countries,  Germany 

nishes  the  best  means  of  a  second  down-town  furnished  the  greatest  number,  79,496,  and  Ara- 

terminus  at  the  roost  important  point,  and  the  ))ia  the  smallest,  1.    The  other  nations  sent  the 

best  means  of  connecting  with  Brooklyn  Bridge,  following  number  of  people :  Ireland,  35,951 : 


NEW  YORK  CITY.  593 

England,  22,820;  Wales,  456;  Scotland.  4,887:  The  total  weight  of  mails  received  and  dis- 

France,  4,189;  Russia,  52,022;  Poland,  27,400;  patched  daily  during  1891  was  335  tons. 

Switzerland,  6,264;    Sweden,  32,426;   Norway,  Foreign  mails  dispatched  average<l  85  a  week. 

10,500;    Belgium,  2,7T3;  Italy,  65,084;    Spain,  Foreign  mails,  both  inward  and  outward,  fre- 

124 :  Portugal,  l.fii85 ;  Denmark,  9,024 ;  Hunpry,  quently  include  as  many  as  800  bags,  and  require 

25.409;  Austria,  27,433;  Bohemia,  8,074;  Finland,  from  one  to  twelve  two-horse  trucks  for  their 

4.030;     Armenia,  946;   Australia,   15;   Greece,  transportation. 

l.OiiS ;  all  other  countries,  3,969.  Memorial  Arch. — The    committee    for   the 

Post-Office.  —  This  department  is  a  Federal  erection  of  the  Washington  Arch  met  on  Dec. 

office,  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Post-offlt-e  14.    The  treasurer  reported  the  total  subscrip- 

Department  in  Washington.    The  postmaster  is  tions  to  date  as  $106,672.82,  of  which  $105.- 

Conielius  Van  Cott.    The  post-office  building  is  075.82  had  been  paid.    Of  the  $1,597  remaining, 

at  the  jimction  of  Broadway  and  Park  How,  op-  about   $700  was  collectible.    Interest  amounts 

positc  Barclay  Street.    Durm^  the  year  the  total  to  $5,024.61,  making  a  total  of  the  fund  $110,- 

number  of  pieces  of  mail  matter  of  all  kinds  100.43.    On  the  construction  of  the  arch  there 

handled  was  1.150,027,006,  a  daily  average  of  3,-  has  been  expended  $85,804.63,  and  for  other  ex- 

495,523.  and  an  increase  over  the  previous  year  penses  $8,854.81,  leaving  a  cash  balance  of  $18,- 

of  125,828.285.  941.49.      The  architect,  Stanford  White,  said 

There  were  delivered  through  lock  boxes  and  that  the  arch  had  been  carried  to  a  height  of  63 

by  carriers  874,724,612  pieces  of  ordinary  mail  feet  6  inches  since  the  cornerstone  was  laid  on 

matter,    divided    as    follow:    Letters    through  Dec.   22.   1890.    The  frieze  of   the   piers,  the 

boxes,  63,155,774 :  by  carriers,  187,130,572.   Pos-  interior  decorations  of  the  arch,  and  the  cornice 

tal  cards  through  boxes,  6,944,656;  by  carriere,  have  been  carved,  as  well  as  nearly  all  of  the 

38,577.910.    Other  mail  matter  through  boxes,  frieze.    The  total  cost  of  the  arch  will  be  $123,- 

34,491.163;  by  carriers,  44,424,587.    In  the  regis-  000,  and  there  will  be  needed  (21,003.88,  $4,000 

tered-letter  department  1,520,317  pieces  were  de-  of  which  the  committee  desired  should  be  sub- 

livered,  and  1,393,323  of  domestic  and  550,703  scribed  by  Jan.  1,  1892,  so  that  the  interior  work 

of  foreign  origin  were  recorded  and  distributed  might  be  inclosed. 

to  other  offices.    In  the  distribution  department  Political. — The  election  of  1891  whs  held  on 

771.838,051  pieces  were  handled,  as  follows:  Let-  Nov.  3,  when  the  following  local    candidates 

ters  of  local   origin,  266.715,732:   received  by  were  voted  for : 

mail.  36,535,506 ;  ^)reign  dispatched,  27,622,758.  Tammany. — Judge   of    the    Supreme  Court, 

Postal  cards  of  local  origin,  41,033,190;  received  George   L.  Ingraham;  Judge  of  the  Superior 

by  mail.  9,133,876;  foreign  dispatched,  1,315,369.  Court,    Henry   A.   Gildersleeve;  Judge  of   the 

Other   matter  of  local   origin,  283.221,112;   re-  Court   of    Common    Pleas,    Roger  A.    Pr}or; 

c*»ived  by  mail,  60,178,690;  foreign  dispatched,  Judges  of  the  City  Court,  Simon  M.  Ehrlichand 

46.061,812.  John    H.  McCarthy;  and  Coroners,  Ferdinand 

The  ordinary  mail  matter  bandied  was  con-  Levy,  John  B.  Shea,  and  Louis  W.Schultze;  and 

tained  in  1,343,427  lock  pouches,  and  8,656,148  25  aldermen. 

sacks  (including  foreign  mail,  of  which  146,213  County  Democracy, — This  organization  ac- 
sacks  were  received  and  179,168  dispatched),  be-  cepted  the  above-named  candidates,  except  the 
sides  which  there  were  handled  11,843  cases  and  following:  Coroners,  John  M&rtin,  William  .1. 
110,425  pouches  of  registered  matter  and  5,401  V.  Hart,  and  Eniil  Schaerer;  and  18  alder- 
pouches  and  45,743  sacks  of  supolies.  men. 

There  passed  through  the  New  York  Post-  Bepfibb'can.—Judpe  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

office  in  transit  260,402   pouches  and  589,7^5  Edward    T.   Bnrtlett ;  Judge  of    the    Superior 

sacks  of  mail  matter,  making  a  total  of  6,023,174  Court,  Myer  S.  Isaacs;  Judge  of  the  Court  of 

pouches,  cases,  and  sacks  handled  at  the  office,  a  Common  Pleas,  J.  Langdon  Ward ;  Judges  of 

daily  average  of  18,307,  exclusive  of  those  which  the  City  Court,  Henry  Grasse  and  Charles  G. 

the  19  branch   post-office    stations   exchanged  Cronin  ;  and  Coroners,  John  R.  Nugent,  William 

with  one  another  and  with  the  general  office.  Wainman,  and  George  W.  Kram  ;  and  25  al- 

The  volume  of  money-order  busine>s  was:  At  dermen. 

the  general  post-office' 1,221,089  money  orders  Socialist.  —  Judge    of    the    Supreme    Court, 

were   issued  and   paid,  amounting  to  $9,870,-  Rudolph  Modest;  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court, 

586.14,  and  818,601  postal  notes,  amounting  to  William  Draemel;  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Com- 

$1,247,183.50.     At    the    39   branch   nost-officTS  mon  Pleas,  Benjamin  J.  Gretsch ;  Judges  of  the 

and  sub-stations  the  number  of  orders  issued  City  Courts,   Henry   Glyn   and    Henry   Foth; 

and  paid  was  280,274,  amounting  to  $4,127,-  Coroners,  G.  C.  Stricbeling.  Waldorf  Dorfman, 

8H.'>.74.  and  the  number  of  postal  notes  138,312,  and  Ad.  Jablinowski ;  and  16  aldermen, 

amounting  to  $260,744.30.    The  a^rgregate  busi-  Prohibition. — Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court, 

ness   of  the  money-order  department  for  the  Charles  E.  Manierre;  Judge  of   the    Superior 

year   amounted    to   $106,869,047.03,  giving  an  Court,  James  H.  Laird  ;  Judge  of  the  Court  of 

increase   over    the    previous    vear    of    $5,534,-  Common  Pleas.  Coleridge  A.  Hart;  Judges  of 

868.75.                                         '  the  City  Court?.  Thomas  I).  Stetson  and  Henry 

The  total  receipts  of  the  office  were  $6,505.-  H.  Iladley;and  Coroners,  J.  H.  Yarnall.  H.  I). 

952.08,  and  the  total  expenditures  $2,525,540.59  Burnham,  and  W.  H.  Jennings.    No  aldermen 

(including  $1,146,417.94  for  free-delivery  sorv-  were  nominated  by  this  party, 

ice),  giving  a  net  revenue  of  $3,980,411.49.  Of  the  foregoing,  the  Tammany  candidates  for 

There  were  sold  durinij  the  year  232,132.368  judifial  offices  and  coronership  were  elected  by 

postage  stamps.  47.633.828  Government-stamped  varying  pluralities  of  upward  of  30,000  votes, 

envelopes,  and  54,945,625  postal  cards.  The  Board  of  Aldermen  chosen  was  as  follows : 

TOL.  XXXL— 38  A 


594  NICARAGUA. 

Tammany   Hall,   20 ;   Republican,   8 ;  County  Commerce  and  Prodoctlon. — ^The  principal 

Democracv,  2.  occupation  of  the  people  is  cattle-raising.    There 

In  the  l^enth  Congressional  District  an  election  are  about  400,000  head  of  cattle  in  the  country, 

was  held  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  In  recent  years  the  cultivation  of  bananas  for 

of  Francis  6.  Spinola,  and  the  following  votes  the  American  market  has  become  a  considerable 

were  cast:  William  Bourke  Cockran.  Democrat,  industry.    Coffee  of  excellent  quality  is  also  pro- 

13.234:  James  B.  To wnsend,  Republican,  7,160;  duoed,   and   India-rubber  is   gathered.     Cedar, 

John  Hauser,  Socialist,  843 ;  Alfred  L.  Manieire,  Brazil  wood,  mahogany,  and  dye  woods  abound 

Prohibition,  199.    Likewise  in  the  Twelfth  Con-  in  the  forests.     Indian  com,  susar,  potatoes^ 

gressional  District  an  election  was  held  to  fill  cacao,  and  indigo  are  cultivated,     various  met- 

the  vacancy  caused  by  the  resignation  of  Ros-  als  are  mined  to  a  small  extent,  and  reoently 

well  P.  Flower,  at  which  the  following  votes  gold  has  Iteen  discovered.    The  imports  consist 

were  cast :  Joseph  J.  Little,  Democrat,  19.306 ;  of  manufactured  articles.    They  were  valued  in 

William  McMichacl,  Republican,  11,465;  Theo-  1888  at  $2,146,000,  of  which  $766,000  represent 

dore  L.  De  Vinne,  County  Democrat,  1,075;  and  imports  from  Germany ;  from  the  United  States. 

John  J.  Flick,  Socialist,  1,075.  $395,000  ;  from  France,  $851,000:  from  Centml 

Eyents.—Ou  Jan.  2  the  Fifth  Avenue  Thea-  America.  $268,000 : from  Great  BriUin,  $252.000 ; 

tre,  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  28th  Street,  from  Italy,  $42,000;  from  other  countries,  $72,00a 

was  burned.    On  May  5  the  music  hall  founded  The  expdits  were  valued  at  $1,522,000,  of  which 

by  Andrew  Carnegie,  at  the  corner  of  57th  $665,000  went  to  Great  Britain,  $884,000  to  the 

Street  and  Seventh  Avenue,  was  opened  with  ap-  United  States,  $253,000  to  Gennany, and  $240,000 

Sropriate  exercises.    On  Oct.  27  the  New  York  to  France.  Thearticlesexported  were  coffee,  rub- 

Ourt  of  Appeals  decided  the  Tilden  will  case  ber,  woods,  gums,  sugar,  indigo,  and  cacao.     Ae- 

in  favor  of  the  natural  heirs,  thus  ending  a  long  cording  to  the  United  States  revenue  returns,  the 

controversy,  and  depriving  New  York  city  of  exports  to  Nicaragua  from  the  United  States 

the  free  public  library  onginally  proposed  by  amounted  to  $900,813  in  1889  and  $1,270,073  in 

Samuel  J.  Tilden.    Biit  a  compromise  with  one  1890.  and  the  imports  from  Nicaragua  into  the 

of  the  heirs  leaves  $2,000,000  in  the  hands  of  United  States  were  $1,747,246  in  1889  and  $1,655,- 

the  trustees  for  the  original  purpose.  690  in  1890.    The  chief  exports  to  the  United 

NICARAGU  A,  a  republic  in  Central  America.  States  were  coffee,  bananas,  nides,  and  wood,  and 

The  members  of  both  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  the    chief  imports  of  American  produce   were 

Representatives  are  elected  by  universal  suffrage  iron  and  steel  manufactures,  wheat  flour,  fumi- 

for  four  and   six  years  respectively.    Congress  ture,  and  provisions. 

meets  every  two  years.    The  executive  power  is  Commanicationa. — There    is  a  railroad  in 

exercised  by  the  President  with  the  aid  of  a  operation  between  Corinto  and  Momotombo,  58 

Cabinet  of  five  ministers.    Dr.  Roberto  Sacasa  miles,  and  a  separate  section  of  the  same  line 

was  elected  President  for  four  years  in  November,  has  been  built  from  Managua  to  Granada,  82 

1890,  and  his  election  was  confirmed  by  Congress  miles.    A  projected  railroad  will  connect  the 

on  Jan.  14, 1891.    His  Cabinet  is  composed  as  Pacific  port  of  San  Juan  del  Sur  or  Brito  with 

follows:  Rosendo  Lopez,  Minister  of  Foreign  San  Jorge,  on  Ijake  Nicaragua,  and  another  will 

Relations;  Jose  del  C.  Bengoechea,  Minister  of  connect  Matagalpa  with  the  eastern  shore  of 

Finance  and  Public  Credit ;  Federico  Marenco,  Lake  Managua.    A  concession  has  been  obtained 

Minister  of    the  Interior ;    Augustin    Duarte,  for  a  railroad  from  Matag^pa  to  the  east  coast. 

Minister  of  War;  Francisco  J.  Medina,  Mmister  a  distance  of  90  miles. 

of  Public  Works.  The  regular  army  has  700  The  post-office  in  1886  delivered  8,306,500  let- 
men  and  the  militia  2^.000.  The  revenue  in  ters,  papers,  etc.  There  were  1,549  miles  of 
1888  was  $3,814,140,  derived  from  monopolies  of  telegrapti  in  1890,  uniting  the  chief  towns  and 
spirits,  tobacco,  and  gunpowder  and  duties  on  joining  the  international  cable  at  Grey  town  or 
imports  and  slaughtered  cattle.    The  expendi-  San  Juan  del  Norte. 

ture  was  $4,024,602.    There  is  an  internal  debt  The  Nlcaragaa  Canal.— A  concession  for  a 

of  $1,592,000.  ship  canal  from  San  Juan  del  Norte  to  San  Juan 

Area  and   Popnlatlon.— Nicaragua  is    the  del  Sur  was  granted  in  April.  1887.  to  the  Nicara- 

largest  in  extent  and  the  most  sparsely  popu-  gua  Canal  Association  of  New  York.    The  Man- 

lated  of  the  five  republics  of  Central  America,  time  Canal  Company  was  organized  and  incor- 

With  an  area  of  4U,500  square  miles,  it  has  a  porated  by  the  United  States  Congress  on  Feb. 

population  that  was  estimated  in   1883  at  only  20.  1889.    A  construction  company,  of  which 

350,000.      The  Cordillera,  which    occupies  the  Warner  Miller  is  president,  took  the  contract  of 

central  part  of  the  country,  rises  in  few  places  building  the  canal.    The  Nicaragua  Government 

higher  than  1,000  feet,  and  the  large  vallev  to  the  granted  one  year  in  which  to  begin  and  ten  years 

west  of  it.  containing  the  large  lakes  of  ^icara-  additional  in  which  to  complete  the  canal.  '  The 

gua  and  Managua,  has  an  average  elevation  of  work  of  construction  was  begun,  and  in  Septcm- 

125  feet  above  the  plane  of  the  ocean.    Managua,  ber,  1890,  the  Nicaragua  Government  formally 

the  capital,  has  18,000  inhabitants.    There  are  acknowledged  that  the  stipulated  sum  of  $2,0(K),- 

no  religious  trammels,  and  education  is  fostered  000  had  been  expended  within  the  year.     The 

by  the  Government,  which  has  brought  in  teach-  canal  was  expected  to  cost  $90,000,066,  to  he  six 


or 

mixed  "races,  and  a  few  people  of  Euro^tean  a 'complete  description  of  the  work,  see  "  Annual 
origin  or  descent,  who  have  decreased  in  num-  Cyclopicdia  for  18«8,"  page 614.)  An  application 
ber.  was  made  to  the  United  States  Congress  in  Jann- 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


595 


ary.  1891,  to  have  $100,000,000  of  bonds  gunran- 
teetl  by  the  United  States  Government,  and  to 
have  the  work  of  construction  supervised  bv  offi- 
cers of  the  Engineer  Corps  of  the  United  States 
army.  This  arrangement  was  pronounced  by 
some  to  be  incompatible  with  the  Clayton- Bulwer 
treaty  with  Great  Britain,  and  other  Senators 
voted  a^inst  the  bill  because  they  were  opposed 
to  subsidies.  It  consequently  failed  to  pass. 
The  construction  company  had  expended  aoout 
$4^000.000.  There  had  been  issued  up  to  the  close 
of  the  fiscal  year  stock  of  the  par  value  of  $2U,- 
778.000.  Cash  subscriptions  of  $1,041,000  had 
been  paid  in.  and  $5,953,000  of  bonds  had  b<'en 
dispc^ed  of  for  franchises,  labor,  privileges,  and 
property. 

Polliical  Distarbance. — President  Sacasa  is 
a  representative  of  the  Clerical  party,  which  has 
its  headquarters  in  his  native  city  of  Leon,  the 
old  capital,  rather  than  of  the  Progressist  party 
that  has  furnished  all  the  Presidents  in  recent 
times.    The  rivalry  between  Leon,  which  in  its 
decayed  condition  still  has  25,000  inhabitants, 
and  Granada,  the  center  of  the  Propessist  move- 
ment, WHS  formerly  so  great  that  it  became  neces- 
^ary  to  transfer  the  seat  of  government  to  a  third 
anil  more  unimportant  town.    Having  served  the 
unexpired  term  of  President  Carazos,  he  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  himself  elected  for  the  next 
term.     Since  then  there  have  been  many  rumors 
of  a  conspiracy  to  oust  him  by  force.    Acting  on 
the  information  of  his  snies,  he  had  ex-Presidents 
Joaquin  S^avala  and  Chamorvo,  Gen.   Enrique 
Guzman,  Gen.  J.  D.   Rodriguez,  and  Anselmo 
Kivas,  editor  of  the  **  Diario"  in  Granada,  the 
loading  newspaper  in  Nicaragua,  all  suddenly 
arrested  on  Aug.  23, 1891.    Their  arrest  caused 
intense  excitement,  and  an  attempt  was  made 
to  rescue  them.    The  prison  was  attacked,  the 
soldiers  were  fire<l  upon,  and  in  the  battle  that 
ensued.  6  soldiers  and  the  chief  of  police  were 
killed  on  the  Government  side  and  more  than  50 
of  the  insurgents  were  shot.    The  prisoners  were 
escorted  over  the  frontier  on  the  following:  day 
and  forbidden  to  return  on  penalty  of  death. 
While  they  were  taken  to  the  railroad  on  Sept.  8, 
the  people  of  Granada,  on  making  a  demonstra- 
tion as  though  to  release  the  prisoners,  were  fired 
on  by  the  guards  and  returned  the  fire,  killing 
the  governor  of  the  province,  the  lieutenant  com- 
manding the  escort  and  5  soldiers.    On  Oct.  12. 
a  corporal  of  the  palace  guard  named  Carlos  Perez 
made  an  attempt  to  murder  President  Sacasa. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  a  Southern  State,  one 
of  the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution 
Nov.  21,  1789;  area.  52,250  square  miles.  The 
population,  according  to  each  decennial  census, 
was  393,751  in  1790;  478,103  in  1800:  555,500 
in  1810;  638,829  in  1820;  737.987 in  1830:  753,- 
419  in  1840;  869,039  in  1850:  992.622  in  1800; 
1,071,361  in  1870;  1,399.750  in  1880;  and  1,617,- 
947  in  1890.    Capital,  Raleigh. 

Goyernment. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Daniel  G. 
Fowle,  Democrat,  who  died  on  April  7,  and  was 
succeeded  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  Thomas 
M.  Holt.  Democrat;  Secretary  of  State,  William 
L.  Saunders,  who  died  on  April  2,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Octavius  Coke  ;  Treasurer,  Donald 
W.  Bain;  Auditor.  Georpe  W.  Sanderlin:  At- 
torney-General, Theodore  F.  Duvidson  ;  Superin- 


tendent of  Public  Instruction,  Sidney  M.  Finger ; 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  John  Robinson; 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Augustus 
S.  Merrimon ;  Associate  Justices,  Walter  Clark, 
Joseph  J.  Davis,  James  £.  Shepherd,  and  Al- 
phonso  C.  Avery. 

Population  Dy  Races. — The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 
eral census : 


COUNTIES. 


AlamoiKM! 

AlexADdfr 

Allefrhany 

Anroo 

Beftufort 

Bertie 

Bladen . 

Brunswick.  .     . 

Buncombe 

Bnrte 

I'flhftrras 

Caldwell 

Camden 

rarteret 

CanwelL 

Catnwha. 

Ghatbain 

Cbeiokee 

Cbowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

C-ohiinbua 

Craven 

Camberlund 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edfrecombe  .... 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Oaston 

Gates 

Graham 

GrMnville....... 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

HarLett 

Haywood 

Ht-nderson 

Hertford 

Hyde 

Iredell 

JaekM>D 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lenoir. 

Lincoln 

McDowell 

Maron 

Madison 

Martin 

Mecklenbuiff ... 

Mitchell 

Mont^i»mei7.... 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover. . . , 
Northampton... 

Onslow 

Oranffe 

romfico 

Pa9QUotank 

Penoer 

Perquimans 

Peroon 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Pichmond 

Kobc'son 


WtllTS. 


1800. 


12,e70 

a^ 

10,4  89 
W'4» 

7J78 

«,roo 

6,0V7 

2Kt68 

12.882 

12,612 

HN707 

a888 

8.4S0 

f.r88 

17,114 

9.680 

8.981 

4,(WM 

17,298 

11.829 

7,CB1 

14.^^4 

4,710 

8.PW 

18,187 

8,717 

11,C89 

10,M6 

8,478 

19.892 

10.668 

12.921 

6.516 

8.127 

1V,«07 

6,244 

19,692 

9.467 

9,868 

12.824 

11.210 

6.867 

4.068 

19,878 

8.671 

19.7W) 

8,84M 

8.446 

10,0<i2 

9,«'91 

9.4C7 

17,0&0 

7,768 

f8,n08 

12.^88 

f.490 

18,816 

12,rG8 

10,042 

8,082 

7,282 

9,648 

4,78«* 

6,166 

6  F9.5 

4.687 

8,198 

iJ>,oa2 

4,7S2 
21.Hil 

ioIkm 

16,461 


1880. 


9,997 
7,468 
4,967 
8,790 
18,471 
10,022 
6.816 

6,887 

18.422 

10.088 

9,849 

8,r91 

8,791 

7.107 

7,169 

12,469 

16.600 

7,790 

8.688 

8.176 

18.700 

S.926 

6.664 

12,694 

4.>^96 

2^876 

16.841 

7.770 

10,687 

•  •  «  ■  • 

7,968 

18.441 
9,476 

1C188 
4,978 
2.128 

18.6(8 
4.6&S 

16.886 
9,187 
7,092 
9,787 
6,898 
6,122 
4.424 

16,762 
6,691 

16,996 
8.213 
7,277 
h,180 
7,989 
7,896 

12,861 
&661 

17,922 
8.982 
6.867 

11.486 
9,417 
8,159 
7,987 
6,600 

14.666 
4.207 
4,8.^6 
6.N)9 
4.796 
7,206 

U',:04 
8,918 

17,758 
8,141 

11,942 


COLOBSD. 


1890. 


6i601 

818 

4t9 

9,1:87 

686 

9,867 

11,898 

8,268 

4,808 

6,708 

2,606 

6,680 

1,689 

2.884 

2,846 

9,445 

2.684 

(',2i>9 

as 

6,186 

140 

8,096 

6,027 

18.479 

12.6-8 
2,0i7 
409 
8,^66 
2,904 
7,14S 
7,£96 

16,684 
9,1*40 

10,422 

4,^41 

4,786 

25 

12,176 
4,795 
8,868 

19,440 

4,801 

622 

1.879 

7,994 

8,960 

0,068 

628 

7.469 

^bW 

6,488 

2,684 

1,S48 

6L4 

716 

7,63 

19,6f4 

678 

2,749 

6,649 

8,(44 

18,n88 

12,810 
8,021 
^800 
2,408 
6,591 
6.618 
4M6 
6,968 

12.«6 
I.IOS 
S,J»(^ 

18,004 

14,817 


1880. 


4,618 

897 

619 

9,204 

668 

7,462 

9.684 

8,560 

4,062 

8,476 

2.721 

^116 

l,Ai<9 

8,471 

8,(i76 

10,656 

2,477 

7,168 

288 

4,267 

141 

2,s71 

6,618 

18,064 

11.241 

1.(81 

868 

8.992 

8,>26 

8,186 

•  ■  •  ■  •  • 

18,218 
4,6-^9 

11,S6>i 

4,066 

8,924 

28 

17,679 
6,h86 
f,700 

21.169 

J?,770 

4^4 

1.8H8 

0721 

8,841 

6,918 

8;6 

7.466 

4.**79 

8,067 

2,S8I 

1,897 

666 

459 

6,479 

16.241 

503 

2,617 

^882 

8314 

18.217 

12,046 
8,229 
9,148 
2,116 
5,614 
6,957 
4,671 
6,613 

11,0S8 
1,144 
8,(.7f 

10,104 

11,C« 


596 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 


COUNTIE& 


Rockingham  . 

Kowan 

Kutherford . . . 

8ampi«on 

StanJey 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

TransylTiinla.. 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake   

Warren 

Washington  .. 

Wataoifa 

Wayne 

Wtlkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 


TheSUte 1.049,191 


Willi  B 


1890.       1880. 


15,098 
17,102 
14,»«J1 
16.S7T 
1U.&9S 

H.<m 

5,«n8 

A^O 

2,9S7 

lft,678 

6.8S6 

8^887 

fi,324 

4,904 

10,172 

l.\041 

20,955 

10,818 

12,406 

9,19d 


12,481 

l«,«2l 

11,910 

18.847 

9,1(36 

11,730 

18,227 

8,284 

4,828 

8,110 

18,d20 

84^239 
6.836 
4.M4 
7,746 

12,827 

17.257 
8,6&^ 

10,876 
7,869 


867,242    667,170 


roLOKKD. 


1890. 

10^68 

7,020 

8,47tf 

9,219 

1.588 

2.8M 

2.888 

253 

551 

1,288 

5,586 

11,191 

28,816 

13,586 

^296 

48^ 

11,053 

2.120 

7,880 

1,884 

295 


1880. 


9.818 
6J»9 
8./56 
9.540 
1889 
8.628 
2,076 
109 
517 
l,4:'i6 
4.5^6 

«3!.6C6 

16  288 

4,874 

414 

12,124 

1,924 

7,4«>9 

1,544 

826 


681,2TT 


LegislatiTe  Session. — The  regular  biennial 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  liegan  on  Jan. 
8  and  ended  on  March  0.  On  Jan.  20  United 
States  Senator  Zebulon  B.  Vance,  Democrat, 
was  re-elected  for  the  term  of  six  years  from 
March  4,  receiving  40  votes  in  the  Senate  to  7 
for  Jeter  C.  Pritchard,  Republican,  and  86  votes 
in  the  House  to  13  for  Pritchard  and  1  for  Oliver 
H.  Docker^,  Republican.  An  important  result 
of  the  session  was  the  passage  of  a  law  creating 
a  railroad  commission  and  regulating  railroad 
charges  and  management.  The  commission  con- 
sists of  three  members  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly,  one  member  retiring  every  two  years. 
It  is  required  to  make  and  enforce  reasonable 
and  just  rates  of  freight  and  passenger  tariffs, 
or  it  may  cause  rates  to  be  furnished  to  it  by 
any  railroad  compan)r,  such  rates  when  approved 
by  the  commission  l>eing  binding  upon  tne  com- 
pany. It  shall  also  make  rules  as  to  charges  at 
all  stations  for  the  necessary  handling  and  de- 
livery of  freight;  shall  make  regulations  to  pre- 
vent unjust  discrimination  in  the  transportation 
of  freight  and  passengers,  and  to  prevent  the 
giving,  paying,  or  receiving  of  any  rebate  or 
bonus,  directly  or  indirectly ;  shall  establish  just 
rates  of  charges  for  the  use  of  railroad  cars  carry- 
ing all  kinds  of  freight  and  passengers :  and  shall 
make,  or  cause  to  be  furnished  by  the  several 
roads,  joint  through  rates  for  freight  and  passen- 
gers. The  rales  established  by  the  commission 
shall  be  deemed  to  be  prima  facie  reasonable, 
but  an  appeal  from  its  decision  will  be  allowed  to 
the  Superior  Court,  and  thence  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  the  State.  The  board  shall  investigate 
the  business  of  railroads  in  the  State,  and  for 
that  purpose  may  visit  the  respective  railroad 
offices,  examine  their  books,  and  inquire  gener- 
ally into  the  management  of  the  roads.  The 
commissioners  are  given  power,  whenever  they 
deem  it  expedient  or  practicable,  to  require  any 
railroad  to  provide  separate  and  equal  accommo- 
dations for  the  white  and  colored  races  on  pas- 
senger trains  and  at  passenger  stations  and  wait- 
ing-rooms. They  are  further  required  to  make, 
or  cause  to  be  made,  ju^tand  reasonable  rates  of 
charges  for  the  transportation  of  packages  by 
express  companies,  and  for  the  transmission  of 
messages  by  telegraph  lines. 


A  new  revenue  act  provides  for  the  levy  of  a 
poll  tax  of  75  cents,  and  of  an  annual  adtalortm 
tax  of  25  cents  on  each  |100  for  State  revenue 
purposes.  A  tax  of  1  per  cent,  is  levied  on  all 
incomes  and  profits  derived  from  property  noi 
taxed,  and  of  one  half  of  1  p<T  cent,  on  all  in- 
comes derived  from  salaries  or  fees.  Various 
license  taxes  are  imposed  on  different  kinds  of 
business,  the  tax  on  liquor  dealers  for  selling  m 
quantities  of  5  gallons  or  less  being  $100  per 
annum,  and  for  selling  in  quantities  of  5  gallons 
or  more  |200  per  annum.  The  following  privi- 
lege taxes  are  established  among  others :  On  rail- 
road, steamboat,  and  canal  companies  doing  buM- 
ness  in  the  State  a  tax  equal  to  1  per  cent,  of 
their  gross  receipts ;  on  express,  telegraph,  and 
telephone  companies,  2  per  cent,  of  their  gross  re- 
ceipts ;  and  on  sleeping  and  parlor-car  companies 
$50  for  each  car  run  in  the  State.  Railroail  and 
canal  companies  that  pay  a  tax  on  their  pTDperty 
shall  be  exempt  from  this  tax,  but  those  that  are 
taxed  on  their  capital  stock  and  personal  prop- 
erty, and  not  on  their  real  estate,  shall  pay  a  tax 
of  one  half  of  1  per  cent,  of  their  gross  re- 
ceipts. Coupled  with  this  enactment  is  a  new 
law  revising  and  re-enacting  the  law  for  the  as- 
sessment of  property  and  the  collection  of  taxes. 
By  another  act  the  State  tax  for  school  purposes 
ses  is  raised  from  12)  to  15  cents  on  each  $100  of 
property  and  from  ^  to  45  cents  on  polls. 

A  new  oyster  law  imposes  nuinemus  restric- 
tions and  regulations  upon  the  oyster  industry. 
The  Governor  is  given  jwwer  to  enforce  the 
fish  and  oyster  laws  of  the  State,  and  to  employ 
so  much  of  the  military  or  other  power  as  may 
be  necessary,  the  sum  of  $1,500  being  appropri- 
ated for  his  use.  It  is  made  unlawful  for  any 
person  to  take  oysters  from  the  public  grounds 
or  natural  oyster  beds  of  the  State  with  any 
dredge,  scoop,  or  other  instrument,  except  su(  h 
tongs  as  are  worked  by  the  hand  and  in  ordi- 
nary use  among  oystermen. 

Por  the  purpose  of  suppressing  the  emigrant 
agents,  who  in  recent  years  have  induced  large 
numbers  of  negroes  to  leave  the  Stjite.  an  act 
was  passed  requiring  each  agent  to  obtain  a 
license  from  the  State  Treasurer  before  engag- 
ing in  his  busines.s.  Such  license  shall  continue 
for  one  year,  and  the  fee  therefor  shall  be  $1.- 
000  for  each  county  in  which  such  agent  does 
business.  This  is  practically  a  prohibition  of 
their  business. 

The  State  was  redistricted  for  members  of 
the  State  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives, 
and  the  following  new  congressional  districts 
were  formed : 

1 .  Counties  of  Beaufort,  Camden.  Cart4?ret,  Chr.wnn, 
Currituck,  Dare,  Gnte^,  Hertford,  Hvde,  Martin,  Pan  - 
lico,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  I^itt,  Tyrrell,  and 
Wa4»hinjfton. 

2.  Bertie,  Edgecombe,  Greene,  Ualifax,  LenAir. 
Vance,  Northampton,  Warren,  Wilwn,  and  Waym-. 

3.  Bladen,  Cumberland,  Duplin,  Craven,  Ilarnttt, 
Jones,  Moore,  Onslow,  and  Sampson. 

4.  Chatham,  Durham,  Franklin,  Johnf^ton,  Nash, 
Oranjrc,  and  Wake. 

5.  Alamance.  Ctwwell,  Granville,  Guilford,  Person. 
Randolph,  KcH^kinirham,  and  Stokta*. 

6.  Anson.  Brunswick,  Columbus,  Meoklenbunr. 
New    Hanover,   Pender,    Rielimond,    Bobeeon,  and 

'nion. 

7.  ( -abarrus.  Davidson,  Davie,  Iredell,  Mont«romerj\ 
^iwan,  Stanley,  Yadkin,  Lincoln,  ond  Catawba. 


NORTH  CAROLINA.  NORTH  DAKOTA.               597 

S.  All^hany,  Ashe,  Burke,  Caldwell,  Cleveland,  Edncation.— At  the  A^jricultiiral  and  Me- 

^^'^^  Mitchell,  y» atauga,  V*  ilkes,  Alexander,  For-  ehanical  College  for  white  pupils  there  were  104 

'•9.  'BuncomS:,-  Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham,  Havwood,  Fh?LllrL^n^n"f "^tll^v.^^^^  *\'  l!.?"  beginning  in 

Henderson,  Jackson,   McDowell,   Macon,   Mudi«on  ^V®  *»'"™"  <>^  t^»s  )^"r-     Applications  were  on 

Polk,  Rutherford,  Swain,  Transylvania,  and  Yancey.  "*®  "^m  75  others,  who  can  not  be  accommo- 

A«   «^;«.,i*,«„i       1         I     •    1       n        *  dated  till  the  completion  of  dormitories  now  in 

♦w   li  ^1               *""'!  !!l^w*'*^''^^''2at?S.  ^'*''  process  of  erection.    The  site  for  the  new  Normal 

the  colored  race  wa^  established,  and  $2,500  per  „nd  Industrial  School  for  Girls,  establi..hed  bv 

annum  appropriated  for  its  support    It  is  to  be  the  General  Assembly  this  year,  was  fixed  in  June 

at  some  place  where  the  local  authorities  wil  at  Greensborough,  that  place  having  offered  a 

give  the  necessary  land  and  buildings.    A  normal  gite  and  |80,000  for  a  building. 

h'^k Jf^ll    i"*^^^?^  i!^\ '!*''^^.  ^'';*l''^u  "^^^  Soldiers'  Home.- By  an  act  of  the  General 

ii>hed  us  location  to  be  determined  by  the  same  Assembly  this  year  a  Soldiers'  Home  Associa- 

eonsiderations.    A  school  for  white  deaf  and  tion  was  incorporated  for  the  purpose  of  pro- 

nn^anH  LjI'T/Tk  ^"^^^^  r"^  ^?'f2o^^?n  ""''^'"'S  a^id  managing  a  home  for  needy  Con- 
on  land  given  to  the  institution,  and  |20,000  federate  soldiers.  A  tract  of  land  nekr  Ra- 
appropnated  ^^^  the  erection  of  buildings.  jeigh,  known  a.s  Camp  Russell,  owned  by  the 
rhe  sum  of  $10,000  per  annum  was  appro-  state,  was  given  to  the  association  by  the 
pnated  to  maut^rate  and  maintain  a  geological  same  act,  and   the  sum  of  $8,000  per  annum 

S'lJTL^^  ^\  f  *i!!'  "nder  the  direction  of  a  was  appropriated  for  the  support  of  the  institu- 

btAte  geologist  to  be  appomted  by  the  Governor,  tion 


Tk    i^«;rl^  c^.r         —  ""'"-j°  '-^-^Y.   .  x.yiii  ganizea  soon  alter  the  close  of  the  session  and 

l)\kl\  ^u^^^  "^  *  '^/l'^."^cS^^*'S  ^^l^^t^*""  Wna  the  work  of  establishing  standard  rales  of 

of  1801.     The  earningsof  the  State  Penitentiary  railroad  tariff  for  the  State.    A  standard  pas- 

and  the  unexpended  Balances  of  1889  and  1890  senger  rate  of  3i  cents  a  mile  for  first-cLs 

were  appropriated  for  its  support.  passage  and  2*  cents  for  second-class  passage 

An  amendment   o  the  Constitution  providing  ^as  adopted,  while  cert^iin  branch  lines  which 

that  solicitors  shall  be  elected  m  the  same  man-  are  not  yet  on  a  good-paving  basis  were  allowed 

ner  as  judges  of  the  Superior  Court,  was  pro-  to  charge  SJ  cents  for  flr^t-class  and  3  cents  for 

ix>sed  for  submission  to  a  vote  of  the  people  m  second-class    passage.     No    radical    reductions 

.November,  1892.   Other  acts  of  the  session  were :  ^ere  undertaken,  and  the  railroads  generally 

Changing  the  name  of  the  Western  North  Carolina  ^ere  not  disposed   to  attack  the  work  of  the 

In.4ane  Asylum  to  the  State  Hospital,  and  providing  commission.  An  assessment  of  railroad  property 

for  tlio  admission  of  a  limited  number  of  inebriates.  for  taxation  was  made  by  the  commission,  the 

Making  it  unlawful  for  any  person  to  play  at  any  total  assessed  valuation  of  such  property  being 

jrnnie  of  chance,  at  which  money,  property,  or  other  fij^d  at  |19,800, 185.47.      In   1896  the  total  as- 

thing  of  value  is  bet,  whether  the  same  be  in  stake  or  «„-,„_  j  ..«i;,«  «,oo  „K^«f  *io  nt\f\  ono 

not,  Snd  declaring  tSoso  who- play  and  those  who  bet  ^^"^^^^^^"^  nfir^  a  •^^'v  iT'    ♦         o,  , 

to  be  ffuilty  of  a  misdemeanor.  NORTH  DAKOTA,  a   Northwestern    State, 

Making  It  a  misdemeanor  to  employ  and  carry  he-  admit  ted  to  the  Union  Nov.  8,  1889 ;  area,  70,- 

yond  the  limits  of  the  State,  or  to  entice  out  o'f  the  795  square  miles;  population,  according  to  the 

Sute,  any  minor  without  comment  in  writing  of  the  census  of  1890,  182,719.     Capital,  Bismarck, 

parent  or  guardian.  Government— The  following  were  the  State 

Declaring  the  birthday  of  Robert  E.  Lee,  Jan.  19,  officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Andrew  H. 

""tS  "pifn^sh'p^;^^*^^           false  representations  in  »"^^« '  J^rr*^?^-?^"^^^?'''  ^^^''  ^^""  V^T 

obtaining  certificates  of  rejristration  of  cattle  and  ^^fX  ^^State,  John  F^  it  tie;  Treasurer,  L.  E. 

other  animals,  or  misrepresenting  in  any  way  the  i>«oker;  Auditor,  John  P.  Bray ;  Attorney-Gen- 

linea^e  of  animals  used  for  breeding  purposes.  eral,  C.  A.  M.Spencer;  Commissioner  of  Agri- 


drinks 

human  system,  in  the  public  schools.  *  w  "i"i!'°T'!?"'  "'cVfr  "  *  "»V."""'  TKl^''^"' 

To  prevent  gambling  at  agricultural  fairs.  ^*^^^*^'  o^^l^Jf  ^^2",^"  ^  '^ ."^^^'''f ..  ^^  Jxr^ , ^"" 

Allowing  maimed  Confederate  soldien*  to  peddle  preme  Court,  Guy  C.  II.  Corliss,  Alfred  Wallm, 

rtHMltk,  wares,  and  merchandise  without  paying  for  a  J.  M.  Bartholomew ;  Clerk,  R.  D.  Hoskins.    All 

license  therefor.  these  officers  are  Republicans. 
To  DTohibit  the  sale  or  gift  of  ciprarettes  to  minors.  The  Senate  consists  of  21  Republicans.  5  Demo- 

Auflionzing  the  estiiblishment  of  childi-enV  homes  crats,  and  5  Farmers' Alliance  men.    The  House 

tenancrtre^r        ^^         P«>vidmg  for  the  main-  y^^^  ^  Republicans,  10  Democrats,  and  6  Far- 

To  encourage  residents  of  the  State  to  prospect  for,  mers  Alliance  men. 

discover,  and  utilize  phosphate  deposits  in  the  navi-         Finances.— The  first   annual   report   of  the 

gable  streams.  State  Treasurer  gives  t  he  following  figures  :  Total 

To  protect  private  oyster  grounds.  receipts,  including  a  balance  of  $04,694.92  from 

Kcmoving  the  colored  normal  school  from  Frank-  the  Territorial  Trea«^urer,  1609.511.88;  total  dis- 

linton  to  Warrenton,  Warren  County.  bursoments,    |504,720.32;  balance,  1104,791.51. 

T    r'^^r«t\"^*^«ifnn  L    T    K^ '^  Commissioner  of  of  this,  $29,138.50  was  credited  to  the  general 

Immigration  shall  hereafter  be  pcriormed  bv   the  ♦.,„  i     Aif-ARon    *^   ♦!,  :  ,      •*..,  i .14^..  1 

Comrni.ssioner  of  Agriculture,  who  shall  be  known  as  ^.""^Jn?^''.^^-??    ^'l  the    umversity-bond  fund, 

tlie  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  and  Immigration.  $2v)89.29  to   the  stock    mdemnity   fund,  $00,- 

Entablishintf  a  normal  school  for  the  colored  nice  118.01  to  the  permanent  school  fund,  and  $8,- 

in  tlie  town  of  £liziibcth  City.  216.92  to  the  bond  interest  fund. 


698  NORTH  DAKOTA 

Le^pislatlye  Session. — The  Legislature  met        Authorizing^  pAjment  of  portion  of  Territorial  debt 
Jan  6,  1891,  and  adjourned  in  March  at  the  ex-    assumed  by  North  Dakota, 
piration  of  the  sixty  days  allowed  by  the  Con-        Directing  the  Scandinavian  language  to  be  tau^fht 


>nAttr>n 

--    _.    -. ic  rain 

expired.    The  choice  fell  upon  Henry  C  Hans-  bureau  and  college  at  Washini|:u>n. 

brough.  Appropriating  $58,000  for  the  support  of  the  Peni- 

The  most  important,  perhaps,  of  the  measures  tentiaiy. 

passed  was  the  Australiau  election  law.    The  Edacatlon. — At  the  time  of  the  admission  of 

amount  of    appropriations  made,  though    nut  the  State  there  were  35  graded  and  1.366  un- 

much  more  than  naif  the  sums  asked  lor,  ex-  graded,  or  a  total  of  1,401  common,  graded,  and 

ceeded  by  a  considerable  amount  the  revenue  in  nigh  schools,  besides  the  State  University.    The 

prospect.  first  superintendent's  report  after  the  admission 

An  attempt  to  resubmit  the  question  of  pro-  gave  the  total  number  as  1,583.      Sixty  school- 

hibition  was  made  in  the  House  by  a  resolution  houses  were  built  during  the  year,  and  the  esti- 

repealing  Article  XX  of  the  Constitution.    This  mated  valneof  school  property  was  $1,147,201.59. 

fiwssed  by  a  vote  of  32  to  20,  and  was  sent  to  the  There  were  2  sod,  40  log,  2  stone,  20  brick,  ami 

Senate  and  adopted  b^  a  vote  of  16  to  15.    But  1.392  frame  school-houses,  with  a  total  seating 

all  record  of  this  action  in  the  Senate  was  ex-  Cc*r)acity  of  48,105.    The  number  of  children  of 

punged   from    the   journal    by  a  vote  of   18  school  age  was  87,472 ;  the  whole  number  en- 

to  12.  rolle<l  30,821,  with  an  avei-age  daily  attendance 

Three  bills  that  passed  were  vetoed  by  the  of  17,546.    The  average  number  of  days  taught 

Governor— one  granting  a   school    section    to  was  103,  the  average  cost  |ier  month  for  each 

Wahpeton  School  of  Science ;  one  providing  that  pupil  enrolled  $3.31.     Filty  districts  had  no 

a  person  could  leave  the  State  with  the  intention  school.    The  total  number  of  teachers  employed 

of  remaining,  and  then  return  and  be  entitled  to  was  1,804 ;  the  total  amount  of  teachers' salanes, 

citizenship  again  in  six  months;  and  the  third,  $320,551.72;  the  average  wages  per  month  of 

giving  persons  the  right  to  erect  and  maintain  male  teachers,  $38.07 ;  of  female,  $34.42. 

warehouses  on  railroad  right  of  way  for  an  in-  Besides  these,  there  were  in  independent  dis* 

definite  period  fur  the  sum  of  $1.    In  his  ob-  tricts  in  the  cities  and  towns  4,722  pupils  en- 

jections  to  the  last-named  bill  the  Governor  cited  rolled,  with  an  average  cost  of  $4.70  a  month 

a  similar  act  passed  in  Minnesota  in  1885,  and  to  each,  and  a  total  number  of  88  teachers,  with 

declared  invalid  by  Chief-Justice  GilfiUan  in  the  average  monthly  salary  to  male  teachers,  $63.33: 

case  of  the  State  vs.  the  Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  1^  female  teachers,  $40.28.     The  value  of 

and  St.  Paul  Company.  school  property  in  these  districts  is  $368,400,  and 

Following  are  tne  more  important  of  the  bills  the  amount  of   indebtedness  $217,357.70.     A 

passed :  total  of  thirty-one  weeks  of  institutes  were  held. 

To  promote  irrigation  and  providing  for  a  State  The  Legislature  of  1891  appropriated  $300  for 

auperintcudent  of  irrigation  and  forestry.  »  library  for  the  SUte  Superintendent 

Appropriating  $25,000  for  the  State  exhibit  at  the  At  the  close  of  1891  the  number  of  schools  in 

World*»  ColumBian  Exposition.  operation  was  estimated  at  1,764,  with  a  school 

For  the  protection  of  fame.  population  of  45,430. 

To  prevent  and  puniah  crucltv  to  animaK  the  normal  schools  at  Valley  City  and  May- 

Amending  the  law  m  regard  to  mamagcable  affe,  yjHe,  which  have  been  supported  by  voluntofr 

rJ^?^t;U^ti?ard'  as  SX'7ght»  gifts  from  citizens  receiv^^^^^ 

not  receive  license  without  the  consent  of  parents  or  *"lt^??^**"l'?  *"*'!  considerable  opposition, 

guardians.  The  State  University,  at  Grand  Forks,  com- 

For  cancellation  of  illegal  railroad  taxes.  pleted  its  seventh  year  in  June,  1801.    It  has  6 

For  appointment  of  sheep  inspectors.  professors,  including  the  president,  and  4  instruct- 

Amending  the  act  authorizmir  counties  to  issue  ors,  including  the  United  States  military  officer, 

|»nds  to  procure  seed  gram  for  needy  farmers  resident  ft„d  at  the  last  annual  report  had  110  studcnti 

Amending  the  school  law.  ^  J  ^/'^  <>?-«"»"»  of  the  new  term  in  January,  1893, 

For  the  dMtruction  oi  noxious  weeds.  ?  total  of  175  students  was  reported.     It  has  a 

Appropriating  $8,600  for  compiling  the  State  lawa  three  years  preparatory  course,  and  a  four  years 

by  a  commission  of  three  to  bo  appointed  by  the  Gov-  normal  course,  besides  four  years*  courses  each 

emor.  in  arts,  science,  and  letters.     The  Legislature 

Providing  for  bounty  of  not  more  than  $3  nor  loss  appropriated  $60,700  to  this  institution, 

than  $1  on  wolf  and  coyote  scalps.  the  Agricultural  College,  at  Fargo,  has  been 

Bta^^""^  ^''^      ^  ^               manufacture  of  potato  ^^j^^ted  by  the  Government  appropriations  frr 

Providing  for  the  burning  of  native  (North  Dakota)  fg^'cultural  experiment  stations  and  cnllecjp* 

coal  in  the  State  institutions.  ""t  the  Legislature  of  1801  appropriated  $2o,000 

Memorializing  Congress  for  the  retention  of  Fort  'or  its  use. 

Lincoln         ^  Several  denominational  and  private  oolleprs 

Rctransferring  land  granted  for  normal  school  to  and  academies  have  been  established  and  aro  in 

Elk  Valley  Fanning  Company.  operation ;  among  them  are  the  Congreg8tion«l 

debUhSir'         ^^^^"^^"^  ^  »^^^«»«  '^^®  State  c^Wege  at   Fargo,  the  Presbyterian  College  at 

Designating  Fargo  Agricultural  College  as  a  recip-  Jamestowj,  Rolla  University,  and  others.    The 

lent  of  congressional  donations  of  land.  Inst-named,  which    is  non-sectarian,  opened  in 

Amending  law  authorizing  counties  to  issue  bonds  January,  1880,  with  80  students  in  the  academic 

for  seed  grain.  depaitment,  and  7  were  matriculated  into  tto 


NORTH  DAKOTA.  69d 

coIlcgiHte  course.    Its  revenae  is  derived  from    thrashing  wheat  in  the  shock,  10  to  12  cents  per 
tuition  fees  and  voluntary  subscriptions.  bus^hel,  everything  furnished  by  the  machine ; 

The  VaJJey  City  Normal  S(>hool  will  have  a    thrashing  wheat  in  the  stack,  6  to  7  cents  per 
new  building  in  the  spring  to  cost  $20,000.     In-    bushel ;  teams,  two-horse,  fS  to  $4  per  day ; 
creased  attendance  is  reported.      The  Mayville    plowing,  per  acre,  $1.50  to  $2. 
normal  School  also  received  an  appropriation.  Sale  oi  School  Lands, — These  lands  aggre- 

Cliarities.  — One  hundred  and  fifteen  thous-  gate  about  2,500,000  acres,  and  are  forbidden  by 
and  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  was  appro-  the  Constitution  to  be  sold  at  less  than  ten  dol- 
priated  by  the  Legislature  for  the  insane  asylum ;  iars  an  acre.  About  80,000  acres  were  sold  in 
$1G.400  for  maintenance  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  1891,  at  an  average  of  more  than  $19.50,  giving 
K:hool,  and  $10,000  for  a  building ;  $10,000  to  to  the  permanent  school  fund  nearly  $600,000, 
the  Soldiers'  Home,  at  Lisbon.  of  whicn  $115,000  was  paid  in  cash,  and  the  rest 

Militia. — The  sum  of  $11,000  a  year  for  two  is  to  be  paid  in  installments,  and  draws  6  per 
years  was  appropriated  for  the  State  militia.  cent,  interest.    Seventy  thousand  acres  will  be 

Agriculture. — Unusually  large  crops  were  offered  for  bale  in  March.  They  are  in  the  Red 
raised  this  year.  Following  are  the  figures  pub-  river  valley  counties  and  contiguous  to  lands 
iished  by  the  State  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  that  yielded  25  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  at 
and  Labor :  the  last  harvest. 

Land  Titles. — A  Supreme  Court  decision  of 
great  importance  to  some  of  the  settlers  of  the 
northeastern  part  of  the  State  was  reported  in  a 
Washington  dispatch  of  March  2,  lb'91 : 

The  St  Vincent  extension  of  the  St  Paul,  Minneap- 
oHk  and  Manitoba  Railway,  by  the  temm  of  itM  grant, 
laid  claima  to  the  land»  on  ooth  Hides  of  its  construct- 
ed road  between  St  Cloud  and  8t  Vincent.  This 
extension,  however,  ruuH  north  from  Fergus  Falls, 


CROPS. 


Wheat. . . 

Oats 

Boriey. . . 

kkz 

Kya 

Loni 

PMatoos. 


Jhuhal*. 


2,865,fiOa 

64.718,828 

420,124 

n,s7I,528 

14a,868 

&,270,68& 

1U6,618 

1,241,018 

ll.&<»3 

810.067 

t&,C93 

665,578 

19,566 

8,4M,2.1 

XinetT'seyen  thousand  five  hundred  and  eight  oiYen  at  a  distance  of  less  than  ten  miles  allowed  by 

acres  of  millet  and  Hungarian  yielded  225,459  the  grant,  fVom  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  the 

tons,  and  16,702  acres  of  other  tame  grasses  27,-  boundary  line  between  Minnesota  and  North  Dakota. 

972  tons.    The  average  yield  of  wheat  per  acre  J^everthelew,  the  company  claimed  the  nght  to  the 

«•«  oojL  K^ek^).      i«  iflfl?  i¥  woa  17  full  ^^  miles,  notwithstanding  the  fact  that  it  would 

was  22i  bushels.    In  1887  it  was  17.  .„^^„^^  1      '  ^^^  ^^  lanracross  the  river  and 

Attention  has  been  directed  for  the  past  two  ^-ithin  jjoith  Dakota.    This  claim  was  disallowed 

years  to  the  production  of  sugar  beets.    During  by  the  Interior  Department  on  the  around  that,  as  the 

the  year  the  State  Department  of  Agriculture  railroad  was  built  wholly  within  the  limits  of  Min- 

furnished  seed  to  more  than  200  localities,  cover-  nesota.  it  could  not  properly  claim  lands  lying  within 

inff  practically  every  variety  of  soil  and  climate  «  neighboring  State.    The  Supreme  Court,  however, 

within  the  State,  and  from  all  thesi*  localities  Sl^f^l^^'^tiy', »».?»«  ^^ J^i^^^Vf""?*"^!-  "^f "^J 

w*-««-^  #«.I;A^  #r.*.».t»o;o      T»«»  ot^AKo^r^  Philhps,  wholly  disregarded  the  boundary  limits  of 

beets  were  funiLshed  for  analysis.    The  average  ^^  ^^  ^^  (hus  iSK)gni2ed  the  right  ib  the  com- 

of  crystalhzable  sugar  from  the  crop  of  1890  in  p       ^  gy^h  lands  within  North  Dakota  as  lie  withia 

the  Red  river  valley  was  18*80  per  cent,  and  in  the  extended  limits,  free  from  claim,  at  the  date  of 

1891  12'83  per  cent ;  the  difference  is  attributed  the  definite  location  of  the  road— Dec.  19, 1871.    The 

to  the  greater  rainfall  of  1891.    This  compares  ruling  in  that  case  will  govern  in  the  present  case, 

very  favorably  with  the  average  sugar  content  No  grant,  up  to  the  time  of  the  Phillips  decision,  haa 

of  the  beets  grown  in  Germany  in  1890,  which  been  recognized  in  North  Dakota,  the  Government 

-.      10.0  .^-™4^      T*  ;«  u^i;<>^o:i  k/x.'A.rL*  tiiof  has  dispottcd  of  and  patented  large  tracta  of  these 

was  12-2  percent.  ^J<^»8  believed,  however,  that  ,^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^^.^^  decision,  must  be  held  to 

other  parts  of  the  Stete  have  a  soil  better  adajit-  ^^^^^  iuuredTto  the  company.    These  lands  include 

ed  to  the  production  of  sugar  beets  than  that  of  parts  of  Fargo  and  Grand  Forks  and  other  important 

the  Red  nver  valley,  the  soils  farther  west  being  towns  and  settlements.    The  court,  in  the  decision 

lighter  and  dryer,  referred  to,  further  held  that  it  was  no  defence  to  the 

Of  the  46,0()0,000  acres  of  land  in  the  State,  r.ction  tliat  Uie  lands  involved  would  include  thriv- 

about  three  fourths  is  Fiisceptiblc  of  profitable  i"?  .toj^nf  «P<1  villages,  and  Uiat  the  company  was 

♦  :ii- JL  «,kn^  i^o-  ♦!,««  A  t^fu\  rinn  «^r.^^  l^  tin^loi.  not  in  lache  m  not  bringing  suit  earlier.   Application 

tilage,  while  less  than  4,000,000  acres  are  under  ^^^  y^^^  ^^^^  ^^  the*^rai1road  to  secure  aajusUiient 

cultivation.  \\Tn\t&  of  its  grant  within  North  Dakota,  and,  until 

Lire  stock.— The  assessors'  returns  show  the  g^ch  adjustment  has  been  made,  no  reliable  estimate 

total  number  of  horses  to  be  134.538:  cattle,  of  the  amount  of  land  involved  can  be  made.    In 

260,663;  mules  and  a^sses,  7.410 ;  fheep.  231,355 ;  coses  where  patents  have  been  issued,  the  matter  is 

hoffs,  39,783  :  total,  673,794.    The  sheep  indust  ry  now  beyond  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  Government,  and 

hal  increased  480  per  cent,  in  the  past  two  Jlie  company  must  assert  ito  claim  through  courts. 

mu       -:^^-  Jl  :a  *^«  «u«^.^   u«   «««».»..<.  The  Senate  resolution  adopted  baturduy  directs  the 

years.    The  prices  paid  for  sheen  by  farmers  ^^^^^      ^^  ^^^  I^^terior  to  negotiate  with  the  railmad 

average   f3.50  to   f4  a  head.     Ihe   people  of  eompany  with  a  view  of  securing  its  consent  to  make 

Stark  and  Morton  Counties,  accordmg  to  a  local  neleotions  of  other  public  lands  in  lieu  of  these  lands 

paper,  are  offering  free  fuel  and  building  sites  in  North  Dakota.    The  dccinion  rendired  to-day  by 

for  woolen  milK  the  Supremo  Court  in  the  matter  of  overlapping 

Labor.— It  is  eA)eoted  that  the  demand  for  the  granted  lands  between  this  company  and  the 

farm  laborers  in  1892  will  Ihj  unprecedeiitedly  Northern  Pacific  com  puny,  has  prnc-tually  rendered 

i«,^«      tKa  D^o{^«nf /x#  fiiA  Cfafo  l?a«.mAi.a'  A I  it  inipo.>*8i l>le  to  sutistv  the  ^rant  to  the  Manitoba 

nrge.    The  President  of  the  State  farmers  Al-  ^^^^^   ^.^^in  j^^  ji,,;-,^^^.   ifncjfotiation  and  settlc- 

liance  has  issued  a  circular  givmg  the  prices  „,ent  is  poRnible,  therefore,  it  will  likely  be  in  line  of 

that   have  been   paid   for    farm    work:    rarm  ^^^  Senate  resolution,  namely,  by  agreement  with 

hands,  $20  to  $25  a  month;  day  hands,  $1  to  the  company  by  which  it  would  take  lands  outside 

$2.25  a  day ;    thrashing,  $2  to  $2.25  a  day ;  ita  limit<}.    it  has  been  buggestcd  tliat  the  company 


goo  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

might  accept  a  Rcttlement  on  cash  basis.    Persons    soatheastem   Antigonish.    western    and   south- 
conversant  with  cases  of  similar  character  exprefw  an    ern   Inverness,  western    Richmond,   the    whole 


then  rehet  have  failed.  ,     ,,     ..  tensive  tracts  consisti  of  productive  coal-roeas- 

Tax  Decision.— An  important  decision  was  ,j^g    fp^g  ^^ap  rocks  of  the  new  red-sandstone 

lately  rendered  in  the  Supreme  Court  m  refer-  district  abound  in  native  gems.    Gold  iniuing 

ence  to  tax  sales :  \}eg&n  in  Nova  Scotia  abont  1862,  the  auriferous 

The  Stutsman  County  tax  case  has  been  before  the  art^a  being  supposed  to  be  much  smaller  than  it 


coive  from  the  county  the  money  he  put  in  for  the  than  that  of  any  other  gold-producing 

invalid  certificate  and  the  additional  usunous  inter-  that  the  average  net  yield  of  gold  per  day's  lalwr 

est  allowed  in  this  class  of  cases  by  the  laws  of  the  was  higher  than  that  in  any  other  country ;  and 

Commonwealth.    The  case  first  came  before  the  old  that  the  purity  and  unalloyed  character  of  the 

Territorial  Supreme  Court,  and  that  tribunal  decided  i^j  ^^  unsurpassed  by  any  other  gold-mining 

that  If  a  pewon  purchased  «  ^^^^^fi^;^^^^^^^^  region,  and  onV  equafed  by  that  of  the  Und 

county,  the  county  was  liable  to  the  purchaser  tor  the        **     4  ■        -d       :         rru     vr  ..     c^^*: -.,.«* 

faceoVtbe  document  and  80  per  cent  interest  an-  mountains,  Russia.      The  Nova  bcot  an   aunf- 

nually  thereon.    From  this  order  Stutsman  County  erous  ores   are  therefor^  exceptionably  easy  of 

appealed.    Since  statehood  the  State  Supreme  Court  treatment      The   twenty   minnig   districtii  ex- 

in  the  case  of  Tyler  vs.  Cass  County  has  had  the  pr»}-  ploited  are  widely  scattered  over  the  auriferou? 

cise  question  before  it,  and  in  an  elaborate  and  ox-  district,  and  their  average  product  is  nearlv  the 

haustive  opinion  by  Justice  Bartholomew  took  the  g^^^      xjjg  t^^al  quantity  of  gold  rained  from 

opposite  position-that  the  rule  of  caveat  emptor  ap-  jggg  ^    j^qq  inclusive,  waJ5()6.«75  ounces.    This, 

plied— tliat  the  leeal  maxim  that  "  he  who  purchased       .  . ,  '   _>      .  Ju;^u  xt^««  c^^*; 1 1  k«  - 

must  beware  "-was  in  full  force  in  tax-sail  proceed-  ?t  the  average  rate  at  which  Nova  Scotian  gpld  hto 

inire,  and  the  State  court  accordingly  ruled  that  the  been  selling  in  London,  is  in  value  about  f  10.- 

purchaserof  a  certificate  that  was  afterward  declared  133,501.     The  gold  product  for  1890  was  24.358 

invalid  lost  his  money  invested.    On  the  correctness  ounces,  being  equivalent  to  $487,254.04.    Silver, 

of  this  decision  many  a  lawyer  and  the  bar  of  the  native  and  in  carbonates  and  sulphides,  is  most 

Bute  have  ditfered.    But  a  decision  has  been  ren-  frequently  found  in  the  later  meUmorphic  for- 

dered  by  the  Iwt  court  known  in  Uie  jurisprudence  nations,  but  also  in  the  limestones  of  the  lower 

of  the  United  States,  and  they  have  declared  that  ^o«v^« ;#«../>« «.    a<«a        A-n^r^ntif^r^no    am»    i%f    a 

the  views  taken  in  thi  opinion  by  Ju.stice  Bartholo-  carboniferous    age.      Argentiferous    ores   of   a 

mew  are  the  right  ones ;  that  where  a  person  invests  promising  character  are   found  at  Sraithfield^ 

his  money  in  an  enterprise  that  under  guise  of  law  m  southern  Colchester.    Galena  has  been  found 

gives  a  rate  of  interest  unknown  to  any  legitimate  about  the  head  waters  of  the  Gold  and  La  Have 

business,  and  it  is  atlerward  declared   wrongfully  rivers,    Lunenburg    County,  which    gave    100 

invested,  ho  loses  it     The   case   involved   about  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.    In  Cape  Breton, 

$8.^,000.  Qy^Q  quartz  vein,  fifteen  inches  thick,  afforded 

NO? A  SCOTIA,  with  one  exception,  the  small-  39i  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.  Galena  is  in 
est  of  the  Canadian  provinces;  area,  20,007  Nova  Scotia  widely  scattered  and  in  rocks  of 
square  miles ;  population,  by  the  census  of  1891,  every  age.  In  Gay's  River  settlement,  Halifax 
450,523,  an  average  of  22  to  the  squaro  mile,  County,  it  is  found  in  crystals  disseminated 
more  dense  than  that  of  any  other  province  ex-  through  the  limestone  drift.  In  Pembroke,  Col- 
cept  Prince  Edward  Island.  It  consists  of  the  Chester  County,  it  is  found  in  like  formation,  ex- 
peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  proper  and  the  island  tending  over  several  miles  of  country.  It  is  also 
of  Cape  Breton.  Halifax,  the  capital,  with  its  found  at  ^ifusquodoooit,  Caledonia,  Victoria 
military  garrison,  !«  in  population  the  fourth  County,  and  near  Sydney.  Arichat,  and  Port 
city  of  the  Dominion.  It  is  the  principal  naval  Hood,  and  at  various  other  points.  These  afford 
station  of  the  British  North  American  and  West  a  percentage  of  from  70  to  150  per  cent,  per 
Indian  fleet ;  is  the  only  garrison  town  in  the  ton  of  lead. 

Dominion  of  Canada  of  which  Great  Britain  still  Tin  has  been  discovered  in  Shelbume  County, 

retains  actual  military  possession,  and  is  one  of  associated  with  decomposed  granite;  also  at  Tan- 

the  most  effectively  fortified  posts  in  the  world.  gier.    Halifax    County,  and    Country    Harbor, 

Mines  and  Minerals. — For  its  extent,  Nova  Gnysborough  County. 
Scotia  presents  great  diversities  of  geological  The  iron  deposits  of  Nova  Scotia,  considered 
formation  as  of  mineral  resources.  If  we  draw  with  reference  to  their  number,  extent,  and  oual- 
a  line  upon  the  map  of  its  peninsular  portion,  ity  of  ores,  are  immense.  On  the  south  01  the 
from  the  most  soutneastem  point  on  the  shore  Annapolis  valley  there  is  a  belt  of  Devonian 
of  Chedabucto  Bay,  nearly  due  west  to  about  the  strata  from  three  to  five  miles  in  width,  and  ex- 
head  of  St.  Mary's  Bay,  in  Digby  County,  the  tending  eastwardly  and  westwardly  al)out  sixty 
tract  of  country  between  this  line  and  the  Atlan-  miles,  being  nearly  equally  divided  by  an  in- 
tic  Ocean  will  be  over  sixty  miles  in  width  in  the  truded  mass  of  granite.  The  western  of  these 
most  western  part  of  the  province,  while  it  nar-  divisions  contains  what  are  known  as  the  Clem- 
rows  almost  to  a  point  ns  we  proceed  eastward  to  entsport  iron  deposits;  the  eastern,  as  those  (»f 
Canso.  This  comparatively  large  district  is  au-  Nictan.  At  Clementsport  two  beds  have  been 
riferous  throughout.  The  northern  and  larger  opened,  the  uppermost  of  which  varies  from  two 
portion  of  Cumberland,  a  large  part  of  southern  to  four  feet  in  thickness,  and  consists  of  ineta- 
Colchester,  all  northern  Hauts,  northern  Pictou,  morphosed   specular    ore,    yielding    about    33 


NOVA  SCOTIA.  601 

per    cent,    of  metallic   iron.     The  lower  bed  gulf  coast  of  Inverness  County  presents  worka- 

shows  one  thickness  of  three  feet  and  another  of  ble  beds  of  coal.    The  Pictoii  coal  field  cnm- 

three  and  a  half  feet.  This  ore  is  magnetite*  and  prises  a  superficial  area  of   about    85  square 

yields  48  per  cent  of  metallic  iron.    Indications  miles,  but  the  thickness  of  coal  within  this  com- 

of  the  continuation  of  these  beds  may  bo  seen  paratively  small  basin  is  great.    The  coal  beds 

from  ten  to  twelve  miles  in  the  direction  of  their  may  be  considered  as  divided  into  two  groups — 

strike.     Upon  the  Nictan  river  several  distinct  upper  and  lower.    In  the  upper  group,  within  a 

and  parallel  beds  are  found  of  similar  ore — mag-  thickness  of  2.450  feet  of  strata,  there  are  seven 

netites  and  hematites — varying  from    four   to  available  coal  seams.    The  lower  group  consists 

twelve  feet  in  width,  and  extending  east  and  of  nine  beds.   The  carboniferous  area  of  southern 

west  for  some  twenty  miles.    These  ores  yield  Colchester  and  northern  Hants  remain,  in  a  grent 

from  53  to  59  per  cent  of  metallic  iron.    Bog  measure,  unexplored.    Exclusive  of  those  dis- 

ores  of  superior  quality  abound  in  the  same  vi-  trict«,  the  total  area  of  the  productive  conl  meas- 

cinity.     The  best  known  of  the  Nova  Scotian  ures  of  Nova  Scotia  has  been  estimated  at  685 

iron   deposits  is  that  of  Londonderry  or  the  square  miles. 

Acadian  mines  in  Colchester  County.    The  de-  The  total  output  of  coal  in  the  province  for 

posit  being  worked  consists  of  a  vein  stone  of  1890  was  1,786,111  tons,  and  31.296.172  tons  in 

ankerite,  varying  in  width  from  30  feet  to  150  all  have  been  produced  from  these  mines  since 

feet,  the  ore  proper  being  for  the  most  part  li-  thev  were  opened. 

monite,  but  also  containing  considerable  quanti-  ^he  royalty  payable  to  the  provincial  revenue 
ties  of  micaceous  hematite,  the  whole  giving  is,  for  goid,  2  per  cent. ;  for  coal,  nine  tenths  and 
57*85  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  The  iron  pro-  seven  tenths  of  a  cent  per  ton  of  2,240  pounds; 
duced  by  the  Londonderry  mines  is  said  to  be  three  cents  for  every  ton  (of  2,000  pounds)  of  iron 
the  very  best  for  steel  makmg.  At  the  Acadian  ore  ;  ten  cents  on  every  ton  (2,000  pounds)  of  cop- 
mines  40,486  tons  of  iron  were  produced  in  1890.  per  ore ;  and  5  percent,  on  the  value  of  silver,  lead. 
At  Brookfield,  near  Truro,  there  is  a  deposit  of  and  tin.  All  other  minerals  are  without  royalty, 
limonitc  and  hematite  believed  to  be  even  more  and  belong  to  the  owners  of  the  soil  where  found, 
extensive  than  that  of  Londonderry.  At  Old  Rich  deposits  of  antimony  are  found  at  Hawdon, 
Hams,  near  Truro,  are  rich  beds  of  limonite  and  Hants  County;  manganese  of  superior  quality 
specular  ore.  The  iron  deposits  of  Pictou  County  in  the  same  county ;  barytes  in  great  abundance 
are  believed  to  l)e  more  extensive  than  those  of  in  Brookfield  and  Five  Islands,  Colchester ;  mo- 
any  other  district  in  the  province.  Analyses  lybdenite  in  quantity  in  Cape  Breton ;  and  the 
show  the  following  returns  from  the  several  grindstones  of  the  Jaggins  shore,  in  Cumber- 
sf^ecies  of  ore  there  found  :  Limonite,  from  56  to  land,  have  acquired  a  world-wide  fame.  Gyp- 
65:  hematite,  from  43  to  45;  and  specular  ore,  sum,  limestone,  molding  sand,  and  building 
from  54  to  68  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  Im-  stone  in  the  form  of  diversified  granites,  free- 
mense  but  as  yet  undeveloped  deports  are  also  stones,  and  marble  abound, 
found  in  the  island  of  Cape  Breton,  at  Big  Pond,  Marine  and  Fisheries. — Taken  as  an  indi- 
near  the  great  Bras  d'Or,  George's  River.  Whyco-  vidual  nation,  Canada  ranks  as  the  third  of  ship- 
comah.  East  Bay.  and  elsewhere,  all  on  the  verge  owners,  being  only  surpassed  in  this  respect  by 
of  safe,  navigable  water  and  near  to  coal  mines.  Great  Britain  and  the  German  Empire.  An  ag- 
the  ores  from  which  average  some  60  per  cent,  of  gregate  for  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  on  the 
metallic  iron  registry  books,  on  the  81st  of  December,  181'0, 

Cop()er  ores  have  been  found  widely  dissemi-  gives  a  net  tonnage  of  1.024,974.    To  thataggre- 

nated  throughoiit  Nova  Scotia,  occurring  in  rocks  gate  Nova  Scotia  contributed  no  less  than  464,- 

of  every  geological  age.    Lumps  and  grains  of  194  tons,  being  considerably  over  one  third  of 

virgin  copper  and  streaks  and  pockets  of  differ-  the  whole  Dominion  tonnage.    In  the  same  vear 

ent  varieties  of  cupriferous  ore  have  been  found  (1890)  the  number  of  new  vessels  built  in  if  ova 

in  considerable  quantity  through  the  trap  of  the  Scotia  was  150.  tonnage  83.907.  as  against  285 

new  red-sandstone  period,  and  small  veins  and  vessels  of  52,378  tons  for  the  whole  Dominion, 

nests  of  the  sulphite  and  green  carbonate  of  cop-  The  total  value  of  these  new  vessels,  at  f  45  per 

per,  yielding  as  high  as  74  per  cent,  of  metallic  ton,  would  be  $2,857,010.    The  sea  fisheries  of 

copper,  occur  at  numerous  points  in  the  coal  Canada,  on  the  cotists  of  Nova   Scotia,   New 

measures  of  Cumberland.  Colchester,  and  Pic-  Brunswick,  Prince  Edward  Island,  Quebec,  and 

tou.  and  elsewhere.    At  Polson*s  Lake.  Guys-  British  Columbia,  are  among  the  richest  in  the 

l)orough,  Cheticamp,  Inverness,  and  Coxheath,  world ;    while  the  fresh-water  fisheries  of  the 

Cape  Breton,  large  and  rich  deposits  of  cuprifer-  great  lakes  and  rivers  of  the  country  are  no- 

ous  ore  are  found.  where  to  be  surpassed.    The  total  value  of  the 

The  coal  deposits  of  Nova  Scotia,  so  far  as  fisheries  of  Canada  for  the  year  1890  w[ts|H7,- 

known,  are  all  bituminous.    The  most  eastern  714,902;  and  to  this  aggregate  Nova  Scotia  alone 

of  these  fields  covers  the  eastern  part  of  Cape  contributed  |6,G86,445,  being  considerably  over 

Breton  County,  with  a  corner  of  Victoria,  and  one  third  of  the  total  catch.    The  number  of 

comprises  about  200  square  miles.     Within  this  vessels  and  boats  employed  by  the  latter  prov- 

s{)ace  mining  operations  have  been  carried  on  ince  in  the  fisheries  of  1890  was  14.290:   value, 

upon  nine  different  coal  beds,  varying  in  thick-  $1.733,071 ;  number  of  men,  27.084;  nets,  3.180,- 

ness  from  three  to  twelve  feet.    The  estimate  of  894  fathoms,  valued  at  $763,160;  other  fishing 

available  coal  of  the  beds  opened  for  working  is  material  valued  at  $747,080.     Nova  Scotia  has 

212,000,0(X)  tons.    These  coal  beds  dip  beneath  been  sometimes  misrepresented  as  a  sterile  coun- 

the  sea,  and  the  available  coal   product   from  try.     It  is  a  real  misrepresontalion.     It  may  be 

the  submarine  beds  alone  has  been  cautiously  es-  stated  in  general  terms  that  the  province  (loes 

timated  at  2,000,000,000  tons.    Nearly  the  whole  not  grow  all  the  wheat  that  it  eats,  but,  never- 


602  OAHSPB. 

theless,  it  grows  cereals  equivalent  to  all  the  ica  and  in  England.   A  member  of  the  Dominion 

food  of  that  class  consumed  by  the  people.     It  Parliament  recently,  playiully  but  truthfully,  n- 

is  noted  as  a  grazing  country,  and  it  is  celebrated  markeii  in  the  House  uf  Commons  that  in  the 

for  its  hardy  fruits — as  applei<,  pears,  plums,  and  blooming  season  he  could,  in  the  Annapolis  val- 

cherries — having    repeatedly  won    the    highest  ley,  drive  without  interruption  for  over  a  hun- 

prizes  at  fruit  exhibitions,  both  in  North  Amer-  dred  miles  under  the  apple  blossoms. 


O 

OAHSPE  (pronounced  ho-as'pe),  a  book  that  people  shall  worship  the  Great  I  Am,  Jehovih." 

professes  to  have  been  produced  through  divine  Its  length  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  Old  Tes- 

mspiration.    Its  writer  was  Dr.  John  B.  New-  tament.    It  is  dividea  into  thirty-six  books,  the 

brough,  who  was  bom  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland,  titles  of  some  of  them  being:  ^*Book  of  Jeho- 

about  1825,  practiced  dentistrv  for  manv  years  vih,"    "Book  of    Sethanes,    Son  of  Jehovih," 

in  New  York  aity,  and  died  there  April  23, 1891.  "  The  Lord's  First  Book,"  "  Book  of  Fragapatti, 

He  was  a  believer  in  spiritualism,  and  in  ac*  Son    of    Jehovih,"    "  Book    of    Cpenta-Artnij, 

cordance  with  his  interpretation  of  that  belief  he  Daughter    of  Jehovih,'*  ^'  Book   of  the  Arc  of 

abstained  for  seven  years  from  animal  food,  made  Bon,    **  Book  of  Jehovih*s  Kingdom  on  Earth.** 

frequent  fasts,  and  spent  much  time  in  prayer  and  **  Book  of  Diiicipline."    It  contains  many 


seated  himself  before  it  and  struck  the  keys  as  "C'Vorkum,**  the  roadway  of  the  solar  phalanx ; 

the  supposed  spirit  inspired  him.    At  the  same  **  Emun,"  choking  atmosphere ;    "  Es*enauers," 

time  he  was  told  not  to  read  what  he  had  written,  heavenly    musicians  ;    "  Uada,"    atmospherea ; 

After  A  time  he  was  told  to  "read  and  publish,"  "Hi-dan."  highest  light;    "Isaah,"  a  Chinese 

and  he  found  he  had  produced  this  book.    He  had  prophet ;  "  Scpe-oke,"  a  spirit  house ;   "  Sehood 

given  away  all  his  property,  but  in  some  mys-  of  Hein,"  a  negative  place;  "  Homa."  refreshing 

terious  manner  $10,000  came  to  him  for  the  ex-  perfumes.    It  is  divided   into   verses,  like  the 

penses  of  publication,  and  in  1882  the  book  was  Bible. 

printed  and  issued.    The  full  title  is:  "  Oahspe ;  The  following  passages  will  give  a  fair  idea  of 

a  New  Bible  in  the  Words  of  Jehovih,  and  nis  the  style  and  contents  of  the  book: 

Angel  Embassadors.    A  Sacred  History  of  the  .,    '     ,        .,,t    i        ij           •  •     .*j      t 

Dominions  of  the  Higher  and  Ijower  Heavens  on  ^.^^^  Thee  will  I  acknowledge  mv  miquiti« ;  I  can 

the  Earth  for  the  Past  Twenty-four  Thousand  hide  njthmg^from  the  eye  of  my  C^^^^    Hear  me. 

Years;  being  from  the  Submersion  of  the  Con-  j  {^^       ^^^  ^^^^^  „,y  brother.     With  great 

tinent  of  Pan  m  the  racmo  Ucean,  commonly  armies  I  encompassed  him  about  to  despoil  him. 


of  the  Cosmogony  of  the  Universe ;  the  Creation  Jt^^e  and  iron.    Yea,  I  inscribed  them  from  top  to 

of  Planets:  f  Creation  of  Man;  the  Unseen  ^^^-l^^^Xe^^^ 

Worlds ;  the  Labor  and  Glory  of  Gods  and  God-  j  called  to  the  daniBelsT  saving :  »*  Come,  a  great  honor 

desses  in  the  Ethenan  Heavens;  with  the  New  i  ^-^y^  ^  you:  ye  shairdanco  with  the  officers  of 

Commandments  of  Jehovih  to  Man  of  the  Present  deaUi."    1  covered  the  earth  over  with  drunkards  and 

Day.     With  Revelations  from  the  Second  Resur-  widows  and  orphans;  to  beggary  I  reduced  them, but 

rection,  formed  in  Words  in  the  Thirty-third  I  whetted  their  pride  by  saving,  Behold  what^at 

Year  of  the  Kosmon  Era."  ft^^Pl!"^.  f T^'f  "^f  .u*""^  ♦•  Such  w  the  voice  of  man, 

Oahspe  teaches  that  there  is  one    Supreme  ;i,^,t"j;*^;  ^n^e^^ '^^t^^^^^ 

Being,  whom  it  calls  Jehovih.     It  condemns  all  ^^^  ^^  Abraham,' and  to  Mos^  leading  them  forth 

war  and  the  eating  of  animal  food.     It  declares  ^y^  ^f  darkness,  O  speak  thou,  Jehovih  I    Man  hath 

that  there  is  a  sunken  continent  in  the  Pacific  faith  in  thee  only;  thou  alone  wast  sufficient  in  the 

Ocean,  which  proves  the  origin  of  the  story  of  olden  time;   to-day  thou  alone  are  sutSicient  unto 

the  flood,  and  predicts  that  all  present  religious  thine  own  creation.    Speak  thou,  O  Jehovih. 

svstcms    will    be    superseded    by  the    religion  .  Thou,  O  Jehovih !    As  thou  hast  declared  thyself 

tauc'ht  in  Oahspe,  whose  followers  shall  be  called  m  the  Book  of  Jehovih  1       ..  ^^  ,     ,,  .^    .    _. 

„.«"."      fnu^  '    11  u        ^i  ,»«..;^.»  «/^«  fl^c^K  To  thee  I  covenant  myself,  to  be  thmc  foreverl 

Faithists.    They  will  be  anti-warriors  non-flesh-  ^^^  ^  ^^^^  ^^j     ^^  Jehovih. 

eaters,  and  instead  of  preaching  religion   will  And  I  abjure  all  gods  but  thee.    And  I  abjure  all 

practice   it,  working   for  others  and  not  them-  jords  but  thee.    And  I  abjure  all  savioun*  but  thee, 

selves.     The  present  svstems  of  government  and  My  corporeal  body  I  dedicate  and  covenant  unto 

social  order   will   be  abrogated.      Co-operation  thee,  to  be  in  thy  aervice  during  all  ray  life.    My 


Oahspt r  r»u      u      "—  —  - -' ' 

the  new  or  Kosmon  Era  and  Kosmon  Church,  xJnto  them  will  I  not  only  do  as  I  would  be  dona 

without  any  creeds  or  worshipful  gods,  lords,  by,  but  more;  I  will  do  for  them  witJi  all  my  wisdom 

saviours,  priests,  or  preachers,  but  in  which  all  and  strength,  all  my  life. 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Abbott— Allen.) 


603 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.  Ab1»tt,  Emmft 
(Mrs.  Wetusxsll),  liinger,  bom  in  Chicago,  lli.,ubout 
iSoO-  died  in  Salt  Lako  Cit:Ki  Utah,  Jan.  5,  1S91. 
She  aeveloped  a  talent  for  miuio  at  an  earlv  age,  and 
woa  taught  to  sin^  and  play  the  guitar  by  nex  father, 
who  had  settled  in  Peoria,  III.,  an  a  muaio  teacher. 
While  singing  in  a  parlor  entertainment  in  Toledo, 
Ohio,  in  1870,  she  attracted  the  attention  of  Clara 
Louise  Kellogg,  who  induced  the  father  to  allow  her 
to  bring  £nuna  to  New  York  and  give  her  a  musicid 
training.  Through  Miss  Kellogg^s  influence,  the 
young  singer  obtuned  an  engagement  as  principal 
sopmno  in  the  choir  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Chapin^s  church. 
There  her  ability,  enthusiasm,  and  modesty  led  the 
congregation  to  make  up  a  purao  of  $10,000  to  enable 
her  to  continue  musical  study  in  Kurope.  In  1872 
she  went  abroad ;  studied  singing  and  dramatic  ac- 
tion in  Paris  and  Milan:  wasl)efriended  by  tlie 
Baroness  Solomon  de  Rotnschild,  when  she  became 
ill  and  lost  her  voice ;  and  was  married  secretly  to 
Eugene  Wetherell,  the  custodian  of  her  New  York 
funds.  Her  first  engagement  was  with  Ernest  Guy. 
in  London,  in  ^  The  Daughter  of  the  Begimout" 
Her  refusal  to  sing  in  ^  La  Traviata  ^  led  to  a  famous 
operatic  sensation  and  delighted  her  American  bene- 
factors. From  her  second  season  her  financial  suc- 
cess was  unbroken,  and  she  appeared  before  crowded 
houses  in  the  principal  cities  of  the  United  States 
and  Europe  up  to  the  time  of  her  fatal  illness.  Her 
most  popular  parts  were  in  the  operant  ^  Paul  and 
Virginia,"  "Norma,"  ** Semiramide,"  Fra  Diavolo," 
''King  for  a  Day,"  "The  Mascotte," " The  Mikado," 
^  Komeo  and  Juliet,"  "  Pinafore,"  "  The  Gondoliero," 
"  Lucia  di  Lammermoor."  and  "  The  Three  Cava- 
liers." She  survived  her  nunband  two  years,  and  loft 
an  estate  valued  at  nearly  $500,000.  Her  will  directed 
her  exeouton  to  invest  $200,000  for  the  benefit  of  her 
father  and  mother:  to  pav  about  $150,000  to  specified 
relatives  and  friends ;  and  $d,000  each  to  eight  8p«ci- 
fied  churches,  which  she  had  attended  at  various 
times;  and  to  distribute  the  residue  of  her  estate  be- 
tween eight  charitable  institutions  in  various  parts  of 
the  country  and  two  lady  fViends. 

Abbott  loilah  Qaidnar,  jurist,  bom  in  Chelmsford, 
Ma:«.,  Nov.  1, 1815 :  died  in  Welleslev  Hills,  Mass., 
June  2,1891.  He  was  fitted  for  college  bv  Kalph 
Waldo  Emenon,  was  graduated  at  Harvaru  in  18^32, 
and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1835.  The  year  of 
his  m^ority  he  entered  political  life  aft  a  Representa- 
tive in  the  State  Legislature,  and  in  1841-U2  he  was 
a  member  of  the  State  Senate,  where  he  served  first 
as  a  member  and  in  his  second  term  as  chairman  of 
the  committees  on  Railroads  and  on  the  Judiciary. 
In  1844  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  National 
Democratic  Convention,  and  from  that  time  till  his 
death  he  attended  every  national  convention  of  his 
party  excei>ting  two,  and  was  almost  invariably 
chosen  churman  of  the  Massachusetts  delegation. 
He  served  on  Gov.  Morton's  staff,  was  a  memoer  of 
the  State  Constitutional  Convention  in  1853,  and  was 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Massachusetts  for  Suf- 
folk County,  with  chambers  in  Boston,  from  the  es- 
tablishment of  the  court  in  1855  till  its  abolition  in 
1859.  In  1874  he  was  Democratic  candidate  for  Con- 
ifresa  in  the  4th  Massachusetts  District  He  received 
0,429  votes,  against  5,717  for  Rufus  S.  Frost,  Repub- 
lican. The  certificate  of  election  was  given  to  Mr. 
Frost,  but  Judge  Abbott  contested  the  scat,  and  the 
House  of  Representatives  awarded  it  to  him  in  July, 
1^76.  He  served  on  the  committer  on  Public  Build- 
ings and  Grounds,  and  on  the  Elections  in  South  Caro- 
lina; was  consoicuous  in  the  legislation  that  resulted 
in  the  establisnment  of  the  Electoral  Commission ; 
and  was  appointed  one  of  the  three  Democratic  mem- 
bc>ni  of  it  on  the  part  of  the  House  in  1877.  In  1875 
and  1877  he  was  the  unsuccessful  Democratic  can- 
didate for  United  States  Senator,  and  in  1878  for 
Qovprnor. 

Adkr,  SanniaL  clergyman,  bom  in  Worms,  Germany, 
Dec.  3, 1809;  died  in  New  York  city,  June  9,  1891. 
He  was  trained  in  Hebrew  and  the  rabbtnio  literature 


by  his  father,  who  was  a  rabbi.  He  studied  at  ihe 
Rabbinic  High  School  in  Frankfort,  and  from  1831 
till  1886,  he  was  a  student  of  philosopny  and  Oriental 
languages  at  the  universities  of  Bonn  and  Giessen. 
In  the  spring  of  1836  ho  was  appointed  minister  to 
the  congregation  in  his  native  city.  He  remained 
there  tin  1842,  when  he  became  rabbi  of  the  town 
and  circuit  of  Alzey.  Slowly  at  first,  then  with  in- 
creased and^  growing  decision,  he  identified  himself 
with  the  principles  of  the  reformatory  movement  in 
Judaism,  and  soon  became  a  leader.  As  such  he  took 
part  in  the  three  great  conventions  of  rabbis,  hold  in 
Brunswick,  Frankfort,  and  Breslau,  in  1844-^46.  In 
the  autumn  of  1850  he  became  rabbi  of  the  Temple 
Emanu  £1,  in  New  York  city.  He  was  installed  in 
the  following  spring,  and  labored  till  August,  1874, 
when  he  retired  from  active  service,  and  was  made 
rabbi  emeritus.  During  his  active  career  he  was 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  learned,  progressive, 
and  liberal  of  modem  Jews.  He  was  opposed  to 
human  slavery  in  every  form,  vigorously  supported 
the  Federal  Government  throughout  the  civil  war, 
enjoyed  the  friendship  and  confidence  of  President 
Lincoln,  and  welcomed  Migor  Anderson  to  his  syna- 
gogue after  the  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  by  pronouncing 
over  him  the  ancient  priestly  blessing  of  tne  Hebrews. 
Dr.  Adlor  was  the  fatlier  of  Prof.  Felix  Adler,  founder 
of  the  Society  of  Ethical  Culture. 

AllflOftk^  Thomaai  manufacturer,  bom  in  Birmingham, 
England,  in  1814;  died  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  27. 
1891.  In  1845  he  came  to  New  Y'ork  city  and  opcnea 
a  dmg  store  under  the  Astor  House,  and  in  1854  in- 
vented the  porous  plaster  that  bears  his  name.  Ho 
applied  himself  closely  to  his  drug  and  manufactur- 
ing business  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war, 
when  he  entered  the  national  army  and  was  ap- 
pointed assistant  adjutant-general  on  the  stafi  of 
Gon.  Yates.  Awhile  m  charge  of  the  Elm  Street  re- 
cruiting office,  he  aided  in  organizing  the  4th  New 
Y'ork  Heavy  Artillery,  and  went  to  the  front  with  it  as 
major.  He  took  part  in  nineteen  battles,  was  wounded 
at  Ream^s  Station,  and  was  promoted  brigadier-gen- 
eral for  gallantry  in  action.  After  the  war  lie  resumed 
his  business  in  New  York  city. 

Alien,  Williaaiy  jurist,  bom  in  Branswick,  Me.,  March 
81,  1822;  died  in  Northampton.  Mass.,  June  4, 1891. 
He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  William  Allen,  who  was 
President  of  DartmouUi  College  in  1816  and  of  Bow- 
doin  College  in  1819.    In  1839  he  removed  with  his 

Sarents  to  r^orthampton.  where  he  retsided  until  his 
eath.  He  was  educated  at  Phillips  Academy,  Bow- 
doin  College,  and  Amherst  College,  being  graduated 
at  the  latter  in  1842,  and  then  studied  law  at  Yale, 
where  he  was  graduated  in  1844.  In  the  following 
year  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Early  in  life  he 
was  an  active  Frce-soiler,  but  after  beginning  his 
professional  career  he  applied  himself  to  it  wholly, 
and  was  never  conspicuous  in  political  life.  He  was 
appointed  by  Gov.  Washburn  a  judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  of  Massachusetts  in  1872,  and  Gov.  Long  pro- 
moted him  to  be  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in 
1880.  The  latter  office  he  held  until  his  death.  Judge 
Allen  was  one  of  the  five  judges  who  sat  on  the  famous 
Andover  heresy  case. 

Allan,  WflUanii  philanthropist,  born  in  Windham. 
Conn.,  May  23,  1810;  died  in  Columbus,  Ohio,  Nov. 
29. 1891.  In  early  life  he  accompanied  his  parents  tt> 
Rhode  Island,  where  ho  receivecf  a  limited  education, 
learned  the  tailoi^s  trade,  and  for  a  time  was  editor  or 
"The  Rhode  Islander."  In  1829  he  removed  to  Co- 
lumbus, Ohio,  where  for  several  yeare  he  was  editor  of 
"  The  Ohio  Stiite  Journal."  and  passed  from  that  paper 
to  "  The  Cincinnati  Gazette,"  with  which  he  was  also 
long  connected.  Subsequently  he  bought  a  farm  in 
Sharon,  and  retired  from  journalism.  More  than  fifty 
years*  a^o  he  began  agitating  for  the  passage  of  a  na- 
tional law  giving:  to  every  actual  new  settler  in  the 
West  a  homestead  of  100  acres.  He  traveled  all  over 
the  country,  lecturing  on  the  scheme,  explaininc:  it  in 
newspapers,  and  urgini?  on  legislatures  their  support 
and  co-operation.     He  defrayed   all   hia  oxpcnses, 


604  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Anglk-^Barkeb.) 

Bpcndiog  about  $60,Q00  in  perfoct'mg  hia  plans  and  pt&fpn  life  of  James  6.  Blaine  (1884);  "A  Victorious 
making  them  known,  and  in  1863  found  his  reward  in  Defeat  ^^  (1886) ;  **  A  Common  Story  "  (1891) :  and.  in 
Vio  adoption  by  Conirress  of  the  present  national  coi^unction  witli  Rudyard  Kipling,  a  serial  novd, 
homestead  law.  But  his  efforts  iuipoveri;<hed  him;  ^ The  Naulahka,^^  published  in  tlie  ^Century '^ nia/a- 
he  lost,  piece  by  piece,  all  his  property.  He  was  too  zine  (1891-^92).  lie  had  also  completed  a  novi-l 
proud  to  avail  iiimself  of  the  ifreat  result  of  his  per-  **  Ben<;tits  foi>fot,"  and  a  short  storj',  **  Keffey,"  botii 
sistent  labors,  was  penuitted  to  spend  several  years  of  which  were  announcijd  for  publication  in  thv 
as  a  common  beg^r,  and  on  Sept  30,  homeless,  ^* Century^  during  1892.  Erasmus  Peshine  c>mith, 
friendless,  ''*■  Land-bill  Allen  ^  was  sent  to  the  Frank-  the  writer  on  political  economy  and  international  law, 
lin  County  Infirmary,  where  he  lived  scarcely  two  was  Mr.  Baie^tier's  maternal  grandfather, 
months.  From  July  1,  1865,  till  Juno  30, 1890,  the  Baavaidi  J0I11I9  painter,  bom  in  New  York  city,  in 
number  of  grants  of  public  land  under  the  homestead  November,  l»l4 ;  died  in  Watertown,  8.  Dak.,  May  16, 
law  aggregated  1 22,008,887  acres,  and  in  the  single  year  1891.  He  showed  a  strong  taste  for  drawing  and  paint- 
before  liisdeath  5,531,678  acres.  ing  at  an  early  age,  but  was  without  means  to  take 
Angle;  JaiDM  Lauiiigi  jurist^  born  in  Henrietta,  Mon-  lessons.  When  lie  was  about  fifteen  vears  old  hiH 
roe  county,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  19,  1818;  died  in  Greec«,  father  died,  and  he  removed  to  Louisville,  Ky.,  where 


N.  Y.,  May  4. 1891.  He  received  an  academical  educa-  he  obtained  employment  in  a  drug  store.  All  hiti 
tion.  studied  law.  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  leisure  was  applied  to  unaided  art  practice,  and  atUT 
Rocnester,  N.  Y.,  in  1845 ;  was  clerk  of  the  Board  of  a  yearns  service  in  the  drug  store  he  ventured  to  open 
Supervisors  of  Monroe  County  in  1850-^51 ;  member  a  studio.  He  worked  with  much  care  and  energy, 
of  the  Assembly  in  1854;  citv  attorney  in  1857 ;  and  producing  numerous  pictures  of  varied  character,  but 
chairman  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors  in  1863-^65.  was  not  successt\il  in  selling  them.  He  then  deter- 
On  Dee.  22, 1877,  he  %vas  appointed  by  Gov.  Robinson  mined  to  make  a  livinir  by  exhibiting  his  work^ 
a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York  to  till  a  and  fitted  up  a  flatboat  witli  which  to  make  an  an 
vacancy,  and  in  1883  ho  was  elected  for  a  full  term,  voyage  down  the  Mississippi.  In  this  fashion  he  y\»- 
and  served  until  his  retirement,  on  account  of  having  ited  njany  cities  and  towns  along  the  river,  exhibiting 
reached  the  const! tutionid  limit  of  age,  Jan.  1,  1889.  his  paintings  on  his  boat  Vv  hife  pursuing  this  courvw 
lie  was  a  Democrat  in  politics,  and  was  several  times  he  conceived  the  idea  of  painting  in  panoramic  fomi 
an  unsuccessful  candidate  for  Congress  and  for  the  the  entire  Mississipi  river.  Whue  preparing  for  t}iii« 
bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  latate.  work  he  painted  a  panorama  of  Venice  without  bav- 

Appleton,  John,  jurist,  bom  in  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.,  ing  seen  that  city,  and  succesfully  exhibited  it  in 

July  12,  l8047aied  in  Bangor,  Mo.,  Feb.  7, 1891.    He  the  West  till  he  lost  it  by  the  sinking  of  a  steamboat 

was  graduated  at  Bowdoin  College  in  1822,  studied  Atlerlosing  what  moncv  he  had  saved  in  the  museuui 

law,  and  entered  into  partnership  with  £lisha  Allen,  business  in  Hi.  Louis,  lie  began,  in  1840,  his  famou«« 

aflcrward  chief  justice  of  Hawaii  and  minister  re^i-  panorama,  projected  to  bo  the  largest  painting  in  the 

dent  of  that  kingdom  at  Washington.    In  1852  he  world.    He  made  the  joumevdown  the  river  in  an 

was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  open  boat,  and  alone.    His  rifie  supplied  him  with 

Maine,  in  1862  was  chosen  chief  justice,  and  in  1869  food  a  part  of  the  time,  and  the  proceeds  of  exhibi- 

and  1876  was  reappointed  justice.    He  retired  from  tions  of  his  work  as  it  progrei»ed  supplied  the  n^- 

the  bench  in  1883,  and  ensraged  in  private  practice  maining  necessities.    A  year  was  spent  in  this  way 

till  1885,  when  the  infirmities  of  age  caused  him  to  and  he  then  returned  to  Louisville  to  complete  Iim 

retire.    He  was  one  of  the  most  eminent  jurists  in  the  work.     When  finished  and  readv  for  exhibition,  it 

State ;  as  reporter  of  decisions  he  compiled  two  vol-  covered  three  miles  of  canvas,    ^he  ri%-ennen,  who 

umes  of  **  Maine  Reports  ^^  (Bangor,  1841);  and  he  had  been  his  fast  fViends,  advertised  the  w^onderful 

was  the  author  of  ^  Appleton  on  Evidence'^  (1860).  feat  far  and  wide,  and  the  panorama  was  exhibited  in 

Many  important  statutory  changes  in  the  laws  of  evi-  the  large  cities  or  the  United  States  and  of  £un>pi% 

dence  and  other  branches  of  jurisprudence  resulted  and    privatelv  before   Queen  Victoria   at  Windsor 

from  his  efforts.  Castle.    While  exhibiting  he  paintod  the  strikintr 

Aztelly  Saoniel  B.,  jurist,  bom  in  Franklin  County,  scenery  of  the  places  visited,  and  after  completing  a 

Ohio,  Oct  14, 1819;  died  in  Morristrtwn,  N.  J.,  Aug.  tour  ot  Europe  ne  traveled  extensively  in  Asia  and 

6,  1891.    He  was  educated  at  Oberlin  and  Western  Africa,  and  produced  two  other  panoramas — ''Piot- 

Reserve  Colleges,  studied  law,  and  removed  to  Call-  ures  and  Poetry  of  Palestine" — and  a  series  of  thrve 

fomi  a  in  1851.     Throe  years  afterward  he  became  paintings,  **  First  Battle-field  of  Historj'."  •'The  Siege 

prosecuting  attorney  of  Amador  County.    In  1867  and  of  Jerusalem   and  Destruction  of  the'  Temple,"^  and 

1&69  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  1st  Call-  ^'The  Ruins  of  Edom.**    Subsequently  he  exhibiteil 

fomia  District  as  a  DemocreC  and  served  on  the  com-  and  lectured  on  his  panoramas  in  wbod^s  Museum, 


transferred  to  New  Mexico.    In  1 882  he  was  appointed     author  of  many  poems,  wrote  several  dramas,  of  which 
chief  justice  of  the  Supremo  Court  of  New  Mexico,     ^^Amasis^^  was  produced  in  Boston  in    1864,  and 


ard  he  held  the  olHce  till  1885,  when  he  resigned  ana 
engasred  in  practice  in  Santa  F^. 


**  Carrinia"  in  New  York  city  in  1875,  and  published 
"  A  Description  of  the  Mississippi  River,"  -A  Pil- 


thc  University  of  Virginia,  was  engaged  in  journal-  mont  the  passage  of  Island  No.  10,  in  the  Mississippi 

ism  in  Rochester  for  a  sho^  time,  and  wrote  his  first  river,  during  the  civil  war.  and  with  preparing  plan.<« 

story  in  1884.    After  settling  in  New  York  city,  he  to  show  how  it  could  be  accomplished  oy  means  of 

became  connected  with  the  Astor  Library,  editor  of  a  canal  and  certain  bavous. 


In  18h9  he  entcrwl  the  publiwhintr  business  on  his  own  after  studying  medicine  with  Prof.  Henry  I.  Bowdit^'h, 

account  as  junior  menioer  of  the  firm  of  Hcinemann  in  Boston,  at  the  Bowdoin  Medical  School  in  IMl, 

A  Balcstier,  of  London  and   Lcipsic,  publishers  of  and  practiced  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  till  1844.  He  spent  the 

-The  Review  of  Reviews"  in  London  and  of  the  winterof  1844-^45  studying  in  Paris,  and  then  rcsuniMi 

"  English  Library,"  a  rival  of  the  Tauchnitz,  on  the  priictice  in  Norwich,  making  a  specialty  of  obstetrics 

Continent.    He  wos  a  writer  of  much   promise  nnd  and  diseases  of  women.    In  1846  he  was  elected  Pnv 

F>pularity.     His    publications    include  "  A    Patent  fessor  of  Midwifery  in  Bowdoin  Medical  School,  in 

hiltre"  (1884);  "A  Fair  Device"  (1884);  a  cam-  1848  was  President  of  the  Connecticut  Medical  Soci- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN'.    (B^snitm— IUbbitt.) 


BlllcvueflwpiU 


etj.  and  in  1850  lie  ramovod  to  New  Vork  citjr.     He 

if  thii  iucorporatoni  of  tlie  Ne*  Ifork  Medi- 
—  -  wia  appointed  Obslctriual  Surveon  to 
ipi[Blinls6:!,Biidhuldtheomao[illIljT4; 
.er  of  the  medical  board  of  tlmt  hoapitBl 
for  thirty -Hve  fean;  and  became  Pnifewior  of  cliai' 
ca]  Midwiferj-  iQ  the  medical  eoUege  of  the  hospital 
in  ISm,  At  BubiwqueDI  perioda  he  won  Kino  coiuiiilt- 
ine  phj-siriau  to  Bellevue,  8l  Kliiaboth's,  Die  Mn- 
teniity,  the  Cancer,  the  Womeo'B.  and  the  Children's 
Hoapttaln.  lie  had  a  lat^  private  practice.  Amouv 
hii>  Dumeroiw  publicaliona,  liia  worts  on  •'  Puerperal 
DlseoM*"  and  -On  Seaaicknese "  hare  been  moet 
■idely  translated.  He  was  Vioe-f'reaidentof  the  In- 
ternational Medivd  (,'onure«,  held  in  London  in  1881, 
and  Ihefint  American  President otl  he  Antflo-Ameri- 
ean  foeiety  of  Porla,  France,  in  1H8».  Ho  bciiueathcd 
tii  the  New  York  Academy  of  Medicine  the  greater 
part  of  hi*  medical  library. 

BoBan,  FhhuiM  T^ls,  ahowman.  bom  in  Bethel, 
Conn.,  July  S,  IslO;  ilied  in  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  April 
'  lie  received  a  dinlrlct-echool  education,  and 


Bamtt,  lawmtca,  actor,  born  of  Irish  parenla  in 

I'aterson.  N.  J.,  April  4,  ltt3»;  died  in  New  York 
city,Marvh  21,  ISSl.  Ata  veryearijage  hedbpluyed 
evidenceaof  KTcal  intelligence,  and  bin  mother,  a  hard- 
working woman,  olten  carried  biui  to  achool  in  her 
armx  when  he  was  too  feeble  to  walk.  He  beean  life 
for  himBalf  in  a  dry -goods  store,  where  ho  showed  a 
ta»le  for  mlmicrv,  anil  was  fond  of  entertaining  hia 
fellow-clerks  with  imilnlionn  of  the  favorite  actors  of 
the  day.  His  fiivt  iheatricul  employment  was  as  eall- 
boy  in  a  l)eln>it 
theatre,  at  a  saU 
arv  of  I2..W  a 
week.  He  kept  his 
eyes  and  his  euni 
o)>en,  and  stud- 
iously watched  ull 
that  wa>  going  on 

innevery  spare  mo- 


school  he  ■ 


n  1815 


hebegan  his  caree 


e  and  agtney 

he  always  del itfh ted  to  call  himwlf.  Hia  flrat  vent- 
ure wan  the  eihibition  of  the  fainoiu  Joyce  Heth.  a 
colored  woman  who  claimed  to  bo  one  hundred 
and  sixty -one  yean  old,  and  to  have  been  t)ie  nurae 
of  Georye  Washington  in  his  infancy.  He  had 
been  hitherto  hut  indllTcrently  successful  as  a 
money  maker  in  hia  voriouii  undertakings,  but 
fortune  now  began  to  faror  him.  and  atler  a  s«- 
of  exhibition  tours  he  bought  out  several  col- 

°Thre. 


ing  upon  nails  on 
the  flJorof  his  mis- 
erable ^'arrct  the 
ends  of  candles  hs 
had  begged  fruui 
the  ptDparty-man, 


whole 


wonders  and  curiosities  and  opened 
=-  *--w  York  oily  ir 


rean  anerward  he  went  abroad  with  the  celebrated 
il  warf,  "  Tom  Thumb,"  with  whom  he  gave  enlerlain- 
mcnls  at  the  English  and  at  most  of  the  Continental 
eourti^  In  IxiS  he  introduced  Jennv  Lind  to  the 
American  public  agreoinEtn  pay  her  (1,000  each  fora 

peiuus.    In  addition  to  many  charity  concertK  she  sang 


ninety-flve  regular 
which  were  t1li,liil.M,  of  which  her  net  ....... 

were  •1TC,<tTa.09,  and  Mr.  Banium's  gross  receipts, 
olVcr  paying  the  aingor,  weru  tMB,*S6.:i.V  The  inar- 
ri>x^  of  Tom  Thumb  to  Lavinia  Wnrren.  another 
dwarf,  in  Trinity  Church,  and  the  intmluction  totlie 
public  of  Commodore  Nun  and  Admiral  Dolt,  two 
other  dwarfs  the  woollr  honw,  the  What  ia  It,  and 
other  specialtiea,  added  laigely  to  hia  popularitv. 
Forsome  time  he  conducted  a  museum  in  Philadel- 
phia in  cDiuunction  with  the  one  in  New  York.  Ho 
published  Mverel  books,  which  had  a  large  circula- 
tion, and  delivered  lectures  on  temperance  and  popu- 
lar subjects  before  crowded  houses.  In  1K66  the 
American  Museum  was  dealroyed  by  Are.  He  then 
organised  another  one  farther  up  town,  and  contin- 
ued his  popular  exhibition  and  lecture-room  attrac- 
tions till  burned  out  a  second  time,  a  few  vears  aller- 
ward.     In  1871  ho  opened  to  the  public  'The  Great- 


Earth,"  u  combination  of  circus  an<l 

-..I"  'r 

triumphs 
•tph.   ■ 


t  :dhoi 
mpnageri  ,  .... 

plied  the  remainder  of 

were  the  exhibitions  of" _.._ , 

of  the  London  Zoological  Garden,  and  the  sacred 
whitfl  elephant  of  Siatn,  and  the  transportation  and 
exhibition  in  England  of  his  entire  show.  Prior  to 
the  civil  war  Mr.  Bamuni  was  a  Democrat,  but  he 
then  joined  the  Republican  party,  and  in  IRKTi-'KD 


lo'ted  Mayt 


itut  tegiHloture.  InlKTG 

of  Itri^ceiKirt,  and  in  public 
lU  did  mucJi  for  the  oitv.    He 


lies  for  the  erection  of  their  

also  bequeathed  handsome  legacies  to  personal  frienils 
and  to  nmnerous  literary,  charilublu,  and   teligious 


Ills  lavoMie  Mwk  was  an  old  dlctionarr,  which  he 
knew  almost  by  heart,  and.  naturally  enough,  a  love  for 
philological  studies  Uisttnguished  him  through  life. 
At  last,  this  earnest  little  boy  with  a  prcUTnstu rally 
big  head  and  bright,  intelligent  blue  eyes  attracted 
theatlentioD  of  the  manager,  and,  much  to  his  joy,  in 
IS63  he  was  given  his  Hnit  speaking  part,  that  of 
Murod  in  "Tho  French  Spy.*  The  choraeter  was 
vei}'  iosignilicaat,  but  ho  put  as  much  thoigcht  into 
it  as  if  il  had  been  Hamlet,  nnd  from  that  time  hia 
career  as  an  actor  began.  In  1854  he  went  to  Pills- 
burg  as  a  member  or  the  (irond  Opera  House  slock 
company,  then  under  the  managcincnt  of  Joseph 
Foster.  For  two  years  he  plavedin  the  support  of 
many  of  the  leading  actors  and  actresses  of  the  day. 
His  first  appearance  in  New  York  was  in  the  old 
Chambers  Sti  .let  Theatre,  which  had  been  abandoned 
by  William  E.  Burton  about  n  year  befora.  The 
opening  piece  wa»"The  Hunchback."  Jan.  IB,  ISiT, 
and  he  was  Sir  I'humas  CUU'ord.  During  thi.t  en- 
gagement Mr,  Barren  played  many  leading  rvirt, 
ainonic  iheni  Fazio,  the  Stranger,  Armand,  Ingonior, 
Claude  Melnotte.  and  Lord  Townlcy;  and  he  made  no 
favorable  en  inipreeuion  thol  he  soon  hod  many  olfem 
for  a  next  season's  engagement.  He  aeeepted  that  of 
Mr.  Burton  as  promising  the  greatest  advantages,  and 
on  March  S,  1857,  he  liegan  his  work  at  Burton's 
Theatre  (the  Metropolitan,  afU-rward  Winter  Uer- 
den),  making  his  first  appearance  then:  as  Matthew 
Bates  in  Douglas  Jerrold's  "Time  Tries  All."  Dur- 
ing the  season  at  Burton's  he  llrKt  met  Kdwin  Booth, 
and  there  the  two  young  men  began  a  friendship 
which  ended  only  with  Mr.  Barrett's  death.  Totollv 
unlike  in  nature,  Ihey  seemed   to  supplement  each 

ond  conlial.  While  ol  Burton's  Mr.  Barrett  played 
Florizel  to  Buttnn's  Aulotycus.  and  Foggu  to  Clmr- 
locte  Cusliman's  Nanev  Sikcs,  and  he  acteil  olten  with 
Edwin  Bonili.  In  th'o  autumn  of  K-r.S  he  become  a 
leading  actor  in  the  Boston  Museum,  where  ho  opened 
OS  Frederick  Bramble  in  the  comedy  of  "The  Poor 
(ientlemun,"  in  which  Mr.  Wunvn  was  Dr.  Ollapod 
and  W.  IL  Smith  Sir  Robert  During  his  two  years 
at  the  Uuseum  be  played  many  characlon  and  l>e- 
eamo  an  vsUbtUhud  favorite.  From  tliere  lie  went  to 
the  llowaid  Athenieum,  whora  lie  supported  during 
one  season  Charioltv  I'ushman,  Barry  l^ullivan, 
James  H.  Ilncketl.  Edwin  L.  Davenport,  aiKl  Charles 
W.  Couldock.  Mr.  Barrett  enlisted  in  1S61,  and 
served  for  some  time  as  captain  of  Company  B,  ot 
liie28thMaasacbua«IM  VDlunloei*.   Returning  North, 


606  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Barrbtt— Ba&ton.) 


close  of  his  season  in  the  latter  city  he  joined  the  duction  was  **  Yorick^s  Love^^^  translated  from  the 

Chestnut  Street  Theatre  Company,  Philadelphia,  and  Spanish  by  Mr.  Howells,  and  ^ven  at  the  Park  Th«a> 

supported  Booth,  Davenport,  and  other  stam.  tre,  New  York,  Dec  20,  1880.    He  presented  "  Pen- 

£d win  Forrest  was  not  playing?  daring  that  winter,  dragon"  at  Chicago,  Dec.  5,  1881.    On  SepL  14  of 

but'he  frequently  went  to  tne  theatre  and  watched  Bar-  the  same  year  he  bought  out  ^  Francesca  da  Kimini  * 

rett  with  great  interest,  often  sendinis:  for  him  after  the  at  the  Chestnut  Street  Theatre,  Philadelphia,  and  ho 

play  to  approve  of  certain  lines  which  he  considered  also  presented  this  play  at  the  Star  Tneatre,  Ncw 

well  rendered.    Mr.  Booth  now  made  him  an  oifer  to  York,  and  acted  the  part  of  the  Hunchback,  Lanri- 

support  him  at  Winter  Garden,  and  while  he  was  in  otto.    During  the  season  of  1883-^84  he  appeared  in 

New  York,  Lewis  Baker  proposed  to  him  to  enter  into  Boston  and  tne  laige  cities  of  the  Union,  ana  on  April 

partnership  in  the  management  of  the  Varieties  Thea-  14, 1884,  he  began  on  engagement  of  seven  weeks  at 

trc  at  Now  Orleans.  Aftersomehesitation,  Mr.  Barrett  the  Lyceum  Theatre,  London.    During  the  follow- 

accepted,  thinking  it  would  pye  him  an  opportunity  ing  seasons  he  was  actively  engaged  throughout  the 

to  play  in  the  standard  tragic  dramas ;  the  arrange-  United  States,  when  he  restored  to  the  stage  Brown- 

ment  was  perfected,  and  Mr.  Barrett  began  the  active  ings  **■  A  Blot  in  the  Scutcheon,"  and  was  seen  as 


begun  here,  for  he  first  appeared  as  Richelieu,  Ham-     enga^ment  with  £dwin  Booth,  one  of  the  mocst  sue- 
let,  and  Shvlock.    At  that  time  Lester  Wallack  was     cessml  theatrical  enterprises,  not  only  in  a  financial. 

If  .i    rf J     1  _  ,« !^l_ ^     •_    ■KT XT 1_  V..4.    :_ t^^A^ f_    *.!- _    l-i-;.. _*    A.l-_     J • 


was  destroyed  by  fire  he  decided  to  set  out  on  a  star-  **  Julius  CsBsar."    The  next  year  they  appeared  at  the 

ring  trip,  appearing  as  £lUot  Grey  at  Pikers  Opera  Fifth  Avenue  Theatre,  bringing  out  "The  Merchant 

House,  in  Cincinnati,  in  the  autumn  of  1864.    In  1866  of  Venice  ^  and  **  Othello."   The  following  season  the 

he  went  to  England,  and  again  in  1867,  when  he  pre-  two  actors  separated,  although  Mr.  Boom  was  still 

sented  Hamlet  for  one  week  in  Liverpool.    On  Feb.  under  Barretts  management.    During  that  time  Mr. 

17,  1868,  he  opened  at  Maguire^'s  Opera  House,  San  Barrett  brought  out  **  Ganelon  "  in  Chicago  and  other 

Francisco,  where  he  plav^  eleven  weeks.     While  cities,  but  was  obliged  to  give  up  playing  on  account 

there  he  met  William  C.  italston  and  other  capitalists  of  very  poor  health.    Mr.  Barrett-s  last  production  of 

who  agreed  to  build  a  magnificent  theatre  if  he  anew  play  was  "Guido  Ferranti,"  by  Oscar  Wilde, 

would  undertake  its  management  jointly  with  John  which  ran    from  Jan.  26  to  Feb.  14,  1890,  at  the 

McCullough.    Mr.  Barrett  accepted  their  offer,  and  Broadway  Theatre,  New  Y'ork.     Mr.  Barrett^s  la^ 

in  1868  he  again  crossed  to  England,  returninj^  in  appearance  was  on  March  18, 1891,  at  the  same  house, 

December,  when  he  went  overland  to  California,  a  in  the  character  of  Adrian  du  Mauprat  to  the  Riche- 

very  severe  trip^uring  which  he  nearly  lost  his  life,  lieu  of  Mr.  Booth.    He  was  compelled  by  illness  to 

The  California  Theatre  was  opened  under  the  man-  retire  at  the  end  of  the  third  act,  and  he  died  two 

agement  of  Barrett  and  McCullough  Jan.  18,  1869.  days  later  at  the  Windsor  Hotel.    He  was  buried  at 

Afler  an  unujtual  success  of  twenty  months,  he  sold  Conasset,  Mass.    Lawrence  Barrett  was  a  man  of  in- 

his  half-interest  to  Mr.  McCullough,  and  began  star-  tcUect,  not  of  genius:  he  was  a  good  actor,  not  a 

rins:  again  in  1870,  opening  on  the  15th  of  August  at  great  one.    HeTovoid  nis  art  and  respected  it,  and 

Ni  bio's  Garden.    In  January,  1871,  Mr.  Bootii  en-  he  won  for  himself  the  respect  and  esteem  of  every 

gaged  him  to  play  opposite  characters  in  the  great  member  of  his  profession  with  whom  he  came  in  con- 

pn)ductions  ^iven  in  Rooth^s  Theatre  comer  of  23rd  tact    He  was  an  admirable  and  a  generous  manager 

street  and  Sixth  Avenue,  New  York.    After  sixteen  — he  spent  great  sums  of  money  in  the  wise  and  ctSr- 

weeks  Mr.  Booth  withdrew,  and  Mr.  Barrett  pro-  rect  mounting  of  the  tragedies  he  presented ;  and  no 

longed  the  seaiton  with  a  great  revival  of  Shake-  man  in  his  generation,  in  any  land,  has  done  so  much 

spcareV  ^A  Winter^s  Talc,^  in  which  he  appeared  for  the  stage  in  the  way  of  encouraging  dramatic  au- 

as  Leontes.    This  was  followed,  June  5,  1871,  by  thorship.      His  greatest  part,  perhaps,  was  that  of 

the  first  production  in  this  country  of  ''The  Man  Cossius;  the  most  touching  and  tender,  that  of  the 

o^Airlie,^^  a  play  with  which  he  was  always  closely  Man  o*  Airlie.     His  Hamlet  was  vigorous,  intelli- 

identified.    The  Varieties  Theatre  had  been  rebuilt,  gent,  and  consistent     His  Lanciottb,  his  Y'orick, 

Mr.  Barrett  accepted  its  management,  and  it  was  his  Shylock,  his  Richelieu,  his  Grangoire,  were  the 

brilliantly  opened  on  Dec.  4.     This  venture  sue-  results  of  the  closest  study,  and  they  were  always 

ceeded  so  well  that  he  felt  willing  to  leave  his  busi-  effective  and  impressive.    As  he  himself  said  ot  Ecl- 

ness  in  the  hands  of  his  subordinates  and  accept  Mr.  win  Forrest,  "  Tne  actor  is  a  sculptor  who  carves  his 

Booth ^s  offer  to  act  in  **  Julius  Co^sar,^'  whicn  was  image  in  snow ;  he  leaves  nothing  but  the  memory  of 

presented  at  Booth's  Theatre,  Dec  25, 1871,  and  ran  his  work  behind  him."    No  printed  words  can  give 

nearl     '               "       '''        ^  ^'^  "       ^ —^i-j  —  'j       *_.i__^»#_  «         ^                     .._. 

Feb. 

Brutus,  ,  „ 
as  Mark  Antony,  and  Miss  Pateman  as  Portia.  Mr.  for  his  profession, li is  courtesy,  his  dignity,  and  his 
Barrett  reappeared  in  New  Orleans  as  Hamlet  March  personal  charm  will  live  no  longer  than  nia  art  in 
4, 1872.  Although  he  wa^  meanwhile  obliged  to  as-  the  memory  of  men.  His  only  lasting  monument 
sume  the  whole  financial  responsibility  of  the  Varie-  perhaps,  will  be  his  scholarly  **  Life  of  Edwin  For- 
ties, he  continued  his  starring  tour  in  the  autumn  of  rest''  (Boston,  1881)  and  his  other  published  but 
1872,  retaining  a  five  years'  loose  of  the  New  Orleans  scattered  writings. 

house.    The  sea.*<on  thi're  was  disastrous,  and  the  Bartaiif  William  B^  theatrical    manager,   bom   in 

losses  were  over  $57.0(K),  which  it  took  him  many  Woodbndjrt',  N.  J.,  in  1881 ;  died  in  New  Y^ork  city, 

years  to  pay.     In  187JI  he  reappeared  at  the  Califor-  June  13, 1891.    He  was  a  graduate  of  the  Colleirc  of 

ilia  Theatre,  and  in  187;i-'74  ne  continued  his  tours,  New  Jersey ;  entered  the  national  army  in  July,  1861, 

playing  in  the  dittVrt'nt  States.    A  revival  of  **  Julius  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the48th  New  Y'ork  Voluntecra, 

Ccpsar"  was  given  at  Booth's  Theatre  on  Dec.  27,  which  was  recruited  in  Brooklyn;  succeeded  the  Rev. 

1875,  and  lasti^d  till  April  8, 1876.  in  which  Mr.  Bar-  James  H.  Pcrrv  as  colonel  on  the  death  of  the  latt^rr; 

rett  appeared  as  Oassius  to  the  Brutus  of  £dwin  L.  distinguished  himself  especially  in  the  battles  around 

Davenport      Next   he    played  ^*King    Lear"  and  Richmond,  in  one  of  which  he  was  shot  through  both 

**  Daniel  Druce,"  which  latter  he  presented  at  Booth's  lungs ;  and  was  mustered  out  of  the  service  in  Decern' 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (BjtTTEnaHALL— Bigelow.)  607 

ber,  1M4«  with  the  rank  of  brigadier-genera].  After  History  and  Lojf^c  in  S^rracoae  Univenity ;  in  1872^ 
the  close  of  the  war  he  engaged  in  buAinesB  in  Pitts-  76  he  was  art  editor  ot'  ^  The  Ladies^  Repository,** 
burg,  building  the  first  street  railroad  and  layine  andsubscquently  of ^  The  National  Repository*^;  and 
the  firMt  block  pavement,  till  the  failure  of  a  bank  in  ldS5  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Historicaf  Theol- 
forced  him  into  bankruptcy.  He  then  went  to  San  ogy  in 'the  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  where  he  re- 
Fnuicisco,  and  in  1879  became  manager  of  the  Call-  mained  until  his  death.  Dr.  Bennett  was  a  prolific 
fomia  Theatre.  While  there  he  was  the  first  mana-  writer,  and  in  1887  made  an  extended  tour  in  Europe, 
gtiT  in  the  country  to  produce  "  Fatinitza.**  After  his  visiting  many  of  the  most  important  libraries  and  niu- 
first  season,  he  managed  a  dramatic  tour  for  Joseph  scums  in  the  interest  of  his  great  literary  life  work, 
K.  Emmet  and  a  lecture  tour  for  Col.  Robert  G.  in-  "■  Christian  Art  and  Arehieolog;^  of  the  First  Six  Cent- 
gersoll,  and  then,  returning  to  New  York,  was  em-  uries.**  He  edited  the  Methodist  subjects  in  the  re- 
ployed  editorially  on  the  "  Mwl  and  Express."  Sub-  yised  edition  of  "  The  American  Cycloptedia,"  and 
scquently,  in  conjunction  with  L.  E.  Miles,  he  built  published  a  **  Digest  of  the  Laws  ana  Resolutions  of 
the  Bijou  Theatre,  where  Henry  E.  Dixey  had  his  Congress  relative  to  Pensions,  Bounty-lands.  Pay  of 
long  run  with  ^Adonis.**  and  managed  the  successful  the  Army,  etc."  (1854) ;  ^  History  of  the  Philosophy 
play  "  Lost  in  New  York."  of  Pedagogics  "  (1877) ;  and  "  National  Education  in 

Bitlaiilian,  Jane  Paik,  chemist,  bom  in  Trov,  N.  Y.,  Italy,  France,  Germany,  England,  and  Wales  "  (1878). 

May   2ft,  1851 ;  died  in  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  Bmr,  Jamas  "Bangpif  cleigyman,  bom  in  Hacken- 

12,  "iSOl.    He  pursued  the  study  of  chemistry  in  the  sack,  N.  J.,  in  1826 ;  died  in  Asbury  Park,  N.  J.,  June, 

School  of  Mines,  Columbia  College,  and  jn   Ger-  5,  1891.    He  was  a  graduate  of  Rutgers  College  and 
many. 
Natural 

and  afterward  _    _  , , 

Marignac  at  Geneva.    On  returning  to  the  United  laterly  in  RhinebecK,  N.  Y.    For  many  yeans  he  was 

States  he  was  employed  for  some  time  as  an  analytic  an  eamest  worker  in  the  movement  to  bring  about  a 

and  consulting  chemist  in  New  York  'iity,  and  in  union  of  the  two  branches  of  the  Reformed  Church 

1879  he  was  appointed  chemist  at  the  United  States  in  this  country.    At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  at- 

Laboratory  in  New  York,  which  otilce  he  held  until  tending  the  session  of  the  Svnod  of  the  Reformed 

his  death.    He  translated  Naquet^s  ^  Legal  Chem-  Church  in  America,  and  haa  just  retired  from  the 

istry  "  (New  York,  1876),  and  was  author  of  **  Adul-  presidency  of  that  body. 

tcrsdon  of  Food  and  Drink"  (New  York.  1886)  and  Bkdmd]«  Gecnga  Avgastoif  jurist,  bom  in  Philadel- 

of  numerous  contributions  to  scientific  puolications.  phia,  Pa.,  Feb.  6, 1815 ;  died  in  New  Albany,  Ind., 

Beasdaleji  Eban  Edwaidf  clergyman,  bom  in  Stepney,  April  11, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  llniversity 
Conn.,  in  1807 ;  died  in  New  Haven,  Conn.,  Dec.  22,  of  Pennsylvania,  and  in  1832  at  the  Yale  Law  School; 
1891.  He  was  gnuduated  at  Washington  (now  Trin-  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Albany^  N.  Y.,  in  1886 ; 
ity)  College,  Hartford^  in  1832:  was  ordained  deacon  and,  after  practicing  in  New  York  citv  till  1846,  re- 
iiT  the  Protestant  Episcopal  (;hurch,  Aug.  11. 1835,  moved  to  bcott  County,  Ind.  In  1848  he  was  elected 
and  priest,  Oct  24,  183G ;  was  rector  of  St  Peter^s  county  prosecutor,  in  1850  circuit  prosecutor,  and 
Church,  in  Cheshire,  in  1886-^48;  and  was  rector  of  in  1862  judge  of  the  2d  Judicial  District  By  re- 
st Thomases  Church,  New  Haven,  from  1848  until  his  elections  beheld  the  latter  office  till  1876,  when  he 
death.  Dr.  Beardsley  had  been  a  deputy  to  the  Gen-  was  elected  member  of  Congress  from  the  8d  Indi^ 
eral  Convention  of  his  Church  from  Connecticut  ana  District  as  a  Democrat,  and  in  1878  he  was  re* 
since  1869,  a  member  of  the  standing  committee  in  elected.  While  in  Conmss  he  served  as  Chairman 
his  own  diocese  since  1850.  and  President  of  the  of  the  Committee  on  the Fllectoral  Count,  and  as  mem- 
House  of  Clerical  and  Lay  Deputies  in  the  General  ber  of  the  Foreign  Afiairs  and  other  committees.  In 
Conventions  of  1880  and  1888.  His  publications  in-  1881  he  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Appeals  in  the 
elude  **  The  History  of  the  Episcopal  Church  in  Con-  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana,  which  otiice  ceased  with 
necticut  from  the  Settlement  of  the  Colony  to  the  the  completion  of  its  work  in  1885.  Judge  Bicknell 
Deathof  Bishop  Brownell  in  1865  "(2  vols..  1865-^68);  was  elected  judge  of  the  circuit  court  of  Indiana 
''The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Samuel  Johnson,  in  1889,  and  held  the  ofiice  at  the  time  of  his  death. 
D.  !>.,  Missionary  of  the  Church  of  England  in  Con-  During  his  vacations  while  on  the  bench  he  was  Pro- 
nccticut, and  First  President  of  Kings  (now  Columbia)  feasor  of  Law  in  the  State  University  from  1861  till 
College  *•  (^1874) ;  **  The  Life  and  Times  of  William  1 870.  He  was  the  author  of  "  BicknelPs  Civil  Prac- 
Samuel  Jonnson,  First  Senator  in  Congress  from  Con-  tice  "  and  "  BicknelPs  Criminal  Practice." 
necticut  and  President  of  Columbia  College"  (1876) ;  Bigelow,  Allen  GHhsaay  journalist  bom  in  Buffalo, 
and  ^  The  Life  and  Correspondence  of  the  Right  Rev.  N.  Y.,  in  1854 ;  died  in  Asheville,  N.  C,  Au^.  8. 1891. 
Samuel  Seabury,  First  Bishop  of  Connecticut  and  of  When  nineteen  years  old  he  began  a  promising  liter- 
thc  Episcopal  thurch  in  the  United  States"  (1881).  ary  career  as  a  writer  on  the  Buffalo  **  Bohemia,"  pub- 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  putting  through  the  lislied  by  his  brothers,  fVom  which  he  went  to  the 
prcffs  a  volume  of  his  discourses.  Buffalo  "Telegraph"  as  associate   editor.      Subse- 

Beloheri  VathaSf  manufacturer,  bom  in  Griswold,  quently  he  was  connected  with  the  Buffalo  "Ex- 
Conn.,  June  23,1813;  died  in  New  London,  Conn.,  press  "  and  the  Lockport "  Joumal."  While  engaged 
June  3, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  journalism,  he  became  a  contributor  to  "  Golden 
in  1832  and  at  the  Cambridge  Law  School  in  1885,  Days,"  "St  Nicholas"  "The  Atlantic  Monthly," 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1836,  and  practiced  in  "  Tne  North  American  Review,"  and  other  pcriodiculs. 
Clinton,  Conn.,  till  1846.  He  then  relinquished  his  and  wrote  many  poems.  He  was  also  a  musician  ox 
profession,  removed  to  New  I^ondon,  and  engaged  in  much  natural  ability. 

manufacturing.    The  name  year  ho  was  elected  to  the  Bigelow,  Hbbart  B.,  manufacturer,  bom  in  North 

State  Legislature  ;  in  1847  was  re-elected  ;  and  in  1850  Haven,  Conn.,  May  16,  1834;  died  in  New  Haven, 

was  elected  to  the  State  Senate.    He  was  Democratic  Conn.,  Oct  12, 1891.  He  received  an  academical  educa- 

presidential  elector-at-laiye  in  1852,  and  member  of  tion,  removed  to  New  Haven,  and  was  apprenticed  to 

Congress  from  the  3d  (Connecticut  District  in  1853- Y)5.  the  machinist's  trade  in  ISSl.    Entering  tne  machine 

BauetM  Oharlea  Waaley,  educator,  bom  in  East  Beth-  shops  of  Ives  and  Smith,  he  was  successively  journey- 
any,  N.  Y.,  July  18,  1828;  died  in  Evanston,  111.,  man,  foreman,  and  proprietor.  In  1861  in  association 
April  17^  1891.    He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan  Uni-  with  Henry  BuahncU,  inventor  of  the  compressed-i 


air 


veretty  m  1853,  studied  archaeology  and  ecclesiasti-  motor,  he  took  a  Government  contract  for  supplying 

cal. history  in  Berlin  University,  was  ordained  a  min-  gun  parts  for  300.<XX)  Springfield  nmskets,  on  wliich 

it^ter  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  in  1862,  was  he  was  engn^red  three  years,  with  a  force  of  200  men. 

/nrinci])al  of  the  Genesee  Wesleyan  Seminary  in  Lima,  In  1867  the  increase  ofbuftiness  caused  a  removal  of 

N.  Y.,  in  1864-'66,  and  made  atour  of  Europe  and  the  his  works  to  Grapevine  Point    In  }X)litics  he  was 

East  in  1866-^69.    In  1871  he  became  Professor  of  always  a  Republican.   He  was  appointed  by  the  Com- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Bocock— Bbestako.) 


begui  her 


IB  Board  of  Fire  Ut 

lie  was  elected  lo  the  Stute  Lcgulaturu:  in  1HT8  Im 
became  Mayor  of  the  city  ;  and  in  1B80  Govemoi-  of 
the  Stale.  For  many  yeura  he  waa  eu^atied  aliiuMt 
cucluHivelv  in  thu  itianufacturc  of  steam  boilent. 

BMotk,  'Chmuu  S^  lawyer,  bom  iu  BuckiDftham 
Countv,  Va.,  in  1815;  died  in  Appomallox  County, 
Va,.  A'ap.  a,  1891.  He  waa  graduated  at  Haiiipden- 
Sidney  College,  rtudiod  law,  was  attorney  for  Ap- 
ponmltoi  County  in  1S45-'4B,  and  waa  a  member  of 
Iho  Vireinia  llouee  of  Uelogatea  for  several  yoar*. 
In  1840  he  wag  elected  to  Con^rcaa,  wbero  ho  sat  by 
Huccciuive  rc-elcetlona  till  Virginia  adopted  the  or- 
dinance of  aecesaion,  when  he  resigned.  In  ISS!  ho 
was  elected  to  the  Confederate  Conaress,  and  on  Fob. 
18,1862,  he  was  chosen  Speaker  of  the  Hoiwe.  For 
manv  years  prior  f>  his  death  he  lived  in  rotiremont, 
a  victim  of  juralvsie. 

Botta,  *""  OtkUlottt  laadti  author,  bora  in  Bud- 
ninKtou,  Vt.  Nov.  11, 1SI3-  died  in  Now  York  city. 
March  23,  ISM.  She  was  educated  in  Albany,  N.  i.; 
Uved  several  yeam  in  Providence,  B.  1.,  where  she 
— lovcd  to  New  Vork 
Lty  about  1841;  and 
married  Vinecnio  Bot- 
la.  than  Frofeasor  of 
Itilian  Lsni^uage  and 
Literature  in  the  [Ini- 
vevitv  of  the  City  of 
Sax  \ot\  id  18SS. 
trom  the  time  of  her 
laltiDigetill  lier  death 
er  house  was  the  cen- 
ter ot  a  I  itLniry  circle. 
During  the  Franco- 
(unnan  V>n,'m  IBJO- 
'71  she  prepared  an 
album  of  autographs, 
photognphs  and  orig- 
inal skitchen  by  I'aiu- 
OUK  artiHta  in  her  pos- 
HetMion  as  a  contribu- 
tion to  the  ftind  for  the  rclierof  the  suUenDg  women 
and  children  in  Puns.  This  album  sold  tor  tAUUO.and, 
as  the  war  cloned  before  the  fund  was  completed,  the 
nionev  was  gi  von  to  the  French  .Vcsdcmy  as  the  baws 
of  a  tind  to  provide  a  prize  for  the  best  essay  by  a 
womun  on  "  The  Condioon  of  Women,"  to  be  awarded 
ivorv  Ave  years.  In  the  awartl  of  ltJH8  the  Academy 
voloit  the  medal  of  lionor  to  the  Queen  of  Koumanii^ 
for  her  "  Pvnsjcs  d'une  Rcine,"  and  voted  tSUO  each 
to  Mme.  Arvede  Baride  and  lime.  Anas  Seiialas. 
Hra  BottaV  literary  work  comprised  "Tlia  Khoilo 
Island  Book"  {Providence,  1841);  a  collection  of 
uoema,  illustrat<Kl  by  Brewn.  Darley,  Durand,  Hunt- 
ington, and  other  artioW  iNcw  York,  1818;  n'vised 
ud..  1884) ;  and  "  A  lland-booh  of  Universal  Lltera- 
lure''(Ne«  Vork.lSBU).  Bheulnopublishcd -Lcuvea 
from  thoUiarvofaKecluse"  iu  "The  (lilt"  {IH4n). 
Her  poems  "  Paul  at  Atliena,"  ■■  Webster,"  "  Books," 
and  "Wasted  Fountains"  are  anions  her  best.  She 
published  many  lasays,  reviews,  and  crilioiams.  was 
u  sculptor  of  much  merit,  and  promoted  tlie  eslabllsb- 
iiicDt  of  Barnard  College  for  women. 

Bndjt  ]^  BlksT,  jurist,  bom  in  New  York  city  in 
18^;  died  there  March  16, 1891.  He  was  a  son  of 
Thomaa  S.  Brady,  a  lawyer,  but  better  known  as  an 
oducntor,  and  a  brother  of  Janiea  T.  Bntdy,  for  nianv 
\taia  the  leader  of  the  bar  of  New  York.  Hestudicd 
law,  waa  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844,  and  pnieticcd 
first  in  his  father's  oifleo  and  afterward  in  partner- 
ship with  his  brother.  In  18.111  lie  wa«  elvctuJ  a 
justice  of  the  New  York  Court  of  Common  Ploaa;  in 
18ti»  lio  was  promoted  to  the  bench  ol  the  Supreiiu) 
Court  of  the  iStati^;  and  in  inTT,  when  his  term  was 

eac'h  piilitical  party  iiomimitiiiK  him.  He  had  occu- 
pk'd  the  judicial  bi-nch  for  thirty -Hve  years  continu- 
ously.   Jiid)re  Brady  was  u  iiiuu  of  much  eloquence 


and  wit,  and  for  many  yean  was  the  moxt  populai 
after-dinner  speaker  in  the  Stole.  Al  miUnmlil  of 
the  day  on  which  Preiudcnt  Garfield  was  ahoi.  and 
before  the  extent  of  his  imurics  was  known,  Judin 
Brady  adminii-tcred  the  oath  of  the  prealdcuUal  oiSlC 
to  Vice-President  -Arthur  in  Now  York. 

Bragg,  Walter  L,,  lawyer,  bom  in  Lownd»  Couniv. 
Ala.,  tcb.  A'l,  l»aa;  died  in  Spring  Lake,  N.  J„  .\mi. 
•21. 18'JI.  He  was  gniduatcd  at  Harvard  in  l»r^,  and 
settled  in  Camden,  Ark.,  to  practice  law.  He  served 
in  the  Canfedcrate  army  through  the  civil  war, 
chiefly  with  the  Army  of  Tennessee,  and  atuiniil 
the  rank  of  captain.  After  tlie  close  of  the  war  he 
settled  in  Manon,  Ala^  and  resumed  the  practice  of 
law,  removing  in  1871  to  Montgomery.  In  18i4-';7 
he  was  chairman  of  tbe  Democratic  Lxecutive  Com- 
miltee  of  Alabama;  in  18T6  he  was  a  delegate  to  the 
National  Democratic  Convention  at  St.  Louis,  whrn 
he  WBi  appointed  a  member  of  the  National  (.'onunii- 
tce  for  his  Stale:  in  1860  he  was  the  presidential 
elector-at-large  of  Alabama:  in  1881  was  electtd 
President  of  the  AUbania  Railread  Commission  by 
the  Legislature ;  in  18>^T  was  appointed  a  member  at 
the  new  Interstate  Commerce  Coinmisiiion ;  and  iu 
1S8»  ho  was  reappointed.  He  was  also  firet  Pratident 
of  the  Alabama  Stale  Bar  Awociation. 

BrsddnildgA  Surnl  Hillar,  jurist,  bom  in  Baltimore. 
Md.,  Nov.  a,  l8iW;  died  in  Tletroit,  Mich.,  May  i^. 
1891.  Ho  was  educated  in  the  College  of  New  Jeisci 
and  in  Center  Collate,  Kentuckv;  was  graduated  in 
the  Law  School  of  TrausylvimlB  University,  at  Lex- 
ington, Kv. ;  and  in  18sO  made  hla  petmaiieut  home 
in  St,  Louis,  Mo.  He  waa  o  member  of  the  t-tale 
Legislature  in  1854  and  1855,  was  elected  judge  of  the 
<'ircuit  Court  of  Missouri  in  lSi»,  and  was  a  stron<; 
Union  man  tliroughout  the  civil  war  and  the  particu- 
larly trying  period  of  conflict  witliin  his  Stale.  After 
the  war  he  was  infiucntial  in  the  counsela  of  the  Kv- 

Subliean  party,  but  would  accept  no  political  office, 
ildge  Breckinridge  was  probably  most  widelv  knoii  n 
from  his  connection  with  the  I'renbyten  an 'Church. 
He  was  chosen  an  elder  in  the  Second  Presbyterian 
Church  in  St.  Louis  in  18T1;  was  appointed  a  mem- 
ber of  the  General  Aasemblv'scomniittoe  on  internal 
reluUons  to  meet  a  similar  cninmlltee  of  the  Presby- 
terian Church  in  -America,  in  lsT8:  was  a  member  of 
the  General  Asaembly  that  met  in  St.  Louis  In  lf7-'>i 
and  was  a  member  of  the  General  Assembly's  niiii- 
inittec  on  the  revision  of  the  -Book  ol  Discipline" 
from  1878  till  the  final  report  in  1881.  He  was  clw  a 
member  of  the  General  Assemblies  of  1831  at  Bul- 
falo,  188^  at  Springfleld,  HI,.  1883  at  Saratoga,  lud 
18D1  at  Detroit.  In  the  latter  body  he  was  ronspiou- 
ous  in  his  support  of  the  report  of  President  Patloii's 
committee  against  tbe  Rov.  Charles  A.  Briggs,  D.  1). 
On  May  28  be  was  urged  by  many  delegiitcs  to  iiislic 

tmversy.  as  be  wo*  known  to  have  studied  the  question 
closely.  After  a  long  and  lucid  speech,  he  began  con- 
cluding with  "1  feel  that  I  have  discharged  my  liuiv 
faithfully,  and  1  ask  you  to  excuse  me  from  further-" 
when  he  fell  to  the  floor  and  expired. 

BmdMm,  IiUHto,  lawyer,  bom  In  Manhelm,  Badni. 
Germany,  Nov.  4,  1813;  died  in  Chicago,  HI,,  Sept. 
18,  ]SV\.  After  receiving  ■  elaasical  e<lucaUop.  lie 
studied  jurlsprudeuce  at  the  unlvcTnitie*  of  Heidi!- 
berg  and  Freibure,  and  was  graduated  with  the  Ji- 
gree  of  LL.  D.  He  seUlcd  in  Berlin  lo  practice,  toa 
ono  of  his  noted  coses  was  the  swtc  trial  of  Hcrr  '"n 
Struve  for  higli  treason,  in  which  he  was  the  lei*liii>r 
counsel  for  tlie  defense.  On  attaining  the  legal  u.'r 
he  was  elected  to  the  Chamber  of  Deputies,  wiicrr  l»' 
allied  himself  with  the  Liberal  or  f)ppn>itiOD  psrtv. 
In  1848  he  was  elected  to  the  Fninkfurt  ParliaiiKul. 
and  ill  the  following  year,  on  the  flight  of  the  tirand 
Duko  of  Baden  In  cniiseqaencc  of  the  revolutiori,  he 
was  choarn  PrcsidcDI  of  the  Provisional  Repuhlican 
Government.  Tbe  defeat  of  Iho  revolutionary  onny 
was  followed  hy  a  sentence  to  imprisonment  for  life 

C>>nounced  against  Mr.  Brentana  and  otlier  leaders, 
ut  be  had  lied  to  the  United  States,  where  he  settled 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Brooks— Burgess.) 


609 


in  KalaiiiAZOo  County,  Mich.,  and  engaged  in  farm- 
imr.  In  1859  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  was  ad- 
inltted  to  the  bar,  but  he  soon  relinquibhed  tliat  pro- 
i'eN»ion  for  joumaliani,  becoming  editor-in-chief  and 
chief  proprietor  of  the  ^Illinois  Staats  Zeitung.^^  In 
l^i-i  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Legislature;  lor  five 
Vi-ar:*  he  wai<  i'resident  of  the  Chicago  Board  of  Edu- 
cation ;  and  in  1868  he  was  a  Republican  presiden- 
tlul  elector.  Ue  took  advantage  of  the  granting  of  an 
aiiinoity  to  all  participants  in  the  revolution  by  rc- 
vi<itin^  his  native  land  in  1869  and  remaining  there 
tv«o  years.  In  1872  he  was  appointed  Onited  States 
<»<'njiul  at  Dresden,  where  he  served  till  April,  1876, 
and  on  his  return  to  Chicago  was  elected  to  Congress 
tn>in  tlie  8d  Illinois  District  as  a  Republican  the 
same  year.  After  serving  one  term  he  cievoted  him- 
.M'lf  t^  historical  and  literary  work  till  1884,  when 
puralysis  incapacitated  him  for  further  labor. 

BnokiiDsflay  electrician,  bom  in  Brooks  vale.  Conn., 
Jan.  26,  1820;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  May  30, 
I'^lU.  He  received  a  collegiate  education,  and  when 
twenty  yean  old  was  appointed  an  instructor  in 
mathematics  in  the  United  States  Military  Academy. 
While  employed  there  he  became  interested  in  the 
experiments  of  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse  and  others  in 
matrnctic  telegraphy.  After  five  ^cars^  service  in  the 
acaiieiiiy,  he  resigned  to  engage  in  the  development 
of  the  new  system  of  transmitting  messages,  and  the 
Mime  year  ( 1845),  in  conjunction  with  James  D.  Reid, 
he  built  the  first  commercial  line  of  telegraph  in 
America,  and  received  the  first  message  sent  over  it 
Hi.H  line  was  constructed  between  Lancaster  and  Har- 
ruibui^g,  Pa.  In  the  following  year  he  built  the  line 
xuruHs  the  Allcj^hany  mountains,  connecting  Phila- 
dt'lphia  with  Pittsbuig,  and  in  1847  he  made  the 
fin^t  repeater.  Three  years  afterward,  by  appoint- 
ment by  the  United  States  Court,  he  prejparea  an  ex- 
I>ert  description  of  the  rival  Morse  ana  Bains  sys- 
tems of  telegraphy.  In  1851  he  went  to  Mexico  and 
i'uilt  the  first  telegraph  line  in  that  country,  between 
Vera  Cruz  and  the  city  of  Mexico,  in  six  months ;  in 
l'^'>2  he  was  employed  bv  the  Pennsvlvania  Railroad 
('(>nil>any  to  develop  ana  operate  its  lines  from  Pitts- 
burg; and  in  1854  became  superintendent  of  the 
.Vtliintic  and  Ohio  Telegraph  Company.  When  this 
<^mpany  was  absorbea  by  the  Western  Union  in 
I'^'Vi  he  was  appointed  district  superintendent  in  New 
York  city,  and  he  remained  with  the  Western  Union 
till  1867 ;  he  then  resigned,  and  passed  the  remainder 
<>t  his  life  in  inventing  improvements  in  the  telegraph 
and  telephone  services.  He  invented  and  developed 
the  rtystem  of  underground  conductors,  the  improved 
in.Hiilators,  and  the  insulation  of  inductive  coils  and 
transformers ;  and  discovered  the  insulating  proper- 
tii-s  of  mineral  oils,  parafiine,  and  resin  oil. 

Bxowiii  JoMph  Bimook,  phvsician,  l>om  in  New  York, 
July  26,  1822;  died  in  Albion,  N.  Y'.,  Oct.  21,  1891. 
He  was  appointed  an  assistant  surgeon  in  the  United 
States  army  June  29, 1849 ;  was  promoted  captAin  and 
astiit^tant  surgeon  June  29,  1854,  major  and  sur- 
geon July  4,  1861,  and  lieutenant-colonel  and  sur- 
ifi-<>n  June  30,  1862*  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colo- 
nel and  colonel  Marcn  13, 1865,  for  faithful  and  meri- 
tonous  services  during  the  war,  and  brigadier-gen- 
eral Sept  28,  1866,  for  distinguished  services  at  Fort 
ColmuDus,  New  York  harbor,  during  the  cholera  epi- 
demic; and  was  retired  June  30.  1882.  During  tne 
civil  war  he  8erve<l  chiefly  witn  the  Anny  of  the 
Pt>toinac  and  the  Army  of  the  (-umberlaiid.  lie  was 
appointed  President  of  the  United  States  Medical 
Lxaminin^  Board  m  New  Y'ork  city  in  1873,  and  held 
th<'  office  till  his  retirement. 

Brovnei  Thomu  IL,  lawyer,  bom  in  New  Paris, 
Ohio,  April  19, 1829 ;  died  in  Martinsville,  Ind.,  July 
17,  1891.  He  received  a  common-school  education, 
removed  to  Indiana  in  1844,  and  was  admitted  to  tlie 
bar  in  Winchester,  Ind.,  in  1849.  In  1855  he  was 
elet^ted  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  13th  Judicial  Dis- 
trict, and  was  twice  re-elected.  In  1861  he  became 
Secretary  of  the  Indiana  State  Senate,  and  in  1863  a 
State  Senator.     Subsequently  he  oi^anized  the  7th 

VOL.  XXXI.— 89  A 


Indiana  Volunteer  Cavalr>',  entered  the  national 
anny  as  its  lieutenant  -  colonel,  was  promoted  colo- 
nel and  commissioned  brevet  brigadier-general,  and 
served  till  the  close  of  the  war.  In  April,  1869,  he  was 
appointed  United  States  Attomev  for  tiie  district  of  In- 
diana, and  held  the  office  till  Aug.  1, 1872,  when  he 
resigned  to  enter  on  the  canvass  for  Governor  as  a  Re- 
publican. He  was  defeated  by  Thomas  A.  Hendricks. 
In  1876  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  6th  Indi- 
ana District,  and  served  seven  consecutive  tenns,  de- 
clining a  nomination  for  the  eighth. 

BooQaiid,  Qyioii  inventor,  bom  in  Springfield,  Mass., 
Aug.  10, 1799;  died  there  Feb.  26, 1891.  In  1828  he 
went  to  work  at  ^n-making  in  the  United  States 
National  Armory  m  Springfield,  became  master-me- 
chanic, and  retired  in  1856  that  he  might  reap  some 
{>rofit  rrom  his  numerous  patents.  He  perlected  the 
athe  for  turning  out  gun-stocks,  carried  out  Thomas 
Wamcr^s  idea  ot  interchangeable  parts  to  a  gun  and 
machinery,  and  obtained,  among  others,  patents  for 
machines  to  manufacture  the  upper  barrels  of  mus- 
kets, to  finish  the  cone,  to  mill  screws,  to  bore  and  turn 
gun  barrels,  and  to  rifle  muskets. 

BnndTi  Jonaa  IQDSf  journalist,  bom  in  Columbia, 
Coos  County,  N.  IL,  in  1835  j  died  in  Paris,  France, 
Sept  8, 1891.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Beloit, 
Wis.,  when  a  child,  was  graduated  at  Beloit  College 
in  1858.  and,  after  studying  law  at  Cambridge  and 
Milwaukee,  became  a  reporter  on  the  ^^  Milwaukee 
Wisconsin."  At  the  beginning  of.  the  civil  war  he 
entered  the  national  anny,  was  appointed  aide  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  John  Pope  with  the  rank  of  migor,  and 
served  till  the  close  of  the  war.  He  then  settled  in 
New  Y'^ork  and  became  musical  and  literary  critic  on 
the  "Evening  Poet."  In  1868  he  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "  Evening  Mail,"  of  which  he  became 
editor-in-chief,  and  on  the  consolidation  of  the  ^  Even- 
ing Mail  ^  ana  tlie  *^  Evening  Express "  he  retained 
the  chair.  In  1887  the  **  Maifnnd  Express  "  was  sold 
to  Elliott  F.  Shepard.  who  continued  Major  Bundy  at 
the  head  of  the  editorial  department.  M%jor  Bundy 
went  to  Europe  in  Jul v,  1891,  for  a  vacation,  and  died 
suddenly  in  Paris,  ife  was  the  author  of  a  ^  Life  of 
James  A.  Garfield." 

Bnnihaidf  SamiiAl  DinMniwni  clergyman,  bom  in  Steu- 
ben, N.  Y.,  Sept.  6,  1812;  died  in  Saratoga,  N.  Y., 
Sept  25, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Center  College, 
Danville,  Ky.,  in  1836.  After  spending  two  years 
in  studying  theology  and  in  lecturing  on  temi)erance, 
slavery',  and  religious  topics,  he  was  licensed  to  preach, 
and  on  May  1,  1839,  he  was  installed  pastor  of  the 
13th  Street  Presbvterian  Church  in  New  York  city. 
He  remained  in  ttiis  charge  till  1H79,  also  serving  a 
part  of  the  time  as  Chancellor  of  Ingham  Seminary, 
Le  Roy  N.  Y.  The  year  after  resigning  he  became 
pastor  of  the  Murrav  Hill  Presbvterian  Church,  and 
served  it  till  1885,  wfien  he  retiree.  During  the  presi- 
dential canvass  of  18H4  Dr.  Burchard  gained  wide 
notoriety  by  an  expression  made  in  a  speech  on  Oct. 
29,  when,  with  a  numerous  companr  of  clergvmen,  he 
made  a  formal  call  on  James  G.  Bfaine  at  the  Fifth 
Avenue  Hotel.  In  the  course  of  his  remarks  extend- 
ing a  welcome  to  Mr.  Blaine  in  behalf  of  the  visitors, 
he  said  :  "  We  are  Republicans,  and  don't  pro}x)He  to 
leave  our  partv  and  identify  ourselves  with  the  party 
whose  antecedents  have  been  rum,  Romanism,  and 
rebellion.  We  are  loyal  to  our  flag  ;  we  are  loyal  to 
you."  The  Democratic  managers  made  the  most  of 
the  expression  in  Roman  Catholic  circles,  and  it  was 
believed  that  it  had  considerable  influence  in  causing 
the  defeat  of  Mr.  Blaine. 

Buigefls,  Edward,  naval  architect,  bom  in  West  Sand- 
wich, Muss.,  June  30, 1H4S;  died  in  Boston,  Mass., 
July  12,  1891.  He  was  gnuluated  ot  Harvard  in 
1871 ;  appointed  secretarj'  of  the  Society  of  Natural 
History  of  Boston  in  1872;  made  instructor  in  ento- 
mologv  in  Harvard  in  1879;  and  established  himself 
in  busmess  an  a  naval  architect  and  yacht  broker  in 
Boston  in  18S3.  He  hod  studied  yacht-building  dur- 
ing his  foreign  travels,  and  many  of  his  suggestions 
hod  been  adopted  by  the  Eastern  Yacht  Club  of  Bos- 


^10  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Buenham— Campbell.) 

ton.  The  fint  boat  which  ho  built  a»  a  professional  1857.  In  1859  he  removed  to  Pawnee  Citj,  Neb., 
designer  was  the  cutter  ^  Kondina,^  and  the  flrst  to  and  in  ten  years  accumulated  $100,000  in  mercantile 
make  him  famous  was  the  sloop  ^  Puritan/^  which  business,  cattle  dealing,  and  the  practice  of  law,  he- 
vanquished  all  competitors  in  tliis  country  and  de-  having  been  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1861.  In  l8r>>  he 
feated  the  celebrated  English  cutter  ^'  Genesta*^  in  the  was  a  republican  nominee  for  the  Indiana  Senate;,  but 
races  for  the  *^  Americans  ^^  cup  in  1885.  For  another  withdrew  from  the  canvass  before  the  electiou  ;  in 
international  contest  in  1886  he  built  the  "  Mayflower,"  1861  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Nebraska  Terri- 
which  defeated  the  English  challenger  "Galatea,"  torial  Legislature;  in  1863  went  to  the  Terhti>nal 
and  a  year  later  he  constructed  the  "  Volunteer,"  Senate  *  in  1866  he  was  elected  by  a  migority  of  145 
which  defeated  the  English  "Thistle  "for  the  cup  votes  the  first  Governor  of  the  State;  and 'in  l'*^)^ 
His  services  were  now  in  great  demand  among  wealthy  he  was  re-elected  by  a  much  larger  migority.  \^  hile 
yachtsmen,  who  were  beaming  divided  in  opinion  a.^  serving  his  second  term,  he  was  an  unsuccessful  can- 
to the  superiority  of  the  small  center-board  yachts  didate  for  the  United  States  Senate,  and  in  1KT<»  be 
over  the  regulation  cutters ;  and  the  fact  that  Mr.  was  elected  Governor  for  the  third  time.  After  ten 
Burgess  had  declared  his  ability  to  construct  a  dou-  years^  retirement  from  active  political  life,  he  was 
ble-Keel  tx)at  capable  of  defeating  even  the  victori-  elected  to  the  State  Senate  as  an  Independent,  and  in 
ous  "Volunteer"  intensified  the  general  regret  at  1888  he  was  the  unsuccessful  candidate  of  tlie  Unirm 
his  deaUi.     The  other  Buivess  boats  included  the  Labor  party  for  Governor.    The  removal  of  the  State 


steam  yachts  "Hanniel^  and  "  Sheerwater " ;  many        Omerai,  QhariM  &,  lawyer,  bom  in  Port  Stanley, 

fishing  schooners,  as  the  "Fredonia";  and  a  large  Canada.  May  29,  1825;  died  in  Chicago,  111.,  May  1\ 

number  of  smallei  boatP^  all  noted  for  extraordinary  1891.    He  studied  law  in  his  nodve  town;  went  to 

speed.    In  1887  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  Memphis,    Tenn.,  in  1850,  and    practiced   there  a 

United  States  Naval  Boara,  to  award  prizes  for  the  year;  and  in  1851  settled  in  Chicago.     While  follow- 

designs  of  cruisers  and  battle-ships,  and  in  1888  per-  ing  his  profession  he  also  entered  political  life,  and 

manent  chairman  of  the  Board  or  Life-saving  appli-  became  a  warm  supporter  of  John  Wentworth.    In 

anoes  in  the  United  States  Life-saving  Service.  1861  he  aided  in  organizing  the  9th  Illinois  Cavalry, 

Bnnliamf  Thomai  Olhrw  Huud  PoiJr  bookseller,  and  accompanied  it  to  the  field  as  a  captain.  IlisMfrv-- 

bom  in  Essex,  Mass.,  in  1813 ;  died  in  boston,  Mass.,  ice  was  mainly  in  the  extreme  Soutn,  but  for  home 

Nov.  14,  1891.     He  began  peddling  books,  papers,  time  he  was  stationed  in  Memphia.    At  the  c'I<>iv> 

songs,  and  fVuit  along  the  wharves  and  streets  when  a  of  the  war  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Republi- 

small  boy,  subseouehtly  went  to  Boston  and  became  can.     Before  the  close  of  his  term  in  Congroai  he 

one  of  tne  best  Known  dealers  in  old,  curious,  and  revisited  Chicago,  and  decided  to  settle  there  again, 

rare  literature  in  tlie  country.    To  the  surprise  of  all  After  doing  so  he  re-entered  political  life,  but  a» 

who  knew  him  he  leA;  an  estate  valued  at  about  $1,-  a  Democrat     Mayor  Colvin  appointed  him  as<i!•i^t- 

000,000,  and  greater  surprise  was  created  by  the  dis-  ant  city  attorney,  and  Mayor  Oarter  Harrison  gave 

coveries  following  the  filing  of  his  will.    He  be-  him  two  terms  as  city  prosecutor.     He  then  resunietl 

queathed  $40,000  to  his  native  town ;  $20,000  to  the  general  practice,  and  recently  was  assistant  to  Olty 


Boston;  $5,000  each  to  the  Children's  Hospital,  the  town,  Conn.,  in  1882  ^  died  there,  Oct  8. 1891.     He 

Lying-in  Hospital,  the  Massachusetts  Asylum  for  the  became  2d  lieutenant  m  the  24th  Uonnecticut  Volun- 

Blind,  the  State  School  for  Idiotic  and  Feeble-minded  teers  Nov.   18,  1862;    was   promoted  Ist  lieutenant 

Children,  the  Boston  Asylum  and  Farm-school  for  April  6^  1863;   commissioned  captain  in  the  :K^ 

Indigent  Boys,  the  Washingtonian  Home  in  Boston,  Connecticut  Volunteers  Jan  28,  and  migor  Nov.  il, 

Perkins  Institute,  and  the  Boston  Provident  Associa-  1864 ;  and  promoted  lieutenant-colonel  of  his  regi- 

tion;  and  smaller  sums  to  institutions  in  and  near  mcnt  Jan.  1, 1865.    On  the  reorganization  of  the  reg- 

Boston— the  bequests  aggregating  nearly  $500,000.  ^  ular  army  he  was  appointed  2a  lieutenant  and  pro- 

1805; 

He  1        ^ 

taught  in  Capt  Partridge^s  military  schoofin  Bufialo  assigned  to  the  2d  Infantry 

for  one  year,  and  on  the  relinquishment  of  the  school  signed  in  1875.     He  was  wounded  at  Port  Hudson  in 


and,  brides  attaining  success  in  private  practice,  was  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Republican  State  £1- 

trustee  of  a  large  tract  of  land  on  the  north  siae  of  ecutive  Committee. 

Buffalo  harbor  from  1838  till  1846.  He  remained  in  Otmpbelli  Jaibei  Fitty  clergyman,  bom  in  SuMi«x 
Buffalo  till  1855,  and  during  this  period  served  two  County,  Del.,  Feb.  5, 1815 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 
terms  as  counsel  to  the  municipal  corporation;  was  Aug.  9, 1891.  Both  of  his  grandfathers  were  enga^rc'^ 
county  judge  of  Erie  County,  and  was  defeated  as  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  and  his  father  became 
Democratic  candidate  for  State  Senator.  He  founded  a  Methodist  preacher  among  the  colored  pc^ople. 
the  Bufialo  ^^  Courier."  In  1855  he  removed  to  New  Though  colored  and  brought  up  among  slaves,  JatHi 
York  city  and  entered  into  partnership  with  James  was  never  a  slave  himself.  When  he  was  a  small  b<\v 
W.  Nye,  afterward  Governor  and  United  States  Sena-  his  father  offered  him  as  security  for  a  mortgage  on  a 
tor  iri  Nevada.  He  followed  corporation  and  trust  boatwith  which  to  make  his  living  at  fishing  in  Dels- 
practice  till  he  was  nearly  eijfhty  years  old,  and  then  ware  Bay.  After  a  while  business  became  dull,  and 
retircKl  to  his  fann  in  East  \  onlcem,  N.  Y .  theoreditor  began  proceeding  to  foreclose  themortirsf  ^t 
BatlsTy  Bavidi  lawyer,  bom  near  Linton,  Green  Coun-  Jabez,  overhearing  the  plans,  ran  away  and  found 
ty,  Ind.,  Dec.  15, 1829;  died  near  Pawnee  City,  Neb.,  people  willing  to  befriena  him  in  Philadelphia.  He 
May  25, 1891.  He  was  the  eldest  of  ten  children,  and  soon  learned  to  read  and  write,  then  studied  for  the 
tho'death  of  his  father,  before  David  had  attained  his  Methodist  ministry,  and  in  1887  was  licensed  to  preach, 
majority,  threw  upon  him  the  care  of  his  mother,  As  a  pastor  he  was  successful  in  Philadelphia,  Balti- 
brothers,  and  sisters.  He  received  a  limited  district-  more,  and  several  Southern  cities.  In  1864  he  was 
school  education,  successively  engaged  in  farming,  consecrated  the  eighth  bishop  of  the  African  Mctho- 
mercantile  business,  and  cattle  dealin)^,  and  acquired  dist  Episcopal  Church  by  the  General  Conference  in 
a  considerable  fortune,  which  ho  loat  in  the  panic  of  I'hiladelphia,  and  for  many  yean  his  field  of  labor 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Campbell—Caeteb.)  611 

was  in  tlje  Southern  and  South weetcm  States.    In  Cavalry ;  and  in  1864  was  appointed  colonel  of  his 

1887  he  was  designated  as  Bishop  of  North  Carolina,  regiment  and  presiding  judge  of  the  8d  Corps  of  the 

Vii^^inia,  and  Maryland.    Bishop  Campbell  had  trav-  Confederate  Army  of  Northern  Vii^inia.    After  the 

eled  in  Call fomi^* Mexico,  Central  America,  En^^land,  war  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  city  court  of  Wil- 

Ireland,  Scotland,  Wales,  and  France,  chiefly  in  the  mington,  N.  C,  appointed  solicitor  of  the  4th  Judi- 

interest  of  his  Church ;  was  a  fraternal  delegate  of  the  cial  District  of  ]>rorth  Carolina,  and  elected  a  State 

African  Methodist  Episcopal  Church  to  the  British  Senator.    He  retired  from  public  life  about  1878,  spent 

Wi-slcyan   Methodist  Conference   at   Birmingham ;  most  of  his  time  thereafter  in  teaching,  and  had  re- 

prfriiiided  over  the  Centennial  Conference  of  the  Meth-  sided  in  Utica,  N.  Y.,  since  1888. 

odist  Episcopal  Church  in  1884 ;  was  a  member  of  the  OadiHf  JobiL  painter,  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  June 

Evang^ical  Alliance ;  and  was  president  of  the  cdu-  15, 1818 :  diea  m  New  York  city,  April  28, 1891.    He 

cational  department  of  his  Church.  was  dear  and  dumb  from  birth  ;  was  graduated  at  the 

Chn^baDf  TDoii  Qt|  cleigvman.  bom  in  Middlcbrook,  Pennsylvania  Institute  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  in  1825; 

N.  J.,  Apnl  1, 1812 ;  di^  in  Allston,  Mass.,  Dec  4,  studied  drawing  and  painting  in  New  York  city  in 

lb91.    He  was  educated  by  a  white  friend  in  Babylon,  1838-^84,  and  in  Lonaon  and  Paris  in  1838-^40 ;  and 

L.  1.,  till  he  was  eighteen  years  old ;  was  Uien  uiged  made  his  permanent  residence  in  New  York  city  in 

to  go  to  Africa  as  a  missionary  ;  but,  declining,  began  1841.    For  BevemI  yean  ho  painted  miniatures  on 

hi»  career  as  an  antislavery  lecturer,  and  aeclued  ivorv,  subsequently  turning  to  landscape  and  genre 

that  he  would  never  leave  the  United  States  till  every  woric.    He  was  successful  in  each  branch  of  the  art^ 

slave  was  free.     He  united  with  the  Afirican  Metho-  and  contributed  largely  to  the  exhibitions  of  the  Na- 

dist  Episcopal  Church ;  removed  to  New  Brunswick,  tional   Academy    and    the  Artists^   Fund    Society. 

N.  J.,  m  1832,  and  formed  an  anti -colonization  soci-  Amonghis  paintings  were  ^  The  Flight  into  Egypt  ^ 

ety ;  and  was  several  times  mobbed  while  preaching  and   "The    village    Gossips"  (1880);   "The  Twin 

or  lecturing.    In  1841>*45  he  was  active  in  establishing  Grandchildren  "  (1881) ;  "  Old  and  Young  "  (1882) ; 

schools  for  colored  children  in  New  York,  Brooklyn,  "  Solid  Comfort "  (1884) ;  "  The  Grandfather's  S*or>'  '♦ 

Williamsburg,  and  Jersey  City ;  and  for  several  years  (1885);   and  "The  Orphaned   Grandchild"  (1886). 

was  a  "  conductor"  on  the  "  undci^round  railway,"  He  was  a  pleasing  writer,  and  one  of  his  best  sketches, 

aiding  many  slaves  who  had  escaped  to  the  North,  in  "  Harper's  Magazine,"  humorously  describes  his 

After  the  occupation  of  Charleston.  S.  C,  he  was  ap-  attempts  to  write  poetry  in  the  absence  of  any  knowl- 

pointed  military  j^vemor  of  the  sea  islands  of  Georgia,  edge  of  rhythm  and  sound. 

There  he  established  schools  and  a  government,  at  Oantdlf  John  WilUBin  Heiix][f  archieologist,  bom  in 
the  head  of  which  he  remained  for  Vko  years,  when  Albany,  N.  Y.,  in  1827 ;  died  m  New  York  city,  Oct. 
he  was  removed  by  Gen.  Tilson.  Under  the  recon-  18, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Union  College  in  1847, 
struction  act  of  Congress  he  was  appointed  a  rcg-  studied  theology,  and  was  ordiuued  a  Unitarian  cler- 
istnu-  for  the  2d  Senatorial  District  oi  Geoigia,  and  gyman,  and  soon  afterward  gave  up  preaching.  He 
subc^uently  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Cx>nHtitu-  spent  several  years  traveling  and  collecting  rare 
tional  Convention  and  to  the  State  Senate.  In  1874  bronzes,  manuscripts,  and  various  curios  in  Europe 
he  left  Georgia  with  his  family  under  pressure  of  and  the  far  East,  and  after  returning  home  was  for 
fK>litical  troubles  and  lived  in  Washington,  D.  C,  some  time  Professor  of  Literature  in  the  Vernon  Semi- 
till  about  1881,  when  he  removed  to  Boston,  where  he  nary.  New  York.  Subsequently  he  removed  to  New 
engaged  in  missionary  work.  York  city,  wrote  for  newspapers  and  magazines,  and 

fl**«*iri  AntJumj  (better  known  as  Tony  Hart),  founded  tne  College  of  Archeology  and  ^thetics,  of 

actor,  bom  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  July  25, 1855 ;  died  which  he  became  dean. 

there,  Nov.  4, 1891.  When  a  mere  child  he  went  on  Qvter,  Samoal  Fbwhataiii  naval  officer,  bom  in  Eliza- 
the  minstrel  and  variety  stage  in  song  and  dance  bethtown.  Carter  County,  Tenn.,  Aug.  6,  1819 ;  died 
parts,  and  with  his  fine  voice  and  graceful  manners  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Mav  26,  1891.  He  was  edu- 
soon  became  widely  popular.  In  1871  he  formed  cated  at  Washington  College,  Tennessee,  and  at 
a  partnership  with  Edward  Harrigan,  and  the  two  Princeton,  and  entered  the  United  States  navv  as  a 
b<4ran  traveling  together,  giving  unique  character  midshipman  in  February.  1840.  He  was  attached  to 
sketches.  Their  first  notable  success  was  in  "The  the  naval  school  in  Philadelphia  in  1846;  was  pro- 
Little  Fraud,"  in  which  Cannon  acted  the  part  of  a  moted  passed  midshipman  in  July  of  tliat  year ; 
girl.  In  July,  1875,  they  began  a  tour  as  stars,  with  served  on  the  coast  of  Mexico,  and  took  part  in  the 
the  play  "  The  Doyle  Brothers,"  and  in  the  following  siege  and  capture  of  Vera  Cruz.  He  was  on  duty  at 
year  they  took  the  Theatre  Comique  in  New  York  the  United  States  Naval  Observatory,  in  Washington, 
city,  and  there  played  several  seasons.  At  this  house  in  1847-M8 ;  in  1851-^53  he  was  assistant  instructor  in 
they  began  their  memorable  "Mulligan  Guards"  infantry  tactics  at  the  United  States  Naval  Academy  * 
seri'es,  wnich  was  presented  with  great  success.     On  in  1854  was  promoted  master,  in  1855  commissioned 


Squatter  Soverei^ty,"  "McSorley^s  Inflation,"  was  assistant  instructor  in  seamanship  at  the  N aval 
Cordelia's  Aspirations,"  "  Investigation,"  "  McAllis-  Academy,  and  on  July  11,  1861,  he  was  orilered  to 
ter's  Legacy."  and  other  new  plays.  Soon  ttfter  the  report  to  the  Secretary  of  War  for  special  8er>*ice  with 
burning  of  ttiis  theatre,  on  Dec.  23, 1884,  the  partners  the  armv.  Under  instructions  from  that  officer  he 
separated,  and  Cannon,  whose  health  had  become  im-  went  to  East  Tennessee,  where  he  organized  the  first 
paired,  was  given  a  benefit  at  the  Academy  of  Music,  fVill  regiment  for  tlie  national  aniiy  south  of  Ohio 
the  proceeds  of  which  were  nearly  $8,000.  For  three  river.  He  was  appointed  acting  brigadier-general  by 
years  before  his  death  he  was  affiicted  with  paresis.  Gen.  George  H.  Thomas  on  Sept  16  following,  and 
OantwaUf  Edwizd  PhyiM  GhzyiOfUimy  lawver,  bom  in  was  commissioned  brigadier-general  of  United  States 
Charleston,  S.  C.  lyea.  22, 1825 ;  died  in  *St  Simon's  Volunteers  on  May  1, 1862.  During  1 863-^64  he  was 
Island,  Ga.,  April  11, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  provost-marshal-general  of  East  Tennessee;  on  March 
Cambridge  Law  School  in  1846;  was  appointed  a  2d  13, 1865,  he  was  brevetted  mivjor-general  of  United 
lieutenant  in  the  12th  United  States  Inrantry  in  1847;  States  Volunteers;  and  in  January,  1866,  was  mus- 
served  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  was  promoted  1st  tered  out  of  the  army.  Gen.  Carter'.*  career  was  ex- 
lieutenant;  and  on  April  15,  1861,  was  appointed  ccptionally  brilliant.  He  was  present  at  Wild  Cat, 
adjutant-general  of  North  Carolina.  Soon  afterward  Ky.,  at  Zollicoffer's  repulse,  in  October,  1861 ;  at  the 
he  went  to  the  fh>nt  as  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  2d  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  in  January,  1862 ;  commanded 
North  Carolina  Volunteers.  In  1862  he  was  promoted  during  the  preliminary  operations  and  participated  in 
brigadier-general  and  appointed  civil  and  military  the  capture  of  Cumberland  Gap,  June  17, 1862;  com- 
governor  of  Norfolk  and  Portsmouth,  Va. ;  in  1868  manded  the  cavalry  expedition  into  East  Tennessee 
Became  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  4th  NorUi  Carolina  which  tore  up  the  track  of  the  Tennessee  and  Vir- 


612  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Castro— Claek.) 

?fmia  Railroad  in  December,  1862 ;  defeated  the  Con-  he  superintended  his  father^s  exhibit  in  the  Worlds 
ederates  at  Ilolstein,  Jonesville,  Dutton^s  Hill,  and  Fair^  London^  and  in  1858,  on  the  death  of  hi^  father, 
Montville,  in  May  and  June,  1863  ;  conimandea  the  became  associated  with  his  brothen,  Thomas  £.  an^i 
cavalry  divitiion  of  the  23d  Anny  ("orps,  and  led  the  George  H.,  in  conducting  the  business.  He  asstumtd 
advance  when  K  ist  Tennessee  was  pennanently  oc-  the  management  of  the  manufacturing  departmeDt, 
cupied  in  August,  1863 ;  took  part  in  the  siege  and  made  many  improvements  in  the  instrument,  reprt- 
battle  of  Knoxville  in  Decemoer  following ;  com-  sented  the  firm  at  the  Universal  Exposition  in  Pans  in 
manded  a  division  and  the  left  wing  of  the  army  at  1867,  and  received  the  cross  and  ribbon  of  the  Lein<>D"t 
the  battle  of  Kinston,  N.  C.  Marcn  10,  1865 ;  and  Honor,  became  head  of  the  firm  on  the  death  of  hU 
drove  the  Confederates  from  Goldsboro.  After  leav-  brother  Thomas  in  1871,  and  erected  Chickering  Ilall 
ing  the  army  he  returned  to  dutv  in  the  navy.  He  in  1875.  Mr.  Chickering  organized  the  fint  mu^ic&l 
was  commissioned  commander  June  25,  1865;  was  festival  held  in  the  United  States,  and  was  President 
commandant  of  the^rUnited  States  Naval  Academy  in  of  the  Handel  and  Haydn  Society  of  Boston.  Man} 
1869-^72 ;  promoted  captain  1870 ;  served  as  a  member  years  before  liis  death,  which  occurred  in  DecemKr, 
of  the  Light-house  Board  in  1867-'80;  promoted  1885,  James  Henry  Paine,  the  miser,  placed  in  Mr. 
commodore  Nov.  1.3, 1878 ;  retired  Au^.  6,  1881 ;  and  Chickering^s  hands  for  safe  keeping,  and  -o-ithout  a 
promoted  rear-admiral  on  the  retirea  list  May  16,  receipt  or  other  acknowledgment,  a  brown-fwper 
1882.  He  had  ^inco  lived  in  Washington.  package.  Durinif  the  contest  over  Paiue^s  estate  Mr. 
OutrO|  KanTieli  military  officer,  bom  in  Castroville,  Chickering  recalled  the  incident,  took  the  packsj^; 
Cal..  in  1801 ;  died  there.  May  2, 1891.  From  early  from  his  safe,  and,  tightly  roll«i  in  a  green  bandaiu 
life  he  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  figures  in  the  handkerchief,  found  $400,000  of  tlie  miser^  accumu- 
struggles  between  the  Americans  and  the  Mexicans  lations,  which  he  at  once  turned  into  the  estate, 
for  the  possession  of  California,  and  remained  till  OhiloottiQeoiffe  IGleiy  lawyer,  bom  in  Huntingdon 
death  in  hitter  enmity  against  Americans  and  Ameri-  County,  ra.,  Jan.  2,  1828;  died  in  St.  LouissMo., 
can  institutions.  In  1844  he  led  the  revolt  against  March  6, 1891.  He  accompanied  his  parents  to  Jif- 
Micheltorena,  and  for  his  services  was  given  a  laige  fcrson  County,  Iowa,  in  1844;  studied  medicine  and 
tract  of  land  and  made  prefect  of  Mont4)rey,  while  a  taught  school  till  1850 ;  and  entered  political  life  by 
brother,  Juan  Castro,  was  appointed  military  com-  election  to  the  oiUce  of  sherifi  in  1863.  Three  vesre 
mandant  there.  Later,  when  John  C.  Fremont,  with  afterward  he  removed  to  Burt  County.  Neb.,  ana  the 
his  company  of  frontiersmen,  was  approaching  same  year  was  elected  to  the  Territorial  Legislature  &« 
Monterey,  Gen.  Castro  ordered  the  explorer  to  leave  a  Republican.  In  1859  he  settled  in  Colorado:  in 
the  country,  and  sent  his  brother  with  an  armed  1861  and  1862  was  elected  to  the  Legislature;  in  l^^d 
force  against  him.  Juan  entrenched  himself  in  the  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  appointed  re^Uter  of  the 
Gabilan  mountains,  but  fled  on  Fr4mont*s  advance.  United  States  Land  Office  for  Colorado;  m  1865  wa< 
Castro  then  joined  the  Flores  revolt  at  Los  Angeles,  elected  to  Congress  under  a  State  organizatiua,  which 
fled  into  Mexico  after  Com.  Stockton's  victory  over  was  not  recognized  by  the  Federal  Government:  and 
tlie  Mexicans,  held  the  office  of  Governor  of  Lower  in  1866  was  elected  delegate  to  Congress,  and  sened 
California  for  a  short  time,  and  then  returned  to  his  one  term.  He  became  a  member  and  President  of  the 
old  home.  He  compiled  his  reminiscences  for  Hubert  Territorial  Council  in  1872;  was  re-elected  to  the 
Howe  Bancroft  to  use  in  his  historical  work,  and  council  in  1874,  and  elected  to  the  Legislature  in  1^7 *$; 
made  his  last  appearance  in  ]3ublic  in  the  parade  on  and  was  appointed  United  States  Senator,  to  fill  the 
California  "Admission  Day,"  in  September,  1890.  vacancy  caused  bv  the  appointment  of  Senator  Heniy 
Ohapman,  Fredeziok  AngiutiiSi  painter,  bom  in  Old  M.  Teller  to  bo  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  April  11, 
Saybrook,  Conn.,  April  18, 1818  ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  1882.  He  served  in  this  office  one  year. 
N.  Y.,  Jan  26,  1891.  After  vainlv  attempting  to  be-  OlA|m,  A«a  W.  H.,  merchant,  bom'  in  Portland,  Me., 
come  interested  in  mercantile  business  in  Boston,  in  1 805 ;  died  there,  March  22, 1891.  He  was  ffradu- 
he  removed  to  New  York  and  studies!  painting  with  ated  at  the  Militaiy  Academy  in  Norwich,  Vt,  in 
Prof.  S.  F.  B.  Morse.  About  1850  he  settled  in  1823;  was  associated  with  his  father  in  mercantile 
Brooklyn,  where  he  became  a  founder  and  the  flrst  business  till  his  father^s  death  in  1848 ;  and  «&« 
President  of  the  Brooklyn  Art  Association,  and  for  a  afterward  occupied  with  the  care  of  large  real-e?.rate 
time  was  engaged  in  stained-glass  decorating.  His  and  other  investments.  He  was  a  member  of  (on- 
special  works  include  the  stained-glass  windows  in  gress  fVom  1847  till  1849,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death 
Holy  Trinity  Church,  Brooklyn,  andthe  oil-paintings  was  the  oldest  ex-member  of  Congress,  excepting 
of  **  The  Perils  of  our  Foret'atherR,"  which  was  en-  Hannibal  Hamlin  (q.  v.  in  this  volume).    He  wa*  a 

f raved  by  John  C.  MocRae  ;   "  Tne  Day  we  Cele-  ouiet  but  generous  giver,  and  was  for  many  years  a 

rate";  ***  Raising  the  Liberty  Pole,*'  also  engraved;  director  of  the  Maine  General  Hospital,  the 'Portland 

"The  Receding  Race"  "Discovery  of  the  Hudson,"  Public  Library,  and  of  other  institutions, 

both  of  which  were  chromo-lithoflrraphed  by  Colton ;  OUppt  Wfllim  Warlandy  ioumalist,  bom  in  Boston, 

and  "The  Battle  of  Chancellorsville."    He  contributed  Ma.ss.,  April  11,  1826;  died  there,  Dec.  8,  1891.    His 

many  paintings  to  the  exhibitions  of  the  Brooklyn  father  founded  the  Boston  "Advertiser"  in  1813  and 

Art  Association,  and  during  the  past  flfleen  years  had  purchased  the  "  Saturday  Evening  Gazette  "  in  ISA, 

applied  himself  chiefly  to  illustrating  work.  and  edited   both  papers  for  many  years.     William 

Ohapman,  Heniyi  jurist,  bom  in  Newton,  Pa.,  Feb.  4,  was  brought  up  in  the  office  of  the  "Gazette,''  and 

1804;  died  near  Doylestown,  Pa.,  April  11, 1891.    He  was  its  proprietor  fVom  1847  till  1865.    He  then  be- 

was  elected  a  State  Senator  in  1843,  and  two  years  came  managing  etlitor  and  principal  proprietor  of  the 

afterward  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Shunk  judge  of  the  Boston  "  Journal,"  and  retained  control  of  it  till  Jane 

Chester-Delaware  Judicial  District,  where  he  served  30, 1891,  when  he  retired  from  both  the  editorial  and 

four  years.      In  1856  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  the  business  management.     In  1859-'60  he  waj*  a 

where  he  served  one  terra,  and  was  on  the  Committee  member  of  tlie  Common  Council,  and  subsequently 

on  the  Judiciary.   In  1861  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  was  on  the  staffs  of  Gov's.  Banks  and  Andrew.    He 

Bucks  County  (*"ourt,  and  in  1871  he  retired.  was  for  many  years  President  of  the  New  England 

Ohiflkering,  Obarles  Frank,   manufacturer,    bora    in  Associated  Prese.    He  published  "  A  Record  of  the 

Boston,  Mas.**.,  Jan.  20,  1827 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Boston  Stage  "  and  "  The  Drama  in  Boston." 

March  22, 1891.    He  was  a  son  of  Jonas  Chickerinj^,  Olukf  Alexander,  lawyer,  bom  in  Washington  Coimty, 

founder  of   the    well-known    piano    manufacturing  Pa.,  in  Februair,  1826;  died  in  Monrovia,  Liberia, 

house,  received  a  common-school  education,  and  when  June  3, 1891.    ife  was  a  free  colored  man,  received  a 

fifteen  years  old  entered  his   father's  factory    and  plain  village  education,  learned  the  barber's  trade  in 

began  learning  the  details  of  the  work.     In  1844  he  (Mncinnati,  and  in  1843  made  his  permanent  home  in 

went  to  India  for  a  period  of  recreation,  taking  with  Muscatine,  Iowa.    He  was  elected  delegate  fVom  h>«a 

him  one  of  his  father's  instruments,  and  thus  intro-  to  the  first  national  colored  convention  held  in  thf 

duced  the  modem  piano  into  that  country.    In  1851  United  States,  which  met  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,inlS5S; 


OBITUARIES.  AMERICAN.    (Clim— Coi-ES.)  613 

■nd  on  the  orvuiiziiUoii  of   the  Gcpublii:aD   pnrty  thinner  ghwts  than  chose  rolled  in  KDtcluuJ.  and 

pninipllj  united  with  it,  and  becajne  ono  of  the  nioal  being  unable  to  olitain  rollingn  of  the  dcitired  thin- 

■ttive  eiponentBof  itflprincipiea.    Forteaeonaeclitive  noa  or  to  im[>ort  tbo  Kheetii  in  milHcient  quantitj, 

yc»r»he»a«elei'l«lB  delegate  to  eitliorStaCc  or  county     "-  ''-—  — " — •-'  -"  •'■"  ■■ •  ' — -  '■"■•' ' 

ionveotinoa,  ind   he  betiuiie  known  u  Uic  colored 

— '  --  -'->--  »r---      II. .1-1.  __^.  -_  ^L  .  __^-  —  .1  meiifti  tne  tn^^^^  ^-^^.  m^^^j^^  ..^^  ^..^  ■.■<>«.  ,u,^-  .^u^ 

.-    -       -.     r,--^--  — .     llii  hiaownhandu  niHed  the  finit  ijicet 

in  lti69  ;  bought  the  "  Chicago  ConaervsWr"  in  1B82,  of  hnea  ever  produced  in  the  United  6t«t«s  in  nn  old 

and  conducted  it  for  Btveral  years,  flrst  ax  a  non.  iron-rolling  mill  in  Woodville,  Conn.     With  ihew; 

purtiBim  and  afterward  as  a  Bepubiican  newspaper  i  sbtetn  tlie  nnn  began  inanufiH-turing  the  new  ntylo  of 

and   in    liiS3  was  graduated  at  the  Iowa  State  Law  buttonit,  and  also  began  the  rollixl-bniHB  industry  in 

iiobool  and  admitted  (o  the  bur,  after  which  he  lived  this  country.     They  were  eoon  able  to  erect  a  rolling 

in    Chicago.      In    August,  18»U,  he  woa    appointed  mill  of  their  own  and  to  supply  sheet  hnits  for  the 

United  Stales  minialer  to  the  republic  of  Liberia.  general  trade,    in  1834  Mr.  Coe*  erected  in  Toning- 

OlaA,  ClhariN  S^  manufacturer,  born  in  Theresa,  Ion,  Conn.,  a  mill  for  making  braiw  kettlcH.  and  soon 

Jetfenwn  County,  X.    V.,  Aug.   24,   1814;   died    in  afterward  received  a  gold  medal  frvui  the  Federal 

Waienown,  N.    V.,  Sept.   10,  lb91.     He  received  a  Government  for  making  the  flret  hnws  kettle  in  this 

common-school  education,  and   in   1865    settled    in  country.     In  1850,  he  organized  the  tlret  company  for 

Neenah,  Wis.,  where  he  engaged  in  manufacturing,  mining  copper  on  a  large  scale  in  Michi(wn.    He 

At  (he  beginning  of  the  civU  war  he  enlisted  in  reprusented  Walcrbury  in  the  Legislature  in  183*. 

the  ^lat  Wisconsin  Infantry,  with  which  he  served  to  and  was  honored  hy  the  Legislature  with  a  special 

the  cloae  of  the  war.    In  IttSS  he  was  elected  to  the  reception  and  an  engraved  nioiiorial  in  1685.     He 

State   Aasembty  as  a  Republiein,  and  in  1886   and  had  lived  in  retirement  since  1880. 

\IVH  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  6th  Wisconsin  OolbnrB,  Joaalali,  antiquary,  liam  in  Boston,  Mass., 

District.     While  inCongress  he  was  a  memberof  the  Jan.  12, 1815- died  there,  Deo.  80, 1891.    He  (weived 

c<iiiiiiiitteea  on  Merchant  Marineand  Flaheriesandon  a  grammar-school  education,  entered  mercantile  life 

Kivrm  and  Harbors.  in  1830,  and  carried  on  tlie  hat  and  fur  husiness  ttom 

Oluk,  DuM,  jurist,  bom  in  Stratham,  N.  H.,  Oct  1840  till  1852.     In  the  latter  year  he  was  appointed 

24.  1^)U:  died  in  Manchester,  N.  II.,  Jan.  2,1891.   lie  an  appraiser    in    the  Boston   custom-house,   where 

was  gradualod  at  Darlinoutli  College  in   1884,  was  he  remained  through  two  administrations.     Tie  was 

admitted  to  the  bar  in  lt«3T,  and  began  practicing  in  afterward  engaged  in  literary  work.     When  llfte<-D 

Ep}>ing,  N.   H.    In  1839  ho  made   his  permanent  years   old  he   tiegan  colleedng   crans,  uid   subse- 

rwidcQCD  in  Manchester,  and  soon  became  conspicu-  uucntly    extended    his    quest    to  medals,  mlnciala, 

ous  ID  public  life.   He  served  as  a  Whig  in  the  Logls-  anells.  ontographs,  manuBcripta,  portraits,  engraiings, 

laturc  in  1842,  184S,  1846, 1854,  and  1855;  was  elected  colonial  and  conUnental  money,  paper  tokens,  bank 

United  SUUs  Senator  in  I35T,  and  re-elected  in  18B1 ;  notes,  counterfeit  money,  and  ^iils  of  broken  banks. 

was  chairman  of  the  Semilo  Committee  on  Claiois;  His  coUeclJaus  became  very  laige  and  valuable,  es- 

President  pro  letn.,  of  the  Senate  during  the  flrst  ses-  pecially  in  Americana.     He  was  an  early  member  of 

sion  of  the  S8th  Congress  in  18fi8-'B4  ;  and  resigned  the  New  England  Ilistorico-denealogical  Society; 

his  seat  in  July,  18«6,  to  accept  the  ofliec  of  United  was  a  founder  of  the  Prince  Socielv  and  supervised 

State*  district  judge.     He  held  this  office  till   his  the  publication  of  Wood       N  w  i.  g  a  d    Prt*pee 

death.    Id  ISTS  he  was  President  of  the  Now  Hamp-  was  a  founder  and  Pre  d  n         h    Bns   n  N  m 

ahire     Constitutional    Convention.      While    in    the  malic  Society,  ondanedto        th       AmnaJ 

United  States  Senate  he  introduced,  and  supported  nal  of  Numismatic*";  and    as    so  a     und           h 

till  itA  adoption,  Che  resolution  providing  for  the  ei-  Boston  Antiquarian  (  ub     hanged                           b 

pulsion   from  the   Senate  of  the  Southern  members  Boatonian  Society.     H    co    p  eda    Bb   ograph      f 

who  had  withdrawn  on  the  secession  of  their  States.  the  1.ocal  History  of  Massachusetls 

OaAf    BQia    Kaorimd,   jurist,    bom    in    Elderton,  Oolnh  AbraluM,  phys            bom         bee    h  P  a  ns, 

Annstivng  County,  Pa.,  in   1835:   died  in  Indiana,  N.  J.,  Dec.  26, 181S ;  d  ed  n       M  Dten              M      S, 

Pa..  Nov,  20.  1891.     He  was  grttdualcd  at  JelTereon  18B1.     When  seventeen       are     d  h                      to      f 

College  ;  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar ;  Latin  and  niathetnalic                P  ainfl    d,  N  J    S  m 

was  director  of  public  schools  in  his  town  for  twelve  inary;  subsequently  h       udied  law  f     s  x  m  nths, 

years ;  and  was  a  prqector  and  founder  of  the  State  and    in    18^   he 

normal  school  there.     In  18T3  he  was  a  member  of  was  graduated  at 

the  State  Constitutional  Convention,  and  from  1892  Jefferson  Medical 

till  bia  death  was  a  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  College  in  Phila- 

Pennsvlvanio.  delphia;    and    he 

(Haifc,  Bbnm  Toaks,  phyucian,  bom  in  Canton,  began  a   practice 

Mass.,  OcC.  10, 1836;  died  in  I.ockport,  N.  Y,,  Dec.  of   medicine    and 

S4. 1891.     Ue  was  graduated  at  the  Berkshire  Medical  surgerj'in  Newark 

College  and  at  Genesee  CoUego,  Lima,  N.  ¥..  settled  that    was    contin- 

in  Lwkport  to  practice  in  1861,  and  became  a  mem-  ued  there  tillwith- 

her  of  the  American  Asaociation  for  the  Advance'  in  a  few  years  of 

ment  of  Science,  the  Jewell  Scientific  Society,  the  hisdeath.  In  1848, 

New  York  State  Medicid  Society,  the  Medico-legal  during   a   trip  to 

Society,  and  of  Che  American  Medical  Association.  Euro)>e,  lie  spent 

FnrsixyearshehadbeenProfessorof  MedicalJuris-  much  time  work- 

pmdence  in  Niagara  University,  Buffalo.    Dr.  Clark  ing  and  studying    ' 

was  a  well-known  insanity  expert,  and  ori^nated  the  in  the  hospitals  m 

term  "mania  transitoria''  in  his  testimony  In  the  Paris  during  the 

Pierce- Bill  lock  murder  case  in  Lockpoit  in  18T1.  Bcrolution.        He 

Ooa,  Inul,  manufacturer,  bom  in  (ioshen.  Conn.,  made     a    second 

Dec.  14,  1794;  died  in  Watcrbury,  Conn.,  Dec.  18,  visit  to  Euroj-e  in  18B4     B  ■«                         ... 

1891.      In  1829  he  entered   into   partnership  with  tions,  he  wrote  largely   d       rar             -u   and  si  en 

Aaron  Benedict,  who  for  many  years  had  been  manu-  tiile  subjects;  took  n  keen  inten.t  in  promoting  local 

farturing  bone  anil  ivory  buttons.     About  this  time  and  general  education;    and    became  proficient   in 

the  fashion  in  men's  coats  chanucd  to  a  snuff-colored  (ireek.  Hebrew.  Sanskrit,  and  the  modem  languages. 

ginnent  with  gilt  buttons,  and  the  new  finn  deter-  In  IPBfl  he  was  President  of  the  New  Jcrwey  Medical 

mined  to  attempt  to  make  Che  new  sCvle  of  buttons.  Society,  and  his  formal  address  was  a  physiological 

The  b»*is  of  Iho  buttons  was  sheet  brass,  which  then  poem,  "The  MicroccBiii."    His  publications  comprise 

had  to  be  imported  fhim  England.    The  Arm  required  a  translation  of  the  "Dies  Ine^  (184T);  "Diea  Itw, 


614  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Conant— Conead.) 

in  Thirteen  Original  Versions  ^^  0859) ;  the  first  part  One  of  liis  last  notable  contributions  was  an  article  in 

of"  The  Evangel,  or  Life  of  our  Lord  in  Verse,  with  the  **  Forum  "on  "  The  Experiment  of  Popular  Gov- 

Scripture  Texts  and  Notes"  (1847),  and  the  second  emment"  (May,  1886).    His  publications  included: 

part,  under  the  title  "The  Light  of  the  World  "(1884  J;  "Tribune  Essays"  (New  York,  1869);   Centennial 

«  TKo  VfiATYv>nani  nnt\  nt.Vi«r  PnfimR."  whif»h  inolurl(>iihiH  ode,  "  Carmen  oeculare  "  (1876) ;  poems,  **  The  Lut 


Oooanty  Thomai  Jeflbraon,  cleivyman,  bom  in  Bran-  ist"  (1879-'80) ;  "  Becollcctions  of  a  Reader  "  il*iv}- 
don,  Vt,  Dec.  18,  1802;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  '81);  and" Autobiographical  Papers"  (1881-'82). 
April  80, 1 891.  He  was  graduated  at  Middlebury  Col-  Oonkliiur^  Fredeziok  An^nttnii  financier^  bom  in  Cano- 
lege,  where  he  studied  Hebrew  and  German  in  addi-  joharie,  N,  Y.,  Aug.  22,  1816 ;  died  in  New  Yoric 
tion  to  the  regular  course  in  1828;  then  took  a  poet-  city.  Sept.  18, 1891.  He  was  a  son  of  Judge  Alfred 
graduate  course  in  Hebrew  and  Greek  for  two  years,  Conkling  and  a  brother  of  Boscoe  Conkling.  He  re- 
and  was  appointed  a  tutor  in  Columbia  Collie  in  ceived  a  classical  education,  engaged  in  mercantile 
1825.  From  1827  till  1833  he  was  Professor  of  Latin,  business  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1868  was  elected 
Greek,  and  German  in  Waterville  (Me.)  College ;  in  as  a  Republican  to  the  Legislature,  in  which  he  ser\'t;d 
1885-^51  of  Languages  and  Biblical  Literature  in  two  terms  and  was  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
Hamilton  (^N.  Y.)  Literary  and  Theological  Institu-  Ways  and  Means.  In  1860  he  was  elected  to  Congrem 
tion,  and  in  1851-^57  of  the  Hebrew  Lauj^^uage  and  and  placed  on  the  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs.  At 
Biblical  Exegesis  in  Rochester  Theological  Semi-  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  oi^anized  the  84th 
nary.  In  1857  he  relinquished  collegiate  work  to  as-  New  York  Volunteersi^  of  which  he  was  elected  colo- 
sume  dutira  that  made  him  most  widely  known,  nel,  and  accompanied  it  to  the  field  on  the  first  call  for 
Under  the  auspices  of  the  American  Bible  Union  he  three  months^  volunteers.  He  served  through  the  Shen- 
undertook,  in  cocgunction  with  the  Rev.  Asahel  C.  andoah  campaign,  and  in  1863  his  regiment  was  on 
Kendrick,  D.  I).,  and  the  Rev.  Horatio  B.  Haokett,  provost-guaixi  €Uity  in  Baltimore.  In  1868  he  was  the 
D.  D.,  a  revision  of  the  English  version  of  the  New  unsuccessful  candidate  of  the  Republican  p«rty  for 
Testament  This  labor  occupied  him  many  years,  his  Mayor  of  New  York  city.  In  the  presidential 'elec- 
work  comprising  all  the  actual  revision,  excepting  tion  of  1872  he  supported  the  Lioeral  Republican 
Galatians  and  Philemon,  and  the  final  revision  of  the  part}r,  and  in  the  succeeding  ones  he  advocated  the« 
whole  Testament  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  election  of  the  Democratic  candidates.  Since  the  war 
American  Committee  on  the  English  revision  of  the  he  had  been  connected  with  various  financial  institu- 
Old  Testament  from  the  beginning.  His  versions  of  tions.  He  was  author  of  many  pamphlets  on  polit> 
the  Bible  were  most  highly  esteemed  by  the  English  ical,  commercial,  and  scientific  subjects, 
revisers,  who  had  his  translations  lying  before  tnem  Oomior,  Fatriok  Edwai^  militaiy  officer,  bom  in  Ire- 
while  at  work,  and  who  made  no  change  in  the  com-  land,  March  17, 1820  ;  died  in  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah, 
mon  version  without  first  consulting^  his  versions.  Dec.  17, 1891.  He  came  to  the  United  States' while  a 
While  engaged  in  these  works  of  revision  he  found  boy,  was  educated  in  New  York  city,  entered  the  re^- 
time  to  lecture  and  to  contribute  to  religious  publica-  ular  army  in  1839  and  served  till  1844,  taking  part  in 
tions  frequently  on  Biblical  criticism  and  interpreta-  the  Seminole  War  in  Florida,  and  after  spending  two 
tion,  and  to  write  on  special  topics,  as  the  introduc-  years  in  mercantile  business  in  New  "i  ork  city  re- 
tions  to  Clark's  "Harmonv  or  the  Gospels"  and  moved  to  Texas  in  1846.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  Mcx- 
"  Commentary  on  the  Gospel  of  Luke."  His  numer-  ican  War  he  was  commissioned  captain  in  the  iwi- 
ous  publications  include  translations  of  the  11th  and  ment  commanded  by  Albert  Sidney  Johnston.  He 
17th  editions  of  Gesenius's*^  Hebrew  Grammar  "(^Bos-  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Palo  Alto,  Resaca  dc  la 
ton,  1889;  last  e^iition,  1877) ;"  Defense  of  the  Heorew  Palma,  and  Buena  Vista,  and  in  the  latter  wa* 
Grammar  of  Gcsenius  against  Prof.  Stuart's  Transia-  wounded.  From  the  close  of  the  war  till  1861  he  wa.^ 
tion  "  (New  York.  1847) ;  "  Job,  Revised  Version  and  engaged  in  business  in  California.  He  then  raised  a 
Notes''  (1866) ;  "  Mattiiew,  Ke vised  Version"  0860);  regiment  of  volunteers  and  was  assigned  to  duty  in 
**  Baptizcin,  its  Meaning  and  Use  philologically  and  Utah,  with  orders  to  prevent  a  revolt  among  the  Mor- 
historically  investigated  "  (1860) ;  **  Genesis,  Revised  mons  and  to  rid  the  overland  routes  of  marauding  In- 
version and  Notes  "  (1868, 1873) ;  "  The  New  Testa-  dians.  On  Jan.  24, 1868.  with  200  men,  he  set  out  <m 
ment.  Common  Version  revised"  (1871);  "Psalms,  the  trail  of  a  band  of  plundering  Indians,  and  after 
Common  Version  revised  with  Notes"  (1871);  marching  140  miles  in  tour  nights,  through  deep  snow 
"Proverbs,  Revised  Version  and  Notes"  (1872);  and  intensely  cold  weather,  ho  struck  a  fortified  camp 
"Greek 


mus 
Xlll, 

Testament  Joshua  to  II  Kings"  (Philadelphia,  1884).  and  brevetted  miyor-general  at  the  close  of  the  war. 

QaDgSunaif  Oharles  Taber,  journalist  bom  in  New  Bed-  Soon  after  the  war  the  Legislatures  of  Colorado  and 

foidTMass.,  April  7,  1821 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Nebraska  petitioned  the  War  Department  to  place 

Jan.  18,1891     He  received  a  public-school  education  him  in  command  of  the  Military  District  or  the 

studied  at  Brown  University,  and  began  his  career  in  Plains,  and  on  the  assij^nment  being  made  he  organ- 

joumalism  in  the  otfice  of  tne  New  Bedford  **  Regis-  ized  a  cavalry  expedition  of  2,000  men  againia  the 

ter,"  of  which  his  father  was  editor.    Wliile  em-  Sioux  and  Arapahoe  Indians,  who  had  been  comroit- 

Sloyed  in  this  otlice  he  composed  his  first  verses  as  ho  ting  depredations  on  the  overland  mail  rout«,  and  in 
elivered  the  paper  to  its  subscribers,  "Ode  to  Com-  August,  1865,  he  severely  punished  them  on  Tongue 
merco,"  "Elegy  on  the  Death  of  Chatterton,"  and  river.  On  April  SO,  1866,  he  was  mustered  out  of  the 
"The  Seasons."  From  New  Bedford  he  went  to  service.  While  at  Camp  Douglas,  near  Salt  Lake 
Providence  and  worked  nearly  a  year  on  "  The  New  Citv,  in  October,  1862,  ne  established  the  *'  Cnion 
Age,"  then  returned  to  New  Bedford  and  became  sue-  Vedette,"  the  first  daily  newspaper  published  in  the 
cessivoly  editor  of  the  "  Bulletin  "  and  associate  cd-  Territory.  He  also  was  infiuential  in  building  up  a 
itor  of  tne  "  Mercury."  In  1854  he  went  to  Boston  and  Gentile  community  in  Utali,  located  tlie  first  silver 
edited  "  The  Atlas,"  a  Whig  newspaper,  nearly  a  year,  mine  there,  drafted  the  first  mining  law,  introduced 
and  in  1857  he  received  a  call  from  Horace  Greeley  to  navigation  on  Great  Salt  lake,  built  the  first  silver- 
become  an  editorial  writer  on  the  "  Tribune."  He  lead  smelting  works,  and  founded  Stockton, 
retained  the  latter  connection  till  1882,  in  the  mean  Omradi  JoMph  Bpeedf  military  officer,  bom  in  Ithaca, 
time  contributing  many  articles,  sketches,  and  es.says  N.  Y.,  Aujr.  23,  18S3 ;  died  in  Fort  Randall,  S.  Dak., 
to  magazines.  S^ubsequcntly  lie  resumed  magazine  Dec.  4,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  UnitiHl 
work,  and  in  addition  corresponded  with  several  States  Military  Academy  and  appointed  8d  lieu- 
newspapers    under   the    pen-name    '^  Paul   Potter."  tenant  2d  United  States  Infantry  in  1857,  and  was 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Cookb— Cboasdalb.)  615 

promoted  Ist  lieatenant  May  14,  and  captain  ISov.  He  was  graduated  at  Jefferson  College  in  1847;  spent 

1,    1861;    migor   of    the  17th    Infantry,  April   27,  a  year  in  teaching  in  Salem,  Ky. ;  returned  home  and 

1S79;    lieutenant- colonel  of  the  22d  Imantry,  June  began  studying  law  in  1848;  and  became  editor  and 

:^,   1884;  and  colonel  of  the  2l8t  Infantry  Feb.  24,  proprietor  of  a  Democratic  newspaper  in  1850.    In 

l^^l.     In  the  volunteer  service  he  held   the  rank  1851  he  was  active  in  the  support  ot  William  Bigler, 

4>f  lieutenant-colonel  and  aide-de-camp  from  May  5,  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  of  Pennsylvania: 

1-^62,  till  Jan.  21, 1864.    He  was  bre vetted  migor  for  in  1853-^57  he  was  a  clerk  in  the  oliice  of  Uie  po8t- 

?:allantry  in  the  Wilderness,  and  lieutenant-colonel  master-general  in  Washington;  in  1854-^55  he  took 

or  the  Battle  of  North  Anna  river,  both  dating  from  the  stump  in  oppwition  to  the  Know-nothing  movc- 

Au^.  1,  1864,  and  colonel  for  the  campaign  under  ment    In  the  spring  of  1857  he  made  a  trip  to  Kan- 

Geii.  Hancock,  March  18,  1865.    In  Ma^  and  June,  sas,  where  he  became  a  founder  of  Fort  Kcott,  and 

l'>«>4,  he  was  assistant  adjutant-general  ot  the  Istbri-  was  president  for  nearly  twenty  years  of  the  com- 

gade,  iKt  division,  5th  Army  Corps ;  from  June  to  Au-  pany  that  laid  out  the  town,    rolitically  he  allied 

gUAt  following  was  acting  judge  advocate  of  the  2d  nimself  with  the  Free-State  party,  and  during  the 

Army  Corps ;  and  from  Feb.  2,  1871,  till  Oct  12, 1874,  stormy  period  of  1857-'60  he  oppcxsed  the  pro-slaverv 

was  senior  assistant  instructor  in  infantry  tactics  at  part^  with  such  vigor  and  effectiveness  that  his  li/e 

the  United  States  Military  Academv.  was  in  daily  peril.    He  was  one  of  the  party  tliat  ex- 

OoQk%  John  Sif  military  offioerj  bom  in  Jefferson  posed  the  celebrated  candle-box  election  fraud.  At 
Barracks,  Mo.,  in  1833:  died  in  Hichmond,  Va.,  April  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  promoted  the  or- 
9, 1691.  He  was  a  son  or  Gen.  Philip  St  George  Cooke,  f^anization  oi  the  2d  Kansas  Volunteers  for  the  na- 
C.  S.  A.,  and  entered  the  arm^  as  2d  lieutenant  in  the  tional  army,  and  later,  by  oivanizing  the  militia  of 
.sth  United  States  Infantry  in  1855.  On  Jan.  28,  the  southern  counties,  saved  that  part  of  the  State  to 
lH61,he  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  and  on  May  80  the  Union.  In  1861  he  was  elected  Governor,  under 
resiiirned  hia  commission  to  enter  the  Confederate  a  misconstruction  as  to  the  time  for  holding  the  first 
army,  though  his  father  remained  loyal  to  the  Union  State  election  under  the  Constitution,  and  the  Su- 
and*becajne  a  distinguished  j^eneral.  John  K.  Cooke  preme  Court  declared  the  election  illegal.  In  1869 
s<Mm  attained  the  rank  of  brigadier  in  the  Confeder-  ne  established  the  ^  Daily  Monitor  "  and  a  fVee  read- 
ate  army,  and  made  himself  conspicuous  by  a  dash  ing^room  and  museum  in  Fort  Scott ;  in  1871  he  was 
that  approximated  recklessness.  At  Spottsylvania  apjpointed  an  alternate  United  States  centennial  oom- 
I'ourt-nouse  he  was  severely  wounded,  but  would  al-  missioner,  and,  besides  attending  nearly  every  meet- 
low  no  one  to  take  command  of  his  brigade.  ing  of  the  commission  during  1871-76,  was  a  member 

Obqut^  GeoM  Hsmyy  naval  officer,  bom  in  Fort  Dia-  oxseveral  committees.  In  May,  1876,  he  removed  to 
mono,  N.  Y.,  Julv  27, 1821 ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Mesa  County,  Col.,  whore  he  located  and  named  the 
Nov.  17,  1891.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  town  of  Grand  Junction,  superintended  its  develop- 
the  United  States  navy  Aug.  4, 1837 ;  was  promoted  ment,  and  established  numerous  industries. 
t«ttt  midshipman  June  29, 1£^;  master,  Oct  11,1850;  OmwdL  Jobn  Angdl  Jamaif  lawyer,  bom  in  Port 
lieutenant.  May  8, 1851;  commander,  July  16,  1862;  Deposit,  Md.,  Nov.  18,  1828;  died  in  Elkton,  Md., 
captain,  Deo.  2,  1867;  commodore,  June  5,  1874;  Dec.  23, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Dickinson  Col- 
rcar-admiral,  Nov.  15, 1881 ;  and  was  retired  July  27,  lege,  Carlisle,  Pa.,  in  1848,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
1^-S4.  He  was  on  sea  service  twenty -five  years  four  bar  in  1850.  After  the  dissolution  of  the  Whig 
months,  on  shore  or  other  duty  eighteen  years  three  party  he  worked  and  voted  with  the  Democrats  till 
months,  and  was  unemployed  eleven  years  three  the  oeginning  of  the  civil  war,  when  he  became  a 
months.  He  served  in  co-operation  with  the  army  Republican.  In  1861  he  was  elected  to  the  Legisla- 
in  the  Seminole  Indian  War  in  Florida;  led  an  ture,  in  1862  was  appointed  adjutant-general  of  the 
ai^saolt  against  Point  Isabel,  was  captured  at  Mon-  State,  in  1863  was  .elected  to  Congress,  and  in  1864 
terey,  and,  after  exchange,  was  present  in  the  at-  was  elected  United  States  Senator  to  fill  the  unexpired 
tacks  on  Tobasco,  Alvarado,  and  Tuxpan  in  the  Mex-  term  of  Thomas  H.  Hicks.  On  Feb.  22, 1866,  by  joint 
lean  War;  in  the  civil  war  commanded  several  ves-  request  of  Congress,  he  delivered  a  eulogy  on  tne  life 
KtrU,  and  for  seven  weeks  was  on  the  monitor  "San-  of  Henry  Winter  Davis.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the 
(ramon  "  inside  Charleston  Roads,  constantly  shelling  Baltimore  Convention  in  1864,  the  Loyalists^  Con- 
Fort  Sumter  and  SulUvan^s  Island  ;  and  commanded  vention  in  Philadelphia  in  1866,  the  Border  States 
the  North  Atlantic  Squadron  from  May,  1882,  till  his  Convention  in  Baltimore  in  1867,  and  to  the  Na- 
retirement  tional  Republican  Convention  in  1868.    He  was  post- 

Oaatidot  Veilodf  painter,  bom  in  Urbino,  Italy,  in  master-general  from  March  5, 1869,  till  July  3, 1874  * 

IMO;  died  in  New  York  city,  April  19. 1891.    He  was  counsel  for  tlie  United  States  before  the  Court  or 

educated  for  the  operatic  stage,  and  came  to  the  Commissioners  of  Alabama  Claims;  and  was  one  of 

United  States  with  an  Italian  opera  company  in  1831.  the  commissioners  for  winding  up  the  affaire  of  the 

llis  fine  voice,  heard  to  the  best  advantage  in  boMo-  Freedmens^  Saving  and  Trust  Company. 

profundouaitA^  gave  him  and  the  company  wide  pop-  Onasdalsi  William  Tiijouraalist,  bom  in  Mill  Creek 

ularitY.    From  the  United  States  he  traveled  to  South  Hundred.  Newcastle  County,  Del.,  March  27,  1844; 

America,  where,  after  a  while,  the  company  was  dis-  died  in  Merriewold  Park,  Sullivan  County,  N.  Y., 

banded.    He  remained  in  Chili  some  time,  support-  Aug.  9,  1891.     He  was  of  Quaker  parentage,  and 

ing  himself  by  miniature  painting.     In  1848  he  went  was  educated  at  the  Friends*  Academy,  Wilmington, 

to  Califomia  and  accumulated  a  considerai^le  fortune  Del.     After  leaving  the  academy  he   engaged   in 

in  mining  operations.    Reaching  New  York  city  with  newspaper  work  in  Wilniington.    At  the  time  of  the 

the  intention  of  returning  to  Italv,  he  became  ac-  second  Marvland  invasion,  he  enlisted  in  the  7th 


Republican  newspaper 

The  greater  part  of  his  miniature  work  was  done  for  he  advocated  the  re-election  of  President  Lincoln. 

Tiffany  &  Co.,  but  he  frequently  undertook  special  Returning  to  Wilmington,  he  was  appointed  city  edi- 

eontracts,  such  as  that  under  wnich  he  did  all  the  tor  of  the  "Commercial,*'  and  suosequently  estab- 

miniature  painting  in  the  Union  Square  Theatre  alter  lished  "  Every  Evening,"  afterward  consolidated  with 

the  recent  fire.    He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  the   **  Commercial."     In    1882   he    established   the 

Italian  Benevolent  Society,  the  Italian  Emigration  "Dav,"  in  Baltimore;  in  1886  becume  eliicf  editorial 

Society,  and  La  Societie  di  Unios  Efratellanza, and,  writer  on  the  New  York  "Star";  in  1887  on  the  08- 

although  one  of  the  most  liberal  Italians  in  the  coun-  tablishment  of  the  "  Standanl "  by  Henry  George,  he 

trv,  died  in  poverty.  became  its  managing  editor.    In  1890  he  was  an  un- 

'Omwfbrd,  Oeoige   AddimL  pioneer,  bom    in    Pine  successful  candidate  of  the  county  Democracy  for 

Creek,   Lycoming  (now  Clinton)  Countv,  Pa.,  July  Congress.    His  writings  were  mainly  on  political  and 

27,  lb27 ;  died  in  Grand  Junction,  Col.,  Jan.  26, 1891.  economic  subjects. 


616 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Ceosbv— Day.) 


Onabj,  Homidi  cUraymBn.  bom  in  Now  York  city, 
F»b.  27.  IM6;  Ji«l  tliere.  Mareh  29,m\.  He  wiw  a 
sniiidson  of  Dr.  Ehi'Dtzcr  Cmthy,  who  ctrvei)  as  a 
BUi^oon  in  tho  Kevolutionurv  War.  and  a  son  of  Will- 
iuri  B.  Crmbv,  the  pliiluiChrnpiHt.  llnward  vm 
craiiuated  at  Uie  Univcreily  of  New  York  in  18«, 
nnil  Kevm  vram  Inter  wbb  made  Protieaar  of  Greek  in 
that  insUtution.  In  1h69  he  ww  callwl  to  the  Greek 
chur  In  Ruticem  Col' 
Icire,   New    Brunawiet, 


Uyer's  " 

Dntii, 


WUlitm   Bak«t, 


lary    offioer.    bom    ii 
21 :  died  in  Wn-t  Lil 

.11K.  25, 

via  li 


f.t3.{ 


\ 


tered  the  tninlftry,  but 

Btill  retuned  hU  pro- 
feasoivhlp.  Thin,  how- 
ever, ho  (Jove  up  in  1H|>3, 
on  becoming  pastor  of 
the  Fourth  AvenuePrea- 
bvlerian  Chureh  in  Mew 
York.  He  held  the  pas- 
tonhlp  till  the  end  of 
„^  hia  tttc,  and,  in  addition, 

•R,  V*^     from  IWO  till  1S»1  he 
*      V^l'    waa  Chaneullor  of  the 
I      V      .    Umveinilyof  New  York. 
V-      \  He  waa  inany  timea  a 

\  delente  to  the  General 
Aaaemblj;  of  the  Pi«. 
byterian  (.'hureh,  and  in  1878  wa»  ita  motieralor. 
Ill  1817  ho  wax  ■  delej^ate  to  the  HiMt  rreaby- 
tcrian  General  Council,  in  Edinburgh,  Scotland.  In 
tlie  Bstne  year  he  was  one  of  the  foundeni  of  the 
Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Crime,  and  was  phoecD 
Ita  preaidcnt,  which  olUce  he  held  aa  long  as  he 
lived.  lie  received  the  di^ree  of  D.  i).  frniii  Har- 
vard College  in  18SU,  and  that  of  LL,  I),  fivm  Co- 
lumbia in  1871.  Dr.  Cnmby  wa»  for  ncvcral  yeaia 
more  au^ve,  porhapa.  than  any  other  eitizcn  of  Now 
York  in  ettorta  for  Ibe  prevention  of  Intemperanee 
and  the  auppreaaion  of  crime,  lie  waa  an  aavocste 
of  tomperancB,  but  not  of  bilal  abatinenec.  Ilia 
work  was  not  done  alone  throujch  the  aocietiea  with 
which  he  waa  connected  ;  many  entertainins  atoric* 
are  told  of  hia  penmnal  advi;nturea  and  unflinching 
cuuraKC  in  behalf  of  tho  poor  and  the  wroni;ed.  In 
one  inatance,  seeing  a  molicioua  hack-driver  pur- 
noaely  run  into  and  break  a  awill  cart  to  which  a 
large  dog  was  attached,  while  the  child  owner  waa 
in  a  neighboring  area,  Dr.  Croaby  made  a  note 
of  the  hack's  number,  and  then  told  the  child  to 
take  it  to  the  neareal  wagon  ahop  and  have  it  ro- 
pairud  and  send  the  bill  to  him.  When  this  waa 
~  e  presented  the  bill  to  the  livery  company 


send  tlie  money  to  my  house  beforo  nix  oVIock  _ 
ahall  put  the  cam  into  the  handa  of  a  lawyer,"  and 
the  money  was  sent  In  an  hour,  Tliia  i*  a  tbir  sam- 
ple of  the  sort  of  thing  that  he  waa  doing  at  every 
opportunity.  Ho  waa  one  of  the  revi«>rii  of  the  New 
TeolBinent,  was  one  of  the  beat  Greek  wholars  in  tho 
United  States,  was  an  aiireeabic  speaker,  a  forcible 
writer,  and  In  even  rwpcct  a  model  American  citi- 
zen. He  published  "Lands  of  the  Moslem"  {New 
York,  1851);  "Scholia  on  tho  New  Testament" 
(INfili;  "Social  Hinto"  (1866);  "Life  of  Jeaus" 
(1870);  "Bible  Companion"  ni!7i>) ;  "A  Healthy 
Christian"  <1871);  "Thoughts  on  Ihe  Pcnutcuch" 


ily' removed  to  West  Lilx-rtyln  \SM,  where.  atWr 
learning  the  cabinetmaker^  trade,  he  eI•Iabli^hnl 
himselfin  business  in  183T.  Prom  tS48  till  l^ilt:  )k- 
kept  a  countrv  ntorc  and  waa  also  a  justice  <ii  ili>- 
peace.  In  IStil  he  was  a  member  of  the  Whiitim- 
convention  to  organize  a  Slate  Government  for  W'^n 
Virginia.  Earlv  in  186S  he  raised  a  conipanv.  whi.b 
was  incorporated  in  the  12th  West  Virginia  Infanm, 
and  waa  chosen  captain.  In  June.  18ri!<,  he  wu  )<n>- 
moted  m^or;  in  January.  lEM,  colonel ;  and  in  <V- 
tober  following  was  placed  in  command  of  a  bri^raJe, 
This  was  reor)[DDiied  in  December,  and  in  the  uitic 
month  he  was  transferred  to  tho  Anny  of  Ihe  .Taiuei^ 
and  placed  at  the  head  of  the  Sd  Brigade,  indepi'ml- 

, „   of  Bichiii'ml. 

...  April  3, 18115,  he  captured  Fort  Grrirfr.  niur 
Petemhurg.  For  hia  gallantry  on  that  occasion  lie 
waa  promoted  brigadier-general,  and  his  old  regiim  nt 
was  preeentcd  by  Gen.  .John  Gibl-on,  tlie  cirps  ci-iii- 
mander.  with  a  costly  bronze  eagle.  Afler  thiMiar 
ho  served  a  term  in  the  Suie  LcBislature.  »tid  wa* 
superintendent  of  tho  Penitentiary  in  I8T0  and  1-Tl. 

tkrllu,  Bnn,  educator,  bom  in  Heading.  I'a.. 
Doc.  27, 1828  ;  died  In  Clinton,  N.  Y.,  April  2(i.l-i!'l. 
Ho  waa  graduated  at  Amhenit  College  in  IH:;- 
studicd  theolfwy  at  the  Union  Theological  Seniiimn- 
in  18i2-'43,  and  at  Ihe  Auburn  Theological  Seininur^' 
inlMS-'«;  wasonlained Dec. 30.1847;  andinsulU 
pastor  of  the  Prcabytoriaii  Church  in  iludson.  In 
1852  he  went  to  the  Hinlon  Street  Church,  Philad^- 
phio.  where  he  offlclated  till  1861,  resigning  on  ac- 
count of  failing  health.  In  IB68  ho  accepted  a  call  l'> 
the  Fourth  Preabvteiian  Church  in  Albany,  N.  V, 
and  held  this  paalorBte  till  1881,  when  he  waa  elect"! 
Moderator  of  the  General  Aasemblv  and  Prwidcnt  i>i 
Hamilton  Collem,  Clinton,  N.  Y.  lie  held  the  '.iHi-e 
of  proaident  of  the  college  till  his  death.  PnT.i.i,ni 
Darling'a  publications  comprised  sermons,  addiww* 
on  special  occasions,  contributions  to  religious  rvti- 
odicals,  and  "The  Cloaer  Walk  "  (186Si;  "Sluvrrv 
and  the  War"  lisas);  "Conformitv  to  tho  WnrUl'" 
(1873);  and  "Not  Doinp,  but  Receiving"  (IRT-ti. 

Danmcrt^  Fubj  EUnbs^  actreiw.  l<om  in  Ixnilnn. 
Kngland,  Julv  d,  1829 ;  died  in  Canton.  Pa..  •Inlv  iX. 
isal.     "'  -.     .  -    . 


r,  G.  V. 


of  Christ"   (IRWil;  and  a 
w  Testament"  (188,51. 

"  I  Boston, 


IS  graiiuatei 
uiibridce  1 


Ovtti,  1 

Mass.,  in  lfl^K>;  uLca , 

Bon  of  Judge  Benjamin  R.  Curtis,  wi 

Hanard   in    18Tfl,  studied   " 

School,  and  was  admiltcd  to  inc    nar   in  ifiu.      in 

18(11  ho  was  appointed  a  lecturer  in  Harvard   Uni- 

vcn-lty  ;  in  1»S6  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Munici- 

Snl  Court  of  Biwlnn,  which  otilce  he  held  until  death. 
ndgeCuMis  edited  "The  Life  and  Writings  of  Ben-     ,   .„  —  ..^,..  ^  .,.,., „  ^. 

jaroin  K.  Curtis"  (18;a);  "The  Jurisdiction,  Praa-    Unt  lieutenant;  July  7,  I838,captun;  Feb.  28, 18JL 


.  ,    ealL  Wi 

popular  actora.    On  J_-.  _ ,  

KdwanI  L.  Davenport,  tho  American  acti>r.  then  play- 
ing a  succcABful  engagement  thrnughout  Fnglarul, 
and  temporarily  retireiffrom  Ihe  staitc.  She  arcniii- 
panied  him  to  the  United  Statea.  and  when  he  made 
bis  flnt  appearance,  after  an  slisence  of  seven  vrari. 
in  the  old  Broadway  Theatre.  Mew  York,  on  Sept  II. 
18.U.  aa  llthello.  she  supported  him  as  Desaenion*. 
On  March  22. 18.15,  she  appeared  at  a  heneflt  ten<liri-.l 
him  as  Margaret  Elraoro  in  "Love's  Sacriflci',""  snJ 
from  that  lime  till  his  death,  on  Sept.  1, 187?,>he  sii]'- 
ported  her  husband  in  nil  his  important  engagcmrntfl. 
She  was  the  moHier  of  Fanny  Florence,  Edgar,  and 
Henry  Davenport,  and  of  Mrs.  William  Soyraour. 

Dh,  HamdbaL  military  olHcer,  bom  in  Hontpelier. 

Vt.,ln  IwMrdied  in  Horriatown,  N.  J„  March  K 

18K1.    He  was  Bson  of  Sylvester  Day.  M.  D..  sKSisiant 

sunieou.  ITniled  Stales  army,  and  was  graduaI(^l  al 

c<l  States  Military i^cadeol}'  and  appoinn-d 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Db  Lkon— Dillingham.)  617 

major;  Feb.  25, 1861,  lieutenant-colonel ;  and  June  7,  25,  1862,  for  Fair  Oaka;  lieutenant-colonel,  July  1, 
I'^ti^,  colonel  of  the  Sixth  United  States  Infantry.  He  1862,  for  Malvern  Ilill;  and  colonel  and  brl^aaier- 
wa»  retired  on  Aug.  1, 1863,  and  was  brevettod  nriga-  general,  March  13, 1865,  for  services  during  the  war. 
dier-general  for  long  and  faithful  service  on  March  From  March  1, 1871,  till  Ma^  1, 1874,  he  was  superin- 
13,  1865.  During  bis  career  in  the  army  he  was  on  tendent  of  practical  instruction  and  tactical  recitations 
frarrison,  engineering,  recruiting,  and  frontier  duty  in  tlie  United  States  Artillery  School.  After  his  re- 
till  the  opening  of  tKo  Indian  war  in  Florida;  served  tirement  he  lived  in  Detroit 

in  the  Seminole  and  Mexican  wars;  was  on  frontier  Derenfi  Oharleii  jurist,  bom  in  Charle«town,  Mass., 

duty  in  California  from  the  close  of  the  Mexican  War  April  4, 1820;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  7, 1891.   He 

tiiri<Ho2  *  and  was  then  on  garrison  and  frontier  serv-  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  1838,  took  a  f^ll  course 

ice  in  the  Northwest  Territories  till  1861.    During  in  the  Cambridge  Law  School,  and  was  admitted  to 

the  (vcttysburg  campaii;n  in  1863  he  distinguished  the  bar  in  1841.    He  practiced  eight  years  in  Frank- 

himself  in  the  defense  of  Little  Kound-top.    He  there  lin  County.  Mass.,  residing  first  at  Northfleld  and 

commanded  the  first  brigade  of  Ayres^s  division  of  afterward  at  Greenfield,  and  during  that  time  he 

the  5th  Corps,  and  held  the  same  command  during  servecl  two  years  in  the  State  Senate.     In  1849  he 

the  march  to  Warrenton,  Va.,  the  same  month.    After  was  appointed  United  States  marshd  for  Masnachu- 

his  retirement  he  was  in  command  of  Fort  Hamilton,  setts,    ooon  afterward  Thomas  Sims,  a  fugitive  slave 

New  York  harbor,  till  June  6,  1864,  and  performed  who  had  been  captured  in  Massachusetts,  was  brought 

duty  on  military  commissions  and  courts-martial  till  before  him  to  be  remanded  to  his  master.    The  mar- 

1S69,  when  he  retired.  shal  felt  obliged  by  his  oath  of  office  to  execute  the 

De  LeoL  Edwin,  author,  bom  in  Columbia,  S.  C,  in  formal  process,  but  his  own  antislavery  convictions 
1^28;  diea  in  New  York  city,  Dec.  1, 1891.  He  was  were  so  strong  that  he  made  several  attempts  to  pur- 
graduated  at  the  Univeraity  of  the  South ;  practiced  chase  the  freedom  of  the  fugitive.  Subseouently, 
law  in  Columbia  for  several  years ;  became  editor  of  when  Sims^s  master  offered  to  give  him  his  n^edom 
the  •*  Telemph,"^  and  with  Eciwin  Fisher  established  for  $1,800,  Lydia  Maria  Childs  undertook  to  raise 
the  **  SouUiem  Press  "  in  1850 ;  and  soon  afterward  the  sum.  In  response  to  a  letter  from  her,  Mr.  Dovens 
founded  and  became .  editor  of  the  ^  National  Demo-  asked  her  to  return  all  subscriptions  and  to  permit 
crat"  in  Washington,  D.  C.  In  1854  he  was  appointed  him  to  pay  the  entire  amount.  Before  netrotiationa 
United  States  consul-general  and  diplomatic  i^ent  at  with  Sims^s  master  were  concluded  the  civil  war 
Cairo,  Egypt,  and  he  held  the  office  for  eight  years,  broke  out.  Mr.  Devens  held  the  office  of  marshal 
ns»igning  to  enter  the  service  of  the  Confederacy,  till  1858,  and  in  the  following  year  resmned  practice 
Jeilerson  Davis  appointed  him  special  diplomatic  agent  in  Worcester.  On  April  10,  1861,  he  was  commis- 
in  Europe,  and  during  the  war  he  made  many  ocean  sioned  mf^or  commanding  the  8d  Battalion  of  State 
tripe  and  ran  the  blockade  seven  times.  He  con-  Volunteer  Rifles,  and  in  July  following  was  anpoint- 
triouted  his  entire  personal  fortune  to  the  cause  of  ed  colonel  of  the  15th  Regiment  of  Massacnusetts 
the  Confederacy.  Alter  the  war  he  remained  abroad  Volunteers.  In  his  first  battle,  BalPs  Blufl',  he  re- 
s^: vend  years,  supporting  his  family  then  and  alter  re-  cei ved  a  wound.  He  was  promoted  brii?adier-general 
turning  to  the  iTnited  States  by  writing  for  various  in  1862 ;  commanded  a  brigade  in  the  Peninsular 
publications.  In  1881  he  revisited  Eg^pt,  and  estab-  campaign;  received  a  second  wound  at  Fair  Oaks; 
lished  a  telephone  system  in  its  cnief  cities.  His  was  present  at  Antietam  and  Frcdericksbuig ;  and 
publications  include  '''^Thirty  Years  of  my  Life  on  in  1863,  while  commanding  a  division  in  the  11th 
Three  Continents,"  "  The  Kh^dive^s  E^ypt,"  a  novel.  Corps,  received  a  third  wound  at  ( -hancellonville. 
"^  Askaros  Kassis,  the  Captain,"  and  ^  Under  the  Star  The  last  wound  caused  his  retirement  from  the  field 
and  under  the  Crescent^  till  the  spring  of  1864,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the 

Dannetty  Daaielf  agriculturist^  bom  in  Saco,  Me.,  in  commana  of  a  division  in  the  old  18tn  Corps,  reor- 
1813;  died  in  Brook  Haven,  Miss.,  Jan.  5, 1891.  He  ganized  aa  the  8d  division  of  tiie  24th  Corps.  OnUie 
received  a  common-school  education;  went  West  in  evacuation  of  Richmond  by  the  Confeaerates,  his 
1S33,  and  taught  school  eight  years  in  various  parts  troops  were  the  first  to  occupy  the  city.  For  his 
of  Ohio  and  in  Dubuque,  Iowa;  removed  to  St  gallantry  in  this  campaign  he  was  promoted  migor- 
Mary^s  Parish,  La.,  in  1841,  and  taught  there  for  six  general  of  volunteers,  and  appointed  commander  of 
yean«;  and  in  1847  became  proprietor  and  editor  of  the  military  district  of  Charleston.  He  was  mustered 
the  "*  Planters'  Banner,"  in  Franklin.  He  published  out  of  the  service,  at  his  own  request,  in  June,  1866^ 
this  paper  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  and  re-  and  returned  to  his  law  practice  in  Worcester.  In 
sume<i  editori^  work  immediately  after  its  close.  April,  1867,  he  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Su- 
For  a  time  he  was  editor-in-chief  or  the  New  Orleans  perior  Court  of  Massachusetts,  and  ne  served  till  1878, 
•*  Picayune,"  and  since  about  1876  he  had  been  agri-  when  he  was  promoted  to  the  bench  of  tlie  State 
cultural  editor  of  that  paper.  He  had  a  largo  farm  at  Supreme  Court  In  1877  he  was  appointed  Attorney- 
Brook  Haven,  Miss.,  ana  was  one  of  the  few  agri-  General  of  the  United  States,  and  soon  after  the  close 
culturists  who  successfully  conducted  a  Southern  ofhistermin  1881  he  was  reappointed  a  justice  of 
farm  bv  Northern  methods.  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State,  which  •tfice  he  held 

Jh  ioMjt  Qvfteviii  Ado^Uy  military  officer,  bom  until  his  death.  Judge  Devens  delivered  the  oration 
in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y^  Nov.  8,  1818;  died  in  Detroit,  at  the  centennial  celebration  of  the  battle  of  Bunker 
Mich.,  May  2*J,  1891.  He  was  a  student  in  the  United  Hill  on  June  17, 1875,  at  the  dedication  of  the  soldiers* 
States  Military  Academy  in  1835-^38;  was  appointed  monuments  at  Boston  and  Worcester,  and  on  the 
a  id  lieutenant  in  the  4tii  United  States  ArtiHery  on  death  of  Gksns.  Meade  and  Grant 
March  8,  1847,  and,  going  directly  into  the  Mexican  DillingluHn,  Faidi  lawyer,  bom  in  Shutesbur\',  Frank- 
War,  was  brevetted  Ist  lieutenant,  Aug.  20,  for  Con-  lin  County,  Mass.,  Aui.  10, 1799 ;  died  in  Waterbury, 
treras  and  Churabusco,  and  captain.  Sept  18,  for  Cha-  Vt,  July  26,  1891.  W^hcu  six  years  old  he  removed 
pultepec  From  Jan.  12,  1849,  till  Aug.  9,  1857,  he  with  the  family  to  Waterbury,  where  he  studied  law^ 
was  quartermaster  of  the  4th  United  States  Artillery,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1823,  and  formed  a  part- 
In  the  regular  army  he  was  promoted  1st  lieutenant  nership  with  Judge  Dan  Carpenter.  He  was  elected 
Mav  16,  1849;  captain,  Aug.  17,  1867;  ma^or  of  the  town  clerk  in  1829,  and  held  the  office  fifteen  years; 
3<l  Unitod  States  Artillery  July  26, 1866;  lieutenant-  in  1838  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  where  he 
colonel,  Aug.  25, 1879 ;  and  colonel  of  the  4th  Artil-  served  six  consecutive  terms,  during  two  years  of 
lery,  June  30,  1882.  He  was  transferred  to  the  8d  which  he  was  also  State's  attorney;  in  1836-'87  he  was 
Artillery  July  17, 1882,  and  retired  from  the  service  a  member  of  the  State  Constitutional  Convention; 
on  Nov.  8  following.  In  the  volunteer  army  he  was  and  in  1841  he  was  elected  a  State  Senator.  At  the 
commissioned  colonel  of  the  4th  New  York  'Artillery  end  of  his  term  in  the  Senate  he  was  elected  to  Con- 


618  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Dodd— Edwards.) 

was  re-elected  to   the   State  Senate,  in    1862   wae  torical  Society^  except  a  life  intereRt  tn  the  home0te*d 

elected  Lientenant-Oovemor.  and  in  1865  was  elected  and  $1,0U0  })er  annum  to  his  widow;  and  the  exceed- 

Governor  as  a  Republican.    One  of  his  sons,  William  ingly  valuable  books  and  manuscripts  that  he  col- 

P.  Dillingham,  also  became  Governor  of  Vermont,  lected  during:  his  Me  will  remain  in  the  Mciet}V 

and  a  daughter  married  the  late  United  States  Sen-  library,  while  the  residue  of  his  personal  estate  will 

ator  Matt  11.  Carpenter,  of  Wisconsin.  doubtless  be  used,  as  he  desired,  for  the  erection  of  a 

Doddf  Edwaidf  congressman,  born  in  Salem,  Wash-  Are-proof  building  for  his  treasures, 

ington  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1805;  died  in  Aigyle,  N.  Y.,  Brajton,  Thomai  Fanwiflki  military  officer,  bom  in 

March  1, 1891.    He  received  a  public-school  educa-  South  Carolina  about  1807;  died  in  Florence,  S.  C 

tion,  and  was  brought  up  in  mercantile  life.    He  was  Feb.  18,  1891.    Ho  was   graduated   at  the    Unitci 

elected  clerk  of  Washington  County  in  18S4  for  three  States  Military  Academy  in  1828;  was  on  garrison 

1  _.  J /.         •_..!_.         T._  J        ,     ,  ^           ,,           ,  *,   *P**rt.  Kt.,  for  four 

ror  lour'years;  and 
„  ^  .  ^__^_,1886.  After  bein^ 
United  States  marshal  for  the  Northern  District  of  employed  as  a  civil  engineer  in  Charleston,  Louis- 
New  York  from  April,  1863,  till  March,  1865,  and  vilte,  and  Cincinnati,  he  became  a  planter  in  .St 
Sfwn  from  July,  1868.  till  April,  1869;  and  was  a  Luke's  Parish,  S.  C.^in  1838.  He  was  a  State  Sena 
epublican  presidential  elector  in  1884.  tor  in  1853-^56.  and  President  of  the  Cbarleston  and 
Dodworth,  nxmy  B^  musician^  bom  in  Sheffield,  Savannah  Railroad  in  1853-^61.  He  entered  the  Con- 
England,  Nov.  16, 1822;  died  in  West  Hoboken,  N.  J.,  federate  army  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war,  was 
Jan.  24, 1891.  He  was  a  son  of  Thomas  Dodworth^  commissioned  brigadier-general,  and  was  fiven  com- 
a  well-known  musician  and  bandmaster;  received  a  mand  of  the  troops  on  Huton  Head  Island  to  opjpose 
musical  education  from  his  father :  came  to  New  the  Federal  naval  expedition  to  Port  Royal,  in  wnich 
York  with  his  father  and  brothers  Allan  and  Charles  his  brother.  Captain  Pcrcival  Drayton,  commanded  a 
in  1826^  and  made  his  first  appearance  as^  an  instru-  national  vessel,  in  November,  1861.  His  mansion 
mentalist— playing  the  fiute — ^in  New  York  in  the  stood  a  few  varas  fh>m  tlie  beach  and  not  more  than  a 
following  year.  He  learned  also  the  trombone,  mile  from  tne  Confederate  Fort  Walker.  He  had  a 
trumpet,  una  violin ;  and,  besides  playing  in  the  brass  foroe  of  625  men  with  him  in  the  fort,  which  he  vba 
band  organized  by  his  father  soon  after  settling  in  compelled  to  evacuate,  after  a  bombardment  of  four 
New  York,  he  was  almost  constantly  engaged  in  the  hours,  on  Nov.  7.  After  tiie  war  he  engaged  in  af?ri- 
orchestrasof  theatres  till  1839,  when  he  became  leader  culture  in  Gcoi^a,  subsequently  remov^  to  South 
of  his  father^s  band.  He  continued  at  the  head  of  Carolina,  and  in  1878  was  appointed  President  of  the 
this  organization — the  first  fonned  in  New  York  of  State  Immigrant  Association, 
white  men  exclusively — ^till  October,  1890,  more  than  DneiD,  Robert  WAn^iMj^  lawyer,  bom  in  Warren, 
fifty-one  years.  During  this  period  his  orchestra  Herkimer  County,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  20, 1824:  died  in  Cort- 
plaved  in  Niblo's  Garden  for  nfteen  years;  he  fur-  land,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  11, 1891.  He  received  an  academic 
nisned  music  at  Daly\  Wallack's,  and  the  old  Park  education,  studied  law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
theatres;  organized  a  comet  band  for  the  7th  Regi-  in  1845;  settled  in  Cortland  to  practice  in  184^  and 
ment;  held  engagements  to  furnish  regimental  musio  was  district-attorney  of  the  countv  in  1850-^55.  In 
for  the  12th,  13th,  and  22d  Regiments;  was  for  many  1855-^59  he  was  county  judge;  in  18^,  1860, 1870,  and 
years  bandmaster  of  the  71st  Regiment,  with  whicn  1872  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Republican  fn^u 
he  served  in  the  first  and  second  battles  of  Bull  Run;  the  24th  New  York  District;  in  1869-71  he  was  as- 
supplied  the  national  amiies  with  fifty  bandmasters  sessor  of  internal  revenue ;  and  on  the  expiration  of 
and  500  musicians ;  introduced  free  park  concerts  in  his  last  term  in  Congress  he  held  the  office  of  United 
New  York ;  and  was  for  twenty -four  years  leader  of  States  Commissioner  of  Patents  for  one  year.  While 
the  band  at  Central   Park.    He  also  furnished  the  in  Congress  ho  was  a  member  of  the  committees  on 


first  to  introduce  reetl  instruments  in  military  bands;     Dec.  19, 1815;  died  in  Detroit,  Mich..  Nov.  15, 1^91. 
and  invented  improvements  in  brass  instruments.  He  was  educated  by  private  tutors;  was  ordain^  in 


on  a  farm  and  received  a  village-school  education  in  Mineral  Point.  Wis.,  1844-^50;  Warsaw,  N.  Y.,  IB.'iiX- 

Lockport,  N.  Y.;  was  a  clerk  for  three  years;  went  to  '56;    Birmingham,  Conn.,   1856-'58;    Northampton, 

Mobile,  Ala.,  in  1883,  and  began  collecting  material  Mass.,  1858-'67 :  Brooklyn  Heights  (Reformed  Dutch 

relating  to  Westem  history ^  biography,  and  geog-  Church),  N.  Y.,   1867-^1;   Detroit  (Congregational 

raphy;    studied     in     Granville    College,    Ohio,   m  Church),  Mich,,  1873-'84;  and  Atlanta.  Ga.,  1884->^. 

1835-*86;  and  began  a  systematic  collection  of  hiator-  He  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  ftom  Williams  Col 


office  of  the  Erie  Canal  j  and  in  1843-^53  he  pursued  Synod  of  the  Reformed  Church  in  America"  (New 

historical  studies  in  Philadelphia.    In  the  latter  year  Vork,  1869);  of  "Hymns  and  Songs  of  Praise,''  in 

he  was  ofiered  the  office  of  correaponding  Secretary  conjunction  witii  the  Rev.  Dre.  Hitchcock  and  Schatf 

of  the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society  at  Madison,  ana,  (1874);  and  of  "  Carmina  Sanctorum,"  with  the  Kev. 

excepting  in  1858-'59,  when  he  was  State  Superin-  Dr.  Hitchcock  and  Lewis  Ward  Mudge  (1886  K 

tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  he  held  the  office  till  Edwud%  Heniyi  actor  and  entomologist,  bora  in 

Jan.  6, 1887;  when  he  was  chosen  honorary  secretary  Ross,  Herefordshire,  England,  Aug.  27,  1880 ;  died  in 


llliara  A.  Crofiut  (1869);  "King's  Mountain  and  years,  managing  theatres  in  Svdnev  and  Melbourne, 

its  Heroes"  (1881);  and  "Essay  on  the  Autographic  supporting  Gustavus  V.  Brooke,  Cfnarlea  Poole,  and 

Collections  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde-  George  Fawcett  Rowe,  and  taking  up  the  studv  of 

pendence  and  of  the  Constitution  "  (1889).   He  also  had  entomology,  which  he  pursued  to  the  close  of  his  life, 

nearly  completed  "  The  Mecklenburg  Declamtion  of  From  Australia  he  went  to  Peru,  Panama,  and  San 

Independence"  and"  Border  Forays  and  Adventures."  Francisco,  where  he  spent  twelve  years  as  actor  and 

Dr.  Draper  bequeathed  all  his  property  to  the  His-  manager.    His  first  Eastern  appearance  was  made  in 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Ekin—Faunck.)  619 

Bnnton,  in  1878,  when  he  played  Master  Walter  to  advertising  manager  of  a  medical  establishment.    He 

Mary  Anderson^s  Julia  in  '^The  Hunchback,*^  Maro  was  a  Republican  in  politics  and  an  advocate  of  mu- 

Antony  in  "  Julius  Ofesar,"  Mercutio,  Macduff,  and  nicipal  reform,  had  oeen  an  alderman  and  an  un- 

iwhlem   in  **  The  Exiles."    He  came  to  Wallack's  successful  candidate  for  mayor,  and  was  one  of  the 

Theatre,  New  York,  in  1879,  making  his  first  appear-  founders  of  the  park  system  of  Rochester, 

anoc  Dec.  8,  as  Joeiah  Clench,  in  Bvron^s  comedy  of  Emmeti  JoMph  Kline,  actor,  bom  in  St.  Louis,  Mo., 

*-<>ur  Girls."    Subsequently  he  adopted  old  men's  March  18,  1841^  died  in  Cornwall,  N.  Y.,  June  15, 

part^  playing  second  to  John  GilbMert  in  old  comedies  1891.    In  early  life  he  was  a  sign-painter.    He  culti- 

and  the  principal  parts  in  new  ones.  Among  his  popu-  vated  a  natural  taste  for  music,  and  began  his  career 

liir  parts  were  Sir  Oliver  Surface  in  ^  The  School  for  on  the  stage  as  a  singer  and  dancer  in  a  local  variety 

Scandal,''  Colonel  Rocket  in  ^  Old  Heads  and  Youn^  theatre.    His  first  regular  engagement  was  with  Mor- 

Hearta,"  Sir  Jealous  Traffick  in  "  The  Busybodv,"  ris  and  Wilson's  minstrels,  with  whom  he  appeared 

Baron  Stein  in  "•  Diplomacy,"  Adam  in  "  As  You  in  St.  Louis,  Cincinnati,  Buffalo,  and_San  Francisco. 


Daughter."   He  was  considered  one  of  the  fore-  Charles  Gaylor  wrote  for  him  "  Fritz, 

m<)«it  entomologists  in  the  country,  and  his  collection  man,"  which  was  first  produced  in  Buffalo,  Nov.  22, 

of  LepidopUrannB  been  pronounced  unsurpassed.  1869.  and  had  a  remarkable  midsummer  run  in  Wal- 

EUbi  JaiDiM  Adiau,  military-  officer,  bom  in  Pitts-  lack's  Theatre,  I^ew  York,  in  1870.     The  humor, 

burg.  Pa.,  Aug.  81,  1819;  died  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  drollery,  ^ood  temper,  and  cnildish  amiabilitv  of  the 

March  27, 1891.    He  was  a  grandson  of  Col.  Stephen  actor  in  tnis  piece  won  all  hearts,  and  made  tne  play 

Bavanl,  of  Uie  army  of  tlie  Revolution,  and  for  sev-  a  phenomenal  success  and  the  player  a  rich  man. 

•erol  years  prior  to  the  civil  war  he  was  engaged  in  Mr.  Emmet  also  appeared  in  two  other  plays  written 

steamboat  building  at  Pittsburg.    He  was  appointed  for  him  by  Mr.  Gaylor :  in  one, "  Fritz  in  Ireland,"  by 

1st  lieutenant  in  the  12th  Pennsylvania  Infantry  on  William  Carleton ;  and  in  "•  Uncle  Joe,  or  Fritz  in  a 

April  25,  1861,  and  captain  and  assistant  quarter-  Madhouse."  his  last  play ;  but  in  none  was  he  so  suc- 

master  on  Aug.  7  following ;  was  lieutenant-colonel  C0»ful  ana  popular  as  in  tlie  original  '^  Fritz."    His 

and  quartermaster  from  Feb.  15  till  Aug.  1, 1864,  and  great   failing  was  love  of  strong  drink,  and   this 

•colonel  from  Aug.  2,  1864,  till  Jan.  1,  1867 ;  and  was  caused  him  to  break  many  engagements  and  to  be 

bre vetted  brigacner-general  of  volunteers,  March  8,  confined  several  times  in  inebriate  asvlums. 

18f)5,  for  meritorious  services  in  the  quartermaster's  Emtti  BoHeOf  journalist,  bom  in  New  York  city, 

department  during  the  war.    In  Uie  regular  army  he  Nov.  10, 1817 ;  died  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  April  7,  1891. 

was  appointed  captain  March  13,  1868;  lieutenant-  From  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1824,  he  had  to  de- 


March  13, 1865,  ho  was  brevetted  major,  lieutenant-  journeyman  in  Alabama  and  Kentucky ;  returned  to 
<^olonel,  colonel,  and  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  Pittsburg  and  began  teaching,  and  in  1842  was  ap- 
anny.  His  ser\'ices  were  especially  commend^  by  pointed  clerk  to  Uie  mayor  and  editor  of  the  "  Sun  " 
PrvJident  Lincoln,  Secretary  Stanton,  Gov.  Morton,  newspaper.  In  1845  he  took  chai^ge  of  the  "  Patriot," 
and  Gens.  Meigs,  Halleck,  J.  J.  Reynolds^  and  Mc-  an  antislavery  paper  in  Washington,  Pa.,  and  in 
Dowell.  He  was  a  member  of  tho^commiBsion  that  1852  entered  the  editorial  room  of  the  Pittsbui^ 
tried  the  murderers  of  President  Lincoln.  **  Gazette,"  of  which  he  became  editor  and  part  pro- 
ElMBgi  Hen  km  military  oificer,  bom  in  Sweden,  prietor,  retiring  from  it  in  1865.  From  its  organiza- 
Feb.  8,  1832;  died  in  Stockholm,  Sweden,  March  4,  tion,  in  1856,  he  was  an  active  member  of  the  Kepub- 
1S91.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Swedish  Military  lican  party.  He  attended  its  first  national  convention 
Academy,  and  was  employed  by  the  Government  in  in  Pittsburg,  and  was  an  efficient  official  under  it 
the  construction  and  improvement  of  harbors  till  for  thirty  years.  In  1860  he  was  elected  Comptroller 
l!?i55,  when  became  to  the  United  States.  At  the  of  Pittsbuig;  in  1860-'61, 1872'-76,  and  1889-'90  he 
beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  enlisted  in  the  48th  was  chief  clerk  of  the  State  Senate ;  in  1861-'65  he 
New  Yoni  Volunteers,  was  soon  commissioned  1st  was  a  paymaster  in  the  army;  in  1867  was  elected 
lieutenant,  and  was  promoted  captain  Aug.  29, 1862.  State  Senator;  in  1869-'73  was  assessor  of  internal 
He  was  present  during  the  assault  on  the  defenses  of  revenue;  in  1876, 1878,  and  1880  was  elected  to  Con- 
Charleston  in  1863,  and  was  wounded  at  Fort  Way-  gress;  and  in  1883-'87  was  United  States  pension 
ner.    In  the  early  part  of  1864  he  was  on  duty  in  agent  of  Pittsburg. 

Florida  as  brigade  inspector,  receiving  his  second  Faimoey  Jdhni  naval  officer,   bom    in    Plymouth, 

wound  at  Olustee.     SuDsequently  he  took  part  in  Mass.,  March  25,  1807;  died  in  Jersey  City,  N.  J., 

the  battles  at  Drary's  Bluff,  Cold  Harbor,  and  the  June  5,  1891.    He  went  to  sea  when  thirteen  years 

first  assault  on  Fort  Fisher,  and  in  the  second  assault  old,  and  was  taught  navigation  by  a  sailor,  to  whom 

of  the  latter  he  commanded  the  regiment  after  the  he  gave  his  allowance  of  irrog  as  compensation.    Be- 

colonel  had  been  wounded;  and  after  the  fall  of  the  fore  he  reached  his  mi\jority  he  became  commander 

fort  he  was  placed  in  command  of  his  brigade.    On  of  a  ship   by  reason  of  the  death  of  the  captain 

Feb.  20,  1865,  he  received  his  third  wound,  which  at   sea.     In    1837    he    entered    the    United    States 

caused  the  loss  of  a  leg.    For  his  services  in  the  war  Revenue  Marine  Service  as  8d  lieutenant  and  was 

he  received  the  brevet  of  colonel  of  volunteers  and  ordered  to  duty   on  the  "  Campbell "  at  Baltimore, 

of  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  regular  army  and  was  then  under  commission  to  co-operate  with  the  army 

pensioned.    He  then  returned  to  Sweden  and  became  and  navy  in  the  campaign  against  the  Seminole  In- 

a  professor  in  the  military  academy.    In  1869  he  was  dians  in  Florida.    For  nearly  two  years  he  was  the 

appointed  United  States  vice-consul  at  Stockholm,  only  oflScer  on  board  the  vessel,  and  while  protecting 

and  in  1871  promoted  to  be  consul,  and  he  held  the  the  coast  he  took  part  in  many  encragements  with 

latter  office  till  his  death.  the  Indians.    He  was  promoted  2d  lieutenant  June 


EDiottyOeoigeWilliaiiii  journalist,  bom  in  New  York  5,  1841;  1st  lieutenant  Oct,  28,  1845;  and  captain 

Uty  in  1848;  died  in  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  March   18.  March  8, 1855.    Early  in  1855  he  was  placed  in  charge 

ISi^l.    He  removed  to  Auburn  in  early  youth,  studied  of  the  life-saving  stations  on  the  coasts  of  New  Jersey 

at  Cazenovia  Seminary,  and  Wesleyan  University,  and  Long  Island,  and  in  1857  was  appointed  assistant 

and  was  graduated  at*Syracuse  University  in  1873.  to  the  naval  constructor  assigned  to  the  building  of 

In  the  latter  vear  he  became  editor  of  "  The  Northern  the  celebrated  revenue  steamer  *'  Harriet  Lane."    On 

Chnstian  A(fvocat4j,"  and  from  1874  till  1881  ho  was  the  completion  of  the  vessel  he   became  her  com- 

asAociate  editor  of  ''The  Rochester  Democrat  and  mander,  and  remained  such  till   September,  1861, 

Chronicle."    He  then  raanacred  **  The  American  Ru-  when  the  vessel  was  incorporated  with  the  regular 

ral  Home  "till  1885,  when  he  became  editorial  and  navy.    With  his  vessel  he  accompanied  the  naval 


OBITUAKIES,  AMERICAN.    (Pai— Fehtetits.) 


eipodition   lo   PoreKuay  in  1b.W-','i»,  und  h«  Bub*e- 

SUfntly  nceiveii  the  oomiueDdatioDii  of  FW-<itHciir 
hubnck   and  the  Secretary  of  Itiu  Navy  tor  "Ihu 
._j  _    1  ...:.!.  _.L!  .1.  1 1  ■'■■.  very  efflcient 


iiund 


he  used  tl 


leea  hia  achoaling  ended.    Id  ISI 
liii  fatlipr'a  t'lirm.  he  obaorved  a  a 

text-hooks  and  aludied  Ihtm  ui 


lot  in  tho  follo«-iQ((  Auguat,  b. 
d  of  ('apt.  Faunee  on  both  o 


aela  from  pcrilo_    

from  the  olUccra  of  the  fleet.    The  "llaniut  Lane" 

wa«  hastcDed  Ki  the  relief  of  rort  Sumter  in  .^pri 

1S61,  and  was  preaent  at  the  capture  of  the  fortifiia 

tiona  at  Hattoraa  Inlet  i"  '*"  ~ 

under  the  ■ 

siona.     After  the  war  he  was  one  at 

appointed  to  looate  atatioda  of  tne  life-aavinp  aerviee 

on  our  eoaats,  and  tliUH  had  much  to  Jo  with  the  or- 

Sanization  of  the  flist  eiperimenlal  service  authorized 
V  Con«reM  and  of  the  preaent  model  ajateoL  He 
nmained  in  active  Bervice  till  May,  6, 1K81. 

Far,  JaUu  Auutu,  lawyer,  bom  in  Baltimore, 
Ud..  in  IBM;  died  in  Elizabeth,  N.  J.,  Sept  28, 18ai. 
He  waa  grodualeJ  at  Williaraii  Colltite,  CDtured  [he 
national  army  as  a  lieutenant  in  ISfl^  aerved  in  the 
30th,  SMh,  and  10th  New  Jersey  regiments,  and  was 
promoted  colonel  in  1B«-S,  and  brovetu-d  lieutenant- 
colonel  in  the  reeular  aniiv  for  itBllantry  before 
Pr.UTsbui)t.  Alter  tlie  war  he  held  the  office  of  In- 
ir-General  of  Militia  of  New  Jcwey  under  Govs. 
d  Parker.    HestudieiUaw,  was  admitted 

i  1S6S,  and  soon  became  eminent  as  a 

criminal  lawyer,  and  during  the  ten  years  he  woa 
proaccutor  of  Union  Countv  he  WB<  credited  with 
8,000  conviction^ut  of  S.Wcaaea  tried  by  " " 

28, 


II  red  maUiem*>iv>[ 
re  Ilia  results  tliut 


lext^books  were  proeured  and  studied  l»  the  llichi 
of  a  dim  candle  or  the  blaze  of  liirht-wood  until  hi 
attained  the  a^  of  twenty-two,  when,  by  the  aid  i>i 
money  earned  in  tcachinic  and  pnmlaei' of  aaoii'iaDri 
fVom  his  father,  he  cnleicd  Mamhall  mow  Man.htli 
and  Franklin;  Cullego.  After  two  years  he  (aualit 
in  Virginia  until  he  liad  earned  sumcicnt  nionvv  t" 
pav  his  expcnaes  at  Bethany  (.'oUwc,  when;  he  wa- 
gniduated  in  1M4.  Resuming  bT»  vocation  an  a 
teacher,  he  settled  in  Liberty.  Mo.,  and  devoted  murh 
of  his  leisure  to  study,  especially  in  the  line  of  highvi 
mathematics.  Then  he  taught  in  Southern  Kentoebi 
lor  seven  year*,  after  which  for  four  ycots  he  nai. 
professor  in  a  commercial  college  in  Nashville  Tcqd. 
AC  this  time  he  published  "  winds  and  Cui 


and  Surger; 


the  Nashville  "  Journal  of  Medici 


Kutdolj 


appointed  in  1(157  assistant  in  tlie  otBce  of  ibr 
icncan  Eplieiiieris  and  Nautical  Almanac."  thru 
id  in  (.■ambridge  bv  Pmf.  Joseph  Winlock.  Trn 
-  .Inn  appoinr       -        ■      " 


rtUkan^H,  mnflaU  Bostt,  lawyer,  bom  inTenn. 

e,in  IHI8;  died  in  Holly  Spnnjts,  Miss.,  May  2- 

In  early  life  lie  removed  to  Uiiwisslppi^  whei 


years  later  he  accept* 
janiin   Pierce  in  tfie  ^ 
with  special  charge  of  tli 


of  tho 


he  stiidied  law  and  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  \>HK  and  1MB,  and  declined  a 
third  term  that  he  mi^ht  confine  hinuelf  to  his  law 
practice.  At  Uie  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  en- 
tered the  Confcderule  army,  served  through  the  war 
In  Virginia  and  In  the  Transmississippl  Department, 
and  attuned  the  rank  of  brigadier-general,     lie  was 

iber  of  the  Slate  I.egisla"  ~   "~  "— '   "~  '    '  '" 

_ f  Che    -      —      -    -- 

conducted  _.__  ....^ _.  ,._ 

and  other  State  otliccrs,  and  as  chairman  of  the 
Judiciarj' Committee  in  IST^-'SO  he  aided  largely  in 


re  vising  "the  Slate  c( 

Finvl,  'WinkBi  meCeorologist, 
Fulton)  County,  Pa.,  Jan.  S,  It 


and  diH-us- 
he  held  until  In?^ 
and  subsequent  to  IS74  tho  annual  report*  of  the 
(.'oast  Survey  contain  his  special  contributions  of 
"Tidal  Kesearehu."  He  Invented  a  maxima  and 
minima  tidal -predicting  niaohine,  which  wo*  eaa- 
Btructcd  at  a  cost  of  92,500,  and  which  is  dewribeil 
in  Appendix  No.  10  of  the  "  Report  of  the  t'oast 
and  Geodetic  Survey"  for  1B8S.  By  its  use  the  labor 
ofmore  than  thirty  men  was  saved.  In  1*88  he  livcsnie 
Profesaor  of  Mcteorologv  in  the  Signal  Olfin  in 
Washingtiin.  D.  C,  where  ho  remainedfor  four  yean, 
ami  then  retired  (o  devote  himself  exclusively  b> 
private  researches.  In  Europe  as  well  as  iu  this 
country  Prof.  Forrol  was  regarded  as  the  leader  in 
the  methods  of  mathematical  meteorology.  Thr 
honorary  degrees  of  A.  M.,  and  Ph.  D.  were  confemd 
upon  hini,  and  in  1868  he  was  elected  to  the  Natinoal 
Academy  of  Sciences.  He  was  on  oawciale  fellow  of 
the  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Science*,  ami  an 
honorary  member  of  the  Austrian.  London,  and  Ger- 
man Meteorological  Societies.  IIi»  profession^  pa- 
pen  numbered  more  tlian  flfty,  many  of  which  are 
in  Che  series  of  "  I'rofessional  Papeni  of  the  I'Qltrd 
States  Signal  Service,"  and  include  "  Motions  nf 
Fluids  and  Solids  relative  to  the  EartliV  Surface," 
(ISiSa);  "Determination  of  the  Moon's  Haas  frnm 
Tidal  Obaervationa "  (18T1>;  "Convening  Seriw 
expreming  the  Ratio  between  the  Diameter  and  the 
C'rcunf  n.nceof  aCircle"ll67n;  "  Meteorologioil 
R  «ean.h  ■*,"  Part  I,  ■■  On  the  Mechanic*  and  Ihc 
Gen  ral  Mol  ous  of  Clio  Atmoxphere  "  (ItTT  • :  I'sn 
II     (n    "(    clones,    ToraadofB,  and    Walenipout " 


and  Te  nperaturuof  the  Atmosphere  and  the  EanhV 
Surface"  (ls.t4  His  books  were ;  "On  the  Kwtul 
Advances  n  MeteoTOl'^y "  (Washington.  IwSi  a 
text  book  des  gned  for  useintheSignal^erviceSchnol 
oflnstniton  and  also  for  a  hand-book  in  the  oIG« 
ofch  h  I  s  gnsi  otUeers,  and  "  A  Popular  TreatM 
on  tl  e  W  nds"  |New  York.  18m. 
Fialattta.  Count  Ohailai  Albsit,  civil  engineer.  Ixim 


His  father  was  eharoberlsir 
the  ourt  ot  Vustna,  and  tlie  son  was  graduatcl 
ll  e  Austrian  m  1  tary  academy, and  altaincd  then 
of  colonel  in  the  Austrian  anuy.    Charles  set  out 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Fisheb— Flobehce.) 


the  United  StaiM  during  (he  lutter  put  of  (he  civi 
war  to  enur  the  national  artiiy,  but  the  g)nun[]i 
rn.k-d  befon  his  urivul.  He  t)icn  eeUbltohed  bin.. 
'  '  ID  bualDC««  ii»  >  tuinin^  tuid  civil  eQf;ineer 
"'"■cting  fl  part  of  the  1 


hT>t  pn^'flffcd  in 
k1  l'fli:ifie  Euilroaii,  in  1«6S-' 
It  to  iitD.  Charlui  P.  Stone,  thi^n  making  Eurv 
r  the  i'lorida  Ship  Canal,  and  pcntonally  Kunu 
<-  n>utc:  in  IST^hv  »Mi«nuineer-ii>-chivrin  i^hu 
the  lajinti  of  the  double  track  for  tlie  New  Y 
i-ntml  and  llutbon  Hiver  Kulroad  from  Alban; 


S.'loHta]   for  the  Barttiolili  Ktatue,  BsnietanC  to  Gen, 
eClellan  when  the  loiter  wan  chief  engineer  of  ths 
New  York  Dork  Department,  and  at  the  time  of  hla 
r-in-chief  of  the  Alabama  Coal 


r,  ObiidMt  at 


.lieutenant,  l>e(.l)!,  Itt47:  captain,  ^epL  16,  lHHe; 
major  Ittth  linitcd  8ta(«a  Intanlrv,  Ma;  11,  l»iei; 
lieutenant-oolonul  7th  lufanUy,  Oct.  ao,  1863;  and 
colonel  4tb  Infantry,  July  8,  ItifiH ;  and  wait  retired 
Hi  his  own  roijaeat,  April  11, 18Sa.  He  Ben'ed  in  the 
Seminole  War  in  Fforido,  the  KansoB  diKturbanccn 
in  Is.'jfi,  the  L'wJi  expedition  in  1B58,  Ibc  CarBOD  val- 
ley expedition  in  IHW),  and  in  several  Indian  cum- 
paigna  in  the  West.  In  tlie  civil  war  he  wsa  in  com- 
mand at  Louiavillo  in  IStii,  and  afterwarii  of  the 
depot  at  Altnn  and  of  the  defenw*  of  Cincinnati. 

FknM*<  WUllim  Jhw,  an  actor  whose  real  nanie 
WBii  Bernard  I'onlin,  bom  in  Alliany,  N.  Y.,  July  M, 
1831;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa..  Nov.  VO,  im.  He 
showed  a  love  for  auting  and  for  tlie  dnina  at  an 


r.  bom  in  tlluffolk.  England,  in 
!-...;  uim  lu  i.nw  lork  citv,  June  10.  iSbi.  He 
made  his  fimt  appearance  on  the  sta^  at  the  Frincea* 
Theatre,  in  London,  in  1S44,  and  his  tirst  American 
aj>[tatBDco  at  Burton's  Theatre,  in  New  York,  as  Fer- 
Lient,  in  -  The  School  of  Eefomi,"  on  Auft.  SO,  ISSS. 
Durinjc  this  inter^'al  be  had  played  with  succesv  in 
the  pnncipal  London  theatrva.  Ilia  reception  in  Che 
I'nited  States  was  bo  cordial  that  he  decided  lo  re- 
main here,  and^fler  makinetoura  of  the  largo  cities, 
he  joined  the  Wallack  eonmany  in  IMl.  He  there 
»uei.-evded  to  (he  charactersonhe  elder  WbIpoI,  playing 
■.-crplably  as  Joseph  Surface.  Tri^ilet  in  "  Masks  and 
Faie^"  Oraves  in  "  Money,"  and  in  "  Rosedale,"  and 
nianv  other  Wallack  pinvn.  He  joined  AuruBtin 
Daly's  oompany  in  Wl  and  was  active  in  it  till  tlie 
autiiiiin  of  IH90,  when  advanvinic  age  caused  him  to 
rf.'Iirejiennancntly  from  the  stai^.  While  with  Mr. 
Duly  he  played  the  parts  of  the  flrat  old  men,  and 
had  but  one  rival,  JunnGillien.  Some  of  his  Sliako- 
hju-arian  parts  were  memorublc  for  thorough  study  and 
rarvful  octinit ;  in  the  old  comedies  he  was  stronir. 
lILi  Faistatf,  Sir  Peter  Tcaile.  old  Adam  in  "Aa 
Ynii  Like  It,"  the  Ghost  in  "  Hnmlet."  Larucque  in 
"The  Romance  ofu  Poor  Vounu  Man,"  and  the  Par- 
s-in  in  "  The  Squire"  will  long  be  remembered. 

nu,  Baqjamtn  Bntimind,  minter,  tK>m  in  New  York 
city  in  1*» ;  died  in  Peeonie,  L.  I.,  Dec.  KT,  1891. 
He*  Htudicd  painting  in  the  Notional  Academy  of  I)e- 
siiin  and  In  the  Royal  Academy  of  Paintinz,  in  Uu- 
nk'h,  where  be  took  two  medals  for  eicellenee.  In 
!-■>.;  he  returned  to  New  York  city,  and  was  at  oneo 
chosen  o  professor  in  the  Art  Studendi'  LcBEUe.  with 
which  he  was  connected  till  his  death.  ITo  was  a 
member  of  the  Society  of  American  Artists,  the 
Amerieun  Water-color  Society,  tlie  Architectural 
Leairue.  the  Art  Students' League,  the  National  Aeod- 
cniy  of  Desipi,  and  of  the  Salmagundi  and  I.ntns 
Clulw.  During  bis  short  nrt  career  Mr.  Kiti  painted 
rnrtmita  of  mnnv  of  the  best  known  people  of  New 
York  city,  ond  showed  purticular  strength  and  grace 

FUinb,  EdIm,  clergyman,  bora  in  RetzMadi,  Bavaria, 
July  l*,ltBl;died"mLaCrosse,  Wis.,  Sept.  B,  ISflL 
Me  wos  brought  up  on  a  farm :  eame  with  his  purents 
!'■  the  Unit«l  Stoles  in  1847:  wus  educated  in  the 
ToUtvo  of  Notre  Dume.  Indiana,  the  Pro-seminary 
iaMilwaukee,ondthc  Seminary  of  S(. Francis;  and 
was  ordained  a  Roman  Catholic  priest  Dec.  IH,  I^.IH. 
He  was  master  of  discipline  und  a  professor  in  the 
Seminary  of  St  Francis  in  18AO-'il7 ;  engaged  in  mis- 
*i»n  and  orphan-asylum  work  till  lHt4 ;  then  be- 
came spiritHai  direc(or  of  tlie  seminary  and  Profisa- 
nr  of  Moral  Theology  at  St.  Francis,  ond  wos  oppniiit- 

*.i   rector  of  the  colle       '-    ■■ "    ■         ■ 

hi>  was  appointed  T" 

iiialn«l  tin  his  de 

nniier  his  core,  and  overliMi  eliurehes.  and  under  his 

ailministration  many  charitable,  religious,  and  edu- 

TBut,  ItekUn  Forta,  niilitarv  officer,  bom  in  Jv'ew 
llampKhire,  April  -2»,  lH:il:  dit 
Sept.    IS,    IB91.     II 


of  tlie  Murdoch  1 _._.    _ _, 

Ills  Unit  appcaronec  on  the  professional  stuge  wos 
made  at  Richmond,  Va.,  Dec.  4,  1849,  us  Peter  in  the 
"Stranger."  In  the  spring  of  the  following  vear  he 
liceanie  u  member  of  the  eoupoiiy  «t  Niblo'n  Garden, 
New  York,  under  the  management  of  Brougham  and 
Chippendale,  and  his  Brat  purt  was  Hullugon,  in  a 
drumu  bv  Brougham  coiled  ~  Home,"  proiiueed  May 
IS.  \S;a:  When  Brougham  openeil  the  Lyceum  Thea- 
tre. New  York,  atlerHonl  Welloek's  Tlicotre.  ond  tlie 
Broadway  Theatre,  on  tlie  comer  of  Brooilway  and 
Brooine  Street,  Dee.  M.  1860,  Florence  apiwan-d  in 
an  atter-piecc  called  "  The  Lii^lit  (iuard,  or  Woiiion's 
Rights."  He  iiiado  his  first  decided  hit  at  this  house 
on  .ipril  23, 1I<.'>1,  wlien  he  appeared  as  o  rv<l-sliirled 
Hreman  in  a  ploy  of  the  penod  called  "  A  Row  at  the 
Lveeum."  During  the  fullowlng  season  he  was  at 
the  Broadway  Theatre,  New  York,  bclwueii  .\iilhony 
(since  Worth'i  ond  Peail  Streets,  opcninji  on  Aug.  SO. 
IM-i.  as  Lord  Tinsel  in  "  The  lluiichbaek  "  to  Die 
Julia  of  Julio  Dean  and  the  Master  Walter  of  F.  B. 
Conwav.  ].oter  he  supportcil  Forrest,  Mr.  ond  Mrs. 
Bamev  Williams,  und  Sirs.  Mowutt.  On  Jan.  1.  lisas. 
he  mamed  Miss  Malvina  Pro,t,with  whom  he  was  so 
pleasantly  associated  In  a  long  and  honorable  dra- 

— -■ They  first  played  together  at  the  Na- 

-  '"-■■•■' — -"Teet.  New  Y'ork.  on  June 
ish  Roy  and  Yankei-  Girl, 
succcw.  which  followed 
them  on  un  extensive  tour  through  the  I'niieti  Stales. 
In  ISIVtt  they  flnt  appeared  in  London,  at  Drurj'  I^ne 
Theatre,  where  Mra.  Florence,  as  a  specimen  of  Ameri- 
can help  in  the  "  Y'aukce  Housekeeper,"  amused  and 


622  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Ford—Forrest.) 

entertained  London  audiences  for  a  season  of  fifVy  B.  Chittenden,  he  founded  the  Brooklyn  ^  rnion.^* 

nights.    Returning  to  New  York,  Mr.  Florence  made  and  in  1869-*72  he  was  collector  of  internal  revenue 

hi8  first  decided  hit  in  a  more  serious  part,  as  Bob  for  the  8d  New  York  District    Mr.  Ford  became  a 

Brierly  in  ^  The  Ticket-of-leave  Man,^^  produced  at  Liberal  Republican  in  1872,  and  was  a  dele^rate  to 

Wintei  Garden,  Nov.  30, 1868.  Mrs.  Florence  plaving  the  national  convention  of  that  party  in  Cincinnati. 

Emily  St  Evremonde.    The  arama  ran  for  one  ^uii-  In  1873  he  became  Uio  publisher  of  the  New  York 

drod  and  twenty-flve  successive  nights  in  New  York,  ^  Tribune,"  and  he  held  the  place  till  188L     For  a 

and  was  repeated  all  over  the  United  States.    On  short  time  afterward  he  was  President  of  the  Brook- 

Aug.  5, 1867.  at  the  house  on  Broadway  and  Broome  lyn,  Flatbush,  and  Coney  Island  Railroad,  and  he  then 

Street,  Mr.  Florence  produced  Robertson^s  ^  Caste,"  retired  trom  active  business.    He  was  either  a  founder.. 


v.iginais  .-_  __._<.,.-._       —  __  —         --  —  —    —  „  --  — --^  —  —  —  ^  -  — 

same  house  on  Sept  26,  1868,  by  ^^No  Thorough-  Long  Island  Historical  Society,  the  Tree-planting  and 

fare,"  when  Mr  florence  introduced  Obenreizer  to  Fountain  Society,  the  Hamilton  Club,  and  the  Ix)tot#. 

the  American  stage.    In  1875  he  created  Bard  well  Reform,  and  Lawyers^  Clubs  in  New  York  citv.    Earlv 

Slote  in  B.  E.  Woolfs  *'  The  Mighty  Dollar,"  one  in  life  he  began  collecting  books,  manusenpts,  ancl 

of  his  most  enduring  successes.    Mrs.  Florence  was  autograph  letters,  and  in  Utter  yean  he  built  a  firv- 

Mrs.   Qeneral    Gilflory.     In  September,  1883,    Mr.  proof  room,  50  feet  square,  in  the  rear  of  his  dwelling. 

Florence  produced  George  H.  Jessop^s  "  Our  Gov-  where  he  housed  his  treasures.    At  the  time  of  hi!^ 

emor,"  under  the  title  of  "Facts,"  at  the  Walnut  death  his  library  contained  about 50.000 volumes. val- 

Street  Theatre,  Philadelphia     Its  name  was  changed  ued  at  $500,000,*^ and  his  autograph  letten  were  val- 

in  the  following  season.  Ills  part  in  this  piece  was  ued  at  $100,000. 


the  stage,  her  husband  entered  into  an  artistic  part-     ffan  Agncultural  College  and  at  the  United  States 
nership  with  Joseph  Jefferson,  which  lasted  untu  his     Naval  Academy ;  served  in  the  navv  in  the  latter 


death,' and  afforded  rare  pleasure  to  the  American  part  of  the  civil  war,  studied  law  and  was  admitted 

theatre-going  public.  He  played  Sir  Lucius  OTrigger  to  the  bar  in  1878,  but  never  pratiticed;  and  tinom 

to  Jefforson^s  Bob  Acres  in  "  The  Rivals,"  and  to  the  1874  was  employed  as  official  stenographer  in  variauA- 

Dr.  Pangloss  of  the  same  actor  Mr.  Florence  made  State  courts.  In  1885-^86  he  was  a  memoer  of  the  Lcv 

his  final  appearance  on  the  stage  in  the  character  of  islature,  in  1886  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Denio- 

Zekiel  Homespun  in  "  The  Heir-at-law,"  at  the  Arch  crat  fVx>m  the  5th  Michigan  District,  in  1888  was  de 

Street  Theatre,  Philadelphia,  on  the  night  of  Nov.  feated  for  re-election,  and  in  1890  was  re-elected  on 

14,  1891     Mr.  Florence  was  an  actor  of  unusually  the  free-trade  issue.    While  in  C-ongress  he  was  a 

long  and  varied  experience ;  and  in  the  whole  history  member  of  the  committees  on  Military  Affairs  and  on 

of  the  drama  in  America  few  men  have  been  so  uni-  Territories,  and  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  linpor- 

formally  excellent  in  so  wide  a  range  of  parts.    He  tation  of  contract  labor. 

was  associated  with  some  of  the  most  prominent  flg-        Fonwti  Oathaiine  HartoiL  actress,  bom  in  England, 

ures  on  the  English-speaking  stage.   He  played  Rich-  in  1818 ;  died  in  New  York  citv,  June  16, 1891.    She 

mond  and  Laertes  with  the  elder  Booth,  Lucullus  was  the  daughter  of  John  Sinclair,  a  popular  vocalli^. 

and  Titus  with  Edwin  Forrest,  the  Second  Grave-  and  married  Edwin  Forrest,  the  American  actor,  in 

digger  to  the  Hamlet  of  the  younger  Booth,  Cap^n  June,  1837.     She  accompanied  him  to  his  home  in 

Cuttle  to  Henry  Irving's  Doml>ey,  and  he  supported  New  York  city,  but  their  lives  were  soon  embitten.Hl 

or  was  supported  by  Lawrence  Barrettu^MoCul lough,  with  quarrels  and  domestic  unhappiness     No  open 

Forrest,  John  T.  Ravmond,  John  L.  Toole,  Burton,  rupture  occurred,  however,  till  1849,  when  her  hu*- 

and  Brougham.   No  aramatio  contrasts  can  be  greater  band  found  a  questionable  letter  addressed  to  her  by 

than  those  between  the  son  of  an  hundred  earls  in  an  actor  of  low  repute,  and  brought  suit  for  divorce,. 

^  Caste"  and  the  ignorant,  humble  outlaw  of  the  they  having  then  lived  apart  for  two  yean.  Mn.For- 

"  Ticket-of-leave  Man";  between  the  American  poll-  rest,  who  solemnly  declared  her  entire  innocence  and 

tician  in  the  ^*  Mighty  Dollar"  and  the  Swi.ss  advent-  miuntained  it  throughout  her  life,  at  once  entered  a 

urer  in  ''  No  Thoroujjhfare " ;  between  the  bluff,  sim-  oounter-suit    Mr.  Forrest  retained  John  Van  Buren 

pie,  honest  old  sailor  in  the  dramatization  of  ^  Dom-  as  his  counsel,  and  his  wife  secured  Charies  OTonor. 

bey  and  Son  "  and  the  simple,  honest,  modest  young  The  trial  began  before  Chief  Justice  Oakley  in  the 

country  lad  of  the  "  Heir-at-Law  " ;  between  the  fVol-  New  York  Supreme  Court  on  Dec  16, 1851,  continued 

iokin^.  fearless  flre-laddie  of  the  ^  Row  at  the  Ly-  for  fourteen  years,  and  was  the  most  remarkable  o1 

ceum*'  and  the  flro-eating  coward  of  ^  The  Rivals."  its  kind  that  had  ever  taken  place  in  this  country. 

In  none  of  these  parts  was  Mr.  Florence  ever  excelled,  A  judgment  was  obtained  in  favor  of  Mra.  Forre!«t, 

and  in  few  of  them  did  he  find  an  equal.     William  with  an  order  for  the  pavment  of  $3,000  a  year  sH- 

Winter,  in  the  epitaph  of  Mr.  Florence,  says :  "  His  mony.    Forrest  ordered  nis  lawyer  to  "  go  on  fightliur 

copious  and  varied  dramatic  powers,  together  with  as  long  as  there  was  a  court  to  which  the  case  eouUl 

the  abundant  graces  of  his  penK)n,  coinbined  with  be  appealed."    He  rcf\ised  to  pay  the  alimony,  and, 

ample  professional  equipment  and  a  temperament  of  keeping  out  of  the  State  for  several  years,  fought  olf 

peculiar  sensibility  and  charm,  made  him  one  of  the  all  ludgments  till  1868,  by  which  time  tbe  unount 

oest  and  most  successful  actors  of  his  time,  alike  in  filed  against  him  was  immense,  every  point  in  even' 

comedy  and  serious  drama.    In  authorship,  alike  of  court  taken  by  Mr.  O^Conor  being  sustained.    Dor- 

plays,  stories,  tuusic,  and  song,  he  was  inventive,  ver-  ing  the  years  occupied  by  the  lawsuits  Mrs.  Form't 

satilc,  facile,  and  graceful.    In  art  admirable,  in  life  supported  herself  by  going  upon  the  stage,  appearinir 

gentle;  he  was  widely  known,  and  he  was  known  first  at  the  old  Waflack  Theatre,  as  Laay  Teazle,  in 

only  to  be  loved."  *'  The  School  for  Scandal,"  and  next  in  the  same  riJ* 

Foidi    Qofdon  Leitery  collector,  bom  in   Lebanon,  nt  Chestnut  Street  Theatre,  Philadelphia.    She  then 

Conn.,  Dec.  16,  Ib'iii ;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  went  to  England,  and  afterward  to  Australia  and  Cali- 

14, 1891.    He  removed  to  New  York  city  and  became  fomia,  appearing  again  in  England  in  September, 

a  clerk  when  twelve  years  old ;  was  a  book-keeper  in  1857,  where  she  played  an  engagement  at  Haymarket 

H.  B.  Claflin  &  Co.'s  store  for  two  years ;  studied  law  Theatre,  London,  as  Beatrice.    On  her  return  to  the 

in  his  leisure,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1850,  but  Uniteil  States  she  played  in  various  cities,  meetin^r 

never  practiced.    In  1852  he  became  President  of  the  with   indifferent  success.      When  the  divorce  csj* 

New  London,  Willirnontic  and  Palmer  Railn^ad ;  in  reached  the  last  court  to  which  it  could  be  appealt^d, 

1856  resigned  and  settled  in  Brooklyn,  w^here  he  ever  judjrment  was  affain  rendered  against  Mr.  rorrvtl. 

afterwanl  lived.    In  1863,  in  association  with  Simeon  and  $1,000  was  added  to  the  amount  of  alimony.  For- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Fowlb— Oilbkbt.) 


623 


rest  Tielded  to  the  inevitable,  and  pud  the  alimonv 
n-lfularly  till  hi»  death,  Dec.  12,  1872.  The  ftill 
award,  $64,000,  wbm  paid  to  M».  Forrest  at  the  close 
ot  legal  proceedings,  and  all  but  $5,000  was  swept 
away  in  tiie  payment  of  expenses.  For  nearly  thirty 
years  prior  to  her  death  Mrs.  Forrest  lived  in  secla- 
sion.  Burying  herself  in  the  protection  of  a  busy 
city,  she  passed  half  of  this  period  in  absolute  retire- 
ment from  the  world,  wishing  even  that  her  identity 
^thould  be  undiscovered  by  her  neighbors.  On  the 
death  of  Mr.  Forrest  she  had  made  claim  to  her  dow- 
LT-right  in  his  estate,  and,  in  1874.  this  was  granted 
ti>  her  by  the  executors.  She  was  therefore  not  with- 
out means  of  support,  although  she  lived  for  many 
years  in  obscurity  and  died  almost  unknown. 

FoiiBi  Dvdfll  Qooldy  jurist,  bom  in  Washington, 
Beaufort  County.,  N.  C,  March  8, 1831 ;  died  in  Ra- 
leigh, N.  C,  April  8, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at 
Princeton  in  1851,  read  law  and  was  admitted  to  the 
bur  in  1864,  and  settled  in  Raleigh.  Ue  enlisted  in 
the  Confederate  anny  as  a  private  in  1861,  became 
a  major  in  the  commissary  department^  organized 
tlie  31st  North  Carolina  Regiment,  of  which  ne  was 
commissioned  lieutenant-colonel,  and  was  captured 
in  the  battle  of  Roanoke  Island.  Feb.  8, 1862.  He 
was  soon  paroled,  and  in  October  following  was  elected 
to  tlie  Legislature.  After  the  close  of  his  term  he  was 
appointed  adiutant-jgeneral  of  the  State,  served  a  sec- 
ond term  in  tne  Legislature,  and  in  1865  was  appointed 
by  Gov.  Uoldenajudge  of  the  Superior  Court  In 
the  Legislature  of  1865-^66  he  was  elected  to  the  same 
office  for  life,  and  he  held  it  till  1876,  when  he  resigned, 
lie  was  chosen  governor  for  four  years  in  1888,  the 
tenn  b^inning  Jan.  1, 1889. 

Foz,  &1II7  Jtf  cleigyman,  bom  in  Hull,  England, 
in  lb21 ;  died  in  Fair  HavoiL  Mass.,  Nov.  8, 1891.  He 
Itecame  a  clergyman  in  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church,  and  in  early  life  held  pastorates  in  Hartford, 
Brooklyn,  and  New  York  city.  Afterward  for  three 
years  he  was  proprietor  and  rresident  of  the  Collegi- 
ate Institute,  at  Ashland,  N.  Y.  In  1869  he  removed 
to  South  Carolina,  where  for  some  time  he  was  en- 
gaged in  planting  and  in  preaching  and  teaching 
among  the  negroes.  Subsequently  ne  was  elected 
Professor  of  English  Literature  in  the  University  of 
South  Carolina,  where  he  rmiained  till  1874,  then  re- 
turning to  New  England.  lie  was  actively  engaged 
in  pastoral  work  till  1885,  when  illness  compelled  re- 
tirement Dr.  Fox  was  author  of  **•  The  Quadrennial 
Register  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church^'' "  The 
Land  of  Hope,"  "  The  History  of  our  Mission  in  Cape 
Palmas,"  "The  Sabbath  Psalter,"  "The  Student's 
Commonplace  Book,"  **  The  Student's  Shakespeare," 
ami  other  works. 

^tmBf  Frank  I^  actor,  bom  in  Danville,  Ky.^ 
March  29, 1839 ;  died  in  Chicago,  111.,  March  16, 1891. 
He  made  his  first  appearance  on  the  stage  about  I860, 
and,  as  he  was  an  expHert  marksman,  chose  sensational 
plays  in  which  his  rifle-shooting  produced  thrillin^^ 
((pectacles.  One  of  his  most  popular  plays  was  "  Si 
Slocum,"  in  which  he  shot  an  apple  off  thenead  of  the 
heroine  while  his  back  was  turned  toward  her.  While 
playing  it  in  Cincinnati,  on  Nov.  30, 1882,  he  shot  and 
instantly  killed  the  leading  lady.  The  accident  was 
due  to  a  defect  in  the  rifle.  Among  the  accessories  of 
his  plays  was  a  small  menagerie,  including  two  lions, 
over  which  he  had  remarkable  control.  He  appeared 
in  '^Si  Slocum"  in  England  in  1876,  and  was  last 
!«een  on  the  stage  in  Cleveland,  O.,  about  three  weeks 
before  his  death. 

FuDaTy  John  WaBao^  military  officer,  bom  in  Cam- 
bridge, England,  in  July,  1827 ;  died  in  Toledo,  Ohio, 
March  12, 1891.  He  was  the  son  of  a  Baptist  clergy- 
man, who  settled  in  Peterborough,  N.  i .,  in  1838. 
In  1K40  the  son  went  to  Utica,  learned  the  book-sell- 
ing and  publishing  business,  and  ^tablished  the 
publishing  house  of  John  W.  Fuller  &  Co.  While 
in  Utica  he  became  active  in  politics  and  twice  was 
elet'ted  citv  treasurer.  In  1858  ne  removed  to  Toledo, 
and  established  a  Western  branch  of  his  publishing 
house.     At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he  was 


appointed  chief  of  staff  to  Gen.  Charles  W.  Hill,  and 
went  to  the  fleld  in  western  Virginia ;  and  on  the 
organization  of  the  27th  Ohio  Volunteers  he  was 
made  its  colonel.  In  Februar}%  1862,  he  was  sent 
from  Missouri  to  join  Gen.  John  Pope  in  his  New 
Madrid  campaign,  in  September  following  he  com- 
manded a  brigade  at  the  battle  of  luka,  and  in  Oc- 
tober his  ''Ohio  brigade "  cheeked  a  charge  of  the 
Confederates  and  broke  their  line  at  Corinth.  Gen. 
Rosecranz  complimented  commander  and  brigade  for 
their  service.  Gen.  Fuller  defeated  Forrest^s  cavalry 
at  Parker^s  Cross  Roads  on  Dec.  31,  1862;  guarded 


captured  and  fortified  Decatur  in  March,  1864 ;  and  as 
commander  of  tlie  1st  brigade,  4th  division,  16th 
Corps,  took  part  in  the  Atlanta  campaign.  He  marched 
with  Sherman  to  the  sea,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war 
was  brevetted  mmor-general  of  volunteers. 

Oallohsr.  John  liohuMy  clergyman,  bom  in  Wash- 
ington, Mason  County,  Ky.,  Feb.  17,  1889 ;  died  in 
New  Orleansj  La.,  Dec.  7, 1891.  He  entered  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia  in  1856,  but  removed  to  Louisi- 
ana at  the  end  of  two  years  and  began  the  study  of 
law.  At  the  opening  of  the  civil  war  he  enter^ 
the  Confederate  army,  and  served  in  several  capaci' 
ties  till  the  war  closed.  He  then  returned  to  his  law 
studies  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  afterward 
went  to  the  General  Theological  Seminary  in  New 
York  city,  and  on  June  7,  1868,  he  took  deacon's 
orders,  and  priest^s  orders  on  May  80, 1869.  While  a 
deacon  he  was  assistant  minister  at  Christ  Church, 
Louisville,  K^*.,  and  in  the  following  year  he  became 
rector  of  Trinity  Church.  New  Orleans.  From  1871 
to  1878  he  was  rector  of  tne  ^lemorial  Church  in  Bal- 
timore, and  from  1878  to  1879  rector  of  Zion  Church, 
New  \  ork  citv.  In  1879  he  was  elected  Bishop  of 
Louisiana,  ana  he  was  consecrated  in  Trinity  Church, 
New  Orleans,  Feb.  6,  18b0,  by  Bishops  Green,  Wil- 
mer,  Robertson,  and  Dudley. 

Oainlilay  John  Bukki  lawyer,  bom  in  Alabama, 
Genesee  County,  N.  Y.,  Jan.  15, 1848 ;  died  in  Yank- 
ton, S.  Dak.,  Aug.  14, 1891.  He  was  brought  up  on  a 
farm  and  received  a  common-school  education.  In 
1862  the  family  removed  to  Fox  Lake,  Wis.  He  waa 
graduated  at  Lawrence  University,  Appleton,  Wis., 
in  1872,  studied  law  at  Fox  Lake,  and  was  admittea 
to  the  bar  in  1878 ;  the  same  year  he  settled  in  Yank- 
ton to  practice,  becoming  associated  in  1875  with  hia 
brother,  Robert  J.  Gamble.  He  was  district-attomey 
for  Yankton  in  1876-78;  member  of  the  Dakota 
Territorial  House  of  Representatives  in  1877-79,  and 
of  the  Legislative  Council  in  1881-^85 ;  temporary 
United  States  Attorney  for  Dakota  in  1878;  and  was 
elected  to  Congress  as  a  Republican  in  1890,  but  did 
not  live  to  take  his  seat 

Oartrelli  Lndna  Jm  lawyer,  bom  in  Wilkes  County^ 
Ga.,  Jan.  7. 1821  •  died  in  Atlanta^  Ga.,  April  7, 1891. 
He  was  educated  at  Randolph-Macon  College,  Vir- 

frinia,  and  at  Franklin  College,  Athens.  Ga. ;  studied 
aw  with  Robert  Toombs ;  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
1842 ;  and  settled  in  Washington,  Ga.,  to  practice. 
From  1843  to  1847  he  was  Solicitor-General  of  the 
Northern  Judicial  Circuit  of  Georgia,  and  from  1847 
till  1851  was  in  the  Legislature.  In  1854  he  made 
his  permanent  home  in  Atlanta;  in  1856  he  was  a 
presidential  elector;  and  in  1857-^61  was  a  member  of 
Congress,  serving  on  the  committees  on  Expenditures- 
in  the  Treasury  Department,  and  on  Elections,  and 
was  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  On  the 
secession  of  Georgia  he  resigned  his  seat  raised  the 
7th  Georina  Regiment  served  in  the  fleld  as  its. 
colonel  till  1862,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Confed- 
erate Congress,  and  after  one  term  returned  to  the 
army  as  a  origadier-gcncral,  and  organized  (irartrellV 
Brigade  and  commanded  it  till  the  close  of  the  war. 

wlborti  John  8.|  naval  architect,  bom  in  East  Had- 
dam.  Conn.,  in  1801 ;  died  in  Fort  Montgomery,  near 
West  Point  N.  Y.,  Aug.  12, 1891.  While  a  fwy  he 
was  sent  to  New  York  city,  and  apprenticed  to  the^ 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    {Qilbouk— Gbier.) 


ship-joiaer'a  trade.  The  work  pmvcd  congenial,  and 
ho  AWin  bi-vBiiie  expert  in  ic  KCHlizing  Ihe  dilltciil- 
tiia  of  repairing  lar^c  vesoeU  iu  the  water,  lie  be^ui 
■tutlyiiiK  thu  probltiu  how  to  ^t  them  on  r  douk. 
I4l)i;)it  after  night  unil  yi-ar  utK'r  vvur  were  HDont  in 
oideulutJons  antt  experirni 
tlie  problem  by  invontinj 

iwed  at  all  iinjiortaDt  aeu  \ . .»  . — ....  — 

corponitwJ  the  Now  York  Urj-ilock  Company;  built 
the  Erie  BbbId  drv-doek,  for  many  yea™  the  largest 
in  tbe  world,  ana  ooou  bad  requeBls  lo  build  such 
dockj  in  many  countries.  lie  ouilt  docks  Tor  the 
Unit«d  SluteB  Government  at  Kitttry,  Me.,  and  at 
Charlealon,  8.  C,  and  Buporintondcd  the  construc- 
tion of  the  one  at  More  Island  Navy  Yard,  liian 
Franoinoo;  spont  several  year*  aa  usval  oonBtruet- 
or  in  the  nervioe  of  the  Austrian  Government,  chiefly 
on  important  works  iu  the  port  of  Polo;  and  — ■■  — 


iiKolftoooldto 


ility. 


was  educated  for  tl 


Qilmonr,  Uiduid,  second  Bishop  of  Cleveland,  bom 
In  Glasgow,  Scotland,  Sept.  28,  IBM;  died  at  81. 
Augustine,  Flo.,  April  IS  1891.  He  waa  a  Scotch 
Covenanter  till  1842,  when  ho  ba-auie  a  Catholic.   He 

J J  ^._  ..._  ..:..:...-,  at  Mount  St  Mary's 

Seuiinary,  Emnielts- 
burg,  lid.,  and  was 
orduned  to  the  priest- 
hood by  Arcbdishop 
Pureell  in  Cincinmiti, 
Ohio,  Aug.  SO,  IS6S. 
After  a  successful  ca- 
reer as  pastor  in  Ports- 
nioutli,  Ironton,  Cin- 
cinnsti,  and  Dayton, 
Ohio,  he  was  con- 
Mcratcd  Bishop  of 
Cleveland,  April  H, 
187  ^.succeed!  nif  Bish- 
op Fajipe.  In  thie  wid- 
ened fluid  of  labor  and 


Shortlv  alter  his  death  a  meeting  in  Music  Hall,  M- 
tended  by  over  5.U00  people  of  all  Kbadun  of  belief,  wu 
addressed  by  many  Proleetanta,  la.v  and  cleric,  of 
Cleveland,  each  paying  a  tribute  to  his  memory  unJ 
L'Xpreoaing  the  loiw  sustained  by  the  community, 
country^  and  religion  in  the  death  of  tlie  man  aikl 
prelate  jn  whose  honor  the  meeting  waa  called.  Hit 
reuimns  repose  in  the  crypt  bcnesti  St.  JohnV  Cathr- 
dral,  Cleveland. 

Wem,  Joim  llMit«Bi«T,  lawyer,  bom  in  tlemr 
Coiiuty,  Ky.,  Sept.  3,  16M-  died  in  Newark.  .Uc 
Nov.  12,  IB&l.  He  received  a  collegiate  edumlion. 
but  was  not  gradualed,  and  had  practiced  law  but  s 
short  time  when  the  civil  war  broke  out.  Early  io 
18^1  lie  was  appointed  by  i'resident  Lincoln  a  colonel 

oolonel  of' tlie  il  Missouri  Volunteer  Cavalry,  with 
which  lie  served  till  18G4  when  he  was  fon-ed  lo  re- 
sign by  failing  health,  lie  was  collector  ol  intenisl 
revenue  forttieSd  District  of  Missouri  fmmNovemW. 
1866,  IJll  March  3,  1867.  In  1«T2, 1874,  and  iK6  he 
was  elected  to  CongreM  froin  the  imh  Mineouri  Dis- 
trict aa  a  Democrat,  and  he  served  as  chairman  of  tlic 
standing  Committee  on  Eipeaditunw  in  the  Trruun 
Department  and  of  the  select  Committee  on  the  Kni- 
Estale  Pool  and  the  Jav  Cooke  IndebtedDcaa,  and  if  a 
member  of  the  coioiiiitteen  on  Agriculture  and  no 
Military  AtTaim.  .\ner  bis  third  tenn  in  Congrou  he 
retired  from  public  life. 

Oodibalk,  WflUam,  jurist,  bom  in  East  Nottiaghsui. 
CheMer  County,  Po.,  Oct  W.  1S17 ;  died  in  Dulw- 
lown,  Pa,  Fob.  7,  1891.  He  received  a  cooimon- 
school  education ;  studied  in  Union  Academy,  Dolye- 
lown;  was  elected  an  associate  judge  of  the  Buvks 
County  Court  in  IBTl,  and  held  tlie  office  five  ji-tr^ 
u i._.,j  ..  „ Republican  in  1»7- 


Whilfl 


II  Con 


n  the 


his  business  tact,  and  hi 


responsi 
rts  in  behalf  of  Catholic 
le  overtaxed  his  physical 
strength,  and  in  conaecjucncc  was  obliged  to  cease  worlt 
for  two  years,  going  to  southern  France  to  recuperate 
his  heatth.  On  his  return,  in  Julv.  187fl,  he  resumed 
his  heavy  burden  of  olllcc.  and  within  a  few  years  had 
Ihe  satisiaction  of  seeing  his  diocese  rankeit  by  com- 
nion  consent  among  the  first  in  the  country  in  point 
of  order  and  liealthy  growth.  Under  bis  care  the 
oharitable,  religious,  and  educational  inHtltutions 
founded  by  his  predecessor  were  multiplied  and 
strangthcned.  Everywhere  throughout  the  diocene 
handsome  and  often  cathedral-like  churches  sup- 
planted the  uuprelentiaus  buildlngB  first  civctcd.  so 
that  Ihe  diocese  of  Cleveland  boa  more  fine  churches 
in  proportion  lo  its  population  and  means  than  any 
other  In  tbe  United  states.  He  compiled  a  scries  of 
readere  known  as  '■  The  Catholic  National  Reodem." 
which  soon  attained  a  large  ciroulatiou.  He  also  pub- 
lished a  Bible  history  onila  collection  of  sclioolbynins, 
l>oth  largely  in  use.  He  had  a  faeilo  pen,  wrote  in 
plain,terst  langua)^,  and  treated  with  ki«n  logic  any 
subject  he  discussed.  The  f'Stholic  press  found  in 
him  a  stanch  and  lilioral  supporter,      lie  founded  in 


ence.  He  was  a  valiant  dvfcni 
faith.  In  public  questions  he  t< 
and  he  was  oAen  called  upon  ic 


f  tlie  Catholic 


of  Prt 

•a  held  to  exprew  sympathy  with  their  chief  magis- 
trate Bishop  Gilniour  was  one  of  the  speakers,  and 
Ihih  was  hli,  flrst  appearance  before  his  fcllow-cillzeDa 
in  his  civil  ■'upacity.  He  also  addrestcd  the  Con- 
grest.  of  Churches,  u  non-Catholic  organization,  at  its 
annual  meeting  held  in  Cleveland  in  188>i,  his  subject 
being  "  Tho  Necesaily  of  Kelit^on  iu  Education." 


Agriculture  and  Man 

Qooh,  DanM  'WhaehnWit,  lawyer,  bom  in  WclLi. 
Me.,  Jan.  8,  1820  -died  in  MelnW.  Mass.,  Nov.  1,  \fiil. 
He  was  graduated  at  Dartmouth  College  in  1*4S,  war 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  and  began  pnr^ciDg  in 
Boston.  In  IBSH  he  was  elected  to  the  LegisUlure.  in 
1658  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention,  and  in 
1866  lo  Congress  to  fill  a  vacancy  ftnm  the  Tlh 
MaBsochuaeKs  District  He  waa  re-elected  lo  Cod- 
gresa  in  1867,  1859,  1861,  1868,  1866,  and  187S.  snd 
was  one  of  the  most  active  Republicans  on  the  tlmr 
of  the  House  and  in  committees.  During  tlie  four 
years  of  the  investigations  of  the  joint  congivwinnal 
committee  on  the  conduct  of  the  war.  he  wan  cliiir- 
nian  of  the  House  membets,  and  hepcrsonidly  i-in- 
ductwl  the  inquiry  into  the  Fort  Pillow  matMcre. 
On  Sept  1, 1866,  lie  resigned  his  seat  in  Congress  tu 
assume  the  duties  of  naval  officer  of  the  port  of  ll>*- 
lon,  to  which  he  hod  been  ajipointed  by  PrwidiMl 
Jolinson,  who  also  removed  him  in  lavi  iban  a  yen. 
In  1S7B,  he  was  appointed  United  States  penrii>n 
agent  at  Boston,  and  he  held  the  otUce  till  181^6,  whcu 
he  resumed  Isw  practice. 

Onan,  Oaleb  Bnlfli,  jurist,  bom  In  Mercer  Counir 
N.  J.,  in  1819;  died  in  Trenton,  N  J.,  Feb.  20,  Isi-'l. 
He  was  graduated  at  the  Colloro  of  New  .leisev  iu 
18.17,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1S4S.  He  wis  for 
many  years  a  judge  of  the  New  Jersey  Court  of 
Errors  and  Appeals;  President  of  the  Trenton  .'■a  viiu," 
Fund  Association  thnn  1B54;  director  of  the  Trentioi 
Banking  Companv ;  u  Irustee  of  the  £ollege  of  Nrv 
Jcmey:  and  one 'of  the  executon  of  the  estate  nf 
John  C.  Green-  of  New  York,  who  gave  lanre  suuu' of 
money  to  that  college, 

Q6k,  ThMi  PbtUU)  grain  merchant,  bom  nrsr 
Wilkeabarre.  Pa.,  in  1837;  died  in  St.  Lonis.  M.>., 
April  SI,  laei.  tie  received  a  common-school  nlu- 
calion.  and  in  18fi2  removed  to  Peoria,  III.,  wherf  ht 
established  himself  in  the  grain  biisineiH.  In  >'*"- 
<'iBtion  with  abmther,be  built  the  Hntlgrwn  clevjinr 
in  Pporia,and  three  or  four  otlierselwwiiere.  In  lfT» 
he  removed  to  St  Louis,  and  had  chaige  of  the  ervc- 
~  the  Union  elevator.    Ai  the 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Obiffin^Hainbs.)  625 

be^rumin^  of  the  ci>il  war,  he  recruited  a  company  party  in  Iowa,  and  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  on 

for  the  national  army  and  wai»  elected  captain.    The  nis  personal  platform  of  ^  free  schools,  no  slaver^',  and 

o<»iDjianybecameapartof  the&th  MisaouriTolunteers,  limitation  to  whisky.^^    lie  served  four  years  in  the 

And  woM   mustered  into  service  in  June,  1861.     He  Senate,  was  a  delegate  to  tlie  Kcpublican  National 

t>K>k  ^i<ut  in  the  battles  of  Fort  Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  Convention  tliat  nominated  Abraliam    Lincoln    in 

ttnd  >hiloh,  and  ^e  siege  and  capture  of  Corinth.  1800,  and  was  appointed  a  special  agent  of  the  United 

On  Au};.  '25, 1862,  he  was  oidered  to  report  to  Gov.  States  Post-oliice  for  the  Northwest  in  1801.    In  1802 

Yatin*  at  Springfield,  111.,  and  on  arriving  there  he  and  1864  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Kcpublican. 

y>iki  couiuiiH^ioned  colonel  of  the  77th  Illinois  In-  and  he  served  on  the  committees  on  Pot<t-onices  and 

fantT^%  which  he  commanded  till  the  surrender  of  Post-roads,  on  Freedman,  on  Agriculture,  and  on 

VickliViurg,  July  4, 1863.    During  the  siejs^e  of  Jack-  Postal  Sailroad  to  New  York.    Subsequently  ho  was 

.MjQ,  Mij&s.,  and  thence  till  the  return  to  Vlcksburg  he  appointed  referee  in  the  disputed  title  of  800,010  acres 

wats  in  command  of  a  brijg^ade.    He  also  commanded  of  land  in  Cherokee  and  Crawford  Counties,  Kan. 

the  'Jd   brigade,  4th  division,  13th  Army  Corps,  at  He  supported  Horace  Greeley  for  President  in  1872, 

Franklin  and  New  Iberia,  La.,  in  November,  1863.  and  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  the  United  States 

In  August,  1864^e  was  placed  in  command  of  all  the  Bureau  ol  Animal  Industries  in  1884.    He  was  an  in- 

iand  torees  on  Dauphin  Island,  Ala.,  and  after  the  iiuential  member  of  the  American  Agriculturfd  Asso- 

i>apture  of  Fort  Gaines  he  commanded  all  the  land  elation,  President  of  the  St  Louis  and  St  Paul  Rail- 

t'oivt^  excepting  two  regiments,  that  took  part  in  the  road,  which,  on  completion,  became  a  part  of  the 

Me^  and  capture  of  Fort  Morgan.    On  March  26,  Iowa  Central  system.  President  of  the  State  Horticult- 

Ib^W),  he  was  ore  vetted  brigadier-general.    In  Gen.  ural  Society,  President  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 

Canby^s  expedition  against  Mobile  Gen.  Grier  com-  Marshall  town,  and  an  extensive  breeder  of  various 

inanded  the  1st  brigade,  Sd  division,  13th  Army  Corps,  kinds  of  live  stock.    He  published  many  pamphlets 

and  took  part  in  the  assaults  on  Spanish  Iiort  and  on  agricultural,  industrial,  and  kindred  topics,  in- 

Blakely,  and  in  tlie  march  up  the  Tombigbee  river  eluding  ^^Ilome  of  the  Badgers**  (l^^)i  and  *^The 

after  the  capture  of  Mobile.    On  the  return  from  that  Cattle  Industries  of  the  United  States  "  (1884). 

inarch  he  commanded  the  3d  division  of  hiL  corps  till  Chmdiji  Blobaid,  physician,  bom    in    Harapstead, 

mustered  out  on  July  10, 1865.    For  his  services  in  near  London,  England,  in  1829 ;  died  in  Baltimore, 

the  field  ho  was  promoted  to  the  full  rank  of  briga-  Md.,  April  23,  1891.    He  received  a  private-school 

dier-general.    Aner  the  war  he  returned  to  the  grain  education ;  removed  with    his  parents  to   Simcoe, 

busine:is,  and  became  a  vice-president  and  director  of  Ontario,  Canada,  in  1845,  and  began  studying  medi- 

the  St  Louis  Merchants*  Exchange.  cine  there ;  was  graduated  in  medicine  at  Harvard  in 

Qxiflhi,  Qfldooj  WaOi^  auUior,  oom  in  Louisville,  1651,  and  settled  in  Kochester,  N.  Y.,  to  practice.    He 

Ky.,  March  6,  1840:  died  there,  Oct  21,  1891.    He  remained  there  three  years,  then  removed  to  Columbus, 

was  educated  at  the  tlniversity  of  Louisville^  was  ad-  Ohio,  and  was  appointed  assistant  physician  in  the 

mitted  to  the  bar  in  1861,  and  after  practicing  for  Ohio  State  Lunatic  Asylum  in  1855,  at  the  same  time 

K>Die  Tea»  engaged  in  journalism.    In  1871  he  was  taking  the  chair  of  Materia  Medica  and  Mental  Dis- 

up(>ointed  UnitM  States  consul  at  Copenhagen ;  in  eases  in  the  Starliilg  Medical  College.    In  1858  he 

In 6  at  the  Samoan  Islands;  in  1879  at  Auckland,  was  transferred  to  the  Southern  Ohio  Insane  Asylum, 

New  Zealand  ;  and  in  1884  at  Sydney,  Australia.    He  at  Dayton,  as  assistant  physician  :  in  1861  was  ap- 

held  the  latter  olfice  at  the  time  of  nis  death,  which  pointed  superintendent 3  and  in  1872  was  placed  m 

«xvurred  while  he  was  on  leave  of  absence.    He  pub-  charge  of  the  completion  and  oi^anization  of  the 

lii^hed  a  biographical  sketch  of  George  D.  Prentice  State  Asylum,  at  Athens.    He  was  elected  Professor 

I  >»]9) ;  an  ^ition  of  "  Prenticeana  **  (Philadelphia,  of  Materia  Medica  and  Mental  Diseases  in  the  College 

1871);    "Studies    in   Literature"    (1871);    Lire   of  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons,  in  Baltimore,  in  1882, 

Charles  8.  Todd"  (1873);  "Danish  Days"  (1874);  and  also  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  Mary- 

**A  Visit  to  Stratford"  (1875);  and  "New  Zealand,  land  Hospital  tor  tlie  Insane,  at  Spring  Grove,  hold- 

her  Commerce  and  Besources"  (Wellington,  New  ing  both  otfices  till  his  death.     Dr.  Gundry  was  a 

Zealand,  1884).  conspicuous  advocate  of  the  system  of  non-restraint  in 

Griffin,  Jidia  Afofl,  nurse,  bom  in  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  the  management  of  the  insane.    He  was  President  of 

April  30. 1832;  died  in  Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y.,  Dec.  17,  the  Harvard  Association  and  a  manager  of  the  State 

1«91.    She  volunteered  for  service  at  the  front  on  the  Home   for   the    Feeble-minded;   and    was    author, 

fiwt  call  for  nurses  in   the  civil  war,  and  labored  among  many  other  publications,  of  "  Puerperal  In- 

with  much  devotedness  till  captured  at  the  battle  of  sanity,"  "  Non-restraint  in  the  Care  of  the  Insane," 

Manchester.    After   being   paroled,  she    retired    to  and  "  Some  Problems  of  Mental  Action." 

Niagara  Falls,  but  in  1864  she  again  went  to  the  front  Hai^t|  Oharlai(  lawyer,  bom  in  Coifs  Neck,  N.  J., 

and  served  till  prostrated  wiUi  asthma.    She  was  Jan.  4.,  1838 ;  died  in  Freehold,  N.  J.,  Aug.  1,  1891. 

elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Soldiers^  and  He  was  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1857;  studied  law. 

Sailore^    Memoriid    Association    in    1876,    and    was  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  became  law  partner  of 

granted  a  pension  by  special  act  of  Congress  in  1888.  Joel  Parker.    He  was  appointed  brigadier-general  of 

For  many  years  the  Grand  Army  postct  dipped  their  militia  in  1861.    In  1861-^62  he  was  a  member  of  the 

tlatrs  in  salute  to  her  while  on  tneir  Decoration  Day  Legislature,  and  in  his  second  term  Speaker  of  the 

parades.  House.     Throughout  the  civil  war  he  rendered  the 

GzfamalL  JaAah.  BQEhniDi  capitalist,  bom  in  New  national  cause  important  service  in  raising,  equipping. 
Haven,  Vt,  Dec.  22,  1821;  med  in  Marshalltown,  and  dispatching  State  troops  to  the  seat  of  war.  In 
Iowa,  March  31, 1891.  He  took  a  preparatory  course  1867  and  1869  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Demo- 
':n  Middlebury  College,  waa  grad\iated  at  Auburn  crat  from  the  2d  New  Jersev  district,  and  since  1879 
Thwlogical  Seminary  in  1847,  was  ordained  a  Pres-  he  had  been  prosecutor  for  Monmouth  County. 
l>vti-rian  clergyman,  and  held  pastorates  in  Union  HalsM,  AlauKm  Autiii,  clergyman,  bom  in  Ham- 
Villajre,  N.  Y.,  Washington,  D.  C.,  and  in  a  Congre-  burg,  N.  J.,  March  18, 1830 ;  died  there  Dec.  11, 1891. 
gational  church  in  New  York.  After  a  brief  ex-  He  was  a  son  of  Daniel  Haines.  ex-Governor  and  ex- 
TKirience  as  a  clergyman  he  removed  to  Iowa,  where  Supreme  Court  judge  of  New  Jersey ;  was  graduated 
he  engaged  in  general  farming,  and  became  the  at  Princeton  in  1857,  and  at  the  Theological  Seminary 
lan?e»t  wool-grower  in  the  State.  In  1854  he  pur-  in  1858;  and  held  pastorates  in  Berlin,  Md.,  and 
chased  6,000  acres,  laid  out  the  town  of  Grinnell,  and  Amagansett,  L.  I.,  till  1862.  He  was  then  appointed 
deeded  the  site  to  trustees  for  the  founding  of  an  chaplain  of  the  15th  New  Jersev  Volunteers,  with 
educational  institution.  Thb  became  Grinnell  Uni-  which  he  served  till  the  close  of  tne  war,  and  partici- 
vereity,  and  a  few  years  ago  was  consolidated  with  pated  in  3r  battles.  His  life  was  in  peril  many 
Iowa  College.  In  1856  he  supported  the  presidential  times,  and  he  frequently  went  into  the  thickest  of  a 
<.^va8s  of  John  C.  Fremont,  after  having  written  the  fight  to  care  for  the  wounded  and  dying,  when  ex- 
State  address  at  the  organization  of  the  Bepublican  perienccd  officers  hesitated  to  detail  men  for  that 

Tou  XXXI.— 40  A 


626 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Hall— Hand.) 


duty.  He  was  collected  and  fearless  in  battle,  a 
favorite  ainonff  offieere,  and  beloved  by  hia  men. 
After  the  war  ne  was  called  to  the  pastorate  of  the 
Presbyterian  church  in  Hainbur]^,  which  he  held  till 
July,  18i»0,  when  failing  health  forced  him  to  resign. 
Chaplain  llaines,  who  m  early  life  had  Btudied  and 

fracticcd  civil  enffineerin^,  served  as  engineer  of  the 
Jnited  States  Palestine  Exploration  Society  in  1873 
and  1876,  and,  visiting  tlie  Uoly  Land,  Egypt,  and 
Turlcey,  ma^e  numerous  maps,  sketches,  and  tran- 
scripts of  rock  inscriptions.  He  published  **  Ex- 
plorations in  Moab  and  Sinai "  and  "  History  of  the 
Fifteenth  Kegiment  of  New  Jersey  Volunteers" 
(New  York,  1883).  He  was  a  member  of  the  New 
•ersey  Historical  Society  and  of  tlie  Grand  Army  of 
the  Republic,  and  posts  of  veterans  for  miles  around 
followed  his  remains  to  the  grave. 

HaUi  Benjamin  Fnmklin,  jurist,  bom  in  Whitehall, 
N.  Y.,  July  23, 18U;  died  in  Auburn,  N.  Y.,  Sept.  6, 
1891.  He  began  the  study  of  law  in  Whitehall,  and 
continued  it  in  the  oltice  of  William  H.  Seward  in 
Auburn,  whither  he  removed  in  1885,  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1837.  From  December,  1850,  till 
February,  1852,  he  was  employed  in  Washington  in  re- 
vising and  compiling  the  official  opinions  of  attorney- 
generals  of  the  United  States,  and  m  1852  was  elected 
Majror  of  Auburn.  In  April,  1861,  on  the  recommen- 
dation of  Secretary  Seward,  President  Lincoln  ap- 
? minted  Mr.  Hall  chief  justice  of  the  newly  created 
erritory  of  Colorado,  and  during  his  three  vears' 
tenure  of  the  office  he  did  much  to  establisn  the 
present  judicial  system  of  the  State.  He  was  ap- 
pointed chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Commercial  Statistics 
m  the  State  Department  at  Washin^n  in  1867,  and 
after  he  retired  from  that  office  failing  health  forced 
him  to  seek  private  life.  Judge  Hall  was  an  enthusi- 
astic student  of  history  and  a  writer  of  much  clear- 
ness and  power.  His  publications  include  "  The  Re- 
publican Party  and  its  Candidates"  (1856) ;  an  earlier 
law  digest  for  the  use  of  Western  settlers  entitled 
"•  The  Land-owner^s  Manual " ;  and  many  politicaJ  and 
historical  pamphlets. 

WMnntnw^  OharlM  Smith,  military  officer,  bom  in 
Western,  Oneida  Count};.  N.  Y.,  Nov.  16, 1822 ;  died 
in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  April  17, 1891.  He  was  gradu- 
ated at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  and  ap- 
pointed 2d  lieutenant  in  the  Second  United  States 
Infantry  in  1843 ;  served  through  the  Mexican  War, 
taking  part  in  the  battles  of  Monterey,  Contreras. 
Churubusco,  and  Molino  del  Rey ;  was  brevettea 
captain  for  gallantry  in  the  war ;  and  after  a  period 
of  frontier  duty,  he  resigned  from  the  army  in  1853 
and  engaged  in  farming  and  in  manufacturing  flour 
in  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.  On  May  11,  1861,  he  was  ap- 
pointed colonel  of  the  Third  Wisconsin  Volunteers, 
and  on  May  17  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general 
He  took  part  in  the  siege  of  Yorktown  and  tlio  chief 
military  operations  in  Virginia  in  1862,  and  was  pro- 
moted m^jor-general  of  volunteers  on  Sept  19  of  that 
year.  Transferred  to  tlie  Army  of  the  Mississippi,  he 
commanded  a  division  at  Corinth  and  luka,  and 
from  October,  1862,  till  January,  1863,  commanded 
the  left  wing  of  the  Aniiy  of  the  Tennessee  in  Gen. 
Grant's  flanK  movement  to  Oxford,  Miss.  On  April 
13,  1863,  he  resigned  his  commission,  and  resumed 
manufacturing  in  Fond  du  Lac  subsequently  settling 
in  Milwaukee.  In  1863  he  became  a  regent,  and  in 
1866  President  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  Wis- 
consin State  Universitv,  and  from  1869  till  1877  he 
was  United  States  marsnal  for  Wisconsin. 

HamlJiii  Hamilhftli  statesman,  bom  in  Paris,  Me., 
Aug.  27,  1809;  died  in  Bangor,  Me.,  July  4,  1891. 
Ills  paternal  grandfather  was  an  officer  in  the  Conti- 
nental army.  He  received  his  early  education  in  the 
district  school,  and  was  prepared  for  college  in  Hebron 
Academy.  Circumstances  compelling  him  to  give  up 
his  proposed  college  course,  he  began  teaching,  and 
witli  the  money  so  occjuired  purchased  books  and  un- 
dertook the  study  of  law.  The  death  of  his  father 
obliged  him  again  to  abandon  study  in  order  to  take 
chaise  of  the  home  farm.    Two  years  after  the  death 


of  his  father  he,  in  association  with  Horace  Kiiv, 
purchased  a  weekly  paper,  **  The  Jeffersonian,"  but 
soon  afterward  he  sold  his  interest  to  his  partner  and 
resumed  law  study.  In  1833  he  was  admitted  to  thr 
bar,  and  about  the  same  time  began  to  be  activi'  in 

E clitics  as  a  Democrat.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
egislature  in  1836-'40  and 
in  1847,  and  Speaker  in  1837, 
1839,  and  1840.  He  was 
elected  to  Congress  in  1842 
and  1844.  In  1848  he  was 
elected  United  States  Sena- 
tor to  fill  a  vacancy  caused 
by  the  death  of  Senator 
Iiairchild,  and  in  1851  was 
re-elected  for  a  full  temL 
In  1856  his  strong  antislav- 
ery  convictions  led  him  to 
sever  his  connection  with 
the  Democratic  party  and 
become  a  Republican,  and 
in  the  same  year  he  was 
elected  Governor  of  Maine, 

resigning  his  seat  in  the  United  States  Senate  in  18.^7. 
WiUiin  a  fortnight  he  was  again  elected  Senator,  and 
resigned  the  office  of  Governor.  In  1860  he  was  eUxnt^i 
Vice-President  of  the  United  States  on  tbe  ticket  with 
Abraham  Lincoln,  and.  resigning  his  seat  in  the  S<-n- 
ate,  he  presided  over  that  body  from  March  4, 1>*^1, 
till  March  3, 1865.  In  1864  his  name  was  prop^^st'd 
for  renomination,  but,  as  it  was  deemed  politic  to 
place  on  the  ticket  the  name  of  a  man  representing 
the  loyal  element  of  the  Southern  States,  the  nomina- 
tion was  given  to  Andrew  Johnson.  After  Mr.  Haoir 
lin^s  death  the  question  of  his  availability  and  of 
President  Lincoln's  preference  for  the  second  place 
on  the  ticket  was  the  subject  of  much  newspaper  dis- 
cussion. In  1865  President  Johnson  eppointKl  him 
Collector  of  the  Port  of  Boston,  where  he  remaint^  a 
year.  In  1868  and  1875  he  was  re-elected  United 
States  Senator,  and  in  1881-^83  he  was  United  Statti^ 
minister  to  Spain,  resigning  in  the  latter  year  to  re- 
tire to  private  life  after  a  public  service  of  nearly  tftjf 
years.  He  was  a  regent  of  the  Smithsonian  'insti- 
tution in  1861-^65  and  1870-^82,  and  for  twelve  ycant  he 
was  dean  of  the  board.  He  had  also  been  a  troMee 
of  Colby  University  (formerly  Waterville  Collegt) 
for  twenty  years. 

HaiMonki  JohiL  educator,  bom  in  Ohio,  Feb.  19, 1*^:25; 
died  in  Columous,  Ohio,  June  1, 1891.  He  received 
a  common-school  education,  and  supplemented  it 
with  continuous  private  study;  taugnt  for  several 
terms  in  country  schools ;  became  first  assistant  in  » 
district  school  in  Cincinnati  in  1852,  and  subsequently 
principal ;  and  in  1867  was  elected  superintendent  6( 
the  puolic  schools  of  that  city.  He  held  this  office 
several  ^eare,  resigning  to  become  superintendent  of 
schools  in  Dajrton,  and  after  servii^  there  ten  veai> 
he  accepted  a  similar  office  in  Chillicothe.  WhUe  in 
ChillicotJie  he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Foraker  State 
School  Commissioner  of  Ohio,  which  office  he  held 
until  his  sudden  death.  He  had  been  a  member  of 
tlie  Ohio  Teachers*  Association  since  1852,  an<i  it» 
president  since  1860;  a  member  of  the  National  Edu- 
cational Association  since  1858,  its  treasurer  in  1^7^- 
^4,  and  president  in  1879 ;  and  a  member  of  the  Na- 
tional Council  of  the  National  Association  since  it» 
establishment  in  1881. 

Hand|  DuiaL  philanthropist,  bom  in  Madiaon,  Conn., 
in  1801 ;  died  m  Guilford,  Conn.,  Dec.  17, 1891.  He 
received  a  district-school  education,  and  in  1818  went 
to  Augusta,  Ga..  with  his  uncle,  Daniel  Meifj^  a  mer 
chant  doing  a  large  business  in  that  city  and  in  Savan- 
nah. He  began  his  business  career  as  a  clerk  in  hl» 
uncle^s  store,  and  in  time  succeeded  to  the  busine^ 
About  1846  it  had  grown  so  large  that  he  took  a  tried 
clerk,  George  W.  Williams,  into  partnership,  and  t>- 
tablished  a  branch  house  in  Charleston  under  the 
management  of  Mr.  Williams.  At  the  beginninj?  o( 
the  civil  war  Mr.  Hand,  temporarily  in  New  Orleans* 
was  arrested  by  the  Confederates  as  a  spy  and  placed 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Hanna— Hereford.) 


627 


under  parole.  Soon  afterward  he  was  nearly  mobbed 
in  Au|,fU2^ta,  while  in  Charleston  the  Requeatration  of 
his  projjertv  waa  averted  only  by  the  influence  of  his 
partner.  Mr.  Hand  lived  in  AHheville,  N.  C,  under 
parole  durini;  the  war,  and  after  its  close  removed  to 
(iuilford.  Conn.)  never  questioning  his  partnered  in- 
ti'jfrity.  About  18bO  Mr.  Williams  visited  Mr.  Hand, 
rendered  a  full  statement  of  the  business  since  the 
iK-irinnin^  of  the  war,  and  gave  him  securities  for 
$.v,«*,iioo,  Mr.  Iland^s  share  of  the  profits.  In  October, 
r-***"?,  Mr.  Hand,  who  had  carefully  invested  the  money, 
gave  to  the  American  Missionary  Association  the 
principal  and  its  earnings,  $1,000,894,  for  a  fund  for 
educating  Southern  negroes.  To  this  sum,  the  largest 
Dp  to  that  time  ever  given  to  benevolence  by  a  living 
American,  Mr.  Hand  added  by  bequest  $300,000  for 
immediate  use  and  $200,000  in  reversion  atler  the 
death  of  family  legatees. 

HamiA,  Bayun  Yf^  lawyer,  bom  in  Troy,  Ohio, 
March  14,  IbdO;  died  in  Crawfordsville,  Ind.,  Au^. 
±,  lb91.  When  six  years  old  he  removed  with  his 
parents  to  Crawfordsville,  where  he  was  graduated  at 
>Vaba:»h  College.  He  studied  law  with  Joseph  £. 
McDonald  and  Josiah  Winchester;  was  admitted  to 
the  bar  in  Natchez,  Miss.,  in  1855;  returned  to  Craw- 
t<>ni8ville  to  practice,  and  was  elected  prosecuting  at- 
torney of  the  county  in  1856.  In  the  following  year 
he  removed  to  Terre  Haute.  He  was  elected  to  the 
Le^'i^lature  as  a  Democrat  in  1862,  to  the  Senate  in 
1^»»4,  and  to  the  office  of  Attorney-General  of  the 
^tate  in  1870;  and  in  1872,1876,  1880,  and  1884  he 
wart  dele^ate-at-large  from  his  State  to  the  National 
Democratic  Conventions.  In  the  convention  of  1876 
he  was  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Permanent  Or- 
jranization.  He  was  presidential  elector-at-lar)^e  in 
1^7:2  and  1 884,  and  after  President  Cleveland's  inau- 
guration he  was  appointed  United  States  minister  to 
the  Argentine  Republic. 

HarffiiniH|  Tliomiai  commission  merchant,  bom  in 
Eatonton,  Ga.,  Jan.  12,  1825;  died  in  Macon,  Ga., 
March  6, 1891.  He  was  a  son  of  Thomas  Hardeman, 
one  of  tne  pioneero  of  Geoi^ia:  was  taken  to  Macon 
while  an  infant;  was  graduatea  at  Emory  College  in 
1845,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1846,  but  engaged  in 
the  commission  business  in  preference  to  the  practice 
of  law.  In  1853,  1855,  ana  1857  he  served  in  the 
Legislature  as  an  old-time  Whig.  On  the  breaking 
up  of  that  partv  he  joined  the  Union  party.  In  1859 
he  was  electeu  to  Congress,  where  ne  was  also  a 
member  of  the  Committee  on  Mileage,  and  served  till 
the  secession  of  his  State.  He  then  entered  the  Con- 
fi-dcrate  anny,  and  became  captain  of  the  Floyd 
Kifles  m^or  of  the  Second  Georgia  Battalion,  colonel 
of  the  Forty-flflh  Georgia  Kegiment,  and  adjutant- 
^oneral  on  tne  staff  of  Gen.  Gustavus  W.  Smith,  and 
waH  severely  wonnded  at  Cold  Harbor.  In  1863, 1864, 
and  1874  he  was  a  member  and  Speaker  of  the  State 
House  of  Representatives ;  in  1872  was  a  delegate  to 
the  Liberal  Republican  Convention ;  served  four  years 
as  President  or  the  State  Democratic  Convention  and 
as  chairman  of  tlie  State  Executive  Committee ;  and 
in  1883-^85  was  Representative-at-large  in  Congress 
and  member  of  the  Committees  on  Territories  and  on 
Kxpenditures  in  the  State  Department 

OMiif  ToBjf  see  Cannon,  Anthony. 

Hunlqnisty  Tnit  VflnoBi  educator,  bom  in  Hassla- 
re<l,  Sweden,  March  2,  1816 ;  died  in  Rock  Island, 
111.,  Feb.  4, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  University 
of  Lund,  Sweden,  and  ordained  in  the  Lutheran 
Church  in  1889.  After  serving  for  several  years  as 
a'^istant  pastor  in  various  panshes  in  his  native 
country,  he  became  pastor  of  a  Swedish  Lutheran 
Cfingregation  in  Galesburg,  111.,  in  18r)2.  In  1855, 
while  engaged  in  his  pastoral  duties,  he  established  a 
religio-political  joumal,  from  which  have  been  de- 
veloped "  Hemlandet,"  a  political  weekly  published 
in  Chicago,  and  "Augustana,"  a  religious  weekly, 
published  in  Rock  Island,  lU.  Of  the  latter  joumal 
ne  continued  editor-in-chief  to  the  time  of  his  death. 
He  was  present  at  the  organization  of  the  Evangelical 
Lutheran  Augustana  Synod  in  1860,  and  was  its  first 


president,  to  which  office  he  was  annually  re-elected 
until  1870.  In  1868  he  was  elected  President  of  Au- 
gustana Theological  Seminar^*,  which  has  since  be- 
come Augustana  College  and  Theological  Seminary. 
He  continued  to  serve  as  president  of  this  institution 
up  to  the  time  of  his  death.  His  chief  literary  work 
is  a  commenttiry  on  Ephesians. 

Hatfieldy  Bobert  IL)  clergyman,  bom  in  New  York 
in  1818;  die<i  in  Evanston,'lll.,  April  1,  1891.  He  re- 
ceived a  common-school  education,  prepared  for  the 
ministry  at  an  early  age,  and  was  admitted  to  the 
Providence  Conference  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal 
Church  in  1841.  He  held  appointments  in  New  York 
city,  Brooklyn,  Baltimore.  Chicago,  and  Philadel- 
phia; was  transferred  to  the  Rock  Island  Conference 
in  1877 ;  was  a  delegate  to  the  General  Conferences  of 
1864, 1876, 1880,  and  1884;  and  in  1889  became  finan- 
cial agent  of  the  Northwestem  University  and  Sci- 
ence Iiall  at  Evanston. 

Etkimamt,  Fradoiok  Ghiiftiaii,  manufacturer,  bom 
in  New  York  citv,  Feb.  5,  18<)7 ;  died  in  Throgg's 
Neck,  Westchester  County,  N.  Y.,  July  28, 1891.  He 
was  a  son  of  Frederick  ( ■.  Havemeyer,  who.  with  his 
brother,  William  F.  Havemeyer.  came  to  tne  United 
States  fVom  Bfickeburg,  Schaumbui^-Lippe,  Ger- 
many, in  1802,  and  established  a  sugar  refinery  in 
Vandam  Street  New  York  city.  Frederick  Christian, 
Jr.,  was  educated  at  Columbia  College,  but  left  before 
graduation  to  form  with  his  cousin  the  firm  of  W.  F. 
&  F.  C.  Havemeyer,  as  successors  to  their  fathers' 
business.  The  cousins  conducted  it  with  large  suc- 
cess till  1842,  when  both  retired  and  were  succeeded 
by  their  brothers,  Albert  and  Diedrich.  Frederick's 
father  died  in  1841,  leaving  a  laiige  estate,  and  Fred- 
erick himself  had  accumulated  considerable  prop- 
erty. The  care  of  the  two  estates  occupied  his  atten- 
tion till  1855,  when  he  re-entered  the  sugar  firm,  with 
which,  under  its  various  corporate  names,  he  re- 
mained until  his  death.  He  was  one  of  the  original 
trustees  of  the  New  York  Public  School  Society,  for 
many  years  an  active  member  of  tiie  old  volunteer 
fire  aepartment,  and  a  founder  of  the  Century  Club. 

Heant,  Q«orge|  capitalist,  bom  in  Franklin  County, 
Mo.,  Sept.  3, 1820;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
28,  1891.  He  received  a  public-school  education; 
was  brought  up  on  his  father's  farm  ;  went  to  Cali- 
fornia in  1850,  and  began  working  in  the  mines ;  sub- 
sequently en^^aged  in  buying,  selling,  and  trading 
claims;  and  in  1859,  when  almost  penniless,  joinea 
the  throng  of  miners  who  made  the  memorable  msh 
to  the  Washoe  region,  of  which  Virginia  Cit^  is  now 
the  center.  He  Uiere  watched  his  opportunities  for 
trading  claims,  made  and  lost  considerable  money, 
and  was  one  of  the  few  men  who,  striking  a  rich  lead, 
followed  it  closely,  and  became  very  wealthy.  Sub- 
sequently he  entered  a  firm  of  mining  operators,  in 
San  Francisco,  which  secured  control  of  laiye  and 
valuable  properties  in  California,  Utah,  Dakota, 
Montana,  ana  Colorado;  and  he  became  widely 
known  as  a  successful  locater  and  developer  of  gold 
and  silver  mines.  Within  a  few  years  ne  was  the 
owner  of  mines  and  mills  that  vave  employment 
to  2,000  men,  and  his  quartz  mills  crushed  1,000 
tons  of  ore  daily.  He  also  engaged  lai^gely  in  stock- 
raising  and  in  general  farming  with  sihiilar  success. 
In  1865  he  was' elected  to  the  State  Legislature;  in 
1886  he  was  appointed  United  States  Senator  to  fill 
a  vacancy,  ana  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  for 
the  full  term,  beginning  March  4, 1887.  In  the  Sen- 
ate he  was  a  member  of  the  standing  committees  on 
Indian  Affairs,  on  Mines  and  Mining,  and  on  Revo- 
tionarv  Claims,  and  of  the  select  committees  to  in- 
quire into  all  claims  of  citizens  of  the  United  States 
against  the  Government  of  Niearaugua,  and  on  the 
President's  message  transmittint?  the  report  of  the 
Pacific  Railway  Commission.  lie  was  the  owner  of 
several  noted  race-horses.  His  fortune  was  estimated 
at  $20.0<K),(MHK 

Hieraford,  Fzanki  lawyer,  bom  in  Fauquier  County, 
Va.,  July  4,1825;  died  in  Union,  Monroe  County, 
W.  Va.,  Dec.  23, 1891.    He  received  a  collegiate  edu- 


OUITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Herndoh— Hill.) 


cation  :  studied  and  practiced  law  :  removed  to  Cali- 
fornia, and  was  diBtrict^utlomfv  of  Sacrainiiiito  County 
fVoin  October,  IH&S,  till  October,  I S5T :  and.svttliuttin 
Union,  W.  Va.,  was  eivclcd  to  CcingreHs  I'roin  tlie  3d 
Wmt  Virginia  Uiatrict,  lu  a  OeniocrH.  in  1S70,  lB7a, 
and  1874,  and  ww  elected  United  StJtei  Senator  to 
fill  tlie  vacancy  caused  by  thu  death  of  Alien  T.  (^u- 
petton,  m  iWj'n.  In  tlie  tloiue  be  ww  chairman  of 
the  Commiltcu  on  ClumB  and  a  uicmlwr  oftJiat  on 
Mllltiu.  r:id  in  tlie  Senate  he  va»  chairman  of  tlie 
Conimillt'u  oil  Mines  and  Miuin);  and  a  member  of 

Haradon,  WllUim  EanlTi  lawyer.lwm  in  Grecnabui^, 
Ky.,  UecSS,  1)41H;  died  near  Sprin);flel(t,  111..  March 
18.  1H91.  In  \M(>  Ilia  parents  removed  to  Illinois, 
wliere  hu  was  oducoled  and  admitted  lo  tlie  bar.  Uu 
Sept.  W,  1843,  he  fonncd  a  law  partnerahi|)  witli 
Abraham  Lincoln,  which  caiiUnucd  iu  fact  till  &lr. 
LincolnV  election  to  the  prcaidency,  and  in  form  till 
hia  death,  for  when  the  Prciiident-elect  waa  aiwut 
leaTin^r  Springfield  to  bo  inaugurated  he  entroated 
his  iwrtner  to  let  hia  name  remain  on  the  oHiee  nira 
till  he  returned  from  Wiwhiniiton.  So  strong  was  the 
personal  rriendship  and  coimdence  of  the  two  men 
that  to  the  day  of  the  awawtination  Mr.  Ilemdon 
tranaacted  all  the  buoinee*  of  the  firm  in  the  name  of 
Lincoln  &  llcmdon.  After  Mr.  Lincoln's  death,  Mr. 
Hemdon  gradually  withdrew  from  law  practice  and 
public  lite.  He  published  a  "  Life  of  Abraham  Lin- 
coln," a  revised  and  enlarged  edition  of  which  with 
an  introduction  by  Horace  Wliit«  in  in  preea, 

moid,  Jollu  £n«ui*i  physicist,   lior-    '-    "      ' 


then  allowed  to  resign.    Hia  age  and  failing  haMi 
led  to  ehai^eaof  incapacity,  which  a  oommitle*  <i 
inveetigation   were  unable    to    nustuiL      Alexaiiik-r 
Agassiz.  who  declined  to  succeed  him,  in  comment- 
ing on  the  behavior  of  the  committee  of  invoBii- 
tion  aaid :    -  Their  dictum  upon  the   late  superin- 
tendent (Mr.  Ililgardl,  at  leaat  an  far  as  his  piT>- 
fewlonal  career  is  concerned,  is  answered  by  hs 
position  aa  an  investigator  in  the  scientiUc  workL' 
While  holding  tlie  plal^  of  assistant  he  ha.1  ihar.'r 
of  the  construction  and  veriHeation  of  the  «t4indwl« 
of  weights  and  maasuns,  and  was  for  some  time  co- 
gaged  in  preparing  metric  standards  of  great  pwij- 
b>n  for  distribution  to  the  several  Statcii.    In  thv 
connection  he  was  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  Int«- 
milional  Metric  CDmrniasion,  which  met  in  I'lrif  in 
18T2,onda  member  of  the  ciecutive  eommitlee  of  iht 
Intcmutlonal  Bureau  of  Weights  and  Mcaauns,    At 
tlie  time  of  Its  organizntion,  Mr.  Hilgard  was  inviud 
to  become  director  of  tliis  bureau  with  its  heaJ^u•^ 
ters  in  Paris,  but  he  ducMnod.    Mr.  Hiigard'n  H-ien- 
tifio  work-woa  chicHy  in  connection  with  his  prac-ii. 
cal  labors,  coosisting  of  researches  and  the  dis>.'U»ii>o 
of  results  in  goodoay  and  terrcstnal  physicx.  and  in 
perfecting  metboda   and  instrumental   means  con- 
«™..j  ~..i.  .1..1  .......     In  1872  he  executed  a  lili- 

.         of  the    longitude    bcHrivn 

and  Greenwich,  which  superseded  the  value  ure- 

viously  admitted.  coi«cting  it  ' '" 

ond  of  1' 


f^^sa 


tted.  comctinn  it  by  neariy  halfsM-c 
The  mognctic  survey  of^the  Cnilc 


bmoK 


.ria,Jan 


D.C„May8,  _. .. 

doreE.  Hilgard.  a>.v......^....u^-....m.ju.  .SI  miu.. 

and  came  to  the  United  States  with  his  father  in 


the  Unii 

strnmenbs  lor  original  raicarch-  He  was  one  of  tbe 
original  meniljerB  of  tlie  National  Academy  of  ^ti- 
ences  and  long  its  home  secretary.  Mr.  Hilnrd 
joined  the  American  Association  lor  the  Advanit- 
ment  of  Science  in  18S0.  and  in  1874  was  elected  to  be 
its  presiding  officer.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Anuri- 
can  Philusophicai  Society,  an  associate  fellow  nf  the 
American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  as  well  r» 
a  member  of  other  scientific  liodiea  in  tills  counlry 
and  abroad.  His  publications  include  pBpeni,lHluiu, 
and  addresses,  which  have  appearod  principally  in 
the  annual  reports  of  the  United  Statos  Coast  Surve.v. 
His  lecture  on  "-  Tides  and  Tidal  Action  in  HorbonO 
delivered  before  the  American  Institute,  in  New  York, 
was  regarded  as  ivmarkable  for  its  lacid  and  UTie 
Bitposicion  of  principles  without  the  aid  of  mathenut- 
icol  symbols.  Uftlie  valueof  his  life-work  incooni'o 
tion  with  the  United  States  Coast  Survey  it  is  s>i'i: 
■*  He  brought  into  that  branch  of  the  public  stnii« 
a  rare  coiribinatjon  of  culture,  zeal,  knowledge  nf  i)ie 
world,  and  e.'sccutive  ability,  and  no  men  livmg  nil! 
claim  to  have  done  more  than  he  did  for  the  cliu- 
aeter  and  efficiency  of  the  survey." 

Bll,  JiabDi,  lawver.  bom  in  Abbeville  District. 
S.  C,  Jan.  10.  181^ ;  died  in  Madison,  Ga..  March  «, 
1S91.  Ho  received  a  liberal  edncBlion  and  su  »d- 
mittod  to  the  bar  in  South  Carolin 
Madisi       ~      ■       -  -     -        ■ 


irCouDtv.Hl.  Hiseduea^onwasob- 
t  irotn  his  father  until  he  was  eighteen, 
lovcd  to  Philadelnhi"  '"  '  .  -  .. 
"-'■■  "'"ll  engineennf 
ice  of  Alexani: 
1S4S  became  Superinloudcnt  of  ^e  United  States  Coast 
Survey,  and  at  ooce  invited  young  Hilgard  to  become 
one  of  his  asaistnnts.  Ills  enthusiasm  and  interost  in 
the  work  led  lo  his  reeoi-nition  as  one  of  the  leading 
spirits  Id  the  sun'cy,  and  he  gradually  rose  until  he 
iH'came  assistant  in  charge  of  Uic  bureau  in  Washing- 
ton, This  place  he  held  until  1H81.  when,  upon  the 
dcoth  of  Corlilo  P.  I'utti-rson.  he  was  apjiointcd  su- 
perintendent, which  post  he  tlien  held  ujicil   '  "' 


8^7  and  lx-1 


the  Whig  National  Convention,  and  ii 
was  elecl4.-d  to  Congress,  where  he  servos]  as  a  nieoi- 
bcr  of  the  committees  on  Public  Lands  and  on  Fortiini 
Atfaiis.  While  he  waa  serving  his  second  term  hi* 
Stale  adopted  the  ordinance  of  seeesaion,  and.  hemi 
a  strong  Ctiion  man,  and  believing  that  he  thi:rv<'<r¥ 
could  not  jiroperly  reureseul  his  conslituenla.  hi'  iv- 
signed  his  scat,  and  lived  quietly  at  home  till  il"' 
close  of  tlie  war.  He  then  allied  himpelf  with  ihe 
Republican  party,  and  used  all  hia  influence  to  uvtiit 
the  speedy  political  rehabililation  of  the  Slate.  In 
IHiifi  he  was  appointed  collector  of  the  port  nf  Saviui- 
nah,  and  in  the  following  year  register  in  bankrupii^} 
at  the  same  place,  but  decUned  both  offices.  In  .Tu1>, 
I8i>8.  he  was  elected  United  States  Senator  as  a  Uiii'Oi 
Republican,  but  he  was  not  permitted  to  takf  In-' 
scat  till  Jan.  30, 1871,  when  ho  was  appointed  a  uiem- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Hill—Hoffman.)  629 


of  the  committees  on  Privileges  and  Elections  and     made  a  specialty  of  glass  door-knobs,  and  patented  a 
Pcnjtion;^.    lie  was  a  member  of  the  State  Consti-     method  of  fastening  the  knobs  in  t}ie  sockets  by 


ber 
onV 

tutionul  Convention  in  1877,  and  then  retired.  which  they  were  attached  to  the  locks.  Kealizing 
HiU,  Thomai,  clergyman,  ex-President  of  Harvard  that  the  bank  and  vault  locks  of  the  day  were  defect- 
rniverHity,  bom  in' New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  Jan.  7,  ive,  he  designed  a  lock  which  he  claimed  could  not 
IMS ;  died  in  Waltham,  Mass.,  Nov.  2, 1891.  He  was  be  picked,  and,  to  show  at  once  the  necessity  for  and 
of  Eniflish  parentage,  and  was  lefl  an  orphan  when  the  utility  of  it,  he  made  himself  a  fine  set  of  tools 
very  younjr.  When  he  was  twelve  years  old  he  was  for  opening  vaults  and  .safes,  and  visited  the  large 
ajiprenticed  to  a  printer  for  three  years.  He  then  at-  banks  and  public  oilices  to  introduce  his  own  Iock. 
tended  Lower  Dublin  Academy,  near  Philadelphia,  for  His  first  call  was  at  a  bank  in  Stamford.  Conn.,  whose 
ouv  year,  and  was  next  apprenticed  to  a  New  Bruns-  officers  promised  to  buy  one  of  his  locks  if  he  suc- 
wicU  apotliecary.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  in  ceeded  m  opening  the  locks  on  the  outside  of  the 
1S4-^.  and  at  the  ;Iiv!nitv  school  in  1845.  The  same  year  bank  door  and  those  on  the  vault  door  in  two  hours, 
he  became  pastor  of  a  tlnitariai;  cliurch  m  >if'altnam,  He  opened  tlie  outside  door  and  three  locks  on  the 
where  he  remained  fourteen  vears.  In  1859  he  fol-  vault  door  in  twenty -three  minutes,  and  sold  his 
lowed  Horace  Mann  as  President  of  Antioeh  College,  first  lock.  This  feat  he  shrewdly  advertised,  and 
Ohio,  and  was  at  the  same  time  in  charge  of  the  from  that  time,  January,  1847,  till  1851,  he  spent  his 
Church  of  the  Redeemer,  at  Cincinnati.  In  1862  ho  was  whole  time  in  visiting  banks  and  proving  the  in- 
made  President  of  Harx'ard,  but  he  resigned  in  1868  security  of  their  locks.  In  1848  a  Mr.  Wc^dbridge, 
on  account  of  failing  health  and  removed  to  Wal-  of  Perth  Amboy,  N.  J.,  published  an  offer  of  $500  to 
thani.  In  1871  he  accompanied  Louis  Agassiz  on  his  any  one  who  would  open  his  lock,  then  on  one  of 
cosjtt  survey  expedition  to  South  America,  and  on  his  Herring^s  safes  in  the  reading-room  of  the  Merchants^ 
return  accepted  the  charge  of  the  Unitarian  church  Exchange,  New  York  city,  within  thirty  days.  Mr. 
at  Portland,  Me.,  which  he  held  until  his  death.  In  Hobbs  came  directly  to  New  York,  begun  examining 
June  1,  1891,  he  delivered  a  course  of  lectures  at  the  lock  at  9  o^clock  in  the  evening,  mastered  its 
Meadviile,  Pa.,  Theological  School,  and  while  there  secret  at  11.80  o^clock,  requested  Mr.  Wood  bridge  to 
he  contracteil  the  di.*(ea.He  that  resulted  in  his  death,  be  present  with  witnesses  the  next  morning  at  10 
While  President  of  Harvard  he  advocated  the  elect-  o^clock,  and  at  the  time  appointed  inserted  a  wire  and 
ive  system,  the  first  steps  toward  adoption  of  which  opened  the  lock  immediately.  In  April,  1851,  ho  went 
were'inadc  at  that  time.  He  was  a  noted  mathema-  to  London,  in  answer  to  a  publisned  ofi'er  of  200 
tician,  and  among  several  mathematical  machines  guineas  to  any  one  who  could  open  without  a  key  a 
that  he  invented  is  the  occultator,  by  which  occulta-  wonderful  lock  made  by  Brahma.  In  the  presence 
tions  visible  west  of  the  Mississippi  were  calculated  of  a  large  committee  Mr.  Hobbs  spent  fifty -one  hours 
for  publication  in  the  American  Nautical  Almanac  in  working  on  the  lock,  and  then,  with  a  quick  move- 
for  several  years.  From  Har\'ard  he  received  the  de-  ment  of  one  of  his  tools,  tlirew  the  bolts  and  opened 
grce  of  D.  D.  in  1860,  and  from  Yale  LL.  D.  in  1863.  the  door.  Later  he  examined  a  lock  made  for  a  safe 
Tiisi  talents  were  many'  and  varied,  and,  in  the  opinion  in  the  banking  oflflce  of  Brown,  Shipley  (fe  Co.,  which 
of  tho8e  who  knew  him  intimately  for  many  years,  it  was  believed  could  ouljr  be  openecl  by  a  person 
he  was  capable  of  attaining  almost  the  highest  excel-  knowing  the  special  combination  of  letters  indicated 
lence  in  the  exercise  of  any  one  that  might  have  on  a  diu  on  the  door.  Mr.  Hobbs  desired  to  try  it. 
claimed  the  full  employment  of  his  powers.  He  de-  and  after  the  door  had  been  locked,  placed  himself 
hvercd  Phi  Beta  Kappa  addraases  at  Harvard  on  with  his  back  to  the  dial,  and  with  one  hand  behind 


1874  and  1882).  He  was  author  of  "Christmas,  and  found  it  advantageous  to  open  a  factory  forthemanu- 
Poeni.H  on  Slavery^  {1843);  "Arithmetic"  (1845);  facture  of  his  own  locks  there,  and  he  soon  com- 
" Geometry  and  Faith"  (New  York,  1849;  revised  manded  a  handsome  business.  He  remained  in 
edition's  1874,  Boston,  1882);  "Curvature"  (1850);  London  till  1860,  then  took  charge  of  the  Howe  Sew- 
^  First  Lessons  in  Geometry  "  (1854) ;  "  Second  Book  Ing  Machine  Works  in  Bridgeport,  and  in  1866  be- 
in  Geometry  "  (1862) ;  "Jesus  the  Interpreter  of  Na-  came  superintendent  of  the  Union  Metallic  Cartridge 
ture  and  otlier  Sermons"  (1859) j  "Statement  of  Works  m  the  same  city,  with  which  he  remained 
*L.  v^-u      lo              i.mi_--i              i_  -r^-         ._   .*  --_^.i  i^..    1-  .1       i^j^^  Hobbs  received  the  Telford 


"  In  the  Woods  and  Elsewhere,"  verse  ^Boston,  188R).  and  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Society  of  Arts. 

ffitohoook,  Bobert  8*,  educator,  bom  in  Newport,  R.  I.,  Hbdgei  Oupar  WiiUri  educator,  bom  in  Princeton, 

in  1818;  died  in  Hollidavsburg,  Pa,,  Apm  6,  1891.  N.  J.,  Feb.  21,  1830;  died  there.  Sept  27,1891.     He 

He    was    graduated  at    Amherst    College  in   1848,  was  a  son  of  the  late  Rev.  Dr.  Charles  Hodge ;  was 

studied  at  Andover  Theological  Seminary,  and  after  graduated  at  Princeton  in  1848,  and  at  the  Thcologi- 

being  ordained  held  pastorates  in  New  Bedford  and  cal  Seminary  in  1853 ;  and  was  a  tutor  m  the  college 


MTved  during  the  civil  war  as  chaplain  of  the  Second  1864-'56  its  pastor;  and  in  1856-^60  held  a  pastorate 

Maryland  R^ment,  and  immediately  after  the  war  at  Oxford,  Pa.    In  1860  he  was  appointed  rn)fe«8or 

oi)ene4l  a  classical  school  for  boys  in  Lexington,  Ky.  of  New  Testament  literature  and  Biblical  Greek  in 

In  1.S77  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Latin  in  Center  Princeton  Theological  Seminary,  and  he  held  the 

College,  Danville,  Ky.,  and  in  1881  became  principal  chair  till  his  death.    He  had  prepared  for  use  in  his 

of  tlie  Ilollidaysburg  Female  Seminary  ana  a  rnem-  class-room,  but  not  for  publication,  valuable  courses 

ber  of  the  Huntingdon  Presbvtery,  with  both   of  of  lectures  on  "  Gospel  Historv"  and  "  Apostolic  His- 

which  he  remained  till  his  death.  tory,"  and  commentaries  on  Romans  and  Colossian<«. 

Hobbit  Alfred  Oharlei,  manufacturer,  bom  in  Charles-  besides  other  works  of  a  like  character, 
tnwn,  Mass.,  Oct  7, 1812;  died  in  Bridgeport,  Conn.,  Hoffinaiii  Ogdeiiy  jurist,  bom  in  New  York  city,  Oct 
Nov.  6,  18ftl.  He  passwi  his  early  boyhood  on  a  16, 1822;  died  in  San  Francisco,  Cal.,  Aug.  9, 1891. 
farm  ;  undertook  in  turn  to  become  a  clerk,  wood  He  was  graduated  at  Columbia  Collejre,  and  admitted 
carver,  carriage-maker,  sailor,  tin-plate  worker  for  to  the  bar,  and  became  well  known  lor  his  eloquence 
coach  and  harness  trimmings,  and  ^lass  cutter;  and  and  success  as  a  criminal  lawyer.  While  practicing 
about  1840  removed  to  New  York  city  and  opened  a  in  New  York  city,  his  most  famous  case  was  the  de- 
store  for  the  sale  of  locks  and  fire-proof  safes.  Dur-  fense  of  a  young  socnety  man  named  Robinson,  for 
ing  the  eight  years  of  his  work  at  glass  cutting  he  the  murder  of  the  pretty  but  frail  £llen  Jewett,  of 


630  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Hopkins— Hovkv.) 

whom  he  had  crrown  tired.  It  was  believed  at  the  for  many  years  of  the  Essex  Conference  of  Liberal 
time  of  Uie  trial  tliat  Mr.  Iloitman,  before  consentinff  Christian  Churches,  and  a  member  of  the  Eascx  In- 
to act  as  Robinson's  counsel,  had  made  him  reveal     stitute  and  the  Essex  Acrricultural  Society. 


of  many  hymns  and  carols,  amon^  them  a  very  popu- 
lar one  entitled  "  We  Three  Kings  of  Orient  are,'' 
and  many  pamphlets  and  reviews.  His  latest  work 
was  done  tor  the  "  Church  Review."    He  published 


JJUll 

the  credibility  of  the  witnesses  with  all  the  eioc^uence  bridge  iHgh  School  and  the  Massachusetts  Institutt.- 

and  ability  he  could  command,  and  the  acouittal  of  of  Technology,  and  from  1869  till  his  death  was  edi- 

the  prisoner  produced  a  sensation  that  is  still  remem-  tor  of  "  The  Hub,"  a  New  York  journal  devoted  u> 

bered.    Robinson  soon  disappeared,  and  his  counsel,  the  carriage-making  interests.    He  was  a  frequiut 

whose  manner  of  defense  haa  been  warmly  criticised  contributor  to  periwlicals,  and  published  "The  Lf- 

(Boston,  18bl);  '•Niaefara 

and,  under  tlie  pen-nan  it- 
story  called  "The  Cr>>tol 

of  the  United  States  district  court  for'  the  Northern  Button,  or  Adventures  of  Paul  Prc^nosis  in  the  Fortv- 

District  of  California,  and  he  held  the  office  con-  ninth  Century  "  (1891). 

tinuously  till  his  death.  Hook,  IiennidM  Oan^beD,  lawyer,  bom    in  Sevier 

Ib^dnSi  Joihn  Henzji  clergyman,  born  in  Pittsburg,  County,  Tenn.,  June  8,   1836;   died  in    KnoxvilJe. 

Pa.,  Oct  28,  18-20 ;  died  near  Hudson,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  13,  Tenn.,  May  25, 1891.    He  had  less  than  tliroe  months* 

1891.    In   1831,  when  his  father  became  Bishop  of  schooling,  and  not  only  educated  himself,  but  n-ad 

Vermont,  the  family  removed  to  Burlington  in  that  law  for  the  prescribed  term  while  working  at  the 

State,  and  the  son  was  graduated  at  the  university  of  cabinet-maker's  trade.    He  was  admitted  to  the  bur 

Vermont  in  1839.    He  was  a  tutor  in  the  family  of  when  twenty-three  years  old,  practiced  with  8ueo\*» 

Bishop  Elliott  at  Savannah,  Ga.,  from  1842  to  1844,  and  till  the  opening  of  the  civil  war,  was  a  delegate  to  the 

in  1850  was  graduated  at  the  General  Tlieological  Ix>yal  East  Tennessee  Convention  early  in  1861,  and 

Seminary  in  New  York  citv,  and  ordained  deacon  in  August  following  entered  the  national  army  oa  t 

the  same  year.    He  founded  the  "Church  Journal"  private.    The  same  year  he  was  promoted  to  lieuten- 

in  February,  1853,  and  continued  its  editor  and  pro-  ant  in  the  1st  Tennessee  Infantrv,  and  in  February, 

prietor  till*  May,  1868.    In   1872  he  was  ordained  1862,  he  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  3d  Tcnnn^ 

priest,  and  he  was  for  four  years  rector  of  Trinity  see  Infantry.    In  April,  1863,  he  was  compelleil  bv 

Church,  PlattsbuiTg,  N.  Y.    In  1876  he  became  rector  failing  health  to  resign,  and  was  then  connected  >»  it n 

of  Christ  Church,  Williamsport,  Pa.,  an  office  which  the  loyal  press  till  Julv,  18W.    In   lh64  he  wast 

he  filled  for  eleven  vears.     In  1H87  he  was  elected  to  candidate  lor  presidential  elector  on  the  Republioan 

thechairof  the  Evidences  of  Revealed  Religion  in  the  ticket;  in  1865  was  a  member  of  the  State  eonven- 

General  Theological  Seminary.    He  was  the  author  tion  that  amended  tlie  Constitution  and  provided  for 

thereorganizationof  the  State  government;  in  Mareli, 
1865,  he  was  elected  judge  of  the  17th  Judicial  Cir- 
cuit of  Tennessee,  and  he  held  tlie  office  for  four 

.__.     .             ^ vears;  and  then  settled  in  Knoxville  and  rv<sunjo«l 

a  life  of  his  father  (1868) ;  "  The  Canticles  noted"  his  law  proctice.     Subsequently  he  held  an  oltiiv 

(1866) ;  " Carols,  Hymns,  and  Songs"  (4th  ed.,  1881Jr  under  the  Southern  Claims  Commission.    In  is»vs  he 

"  Poems  by  the  Wayside"  (1883).    He  also  edited  his  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican  C'onven- 

father's  "  The  Pope  not  the  Antichrist"  (1868) ;  "  The  tion,  and  in  1872  he  was  presidential  elector-at-law- 

Collected  Works  of  Milo  Mahan,  with  a  Memoir"  In  the  latter  year,  also,  he  was  elected  to  the  LtVi-*- 

(3  vols.,  1875) ;  and  Bishop  Young's  *'  Great  Hymns  lature,  and  was  defeated  for  Speaker  by  a  single  vote, 

of  the  Church"  (1887).  He  was  a  presidential  elector  in  1876,  and  deleeate- 

flopU]iByBob0r(|Clergvman,bom  in  Bourbon  Countv,  at-large  to  the  National  Republican  Conventions  of 

Ky.,  m  April,  1798;  died  in  Sewickley,  Pa.,  March's,  18hO,  1884,  and  1888.    In  1878, 1880, 1882,  IsM,  l^'^^i, 

1891.     He  was  apprenticed  to  a  cooper  when  thirteen  Ihmh,  and  1890  lie  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the 

years  old,  was  soon  afterwanl  with  iiis  parents  driven  2d  Tennessee  District  as  a  Republican,  and  in  his 

Dy  the  Indians  into  Ohio,  where  he  was  educated ;  last  tcnii  he  was  a  member  of  the  committees  on  Elec^ 

and  in  1825  joined  the  Pittsburg  ConfeR»nce  of  the  tions,  on  Levees  and  Improvements  of  the  Mississippi 

Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  He  served  as  presiding  River,  and  on  Militia.    Judge  Houk  was  tlie  la.*"!  ^u^- 

elder  for  nineteen  years;  came  within  one   vote  of  vivor  of  a  remarkable  ouartet  of  public  men  in  Ten - 

being  elected  bishop,  despite  his  pmtests  in  1845;  nessee,  Horace  Maynaru,  William  G.  Brownlow,  and 

was  five  times  a  delegate  to  the  General  Conference  Andrew  Johnson  having  been  associated  with  him  in 

of  the  Church ;  and  was  familiarly  known  as  "  Bish-  upholding  the  cause  of  the  Union  in  that  State  at  a 

op  "  Hopkins.    He  was  a  pioneer  in  American  Meth-  time  when  lovalty  called  for  the  exercise  of  extnnie 

odism,  and  his  first  charvre  wiw  the  Grand  Rapids  prudence,  and  required  the  most  unflinching  moral 

circuit,  which  was  about  200  miles  in  extent,  and  re-  and  physical  courage.    He  died  from  poison,  acci- 

quired  a  month  to  travel  it.    He  preached  everj'  day,  dentally  self-administered. 

and  received  for  the  first  three  years  of  his  ministry  Hoaienuuii  JvliiUf  merchant,  bom  in   Leckendorl', 

$63  in  ciush,  a  wagon,  a  scarf,  and  a  pair  of  socks.  Bavaria,  Genwanv,    Dec,  8,  1832;    died    in   Gnoxl 

Hbrtoii)  Hathudu  AngnitiiB)  journalist,  bom  in  Salem,  Rapids,  Mich.,  Feo.  8,  1891.    He  received  a  conmum- 

Mass.,  April  16,  ls3o;  died  there,  Dec.  14, 1891.     He  school  and  commercial  education;  removed  to  Gniii«l 

was  graduated  at  the  English  High  School,  Salem,  in  Ra]:)ids,  Mich.,  in  1851,  and  engaged  in  mereuntiU* 

1846;  was  apprenticed  to  the  printer's  trade  in  the  of-  business  and  the  manufacture  of  lumber.    He  was  « 

flee  ot  the  "Salem  (Jazette";  was  admitted  to  part-  city  alderman  in  1861-'70;  member  of  the  lA'giMatun- 

nersliip  in  the  publishinif  firm  and  became  chief  in  1871-72;  Mayor  of  Grand  Rapids  in  187 3-^75 ;  W5t> 

editor  m  1854;  and  with  his  son,  William  A.  Horton,  defeated  as    Democratic  candiaate  for  Lieutenant- 

fonned  the  firm  of  N.  A.  Horton  &  Son  in  Imhh.     He  (tovemor  of  Michigan  in  1876;  and  was  member  i>t 

was  originally  a  Whig,  and  on  the  organization  of  the  (^ongress  from  the  5th  Michigan  District  in  1sh.V>:>. 

Republican  partv  he  esiwused  its  mission  and  was  Whue  in  Congress  he  served  on  the  C^ommittee  on 

faithful  to  it  till  death.     In  1861-V52  lie  wiu<  a  mem-  Rivers  and  Harl>ors. 

bcr  of  the  Sulem  Common  Council;  in  l«»)0, 1879,  and  Hovey,  Alvin  Fetenon,  lawyer,  bom  in  Mt  Vernon, 

18^0  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives;  and  in  Ind.,  Sept.  6,  1821;  died  in 'Indianapolis,  Ind.,  Nov. 

18h1-'S2  ot  the  State  Senate.     He  wi4s  also  a  delegate  23,  1891.     He  was  apprenticed  to  the  brick-maker's 

to  the  National  Republican  Convention  in  18h0.     Mr.  tnide,  and  so  improved  his  meager  opportunities  for 

liorton  was  a  founder  ami  for  two  years  President  of  study  that  when  nineteen  years  old  he  began  teach- 

the  Massachusetts  Press  A.«*sociutiori,  an  original  and  ing,  and  when  twenty-one  was  admitted  to  the  bar. 

life  trustee  of  tlie  Salem  Public  Library,  president  He  was  commissioned  Ist  lieutenant  in  the  army  for 


' 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Hubbabd— Jay.) 


631 


sonice  m  Mexico  in  1B44;  wa8  a  delegate  to  the  State 
Tonstitutional  Convention  in  1850;  judge  of  the  dd 
Judicial  Circuit  of  Indiana  in  lb51-^54;  appointed 
judsru  of  the  State  Supreme  Court  in  1»54 ;  President 
»»!'  the  Democratic  State  Convention  in  1855;  and 
I'nitcd  Stated  District  Attorney  for  Indiana  in  1856- 
\>.  In  1858  he  was  defeated  for  Congress;  in  Au- 
I;u^t,  1861,  was  commissioned  colonel  24tli  Indiana 
Volunteers;  in  April,  1862,  was  promoted  brigadier- 
jfrm-ral ;  and  in  July,  1864,  was  bre vetted  miyor-gen- 
t-ml  of  volunteere.  From  1865  till  1870  ne  was 
Uniteii  States  minister  to  Peru;  in  1886  he  was 
vlfCtiHl  to  Congress  from  the  l.st  Indiana  District  as  a 
Ktpublican,  and  he  served  on  the  Committee  on 
IV-ific  Railroads;  and  he  was  elected  Governor  of 
Indiana  in  18^8. 

Hnbbud,  CSiMter  D.,  banker,  bom  in  Ilamden,  Conn., 
Nov,  25, 1814;  died  in  Wheeling,  W.  Va..  Aug.  23, 
l-^l^l.  He  removed  with  his  parents  to  Wheeling  in 
1^19 ;  was  graduated  at  W^esleyan  Univcrsitv,  Middle- 
tnwn.  Conn.,  in  1840;  and  b^ame  a  banker  and  a 
heavy  ojK'rator  in  iron  and  lumber.  In  1852-^53  he 
VI  as  a  member  of  the  Virginia  Lcji^islature ;  and  in 
1^61  was  a  delegate  to  the  Virginia  Convention  in 
H'lohmond,  where  he  opposed  secession,  and  to  the 
i'Ttnvention  in  W' heeling  held  soon  atlerManl.  Im- 
mi*diately  afler  Virginia  seceded  he  raised  the  first 
reifiment  of  national  volunteere  south  of  the  Ohio, 
enlisting  ten  full  companies  in  Wheeling,  and 
throughout  the  war  he  ga\e  liberal  aid  to  Uie  na- 
tional cause.  In  1863-^64  he  was  a  member  of  the 
Senate  of  the  new  State  of  West  Virginia;  in  1864 
was(  a  member  of  the  National  Bepublican  Conven- 
tion; and  in  1865-^69  he  was  a  member  of  Congress 
frimi  the  1st  West  Vii^inia  District,  Ber\'ing  as  a 
nieinber  of  the  committees  on  Manufactures  and  on 
Banking  and  Currency,  and  as  chairman  of  the  Com- 
mitti-e  on  Expenditures  in  the  Interior  Department 

Enbbell,  AiJ^cnioii  Sidnej,  lawyer,  bom  in  Lanes- 
UjHjugh,  Mass.,  Nov.  22, 1799;  died  in  Newark,  N.  J., 
Aj»ril  19, 1891.  He  was  a  son  of  Wolcott  Hubbell,  a 
Rev(>lutionar>-  soldier.  State  Senator  of  Massachusetts, 
ariii  for  many  years  judge  of  the  Count v  Court  The 
H>n  studied  law  in  Troy,  N.  Y. ;  was  aamitted  to  the 
bar  in  Massachusetts  in  1^24;  was  elected  to  the  Leg- 
i.^Iature,  and  practiced  in  )iis  native  State  till  18^36. 
lie  tlien  removed  to  Newark,  N.  J.,  where  he  was  in 
active  practice  till  within  a  few  years  of  his  death. 
Mr.  HuDbell  was  a  member  of  the  New  Jersey  Legis- 
lature in  1847 -*48;  was  one  of  the  commissioners  who 
prt*{>are<.l  tlie  amendments  to  the  State  Constitution 
in  Is; 3;  and  ser\*ed  the  city  ot  Newark  in  various 
<jl!i<-f>  for  several  years. 

EntchJiu,  Waldo^  lawyer,  bom  in  Brooklvn,  Conn., 
Sept.  rj(\  lf)22 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  8, 1891. 
Hf  was  graduated  at  Amherst  College  in  ls42,  re- 
moved to  New  York  city,  studied  law,  and  became  a 
jittftner  in  the  law  firm  of  Schell,  Slo(*son  <fe  Hutch- 
in^.    In  1850  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  from 
Kinjj'8  County,  being  then  a  itrsident  of  Broc»kIyn, 
an<i  alho  served  as  chairman  of  the  Committee  on 
the  Judiciary.    Three  years  afterward  he  made  his 
'    iH-nnanent  residence  at  King's  Bridtfe.    In  ls5o  he 
wjtM  appointed  a  member  of  the  first  park  commission 
in  New  York  city.    In  1856  he  declined  the  Demo- 
cratic'nomination  for  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  State;  in  1^67  was  a  deletrate-at-large  to  the  New 
Vc»rk  (Constitutional  Convention;  and  in  1^7 1»,  \*^^K 
and  l'^^2  he  was  elected  to  Conirn^K**  as  a  Democrat 
from  the  12th  (now  14th)  New  York  District  the  fir»t 
ekition  being  to  fill  a  vacancy.     While  in  Conirre^^s 
he  was  a  member  of  the  committees  on   KxfK-ndi- 
tun'sinthe  Treasury  Dej>artment  on  Claini.s,  on  the 
InlinK-canic  Ship  Canal  •  >eleet »,  and  on  Approj.ria- 
tions.  ami  was  active  in  debate.H.     In  l*^'*7  he  wjw  ap- 
{f^'inted  a  member  of  the  pre>»ent  park  cf)mmiHHion, 
of  which  he  was  president  in  1>'^'.«-  9o,  and  remuiiied 
a  eonunissioner  tnl  his  death,  tfivinif  in  all  fourt^-en 
years  to  the  parks.     Of  all  his  law  ca.Mrs  he  t^^^^k  the 
n)o^t  pride  in  his  #ucces».'*ful  manmremeut  of  the  Man- 
hattan Savings  Institution  of  New  York  city,  after  it 


had  been  robbed  of  $3,000,000  in  securities  in  1878. 
Through  his  efforts  Congress,  the  State  Legislature, 
and  the  city  government  authorized  the  issue  of  dupli- 
cates of  the  stolen  bonds,  and  the  institution  and  17,- 
Om)  depositors  were  protected. 

IngnhaiD,  DmiMii  Hathuial,  naval  officer,  bom  in 
Charleston,  S.  C,  Dec.  6,  1802;  died  there  Oct  16, 
1891.  lie  was  a  son  of  Nathaniel  Ingraham,  who 
served  with  John  Paul  Jones  in  the  action  with  the 
British  brig  "  Serapis."  and  a  nephew  of  Capt  Joseph 
Ingraham,  who  was  lost  at  sea  in  the  United  States 
steamship  ^^  Pickering."  He  was  appointed  a  mid- 
shipman in  the  United  States  navy  when  ten  years 
old,  was  in  active  service  in  the  war  with  England  in 
1812-U5,  was  promoted  lieutenant  in  1818,  accom- 
panied Com.  David  Porter  on  his  expedition  against 
the  pirates  in  the  Caribbean  Sea,  and  became  com- 
mander in  1838.  After  serving  through  the  Mexican 
War  he  was  sent  in  command  of  the  "'  St  Louis"  to 
join  the  American  squadron  in  the  Mediterranean, 
and  dropped  anchor  in  the  harbor  of  Smyrna  on  June 
22,  1853.  The  day  previous  Martin  Koszta,  a  Hun- 
garian and  follower  of  Louis  Kossuth  in  the  revo- 
lution against  Austria,  who  had  lived  two  years  in 
the  United  States  and  declared  his  intention  of  be- 
coming a  citizen,  had  been  seized  in  Smyrna  by  a 
party  of  armed  Greeks  in  the  employ  of  the  Austrian 
consul-general,  and  placed  on  Doard  the  Austrian 
man-of-war  ^*  Iiussar."  Commander  Ingraham  learned 
of  the  kidnaping  directlv  after  his  arrival,  and,  visit- 
ing the  ^^  Hussar^"  satisfied  himself  of  the  truth  of 
Koszta^R  declarations,  and  then  formally  demanded 
his  release.  While  Commander  Ingraham  was  await- 
ing official  instructions  from  the  United  States  charge 
(Taf  aires  in  Constantinople,  the  Austrian  man-of-war 
was  re-enforced  by  six  more  war  vessels,  and  when  the 
^  Hussar  "  attempted  to  leave  the  harbor  with  Koszta 
on  board  the  American  commander  threatened  to 
prevent  departure  by  force  and  prepared  his  ship  for 
action.  On  July  1  Ingraham  recei  ved  a  commenda- 
tory reply  from  Constantinople,  and  at  once  made  a 
demand  for  the  surrender  of  Koszta  by  a  specified 
hour,  under  penalty  of  extreme  measures.  After 
much  parleying,  it  was  agreed  that  the  Austrian  con- 
sul-general should  deliver  Koszta  to  the  French  con- 
sul to  be  held  subject  to  legal  detennination  of  his 
case.  The  atfair  was  made  the  subject  of  diplomatic 
correspondence  between  the  Uniteu  States  and  Aus- 
tria, and  was  settled  by  Austria^s  acknowledging  the 
rights  of  the  United  States  in  the  premises  and  apolo- 
gizing for  the  actions  of  her  officials  at  Smvma.  Com- 
manJer  Ingraham  received  a  gold  medal  and  a  letter 
of  thanks  trom  Congress,  and  numerous  testimonials 
from  private  citizens.  He  was  promoted  captain  in 
1855,  and  appointed  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance 
and  Hydrography  of  the  Navy  Department  in  1h56. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civfl  war  he  resigned  his 
commission,  entered  the  Confetlenite  naval  service, 
and,  as  chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Ordnance,  Construc- 
tion, and  Repair,  trained  the  rank  of  comin<xlore. 

Jay,  Jolm  tSai^BOiii  phvrtieian,  Ix^m  in  New  York 
city.  Sept  11,  IH*** ;  died  in  Rye,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  1.%  1^91. 
He  was  a  son  of  Peter  Augustus  Jay  an<l  a  grandson 
of  John  Jay,  and  was  graduated  at  Columbia  Col- 
lege in  1^27  and  at  the  Collcire  of  Physicians  and 
Suiveons  in  1831.  He  practiced  till  his  marriaife,  and 
then  retire<l  fnmi  husinens  ami  pn^feKsional  pursuits 
to  take  chariff  of  \i\n  i-jttate  at  Kyc.  He  was  a  founder 
of  the  Lvi'eum  of  Natural  ll\t*tnry  (now  the  New- 
York  Academy  of  Sciences »  and  of  the  New  York 
Yacht  Club,  and  was  a  trustee  of  Columbia  Colletre 
from  l'^.'>9  till  1****^'.  Dr.  Jay  was  lx>t  known  for  his 
work  in  c>nneetion  with  t-onrholojjy.  His  c<l^tly 
librarv  on  the  subjii^t  and  his  collection  of  shells. 
con>i«Ifred  the  mo^t  complete  and  valuable  in  the 
Unit«'<l  Stat«-!«,  were  purchiwiHi  by  Catharine  S.  Wolfe 
and  pre^ntcd  to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  m*  a  memorial  to  lier  father.  He  examined, 
cla.H>itie«i,  and  made  an  elal>orate  rej>ort  on  the  shells 
jrathere^i  by  r'ornnio<iore  Perrv  on  Win  ,Tapan  exfK'<li- 
tion,  and  was  author  of  •*  CataU^gue  of  Recent  Shells  " 


632  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Jerome— Kendrick.) 

(1885)  and  "Description  of  New  and  Rare  Shells''  Tweed  ring,  which  resulted  in  the  downfall  of  tl.e 

(1836),  in  which  he  enumerated  11,000  well-marked  rinjf  and  the  conviction  of  its  leaders, 

varieties  and  7,000  well-established  species.  Joji  OharlaB  AitA,  chemi^t,  bom  in  LudlowviIl<>, 

Jeromei  Leonflid  W.|  capitalist,  bom  m  Pompey  Hill,  Tompkins  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct  8, 1823 ;  died  in  Sti«-k- 

Onondaffa  County,  Is.  Y.,  in  181^;  died  in  Brighton,  bridge,  Mass.,  May  29,  18'.»1.    He  was  graduati^i  at 

England,  March  3, 1891.     He  was  educated  at  Prince-  Union  College  in  1844  and  at  the  Caiiibridgf  Lav 

ton  and  at  Union  College,  studied  luw  in  Albany,  Sch(X)l  in  1847,  and  in  the  latter  year  was  ai>jM)lni*<l 

M.  Y.,  and  was  admitted' to  the  bar  in  1840.    Prefer-  on  the  United  States  Geological  Purvey  of  tne  Lakt- 

ring  journalism  to  law,  with  his  brother,  Lawrence  R.  Superior  region.    Subsequently  he  studied  chelJli^t^J^ 

Jerome,  he  established  the  Rochester  ^*  American,''  in  Berlin,  Guttingen,  and  Paris.    On  his  n*tuni  he 

which  was  made  a  success  as  a  strong  Whig  organ,  was  appointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  Union  <^>1- 

Aftcr  the  inauguration  of  President  FllTmore,  Leonard  lege,  where  he  remained  till  1857,  when  he  was  cho94.D 

Jerome  was  appointed  United  States  consul  at  Trieste  to  the  similar  chair  in  Columbia  College^  which  be 

and  Lawrence  Jerome  collector  of  the  port  of  Roches-  resigned  in  1877.    He  was  a  member  of  tJie  jurit-^  of 

ter.    On  tlio  election  of  Franklin  Pierce  to  the  presi-  the  world's  fairs  at  London,  Paris,  Vienna,  and  Phils- 

dency,  the  Jerome  brothers  retired  from  political  life,  delphia ;  was  President  of  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 


in  Wall  Street,  and  about  a  year  afterward  fonned  a  American  Institute,  foreign  secretary  of  the  Americas 
partnership  with  his  brother  Addison  G.  Jerome  and  Geographical  Society,  and  a  member  of  many  scien- 
the  late  William  R.  Travers.  The  Arm  soon  became  tiflc  bodies.  He  haa  edited  "The  Scientific  A  men- 
noted  for  its  boldness  in  dealing  in  stocks  and  bonds  can  "  and  "  The  Journal  of  Applied  Chemistr}.**  and 
of  lai^e  railroad  corporations,  and  made  and  lost  a  written  the  chemical  articles  in  the  "  American  Cvelo- 
great  deal  of  money.  In  one  operation  Mr.  Jerome  pcedia."  Prof.  Joy's  special  work  was  his  invcsti^- 
fost  $600,000,  and  in  another  $800,000.  During  the  tion  of  the  combination  of  alcohol  radicles  with  scle- 
civil  war  he  gave  liberally  of  his  money  to  ud  the  nium  and  of  the  compounds  of  glucinum. 
national  cause.  He  paid  the  whole  expense  of  the  KeUnTf  Benjamin  FnnkUny  military  officer,  born  in 
first  great  Union  meeting  in  the  Academy  of  Music,  New  Hampton,  N.  H.,  in  1807 ;  died  in  Oakland,  MiL, 
was  treasurer  of  the  Union  Defense  Committee,  and  July  16,  1891.  In  1826  he  settled  in  Wheeling,  W. 
personally  kept  a  large  sum  in  its  treasury ;  founded  Va.^  where  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile  busint«»  till 
the  Riot  Relief  fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  families  of  1851,  when  he  became  freight  agent  of  the  Baltimore 
those  killed  and  wounded  in  the  draf^-  riots  of  1863 ;  and  Ohio  Railroad.  Durinsr  his  residence  in  Whet*  1- 
subscribed  $35,000  toward  building  a  fast  cruiser  to  ing  he  took  an  active  part  in  public  afifairs,  and  when 
pursue  the  "  Alabama  " ;  and  took  pleasure  in  head-  State  after  State  was  adopting  the  ordinance  of  ^- 
ing  popular  subscription  lists  for  patriotic  and  chari-  cession,  he  exerted  a  large  interest  in  keeping  the 
table  purposes.  Mr.  Jerome  was  an  enthusiast  in  western  part  of  Virginia  loyal.  On  the  fint  call  for 
turf  and  yachting  affairs.    He  established  the  long  national  volunteers  ne  raised  the  1st  Vinj^mia  Reiri- 

rular  racing  track  of  Jerome  Park  at  Fordham,  ment,  and  was  commissioned  its  colonel  on  Mav  '.ii\ 
Y.,  paid  ^,000  for  the  horee  "Kentucky,"  and  1861.  Two  days  afterward  he  marched  toward  traf- 
aided  in  organizing  and  was  president  of  the  New  ton^  held  by  a  Confederate  force,  which  retreated  to 
York  and  the  Coney  Island  Jockey  Clubs.  In  yacht-  Philippi  on  his  approach,  and  on  June  S  attaoki-d  the 
ing  he  was  the  original  owner  of  the  "  Undine,"  and  enemy  at  the  latter  place,  fighting  one  of  the  first  bat- 
part  owner  of  the  "  Restless  "  and  "  Dauntless,"  and  ties  in  the  civil  war.  In  this  engagement  he  was  a>e- 
ouilt  the  unsuccessful  steam  yacht  "  Clara  Clarita."  verely  wounded,  and  was  compelTea  to  retire  ^m  his 

JdhnMO,  Ebensm  Alfredj  educator,  bom   in    New  command  for  two  months.    During  his  convaleseenc<e 

Haven,  Conn.,  Aug  18, 1813 ;  died  in  Yonkers,  N.  Y.,  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general,  and  on  returning 

July  18, 1891     He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  to  the  field  he  was  assigned  oy  Gen.  McClellan  to  the 

1833  ;  remained  there  foi  several  years  as  a  tutor,  command  of  the  railroad  divisiorL    On  Oct  2i,  W>1, 

meanwhile  studying  law  ;  was  admitted  to  tlie  bar,  he  fought  a  brilliant  battle  at  Romney,  for  which  he 

but  decided  not  to  practice ;  and  in  1838  was  ap-  was  complimented  by  President  Lincoln  and  (j«n. 

pointed  assistant  Professor  of  Greek  and  Latin  in  the  Scott    lie  was  then  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 

University  of  the  City  of  New  York.    Two  years  Department  of  Harper's  Ferry  and  Cumberland,  but 

afterward  he  was  appointed  Professor  of  Latin,  and  in  January,  1862,  he  had  to  Iseek  relief  from  aciive 

held  the  chair  till  nis  death.    In  early  life  Prof,  service  on  account  of  his  wound.    In  the  summer  fol- 

Johnson  published  educational  works,  including  edi-  lowing  he  returned  to  his  command.    In  July,  l^^'-^ 

tions  of  the  orations  of  Cicero  and  Cornelius  Nepos,  he  was  given  command  of  the  Department  of  Wtitt 

but  in  later  years  he  wrote  little.  Virginia.  He  pursued  Gen.  Leo  after  his  passage  of  the 

Jooas;  Ghorge,  publisher,  bom    in    Poultney,  Vt,  Potomac,  and  m  November  destroyed  tne  Confwler- 

Aug  16.  1811;  died  in  South  Poland,  Me..  Aug.  12,  ate  ctunp  under  Gen.  Imboden,  near  Moorficld,  Va. 

1891.    lie  became  errand  boy  and  afterward  clerk  in  During  the  summer  of  1864  he  defeated  the  Confe<U>r* 

the  store  of  Amos  Bliss,  a  country  merchant,  who  ates  at  Cumberland,  New  Creek,  and  MoorfieM.  for 

also  published  "  The  Vermont  Spectator."    At  that  which  he  was  brevetted  m^jor-general  in  1865.    Aft<^r 

time  Horace  Greeley  was  a  compositor  on  the  paper,  the  close  of  the  war  he  was  appointed  collector  of  in- 

and  a  friendship  was  formed  between  the  lads  tliat  temal  revenue  for  the  1st  West  Virginia  District;  in 

ultimately  led  Mr.  Jones  to  enter  journalism.    He  re-  1876  he  was  made  superintendent  of  the  Hot  Springs 

moved  to  New  York  city  in  1838,  and  was  urged  by  Reservation  in  Arkansas ;  and  in  1883  he  became  an 

Mr.  Greeley  to  iKscome  a  partner  in  his  projected  examiner  of  pensions.    It  has  been  claimed  for  him 

"  Tribune,"'  but  declined  the  invitation,  though  he  that  in  all  his  engagements  with  the  Confederates  he 

afterward  accepted  a  subordinate  place  in  the  business  was  never  defeated. 

office.     When  Mr.  Jones  retired  from  the  **  Tribune  "  Xsndxidkf  Henzy  Lmi6)  military  officer,  bora  in  Loba- 

office  he  went  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  engaged  first  in  non,  N.  II.,  Jan.  2(,>,  1811:  died  in  New  York  city, 

the  news  agency  busint^s  and  afterward  in  banking.  Mav  24, 1891.    He  was  graauated  at  the  United  Statw 

In  1^51  he  sokl  out  his  banking  business,  returned  to  Mifitary  Academy  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieutenant 

New  York,  and,  in  association  with  Henrv  J.  Ray-  in  the  2d  United  States  Infantry,  July  1,  1835;  mas 

mond  and  E<lwanl  I).  Wesley,  founded  the'New  York  promoted  2d  lieutenant,  April  1. 1836,  and  transfem-ti 

*'  Times.'*'    Mr.  Wesley  retired  from  the  partnership  to  the  2d  Artillery  in  June  lollowing ;  promoted  Irt 

in  IHOO,  and  atti»r  tlie  cleath  of  Mr.  Raymond,  in  1869,  lieutenant,  June  20, 1837 ;  captain,  June  18,  lS4fi;  ai>- 

Mr.  Jones  became  head  of  the  fimi  and  remained  so  pointed  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  United  Statw 

till  his  death.    The  most  memorable  event  in  Mr.  Military  Academy,  Mareh  3,  1857 ;  appointed  briira- 

Jones^s  long  and  busy  career  was  his  warfare  on  the  dicr-general  of  volunteors,  Sept  28, 1861,  but  declined 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Kenly— Kinlock.)  633 

to  serve,  and  waa  retired  with  the  brevet  rank  of  teaching  under  the  direction  of  the  Public  School 
major  and  the  pay  of  a  colonel.  Dec.  13,  1880.    He  Society  when  thirteen,  and  was  the  flret  principal  of 
wa:4  Asiftstant  Professor  of  Chemistry,  Mineralogy,  and  the  first  school  established  by  that  society,  whicn  was 
Geology  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy  in  the  predecessor  of  the  present  Board  of  Education, 
ls35-'47;  was  en«^a^ed  in  the  siege  of  Vera  Cruz,  the  when  seventeen.    As  the   society  established  new 
b&ttle  of  Ccrro  Gorao,  and  the  defense  of  Pueblo  in  schools  he  was  placed  in  chaise  temporarily  to  direct 
the   Mexican  War ;  commanded  the  escorts  of  the  their  organization,  and  became  assistant  supcrintend- 
topo^raphical  parties  exploring  the  Indian  country  ent  imder  SamueLRandall.    While  thus  engaged  in 
frr>m  Zuni  river.  New  Mexico,  to  San  Diesfo,  Cal.,  in  educational  work  ne  studied  law  with  Samu^  J.  Til- 
LS/il,  and  the  country  between  the  Republican  Fork  den,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1848.    In  1870  he 
and  Arkansas  river  in  1852;  and  was  Professor  of  succeeded  Mr.  Kandall  as  superintendent  of  public 
Chemistry,  Mineralogy,  and  Geology  at  the  Military  schools,  and  resigned  the  otnce  of  principal  of  the 
Academy'  in  1857-80.  Saturday  Normal  School,  which  he  had  held  for  sev- 
Kenljf  John  Beeie»  lawyer,  bom  in  Baltimore,  Md.,  eral  years.    In  1879  he  published  ^^  Spiritual  Com> 
in   182^;  died  there,  Dec.  20,  1891.    He  received  a  munica^ionsj^^  a  book  that  created  considerable  excite- 
pri  vate-school  education,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  ment  and  raised  the  question  of  Prof  Kiddle^s  further 
in  1845.    At  the  beginning  of  the  Mexican  War  he  usefulness  as  superintendent,  which  he  solved  in  1880 
raii^ed  a  company  of  volunteers,  and  was  elected  cap-  by  resigning.    He  then  applied  himself  to  the  inves- 
tain.     He  took  part  in  the  advance  of  Geu.  Taylor  tigation  of  spiritualism,  and  wrote  and  lectured  on 
from  Bravo  del  Norte  to  Monterey  and  in  the  battles  the  subject.    He  was   associated  with  Prof.  A.  J. 
that  led  to  the  fall  of  that  city,  and  when  Col.  Will-  Schem  in   the  coinpilation  of  the  "  Encyclopsedia  of 
iam  H.  Watson  fell  he  rallied  his  battalion,  and  kept  Education''  (New  York,  1876),  for  which  the  Univer- 
it  in  action  till  the  close  of  the  battle.    After  serviiij^  sity  of  France  made  him  an  officer  of  the  Academy ; 
a  year  he  returned  to  Baltimore,  and  almost  immedi-  and  he  published  a  ^^  Dictionary  of  Education,''  a 
at«lv  re-entered  the  service  as  major  and  went  back  series  of  ^^Educational  Year-books,"  and  works  on 
to  Sfexico,  where  he  remained  till  the  close  of  the  astronomy,  (rrammar,  and  physics. 
war.     He  then  be^an  practicing  law,  was  an  unsuc-  Eimballi  OhariM  F*y  manufacturer,  bom  in  Bethel,  Me., 
cessful  Whig  candidate  for  the  Legislature  and  Con-  in  1826  ;  died  in  New  York  city,  March  19, 1891.    He 
gress,  and  wa^i  voted  the  thanks  of  the  State  by  the  was  broufifht  up  on  a  farm,  bought  his  time  ftom  his 
General  Assembly  for  his  ^all&ntry  in  Mexico.    On  father  when  eighteen  years  old,  went  to  Bridgeton, 
June  11, 1861,  he  was  commissioned  colonel  1st  Marv-  Me.,  where  he  attended  school  and  learned  carriage- 
land  Regiment ;  in  May,  1862,  he  uded  in  saving  the  making,  and  in  1847  established  a  carriage  factory  of 
national  force  under  Gen.  Banks  at  Front  Ro^al  by  his  own  in  Norway,  Me.    He  was  prosperous  from  the 
checking  a  Confederate  advance,  but  was  himself  start,  and  built  up  one  of  the  largest  carriage  factories 
wounded  and  taken  prisoner;  and  on  Aug.  22  follow-  in  New  England.    Settling  in  Portland,  ne  became 
ing  he  was  promoted  brigadier-general  for  this  serv-  active  in  public  affairs,  and  held  several  municipal 
ice.     Later  he  was  in  command  of  all  the  troops  offices;  was  a  war  Democrat  in  1861-'65,  and  was 
in  Baltimore  outside  the  forts,  and  he  further  dis-  twice  defeated  for  governor,  althoujgfh  he  polled  a 
tlnguished  himself  at  Hagerstown  and  at  Harper's  laiger  vote  than  any  other  Democratic  candidate  for 
Ferry.    In  1863  he  performed  one  of  his  most  brilliant  that  office  had  ever  received  in  Maine.    In  1876  he 
acts  m  leading  the  Maryland  Brigade  at  the  recapture  was  appointed  a  Centennial  commissioner  from  New 
of  Maryland  Heights.    He  served  in  the  1st  ana  8th  York ;  subsequently  he  removed  to  Chicago  and  estab- 
Amiy  Corps  till  the  close  of  the  war,  and  was  re-  lished  the  larg^t  carriage  factory  in  that  city,  and  in 
warded  wiUi  the  brevet  of  m^jor-general  on  March  13,  1885-'87  he  was  United  States  consul  at  Stuttgart 
18^5,  the  thanks  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Mary-  ^^f  ^wuds  Tt|  philanthropist,  bom  in  Baltimore, 
land,  and  a  sword  by  the  corporation  of  Baltimore.  Md.,Feb.  25, 1816:  died  there,  Dec.  19, 1891.    He  waa 
Gen.  Kcnly  refused  to  apply  tor  a  pension,  lost  his  a  member  of  the  Orthodox  Socict}[  of  Friends,  made 
home  in  1890  because  unable  to  pay   taxes,  and  died  a  large  fortune  as  a  member  of  the  iirm  of  King, 
poor.    He  published  "  Memoirs  of  a  Maryland  Vol-  Carev  &  Howe,  and  for  nearly  twenty  years  had  up- 
unteer  in  the  Mexican  War"  (Philadelphia,  1873).  pliecT  himself  wholly  to  charitable  work  and  to  laii^ 
KiddflTy  DanleL  FaililL   clergyman,  bom  in   Darien,  administrative  duties  intrusted  to  him.   IlewasPresi- 
N.  Y.,  Oct  18,  1815;  died  in  Evanston,  111^  July,  29,  dent  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Jolms  Hopkins 
1891.     He  was  graduated  at  Wesleyan  University.  Hospital,  director  of  the  Johns  Hopkins  University, 
^liddletown.  Conn.,  in  1836,  entered  the  ministry  oi  executor  of  the  estate  of  Thomas  Wilson,  tlie  philan- 
the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church,  was  on  missionary  thropist,  President  of  the  Thomas  Wilson  Sanitarium, 
dutj  in  Brazil  in  1887-'40,  and  was  the  first  man  to  director  of  the  Samuel  Ready  Orphan  Asylum,  Presi- 
deliver  a  Protestant  sermon  on  the  banks  of  the  Am-  dent  of  the  Maryland  Bible  Society^,  founder  of  the 
azon,  and  held  pastorates  in  Paterson  and  Trenton,  Central  Savings  Bank,  President  of  the  Board  of  Di- 
N.  jL,  in  1840-'44.    In  1844  he  was  appointed  editor  rectors  of  Bryn  Mawr  College,  and  an  official  in  many 
of  the    Sunday-school    publications    and   tracts   of  financial  institutions.    He  gave  liberally,  but  it  is 
the  Methodist  Book  Concern,  and  he  held  the  office  doubtful  if  any  one  knows  the  extent 
till   1856,  when  he  became    Professor  of  Practical  XinlodL  Bobert  Alezuder,  physician,  bom  in  Charles- 
Theologvin  Garrett  Biblical  Institute,  Evanston,  111.  ton,  S.  C.,  Feb.  20,  1826;  died  there,  Dec.  23,  1891. 
In  1871  ne  resigned  to  accept  a  similar  chair  in  Drew  He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  Charleston  in 
Theological  Seminary,  Madison,  N.  J.,  which  he  oc-  1845,  and  at  the  medical  department  of  the  University 
cupied  till  1880.    He  was  then  elected  secretar/  of  the  of  Pennsylvania  in  1848,  and  after  spending  two 
Methodist  Episcopal  Board  of  Education  in    New  years  in  studv  in  London,  Edinburgh,  and  Pans,  re- 
York  city,  where  ho  remained  till  1887.    He  had  turned  to  Charleston  and  practiced  there    till  his 
since  liv^  in  retirement  at  Evanston.    He  published  death.    At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  entered 
^^Mormonism    and    Mormons"  (New   York,  1841);  the  Confederate  ariny  as  surgeon,  and  he  remained  in 
"Sketches  of  Residence   in  Brazil"  (2  vols.,  1845);  the  field  till  the  close  of  the  war.    He  attended  the 
"The  Christian  Pastorate"  (Cincinnati,  1871);  "  A  wounded  Confederates  in  the  first  Bull  Run  battle, 
Treatise    on  Homiletics  "  (New    York,  1864);  and  was  medical  director  on  the  staffs  of  Gens.  Lee,  Beaure- 
"  Helps  to  Prayer "  (1874) ;  a  translation  from  the  gard,  and  Pemberton,  and  inspector  of  hospitals  in 
Portuguese  o^  Feijo's  "  Necessity  of   abolishing    a  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Florida ;  was  captured 
Tonstrained  Clerical  Celibacy"  (New  York,  1844);  near  Winnsborough,  S.  C,  while  trying  to  reach  the 
and,  with  the  Rev.  J.  C    Fletcher,  "  Brazil  and  the  Confederate  army  in  North  Carolina,  on  Feb.  22,1865, 
Brazilians"  (Philadelphia.  1857).  and  was  released  soon  afterward  as  a  non-combatant 
Kiddle^  Hemry,  educator,  bom  in  Bath,  England,  in  In  1867  he  was  elected  Professor  of  Materii^  Medica 
1824;  died  in  New   York  city.  Sept  25,  1891.     He  and  Therapeutics  in  South  Carolina  Medical  College, 
came  to  New  York  city  when  nine  years  old,  began  soon  afterward  he  was  made  Professor  of  Surgery 


634 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Knight— Lazarus; 


there ;  and  subsequentlv  he  was  choBcn  dean  of  the 
college,  and  ho  held  the  office  till  his  death.  Dr. 
Kinlock  was  the  first  surgeon  of  the  Roper  Hospital, 
attending  sur^feon  of  the  City  Hospital,  and  surgeon 
and  gyusBcologist  to  the  St  Xavier  Infirmary.  He 
was  a  member  of  many  medical  associations,  was  a 
delegate  to  the  International  Medical  Congress  in 
1876,  was  elected  Vice-President  of  the  American 
Medical  Association  in  1883,  and  was  a  visitor  to  the 
Berlin  Medical  Conference  in  1890.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  the  first  surgeon  in  the  United  States  to 
make  a  resection  of  the  knee  joint  for  chronic  disease, 
and  the  first  to  treat  fractures  of  the  lower  jaw  ana 
other  bones  bv  wiring  the  fragments.  He  was  also 
credited  with  being  the  first  sui^geon  that  ever  per- 
formed laparotomy  for  gunshot  wound  of  the  abdo- 
men without  a  protusion  of  the  viscera.  Dr.  Kinloek 
wrote  surgical  treatises  and  invented  instruments  that 
are  now  in  general  use. 

KnJghty  C^niB  Fradaiiokf  clergyman,  bom  in  Boston, 
Mass.,  March  28,  1831 ;  died  in  Milwaukee,  Wis., 
June  8, 1891.  He  was  educated  at  Burlington  Col- 
lege and  Harvard  University,  and  was  graduated  at 
the  General  Theological  Seminary  in  New  York  city 
in  1854.  In  the  same  year  he  was  ordained  deacon, 
and  in  1856  took  priest's  orders.  From  1857  to  1867 
he  was  rector  of  St  Mark's  Church,  Boston,  and  from 
1867  to  1877  ministered  to  St  James's  Church,  Hart- 
ford, Conn.  In  the  latter  year  he  removed  to  Lan- 
caster, Pa.,  to  become  rector  of  St  James's  Church 
there,  which  place  he  filled  until  he  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Milwaukee  on  March  26. 1889.  The  short 
period  of  his  episcopate  was  one  of  constant  activity 
on  the  part  of  Bishop  Knight,  his  labors  continuing 
up  to  the  time  of  his  last  brief  illness.  His  only  pub- 
lished works  are  occasional  sermons  and  "-  Charges  in 
the  Communion  Office"  (1886). 


Catholic  Church  in  1865,  and  went  to  Harrisburg  and 
organized  the  first  German  Catholic  congregation  in 
that  section.  He  designed  the  present  church  build- 
ing, the  largest  in  the  city,  and  built  it  mainly  with 
his  own  hands,  spending  twelve  years  in  the  work, 
and  attending  to  hus  growing  congregation  mean- 
while. He  carved  or  made  and  set  the  main  altar, 
pulpit,  oratorium,  communion  railing,  St.  Joseph's 
and  the  blessed  Virgin's  side  altars,  the  baptismal 
font,  the  confessional  box,  and  the  fourteen  stations 
of  Uie  cross.  The  stained-glass  windows  are  the 
largest  in  the  city,  and  one  of  them,  designed,  cut, 
and  made  by  him,  contains  228  pieces  of  glass,  and 
represents  the  Virgin  Marjr.  The  church  is  an  object 
ot  great  interest  in  Harrisburg,  and  its  pastor  was 
widely  known  for  his  diversified  gitls. 

Ltmportf  William  Hsniyi  legislator,  bom  in  Pitts- 
town,  N.  Y.,  May  27,  1811 ;  died  in  Canandaigua, 
N.  Y.,  July  21.  1891.  He  received  a  district-school 
education,  and  oecame  a  fanner.  In  1848-'49  he  was 
supervisor  of  Gorham,  N.  Y. ;  in  1851  was  elected 
sheriff  of  Ontario  County;  in  1854  a  member  of  the 


maincd  with  the  company  as  its  couDael  till  bi» 
death.  He  was  the  sole  survivor  of  the  party  that 
accompanied  Peter  Cooper  on  the  trip  with  the  first 
locomotive  used  in  the  United  States,  which  under 
took  to  run  between  Ellicott's  Mills  and  Baltimort  in 
competition  with  the  English  "  Gray  Mare  "  in  WM) 
When  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse 
was  making  his  early  experi- 
ments with  his  system  of 
magnetic  telegraphy  Mr.  L&- 
trobe  was  the  first  man  in  a 
place  of  influence  to  recog- 
nize the  utility  of  the  scheme, 
and  from  1837  till  the  open- 
ing of  the  first  telegraph 
line,  between  Baltimore  and 
Washington, on  May  24,1 844^ 
he  gave  Prof.  Morse  substan- 
tial aid  and  encouragement 
After  Ross  Winans  had  se- 
cured a  contract  from  the 
Kussian  Government  for  the 

construction  and  equipment  of  a  railroad  from  8t 
Petersburg  to  Moscow  for  |;s,0OO,(XX),  Mr.  Latrobe 
accompanied  Mr.  Winans's  sons  Thomas  De  Kay 
and  William  Lewis  to  Russia  to  begin  the  work, 
about  1842.  In  1858,  when  the  Winansea  were  un- 
able to  secure  from  the  Russian  Government  a  full 
settlement  for  their  railroad  work,  they  sent  Mr. 
Latrobe  to  St  PetersbuiTg  as  their  attorney,  and 
on  his  collection  of  the  amount  due  they  paid  him 
the  large  fee,  for  those  days,  of  $60,000.  About 
1824  Mr.  Latrobe  became  deeply  interested  in  the 
movement  to  colonize  the  colored  people  of  the 
United  States  in  Africa.  Subsequently  ne  was  elected 
'  President  of  the  Maryland  Colonization  Society,  and 
on  the  death  of  Henry  Clay  succeeded  him  as  presi- 
dent of  the  national  society.  In  connection  with  this 
work  he  became  a  founder  of  the  Republic  of  Liberia, 
and  prepared  the  first  map  of  the  region.  He  al^  in- 
duced tne  Maryland  society  to  establish  a  Maryland 
colony  at  Cape  Palmaa,  for  which  the  State  appro- 
priated 1275,000.  A  form  of  government  for  the 
colony  was  prepared  by  him ;  and,  after  an  independ- 
ent, successful  existence  of  more  than  twenty  yean«, 
the  colony  was  mei^ged  with  the  Liberian  republic 
Mr.  Latrobe  was  the  oldest  student  of  the  United 
States  Military  Academv,the  oldest  lawyer  in  Mary- 
land, and  the  oklest  railroad  official  in  the  country, 
and  had  been  President  of  the  Board  of  Visitors  t« 
the  United  States  Military  Academy,  president  of  the 
American  branch  of  the  Association  ror  the  Explora- 
tion of  Africa,  and  President  of  the  Maryland  His- 
torical Society.  With  all  his  activity  in  legal,  rail- 
road, and  public  affairs,  he  found  time  to  gratify  a 
natural  taste  for  invention,  and  to  his  genius  is  due 
the  existence  of  the  popular  **  Baltimore  heater."  To 
the  city  of  Baltimore  he  gave  largely  of  his  time  and 
thought  He  was  the  originator  of  its  admirable  park 
system,  and  was  a  founder  or  director  of  its  leading 
financial  and  charitable  institutions.  He  was  also  an 
accomplished  artist  and  a  voluminous  writer.   Besider^ 


State  Assembly  ;  in  18()6-'07  trustee  and  president  of     a  series  of  juvenile  books  (1826),  four  novelette*,  and 
the  village  of  Canandaigua ;  and  in  1870-72  member     an  address  in  W^ashington  on  "  The  Capitol  and  Wash 
of  Conjrress  from  the  2«th  JSew  York  District  as  a     intrton  at  the  Beirinninir  of  the  Present  Centun  " 


Congress  from  the  2«th  ^ew  York  District 
Republican.  While  in  Congress  he  served  on  tlie 
committees  on  Agriculture  and  on  Expenditures  in  the 
War  Department 

LfttroMi  Jolm  Hailehiint  BoneraL  lawyer,  bom  in 
Philadelpliia,  Pa.,  May  4,  1803 ;  died  in  Baltimore, 
Md.,  Sept  11,  1»91.  He  was  a  son  of  Benjamin  II. 
Latrobe,  the  architect  who  designed  the  National 
Capitol  at  Washington,  the  Roman  Catholic  Cathe- 
dral at  Baltimore,  and  the  Bank  of  Philadelphia.  He 
received  a  eollcsriate  education  ;  took  part  of  the 
course  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  re- 
signing in  1820  on  account  of  tlie  death  of  his  father; 
and  wiw  a^lmitted  to  the  bar  in  Baltimore  in  1825. 
In  1828  he  was  engiigwl  by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroacl  Company  to  secure  the  riglit  of  >%uy  for  the 
road  from  l*oiut  of  Rocks  to  Williainsport,  and  he  re- 


ington  at  the  Beginning  of  the  Present  Centun 
( Baltimore,  1881),  Ke  published  "  Biography  of  Chark* 
Carroll,  of  Carrollton"  (Philadelphia,  1824);  -Jus- 
tices' Practice"  (Baltimore,  1825;  seventh  etlition, 
18S0) ;  ^'  Scott's  Infantry  and  Rifle  Tactics,"  condensed 
( 1828) ;  "  Picture  of  Baltimore  "  (1882) ;  « IIistor>  of 
Mason  and  Dixon's  Line"  (Pniladelphia,  ls'>4); 
"  Personal  Recollections  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
Railroad"  (Baltimore,  1858);  "  Hints  for  Six  Monthi* 
in  Europe"  (Philadelphia,  1869) ;  "  Odds  and  End.-*," 
a  volume  of  poems  (printed  privately,  Baltimore, 
1876) ;  "  History  of  Maryland  in  Liberia  "  (Baltimon\ 
ISsr)) ;  and  **  Reminiscences  of  West  Point  in  l^b  t'» 
1S22"(1887). 

Lanmia,  Jaoob  H.,  artist  bom  in  New  York  city  in 
Ihio;  died  there,  Jan.  11, 1891.  He  studied  paintinj: 
in  his  native  city,  principally  with  William  Inman- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Lu-Lbe.) 


bt^-Bine  ■  portrmit  painter  of  hi|ib  merit,  uid  wbk 
much  estef  lanl  an  a  rentorer  of  old  painling*  wid  db 
sn  e\pcrt  on  the  charactiir  uid  value  of  palatini^  in 
iPrncnil.    AmonE  hig  patroQH  in  portnuture  were  tliree 

Fordyoe  Barker,  Goold  Redmond,  and  niiiny  well- 
known  I'ltiiens  of  New  York,  Bonton,  Bronklj'n,  and 
"' He  wag  for  I  '   "    ' 


tinnal  Acadcmv  of  De«iiin. 
AlbBrt,  civil  engineer,  bom  in  Ten 
HO^;  died  in  Conicima.  Tex..  Jan. 
fl  jfraduoled  at  t' 


plflttnl   ill  eoiiimaiid  of  a  niili(ar);  suncjinK  eipcdi- 

advr  pompletiriff  &nd  rcportine  on  the  expciiitioti,  lie 
n-sijincd  from  llie  army  ano  engapsl  in  civil  enai- 
mirinii.  In  IMl  ho  «a»  appointed  chief  elerk  id  tlio 
War  I>efiartnient  at  Waahiniiton,  and  for  a  time  dur- 
ina  l'te*i(leDt  Fillmore'ii  adniinintration  he  was  actin); 


During  tt 


PhysiiSj  InduHtrial  Mechanics,  and  Phyniolofiy  in  the 
Univemty  of  Calilomia.  then  recently  cnati'd.  Ho 
became  lla  acting;  president,  and  drew  up  the  flnt 
proBpectuK  of  the  univcraity.  Subaequent  to  tlic  ar- 
rival of  President  DbdidI  C.  Gilman  h«  returned  to 
the  chirKc  of  his  chair,  but  aifaiD,  when  President 
Gilman  wa«  called  to  the  Johns  Hopkins  Univemitj, 
Prof.  Lo  Conio  became,  fimt,  aclinjr  prc«idont,  and 


uvl   after  seven  Tears'  service  weni 
inter^Ml  of  Bovenu  railroad  enlerprit 

□  the  stalf  of  (<en.  Magruder,  of 


the  Confederate  amiy,  as  chief  of  on^i 

rooil  route  and  tlie  town  of  Albert  Lea,  in  Uinnesola, 
wtre  named  for  him.  He  had  resided  in  Texas  fur 
mi'ti-  than  thirty  yeara,  mainly  iu  Galveston. 

Ii«>raed,  iaK»  f-  journalist,  bom  in  Boston.  Mass., 
ill  I'i-ili:  dieU  in  PoUKhltecpsie,  N.  Y..  Marrli  8,  IS91. 
He  was  apprenticed  to  the  i>rint«r's  trade  when  a  boy, 
in  the  oJHve  of  the  Boston  "  Tianaoript,"  and  alter 
workiuifontho"  Boston  Bhippin)(  Lint,"  the"  Chrono- 
ivpe."  and  the  "Boston  Atlas,"  bcame  airent  of  the 
New  KniclaniJ  Press  Awoeiation  iu  New  York  ' 
■   "■      "'    hdd  tl 

,         ,     «ith"  .      _ 

Ht'  afterward  enicased  unnueeessnilly  in  manulai.-. 
ini;.  During  his  lonK  servieo  bk  press  aieent  he  lie- 
came  intimate  wiili  the  piinciparpublic  men  of  the 
country.  He  was  an  ardent  admirer  of  Gen.  Grant, 
and  as  a  deleEale  to  the  National  Kepublican  Conven- 
tion at  Chicago  in  IHM)  was  one  of  the  hand  of  SOD 
I'ho  vr.lod  steadily  to  jiivo  the  ex- President  a  third 
-.....^a.     Pref!->"  '   "     '  

.-otllce. 

Ls  DoDtai  Jobiii  phvsieist,  bom  In  Libenv  County, 
Ga.  Dit.  4.  IHlf> ;  died  in  Berkelev,  Cal.,  April  ^9, 
Issi,  ile  was  the  second  son  of  Louis  LeConlu,  who 
lollowod  the  sciences  with  the  ability  of  ascholarand 
thi»  love  of  an  enthusiast,  undertaklnir  an  invcftiita- 
llon  for  the  pleasure  it  irave  him,  and  freelv  eivinK 
the  rcsulta  to  those  who  asked  for  them.  Ills  uncle, 
Major  John  K.  Le  Conle,  of  the  United  States  Knei- 
DL'vrB,  wag  on  ardent  botanist  and  a  fluent  visitor 
to  the  plantation  homo  of  Woodmansfm.  I'nder 
these  inHuences  voung  Le  Conte  grew  lo  hovhood, 
and  then  passed  to  the  care  ofAleiander  II.  Klephens, 
who  prejuired  him  for  Franklin  Colle)re,  now  the 
University  of  Geortrla,  where  lie  was  ifFiuluated  in 
iMt.  CbocBinif  medicine  as  his  profcwion,  he  was 
i:niiluatvd  at  the  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgconh, 
ill  >e«  York,  in  IMl.  He  settled  in  Savunnuli,  Ga., 
in  1s4^,  and  tlicre  began  the  pravtice  of  his  profession, 
bm  in  IM4  abandoned  medicine  to  accept  the  chair 
of  .Natutal  Philosophy  and  Clieiiiistry  in  Franklin  Col- 


ISTStill  INHl,  president  of  the  university, 

_  ,  .,  hich  he  retired  in  IKBl  and  eon- 
United  States  Military  tinued  to  bold  until  liis  death.  His  scientlflc  work 
'  ■  '  '"  ----"■■  extended  over  fifty  yeare,  and  at  Urst  was  in  the  lino 
of  medical  investigation,  but  subsequently  became 
confined  almost  exclusively  to  physical  science. 
Mechanics,  heat,  sound,  light,  and  eleelricity  were 
among  the  suhjucis  studiS  by  him,  but  his  Hist 
choice  WBS  sound,  and  to  tliat  department  in  ISiT 
he  contributed  his  discovery  of  tiie  sensitiveness  of 
Same  to  musical  vibrations,  which  has  scrveil  as  the 
starting-point  in  the  exquisite  applications  tliat  have 
since  been  worked  out  by  the  use  of  flame  for  the  de- 
tection of  sounds  too  delicate  for  the  car  to  perceive, 
and  for  the  optical  analysis  of  compound  tones.  His 
original  papere  were  more  than  one  hundred  in  num- 
ber, and  were  published  in  scientific  journals  both  in 
this  country  and  abroad,  also  in  the  "  Proceedings  of 
the  American  Association  for  tlie  Advancement  of 
Seience,"  to  which  urganiiation  he  served  as  general 
secretary  in  185T.  During  tliu  same  year  hedelivered 
a  course  of  lectures  on  the  "  Physics  of  Meteorology  " 
at  the  Smithsonian  Institution  In  Wushin^n.  D.  C., 
and  in  18BI  one  of  four  leetntee  on  the  "  Stellar  Unl- 
veise"  at  the  Foabody  Institute,  in  Baltimore,  Md. 


I'll vi*! clans  and  Sucgeons.  In  New  Yorit,  but  In  in-'iS 
acivpted  the  uhair  of  Natural  and  Uochanical  Phi- 
l"wi],hy  created  for  hiin  at  the  South  Carolina  Col- 
li':/!-, in  Columlna.    He  coutinucd  in  this  place  until 

thi'  eollegit  was  disbanded  by  the  civil  war.  when  be 
ti"pk  charge  of  the  Niter  and  Mining  Bun-au  ol 
Si'uih  I'arolino.  but  resiimod  his  profcsHorship  in 
'"'R,  when  tlio  Univenity  of  South  Carol! 


Drgaiiixcd.     In  1869  li 


was  ealleil  to  the  ehair  of 


The  degree  of  LI,.  D.  was  eonfcm-J  on  hini  bv  the 
University  of  Gcorgiii  in  It^lW,  and  in  1n7S  lie  was 
elected  to  the  National  A cailcniv  of  Sciences,  lie  was 
a  member  of  the  American  Philosophieal  Society  and 
a  corresponding  member  of  the  Plilladelphia  aiid 
New  Yor):  Academics  of  Science.  A  ttcatiso  <% 
"General  Physics."  ni-orlv  completed  by  him,  was de- 
ntroved  in  the  burning  of  Columbia.  S.  ('..  in  IHnS. 

Jit,  WUUaBEaniTntibii^inilitiivoHleeT.boniin 
Arlington,  Va..  Mav  ni,  \H37 :  die>l  id  Ravcnsworth, 
Vu.,Oet.  IB,  IM!>1.  lie  was  the  second  son  of  Gen. 
Robert  E. Lev,  was  gruiluated  at  Haivard  in  IKIsl.Bnd 
In  the  same  vearnas  appointed  a  2A  lieutenant  in  the 
«th  Unilcil  'states  Infantry,  and  accompanied  Col. 
Albert  Sidney  Jolinslon's  military  expedition  to 
Utah.  In  tn.l-i  he  resigned  his  cotiimissiun  and  ap- 
plied himself  (o  the  earc  of  hU  White  House  estate 
on  Pumunkey  river.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  raiBEd  a  company  of  cavalry  for  the  Confedcr- 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Leb— Lbidy.) 


year  he  was  caiitured  in  lliiDuver  cjounty,  Va.,  und 
was  conftned  as  a  ho»taBe  utarly  a  year  in  Fort  Mon- 
roe and  in  Fort  Lsfuyi^tli:,  Ken  York  harbor:  >>>  l^i^ 
was   oxchun^od;  and  lie  ul^ru'ard   voiniiiauili'd  n 

itdwBurke'aSwtion.      Iul875hei 

tolhe  State  Sv Date,  and  in  IH^IHHS,  and  IBSOwaa 
elected  to  Congreiui  from  Ihu  nth  Virginia  Diatrict  aa 

tees  on  the  Dietrirt  oC  CoiuiiiUia.  o 

the  Stale  Depaninc 

IMe  I'u(vliB»ea  by  Diatrict  Co 

L«a,  VUllMi  Bajmand,  military  offlcor,  bora  in 
Marblebead,  Ma«i,.  Aug.  15,  IflOT  ;  died  in  Koxbury, 
"-  -,  Dee,   as,   1S91.     Uo   v -" "*  "-' 


before  graduation.    Sulwequcnllv  lie 
en^Dccr  and  i^uperinttndent  of  the  B< 


a  leave 

a  civil 

.  ^    .  .  ^  ic  Boston  and  Provi- 

dence Railroad.  At  tlia  boninninir  oTthe  civil  war  he 
tcndiircd  his  services  to  Gov.  Andrew,  who  appointed 
him  colonel  of  tliu  20th  Rcsinicnt  of  Massacnusctbi 
Volunteers.  On  Oct.  21, 18«1,  he  was  taken  prisoner 
durin^thobattlcorBali'aBlulf'.andforieverar  montha 
he  was  confloed  in  Bichniond  as  a  hoata^  for  Con- 
Tederato  privatccminen  who  had  been  captured  by 


, -Hofw    , 

rejoined  his  regiment     Hi    . 
principal  battles  rouEht  by  the  Army  of  tlie  Po 
ail  that  of  Fredericksbure,  distioguiahed  himi 
Fair  Uaka,  and  at  Ulcndale  commanded  three  rcj 
ments,  and  was  severely  injured  by  a  home  falling 
hint.     At^r'ho  had  served  through   the  Antieti 
campaijfn  hia  ii\}Uries  forced  him  to  rcsi^.  and 
retired  with  the  brevet  rank  of  briuadie: 
for  gallantry  at  Antlctain  and  during  the  wj 

iSij,  iTninrti   naturalist,  bom  in  Pi 
Sept.  V,  li<:i3:  died  there,  April  30,1: 


iSij,  iTniniil   naturalist,  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pa., 

apt.  V,  WIS;  died  there,  April  30, 1831.      itin  anceo- 

"  Geromn  descent,  and  he  waa  destined  by 


added  comparetivo  anatomy.  With  this  Ibundation 
he  licsan  in  IMU  the  etudy  of  medicine  under  l>T. 
Paul  B.  Goddnrd.  and  waa  Krailualed  friun  thu  iiiedi- 
cal  department  of  the  University  of  Petmsylvania  in 


18M.  Iramedialclj  ho  berame  assistant  to  BoWrt 
Hare  and  James  B.  Rogers  in  thcchemical  labonu-mi. 
of  the  university,  and  also  began  the  practice  o(  im.t- 
icinc.  The  latter  he  discontinued  in  IMtf  iu  oniti 
to  devote  himself  exclusively  to  teaching.  M.aii 
while,  in  1845,  he  became  preaeclor  to  the  chair  <<i 
Anatomy  in  the  Univereity  of  Pennnvlvaniik.  iIjh. 
held  by  Dr.  William  £.  riomcr,  and  in  IMtl  'u 
elected  demonstrator  of  anatomy  in  the  Irankliu 
Uvdical  Colle^,  but  tbi»  lie  rrlinquiahed  aftiT  a  I'in- 
glc  term  in  older  to  return  lo  Dr.  Ilontcr,  with  whi<iri 
he  gave  a  private  course  <tf  anatomical  lectunvin 
184T ;  also  in  1848  he  visited  Eunnie  with  Dr.  Honiirr, 
exindning  the  museums  and  hosjii tola  there,  Inl-J!' 
he  began  a  cuunw  of  lectures  on  phvaioWy  at  liic 
Medical  Institute,  but  failins  healtti  cumpclled  him 
to  give  these  up,  am  in  ItlSO  lie  again  visited  Kuf'T*- 
in  order  to  ud  Dr.  George  B.  Wood  in  fornilnir  lUe 
collection  of  speeimeus  and  models  used  in  the  de- 
partment of  materia  medica.  Owing  to  Dr  Hcuirt'ii 
illness  in  185i,  he  was  called  to  deliver  the  lectuia 
in  that  department,  und  in  1853.  on  the  death  of  hit 
BPaociste,  he  was  elected  to  the  fbll  poa»e«ion  of  the 
choir  of  Anatomy,  which  poet.  togetliGr  with  that  at 
honorary  dean  o(  the  medical  faculty,  he  held  until  his 
death.  During  the  civil  war  he  entered  (he  I'nilrJ 
Stales  Volunteer  Service  and  was  contract  sufkhhi 
in  theSatterleo  General  Hospital  in  Ph  iladelphia.  i-i. 
Hia  special  duty  waa  lo  repirt  on  the  mor*  inipw- 
tanl  post-moTtem  examinations,  and  several  of  hii  n~ 
pons  with  his  own  drawings  wtre  publiahed  in  thr 
"Medical  and  Surgical  Hiatflry  of  the  Rebellion." 
In  1871  he  was  chosen  Professorof  Nalurai  Hirtnn- io 
Swarthmorc  College,  and  in  1884.  on  the  eatabUshnietH 
of  the  department  of  biology  and  tho  auiiliir}  dr- 
partmcnt  of  medicine  in  the  University  of  I'tnatjl- 
vania,  he  wan  mode  its  director.  He  also  held  the 
chair  of  Zofdogv  and  Comparative  Anatomy  in  Ihc 
faculty  of  the  college  department  in  the  t'niveiMii. 
Prof  Lcidy  waa  an  accomplished  driughtiinian ;  toil 
in  1844,  when  Dr.  Amos  Bioney  liegan  Uie  publiHtiio 
of  his  great  work  on  tlie  "Terrestrial  A ir-breatbinn 
MolluBks  of  the  United  States,"  ha  selected  Pntf 
Leidy  to  diiutect  and  draw  the  internal  organs  of  tht 
species  that  were  lo  be  described.  The  result  was  the 
production  of  IS  plates  giiing  the  anatomv  of  » 
species  of  native  molluska  and  the  chapter  entilW 
"Special  Anatomy  of  the  Terrestrial  Moll  usk.  of  the 
United  States."  In  1847  he  published  his  flret  pak- 
ontological  paper,  "  On  the  Foasil  Horse  of  Amerii*." 
In  vhiih  he  clearly  established  the  existence  of  t 
species,  for  which  he  proposed  tho  name  of  "/ffvw 
Jmrncanu*."  This  Bubiecl,  with  later  di«overi»  in 
the  liands  of  Thomoa  II.  Huxley  and  Othnici  I' 
Marsh  has  been  lar^rcly  used  as  a  deraonstntion  ol' 
the  tlieory  of  evolution.  Hia  work  in  this  dinstioa 
included  titc  determination  of  the  former  ciistenn  <>( 
a  tropical  climate  on  Ihe  Wcateni  slope  in  "ti.'h 
lived  varieties  of  lion,  tiger,  camel,  rhibacercs.  ind 
other  tonus  of  animals  having  no  living  rcpresenls- 
tives  in  the  United  Btatca.  Many  of  the  aiiit 
specmiens  obtained  on  tlic  various  aurvevs  undfr  Ac  I 
United  Slates  Government  were  auhniittcd  lo  him  for  | 
study  and  report.  His  earlier  work  in  palconlol<«< 
hiid  to  do  with  tlie  larger  forms,  but  in  recent  vn»  i 
he  devoted  himself  lo  tlie  lower  orders.  Prof,  £*lJv 
recenod  the  Walker  priie  of  11,000  fh«n  the  BoWfe 
Society  of  Natural  nintory  in  1880,  and  the  Ivcll 
medal  ■*  itii  the  sum  of  £25  from  the  Geological  S- ;. 
ctj  of  London  "  in  rccogniOon  of  hi*  valuable  owitri-  | 
butiona  to  palstontology  "  in  1884.  and  the  Jcitut  <^  I 
I  L  D  waa  conferred  upon  him  by  llarvani  in  K-^  I 
He  was  elected  lo  the  Academy  of  Natural  ScImut-  I 
of  I'hiladclphia  in  1849,  and  from  IMS  till  his  dtalh 
hddtheoHleeofchoimianofcuratnrsandthatofpiwi- 
dent.  auhsequenl  to  18MS.  In  184t>  bo  was  eleciHl  le 
the  American  I'hilosopbical  Socletv,  and  was  an  aM"- 
ciata  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  .\rt»  »ml 
Bcieneea.  He  waschosen  to  the  National  Acailenii  "( 
Scicncosin  IKS4,and  wusa  member  of  other  scieniiGf 
■ociaticB  in  tliia  country  and  abroad.     The  ni'.cs  of  tir 


OBITUARIES,  AMEHICAN.    (Leonard— L088U10.) 


637 


published  papers  exceed  800  in  number,  and  were  all 
on  biolo^cal  Aubjecta.  Amonff  them  are  "■  Memoir  on 
the  Extinct  Spe<nc8  of  the  American  Ox''"'  (1852)*, 
**  A  Flora  and  i  aui^a  within  Living  Animals  ^^  (1853)  \ 
-  Ancient  Fauna  of  Nebraska  "  (1853) ;  "  On  the  Ex- 
tinct Sloth  Tribe  of  North  America'^  (1855);  "The 
Cretaceous  Reptiles  of  the  United  States'*  (1865); 
**  The  Extinct  Mammalian  Fauna  of  Dakota  and 
Nebraska"  (1869);  "Contributions  to  the  Extinct 
Vertebrate  Fauna  of  the  Western  Territories  "  (1878) ; 
**  Description  of  Vertebrate  Remains  from  the  Phos- 
phate Beds  of  Soutli  Carolina  "  (1877) ;  "  Fresh- water 
Rhizo^s  of  North  America"  (1879) ;  "  The  Parasites 
f*f  the  feniiites  ^'  (1881) ; "  On  Manayunkia  Speciosa  " 
a»83);and  "Tape-worms  in  Birds"  (1887).  The 
foregoing  were  all  issued  by  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Sciences,  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  and  under  the 
auspices  of  the  National  Government  as  special  mono- 
graphs. He  edited  an  edition  of  Sharpley  and  Quain's 
**  Anatomy,"  and  wrote  "An  Elementary  Text- book 
on  Iluman  iiVnatomy"  (PhiladelphifL  1861 ;  new  edi- 
tion 18  ).  In  his  memory  a  fund  or  $50,000  is  being 
collected  in  order  to  establish  a  Leidy  Memorial  Mu- 
seum as  an  independent  part  of  the  museum  now 
forming  at  the  Umversity  of  Pennsylvania. 

Laonaid,  Willkm  Bmrjt  jurist,  oom  in  Amenia, 
Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  June  11, 1812;  died  in  Bed- 
ford, Westchester  County,  N.  \ .,  May  80,  1891.  In 
early  life  he  went  to  Iludfson,  N.  ¥.,  whore  he  studied 
Uwand  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  was  afterward 
a  partner  of  John  T.  Hotfman,  Gilbert  M.  Spier,  Sam- 
uel M.  Woodrutf,  and  Chief- Justice  Charles  II.  Van 
Brunt.  On  May  12, 1872,  he  was  appointed  a  justice 
ot  the  Supreme  Court  of  New  York,  to  iiU  a  vacancy. 
B<a«ides  his  service  on  this  bench,  no  was  a  member 
of  the  Commission  of  Appeals,  wnich  had  charge  of 
the  oiganization  and  prepared  the  calendar  for  the 
newly  established  Court  of  Appeals.  For  ten  years 
he  lived  in  retirement. 

lipptty  Heniyi  manufacturer,  bom  in  Providence, 
K.  1.,  Oct.  9, 1»18  J  died  there,  June  5, 1891.  He  re- 
ceived an  acadenucal  education,  became  a  clerk  in  a 
cotton-brokerage  office  in  Providence  in  1835,  and 
afterward  was  apartner  in  several  large  manufactur- 
ing firms,  including  Walcott  &  Lippitt,  Amory,  Cha- 
pm  &  Co.,  and  the  Quinebaug  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany, and  in  the  Coddington,  Social,  and  Harrison 
Cotton  Mills.  In  1858  ho  gave  up  tne  commission 
part  of  his  business  to  confine  himself  to  his  nianu- 
facturing  interests.  He  was  a  president  or  director 
of  many  financial  and  public  institutions.  In  1840 
he  aided  in  oi^anizing  the  Providence  Marine  Corps 
of  Artillery,  and  in  1842  commanded  it  during  tlie 
Dorr  "  rebellion,"  protecting  tho  State  areenal  and 
first  entering  the  Dorr  fort  at  the  capture  of  Acotes 
Hill.  He  was  elected  Governor  of  Khode  Island  in 
1875  and  1876  as  a  Republican. 

Littlefleldf  Buiel  M.^  manufacturer,  bom  in  North, 
Kingstown,  R.  I.,  Nov.  23,  1822 ;  died  in  Pawtucket, 
R.  I..  May  81,  1891.  He  removed  to  Florence,  Mass., 
and  oecame  interested  in  a  new  cotton  mill  in  1846 
waM  chosen  President  of  the  Florence  Sewing  Machine 
Company  in  1856,  and  went  to  Pawtucket  and  engaged 
in  the  manufacture  of  hair-cloth  in  1863.  In  1861 -'62 
he  was  elected  to  the  LejBfislature  of  Massachusetts  from 
the  Northampton  distnct ;  in  1878  he  was  an  honor- 
ary commissioner  from  Rhode  Island  to  the  Paris 
Exposition,  where  he  was  appointed  an  American 
juror  on  fine  machinery  and  mechanism :  and  in 
]SS<j  he  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  as  a  Republican. 

haag,  Azndftoid  Undsaji  military  officer,  bom  in 
Caniprx'H  Countv,  Va.,  Sept.  8,  1827 :  died  in  Char- 
lottesville, Va.,  April  29, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at 
the  United  States  Military  Academy,  and  appointed  a 
brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  artillery  in  1850;  was  firet  a.s- 
signed  to  garrison  duty  at  Fort  Moultrie;  was  on 
frontier  duty  in  New  Mexico  in  1852- '54;  promoted 
1st  lieutenant  in  1854 ;  on  garrison  duty  at  Fort  Mo- 
Ileniy,  Md.,  Barrancas  Barracks,  Fla,  and  Fort  Wich- 
ita, Indian  Territory,  in  1854~'57,  and  in  Kansas  in 


1857-'60.  Early  in  1861  lie  was  appointed  on  the 
staff  of  Gen.  Sumner,  his  father-in-law,  in  Washing- 
ton: but  on  June  10  he  resigned  his  commission. 
In  July  following  he  entered  the  Confederate  service 
as  m^or  of  artillery,  and  in  1862  he  was  promoted 
colonel,  and  appointed  military  secretary  to  Gen. 
Robert  £.  Lee.  He  participated  in  all  the  move- 
ments of  the  army  under  Gen.  Lee,  reaching  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general  in  1863.  Afler  the  war  he  was 
engaged  for  three  years  in  civil  engineering,  and 
subsequently  in  farming.  He  published  "  Memoirs  of 
Gen.  Robert  E.  Lee." 

LariBg,  Geoge  Bailey^  agricultunst,  bom  in  North 
Andover,  Mass.,  Nov.  8, 1817  ;  died  in  Salem.  Mass., 
Sept.  14, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College 
in  1888.  and  at  its  medical  school  in  1842 ;  was  sur- 
geon of  the  7th  Regiment  of  State  Militia  in  1842-'4i, 
and  of  the  Chelsea  Marine  Hospital  in  1843-'50;  was 
appointed  United  States  commissioner  to  revise  the 
United  States  marine-hospital  system  in  1849 ;  and 
was  postmaster  of  Salem  in  1853-'57.  While  em- 
ployed with  these  duties  he  began  a  practical  and 
scientific  study  of  agriculture,  established  an  experi- 
mental farm  of  450  acres  about  equidistant  nom 
Salem,  Marblehead,  and  Swampscott,  and  became 
widely  known  as  a  lecturer  and  authority  on  agricult- 
ural subjects.  In  186&-'67  he  was  a  member  of  the 
State  House  of  Representatives,  and  in  1873-'76  was 
President  of  the  State  Senate.  Early  in  life  he  was 
a  Democrat  in  politics,  and  he  attended  the  national 
convention  in  Baltimore  in  1856;  but  he  joined  the 
Republican  party  in  1864,  and  acted  with  it  till  his 
death.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Republican 
Conventions  of  1868, 1872^  and  1876 ;  was  appointed 
Centennial  commissioner  from  Massachusetts  in  1872 ; 
and  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  6th  Massachu- 
setts District  in  1876,  and  re-elected  in  1878.  In  1881 
President  Garfield  appointed  him  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture,  and  ho  held  the  office  till 
1885.  In  1889  President  Harrison  appointed  him 
United  States  minister  to  Portugal,  which  office  he 
resigned  in  1890.  Besides  numerous  addresses,  he 
published  "  The  Relations  of  Agriculture  to  the  State 
in  Time  of  War"  (1862) ;  "  Classical  Culture  "  (1866)  ; 
"Eulogy  on  Louis  Agassiz"  (1878);  "The  Fami- 
yaid  Club  of  Jotham"  (1876);  "Tho  Cobden  Club 
and  the  American  Farmer"  (1880) ;  an  "  Address  to 
the  Atlanta  Cotton  Convention"  (1881);  and  "A 
Year  in  Portugal,  1889-'90"  (1891). 

Loiiiiigi  BenMBi  Jobn,  engraver  and  author,  bom  in 
Beekman,  Dutchess  County,  N.  Y.,  Feb.  12.  1813; 
died  near  Dover  Plains,  in  the  same  county,  June  8, 
1891.  He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  and  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  watch-maker  in  Poughkeepsie,  with  wliom, 
on  the  completion  of  his  apprenticeship,  he  went 
into  partnersnip.  A  little  later  he  became  one  of  the 
proprietors  and  editors  of  the  Pouffhkeepsie  "  Tele- 
graph." In  1836  they  be^ran  the  publication  of  a  lit- 
erary periodical  called  "The  Casket."  Mr.  Lossing 
then  learned  tlie  art  of  wood-engraving  in  New  York, 
and  in  1838-'40  was  editor  and  illustrator  of  the 
"  Family  Magazine."  Meanwhile  he  severed  his  busi- 
ness connections  in  Poughkeepsie  and  established 
himself  as  a  professional  engraver  in  Now  York.  In 
1848  ho  began  work  on  his  "  Pictorial  Field-book  of 
the  Revolution  "  (2  vols.,  1850-'62),  to  make  which  he 
traveled  all  over  that  part  of  our  country  in  which 
the  War  of  Independence  was  fought,  writing  iho 
history  of  the  movements  and  engagements,  and  mak- 
ing accurate  sketches  of  every  object  that  remained 
at  the  scenes  of  strife,  every  battle-field,  every  famous 
document,  and  many  rcfics  preserved  eitlier  in  a 
museum  or  in  a  private  house.  All  the  sketches  he 
engraved  on  wood  with  his  own  hand.  This  was 
his  greatest  service  to  the  country  ;  by  it  he  preserved 
Uie  likeness  of  many  things  that  have  already 
perished.  Some  years  later  he  prepared  in  a  similar 
way  a"  Pictorial  Field-book  of  the  Warof  1812"  (1869). 
For  many  years  he  contributed  illustrated  articles  to 
"  Harper's  Magazine "  and  for  the  London  "  Art 
Journal  "  he  prepared  a  series  of  articles  descriptive 


638 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Louqhlin— Lowell.) 


of  the  scenery,  history,  and  legends  of  the  Hudson 
river,  which  were  published,  with  illustrations  from 
his  sKetches,  in  ^at  monthly  in  1860-^61,  and  after- 
ward in  a  volume  entitle<l  *'*  The  Hudson,  from  the 
Wilderness  to  the  Sea"  (1866).    From  the  papers, 
letters,  and  orderlv  books  of  Gen.  Philip  Schuyler  he 
prepared  "  The  Life  and  Times  of  Philip  Schuyler" 
(2  vols.,  1860;  new  ed.,  1880).    Early  in  1862  he  be- 
gan the  compilation  of  a  **  Pictorial  Field-book  of  the 
Civil  War  in  the  United  States,"  which  was  issued  in 
tiiree  illustrated  volumes.    In  1872-'75  he  edited  the 
"  American  Historical  Record  and  Repository  of  Notes 
and  Queries."  published  in  Philadelphia.    Mr.  Loss- 
ing  gathered  a  large  and  valuable  library,  and  con- 
structed a  fire-proof  building  for  it  on  nis  place  at 
Dover  Plains.    He  was  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  board  of  trustees  of  Vnssar  College.    Besides  tlie 
works  mentioned  above,  he  published  an  "  Outline 
History  of  the  Fine  Arts  "  (1841 ) ;  "  Lives  of  the  Presi- 
dents of  the  United  States  "  (1847) ; "  Seventeen  Hun- 
dred and  Seventy-six,  or  the  War  for  Independence" 
(1847) ;  "Life  ofGen.  Zachary  Taylor "  (1847 )_:"  Life 
of  Gen.  Winfleld  Scott"  (1847) ;  "The  New  World" 
(1847) ;  "  Lives  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence  "  (1848) ;  an  illastrated  "  History  of  the 
United  States  for  Schools  "  (1854),  which  was  followed 
by  the  other  volumes   of  a  graded  series;  "Biog- 
raphies of  Eminent   Americans "  (1855) ;   "  Mount 
Vernon  and  \{a  Associations  "  (1859) ;  **  Life  of  Wash- 
ington," illustrated  Q860) :  "  Vassar  College  and  its 
Founder"  (1867);  "Pictorial  Description  of  Ohio" 
(1869)     an  illustrated  ^^  Memoir  of  Dr.  Alexander 
Anderson,"  the  first  engraver  on  wood  in  America, 
published  by  the  New  York  Historical  Society  (1870) ; 
a  "  History  of  England  "  for  schools  (1871) ;  a  lai^^e 
history  oi  the  United  States  entitled  "  Our  Country," 
with  500  illustrations  by  Felix  O.  C.  Darley  j^8  vols., 
1873) ;  an  illustrated  work  on  tlie  progress" or  indus- 
tries in  the  United  States  between  1776  and  1876,  en- 
titled "  The  American  Centenary  "  (1876) ;  "  Story  of 
the    United  States    Navy   for  Boys "  (1880) ;  "  Cy- 
cloptedia  of  United  States  History,"   with  1,000   il- 
lustrations (1881);  *' Biography    of   James  A.  Gar- 
field" (1881) ;  an  illustrated  "'History  of  New  York 
City"    (1884);   "Mary    and    Martha    Wa.shington" 
(1886} ;  "  Two  Spies :  Nathan  Halo  and  John  Andr^  " 
(1886) ;  and  "  The  Empire  State,  a  Compendious  His- 
tory of  the  Common wealtli  of  New  York  "0887). 
Mr.  Lossin^  annotated  Francis  Hopkinson's  "  Pretty 
Story,"  with  a  biography  of  the  author  of  the  allegory, 
which  was  published  under  the  title  of  "  The  Old 
Farm  and  the  New  Farm"  (1857).    With    Edwin 
Williams  he  compiled  "  The  Statesman's  Manual " 
(4  vols.,  1858)  and  the  "  National  History  of  the 
United  States "  (2  vols.,  1858).    He  also  edited  and 
annotated  the"  Diaries  of  Washington "  fl859).  and 
the  "  Recollections  and  Private  Memoirs  of  Waaning- 
ton,"  by  George  W.    P.  Custis  (1860),  edited  the 
"  Poems  "  of  William  Wilson,  with  a  biography  (1869), 
and  prepared  an  edition  of  John  TrumbulPs  "  Mc- 
Fingal,"  with  a  hfe  (1871) 

LoDgUiiL  John,  first  bishop  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
diocese  ot  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  born  in  County  Down, 
Ireland,  Dec.  20,  1817;  died  in  Brooklyn,  Dec.  29, 
1891.  His  father  was  a  tenant  farmer,  who  emigrated 
to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  w^here  the  young  man  received  his 
early  education.  He  completed  his  classical  course 
in  a  school  at  Chambly,  near  Montreal,  and  then 
went  to  Mount  St.  Mary's  College,  Emmettaburg, 
Md.  On  Oct.  18, 1840,  ho  was  ordained  a  priest  for 
the  diocese  of  New  York.  He  w^as  first  sent  as  a 
missionary  to  Utica,  where  he  remained  two  years, 
until  tlie  death  of  Bishop  Dubois  of  New  York,  when 
Archbishop  Hughes,  who  had  been  the  coadjutor  of 
Bishop  DuDois,  made  him  assistant  at  the  cathedral. 
Subsequently  he  was  promoted  to  castor,  and  in  1849 
was  appointed  vicar-general.  Arcnbishop  Hughes  in 
1852  selected  Father  Loughlin  as  his  theoloirian  to 
accompany  him  to  the  first  plenary  council,  held  in 
Baltimore.  That  council  recommended  Ihe  erection 
of  new  dioceses,  including  Brooklyn,  and   Father 


Loughlin  was  named  as  bishop,  and  was  consecrated 
Oct  30, 1853,  in  the  New  York  cathedral,  Mgr.  Caje- 
tan  Bedini,  the  papal  nuncio,  officiating.      Bishop 
Loughlin  chose  as  his  cathedral  St  James  Chunrh,  on 
Jay  c»treet,  the  oldest  Catholic  church  in  Brooklyn, 
and  took  up  his  residence  in  the  present  parochial 
house,  where  he  lived  for  thirty -seven  yearH.     When 
he  came  to  Brooklyn  there  were  only  lo  Catholic 
churches  on  Long  Island ;  at  his  death  tliere  were  119, 
70  being  ^-ithin  ttie  city  limits.    Thus  he  earned  the 
title  of  "  Church  Builder."    He  also  invited  to  Brook- 
lyn  several    religious    and   charitable    association^ 
whose  advent  was  followed  by  the  establishment  of 
hospitals,  homes,  orphanages,  convents,  academies, 
and  colleges,  all  directed  to  tlie  education  and  eleva- 
tion of  the  Catholic  masses.    He  was  a  slirewd  busi- 
ness man,  and  had  the  faculty  of  picking  out  tht* 
most  valuable  sites  for  religious  institutions  and  pur- 
chasing the  ground  long  in  advance  of  the  ncces.«>itT 
for  its  use.    In  1860  he  conceived  the  project  of  build- 
ing  a   new   cathedral.    A   site  was  purchased  for 
$75,200,  but  the  civil  war  delayed  work,  and  it  was 
not  until   1868  tJiat  the  foundation  was  begun,  the 
corner-stone  being  laid  on  June  21   of  that  year. 
Bishop  Loughlin  made  his  first  visit  to  Rome  in  1S<}9 
to  attend  the  Council  of  the  Vatican,  and  was  made 
domestic  prelate  to  the  Pope.    After  his  return  part 
of  the  new  cathedral  was  finiAhed  and  named  iSt. 
John*s  Chapel.    In  1880  he  made  a  second  journey  to 
Rome.    He  was  invited  to  attend  Pope  Leo's  golden 
iubilee,  but  instead  of  going  sent  one  of  the  priests  of 
nis  diocese  with  a  present  consisting  of  an  album 
containing  photographs  of  all  Uie  Catholic  churches 
and  institutions  in  the  diocese,  with  a  detailed  state- 
ment of  the  progress  of  the  Cnurch  on  Long  Islaml. 
Adjoining  the  new  cathedral  a  costly  episcopal  resi- 
dence was  erected  in  1888,  but  it  was  not  until  May, 

1890,  that  the  bishop  could  bo  persuaded  to  leave  his 
humble  home  in  Jay  Street  His  golden  jubilee  oc- 
curred in  October,  1890,  the  celebration  lasting  four 
days  and  including  a  public  reception  at  the  Rink 
and  a  civic  parade.  On  this  occasion  he  was  pre- 
sented with  a  purse  of  $37,000,  which  he  devoted  Vy 
the  endowment  of  a  seminary  for  the  education  of 
priests.    He  was  averse  to  introducing  any  disturbiiur 

auestions  in  his  diocese,  and  never  interfered  with 
le  expr^Kions  bv  his  clergy  of  their  views  on  polit- 
ical or  ethical  suojects.  Some  of  his  friends  in  the 
hierarchy  who  disagreed  -with  this  policy  suggested 
the  appointment  of  a  coadjutor,  but  bishop  Loughlin 
sent  word  to  Rome  that  he  was  perfectly  able  to  at- 
tend to  all  his  duties.  He  was  not  an  orator,  but  was 
never  uninteresting  in  speech,  and  was  humble- 
minded  in  spirit,  shunning  publicity  as  if  it  were  a 
plague.  On  New  Year's  day,  1892,  his  body  was 
transferred  to  the  cAthedral  m  Jay  Street,  and  Uie 
next  day  was  placed  in  a  vault  beneath,  there  to  re- 
main until  the  completion  of  the  new  cathedral. 

Lofih  JunM  ILf  jurist,  bom  in  Fairfax  Court-hou^e, 
Va.,  March  4, 1820:  died  in  Keokuk,  Iowa,  July  3, 

1891.  Ho  received  a  common  -  school  education, 
studied  law  in  Janesville,  Ohio,  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1840,  and  |)racticed  in  Coshocton  County  till 
1846.  He  then  raised  a  military  company  for  service 
in  Mexico,  and  commanded  it  till  tne  close  of  the 
war.  In  1850  he  removed  to  Keokuk  and  resumed 
law  practice.  In  1852  he  served  a  term  as  State  Sena- 
tor. Four  years  later  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the 
United  States  District  Court  of^Iowa,  and  he  held  tlie 
office  till  1888.  when  the  State  was  divided  intotvo 
districts,  and  ne  was  assigned  to  the  southern.  He 
was  a  Democrat  in  politics.  It  is  said  that  in  all  hi« 
judicial  career  of  more  than  thirty-four  vears  but  two 
of  his  decisions  were  reversed  by  the  iJnited  States 
Supreme  Court 

Lowell,  Robert  Traill  Spenoeb  clergyman,  bom  in  Bos- 
ton, Mass.,  Oct  8, 1816 ;  died  in  Schenectady,  M.  Y., 
Sept  12, 1891.  His  father,  the  Rev.  Charles  Lowell, 
was  a  Unitarian  cleigyman,  and  Hon.  James  Ru^'U 
Lowell  was  his  younger  brother.  He  was  graduated 
at  Harvard  in  1833,  and  studied  at  the  Harvard  Med- 


OBITUARIES.  AMERICAN.    (Ludinotow— McEniry.) 


ic«l  Schoot  In  1839  ho  prcp»rcii  for  ordera  under 
Dr.  Aloozo  FoUer,  and  hui  invited  to  BenniidH  by 
Bishop  Spencer  of  Newfoundland,  Hu  was  orduioed 
deaoon  in  IM2  uiil  priexC  in  \m,  uid  from  IMS  lo 
1M7  vw  in  cliarge  o(  the  pariiih  of  Bay  Kobena  in 
KcwfoundlaDd.  He  returned  to  the  Unil«d  States  in 
IM7,  and  founded  Christ  Chureti  pari«li  in  Kewark, 
K.J.  From  IB.'>9  to  lSfl9  lie  was  rector  of  Christ 
Ohnrch,  Duanmbuiv,  N.  Y.,  and  from  186B  lo  l»7a 
Tu  heul  iQuxter  of  St.  Mark's  tichool  at  Southhor- 


llo  practieed  ihem  till  1856.  and  in  tlie  meantime 
was  a  member  of  the  Connectleul  Ilouso  of  Kenre- 
sentativea  in  1H3T,  1B38,  1829.  1S3S.  1834.  ma, 
1»KI.  IMI.and  1814, and  of  the  State  Senate  in  1832. 
HowaaLieulennnt-Govemorin  1  »4T-'4e ;  and  IToited 
Ststea  niiniBtor  to  Austria  in  1B50-'E;L  In  1866  he 
was  elected  a  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Connec- 
ticut;   in    18*3   was  — -  — '   —   -'--   ■" 

bench  ;  and  in  II 


oPcae 


Supreme 
Judge  M< 


Cour 


viMwiou,  lojo^  rvvbHHi  e^iuiun.  ioou^;  "rn»n  nean: 
that  failed  Three  Thousand  Vears  .Igo,  and  Othe 
Puems"  (ISfiO);  "Antony  Bnulc,  a  Story  of  Seho  ' 


McCuitly 

-—  ~  1861.  and 

at  the  time  of  his  death  woa  Uie  last  survivor  of  hia 
clasa  ana  the  oldent  livinj;  graduate  of  the  ooliege. 

Maltoiald.  jMiph  Ewlng,   lawyer    bom    In   Butler 
county,  Ohio.  Aug.  29,  IB^"-   ■'■--'  --  ""J'  — 
Ind.,  Juno  £1.  1S91.    Ue 
when  seven  ycsni  old. 
and   educated   by  bin 


C1S7S).  Ilia  work,  both  in  v«ino  ond  prose,  evinces 
Diutfh  individuality  and  the  presenee  of  very  decided 
literary  gifta  as  rej^rda  vigor  of  conception  and  deli- 
cacy of  expression.  His  health,  wbioh  for  some  time 
hod  been  toeble,  was  not  atrom;  enough  to  withstand 
tha  shock  of  recent  family  bereavements,  and  liis 
death  followed  tliat  of  his  disdnjiuiahed  brother  with 
but  a  month's  interval.  ^ 

^■~*'"C'™i  Hmira,  merchant,  bom  in  Kent,  Pul- 
nam  Lk)unly.N.  Y.,  July  30.1812:  died  in  Milwaukee. 
Wis.,  June  IT.  1891.  Ho  received  a  common-school 
education,  began  business  life  as  a  clerk,  went  to  Mil- 
iraukee  and  opened  ■  general  storo  in  1838,  and  with 
his  brothers  James  and  Nelson  engaged  in  the 
lumber  busincaa  in  1812.  Subsequently  he  withdrew 
from  tho  ttrm  and  formed  a  partnership  with  D. 
Wells.  Jr.,  and  A.  G.  Van  Schaick,  of  Chicago.  The 
new  Ann  bought  several  saw  mills  on  Green  Bay.  and 
Mr.  Ludinirton  retained  his  interests  in  the  lumber 
business  till  Ilia  death,  and  was  avtive  in  it  till  witliin 
a  few  yeais.  lie  luok  much  pride  in  the  develop- 
ment of  Milwaukee,  bouvht  the  flnit  W  of  wheat 
ever  brought  to  market  there,  waa  an  alderman  and 
three  timea  Mayor  of  tlio  citv.  and  won  Governor  of 
the  State  in  1876.     He  was  a  Republican  in  politics. 

KoAUIUk,  Bslart,  military  oificer,  bom  in  Juniata 
County,  Pa..  Jtine  1, 1813 ;  died  in  Belvidcro,  14.  J., 
Feb.  23, 1891.  He  spent  the  early  part  of  his  lifo  in 
his  nn^ve  State,  and  at  the  beginning  of  tlie  civil  war 
he  was  engaged  in  iron  mining  at  Oxford  Furnace, 
N.  J.  On  May  21. 1861,  ho  was  commissioned  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  the  iHt  New  Jcisey  Volunteers,  and 
with  it  hastened  to  the  defcnne  of  the  national  capi- 
Ul.  On  June  30, 1862,  ho  was  commissioned  colonel 
of  the  11th  New  Jersey  Volunteers,  then  being  rc- 
cmited.  Thia  regiment  was  assigned  to  tho  1st 
brigade,  2d  division,  3d  Amiv  Corps,  and  Cul.  McAl- 
lister remained  with  it  till  June,  1864.  In  the  sec- 
ond day's  battle  at  Gettysburg  ho  was  wounded  in 
the   left  leg  and  in  the  right  foot,  but,  excepting  a 


at  it  Ibrsixyeors.  lie 
studied  in  Wabash  Col- 
lege and  in  Asbury  U  ni- 

adniitted  to  the  bar  in  ' 
1843.  Soon  alter  begin- 
ning practice,  in  Craw- 
fonlsville,  he  was  elect' 
ed  prosecuang  attorney 
of  tho  county,  and  by 
re-elocUon  served  till 
1847.  In  1S48  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  8th 
Indiana  District  as  a  Democrat,  altfiougli  the  district 
was  usually  Whig;  and  in  181(6  and  1858  he  was 
elected  Attorney-Genera]  of  his  State.  He  permanently 
settled  in  Indianapolis  in  1859.  In  18R4  he  was  the 
unsucccasrul  Democratic  candidate  tor  Oovemor, 
against  Oliver  P.  Morton.  Under  his  direction,  as 
chairman  of  the  Democratic  Suie  Convention,  tlie 
Democratic  party  in  Indiana  was  so  reorganized  that 
it  elected  a  ni^ority  of  the  Legislature  in  1874.  and 
early  in  1875  he  was  chosen  United  States  Senator  to 
succeed  Daniel  D.  Pratt,  Republican.  W'hilc  in  the 
Senate  he  sen'oc"  -"■■-""  —  ■'■-  ' 
Judiciary,  and  i 
money  and  ■  protective  tantf. 
pointed  a  member  of  the  select  committee  to  inquire 
into  alleged  Irauds  in  the  presidential  election,  and 
was  specially  charged  with  the  investigation  of  the 
count  in  Louisiana.  He  visited  tRat  Slate,  and  made 
tlie  principal  argument  before  the  electorid  commis- 
sion in  behalf  of  the  objectors  to  tho  count  of  the 
electoral  vote  of  the  Slate.  He  was  succeeded  in  t)ie 
Cnited  States  Senate  by  Beitjamin  Harrison,  and  ro- 


-ist,  bom  in  Virginia,  ii 


through  the  war,  from  the  flrst  Bull  Run  to  the  final 
surrender  at  Appomattox,  and  took  part  in  forty  en- 
gagements. In  October,  1862,  as  senior  colonel,  he 
commanded  the  brigade  to  which  his  raiment  was 
attached;  on  the  consolidation  of  the  2d  and  3d  corps, 
and  while  a  battle  was  in  progrees,  he  was  placed 
temporarilv  in  charge  of  the  2d  brigade,  Sd  division, 
Bd  Corps ; 'and  in  June  1864  he  was  given  command 
of  the  »<l  brigade  (2d  New  Jersey  brigade),  8d  divis- 
ion, 2d  Corps.  For  conspicuous  gallantry  at  the  lirst 
"bull  pen,*  on  Boydton  Plonk  Boud,  Oct,  27.  ISM. 
he  was  brevetted  brigadier-genetal,  and  for  meritori- 
ous services  during  tho  war  was  brevetted  in^or- 
gcncral  March  13,1886.  Atler  the  war  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  mining  and  shipping  of  iron  ore  till  age 

■oOtudT,  Olurlit  Jolmiim,  Jurist,  bom   in  Lyme, 
Conn.,  Dec.  7,  17*7  ;  died  there,  June  S,  1891,     lie 


.  ned  his 

■aEnny,  JobL  ju ,  — ,  . 

died  in  New  Orleans,  La..  Mareh  !S.  1S91.  .  ... 
graduated  at  Hanover  College,  Madison,  Ind, ;  was 
admitted  to  tliu  bar  in  northern  Louisiana,  and 
practiced  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  Ho 
then  raiMd  the  Ouachita  BiUcs,  in  tho  Confederate 
servieo,  was  commissioned  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
4th  Louisiana  Regiment  and,  alter  distinguishing 
hiniaelf  in  action  several  times,  received  two  se- 
vere wounds,  which  oompclled  him  to  retire  from 
active  service.  After  tJio  war  he  was  elected  a  dis- 
trict judge  and  member  of  the  Legislature. 


_ _..  in  for  Governor, 

dt  William  Pitt  Kellogg,  Republican.   The  can- 
-        -"-    ----■■ —   many  persons,  cspc- 


were  employed  to  preserve  pei 
orcd  people  to  vote  without  viol - 
and,  although  Judge  McEnery 
ofthe ' "  - 


'killed;  Ftilcral  troops 
peace  and  allow  the  col> 


_ midation; 

ivcJ  the  majority 


OBITUAKIES.  AMERICAN.    (McEhtee— M. 


sums  Uta  alBce.  He  and  Gen.  Emory,  of  tho  United 
awn  army,  turived  at  the  Sta(«  Houae  at  tbo  aatne 
time,  and  Judge  McEncry  siurendBrod  the  olHco  to 
Uie  mililai-y,  who  reinstated  Gov.  Kelliwg.  Subse- 
quently McEnery  preeticed  law  in  New  Orloana  and 
ViwlnnKlon.  He  wa»  a  brother  of  Samuel  D.  Mc- 
Enery, ex-Govornor  of  Louisiana,  now  associate  jus- 
tice of  the  State  Supreme  Court. 

IbEntM,  IbttIi,  arUsl,  born  in  Rondout,  N.  Y.,  July 

14,  IBiS ;  died  thorn,  Jan.  27, 1891.     Ho  was  educated 

at  tbe  Liberal  In- 

Btitute,      Clinton, 

Oneida  County,  N. 


moi7"'(1883)';  "Valley  of  the  Humboldl"  ^ItWii; 

"Uplands  in  Autumn,"  "Wintry  Kiver"  (li>-li; 
"Yellow  Autumn  Woods"  (18S4):  "  Chrislmas  Evt," 
"  Sundown  in  Winwr"  (1886) ;  "  Awhokan— Soven,- 
ber,"  "  Glimpse  of  Hunter  Mountain,"  "  Sh«do»>.  uf 
Autmnn"  and  the  "Winter  Morning"  (18SS);  -A 
Clifl  in  Iho  Catskillf  "  <18S8).  In  the  autumn  ofls-t 
there  was  o.  sale  in  Now  York  of  seventy -five  of  hi" 
pictures,  representing  whet  he  considered  his  b<sl 
work  for  tho  preceding  tea  yean,  and  in  March,  189'i, 
asaleofmorr  than  IW  paintings  left  by  him. 

■oOuwaa,  Jalm,  naval  oiHcer,  bom  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa.,  Deo.  3,  ISOS ;  died  in  Eliiabeth,  N.  J.,  Jan.  K 
"  .....         ye»mold,and 

United  titatn 


IS  appointed  a 


on  May 


Professor  of  The- 
ology in  Tufts  Col- 
lege Withhiawife, 
Caroline  M.  Saw- 
yer, the  author,  he 
made  a  delightful 
home  forth  eyouths 
under  his  charge, 
and  oneofthe  moat 
ebarming  viaiton 
there  was  young 
HcEntee,whomar. 
ned  Qertrnde,  eldest  daughter  of  Dt  Sawyer.  Mrs. 
MeEnteo  was  a  woman  of  great  beautv.a*  her  portrait, 
punted  fYom  memory  by  ber  husband  after  her  death, 
atleaCa,  and  of  the  rarest  charms  of  character,  as  the 
artislB  of  the  "  Hudson  Biver  School,"  who  had  quar- 
len  in  the  familiar  and  famous  studio  buildii^  in 
We8tTeQthStrcet,iNew  York  city,  remember,  lo  the 
winlon  of  ISSO-'SI  Mr.  McEnteo  studied  painting 
with  Frederic  E.  Chureh,  in  New  York,  but  he  did 
not  pursue  that  profession  until  three  years  later, 
when  he  opened  a  studio  in  the  metropolis.  Ilia  flrat 
contributiou  lo  the  Academy  of  Design  exhibition 
was  sent  in  1853.  and  he  was  elected  associate  of  that 
oi^anizalion  in  1860,  and  aeademieiun  one  year  later. 
In  ISSB^  with  bit  wife,  he  visited  Europe,  where  lio 
Btudied  m  the  principal  an  gallerres,  and  sketched  in 
Italy  and  Switierland.  Oa  his  return  he  took  tbe 
studio  in  West  Tenth  Street,  and  devoted  himself  to 
bis  art  with  an  asuduity  and  success  that  soon  placed 
him  in  the  front  rank  of  American  paintors.  In  deli- 
cacy and  trutli  of  delineation,  inpowcr" '■— 

depth  ol  his  own  feclmg  toward  Nature  i 
her  deeper  charms,  be  is  second  to  none  lu  uiis  euuu- 
try.  Shy,  sensitive,  anu  quiet,  but  genial  and  warm- 
heaned,  Mr.  McEntee  was  as  beloved  by  hie  friends 
aa  he  was  admired  for  his  work  among  tho  larger 
circle  of  art  lovera  He  oftonest  represented  Nature 
in  her  autumn  moods;  but  a  grouping  of  the  work 


...   ,  .._    .  _   lieutenant;  on 

Feb.  17,  1841.  1st  lieutenant;  and  on  Dec  3,  IWi, 
captain.  During  the  war  with  the  Seminole  Indiuu 
he  was  attached  to  the  revenue  cutter  "JscksoD.'' 
which  vcsetl,  in  May,  1SS6,  went  to  the  relief  of  the 
defenseless  people  along  the  coast,  and  protected  the 
citizens  of  St.  Mark's  till  tho  arrival  of  a  ntilitvy 
force.  He  was  the  executive  and,  during  a  portiaa  of 
the  time,  commanding  officer  of  tho  revenue  cutter 
"ForwHii"  while  that  vessel  co-ope(aled  with  the 
navy  in  the  war  with  Mexico,  and  was  present  and 
rendered  efficient  service  in  tlie  attack  on  Tobascu 
and  in  the  capture  of  the  enemy's  veaael  in  the  river 


iDdoTai 


the  merchant  steamer  "Star  of  the  West,"  with  re- 
enforoemcnta  and  provisions  for  Miyor  Anderscra'i 
garrison  in  Fort  Sumter.  He  reached  Charleelon  bar 
at  1.30  A.  u.  on  the  3th,  and  expected  to  land  his  carjia 
before  daybreak ;  but  as  tho  Confederates  had  re- 
moved all  tlie  harbor  buoys  and  lightii,  he  wsa 
obliged  to  gmpo  about  in  tho  darkness  till  early 
dawn.  His  presence  was  soon  reported,  and  amiHl 
vessels  were  sent  from  Charleston  lo  intercept  him. 
He  continued  on  his  courae  up  the  channel  till,  nhca 
opposite  Fort  Moultrie,  ho  was  flred  on  by  a  masked 
battery  on  Morris  Island.     As  he  was  unpnpaitd  to 


nthe. 


■e  Fort  (i 


d  eupture.  This  was  the  first  shot 
lar,  and  the  failure  of  the  attempt  1 
IS  apparently  i' 


to  suggest 


)t  underelood  and  i 
bis  Hudson  nver  h 
,g  brooks,  and 


phase  that 
He  made  th 

ihe  ft  v'c"'^'' 

lie  painted 
'■'-  '"'"'mcnt 

,        "^sfo" 

Entee's  mora  important  pictures  are:  "T 
choly   Days  havo  como"  (ISBO);  Indian 
(1881);    "Lata   Autumn"   (18S31;  "Octoh 
(1870);  "Sea  frtmiSiion)"  (1873);  "A  Son„  _.  .._ 
mer"  087S) ;  "  Viixinin  In  1«'» ''  <»8")  ;  "  Venic 
(18701:  "ScribnerV  Mill"  (1871);  "Autumn,"  "  Old 
Mill  in   Winter,"  "Autumn   Day,"  "Wood  Path," 
"Cape  Add"  (I8T4);  "  Winter  la  the  Mauntuus" 


change  that  a  study  of  foreign 
youthful  art.  Among  Mr.  Sfo- 
Tho  MeUin- 


able  elements  in  Preaident  Buchanan's  CabineL    On 

Aug.  SI,  isei,  CapL  McGowan  re-entered  the  nival 
service  with  his  former  tank,  and  he  was  active  till 
his  retirement  in  1871.  During  the  civil  war  he  held 
several  important  commands,  and  oivaniied  and  di- 
rected the  famous  little  "Mosquito  fleet"  on  Cbcu- 
peake  Bay,  for  which  he  was  highly  commended. 
After  the  war  and  tjll  his  retirement  he  sustwned  in 
advisory  relation  lo  the  Treasury  Department. 

MiAwiria,  Qnm  Hbbit,  chesa  player,  bom  our 
Aberdeen,  Seotlaud.  March  M.  18ST:  died  in  Uto 
York  city,  April  13-14,  1891.  He  received  a  col- 
Icifiate  edueation.  was  appointed  an  ensign  in  tbe 
GOtb  RiHes  in  IS.^8.  and  served  two  years  with  hii 
regiment  at  the  Cape  of  Good  lIo|>»  and  in  Indii; 
was  promoted  lieutenant,  but,  returning  lo  England. 
Bold  his  comiiiisBion  in  ISBI.  He  had  gained  consid- 
erable fame  as  a  chess  player,  and  after  leavinii  <li« 
army  he  applied  himself  wholly  lo  the  game.  For  a 
year  he  played  privately  against  some   of  the  ha* 

8 layers  in  London.  In  1869  be  made  his  flnil  pro. 
issional  appearance  in  the  London  loumament  ia 
which  he  defeated  Herr  Anderson,  the  PrwsiiD 
champion,  who  had  given  him  the  odds  of  pawn  and 
move,  and  won  two  gamea  each  with  Medley  and 
Deacon.  In  1S6S  he  came  to  New  York  city,  joined 
itit  chias  club,  and  won  flrvt  prize  in  the  toumameDta 
of  186.%  IStiii,  19BT,  and  1868,  also  defeating  Kweh- 
hclm,  the  Philadelphia  champion,  in  18S6  and  lU'. 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Mackenzie— Mathushek.) 


641 


He  won  flrst  prize  in  the  second  American  Chess 
Congress  in  Cleveland  in  1871,  and  in  the  third  in 

Chicago  in  1874, 
and  first  prize  in 
the  Internation- 
al tournament  in 
New  York  city  in 
1876.  In  1878  he 
opposed  tlie  best 
players  of  the 
world  in  the  in- 
ternational con- 
gress of  Paris  and 
won  fourth  prize ; 
in  1880  he  again 
won  first  prize 
in  the  American 
confess ;  in  1882 
he  tied  Zukertort 
for  fourth  prize 
in  the  interna- 
tional consTem  in  Vienna;  and  in  1883  he  tied 
Mason  and  English  for  fifth  prize  in  the  London 
congress.  Four  years  afterwtud  he  distinguished 
himself  by  winning  first  prize  and  the  title  of  chess 
champion  of  the  world  in  the  international  congress 
in  Frankfort.  In  1888  he  won  the  second  prize  at 
Bradford,  and  the  championship  of  Scotland^  after- 
ward defeated  Golmay^  tne  Cuban  champion,  in  Ha- 
vana. In  the  international  tournament  in  Manches- 
ter, England,  in  1890,  he  broke  down  from  illness, 
but  tied  for  fourth  and  fifth  prizes.  During  the  in- 
tervals of  the  national  and  international  games  he 
^ave  exhibitions  in  several  American  cities  of  play- 
ing blindfolded  and  of  placing  several  games  at 
once.     Capt  Mackenzie  was  found  dead  in  bed. 

KinfctmnSi  Philip  WaUaoe^  inventor,  bom  in  Spring- 
field, Mass.,  in  1824;  died  in  New  York  city  in  June. 
18ai.  He  removed  to  New  York  in  early  life,  and 
applied  himself  to  improving  the  methods  of  manu- 
facturing iron  goods.  In  1855  he  patented  the  blower, 
cupola,  and  blasting  furnace  bearing  his  name  for 
smelting  iron,  and  followed  this  invention  with  that 
of  the  Mackenzie  gas-exhauster.  He  spent  several 
years  in  manufactunng  his  inventions,  and  in  recent 
veaiB  occupied  himself  with  the  manufacture  of  gas, 
lor  which  nc  invented  many  improvements. 

MoHafli  Johiif  military  officer,  bom  in  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia^  Feb.  4, 1813;  died  in  8t  I^uis,  Mo.,  June  8, 
1891.  In  early  life  he  removed  to  Boston,  Mass., 
where  he  learned  the  hatter's  trade ;  was  subsequently 
in  business  in  New  York  city ;  and  in  1886  went  to 
6t  Louis,  and  engaged  in  the  hatting  business  there 
for  about  twenty  years.  In  1844-^45  he  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Missouri  Legislature,  and  from  1855  till 
1861  was  President  of  the  Pacific  Insurance  Company. 
At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was  elected 
colonel  of  the  3d  regiment.  United  States  Reserve 
Corps,  and  served  for  some  time  under  Gen.  Lvon. 
On  July  17,  1861,  he  defeated  a  Confederate  force 
under  Gen.  David  B.  Harris  at  Fulton,  Mo.;  subse- 
quently was  placed  in  command  of  the  city  of  St 
Louis  by  Gen.  Fremont;  and  later  was  appointed 
colonel  of  the  19th  Missouri  Volunteers.  In  1862  he 
was  ordered  to  the  northeastern  part  of  the  State  to 
operate  against  the  Confederates  under  Gen.  Sterling 
Price.  In  October  of  that  year  a  party  of  Confeder- 
ate guerrillas  captured  and  carried  oft  Andrew  Alls- 
man.  Col.  McNeil  demanded  Allsman's  release  of 
the  Confederate  Gen.  Porter,  and,  on  his  refusal  to 
surrender  him,  McNeil  ordered  the  arrest  and  execu- 
tion of  ten  of  the  most  prominent  Confederate  sympa- 
thizing citizens  of  Palmyra.  As  soon  as  the  Confed- 
erate Government  was  informed  of  the  act,  it  ordered 
ten  Federal  colonels  held  as  hostages,  and  demanded 
of  the  national  authorities  the  surrender  of  McNeil 
to  be  tried  for  inhuman  warfare.  This  demand  was 
refused,  and  after  a  time  the  hostages  were  released. 
Although  McNeil  claimed  to  have  acted  under  orders 
from  Gens.  Halleck  and  Schofield,  he  lost  much 
prestige  among  Union  soldiera,  and  was  called  by  the 

VOL.  XXXI. — 41  A 


Confederates  ^  the  butcher  of  Palmyra.**  He  aerved 
till  the  close  of  the  war,  resigning  in  1865.  In  1866 
and  1870  he  was  sheriff  of  St.  Louis  County ;  in  1875- 
*76  was  clerk  of  the  criminal  court ;  in  18^6  was  one 
of  the  Centennial  commissioners  from  Missouri ;  in 
1878  and  1882  was  an  inspector  of  the  United  States 
Indian  Service ;  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
superintendent  of  St  Louis  branch  post-office. 

ICaeder.  Frederidk  Oeonge,  actor  and  playwright,  bom 
in  New  York  city,  Sept  11, 1840 :  died  tnere,  April  9, 
1891.  He  received  a  commercial  education,  and  for 
several  years  was  a  member  of  the  boys*  choir  in 
Trinity  Church.  From  early  boyhood  he  had  a 
strong  desire  to  go  upon  the  dramatic  stage,  and  on 
leaving  school  and  failing  to  become  interested  in 
business,  he  began  studying  to  be  an  actor.  When 
seventeen  years  old  he  secured  an  engagement  with 
George  Pauncefort,  and  made  his  first  appearance  in 
Portland,  Me.,  on  Nov.  8, 1868,  as  Bernaitlo  in  "  Ham- 
let** In  the  season  of  1860-*61  he  played  with  John 
E.  Owens*s  company,  in  the  Varieties  Theatre,  New 
Orleans.  About  this  time  he  be^an  applying  him- 
self to  dramatic  composition,  and  his  earliest  successes 
were  dramatizations  of  Dickens's  ^  Great  Expecta- 
tions** and  Miss  Braddon*s  "Nobody's  Daugnter,** 
both  completed  in  1861,  and  both  given  a  good  run 
on  the  stage.  In  1861  he  was  a  member  of  the  Wal- 
lack-Davenport  combination ;  in  1862  he  leased  the 
old  Washington  Theatre,  in  New  York  city,  and 
dramatized  "Les  Miserables  ** ;  and  soon  afterward 
he  took  a  panorama  of  the  "American  War**  to 
Europe,  ana  played  in  several  English  cities.  On 
returning  to  the  United  States,  he  appeared  in  the 
** Ticket-of-leave  Man**  in  Boston,  and  in  1864 played 
an  engagement  at  the  Broadway  Theatre,  New 
York,  in  "  Solon  Shingle.**  Immediately  prior  to 
his  fatal  illness  he  was  traveling  with  McKee  Ran- 
kin's party.  Mr.  Maeder  dramatized  or  wrote  many 
popular  works,  and  plaved  the  leading  characters  in 
the  most  important  His  best  known  plays  include 
"  Help,**  "  Griffith  Gaunt,** "  Shamus  O'firien,"  "  Buf- 
falo Bill,"  "The  Runaway  Wife**  (in  coigunction 
with  Mr.  Rankin),  and  "  llie  Canuck.** 

Marthmit  JoMmh,  naval  officer,  died  in  Shanghai 
harbor,  China,  Nov.  18, 1891.  He  entered  the  United 
States  navy  as  a  common  seaman  Oct.  1, 1861,  was 
drafted  to  the  "  Pocahontas**  at  Hampton  Roads  Oct 
21.  took  part  on  her  in  tlie  engagements  at  Port 
Royal,  Stono  Inlet,  on  Black  river,  and  on  block- 
ading duty  off  Charleston;  was  appointed  acting 
master*s  mate  May  20,  and  acting  ensign  Oct  26, 
1868 ;  served  on  the  "  Princess  Royal  **  in  Uie  engage- 
ments at  Donaldsonville  and  Fort  Butler,  La. ;  and 
was  in  chaise  of  the  howitzers  in  the  tops  of  the 
^  Hartford  **  during  the  passage  of  the  forts  at  Mobile, 
Aug.  5, 1864,  and  for  gallantry  was  promoted  acting 
master,  and  was  mentioned  by  Admiral  Farragut  in 
his  report.  On  Dec.  18,  1868,  he  was  promoted 
master;  March  21,  1870,  lieutenant;  July  1.  1882, 
lieutenant-commander;  and  on  Nov.  13, 1890,  ne  was 
ordered  to  command  the  "  Palos,**  on  the  China  sta- 
tion. The  "  United  Service  Gazette,**  of  London,  in 
expressing  regrets  on  account  of  his  death,  paid  him 
this  compliment:  "The  deceased  was  reckoned  an 
energetic  officer,  a  reputation  he  deserved,  w^hen  we 
consider  the  late  troubles  on  tlie  river.  The  little 
*  Paloe  *  was  always  on  hand  when  wanted,  and  she 
was  the  first  man-of-w^ar  to  reach  Wusueh  after  the 
massacre  of  the  two  Englishmen  at  that  station.** 

Mathnsh^  Frederioki  manufacturer,  bom  in  Mann- 
heim, Germany,  June  9,  1814;  died  in  New  York 
citjr,  Nov.  9,  1891.  Having  in  early  youth  a  strong 
desire  to  learn  piano  making,  he  was  apprenticed  to 
a  manufacturer  in  his  native  city,  and  when  seven- 
teen years  old  he  made  a  tour  of  tne  principal  cities 
in  Germany,  Austria,  and  RussiiL  studying  the 
methods  of  foreign  manufacture.  He  also  displayed 
large  inventive  skill,  and  on  visiting  London  was 
soon  employed  in  the  celebrated  piano  house  of 
Erard.  In  1849  he  removed  to  New  York  city, 
worked  for  some  time  with  John  B.  Dunham,  in  1854 


642  OBITUARIES,  AMBRICAN.    (Maynabd— Mom) 

went  with  the  Wallace  Piano  Company,  and  after-  civil  war.    In  1866  he  was  on  duty^  at  the  Norfolk 

ward  established  a  factory  of  his  own.    His  inven-  Navy  Yard ;  in  1867-'68  at  the  Philadelphia  Navr 

tions  include  the  first  overstrung  piano  made  in  the  Yara  ;  and  in  June.  1872,  he  was  retired. 

United  States,  the  double  sounoixijBr-board  piano,  the  MUaMi  Jobn,  Ji|  pnysician,  bom  in  France,  Dec  23, 

lifting  hammer  rail   for  soft  pedals,  the  mammoth  1828 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  May  9, 1891.    He  wa* 

grand  piano  for  Gilmore's  peace  jubilee  in  Boston^  bom  during  a  visit  of  his  parents  to  southern  France, 

the  orchestral  equalizing  scale,  tne    little    Colibri  In  1850  he  was  graduated  at  the  Coll|^e  of  Physicians 

which  took  the  American  Institute's  hiji^hest  diploma  and  Surgeons,  and  in  1851  was  appointed  an  assistant 

in  1864,  and  the  equiliber  system  of  piano-forte  pat-  surgeon  in  the   United   States  army.    His  service 

ented  in  1879.  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war   was  in  (  ali- 

Mayiuudi  Edwazd,  inventor,  bom  in  Madison,  N.  J.,  fomia  and  the  West,  and  comprised  participation  in 

April  26,  1818;  died  m  Washinj^n,  I).  C,  May  4,  the  expedition  against  the  Snake  Indians  in  Isoo, 

1891.    He  was  appointed  a  cadet  in  the  United  States  the  Yakima  expe<fition  to  Washington  Territon\  the 

Military  Academy  in  1831,  but^  having  a  naturally  Bed    Kiver  Indian   campidgn,  the    Kansas    borJtr 

delicate  constitution,  he  was  obliged  to  resign  in  the  troubles,  and  the  Utah  expedition  in  1858.    In  lb61 

following  year.    In  1835  he  was  graduated  m  dental  he  was  appointed  medical  inspector  of  the  Army  of 

surgery,  and,  removing  to  Washington  in   1886,  ho  the  Potomac ;  in  1862  he  became  medical  director  of 

practiced  there  till  March,  1890.    lie  won  high  rank  tlie  3d  Army  Corps,  and  also  of  the  hospital  at  Fred- 

in  this  profession,  invented  many  instmments  now  erick,  Md. ;  and  m  1863-^64  he  was  medical  diri'ctor 

used  by  dentists  generally,  and  discovered  the  di-  of  the  5th  Anny  Corps.    In  November,  1864,  illoeas 

versitv  in  the  fonn,  situation,  and  capacity  of  the  compelled  him  to  retire  from  field  service,  and  he  was 

maxillary  antra.    Emperor  Nicholas  I  of  Bussia  ap-  ordered  on  duty  in  New  York  city.    He  was  medical 


dental  department  of  the  National  University  at  duty  at  \  orktown,  WiUiamsbuig,  Seven  Pines,  the 
Washington.  It  was  through  his  inventions  in  am-  seven  days'  peninsular  fight,  the  second  Bull  Kun, 
munition  and  fire-arms  that  Dr.  Maynard  was  most  Gettysburg,  Bappahanock  station,  in  the  Mine  Bon 
widely  known.  In  1845  he  patented  the  tape  system  expedition,  and  at  Spottsylvania  and  Petereburg. 
of  primers,  to  take  the  place  of  the  percussion  cap ;  in  He  was  brevetted  lieutenant-colonel  for  the  KieLt- 
1851  he  patented  a  breech-loading  rifie,  which  subse>  mond  campaign  Dec.  2, 1864 ;  colonel  for  gallant  e«erv- 
quently  Dore  his  name,  was  widely  used,  and  was  the  ices  during  the  war,  March  13,  1865 ;  ana  brigadier- 
forerunner  of  the  metallic  cartridfge  breech-loader  of  general  for  special  merit  in  alone  attending  the  sick 
to-day ;  in  1860  he  devised  the  method  for  convertr-  on  Hart^s  Island,  New  York,  during  the  cholera  epi- 
ing  mu2zle-loading  muskets  into  breech-loading  demic.  Sept  28, 1866.  After  the  war  he  returned  to 
rifles;  in  1868  ho  patented  a  plan  for  joining  two  New  York  city,  where  he  gave  the  greater  part  of 
rifie  or  shot  barrels  togotiier  by  a  device  that  would  his  attention  to  the  estate  left  by  his  father,  and  to 
allow  either  barrel  to  expand  or  contract  endwise  in-  duties  connected  with  numerous  associations  of  which 
dependently  of  the  other  ^  and  in  1886  he  perfected  he  was  a  member.  He  was  one  of  the  State  oooi- 
his  last  invention,  a  contrivance  for  indicating  the  missioners  of  charities  in  1882-^90. 
number  of  cartridges  in  the  magazine  of  a  repeating  lOneBf  John  F1b761|  journalist  bom  in  Paris,  France, 
fire-ann  at  any  time.  The  Maynard  rifle  was  adopted  Jan.  27, 1835;  died  in  New  \oTk  city,  Nov.  5, 18^1. 
by  the  United  States  Government,  and  by  several  He  was  a  son  of  Flavel  Scott  Mines,  D.  !>.,  and  grand- 
foreign  countries,  and  for  his  inventions  in  the  line  son  of  John  Mines,  D.  D.,  and  was  ^duated  at 
of  flre-arms  he  received  high  honors  from  Prussia,  Trinity  College,  Hartford,  in  1854,  and  at  Berkeley 
Bdgium,  and  Sweden.  Divinity  School,  in  1857.  Soon  aft'Crward  he  wak 
MezxiUf  William  £•,  military  officer,  bom  in  Fort  ordained  deacon  and  priest  in  the  Protestant  Episoo- 
Howard,  Wis..  Oct  11, 1837  ;  died  on  a  railroad  train  pal  Church,  and  held  pastoral  charges  in  Wound 
near  Edgefield.  111.,  Dec.  14, 1891.  He  was  graduated  Brook,  Conn.,  and  in  Bath,  Me.  In  "May,  1861,  he- 
at the  United  States  Military  Academy  and  appointed  became  chaplain  of  the  2d  Maine  V olunteers :  wa» 
brevet  2d  lieutenant  of  engineers  in  1859 ,  was  pro-  subsequently  commissioned  colonel  of  the  Ist  Maine 
moted  2d  lieutenant,  Feb.  20,  and  1st  lieutenant.  Volunteers,  was  taken  prisoner  and  confined  in  Libby 
Aug.  6,  1861    captain,  March  3, 1863;  mtyor,  March  Prison,  and,  after  being  released  on  parole,  went  to 


captain,  April  16,1862,for  gallantry  in  an  engage-     ^  t  -7    

ment  before  Yorktown ;  major,  Sept  19,  following,  " Sunday  Mercury,"  and  "Evening  Poet"    A  »erit» 

for  the  battle  of  Chickamauga;  and  lieutenant-col-  of  skctehes  on  old  New  York  written  by  him  and 

onel  and  colonel,  March  18,  1866,  for  the  battles  of  published    under   Uie    pen-name    **  Felix    Oldboy'' 

Lookout  Mountain  and  Missionary  Bidge,  and  for  attracted  much  attention.     During  the  summer  of 

those  of  Besaca  and  New  Hope  Church.    At  the  time  1891,  he  revived  the  "Felix  01dw>y"  sketehcs  in 

of  his  death  he  was  United  btates  engineer  in  charge  the  "  Commercial  Advertiser."    He  published  •*  The 

of  work  on  the  Ohio  river  and  navigable  tributaries.  Heroes  oi  the  Last  Luster,"  a  poem  (New  York,  ISo^ ', 

MMBenmith,  John  Sif  physician,  bom  in  Lancaster,  and  *^A  Tour  Around  New  \ork  (1888). 

Pa.,  in  1810:  died  there  leb.  16, 1891.    He  was  grad-  Moen,  Philip  LooiBi  manufacturer,  bom  in  Wilna. 

uutcd    at    Jefferson  Medical  College,  and   was  ap-  N.  Y.,  Nov.  13, 1824;  died  in  Worcester,  Mass.^  April  3S, 

I)ointed  an  assistant  surgeon  in  the   United   States  1891.    He  became  a  clerk  in  a  hardware  store  in  Ne»' 

navy  Feb.  9,  1837.    In  1839-'40  he  was  attached  to  York  city,  whose  proprietors  were  the  selling  agents. 


the  Mexican  War  to  the  bomb  brig  "^tna":  and  in     and  in  1850  entered  into  partnership  with  his  father- 
18o0-'54  to  the  store  ship  "Southampton,"  in  tlie     in-law,  under  the  firm  name  of  I.  Washbum  «fe  Moi'O 


Pacific  squadron.     He  was  promotetl  sui^oon,  July  In  1868  the  firm  name  was  changed  to  the  coqxirate 

13,  1S53  ;  was  on  the  steiun  frigate  "  Susquehanna,^'  name  of  the  Washburn  &  Moen  Manufacturing  Com- 

iu  the  East  India  squadron,  in  1855;  at  the   Mare  pany,  and  in  1870,  on  the  death  of  Mr.  Washburn,  Mr. 

Island  Navy  Yartl,  Cul.,  in  lHr)7-V>9;  on  the  steam  Moen  becoinc  president  of  the  corporation.    lie  >*a.< 

sloop  "  San  Jacinto  "  in  1861 ;  and  on  the  "  Constella-  also  President  of  the  Washbum  Memorial  Hcwpital, 

tion,"  in  the  Mediterranean  squadron,  during  the  a  truste>e  of  the  Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute,  and 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Monboe— Mobton.)  643 

a  Republican  preBidential  elector  in  1884.     About  otficially  connected  with  several  banking,  insurance. 

1875  he  became  the  subject  of  a  mystery  that  has  not  and  trust  companies,  and  was  a  liberal  promoter  of 

yet  been  explained.    Between  that  year  and  1882  he  charitable  enterprises. 

paid  to  ^'  Doc^'  Levi  Wilson,  in  sums  ranging  from  Uonla,  BniMt,  explorer,  bom  in  Georgetown,  Texas, 

t-XN)   to  $50,000  at  a   time,  between    $300,000  and  Juljr  22,  1856;  died  in  Minnesota,  April  29,  1891. 

$400,000.  and  when  in  the  latter  year  he  stopped  pay-  While  a  child  he  removed  with  his  parents  to  In- 

inenttt  Wilson  broaght  suit  against  him  to  recover  dianapolis,  Ind.,  where  he  received  a  limited  educa- 

a  further  sum  for  what  hecall^  a  breach  of  contract  tion,  and  distinguished  himself  by  making  unique 

The  case  reached  the  United  States  court  in  Boston  collections  of  natural-historv  specimens  and  becom- 

in  November,  1886,  and  instead  of  giving  Wilson  ing  skilled  in  taxidermy.    When  seventeen  yean  old 

the   verdict  of  $113,000   against  Mr.   Moen  that  ho  he  set  out  with  two  companions  on  his  first  exploring 

had  expected,  the   iury  gave   Mr.  Moen  a  verdict  expedition,  intending  to  make  his  way  in  a  ik\k  to 

of  $96,522  against  Wilson.    Mr.  Moen  testified  that  New  Orleans,  and  thence  to  Florida.    An  accidental 

he  hod  been  blackmailed,  and  that  Wilson  had  told  upsetting  of  the  boat  discouraged  his  companions  so 

him  he  was  cognizant  of  a  crime  the  particulars  of  that  they  returned  home,  leaving  him  to  pursue  his 

w  hich  he  threatened  to  publish  unless  paid  to  keep  journey  alone.    He  reached  Florida,  collected  many 

silent.     He  also  siud  the  crime  did  not  concern  him  interesting  specimens,  and,  returning  to  Indianapolis, 

personally,  but  he  declined  to  repeat  Wilson's  story,  sold  them  for  more  than  enough  to  pay  his  expenses. 

Un  the  other  side^  Wilson  swore  that  he  had  never  For  his  second  trip  he  selected  South  America,  witli 

threatened  to  publish  the  8torv,and  when  pressed  for  the  intention  of  exploring  the  Amazon.    He  had  no 

the  narrative  he  would  only  aeclare  ^  Moen  can  best  knowledge  of  the  language,  did  not  follow  the  routes 

tell  you.'^    The  case  attracted  wide  attention,  and  familiar  to  pleasure-seekers,  and  went  alone.     lie 

soon  after  the  verdict  Wilson  went  West  and  dropped  visited  manv  of  the  great  lakes,  gathered  valuable 

out  of  public  notice.  specimens  of  the  flora  and  fauna,  and  on  his  return 

Manob,  John  ^barti  civil  engineer,  bom  in  Swansea,  sold  his  collections  in  Brooklyn.   In  1876  he  delivered 

Mass.,  in  1837;  died  in  Providence^  B.  I.,  June  11,  the  first  lecture  on  his  travels,  in  Indianapolis.    In 

1891.    He  was  a  student  in  Brown  Lniversity  at  the  September  of  that  year  he  set  out  to  explore  Topajos 

beginning  of  the  civil  war.    Giving  up  his  studies,  river,  which  fiows  into  the  Amazon,  about  600  miles 

he  enter^  the  national  army,  and  won  distinction  in  from  the  sea,  with  articles  for  trading  with  the  na- 

the  artillery.    He  was  chief  of  artillery  in  the  divis-  tives.    He  retumed  in  the  spring  of  1877  witli  several 

ions  of  Gens.  McDowell  and  Doubleaay  and  in  the  thousand  dollars' worth  of  specimens.  On  June  7, 1877, 

corps  of  Gen.  Hooker ;  commanded  for  more  than  a  in  response  to  an  invitation  from  the  Long  Island 

year  the  artillery  camp  of  instruction  in  Washington,  Histoncal  Society,  he  delivered  an  impressive  nar% 

commanded  the  artillery  brigade  of  the  Army  of  the  rative  of  his  joumeyj  in  Brooklyn,  giving  much  in- 

I'otomac,  and  had  charge  of  the  entire  artillery  force  formation  about  sections  of  Brazil  previously  unex- 

ut  the  battle  of  the  Mine.     He  received  high  com-  plorcd,   and    exhibiting   the    heads   of   ten    South 

mendaUon  for  his  skill  and  cDiciency  in  the  orders  American  Indians  that  had  been  preserved  by  the 

and  roporta  of  Gen.  McDowell,  King,  Patrick,  Dou-  Mundurucu  nation  as  trophies  of  war.    In  the  autumn 

bleday.  Hooker.  Bumside,  Gibbon,  and  Hcintzelman.  of  1877  he  made  anotlier  journey  to  Brazil,  and  while 

After  the  war  no  became  a  civil  engineer,  and  was  there  executed  commissions  for  naturalists,  colleges, 

entfoged  in  important  works.    In  1879  he  was  ap-  and  others.    On  this  trip  he  explored  the  region  or 

pointed  United  Stat(»  assistant  engineer,  under  the  the  Rio  Negro,  the  Tefio,  ana  the  Jefura;  visited 


Kail  road,  in  which  he  had  chaise  of  the  dllficult  sponded  frequently  with  the  New  York  **  World"  in 

work  about  Bondout;  in  building  the  waterworks  1879  and  1880.    lie  became  widely   known  an  the 

at  Bismarck,  N.  Dak. ;  and  as  resident  engineer  in  "  bov  explorer"  and  the  "  boy  naturalist" 

charge  of  the  constmction  of  the  Thames  river  bridge  MjOITOWi  Henry  A.,  military  oliicer,  bom  in  Virginia, 

at  New  London,  Conn.  Julv  10,  18*29;  died  in  Hot  Springs,  Ark.,  Jan.  81, 

Manbaaaidf  Albert  FzJdBet)  lawyen  bom  in  Delaware  189l.    lie  first  entered  the  army  as  a  private  in  a 

County,  Ohio,  July  11, 1835:  died  in  Marysville,  Mo.,  Maryland  regiment  of  infantry,  which  was  mustered 

Sept.  28, 1891.   He  waa  brought  up  on  a  fami^  received  for  service  in  the  Mexican  War,  and  served  from  May 

a  good  villoge-school  education,  began  teaching  when  18, 1846,  till  May  SO,  1847.    On  Aug.  15, 1862,  he  was 

eighteen  years  old,  removed  to  Missouri  in  1856,  and  commissioned  colonel  of  the  24th  Michigan  Infantry: 

was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Montgomery  County,  on  Aug.  1, 1864,  he  was  brevetted  brigadier-general 

Iowa,  in  1860.     When  tiie  civil  war  broke  out  ho  of  volunteera  for  gallantry  in  the  cnnipaign  before 

became  1st  lieutenant  in  Col.  KimbalPs  rejo^iment  Richmond;  on  March  13, 1865, he  received  the  brevet 

In  1862  he  entered  into  law  partnership  with  Col.  of  miyor-general  for  conspicuous  gallantry  ond  for 

Amo6  Graham  in  Marysville,  and  in  1871  relinquished  good  conduct  before  PetersDunj ;  and  on  July  19  fol- 

active  practice.    He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  lowing  he  was  mustered  out  of  the  volunteer  service. 

Democratic  Convention  in  Baltimore  in  1872,  and  to  During  the  civil  war  he  commanded  expeditions  to 

that  in  St  Louis  in  1876;  was  in  the  State  Legis-  Port  Koyal,  Vu.,   in  April,  and   to   Westmoreland 

lature  in  1877-'78  and  1888-^84;  was  elected  Lieuten-  Court-house,  Va.,  in  June,  186.3;  and  took  port  in  the 

arit-Govemor  of  Missouri  on  the  ticket  witii  John  S.  battles  of  Fredericksburg,  Fitzhugh  Crossing,  Chan- 

Mannaduke  in  1884;  and  on  the  death  of  the  Gov-  cellorsville,  Gettysburg  Twoundea),  the  Wilderness 

eraor  in  1887,  succeeded  him  and  held  the  office  till  (wounded),  Dabney's  Mills,  Va.  (severely  wounded), 

January,  1889.                                                  .  and  before  Petersburg.     On  the  reorganization  of  the 

MazgttD,  QeoigeDeiiiaanf  financier,  bom  in  Hartford,  regular  army  he  was  appointed  lieuteuuut-colonel 

Conn.,  in  1818;  died  in  Irvin^ton,  N.  Y.,  June  13,  36th  United  States  Infantry,  on  July  28,  1866;  was 

lb91.    In  1847  he  removed  to  New  York  city  and  en-  brevetted  colonel,  March  2,  1867;  wu."*  transferred  to 

gaged  in  the  banking  business,  in  partnership  with  the  13th  Infantry,  March  15, 1869;  and  was  promoted 

his  cousin  Edwin  D.  Morgan,  John  T.  Terry,  and  colonel  2l8t  Infantry,  April  27, 1879.    lnl885hecora- 

Solon  Humphreys,  under  the  firai  name  of  E.  D.  Mor-  manded  a  brigade  at  Cnsfield,  Kansas,  during  the  In- 

fsnn  &  Co.     He  retained  his  connection  with  the  firm  dian  hostilities.    He  was  officially  stationed  at  Fort 

till  about  1876,  when  he  retired  to  private  life.    Dur-  Sidney,  Neb.,  at  the  time  of  his  death, 

ing  the  civil  war  he  was  appointed  Government  agent  Morton^  Maitnu,  jurist,  bom  in  Taunton,  Mass.,  April 

for  purc^hosing  vessels  needed  for  war  purposes,  and,  8,1819;  died  in  Aiulover.  Muss.,  Feb.  10,1891.    He 

applying  his  business  methods  to  this  duty,  he  saved  was  gruduated  at  Brown  Lniversity  in  1^.')8 ;  studied 

the  Government  many  millions  of  dollars.    He  was  law  two  years  in  the  Cambridge  Law  School,  imd  in 


644  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Mowbray— Norton.) 

the  office  of  Sprague  &  Gray,  in  Bofiton  j  and  was  ad-  mined  to  try  journalism.  He  had  written  for  the 
mitted  to  the  bar  of  Suffolk  County  m  1841.  lie  "  Union  Democrat"  in  1860,  and  now  beg[an  foliow- 
practioed  in  Boston  till  1850,  and  then  settled  per-  ing  it  more  closely.  In  1864  he  was  detested  as  a 
mancntly  in  Andover.  In  1853  he  was  a  member  of  candidate  for  the  Legislature ;  in  1865  he  became  as- 
the  State  Constitutional  Convention,  and  in  1858  was  sociate  editor  of  the  San  Francisco  **  Oolden  ErH""; 
a  member  of  the  Massachusetts  House  of  Bepresenta-  in  1867-*68  he  was  editor  of  a  daily  paper  in  Stockton, 
tives  and  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Elections,  and  also  wrote  for  various  publications;  and  aboot 
In  April,  1858.  ho  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Su-  1870  he  came  to  New  York.  He  then  made  a  trip  on 
perior  Court  of  Suffolk  Countv',  ana  in  the  following  foot  through  the  French  provinces,  wrote  for  iti'veral 
year,  on  the  reorganization  of  the  judicial  system  of  newspapers  and  magazines  from  the  Philadelphia, 
the  State,  he  was  appointed  a  justice  of  the  Superior  Paris,  and  Vienna  exhibitions ;  returned  to  San  Fran- 
Court.  After  a  service  of  ten  years  he  was  promoted  cisco  and  edited  the  ^  Overland  Monthly ""  and  the 
to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court,  succeeding  his  San  Francisco  ^^ Chronicle":  and  about  1886  came  to 
father,  who  had  sat  on  the  same  bench  for  fiileen  New  York  a^ain,  and  held  editorial  places  on  the 

5 ears.  In  January,  1882,  on  the  resignation  of  Chief-  *^  Daily  Graphic  "  and  the  "*  Star."  In  the  last  few 
ustice  Grav,  Judge  Morton  was  appointed  chief  years  of  his  life  he  was  interested  in  the  study  of 
justice,  and  lie  held  the  office  till  November,  1890,  spiritualism  and  metaphysics.  He  built  himself  a 
when  failing  health  led  him  to  resign.  lonely  hut  on  the  shore  of  Staten  Island,  when*  he 
Mbwbn.7,  Qeorge  Wif  inventor,  bom  in  Lewes,  £ng-  lived  winter  and  smnmer;  spent  much  time  in  pleas- 
land,  in  1815 ;  died  in  North  Adams^  Mass.,  June  21,  ant  weather  in  his  canoe  ^  White  Crow,"  on  Shcef«- 
1891.  He  was  educated  for  a  chemist,  and  came  to  head  Bay,  and  became  editor  of  ^  The  White  Crotss 
the  United  States  in  1853.  After  spenaing  five  years  Library."  He  was  found  dead  and  alone  in  his  canoe 
at  the  California  gold  mines,  he  was  employed  as  m  the  lower  part  of  Sheepshead  Bay  on  May  30,  with 
chemist  lu  the  Pennsylvania  oil  region  till  1868,  and  several  sheets  of  manuscnpt  beside  him,  dated  May 
then  removed  to  North  Adams.  Iriere  he  invented  25,  which  read  as  if  dictated  by  a  spiritual  medium, 
the  commercial  form  of  nitro-glycerin  and  superin-  but  which  was  claimed  bv  his  publisncr  as  part  of  an 
tended  its  manufacture  and  use  for  the  construction  expected  article  for  the  "  White  Cross  Library."  Mr. 
of  the  Hoosac  Tunnel.  After  the  completion  of  the  Mulford  was  the  author  of  several  books,  includini^ 
tunnel  he  continued  the  manufacture  or  the  explosive  "  The  Swamp  Angel "  (New  York,  1888)  and  **  Life 
at  North  Adams,  and  made  experiments  that  resulted  by  Land  and  Sea  "  (1889). 

in  the  invention  of  a  smokeless  powder,  the  improve-  Vdaoiii  Homer  AagQiiDii  lawyer,  bom  in  Poughkeep- 

ment  of  nitro-glycerin  for  general  blasting,  and  of  sie,  N.  \ .,  Aug.  31. 1829 ;  died  there,  April  25,  1891. 

an  improved  method  of  insulating  electric  wires.  For  He  received  a  public-school  education,  was  admitted 

sevcnu  years  he  had  been  consulting  chemist  of  the  to  the  bar  in  1855,  and  practiced  his  profession  till 

Maxim  and  Nordenfeldt  Anns  Company  of  London,  his  death.    He  was  elected  county  judige  of  Dutch - 

and  since  1885  had  been  chemist  of  the  Zylonite  ess  County  in  1855,  and  served  till  November,  186i, 

Company  of  North  Adams.  when  he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Democrat    He 

Mnrdooki  Samuel  K,,  actor,  bom  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  sat  in  that  body  one  term,  and  also  served  as  a  mcm- 
in  Febmary,  1816;  died  there,  Dec.  15^  1891.  He  ber  of  the  committees  on  Indian  Affairs  and  on  Unfin- 
was  a  younger  brother  of  James  £.  Murdock.  the  ished  Business.  At  the  close  of  his  term,  durinz 
actor,  was  graduated  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  which  he  was  known  as  a  war  Democrat,  he  aoelinea 
and  was  elected  brigadier-general  of  Pennsylvania  a  diplomatic  appointment.  In  1867  he  was  a  dele- 
militia  in  1849.  In  1850  he  went  to  California,  and  gate-at-lai^ge  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention, 
for  a  time  practiced  medicine,  then  became  a  miner,  where  he  opposed  the  form  adopted,  which  was  re- 
and  afterward  a  merchant  in  Son  Francisco.  While  jected  by  the  people ;  and  in  the  same  jear  he  was 
t^ere  he  adopted  the  stage  as  a  profession,  and  elected  Secretary  of  State  of  New  York,  serving  till 
on  Jan.  16,  1852,  ho  made  his  first  appearance  as  the  close  of  1871.  He  then  declined  a  nomination 
Pierre  in  "  Venice  Preserved,"  at  the  Jenny  Lind  for  the  State  Senate,  and  confined  himself  wholly  to 
Theatre.  During  Anna  Bishop^s  operatic  engage-  his  law  practice  till  1881,  when  he  accepted  a  nomi- 
mcnt  he  supported  her  in  the  German  language,  in  nation  for  the  State  Senate  and  was  elected.  In 
1855  he  appeared  as  Pierre  to  his  brother^s  Jaffier,  1890  he  was  appointed  a  member  of  the  commission 
at  the  Baltimore  Museum,  and  on  April  28  of  the  to  report  a  revision  ofthe  judiciary  article  in  the  State 
some  year  he  made  his  first  appearance  in  Philadel-  Constitution.  Judge  Nelson  was  engaged  as  counsel 
phia  as  St  Pierre  in  "  The  Wire."  at  the  City  Mu-  in  notable  suits,  including  the  Vassar  will  contest 
seum.    He  served  in  the  national  army  through  the  and  the  trial  of  Jacob  Sharp. 

civil  war,  then  resumed  his  profession,  and,  retiring  Horauuii,  HeleiL  sim^r.  bom  in  London,  England,  in 

from  the  stage  in  1867,  established  a  school  of  elocu-  1858 }  died  in  New  York  city,  Jan.  5. 1891.    She  stud- 

cution  in  Philadelphia.  ied  smging  with  Garcia  ana  Mori  in  London,  made 

Mnlfbir^  FMitioei  joumalist,  bom  in  Sag  Harbor,  her  first  public  appearance  in  one  of  the  Schubert 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  1834 :  died  in  Sheepshead  Society's  concerts  m  that  city,  and  after  further  siudv 
Bay,"N.  Y.,  in  May,  1891.  After  attending  the  vil-  became  a  popular  opera  singer.  After  singing  with 
lag*e  school,  he  aided  his  father,  who  owned  the  Sag  success  in  the  Royal  Albert  Hall,  the  London  Opera 
llarbor  Hotel,  on  whose  death  he  succeeded  to  the  House,  and  Covent  Qorden,  she  made  a  tour  throutrh 
business  and  held  it  till  1868.  In  1856  he  shipped  as  the  provinces  with  Charles  Santley.  She  then  re- 
a  common  sailor  on  a  clipper  ship  bound  for  China,  turned  to  the  Koyal  Albert  Hall  and  appeared  in 
but  left  it  on  reaching  San  Francisco,  and,  after  re-  *'  Parsifal."  and  at  the  close  of  that  engagement  niaile 
maining  there  a  short  time,  again  went  to  sea  in  a  a  tour  with  the  Grand  English  Opera  Cdmnanv.  Aft- 
whaling  schooner  as  cook.  This  trip  was  of  short  er  coming  to  the  United  States  she  sanfr  m  the  con- 
duration,  and,  returning  to  California,  he  spent  sev-  certs  of  the  New  York  Symphony  and  Oratorio  Socie- 
eral  years  in  placer  mining  in  the  wildest  part  of  the  ties,  the  Archer  concerts,  and  others,  and  also  traveled 
gold  fields.  Not  meeting  the  success  he  desired,  he  with  her  husband,  John  H.  Norman,  the  organists  as- 
opened  a  school  in  a  Tuolumne  County  raining  camp,  sisting  him  in  his  organ  recitals  with  vocal  selections, 
but  in  the  early  part  of  the  copper  excitement  in  VoitoiiL  Ghorlei  B.,  journalist,  bom  in  Hartford 
Stanislaus  County,  in  1862-'63,  ho  joined  the  throng  Conn.,  July  1,  1825;  died  in  Chicago.  111.,  Jan.  29. 
and  staked  a  claim  in  the  short-lived  town  of  Cop-  1891.  In  1850  he  came  to  New  York  city  and  «»tab- 
peropolis.  Thence  he  followed  the  rush  to  the  Ne-  lished  himself  in  the  publishing  and  "book-selling 
vada  silver  mines,  where  he  again  failed  of  success,  business,  subsequently  making  a  specialty  of  collect- 
and  determined  to  return  to  the  Sonora  region.  On  ing  for  libraries.  In  1852  he  began  publishing  fort- 
the  way  he  was  lost  and  nearly  perished  in  the  Sierra  iiiifhtly  "  Norton's  Literary  Gazette  and  Publi-nhcn*' 
mountains.  Failing  in  all  his  mining  schemes,  he  Circular,"  and  he  did  much  to  establish  book-tra<ie 
became  an  itinerant  comic  lecturer,  till  he  deter-  journalism.    He  removed  to  Clinton  Hall  in  ISSTj,  and 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Norton— Parbisb.) 


645 


his  store  soon  bocsme  the  resort  of  librarianB,  liter- 
ary people,  snd  book  collectors.  He  publisned  a 
large  number  of  books^  including  the  first  issue  of 
Pooled  *^  Index  to  Periodical  Literature,^*  inspired 
many  more,  and  wrote  several.  On  the  formation  of 
the  Book  Publishers*  Association,  in  1855,  he  became 
itK  assistant  secretary  and  librarian,  and  turned  over 
to  it  his  periodical,  the  name  of  which  was  changed 
to  ^  The  American  Publishers*  Circular  and  Literary 
Gazette.**  In  July  of  that  year  Mr.  I^orton  relin- 
quished the  editorial  management  of  the  publication, 
and  thereafter  was  more  particularly  employed  in 
matters  pertaining  to  world's  fairs.  He  was  a  com- 
missioner to  the  World*s  Fair  in  London  in  1851 ;  a 
juror  in  tliat  of  New  York  in  1858 ;  the  first  to  pro- 
pose the  Centennial  Exhibition ;  a  commissioner  to 
the  Paris  Exposition  in  1867  ;  superintendent  of  the 
press  bureau  in  the  Centennial  Exhibition  in  1873- 
*r6 ;  the  inspirer  and  manager  of  the  foreign  exhibi- 
tion in  Boston  in  1883 ;  and  an  influentiarofficial  in 
the  American  Exhibition  in  London. in  1887.  A  few 
days  before  his  death  he  went  to  Chicago^  on  the  in- 
vitation of  the  promoters  of  the  Coluinoian  Exposi- 
tion, to  md  in  organizing  that  enterprise.  He  served 
in  the  national  army  throuf^h  the  civil  war,  and  at 
its  close  he  was  brevetted  bngadier-general.  On  his 
return  from  the  American  Exhibition  in  London  he 
became  editor  of  the  ^  Civil  Service  Chronicle.*' 
Gen.  Norton  was  the  author  of  an  ofilcial  report  on 
"  Killed  Guns  and  Munitions  of  War*' ;  a  "  History  of 
the  Centennial  Exhibition**;  and  a  pamphlet  on 
**  World's  Fairs*'  (1891). 

HortoB,  Geofge  Balnuo,  physician,  bom  in  Great 
Barrington,  Mass.,  Dec.  8,  1851 ;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Jan.  SI,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  New  York 
Homoeopathic  Medical  College  in  1872,  and  had  since 
practiced  in  New  York  city.  He  made  a  specialty  of 
diseases  of  the  eye,  and  became  surgeon  and  a  director 
of  the  New  York  Ophthalmic  Hospital  in  1875,  Pro- 
fessor of  Ophthalmology  in  the  New  York  Homoeo- 
pathic Medical  College  in  1888,  President  of  the 
County  Medical  Society  of  New  York  in  1886.  and 
editor  of  the  **  Joumaf  of  Ophthalmology,  Otology, 
and  Laryngology  **  in  1889.  Dr.  Norton  was  a  mem- 
ber of  the  9th  International  Homoeopathic  Medical 
Coni^ress,  and  President  of  the  American  Homoeo- 
pathic Ophthalmological  and  Otological  Society. 

(VBeizna,  Biduurd  P.,  miliUry  officer,  bom  in  Canada. 
Oct.  25,  lasZ;  died  in  Now  York  city,  Feb.  24. 1891. 
He  was  a  son  of  Judge  0*Beime,  of^  Detroit,  Mich., 
who  was  the  private  secretary  of  Lewis  Cass  when 
the  latter  was  secretarv  of  State  in  President  Buchan- 
an's Cabinet.  Bichara  was  appointed  from  civil  life 
1st  lieutenant  in  the  Uth  United  States  Infantry  on 
May  31, 1861;  was  promoted  captain,  Oct  25  follow- 
ing; transferred  to  the  82d  Infantry,  Sept.  21, 1866, 
and  to  the  2l8t  Infantry,  April  19,  1869;  promoted 
m^ior,  March  20, 1879;  and  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
15th  Infantry,  April  18, 1864.  He  served  through  the 
war  with  the  Army  of  the  Potomac :  was  brevetted 
m^jor  for  gallantry  at  North  Anna,  Va.,  and  lieuten- 
ant-colonel for  tlie  battle  on  the  Weldon  Kailroad, 
both  brevets  dating  from  August,  1864;  served  for 
nine  years  in  Oregon  and  Arizona,  taking  part  in 
several  Apache  ana  Ute  Indian  campaigns;  and  was 
on  Gen.  bchofleld*s  staff  when  the  latter  was  superin- 
tendent of  the  United  States  Military  Academy. 

Olnmtsadi  Jdhn  Wtf  clergyman,  bom  in  Saratoga 
County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  13,  1816;  died  in  Manchester, 
MasH.,  Aug.  31, 1891.  He  received  an  academic  edu- 
cation, entered  the  ministry  of  the  Baptist  Church, 
and  held  pastorates  of  five  years  each  in  Little  Falls, 
N.  Y.,  ana  in  Chelsea,  Mass.,  and  for  the  rest  of  his 
life,  or  for  more  than  forty  years,  he  was  connected 
with  religious  journalism.  His  first  editorial  appoint- 
ment was  on  the  "Christian  Refiector,**  ana  when 
that  was  consolidated  with  the  "  Christian  Watch- 
man** he  remained  in  editorial  control.  Subse- 
quently the  "Christian  Era**  was  merged  in  the  com- 
bination, and  he  then  became  associate  editor  with 
the   Bev.   Franklin  Johnson,  D.D.,  and  the  Rev. 


Geoive  0.  Lorimer,  D.D.  In  1877  fidling  health 
forced  him  into  a  temporary  retirement,  and  on  re- 
turning to  editorial  work  ne  established  and  con- 
ducted for  three  years  "  The  Watch  Tower,**  in  New 
York  city.  In  1881  he  returned  to  his  former  place 
on  "  The  Watchman,*'  and  remained  there  till  within 
two  months  of  his  death. 

BudceTf  John  B.i  lawyer,  bom  in  Sunbury,  Pa.,  March 
21, 1624^  died  there,  July  7, 1891.  He  was  educated 
for  a  civil  engineer,  and  when  fifteen  years  old  was 
employed  on  the  survey  of  the  Wicomisco  Canal,  and 
afterward  on  the  State's  exploration  of  ^e  route  be- 
tween Harrisburg  and  Pittsbui^  on  which  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railro^  was  subsequently  built  He  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1844,  and  continued  in  practice 
till  his  death.  He  was  elected  to  the  State  Assembly 
in  1849  and  1850,  after  serving  two  years  as  district- 
attorney  of  his  county,  and  was  elected  to  Congress 
from  the  14th  Pennsylvania  District  as  a  RepubFican 
in  1868, 1870, 1872,  and  1874,  declining  a  unanimous 
renomination  in  1876. 

Faddocikf  Bei^omin  Henzyi  clei]B;yman,  bom  in  Nor- 
wich. Conn.,  Feb.  29,  1828:  died  in  Boston,  Mass., 
Marcn  9, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Trinity  College, 
Hartford,  Conn.,  in  1848,  and  the  vear  following  tau^t 
in  the  Episcopal  Academy  in  Cheshire,  Conn.  He 
then  entered  the  General  Theologicid  Seminary  in 
New  York  city,  and  was  graduated  there  in  1852. 
While  in  deacon*s  orders  he  was  an  assistant  in  Uie 
CHiurch  of  the  Epiphany  in  New  York  city,  and  in 
1854  he  succeeded  his  father  as  rector  ot  Trinity 
Church,  Norwich,  where  ho  remained  until  called 
in  1860  to  the  rectorship  of  Christ  Church,  Detroit, 
Mich.  In  1669  he  left  Detroit  to  become  rector  of 
Grace  Church,  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  which  ofi^ce  he  held 
until  1878,  when  he  was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Massa- 
chusetts on  Sept  17, 1873,  in  his  own  churcn  at  Brook- 
lyn. The  period  of  his  episcopate  was  marked  by  a 
aecline  of  party  feeling  in  the  diocese  and  the  substi- 
tution therefor  of  a  spirit  of  harmony  between  oppo- 
site schools  of  thought,  a  result  due  in  great  measure 
to  the  amiable  wis(U>m  and  skillful  administration  of 
Bishop  Paddock. 

Faixiihy  Joarah,  physician,  bom  in  Philadelphia, 
Pa..  Nov.  11,  1818;  aied  in  Burlington,  N.  J.,  Jan. 
15, 1891.  His  parents  were  members  of  the  Society 
of  Friends,  who  educated  him  at  home  and  in  the 
schools  of  the  Friends.  He  was  graduated  at  the  med- 
ical department  of  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  in 
1844,  and  settled  in  Burlington  to  practice.  Within 
a  short  time  he  established  the  New  Jersey  ^^  Medi- 
cal Reporter,**  which  was  afterward  removea  to  Phil- 
adelphia, and  was  appointed  physician  to  Burling- 
ton uoUege  and  St  Mary*s  Hall.  Within  ten  years 
he  was  appointed  to  a  professorship  in  the  Philadel- 
phia Mcaical  College,  out  he  was  compelled  to  resign 
at  the  close  of  his  first  term  by  failin£r  health.  Threat- 
ened with  a  pulmonary  trouble,  ne  sought  relief 
in  Alabama,  in  travel  through  England,  France, 
and  Germany,  and  finally  in  mountain  climbing  in 
Switzerland.  The  latter  proved  beneficial,  and  he 
prolonged  his  travels  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the 
nospitm  systems  of  Europe.  On  nis  return  to  Pnila- 
delphia  he  was  appointed  superintendent  of  the 
newly  chartered  State  training  school  for  idiots,  now 
at  Media.  He  remained  here  till  186S,  when  he  ac- 
cepted an  otfice  in  the  Sanitary  Commission,  and, 
besides  other  duties,  edited  its  ^Bulletins.**  In 
1866  he  organized  a  movement  that  resulted  in  a 
"  society  for  the  reformation  of  inebriates  and  for  the 
moral  and  social  elevation  of  the  ignorant  and  neg-% 
lected  classes,**  of  which  he  became  president,  and 
which,  under  his  direction,  established  the  Pennsyl- 
vania Sanitarium,  also  ut  Media.  Of  this  institution 
he  was  appointed  suj>erintendent  In  1870  he  aided 
in  fonning,  and  became  secretary  of,  the  American 
Association  for  the  Study  and  Cure  of  Inebriety,  of 
which  Dr.  Williard  Parker  was  elected  president 
Two  years  afterwani  Dr.  Parker  resigned,  and  Dr. 
Parrish,  succeeding  him,  held  the  ofifice  till  his  death. 
The  success  of  the  Media  institution  attracted  the  at> 


646 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Pakton— Putt.) 


.QofEnglUI 


b  speciBllatB.  FarliaiDent  appointed 
■  I'uinuuBBiuu  ui  iaviMigMe  the  subject  of  loebrietf 
and  iu  cure,  and  by  special  inviuiJOD  tlie  AiuericiD 
swociation  delegaWd  l)r.  Partish  and  Dr.  Dod^  of 
BinghaniWn,  N.  Y.,  to  explain  the  Anierican  syslem 
berora  the  commiBsioD.  The  reiiull  of  thii>  coiumin- 
sion's  work  was  the  otabUshment  of  thn  Uslrvniplo 
Home  on  the  general  AmericaD  plan.  In  1ST2,  while 
retaininff  lii»  office  at  Media.  Dr.  Partisb  took  tem- 
porary  chains  of  the  Maryland  Inebriate  Asjlum, 
and  in  two  years  restored  iU  eflbctivcneea;  in  1ST6 
he  roBiKned  tho  superintendoncj  of  the  sanitarium 
and  opened  a  private  home  for  invalidx  at  Bariinii- 
ton  ;  and  in  1S85  he  wa»  elected  President  of  the  New 
JerBcy  Medical  Society.  A  "Memoir "on  the  life- 
work  of  Dr.  Pairish  was  presented  to  tho  New  Jersey 
Historical  Society,  by  Dr.  Samuel  H.  Pennington,  on 
Hay  lil,  1891. 

niton,  JiBM,  author,  bora  in  Canterbury,  Eng- 
land, Feb.  9,  ln-i2;  dieJ  in  Newbunport,  Mmss.,  Oct. 
IT,  IHDl.  He  came  to  the  United  States  when  Hve 
years  old,  Miij  waa  educated  in  the  public  schools  of 
Now  York  city  and  in  a  private 
one  at  White  Plains,  N.  V.  A 
legacy  enabled  hiui  to  con^nue 
his  atuilies  in  £urope.  and  on 
ablisbcd 
1  Philadi 
le  teaching  he  began 

itlerwurd  induced  to  take  a 
ilace  in  the  olllcc  of  the  "  Home 
Journal  "  New  York  eitv.  with 
which  he  was  regularly  con- 
nected tor  three  years,  and  to 
which  he  contributed  for  many 
niore.  His  succem  in  llteratura 
caused  him  to  abandon  teoc  h  i  ng 
'  lie  became  a  regular  contribu- 

tor to  tho  New  York  "  Ledger,"  wiute  for  magazines, 
and  published  manv  books,  notably  biographiea.  In 
January,  1H5I),  he  'married  Sara  Kyson  Willia  El- 
drtdge,  Mster  of  Nathaniel  F.  Willij,,  widow  ofCharies 
H.  Eldredge,  who  was  popularly  known  by  her  pen- 
name  "Fannie  Fern."  She  died  in  October^ I«7l^ 
and  two  ycara  afterward  lie  married  Kllen  W.  El- 
dreJgo,hiBWife'»aBUghterhvherllmt  husband.  This 
marrTai;u  wus  vhown  to  be  illegal  under  the  Massa- 
obuncttH  law,  and  Mr,  Psrton  and  his  wife  lived  apart 
till  the  Legislature,  on  his  petition  amended  the 
law.  His  numerous  publicaUonn  include;  "Life  of 
Horace  lireeley  "  ( New  York,  1  MM ;  new  edition.  Boa- 
ton,  INH.'i);  "Humorous  Poetry  of  the  English  Lan- 
5UUB0,  ftoroChaui-er  to8axe"(lS56);  "The  Life  and 
inies  of  Aaron  Burr"  (ISST ;  new  edition,  18M);"  Life 
of  .\ndrcw  Jauhson"  (3  volumes,  ISriB-'iH)) ;  "GeiL 
Butler  in  New  Orleans"  nHri.H:  new  edition,  1tt»'.i) ; 
"Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin"  (lHt>4) ; 
"  Famous  Americana  of  Recent  Times  "  ( Boston,  186T)  ; 
"  Tho  People's  Book  of  Biography  ^  (Hartford,  1868) ; 
"Triumiihs  of  Enterprise,  Ingcnuitv,  and  Public 
S[Hrit"(llartford,  IMTll;  "The  \VorIs  of  Washing- 
ton" (1W72I;  "Fanny  Fern;  a  Memorial  Volume" 
(New  York,  1ST3I ;  "  Life  of  Thomas  J_e1fe_rson^(Bi 


a  retired  Feb.  S. 


.._  other  Com 

Is"  (New   York,  1(»T7(; 
,_  I.  18SI|;  "Noted  Women 

jf  Europe  and  America"  (Hartford,  1KH3I1  "Captaiiu 
of  Industry,  or  Men  of  Business  who  did  Something 
besides  making  Money  "  (Bo"ton.  1'"'4);  and"CBp- 
tuns  of  Industry"  (necond  scries.  Brwton.  IKtIl). 

IPattlaon,  Tkomai,  naval  otBcer,  bora  in  Troy,  N.  Y., 
Feb,  S,  IS^:!;  died  iu  New  Brighton,  Staten  Island, 
N.  Y.,  Dec  1!,  l«!fl.  Ho  entered  tho  United  States 
navv  as  a  midshipman  March  S,  IXRtl;  was  promoted 
passed  midshipman  July  2.  1S«,  maWcr  Feb.  17, 
m4.  lieutenant  Sept.  IB  followiug.  lientenant  com- 
mander July  IS,  Inna,  commander  March  S,  IBSS, 
captain  July  3,  1870,  commodore  Dec.  11, 1877,  and 


roBT-admira]  Nov.  1, . .._ 

1881.  During  his  DBval  career  he  w 
twenty  yeara  eleven  months,  on  shore  or  other  duiv 
fourteen  yeare  sli  months,  and  woa  unemploToi 
aiiteen  ycara  Hve  monlhu.  He  nerved  in  the  Mtn- 
can  War  on  the  sleamere  "Scorpion"  and  ■•  PnmT- 
ten,"  the  lVigat«s  "  Karitan  "  and  "  ('nini^erland.^  thp 
ordnance  ship  "  Kleolra,"  and  the  gunboat  ~  Kefen*" 
In  the  civil  war  he  was  executive  officer  of  the 
"  Perry,"  which  captured  the  Confederate  ptivaieer 
"Savannah";  commanded  the  "  Phitadelphia."  ilie 
heaviest-armed  vessel  in  tho  Potomac  flotilli.in  l»«l : 
and  commanded  the  naval  station  at  Memphis  from 
1BH3  dll  March  8.  IBliS.  Ho  was  commandant  of  th.^ 
naval  station  at  Port  Royal,  8.  C,  in  lST8-'80.  and  of 
the  nav.v  vani  at  Washington,  D.  C,  in  1880-'b3. 

PvTj,  HnaM  jMtai,  diplomatist,  bora  in  Keene,  K.  II- 
Jan.  ^,1324:  died  iu  Lisbon,  Ponugal.  Feb.  ^^M'M 
He  was  graduated  at  Uorvanl  College  in  1»*4:  br. 
came  a  volunteer  aid  on  tlie  MalT  of  Oen.  ShielO.-  iii 
Mexico  in  184V,  and  was  secretary  of  the  Lnltr.! 
States  legation  in  Ijpain  from  1S4H  till  186S,  eicegitin:.- 
a  period  (>f  HvH  or  six  years,  when  he  was  engagnl  in 
telegraph  construction.  wLile  in  Spain  he  rendered 
the  United  Btntee  most  important  service.  In  l*."i4 
he  settled  satisfactorily  the  difficulties  growing  out 
of  tho  "  Black  Warrior"  affair,  which  had  Kriooalj 
threatened  the  peaceful  relations  of  the  two  coun- 
tries; and  at  the  same  time  he  nearly  coneludi-d  s 
treaty  for  commercial  reciprocity  between  tlie  VniteJ 
Statea  and  Cuba.  In  ISSl  he  secured  fhim  the  Span- 
ish Goverament  a  proclamation  of  neulraliti 
which  the  ConfederaU  emit 

to  remain  at  Cadiz  only  twenty-four  hours,  and  wif 
foreed  thereby  to  take  refuge  at  Gibraltar,  where  she 
was  efTectuallf  blockaded  by  American  war  vetiHtit 
During  the  civil  war  he  discharged  the  dutift'  of 
cliargfJ'UfairttAa  addition  to  those  of  aecrelaij  of 
Icgalaou.  Mr.  Porry  married  a  daughter  of  Don 
Nicholas  Coronado,  ofBod^oa,  in  1351,  a  lady  widel.v 
known  in  Spain  as  a  lyrio  poet. 

FUlta,  JaiBM,  lawyer,  bom  in  Aberdeen.  Hia^ 
Dec.  7,  1856 ;  died  in  Nassau,  West  Indin,  Jan.  Ti; 
1891.  Ho  ix.'moved  to  Hemphia  in  1867;  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Kentucky  Military  Institute,  the  Cni- 
versityofLeipeic,  ondChoOvmnaaiumof  St.  Thomai; 
receiyeU  the  degree  of  Ph.  1>.  in  1378,  and,  retuniinv 
to  Memphis,  studied  law  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
iu  1881.  In  188S  and  1888  he  was  elected  to  Congrmt 
from  the  10th  Tcuuewee  District  as  a  Democrat.  inJ 
he  aervod  on  the  conimitleei'  on  Commerce  and  in 
Reform  in  the  Civil  Service.  He  was  seeking  reiirl 
troia  consumption  at  the  time  of  hia  death. 

fi»tt,Doaa,  journalist,  bom  in  Cincinnati.  Ohio,  June 
£9, 1819  ;  died  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  It.  1891.  He 
was  educated  at  St.  Xavier^  College ;  studied  li». 
and  was  admitted  to  tho  bar;  was  appointed  judge  of 
tho  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Hamilton  Couniv  In 
1851,  and  at  the  close  of  his  term  was  appoiitid 
secretary  of  the  United  States  legation  at  I'aris.  un- 
der John  Y.  Mason,  and  served  <luring  the  admini^- 
trotJonH  of  Presidents  Pierce  and  Buchanan.  On  tht 
death  of  Minister  Maaon,  Mr.  Piatt  was  r*aro'-fa/- 
/aim  for  nearly  a  year.  Ketuming  to  the  Cnilid 
States,  he  entered  the  preaidential  canvass,  and.  vltb 
Robert  E.  Schenek,  stumped  Soulbcn    ' 


waa' allowed 


Mr.  Lii 


On  the  appomtmcnt  of  Mr.  Schenofc  t" 
military  command,  .Mr.  Piatt  was  nwlc  > 
■of  his  staff  Bi  ■        


Dnrii 


nilitti 


Gen.  Milroy  to  evacuate  Wincheiter,  Va..  and  f«ll 
back  on  Harper's  Ferry,  which  was  c«unlemiand"l 
by  Gen.  Hslleck,  and  three  days  alterwani  Oen.  Mil- 
roy had  to  cut  his  way  through  a  surmundlng  Con- 
fedcnile  force,  which  caused  a  loss  of  i;.('H>  men. 
Later,  in  the  absence  of  Gen.  Sehcnck.  Col.  I'isti  or- 
dered Oen.  Blmey  to  recrait  a  negre  brigaite  in  Mirv- 
land  This  order  aroused  the  extreme  indignatiou  ui 
President  Lincoln,  who  threatened  to  dismian  its  au- 
thor from  the  army  in  disgrace.  He  was  judge-advo- 
oate  of  the  commission  tliat  investigated  the  ohaigw 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Pike— Plumb.) 


647 


against  Gen.  Don  Carloe  BuelU  and  favored  his  ac- 
quittal. After  the  war  Col.  Piatt  became  Washing- 
ton correspondent  of  the  Cincinnati  ^  Commercial," 
Joined  George  Alfred  Townsend  in  establishing  the 
^  Capital "  at  WaHhinjBrton,  and  in  1888  became  ^itor 
of  ^^Ifoiti^s  Magazine,^  New  York.  At  the  time 
of  his  death  he  was  engaged  with  Gen.  Charles  M. 
Ctst,  of  Cincinnati,  in  preparing  a  life  of  Gen.  Geoi^e 
H.  Thomas.  His  principal  publication  was  "  Memoirs 
of  the  Men  who  saved  the  Nation  "  (1887). 

Flkai  Albflrty  lawver,  bom  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Dec.  29, 
ISOif ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  April  2,  1891.    He 

entered  Harvard 
College  in  1825, 
but  left  before 
completing  the 
course  to  be- 
come principal  of 
the  Newburyport 
Grammar  School. 
In  1831  he  set 
out  on  a  tedious 
journey  to  Santa 
P6,  New  Mexico, 
makinji^  consider- 
able distances  on 
foot,  and  spend- 
ing the  greater 
part  of  the  year 
m  the  trip.  Dur- 
ing a  part  of  1832  he  was  a  clerk  in  Santa  F6,anu  in  Sep- 
tember he  joined  a  party  of  45  men  in  on  exploring  ex- 
pedition down  Pecos  river,  across  the  '*  Htaked  plains," 
and  to  the  head  waters  of  Brazos  river,  reaching  Fort 
Smith,  Ark.,  with  four  companies,  in  December,  lie 
then  taught  schoo]^  became  associate  editor  of  the  '^  Ar- 
kansas Advocate ^^  in  1833,  and  its  proprietor  soon  after- 
ward, and  sold  it  to  engage  in  law  practice  in  1836. 
As  a  lawyer  he  soon  became  widely  Known,  and,  be- 
sides having  much  business  as  counsel  for  the  Indians 
in  their  sale  of  lands  to  the  Federal  Government,  he 
was  commissioned  to  revise  the  statutes  of  Arkansas. 
During  the  Mexican  War  he  commanded  a  squadron 
of  Arkansas  volunteer  cavalry,  took  part  in  Uie  battle 
of  Buena  Vista,  and  received  the  surrender  of  Ma- 
pimi  in  1847.  At  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war  he 
was  appointed  Indian  commissioner  by  the  Confed- 
erate (vovcmment,  negotiated  treaties  of  alliance  be- 
tween the  Confederacy  and  several  powerful  Indian 
tribes,  commanded  the  Department  ot  the  Indian  Ter- 
ritory and  all  the  Indian  regiments,  and  held  the 
rank'of  brigadier-general.  He  resigned  from  the  army 
before  the  close  of  the  war,  and  became  a  judge  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  Arkansas.  In  I860  he  removed 
to  Memphis  to  r^ume  the  practice  of  law,  but  in  the 
following  year  bought  an  interest  in,  and  took  the 
editorship 'of,  the  **  Memphis  Appeal."  In  1808  he 
sold  this  interest  and  settled  in  Washington,  where 
he  practiced  till  1880,  when  he  retired  from  profes- 
sional work.  (ren.  Pike  was  a  Freemason,  and  pre- 
pared for  the  Masonic  order  nearlv  30  volumes.  He 
published  "Prose  Sketches  and  Poems"  (1834),  and 
contributed  to  "  Blackwood^s  Magazine "  a  series  of 
**  Ilvmns  to  the  (:kxi8." 

Fineoi  PflteTi  physician,  bom  in  Comwallis,  Nova 
Scotia,  in  1825 :  died  in  West  Somerville,  Mass.,  Sept 
10, 1891.  At  tne  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  was 
practicing  medicine  in  Boston,  and  also  was  Professor 
of  Medical  Jurisprudence  and  Clinical  Medicine  at 
the  Castleton  (Vt )  Medical  College.  He  was  commis- 
sioned surgeon  of  the  9th  Massachusetts  Volunteers 
early  in  1861,  and  was  appointed  brigade-surgeon  of 
volunteers  by  President  Lincoln  in  August.  In  the 
Virginia  campaign  of  1861-'62  he  served  on  the  stafts 
of  Gen.  James  S.  Wadsworth  and  Gen.  Rufus  King ; 
in  Gen.  Pope^s  campaign  he  was  on  the  staff  of  Gen. 
McDowell :  and  in  the  battles  of  Antictam  and  South 
Mountain  he  was  medical  director  of  the  1st  Anny 
Corps  on  the  staff  of  Gen.  Meade.  In  December,  1802, 
he  was  ordered  to  take  charge  of  the  Douglas  General 
Hospital  in  W^ashington ;  in  March,  1863,  he  was  pro- 


moted to  be  lieutenant-colonel  and  medical  inspector 
United  States  army ;  and  in  1868-^65  he  inspected  all 
the  armies  on  the  Atlantic  and  Gulf  coasts,  between 
Washington  and  Texas,  and  also  the  general  hospitals 
at  Fort  Monroe,  Norfolk,  and  Portsmouth.  Dr.  Fineo 
was  assigned  to  duty  at  Fort  Monroe  as  consulting 
suiveon  to  Jefferson  Davis  while  he  was  confined  there. 
In  late  years  he  lived  in  comparative  retirement, 
though  occasionally  serving  as  an  expert  in  medico- 
legal cases. 

PbutaOf  OhailM  AMiiliSi  Marouis  de  Chambrun  and 
d^Amfreville,  lawyer,  Dom  in  Mar\'ejcis,  department 
of  Loz^re,  France,*  Aug.  10, 1881 ;  died  in  New  ,York 
city.  Sept  14, 1891.  He  was  educated  in  the  Ecole 
des  Chartres  and  in  the  University  of  Paris,  receiving 
the  degree  of  LL.  D.  from  the  latter,  and  for  several 
years  was  an  officer  of  the  household  of  the  Comte  de 
Chambord.  In  1865  he  was  sent  to  the  United  States 
by  Drouyn  de  PHuvs,  then  French  Minister  of  For- 
efgn  Affairs^  to  study  and  report  on  the  causes  of  the 
American  civil  war.  He  was  cordially  received  by 
President  Lincoln,  who  invited  him  to  be  present  at 
the  surrender  of  Richmond.  In  1871  he  was  appoint- 
ed legal  adviser  to  the  French  legation  in  Washing- 
ton, and  he  held  the  otiice  at  the  time  of  his  dcau. 
He  was  the  author  of  "  Le  Ri^gime  Parlenientaire  " 
(1866);  "Le  Pouvoir  Ex^'Utif'^(1872)3  and  "Droits 
et  Libert^  aux  Etats  Unis"  (1890).  His  wife  was  a 
granddaughter  of  Lafavetto. 

Pitkin,  Ferity  Peabody,  military  officer,  bom  in 
Marshflcld,  Vt,  March  9,  1826;  died  in  Montpelier, 
Vt,  July  28,  1891.  He  received  a  common-school 
education,  and  spent  tliree  years  in  California  in  the 
early  days  of  the  gold  discovery.  Returning  to  Ver- 
mont, he  settled  in  East  Montpelier,  which  he  repre- 
sented in  the  Legislature  in  1859  and  1860  and  at  the 
extra  session  at  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.  On 
June  6, 1861,  he  was  commissioned  quartennoster  of 
the  2d  Vermont  Volunteers ;  Feb.  21,  1862,  was  pro- 
moted assistant  quartermaster  of  volunteers,  with  the 
rank  of  captain:  Aug.  2, 1864,  promoted  quartermas- 
ter, with  the  rank  of  colonel ;  and  in  November  fol- 
lowing he  resigned  from  the  army  to  become  Quar- 
termaster-General of  Vermont,  on  election  by  the 
Legislature.  While  in  the  anny  he  had  charge  of 
the  entire  wagon  train  of  the  Anny  of  the  Potomac, 
which  would  have  stretched  out  forty  miles  in  a 
straight  line,  during  the  Wilderness  campaign,  and 
was  also  in  charge  of  the  base  of  supplies  for  the  army 
in  Gen.  Grant^s  campaign  in  1 864.  Tno  transportation, 
too,  of  many  thousands  of  recruits  and  prisoners,  and 
the  care  of  an  anny  of  sick  and  woundeil  soldiers,  were 
a  part  of  his  executive  duties.  In  1865-^69  he  was  re- 
elected Quartermaster-General  of  Vennont,thus  hold- 
ing the  office  during  the  time  the  State  was  guarding 
its  frontier  against  the  Fenians.  In  1872  he  repre- 
sented Montpelier  in  the  Legislature,  and  since  1865 
had  been  engaged  in  manufacturing. 

Pbimb,  PrMton  B«)  legislator,  bom  in  Delaware 
County,  Ohio,  Oct  12,  1837;  died  in  Washin^n, 
D.  C,  Dec.  20, 1891.  He  was  brought  up  on  a  larm, 
received  a  district-school  education,  and  was  appren- 
ticed to  the  printer's  trade  in  Gambler.  In  1856  he 
removed  to  Leavenworth,  Kansas,  and  in  1857  founded 
the  town  of  Emjwria  and  established  the  "Emporia 
News."  In  the  latter  year  he  was  secretary  of  the 
Free  State  Convention  in  Lawrence,  which  repudiated 
the  Lecompton  (^institution,  and  in  1859  he  was  a 
delegate  to  tlic  Leavenworth  Constitutional -Conven- 
tion and  a  signer  of  the  (Constitution  there  framed. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1861,  elected  to  the 
Kansas  Assembly  in  1K62,  where  he  was  chainuan  of 
the  Judiciary  Committee,  and  was  appointed  a  2d 
lieutenant  in  the  11th  Kansas  Infantry  m  August  of 
the  latter  year.  By  promotions  he  served  as  captain, 
major,  and  lieutenant-<*oloncl  of  his  regiment,  ond 
was  commissioned  its  colonel,  but  was  not  mustered 
in  through  lack  of  a  proper  officer.  After  the  war  he 
resumed  law  practice,  but  in  1867  re-entered  public 
life  as  member  of  the  Assembly.  He  served  there 
two  years,  in  the  last  one  as  Speaker.    In  1868  he 


OBITUARIES.  AMERICAN.    (For 


fbnu«d  ■  Uw  pBitDerehlp  with  Judge  Sugffles,  bnt  is 
1872  ba  wu.  compelled  to  retire  rroni  i>nictice  by  fail^ 
Ing  health,  and  uien  eotfatfed  in  liantiinir.  In  Janu- 
ny,  1878,  he  wsn  elected  PresideDt  of  the  Emporls 


Nntienst  B 


e  held  tl 


ofHco  ti 


advocaUd  the  electiou  of  llomce  Orcelcy  id  1S7S,  and 
WBB  Presidont  of  the  State  Hepublican  Convention  in 
1876.  In  1B7T  he  was  elected  United  Ststea  Senator, 
■□d  in  1S83  and  1868  was  ro-elflcted,  the  last  time  for 
the  tenn  endiiie  Uarch  3,  139S.  At  the  time  of  hia 
death  he  was  ohainnan  of  the  Conimittoo  on  Public 
l^anda  and  member  of  the  standing  commjtteis  on 
Agrieulture  and  Forestry,  on  Appropriationa,  and  on 
the  OrganiiatioD,  ('oniluct,  and  Expenditures  of  the 
Executive  Departmenlr  ~^  -'-■--  -'— • 
on  tninBportati—  —  •■ 
inquir)'  into  th 


,  and  of  the  select 
d  Bale  of  meat  products  and 
iniatrative  service  of  Che  Seni 

. .  _.  in  indefatigable  worker  and 

death  wan  at  leant  hastened  by  hi*  intense  acti 


ndlLm,  Blohanlj  nhipw 
1818,  died  there,  Jul 
Loh  H  uput 


ight.  born  in  New  York  city 


B»god 


le  FMlenil  Govemmi 


oveml  gunboata  i'< 


foreign-™ 


val  ci 


rsfcrC 


the  coustrucljon  of  yachts, 
ina  the  "  Sappho,"  which  was  built  on  < 
and  one  of  hia  last  was  the  ocean  priic  ' 
onel,"  which  defeated  the  "  Dauntleaa." 
Polk,  Sanh  OhUdraaa,  mistress  of  the 
bom  near  Murt^esborough,  Tenn,,  SopI 


"Cor- 


Whitfl  Hou 


iiu.,  uuuui,  iSOS;  dieii 
Nashville.  Tenn.,  Aug 
It,  1891  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Joel  and 
Elizabeth  Childreaa,  was 
educated  at  tho  Morai 


rtituto,  t 


,  N.  I 


and  [nnnied  Ji. 

Polk,  afterward  eleventh 
President  of  tho  United 
States,  in  1824.  In  tho 
year  following  his  mar- 
riage Mr.  Polk  was  eloct- 
,  eJ  to  Congress,  and  Mis. 
Polk  aoeonipaniL-.!  him  U> 
Washington.  t)n  March 
,     ,  4,  1845  on  thoinaugora- 

tion  of  her  husband  aa 
President,  she  became 
mistress  of  the  White  House.  It  was  soon  observed 
that  she  had  determined  to  muiage  the  presidential 
mansion  according  to  her  own  Ideas  of  propriety 
and  the  dignity  of  the  place  She  began  holding 
weekly  receptions,  but  to  the  surpnae  of  those  ac 
customed  to  participating  in  the  fonnal  life  of  the 
White  House,  she  abolished  the  custom  of  Rising 
refyeshments  to  all  guests  and  forbade  dancing  at 
the  receptions,  aaying  that  neither  i-ustom  comported 


convenatjonalist,  she  was  parldcnlarly  e  . 
the  representativea  of  foreign  govemroeots.  Since 
the  death  of  her  husband  she  liad  lived  quietiv  in 
Folk  Place,  Nashville  (see  engraving),  in  the  fore- 
ground of  which  is  the  tomb  of  the  ex'-l'resident,  and 
for  several  years  had  been  receiving  a  penaion  of 
(5.000  per  annum  from  the  Federal  GovenimenL 

PODisrcy,  Bamiial  OlaAe,  It^slator,  bom  in  South- 
ampton, Mass.,  Jan.  3.  1816;  died  in  Whilenpville. 
Mass.,  Aug.  in,  1891.  He  was  edueated  at  Aniheiw 
College,  and  after  spending  sevenl  yeira  in  Neir 
York  reluraed  to  Hassachusetta  and'  held  vaiioiis 
public  olHcBi,  incloding  that  of  member  of  the  Awem- 
bly  in  1852-'53.  He  was  one  of  the  organiicrB  of  the 
Now  England  Emigrant  Aid  Society,  betmme  its 
Bnancial  agent,  and  m  1854  established  a  New  Eng- 
land colony  at  EawTence,  Kansas,  of  which  cilv  he 
was  elected  mayor  in  1859.  folitically,  he  was  a 
member  of  the  Free  State  Convention  at  Lavrcnre  in 
18£9,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Bcpublican 
Conventions  of  1856  and  1860.  During  the  famine  in 
Kansas,  in  18e0-'61,  he  was  president  of  the  relief 
committee.  In  1861  he  was  elected  (Jnited  States 
(Senator  an  a  Republican,  in  1S6'  was  re-elected,  and 
in  1878  wos  defeated.  In  the  Senate  he  was  chair 
man  of  tho  standing  Committee  on  Public  Landa  and 
of  the  aeloot  Committee  on  Reviaion  of  Uie  Rulw,  wis 
a  member  of  the  Committee  on  roet-OHices  and  Post- 
Roads,  and,  from  his  general  advocacy  of  subBidy 
measures,  received  the  sobriquet  of  '■Subeidv  Pom- 
eroy."  while  he  waa  a  candidate  for  a  third  tem, 
charges  of  bribery  were  preferred  agaizuit  him  in  the 
Legislature,  which  sent  them  to  the  United  States 
Senate.  There  a  special  committee  reported  that  thcv 
were  not  sustained,  and  in  the  State  courts  a  nolii 
proiegui  was  entered  on  the  ground  that  there  wis 
not  sulHeient  evidence  to  secure  a  conviction.  But 
the  affair  cost  him  a  second  re-elootiou.  and  he  after- 
ward spent  the  most  of  hia  time  in  Washington. 

Pottsi,  ^p^  P"™^    l"™    ™.   i"*'*?*!    '*"»'^ 


County   N.  Y.,  April  6 


;  died  in  SckenecU^. 


with  tho  dignity  of  the  official  residence  of  Che  na 
lion's  Chief  Executive.  In  spite  "t  thisL  innovations 
■he  maintained  her  popularity,  and,  being  a  brilliant 


- .,  Aug.  11, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Schentc- 
ludy  Academy  in  1830,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar 
in  1824.  He  practiced  in  Minorville  till  1838,  Ihei: 
returned  to  Schenectady  and  formed  a  law  partner- 
ship with  Alonio  C.  I'aige.  his  former  preocptor.  In 
1830  be  was  elected  to  the  Assembly,  from  1839  till 
1847  ho  was  distnet  attorney  of  Schcncctadv  County 
and.  for  many  years  prior  to  the  abolition  of  the  Court 
of  Chancery,  in  1847,  he  was  also  a  master  and  essm- 
inor  in  that  court  He  was  elcctud  a  justice  of  the 
New  Yorl;  Supreme  Court  in  1857,,and  was  re-elected 

this  bench  Tie  was  also  a  judge  of  die  Court  of  Ap- 
peals. In  1870  he  caused  the  arrest  of  Henry  Kav,  • 
member  of  the  Assembly,  for  failing  to  answer  a 
subpoena,  for  which  Judge  Potter  was  charged  with 
a  high  breach  o1  privilege  and  summoned  before  the 
Assembly  to  answer.  He  there  defended  his  couraa 
with  such  clearness  that  he  was  acquitted  of  tlit 
charge  and  his  argument  was  published  in  a  jiaro- 
phlet  In  the  same  year  he  was  elected  I'resident  ot 
tho  State  Judicial  Convention  in  Rochester.  Judge 
Potter  was  chosen  a  trustee  of  Union  College  in  Wli- 
Hepubhshed  "Potter's  Dwarris"  (1671);  an  enlarge- 
ment of  John  Willard's  "Equity  Jurisprudence " 
{IR7.^);  and  "Potteron  Corporations"  (1879). 

Pottiei  Eaon  K,  lawyer,  bora  in  Naplea,  Ontaiio 
County,  N.  i.,  July  4.  18IS;  died  there.  April  19, 
1891.     Ho  received  a  common-school  and  ac^einiLii 
education;  ntudied  law  in  Springfleld.  111.,  and  km 
admitted  to  the  bar;  was  elected  to  the  New  York 
Assembly  as  a  Free-soil   Whig  in   1847.  and  ww 
elected  to  Congress  in  1856  and  1868.     In  the  latter 
bodif  he  was  a  member  of  the  committees  on  Navil 
'"■-■—  md  on  Expenditures  in  the  Navy  Department, 
he  aided  m  preparing  tho  wool  and  woolfD 
0  inoorpnrateil  in  the  tariff  law  of  that  year- 
tie  waa  for  many  yearn  actively  inCerc*te<l  in 
iyard  and  wool-grriwing  interests  of  the  couji- 
was  President  of  the  Stole  Grape  Grower)' 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Pratt— Pkatt.) 


649 


Soeietv  and  necretaiy  of  the  National  Wool  Growers^ 
Association. 

Fratty  Gbailfli,  philanthropist,  born  in  Watertown, 
Mass.,  Oct.  2,  1^30 ;  died  in  New  York  city.  May  4^ 
1891.    When  but  ten  yean  of  age  he  left  nome  to 

work  on  a  farm  in  his 
native  town,  where 
he   reniainea   about 
three  years,  attend- 
ing   school    a    few 
months  during   the 
winter.       He    then 
spent  a  year  in  Bos- 
ton as  clerk  in  a  gro- 
cery, at  the  end  of 
which  time  he  be^^ 
to  learn  the  machin- 
istV  trade,  which  he 
afterward  foil  owed  in 
Newton.   At  tlie  ago 
ofcighteenheentered 
Wesleyan  Academy, 
Wilbraham.      Here 
ho  boarded  himself, 
struggling  in  every 
way  to  get  an  edu- 
cation.   The  ;^ear  spent  here  completed  his  school 
life.     On  leaving  the  academy  he  entered  the  em- 
ploy of  a  paint  and  oil  firm  in  Boston,  and  while 
nere  he  became  mucli  interested  in  the  Mercantile 
Library ;  and  his  connection  with  this,  and  later  with 
the  Mercantile  Library  in  New  York,  had  a  marked 
influence  upon  him.    In  1851  he  went  to  New  York 
as  clerk  for  Messrs.  Schcnck  <&  Downing,  who  were 
in  the  oil,  paint,  and  glass  busin(»»,  and  for  twenty- 
five  yean  ne  continued  at  the  same  place,  but  not  m 
the  capacity  of  clerk,  for  in  1854  he,  with  two  othen, 
bought  the  paint  and  oil  part  of  the  concern.    In  1867 
his  firm  was  dissolved,  the  oil  portion  of  the  business 
coming  into  the  hands  of  Charles  Pratt  <&  Co.    Mr. 
Pratt  was  among  the  flnt  to  perceive  the  possibiliUes 
of  the  petroleum  trade  when  it  began  to  be  developed 
in  the  Pennsylvania  oil  fields  in  1860,  and  he  early 
devoted  himself  to  the  refining  of  the  crude  product, 
endeavoring  to  put  upon  the  market  the  best  grade 
of  oil ;  to  Uiis  he  attached  his  own  name,  and  rratt^s 
astral  oil  became  known  the  world  over.     He  was 
also  an  officer  of  the  Standard  Oil  Company,  and  was 
interested  in  many  other  business  enterprises.    As 
his  fortune  increased,  his  sense  of  responsibility  for 
the  use  of  his  riches  increased  also,  and  he  gave  lib- 
erally and  discriminatingly  to  religious,  educational, 
and  charitable  causes,  not  only  in  Brooklyn,  which 
was  for  many  yean  his  home,  but  throughout  the 
country.     Ho  contributed  nearlv  half  the   cost  of 
the  £mmannel  Baptist  Church  pf  Brooklyn,  of  which 
he  was  a  member.    Althout^h  denied  the  advantages 
of  extended  school  education,  he  appreciated  keenly 
its  importance,  and  was  a  life-long  fnend  of  education. 
For  nearly  twentjr-five  yean  he  was  a  trustee,  and 
during  most  of  this  period  President  of  tlic  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  Adelphi  Academy,  Brooklyn,  con- 
tributing at  different  times  $200,000  for  its  use.    But 
while  greatly  interested  in  existing  institutions,  he 
came  to  feel  that  they  did  not  meet  the  requirements 
of  that  large  class  of  young  people  who  wish  to  fit 
themselves  for  usefulness  among  tiie  world^s  worken. 
Accordingly,  after  mature   thought  and    thorough 
study  of  scnools  at  home  and  abroad,  ho  determined 
to  establish  an  institution  that  should  embody  his 
ideas,  and  Pratt  InsUtate — by  which  its  founder  will 
always  be  best  known  to  the  world — came  into  exist- 
ence.   The  charter  for  this  was  granted  in  1886,  and 
in  the  autumn  of  1887  the  buildings  were  so  far  com- 
pleted that  class  work  was  begun.    As  Mr.  Pratt  in- 
corporated into  the  institute  so  much  of  himself,  a 
brief  statement  of  its  aims  and  scope  forms  an  essen- 
tial part  of  a  sketch  of  his  life.     The  institute  is 
founded  upon  an  appreciation  of  the  dignity^  and 
value  of  sKilled  manual  labor,  and  aims  to  give  its 
students  harmonious  and  complete  development  by 


the  training  of  eye,  hand,  and  mind.  The  work  of 
the  institute  is  done  in  tne  following  departments: 
The  library,  covering  the  general  field  or  literature, 
though  especially  strong  in  art,  scientific,  and  techni- 
cal TOoks  which  are  of  direct  use  in  the  various  de- 
partments ;  the  privileges  of  the  library  are  free  to 
all  residents  of  Brooklj^n.  The  technical  high-school 
department  giving  a  high-school  or  academic  educa- 
tion, which  IS  mime  to  include  drawing  and  graded 
courses  in  manual  work.  The  art  department,  with 
classes  in  f^e-hand,  mechanical,  ana  architectural 
drawing,  design,  clay  modeling,  wood  carving,  life 
work ;  also  classes  for  the  training  of  teachen.  The 
department  of  domestic  science,  giving  instruction  in 
sewing,  dress-making,  millinery,  hygiene,  and  home 
nuning,  cooking,  laundering,  household  economy,  as 
well  as  special  instruction  for  those  wishing  to  do* 
come  teachen  of  cooking.  The  department  of  com- 
merce, which  includes  phonography,  type-writing, 
arithmetic,  book-keeping,  English,  Bpamsn,  commer- 
cial geography,  and  commercial  law.  The  department 
of  mechanic  arts,  ofifering  courses  in  carpentnr,  wood 
turning,  pattern  making,  metal  spinning,  foundry 
practice,  foiging,  machine-shop  work,  plastering, 
plumbing,  painting,  electrical  construction,  steam, 
Btrenth  of  materials,  etc.  The  music  department, 
aiming  to  give  to  all  classes  of  people,  through  the 
medium  of  the  tonic  sol-fa  notation,  ability  to  sing 
correctly  and  undentandingly.  The  technical  mu- 
seum, containing  choice  collections  of  pottery,  glass- 
ware, and  textile  fabrics,  also  many  collections  of  ob- 
jects arranged  to  show  the  steps  in  the  process  of 
manufacture  from  the  crude  material  to  the  finished 
product  The  Thrift,  combining  the  features  of  an  in- 
stitution of  saving  and  of  abuilding-and-loan  associ- 
ation. Diverse  as  tlie  work  of  these  departments  ap- 
pean,  a  single  purpose  pervades  them  all — to  fit  those 
who  avail  Uiemselvcs  of  the  opportunities  offered  to 
become  self-respecting,  honest,  thrifty,  and  intelli- 
gent citizens.  The  institute  began  its  work  in  the 
autumn  of  1887  with  a  single  class  of  twelve  students; 
at  the  time  of  the  founders  death  about  8.000  were 
enrolled,  not  including  the  several  thousands  who 
were  mcmben  of  the  librarv.  In  addition  to  the  am- 
ple buildings  with  their  splendid  equipment,  and  the 
grounds,  Mr.  Pratt  gave  to  the  institute  a  large  en- 
dowment in  the  shape  of  ^  the  Astral,"  an  enormous 
model  tenement  house,  and  other  buildings,  the  in- 
come from  which  is  to  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  the 
school,  and  at  his  death  he  left  a  further  endowment 
of  $2,000,000.    Mr.  Pratt,  although  emphatically  a 

fublic-spirited  citizen,  declined  to  hold  public  office, 
ic  was  a  member  of  numerous  clubs  and  other  or- 
ganizations, spending,  however,  only  so  much  time 
with  them  as  was  necessary  for  a  proper  discharge  of 
his  duties,  preferring  that  nome  life  in  which  he  was 
especially  happy.  lie  wos  twice  married,  leaving  at 
his  death  a  widow,  two  daughters,  and  six  sons.  The 
foundation  of  his  large  fortune — estimated  at  $20,- 
000,000 — was  laid  while  he  was  young,  in  the  honesty 
of  purpose,  frugality,  fidelit}r  to  trusts,  and  untiring 
enen?y  that  always  characterized  him  as  much  as  did 
his  kindliness  and  interest  in  othera^  welfare.  The 
sentiment  that  he  uttered  at  the  Founder^s  Day  cele- 
bration of  Pratt  Institute,  a  few  months  before  his 
death,  "  The  giving  that  counts  is  the  giving  of  one's 
self,"  well  exprctwed  one  of  the  controlling  beliefs  of 
his  life. 

Pratt,  Thomas  Tarti  physician,  bom  in  Mobile,  Ala., 
in  1839;  died  in  London,  England,  Aug.  29.  1891. 
He  received  his  medical  education  in  New  York  city, 
served  with  the  Confederate  army  during  the  civil 
war,  and  after  the  war  settled  in  Paris  and  became 
assistant  to  Dr.  James  Marion  8ims,  whose  daughter 
he  subsequently  married.  On  the  death  of  Dr.  Sims 
he  took  sole  charge  of  his  practice.  During  the 
Franco-German  War  he  was  first  a.Hsistant  surgeon  of 
the  American  Ambulance  Corps,  and  for  his  hcrvice 
to  the  wounded  of  both  armies  he  was  decorated  with 
the  cross  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  by  President  Thien 
and  with  tlie  Iron  Cross  by  £mperor  William.    He 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Pekston— Quimbt.) 


WW  one  of  the  omuiiiera  of  the  WruhingtiiD  Clab  in 
Puis,  compooed  diiefl;  of  AtDcricaiw. 

PMitoi,Thtauaoott,aBon]ui(;aCholio  prelaw,  bom 
in  Hartford,  Conn.,  July  iS,  IMM;  died  in  New  Yort 
city.  Not.  i,  IHyl.  His  parvntH  were  EpiHcopaliuu, 
■Dd  ho  iDheriUd  reli^iDiu  lendenciee  IhaC  were 
Mrcnjnheaed  by  educatiua.  He  ww  tinuluMed  M 
Wwhinirlon  (now  Trinity)  Collese,  Haitlbrd  in  IMS. 
Ho  determined  to  enter  the  ministry,  and,  the  more 
fully  to  devote  himself  to  raliicioua  work,  decided 
never  to  many.  Naturslly  •  rituiilint,  he  adopted  the 
high-chureh  principloa  of  the  EngliKh  Tracturiasa. 
in  1&48  ha  entered  the  ProtcBtant  Episcopal  Theo- 
logical Seminary  in  tiew  York,  where  be  was  gnda- 

arai^ed  to  Trinity  Church,  and  afterward  to  the 
Church  of  the  Aonunciation  in  Uth  Street,  and  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  InnooenU  at  West  Point.  Bishop 
De  Lancey,  of  We«tem   New    York,  ordained   him 

Bl  Luke's  Church,  New  York  city,  of  which  Ur. 
John  Murray  Forbes  vas  rector,  and  remained  there 
two  yetsv.  Poubta  as  to  the  Icnitimsle  succcusion  of 
the  Episcopalian  hiorarchy  led  bim  (o  the  Catholic 
Church.  Wishing-  to  enter  the  priwthood,  he  wai 
•ant  by  Archbishop  Hu|the»to8t.  Joaejih'n  Seminary, 
Fonlham.  tocompfete  his  studies,  and  was  ordained 
priest  at  St.  I'atnek'e  Cathedral,  New  York,  Nov.  IB, 
18S0.  Ho  ach-d  for  a  short  time  an  axslBtant  at  the 
cathedral,  and  then  look  charge  of  the  inisaiun  at 
Yonkem,  where  he  remained  two  years.  Id  18S3  the 
"   "  ootljn  and  Newark  were  creeled,  and 


York  diocese  without  a  chani'ellor  and  .\rchbishnp 
Hughes  without  a  Mcrelur}',  and  Father  I'reslon  was 
recalled  from  Yonkcis  to  take  these  placM.  Dr. 
FiirbcB,  who  had  been  converted  to  Catholicism  and 
iiL-d  priest,  and  was  thr-n  pastor  of  St  Ann's, 
._i.   .-   ,.,n,   „. 1  ..  .ig  KpiBcopal  Church, 


_j  .„  .^...v,  •_... ,  -u..  ..ubeequently  wb>  u 

editor  on  the  "Observer"  till  the  death  of  his  brotha 
in  188fi.  He  received  his  degree  from  Jettervon  <'u|. 
lege,  Canonaburg,  Pa.,  in  IMS",  Beside*  hi>.  ediloriil 
and  apecial  writingi  he  had  pulilislied  -Around  thr 
World "  (New  York,  1872) ;  -  Forty  Yeaw  in  li..- 
Turkish  Empire,"  (IS76;  flth  ed  18«3) .  -Caliini-m 
and  Hisuons,"  "  Civil  and  Beli|{iDui  Liberty  in  Tui. 
key,"  and  "Solea,  Genealogical,  Bioeraphical,  and 
Bibliographical  of  the  Prime  Family  "  (ISBS). 

Qnlitj,  Imte  FaidluiUI,  soldier  and  educator,  horn 
near  Morristown.  N.  J.,  Jan.  SW,  1821  ;  died  in  Rw'h- 
eater.  N.  Y,,  SopL  18,  1891.  He  was  ^radualnl  U 
West  Point  in  IMS,  Btanding  niith  in  his  daas  on  liic 


1  returned  t<  ,        . 

and  Father  Preston  was  appointvd  to  the  vacant  rec- 
torship ot  St  AnnX  which  he  held  until  his  death 
The  ehurch.  which  was  then  in  Sth  Street,  becoming 
loo  small  for  the  wants  of  the  congregation,  he  pur- 
chased a  Jewish  synaj^i^uein  l^h  Street,  and  thither 
.1 1 iiiiovcd,  the  new  church  being  e — 

1,   c-  "■    -■-— 

of  the  duties  of  vicar-general  added  to  those  of  the 
chancel lomhi p.  He  wae  a  Hnn  supporter  of  the  paro- 
chial-school system,  believing  tliat  the  education  of 
the  young  should  devolve  upon  the  Church,  and  to 
exemplify  his  belief  he  built  a  cnmniodious  school- 
house  on  nth  Street  Seton  Hall  College,  in  1880. 
contbrreil  upon  him  tiie  degree  of  S.  T.  I),  and  Pope 


>  XIII  c 


Dec.  1 


,  1H81 


Monsignor  Preston  vigoroDslv  opjKised  the  land  and 
labor  movement  of  flenrv  George  in  1886,  and  de- 
clared the  principles  of  the  Labor  party  to  he  un- 
sound and  oppoecd  to  Cntholie  befief.  When  Dr. 
Edward  McOlyim  cspauscd  the  eause  of  Henry 
Qeorge,  Monsignor  Preston  was  one  of  the  first  to 
move  against  that  priest,  and.  by  representing  Mr 
George's   doctrines  as  an  attack    on   the  riglitii  of 

Cpertv.  he  did  much  to  procure  the  defeat  of  the 
er  and  the  oxcommunicarion  of  Dr.  MeGlynn. 


Honslgnor  Preston  was  created  proth 
tolic  Aug.  al,  1888,  which  gave  him  tin  . 
reverend.    He  was  an  ardent  wlvoeate  of  the 


of  rfglit 


poral  power  of  the  Pope,  and  wrote  many 
«ial  and  devotional  works. 

Film,  Edwaid  Dnr  Qriffln,  clergyman,  bom  in  Cam- 
bridge, N.  Y.,  Nov.  a,  IHU;  died  in  Now  York  cilv, 
April  T,  18»1.  He  was  a  son  of  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  ii. 
Prime,  and  a  brother  of  the  Kev.  Sumuel  Irenteus 
Prime,  and  was  grulualed  at  Union  College  in  18»2 
and  ut  Princeton  Theological  Seminary  in  li«8.  In 
I8D9-*S1  he  was  pastor  of  a  Presbyterian  ehurch  in 
Scotchtown.  N.  v.;  in  1«.^2  became  pastor  of  the 
gnth  Street  Church  in  New  York  city:  in  18M-'-i4 
was  edilorially  eoonected  with  the  New  Y'ork  "  Ub- 


Sneral  score,  and  flint  in  engineering,  rivsan  i' 
'ant  was  his  classmate.  He  was  appoinlnl  lin^vn 
2d  lieutenant  of  artillery,  and  served  in  garri»>nsl 
Fort  Mifflin,  Pa.,  in  1&*3-'M,  He  was  an  inrfnuiT 
at  West  Point  in  lM5-'«.  and  in  Ift47-'M  «tv,J 
with  the  army  in  Mextco.  He  was  next  in  garri-'in 
at  Fort  Monroe  and  at  Fort  Adams,  R.  I.,  as  qusnrr- 
master.  as  ai^utant,  and  as  assistant  adiutuit-gcni'nl. 
with  the  rank  of  l«t  lieutenant  In  March,  l-^'ii  I" 
resigned  his  commission,  and  became  ProfeM'i  "' 
Mathematics  in  the  newly  founded  Univeisily  'if 
Rochester.  N.  Y.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil  «ir 
in  the  spring  of  1861,  ho  acn^pted  the  eolonclcvof  tlie 
Igth  Now  York  Infantry  (a  Rochester  reRinienli.  vd 
with  it  pasted  through  Baltimore  a  little  whik  siVr 
the  bloody  attack  on  the  Sth  Masaachu»»tb>  Ktgiiii'ii 
in  that  city.  Col.  Quinby  ordered  the  nnisketi-  !■>  '* 
loaded  before  the  men  left  the  care,  and  iiimie-lislelc 
on  alighting  the  flrat  and  last  companies  were  thniwH 
across  the  street  from  curb  to  curb,  with  tlie  olh'i 
eomponics  by  foure  between,  and  in  this  onli'r  ii 
crossed  the  city,  defying  molwlalion  (Voni  tlie  ii"'''- 
The  same  soldierly  precaution  might  have  savrd  \\i<: 
lives  that  were  lost  by  the  mism»nag«menl  "f  lli' 
fitli  Massachusetts.  Col.  Quinby  led  his  reniiixni 
gallantly  at  tlie  battle  of  Bull  Run,  where  it  fomii'l  • 
part  of  Shenuan'B  brigade;  but  his  mugnatien  tn" 
weeks  later  was  one  of  the  results  of  the  denK>nli' 
zation  that  had  lost  the  battle.  He  returned  1"  hi* 
professonhiii,  and  retMned  it  until  the  sprioij 


h  17,  he  was  c 


wioned  briinuli'' 


Eeneral  of  volunteers.  This  appoint ._ 
ave  followed  tVoni  (Jen.  Grant's  inquiij  where  ht"* 
and  why  so  valuable  an  offleer  was  allowed  to  n^imii 
uncommissioned.  How  well,  on  the  other  hand,  yi"" 
by  understood  Grant,  is  shown  by  an  incident  thai '"'I 

flace  between  the  capture  of  Fort  Henry  and  tlnl  " 
ort  DonelsoEL    A  group  of  ooU^e  boys  were  diiciM 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Redpath— Richardsok.) 


651 


ing  the  news,  when  one  exclaimed :  "•  That  amounts  to 
nothing ;  he  has  only  driven  the  Confederates  out  of 
Kort  iremy."  At  that  moment  Prof.  Quinby  came 
along,  and  said .  ^  Don^t  be  impatient,  young  gentle- 
men. I  know  that  Grant ;  he  is  a  determined  Yellow, 
and  will  never  let  go  till  he  geUt  them/*  A  few  days 
later  came  news  of  the  unconditional  surrender  of 
Fort  Donelson  with  14,000  men,  which  made  Grant 
famous.  In  April  Gen.  Quinby  was  assigned  to  the 
conunand  at  Columbus,  Kv.  In  October,  lb62,  he  was 
relieved,  to  take  command  of  the  Yth  division  of  the 
Anny  of  the  Tennessee.  The  division  was  sent  to 
take  part  in  the  movement  to  turn  the  Confederate 
right  flank  at  Vicksburg  by  Yazoo  pass,  tlie  C'old- 
water,  Tallahatchie,  and  Yazoo  rivers.  Amid  great 
ditiiculti^  Gen.  Ouinbv  pushed  on  to  Fort  Pembcrton, 
where  he  arrived  on  March  23.  Finding  no  ground 
suitable  for  camping  or  moving  a  laive  h^y  of  troops, 
and  the  fire  of  the  small  gunboats  being  ineffectual, 
he  conceived  the  idea  of  going  around  to  the  east  side 
of  Fort  Pembcrton,  crossing  Yallabusha  river  on  a 
pontoon  bridge,  cutting  the  communications  of  tlie 
fort  and  com  ^telling  its  surrender ;  but  he  also  con- 
structed worki<  for  a  direct  attack,  and  sent  back  to 
Helena  for  heavy  guns.  The  boat  that  carried  them 
brought  orders  from  Gen.  Grant  to  abandon  the 
movement  by  Yazoo  pass,  and  Gen.  Quinby  withdrew 
his  forve  from  before  Fort  Pembcrton  on  April  5. 
The  fatigues  and  anxieties  of  this  expedition  in  a 
malarious  region  brought  on  a  severe  illness,  and  he 
was  ordered  home  on  sick-leave  May  1,  1868.  But 
teaming,  a  few  days  after  reaching  home,  the  progress 
of  Grant's  movement  to  tlie  rear  of  Vicksburg,  he 
hastened  back,  assuming  command  of  his  division  on 
the  17th,  and  taking  part  in  tlie  assault  of  the  19th, 
and  the  subseouent  movements.  On  June  5  illness 
airain  rendered  nim  unfit  for  duty  in  the  field,  and  he 
wi'Tit  to  the  North  under  Grant's  orders,  remaining  in 
Roohesiter  until  July  1.  He  then  commanded  "the 
rendezvous  at  £Imira  till  Dec.  31,  1863,  when,  con- 
vinced that  he  would  not  again  be  able  to  go  to  the 
front,  he  resigned  his  commission  and  resumed  his 
chair  in  the  univenjity.  In  May,  1869,  he  was  aj)- 
pointed  United  Stotes  marshal  for  the  Northern  Dis- 
trict of  New  York,  and  he  held  that  office  during 
Grant's  two  presidential  tenns,  holding  his  professor- 
?»hip  also  till  September,  1884.  In  1886-'90  he  was 
city  surveyor  of  Kochoster.  He  was  a  trustee  of  the 
Soldiers'  Home  at  Bath,  N.  Y.,  and  vice-president  of 
the  board  from  the  foundation  of  the  institution,  in 
1879,  till  his  resignation,  in  1886.  In  addition  to  his 
official  duties,  he  was  frequently  employed  as  a  con- 
sulting engineer.  Gen.  Quinby  married  Elizobeth 
G.  Gardner,  daughter  of  Gen.  John  L.  Gardner,  U.  S. 
A.,  and  she  and  nine  children  survive  him.  He  re- 
vised and  rewrote  several  of  the  works  in  the  Robin- 
son course  of  mathematics,  and  the  treatise  on  the 
calculus  is  wholly  his. 

Bedpalhy  Jameii  journalist,  bom  in  Berwick-on- 
Tweed,  England,  Aug.  U,  1883;  died  in  New  York 
city,  Feb.  10,  1891.  He  received  a  common-school 
education,  removed  with  his  parents  to  Detroit,  Mich., 
in  1848,  and  became  connected  with  the  New  York 
** Tribune"  in  1852.  He  soon  imbibed  the  spirit  of 
the  antislavery  agitation,  and  in  185.')  went  to  Kansas, 
where  he  took  part  in  the  Free-soil  movement,  ond 
corresponded  regularly  with  several  Northern  news- 
papers. After  two  years'  residence  in  Kansas  he  de- 
termined to  make  a  personal  investigation  of  slavery 
in  the  Southem  States,  and  in  doing  so  he  associated 
as  closely  a»  possible  with  the  octual  daily  life  of  the 
slaves.  This  tour  made  him  more  than  ever  an 
alK>litionist,  and  prompted  him  to  join  with  others  in 
organizing  a  scheme  for  the  colonization  of  slaves  in 
Hayti.  lie  made  two  trips  to  Ilayti  to  facilitate  this 
object,  and  was  appointed  by  the  Hnytiun  (Jovem- 
ment  its  emigration  agent  in  the  United  States,  and 
also  its  consul  at  Philadelphia.  The  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war  prevented  the  consumniation  of  his  pur- 
pose. Ho  was  one  of  the  eariiest  war  corraspondents 
at  the  front,  and  remained  in  the  field,  principally 


with  the  armies  of  Gens.  Sherman  and  Thomas,  till 
the  cloae  of  the  war.  He  then,  under  official  appoint- 
ment, settled  in  Charleston,  S.  C,  as  superintendent 
of  education,  and  reorganized  the  educational  system 
of  the  city  and  established  schools  for  colored  youth. 
In  1868  he  removed  to  Boston  and  established  the 
Lyceum  Bureau,  through  the  agency  of  which  he  in- 
troduced several  well-known  lecturers  and  readers  to 
the  American  public.  After  several  successful  sea- 
sons he  sold  his  business  to  Migor  J.  B.  Pond,  by 
whom  it  is  still  continued.  In  1872  he  made  a  tour 
of  the  South  in  advocacv  of  the  re-election  of  Presi- 
dent Grant,  and  in  1876  oecame  secretary  of  the  Teller 
Senate  Committee  on  Investigation  of  Alleged  Election 
Frauds  in  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  and  other  Southem 
States.  In  1877  he  established  a  newspaper  syndicate 
in  Washington,  which  proved  a  failure,  after  which 
he  resumed  editorial  work  on  the  New  York  **  Trib- 
une," by  which  he  was  sent  to  Ireland  to  report  on 
the  famine  of  1879-'80.  While  in  Ireland  he  became 
strongly  attached  to  the  Land  League  party  and  to 
the  principle  of  home  rule,  and  after  a  snort  visit  to 
the  United  States  he  returned  to  aid  the  promoters  of 
the  Irish  movement  His  efiorts  with  voice  and  pen 
aided  in  swelling  materially  Uie  famine  relief  fund 
collected  in  the  United  States.  Soon  after  his  return 
he  established  a  weekly  newspaper  in  New  York 
city,  which  lived  two  years.  He  then  was  employed 
on  the  "North  Amencan  Review,"  and  became  an 
advocate  of  Henry  George's  land  theories.  In  1887 
he  had  a  stroke  of  paralvsis,  but  he  continued  his 
literary  work  till  the  acciaent  that  caused  his  death. 
He  made  another  trip  to  Ireland  in  1888,  and  after- 
ward assisted  Jefferson  Davis  in  preparing  his  history 
of  the  Southem  Confederacy,  and  Mrs.  Davis  in  com- 
piling the  memoirs  of  her  husband.  Mr.  Redpath 
published  "  Hand-book  to  Kansas  "  (New  York,  1859) ; 
"The  Roving  Editor,  or  Talks  with  Slaves  in  the 
Southem  States  "  (1859) ;  "  Echo*w  of  Harper's  Ferry  " 
(Boston,  1860) ;  "  Southem  Notes  "  (I860) ;  "  Guide  to 
Hoyti  "  (I860) ;  "  The  John  Brown  Invasion  "  (I860) ; 
"The  Public  Life  of  Capt  John  Brown"  (I860); 
John  Brown,  the  Hero"  (London,  1862) ;  and  "  Talks 
about  Ireland  "  (New  York,  1881). 

BioBy  Hazn^i  lawver,  bom  in  Conway,  Mass.,  June 
11, 1800'  died  in  Cleveland,  Ohio,  Nov.  7, 1891.  He 
was  graduated  at  Williams  College  in  1824j  removed 
to  Cleveland,  and  opened  a  classical  school  m  the  old 
St.  Clair  Academv  the  some  year ;  studied  law.  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1826 ;  and  purchased  the 
newspaper  now  known  as  the  "Cleveland  Plain- 
dealer"  in  1828.  After  spending  two  years  in  edi- 
torial work,  he  was  elected  to  the  Ohio  Assembly, 
and  soon  afterward  he  wos  appointed  agent  for  the 
sale  of  the  Western  Reserve  school  lands,  of  50,000 
acres,  in  the  Virginia  military  district.  In  three 
vcars  he  sold  all  the  lands  and  turned  nearly  |ir)(),000 
into  the  State  treasure  In  1833  he  wos  appointed 
clerk  of  the  Common  I'leas  and  the  Supreme  Courts  in 
Cleveland,  and  he  held  the  office  for  seven  yeare;  in 
1834  and  1836  he  was  an  unsuccessful  Democratic 
candidate  for  Congress;  in  1851  he  was  elected  to  the 
State  Senate,  where  he  advwated  the  reorganization 
of  the  common-school  system  of  Ohio  and  the  estab- 
lishment of  school  libraries;  and  in  1867  he  planned 
and  erected  at  his  own  expense  a  beautiful  marble 
monument  in  Mission  Park,  Williamstown,  Mass., 
commemorative  of  American  foreign  missions.  He 
published  "  Mount  Vernon,  and  other  Poems"  (1858; 
4th  edition,  1804);  "Nature  and  Culture"  (Boston, 
1875);  Pioneers  of  the  Wcstem  Reserve"  n882); 
"Select  Poems"  (1885);  and  "Sketches  of  Westem 
Life"(18H8). 

BidhardflODi  Oharles  A^  editor,  bom  in  Franklin, 
Mass.,  Oct.  9,  1829;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  18, 
1891.  He  was  edueotcd  at  the  State  Normal  School 
at  Westlield,  and,  after  teaching  for  several  years, 
became  managing  editor  of  the  "  Congregational ist" 
in  1856,  and  held  the  office  till  his  death.  He  was 
also  Vice-President  of  the  Congregational  Club,  a 
director  of  the  Congregational  Association,  and  a 


652  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Rrrrsifc— Rouckbndorp.) 

member  of  various  committees  engaged  in  religions  penditures,  treeij  used  the  veto  power  undziflt  qiecial 

and  raiiaaionary  work.  le^slationf  and  rec(Mcnized  and  promoted  the  doctrine 

Bitter,  FMerio  Lods,  musical  composer,  born  in  or  home  rule  for  the  large  cities.    His  personal  in- 

Strasburg,  Germany,  in  1884 ;  died  in  Antwerp.  6er-  teffritv  was  beyond  question. 

many,  July  6, 1891.    He  was  descended  fix)m  a  Span-        BobuuOB,  Hsnaaitf  civil  engineer,  bom  in  Richmond, 
ish  family  named  Cabelloro;  first  Htudicd  music  with  Va.,  in  1802;  died  m  Philadelphia,  Pa^Nov.  10, 1891. 
Hauser   and    Uans  Schletterer,  then   with    George  He  was  educated  at  AVilliam  and  Mary  Colle^re,  and 
Kastncr,  in  Pans,  and  afterward  with  masters  in  Ger-  began  his  professional  work  when  sixteen  years  old 
many :  and  in  1^2  became  Professor  of  Music  in  the  in  connection  with  a  topographical  survevor  the  State 
Protestant  Seminary  of  Fenestrange,  Lorraine.  Thence  from  Richmond  to  the  Ohio  river.    Wnile  enga^fed 
he  went  to  Bordeaux,  where  he  conducted  a  series  of  in  this  work  he  made  detailed  reports  on  the  coal 
concerts.    In  1856  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  fields  of  West  Virginia,  and  made  an  independent  cx- 
organized  the  Cecilia  (choral)  and  Philharmonic  (or-  pedition  into  the  northwestern  part  of  the  State.    Id 
chestral)  societies,  produced  works  new  to  this  country,  1821  he  critically  examined  the  Erie  Canal,  and  the 
and  did  much  to  promote  the  cause  of  music  in  the  same  year  was  asked  to  superintend  the  extension  of 
West    He  became  conductor  of  the  Sacred  Harmonic  the  James  River  Canal  to  Covington.    But  be  had  be- 
Society  and  of  the  Anon  Singing  Society  in  New  York  come  convinced  of  the  general  superiority  of  Failroad» 
in  1861,  and  organized  ana  conducted  at  Steinway  over  canals,  and  ur^ed  the  building  of  a  railroad  in- 
Hall  the  first  purely  musical  concert  held  in  New  stead,  but  as  his  views  were  not  entertained  he  de 
York  city,  in  1867.    He  was  appointed  director  of  dined  the  undertakiiijg.    In  1823  he  went  to  Europe; 
music  at  Vassar  College  in  1867,  and  held  the  office  studied  civil  engineerinff  and  important  public  woria> 
till  his  death,  resigning  his  otfices  in  New  York  city  in  France^  England,  Wales,  and  Holland,  and,  becom- 
and  removing  to  rougnkeepsie  in  1874.    In  1878  he  ing  aoquamtod  with  Geoiige  Stephenson,  then  build- 
received  the  degree  of  Mus.  Doc.  from  the  University  ing  the  Liverpool  and  Manchester  Railroad,  received 
of  the  City  of  New  York.    His  publications  and  com-  ample  confirmation  of  his  own  views  on  the  relative 
positions  include :  ^  A  History  of  Music  in  the  Form  merits  of  railroads  and  canals.    He  returned  home  in 
of  Lectures"  (1870-'74) :  **  Music  in  England  "  (1888) :  1827,  and  in  the  following  year  began  surveys  for  the 
**  Music  in  America"  (1883);  ^*  Manual  of  Musical  Pottsvllle  and  Danville  luiilroad,  designed  to  develop 
History  from   the  Epocli  or  Ancient  Greeoo  to  our  tlie  anthracite  coal  fields  of  Pennsj'lvania.    Afterward 
Present  Time"  (1886) ;  "  Musical  Dictation "  (1888) ;  he  made  a  swrvoy  and  plans  for  the  Alleghany  Port- 
*^  Practical  Method    for  the  Instruction  of  Chorus  age  Railroad,  which,  in  competition  with  the  plans  of 
Classes";   ^The  Realm  of  Tones,"  edited    (1883);  oUier  engineers,  were  finally  adopted.    His  plan  in- 
**  The  Woman's  College  Hymnal,"  compiled  with  the  volved  a  tunnel  one  mile  long  and  the  transportation 
Rev.  J.  Ryland  Kendrick ;  and  sacred  music  com-  of  loaded  boats  from  the  canal  at  HoUidaysburg  by 
positions,  the  4th  Psalm,  the  23d  and  95th  Psalms  rail  over  the  Alleghany  mountain,  and  their  launch- 
for    female  voices,   **  O    Salutaris,"    and    an  ^^  Ave  ing  again  into  the  canal  basin  at  Johnstown,  to  pr»- 
Maria."    He  also  composed  the  music  for  more  than  ceed  thence  to  Pittsburg.    In  1830  he  built  a  thirteen- 
100  German  songs ;  many  hvmnsand  songs  for  chil-  mile  railroad  in  Virginia  to  reach  the  coal  fields,  the 
dren ;  and  instrumental  worics,  us  symphonies,  overt-  novelty  of  which  consisted  of  an  inclined  plane  or 
urcs,  septet  for  fiute,  horn,  and  string  quintet,  string  gravity  road,  now  a  common  afiair.    lu  the  following 
quartet,  and  music  for  the  piano  and  organ.  vear  he  was  engaged  in  the  construction  of  the  Peters- 

BoUnioiL  Loofaiff  lawyer,  oom  in  Windham,  Greene  Durg  and  Roanoke  and  the  Richmond  and  Petersbuii^ 

County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  4,  1810;  died  in  Elmira,  N.  Y.,  railroads,  and  for  the  latter  he  built  Uie  long  bridge 

March  23, 1891     He  was  a  lineal  descendant  of  John  over  James  river  at  Richmond.    Next  he  undertctok 

Robinson,  Uie  celebrated  Puritan  clei]gyman ;   was  the  construction  of  the  Richmond  and  Fredericksbu/ir 

educated  at  Delaware  Academy,  Delhi,  N.  Y  ;  and  and  the  Winchester  and  Potomac  railroads.    In  lbS4 

was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1882.    He  settled  in  Cats-  he  began  the  principal  work  of  his  life,  the  buildiiii; 

kill    to  practice,  was   district   attorney   of  Greene  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Reading  Railroad.    In  this 

County  in  1837-^40,  when  he  removed  to  Elmira  and  work  he  was  not  only  successful  as  an  engineer  but 

resumed  practice.    He  was  appointed  a  master  in  also  as  a  financier,  for  on  him  was  placed  tibe  dutv  of 

chancery  m  1843,  and  served  continuously  till  the  abo-  securing  in  England  a  loan  with  which  to  complete 

litionof  that  court  in  1847.    Almost  immediately  after  the  road.    SuMcquently  he  invented  and  built  the 

retiring  from  this  court  he  received  the  Democratic  Go  wan  and  Marx  engine,  and  for  the  Federal  Gov- 

nomination  for  judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  but  was  emment  selected  the  Wallabout  basin  as  the  bert 

defeated.     Ho  was  employed  chiefiy  with    referee  site  in  New  York  harbor  for  a  great  dry-dock.   He 

cases  till  18o5,  and  then  retired  to  a  farm  in  Chemung  retired  from  active  field  work  in  1847,  *but  till  the 

County  for  rest    In  1859  he  was  elected  to  the  State  time  of  his  death  he  was  frequently  consulted  oo 

Assembly  as  an  independent  candidate,  by  a  com-  larsfc  engineering  works. 

bination  of  Republicans  and  Democrats,  and  he  was        Soobknidoifi  WflUanii  naval  officer,  bom  in  Philadel- 

re-elected  in  the  following  vear.    In  1861  he  was  de-  phia.  Pa.,  Nov.  9, 1812  ;  died  in  New  York  city,^ov. 

feated  as  candidate  for  Speaker,  but  the  same  year  he  27,  1891.    He  was  appointed  a  midshipman 'in  the 

was  elected  Comptroller  of  the  State  by  the  largest  United  States  navy,  Feb.  17,  1882;   was  promoted 

m^ority  that  had  ever  been  given  a  candidate  for  a  passed  midsliipman,' June  23, 1888;  lieutenant,  June  28, 

State  office  in  New  York  (108,201 ).   In  the  convention  1843 ;  commander,  June  29,  1861 ;  captain,  ScpL  27, 

of  1863  he  was  a  candidate  for  rcnomination,  but  the  1866;  commodore,  Feb.  12,  1874;  and  was  retired 

party  managers  chose  anotlier,  and  when  this  nominee  Nov.  9, 1874.    During  his  naval  career  he  was  on  m« 

declined,  Mr.  Robin.Hon  was  nominated  by  the  State  service  twenty -two  years  eight  months ;    on  uhon* 

committee,  and  was  again    electctl    by  a  majority  or   other   duty,  ten    vears    ten    months;    and    ua? 

greater  than  that  of  the  general  ticket    He  was  a  unemployed    twenty-five    years    four   months.     In 

candidate  for  a  third  election  in  1865,  but  his  con-  1845  lie  was  bearer  of  dispatches  from    the  Navy 

servati  ve  administration  and  his  opposition  to  refund-  Department  to  the  commander-in-chief  of  the  Paoifif 

ing  plans  caused  his  defeat.    Dunne:  the  civil  war  squadron,  with  which  he  served  tlirough  the  Mexi 

period  he  hud  acted  with,  and  been  the  candidate  of,  can  War;  in  1-847  was  on  the**  Savannah  "  atthecai't- 

the  Republican  party,  but  at  its  close  ho  returned  to  ure  of  Monterey,  and  in  1859  commanded  the  steaimr 

the  Democratic  partv,  and  as  its  candidate  for  Comp-  "  M.  W.  Chapin  "  in  the  Paraguay  expedition.    In 

trollcr  was  again  deteated.    In  1870  he  was  defeated  the  civil  war  he  took  part  in  tlie  fight  with  the 

for  Congress;  in  1875  was  re-elected  Comptroller;  "  Merrimac"  as  commander  of  the  "Sari  Jacinto"  in 

and  in  1876  he  was  elected  Governor.    Tammany  the  attiick  on  Se well's  Point,  and  in  the  capture  ot 

Hall  opposed  his  candidacy  for  re-election  in  1879,  Norfolk;  was  employed  in  seai*ching for  privatt*en*  in 

and  he  was  defeated.^    During  his  administration  as  1863 ;  and  commanded  the  "  Monadnock  "  in  the  James 

Governor  he  was  vigilant  in  regard  to  public  ex-  river  operations,  and  made  a  cruise  in  search  of  the 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Rotce— Sawybb.)  653 

**  Stonewall "  in  1864.    In  1870-^2  he  was  in  oharge  pointed  rainiftter  to  Belgium,  where  he  remuned 

of  the  ironclads  at  New  Orleans.  ei^ht  years,  became  an  intimate  acquaintance  of  the 

Bojoa^  HaiMr  Elihiii  jurist  bom  in  Berkshire,  Vt,  King,  and  rendered  such  important  service  to  the 

June  14, 1820 ;  died  in  St  Albans,  Vt,  April  24, 1891.  Federal  Government  during  the  civil  war  that  Secro- 

He  received  an  academical  education ;  was  admitted  tary  Seward  pronounced  him  ^  the  minister  of  the 

to  the  bar  in  1844  ;  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  United  States  in  Europe.^'    President  Johnson  nomi- 

State  in  1846-^47 ;  and  was  State  Senator  in  1849-^51.  nated  him  for  a  second  term  in  Belgium,  President 

In  1856  and  18&8  he  was  elected  to  Congress,  where  Grant  for  the  Spanish  mission,  and  A^esident  Hayes 

he  i^erved  as  a  member  of  the  Committee  on  Foreign  renewed  the  nomination  for  Belgium,  but  the  Senate 

Affairs*  and  in  1870  he  was  chosen  an  associate  jiis-  rejected  him  each  time.    He  neeotiatea  tlie  jtrst postal 

tiee  of  me  Supreme  Court  of  Vermont    He  lield  this  convention  with  France,  and  Uie  celebrated  Scheldt 

otfice  till  1882,  when  he  was  appointed  chief  justice,  treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation;  founded  the  city 

and  fterved  as  such  till  impaired  health  caused  him  to  of  Sanford,  Fla.,  in  1870 ;  was  United  States  commis- 

reeitrn  in  1890.  sioner  on  the  Congo  River  Colony  in  1888,  and  dcle- 

8*iBnd|  Huy  Jvubt  physician,  bora  in  Vermont,  gate  to  the  International  Congp  Conference  in  1885; 

about  1840 ;  died  in  Tarpon  Springs,  Fla.,  Dec.  8,  and  was  a  delegate  to  the  Antislavery  Conference  at 

1891.    For  several  years  she  resided  with  her  brother  Brussels  in  1889. 

in  Cairo,  HI.,  where  she  established  a  free  school  and  Sawyeri  OharlM  OvnilL  sons  writer,  born  in  Mystic, 

taught  till  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war.    Through  Conn.,  in  1838 ;  died  inBrooklyn,  N.  V.,  Oct  8, 1891. 

personal  acquaintance  with   President  Lincoln  and  He  accompanied  his  parents  to  New  York  city  in 

Qcn.  Grant  she  secured  permission  to  go  to  the  seat  bovhood :  began  writmff  sonnets  when  twelve  years 

of  war  as  soon  as  hostilities  began^  and  was  credited  ola^  and  aurihg  the  civil  war  composed  many  songs, 

with  being  the  first  woman  to  luiminister  relief  to  the  which,  from  the  absence  of  sectional  sentiments,  be^ 

wounded  on  the  field  of  battle  in  the  war.    Before  came  very  popular  among  the  soldiers  of  both  armies. 

it»  close  her  strength  gave  way  and  she  went  to  £u-  His  best  known  songs  are  ^  When  this  Cruel  War 

rope  for  rest    On  her  return  she  spent  three  years  is  over,"  ^Who  will  care  for  Mother  now?"  and 

studying  medicine  in  New  York  city,  and  was  grad-  "  Mother  would  comfort  me." 

uated  at  the  College  and  Hospital  for  Women.    Re-  Sawyeri  Fredoiok  Addpfau,  Senator,  bom  in  Bolton, 

ceiving  permission  to  enter  the  medical  department  Mass.,  Dec.  12, 1822 ;  dicni  in  Sewanee,  Tenn.,  July  81, 

of  the  University  of  Vienna — the  fiist  ever  granted  to  1891.    He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1844, 

a  woman — she  spent  nearly  three  years  studying  taughtforseveralyearsin  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  and 

there  and  in  various  hospitals  in  Europe.    She  then  Maseachiisetts,  and  in  1859  took  chai^ge  of  tiie  Nonnal 

settled  in  Chicago  to  practice,  but  soon  removed  to  School  in  Charleston,  S.  C.    In  1864  he  and  his  fam- 

Boston.     In  1878,  on  tne  establishment  of  the  Boston  ily  were  allowed  to  pass  through  the  lines  and  return 

University  School  of  Medicine,  she  was  appointed  a  North,  and  the  same  year  he  took  the  stump  in  New 

Professor  of  Diseases  of  Women,  and  held  tlie  chair  England  in  advocacy  of  President  Lincoln^)  reHslec- 

till  18d8«  when  she  settled  in  Tarpon  Springs.  tion.    He  returned  to  Charleston  in  1865,  and  became 

BU  Jdm,  OharlMi  merchant,  bora  in  Mount  Hope,  active  in  advancing  reconstraction  measures.  In 
Orange  County,  N.  Y.,  Oct  8,  1818;  died  in  Port  May  of  that  year  he  was  appointed  collector  of  in- 
Jervis,  N.  Y.,  «July  6, 1891.  He  received  a  common-  ternal  revenue  in  the  2d  Soutn  Carolina  District  He 
school  education,  engaged  in  lumbering  on  Delaware  was  elected  to  the  State  Constitutional  Convention 
river,  subseouently  carried  on  a  general  mercantile  under  the  reconstruction  acts  of  Conmss,  but  de- 
business,  ana  afterwaixl  established  a  lumbering  plant  clined  to  serve,  and  was  elected  United  States  Sena- 
on  Susouehanna  river  near  Williamsport,  Pa.,  and  be-  tor  in  1868.  In  the  Senate  he  was  a  member  of  the 
came  tne  second  largest  individual  nperator  in  lum-  committees  on  Private  Land  Claims,  Education,  Pen- 
ber  in  the  world.  In  1870  and  1872  lie  was  elected  to  sions,  and  on  Appropriations.  At  the  close  of  his 
Con^pess  from  the  12th  New  York  District  as  a  Re-  term,  in  1878,  he  was  appointed  assistant  secretary 
publican,  and  he  served  on  the  committees  on  Public  of  the  treasury,  and  he  held  the  office  about  a  year. 
Lands  and  on  Expenditures  in  the  State  Department  Soon  after  the  appointment  of  Gen.  Benjamin  U. 
In  1880  he  w^as  a  presidential  elector.  Bristow  to  be  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  Mr.  Sawyer 

BtaiB,  PL™»™>i|  publisher,  born  in  Annapolis,  Md.,  and  other  Treasury  officials  were  chaiiged  with  having 

in  1800;  died  in  Baltimore,  Md.^  Julv  28, 1891.    In  procured  the  payment  of  a  fraudulent  cotton  claim 

1811  he  was  apprenticed  to  the  printers  trade,  and  in  while  employed  in  the  department    The  officials 

1814,  while  working  in  the  office  of  the  Baltimore  were  convicted  and  sent  to  jail ;  but  on  a  second  trial 

**  American,"  he  put  into  type,  fresh  from  the  author's  it  was  shown  that  Mr.  Sawyer  had  received  none  of 

hands,  the  song  of  **The  Star-spangled  Banner."  the  money,  and  he  was  acouitted. 

W hen  sixteen  years  old  he  was  foreman  of  the  **Amer-  fknrjvt,  JanDao,  jurist,  bora  in  Jefferson  County, 


agricultural  papers  in  the  United  States.    He  also  es-  Westera  Reserve  College.    Studied  law,  was  admit- 

tanlished  ^  The  Moral ng  Chronicle,"  a  daily  news-  ted  to  the  bar,  and  in  1850  went  to  Califoraia  as  a 

paper:  in  1836  published  " The  Freeman's  Banner,"  member  of  the  "Badger  Train."    He  practiced  at 

in  which  he  advocated  the  election  to  the  presidency  different  times  in  Sacramento,  Nevada  City,  and  San 

of  William  Henry  Harrison;  in    1869    established  Francisco,  was  elected  cit^  attoraey  of  the  latter  city 

**  The  Real  Estate  Register,"  and  in  1872  "  The  Ru-  in  1854,  and  lacked  only  six  votes  to  secure  the  nom- 

ral  Register."    He  had  been  a  stanch  Whig,  a  war  ination  forjudge  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1856.    In 

Democrat,  and  a  zealous  Republican.    With  his  son,  1862  he  was  appointed  iudge  of  the  12th  Judicial 

Samuel  B.  Sands,  he  remained  an  editor  and  pub-  District  of  Calirornia  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  after  serv- 

lisher  of  "The  American  Farmer"  till  the  time  of  ing  five  months  was  elected  for  a  mil  term,  having 

his  death.  the  support  of  both  parties.    Subsequently,  on  tlie 

"    '   '   w         «--ix-_     ,.  »         .  .  1^  „  ._  T«r_.j  .        .r.v    o._.           ._  1                      elected 

'OS 

the 
lia- 

delbeig  Univeraity ;  first  entered  the  United  States  trict  of  California,  and  he  held  the  office  till  his  death, 

diplomatic  service  in  1847  as  an  aUacJU  to  the  lega-  While  a  State  jud^e  he  attracted  wide  attention  by 

tion  at  St  Petersburg,  under  Ralph  J.  Ingersoll ;  was  overruling  a  decinion  denying  Chinamen  the  riffhtto 

acting  secretary  of  Icflration  in  Ib^  at  Frankfort  un-  testify  in  courts,  on  the  ground  that  such  prohibition 

der  Andrew  J.  Donelson,  and  was  secretary  of  lega-  confiictcd  with    the    fourteenth  amendment  to  the 

tion  at  Paris  from  1849  till  1854.    In  1861  he  was  ap-  Federal  (Constitution. 


654 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Schultz— Seablks.) 


Cbhnltii  Jaokm  &i  manufacturer^  bom  in  Hyde 
Park.  N.  Y.,  Wov.  9,  1815 ;  died  in  New  York  city, 
Marcn  1,  1891.  He  waa  the  son  of  a  tanner,  witn 
whom  he  learned  the  trade,  and  early  in  life  became 
a  clerk  in  the  leather  house  of  Smith,  Schultz  A  Co., 
New  York  city,  of  which  his  father  was  a  partner. 
In  1838  this  firm  was  dissolved ;  and  atler  young 
Schultz  had  conducted  the  business  alone  for  a  year, 
he  organized  the  firm  of  Young  <&  Schultz,  wnich 
continued  in  that  fonn  till  1854,  when  a  third  mem- 
ber was  admitted,  and  the  name  became  Young, 
Schultz  &  Co.  Further  changes  were  made  in  1857 
and  1867,  the  firm  becoming  Schultz,  Southwick  & 
Co  in  the  latter  year  and  remaining  so  till  1884, 
when  Mr.  Schultz  retired,  and  the  firm  of  Schultz, 
Innes  &  Co.  was  formed.  Mr.  Schultz  always  took  a 
keen  interest  in  the  public  affairs  of  the  city,  but  it 
was  in  the  movement  that  resulted  in  the  exposure 
of  the  Tweed  ring  and  the  arrest  and  successful  pros- 
ecution of  William  M.  Tweed  that  ho  particularly 
earned  the  thanks  of  the  community.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Seventy  which  was  ap- 
pointed in  September,  1871,  and  which,  after  the  ring 
exposure,  reported  a  reform  charter  for  the  city ;  and, 
later,  he  was  conspicuous  in  the  agitation  of  New 
York  merchants  against  the  moiety  svstem  of  the 
Federal  Government  enforced  against  tLe  importers. 
In  1873  he  was  appointed  United  States  Commis- 
sioner to  the  World^s  Exhibition  in  Vienna.  He 
discovered  or  invented  many  improvements  in  the  art 
of  tanning,  and  he  also  published  a  work  on  the  his- 
tory and  art  of  that  industry. 

Soofieldi  Qkanl  WIUiAini  jurist,  bom  in  Chautauoua 
County,  N.  Y.,  March  11,  1817;  died  in  Warren,  ra., 
Aug.  80, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Hamilton  Col- 
lege in  1840,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  Warren. 
Pa.,  in  1843.  In  1850  and  1851  he  was  a  member  or 
the  Pennsylvania  Assembly,  in  1857-^59  was  in  the 
State  Senate,  and  in  1861  was  appointed  president 
judge  of  the  18th  Judicial  District  of^he  State.  He  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  the  19th  Pennsylvania  Dis- 
trict as  a  Republican  in  1862,  and  was  re-elected  five 
consecutive  times.  There  ho  was  chairman  of  the 
standing  Committee  on  Naval  Affairs  and  of  the  se- 
lect committee  to  investigate  the  legislative  troubles 
in  Louisiana.  In  the  latter  part  of  his  congressional 
service  his  name  was  unfavorably  connected  with  the 
Credit  Mobilier  scandal.  In  March,  1878,  he  was  ap- 
pointed Register  of  the  Treasury,  and  he  hold  the 
office  till  1881,  when  he  was  appointed  a  judge  of  the 
United  States  Court  of  Claims.  He  retired  from  his 
last  office  a  few  weeks  before  his  death. 

8oott|  '^lUam  li^rraioe,  capitalist,  bom  in  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  July  2,  1828 ;  died  in  Newport,  R.  I., 
Sept  19, 1891.  He  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion, and  when  twelve  years  old  was  appointed  a 
page  in  the  national  House  of  Reoresentatives,  where 
he  served  for  six  years.  Near  tiie  close  of  his  lost 
term  he  attracted  the  attention  of  Hepresentativo 
Reed,  then  engaged  in  the  lake  trade  at  Erie,  Pa., 
who  gave  him  a  place  as  clerk  in  his  shipping  office. 
In  18o0  he  engaged  in  the  coal  and  shipping  business 
on  his  own  account^  soon  afterward  bouglit  and  ran 
several  vessels  on  the  Great  Lakes,  and  subsequently, 
becoming  interested  in  coal  mining,  iron  manufactur- 
ing, and  railroad  operations,  attained  large  wealth. 
At  one  time  he  was  president  or  director  of  railroad 
companies  owning  or  controlling  more  than  22,000 
miles  of  completed  road,  and  was  the  confidential 
manager  of  many  enterprises  in  which  Samuel  J. 
Tilden  wiw  intereste<l.  At  the  beginning  of  the  civil 
war  he  organized  and  equipped,  at  an'  expense  of 
$30,000,  the  Scott  Battery.  In  18f»8  he  was  a  delegate 
to  the  National  Democratic  Convention  in  New  York ; 
in  18.S0,  delcgate-at-large  from  Pennsylvania  to  the 
convention  in  Cincinnati;  in  1870-'84  was  a  member 
of  the  Democratic  National  Committee :  in  1866  and 
1871  was  Mayor  of  Erie ;  and  in  18S4  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  in  which  he 
had  served  as  a  page  forty-four  years  previously. 
Ho  was  re-elected  from  the  27th  Pennsylvania  Dis- 


trict as  a  Democrat  in  1886,  and  in  his  Mcond  term 
served  as  a  member  of  the  Committees  on  Wavs  and 
Means  and  on  Expenditures  in  the  Navy  Depart 
ment  Mr.  Scott  bought  many  noted  horeee,  ana  (^ 
tablishod  a  great  brewing  farm  on  the  old  Taz«;w^ll 
estate  in  Virginia. 

SoorfflAf  JoriatiiMi  manufacturer,  bom  in  Salisburv. 
Conn.,  Julv  14, 1830 ;  died  in  New  Y^ork  cit)-,  Marck 
4, 1891.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and 
in  Yale  Scientific  School,  eatablished  a  blast  furnace 
in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y.,  in  1850,  and  car- wheel 
factories  in  Toronto,  Canada,  and  Bufi'alo,  N.  Y'.«  in 
I860,  and  with  a  brother  made  the  fiufi*alo  factory 
one  of  the  largest  of  its  kind  in  the  country.  In  l8^1 
he  was  elected  to  Congress  as  a  Democrat  from  the 
£rie  District  to  fill  a  vacancv,  and  in  the  following 
year  he  was  elected  for  a  full  term.    His  only  other 

Eublic  office  was  that  of  Mayor  of  Buffalo,  to  which 
e  was  elected  in  1884.  Mr.  SooviUc  bequeathed 
$25,000  to  the  Buffalo  General  Hospital  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  training  school  for  nurses  $5^000  each 
to  the  Buffalo  Orphan  Asylum,  Buffalo  Fine  Aits 
Academy,  Buffalo  Historical  Societv,  the  Home  of 
the  Friendless,  and  St.  Vincent^s  f^nsde  Asylum, 
$3,000  to  the  Roman  Catholic  Chureh  Society  in 
Lakeview,   Ontario,  the  interest  of  $5,000  in  per- 

gitmty  to  St  John^s  Episcopal  Societ}*  of  Salisbury, 
onn.,  and  $500  ner  annum  to  the  Methodist  Episco- 
pal Union  Chapel  of  Chapinville. 

Beizleay  Vmtj  Ftaaov  Blienrood«  capitalist,  bom  in 
New  York  city  about  1821 ;  died  in  Methuen,  Ma&«L. 
Julv  25, 1891.    She  was  one  of  several  daughters  of 
William  Sherwood^  removed  with  the  family  to  Great 
Barrington,  Mass.,  in  early  life ;  married  Mark  Hop- 
kins in  18^,  and  accompanied  him  to  California  in 
the  following  year.    They  settled  in  Sacrament(3,  and 
soon  afterward  Mr.  Hopkins  formed  a  partnership 
with  Collis  P.  Ilimtington,  and  the  firm  d^^  deal- 
ing in  the  various  commodities  needed  by  the  mineiK 
Subsequently  the  firm  united  with  another,  com- 
posed of  Leland  Stanford  and  Charles  Crocker,  and 
the  four  men  began  building  a  railroad  from  Sacra- 
mento to  Placerville.     They  then  proposed  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  across  the  Kocky  mountains, 
and,  when  Conff^ees  passed  the  bill  giving  a  subsidy 
of  $48,000  for  every  mile  fn  the  mountainous  country 
and  $30,000  for  every  mile  on  the  plains  they  orean- 
ized  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company'  and  di- 
vided the  four  principal  offices  between  themselves. 
Mr.  Hopkins  taking  tnat  of  treasurer.    The  four  men 
built  the  road  in  about  five  years,  and  it  was  sup- 
posed they  each  cleared  nearly  $50,00<\000  by  the 
transaction.    Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hopkins  then  removed  U^ 
San  Francisco,  where  they  built  a  residence  on  Nob 
Hill  that  cost  $1,250,000.    Mr.  Hopkins  died  in  April. 
1878,  leaving  an  estate  variously  estimat»l  at  from 
$30,000,000  to  $60,000,000.    His  widow  then  left  San 
Francisco,  and  for  several  years  lived  alternately  in 
New  York  city,  Pans,  London,  and  Great  Barnm;- 
ton,  building  a  costly  residence  at  each  place,  as  well 
as  in  Methuen  and  on  Block  Island.    Aoout  1885  nbe 
determined  to  erect  at  Great  Barrington  a  residence 
that  should  surpass  in  size  and  beauty  her  Nob  Hill 
estate,  and  cost  about  $5,000,000.    Edward  F.  Searles, 
who  had  been  engaged  to  go  to  San  Francisco  to  re- 
decorate the  mansion  there,  executed  his  commi^^jsion 
so  satisfactorily  that  on  its  completion  he  was  placed 
in  cliarge  of  her  contemplated  palace  in  Great  Bar- 
rington.   While  prosecuting  this  work  he   became 
arehitect,    superintendent,   financial    manager,   and 
confidential  adviser,  and  on  Nov.  9, 1887,  he  married 
his  wealthy  employer.    Excepting  occasional  trij«  to 
Europe  antl  to  Mr.'Searles's  home  in  Methuen,  tl»7 
lived  in  the  Kellogg  Terrace  palace  at  Great  Bar- 
rington till  her  fatal  illness.     Mrs.  Searlea  had  no 
children,  but  many  yeani  ago  had  adopted  a  youth, 
who  took  the  name  of  Timothy  Hopkins.    She  l>e- 
queathed  all  her  property  to  her  husband,  and  alW 
a  sensational  hearing  in  the  courts  all  opposition  sud- 
denly ceased  and  by  a  compromise  Mr.  Hopkins  re- 
ceived about  $3,000,000. 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Seton— Smith.)  655 

BetaDf  OUhailney  philanthropist,  bom  in  New  York  ttbkfi  Henzj  Eiffeingiy  pioneer,  bom   in   Detroit, 

city,  June  t«S  1800  ^  died  there,  April  8,  1891.    She  Mich.,  Feb.  20, 1811 ;  died  in  St  Paul,  Minn.,  Fob.  18, 

was  the  only  surviving  dauffhtor  of  Mr^.  Elizabeth  1891.    He  was  graduated  at  Detroit  Academy,  took  a 

Seton,  founder  of  the  Koman  Catholic  order  of  Sisters  special  course  in  Greek  and  Latin,  and  read  law,  but 

of  Charity  in  the  United  States,  and  after  the  death  in  1829  became  clerk  to  the  sutler  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie. 

of  her  mother,  in  1821,  she  was  a  member  of  Uie  family  Soon  afterward  he  took  a  local  sgency  of  John  Jacob 

of  Oen.  Harper^  of  Baltimore,  till  she  became  a  sister.  Astor^s  t\ir  company,  and,  after  bein^  in  1832-^34  a 

Ketuming  to  New  York  city,  she  applied  herself  al-  purchasing  a^ent^  he  was  given  an  interest  in  the 

moist  exclusively  to  the  care  and  instruction  of  the  company,  and  took  charge  of  its  business  in  tlie  terri- 

ytfOT  and  to  befnending  prisoners.     For  twenty -five  tory  nortn  of  Lake  Pepin  extending  to  the  British 

year»   she  was  a  constant  visitor  to  the  New  York  line,  and  west  to  the  head  waters  of  the  tributaries  of 

city  prison  (the  Tombs).    At  the  time  of  her  death  Missouri  river.    In  1834  he  reached  the  mouth  of 

»he  was  the  oldest  member  of  the  Order  of  Mercy,  of  Minnesota  river,  on  a  trip  for  the  company,  and,  entab- 

which  she  was  one  of  the  first  members.  lishing  his  headquarters  at  St  Peter's  (now  Meudota), 

Sewaid,  8ara  CoriMliAf  physician,  bora  in  Florida,  built  the  first  stone  house  within  the  present  limits  of 

N.  Y.,  June  8,  lb33:  died  in  Allahabad,  India,  June  Minnesota.    Two  years  afterward  he  was  appointed 

l:f,  1«91.    She  was  tne  daughter  of  Geoive  W.  Seward,  by  Gov.  Chambers,  of  Iowa,  a  justice  of  the  peace.   In 

youngest  brother  of  William  H.  Seward,  and  a  sister  1848  he  was  elected  a  delegate  to  Congress  fVom  Wis- 

of  the  late  Bev.  S.  S.  Seward,  D.  D.,  and  of  George  F.  consin  Territory^  and  tliere  secured  the  passage  of  a 

Seward,  ex-United  States  minister  to  China.     She  bill  for  the  creation  of  Minnesota  Territory,    ne  was 

was  graduated  at  Miss  Willard's  Troy  Female  Sem-  re-elected  to  Congress  for  two  terms;  in  1857  took 

inar'»',  and  at  the  Womans^  Medical  College  in  Phila-  part  in  the  constitutional  convention  and  was  elected 

delpkiain  1860,  and  in  1861-^65  was  in  China  with  her  to  the  Territorial  Legislature ;  and  on  the  admission 

brother.     While  she  was  studying  medicine  Sir  Will-  of  Minnesota  as  a  State,  in  1858,  he  was  elected  its 

iaiii  Muir,  Governor  of  the  ^orUi western  Provinces  first  Governor,  as  a  Democrat    In  1862,  at  the  time  of 

of  India,  suggested  to  the  Zenana  Missionary  Society  the  Sioux  Indian  outbreak,  he  organized  and  com- 

the  desirabiuty  of  having  women  physicians  to  prac-  manded  the  troops  raised  for  the  protection  of  the 

tiee  among  the  women  of  India,  whom  male  practi-  ftontier  settlers,  and  was  commissioned  a  brigadier- 

tioners  were  never  allowed  to  see.    In  response  to  an  general.    During  this  campaign  he  took  about  2,000 

appeal  from  the  societv.  Dr.  Seward  volunteered  to  Indian  prisoners,  tried  more  than  400  of  them  by 

go  to  Indiaj  and  left  >iew  York  in  December,  1871.  court-martial,  ana  on  Sept  29, 1862,  executed  tliirty- 

She  established  herself  at  Allahabad,  and  labored  eight  at  one  time,  only  President  Lincoln^s  direct 

there  with  great  success  till  her  death,  at  first  under  oraers  preventing  the  execution  of  man^'  more.     Gen. 

the  jurisdiction  of  the  British  Government,  but  for  Sibley  was  promoted  major-general,  Nov.  29j  1865; 

many  years  under  that  of  Uie  Presbyterian  Board  of  was  relievea  of  his  command  in  Minnesota  m  Au> 

Foreign  Missions  of  the  United  States.    She  had  two  gust,  1866 ;  and  was  detailed  as  a  member  of  a  com- 

dispensaries  in  the  city,  both  of  which  were  visited  mission  to  negotiate  treaties  with  the  Sioux    and 

every  day  and  showed  an  attendance  of  from  forty  to  other  hostiles  along  the  upper  Missouri  river.     In 

eijfhty  patients,  and  also  a  large  practice  in  private  1871  he  served  another  term  in  the  Legislature,  and 

hotlines  and  in  missionary  families.  afterward  lived  quietly  in  St  l*aul.     He  was  a  regent 

SefmoiiTi  Tntnumi  military  officer,  bom  in  Burling-  of  the  State  University,  President  of  the  State  Nonnal 

ton,  Vt,  Sept  25, 1824;  died  in  Florence,  Italy,  Oct  School  Board,  and  a  member  of  the  United  States 

30,   1891.    He  was  graduated  at  the  United 'States  Bpard  of  Indian  Commissioners. 

Military  Academy  and  appointed  brevet  2d  lieuten-  Bmithi  John  Otngary,  lowyer,  bom  in  St  Albans, 

ant  Ist  Artillery,  July  1, 1846  ;  wasi^^moted  2d  lieu-  Vt,  July  22, 1818 ;  died  there.  Nov.  6, 1891.    He  was 

tenant  March  8,  and  1st  heutcnant  Aug.  26,  1847 ;  graduated  at  the  Universitv  of  Vermont  in  1842,  and 

captain,  Nov.  22,  1860 ;  wos  transferred  to  the  5th  at  Yale  Law  School  soon  afterward,  and  began  prac- 

army 

and  was  micitei^ourof  the  service,  Aug.  24  follow-  was  one  of  the  receivers  of  the  former  road ;  in  1866- 


inir.    During  his  military  career  he  was  brevetted  Ist     ^72  he  was  President  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad ; 
lieutenant,  April    18,  1847,    for  gallantr>'   at  Cerro     and  since  1878  he  had  been  President  of  the  reor- 


ability  and  enerjfv  in  handling  his  division  and  for  and  chaimian  of  the  delegation.    He  was  also  several 

gallantry  and  valuable  services  in  action.''     In  his  time«  President  of  the  SUte  Republican  Convention, 

long  service  he  distinguished  himself  in  the  Mexican,  and  several  timew  declined  nomination  and  appoint- 

the  Seminole,  and  the  civil  ware.     He  was  a  member  ment  to  the  I'nited  States  Senate.     Gov.  bniith  be- 
of  Major  Anderson's  staff  in  the  defense  of  *     '  "" 

ter.     Among  his  brilliant  feats  in  the  civ; 
his  leading  in  the  unsuccessful  assault  on  Fort  Wag- 


pas  a  member  ment  to  the   I'liitea  oiates  senate,     uov.  oniim  oe- 

of  Fort  Sum-  queathed  filO.ooO  to  his  native  city  for  a  public  li- 

jivil  war  were  brary,  $5,000  for  a  soldiers'  monument,  and  $3,000  to 

on  Fort  Wair-  the  Ist  Comrrotrational  ('hurch  of  St  Albans. 


tire  to  Jacksonville.  He  was  taken  prisoner  in  the  bat-  cions  and  Surgeons  in  New  Y  ork  city  m  18J2,  imd  at 
tie  oi'  the  WildemeKS,  Moy  6, 1864,  and,  by  order  of  the  Eye  and  Eur  Inflnnary  in  1823 ;  eHtablishtxl  him- 
(ien.  Samuel  Jones,  was  placed  in  the  line  of  fire  of  the  self  in  practice  in  New  \  ork  in  1H24 ;  and  was  op- 
Federal  batteries  on  Morris  Island.    After  his  releu-se,  pointed  a  surgeon's  mate  in  the  L  nited  States  navy  in 


bW.     After  the  war  he  commanded  forts  in  Florida,     surgeon :  in  lh3H  was  attached  to  the  "  Macedonian  " 

""       3-     in  the  West  India  squadron:  in  1842  to  the  "Con- 


Fort  Warren,  Mass..  and  Fort  Preble,  Me.,  till  his  re- 
tirement   Since  his  retirement  h< 
rope,  most  of  the  time  in  Florence. 


tirement    Since  his  retirement  he  had  lived  in  Eu-     gress"  in  tiie    Mediu«rranean ;    in   184r>-'46  to    the 

"Pennsylvania";  and  in  1847-'4<J  to  the  Brooklyn 


656  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Spbab— Stuabt.) 

Kavj  Yard.  lie  was  fleet-sanreon  of  Commodore  nel,  and  colonel,  for  servicee  at  WUliamsbnig  and 
Perry^s  expedition  to  Japan  in  1854,  and,  after  serving  Upperville,  Va.,  and  in  the  Gettysbui^  campaign, 
at  the  Brooklyn  Navy  Yard  and  on  the  ^  Constella-  Btewarti  G«oi|^  Wif  inventor,  bom  m  AtlanU,  Ga^ 
tion  "  in  the  African  squadron,  he  had  chanre  of  the  in  1843 ;  died  m  I^ew  York  city,  Dec  9,  ls91.  He 
Naval  Hospital  at  New  York  in  1861-^65.  After  the  had  invented  several  useful  contrivances  in  the  line 
war  he  was  on  leave  orders  for  several  yean,  and  in  of  agricultural  implements,  and  had  come  to  New 
1871  he  was  appointed  medical  director,  with  the  York  to  interest  capitalists  in  his  last  invention- 
rank  of  commouoro,  and  was  retired.  the  aquaphone — an  apparatus  for  si^^nalinf  between 

BoMif  Saiimel  Ti|  clen?yman,  born  in  Ballston  Spa.  ships  at  sea.    After  spending  a  day  m  explaining  hin 

N.  Y.,  March  4, 1812;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  April  invention  to  a  companv  of  interested  capitalists,  be 

Ij  1891.    He  was  graduated  at  the  College  of  rhysi-  returned  to  his  hotel  ana  fell  dead, 

cians  and  Surgeons  in  Now  York  citv,  had  his  atton-  Storari  Dayid  Hnmplireyiy  educator,  bom  in  Portland, 

tion  drawn  to  the  ministry  soon  afterward,  studied  Me.,  in  1804 ;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Sept  10, 1691. 

theology  in  Troy,  N,  Y.,  and  was  ordained  in  the  He  was  a  son  of  Judge  Woodbury  Storer,  and  s 

Presbyterian  Church,  in  1835.    He  was  first  settled  grandson  of  Gov.  John  Langdon,  of  New  Hampshire, 

over  the  2d  Presbyterian  Church  in  Lansingburg,  and  was  graduated  at  Bowaoin  CoU<^  in  1822,  and 

N.  Y.    In  1843  he  was  called  to  a  church  in  Brooklyn,  at  the  Harvard  Medical  School  in  1825.    For  twenty- 

N.  Y.,  and  served  it  uninterruptedly  for  twenty-seven  two  years  he  was  dean  of  the    Harvard    Medit^ 

years,  resigning  in  1870  to  accept  an  editorial  place  School,  besides  filling  in  it  the  chair  of  Obstetrics 

on  ^*  The  Independent."  Excepting  occasional  preach-  and  Legal  Medicine,  and  he  was  also  President  of 

ing,  ho  poftsed  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  editorial  the  American  Medical  Association^  a  member  of  the 

and  other  literary  work.    His  publications  included  Massachusetts  Medical  Society,  ana  of  the  American 

books  on  *' Family  Power,"  "Bible  Heroes,"  "Church  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences,  and  author  of* A 

and  State,"  and  "  The  Federal  Judiciary."    Dr.  Spear  History   of  Massachusetts."     For  many  yean  Dr 

defended  the  Rev.  T.  Do  Witt  Talmage  in  the  trial  Storer  was  a  collaborator  with  Prof.  Agassix  in  nata- 

before  the  Brooklyn  Presbytery.  ral  history  research. 

SpinoUi  Krandi  a^  legislator,  bora  in  Stony  Brook,  Btzongi  ^lUam  E»  lawyer,  bora  in  Granville.  Wash- 
Long  Island,  N.  Y.,  I^larch  IV,  1821 ;  died  in  Wash-  ington  County,  N.  Y.,  Aug.  10, 1840;  died  in  Florence, 
ington,  D.  C,  April  14,  1891.  He  received  an  aca-  Italy,  April  10,  1891.  lie  was  educated  in  Racine, 
demical  education,  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  Wis.,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  there  in  1861.  At 
York  city  in  1844,  and  served  five  years  as  aldennan,  the  beginning  of  the  civil  war  he  raised  a  company, 
six  years  as  aasemblvman,  and  four  years  as  State  which  was  incorporated  in  the  2d  Wisconsin  In- 
Senator.  He  was  a  aelegate  to  the  National  Demo-  fantry,  and  with  it  he  went  to  the  front  as  captain, 
emtio  Convention  in  Charleston  in  1860.  In  the  He  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Run,  was  promoted 
early  part  of  the  civil  war  he  recruited  and  organized  miuor  of  the  12th  Wisconsin  Infantiy,  Sept.  12, 1861, 
the  "  Empire"  brigade  of  four  reffiments,  which  he  ana  during  the  remainder  of  the  war  served  with  the 
accompanied  to  the  front,  and  on  Oct  2.  1862,  he  was  armies  in  the  West  In  October,  1862,  he  was  at- 
oommissioned  brigadier-general  of  volunteers.  He  tachod  to  the  staff  of  Gen.  Mckean  as  inspector- 
served  till  the  close  of  the  war,  and  in  leading  a  general  of  the  6th  division  of  the  right  wing  of  ths 
charge  at  Wapping  Heights,  Va.,  he  was  twice  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  and  two  months  afterward 
wounded.  Returning  to  New  York  city,  he  engaged  he  was  promoted  to  the  staff  of  Gen.  McPheraon  as 
in  the  bonking  and  insurance  business  and  resumed  inspector-general  of  the  right  wing  of  that  army, 
political  life.  In  1886  and  1888  he  was  elected  to  lie  was  commissioned  lieutenant-colonel  and  inspect- 
Congress  from  the  10th  New  York  District,  as  a  or-genoral  of  the  17th  Army  Corps  in  February, 
Democrat  where  ho  served  as  a  member  of  the  com-  1863,  and  from  April  20,  1864,  till  the  dose  of  tho 
mittees  on  Military  Affairs  and  on  War  Claims.  war  he  was  inspector-general  of  the  Department  of 

Staplaii  Hamilton  Baidaji  jurist,  bora  in  Mendon,  the  Tennessee.  ForgJlantry  at  Atlanta  ne  was  pro- 
Mass.,  Feb.  14, 1829 ;  died  in  Worcester,  Mass.,  Auj^.  moted  colonel,  to  date  from  July  22,  1864^  and  for 
8, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Brown  University  in  meritorious  conduct  during  the  war  he  was  bre vetted 
1851,  studied  law  with  Chief- Justice  Ames,  of  Rhode  brigadier-general  March  dl,  1865.  Gen.  Strong  was 
Island,  and  Peter  C.  Bacon,  of  Worcester,  and  was  inspector-general  of  the  Freedman^s  Bureau  from 
admitted  to  the  bar  in  1854.  He  began  practicing  in  May,  1866,  till  September,  1866,  and  then  retired  to  be- 
Milford  with  Gen.  A.  P.  Underwood,  and  in  1869  re-  come  secretary  of^he  Pesntigo  Lumber  Company,  be- 
turaed  to  Worcester.  Soon  afterwaiu  he  was  elected  longing  to  the  estate  of  William  B.  Ogden,  orChicago, 
district-attoraey  for  the  Middle  District  of  Massachu-  whose  niece  he  had  married.  In  1878  he  was  elected 
setts,  and  he  held  the  otfice  for  eight  years.    He  was  president  of  the  company. 

appointed  ajudgeofthe  Superior  Court  of  Massachu-  Btaart,  Alflzudar  Hugh   HoIiiml   lawyer,    bom  in 

8etts,in  1881,  and  held  that  office  till  his  death.  Staunton,  Va.,  April  2,  1807  ;  died  therts,  Feb.  IS, 

Bfearr,  BBmuel  H.,  military  officer,  bora  in  Leyden,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univerrity  of  Vir- 
N.  Y.,  July  31,  1810;  died  in  Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Nov.  ginia  in  1828,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  the  same 
25j  1891.  He  entered  the  United  States  army  as  a  year.  In  1882  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  Young  Men's 
private  in  the  4th  Artillery,  Oct  27,  1832,  was  pro-  Convention  in  Washington,  held  in  the  poliScal  in- 
motod  corporal  and  sergeant  within  two  years,  and,  terests  of  Henry  Clay ;  in  1886  he  was  elected  to  the 
after  servinir  in  the  Creek  and  Seminole  wars,  was  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  where  he  was  con- 
discharged  from  the  service  honorably,  Oct  26, 1837.  spiouous  for  his  advocacy  of  a  liberal  system  of  in- 
At  the  declaration  of  war  with  Mexico  he  re-entered  teraal  improvenoents,  and  where  he  served  three 
the  service  as  a  private  in  the  battalion  of  engineers,  terms ;  and  in  1840  and  1842  he  was  elected  to  Con- 
was  soon  promoted  corporal  and  sergeant,  and  for  gross.  He  was  a  Clay  presidential  elector  in  1844, 
bravery  in  action  was  brovotted  2d  lieutenant  2d  Dra-  and  a  Tavlot  elector  in  1848.  In  September,  1850,  he 
goons,  June  28,  1848.  In  the  following  month  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  he  held 
was  advanced  to  the  full  rank.  On  Nov.  10, 1851,  he  the  oMco  till  March,  1868.  From  1857  till  1861  he 
was  promoted  Ist  lieutenant ;  June  14, 1858,  captain ;  was  a  member  of  the  Viiginia  Senate,  where  he  made 
April  25,  1863,  major  of  tho  6th  Cavalry;  and  Dec.  a  strong  fight  against  the  secession  movement,  and  on 
15, 1870,  was  retired  with  tho  rank  of  colonel.  In  the  the  passage  of  the  ordinance  of  secession  announced 
civil  war  he  was  commissioned  colonel  of  the  6th  his  retirement  from  public  life,  to  which  he  returned 
Now  Jersey  Infantry,  Aug.  24.  1861 ;  served  with  the  after  the  war.  He  was  re-elected  to  Congress  in  1865, 
Araiy  of  the  Potomac  and  witli  Sheridan  in  theShen-  but  was  not  admitted.  In  1876-»82  ana  1884-'86  he 
ondoali  valley  till  1864,  excepting  a  short  period  of  was  rector  of  the  University  of  Virg^ia;  in  1873  he 
mustering  duty  in  Ohio ;  and  was  afterward  a  special  succeeded  Admiral  Farragut  as  a  trustee  of  the  Pea- 
tnspector  of  cavalry  in  the  armies  of  the  Potomac  and  bodv  Educational  Fund:  and  for  many  years  wn 
the  James.    Ho  was  brevetted  miyor,  lieutenant-colo-  President  of  the  Viiginia  Historical  Society. 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Stuaet— Taunt.)  657 

.  Vmtj  lliisMi  philanthropiBt,  bom  in  New  {wlitan  Museum  of  Art ;  but  a  fear  that  tbeae  imtitai- 
York.  city,  m  IblO ;  diod  there,  Dec.  80,  18tfl.  She  tioiw  might  be  thrown  open  to  the  public  on  Sun- 
was  the  aaughter  of  Robert  Macrae,  one  of  the  days  led  lier  to  make  the  dispoBition  of  the  artioloe 
wealUiiest  merehantH  of  New  York  in  his  day,  and  and  money  above  noted  by  codicils, 
married  Kobert  L.  StuorL  head  of  Uie  well-known  Swifki  John  Knuiklixi^  lawyer,  bom  in  Bowling  Green, 
firm  of  sugar  refiners,  R.  L.  <&  A.  Stuart,  about  1840.  Ky.,  Fob.  28, 1829 ;  died  in  Tokio,  Japan,  March  10, 
The  Stuart  brotliers  were  noted  for  their  gifts  to  18 Jl.  When  eighteen  years  old  he  removed  to  St 
charitable  and  educational  institutions.  In  1852  tlicy  Louis,  Mo.,  where  he  learned  the  tinsmith^s  trade.  In 
bc^an  applying  a  certain  pereontafje  of  their  annual  1852  he  went  to  San  Francisco  and  engaged  in  the  prod- 
iDcome  to  some  form  of  cuority,  and  their  first  gifts  uco  buslnesH,  till  he  began  studying  law,  and  in  1857 
aggregated  $14,000.  In  1879,  on  the  death  of  Alex-  he  was  admitted  toUiebar.  He  soon  became  widely 
anaer,  it  was  estimated  that  their  ioint  gifts  had  known  as  a  constitutional  lawyer  and  as  an  eloquen| 
liciounted  to  $1,391,000,  and  from  the  time  of  his  speaker,  and  was  successful  in  managing  lai^e  cases; 
brotlicrV  dcaUi  till  his  own,  in  December,  1882,  In  1862  he  began  taking  an  active  part  in  politics ;  in 
Kobert  gave  more  than  $500,000.  Kobert  L.  Stuart,  18G2, 1873,  and  1877  he  was  a  member  of  tne  Legisla- 
baving  no  near  relatives,  bequeatlied  Iiis  whole  prop-  ture ;  in  1875  was  defeated  as  an  independent  candi- 
crty  absolutely  to  his  widow,  an  estate  valued  at  date  for  Congress  ;  in  1877  was  electee!  to  Congress  as 
Dearly  $6,000,000.  The  greater  part  of  the  beuefac-  a  Republican ;  and  in  1880  he  accompanied  James  B. 
tions  of  the  hrothen  went  to  ineititutions  conuected  Angell  and  William  U.  Tresoott  to  Pekin,  where  tliey 
with  the  Presbyterian  Church,  and  after  Robertas  negotiated  a  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
death  his  widow  supplemented  these  gifts  with  othera  China.  In  1886  he  was  defeated  as  the  Republican 
believed  to  ag^fregate  $1,500,000.  By  her  will,  exe-  candidate  for  Governor  of  California,  and  in  March, 
cuted  Jan.  18, 1887,  and  three  codicils,  dated  respect-  1889,  he  was  appointed  minister  to  Japan, 
ively  Nov.  15,  1887,  Nov.  25,  1889,  and  April  26,  Tait,  Alpbonio,  jurist,  bora  in  Townshend,  Vt,  Nov. 
1890.  she  made  special  bequests  to  relatives  and  per^  5,  1810  ;  <iied  in  San  Diego,  Cal.,  May  21, 1891.  lie 
Boaal  friends,  but  she  gave  the  bulk  of  her  property  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1838,  taught  two 
to  charitable  and  educational  institutions.  To  the  years  in  the  high  school  in  Ellington,  Conn.,  was  a 
Lenox  Library  she  gave  her  fine-art  collections,  valued  tutor  and  law  student  at  Yale  in  18S&-^d7,  and  was 
at  $500,000,  nor  collections  of  shells,  minerals,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  in  New  Haven  in  1838.  In  1840 
other  uatunl-history  specimens,  a  large  portion  of  he  removed  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  ac<^uired  a  large 
her  library,  and  a  residuary  share  in  her  estate,  on  practice.  He  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  RepuB- 
conditionti  that  the  collections  should  be  placed  in  a  lican  Convention  in  1856,  and  was  defeated  as  Repub- 
separato  fire-proof  structure  and  should  never  be  ex-  lican  candidate  for  Congress  the  same  year.  In  1865 
hibited  on  the  Lord^s  Day.  Otlier  public  bequests  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Cin- 
were  $5,000  each  to  nine  charitable  societies  and  in-  cinnati  to  fill  a  vacancy,  and  on  the  expiration  of  the 


Bible  Society,  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  with  two  of  his  sons,  and  in  1875  he  was  defeated  as 

Presbyterian  Chureh  in  the  United  States  of  America,  candidate  for  the  Republican  nomination    for  Oov- 

the  Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  same  Chureh,  the  emor  because  of  a  judicial  opinion  he  had  rendered 

Precibyterian  Hospital  in  New  York  city,  the  Lenox  concerning  the  Bible  in  the  public  schools.  In  Maroh, 

Libra^,  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the  Presbyterian  1876,  he  was  appointed  Secretary  of  War,  and  in  May 

Church  at  Princeton,  and  the  Board  of  Churefi  £rec-  following  ho  was  transferred  to  the  office  of  Attomcy- 

ti on  of  the  Presbyterian  Chureh  in  the  United  States  General,  which  he  held  till  Mareh,  1877.    He  then 

of  America ;  and' the  other  half  to  tlie  Trustees  of  the  practicca  law  in  Cincinnati  till  April,  1882,  when  he 

Presbyterian  Board  of  Publication,  the  Board  of  was  appointed  United  States  minister  to  Austria, 

Education  of  tlie  Presbyterian  Chureh  in  the  United  whence  he  was  transferred  to  Russia  in  1884,  where 

States  of  America,  tlic  Presbyterian  Board  of  Re-  he  served  till  August,  1885. 

lief  for  Disabled  Ministers  and   the   Widows  and  Taloofeti  AlTan,  physician,  bom  in  North  Bolton, 


bvtery 

cfty,  the  New  York  Bible  Society,  the  American     1880,  and  was  one  of  the  best  Greek  scholars  in  the 

Tract  Society,  the    New  City  Mission   and    Tract     State.    He  spent  mu<)h  of  his  leisure  for  many  years 


Aged  Indigent  Females,  the  Homo  for  Incurables,  the  OOO  to  Yale  College  to  endow  the  Talcott  professorship 

Afisociation  for  the  Benefit  of  Colored  Orphans,  the  of  Greek  in  1888 ;  and  bequeathed  his  medical  and 

Colored  Home,  the  Children's  Aid  Societv,  the  New  surgical  books  and  all  his  instruments  to  the  medical 

York  Juvenile  Asylum,  the  Protestant  Half-orphan  department  of  the  college. 

Home,  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  Poor  Widows  TabnagOf  Oojii|cleiigyman,bominSomer\'ilIe,  N.  J., 
with  Small  Children,  the  Societv  for  the  Relief  of  Dec.  7,  1821 ;  died  there,  June  24,  1891.    He  was  a 
Destitute  Children  of  Seamen,  the  New  York  Eye  brother  of  tlie  Rev.  Thomas  De  Witt  Talmage,  D.  D., 
and  Ear  Infirmary,  the  Now  York  Societv  for  the  was  graduated  at  Rutgers  Collie  in  1842,  and  then 
Prevention  of  Crueltv  to  Children,  the  Manhattan  took  a  three  years'  course  at  the  llieological  Seminary 
Eye  and  Ear  Hospital,  the  Society  for  the  Relief  of  in  New  Brunswick,  N.  J.    After  holding  pastorates 
Ruptured  and  Crippled,  the  Woman's  Hospital,  and  in  several  places  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  he 
the  Orphan  Asylum  at  Bloomingdale.    A  comnuta-  was  chosen  secretary  of  the  Board  of  Domestic  Mis- 
tion  of  the  value  of  her  estate,  $5,000,000,  would  en-  sions  of  the  Dutch  Refonned  Church  in  1863,    He 
able  her  executors  to  pay  to  each  of  the  seven  institu-  wss  President  of  the  General  Svnod  of  the  Reformed 
tions  to  whom  the  first  half  of  the  residuary  estate  was  Chureh  of  America  in  1874.    Dr.  Talmage  published 
given  more  than  $.300,000.  and  to  each  of  the  twenty-  numerous  sennons  ond  tracts,  and  was  a  frequent  con- 
six  specified  under  the  second  half  more  than  $80,000,  tributor  to  rehffious  periodicals, 
beiiiacs  paying  the  specific  bequests,  which  amounte  I  Taimty  Eaatj  Hi|  naval  otficer,  bom  in  New  JciBCy, 
to  $705,000.    She  originally  intended  giving  $50,000  about  1845;  died  in  Boma,  Congo  Free  State,  Africa, 
to  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  liistory  for  its  Jan.  18,  1891.     He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in 
maintenance  fund  and  her  natural -history  specimens  the  United  States  navy  in  1865;  was  promoted  en 
and  books  relating  thereto  and  $50,000  to  the  Metro-  sign  July  12,  1870,  master  Dec.  28,  1872,  and  liou- 

You  XXXI.— 42  A 


658  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (TaVlob— TouEOSt.) 

tenant  Aug.  8^  1876;  and  resigned  June  80, 1888.    In  physiology,  the  results  of  which  when  published  in 

1884  he  was  attached  to  the  ^^  Thetis  ^^  on  the  Greely  1877  attracted  much  attention  in  England  and  Ger- 

telief  ex-pedition  to  the  polar  regions,  and  in  the  tbl-  many,  as  they  involved  a  criticism  of  Hujdey  and 

lowing  year  he  went  to  Africa,  and  made  the  passage  Geircnbauer  on  vertebrate  evolution, 
of  the  Congo  river  from  its  mouth  to  Stanley  Falls.        Tbompion,  Johiif  financier,  bom  in  Pern,  Berkshire 

It  is  believed  that  the  exposures  durin^^  this  trip  County,  Mass.,  Nov.  27, 1802;  died  in  New  Vorkctt\, 

lin; 
bcjfan 
agent 

ice ;  but  he  was  allowed  to  resign.  In  December,  1888,  of  a  lottery  company  auUibrized'  by  t)ie  LegUlature 

he  felt  strong  enough  to  make  another  trip  to  Africa,  for  the  benefit  of  Union  College.     After  workii^ 

and  was  appointed  United  States  consular  agent  at  there  three  years  he  removed  to  New  York  city  with 

Boma,  where  he  died.  a  capital  of  $2,000  and  opened  a  broker^  ottice  in 

*  TayloTi  Alfred)  naval  officer,  bom  in  Fairfax  County.  Wall  Street.  He  soon  recognized  tlie  necessity  for  s 
Va.,  May  23, 1810;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  April  publication  that  would  warn  the  business  community 
19,  1891.  He  was  appointed  a  midshipman  in  tlie  a^^ainst  the  counterfeit  bank  bills  that  were  beioti: 
United  States  navy  in  1825*  was  promoted  passed  widely  circulated,  and  established  *^ Thompsons 
midshipman  June  4,  1831,  lieutenant  Feb.  8,  1837,  Bank-note  Reporter,"  the  pioneer  in  its  line,  which 

•  commander  Sept  14, 1855,  captain  July  K's  1862,  com-  at  one  time  had  a  circulation  of  100,000  copies  a  week, 

modoro  Sept  27,  1866,  and  rear-admiral  Jan.  29,  Early  in  the  civil  war  he  made  the  acouaintancc  of 

1878:  and -was  retired  May  23,  1872.    During  his  Secretary  Chase,  and  for  many  yeara  thereafter  hu 

naval  career  he  was  on  sea  service  eighteen  years  advice  was  frequently  sought  by  the  financial  ofiice» 

three  months,  on  shore  or  other  duty  eighteen  years  of  the  Government    Gn  June  17,  1861,  he  wrote  to 

three  months,  and  was  unemployed  twenty -nine  years  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary  Chase,  UTging  that 

six' months.    During  the  Mexican  War  he  served  on  specie  payments  should  be  maintained  and  proptjs'm^ 

^e** Cumberland"  in  the  blockade  of  Vera  Cruz;  in  a  board  of  currency  commissioners,  whose  duties  he 

1855  he  accompanied  Commodore  Perry  on  his  expe-  minutely  outlined.    Subsequently  he  proposed  and 

dition  to  Japan;  in  1862-^65  he  was  attached  to  the  strongly  advocated  the  establishment  of  a  national 

navy  yard  at  Boston;  and  in  1869  ho  was  a  light-  banking  system,  and,  after  the  project  had  received 

house  inspector.  congressional  sanction,  he  founded  the  First  National 

-    TayldTi  Da^  jurist,  bom  in  Carlisle,  Schoharie  Baxik  of  New  York  city  in  1863.    Owing  to  general 

County,  N.  Y.,  March  11,  1818;  died  in  Milwaukee,  opposition  to  the  scheme,  this  bank' was  owned  by 

■Wis'.,  April  8, 1891.    He  was  graduated  at  Union  Col-  the  Thompson  family  almost  exclusively;  but  the 

lege  in  1841,  and  admitted  to  the  bar  of  his  native  public  came  to  its  support  and  it  flouriahcid.    In  Ibli 

county  in  1846.    Soon  afterward  he  removed  to  She-  he  severed  his  connection  with  this  bank  and  organ- 

boygan.  Wis.,  and  engaged  in  practice.    Ho  was  dis-  ized  the  Chase  National  Bank,  of  which  ho  was  vice 

trict  attorney  of  the  county  one  term,  was  a  member  president  till  1884,  and  subsequently  for  a  short 

of  the  State  Assembly  in  1853  and  of  the  State  Senate  period  president    Mr.  Thompson  published  a  pam- 

in  1856-'56,  and  was  elected  judge  of  the  4th  Judicial  phlet  on  "Free  Silver  Lututics"  (New  Y'ork,  1&S9*. 

Circuit  in  1857.    He  held  this  office  till  1809,  and  and  had  nearly  completed  at  the  time  of  his  deatli  a 

just  before  the  expiration  of  his  second  term  he  was  book  on  **  Sixty  Years  in  Wall  Street" 
again  elected  to  the  State  Senate,  where  he  served  in        Toddi  Lemuel,  lawver,  bom  in  Carlisle,  Pa.^  July  2d. 

1869-'70.    At  the  close  of  his  terra  he  removed  to  1817;  died  there,  Slay  12, 1891.    He  was  graduated 

Fond  du  Lac.    In  1876  he  was  appointed  a  oommis-  at  Dickinson  College  in  1899,  and  was  admitted  to 

sionor  to  revise  the  statutes  of  Wisconsin,  and  on  the  bar  in  1841.    In  1854  he  was  elected  to  Conj^reffi 

the  enlargement  of  the  State  Supreme  Court  he  was  from  the  15th  Pennsylvania  District  as  a  Republidin  * 

chosen  without  opposition  one  of  the  additional  as-  in  1856  was  defeated  for  a  second  term;  in  1857  wu 

sociate  justices  in  1878,  in  which  capacity  he  served  defeated  by  David  Wilmot   os  candidate   for  the 

until  his  death.  gubematonal  nomination;  and  in  the  same  year  was 

•  Taylor,  JuUiui  CL,  geologist,  bom  in  Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  chainnan  of  the  Kepublican  State  Committee.  He 
in  1808:  died  in  Kankakee,  III,  April  11,  1891.  He  was  president  of  the  State  conventions  in  1863, 1&6S, 
received  a  clossicid  education  in  New  York  city,  and  1883:  was  major  of  the  1st  Regiment,  Penn^yl- 
spent  four  years  as  a  sailor  before  the  mast  was  graa-  vania  Volunteer  Reserve  Corps  during  a  part  of  the 
uated  at  Jefferson  Medical  College,  Philadelphia,  in  civil  war,  and  was  inspector-general  of^  the  State 
1835,  tmd,  after  practicing  for  tnroe  jears  m  Cape  under  Gov.  Curtin.  In  1872  he  was  again  elected  to 
May,  N.  J.,  removed  to  Davton,  Ohio,  whence  he  Congress  as  one  of  the  three  Congressmen-at-liuv«< 
went  to  Kankakee  in  18<>4.  fle  becatnc  successful  as  and  there  served  as  a  member  of  the  Committee  on 
a  physician,  but  will  doubtless  be  best  remembered  Expenditures  in  the  Post-office  Department 
because  of  his  researches  and  collections  in  geology.  Tonrgee,  Eben,  musical  director,  oom  in  Warwick, 
His  many  years  spent  in  the  Miami  valley  in  Ohio  R.  I.,  June  1, 1884;  died  in  Boston,  Masa.,  April  It 
afforded  him  opportunities  to  gratify  his  sciontiHc  1891.  He  began  business  life  as  a  helper  in  a  calieo- 
tostcs  in  a  field  then  cxocedin:^ly  rich  and  unbroken,  printing  factory,  studied  in  East  Greenwich  AcaderoVi 
lie  invcstii^utcd  with  great  ciire  and  patience  every  and  in  1847-'5l  worked  in  the  cotton  mills  at  Harris- 
part  of  this  region,  and  die)  much  to  establish  the  ville,  R.  I.  During  the  latter  period  he  found  time  to 
glacial-drifl  theor>'^  as  a  geological  fact  His  latter  study  music.  In  1851  ho  opened  a  small  music  Btnrt 
years  were  spent  almost  wholly  in  the  field  of  palie-  in  Fall  River,  and  in  1868  began  teaching  music  ic 
ontoloiry.  In  IHSO  he  gave  his  collection  of  geological  the  public  schools  and  to  private  classes.  Six  years 
specimens,  one  of  the  most  complete  in  the  West,  to  nfterward  he  established  a  musicAl  institute  at'Eft^ 
Blackburn  University,  Carlinville,  111.,  where,  ar-  Greenwich;  in  1863  he  went  to  Europe  to  study ;  in 
Tanged  by  himself,  it  forms  an  important  feature  of  1864  he  founded  a  conservatory  in  Providence,  and 
tlie  museum  to  which  his  name  has  been  given.  in  1867  this  school  was  removed  to  Boston  and  be- 

Thatoher,  Jamei  Eingsleyi  physician,  bom  in  New  came  the  New  England  Conservatory  of  Music.  Wes- 

•Haven,  Conn.,  Oct  lv»,  1847;  died  there,  April  20,  Icyan  University  gave  him  the  degn«e  of  Mus.  Poo. 

1891.    He  was  a  son  of  Prof.  Thomas  A.  Thatcher,  In  1869  he  organized  the  chorus  of  the  Peace  Jubilee. 

tutor  in  In  1872  tlie  College  of  Mustic  of  Boston  Univerwty 


was  ap-  was  founded,  and  Dr.  Tourgee  wos  elected  its  dean. 

^         r~.  Medical  Ho  gathered  nearly  20,000  singers  for  the  chorus  of 

School -in  1879,  and  in  1887  tbe  subject  of  clinical  the  World's  Peace  Jubilee  in  1874,  and  organised  aixl 

medicine  was  added  to  his  professorsnip.    He  made  conducted  the  large  chorus  choir  of  the  Music  Hall 

x>riglnal  investigations  in  comparative  anatomy,  and  Society  in  1876. 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Tiuuble— Vibbard.) 


659 


UiiUa»  JoMph  MoDoweUf  clei^yman,  bom  in  Hilla- 
boroui^h,  Ky.,  m  1807 ;  died  in  ColumbuRf  Ohio,  May 
6j  Ibtfl.  Ue  removed  to  Ohio  in  childhood,  wua 
^raduited  at  Ohio  Univeroity,  Athena,  in  l&Ib.  and 
joined  the  Ohio  Conference  of  the  Methodiat  Epis- 
copal Church  in  1820.  In  18a4-'(>5  he  wa»  secretary 
of  the  Ohio  Conference ;  from  1844  till  his  deatli  he 
wa»  a  delegate  to  every  General  Conference  of  his 
Church ;  in  1848  and  1852  he  was  secretary  of  the 
General  Conference ;  for  five  years  he  was  a  professor 
In  Aogusta  College,  Kentucky ;  in  18G4-'68  he  was 
assistant  missionary  secretary  in  the  West:  and  for 
nearly  forty  years  he  was  a  trustee  of  Ohio  Wesleyan 
University.  Dr.  Trimble  discharged  the  duties  of 
forty-eight  appointments,  gave  his  first  dollar  to  aid 
in  establishing  Ohio  We»leyau  Univenity,  founded 
the  Preachera"  Relief  Society  of  his  conference,  and 
gave  it  in  all  $65,000. 

Ti^  AkaaaOf  educator,  bom  in  Harwich,  Maw., 
Marcn  14, 1818;  died  in  Newton,  Mat>s.,  Dec.  20, 1891. 
ilo  was  bred  to  the  sea,  and  visited  Europe  several 
tiraeaL  his  trip  in  1847  being  for  the  purpose  of  study- 
ing tne  principal  educational  systems.  On  his  re- 
turn he  was  engaged  bv  the  Massachusetts  Board  of 
Education  to  lecture  before  teachers*  inatitutes,  and 
subsequently  he  taught  in  New  England  academies, 
and  delivered  lectures  on  **  France  and  Europe  since 
1548 '-  before  the  principal  educational  institutions  in 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  In  1848  he  published 
a  book  on  his  European  travelis  of  which  sixty  cdi- 
on*  were  printed. 

Tniti^  Oaidioarf  executive  ofiicer,  bom  in  Lynn, 
Maa«.,  July  8,  l(^28 ;  died  in  Boston,  Mass.,  Nov.  28, 
1891.  He  entered  public  life  in  1861  as  member  of 
the  State  Assembly,  and  the  same  year  became  con- 
nected with  the  Poet-office  Department  in  Washing- 
ton. In  1862  he  was  appointed  by  Gov.  Andrew 
Massaohiuetts  State  agent  at  Waahmgton,  tlie  first 
api)oiutment  of  the  kmd  by  any  governor,  and  he 
hctd  the  office  till  1876.  During  Uiis  time  he  had 
the  care  of  the  sick,  wounded,  and  dead  soldiers  of 
Massachusetts  in  the  Army  of  the  Potomac:  estab- 
lished a  free  bureau  for  the  collection  of  tne  pay, 
bounties,  and  pensions  of  soldiers  from  his  State; 
collected  more  than  $1,000,000  on  these  accounts; 
and  by  ap^intment  of  Secretary  Stanton  served  as  a 
member  ot  the  board  for  the  inspection  of  military 
ho««pitals  and  prisons  in  the  Department  of  Wash- 
ington. He  was  appointed  a  paymaster  in  the  army 
in  1863,  but  at  the  req^ucst  of  the  State  authorities  he 
resigned  h  is  commission  and  remained  State  agent 
Under  Gov,  Claflin^s  administration  he  was  appoint- 
ed visiting  agent  for  the  Board  of  State  Charities  and 
a^ent  for  juvenile  otfenders  in  1869,  and  held  the 
ottiec  for  ten  years.  He  then  became  steward  and 
treasurer  of  the  State  Reformatory  for  Women,  and 
after  five  yeare*  service  there  he  was  elected  superin- 
tendent of  the  new  State  Keformatory  at  Concord  in 
1S<4.  and  held  this  office  till  his  death. 

TtmBjf  Jaoobi  lawyer,  bom  in  Greensburg,  Pa.,  Feb. 
lb,  1825;  died  thert),  Oct  4,  1891.  He  received  an 
academical  education  and  was  admitted  to  tlie  bar  in 
1H49.  In  1850  he  was  elected  district  attorney  for 
Westmoreland  County,  in  1858  was  re-electea,  in 
1K'>6  was  a  Democratic  presidential  elector,  in  1857 
wiiH  elected  State  Senator,  in  1871  was  defeated  for 
the  same  office,  and  in  1874  and  1876  was  elected 
to  Congress  from  the  21st  Pennsylvania  District  as  a 
Democrat  He  also  served  as  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittees on  Elections  and  on  Territories. 

Tweedji  John  Hif  pioneer,  bom  in  Danbury,  Conn., 
in  1814;  died  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  Npv.  12, 1891.  He 
was  graduated  at  Yale  College,  studied  law  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar,  and  removed  to  Wisconsin  in 
1&''>6.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  promoters  of  rail - 
n>arl  extension  in  that  State,  havmg  presented  the 
draft  of  a  proposition  for  the  city  to  loan  from  $100,- 
0(H)  to  $250,0(X>  to  aid  the  constraction  of  any  railroad 
that  would  connect  Milwaukee  with  the  Mississippi 
river  at  a  public  meeting  in  Milwaukee  on  Feb.  1, 
l^d.    The  adoption  of  his  proposition  was  the  first 


step  in  the  creation  of  the  present  great  system  of  the 
Chicago,  Milwaukee  and  St  Paul  Kailrofld  Company. 
In  1841-^42  he  was  elected  to  the  Territorial  Council, 
in  1846  to  the  Constitutional  Convention,  in  1847  to 
Congress  as  Territorial  delegate,  and  in  1848  was 
defeated  as  the  flrwt  Whig  candidate  for  Governor. 
While  in  Congress  ho  drew  the  enabling  act  for  th^ 
admission  of  the  Territory  into  the  Union  as  a  Stat«. 
After  serving  in  the  Legislature  in  1853  he  withdrew 
from  political  life,  and  was  oflerward  interested  in 
financial  corporations. 

Uihfir,  JuiM  ]L|  clergyman,  bom  in  1814;  died  in 
Medford,  Mass.,  Dec  81,  1891.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  the  bakcr^s  trade,  but  when  seventeen  years  old 
be^n  preparing  lor  the  Universalist  ministry,  in 
which  he  was  ordained  in  1889.  From  1889  till' 1844 
he  lived  in  Lexington,  Mass.  He  established  the 
first  Universalist  paper  in  the  United  States  in  1841, 
and  remained  its  sole  owner  till  1868.  In  1861  he 
acquired  the  "^  Trumpet,"  and  in  1863  the  *'  Christian 
Freeman.^^  He  was  elected  to  the  General  Court 
from  Lynn  in  1848,  and,  at  the  re<^uest  of  Horace 
Mann,  was  appointed  to  the  Committee  on  Public 
Education,  and  in  1851, 1857,  and  1858  he  was  elected 
to  the  Sute  Senate  fVom  Middlesex  Countv.  In  1858 
he  was  also  a  presidential  elector  on  the  Jbemocratic 
ticket  Afterward  he  became  a  Bepublican,  an  anti- 
slavery  advocate,  and  founder  of  the  Massachusetts 
Total  Abstinence  Society.  In  1867  he  was  principal 
agent  of  the  State  at  the  Paris  Exhibition. 

Voa  (Bm  Hontio  FhiDIpi,  military  officer,  bom  in 
Princeton,  K.  J.,  Nov.  28, 1809;  died  in  Minneapolis, 
Minn.,  April  24,  1891.  He  was  educated  at  Prince- 
ton and  at  the  United  States  Military  Academy,  being 
graduated  at  the  latter  in  1881;  ser\'ed  on  frontier 
duty  in  the  iinn^  from  1881  till  1886;  resigned  and 
engaged  in  farming  near  Monroe,  Mich.,  till  1889; 
and,  alter  tcacliing  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  one  year,  fol- 
lowed funning  near  Ann  Arbor,  Mich.,  till  1854.  In 
1855  he  was  a  civil  engineer  in  the  State  ser\'ice,  and 
in  1856  was  appointed  United  States  Surveyor  of 
Public  Lands  in  Minnesota.  He  was  appointed  colo- 
nel of  the  2d  Regiment  of  Minnesota  Volunteers  early 
in  1861,  took  part  in  the  operations  in  Kentucky,  was 
promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers  March  21, 
1862,  and  with  the  Army  of  the  Ohio  was  at  the  siege 
and  capture  of  Corintli.  At  the  battle  of  Stone  River, 
Tenn.,  he  was  disabled  bv  a  wound,  but  he  soon  re- 
covered and  commanded  his  brigade  at  Chick amau- 
ga.  From  December,  1868,  till  Aug.  24, 1865,  he  was 
in  command  at  Murfreesborough.  lie  was  brevetted 
major-general  of  volunteers  March  18, 1865,  and  after 
the  war,  by  special  act  of  Congress,  he  was  restored 
to  the  regular  army  and  retired.  In  1866-^0  and 
1876-^82  he  was  Adjutant-General  of  Minnesota. 

Voa  Dyke)  Hemy  JaokMm,  clertryman,  bom  in  Ab- 
ingdon, Pa.,  March  8, 1822;  died  in  Brooklyn,  N.  Y., 
May  26,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Cniversity 
of  Pennsylvania  in  1848,  and  at  Princeton  Theolog- 
ical Seminary  in  1845;  was  called  to  pastorates  in 
Bridffcton,  N.  J.,  in  1845,  Germantown,  Pa.,  in  1852, 
and  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  in  1858;  and  was  moaerator  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
Brooklyn  in  1876.  For  nearly  forty  years  he  hod 
been  pastor  of  the  2d  Presbyterian  Cfiufch  in  Brook- 
lyn. Ho  was  active  in  the  movement  for  the  reunion 
of  the  old  and  new  schools  of  the  Church  in  1870. 
He  was  a  Calvinist  of  the  Princeton  school,  and  was 
a  member  of  the  General  Assembly's  Committee  on 
Revision  of  the  Westminster  Confession  of  Faith. 
A  few  days  before  iiis  death  he  was  elected  Ro<jse- 
velt  Professor  of  Systematic  Theology  in  the  Union 
Theological  Seminary. 

Vibbardf  Cknaoejf  capitalist,  bom  in  Gal  way,  Sarar 
toga  County,  N.  Y.,  Nov.  11,  1811 ;  died  in  Macon, 
Ga.,  June  5*  1891.  He  was  educated  at  Mott's  Acade- 
my, in  Albany,  N.  Y'.,  became  a  grocery  clerk  when 
fifteen  years  old,  afterward  entered  a  wnolesale  dry- 
goods  store  in  New  York  city,  and  in  1834  went  to 
Montgomery,  Ala.,  as  a  book-keeper,  lb  1886  he  be- 
gan his  career  in  railroad  work  as  chief  clerk  of  the 


660  OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Wadhams— Wattkrsox.) 


conAohaation  of  tlie  various  roods  between  Albany,  Senator   from   Loon    and  Wakulla   Counties   atUr 

Buffalo,  and  Nia^rara  Falls,  under  the  name  of  tlio  Florida  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  and  for  many 

New  York  Central,  he  was  tfivcn  a  similar  office  in  veani  was  the  leader  of  the  Whi^  P^T^y  ^^  that  StAtc 

that  corporation,  which  he  neld  until  1865,  having  He  was  elected  Governor  in  1865,  and  held  the  otHee 

full  charge  of  the  reorganization  and  management  of  till  1868.    He  held  several  offices  of  trust  at  different 

the  rood.    He  was  elected  to  Contrress  from  the  18th  times,  was  once  a  candidate  for  the  United  t^tativ 

New  York  District  as  a  Democrat  in  1860,  and  there  Senate,  and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  judge  of  the 

served  on  the  committees  on  Post-offices  and  Post-  2d  Judicial  Circuit  Court 

roads  and  on  Expenditures  in  the  War  Department.  WaUlngi  Geom  WMhingtoBi  ex-Superintendent  of 

In  1862,  at  the  request  of  the  Secixjtary  of  War,  he  poliee  in  New  York  city,  bom  in  Middletown  towu- 

aoceptod  temporarily  the  office  of  director  and  super-  ship,  Monmouth  Countv,  N.  J.,  Mav  1, 1823;  died  in 

intendent  of^the  military  railroads  of  the  United  Holmdel,  Monmouth  Oounty,  N.  IJ.,  Dec.  51,  1891. 

States.    After  resigning  the  superintendoncy  of  the  He  was  a  son  of  Leonard  Walling,  a  member  of  the 

New  York  Central  Kailroad,  Mr.  Vibbard  settled  in  Legislature  of  New  Jersey,  and  a  grandson  of  Daniel 

New  York  city  and  applied  himself  to  interests  with  Walling,  a  soldier  of  the  Revolutionary  War.    The 

which  he  had  been  connected  for  several  years.    He  tinit  years  of  his  manhood  were  spent  as  a  sailor  on 


thu  Southern  States.    He  was  a  director  m  the  orig-  moted  captain  in  October,  185S,  inspector  Nov.  i\, 

inal  Greenwich  Street  Elevated  Railroad  Company  1866,  superintendent  July  23,1874;  reHifpod  June  9. 

and  in  the  central  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  Com-  1885,  and  was  granted  a  pension  for  his  long  and 

pany.    In  recent  years  he  had  been  interested  in  rail-  faithful  services.    Ho  was  engaged  in  snpproh^in^ 

road  and  other  enterprises  in  the  Southern  States  the  Astor   Place   riots  in   1849;  had  command  of 

and  in  South  AraericA.  a  portion  of  the  police  force  in  the  draft  riot«  o( 

Wadhamii  Edgar  Philip^  Roman  Catholic  Bishop  of  July,  1863,  when  his  services  were  especially  con- 

Ogdensburg^N.  V.,  bom  May  21, 1817:  died  Dec  5,  spicuous  and  effective;  and  was  in  command  of  the 

1891.     He  was  a  native  ot  Lewis,  Flssex  County,  police  in  the  Orange  riots  of  July,  1871.    After  hU 

N.  Y..  whence  his  family  removed  in  1822  to  West-  retirement  ho  returned  to  tho  county  of  his  birth 


Theological  Seminary,  Now  York  city,  where  he  re-     part.ment  of  that  town. 


ceived  deacon^s  orders,  and  was  sent  to  take  charge  of  Watemuuii  Robert  WUtnej,  capitalist,  bom  in  Falr- 
the  missions  at  Port  Hcnnr  and  Ticonderogo.  Tho  field,  N.  Y.,  Dec  25,  1826 ;  died  in  San  Diego,  CaU 
tractarian  movement  in  England  was  then  at  its  April  12, 1891.  He  removed  to  Sycamore,  III.,  wbilo 
height,  and  was  beginning  to  be  reflected  in  this  a  youth,  worked  in  a  country  store  till  1846.  then  en- 
country  by  numerous  conversions  from  Anjrlicanism  ga?cd  in  business  for  himself  in  Belviderc.  IIU  and  in 
to  Roman  Catholicism.  Of  these  converts,  Mr.  Wad-  1850-\52  was  an  unsuccessful  miner  in  California  In 
hams  was  one  of  the  first,  being  receiv^  into  tho  1853  he  established  the  ^  Independent  ^  in  Wilrnine- 
Church  in  June,  1846.  He  went  to  St.  Mary's  Sem-  ton,  111, ;  in  1856  was  active  in  the  Fremont  prwklen- 
inary,  Baltimore,  as  a  student,  and  was  ordained  tial  canvass;  and  in  1858  took  the  stump  in  the  Lincoln- 
priest  Jan.  15, 1850,  by  the  Rt.  Rev.  John  McCloskey  Douglas  senatorial  contest.  Ho  returned  to  California 
(afterward  Cardinal),  then  Bishop  of  Albany,  and  in  1860  and  purchased  a  ranch,  which  proved  an 
was  immediately  appointed  assistant  in  the  Albany  unsuccessful  venture ;  and,  greatly  reduced  in  fumk 
cathcdnil.     Here  ho  remained  for  many  years,  lii.-!  he  went  on  an  extensive  prospecting  tour  and  ulti> 

gonial  social  qualities  and  his  sterling  honesty  en-  mately  stmok  a  rich  silver  le<fge  in  Mohave  Dessert, 

earing  him  to  all  the  citizens,  both  Catholic  and  which  became   the  famous  Calico  mining  dit«trict 

Protestant    In  the  latter  part  of  1865  he  was  made  From  that  time  his  career  was  prosperous,  and  besides 

pastor  of  the  cathedral    and  vicar-general    of  tho  his  mining  holdings  he  acquirealaige  ranch  propertios 

diocese    In  1872  the  diocese   of  O^donsburg  was  In  1868  he  mode  his  pemianent  residence  in  Califor- 

created.  Father  Wadhams  wos  unanimously  recom-  nia;  in  1886  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  of  thi^ 

mended  for  its  first  bishop,  and  he  was  consecrated  State  on  the  Republican  ticket ;  and  in  September, 

at  Albany.  May  5,  1872,  b^  Archbishop  McCloskey.  1887,  on  the  death  of  Gov.  Bartlett,  he  became  Gov- 

He  devotea  himself  to  building  churches  and  parb-  emor,  and  held  the  office  till  1891. 

ohial  schools  in  his  diocese,  and  founded  a  college  at  Wattenon,  Harr^y  Mara,  journalist,  bom  in  Bedford. 

Watertown,  under  tho  care  of  the  Fathers  of  the  Tenn.,  Nov.  28, 1811 ;  died  in  Louisville,  Kv.,  (VtJ. 

Sacred  Heart    He  never  indulged  in  controversy,  1891.    He  received  a  classical  education  in  I^rinceton, 

and  his  administration  was  marked  by  his  modest  Ky.,  established  a  newspaper  in  Shelbyville,  Tenn.. 

and  unostentatious  efforts  to  extend  the  sphere  of  in-  in  1S31 ;  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  in  ISSi),  and 

fluence  of  his  Church.    All  his  financial  obligations  to  Congress  in  1838  and  1840,  and  then,  declining  a 

were  promptly  met,  and  the  afl'airs  of  the  diocese  renomination,  was  sent  on  a  diplomatic  mit«ion  to 

were  brought  to  a  very  prosperous  condition.    Feel-  Buenos  Ay  res,  where  he  remained  a  year.    On  hi« 

ing  the  increasing  weight  of  years,  some  months  be-  return  he  was  re-elected  to  the  Legislature,  of  which 

fore  his  death  he  caused  steps  to  bo  taken  looking  to  he  became  Speaker.     In  1847-^51  he  was  editor  and 

the  appointment  of  a  coadjutor,  and  the  matter  was  proprietor  of  the  ^  Nashville  Union,^  and  in  1851  be 

under  consideration  at  Ronie.  was  appointed  editor  of  the  **  Washinjrton  Union." 

Wadleighi  Balnbridge.  lawyer,  bom    in    Bradford,  In  1860  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  National  Democntic 

N.  H.,  Jan.  4,  1831 ;  died  iii  Boston,  Mass.,  Jan.  24,  Convention,  where  he  vot«d  for  Stephen  A.  Douirla*, 

18D1.    He  received  an  academical  education,  was  ad-  and  was  also  a  Douglas  elector-at-largc,  and  in  l^<•l 

mitted  to  the  bar  in  1850,  and  settled  in  Milford,  N.  H.  he  was  a  delegate  to  the  State  convention  called  to 

In  1855, 1856, 1859. 18«>0, 1869, 1870, 1871,  and  1872  he  consider  the  Question  of  secession.     In  all  his  politi- 

was  a  member  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives,  cal  life  he  had  been  dominated  by  an  nncompmmisinir 

and  in  1872  was  elected  United  States  Senator  as  a  devotion  to  the  Union,  and,  finding  that  his  effortjt  to 

Republican.    He  was  a  member  of  the  committees  on  avert  tho  impending  disaster  were  fbtile,  he  retinni  ro 

Patents,  on  Military  Atlaire,  and  on  Elections.    In  his  Beach  Grove  homo  till  the  questions  leading  t^ 

1880  he  removed  to  Boston  and  resumed  practice.  the  war  had  been  settled  by  force  of  arms.     When 


OBITUARIES,  AMERICAN.    (Waud— Wilson.) 


661 


Andrew  Johntton  became  President  Mr.  Wattcrson 
was  called  by  him  tc  Waahinffton,  and  for  a  time  was 
hirt  most  intimate  adviser.  He  practiced  law  there  in 
1865-*7S),and  subsequently  spent  his  time  portly  there 
and  partly  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  as  an  editorial  writer  on 
"The  Courier- Journal,^*  of  which  his  son,  Henry 
Wntterson.  has  long  been  editor. 

Wand,  ALfind  "SL  artist,  bom  in  London,  England,  in 
1828;  died  in  Marietta,  Ga.,  April  6,  1891.  lie  re- 
ceived bis  art  education  in  his  native  city,  removed  to 
New  York  in  1858, and  was  one  of  the  early  exhibitors 
at  the  National  Academy  of  Design,  but  became 
most  widely  known  as  an  illustmtor  fbr  the  periodical 
press  and  of  books.  He  was  one  of  the  war  pictorial 
correspondents  of  *^  Harper^s  Weekly,'^  and  was  one 
of  the  lirst  artists  in  the  country  to  make  his  illustra- 
tions in  black  and  white.  Smce  the  war  he  had 
drawn  much  for  illustrated  wceklv  and  monthl;^  pub- 
lications, and  in  recent  years  he  had  contributed 
numerous  illustrations  to  the  war  articles  in  the  "•  Cent- 
ury "  magazine.  At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was 
making  an  extended  sketching  tour  of  the  battle-f  elds 
in  the  South,  for  the  purpose  of  illustrating  a  now 
aeries  of  war  narratives. 

miittharne,  WaaUngton  Onma,  lawyer,  bom  in  Mar- 
shall County,  Tenn.,  April  19, 1825  ;  aica  in  Columbia, 
Tenn.,  Sept  21,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  East 
Tennessee  University,  Knoxviile,  in  18i8,  studied 
law,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  was  a  State 
Senator  in  1855-^58,  and  u  member  and  Speaker  of  the 
Ansembly  in  1859 ;  and  was  the  Democratic  presiden- 
tial elector-at-large  in  1860.  Early  in  1861  he  was 
appointed  assistant  adjutant-general  in  the  Confeder- 
ate Army  of  Tennessee,  and  afterward  was  Adjutants 
General  of  the  State  till  the  close  of  the  war.  In  1870 
his  ^litical  disabilities  were  removed  by  Congress, 
and  in  the  same  year  he  was  elected  to  that  body 
from  Uie  7th  Tennessee  District  as  a  Democrat 
lie  was  re-elected  five  times,  was  appointed  United 
States  Senator  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the 
resignation  of  Howell  £.  Jackson  in  1886,  and  served 
till  March  8, 1887. 

Wkkarahtai,  Juim  "PjlBf  educator,  bom  in  Chester 
County,  Pa.,  March  5, 1825 ;  died  in  Lancaster,  Pa., 
March  25, 1891.  He  became  a  teacher  when  sixteen 
voars  old,  and  principal  of  the  Marietta  Academy, 
Pennsylvania,  at  the  age  of  twenty.  In  1854  he  was 
appointed  the  first  superintendent  of  public  schools  in 
Lancaster  County,  and  in  the  following  year  opened 
the  first  normal  school  in  the  State  at  'Millersvillc. 
From  1866  till  1881  he  was  State  Su|M«rintendent  of 
Public  Instractton,  and  during  President  Arthur's 
administration  he  was  United  States  minister  to  Den- 
mark. Dr.  Wickersham  had  twice  been  President 
of  the  National  Association  of  School  Superintend- 
ent**, had  edited  the  "  Pennsylvania  School  Teacher," 
and  had  published  "  School  Economy  "  and  "  Methods 
of  Tnrtruction." 

Wlokham,  Jouph  Dwiwr,  cleiigyman,  bom  in  Thomp- 
son, Conn.,  Apnl  4, 1797 ;  died  in  Manchester,  Vt,  Mav 
12, 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Yale  College  in  1815, 
and  for  five  years  had  been  the  last  survivor  of  his 
class,  and  for  three  years  the  oldest  graduate  of  the 
college.  After  jarraduating  he  acted  as  amanuensis 
to  President  Dwight  for  a  year,  was  rector  of  the 
Hopkins  Grammar  School,  New  Haven,  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  and  was  a  tutor  in  Yale  and  a  student  of 
theology  in  1818-''20.  In  1821  he  became  a  missionary 
on  Ivong  Island,  afterward  labored  in  central  New 
York  in  the  service  of  the  Presbyterian  Education 
Socie^,  and  in  1823  was  ordained  to  the  ministry  and 
installed  pastor  of  the  Congregational  Church  in 
Oxford,  N.  Y.  For  three  years  from  1825  ho  was  in 
pastoml  chaise  of  the  United  Preshvterian  Churches 
of  New  Rochelle  and  West  Farms,  fi,  Y. ;  in  1828-'84 
voA  one  of  the  proprietors  of  Washington  Institute, 
New  York  city ;  in  November,  1834,  was  installed 
nastor  of  the  new  Presbyterian  Church  in  Mattcawan, 
N.  Y. ;  and  in  1837-'62  he  was  in  charge  of  Burr 
Seminary,  Manchester,  Vt,  excepting  f  >r  three  years, 
when  he'  was  treasurer  and  acting  Professor  of  Greek 


and  Latin  in  Middlebury  College  and  was  connected 
with  the  collegiate  institute,  Poughkeepsie,  N.  Y. 

WleitUag,  Qeoige  B.,  civil  engineer,  bom  in  Harris- 
burg,  Pa.,  JaiL  28, 1885;  died  m  Chambersbu^g.  Pa., 
June  17, 1891.  In  early  life  he  was  a  civil  engineer 
in  the  employ  of  the  Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and 
afterward  he  built  the  large  tunnel  on  tlie  Delaware, 
Lackawanna  and  Westem  Railroad  at  Oxford  Fui^ 
nace,  N.  J.  He  served  in  the  national  army  through 
the  civil  war,  invented  for  the  Government  an  at- 
tachment designed  to  assist  the  movement  of  heavy 
artillery  through  the  deep  mud  in  Viiginia,  and  was 
with  Gen.  Keamey's  brigade  during  the  advance  from 
Burke^s  Station  to  Bull  Run.  One  of  his  scouts  capt- 
ured the  Confederate  mail  that  contained  anannounce- 
niunt  of  the  intended  movement  of  Gen.  Longstreet^ 
corps  upon  Norfolk,  and  the  capture  resulted  in  the 
concentration  of  80,000  national  troops  at  Sufiolk, 
where  the  Confederate  advance  was  checked.  He 
was  a  Republican  presidential  elector  in  1880,  first 
President  of  the  United  States  Association  of  Char- 
coal Iron  Workers,  the  first  engineer  to  demonstrate 
that  a  fumace  could  be  banked  over  Sunday,  Presi- 
dent of  the  Montalto  Iron  Company,  and  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Montalto  Railroad. 

Wild,  Avgnttiiai  military  officer,  bom  in  Brooklinc, 
Mass..  in  1825;  died  in  Medellin,  Colombia,  South 
America,  in  August,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Har^ 
Yard  College  in  1844,  and  at  the  Jefierson  Medical 
College  soon  afterward;  took  a  course  of  medical 
lectures  in  Paris;  was  a  medical  otiicer  in  the 
Turkish  army  during  the  Crimean  War;  and,  re^ 
tuming  to  Brooklinc,  practiced  till  the  begin- 
ning of  the  civil  war.  Early  in  1861  he  wos  com- 
missioned a  captain  in  the  1st  Massachusetts  Vol- 
unteers, with  which  ho  served  at  Bull  Run  and 
in  the  Peninsular  campaign,  being  severely  wounded 
at  Fair  Oaks.  He  was  promoted  migor  while  yet  dis- 
abled, lieutenant-colonel  on  his  recover^',  and  colonel 
of  the  85th  Massachusetts  Volunteers  on  its  organiza-  ^ 
tion ;  and  he  returned  to  the  front  in  time  to  take 
port  in  the  battle  of  South  Mountain,  where  he  was 
again  wounded  and  lost  an  arm.  On  April  28, 1868, 
he  was  promoted  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and 
afterward  he  assisted  in  raising  and  commandea  the 
regiments  of  colored  trooptf  known  as  Wildes  African 
Brigade  till  the  close  of  the  war.  Subsequently  ho 
became  superintendent  of  the  Diana  mine  at  Austm, 
Ncv.  At  the  time  of  his  deatli  he  was  engaged  in 
mining  operations  in  South  America. 

Wilej)  jahxiy  publisher,  bom  in  Flotbush,  Long  Isl- 
and, N.  Y.,  Oct  4, 1808;  died  in  East  Orange,  N.  J., 
Feb.  21, 1891.  He  was  the  son  of  Chories  Wiley,  who 
published  "  The  Spy,*'  the  first  of  James  Fenimoro 
Cooper's  A  merican  romances.  W hen  seventeen  vearti 
old  ne  entered  the  publishing  house  in  whicn  his  * 
father  was  a  partner,  and  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in 
1828,  he  went  into  business  for  himself.  In  1832  ho 
formed  a  partnership  with  Gcoige  Long,  and  suhse- 
quently,  when  George  P.  Putnam  had  completed  his 
apprenticeship  with  Jonatiian  Leavitt,  and  had  at- 
tained his  mojority,  the  fimi  of  Wiley  &  Putnam  was 
formed.  The  best  known  publication  of  the  firm  at 
this  time  was  the  series  called  "  The  Library  of 
Choice  Reading,''  edited  by  Evart  A.  Duyckinck.  In 
1848  Mr.  Putnam  retired  from  the  firm,  and  after 
carrj'ing  on  the  business  alone  till  1865,  Mr.  Wiley 
took  his  son  Charles  into  partnership.  In  1875,  when 
another  son,  William  IL.  was  admitted,  the  firm  name 
was  changed  to  John  Wile^'  &  Sons.  In  recent  years 
the  Ann  has  made  a  specialty  of  scientific  publica- 
tions. Mr.  Wiley  was  always  a  strong  advocate  of 
international  copyright  He  was  the  American  pub- 
lisher of  Ruskin's  works. 

Wilwniy  Ephndm  Xiiigi  jurist,  bom  in  Snow  Hill, 
Md.,  Dec.  22, 1821 ;  died  in  Washington,  D.  C,  Feb. 
24,  1891.  He  was  graduated  at  Jelferson  College. 
Pennsylvania,  in  1841,  studied  law,  and  was  admittea 
to  the*bar.  In  1847  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
Maryland  House  of  Delegates ;  in  1852  was  a  Pierce 
and  King  presidential  elector.;  in  1872  was  elected  to 


OBITUARIES.  AMERICAN.    (Winchbu^Zabriszie.) 


Imine  eluded  UniUd  8uie»  SeDHtoi 
AtlKu  ciing  of  his  death  he  ww  ■  .uc.u..-.  u.  l.,„ 
Senate  oommittei^uD  Civil  Sen'ice  and  Retrcnvliment, 
Cialuia,  Pwt-olBc»,  and  Pmt-roadti,  Rvviiian  of  tliu 
Lawn,  and  on  inquirf  ioto  all  clainiB  or  citizeUB  or  the 
United  State*  usainnt  the  UoTemmvul  uf  Nicaraffun. 
maiAall,  iknotej  ueoloj^M,  boni  in  North  Kiut, 
DDtehiH  Couiit)-,N.¥.,Deo.31,lH:M:(lied  in  Ann 
Arbor,  Mich-  Feb.  19.  1H91.  lie  wm  Ki^'i<>t<^  "t 
WMlejran  Uaivcraty  in  1S4T;  taught  natural  Bciente 
In  I'cnnin^n  Sioninarr,  Kew  Jersey,  in  1840:  and 
in  Aiuenia  Scnilnury.  New  York,  iu  18411;  and  was 
engogod  in  edupa^onal  »ork  in  Alabama  in  1S5I>~'54. 
in  the  latter  year  he  became  Profesnor  of  rhvBicit  and 
C^vil  Eniiincoriiig  in  the  University  or  MiehigBn. 
and  after'  a  year  was  tnumferrcd  to  the  chair  of 
Geology,  Zou1o);y.  and  Botany, 
in  the  mean  tinio  holdinn  ~  " 
versity  of  Kenlueky  for  . 
director  of  the  iie<>lo)(ieal  survey  of  Michigan 
1BSB-'61  and  ISSU-'Il.  In  1B7S  he  was  choaen  Chan- 
oolior  of  SvracuMJ  t'nivcntity,  but  he  retired  froin  tlie 
otHee  at  the  end  of  the  year  to  take  the  ehwr  of 
Genlogy,  ZaiJloKy.  and  Botany.  He  hold  this  chair  till 
lti7S,  and  in  1HT5-TB  also  hclil  a  similar  chair  in 
Vanderbilt  L'nlvcnlty,  dividing  I 

the      tWrt     innflMltil- '"      iO-r,i^\^^ 

Univ. 


similar  chair  in  tlic  Uni 
lie 


niittooon  Appropriations,  and  in  IS71  chunnan  of  tlir 
siieeial  Couiuiiltce  on  Transportation  Routet  to  (he 
!?eabaanl.  lie  rnigned  his  seat  in  Ihe  Senate  on 
March  4. 18Bl,to  enter  Prcwdent  (iarileld'iCabiiiet  ai 
Secrrtary  of  Ihe  Treasury,  and  with  lbs  rest  of  ihr 
Cabinet  resigned  his ofHce on  the  acceoiii on  of  Prcxidi'Dt 
Artliur,  in  September.  On  Oct.  t6  he  was  re-elettwi 
Senatortoflll  his  own  unexpired  term,  and  at  itfuluK-. 
on  March  S,  IHHS.  he  settled  in  New  York  clli  idJ 
became  interested  in  flnaneiol  enterpriso.  (>'n  ijiu 
)tiaU)turationofi'reaidcDt  Harrison,  in  lS«ii.  Mr.  Viu 

he  held  the  office  till  hie  deutli.  On  the  even'inoi' 
Jan.  29,  1H91.  he  attended  a  banquet  of  tbe  Nc*  York 
Board  of  Tradu  and  Tnnuporta^on,  and  nsinndnl 
to  the  dtM  toast.  "  Our  CoualryV  PrcMpcritj  dcpuud- 
enl  upon  its  Innlrunienta  of  Commtrce."  He  coo- 
cluded  a  1on«  and  tlioughtful  address  with  the  wiirdf : 
"liivo  us  direct  and  ample  transportation  fsiiliiiM 
under  the  Auiericun  flat;  and  controlled  by  .\nieri>iD 
ci^icns,  a  currency  sound  in  quality  and  adrauate  ia 
quantity,  an  intemMional  l>aaktofaciritaleexcniDi:<«. 
and  a  system  of  recipnwily  carefully  adjusted  wiihiu 
the  linos  of  protection,  and  not  only  will  our  fnrtiire 
again  invade  every  sou.  but 


ustry  will  h 


lickened 

ew  and  endur 


nihenpooB,  Andnw  Jaoknn, 


'II  dca. 


nthe 


lined  diere  till  hhi  death. 
..istenco  of  a  preadamile 
.  publications  ore:  "tienealogy 


oftheFainily  of  Winchcll  in  America"  (Ann  Arbor, 
1868);  -Sketches  of  Creation"  [New  York,  1870); 
"A  Geological  Chart"  <1S70);  'Michigan,"  popular 
aketehes  of  ita  tonography,  climate,  and  ifeology 
(ISTS);  "  The  Doctrine  of  Evolution"  I187<>;  "Rec- 
onciliation of  Science  and  Religion"  (1877);  -  Pre- 
,  odaiiiites.  or  a  UomonstratioD  of  Exuilvnce  of  Men 
before  Adaui"  (Chicago,  1880);  "Snarka  from  a 
OoologistV  Hammer"  (1881);  ^  WorldLife,  or  Com- 
parative Geolc^y"  (1^88);  "tieolosical  Excuraionit, 
or  the  Rudimenla  of  Geology  for  Young  Learneis" 
( 1884) ;  "  (ieulcwical  Studios,  or  ElomenW  of  Gsology  " 
IMe):  and  "Walks  and  Talks  in  the  Geological 
Field"(18a«l, 

WliAn,  miljam,  lawyer,  bom  in  Walcrford,  Bel- 
mont County,  Ohio.  May  10, 1827 ;  died  in  Sew  York 
city,  Jan.  S9, 1891.  He  received  on  academical  edu- 
cation, was  appren- 
ticed to  the  tailor'a 
trade,  studied  law  at 
Mount  Vernon, Ohio, 
and  ABB  admitted  to 
theborof  Knox  Coun- 
ty in  18;'«.     In  IKJS 


I  prosperili." 
ibis  chair. 
vrgymon.  bom  in 
I- uiimiu  scLiieiiiTuu  o.  v..  >u  i825;diedin  Uov 
Paint,  La..  Out  ^,  18B1.  lie  was  educated  al  Soutli 
Carolina  College,  and  after  stiidj  ine  law  atnuuliinnl 
it  for  the  miniKtry  und  settled  in  .\TabanuL  Duriiif 
tho  civil  war  ho  was  chaplain  of  tlic  Slst  AUbaiiis 
Kegiment,  and  by  Iiu  bravery  in  action  be  bcvunc 
widely  known  as  tho  "lighting  chaplain."  On  hik 
occasion,  when  the  principal  omccrs  of  his  rrvimtnl 
had  been  hilled  or  disabled  in  tbc  early  part  of  an 
engagement,  he  took  command  and  lod  his  nwii 
through  a  hard  doy^a  flght.  He  waa  in  charge  of  llic 
Seamen's  Bethel  in  New  Orleans  for  more  Uisa 
twenty  yeani,  and  in  that  time  he  built  a  eommodioar 
church  and  dormitory  tor  sulon. 

Teod,  Daiikl  T,  lawyer,  bom  in  Pompev,  ^.  Y. 
Nov.  S,  iBIli:  died  in  Symcuse.  N.  Y..  May  1,  ISSl. 
He  was  graduBlod  at  Hamilton  College  in  IM-i,  nitl 
adniilted  lo  Ihe  bar  in  184S,  and  was  city  attomct  "i' 
~}-raeuscin  185l>-'s3.  In  18S3-'&4  be  wag  a  mcnitir 
:  the  State  Assembly,  servinff  as  chaimkan  oftht^  CrHQ- 
mittee  on  Colleges,  Academies,  and  Common  Scbwl^ 
chairuian  of  the  Committee  on  SalL  and  nieinkr  rt 
thoseontheCodeandonWa-'s  and  Means.  He  n»- 
tured  and  carried  through  the  act  creating  the  drpsn- 
menl  of  public  innlmcOoD.  He  wos  returned  tn  lit 
Assembij-  in  IBRu,  I8SH,  and  1867,  and  in  thai  ptriixl 
was  ehainuan  of  the  committeea  on  Canals  and  on 
Waysand  Means.    In  1871 -'75  he  wusa  Slate  Scnivn. 


sz 


grailuatcd  ut  the  Harvard  Law  School  in  ISftiml 
practiced  law  till  about  1873,  when  he  became  u»i>l- 
ant  editor  of  the  newly  esUblished  BoBlon-GWi.' 
He  remained  there  five  years,  in  the  mean  time  cxi- 
tribaling  to  periodicals  and  adopting  the  pen-iiiiDc 
of  "Tavamer."  Subscquentiy  he  waa  the  Bortuo 
corrcepondent  of  the  New  York  "  Critic"  uni  " 
writer  for  the  Boston  "  Post,"  "  The  Independeot.' 
and  "  I'he  Christian  Union."    He  puhliBl     •    ■-  ■  - 


Daniels.  Norton;  in  January  lol  lowing  he  woseleclcd 
to  that  office  for  a  full  term,  and  in  IH77  he  was  re- 
olecled.     While  a  member  of  tbe  ITriUMj  he  served  on 


J  Pubiio"  Lands,  on  Public  Eupcnditun* 

on  Indian  AHm™  :  and  on  tlic  spi'ciai  eouimitlee  lo 
visit  the  Indian  tribes  in  tbe  W(«l;  and  also  was  act- 
ive in  promotinir  the  possage  of  the  homestead  law 
of  1862.    In  the  Senate  he  was  ehainuan  of  the  Com- 


0H^-K,  1,.  o..  iii  .ijtrii.  jf>o£  :  uieu  in  rnnccrnn.  .'*.  * 
May  13. 1891.  He  was  graduated  at  the  Univenilr  <' 
tho  City  of  New  York  in  18.W,  and  at  the  Th»oloeir«l 
Seminary  of  tlie  Reformed  Dulch  Chunh  U  Nic 
Brunswink  in  1N.U,  In  18Se-'5B  he  was  paster  of  Ui( 
Befoimed  Church  at  Li  vin^toD,  N.  Y.;in  lSi«-'iSU 


OBITUARIES,  FOKEIGN.    (A  Beckett— Balmaceda.) 


668 


Conackie ;  in  lBeS-'66  at  Ithaca ;  in  ISeS-'T^  at  Clay- 
ernck ;  in  ISTS-TO  at  Say  brook,  Conn. ;  and  after- 
ward, till  his  health  forced  him  to  give  up  the  mini»- 
tnr.  at  Wollaston  Heights,  Mans.  He  was  editor  of 
"*  'rhe  Christian  Intelligencer  "  in  1880-^83,  and  one  of 
its  weekly  correspondents  till  shortly  before  his  death, 
writing  under  the  pen-name  of  ^'  Old  Colony."  He 
aluo  wrote  regularly  for  "  The  Christian  at  Work,^' 
the  New  York  **  Observer,"  and  other  religious  peri- 
«Mlicals.  Dr.  Zabriskic  published  '•"  Story  of  a  Love," 
^  Golden  Fruit  from  Bible  Trees,"  *'  Precious  Stones," 
and  a  life  of  Horace  Greeley  in  the  ^  American  Ora- 
tors and  Reformers"  series  fNew  York,  1890). 

OBITUARIES,  FOREWN.  A'Beoket^  Oflbert 
AiAnri  an  £nglish  dramatist,  bom  in  London  in  1837  ; 
died  there,  Oct  15, 1891.  He  was  the  son  of  Gilbert 
Abbott  A^Beckett,  author  of  the ''  Comic  Blackstone  " ; 
educated    at    Westminster    School  and  Christ 


was 


Church,  Oxford,  and  was  a  clerk  in  the  treasury  until 
he  turned  his  attention  wholly  to  literature.  His  dra- 
matic pieces  have  been  produced  n  all  the  principal 
London  theatres.  He  was  the  author  of  many  suc- 
cessful songs  and  of  tlie  librettos  of  ^  Canterbury  Pil- 
grims" and  **  Savonarola,"  operas  by  Dr.  ViUiers 
Stanford,  and  with  Herman  Mcrivale  he  produced 
the  poetic  drama  called  "The  White  Pilgrim."  He 
was  also  a  composer  of  ballads^  which  were  published 
under  an  assumed  name,  and  tor  the  last  twelve  years 
of  his  life  he  was  one  of  the  best-known  contributors  to 
**  Punch." 

AooDaaf  EmflBi  a  French  writer  on  jurisprudence, 
bom  in  1826;  died  in  Paris,  Oct  17,  189L  He  was 
secretary  to  the  Democratic  Committee  of  the  Indro 
Department  in  the  revolution  of  1848,  and  was 
elected  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849.  He 
lectured  on  jurisprudence  in  France  from  1850  till 
lb66,  when  he  was  condemned  to  a  yearns  imprison- 
ment for  his  open  declaration  in  favor  of  a  republic 
at  the  meeting  of  the  Democratic  Federation  in  Ge- 
neva. On  his  release  he  accepted  the  chair  of  Juris- 
prudence in  the  University  of  Bern.  Returning  U* 
France  after  the  fall  of  the  empire,  he  endeavored  to 
establish  courses  of  lectures  on  law  for  working  men. 
In  1876  he  was  supported  by  Garibaldi  in  an  unsuc- 
cesjtful  attempt  to  win  one  of  the  Paris  seats  in  the 
Chamber.  He  founded  "  Lo  Science  I^olitique,"  a  ix- 
view,  in  1878,  and  published  "  Cours  Elcmcntaire  du 
Droit,"  "  Droit  et  Libert^,"  an  essay  on  paternity, 
and  one  on  the  religious  and  Papal  question. 

Agw.  FbmDoe  Ltoide  Oharvfai,  known  on  the  stage 
as  Maciame,  a  French  actress,  bom  in  Valence,  Sept 
18, 1836;  died  in  Algeria,  Ausr.  17,  1891.  She  went^ 
to  Paris  in  1858  and  played  in  the  music  halls  till  she' 
was  advised  to  attempt  tragedy,  for  which  she  was 
fitted  by  her  strong  and  mobile'  face  and  her  resonant 
voice.  She  made  her  d^hut  in  "Phedre"  at  the 
Od^n  and  achieved  an  instantaneous  success ;  then 
created  brilliantly  thcroU  of  Silvia  in  Coppee's  "  Pus- 
sant,"  in  which  Sarah  Bernhardt  had  a  great  success 
in  the  part  of  Zanetto.  Madame  Agar  was  admitted 
to  the  Comddie  Fran(;aiBe  in  1871,  remained  two 
years,  and  alter  successful  tours  in  the  provinces  and 
abroad  she  returned  in  1878  to  create  one  of  the  chief 
parts  in  "  Fourchambault,"  by  Emile  Augier,  after 
which  she  left  to  star  again. 

Agfif,  Piiha  KMiitBriaH|  a  Turkish  statesman,  bom 
in  Constantinople  in  1833;  died  there.  Sept  19, 1891. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  poor  Armenian  trader,  and  had 
not  the  advantage  of  an  education.  His  first  public 
appointment  was  a  place  on  the  police  board  of 
(rttiata.  In  1873  he  received  a  higher  appointment, 
of  which  he  was  soon  deprived  on  account  of  his  re- 
Ili;ion,  that  of  the  orthodox  Anncnians.  Becoming 
dragoman  of  the  Ottoman  bank,  he  made  the  ac- 
quaintance in  his  frequent  calls  at  the  palace  of  Os- 
man  Pasha,  the  Sultanas  chamborlain^hrouirh  whose 
protection  ho  was  nominated  by  the  Padishah  a  Mu- 
dir  of  the  Civil  List  in  1881,  and  quickly  odvanciKl 
to  the  heod  of  this  ministry  and  made  a  pasha.  Ho 
was  Minister  of  Finance  for  two  months  in  1888,  and 
recalled  to  that  post  in   1889,   holding   it  till  his 


death.  He  negotiated  a  loan  with  the  German-  bank 
and  arranged  with  Rothschild  for  the  conversion  of 
the  priority  and  Salieh  bonds.  He  left  tlie  im{)rc8sion 
on  oil  who  come  in  contact  with  him  as  Minister  of 
the  Civil  List  or  Minister  of  Finance  of  a.  strictly 
honest  man,  whose  single  aim  was  to  introduce  order 
into  the  chaos  of  the  Ottoman  finances  and  the  im- 
perial civil  list 

Alaioon.  Pedro  Antonio  doy  a  Spanish  novelist,  bom  in 
1883 :  died  in  Madrid,  July  20, 1891.  He  was  origin- 
ally destined  by  his  family  for  the  priesthood,  but  fol- 
lowed an  imperative  literary  impulse,  and  became  a 
master  in  the  ait  of  writing  novels  and  short  stories. 
Many  of  his  works  of  this  description  have  been 
translated  into  nearly  every  language.  His  romances 
were  not  as  good,  and  his  essays  iii  the  drama  were 
not  ver^'  successful.  He  wrote  also  on  political  sub- 
jects without  making  an  impression. 

Alliwmday  OMtuiO)  an  Italian  prelate,  bom  in  Genoa, 
Oct  23, 1818}  died  in  Kome  May  80,  1891.  He  en- 
tered the  pnesthood  at  an  early  ase,  and  became 
famous  as  a  preacher  ^throughout  Italy;  was  created 
Bishop  of  Albenga  in  1877,  and  on  May  12, 1889^  was 
made  a  cardinal,  under  the  title  of  Simta  Mona  in 
Transpontina,  by  Leo  XI II.  In  1883  he  was  appointed 
to  the  metropolitan  see  of  Turin. 

Aioo-ValUy,  Count  Lndwigi  a  German  diplomatist, 
bom  in  Bavaria  in  1845;  died  in  Berlin,  Oct  15, 
1891.  He  was  educated  at  Munich,  where  he  studied 
law  in  the  university,  and  in  1867  entered  the  diplo- 
matic service  as  secretary  to  the  Bavarian  legation 
near  the  Vatican.  As  a  member  of  the  Red  Cross 
Association  he  was  made  a  prisoner  by  the  Frenoh, 
ond  would  have  been  shot  on  suspicion  that  he  was  a 
spy  had  not  the  intervention  of  President  Thier»been 
obtained.  In  1871  he  was  sent  to  Washington  as 
secretary  of  the  Gem.an  legation,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year  was  transferred  to  Vienna,  where  he  married 
the  famous  actress  Janisch,  which  led  to  his  temiK>- 
rary  dismissal  from  the  imperial  service.  After  nis 
separation  from  his  wife  he  was  again  taken  into 
favor,  and  served  successively  as  secretary  to  the 
legations  at  Madrid,  I'aris,  London,  and  the  Quiri- 
nol ;  went  to  Cairo  a»  consul-general  in  1886;  and  in 
1888  was  appointed  minister  plenipotentiary  and  en- 
voy extraorainar>'  to  tlio  United  States,  an  oflicothat 
he  still  held  at  the  time  of  his  death. 

AubOf  Admiral,  a  French  sailor,  died  in  Toulon,  Jan. 
7,  1891.  He  was  Governor  of  Martinique  in  1879, 
and  was  called  to  the  head  of  the  Ministry  of  Marine 
in  the  foUowim;  year.  He  held  that  huge  ironclads 
were  useless  for  maritime  defense,  and  that  they 
should  be  replaced  bv  a  system  of  torpedo  fiotillas 
and  gunboats.  While  in  olfice  he  instituted  a  new 
policy  on  these  lines,  but  his  successors  have  departed 
from  his  programme. 

Bahnaoedftf  Joi4  Moaneli  ex- President  of  Chili,  born 
in  1840;  died  in  Santiago,  Sept  19,  1891.  He  came 
of  un  old  and  wealthy  Chilian  family,  and  was  edu- 
cated in  the  Seminario  Concilios  of  Santiago  with  the. 
intention  that  he  should  follow  tlie  priestly  vocation.^ 
For  this  ho  had  no  inclination,  and  after  a  lively 
youth  he  plunged  into  politics  as  boon  as  his  studies 
were  completed,  joining  the  Club  de  la  Refomia,  com- 
posed of  young  men  of  advanced  ideas,  who  discussed 
far-reaclnng  schemes  for  liberalizing  the  Constitution 
of  1830.  His  gifts  as  an  orator  and  capacity  for  leader- 
ship made  him  the  dominant  spirit  in  the  club,  and 
when  he  entered  Congress  at  the  ofie  of  twenty -eight 
he  Avas  already  marked  out  as  a  coming  political  leader, 
and  at  once  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  proceeding 
Soon  his  ekxiuence  and  skill  in  debute  won  for  him 
the  place  or  parliamentary  chief  of  the  Liberal 
party,  composed  of  the  ]»rf.>gres8ivc  young  men  of  the 
country,  who  aimed  at  the  extension  of  pjpular  edu- 
cation as  a  prelimiuary  step  toward  democracy.  This 
was  the  dominant  party  in  Congress,  outnumbering 
the  Conservative  or  Clerical  party  and  the  Nationals 
—who  had  co-operated  in  the  anti-Clerical  contest,  but 
recoiled  from  democratic  reforms — both  combined. 
In  advance  of  his  party  he  advocated,  in  1874,  the 


664  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Banville— BiSHCHftBE.) 

eomplcte   fleporation   of  church  and  state.     After        Bayaidf  &iiflei  a  French  painter,  boni  in  La  Fert^ 
serving  five  terms  in  Congrcsi*  ho  became  Minister  of    aoua-Jouaire  in  1836 ;  died  in  Cairo,  Egypt,  Dec  9. 

the  Interior  in  1882,  was  subseriueutly  a  Senator,  and  1891.    Ho  whs  a  pupil  of  Cogniet.    IIcbe<^ue  known 

as  the  most  ]X)pular  politician  in  Chili  he  was  called  as  a  painter  of  war  scenes,  exhibiting  a  picture  of  a 

into  the  Cabinet  by  President  Santa  Maria  in  1885  as  Held    hospital    and   similar   works.    A    sensational 

Minister  of  Foreign  Alfairs,  as  a  candidate  for  the  ^roup  representing  a  duel  between  women,  exhibited 

sucoession  to  the  presidency.     As  Foreign  Minister  in  the  Salon,  was  finally  bought  to  decorate  a  bar- 

ho  added  to  his  reputation,  and  when  nominated  for  room  in  New  York.    lie  received  the  crow  of  the 

the  presidency  he  wa.H  elected  by  an  overwhelming  Legion  of  Honor  in  1870,  and  a  silver  medal  at  the 

miyority,  and  on  Sept  18,  1886,  was  inducted  into  Universal    Exposition    of  1889.     "  The    Day   after 

•flice.  *For  the  first  three  of  his  tenn  of  five  years  Waterloo"  was  exhibited  in  1875,  and  in  1877  he  hsJ 

his  party  worked  in  complete  harmony  with  him,  in  the    Salon    two   admirable   panels   representing 

and  the  country  made  great  strides,  political,  social,  bathera  and  skaters.     As  a  painter  he  had  a  wide 

and  economical.    Railroads  were  built,  harbors  im-  reputation,  and  as  an  illustrator  of  books  he  attained 

f»roved,  nonnal  schools  established,  laws  made  more  the  highest  distinction.     With  De  Neuville  he  drew 

iberal,  restrictions  placed  on  the  Church,  and  the  the  w^xl  engravings  for  the  ^Tour  du  Monde."  and 

popular  approbation  of  the  President  was  so  un-  in  1889  and  1890  ho  exhibited  drawin^ns  for  illustra- 

Dounded  tnat  the  opposition  parties  disappeared  fVom  tion  in  the  Salon. 

the  scene.  When  the  time  approached  for  choosing  Baa]|[6tt6|  Sir  Joteph,  an  English  engineer,  boni  in 
a  successor  to  Balmaccda,  who  under  the  Constitu-  1819;  died  in  London,  March  15, 1891.  He  entered 
tion  was  not  re-eligible,  then  the  feuds  between  the  the  engineering  profirasion  in  1840.  When  the  Metro- 
rival  candidates  rent  the  party  into  factions;  the  politan  Board ' of  Works  was  created  at  the  time  of 
powerflil  Conservative  and  National  families  and  the  Crimean  War  he  was  appointed  its  chief  eo- 
foreign  capitalists  whoso  desisrns  he  had  crossed  gineer,  and  he  continued  in  ttiat  post  during  the 
threw  their  infiuenco  on  the  side  of  the  President's  tliiity-two  yeara  that  it  was  the  controlling  public 
opponents ;  complaints  of  arbitrarv  conduct,  religious  body  in  London.  Before  he  planned  and  carried  out 
epprosaion,  personal  wron^,  malversation  and  cor-  a  uniform  drainuGre  system  the  sewage  fiowed  iato 
ruption,  and  interference  with  elections  wero  raised,  the  Thames,  from  which  the  water  supply  was  drswn. 
A  bill  was  passed  placing  the  electoral  machinery  As  designed  b^r  him,  three  main  sewcns — one  at  a 
under  the  control  or  the  municipalities.  The  Presi-  high  level,  running  through  Hampstcad  and  lli^fa- 
dent  vetoed  this  measuro,  and  thus  aroused  a  con-  gate,  one  at  a  middle  level  under  Oxford  Street  and 
stitutional  conflict  between  tho  executive  and  legis-  a  low-level  sewer  along  the  bank  of  the  Thames  and 
lativo  powers  ending  in  civil  war  (for  the  history  of  through  the  city — unite  below,  and  are  cairiod  totho 
these  events,  see  Chili).  When  the  Congressional  common  outlet  at  Barking.  For  the  last,  the  Thames 
party  entered  Santiago  in  triumph  fialmaceda  at-  embankment  was  built.  He  designed  the  Battenea 
tempted  to  escape  fVom  the  country  on  the  torpedo  bridge,  the  free  Woolwich  ferry,  and  many  othta* 
vessel  **  Condell,"  but  when  he  reocned  San  Antonio  works  of  engineering. 

Bay  he  found  that  she  had  sailed.    He  returned  to        B4hiO|  Aimaodi  a  French  politician,  bom  in  Paris, 

Santiago,  took  refuge  in  the  house  of  the  Argentine  Jan.  15, 1809;  (fied  there,  March  8,  1891.    He  was  a 

minister,  and  two  weeks  later  put  an  end  to  his  own  deputy  in  the  time  of  the  July  monarchy,  a  member 

life  by  a  pistol  shot  in  the  temple.  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  in  1849,  and  one  of  the 

Baimlb,  Thtedon  FaQllaiii  m,  a  French  poet,  bom  Council  of  State  under  the  presidency  of  Prince 

in  Moulins  in  1823;  died  in  Paris,  Maroh  12,  1891.  Louis  Napoleon,  who,  af^er  the  coup  d'^M^  appointed 

He  was  the  son  of  a  sea  captain,  and  began  to  write  him  Secretary  of  the  Finance  Department,  andaftei^ 

poetry  at  tho  ago  of  nineteen  as  a  disciple  of  Victor  ward  director  of  the  Messageries  Maritimes  until  he 

Huffo  and  Alfred  de  Musset,  but  later  preferred  Greek  was  called  to  replace  M.  Bouher  as  Minister  of  Api- 

models  to  the  Romanticists.    He  attained  a  success  culture,  Commerce,  and  Public  Works  in  the  Cabi- 

with    his  "Odes   Funambulesques "    in    1857,    and  net  formed  on  June  23,1863.    On  his  rccomroenda- 

awakened  expectations  that  wero  not  realized  in  his  tion  the  a$rricultural  inquiry  of  1866  was  ordered,  lie 

subsequent  works,  although  he  succeeded  in  various  gave  in  his  resignation  m  1867  and  became  a  Senator, 

atyles  of  poetry  and  in  the  drama.  The  fall  of  tho  empire  sent  him  back  to  private  life 

Baring,  ThooiM  Ohaiieii  managing  director  of  the  re-  ,until,  as  an  eminent  member  of  the  Bonapartist  party, 

constituted  firm  of  Banng  <fe  Co.,  English  bankers,  he  was  elected  a  Senator  for  tiie  Gironde  in  187«. 
bora  in  1831;  died  in  Rome,  Italy,  April  2,  1891.        BesmetL  Sir  James  Bisdoii.  an  English  physician. 

He  was  a  son  of  Charles  Baring,  Bishop  of  Durham,  bora  in  Romsev  in  1809 ;  died  in  London,  Dec  R 

was  educated  at  Harrow  and  Oxford,  becoming  a  fel-  1891.    He  was  tlie  son  of  a  cleigyman,  was  educated 

low  of  Brasenose  College,  was  made  a  partner  in  the  by  private  tutors,  and  studied  medicine  in  Paris  and 

firm  of  Baring  Bros.  «te  Co.,  married  an  American  in  Edinburgh,  where  he  was  graduated  M,  D.  in  188S. 

lady,  and  for  some  years  was  the  representative  of  After  traveling  through  Europe  be  settled  in  London 

the    BarinjTs   in    New    York.     He  represented  the  in  1836,  lectured  at  Charing  Cross  Hospital,  and  be- 

aoutlicm  division  of  Essex  County  in   Parliament  came  assistant  physician  in  1843,  and  afterward  resi- 

fW)m  1874  till  1885,  and  from  1887  till  his  death  rep-  dent  physician  at  St.  Thomas's  Hospital,  where  he 

resented  the  city  of  London.    He  acted  with  the  lectured  on  the  practice  of  medicine.    He  was  one  of 

Conservatives,  but  seldom  spoke.    He  published  some  the  founders  of  the  Sydenham  Society  for  the  publi- 


Brussels,  Juno  3, 1869;  dic<l  there,  Jan.  23, 1891.  He  1880  was  its  president  Ho  published  a  treatise  on 
was  the  eldest  son  of  Philippe,  Count  of  FlandcrSj  *^  Diseases  of  the  Ear  "(from  tho  German  work  of 
the  brother  of  King  Leopold,  and  was  bora  in  the  Kramer),  an  "  Essay  on  Acute  Hydrocephalus,"* 
same  year  in  which  the  King's  only  son  died.  He  **  Lumleian  Lectures  on  Cancerous  and  other  Intra- 
was  well-developed  physically,  pleasing  in  appear-  thoracic  Growths,"  and  papere  in  ^^Transactions "of 
ance  and  manners,  attentive  to  his  duties  as  a  captain  the  Patliologrical  Society  and  in  periodicals, 
in  tho  arm^r,  and  already  trained  by  the  Kinir  to  Beroh^  HaraUae)  a  French  painter, bora  in  Etainpes, 
some  extent  in  the  duties  of  his  future  station,  and  li  is  Sept^  11,  1819;  died  in  Paris,  Sept  21,  1891.  He 
sudden  death  fk>m  pneumonia  was  a  blow  to  the  Bel-  first  exhibited  in  1844,  and  attained  a  high  place 
gian  people,  with  whom  he  was  popular.  As  the  Con-  among  the  painters  of  Oriental  subjects,  which  his 
atitution  precludes  women  from  succeeding  to  the  fVequent  journeys  to  Egypt,  Turkey,  and  Palestine  en- 
throne, the  only  hope  of  the  dynasty  is  m  tho  re-  nMed  him  to  handle  with  exceptional  Intel )i;;cncc. 
maining  son  of  the  Count  of  Flanders,  Prince  Albert,  He  was  a  writer  of  ability  also,  and  is  beat  known  by 
who  was  bora  on  April  8, 1875.  his  book  entitled  "■  Lo  Desert  de  Suex.^ 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Berg— Boulakgeb.)  665 

BniObiitiaiii  a  Danish  Btateamon.  bom  in  Tjaltring,  «enKational  romances  in  tlra  ircin  of  Oaibonau,  which 

near  Lemvig,  in  Docomber,  1829;  aied  in  Copenha-  wero  exceedingly  popular.     His  amiable   qualities 

gen,  Nov.  27, 1891.    He  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  and  gained  him  many  friends,  and  he  took  a  lively  intcr- 

until  he  became  prominent  in  politics  he  followed  the  est  in  athletic  sports.    For  some  time  before  his  death 

profession  of  a  teacher.    He  was  elected  a  Deuutv  for  he  was  confliied  in  an  asylum. 

Koldinff  in  1865,  and  in  1870  became  one  of  tne  lead-  Bonapartef  Prince  Lonis  Lndeiii  a  French  philolo^st, 

era  of  the  Left.    In  1877  he  was  chosen  chief  of  the  born  in  Thomgrowe,  near  Worcester,  England,  Jon. 

Radical  Opposition.    From  1881  he  edited  the  party  4,  1813;  died  in  Fano,  Italy.  Nov.  4,  1891.    He  was 

i>Tran  the  ^  Morgenbladct^*    In  1883  he  wa«  elected  the  second  son  bv  his  sccona  wife  of  Prince  Lucien 

President  of  the  Folkethin^.  His  bold  and  aggressive  Bonaparte,  the  elder  brother  of  the  Emperor  Napo- 

uttacks  on  the  Estrup  ministry  caused  him  to  be  Icon,  who  in  consequence  of  a  family  quarrel  was  ois- 

arrested    in   1886  ana  sentenced  to  prison  for  six  graced  and  excluded  from  the  honors  and  dignities 

months.    Chiefly  through  his  energy  the  long  strug-  conferred  on  the  younger  two  brothers  and  their  de- 

l^rle  for  parliamentary  government  and  ministerial  re-  scendants.    The  head  of  the  family,  which  is  the 

>i[Miniitbility  has  been  kept  up  till  the  present  time.  elder  branch  of  the  Bonaparte  family  and  under  the 

Blavakkji  Helsiia  Fetrovnay  a  Russian  philoHophor,  law  of  primogeniture  would  come  first  in  the  order  of 
bom  in  the  south  of  Russia  about  1820;  aied  in  Lon-  the  imperial  succession,  is  the  late  Prince  Lucieu^shalf- 
tlon,  May  8, 1891.  She  w&s  descended  on  her  fathcr^s  brother.  Cardinal  Bonaparte.  Lucien  was  educated 
2iidc  from  a  noble  family  in  Mecklenbui^;  r.nd  through  in  England,  where  his  father  resided  after  the  quar- 
bcr  mother  from  the  princely  family  of  Dolgoruki.  rcl,  and  passed  many  years  in  the  United  States,  de- 
She  was  married  at  the  age  of  seventeen  to  Baron  Bl  a-  voting  himself  to  linguistic  studies  and  chemistr}'. 
vaCsky,  a  sexigenarian  functionary  holding  a  hiffh  In  1843  he  was  chosen'a  Deputy  for  Corsica,  but  the 
office  m  Tiflis,  l>ut  left  him  at  the  end  of  three  montns  election  was  pronounced  invalid.  Soon  afterward  he 
and  traveled  through  Turkey.  Greece,  and  Egypt,  was  admitted  to  the  Legislative  Assembly  os  a  Deputy 
Afterward  she  livcKl  a  long  time  in  the  United  States  for  the  Seine.  He  supJMrtcd  his  cousin'Louis  Napo- 
and  Canada,  studying  the  Indian  race  and  traditions.  Icon,  and  after  the  coujt  de  Hat  was  nominated  o  Sena- 
and  the  mystic  sects  among  the  negroes.  Going  next  tor  and  received  the  title  of  prince  and  the  right  to  be 
to  the  East,  she  made  an  attempt  to  enter  Tibet, and,  addressed  as  Highness.  Devoting  himself  chiefly  to 
failing  in  tnis,  she  traven«ed  the  British  and  Dutch  his  philological  and  scientific  studies,  he  published 
£&<$t  Indies,  seeking  tJ  (lenetrate  the  mysteries  of  mony  memoirs  and  achieved  a  scientific  reputation 
Buddhism  and  other  Oriental  beliefs.  In  1855  she  chiefly  through  his  thorough  investigation  of  the 
made  another  effort  to  reach  the  stronghold  of  Bud-  Basque  language.  He  married  Marianne  Cechi,  the 
dhism  in  Tibet,  and  by  virtue  of  her  courage  and  an  daughter  of  a  sculptor  of  Lucca,  in  1832,  but  lived 
Oriental  disguise  she  succeeded,  although  her  three  apart  from  her  for  many  years  and  left  no  children, 
companions  wero  stopped.  She  underwent  a  hundred  His  wife,  Marianne  Bonaparte,  bom  in  Lucca,  March 
adventures  in  the  deserts  of  that  unknown  countr}*,  27, 1812,  lived  in  Ajaccio,  Corsiea,  and  died  there  on 
and  visited  Turkestan  also.    After  this  she  returns  March  17, 1891. 

to  the  Cauc4isus,  and  then  revisited  Greece  and  Egypt,  BonkoMr,  QecigM  Emeit  Jean  Maris,  French  soldier 
and  in  the  latter  country  established  a  society  for  the  and  ex-Miuistcr  of  War,  lx)m  in  Rennes,  April  29, 
study  of  modem  spiritualism.  Giving  herself  up  to  1837 :  died  in  Brussels,  Belgium,  Sept  80, 1891.  (For 
investigations  of  pnilosophy,  psychology,  and  mysti-  a  sketch  of  his  life  previous  to  his  appointment  to 
cism,  she  evolved  a  svstem  of^l)elief,  and,  in  1875,  in  the  Ministry  of  War  and  a  steel  portrait,  see  the 
conjunction  with  an  "American  di»<ciple,  Col.  Olcott,  **Annuol  Cyclopfledia "  for  1886.)  He  was  popular 
she  founded  the  Theosophical  Society,  the  curious  with  the  soldien  of  the  arm^  and  known  as  their 
tendencies  of  which  in  matters  of  religion  and  phi-  friend,  though  he  had  little  fame  outside  when  he 
losophy  have  attracted  a  great  number  of  minds  and  was  called  to  the  Ministry  of  War  in  the  Cabinet 
have  mode  many  adepts^  The  esoteric  doctrine  of  formed  by  M.  de  Freycinet  on  Jon.  7, 1886.  He  op- 
the  sect  that  she  founded,  which  looks  to  a  sort  of  plied  himself  to  improving  the  conditions  of  the  sol- 
revival  of  Buddhism,  she  revealed  in  a  voluminous  dier^s  life,  obtaining  the  approbation  of  all  who  wished 
series  of  works,  the  titles  of  which  are :  "  Isis  Un-  to  see  the  army  stronir,  and,  aided  by  the  friendship 
veiled,"  **The  Secret  Doctrine,''  **8yntJie8ifl  of  Sci-  of  his  relative  M.  CUmenceou,  was  pushed  forward 

phy,"  and 

a  review  ii , .           ,        ^ 

TImIHk";  BBibiim  Ldgh  Bmitih,  an  English  philon-  duel  with  Baron  Lareinty,  and  his  growing  popular- 
thropist,  bom  in  Watlington,  Sussex,  in  1827 ;  died  in  ity  was  scarcely  injured  by  the  publication  of  a  scrv- 
Robertsbridgc,  Sussex,  June  11,  1891.     She  was  a  ilc  letter  that  he  wrote  as  a  young  officer  to  the  Due 
daughter  of  Benjamin  Smith,  Liberal  member  of  d'Aumale  ond  the  folsehood  of  his  denial.    As  the 
Parliament  for  Norwich ;  was  unconventionally  edu-  oiTjanizer  of  democratic  reforms  in  the  army  he  en- 
cated,  and  became  ot  an  early  age  a  public  champion  joyed  a  well-camcd  popularity,  which  wos  crowned 
of  woman's  emancipation  and  various  social  reforms,  by  the  low  substituting  three  years'  universal  service 
o<mducting,  with  Bessie  Porkes,  who  became  Madame  for  five  yeori*  with  exemptions.    He  courted  the  od- 
Belloc,  the  **  Englishwoman's  Joumol."    In  1857  she  miration  of  the  mob,  was  advertised  by  ])ictures  and 
married   Dr.  Eugene  Bodichon,  of  Algiers,  o  dis-  street  songs,  and  when  relations  with  Gemiony  were 
tinguished  French  physician  and  writer,  but  did  not  strained  by  the  Schn&bele  incident,  deliberately  oc- 
ccose  to  work  for  the  improvement  of  the  legal  status  cepted  the  character  of  leader  of  la  revanche.    He  ro- 
of women.    She  joined  Emily  Dovies  in  advancing  a  mained  at  the  Wor  Office  during  the  ministry  of  M. 
Kchemc  in  1866fortheunivcniity  education  of  women.  Goblet,  but  began  to  lose  the  support  of  M.  Cl^men- 
which  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  Merton  Col-  ceau  and  the  more  astute  Radicals,  and  when   M. 
Icjre.    In  1869  she  published  the  "Brief  Summary  of  Rouvier  constituted  his  ministry  his  name  was  left 
the  Lows  of  England  concemincr  Women,"  and  the  out  in  spite  of  the  threoteninff  popular  demand  that 
fruit  of  her  efforts  in  this  field  was  the  married-  he  should  be  retained.     When   he  challenged  M. 
women's  property  act     Madame  Bodichon  was  on  Ferry  to  a  duel  for  calling  him  a  "music-hall  St- 
trtist  of  consicierable  note.    She  exhibited  in  the  Arnaud,"  he  insisted  on  conditions  that  showed  the 
Academy,  the  Solon,  and  elsewhere  water  colors  in  purpose  of  killinir  the  unpopular  statesman  in  order 
which  the  poetic  qualities  of  natural  scenery  wero  to  endear  himself  to  the  multitude.    The  turbulent 
brought  out  with  original  talent  and  power.   Sne  was  cries  for  his  recall  placed  him  in  the  attitude  of  a 
Gcorue  Eliot's  bosom  friend,  and  was  intimate  with  revolutionist,  and,  deserted  by  the  sober  men  of  all 
many  distinguished  thinkers  and  poets.  parties,  he  entered  into  secret  alliance  with  the  vori- 

Bdsgdbej,  Fortimi  dSi  a  French  novelist,  died  in  ous  revolutionary  groups— the  Intransigents  of  M.  do 

Paris,  Moreh  4,  1891.    He  waa  the  author  of  many  Roohefort,  tlie  League  of  Patriots  of  M.  D^roul^o, 


666 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Bradlauoh.) 


the  Anarchistic,  and,  most  important  of  all,  with  the 
Comte  de  Paris  and  tlie  Orleanists,  who  furnished 
the  money  for  the  ae^itotton  by  which  he  attempted 
to  subvert  the  repui>Tic  and  become  dictator.  W  hen 
the  Limouzin  scandal  began  he  publicly  changed  the 
Minister  of  War  with  manufacturing  it  for  the  pur- 
pose of  diverting  public  attention  from  him.  For 
this  he  was  ordered  under  arrest.  Breakiuju:  his  pa- 
role, he  went  to  Paris  during  the  presidential  crisis, 
and  might  then  have  given  the  signal  for  an  insur- 
rection, but  hesitated.  The  new  President  and  his 
Cabinet  were  chosen  for  the  special  purpose  of  com- 
bating the  danger  of  3oulangism.  Adopting  the 
cry  for  the  revision  of  the  Constitution,  he  organized 
a  party  and  a  political  campaign,  with  the  money  of 
the  Duchesse  d*Uz^  and  the  Comte  de  Paris,  was 
elected  under  the  senUin  d€  lisU  with  the  aid  of 
Rovalist  and  Bonapartist  votes,  first  in  the  Dordogne, 
and  in  April,  1888,  by  an  enormous  mii^ority  in  the 
great  Department  of  the  Nord.  In  July  his  chances 
for  the  ctictatorship  were  damped  almost  fatally  by 
the  outcome  of  a  duel  with  M.  Flo<)uet,  who  had  oeon 
insulted  by  him  in  the  Chamber,  in  which  the  aged 
Premier  almost  killed  the  flre-eating  soldier  by  a 
lunge  in  tlie  neck.  Noisy  demonstrations  and  the 
arts  of  political  advertisement  restored  his  popularity, 
and  his  position  was  so  strong  when  he  nrcsented 
himself  as  a  candidate  for  the  whole  city  or  Paris  in 
January,  1889,  that  he  polled  245,236  votes  to  162,875 
given  to  the  Kepublican  candidate,  M.  Jacques.  This 
wa8  his  second  opportunity  to  play  Uie  part  of  a 
Bonaparte  and  seize  the  reins  of  power,  but  ne  lacked 
the  courage  or  the  sagacity  to  avail  himself  of  it 
M.  Tirard  fonned  a  Cabinet  with  the  avowed  object 
of  putting  down  Boulangism  by  new  leginlation  if 
the  existing  laws  were  iusutticient  M.  Constans,  the 
new  Minister  of  the  Interior,  went  to  work  boldly  by 
suppressing  the  League  of  Patriots,  and  followed  this 
up  by  secretly  warning  Gen  Boulanger  that  a  worse 
fate  than  simple  imprisonment  was  in  store  for  him. 
Frightened  by  this  vague  intimation,  the  boastful 
representative  of  the  military  glory  of  France,  to  the 
amazement  and  disgust  of  all  his  partisans,  fled  in 
disguise  to  Brussels  on  April  2,  1889.  The  Senate 
was  constituted  into  a  high  court  of  justice  to  try  him 
and  other  fugitives  for  conspiracy  and  other  crimes, 
and  his  friends  adjured  him  to  redeem  his  reputation 
by  appearing  at  the  trial.  He  was  sentenced  in  con- 
tumatiam  to  imprisonment  for  life  in  a  fortress.  In 
the  autumn  a  general  election  gave  an  overwhelming 
niiyoritv  to  the  Republicans  over  tlie  Boulangists  and 
Monarcnists  combined.  From  a  safe  distance  he  con- 
tinued to  issue  manifestoes,  but  liLs  prestige  was  gone 
and  most  of  the  Boulangists  who  were  not  involved 
in  his  disgrace  turned  oontemptuouslv  away  from 
him.  The  scrutin  <U  liste  imposed  on  tuo  country  by 
Gambetta  was  repealed.  The  prospects  of  the  Comte 
de  Paris  were  ruined  by  his  perfidious  alliance  with 
Boulanger,  and  Prince  Napoleon  was  implicated  in  a 
scarcely  less  degree,  as  was  revealed  in  a  series  of 
articles  published  in  the  ^* Figaro^'  under  the  title  of 
**  Les  Coulisses  de  Boulangisme,^^  by  M.  Mcnneix,  a 
Boulangist  Deputy.  Gen.  Boulanger  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  life  in  Jersey,  London,  and  Brussels, 
and  finally  blew  out  his  brains  on  the  grave  of 
Madame  de  Bonneinain,  the  companion  of  his  flight 
and  exile,  for  whom  he  hud  deserted  his  wife,  and 
who  had  sacrificed  her  fortune  in  his  cause.  For  a 
steel  portrait  of  Gen.  Boulanger,  see  **  Annual  Cyclo- 
ptedia"  for  ImhO,  page  352. 

Bndlangh)  OhazlMf  an  £nglish  statesman,  bom  in 
Iloxton,  b)ept.  26,  1833;  died  in  London,  Jan.  80, 
1891.  lie  went  to  work  at  an  early  age  in  the  law 
otflce  where  his  father  was  a  clerk,  was  later  a  wharf 
clerk,  a  coal  dealer,  a  traveling  salesman,  and,  alx)ve 
all,  a  zealous  teacher,  first  of  religion  in  a  Sunday 
school,  and  then  of  free  thought  after  he  liatl  become 
a  disciple  of  Richard  Carlile  at  the  age  of  nineteen. 
He  was  driven  by  poverty  to  enlist  as  a  soldier,  was 
made  orderly  clerk,  and  in  1853  purchased  his  dis- 
charge, atler  which  he  found  employment  as  a  law- 


yer's clerk  in  London  and  at  the  aame  time  lectured 
on  religious  subiects.  Becoming  known  under  the 
name  of  ^  Iconoclast  ^  as  an  aggressive  atheist,  bv  en- 
tered on  a  career  oi  pamphleteering  and  lecturioj? 
that  made  him  one  of  the  most  notorious  and  ihe 
most  obnoxious  men  in  England.  His  audacious  and 
contemptuous  treatment  of  sacred  subjects  was  repul- 


^«^, 


■\  ^ 


sive  to  many  who  thought  as  he  did,  and  he  had  <^n- 
fiicta  with  the  authonties  and  was  mobbed  bv  hu« 
audiences,  winning  all  the  time  converts  and  atiniir- 
crs  by  his  courage,  his  adroitness,  and  his  powen>  of 
speech,  especially  when  defenders  of  orthodoxy  un- 
dertook to  vanquish  him  in  argument  on  the  «siiit.- 
platform.    In  the  Hall  of  Science,  where  he  made  h\i> 
speeches  in  London,  and  in  the  pages  of  the  "*  Na- 
tional   Reformer'^  he  advocated  secular  education. 
disestablishment,  and  the  abolition  of  monarchy  unJ 
aristocracy,  and  unfolded  a  political  programme  pait.^ 
of  which  nc  and  his  friends  believed  could  be  broutrlii 
into  practical  politics.    After  several  attempts  to  ^^'t 
a  seat  in  Parliament  ho  was  at  last  elected  for  North- 
ampton in  April,  1880.     He  had  been  prosecuted  al 
various   timek  and  his  natural  acumen  and  leintl 
knowleilgo  haa  been  sharpened  by  his  experieD<'c  in 
the  courts,  OS  when,  in  1861,  the  superintendent  of  {po- 
lice at  Devenport  had  interfered  with  his  lerturfts  and 
when  he  was  successful  in  defying  the  Inland  Kevcnu« 
otticials  who  attempted  to  apply  an  obsolete  law  to 
the  "  National  Refonner,"  and  wncn,  in  1877,  he  suc- 
ceeded in  quashing  the  indictment  af\er  he  and  Mrs. 
Besant  had  been  condemned  to  six  months^  iiupn^nn- 
mcnt  and  a  fine  of  £200  for  publishing  the  book  ittllcd 
"  Fruits  of  Philosophy."     A  large  number  of  the 
older  members  of  Parliament  were  determined  that 
he  should  not  be  received,  and  many  LtbemlA  shared 
this  desire  with  the  Conservatives!     When  he  fiM 
appeared  at  the  bar  of  the  Iloui^e  he  claimed  the 
ngnt  to  atlirm.    The  matter  wa«  referred  to  a  i«elect 
committee,  which  reported  agaiiLst  his  right  to  tak^ 
advantage  of  the  acts  createil  for  the  Quakenn  and 
Jews.     Thereupon  he  offered  to  take  the  oath  of  al- 
legiance, but  another  committee  decided  that  he  ^ts 
not  competent,  and  the  House  pasi«ed  a  resolution  di- 
nying  his  right  either  to  make  atfimiation  or  U>  p> 
through  the  fonn  of  taking  the  oath.     When  here- 
fused  to  recognize  the  authority  of  the  House  he  wiu' 
rcmovetl  by  the  sergeant-at-arins,  at  first  with  a  »hf^w 
of  force,  but  on  a  repetition  of  the  procoedin!?  he 
struggled  fiercely  to  remain.    Session  atler  session  the 
same  scenes  were  repeated.    On  Feb.  21 , 1 8S2,  he  vent 
up  to  the  table,  drew  a  Bible  from  his  pocket,  and,  he- 
fore  the  House  knew  what  he  was  about,  recited  thf 
form  of  the  oath.    Successively  e.vciudeil.  he  wa»  al- 
ways re-elected  by  his    constituents.     Amoiur  tiie 
many  lawsuits  that  grew  out  of  this  contest,  he  mk- 
cesisfully  won  the  one  bmught  again.<(t  him  forsittinir 
and  voting  without  having  taken  the  oath  and  the 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Beatmno— Carter.)  667 

one  that  he  brought  against  Mr.  Newdegate  for  main-  23, 1891.    He  was  descended  froDi  Huguenot  emigrants 

tenance.    It  was  not  till  1886  Uiat  he  was  allowed  to  to  Prussia.    Entering  the  array  as  an  ollicer  of  the 

take  the  oath  and  begin  his  career  as  a  member  of  Guards,  he  was  soon  called  to  statf  duty,  and  in  this 

Parliament.    Two  years  later  ho  and  his  friends  sue-*  capacity  he  went  through  the  Austrian  campaifi[n  with 

ceeded  In  having  the  oaths  act  so  amended  that  atlie-  the  2d  Anny  Cor^.     In  the  war  of  1870-71  no  hud 

irtta  are  permitted,  on  account  of  conscientious  scruples,  charge  of  a  section  of  the  general  staff  and  was 

to   attirm.     In  Parliament  he  disgusted  his  former  King  William^s  messenger  to  Napoleon  when  the 

followen  among  the  working  people  b^r  opposing  the  white  flag  was  hung  out  at  Sedan.    Gen.  von  Moltke 

extension  of  employ enMiability,  the  eight-hour  day,  intrusted  him  with  many  delicate  missions.     After 

and  other  labor  measures.    By  this  attitude  he  estab-  the  peace  he  aervod  as  chief  of  the  stafi  of  the  Guards 

lished  a  strong  bond  of  sympathy  with  the  people  Corps,  and  in  1883  was  selected  on  account  of  his 

who  had  been  his  bitterest  opponents,  and  as  he  did  resolute  and  a^^gressive  cmalities  to  succeed  Gen.  von 

not  obtrude  hla  irreligious  views  and  devoted  his  en-  Kameke  as  Minister  of  War.    He  overcame  the  op- 

ersry  and  ingenuity  to  advocating  academiciil  opin-  position  of  the  Reichstag  to  the  addition  of  40,000 

ions  that  roused  little  antagonism,  with  able  argu-  men  to  the  peace  footing,  and  pushed  through  the 

nientti  free  from  irritating  allusions,  he  won  tlie  re-  measure    for   the    on^anization    and    armament  of 

spect  of  the  sober  members  of  both  parties  and  was  the  Landwehr  and    Landsturm,  which    practically 

listened  to  with  more  attention  than  the  other  Kadi-  doubled  the  fighting  strength  of  the  empire.     Ho 

cala^    His  denunciation  of  the  perpetual  pensions  and  was  succeeded  in  1888  by  Gen.  Verdy  du  Vemois, 

sinecures  enjoyed  by  members  ot  noble  houses  sus-  and  after  a  brief  retirement  took  command  of  tlie  1st 

tutncd  his  reputation  as  a  democratic  Radical.    Lat-  Army  Corps,  which  active  post  he  held  at  the  time  of 

u*rly  he  devoted  himself  to  the  more  ambitious  task  his  sudden  death.    It  was  generally  supposed  that  if 

of  representing  in  Parliament  tlie  desires  of  tlie  Hin-  war  should  break  out  Gen.  Bronsart  would  be  made 

ilvbi  tor  representative  institutions,  and  was  accepted  commander-in-chief  of  the  German  army, 

by  them  as  their  special  advocate,  the  "  Indian  mem-  Oarli  Kdedzidi  Almandgr,  King  of  Wiirtemberg,  bom 

iHir."     Under  his  mcntorship  tlio   Indian  Congress  in  Stuttgart,  March  6, 1823;  died  there,  Oct  6, 1891. 

cnlaived  the  scheme  of  representative  j^vcrnment  He  was  the  son  of  Wilhelm  I,  the  second  King,  and 

that  had  already  obtained  the  approval  ot  some  prac-  married  on  July  IS,  1846,  the  Grand  Duchess  Olga, 

tical  Anglo-Indian  administrators,  thus  putting  off  daughter  of  the  Czar  Nicholas.    On  the  death  of  his 

iti<  realization,  but  with  a  hope  of  winning  a  greater  father, on  June  25, 1864,  ho  ascended  the  throne  under 

ultimate  success  through  his  powerful  advocacy.  Vis-  the  style  of  Carl  I.    During  the  period  when  J^russia 

itinjf  India  in  1889  in  the  hope  of  restoring  his  shat-  was  working  for  supremacy  in  Germany  he  strove 

tcred  health,  he  took  part  in  the  Congress  neld  at  the  against  the  consolidation  under  Prussian  headship, 

end  of  that  year.    Three  days  before  his  death  the  but  abandoned  his  particularistic  tendencies  and  ail 

House  of  Commons,  without  a  dissenting  voice,  ex-  political  activity  wnen  he  saw  that  rtsistance  was 

punjBTed  the  resolution  of  June  22. 1880,  which  refused  useless,  leaving  to  his  strong-minded  wife  the  direc- 

iiini  permission  either  to  take  tne  oath  or  to  atflnii  tion  of  court  affairs  and  the  forms  of  a  sovereignty 

when  he  claimed  his  seat  that  had  lost  its  substance.     Trained   in  military 

Bxatiaoo^  JoaOi  a  Roumanian  statesman,  bom  in  Bu-  routine  in  his  youth,  he  conceived  a  strong  dislike  for 

charest  in  1821 ;  died  there.  May  16, 1891.    He  served  martial  pomp.    Modest  and  simple  in  his  way  of  liv- 

a  short  time  in  the  Roumanian  army,  went  to  Paris  ing,  genial  imd  hospitable  in  disposition,  winning 

in  1841,  and  studied  in  the  College  de  France  and  the  in  liis  manners,  he  was  an  intelligent  patron  and  lover 

Kcole  Polytechnique,  fought  for  the  republic  with  of  art  and  literature,  and  did  much  to  make  Stuttoart 

his  brother  Demetrio  in  the  revolution  of  Febru-  one  of  the  artistic  and  intellectual  centers  of  Ger- 

ary,  1848,  returned  to  Bucharest   in  the  following  many.     He  embellished  the  city  architecturally,  fos- 

April, was  appointed  one  of  the  secretaries  of  the  terea  music,  drama,  and  science;  and  at  one  time 

Provisional  (iovemment,  and  became  a  leader  of  the  gathered  about  him  a  circle  of  bright  authors,  which 

Democratic  party  that  aimed  to  free  Roumania  from  included  Franz  Dingelstcdt,  Fricdrich  Hacklhuder, 

Turkish  dominion  and  keep  the  state  equally  free  from  and  Moritz  von  Hartmann.     Toward  the  end  of  his 

dependence  on  Russia.    During  the  revolution  he  was  life  he  chose  for  companions  some  Americans  who 

Mmister  of  Police.  With  his  brother  he  was  proscribed  initiated  him  into  the  study  of  hypnotism  and  simi- 

after  the  intervention  of  Russia;  and,  returning  to  lar  phenomena.    These  persons  were  looked  on  in 

Paris,  he  engaged  in  journalism.    Being  condemned  to  court  circles  as  adventurers,  and  the  Queen  intervened 

prison  for  revolutionary  writings  in  1853  for  the  temi  of  and  after  a  contest  removed  the  King  from  their  influ- 

three  years,  he  wrote  and  brought  out  in  1855  a  "Mem-  ence.    The  successor  to  the  throne  is  Wilhelm  II, 

oir  on   the  Austrian  Empire  in  the  Eastern  Ques-  grandson  of  the  late  King's  uncle,  who  was  bora  Feb. 

tion,'' and  in  1857  he  published  a  "Memoir  on  the  Sit-  25,  1848,  and  married  for  his  second  wife  Princess 

uation  of  Moldo-Wallachia  after  the  Treaty  of  Paris."  Carlotta  of  8chaumbui>f-Lippe  in  1886.     If  he  dies 

In  this  year  he  and  his  brother  returned  to  Bucha-  without  male  issue  the  throne  passes  to  the  Catholic 

rest,  una  as  Deputies  in  the  Provisional  Assembly  both  branch  of  the  family. 

made  a  name  as  orators.  In  1875,  when  the  impend-  Outer,  Haniy  Ai  Ft|  Hawaiian  minister  to  the  United 
inif  Servian  war  reopened  the  Eastern  question,  Joan  States,  bom  in  Honolulu,  Aug.  7, 1837  ;  died  in  New 
Bratiano,  at  the  head  of  the  National  party,  aspired  York  city,  Nov.  7, 1891.  He  was  sent  to  an  aunt  in 
to  gain  for  the  Roumanian  nationality  its  share  in  the  Boston,  Mass.,  for  his  ear\y  education,  afterward  at- 
division  of  the  Turkish  Empire.  He  became  Presi-  tended  the  schools  in  Hawaii,  joined  the  gold  seekers 
dent  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  Finance  in  the  in  California,  but  returned  and  became  a  clerk  and 
Cabinet  constituted  on  July  24,  1876,  exchanging  afterward  a  partner  in  the  mercantile  tinn  of  C. 
this  portfolio  for  that  of  the  Interior  later.  He  brought  Brewer  &  Co.  He  took  an  active  part  in  negotiating 
abfout  the  proclamation  of  Roumanian  independence  the  reciprocity  treaty  with  the  United  States,  and 
on  Mav  21,  1877,  and  was  forced  into  the  alliance  when  Minister  Elishall.  Allen  suddenly  died,  in  1883, 
with  Russia  and  the  declaration  of  war  against  Tiir-  Mr.  Carter,  who  had  held  important  posts  in  the 
key.  For  twelve  years,  with  an  intermission  of  two  Hawaiian  Government,  among  tliem  those  of  Minis- 
op  three  months  in  1881,  when  his  brother  took  the  ter  of  Finance  and  Minister  of  the  Interior,  was 
premiership,  he  guided  the  affairs  of  Roumania,  which  appointed  minister  at  Washington.  Ho  labored  to 
wan  erected  into  a  kingdom  in  1881.  In  1886  an  at-  secure  the  effective  working  of  the  treaty,  which 
tempt  was  made  on  his  life,  the  motive  for  which  went  into  effect  in  1887,  and  after  the  adoption  of  the 
was  not  discovered.  He  made  enemies  by  his  arbi-  new  tariff  to  obtain  from  Congress  the  passage  of  a 
trary  methods,  and  in  1888  was  overturned  by  a  coal-  resolution  so  construing  the  tariff  act  as  to  preserve 
ition  of  Junimists,  Conservatives,  and  Liberals.  the  reciprocity  relations  with  Hawaii.      In  1885-'87 

BxoDfBit  Toa  SdieUendoiffy  Gen.,  German  ex-Minister  he  went  to  Eurot>c  three  times  on  special  missions  to 

of  War,  bom  in  Dantbic  in  1832 ;  died  in  Berlin,  June  the  French  and  English  governments. 


668  OBITUARIES,  FOfiEIGN.    (CELLiEBr--€oQniLHAT.) 

Oanier)  Alfredi  an  English  composer,  bom  in  London  He  was  the  leading  repraaentativo  of  the  gfonp  of 

in  1844;  died  there,  Dec  28, 18i)l.    Hia  parents  were  Bohemian   territorial    proprietors   in   the   Aiutnan 

French.    He  was  educated  in  London  schools,  en-  Keichsrath  and  in  the  Diet  at  Prague.    A  thoivujrh 

tcred  the  Chapel  Koyal  in  1855,  in  1862  was  appointed  }:  eudalist  and  ClericfU*  he  succeeded  nls  more  talented 

organist  of  All  Saints,  Blackheath,  and  in  1865  be-  brother  licinrich  ax  president  of  the  club  of  the  Bo- 

camo  conductor  of  tlie  Belfast  Philharmonic  Society  hemian  Feudalists  in  the  Dict^  and  was  elected  Vice- 

and  of  the  concerts  in  Ulster  Hall  in  that  city.    He  President  of  the  Austrian  Reichsrath.    As  the  head 

returned  to  London  three  years  later,  and  was  organ-  of  this  {?roup  he  exercised  a  great  authority  in  politi- 

\Ai  at  St  Albans,  Holbom,  until  he  gave  up  the  place  cal  affairs,  although  he  was  not  trained  to  |x>Utics  hut 

in  order  to  give  his  whole  attention  to  the  theatre.    In  to  military  life,  and  took  no  part  in  political  alfaji> 

1871-'75  he  conducted  an  orchestra  in  Manchester,  until  he  retired  from  the  army  in  1879. 
and  in  1877-79  he  led  the  orchehtra  of  the  Opera        Goelho^  Jos^MaxiftLatiao*  a  Portuguese  statesman  and 

Comiquc,  and  alternated  with  Sir  Arthur  Sullivan  at  scholar,  bom  in  1825;  died  in  Lisbon,  Aug.  31,  1M>1. 

the  Covcnt  Garden  concerts.    His  earliest  operetta  Ho  Unit  followed  a  military  career,  and  rose  to  the 

was  ^  Charity  begins  at  Home,"  produced  in  Man-  rank  of  colonel.    Then  he  gave  his  attention  to  min- 

chester  in  1870.    There  also   he   wrote  for   ^  Nell  eralogy  and  geology,  and  was  professor  in  the  Lifibon 

G  Wynne"  the  music  that  was  afterward  adapted  to  Polytechnic  Schooftill  his  death.    In  addition  to  tiiLs 

the  libretto  of  ^  Dorothy."    His  '^  Sultan  of  Mocha,"  he  stood  at  the  head  of  the  critics  of  Portugal,  «s» 

tlie  finest  of  his  works,  was  brought  out  in  Manches-  permanent  secretary  of  the  Academy  of  Science,  and 

tcr  in  1874,  and,  like  these  others,  was  reproduced  took  the  chief  part  in  editing  the  **■  Dictionary  of  the 

Inter  in  London  with  another  libretto.    ^Pandora,"  Portuguese  Language."    A  memberoriginally  of  the 

written  for  the  words  of  Longfellow,  was  produced  Liberal  party,  ho  discarded  monarchical  ideas,  and 

in  Boston  in  1881.    His  musical  setting  to  Gray^s  by  his  attacks  in  the  Cortes  and  the  House  of  Pe«r« 

^  Elegy,"  written  for  the  Leeds  Festival  of  1883,  was  on  the  prerogatives  of  the  Crown,  he  acquired  extraor- 

not  a  popular  success.    Among  his  other  works  may  dinary  popularity  among  the  DemocraUi,  and  was  the 

be  mentioned  "  The  Tower  of  London  "  (1875) ;  **  The  chosen  leader  of  the  Republican  party.    His  critical 

Specter  Knight"  (1878) ;  **  The  Carp"  (1886) ;  **  Mrs.  and  historical  works  and  his  editorial  labors  on  Por- 

Jarramie^s  Genie"  ri888) :  and  ^*  Doris"  (1889)     His  tuguese  and  Spanish  newspapers  made  him  pre-emi- 

liwt  work,  ^  The  Mounteoanks,"  composed  for  a  li-  nent  among  the  intellectual  leaders  of  Portugal, 
brctto  by  W.  S.  Gilbert,  he  worked  on  through  the        OogaloioMUiiii  lOohel,  a  Roumanian  statesman,  bom  in 

sufferings  of  his  last  illness.    More  happy  in  comic  1806 ;  died  in  PariiL  Julv  5, 1891.    He  was  the  son  of 

than  in  serious  music,  he  enjoyed  a  wiae  popularity  a  Boyar  family  or  Moldavia,  was  educated  uiKler 

in  Great  Britain  and  America  by  reason  of  his  neat  French  and  German  tutors,  headed  the  Jassy  revolu- 

and  easy  style  of  composition  and  his  fertile  and  tion  of  1848,  propagated  his  ideas  in  exile  in  Paris  and 

agreeable  flow  of  melody.  Brussels,  ana  was  one  of  the  chief  factors  in  the  anud- 

Cfkapo,  Exaai  Mklial  AntdxiB)  a  French  sculptor,  bom  gamation  of  the  Danubian  provinces,  becoming  Pn»i- 

in  Lc  Mdc,  Department  of  Soine-et-Mamc,  in  1833;  dent  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  the  Interior  for 

died  in  St  Gcnnain,  near  Paris,  April  21,1891.    He  the  first  time  in  1860.    Resigning  in  the  followinjr 

studied  under  Tradier,  Durct,  and  Coffniet^  giuned  the  January,  he  retumed  to  the  post  as  Prime  Minister  of 

prix  de  Rome  in  1855,  and  began  exnibiting  in  1868  united  Roumania  in  1863,  and  in  May,  1864,  in  cod- 

with  a  statue  of  "Mercury."    In  1875  ana  1877  he  junction  with  Prince  Koiua,  carried*  out  the  tov^ 

carried  off  the  first  modal.    He  executed  statues  for  d^^tat  modifying  the  Constitution  established  by  the 

the  tombs  of  Henri  Regnault,  Leverrier,  the  Duchesse  Treaty  of  Paris.    In  the  same  year  he  abolished  the 

d^Orleans,  and  Flaubert     His   busts  of  Theodore  ccrt>^,  secularized  the  property  of  the  monai^tcricK 

Rousseau  and  Millet  are  placed  on  a  rock  in  the  for-  deprived  the  Boyars  of  their  pn vil^res,  divided  their 

est  of  Fontainebleau.    A  work  of  importance  is  the  lands  among  the  peasantry,  aeclarca  the  Church  in- 

monument  to  M.  Schneider  at  Creusot    Among  M.  dependent  of  the  patriarchate  at  Constantinople,  and 

Chapu^s  Salon  exhibits  were  ^  The  Oath"  (1865);  by  more  of  such  arbitnuy  acts  carried  out  other  Hb- 

**Deatii  of  the  Nymph  Clytie";  **Joan  of  Arc  at  eral  reforms.    Retiring  from  the  premiership  in  IK^ 

Donr^my,"  in  plaster  (1870)  and  in  marble  (1872);  hesubeequently  had  chaige  of  the  Ministry  of  Foreiim 

a  bust  of  Dumas  the  elder  for  the  Oddon  (1876);  Aftoire  in  1868.  1876,  and  1878,  accompanying  Joan 

**  Thought";  a  marble  statue  of  Berry  er  for  tne  Pa-  Bratiano  to  Berlin  to  watch  over  Roumaniui  interu:t» 

lais  de  Justice  (1877);  ^*The  Genius  of  Immortality,"  at  the  Congress,  and  waa  minister  to  Paris  in  Ib^u. 

for  the  tomb  of  Jean  Reynaud  (1 880) ; "  Hope  "  ( 1 889) ;  He  has  since  been  active  as  a  Deputy, 
and  a  **Danseusc"  (1890).    M.  Chapu  was  chosen  a        Oongtaal  Botdho  de  Msgriiw,  Beajaiidii,  a  Brszilinn 

meml>er  of  the  Institute  in  1880.  statesman,  bora  in  1838 ;  died  ui  Rio  Janeiro,  Jan.  it 

Okuif  Prince,  father  of  the  Emperor  of  China,  died  1891.  Ho  wos  the  ablest  and  most  devoted  of  the 
in  Pekin,  Jan.  1, 1891.  He  was  the  seventh  brotlier  early  Republicans,  and  while  in  chaige  of  the  Mili- 
of  the  Emperor  Hien  Fung,  and  with  the  Empress  tary  Academy  and  Noraial  School  at  Rio  he  im- 
Dowager  he  carried  out  Uie  palace  revolution  by  plimted  his  principles  in  the  minds  of  the  young  mea 
which  his  infant  son  was  proclaimed  Emperor  on  the  who  were  tiio  chief  agents  in  the  revolution.  The 
death  of  the  Emperor  Tung  Chi,  on  Jan.  22,  1875.  stroke  by  which  Dom  Pedro  was  dethroned  was  to  s 
During  his  son^s  minority  ne  pcrfomied  important  great  exti^nt  directed  by  him,  and  in  the  oiganixation 
flmctions,  and  after  the  Emperor  personally  assumed  of  the  Republican  Government  he  was  the  most  ener- 
tlie  government,  contrary  to  custom,  ho  did  not  with-  gctic  and  efficient  In  the  Provisional  Government 
draw  fVom  all  public  duties,  but  neld  several  high  he  was  first  Minister  of  War,  then  of  Public  ln»tni<^ 
offices,  the  chief  of  which  ^^a»  the  presidency  of  Uie  tion,  and  as  such  he  undertook  a  renovation  and  ex- 
Board  of  Admiralty.  Ho  was  considered  a  man  of  tension  of  the  system  of  education  befitting  the  new 
liberal  and  progressive  ideas.  order.    Transferred  to  the  Department  of  PostMaiKl 

COamGWlMi  Count  Ednaidf  on  Austrian  soldier,  bom  Telegraphs,  he  carried  into  it  the  same  rcforaiini; 

in  1805;  died  March  lo,  IH'.H.    He  commanded  an  spirit,  and  nis  large  ideas  of  progress  and  develop- 

army  in  the  campaigns  of  1848  and  1849,  and  for  his  ment  were  brought  to  bear  on  oUier  deparUnentB  ot 

successes  recei  veci  the  Maria  Theresa  cross.    In  1 866  he  Government,  causing  some  friction  and  dissati»fsetioa 

wosincoinmand  of  the  division  that  was  overwhelmed  among  the  officials.    He  was  afterword   appointed 

by  the  Prussians  at  Gitschin,  and  for  this  disaster  he  Minister  of  War,  and  he  held  that  poet  till  twodsvn 

had  to  stand  a  court>martial.    Although  he  was  ac-  before  his  sudden  death.    In  the  Brazilian  Con«titu- 

quitted  and  received  a  fiattering  letter  from  the  Em-  tion  it  is  provided  that  his  house  shall  be  ac<^uired  by 

pcror,  he  was  not  consoled,  and  shortly  afterward  he  the  state,  and  preserved  as  a  lasting  memorial  of  the 

retired  from  the  army,  refusing  a  pension.  chief  founder  of  the  republia 

Cnaaif  MarttBiti,  Count  Biohard,  an  Austrian  politi-        OoqniUiaty  Commander  (L  Vice-Govemor  of  the 

cion,  bom  in  1832;  died  in  Vienna,  >iov.  15,  1891.  Congo  Free  State,  bom  in  Belgium  inl85S;  died  in 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Crampel— Dolgorukofp.)  669 

Bcma,  March  84, 1891.    He  was  one  of  the  early  ofli-        JMammjt  Jules  EUa^  a   French  painter,  bom  in 
oer»  of  tho  International  Conjaro  AiMiociation,  and  was     Nantes  in  June,  lb28;  died  in  Pans,  Sept  5,  1891. 


the  river.  Going  to  their  country  in  1884,  he  lived  in  the  highest  rank  of  modem  painters.  Of  these, 
alone  among  these  savages  for  many  months,  and  ^^The  Communion  of  tlie  Disciples^'  and  ^*The 
laid  the  foundations  for  the  prosperous  Bangola  stti-  Plague  at  Rome  "  are  in  the  Luxembourg.  His  por- 
tion. He  initiated  them  into  habits  of  industry,  per-  truits,  notable  among  which  are  those  of  Madame  G. 
Auaded  them,  in  a  groat  measure,  to  abandon  tneir  Bizet,  Charles  Gounod,  the  actor  Uegnier,  Gen.  Mcl- 
feroc'ious  customs,  and  at\er  he  had  been  there  a  year  linet,  and  Henri  Meilhac,  are  masterpieces  m  tliis 
be  beean  to  recruit  soldiers  and  laborers  for  the  serv-  branch  of  the  art.  He  entered  the  Academv  of  Fine 
ice  of  the  state,  which  now  has  2,000  Bangala  war-  Arts  in  1879.  He  was  very  successful  in  aecorotive 
rio»  in  its  annv  and  draws  its  best  steamboat  hands  art,  and  his  work  is  found  in  the  Panthdon,  the  Hotel 
and  workmen  from  the  same  tribes.  do  Ville,  the  Opera,  and  the  Suinte  Trinlte  and  other 

Orampeli  Fsnlf  a  French  explorer,  bom  in  1862 ;  died  churches  in  and  out  of  Paris.    In  1881  appeared  his 

in  Central  Africa,  near  the  Ubongi  river,  April  9,  remarkable  illustrations  to  La  Fontaine.     In  1890 

lh91.    He  flrst  went  to  Africa  as  secretary  to  M.  de  he  exhibited  in   the  Salon  a  portrait  of  Cardinal 

Brazza.  Governor  of  the  French  Congo,  in  1887.    In  Bemadou,  Archbishop  of  Sens, 

the  following  year  he  explored  the  unknown  region  Depqnra^  OotaTei  a  French  politician,  bom  in  Cahon 

between    the  Ogowc  and  the    Benito  and  Compo  in  1812 ;  died  in  Paris,  Sept  29,  1891.    He  was  a 

rivers,  penetrating  the  country  of  the  pgymies  and  lawyer  d}^  profession,  and  under  the  empire  he  rose 

making  treaties  of  fViendship  with  Panouin  chiefs,  to  be  Minister  of  Justice,  and  in  that  position  gave 

and  emerged  after  severe  privations  at  a  French  set-  man^*  evidences  of  his  intolerance.     Under  the  re- 

tlemcnt  on  the  coast,  bringing  back  notes  and  collec-  public  he  was  a  candidate  for  life  Senator,  and,  be- 

tioQsi,  and  impressed  with  the  idea  of  opening  up  a  mg  defeated,  was  chosen  by  a  coalition  ofBonapaitists 

way  from  the  Cong^o  to  the  region  of  Lake  Chiul,  and  and  Koyalists  to  a  nine  years*  seat,  which  he  lost  on 

the  rich   monarchies  of  the  Soudan.    Retnming  to  the  expiration  of  the  term  in  1879.    Since  then  ho 

France,  he  organized  an  expedition  for  this  purpose,  has  devoted  himself  to  the  interests  of  the  Catholic 

On  Aug.  16  he  set  out  from  Brazzaville  at  tne  nead  University  in  Paris  as  a   member  of  the  executive 

of  a  caravan  consisting  of  5  Europeans,   an   Arab  board  of  directors,  and  to  tlie   defense  of  extreme 

doctor  and  interpreter,  80  Senegalese  soldiers,  and  Conservative  ideas  as  political  editor  of  the  "Monitour 

223  native  porters.    Advancing  toward  Baghirmi,  he  Universe]." 

made  many  treaties.  The  country  of  the' cannibals  ])e?ooihiie)  Williim  CtovendiihtDuke  of,  bom  April 
vroA  much  disturbed,  and,  after  several  conflicts,  the  27, 1808;  died  in  Milncthorpe,  Dec.  21, 1891.  He  was 
{>arty  was  surprised  and  massacred,  with  the  exccp-  the  son  of  Lord  William  Cavendish,  and  in  1858  suc- 
tion of  one  Frenchman,  and  the  rear  guard.  ceeded  his  cousin,  sixth  Duke  of  Devonshire,  becom- 

Oudf  Father  Oarlo  Marifty  an  Italian  priest,  bom  in  ing  head  of  the  greatest  Whig  family  of  the  British 
Naples,  Sept  4,  1809;  died  in  Careggi,  June  9, 1891.  aristocracy.  He  married  in  1829  Ladv  Blanche  How- 
Ile  was  the  son  of  a  lawyer,  who  brought  him  up  do-  ard,  daughter  of  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who  was  ro- 
voutly,  and,  joining  the  Jesuit  society  at  the  ago  of  lated  to  him  through  her  motlier.  Iiis  eldest  son, 
cijrhtecn,  he  distinguished  himself  early  by  his  ready  bom  July  23,  1838,  is  Spencer  Compton  Caven- 
pen  xmd  fluent  eloquence,  and  obtained  a  reputation  in  dish,  the  Liberal  statesman  known  under  his  title, 
the  order  for  extensive  learning.  In  1847  he  sprang  into  Marquis  of  Hartington,  who  succeeded  to  the  duke- 
cc-lubrity  by  a  comprehensive  and  incisive  answer  to  dom  on  the  death  of  his  father,  and  therefore  was 
Giohcrtl^s  attacks  on  the  Society  of  Jesus,  contained  compelled  to  jurive  up  his  position  as  leader  of  the 
in  his  "'  Jesuita  Modemo,"  which  was  Dot  calculated  Liberal  Unionists  in  the  House  of  Commons.  The 
to  conciliate  the  foes  of  the  order.  He  founded  the  second  son.  Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  was  nmrdorcd 
periodical  called  ^*  Civilt^  Cattolica.*^  Taking  a  high  in  Dublin  by  the  Fenians  in  1882.  Die  late  duke 
rank  among  the  intellectual  representatives  of  tlio  went  to  the  Universitv  of  Cambridge  at  the  age  of 
Church,  he  tried  to  win  Pius  Ia  over  to  a  recogni-  eighteen  and  was  graouated  with  high  honors,  both 
tioQ  of  the  new  order  of  things,  after  the  creation  of  in  classics  and  maUiematics.  From  1829  till  1831  he 
the  Italian  Kingdom  and  the  seizure  of  the  Papal  represented  the  university  in  the  House  of  Commons. 
Btates.  When  Leo  XIII  became  Pontiff,  his  idea  In  1884,  on  the  death  of  his  grandfather.  Lord  George 
of  reconciliation  had  more  chance  of  acceptance  in  Cavendisli,  the  first  Earl  of  Burlington,  he  entered 
ecclesiastical  circles,  and  he  published  a  plea  for  the  House  of  Lords.  He  never  took  a  prominent  part 
peace  with  the  new  Italy.  The  Pope  would  not  let  in  party  politics  or  in  Uie  debates  of^  the  House  of 
the  audacious  priest  dictate  his  policy.  The  book  Lords.  Dubjects  connected  with  physics  and  iimtlie- 
woA  placed  on  the  proscribed  list,  and  Father  Curci,  matics  occupied  much  of  his  attention.  His  chief 
in  1877,  was  expelled  from  the  Societv  of  Jesus.  He  claim  on  public  attention  was  through  his  vast  in- 
made  his  peace  with  the  Holy  See  oy  formally  re-  diutrial  enterprises.  The  Cavendishes  held  laive 
canting  his  published  views  on  the  temporal  power,  estates  in  the  ea^ttem  counties  in  tlio  time  of  the 
but  remained  in  retirement  in  his  villa  at  Careggi,  Plontogcncts.  Sir  William  Cavendish  was  raised  to 
and  passed  his  remaining  years  in  preparing  his  the  peerage  in  1605  as  a  baron,  and  created  an  earl  in 
** Memoirs  of  his  Times"  for  publication.    The  com-  1618,  and  the  fourth  earl  was  made  a  duke  by  King 

Eletcd  part,  which  does  not  reach  the  later  period  of  William  in  1694  for  political  services.  The  property 
is  life,  has  been  published  in  Florence.  of  the  Dukes  of  Devonshire  is  one  of  the  greatest  in 
(hartozTikii  Prince Cknitanttn lUile Adam,  Vice- Presi-  England,  comprising  143,500  acres  in  Derbyshire, 
dent  of  the  Austrian  House  of  Lords,  born  in  Possy,  Lancashire,  Sussex,  and  the  south  of  Ireland,  besides 
near  Paris,  April  9,1822;  died  in  Vienna,  Oct.  JX),  the  greater  part  of  the  town  of  Eostboume.  The  late 
li^i^l.  He  was  descended  from  an  ancient  Polish  duke  formed  large  business  plans  before  the  posses- 
house  which  once  mled  over  Lithuania,  and  was  the  sion  of  the  family  estates  gave  him  the  capital  to 
l?rcat-grandson  of  Constantin  ("zartoryski,  who  ob-  carry  them  out.  Through  him  was  created  the  busy 
tainecl  the  intervention  of  the  Empress  Catharine  in  manufacturing  and  shipping  town  of  Barrow-in- 
lii»  efforts  to  establish  a  liberal  system  of  govern-  Fumess.  Eastbourne,  the  model  watering-place,  was 
nient,  which  ended  in  Uie  dismeiubennent  of  the  also  built  up  by  his  cftorts.  One  of  the  greatest  iron 
kin^^donL  The  deooasod  statesman  was  a  life  mem-  masters  in  Great  Britain,  he  was  chosen  the  first 
bcr  of  the  Upper  House  of  the  Austrian  Parliament,  a  President  of  the  Iron  and  Steel  Institute, 
l^rivv  Councilor,  and  an  infiueniial  representative  of  Bolgonikofff  Prince  Vladimhri  a  Russian  adminis- 
the  Polish  aristocracy,  which  has  had  a  large  share  trator,  bora  in  Moscow,  July  3, 1810;  died  in  Paris, 
in  shaping  the  policy  of  the  monarchy.  July  1, 1891.    He  was  the  head  of  one  of  the  wealth- 


670  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Dominis— Fowlbe.) 

iest  and  most  distinguiBhcd  families  of  tlie  higher  FaodOf  F^tinoi  on  Italian  musician,  born  in  Vercmo. 
Riu»Ian  oristocrocy,  and  for  many  yeoTR  woa  a  soldier  March  8, 1840 ;  died  in  Monza,  July  2S,  1891.  He  wfc» 
and  served  with  honor  in  the  CaucaMUs.  Alter  his  the 'Son  of  a  hotel  waiter.  Entering,  in  18M,  the  Con- 
retirement  from  the  army  he  ser\'ed  the  Czar  Nicholas  servatorv  at  Milan,  he  applied  himself  with  such  diU 
in  delicate  missions,  was  made  Master  of  Provisions,  igenco  that  m  a  short  time  he  became  a  good  pianift, 
was  a  member  of  the  Council  of  War  during  the  and  composed  meritorious  nieces,  some  of  tnem  in 
Crimean  campaign,  and  in  1856  he  was  appointed  collaboration  with  Arrigo  Boito,  who  was  a  fellow- 
Governor  of  Moifcow,  a  post  that  is  always  held  bv  a  student  After  traveling  abroad  for  his  iaiprovement 
trusted  conlidant  of  the  Czar.    The  expenses  of  this  he  wuote  the  muKic  to  too  opera  of  **  I  Profumi  Fi- 

f Teat  station  impaired  his  immense  fortune,  compel-  ammcnghi,"    and  subsequently  **Amletto^  to  a  li- 

ing  him  to  borrow  from  Jewish  bankers.     When  the  bretto  by  Boito.    In  1872  he  became  leader  of  tlie 

recent  Antiseniitic  troubles  came  on,  and  orders  were  orchestra  of  La  iScala,  and  since  the  death  of  Marinni 

issued  for  the  removal  of  Jews  from  the  interior  to  he  has  eigoyed  the  highest  reputation  of  any  orcht*- 

the  Pale  on  the  western  frontier,  he  treated  the  Jews  tral  leader  in  Italy.    In  1889  he  conducted  the  studin* 

of  Moscow  with  a  leniency  that  drew  on  him  the  and  arranged  the  miM  «n  ttcetu  for  the  production  of 

censures  of  the  Nationalist  party  at  the  court  and  led  Wagner's  **  Meistersanger  ^  at  La  Scala. 


of  Hawaii,  and  Governor  of  Oahu,  bom  in  the  United  at  Cambrai ;  took  holy  orders,  and  at  the  age  of 

States;  died  in  Honolulu,  Aug.  27,  1891.     He  was  twenty-seven  joined  the  Society  of  Jesus.    He  began 

appointed  Governor  of  Oahu  and  Maui  after  his  mar-  his  career  as  a  preacher  in  the  Church  of  St.-Thomss 

rioge  to  the  Princess  Liliuokalani,  and  was  conflmied  d'  Aquiu ;  went  from  there  to  St-Gerroain  de»  Pr^*, 

as  governor  of  the  former  island,  where  the  capital  is  and  from  1853  till  1871  preached  in  the  Cathedral  of 

situated,  after  her  acces.sion,  on  Jan.  20,  1891.  Notre  Dame.    He  left  the  pulpit  to  devote  himself  u> 

Dapniii  Aflplp^*,  a  French  actor,  bom  in  1825 ;  died  authorship,  having  already  completed  his  great  ^ork 

Oct.  25,  1891.    Ho  was  one  of  the  favorite  actors  of  entitled  "Progres  par  le    Chnstianisme  ^  and  hi» 

the  Gymmwecompanv,  playing  in  an  easy  and  natural  ^J^sus  Christ  et  la  Critique  Nouvelle."    The  mcwt 


his  efforts  were  not  successful,  and  for  this  reason  he  Chester  in  lb66  ;  died  in  London,  July  30, 1891.    ^he 

was  never  called  into  the  Com^die  Franfaiso  com-  began  writing  at  an  early  age,  and  "  The  Fin^t  Vio- 

ponv.    He  went  to  the  Vaudeville  in  1878,  and  played  lin,"  her  best  known  work,"  was  published  in  IbTfi 

witl^  great  applause  in  Brussels  and  St  Petersbuig.  As  a  musical  novel  it  is  almost  as  celebrated  as 

Bapay,  Antomdi  a  French  historian,  bom  in  1836;  "Charles  Anchester.''      Other  works  of   hers   an.-: 

died  m  Brittany,  July  22, 1891.    He  was  the  author  "Probation,"   **The  Wellflelda,"    *'One  of   Three,'' 

of  works  on  French  history,  chief  of  which  is  "His-  "Made    or    Marred,"   "Kith    and    Kin,"    "Peril," 

toirc  do  la  R<5union  dc  la  Bretognc  et  la  France."  "  Healey,"   "Borderland,"   "  The  Lasses  of  Lever- 

•RmltiA,  Hiidta  Otslpofidhi  an  Armenian  historian,  bom  house,"  "  From  Moor  Isles,"  and  "  A  March  in  the 

in  Djulftt,  near  Ispahan,  Persia,  about  1815;  died  in  Ronka  "  (1890). 

Moscow,  Jan.  7,  1891.  He  was  the  son  of  wealthy  Fonoher  de  Oanfli  Count  Looii  AkaadTCi  a  French 
parents,  who  sent  him  to  Calcutta  to  be  educated,  diplomatist  and  author,  bom  in  Paris,  March  1. 1^2<>; 
Concluding  from  a  catalogue  that  fell  into  his  hands  died  there,  Jan.  10, 1891.  He  was  the  son  of  a  French 
that  the  course  of  the  Lazareff  Institute  for  Oriental  general  descended  from  an  ancient  Breton  family, 
Tongues,  in  Moscow,  was  more  complete  than  the  and  from  him  he  inherited  great  wealth  and  lurge 
similar  schools  in  Calcutta  afforded,  he  went  to  Russia,  estates  in  the  Department  of  ('alvadoa.  After  a  brill- 
passed  through  the  Lazorcif  Institute,  and  then  the  iant  course  at  the  university  in  Paris  and  travels  in 
Univcrsitv  of  Moscow,  in  which  he  was  one  of  the  America  and  the  Orient  he  gave  himsel f  up  to  literary 
most  brilliant  students,  and  continued  to  reside  in  and  philosophical  studies,  and  delivered  lectures  in 
Moscow,  where  he  was  recognized  as  an  illustrious  Paris  and  published  treaties  on  Leibnitz,  Spinoza 
scholar.  Russian  learning  is  indebted  to  him  for  Hegel,  and  Schopenhauer.  His  lectures  were  in- 
many  works,  especially  the  translation  into  Russian  terdicted  bv  the  Imperial  Government.  He  also  tcx^k 
of  all  the  Armenian  lustorians.  In  other  countries  ho  part  in  Catholic  congresses,  and  was  on  unsucce^ful 
became  known  through  his  great  work  in  French  on  candidate  for  the  (3orns  L^gislatif  in  1866  and  l^fiK 
the  "Ilistory  of  Armenia."  During  the  Franco- Prussian  War  he  auperintendid 

-         ..   -.    -      ^                             1-        !_-.«««.  .1-         i-.-i                 !--  for  tlic  Breton  lejrions.    .Vc- 

he  was  appointed   prefect  oi 
President  Thiers,  and  in   May, 

other  music,  several  operas,  the  most 'successful  of  1872,  was  transferred  to  tlie  prefecture  of  Seim-tt- 

which  wos"'Der  Schwedensee."  Mame.    For  this  department  he  was  elected  Senator 

Fabrioei  Gen.  Q«arg  Filedridh  Alfred*  Count  Ton,  Min-  on  Jan.  80, 1876,  and  with  the  Republican  minority 

ister  of  War  to  the  King  of  Saxony,  bom  in  Ques-  opposed  the  De  Broglio  ministry.    On  Aug.  3,  l^^-l, 

noy  France, in  1818;  died  in  Dresden,  March  25, 1891.  he  succee<led  Count  Duchatel  os'  French  ainbaft«ador 

He  was  the  son  of  a  miyorin  the  Saxon  amiy,  whose  at  Vienna.    His  fortune  enabled  him  to  exerciM-  « 

regiment  formed  part  of  the  army  of  occupation  in  splendid  hospitality  in  this  post,  which  he  resicncd 

France  at  the  time  of  his  birth.    Trained  for  the  mil-  on  June  26, 1886,  on  account  of  the  decree  of  bani^* 

itary  profession,  like  most  of  the  men  of  his  family,  ment  issued  bv  the  De  Freycinet  ministr>'  again24 

he  rose  to  high  rank,  and  when  the  Schleswig-Hol-  the  families  that  formerly  reigned  in  France,    A 

stein  campaign  in  186{V-'64  called  the  Sa.\on  nrmv  into  few  days  before  his  death  ne  was  re-elected  Senator, 

action  he  acted  as  chief  of  staff;  and  again  in  the  He  worked  for  many  yean  on  a  new  edition  of 

Bohemian  campaign  of  1866.     Next  he  was  matle  Leibnitz's  works,  which  he  left  unfinished,  and  in 

Minister  of  War,  and  during  the  Franco-German  War  addition  to  his  numerous  essays  on  the  philosopher* 

he  commanded  the  military  district  of  the  12th  Amiy  he  published  books  on  Goetlie  and  Dante  and  <>n 

Corps.    During  the  occupation  he  was  Govemor  of  political  and  social  questions,  and  in   1868  and  in 

Versailles,  and  in  June,  1871, he  was  reappointed  Sax-  187i)  two  important  treatises  on  workmen^s  dweHiru:t< 

on  Minister  of  War.    In  1872  he  was  made  General  and  public  buildings. 

of  Cavalry.    He  became  Prime  Minister  in  1S76,  and  Fowltti  Sir  Bobert  HkhdlaBi  an  Emrlish  politician, 

in  1 S82  added  to  his  other  duties  those  of  Minister  of  bom  in  Tottenham,  Sept.  14, 1828 ;  diecT in  London,  May 

Foreigti  Atlairs.    He  was  created  a  count  in  1884.  22,  1891.     He  was  of  Quaker  parentage,  the  only  son 


OBITD^ARIES,  FOREIGN.  (FbeppeIt— Gravenbeuth.)                          671 

of  a  London  banker,  and  was  educated  in  University  fascinating  orator,  a  man  of  comprehensive  culture, 

CV>lle^tt,  London,  where  he  took  his  baccalaureate  de-  an  earnest  patriot,  and  almost  tno  only  one  of  tlie 

f^Tve  with  hi^h  honors  in  1848.    He  traveled  in  India  Chauvinistic  advocates  ofreveu^e  who  was  thoroughly 


partner  until  it  consolidated  with  a  were  full  ot  imnassioned  passages, 
kindred  business  recently  and  became  Preftcott,  of  the  oratorical  art,  and  in  debate  no  one  was  more 
l>trruidale  A  Co.  In  1665  he  otfered  himself  as  9.  ready  or  more  cutting  in  his  retorts,  which  were  free 
<  'oiteervative  candidate  for  the  cit^  of  London,  which  from  sting  and  always  delighted  tne  Chamber  with 
wart  then  represented  by  four  Liberals.  He  repre-  their  impromptu  wit  Among  his  numerous  pub- 
M.'nted  the  Cornish  boroughs  of  Penryn  and  Falmouth  lished  works,  besides  tliose  already  mentioned,  are  a 
from  1868  till  1874,  when  he  was  defeated.  In  1880  book  on  the  apostolic  fathers  ana  Uicir  epoch,  one 
he  was  chosen  as  one  of  the  four  city  members,  and  on  Christian  eloquence  in  the  second  century,  one  on 
when  the  representation  was  reduced  to  two  members  the  Christian  apologists  of  that  epoch,  and  a  pane- 
he  and  Mr.  Hubbard  were  returned,  and  he  remained  gyric  of  Joan  of  Arc. 

the  inenior  member  for  London  till  his  death.    He  'CHadntwifti  Wflliam  Hemiy,  an  English  politician,  bom 

was«  chttsen  aUlcmian  for  the  ward  of  Comhill  in  in  1840 ;  died  in  London,  July  4, 1891.    He  was  the 

1H7>^,  was  sheritf  of  London  and  Middlesex  in  1880-^81,  eldest  son  of  William  £.  Gladstone,  and  received  his 

and    in  November,  1883,  owing  to  some  dissatisfac-  education  at  Eton  and  Christ  Church,  Oxford,  where 

tion  with  the  alderman  whoso  turn  it  was,  he  was  he  took  honon  in  classics.    From  1869  till  1874  he 

unexpectedly  elected  Lord  Mavor.    His  mayoralty  was  a  Lord  of  the   Treasury,  haviu|^  represented 

was*  signalized  by  the  number  of  entertainments  that  Chester  in  Parliament  from  July,  1865,  till  December, 

hi!  criive,  and  still  more  by  the  discontinuance  of  the  1868,  and  Whitby  from  that  date.    In  April,  1880,  he 

otKcial  attendance  at  St  PauPs  and  other  fonns  and  was  returned  for  Eost  Worcestershire,  and  sat  for 

ceremonies    connecting  the  municipal   government  tliat   constituency  till    the    next   dissolution.     His 

exclusively  with    the  state  Church.      Although    a  father,  having  become  owner  of  Hawarden  in  1874, 

C^hurchman  himself,  he  preached  on    Sundays    in  conveyed  it  to  his  son  in  1876,  and  as  landlord  of  this 

various  dissenting  places  of  worship.    A  few  months  property,  covering  four  square  miles,  with  a  rent  roll 

afler  the  expiration  of  his  year  of  otHce,  his  successor  of  £18,000  and  valuable  minerals  underlying  it,  he 

having  diea,  he  was  a^aiii  elected  by  the  Court  of  served  oh  the  commission  of  the  peace  and  for  one 

Aldenncn,  and  after  his  double  mayoralty  he  was  term  as  sheriff  of  Flintshire. 

mode  a  baronet.  He  made  a  long  visit  to  'Australia  Qontdhanflt  lyaa  AlexeiyHohf  a  Russian  novelist,  bom 
and  New  Zealand,  and  after  his  return  he  resumed  in  tlic  government  of  Simbirsk  in  1823;  died  in  St 
his  active  and  zealous  parliamentary  career.  In  the  Petersb'ui^,  Sept  27, 1891.  He  attained  a  great  suc- 
prr>cecdings  of  the  House  of  Commons  ho  took  a  cess  with  a  novel  calle<l  "An  Ordinary  Story"  in 
pmrnincnt  part,  although  he  rarclj^  nuide  a  set  speech,  1868,  which  he  followed  up  with  "  Oblomon"  in  1859. 
except  when  the  antiquated  privileges  of  the  livery  A  third  work  giving  grapnic  pictures  of  Russian  life 
and  corporation  were  attacked,  or  when  slavery  or  in  a  pure  and  vivid  style  is  "The  Fall,"  published  in 
the  protection  of  aborigines  or  other  philanthropic  1870.  As  a  commissioner  in  the  voyage  of  the  frigate 
objects  with  which  he  identified  himself  came  under  "Pallada"  in  1852-'64  he  wrote  a  narrative  of  the 
review,  or  when  the  opium  question  come  up,  or  any  circumnavigation  of  tlieglobo. 
of  the  Indian  or  colonial  subjects  that  he  had  taken  Qoodwisi  Eurey,  an  English  clergyman,  bom  in 
for  his  peculiar  field  of  study  were  under  discussion.  King*s  Lynn  in  1818*  di^  in  York,  Nov.  25,  1891. 
He  was,  apart  from  his  chosen  hobbies,  a  thorough  He  was  the  son  of  a  solicitor,  was  educated  by  private 
party  politician,  and  did  good  service  for  the  Con-  tutors,  entered  Ciuus  College,  Cambridge,  in  1836, 
K-rvatives  by  his  parliamentary  fencing.  His  part  as  was  graduated  as  second  wrangler  in  1840,  was  elected 
senior  representative  of  the  city  of  London  he  per-  a  fellow,  and  was  a  tutor  in  his  college,  taking  priest^s 
formed  with  tact  and  dignity,  winning  the  esteem  of  orders  in  1844,  till  1848,  when  he  was  presented  to 
all  parties.  The  narrative' of  his  earlv  travels  he  the  living  of  St  Edward^s,  Cambridge,  wnere  his  ser- 
pubiishod  under  the  titlcof"  A  Tour  in  Japan,  China,  mons,  characterized  by  what  came  to  be  known  as 
and  India"  (London,  1876).  "muscular  Christianity,"  drew  large  congregations. 
IVsjppd,  Ohariei  "Bi  a  French  prelate  and  statosman.  In  1858  he  was  appointed  Dean  of  Ely,  and  m  1869 
b<->m  in  Obcmai,  Alsace,  in  1827  ;  died  in  Paris,  he  succeeded  Dr.  Waldegrave  as  Bishop  of  Ely.  Ho 
Dec.  22, 1891.  After  receiving  priest's  orders  he  be-  was  oble  to  preach  to  working  men  and  other  popular 
came  Professor  of  Sacred  Eloquence  in  the  theological  audiences  with  more  etfect  tiian  his  fcllow-bisnops, 
Sttculty  at  Paris,  was  Lenten  preacher  at  the  Tuileries  was  a  frequent  speaker  in  the  House  of  Lords,  and  in 
in  1862,  and  canon  of  Notre  Dame  aflerward.  Called  all  practical  questions  of  the  day  his  influence  was 
to  Rome  in  1860  to  prepare  documents  to  submit  to  felt  He  was  a  distinguished  mathematician,  and 
ihc  Council  on  the  question  of  infallibility,  he  was  published  a  "  Course  of  Elementary  Mathematics  " 
nominated  Bishop  of  Angers  at  the  end  of  thafcjear.  and  treatises  on  statics  and  dynamics. 
He  was  selected  as  a  Legitimist  candidate  in  Finii«-  Qraet^  Heinikhi  a  Gennan  Jewish  historian,  bom  in 
tcrre  after  the  defeat  of  MocMahon,  and  was  already  Xions,  rosen,  (.)ct  31,  1871 ;  died  in  Munich,  Sept  7, 
n  conspicuous  public  man,  one  of  the  most  widely  1891.  He  studied  Hebrew  in  his  native  town,  was 
known  of  French  ecclesiastics,  when  the  voters  of  sent  to  the  gymnasiuui  at  Oldenburg,  and  thence 
Brest  in  1880  elected  him  to  the  Chamberof  Deputies,  went  in  1840  to  the  University  of  Breslau,  where  he 
At  the  time  when  peace  was  concluded  he  addressed  was  graduated  in  1844.  Two  years  later  he  published 
nn  open  letter  to  the  King  of  Prussia,  protesting  as  an  "Gnosticism  and  Judaism,"  and  in  1853  was  ap- 
Alsatian  against  the  annexation  ofhis  native  province,  pointed  Professor  of  Biblical  Exegesis  and  Jewish 
He  entered  into  a  controversy  with  Renan  when  the  ilistory  in  the  Hebrew  seminary  at  Breslau.  The 
latter's  "Life  of  Jesus"  was  published.  In  the  Prussian  Government  sent  him  on  a  journey  of  ex- 
Vatican  Council  ho  defended  passionately  the  doc-  ploratlon  in  Asia  Minor  and  Egypt  in  1872,  and  from 
trine  of  Papal  infallibility.  ()n  his  first  entrance  the  documents  that  he  discovered  he  collected  ma- 
iiito  the  Chamber  the  Right  would  have  him  ad-  terial  for  his  great  work  on  the  "History  of  the 
dressed  as  "  Monseigneur "  and  the  Radicals  as  Jews."  He  was  a  prolific  writer  and  the  editor  of  the 
{•imply  "Monsieur."  M.  Floquet  found  a  middle  "Monatsschrift  fQr  Geschichto  und  Wisscnschaft  des 
way  by   saying,  ^Momneur  ch^qne    Freppel   a   fa  Judcnthums." 

pnrohr     The    diKputatious    representative    of   the  Qrayenrmitbf  Freiherr  Oarl  yon,  a  German  colonial 

Church  militant  caught  the  ear  of  the  Chamber  with-  officer,  bom  in  Regcnsburg.  Dec.  12,  1858;  died  in 

out  difficulty,  and   at  once  took  his  place  as  the  Buka,  Cameroons,  Oct  19, 1891.    The  son  of  a  Bava- 

principal  leader   of  the    Clerical    force**.      He  was  rian  court  official,  he  entered  the  amiy  in  1877,  and 

listened  to  eagerly  by  all  parties  because  he  was  a  was  commissioned  2d  lieutenant  in  May,  1879.    lie 


OBITUAEIES,  FOBEIOS.    (Giakviu-r.) 


«i»  one  of  the  flnt  Gfitiiin  military  ofllcen  to  pi  to 
AtViciL,  entering  the  service  of  Oie  (Jeraian  East 
AfVira  Conipatiy  in  IBSA.  lie  wm  one  of  Major  WiH- 
Duuin's  tnOAt  trusted  lieutcnanta.  lUid  wan  Bent  to  Ber- 


1890  to  take  ■  proiiiinent  p«rt  lu  the  niiliwrj'  opera- 
tioim  for  the  BuppriHsiun  of  tho  revolt  of  Che  i-oart 
trihiHi  until  ho  was  forced  by  fiulin^  hcnlth  to  no 
bach  to  tieruiuiy.  Tliore  he  won  promoted  to  tlio 
rank  of  cuptiiin  in  Scplemlwr,  1800.  and  vrm  eiti- 
ploycd  in  the  Ministrv  of  Forciiin  Affuini  until  in 
tho  bvuinnin)!  of  the  summer  of  levl  he  went  out  to 
Camerooas  to  explore  the  interior  and  lead  a  puni- 
tive expedition  aiainnt  the  Abo  tribe  in  tho  south. 
]n  slorminif  their  ehief  villiiin;.  on  tho  Sannaga  river, 
he  fell  at  the  hood  nf  hli  black  snldieM. 

Onnills,  QruTUla  0«aig«  Ii«t«MO-Qowar,  Eorl,  an 
English  siatrtitian,  licini  in  181A;  died  in  London, 
Uarch  81,  ISUI,  After  geltint;  his  education  uL  Eton 
and  Oxlbrd  he  served  a  short  apprentioenhip  in  ISafl 

younger  son  o(  the 


('larendon  brought  bim  U  last  into  the  Foreign  Offie« 
at  the  ditheult  juncture  vhcn  the  outbreak  nf  d>e 

Fnuico-Ucnnan  War  ufwet  the  Europcu  balanee  of 
power.  His  delermi nation  to  muntain  the  neutralilt 
of  Belgium  led  to  the  cotiHrmation  of  the  aeteenicni 
of  1H3»  by  a  new  one  between  England.  FnnK.  and 
Pnuuia.     Kefuainii  at  flrsl  to  consent  to  Russia's  rv- 

to  the  abti^ntion  of  the  treaty  hy  a  conferenre  o(  lh< 
powers.  In  defending  England  against  charge*  of 
violating  the  neutraLJitv  laws  brougnt  by  bc4h  bellifl- 
erentB.  he  showed  okill  in  tho  subtleties  of  diplon.Mir 
reasoning.  When  the  vanquished  French  uppcalcd 
for  active  intervvniion,  he  used  his  trood  ome»  in 
arrange  an  amjistice.  proU«ted  against  the  boinbaid- 
meot  of  Paris,  and  exerted  hiiuself  to  bring  about  & 
conference  between  M.  Thiers  and  Count  BiuuaRk. 
In  18T2  ho  bad  to  arrange  tho  leniis  of  a  new  com- 
fith  France.    He  flnnly  refund  lo 


I  indin 


3  before  the  GeDcii 


.  .  of  tho  Alabama  questi 
Marquin  of  t^laf-  of  the  arbicratioo  wag  nevcrtbelesa  rtyoT'lrU  as  i 
ford  and  wlio  had  hnmilialing  defeat  to  English  diplomKy.  ilia  op- 
boen  raised  to  the  p<imenta  charged  him  wilb  weakness,  too.  when  Bib- 
peeroge  lor  discin-  sia  disrcgardod  liii>  prolcata  concemiag  Khiva  and 
guiehcd  diploniot-  AfghanistBit.  The  Comwn'alivea  returned  to  po»i-r 
10  service*  in  18ia.  on  Feb.  21,  1874,  and  for  tlie  next  six  years  it  wu 
Elected  member  Lord  Granville's  part  lo  criticise  tlie  Earl  of  Bear- 
onsfleWs  imperiol   i   ' 


Foreign  Affaire  in 


MorpeUi    in   1837, 
ho  uns  made  Un- 

lun  Aff—  "■ 

ed  before  he  be- 
came familiar  with 
tho  duties  of  the 
oHIce  through  the 
breaking  up  of  tlie 
Hclboume  minis- 
try. Losing  his 
seat,inl841hewas 
returned  for  Lieli- 
Held,  and  made 
himself  conspicu- 
ous by  his  vigorous 
In  1846  the  death  ofhiM 
conAned  arena  of 


1    policy   an( 
pliant  mctli 


championship  of  fVcc  trade 

father  transferred  him  lo  tl 

the  Upper  House,     lie  wan  made  Maalerofthe  Roynl 

Buckliountia  and  was  more  thou^lil  of  as  a  courtier 

and  dandy  than  as  a  rerious  politlelau.    John  Bright 

and  other  active  Liberals  raised  a  vigorous  protest 


'tliods.  When  the  Lib- 
erals won  the  elections  of  1880  die  first  consulted 
with  him  because  Mr.  Gladstone  had  ostensibly  re- 
signed the  leoderehip  after  the  defeat  of  IHTi;  but  it 
was  Mr.  Gladstone  that  the  country  wanted,  and  Lonl 
Granville  rotunied  to  Uic  Foreign  OtHcc.  The  Lib- 
erals had  scored  oratorical  triuniplis  while  in  opl«^i- 
tion  b^  deriiliiig  and  denouncing  Lord  Bcaconittreld'i> 
imperial  foreign  and  colonial  policy  and  esposing  itn 
folly  and  danger,  yet  as  soon  as  (]iey  atlenipled  to  re- 
veiKi  it  and  piireue  a  purely  demesne  policy,  on  the 
old  Liberal  principles  of  peace,  tetrencnnienuand  ir- 
fbrm,  they  found  ttienisiilvai  at  wor  with  the  tendriKy 
of  tho  limo  and  tho  dominant  forces  of  English  opin- 
ion ;  for  ttie  public  uiind,  daied  and  disturbed  at  tiM 
by  Beaconstleld's  startling  perfnrmBnci«.  hei-smr 
more  convinced  of  the  glory  and  sueeem  of  bin  hnid 
assertion  of  England's  strength,  and  demandwl  ihil 


Liberals  raised 

when  Lord  John  Kusscll  appointed  the  yi-_- „ 

locral  President  of  the  Board  of  Trade  in  IMS.    Lord 

Granville  soon  convineed  them  of  hia  business  ca-  

pat'iiv  and  enenry.    As  Vico-I'resident  of  tlio  Com-     contempt  abroad, 
mission  for  the  Inlemational  Exhibition  a  couple  of        '  -       ' 

r  he  won  golden  opinioDS  of  all  men,  and 


of  conftietiiig  currents,  and  its  members  ■ 

in  opinion  on  foreign  questions,    its  external  p 
waa  therefore  confused,  inconstant,  and  v 
and   Lord   Granville,  whose  diplomatic  supplenm 
and  dexterity  wore  devoted  to  harmonizing  disconl- 
—  elements  ot  liomej  brought  English  diplMiiaey  ini" 


il  p.,lic. 


years  later  he  won  golden  opinioDS  ot 
enpecially  charmed  the  Frencn  visitors 
ful  courtesy,  tlius  helping  lo  cement  thi 


diale.  In  'lB51  he  had  a  fleeting  cxpcri 
field  of  his  true  vocation  as  Minister  of  !:„.,.«"  —- 
fairs  for  a  few  months  in  the  place  of  Lonl  I'aluier- 
sCon.  whose  independent  coune  in  reeogniiing  Kupo- 
Icon's  a/up  ttrlat  had  given  offense  to  Lonl  John 
Russell.  In  1859.  on  ai'eount  of  tlie  jealousy  between 
the  same  two  statesman.  Lord  (iranville  waa  sent  for 
by  tho  (juuen,  but  was  saved  the  awkward  tank  of 

c^n«'ntii''l^1i'?l?undM?!orJpIdiiien.lo'n.  l"!™a^ 
chuinnon  of  tho  Royal  Conmiission  of  the  EAhibition 
of  1882,  and  was  appointed  Lord  Warden  of  the  t'inq 
I'orW  in  18C5.  wiien  Mr.  (Jlodstone  formed  a  min- 
istrv in  18fi8  he  waa  made  Minislcr  of  the  ColonicB, 
and  il  fell  to  him  to  sanclion  the  transfer  to  Csnado 
of  the  Hudson  Bay  territory.  It  was  his  part  also  to 
defend  (ho  Irish  Church  bill  and  Mr.  Gladstone's 
Bret  land  bill  in  the  House  ot  l.ords.  and  in  the  de- 
bates he  developed  nn  unexpected  power  of  lucid  ex- 
position and  practical  reaaonioft.    Thedcath  of  Iiord 


It  of  hi 


e  fail- 
done,    the  Bwr 


followed _      ,_..,,  _. 

Africa  that  had  already  received  tlie  apprntal  of  ihe 
country,  onlv  lo  find  ihat  tlie  fickle  public,  daulnl 
by  the  dreams  of  imperialism.  <leemcd  it  a  dirensv 
lo  scuttle  al^Fr  the  MiOuba  Hill  disaster  to  Britiih 
arms.  The  effect  of  this  venlicl  wo*  seen  in  t)ie  con- 
fused record  and  ine.vplicable  vacillations  of  ihe  di- 
vided Cabinet  during  tho  course  of  Ihe  Ecyptiaa 
difficulty.  Firet  acting  with  France  in  the  joint  now. 
then  bombarding  Alexandria  in  order  lo  leave  FraniT 
in  Ihe  lureh,  then  winning  the  cheap  glory  of  the 
Tel-el-Kebir  camjiaign,  suppressing  the  dt/aela  ipt\- 
emment  and  selling  tite  country  under  specious  pn~ 
Irnsea,  tho  broken  piedgn  of  evacuation,  and  tlir 
whole  history  of  hj'poeriev  and  deceit,  are  onlv  e:- 

Slained  by  llio  exigencies  of  party  polities  oimI  ih* 
iBcnrdsof  Ihe  Cabinet,  Tho  shamchil  record  oflho 
Soudan  ditllculty.  ending  with  the  sacrifice  of  Grn. 
Gordon  and  the  retreat  of  tho  British,  and  then  th» 
perplelitiea  of  ths  Sues  Canal  question  and  Ihe  opes 


OBITUAiJIES,  FOREIGN.    (Qrkkn— Hare.)  673 

breach  with  France  on  the  subject  of  the  reduction  hopes  of  their  nation  entitled  "Die  Idee  des  Polen- 

of  the  interest  on  the  Egyptian  debt,  were  not  due  to  thums,"  which  he  intended  to  follow  up  with  a  larger 

I^ord  Granville^8  weakness,  but  rather  showed  his  work  on  Poland.     The  aspirations  of  the  Magyars 

courage  in  shoulderinj^  the  blaine  for  the  errors  of  a  also  attracted  his  sympathy,  and  in  1849  he  published 


distracted  Cabinet  striving  to  steer  through  parlia-     a  b(X)k  on  Hungary.    In  a  critical  analysis  of  Goethe's 


eien  policy,  which  he  made  his  standing  illustration  1851  ho  published  a  history  of  the  Emj)eror  Adrian 

of  the  follies  ofparliamentarism,  prepared  new  ditti-  and  his  epoch  and  a  tragedy  on  the  "  Death  of  Tibe- 

cultie*  for  the  British  Cabinet  after  it  had  shown  its  rius."    In  1852  he  wanderea  over  Corsica  in  the  sum- 

c-omplaiHanee  in  regard  to  Angra  Pequeiia  and  Cam-  mer  and  in  the  winter  he  made  his  firet  visit  to  Rome. 

ertx>n^,  and  Earl  Granville  found  his  ingenious  pleas  For  many  years  he  lived  in  Italv,  and  in  later  life, 

and   diplomatic   refinements   unavailing  when    the  after  1875,  alternately  in  Rome  and  in  Munich.    Mak- 

ansrrv  colonists  of  Cape  Colony  and  Australia  ac-  ing  himself  familiar 'with  every  spot  in  Rome  and  its 

<'u»ea  him  of  sacrificing  their  interests  to  the  Ger-  vicinity  and  in  all  parts  of  Italy,  he  introduced  the 

mans  on  the  southeast  and  southwest  coasts  of  Africa  methoa  of  presenting  scenes  of  history  with  graphic 

jind  in  New  Guinea  and  to  the  French  in  the  New  detail  in  tiicir  proper  landscapes.     His  descriptive 

Hebrides.    The  cry  was  echoed  in  Great  Britain,  and  talent,  as  well  as  his  skill  in  antiuuarian  and  histori- 

to  avoid  the  reproach  Lord  Granville  was  compelled  cal  research,  was  revealed  in  his  oook  on  "Corsica,' 

to  take  up  an  imperial  policy  of  action.    The  Penjdeh  first  published  in  1854,  which  in  the  enlarged  edition 

surprise,  which  nearly  precipitated  a  war  with  Kus-  (1869)  is  a  complete  monograph  on  the  island  and  its 

sia,  brouffht  his  ditficulties  to  a  climax,  and  in  conse-  people,  and  their  customs,  ballads,  and  dirges.     In 

<|uence  Uie  ministry  invited  an  adverse  vote  on  a  1856  he  issued  a  translation  of  the  poetry  of  the 

tinaDcial  issue  and  thus  deliberately  handed  over  the  popular  poet  of  Sicily,  Giovanni  Meli,  and  the  poem 

Irovcminent  to  the  Conservatives  in  order  that  they  "  Euphorion,"  depicting  the  destruction  of  Pompeii, 

might  guard  the  interests  of  England  by  their  ap-  His  first  work  on  Rome  was  a  little  book  describing 

proved  methods.    In  the  following  year,  1886,  Mr.  the  tombs  ofthe  Popes,  with  historical  comments.  The 

liladstone  w^as  again  Premier  for  six  months,  but  most  admired  of  all  his  works  is  the  "  Wanderiahre 

Lord  Granville  took  the  Colonial  Office,  letting  Lord  in  Italien,"  describing  the  scenery  and  life  of  Italy 

Rot&ebery  administer  the  forei^  policy  in  a  way  and  the  historical  associations  of  every  locality,  of 

more  in  narmony  with  imperialist  idea.s.    Althoujarh  which  the  first  volume  appeared  in  1856  under  the 

he  was  persona  non  grata  to  the  colonists,  his  admin-  title  of"  Figuren :  Geschicnte,  Lebeu  und  Scenerie  aus 

iiitration  led  to  no  new  difficulties.     Lord  Granville  Italien."     The  most  learned  is  his  "  Geschichte  der 

retained  his  position  of  Liberal  leader  in  the  House  Stadt  Rom  im  Mittelalter,"  relating  the  history  of 

of  Lords  to  the  end  of  his  life,  and  amid  all  the  per-  Rome  from  its  conquest  by  the  Visigoths  to  its  oc- 

plexities  of  his  party,  whether  in  office  or  in  opposi-  cupation  hy  the  soldiers  of  Charles  V.    The  first  two 

tion,  his  patience,  assiduity,  good  temper,  unrailing  volumes  of  this  great  work  were  published  in  1859, 

tact,  and  ready  wit,  smoothed  away  many  difficulties  and  the  third  in  the  following  year;  the  eighth  and 

that  arose  for  the  Liberals.             '  last  in  1872.    It  combines  the  history'  of  the  city  and 

Qneii«  Sir  WUUam  Kfatji  an  English  diplomatist,  its  people  with  that  of  the  Papaejr.    After  its  com ple- 

liom  in  Nauplia,  Greece,  in  1836;  died  in  Morocco  tion  he  published  an  historical  biography,  "  Lucrezia 

city.  Feb.  25, 1891.    Members  of  his  family  have  held  Borgia,"  clearing  awav  some  of  the  faoles  connected 

British  consular  posts  in  the  Levant  for  generations,  with  her  bv  the  aid  of  documents  discovered  in 

His  father  was  Sir  John  Green,  for  many  years  con-  Mantua   ana    Modena.      The  fifth    volume  of  his 

Hul-general  at  Bucharest.    The  son  was  educated  in  "  Wandeijahre,"  dealing  with  Apulia,  appeared  in 

the  East,  and  in  1856  became  secretary  to  the  consul-  1877.    In  1880  he  edited  the  letters  of  Alexander  to 

;;eneral  for  Egypt    In  1859  he  became  secretary  to  Wilhelm  von  Humboldt,  after  which  he  undertook  a 

8ir  John  Drummond  Hay,  envoy  to  Morocco,  and  for  journey  to  Greece  and  the  Orient    A  monograph  on 

ten  years  he  filled  a  variety  of  consular  posts  in  that  "  Athenus^  and  historical  and  descriptive  sketches 

country.    Going  to  Tunis  as  acting  consul-general  in  of  Athens,  Corfu,  Palestine^  and  other  places,  a  col- 

1869.  and  thence  to  Damascus,  Bcyrout,  and  Scutari  lection  of  which  was  published  in  two  volumes  in 

in  succession,  he  was  appointed  in  1879  consul-gen-  1887-'88,  were  only  introductory  to  his  second  im- 

eral  to  Montenegro.     During  the  agitation  of  Bui-  portant  work,"  Geschichte  der  Stadt  A  then  iniMittel- 

irarian  atrocities  and  the  Eastern  Question  he  main-  alter  ^^  (2  vols.,  1889). 

tained  in  his  reports,  in  common  with  other  consular  Ghrlmwoody  l^rank  Bti  Of  an  Anglo-Indian  official, 
officials,  that  the  troubles  were  due  as  much  or  more  born  in  England  about  1855 ;  died  inManipur,Mareh 
to  Christian  misdeeds  as  to  faults  of  the  Ottoman  25, 1891.  He  was  educated  at  Winchester  school  and 
Porte  or  Turkish  governors,  and  tiius  his  name  came  Merton  College,  Oxford,  and  was  appointed  to  the  In- 
frequently before  the  public.  In  1886  he  succeeded  dian  service  after  passing  the  open  examination  in 
Sir  John  Drummond  Hay  as  minister  to  Morocco  and  1874.  He  was  employed  as  a  district  officer  in  Ben- 
con.sul-general  at  Tangier.  His  knowledge  of  Orien-  gal  and  Assam,  and  finally  was  sent  to  Manipur  as 
tal  languages  was  unsurpassed,  and  his  early  familiar-  political  agent  Living  there  with  his  wife  apart 
ity  witb  Arab  life  and  cnaracter  and  the  diplomatic  nrom  all  European  companionship,  he  abandoned  the 
methods  of  the  Moors  enabled  him  to  extort  various  stiff  demeanor  usually  observed  by  Englishmen  in 
concessions  from  the  Sultan.  He  died  suddenly  while  their  relations  with  natives,  and  entered  into  friendly 
carrying  out  a  special  mission  to  the  Moorish  court  social  intercourse  with  tlie  members  of  the  reigning 

Gxe^roriUy  Feidiiuuidf  a  German  historian  and  poet,  family,  who  fill  all  the  principal  posts  in  the  Govem- 
bom  in  Neidenburg,  East  Prussia,  Jan.  19, 1821 ;  died  mentat  Manipur,  and  especially  with  the  Senaputyr. 
in  Munich,  May  1, 1891.  The  son  of  a  legal  magis-  For  this  reason  his  advice  was  disregarded  by  Mr. 
trate  whose  ancestors,  of  Polish  descent,  had  been  Quinton,  his  superior,  who  came  to  depose  the  Sena- 
Protestant  clei^ymen  for  several  generations,  he  putty,  and  thus  resulted  the  catastrophe  in  which  both 
studied  first  theology  in  the  Kdnigsberg  University,  tost  their  lives. 

and  from  this  turned  to  literary  history  and  philo-  Harsy  ThoniMi  an  English  political  writer,  bom  in 

sophy,  and  to  the  life  of  past  ages  vividly  impressed  1806;  died  in  London,  May  6,  1891.    He  was  called 

on  his  mind  by  the  old  castle  of  Neidenburg  restored  to  the  bar  in  1833,  acouirecl  an  eouity  practice,  and 

by  his  father  Vnd  by  the  historical  traditions  of  Po-  published  reports  and  treatises  dealing  with    this 

land    His  first  essay  in  literature  was  the  romance  branch  ofthe  law.    In  1853  he  became  a  charitv  in- 

"  Weidomar  und  Wladislav  aus  dor  Wfiste  der  Rom-  spector.    A  pamphlet  on  "The  Machinery  of  l?ep- 

antik  "  ^845).   His  sympathy  for  the  unhappy  Poles  resentative"  attracted  so  much  attention  in  1857  that 

tmpellea  him  to  write  a  book  on  the  som^ws  and  the  author  devoted  himself  to  the  preparation  of  a 

VOL.  XXXI.— 43  A 


674  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Haussmann— Ingus.) 

larger  work,  which  appeared  in  1859  under  the  title  Crom  and  Cannon  Street  with  the  two  bridm  acron 

of  ^^  The  Election  of  Representatives,  Parliamentary  tlie  Thames,  the  East  London  Railway,  the  Albert 

and  Municipal,^^  more  familiarly  known  as  ^^  Hare  on  Dock  at  Hull,  and  the  foundation  of  the  new  foru  it 

Representation.^^  In  it  he  unfolded  a  scheme  of  pref-  Spithead.  are  among  8ir  J.  Uawkahaw^s  manv  meiuor- 

erential   and   proportional    representation,  designed  aole  works  in  England;  while  of  those  whicL  he  ««- 

to  secure  the  separate  representation  of  various  in-  structed  elsewhere  Uie  most  important  are  the  Riira 

tcrcsts  and  give  minorities  a  proportional   voice  in  and  DQnabui^  and  the  Dunabui^  and  Witepek  rail 

governing  bodies,  which  gained  and  still  has  ad-  ways  in  Russia,  Uie  Government  railways  in  Mauri- 

voctttes  in  many  countries.  tins,  and  the  great  ship  canal  from  Amsterdam  to  tht- 


Haxuniuuin,  Baron  QeargM  En^teie,  a  French  adminis-     North  Sea. 
ator,  bom  in  Pans  in  lb06;  died  the 


trator,  bom  in  Pans  in  lb06 ;  died  there,  Jan.  11, 1891.  Haynald,  LxtMgt  a  Hungarian  prelate,  bom  in  Szec- 
His  fatherserved  under  Napoleon  in  the  commissariat  seny,  Oct  3, 1816 ;  died,  Julv  4,  1891.  He  was  brill- 
department,  was  made  a  baron,  and  became  a  journal-  iantly  accomplished  and  held  a  high  rank  in  Bun- 
ist  and  writer  on  agriculture.  The  son  studied  in  the  garv,  not  only  as  an  ecclesiaatic,  but  aa  a  statesman,  a 
Conservatoire  with  the  idea  of  becoming  a  singer,  aiplomatist,  an  orator,  a  scholu*,  and  an  author.  He- 
aftcrward  qualified  for  the  bar,  and  then  entered  the  coming  Bishop  of  Siebenbtii^en  in  1852,  he  had  a 
civil  service ;  was  a  subprefect  at  N6rac  and  other  conflict  with  the  Austrian  Government  in  1S^'£  over 
places  from  1833  till  1848,  then  prefect  successively  of  the  question  of  reoi^anizing  a  separate  Transylvanian 
the  Var,  the  Yonne,and  the  Gironde,  and  in  1853  was  Diet,  and  as  he  persisted  in  declaring  it  unconsti- 
made  prefect  of  the  Seine  and  transferred  to  Paris,  tutional  he  was  aeposed  and  went  into  exile,  beiiur 
where  ne  planned  and  carried  out  vast  works  for  the  appointed  by  the  Pope  Areh bishop  of  Corthairt:. 
sanitation,  betterment,  and  embellishment  of  the  cap-  Wnen  dualism  was  estaolished  in  1868  he  returned  to 
ital,  including  the  improvement  of  the  Bois  de  Bou-  Hungary,  and  soon  afterward  was  made  Arch biivbop of 
logne  and  the  park  of  Vincennes,  the  cst-ablishment  Kalocsa,  one  of  the  very  wealthy  sees.  In  186l>  he  ac- 
or  public  gardens,  the  prolongation  of  the  Rue  de  quired  European  notonety  by  opposing  in  the  Roman 
Rivoli,  the  cutting  of  new  boulevards,  the  construe-  Council  the  doctrine  of  infailibility.  He  was  creaud 
tion  of  barracks,  cnurohes,  bridges,  fountains,  theatres,  a  cardinal  on  May  12, 1879.  He  gave  laivelyoutof 
the  new  opera  house,  etc.  Besides  these  splendid  his  revenues  for  charitable  and  educational  purporHsi^, 
works  he  transformed  the  system  of  sewers  and  water  established  the  Haynidd  fund  for  the  advancement  ot 
Bupplv,  the  hospitals  and  asylums,  and  the  markets  science  and  literature,  which  has  expended  5,000  florins^ 
and  slaughter-houses.  He  was  first  called  to  Paris  as  for  endowments,  and  gave  to  the  National  Must- uin 
a  partisan  of  Louis  Napoleon,  for  whom  he  had  pre-  his    library  and    celebrated    herbarium.    Cardinal 

Sared  an  enthusiastic  reception  when  prefect  at  Bor-  Haynald  was  Tisza's  confidential  adviser  in  eccle>ia5'- 
eaux.  As  soon  as  he  was  installed  in  the  Hdtel  de  tical  aflfairs  and  an  intermediary  in  delicate  negoti«- 
Ville  he  sent  for  M.  Alphandj  an  engineer  at  Bordeaux,  tions  with  the  Vatican  and  the  court  at  Vienna.  He 
who  worked  out  in  technical  detail  his  gigantic  presided  ten  times  over  the  Hungarian  delegation, 
scheme  for  rebuilding  Paris.  The  Emperor  author-  Hiniflaj)  Sir  Jolm  "Bopb,  an  Irish  administrator  tinU 
ized  the  enormous  expenditure,  and  entered  heartily  politician,  bom  in  Cork  in  1884;  died  in  YouglidU 
into  Haussmann^s  plans,  and  the  public  bore  the  Oct  7, 1891.  He  was  the  son  of  an  Intdi  landlord. 
heavy  burdens  willingly.  Nothing  did  more  to  make  and  was  educated  at  Qucen^s  Collide,  Cork,  and  calU^l 
the  empire  popular  tlian  the  splendors  of  the  new  to  the  bar  in  the  Inner  Temple  in  1861.  Two  ytais 
Paris,  which  were  imitated  in  other  cities.  The  later  he  presented  himself  on  an  ori^j^inal  platform, 
transformation  was  not  accomplished  without  doing  calling  himself  a  CathoUo  Conservative,  to  the  o<>d- 
violcnce  to  private  rights  and  public  laws.  ^  Still,  the  stituency  of  King's  County,  and  was  elected  to  Par- 
illegalities  and  irregularities  of  the  expedients  were  liament.  He  was  an  active  and  efficient  supporter  of 
condoned  until  the  empire  lost  its  prestige.  Jules  the  Conservative  party,  and  moreover  interested  hisi- 
Ferry^s  pamphlet  entitled  ^*  Comptes  Fantastiques  de  self  in  the  mines*  regulation  bill  and  other  philan- 
M.  Haussmann**  (1868),  a  parody  on  the  ^^Contes  Fan-  thropic  measures,  proposed  the  reclamation  of  W*^ 
tastiques  de  Hoffmann,  ^^  was  a  telling  diatribe  against  for  tne  benefit  of  the  poor  of  Ireland,  and  earned  the 
the  financial  jugglery.  The  Cour  aes  Comptes  ob-  gratitude  of  the  Catholic,  by  carrj'ing  through  the 
jected  to  some  or  his  devices,  foreing  M.  Haussmann  prison  ministers*  bill.  On  English  Chureh  qQe«»tion< 
to  request  that  the  Paris  budget  be  submitted  to  the  ne  supported  the  Government,  while  attacking  the 
Chamber^  and  when  M.  Olhvier  formed  a  Liberal  svstem  of  national  education  introduced  into  Ireland, 
ministry  in  January,  1870,  he  was  dismissed,  since  he  His  rebellion  against  party  discipline  in  this  and 
refused  to  resign.  He  enjoyed  a  pension  of  6,000  other  matters  led  to  his  oeing  relegated  to  the  colonial 
francs  for  the  rest  of  his  life.  His  popularity  long  service.  He  was  sent  first  to  admmister  Labium,  and 
outlasted  the  empire.  He  was  a  Senator  from  1857  from  there  to  West  Africa,  a  year  later  to  the  Baha- 
till  the  fall  of  the  Empire  and  a  Bonapartist  Deputy  mas,  and  thence  to  the  Windward  Islands.  Sent 
for  Corsica  from  1877  till  1881.  In  1871  he  was  ap-  next  to  Houjg-Kong,  where  his  sympathy  for  the  na- 
pointed  director  of  the  Credit  Mobilier,aud  did  much  tives  got  him  into  trouble  with  his  superiors,  wh» 
to  re.store  the  credit  of  that  concern.  transferred  him  to  Mauritius  with  btill  more  awkward 
Httwkihaw,  Sir  Johnf  an  English  engineer,  bom  in  conscouences.  Espousing  the  cause  of  the  Cacholio 
Leeds  in  1811 ;  died  in  London,  June  2,  1891.  He  was  Frencn  Creoles,  he  becimie  involved  in  a  conflict  with 
a  pupil  of  Alexander  Nimmo,  and  in  1831  he  went  to  Clifford  Lloyd,  his  secretary,  and  SirHereules  Robin- 
manage  the  Bolivar  copper  mines  in  South  America,  son,  who  was  sent  to  arbitrate,  gave  him  a  nominal  hut 
Returning  to  England  at  the  end  of  three  years,  he  not  a  real  justification.  Retiring  on  a  pension  he  n- 
became  engineer  of  the  Manchester  and  Bolton  canal  tumed  with  health  broken  by  nis  long  residence  in 
and  railway,  and  constructed  nearly  the  whole  of  the  tropical  climes,  but  his  old  restless  thirst  for  action, 
syste;n,  now  the  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire.  Soearlv  ana  soon  plunged  into  the  Irish  muddle  by  acce^ftin; 
and  great  a  success  led  to  his  being  associated  witn  the  Clerical  Anti-Pamellite  nomination  for  >orth 
many  important  undertakings.  Hischief  work  was  the  Kilkenny.  He  was  elected  by  a  majority  of  two  to 
Severn  tunnel,  which  was  uiirteen  years  under  con-  one,  but  "took  little  part  in  the  debates  of 'Parliament 
Btruction  and  would  have  been  abandoned  on  account  IngUii  JohOf  a  Scottish  jurist,  bom  in  Edinbunrh  m 
of  the  constant  and  copious  infiow  of  water  by  any  en-  1810 ;  died  at  his  country  seat  near  that  city,  Aug.  -iX 

§ineer  less  insrcnious  and  persevering.   He  was  I  resi-  1891.   He  was  the  son  of^a  Presbvteriandivme.  AlVr 

ent  of  Uio  Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  in  1862-'63,  passing  through  the  Edinburgh  Iligh  School,  he  went 

was  knij^hted  in  1873,  and  presided  over  the  Britisli  to  the  University  of  Glasfow,  and  thence  to  Baliiol 

Association  at  Bri:i*tol  in  IST^.       In  1870  ho  first  College,  Oxford,  where  he  was  crraduated  B.  A.  in 

broached  the    project  of    a  Channel  tunnel.    The  1834  and  M.  A.  in  1837,  having  in  the  mean  time  l^ecn 

Penarth  harbor  and  dock  in  Carditf  Roads,  the  Lon-  admitted,  in  1836,  to  the  Scottish  bar.      He  rose  with 

donderry  bridge,  the  line  of  railway  between  Charing  great  rapidity,  and  in  1852  his  rank  was  such  that  he 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    {Ja* 


WB»  made  Solicitor-Gfneial  and  »flcrw«ni  Lord  Ad- 

viH'ste.  Id  1^58  be  vu  reatored  bf  tbe  Conxervativw 
III  the  post  of  Lord  Advocate  and  enured  Harliajaent 
u  a  member  for  Stamford,  ile  Mwured  the  pasBiHK 
of  the  Sconinh  univeniticH  act  ot  1H5S,  and  wua 
Fhairmaii  of  the  commiciee  uppoinlvd  to  bring  the 
Dfw  «y«t«iii  into  operation.  He  waa  nused  to  the 
bench  in  18^8  an  Lord-Juotice  Clerk,  tnd  in  IttB? 
was  appointed  Lord-Justice  Ucneral.  la  the  tweaty- 
l»o  j-ear«  during  which  he  presided  over  the  Court  of 
SouiDQ  he  added  to  the  reputation  of  Bcot«b  justice 
t>y  hiH  ttrasp  of  le^fol  pnncipLes  and  hie  elact  and 
ii>nipr«))eiuive  hnowlcdi^e  of  law,  Hii  dedsioD*  are 
c-itiil  as  hi|fh  auChonty  in  British  courta. 

finMnn  Jolumia^  a  Qernian  liistorlan,  born  in  Xan- 
tea.  Kheniah  Pnutsia.  in  IS^U ;  died  in  Frankfort,  Dec. 
1!4,  1891.  IUb  principal  work  wm  a  "  llislorv  of  the 
Gcnnati  People  before  the  Reformation,"  in 

Diany  by  showing  that  the  Gcmian«  were  p 
and 'happy,  and  rapidl;  advancing  in  cii 
until  the  ^t«iasti<^l  i4volt  oFthellefonni 
the  chaotic  moral  and  intellectual  condiUon 
suited  from  it  interrupted  liie  mi 


\niliam,an  Enelish  hisloriaii 
uuru  uKUT  juumuij,  oonjersetehire,  in  IHll  ^  died  ii 
Lotidon,  Jan.  2,  1h»1.  llorsenianstiip  and  a  love  o 
Homer  were  inculcated  by  his  mother  in  his  child 
hood.     After  leaving  Eton  Colle^  he  traveled  in  the 


Kant.     lie 


i  called  Ic 


IS  of  Oer- 


the  eldest  aon  of  Kepaakea  and  KeohokBlole,  niece  of    Portuguese  ii 


tlie  bar  m  ItiST  ;  but  lie  uave 
^iractiee  of  low,  being  the  heir 
of  wealth  and  able  to  lollow  his  literary  and  political 
ambitioDS,  "Il>>t)^en,"  a  volume  of  fresh  au<l  viva- 
cious sketehcs  o1  travel,  the  fVult  of  his  first  journey 
in  the  Ea«t,  he  withheld  from  publication  K>r  nine 
yearn.  When  it  appeared,  in  16M.  in  its  revised  and 
polished  fonn.  the  autlior's  reputation  was  at  once 
Gstablidhcd  among  cultivated  readen>.  Kinjtlake  en- 
tered Parliament  in  1S67  aa  a  Liberal  reprcnenling 
Bridirc water,  a  borough  in  his  own  county.      He  had 

amenilnicnt  Co  ^o  conspiracy  act  in  a  apeech  marked 
b;  eloquence  and  forcible  reasoning,  which  failed  of 
their  duo  ettect  by  reason  of  the  feeblenese  of  his 
voice  and  hia  unimpreMive  manner.  I'hem  defectn 
prevented  liini  from  taking  the  high  place  that  he 
hoped  to  aeliievc.  Ho  was  tlie  champion  of  the  crew 
of  Che  "  (.'a^liaii "  who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of 
the  tyrannical  Government  of  Kaplea.  and  of  the 
-"■  •■-    ■■Charles  and  George"  detained  by  the 


Mien  of    .. 
le  forward  an  an  assailant  of  inii 
"■■       ttaofNapoli        ■"" 


n  111  wen 


Kwnehameha  I,  and  was  elected  to  the  throne  by  the 
Hawaiian  Parliament  to  succeed  Lunalilo  I,  on  Feb. 
1^.  Iti74.  He  was  of  pur«  Hawaiian  blood,  and  sprang 
fr-.in  a  collateral  branch  of  the  ancient  royal  family. 
He  wan  an  intelligent  and  progressive  ruler,  who  was 
popular  and  able  to  guide  the  country  until  his  fond- 


and  oppression. 

the  subjectof  h 

agunst  the  annexation  of  Nice  and  Savoy  in  ISfiO 

with  special  vehemence.      Kinglake  was  a  friend  of 

Loid  Kaglun,  the  coinniunder-in-chlef  of  the  English 

forced  in  the  Crimea,  and  as  a  student  of  mililary 

science  he    accompanied  the    invading    nniiy,  was 

S resent  at  the  battle  of  Alma,  and  wuti-hed  the  earlier 
evelopment  of  the  siege  operations  at  Scbaslopol. 
Already  in  IMS  he  had  obtained  a  practical  acquaint- 
ance with  warfare  by  riding  with  the  flying  columns 
of  8C  Amsud  in  Algeria  and  witnessing  iTie  devas- 
tating campaign  against  the  Kabyles  and  Arabs. 
Naturally  Lady  Ru-lun  selected  him  to  be  the  histo- 
rian of  her  husbandV  deeds,  conflding  to  his  hands  in 
18&<;  all  the  letten  and  pawrs  in  her  possession  relat- 
ing to  tbe  Russian  war.  Ilis  "  History  of  the  Cninean 
War,"  which  is  a  memoir  and  panegyric  of  the  Brit- 
ish GomniMider  as  well  as  a  hiaCor}'  of  political  and 
military  events,  completely  occupied  half  hia  life. 
The  fimt  volumes  appeared  in  IHiiS,  and  the  last  vol- 
anly  a  few  years  before  li'-  '  — '- 


ary  n 


n  pecuniary  difficulties 


^  - .  hich  curtiulcd  the  royarprerogatii.  „ 

Kaane,  Cbidii  &,an  English  comic  artist,  bom  in 
Itonisey,  inl8^;  died  in  llamnieremitti,  Jan.  4. 1«ftl. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  grammar  school  in 
Ipswich,  and  went  into  the  ofMee  of  his  father,  who 
nas  a  solicitor,  but  his  natural  bent  for  art  was  so 
strong  that  ho  was  apprenticed  to  a  firm  ol  wood  en- 
gravers, forwhom  he  drew  illustrations  for"KobinBon 
Cmsoe"  and  othxr  works.  After  he  led  them  he 
ci>nlributed  drawings  to  the  "Illustrated  London 
News"  and  to  "Once  a  Week,"  in  which  he  illus- 
trated CharlesReade's- The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth" 
"i   would  he  a  Genii  en  lan,"  and  in  jsr^i  he 


e  family  of  the  Baltic  j)rov. 

inces,  and  was  educaled  for  the  military  profession  in 
tlie  Nicholas  Engineering  School.  In  the  Kuwo- 
Turkish  campaign,  at  tlie  head  of  the  9tli  Anny  Corps, 
he  took  the  almost  impregnable  fortress  of  Nii-iijiolis, 
on  the  Unnube,  on  July  \5.  1b7I.  Previous  to  this  he 
had  directed  the  bomburdnient  of  Nicopolis.  and  exe- 
cuted tlie  feint  bv  which  the  Turks  were  induced  to 
concentrate  at  this  point  while  the  Russians  crossed 
ttie  river,  on  June  SH,  ut  Slstova.  His  laurels  were 
■         ■        ■      punieky  retreat  of  th 


Russians  from  t 


lich  1 


ail-p 


e  had  n 


Qch." 


.After  John  Leech's  death  he  bcvame  one  of  the  f 
rifal  "  Punch"  artists,  and  was  tbe  moat  populi. 
them  all.     Ilis  sketches,  which  were  drawn  with  pen 
and  ink,  caught  the  chancteristic  foible         '  ~ 
of  the  common   people 


d^ly 


1  dealt  with  s 


d  types 
Ii  ridiculous  incidents  aa  am  of 


yondtl 

the  force  that  occupied  Philippopolis. 

EnaWD,  Abnbam,  «  Dutch  Biblical  scholar,  born  in 
Haarlem, Kept lii.  1(-'J.S:  died  in  Lcvdcn,I)ec.  10.  ISUl. 
He  passed  through  the  Gymnasium  at  llaarli'iii, 
studied  theology  at  the  University  ot  Levdcn  from 
1844  till  IM.'d,  and  having  made  a  reputation  as  a 
Hebrew  scholar  was  appointed  extraonlinarv  profess- 
or in  lM-1  and  Professor  of  Theology  in  IH.'iS.  His 
"Liber  (ieneseos''  (IHSl)  and  his  "Liber  Exodi  et 
Ixivitici"  were  based  on  the  study  of  a  Samaritan 
version  of  the  Pcntatcucli.  A  minute  and  imlefuti- 
gable  examination  and  comparison  of  the  text'  led 
him  to  coriclusii.na  dilTeivnt  ttiav  thane  of  Ewald  and 
tbe  Tikbingen  school.  His  great  work  entitled  in 
£ligllBh  "  \   Histonco-Critlcal   Investigation  of  tlm 


676 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Labastida— Macedo  Costa.) 


Origin  and  (Collection  of  the  Books  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment" (ISGl-'OS)  marked  a  new  departure  in  the 
method  and  results  of  Biblical  investis;ation ;  and  it 
was  greeted  as  an  important  contribution  to  theologi- 
cal science  even  by  those  who  rejected  his  conclu- 
sions. Dr.  Colenso,  whose  opinions  as  to  the  age  of 
the  Pentateuch  were  confirmed,  translated  the  first 
part  into  English.  The  whole  work  was  translated 
into  German  and  French,  and  libi'ral  theologians 
everj'whero  accepted  it  as  a  panoply  for  the  fight  Ot 
scaR'cly  less  influence  were  his  su(>sequent  works  on 
"The  worship  of  Israel  till  the  Overtlirow  of  the 
Jewish  State"  and  *'The  Prophets  and  Prophecies 
of  Israel,"  both  of  which  have  been  rendered  into 
English.  All  three  works  tend  to  bring  out  in  relief 
the  connection  between  Judaism  and  tlie  surrounding 
nations  and  the  historical  continuity  of  the  nationid 
life.  Dr.  Kuenen  presided  over  the  si.xth  Interna- 
tional Oriental  Congress  in  1888,  and  he  received  all 
the  honors  that  the  university  could  bestow  on  him. 

LfttMurdda  j  DaTaloii  FeUgio  Antonio  dOf  Archbishop 
of  Mexico,  bom  in  Morclia  in  October,  1815*  died  in 
the  city  of  Mexico,  Feb.  5,  1891.  He  studied  for  the 
priesthood  in  the  seminary  of  his  native  place,  re- 
ceived holy  orders  in  1839,  and  was  consecrated 
Bishop  of  Michoacan  in  1855.  Ho  was  a  strong  Con- 
servative in  politics,  and  when  the  Liberals  triumphed 
in  1857  he  went  to  Rome,  where  he  was  consecrate 
Archbishop  of  Mexico  by  the  Pope.  In  1859,  when 
the  Conservatives  obtained  the  a.scendancy,  he  re- 
turned, and  was  active  in  the  movement  for  calling 
Maximilian  to  Mexico  as  Emperor.  He  officiated  at 
the  coronation,  and  exercisea  a  strong  influence  on 
the  political  events  of  the  empire.  Juarez  exiled  him 
in  1867,  and  he  lived  in  Rome  and  elsewhere  until  ho 
was  allowed  to  return  in  1871.  Afterward  he  a^ain 
acquired  much  political  influence,  becoming  a  fhend 
and  adviserx)f  President  Diaz. 

LaTdeyO)  Emile  Looii  dOy  a  Belgian  political  econo- 
mist, bom  in  Bruges,  April  5, 1822;  died  in  Doyon, 
near  Li^ge,  Jan  3,  1891.  He  studied  in  the  Athe- 
nspum  at  Bruges  and  in  the  College  Stanislas  at  Paris, 
and  went  through  the  course  of  law  at  the  University 
of  Ghent  He  devoted  himseli  to  politics  and  the 
study  of  economy  and  government.  In  1864  be  be- 
came Professor  of  Political  Economy  at  the  Li^ge 
University.  Ho  did  not  enter  the  Cnainber,  though 
he  was  an  active  and  influential  supporter  of  the 
Liberal  party,  defending  its  policy  In  Belgian  and 
French  journals.  He  was  a  regular  contributor  to  the 
**  Revue  des  deux  Mondes,"  and  a  voluminous  author 
on  many  subjects,  publishing,  among  other  works, 
"M^moire  sur  la  Langue  et  la  Litt^rature  Proven- 
^ales"  (1844);  '^Ilistoire  des  Rois  Francs"  (1847); 
**  L^Enseignoment  Obligatoirc  "  (1859) ;  **  La  Question 
dH)r"  (1^00);  **  Questions  Contemporaines "  (1868); 
"Etudes  et  Essais"  (1869). 

Lebdi  Hioolasi  a  French  inventor,  bom  in  Angers, 
Aug.  18, 1838 ;  died  in  Vitr6,  June  6, 1881.  He  entered 
the  military  academy  of  8t  Cyr  in  1855 ;  was  com- 
missioned sub-lieutenant  in  1857,  lieutenant  in  1863, 
and  captain  in  1869 ;  fought  in  the  war  of  1870,  and 
was  taKen  a  prisoner  to  Germany  after  Sedan.  Ap- 
pointed chief  of  battalion  in  1876,  he  was  shortly 
afterward  placed  in  charge  of  the  rifle  school  near 
Tours.  Promoted  lieutenant-colonel  in  1883,  his  ex- 
perience with  tire-arms  caused  him  to  be  placed  on 
the  commission  appointed  by  Gen.  Thibaudin,  Min- 
ister of  War,  to  discover  a  new  form  of  rifle  for  the 
French  infantry.  The  commission  reported  in  favor 
of  replacing  the  Gras  rifle  with  a  weapon  of  small 
caliber,  but  found  no  magazine  apparatus  that  it  could 
recommend-  While  directing  the  Nomial  School  ot 
Rifle  Practice  at  Chalons  he  was  nominated  on  a  new 
commission,  of  which  Gen.  Tramond  was  chief,  and 
Col.  Gras  and  Col.  Bonnet  were  members.  This  one 
recommended  a  repeating  rifle  called  the  Tramond- 
Lebel,  moilel  of  1886,  chiefly  after  his  design,  with 
which  the  army  is  now  supplied,  the  manufacture 
having  lu'cn  begun  in  December  of  that  vcar.  He 
was  promoted  colonel  on  Jan.  13, 1887,  and  in  1890, 


owing  to  a  chronic  affection  of  the  heart,  he  asked  to 
be  retired,  and  was  appointed  receiver  of  taxiTi  at 
Vitr6.  Before  he  left  the  army  he  was  made  a  c^^ui- 
mander  of  the  Legion  of  Honor. 

Lefroji  Edwiid  Onunofty  an  English  clergyman,  bom 
in  Westminster,  March  29, 1855;  died  in  Blackheath, 
Sept  19, 1891.  He  was  a  grandnephew  of  Jane  Auj.- 
ten,  and  his  great-  grandfather  and  grandfather  «  er\ 
successively  rectors  of  Ashe,  near  Basingstoke.  liL« 
early  education  was  received  at  Blackheath  Pronrie- 
tary  School,  and  he  waa  graduated  at  Keble  College, 
Oxford,  in  1877,  taking  orders  the  next  year.  l\\> 
first  curacy  was  at  St  Mary^s,  Lambeth,  where  hL« 
sermons  attracted  the  notice  of  the  Archbishop  of 
Canterbury.  Later  he  held  curacies  at  St  JohnX 
Woolwich,  and  St.  German^s,  Blackheath.  Uis  health 
failing,  he  gave  up  church  work  and  devoted  hinL^rlf 
to  teaching.  He  wrote  many  reviews  for  the  •*  Globe" 
and  the  ^  Guardian,"  and  in  1883  published  a  voluiuc 
of  sermons  entitled  **  The  Christianas  Ideal."  His  other 
works  are  a  volume  of  sonnets  entitled  ^Echoes  fn>iii 
Theocritus"  (1885)  and  ^Counsels  for  the  Common 
Life"  (1886). 

Uwjf  Oabnaim,  a  French  publisher,  bom  about  1*^*3)- 
dieil  m  Paris,  Juno  18, 1891.  He  b^same  in  1844  the 
partner  of  his  brother  Michel,  who  began  business  ii» 
a  bookseller  in  1836.  Devoting  themselves  especially 
to  the  publication  of  dramatic  literature,  they  ex- 
tended their  business,  when  their  store  m  the 
Boulevard  des  Italiens  became  a  lounging  plact 
for  Parisian  journalists  and  authors,  and  became  the 
publishers  or  several  periodicals,  including  the^Uni- 
vcTB  Illustr^,"  "  Entracte,''  and  "  Bons  Roman.^''  The 
deatli  of  Michel  L^vy,  in  1875,  left  Calmann  s<»le 
proprietor  of  the  immense  business.  It  was  said  thftt 
nis  publications,  including  plays,  numbered  2,00<>.(<*"> 
volumes.  His  imprint  was  a  guarantee  notonh  of 
fair  literary  ouality,  but  of  decorum,  and  with  the 
naturalistic  scnool  ne  would  have  no  dealings.  He 
was  prominent  in  the  Hebrew  religious  commuuitj. 
and  was  made  a  knight  of  the  Legion  of  Honor  m 
1878.    He  left  a  ^at  fortune. 

LHoliP{  Henili  a  French  composer,  bom  in  London  in 
1818;  died  in  Colombe,  near  Paris,  Auff.  6, 1891.  He 
was  the  son  of  a  French  father  ana  an  English 
mother,  and  was  a  favorite  pupil  of  Moecheles,  but 
went  to  France  and  married  at  the  age  of  eightt^n; 
became  known  as  a  pianist  in  Paris  in  1839 ;  gaiued 
fame  in  Belgium  and  Germany ;  and  composed  thi> 
overture  to  •*  Catherine  Howard,"  and  other  work* 
that  found  appreciation.  In  the  midst  of  a  brilliant 
success  in  London  in  1846,  he  was  prosecuted  by  the 
family  of  his  deceased  wife  and  fined  heavily.  *  N«>t 
being  able  to  pay,  he  was  kept  in  prison  till  he  made 
his  escape  in  1860,  and  mamed  the  widow  of  a  motd- 
cal  publisher  in  Hambuiy,  where  he  began  to  i&>ue 
the  famous  collection  of  music  that  bean  his  name. 
Ho  deserted  his  wife,  who  afterward  got  a  divdrvt'. 
gave  concerts  in  various  places,  and  married^ in  l'^'^^. 
a  daughter  of  Count  Wilfrid  de  la  BochetoucaiiU. 
During  his  erratic  career  he  composed  an  oratorio, 
half  a  dozen  operas,  and  numerous  smaller  picctss. 
He  was  a  brilliant  pianist,  and  a  composer  of  original 
genius  and  scientific  knowledge. 

Long.  Edwin,  an  Fnglish  artist,  bom  in  1839;  dinl 
in  London.  May  15,  1891.  He  handled  subjeits  of 
Oriental  antiquity  and  of  classical  and  early  I'hrii'- 
tian  times,  and  his  works,  if  deficient  in  artii^c 
quality  ana  technique,  were  dramatically  impresiiye 
and  pleasing.  One  of  his  earliest  succ^Mses  was  the 
"Babylonian  Marriage  Market,"  painted  in  1?*TV 
whicli  was  followed  in  1877  by  the  equally  popular 
"  Egyptian  Feast."  Some  of  his  late  works  art 
**  Diana  or  Christ"  painted  in  1881 ;  "  Anno  Domini." 
exhibited  in  1883;  and  **  Pharaoh's  Daughter.- 
shown  in  18K6.    He  became  an  academician  in  IS*"!. 

Maoedo  Oorta,  Monsignor  da,  a  Brazilian  prekte. 
bom  in  Margongipe,  July  6, 1836*  died  in  the  miU- 
dle  of  April,  1891.  Ho  completed  his  studies  with 
honor  in  the  Seminary  of  8t  Sulpice  in  Paris,  and 
was  consecrated  Bishop  of  Balem  and  Pari  at  the 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Maoee— Miklosich.)  677 

age  of  twenty-five.    In  1870,  when  Kio  Branco  was  in  1879.    lie  sat  for  that  constituency  till  1885,  and 

P'riuic  Minister,  he  began  the  violent  opposition  to  in  1887  was  returned  for  County  Carlow.    When  the 

the  religious  policy  of  the  Government,  one  of  the  split  occurred  in  tlie  Irish  party  he  declared  against 

incidents  of  which   was  the  condemnation  of  the  ramell.     Although  a  zealous  partisan,  he  was  on 

Bisihop  of  Olinda  to  perpetual  imprisonment.     He  friendly  terms  with  all  tlie  leading  politicians,  and 

subeiuequently   became   Metropolitan  Archbishop   of  till  the  lost  he  retained  his  agile  military  bearing  and 

Bahia  and  rrimate  of  Brazil.    Among  his  published  vivacity  of  manner, 

writings  was  a  memoir  on  *^  The  Religious  Question.^'  ManUf  Ltai  E«f  a  French  actor,  bom  in  1650 ;  died 

Hagw,  William  Ocmnar,  an  English  prelate,  bom  in  in  Paris,  Sept  18, 1891.    He  was  for  a  long  time  one 

Cork,  Ireland,  in  lH'Al ;  died  in  London,  May  5,  1891.  of  the  leading  actors  atthe  Gymnasc  Theatre,  where 

His  father  was  an  Irish  clergyman,  and  his  grand-  he  created  the  principal  role  in  ""  Les  Danicheffs." 

father  was  William  Magee,  Archbishop  of  Dublin.  He  became  insane,  and  was  committed  to  an  asylum 

IK-  took  his  degree  at  Trinity  College,  Dublin,  and  shortly  before  his  death. 

for  a  time  held  a  curacy  in  'Dublin,  which  failing  ICaiokei  Emile  TUif  a  French  painter,  bom  in  Sevres 

health  obliged  him  to  resign.    In  1848  he  became  in  1827;  died  in  Uyeres  in  1891.    He  was  a  pupil  of 

curate  of  St  Saviour's,  Bath,  and  in  1850  sole  incum-  Troyon,  and  first  exliibited  in  1857.    Certain  charac- 

l>ent     While  in  Bath  he  delivered  a  lecture  on  ^^The  teristics  caujsrht  from  his  master  he  remained  true  to, 

Voluntary  System  and  the  Church    of  £ngland,^^  adding  nothing,  but  he  was  a  coi^cientious  painter, 

which  made  a  great  impression.    In  1856  he  went  to  and  his  technicjue  was  good.    He  painted  grazing  cat- 

I»ndon  to  succeed  Dean  Goulburn  at  Quebec  Chapel,  tie,  grouped  with  taste  and  without  mannerism,  with 

and  in  1860  became  rector  of  Enniskillen.  In  1864  he  some  monotony  of  coloring  and  a  soilness  of  execu- 

was  made  Dean  of  Cork;  in  1866  dean  of  the  Chapel  tion.    He  had  a  constant  success,  was  liked  by  his 

Boy al  at  Dublin  ;  and  in  1868  was  consecrated  Bishop  fellow-artists,  received  many  meclals,  was  regularly 

of 'Peterborough.     In  January,  1891.  ho  was  trans-  clecte<i  on  the  Salon  jury,  and  in  1872  was  made  a 

latcd   to  the  archiepiscopal  see  of  York.    He  was  chevalier  of  the  Legion  of  Honor, 

buried  at    Peterborough.     As  a  controversialist  he  Martiiiflii   AloDio,    a   Spanish    statesman,  bom    in 

had  few  rivals,  and  as  an  orator  was  equally  eminent  Burgos  in  1827 ;  died  in  Madrid,  Jan.  14, 1891.    He 

In  the  House  of  Lords  Bishop  Ma^ree  opposed  the  was  a  lawyer  by  profession,  and  practiced  with  much 

dii^eetablishment  of  the  Irish  Church  in  a  speech  that  success  during  the  intervals  in  his  political  career, 

was  considered  a  masterpiece  of  eloquence,  and  a  In  1855  he  was  Minister  of  Public  Works  in  the  Cabi- 

t<^>ech  made  by  him  upon  the  Intoxicating  Liquors  net  of  Gen.  Espartero.  and  on  the  defeat  of  the  Gov- 

biU  of  1872,  was  scarcely  less  powerful.    He  was  a  erument  was  made  Civil  Governor  of  Madrid.    He 

frequent  contributor  to  the   **  Fortnightly  fieview "  was  a  leader  of  the  Centralist  or  Moderate  Liberal 

and  other  periodicals,  and  an  article  by  nim  on  the  party,  a  stanch  supporter  of  the  monarchy  after  the 

morality  or  betting  attracted  much  attention  a  year  restoration  in  1875,  and  retained  the  respect  of  his 

or  two  ago.    His  attitude  concerning  the  practice',  al-  political  adversaries  by  his  political  honesty  and  up- 

thousrh  perfectly  sincere,  was  generally'  considered  ri^ht  life.    He  held  the  portfolios  of  Juntice  and 

iiomewhat  injudicious.    He  was  noted  for  the  sharp-  Finance  several  times,  was  last  in  the  Cabinet  in 

nesdi  of  his  wit  1888.  and  afterward  was  l^esident  of  the  Congress 

ifagHant^  Agosttuk  an  Italian  statesman,  bom  in  until  the  dissolution  of  the  Cortes. 
Lanzino  in  1824;  died  in  Rome,  Feb.  21,1891.  He  MaiOi  Hippolytet  a  French  historian  and  statesman, 
{Studied  in  Napl€«,  and  lived  there  till  1860.  He  held  bom  in  Arras,  Sov.  5,  1839 ;  died  in  Paris,  Nov.  5, 
important  posts  in  the  administration  for  many  years  1891.  He  was  a  lecturer  on  history  at  the  Lyceum  of 
before  he  was  called  into  the  ('abinet  of  Depress  in  Douai,  whence  he  was  called  to  the  professorship  of 
December,  1877,  as  Minister  of  Finance.  The  minis-  History  in  the  Lyceum  of  Vereailles.  The  Govem- 
try  went  out  in  a  few  months,  but  he  returned  to  the  inent  of  Natural  Defense  made  him  Prefect  of  Landes. 
Nuiie  office  in  December,  1878,  and  held  it  twice  When  the  war  was  ended  he  returned  to  his  chair, 
afterward.  Important  financial  reforms,  such  as  the  and  in  1875  went  to  the  Condorcet  Lyceum.  In  1879 
abolition  of  the  grist  tax,  the  resumption  of  specie  he  was  elected  a  Deputy  for  Versailles,  and,  taking 
payments,  and  the  reduction  of  the  price  of  salt^  were  his  seat  with  the  Kepublican  Left,  he  made  a  name 
carried  out  under  his  direction.  lie  was  nominated  for  himself  by  his  speeches  on  the  subjects  of  educa- 
te the  8enat«  after  his  retirement  tion  and    mutual-benefit  associations.      He  was  re- 

ICahoDf  JaaiM  Ftttrldk  (yOoniuui.  an  Irish  politician,  elected  in  1881,  but  failed  to  obtain  one  of  the  seats 
lK)m  in  County  Clare  in  1802;  died  in  London,  June  for  Seine-et-Oise  in  1885.  The  department  elected 
16,  1891.  He  was  the  son  of  Patrick  Mahon  and  him  a  Senator,  however,  in  1886,  and  in  1891  re- 
Barbara,  only  daughter  of  The  O'Gorman,  and  was  elected  him  at  the  head  of  the  list.  In  the  Senate, 
commonly  called  The  O'Gorman  Mahon,  a  style  still  as  in  the  Chamber,  he  addressed  himself  to  the  sub- 
fxtant  in  only  a  half-dozen  families  descended  from  iect  of  co-operative  provident  associations.  In  1887 
the  old  Irish  chiefs.  His  father  fought  in  the  revo-  he  established  a  review  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
lution  of  1798,  and  he,  after  receiving  his  education  these  institutions.  Among  his  numerous  published 
in  the  University  of  Dublin,  plunged  into  politics,  works  may  be  mentioned  "  Les  Gouvernements  de 
and  in  1824  was  one  of  the  foundere  of  the  Catholic  France"  ^1864) ;  "•*  LaKt^publique  desEtats-Unis^ 
A!«tuxMation. 
ive.  sel 
and  a 
<n.'onneirs  most  efficient  lieutenants  in  the  Countv  Maroeau"  (1887). 


quarreled  with  O'Connell,  he  coutd  not  be  elected  eretf  the  principles  of  a  comparati  ve  grammar  of  the 

at;ain  for  a  Kep«al  constituency,  and  did  not  return  Slav  languages.    Yet  he  was  onposed  to  the  National- 

to  Parliament  till   1847,  when  the  famine  brought  ist  movement  in  Austria,  ana  was  a  member  of  the 

about  the  dismption  of  the  Re^mal  party.    He  sat  for  Geniian  Liberal  party.    He  waj*  Professor  of  Slavic 

Ennis  till  1862,    For  the  next  twenty-five  years  he  Languages  and  Litenituro  in  the  University  of  Vien- 

led  an  adventurous  life  in  many  land's.    He' was  in-  na.     When  the  parliamentary  era  began  in  Austria 

vol  ved  in  journalistic,  financial,  and  political  schemes  he  was  appointed  counselor  to  the  \linistry  of  Ed- 

in  Paris  and  other  Continental  cities ;  then  went  to  ucation  and  president   of  the  commission  Yor  state 

South  America  and  became  general  of  the  Peruvian  examinations,  and  in  these  posts  ho  exertetl  much  in- 

army,  and  afterward    admiral  in  the  Chilian  fleet  fluence  on   the   develoy)ment  of  the  Vienna  Univer- 

After  his  return  to  Ireland  he  was   nominated  by  sity.    He  was  an  active  member  of  the  Austrian 

Pamell  as  a  candidate  for  County  Clare,  and  elected  House  of  Peers. 


678  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Millet— Nakamura  Masanao.) 

MQlet,  Alm^i  a  French  sculptor,  bom  in  Paris  in  German  galleries.  The  last  fifteen  yean  of  his  life 
181G ;  died  thei'e,  Jon.  14, 1891.  He  was  a  pupil  of  his  were  passed  in  Milan,  where  he  made  a  choice  collee- 
father,  the  painter;  studied  sculpture  under  David  tion  of  Italian  and  Dutch  masters,  which  he  be- 
d* Angers,  and  after  1845  he  gave  up  paintim^  and  c^ueathed  to  the  town  of  Bergamo.  By  his  applica- 
oonflned  hinisolf  to  sculpture.  His  "Ariadne,"  with  tion  of  the  experimental  mctliod  of  criticism  he 
which  he  gained  the  first  medal  in  1857,  is  in  the  cleared  away  manv  confused  and  fanciful  traditions 
Luxembourg  gallerv.  lie  executed  the  colossal  statue  of  art  and  assisted  to  solve  the  mysteries  connected 
of  "  Vercingetorix  ^'  on  the  supposed  site  of  Alesia  in  with  Giorgione,  Bellini,  and  other  names,  and  to  re- 
Burgundy,  and  the  "Apollo  '^  on  the  summit  of  the  duce  to  a  scientific  basis  the  history  of  the  VenetiaD, 
Opera  building;  also  the  Mui^ger  memorial  in  Mont-  Veronese,  and  other  schools  of  northern  Italy, 
martre,  and  the  recumbent  statue  of  Boudin.  lie  was  MoMleji  Btaaj  Hi,  an  finglish  naturalist,  bom  in 
entirely  devoted  to  art,  hod  few  social  connections,  Wandsworth  in  1844 ;  died  in  Clevedon,  Sonienn't- 
took  no  amusement,  and  sought  no  honors.  shire,  Nov.  10,  1891.     He  was  a  son  of  the  cim- 

Morolli,  Qiovaoni,  an  Italian  art  critic,  bom  in  Ve-  on  of  Bristol ;  was  educated  at  Harrow  and  £x- 
rona  iu  February,  1816;  died  in  Milan,  March  1,1891.  eter  College,  Oxford,  and  studied  medicine  in  Uni- 
His  father,  a  merchant,  died  when  he  was  a  child,  versity  Oolite,  London,  Vienna,  and  Leipsic.  lie 
and  hid  mother  settled  in  Beiyamo,  and  sent  him  to  was  a  member  of  the  expedition  sent  by  the 
the  gymnasium  at  Aargau,  whence  he  went  to  the  British  Government  to  observe  the  solar  ecliptee 
University  of  Munich^  and  after  a  wild  student^s  life  in  Ceylon  and  India  in  1871,  and  one  of  the  natural- 
was  graduated  in  medicine.  He  formed  associations  ista  on  the  ^ Challenger"  expedition  of  1872-'76 ;  and 
with  scholars  and  artists  in  Germanv  and  Switzerland,  was  specially  employed  in  collecting  planta  at  all  the 
and  visited  Paris  before  he  returned  to  his  native  land  points  visited.  After  his  return  he  resided  in  Oxford 
with  the  intention  of  teaching  comparative  anatomy  as  a  fellow  of  Exeter,  and  was  engaged  in  preparinc: 
in  some  university.  He  soon  became  more  interested  his  book  entitled  ^*  Notes  of  a  Naturalist  on  the 
in  the  political  movement  Wandering  through  Italy  *  Challenger  ^'^  (London,  1879),  and  in  editing  hi:« 
on  horseback,  and  sojourning  now  in  Florence,  now  notes  for  the  official  report  of  the  expedition.  In 
in  Komc,  whence  he  sent  tetters  on  political  sub-  1881  he  became  Professor  of  Humjin  and  Compara- 
jects  to  the  Augsburg"  Allgemeine  Zeitung,"  and  oc-  tive  Anatomy  in  the  University  of  Oxford.  l*n)f, 
cosionally  visiting  nis  mother  in  Bergamo,  when  Moseley  published  many  memoirs  on  subjects  con- 
the  revolution  of  1848  broke  out  in  Milan  he  headed  nected  Vith  natural  history  and  biology,  and  was  the 
the  Bergamo  volunteers,  and,  descending  on  Monza,  author  of  a  book  on  ^  Or^cfon :  its  Climate,  Hasources, 
seized  the  Austrian  barracks.  The  Provisional  Gov-  People,  and  Productions"  (London^  1878). 
emment  of  Lombardy  sent  him  as  its  diplomatic  Mntkuiofl^  BaTi^  a  Bulgarian  soldier. and  statesman, 
representative  to  Franlcfort  The  next  ten  years  he  born  in  1853 ;  died  in  Naples,  March  15,  1891.  He 
passed  mostly  in  Bergamo  engrossed  in  the'study  of  received  a  military  education  in  Russia,  and  on  the 
the  Kenaissance  period  and  its  art.  In  his  visits  to  outbreak  of  the  Bulgarian  war  tor  independence  was 
the  galleries  of  Italy  his  observant  eye  caught  the  assigned  to  the  command  of  a  legion  of  volunte«ns 
idiosyncrasies  shown  by  different  masters  in  little  de-  raised  in  Bessarabia,  with  which  he  crossed  the  Bal- 
tails ;  and  he  learned  to  recognize  each  painter's  work  kans  with  Gurko  and  took  a  distinguished  part  in 
by  the  defective  drawing  or  peculiar  treatment  of  the  the  desperate  fighting  in  the  Shipka  pass.  After  the 
car,  the  hand,  the  knee,  or  otner  part  of  the  anatomy,  peace  ho  left  the  Russian  service  to  enter  the  £a»t 
Training  himself  in  this  method  of  observation  he  Koumelian  militia.  AVith  Filoff  and  Nicolaieff  he 
possessed  a  criterion  bv  which  he  could  correct  the  carried  through  the  regulations  by  which  Aleko 
great  authorities  who  filled  books  with  their  disputes  Pasha,  in  agreement  with  the  Porte,  freed  tiie  serv  it,-* 
regarding  the  authorship  of  paintings  by  kindred  from  tne  incubus  of  Russian  control,  and  opened  tlie 
painters  who  attributed  famous  works  to  the  wrong  way  to  Bulgarian  officers  to  reach  the  higner  posts, 
masters,  and  who  pronounced  good  old  copies  to  be  This  was  the  first  Bulgarian  victorv  over  the  Czar's 
originals.  He  did  not,  however,  enter  Uie  ranks  of  emissaries.  In  the  attempted  revolution  at  Philip- 
professional  critics,  being  recalled  to  political  life  popolis  he  took  a  prominent  part.  In  the  Servian 
after  the  war  of  liberation,  in  which  he  took  no  di-  war  ho  commanded  a  division  of  16,000  men.  As 
rect  part  Elected  to  represent  Bergumo  in  the  Ital-  commandant  of  the  garrison  in  Philippopolis  he  ar- 
ian  Parliament,  he  took  his  seat  on  the  right  among  ranged  the  march  on  Sophia  in  1886  for  the  rcstoni- 
the  adherents  of  Count  Cavour.  He  fought  in  the  tion  of  Prince  Alexander3attenbeig,  and  when  Alex- 
war  of  1866  at  the  head  of  a  band  of  Alpine  voluu-  imder  finally  abdicated  he  was  selected  by  Stambuloff 
teers  from  Bergamo.  In  1873  he  was  nominated  a  to  be  one  of  his  fellow-regents.  After  the  election 
Senator.  He  had  a  part  in  the  work  of  introducing  of  Pnnce  Ferdinand  he  was  appointed  Minister  of 
the  new  Government  in  the  Romagna.  Morelli^s  War.  He  married  StambulofTs  sister,  and  was  de- 
discoverics  were  accepted  and  promulgated  by  many  voted  to  his  interests.  When  he  was  obliged  bv  fail* 
writers  on  art;  his  advice  was  sought  by  the  direct-  mg  health  to  leave  hb  post  in  1890,  StambuloJIf  kept 
ors  of  picture  galleries  in  England  and  Germany,  it  open  for  him  until  he  was  compelled  by  Princt^ 
and  his  authority  was  quoted  in  the  catalogues  of  the  Ferdinand  to  choose  another  War  Minister. "  Mutku- 
London,  Madrid,  Dresden,  and  Munich  galleries,  but  roff  was  consoled  by  the  appointment  of  inspector- 
in  no  Italian  catalogue.  Ills  critical  works  were  all  general  with  the  rank  of  major-general,  but  died  a 
written  in  German  and  published  in  Germany.    In  fortnight  after  his  promotion. 

1874  he  began  to  publish  his  conclusions  in  the  Hakamnra  MaHmaOi  a  Japanese  scholar,  bom  in  1830: 
"  ZeitHchrift  ftir  budende  Kunj»t"  over  the  pen-  died  in  Tokio  early  in  July?  1891.  He  became  one  of 
name  **  Ivan  Lermolieft'**  (an  anagram  of  his  own  the  most  eminent  Chinese  scholars  in  Japan  at  a  time 
name),  treating  first  the  pictures  in  the  Borghese  gal-  when  no  other  foreign  culture  or  literature  was  known, 
lery  at  Rome.  In  1880  he  published  a  book  on  the  Afterward  he  studied  Dutch  and  English,  acquiring; 
Italian  paintings  in  the  Munich,  Dresden,  and  Berlin  a  good  literary  knowledge  of  both,  and  when  \hv 
galleries.  In  a  curious  preface  to  the  Italian  edition,  revolution  of  1868  removed  the  prohibition  which 
which  was  made  by  u  German,  he  said  it  had  been  previously  prevented  any  Japanese  from  travelimr 
translated  without  liis  pemiission,  as  Italians  would  abroad,  he  went  to  England  to  improve  his  acquaint- 
not  find  his  views  to  their  taste.  His  own  name  was  first  ance  mth  Occidental  civilization.  On  his  return  he 
printed  in  the  English  translation,  published  in  1883.  opened  a  school  like  that  of  his  rival,  Fukuzawa 
When  he  changed  his  opinion  regarding  any  paint-  Young  men  and  old  fiocked  from  all  ports  of  the  em- 
ing  he  franklv  corrected  nis  fonner  statements  m  the  i)ire  to  listen  to  his  lectures  on  politics  and  civiliza- 
«uccej*f*ive  etfitions  of  his  works.  His  latest  judg-  tion,  and  through  them  his  ideas  on  important  quet^ 
inents  are  contained  in  two  illustrated  volumes  issued  tions  of  the  time  penetrated  the  masses  more  readily 
by  Brockhaua  of  Leipsic — one,  on  the  Komun  jfaller-  than  those  of  the  men  at  the  helm  of  government 
ies,  in  1890,  and  the  other,  in  1891,  dealing  with  the  Subsequently  he  became  Principal  of  the  Nomial 


OBITUARIES.  FOREIGN.    (Napoleoh.) 


College  for  WomeD,  and  laKron  l'rore*»nrorCliiDciie  grand  ctoh  of  the  Lenion  of  Honor,  *iid  ii  gcuernl  of 

in  the  neirly  foundttd  UDivuraity  of  Tokio.     In  IHHS  divinion,     llv  wunt  to  tho  Crimea,  and  wbo  iinscnt  at 

the  EnipiTornominatedljiniameniberofthefti^niile,  the  baUl«  of  tlie  AIniiL     llu   diviaion   I'oulributed 

anil  in  ISUO,  on  the  luloptioii  of  thu  new  Cooftitution,  nothing  to  the  v'vMiTy,  and  the  fom  of  Bonii[iiirtiBm 

he  was  made  a  life  member  of  the  House  of  Peer*,  marked  him  as  an  object  of  satire,  BtiKniatiiinu  tiltn 

He   tnuwUled  Smiles'*  "  Self- Help,"   Mill's  "  Emiaj  witJi  no  jjood  reason  an  a  cowurti.     lie  aHordcd  a 

oil    Liberty,"  and  other  Korka,  into  Japanese,  and  colorable  justiflention  lor  Che  attack  later  by  rtKign- 

pruiiipled  and  edited  hundreds  of  Cratululiona  made  in);  hit>  command  and  leaving  the  Heat  of  war,  where 

l>v  his  pnpila.    He  was  of  aaaiiitance  to  the  tniuDlators  Maiahul  St.  Amaud  was  to  die,  an  a  pkn  of  ill  liealth, 

fi'  the  Bible  into  Japanceo.     He  was  the  higbent  all-  and  gave  further  otfenae  by  publishinK  in  BrUBitolii  a 

ihurilv  not  only  an  tlie  Oiineae  laoguaee  and  litem-  pamphlet  criticiaing  the  policy  and  KtralcKy  of  the 

tun.,  fpnton  the  hiwlory  and  theolouy  of  Buddhism.  war.     Fraiii  Chat  time  tlioopproLnoua  epithet  afl'lon- 

Hrinoe  Indian  lo^  ObulM  PailJanoi  I'lon,  acorni]>tion  of  pJontA-^/sfni,  indicating  the  man 

usually  known  as  I'rince  Jannw,  bom  in  who  ran  away  from  bullets,  was  popularly  applied  to 

...v'^L^.'cpt.H,  18J£:  died  in  Kome,  March  17,1861.  him.     He  tied  from  ridicule,  and  remained  for  some 

H^  WW  the  son  of  Jerome,  ex-Kin(t  of  Westphalia  by  time  out  of  Fra 

('lerieal  elemenlB.  Like  him 
ceaa  Malhilde,  the  widow  of  Paul  Deniidoff,  he  al- 
ways cultivated  the  society  of  authora  and  freo- 
thinbera.  Id  June,  185S,  he  was  appointed  to  ^e 
new  ministry  for  Algiers  and  the  colonien,  but  soon 
resigned.  In  January,  lH5ti,  he  married  Iho  Frincesa 
Clotilda,  daughter  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  who  was  then 
la.     Owing  to  incoinpalibility, 

Jves,  they  separated  Biter  eighc- 

>f  married  life.  When  the  Emperor  adopted 
■ui  >uu-nnstrian  policy,  and  declared  War  for  the 
Uberotion  of  Italy,  Prince  Napoleon  sought  to  become 
the  leader  of  a  Liberal  policy  tor  Knmce,  delivering 
speeches  in  the  Senate  on  the  temporal  power  of  the 
Pope,  and  in  Corsica  on  political  liberty  that  created 
a  ^reat  sensation,  Soon  the  Kiiiperor  changed  hia 
mind  again  and  disavowed  his  cousin's  opinions, 
whereupon  Jerome  resigned  his  seat  in  the  Council 
of  State  and  his  appointment  as  president  of  the  com- 
mission for  the  £iipoBition  of  IKtfT.  Ue  had  previ- 
oualv  presided  over  that  of  18,18.  He  had  slrenglh- 
ene<I  the  popular  estimate  of  hia  lock  of  personal 
caur^e  by  declining,  in  18Kl,to  Hght  a  duel  with 
the  Due  d'Aumale  auer  attacking  tlie  Orleana  princes 
in  the  Senate.  Louis  Napoleon  called  on  him  again 
Wcirtemberg.  and  was  brought  up  under  the  care  of  for  aid  when  relations  with  Germany  became  strained, 
hit  icrondmuthcr,  Madauie  Lttitio,  mother  of  the  first  sending  him  to  seek  allies  in  South  lienuant,  Austria, 
Nu)aili.-i>n.  When  he  wn  nine  yeani  old  the  family  and  the  Balkan  countries  and  Turkey,  .\tler  his  rc- 
wiK  expelled  I'rom  Eome  on  account  of  the  par^cipa-  turn  ho  had  a  part  in  eeeurino  the  partial  aUojition, 
li'in  of  bio  cousins,  tlie  oans  of  Lauis  Bonaparte,  in  in  1S89,  of  the  system  of  parliamentary  government 
the  insurrection  in  the  Komagna.  and  he  was  taken  to  and  ministerial  responsibility,  by  everting  himself  to 
Florence,  subsequently  to  Vienna,  and  in  1B3S  to  carry  tlie  reform  furtlier  anif  make  a  clean  owcep  of 
(n-neva.  In  li<37  he  entered  the  military  institute  of  the  detested  oltlcial  clique  identifled  with  despotic 
Ludwigsburg  in  WfirtemWrg.  Allowed,  in  ItMS.to  methods.  This  brought  him  into  direct  collision  with 
live  in  Paris  under  the  nanio  of  the  Cotiile  de  Mont-  Kouher.  the  "  Vice-Lmperor.*^  Aller  the  Liberal  Ol- 
Inrt,  he  waa  afWward  eniclled  on  account  of  bis  livier  ministry  had  failed  to  avert  the  Gen"""  "" 
supposed  partjeipation  in  the  Kepublican  movement,     hia  inAueuce  was  gone.     During  the  war  h 

■  ..._.i ...^ ...TT.. .^.o  I i....,i     1..1..  _.v;.. -lelimpcror  hatTsent  ■-■ 

....__..._.._ ,  ..  ..ment.  for  the  puriwat  _.  ^_.. ^ 

voted  with  the  Moderate  Republicans,  and  ac-     Victor  £mmanucl  to  take  sides  with  France.    Hia  ab- 


ition  of  Februar}',  1848,  ho  was  elected  Italy,  whitlicr  theXmpcror  hMTsenC  him,  according 

mber  for  Corsica  in  tho  Constituent  Assembly,  to  his  own  slatement.  for  the  puriwae  of  pcmuading 

,_..j  — ;.u  .!._  ".jprBte  Republicans,  and  ac-  Victor  Emmanuel  to  take  sides  wifli  France.    His  ab- 

0  those  of  his  cousin  I^uis  sence  from  tlio  field  of  battle  was  enouifh  t«  prevent 

by  the  Prince  President  in  him  from  receiving  the  support  ftiim  llic  aniiy  that 

"'  of  Madrid.     Aspiring  to  was  necessary  for  the  realization  of  the  hope  of  ' ' 

.ught 


9  necessary  for  the  realiiation  of  the  hope  of  I 
tie  power  himself,  he  left  his  pcM  without  friends  that  he  would  succeed  tlie  deposed  Kinpci 
and  awumed  the  lea.1  of  the  Mountain  or     Prince  Bisniarck_  hotly  denied  that  lie  ever  thou^ 


.  face  and  form  that 

inpnleon,  he  strove  to  embody                      .    .  .......... 

''   '  •  !<Bpoler>nic  legend,  the  earlier  career  of  the  had  him  arrested  an 

■a ..  .._ -^t  the  "Child  of  the  Revo-  gain  a  political  lijoti 

■ —  who  defended  the  re-  a  Boi)apsrti»t  gathi 


illiant  menial  glfta,  and  of  supporting  Prince  Jerome  for  the  succession,  oi 
counterpart  ofthe  first  even  the  regency.  In  the  earlv  days  he  was  lery 
dy  the  democratic  side     unpopular,  and  yet  waa  dreaded  by  M.  Thiira,  whc 


public  against  Enrapo  in  arms.    His  penetration  and  return  by  MacMahon,  his  fiist  public  Bet  was  to  pro- 

pulilicalgeniua  were  recogniied,  yet  lie  could  attach  pose  an  alliance  of  Bonapartisls   and   Republicans 

no  partv  to  his  cause  because  his  truth  and  lionestv  aifsinst  the  Bourbons.    He  had  an  open  quiirre!  with 

wvre  always  suspected.     .Mthoiurh  he  stood  aloof  and  the  Prince  Imperial  and  the  chiefs  of  the  Bonaimrtist 

induced  his  father  to  stand  aloof  from  the  <»»;>  iffM/,  party,  and  was  defeated  at  Ajaccin  bv  M.  Itouher, 

and  was  never  quite  trusted  or  fanrivcn  by  Louia  but  was  given  the  seat  on  account  of  the  latter's  po- 

Napoloin,  when  the  empire  was  fullv  csUbllshcd.  in  litical  disquallHcatioiis.     In  the  <'liamhcr  he  attacked 

1  <i'i.  the  Emperor  felt  the  expediency  of  collecting  tlie  ClericBl^  by  which  ho  enraind  the  Rliflit  without 

the  Imperial  family  about  him,  deluding  the  de-  conciliating  the  Letl,     He  was  one  of  the  3113  who 

seendnnts  of  Lucien,  as  they  had  been  cut  oil  from  opposed  Bro|;lie  and  MacMahon  in  the  crisis  of  ItTT. 

the  succession  by  the  decree  of  Napoleon  I.     Pnnee  In  tlie  next  election  at  Ajaccio  he  was  beaten  br 

Jerome  wan  a  member  of  the  council  to  regulate  the  Raron  Haussnianu.     His  rupture  with  the  Bonapar^ 

family  Buceesslon,  and  was  made  a  Senator,  n  knight  Ists  was  intensiHed  by  hia  aharp  attacks  on  tho  pant 


680 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Neruda— Parnbll.) 


J 


policy  and  preBent  attitude  of  the  ministers  of  the 
empire.  When  the  Prince  Imperial  wa«  killed  in 
South  Africa,  Prince  Jerome,  by  tlie  famiW  law  and 
the  decision  of  the  SenatUH-Co'nsultum  of  1862,  be- 
came the  heir  to  the  imperial  thixme,  and  wa«  ac- 
cepted as  such  by  the  majority  of  the  party,  but  was 
rejected  by  Paulde  CaMHat^nac  and  the  most  aggress- 
ive section  of  the  Bonapartist»,  on  the  jrrouncT of  his 
untrustworthiness  and  because  the  Prince  Imperial 
had  designated  Prince  Victor  as  his  successor.  The 
3arty  was  thus  split  into  two  bitter  factitms,  one  ad- 
lering  to  the  father  and  the  other  to  the  son.  In  1H80 
le  issued  a  declaration  approving  the  jK)licy  of  the 
republic  in  proscribing  the  religious  orders  as  a  vin- 
dication of  the  principles  of  the  Concordat,  and  de- 
nouncing the  Conservative  Union  as  supporting  a 
policy  opposed  to  civilization,  science,  and  liberty. 
In  1883  he  inconsistently  api>ealed  for  the  support  of 
the  Clericals  in  a  manifesto  calling  for  a  plebiscite  in 
condemnation  of  the  atheistic  republic  which  had 
refused  its  protection  to  religion,  and  of  the  domestic, 
financial,  and  foreign  policy  of  the  Government.  For 
this  he  was  arrested,  but  the  charge  was  not  pressed. 
The  complete  rupture  between  him  and  his  son  Victor 
was  not  brought  alx)ut  till  1884,  after  which  the  active 
Bonapartists  gravitated  into  the  son's  part>,  which 
had  tne  Clerical  support  without  which  Bonapartism 
was  impotent:  others  went  over  to  the  Orleanists; 
and  a  ffreat  number  of  the  rank  and  file  accented  the 
republic.  The  law  of  1886,  banishing  the  descend- 
ants of  families  that  have  formorlv  reigned  in  France, 
sent  both  father  and  son  into  exile.  The  Boulangist 
episode  dissipated  all  the  remaining  forces  of  Bona- 
partism excepting  the  faithful  band  still  clinging  to 
the  hopes  of  Prince  Victor.  Prince  Jerome  Napoleon 
published  many  books  and  pami>hlets  giving  theo- 
retical expositions  of  the  Napoleonic  idea  and  system, 
lie  continued  under  the  empire  the  publication  of 
the  correspondence  of  Napoleon  1  that  was  begun 
under  Louis  Philip^,  and  in  this  ho  characteristically 
suppressed  ever>'tuing  that  derogated  fh>m  the  fame 
and  grandeur  of  his  uncle.  His  "Na|)ol^on  et  ses 
Di^tracteure"  is  a  reply  to  the  indictments  brought 
against  Bonaparte  by  M.  Lanfrey,  Col.  Yung,  and  M. 
Taine,  in  which  much  light  is  cast  on  his  own  char- 
acter and  political  principles.  In  his  last  will  Prince 
Jerome  disinherited  his  son  Victor,  and  forbade  liim 
to  be  present  at  the  funeral,  denouncing  hiin  as  a 
traitor  and  rebel  against  parental  authority.  He  ap- 
pointed his  son  Louis  his  neir  and  political  successor, 
to  represent  his  opinions,  political  and  religious,  which 
were  the  true  tradition  orNapoleon  I,  and  to  fulfill  the 
Napoleonic  destiny,  which  is  to  bo  the  organization 
of  the  French  democracy. 

HerodAi  Johamii  a  Bohemian  novelint  and  poet,  bom 
in  1885 ;  died  Aug.  24,  1801.  Educated,  before  the 
revival  of  Czech  literature,  in  Gemian  schools,  he  be- 
came the  chief  literary  representative  of  the  Nation- 
alist movement.  His*  wntings,  most-  of  which  were 
first  printed  in  the  "  Narodhi  Lisy,"  had  a  strong 
political  tendency  and  did  much  to  inculcate  anti- 
German  feeling. 

Hiodaii  Baron,  known  as  Pere  Bom  Jean  Louis 
Nicolai,  a  Russian  soldier  and  religious  devotee,  died  at 
the  monastery  of  the  Grande  Chartreuse,  France,  Feb. 
8,  1891.  lie  was  a  lieutenant-general  in  the  Russian 
army  and  aide-iie-camp  to  the  Czar,  and  as  (^vemor- 
General  of  the  Cauciwus  he  suppresMcd  the  revolt 
under  Schamyl.  Seriously  wounded  in  the  course  of 
the  campaign,  he  went  to  Paris  for  me<lical  treatment, 
and  there  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Bishop  Du- 
panloup,  through  whose  arguments  he  was  converted 
to  Roman  Catholicism.  Becoming  a  monk,  he  retired 
to  the  Grand  Chartreuse,  and  passed  there  the  last 
twenty  veare  of  his  life. 

HioboliU  HiobolaieTiohf  Grand  Duke  of  Russia,  bom 
at  Tsarskoie  Solo,  Aug.  8, 1831 ;  died  in  St.  Peters- 
burg, April  25, 18t»l.  lie  was  the  second  of  the  three 
brothers  of  the  Czar  Alexander  II.  In  the  Turkish 
war  of  1H77  he  was  commander-in-chief  of  the  Army 
of   the  Danube,  and  entered  Bucharest   amid  the 


plaudits  of  the  populace.  At  the  end  of  the  campuirn 
and  j'ust  before  the  }^ace  he  was  compelled  to  mg\^ 
on  account  of  cormpt  dealings  with  araiy  contn(*tN 
in  which  his  brother  Constantine  was  also  involved. 
At  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  aido-de-canip  to  the 
Czar  (his  nephew),  a  field-marshal,  and  inspectc»r-gin- 
eral  of  engineers  and  cavalry.  While  commanuiru; 
the  manoeuvres  in  Volhynia  In  October,  1890,  he  wa«^ 
suddenly  taken  insane,  and  he  remained  in  that  c-^^n- 
dition  till  he  died,  lie  married,  in  1856,  the  Princess 
Alexandra  of  Oldenbunr,  and  let\  two  sons. 

Fi^migopiikw,  OoDStaatbe,  a  Greek  historian,  li^m 
in  Constantinople  in  1815;  died  in  Athens,  April  ^*''. 
1891.  lie  left  Turkey  after  his  father  and  other  n\- 
atives  had  been  beheaded  for  political  reasons,  and 
was  educated  in  the  Lyc^e  Richelieu  at  Odessa.  VThen 
Greek  independence  was  established  he  went  to  the 
new  kingdom  and  entered  the  civil  service,  and  in 
1851  he  became  Professor  of  History  in  the  I'niver- 
sity  of  Athens.  A  number  of  historical  monograph^ 
have  been  collected  in  two  volumes  of  "  Histonnil 
Essays^^  the  first  published  in  1858  and  the  other  in 
1890.  His  chief  work  was  a  "History  of  the  Gret-k 
People,"  published  in  five  volumes  between  lfi60  an«l 
1874,  and  in  a  revised  edition  in  1886-'87.  In  a  v<tl- 
ume  written  in  French  and  published  in  Paris,  en- 
titled "  Histoire  de  la  Civilisation  Ilellenioue,"  he 
shows  the  continuity  of  Greek  history  down  to 
modem  times. 

Panell,  Ohailai  St0Wirt|  an  Irish  statesman,  bom  in 
Avondale,  County  WickIow,  June  28,  1845;  died  in 
Brighton.  England,  Oct.  6, 1891.  The  Pamell  famiJT 
omigratea  from  England  to  Ireland  in  the  seventeenth 


centurv.  One  of  its  members  was  the  Rev.  ThomiB 
Pamell,  the  poet,  and  friend  of  Swift  and  Poix-. 
Another  was  Ilenry  Pamell,  who  was  raised  to  we 
peerage  as  Lord  Congleton  in  1841.  The  Avondale 
estate  was  bequeathed  by  a  friend  to  Sir  John  Tir- 
nell  in  the  last  century,  and  from  him  de^toemlotl 
through  his  younger  son  William  to  John  Henry, 
father  of  Charles  Stewart.  In  1884  John  Henn' 
Pamell  visited  the  United  States,  and  in  Mav  of  that 
year  he  married  Delia  Tudor  Stewart,  daughter 
of  Admiral  Charles  Stewart,  the  "  Old  Ironsides"  of 
the  United  States  navy.  He  returned  with  h\* 
American  bride  to  Avondale,  where  ho  led  the  life 
of  a  country  squire.  Charles  Stewart  was  their 
fourth  son.  When  six  years  old  the  boy  was  sent 
to  Yeovil,  and  he  was  afterward  prepared'for  oolUire 
bv  clergvmen  of  the  Established  Church  in  Derby- 
shire and  Oxfordshire.  He  entered  Magdalen  Colkye. 
Cambridge,  but  took  no  degree.  From  his  mother  ne 
undoubtedly  imbibed  his  early  political  views.    Her 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Pabnell.) 


681 


hoi»e  in  Dublin  is  believed  to  have  been  a  hiding- 
place    for  8ii»pectB.      The  young^man  finished  his 
t^lueation  by  traveling  in  the  United  States  with 
his    elder  brother  John.     In   1871  he  returned  to 
AvondAle,  where  he  endeavored  to  infuse  American 
enterprise  into  the  management  of  his  estate,  sinking 
iihaiY«   in   search  of  minerals,  and    establishinff    a 
t&aw  naill  and  a  brush  factory.     Ue  joined  the  niilitia 
<»f  his  county,  becoming  an  ottlcer  in  the   Wick  low 
KlUes.      His  mind  was  gradually  rittinK  to  an  appre- 
ciation of  the  political  struggle  in  Ireland,  ana  the 
victory  of  Mr.  Blennerhassett,  also  a  Protestant  land- 
lord, as  the  representative  of  home  rule,  gave  the 
deciding  touch  to  his  ambition  to  enter  on  a  political 
career.    In  February,  1874,  he  made  known  his  desire 
to  island  for  Parliament,  but  his  ollice  of  high  sheriff 
r.»f  County  Wicklow,  which  he  then  held,  disquali- 
fit-d  him.    A  few  months  later  tlie  membership  for 
Oublin  becoming  vacant  through  resignation,  Mr. 
Pamell  secured  the  nomination.      lie  oroke  down 
utterly  in  his  first  speech ;  his  voice  and  manner,  so 
thoroughly  English,  alienated  the  Irish  voters,  and 
lie  was  ovent'helmingly  defeated.    Next  year  John 
Mitchel  returned  from  exile  in  America  to  contest 
Tipperary,  and  Mr.  Pamell  wrote  a  strong  and  patri- 
otic letter  in  support  of  his  claims.    Within  a  few 
weeks  Mitchel  and  his  brother-in-law  John  Martin, 
who   represented  County  Mcath,  died,  leaving  two 
vacancies.     Isaac  Butt,  leader  of  the  Irish  party  in 
Parliament,  invited  Mr.  Pamell  to  contest  the  seat  for 
Meatli.  and  he  was  elected  April  19, 1875.      He  con- 
fined nimself  during  his  first  year  in  Parliament  to 
clfK»e  observation  of  the  methods  of  the   House  and 
the  tactics  of  the  Irish  partv.     This  had  existed  ever 
since  the  days  of  O^Conneli,  but  lacked  unity  of  pur- 
w>»e  or  action,  many  of  its  members  being  willing  to 
Darter  their  votes  ior  Government  favor.      Mr.  Butt 
was  very  conservative  in  his  policy,  and  looked  with 
horror  upon  the  methods  pursued  oy  Joseph  Biggar, 
who  delighted  to  irritate  his  English  opponents' by 
speaking  against  time,  moving  adjournments,  and 
other  dilatory  tactics.     Mr.  Parnell  was  the  first  to 
perceive  the  enormous  power  that  a  minority  could 
wield  without  transgressing  any  of  the  rules  of  the 
House,  and  became  a  close  follower  and  confidant  of 
Mr.  Bigffar.    Together  they  inaugurated,  in  1876,  a 
policy  of  obstruction  that  drew  the  attention  of  the 
world  to  the  Irish  question.    To  extirpate  landlordism 
was  the  far-oflf  dream  of  the  early  Irish  patriots. 
The   Land  act  of  1870  had  failed  to  recognize  the 
Ulster  tenant  right   The  Irish  party  took  up  the  fight, 
and  Mr.  Butt  demanded  fair  rent,  fixity  of  tenure,  and 
free  sale — a  programme  that  came  to  be  known  as 
the  ^  Three  Fs."     Home  rule  was  regarded  as  a  sub- 
sequent step.    Mr.  Pamell  and  Mr.  Big^ardetenniued 
to  wrest  laws  from  the  English  Pan  lament  by  pro- 
longed eonfiicts.    No  subject  was  too  irrelevant  for 
them  to  debate  at  length.    In  February,  1877,  Mr. 
Pamell  introduced  the  Irish  Church  act  amendment 
bill,  the  obiect  of  which  was  to  enable  the  tenants  of 
the  disestablished  Irish  Church  to  become  proprietors 
of  the  lands  for  which  they  were  paying  rent  to  a 
commission.      The  bill  was  defeatea,  and  a  policy  of 
ri'taliation  was  immediately  entered  upon.    The  first 
test  occurred  on  the  "  bill*  for  the  improvement  of 
priaion  discipline,"  transferring  Irish  county  prisons 
from  the  hands  of  the  count v  officials  to  those  of  the 
(jovemment.    Messre.  Pamell  and  Biggar  prolonged 
the  contest  until  finally  the  Government  gave  up  the 
bill   in  disgust,  and  Uie  House  adjourned  without 
itaKsing  the  measure.      The  mutiny   bill  was  next 
Drought  forward,  and  Mr.  Pamell  vigorously  attacked 
the  clauses  permitting  fiogging  in  the  anny,  with  the 
result  that  the  bill  was  materially  modided  in  the 
interests  of  humanity.      The  greatest  battle  of  the 
f«e!<sion  was  fought  over  the  South  African  bill,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  annex  the  Transvaal  without 
ao  much  as  asking  leave  of  the  sturdy  Boers  who  had 
opened  up  the  new  county.   Mr.  Pamell  declared  that, 
coming  from  a  countrv  which  had  experienced  Eng- 
lish craelty  to  the  fulfest,  he  took  special  satisfaction 


in  endeavoring  to  thwart  the  intentions  of  the  Gov- 
ernment For  this  language  he  was  "■  named  "  and 
removed,  but  as  he  hafTclearly  not  transgressed  any 
parliamentary  rule  the  motion  for  suspension  was 
abandoned,  tne  Government  announcing  that  new 
rul^  would  be  brought  forward  to  deal  with  "  ob- 
struction." The  introduction  of  these  mles  was 
fought  by  every  parliamentary  device.  Mr.  Butt  ex- 
pressed his  indignation  that  certain  members  of  the 
party  should  oppose  matters  in  whose  defeat  Ireland 
was  not  directly  concemed,  but  his  infiuence  quickly 
waned  before  the  increasing  popularity  of  Mr.  l*ar- 
nell.  The  latter  was  elected  President  of  the  Iloine 
Rule  Confederation  in  1878,  in  place  of  Mr.  Butt  who, 
however,  remained  the  nominal  head  of  the  party  in 
Parliament  until  his  death.  May  5, 1879.  Mr.  Snaw 
was  then  chosen  to  lead  tne  party.  A  contest  be- 
tween the  moderate  section  ana  the  Pamellites  took 
flace  at  Ennis,  where  a  candidate  nominated  by  Mr. 
'amell  was  triumphantly  elected  over  the  nominee 
of  Mr.  Shaw.  At  tnis  sei»ion  of  Parliament,  through 
the  efforts  of  Mr.  Pamell,  fiogginji^  in  the  army  was 
finally  abolished.  Now  the  agrarian  character  of  the 
Irish  question  began  to  develop.  The  harvest  of  1877 
was  bad;  that  of  1878  was  worse;  in  1879  starvation 
faced  the  Irish  people.  Michael  Davitt,  who  had 
been  released  from  a  convict  prison  on  a  ticket  of 
leave,  founded  the  Land  League  in  County  Mayo, 
April  28, 1879.  Mr.  Pamell  joined  it  in  the  following 
June,  and  in  a  fervid  speech  gave  the  famous  advice, 
^  Keep  a  firm  grip  on  your  homesteads."  He  was 
elected  President  of  the  Land  League  Oct  21, 1879. 
At  the  close  of  the  session  Mr.  Pamell  made  a  tour 
through  Ireland,  being  received  everj'where  with  the 
greatest  entliusiasm,  and  then  acquiring  the  sobriquet 
of  **  Uncrowned  King  of  Ireland."  Wishing  to  obtain 
pecuniary  assistance  for  the  agitation,  and  also  to  use 
American  public  opinion  as  a  lever  in  iufiuencing  the 
minds  of  the  English  mosses,  Mr.  Pamell  and  Mr. 
Dillon  sailed  for  the  United  States  in  December,  1879, 
traveled  through  the  country  os  far  west  as  8t  Louis, 
and  returned  by  way  of  Detroit  and  Canada.  The 
United  States  Congress  gave  him  pennission  to  ad- 
dress them  in  the  nail  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tive, a  privilege  previously  accorded  to  only  three 
persons — Lafayette,  Bishop  England,  and  Kossuth. 
Parliament  was  suddenly  adioumedj  and  Mr.  Pamell 
returned  immediately  to  conauct  a  vigorous  campaign 
throughout  Ireland.  He  was  elected  by  tliree  con- 
stituencies— Meath,  Mayo,  and  Cork  city — and  chose 
the  last  At  the  meeting  of  the  newly  elected  mem- 
bers he  was  selected  to  succeed  Mr.  Shaw  as  leader  of 
the  party.  The  conservatives  in  England  had  fought 
the  campaign  largelv  on  the  Irish  question  and  had 
been  defeated  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  who  immediately 
brought  in  a  bill  that  granted  to  Irish  tenants  the 
right  to  compensation  for  improvements  thev  had  made 
on  the  land  thev  occupied.  The  bill,  wnich  would 
have  stopped  evictions,  failed  in  the  House  of  Lords. 
Then  the  landlords  adopted  a  policy  of  wholesale 
evictions,  which  aggravated  matters.  During  the 
recess  Mr.  Pamell  visited  Ireland,  and  in  a  famous 
speech,  when  some  one  of  his  hearers  suggested  the 
snooting  of  persons  who  might  take  faniiH  from  which 
a  former  tenant  had  been  evicted,  said  that  he  wished 
to  point  out  a  much  more  Christian  way :  "  Shun  him 
on  the  roadside,  in  the  streets,  in  the  shop,  in  the 
market-place;  by  leaving  him  alone,  by  isolating 
him  from  the  rest  of  his  country,  as  if  he  were  the 
lejHir  of  old,  you  must  show  him  your  detestation  of 
the  crime  he  has  committed."  Three  days  later 
began  the  famous  siege  of  Lough  Mask,  where  Capt 
Boycott,  who  had  issued  ejectment  processes,  was 
subjected  to  the  treatment  advised,  ^ot  a  harvester 
would  remain  in  his  service,  not  a  shop-keeper  would 
sell  him  anvthing,  not  a  laundress  would  wash  for 
him.  Finally  50  laborers,  obtained  from  Ulster  under 
an  escort  of  7'.00()  armed  soldiers,  succeeded  in  gather- 
ing his  crops.  Thus  Mr.  Parnell  added  a  new  and 
terrible  weapon  to  the  forces  of  obstruction  and  a  new 
word  to  the  language,  **  boycotting."     (But  the  orig- 


682  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Pkdko  II  de  Alcantaea.) 


and  become  the  jj^reat  instrument  of  the  Land  League,  the  tramways  and  laborers  acts  in  188S.     A  f^iuii  of 
The  Government  Vas  not  quite  sure  whetlier  the  acts  £85,000  was  raised  for  him  in  Ireland  and  America  Ln 
of  the  League  were  illegal,  but  in  November,  1880,  the  spring  of  1883,  and  the  Land  League,  which  hod 
Mr.  Pameu  and  others  were  indicted  and  tried  in  been  suppressed,  was  revived  under  the  name  of  the 
Dublin,  the  trial  lasting  from  Dec  28  to  Jan.  16, 1881,  National  League.    He  secured  the  extension  of  the 
and  resulting  in  a  disagreement  of  the  jury.     Mean-  franchise  to  every  householder  in  Ireland,  and  in 
while  crime  had  largely  increased  throughout  Ireland,  the  session  of  1885  forced  the  Government  to  assent  to 
and  when  Parliamont'met  the  Govermnent  brought  a  land-purchase  bill,  which  was  postponed  by  the 
forward  three  bills  :  one  of  coercion,  allowing  the  overthrow  of  Mr.  Gladstone  in  June.    In  the  succeed- 
detention  of  suspected  persons  without  trial  for  any  ing  elections  Mr.  Parnell  nominated  every  candidai^^ 
length  of  time  ;   one  of  suppression,  making  it  a  of  the  Irish  part^%  and  returned  to  Parliament  with  a 
felony  to  keep  or  distribute  anns  in  proclaim^  dis-  compact  body  ot  86  members  ready  to  vote  on  evtr* 
tricts ;   and  a  third,  of  pacification,  offering  a  land  proposition  in  accordance  with  his  wishes.    Findinir 
act  that  established  a  commission  to  arbitrate  be-  that  he  could  obtain  nothing  from  the  Conservatives^ 
tween  landlord  and  tenant.     The  two  coercive  meas-  Mr.  Parnell  threw  in  his  vote  on  the  side  of  Mr. 
urcs  were  opposed  line  bv  line  and  word  by  word  by  Gladstone,  and  the  Liberals  came  into  power  January*, 
Mr.  Parnell  and  about  tnirty  of  the  Irish  members.  1886.     Mr.  Gladstone  proposed  a  home-rule  measure 
All-night  sessions  were  frequent,  and  the  discussion  that  secured  the  support  or  all  the  Irish  members,  but 
was  only  ended  by  the  SpeaKer  arbitrarily  declaring  split  the  Liberal  party  in  twain  and  restored  Lord 
the  debate  closed,  Feb.  2.   Michael  Davitt  was  arrested  Salisbury  to  power  in  July.  1886.     Near  the  dost  of 
the  next  day  in  Ireland,  and  on  the  Irish  members  the  s^sion  ot  1887  the  Lonoon  "•  Times  ^  publi&bed  a 
protesting  against  the  conduct  of  the  Government,  series  of  articles  entitled  **■  Pamellism  and  Crime,'' 
Mr.  Dillon,  Mr.  Parnell,  Mr.  Finnigan,  and  twentv-  attempting  to  connect  Mr.  Parnell  with  the  Phu?nis 
eight  others  were  one  after  another  ^*  named  ^*  by  tno  Park  muraers  and  other  assassinations  and  outrages. 
Speaker,  suspended,  and  forcibly  removed  from  the  and  in  support  publishing  letters  purporting  to  have 
Ilouse.     Then  the  coercion  acts  were  quickly  passed,  been  written  bv  Parnell.     These  were  proved  to  be 
and  the  land  bill  came  up.     This  land  act,  intro-  forgeries,  and  tneir  author,  one  Pi^ott,  fled  to  Mad- 
duced  by  Mr.  Gladstone,  was  the  greatest  blow  to  rid,  where  he  committed  suicide.  Mr.  Parnell  brought 
private  ownership  of  land  ever  given  bj^  any  legisla-  suit  for  libel  against  the  ^  Times"  and  recovered  £5,- 
tive  body.     A   commission  was  appointed,  before  000  damages,  the  suit  being  compromised  on  that 
whom  the  tenant  could  appear  if  he  thought  his  rent  basis.    He  was  then  at  the  height  of  his  power,  wel- 
too  high  and  secure  the  nxing  of  rent  by  the  court,  eomed  with  cheers  when  he  rose  to  speak  in  the 
irrespective  of  the  wishes  of  the  landlords.     !Natu-  House  of  Commons,  presented  with  the  fheedom  of 
rally  they  regarded  it  as  socialistic.  But  it  passed  the  Edinburgh  in  July,  1889,  and  invited  by  Mr.  Gladstone 
House  in  July,  the  Lords  did  not  dare  to  reject  it,  and  to  Hawaraen  to  settle  the  details  of  tne  Liberal  pro- 
it  received  the  royal  assent  in  August     Mr.  Parnell  gramme.     But  just  then  his  downfall  was  prepar- 
and  his  followers  opposed  its  passage,  on  the  ground  ing.     Capt  O^Snea  filed  a  petition  for  divorce  frofo 
that  it  did  not  go  far  enough,  and  the  leader  then  de-  his  wife,  naming  Mr.  Parnell  as  corespondent,  Dec 
clarcd  thai  he  would  not  be  satisfied  with  anything  28.     It  was  proved  that  ParnelPs  relations  with  Mrs. 
less  than  that  the  land  should  belong  to  the  cultiva-  O^Shea  had  been  maintained  wiUi  increasing  intimacy 
tors  thereof.    The  bill  having  become  a  law,  it  was  ever  since  1881,  a  circumstance  which  accounted  for 
decided  to  test  its  value,  and  Mr.  Parnell  advised  his  f^quent  and  mysterious  absences  from  his  seat  in 
that  no  appeals  be  taken  to  the  land  court  without  Parliament     Neither  partv  put  in  any  answer,  but 
first  having  been  submitted  to  the  Land  League  privately  Mr.  Parnell  emphatically  denied  that  he 
executive.    Mr.  Gladstone  construed  this  as  a  defiance  nad  "bnetrayed   friendship,   abused   hospitality,   or 
of  the  law,  declared  that  ^Uhe  resources  of  civiliza-  broken  up  a  happy  home."    The  divorce  was  gnntcil 
tion  were  not  yet  exhausted,"  and  on  Oct  13  arrested  in  November,  1890.    On  the  assembling  of  Parlia- 
Messrs.  Parnell,  Sexton,  O'Kellv,  William  O'Brien,  and  ment  in  the  same  month,  Mr.  Parnell  was  unaninmusir 
Quinn,  and  lodged  them  in  Kilmainham  jail.     Ke-  elected  chairman  of  the  Irish  party.     Mr.  Gladstone 
taliation  quickly  followed,  Oct  18,  in  the  shape  of  the  and  Michael  Davitt  demanded  his  retirement  as  the 
**  No  Rent    Manifesto,"  signed  by  the   imprisoned  onlv  chance  of  saving;  the  home-rule  cause.    Mr.  Par- 
leaders,  counseling  the  tenants  to  pay  no  rent  until  nell  refused,  and  a  bitter  faction  fight  was  the  result 
they  were  released  and  constitutional  government  was  Both  sides  put  up  candidates  foir  a  parliamentary 
restored.     The  Government  replied,  Oct  20,  by  pro-  vacancy  in  North  Kilkenny,  and  ParnelPs  candidate 
claiming  the  League  an  illegal  organization,  and  the  was  defeated  Dec.  22, 1890.*     The  Irish  bishops  took 
manifesto  itself  broke  down,  being  condemned  by  the  sides  agunst  him,  and  every  one  hurled  stones  at  the 
clergy  everywhere.     Naturally  crime  increased  with  falling  leader.     But  the  woman  for  whom  he  had 
the   repressive  measures  of  the    Government,  and  sacrificed  his  political  fiiture  remained  affectionately 
thousands  were  arrested  throughout  Ireland  on  sus-  devoted  to  him,  and  on  June  25, 1891,  Mr.  Parnell 
picion  and  without  trial.     The  Liberal  party  soon  and  Mrs.  <J'Shea  were  married  at  the  registrar^  of- 
Dcgan  to  see  the  folly  of  attempting  to  imprison  a  fice,  in  Stevning,  Sussex.    They  resided  at  Brighton, 
whole  nation,  and  peace  was  determined  upon.  Capt.  Mr.  Parnell  going  over  to  Ireland  on  several  occasinoA 
O'Shea  was  tne  intermediary  between  Gladstone  and  to  speak  in  the  interests  of  his  candidates,  but  meeting 
Parnell,  and    the  famous    Kilmainham  treaty  was  witn  uniform  defeat     He  grew  broken-hearted  anU 
concluded,  in  which  the  latter  intimated  that  if  the  despondent,  while  constant  attacks  imbittered  hL^ 
arrears  of  rents  of  the  smaller  tenantry  were  wiped  life  and  b^an  to  break  down  his  constitution.    He 
out  and  the  coercion  act  abandoned,  he  would  "  co-  took  cold  at  a  public  meeting  in  Ireland,  Sept  2t.  iv- 
operate  cordialljr  for  the  future  with  the  Liberal  party  turned  to  Brighton,  Oct  2,  and  died  four  days  laUT. 
in  forwarding  Liberal  principles."     Mr.  Parnell  and  His  body  was  buried  in  Glasncvin  cemetenr,  n<ar 
his  associates  were  released  May  2,  1882,  and  the  Dublin,  Oct.  12,  1891. 

abandonment  of  the  coercion  act  was  announced.    Mr.        Podio  11  de  Aloantttrai  Jou  Oarloi  Leopold  Balyador  Bi- 

Forster,  Chief  Secretary  for  Ireland,  wa.s  succeeded  by  blano  Franaiioo  Xavier  da  Paul  Leooadio  lOgvel  JUbd 

Lord  Frederick  Cavendish,  and  Thomas  Burke  became  Otnua^  Prince  of  Braganza,  ex-Emperor  of  Brazil, 

under  secretarj-.      Two  days  later  both  gentlemen  bom  in  Rio  Janeiro,  Dec.  2, 1825,  died  in  Paria,  Dec. 

were  brutally  murdered  in   Phoenix  Park,  Dublin.  6,1891.    He  was  the  son  of  Dom  Pedro  I  of  Braganza 

Mr.   Pamell* issued  a  proclamation    expressing  his  and  Bourbon,  the  first  Emperor  of  Brazil,  and  of 

horror  of  the  crime,  but  the  Government  was  forced  Leopoldina,  Archduchess  of  Austria.    The  royal  fani- 

into  another  and  severer  coercion  act     Mr.  Parnell  ily  of  Portugal  fied  to  the  colony  of  Brazirin  1&07 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Pebuzzi— Polak.)  683 

when  a  French  anny  occupied  Lisbon,  and  in  1815  rest  of  the  royal  family,  to  Liftbou<#  The  liberal  pen- 

the  eolony  waa  declared  a  kingdom.    On  the  death  sion  that  was  ottered  by  tlie  Provisional  Government 

of  the  insane  Queen  Maria  in  1816  the  Kegent,  her  he  refused  to  accept    In  the  new  Constitution  adopted 

fi')!!,  was  proclaimed  Kinff  of  PortuKal.Algarvez,  and  on  Nov.  15,  1890,  it  was  provided  that  an  annuity 

Brazil,  under  the  style  or  Joan  VL    In  1822,  on  the  should  be  granted  sufficient  to  guarantee  him  a  de- 

ttuiiiiuons  of  the  Portuguese  Cortes,  the  King  and  his  cent  subsistence.    As  many  of  his  old  adherents  fol- 

<.*r>urt  returned  to  LislK>n,  and  on  May  18, 1822,  Dom  lowed  him  into  exile  and  were  dependent  on  his 

l*txlro,  his  eldest  son,  was  chosen  Perpetual  Defender  bountv,  he  was  reduced  to  pecuniarv  straits.     He 

f  if  Brazil.    On  Sept.  7, 1822,  he  proclaimed  the  inde-  lived  out  a  short  time  in  Portugal,  where  his  pres- 

;>c>ridence  of  the  country,  and  was  elected  Constitu-  ence  was  not  welcome,  and  wandered  to  Paris  and 

tional   Emperor.     Falling   heir  to  the    Portuguese  other  places,  depressed  and  lonely  from  the  loss  of 

chrrme  in  1826,  he  resign^  it  in  favor  of  his  infant  his  wife,  but  not  cast  down  by  his  political  misfort- 

daughter.  Maria  da  Gloria,  and  on  April  7, 1881,  he  unes.    To  the  end  he  thought  the  Brazilians  would 

abdicated  the  throne  of  Brazil  in  favor  of  his  son,  vet  recall  him.    (For  a  portrait  of  Dom  Pedro,  see 

who  was  proclaimed  Emperor  as  Dom  Pedro  II,  de-  "■  Annual  Cvclopcedia  ^  for  1877,  page  74.) 


Germany. 

March  14,  1822,  and  died  Dec.  28, 1889.    They  had  part  in  1848  in  the  movement  for  the  recall  of  the 

tw^o  sons,  who  died    in  infancy ;  a  daughter  Isa-  grand  duke,  and  for  the  next  ten  years  as  an  ad- 

beU  bom  July  29.  1846,  who  married  Oct  15, 1864,  herent  of  the  Moderate  Liberal  party  labored  to  bring 

Prince  Louis  of  Bourbon-Orleans,  Comte  d^Eu,  the  about  a  fusion  with  the  Democrats.     He  had  an  im- 

eldc«t  son  of  the  Due  de  Nemours,  and  has  three  sons  portant  share  in  issuing  the  "  Bibliothcca  Civile,^  the 

living  ;  and  another  daughter,  Loopoldino,  who  was  aim  of  which  was  to  prepare  the  way  for  Italian  union 

mamed  to  Prince  Aimist  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  and  under  the  house  of  Savoy.    In  1859  he  was  elected  to 

died  in  1871,  leaving  four  sons.    Dom  P^ro  was  dis-  the  Tuscan  Chamber,  and  was  dispatched  by  the 

tingui^^hed  from  his  early  years  for  a  strong  interest  Provisional  Government  on  a  delicate  mission   to 

in  science  and  the  useful  arts.    He  held  liberal  and  France.  After  the  annexation  of  Tuscany  by  Sardinia 

progressive  political  doctrines,  and  gave  much  atten-  he  was  sent  as  a  deputy  from  Florence  to  the  National 

tion  to  developing  the  material  resources  of  the  em-  Parliament  at  Turin.    In  1861  he  was  called  into  the 

pi  re  and  seeking  profitable  commercial  relations  with  Cabinet  of  Cavour  as  Minister  of  Public  Works.    He 

other  countries.     Without  transgressing  the  bounds  remained  in  this  post   under   Ricasola,  and  made 

of  a  constitutional  sovereign^  he  showea  great  tact  in  strenuous  ettbrts  to  carry  out  tlie  development    of 

ifuiding  the  political  forces,  m  leading  in  reform  leg-  Italian  railways.    When  the  Cabinet  gave  place  to 

i>Iation,  and  in  holding  the  balance  of  power  between  the  Ratazzi  ministry  he  became  one  of  the  leaders  of 

the  parties  and  steering  the  country  through  polit-  the  Opposition,  ana  after  the  fall  of  this  Cabinet  he 

jral  crises.    The  movement  for  the'abolitioh  of  slav-  received  the  portfolio  of  the  Interior,  which  beheld 

rr>'   wa.H  instituted  to  a  great  extent  by  him,  and  till  the  crisis  of  1864.   He  subsequently  supported  the 

he  took  the  lead  in  practically  emancipating  t^e  system  of  evolution  adopted  by  Depretis,  and  was  a 

slavi'tf  on  the  royal  estates  in  1866.    Dom  Pedro  was  member  of  the  Senate.     He  was  eminent  in  the  en- 

always  a  great  traveler.      In  the  last  years  of  his  gineering  profession. 

reitm  he  resided  for  a  great  part  of  his  time  in  £u-  Flnmptn,  Edwaid  Ba,jm,an  English  clergyman,  bom 

n^pe,  where  he  underwent  treatment  for  a  chronic  in  London,  Aug.  6, 1821  •  died  in  Wells,  Feb.  1, 1891. 

ailment    Bv  this  he  lost  touch  with  the  politicians  He  was  educated  at  University  College,  Oxford,  and 

and  people  of  Brazil.    He  was  accustomed  to  say  that  was  elected  Fellow  of  Brasenose  College  in  1844.    He 

he  would  abdicate  willingly  if  the  Brazilians  w-anted  was  made  chaplain  of  King^s  College,  London,  in 

a  republic,  but  that  thev  did  not  because  they  already  1847,  pastor  of  pastoral  theology  in  1858,  and  pro- 


army  and  others.    The  sudden  emancipation 

of  the  slaves  had  protluced  a  social  crisis,  and  the  revisers  of  the  Bible,  and  in  1872-74  was  (Jrinfield 

Regent  in  signing  tne  decree  had  offended  the  former  lecturer  on  the  Septuagiut  at  Oxford.    In  1881  he  was 

owners  of  the  slaves.    When  the  law  providing  for  appointed  to  the  deanery  of  Wells.    He  was  widely 


made  a  thorough  study  of  American  industrial  pro-  on"  (1884);  "The  Comniedia  and  Canzoniesc  of 
ocs^es  and  inventions.  His  intervention  in  Paraguay,  Dante  "  (1886).  He  edited  the  "  Bible  Educator"  in 
which  led  to  the  overthrow  of  Rosa,  added  a  lai>re     1877-79,  and  was  the  author  of  several  sections  of 


•nna,  Oct  9, 1H91.      He  was  graduated 

tion  of  the  King  of  the  Belgians.    His  popularity  in  medicine  at  the  University  of  Vienna,  and  in  1851 

Brazil  was  undiminished  till  his  last  absence  and  his  went  to  Persia  to  be  Professor  of  Surgery  in  tliemili- 

failing  health  led  the  Republicans,  who  were  numer-  tar>'  school  at  Teheran.    In  two  years  he  was  able  to 

<^»us  and  strong,  though  not  active  as  a  political  party,  lecture,  und  write  books  in  the  Persian  language.  He 

to  lay  plans  for  preventing  the  coming  of  the  daujfhter  was  a  favorite  of  the   Shah,  who  made  him  court 

to  the  throne.     On  Nov.  15,  1kh9,  a  military  conspir-  physician.      He  returned  to  Vienna  in  ISrtO  and  pub- 

aey  culminated   in  the  forced  abdication  of  Pedro  lisJicd  his  jrreat  work  on  the  geology,  the  flora,  and 

and  the  proclamation  of  the  republic.    He  was  taken  other  physical  features  of  the  Persian  Empire,  with 

onboani  a  Government  vessel  and  conveyed,  with  the  its  arcnueology.    Ho  went  out  again  to  Persia  for  a 


684                           OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.  (Pouybb-Quertier— Rao.) 

short  time,  and  in  his  later  life  he  spent  a  ^reat  part  QvioL  Bobert  Hariwrt,  an  Knelitih  educator,  bom  in 

of  hiH  income  providing  young  scientific  explorers  to  1831 ;  died  at  Redhill  about  March  2(»,  1891.    He  was 

visit  Persia.  graduated  at  Trinity  College,  Cambridge;  t»«s  tc»r 

Foayer-Quertierf  Ai  T^  a  French  statesman,  bom  in  some  years  a  maj$ter  at  Harrow  School,  and  Knh^-- 


offices.      He  was  as  strong  a  Protectionist  as  he  was  tion."     He  contributed  papers  on  educational  i»n»K- 

an  Imperialist,  and  therefore  after  the  conclusion  of  lems  to  pedagogic  journals,  and  was  the  auth«>r  r,f 

the  treaties  of  commerce  on  a  free-trade  baaisin  1862  "  Essays  on  Educational  Refonners,"  a  work  hi^hlv 

he  entered  the  lists  against  the  Emperor's  commercial  esteemed  by  students  of  educational  methods,  whicJi 

Solicy,  and  was  one  of  the  most  eloquent  and  most  was  first  published  in  1808  and  was  undergoing  a  re- 

angerous  adversaries  of  the  Government  on  economi-  vision  at  the  time  of  his  death, 

cal  questions.      For  this  reason  he  lost  his  seat  in  Qolnton,  Jnuf  Wallaoey  an  Anglo-Indian  adiuini-t- 

1869.    On  Feb.  8, 1871,  ho  was  elected  to  the  National  trator,  bom  in  Ireland  about  1835:  died  in  Manipur, 

Assembly  from  his  old  district  by  an  overwhelming  March  25, 1891.  He  wa«  graduated  at  Trinity  CoUt^f. 

majority,  and  on  Feb.  25  was  intrusted  with  the  port-  Dublin,  passed  the  examination  for  the  Bengal  civil 

folio  of 'Finance  and  with  the  duty  of  taking  part  in  service^  and  went  out  to  India  in  November.  1S56.  Ht- 

the  decision  as  to  the  tenns  of  peace.    The  Gennans  spent  eight  years  as  a  district  officer  in  the  Northwest 

in  Berlin  treated  him  with  special  consideration,  and  Provinces  ;  was  sent  in  1865  as  deputy  com miiivi oner 

through  him  they  secured  a  i^id  settlement  of  the  to  the  newly  annexed  province  of'Oude,  became 

terms  of  the  treaty  of  peace.    Tlie  tendency  toward  a  officiating  commissioner  there,  and  in  1875-'77  wa*  a 

protectionistpolicy  in  France  was  observed,  as  soon  as  judicial  commissioner  in  British  Bumiah.     Retum- 

ne  took  charge  of  the  Ministry  of  Finance,  by  Prince  mg  to  the  Northwest  Provinces,  he  was  a  magiistTatc 

Bismarck,  who  willingly  agreed  to  the  clause  of  the  collector,  and  iudge  of  sessions  in  Allahabe^,  coai- 

Frankfort  treaty  proposed  by   Pouyer-Quertier  by  miaiioner  for  ditierent  divisions  in  1881^^85,  and  mem- 

which  each  government  accords  to  the  other  most-  bcr  of  the  Viceroy's  Council  for  the  Northwest  Prm- 

favored-nation  treatment  By  this  stipulation  Pouyer-  inces.  In  1889  he  was  selected,  on  account  of  his  prb^'ti- 

Quertier  faLsely  hoped   that   France  would  recover  cal  judgment  and  experience,  to  be  chief  commi>- 

through  the  channels  of  trade  the  war-fine  of  5,000,000,-  sioner  of  Assam.    In  tnis  capacity  he  went  to  Mani- 

000  francs.    When  Germany  recently  endeavored  to  pur,  where  he  attempted  to  carry' out  the  decision  of 

form  a  central  European  Zollverein,  he  boasted  that  by  the  Indian  Government  regarding  the  Senaputty,  and 

his  foresight  the  arrangement  had  been  rendered  nuga-  was  killed  with  his  companions, 

tory,  while  the  Germans  are  CO ually  satisfied  in  being  BaOf  Sir  IbdhftfA,  an    Indian    statesman,  died  in 

able  to  claim  under  his  clause  the  reduced  schedules  in  Madras,  March  28,  1891.    After  the  transfer  of  th»r 

the  new  French  tariff.     After  his  return  to  France  in  Government  of  India  from  the  Council  of  the  East 

1871  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  have  the  loan  of  2,-  India  Company  to  the  British  Crown  the  policy  of  an- 

500,000,000  francs  subscribed  twice  over  in  France  nexing  the  territories  of  troublesome  native'  rult-n* 

alone,  and  to  secure  the  adoption  of  all  the  proposed  was  to  a  great  extent  given  up  in  favor  of  the  plan  of 

new  duties,  with  the  exception  of  certain  raw  ma-  deposini^  the  prince,  placing  a  child  on  the  thn>ne, 

terials.    C'onfidence  in  him  was  disturbed,  however,  and  during  the  minority  of  the  new  prince  placing 

by  his  attempt  to  defend  the  irregular  financial  meth-  the  state  under  British  administration.    It  was  found 

ods  of  AI.  de  la  Motto,  prefect  of  the  Eure  Depart-  that  the  administration  of  British   officers  had  the 

ment,  and  on  March  5, 1872,  he  §rave  in  his  resignation,  serious  disadvantage  of  throwing  the  machinen*  of 

Since  then  he  has  filled  no  ministerial  post,  but  he  native  government  out  of  order;  and  tlierefore  ad**- 

has  taken  an  active  part  in  the  discussion  of  financial  mane'  arose  for  thoroughly  loyal  and  subservient  n»- 

auestions,  at  first  in  the  Chamber  and  at\erward  in  tive  statesmen,  who  could  be  intrusted  with  the  i^^v- 

ic  Senate.    He  lost  his  seat  in  the  Senate  to  a  Re-  ernment  of  native  states  that  were  to  be  thus  di^i- 

publican  in  the  elections  of  February,  1891.  plined.    One  of  the  ablest  and  most  successful  of  this 

PiaegeTf  Ferdinandf  a  (terman  musician,  bom  in  school  of  native  administrators  was  Sir  Madhava 
Leipsic,  Jan.  22,  1815;  died  in  London,  Sept  2, 1891.  Rao.  He  was  trained  to  official  business  in  the  Britit^h 
He  was  a  son  of  Ileinrich  Aloysius  Praeger,  a  noted  service;  and  when  the  Gaikwar  of  Baroda  was  tU- 
violinist  and  composer,  and,  though  intended  for  a  posed  in  1875  on  a  charge  of  attempting  to  f^^im^n 
I'rotcstant  clergyman,  he  learned  the  violoncello  and  the  British  resident,  and  the  child  of  a  humble  fain- 
piano  ;  went  to  Holland  and  taught  music  before  he  ily  remotely  related  to  the  dynasty  was  declared 
was  sixteen,  and  in  1834  made  his  way  to  London,  prince  in  his  place,  the  Madhava  lUo,  who  wa<  a 
where  he  gave  lessons  for  a  living  and  composea  Hindu  patriot  and  a  leading  memK^  of  the  Brahamn- 
sonatas  and  other  pieces  for  the  piano-forte  and  the  ical  community  of  Madras  as  well  as  an  Indian  ortl- 
orohestra.  Of  his  published  pieces,  mostly  written  cial  of  high  rank,  was  made  joint  regent  and  prafti- 
in  his  early  life,  forty-eight  of  the  best  are  contained  cal  ruler  of  the  state  with  the  title  of  Rigah.  Whi-n, 
in  the  "  Praeger  Album."  He  engaged  also  in  musi-  in  1888,  he  handed  over  the  government  to  the  yountr 
cal  journalism,  lectured,  and  published  a  translation  Gaikwar,  who  had  been  carefully  educated  by  Enir- 
of  Emil  Naumann's  "  History  of  Music,"  a  work  on  lish  tutors,  the  native  system  of  administration  h»i 
composition,  and  *'  Wagner  as  I  knew  him."  been  preserved,  and  yet  he  had  brought  Baroda  uj'  to 

Freuensii  Ednumd  Dehanlt  de^  a  French  Protestant  the  condition  of  a  model  feudatory  state.    He  retiml 

clcrtrvman,  born  in  1824;  died  in  Paris,  April  8, 1891.  to  the  seclusion  of  a  hermit's  life,"following  the  prsu- 


cal  doctrines  under  all  circumstances.    He  occupied  speaking  out  plainly  and  ^ith  immense  influt-nce 

himself  also  with  social  problems,  and  took  a  bold  over  the  Hindu  community  on  all  the  public  ciue*- 

position    in  discussions    in   the  various  social  sci-  tions  of  the  time.    He  was  convinced  of  the  UJ^:*lt•w»- 

ence  congresses  held  in  Belgium  and  Switzerland  bo-  ness  and  evil  results  of  anv  movement  for  the  ovi-r- 

twecn  1860  and  IbTO.    On  the  re-establishment  of  the  throw  of  British  rule,  but  believwi  that  the  proirn'sK 

republic  he  became  a  member  of  the  National  As-  of  education  had  brought  about  a  necessity  for  the 

sembly,  and   was  afterward  a  Senator.    He    wrote  co-operation  in  the  government  of  the  intellectual 

several  works  on  theological  subjects,  among  them  and  influential  classes  of  natives ;  advising,  howe\-t-r. 

"  Etudes  Evangel iques,"  "  Vie  de  Jesus,"  a  n^plv  to  the  slow  and  gradual  adoption  of  native  particije- 

Renan's  book,  and  Uie  ^^  Histoire  de  I'Eglise  et  de  la  tion,  with  due  n^gard  to  the  traditions  ana  require- 

R<^volution."  ments  of  the  less  advanced  sections,  not  the  hasty  in- 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Redwitz— Simob,) 


685 


tmduction  of  a  WeBtem  system  of  representative  jjov- 
eniiiu'Qt,  such  as  the  enthusiastic  younfir  recipients  of 
£im>iH.'an  culture  desired.  Two  volumes  of  the 
-0]>ini<>n8  of  Sir  Madhava  Kao"  were  published  by 
hiH  friended  »hortly  before  his  death.  Fie  supported 
thi'  demands  of  the  Indian  National  Congress  from 
1 VH.-,  till  1889,  but  opposed  the  scheme  accepted  by  the 
r«>ui;n'#8  in  1B90.  lie  was  one  of  the  early  advocates 
tor  the  reform  of  child  marriage,  enforced  widowhood, 
and  other  disadvantajo^es  under  which  Hindu  women 
suffer,  but  was  convinced  that  the  movement  in  this 
direction  ought  to  be  spontaneous  within  the  Hindu 
community,  and  therefore  he  resisted  with  all  his  in- 
fluence the  age-of-consent  bill  of  1891,  although  he 
had  for  many  years  incurred  the  hostility  of  orthodox 
Hindus  by  advoeatinf^  the  same  reform. 

Bedwitij  Oakat,  Freiherr  toil  a  German  poc*t,  bom  in 
Liohtenau,  near  Anspach,  June  23,  1823 ;  died  in 
iiiltfenberg,  near  Bayreuth,  Julv  7, 1891.  After  leav- 
iiu;  the  gymnasium  he  studied  law,  but  abandoned 
thU  stuoy  to  give  himself  un  to  literature.  His  iiist 
published  poem,  "Amarantn,"  met  with  extraordi- 
nary success,  and  made  him  a  famous  man  at  twenty- 
'jve.  None  of  his  later  works  made  such  an  impres- 
sion as  this  Ijrrical  epic.  Yet  his  plays,  "'  Philippine 
Weljicr,"  which  was  produced  in  1*859,  and  **I)er 
Zunt^eiifter  von  NOmberg,"  brought  out  the  year 
following,  have  kept  the  stage  to  this  day.  In  187*1  he 
wrr>te  a  patriotic  ode  cntitl^  ^  Das  Lied  vom  neuen 
deutM'hcn  Reich."  Removing  from  Munich  to  Ober- 
niais,near  Meran,  for  the  sake  of  his  health,  he  com- 
]vT(4eil  the  romances  **  Hans  Wartenberg,"  "  Ilymen  " 
and  "  Gluck,"  the  first  and  the  last  of  which  went 
through  many  editions.  His  ailments  obliged  him  to 
^vi-  up  litt^rary  employment  for  the  rest  of  his  life. 

Bans,  EdnaziSf  a  German  theologian,  bom  in  Stras- 
bun;  in  1804;  died  there,  May  12. 1891.  He  studied 
at  the  University  of  iStrasburg*,  ana  in  Halle  and  Paris 
under  Gesenius  and  Silvestre  de  Sacy.  From  1839 
he  occupied  the  chair  of  Theology  in  the  University 
of  Strasbuzg,  and  held  a  prommcnt  place  among 
ihampions  of  the  liberal  sciiool  of  Protestant  theo- 
l<>firians.  He  published  in  French  and  in  German 
important  treatises  on  the  Old  and  New  Testaments. 
HL«i  last  and  greatest  work  was  a  translation  of  the 
Bible  with  commentariea,  which  is  regarded  as  in- 
<?>timablc  by  many  Hebraists. 

Bflwt,  AngDftin  Th^odvlB)  a  French  painter,  bom  in 
the  Department  of  Eure  in  1828 ;  died  in  (^olombes, 
?^**pt.  11,  1891.  He  was  the  son  of  a  civil  engineer, 
vh<mi  early  death  left  the  family  in  poor  circum- 
>tances.  H^  entered  the  aUlier  of'Glaize  in  Paris  in 
1n51  ;  earned  money  with  copies  of  Watteau's  pictures ; 
aod  in  1861  exhibited  the  *^  Cuisiniers,"  which  made 
bini  famous  at  once.  It  was  followed  by  other  natu- 
ralistic pieces  of  genre  work  in  a  style  thai  recalled 
the  Dutch  masters,  and  then  he  applied  the  same 
method  to  more  elevated  subjects,  painting  his 
"  Saint  S<5bastien,"  "  J^sus  et  les  Docteurs."  "  Samari- 
tain,''  and  "  Mere  Morieu  "  and  "  Comptaoilit^^,*'  two 
balf-flt^urcs.  In  the  war  his  studio  and  all  his  pict- 
ures and  property  were  burned.  His  later  works 
vf^ere  in  the  vein  of  his  first  productions,  faithful 
impressions  of  the  picturesque  in  nature,  dealing 
"tU'H  with  ugly  subjects.  He  was  recognized  as  one 
of  the  masters  in  contemporary  art,  yet  many  ob- 
jected to  the  gloom  V  tones  of  hiscolorinjyr. 

BoteDi,  LnJgi|  an  Italian  prelate,  bom  m  Perugia  in 
l«W;died  in  Paris,  Sept  16.  1891.  His  studious 
habits,  bright  intelligence,  and  fidelity  to  duty  when 
a  boy  studying  in  the  diocesan  collejre  attracted 
the  attention  of  Gioacchino  Pecci.  the  present  Pope, 
who  went  to  Perugia  as  bishop.  He  acquired  a  fine 
Latin  style,  and  distinguished  himself  in  tlicology 
and  philosophy,  and  in  a  few  years  his  patron  placed 
him  m  chaise  of  the  seminary  at  Perugia,  and  after- 
ward introduced  him  into  the  diplomatic  service  of 
the  Vatican.  He  became  Bishop  of  the  See  of  Monte- 
tla»cone,and  afterward  Archbishop  of  Pharsalus,  and 
After  Cardinal  Pecci  became  I'ope  he  was  intrusted 
with  various  delicate  missions,  and  in  1886  was  sent 


June 


as  apostolic  delegate  to  Constantinople.     On   Jui 
28,  1887,  he  was  appointed   Papal  >uncio  to  Pari 


ans. 


His  task  was  to  carry  out  the  conciliatory  jjolicy  to- 
ward the  republic  that  tlic  Pope  had  *decide<l  on 
when  he  saw  that  there  was  no  hope  of  a  monarchical 
restoration,  and  that  the  power  of  the  Catholic  body 
was  weakened  by  the  bicKcrii^  between  tJie  various 
factions  of  Imperialists  and  Koyalists.  This  policy 
he  urged  on  the  Catholics  of  France,  and  after  Cardi- 
nal Lavigerie  had  come  out  openly  for  the  republic, 
the  Pope  gave  his  approval  to  the  new  movement  in 
a  letter  w-hich  influenced  a  majority  of  the  French 
bishops  and  some  of  the  leading  Clerical  journalists 
and  politicians  to  accept  the  republic.  Having  been 
instmmental  in  bringing  about  this  state  of  afiairs, 
Monsignore  Rotelli  was  replaced  in  1891  by  Monsig- 
nore  Ferrata,  and  was  raised  to  the  cardinalate. 

SoluDidty  Friedikli,  a  German  architect,  bom  in 
Frickenhofen,  Suabia,  about  1825 ;  died  in  Vienna, 
Jan.  28,  1891.  His  father,  a  Protestant  pastor,  had 
migrated  from  Hanover,  where  the  grandfather 
was  court  architect  The  pastor  had  a  passion 
for  building,  and  his  boy  was  detemiined  to  be  an 
architect  from  his  childhood.  He  went  through  the 
Gymnasium  at  Schomdorf  and  the  Scientific  High 
School  at  Cannstadt,  and,  having  an  overpowering 
fondness  for  Gothic  forms,  he  went  to  Cologne  and 
got  employment  on  the  cathedral  work  as  a  stonc- 
carver^s  apprentice.  The  chief  architect  discovered 
his  capabilities,  and  made  him  his  assistant^  and 
afterward  overseer.  After  passing  the  architects^ 
examination  in  Berlin,  he  built  some  pnvate  houses 
in  Cologne  and  his  first  Gothic  church  in  Quedlin- 
burg.  Like  many  other  artists  of  romantic  bent,  he 
embraced  the  Koman  Catholic  religion.  A  high 
Austrian  otficial  who  came  to  know liim  in  Cologne 
procured  for  him  the  appointment  of  professor  in  the 
academy  at  Milan,  wliere  he  began  his  work  in  1857. 
He  was*  greatly  liked  by  the  Italian  students,  whom 
he  inspired  with  his  own  enthusiasm.  While  there 
he  restored  the  Santo  Ambrogio  Chapel,  and  built  a 
church  in  Brescia.  In  1859  tne  Italians  tried  to  in- 
duce him  to  stay,  but  he  left  with  the  rest  of  the 
Austrian  ollicials,  and  settled  in  Vienna.  His  first 
work  there,  a  brick  gymnasium  in  the  modem 
Gothic  style,  already  developed  yi  north  Germany, 
ofi'ended  the  taste  of  the  \iennese,  and  when  he 
after^iard  placed  a  Byzantine  dome  on  a  Gothic 
church  the  critics  found  much  fault  with  his  hardi- 
hood. He  completed  the  spire  of  St.  Stephen^  and 
worked  eagerly  at  the  restoration  of  that  catliedral 
against  much  opposition.  His  plan  for  the  Berlin 
Kathhaus  received  the  first  prize  in  1859,  though 
finally  rejected  on  account  of  tne  distaste  of  the  Ber- 
liners  for  the  Gothic.  In  Austria  and  Hungar}',  where 
the  Renaissance  style  was  most  at  home,  he  created  a 
liking  for  Gothic  forms  bv  his  enthusiasm  and  the 
influence  of  his  personal  channs  and  persuasive 
tonffue.  He  soon  gained  a  great  reputation  as  an 
architect  and  rwtorer.  He  designed  the  Ilerz  Jesu 
Church  for  the  city  of  Cologne.  His  later  works  are 
distinguished  by  a  bold  freedom  and  breadth  of  stylo 
that  he  had  caught  in  Italy.  The  chief  of  his  pro- 
ductions, ike  Vienna  Rathhaus,  is  a  combination,  as 
much  Renaissance  as  Gothic,  marking  the  develop- 
ment of  a  modem  style  by  a  union  of  both. 

StDUfff  Jo)uum«  a  Hungarian  prelate,  bom  in  Stuhl- 
weissenhurg,  Aug.  23,  1818 ;  aied  in  Gran,  Jan.  28, 
1891.  He  was  the  sou  of  a  humble  artisan.  After 
passing   through  the   gymnasium,  he    entered    the 

?reparatory  school  for  the  clergy  at  Presbuig  in 
828,  and  in  1H36  was  ordained  a  priest  and  appointed 
a  cha])lain  in  Theresienstadt  His  talents  as  a 
preacher  and  his  leaming  advanced  him  in  less  than 
three  years  to  the  position  of  Universitv  preacher 
and  Professor  of  Religion  in  the  theological  faculty  at 
Pcftth.  In  1842  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  cure  of 
souls,  seeking  a  pastorate  at  Bajna,  near  Gran.  Four 
years  later  he  was  called  to  the  professonjhip  of  En- 
cyclopjedic  Theology  in  the  Gran  Presbyterium,  and 
in  1847   he  was  appointed  to  the  important  post  of 


686  OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Smith— Tamasese.) 

secretaiy  of  the    Gran  archbishopric.     In  1851  he  leadership  of  the  House  was  given  to  Mr.  Smith,  with 

was  called  into  the  Ministry  of  Education  as  director  the  office  of  First  Lord  of  the  Treasury,  the  one  uioi- 

of  ecclesiastical  alfairs  for  Hungary.    In  1857  he  was  ally  held  by  the  Prime  Minister.    Many  Conatrna- 

consecrated  Bishop  of  Kaab.    In   1867  he  was  ap-  tives  looked  on  Mr.  Smithes  rapid  rise  imfavomc»ly^ 

pointed  Archbishop  of  Gran  and  Primate  of  Hun-  and    mistrusted    his  capabilities   as    leader  of  tiie 

gary.     His  first  important  otficial  act  was  to  crown  House  of  Commons,  for  he  made  no  pretenaionii  u» 

uie  £mperor  Franz  Josef  King  of  Hungary.  .In  1873  eloquence  and  lacked  eveiy  element  of  the  di^tin- 

ho  was  made  a  cardinal.    He  disposed  of  large  reve-  guishing  culture  of  Uie  English  statesman.    Notwith- 

nues,  spending  an  annual  average  of  2,500,000  florins  standing  tliis,  he  was  remarkably  succesisful  a&>  the 

for  church  buildings,  education,  and  charity,  from  leader  of  the  party,  and  by  his  plain  honefi^ty,  lueid 

the  time  of  his  appointment  to  the  See  of  Raab  till  explanations,  moderation  of  speech,  absence  o?  bitter 

his  death.    The  cardinal  was  rough  and  outspoken  partisanship,  and  suavity  he  won  the  respect  of  h<Hh 

and  of  a  determined  disposition.    The  last  year  of  sides  of  the  House.    On  the  death  of  Lord  Granville 

his  life  was  imbittered  by  liis  quarrel  with  the  Gov-  the  Queen  appointed  him  Warden  of  the  Cinq^  Ports 

emraent  on  the  subject  of  the  baptism  of  children  of  which  gave  nim  the  right  to  occupy  Walmer  C«.<tle. 

mixed  marriages,  in  which  the  parish  clergy  refused  BpEingeri  Anton,  a  German  historian  and  critic,  borc 

to  follow  his  dictates,  and  left  hmi  helpless  when  he  in  1825 ;  died  in  Leipsic,  May  81,  1891.    He  vas  a 

tried  to  effect  a  compromise.  professor  in  the  University  of  Leipsic,  and  the  author 

Smith,  William  Heiiiy,  an  English  statesman,  bom  in  of  works  of  high  repute  on  the  history  of  art,  amon^ 

London,  June  24, 1825;  died  at  Walmer  Castle,  Oct  them  a  hand-book  of  the  history  of  the  fine  art^a 

6, 1891.    He  was  the  son  of  William  Henry  Smith,  review  of  tlie  historj' of  art  in  the  nineteenth  century, 

who  established  in  the  Strand  a  business  for  distrib-  and  a  study  of  Raphael  and  Michael  Angelo.    lie 

uting  newspapers  and  periodicals,  which  passed  into  also  published  a** History  of  Austria  since  the  Con- 

his  own  hands,  and  grew  to  enormous  proportions  in  grcss  of  Vienna." 

connection  witn  the  sale  of  books  and  periodicals  at  Steel,  Sir  John,  a  Scotch  sculptor,  bom  in  Aberdeen 

the  railroad  stations  that  became  almost  a  monopoly  in  1804;  died  in  Edinburgh,  bept.  15, 1891.    He  was 

in  his  hands.    At  the  age  of  forty  he  found  time  to  educated  in  Edinbuif^h,  studied  art  for  several  yean 

gratify   his  ambition  for  political  honors.    He  pre-  in  Rome,  returned  to  Scotland  in  1833,  and  acouirtd 

sented  himself  as  a  Conservative  candidate  in  1865  an  immediate  reputation  through  his  colossal  aesiifo 

for  the  representation   of  Westminster,  where   his  of  "  Alexander  taming  Bucephalus,"  which  ha.4  onlv 

business  was  situated,  and  though  he  was  opposed  by  recently  been  cast  in  bronze  and  erected  in  Edia- 

John  Stuart  Mill  ana  one  of  the  Groevenor  family,  burgh.    He  made  the  statue  of  Queen  Victoria  for 

which  owned  a  great  part  of  Westminster,  both  mem-  the  Koyal  Institution  in  Edinbui^h,  the  statue  of 

bers  of  the  Liberal  party,  which  had  always  been  in  Sir  Walter  Scott  for  the  Scott  monument  in  that  cit}% 

the  ascendancy  in  Westminster,  he^  ran  behind  only  the  medallion  portrait  of  Scott  in  W^etttminster  Abbev, 

about  700  votes.   In  1868  the  conditions  were  changed  and  statues  ana  busts  of  many  eminent  people,    llc 

by  the  reform  bill,  which  had  been  opposed  by  the  made  a  statue  of  Robert  Bums  for  the  city  of  New 

Duke  of  Westminster,  and  had  operated  favorably  to  York.   .One  of  his  most  famous  works  is  the  eque?- 

the  Conservatives  in  most  London  constituencies.    In  trian  statue  of  the  Duke  of  Wellington,  in  Edinbufitrh. 

that  year  Mr.  Smith  was  returned  at  the  Head  of  the  and  the   most   elaborate   is   the    Scottish    natioiml 

poll,  while  the  Duke  of  Westminster's  relative  came  memorial  of  Prince  Albert^  at  the  unveiling  of  which, 

m  second,  and  Mr.  Mill  last    It  was  considered  a  great  in  1876,  he  received  the  order  of  knighthood, 

part^  victory  to  win  a  seat  in  the  stronghold  of  Lib-  Snllmo,  Bany,  an  English  tragedian,  bom  in  Bir- 

eral ism,  and  therefore  he  took  at  once  a  prominent  mingham  in  1824;  died  in  Brighton,  May  8,1891.  He 

position  in  the  Conservative  ranks,  the  more  so  be-  made  his  first  appearance  on  uie  boards  at  Cork  in 

cause  he  was  a  man  of  the  people,  not  one  of  the  aris-  1840,  joined  soon    afterwiutl   the   company  of  the 

tocratic  Tories,  and  represented  the  democratic  tend-  Theatre  Royal  in  Edinburgh,  and  after  remainingr 

encies  suited  to    the    enlarged   borough  franchise,  there  for  several  seasons  traveled  through  the  vt(*v- 

When  he  first  turned  his  attention  to  politics  he  was  inoes.    His  first  London  appearance  was  at  the  liav- 

a  Whig,  and  he  became  a  Tory  because  the  Kefonn  market  in  1851  as  Hamlet,  in  which  he  scored  a  »m^ 

Club  was  too  exclusive  to  receive  a  man  engaged  in  cess.    His  reputation  grew,  and  when  he  went  to  the 

the  retail  trade.    In  Parliament  he  had  many  oppor-  United  States  and  Canada  in  1857  he  was  received 

tunities  of  displaying  his  political  sagacity  and  busi-  with  enthusiasm,  and  did  not  return  to  England  until 

ness  capacity  without  making  himself  obtrusively  1860.    A  year  later  he  went  to  Australia,  where  hv 

conspicuous.     He  was  prominent  before  the  nublic  remained  five  years,  meeting  with  an  extraonlinan' 

also  as  an  active  member  of  the  first  London  ochool  greeting  in  every  city.    InMelboume  he  played  for 


representative  tnat  he  needed  to  strengthen  his  Cab-  bom  Theatre.    Of  late  yean  he  has  played  meetly  io 

inet,  made  him  Financial  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  provincial  towns. 

and  in  1877  promoted  him  to  the  place  of  First  Lord  of  Sntheiland^  John,  an  English  sanitarian,  bora  about 

the  Admiralty,  in  which   he  made  a  good  record.  1820;  died  in  NorwoodTJuly  14, 1891.     He  was  edu- 

When  his  party  was  swept  out  of  power  "in  the  gen-  cated  for  a  physician  and  practiced  for  a  short  period 

eral  election  for  1880  he  retained  hl9seat^,  and  while  in  in  Liverpool,  where  he  became  known  to  the  public 

Opposition  he  spoke,  not  often,  but  effectively,  on  as  a  sanitary  reformer  through  the  "  Health  of  To»  n;* 

financial,  naval,  and  business  questions,  criticising  Journal,"  which  he  edited.    In  1848  he  entered  the 

the  (Jovemment  severely  in  1884  for  not  keeping  the  Government  service  under  the  first  Board  of  Health. 

navy  in  a  condition  to  meet  the  growing  demands  He  was  a  representative  of  Great  Britain  at  the  Pari* 

upon  it.    When  Lord  Salisbury  formed  a  Cabinet  in  Conference  of  1851  to  regulate  quarantine  law.    In 

18H5  he  made  Mr.  Smith  Secretary  for  War.    On  the  1855  he  was  engaged  in  carrying  into  effect  the  law 

resignation  of  Sir  William  Hart  Dyke  as  Chief  Secre-  abolishing  intramural  interments,  and  was  afterward 

tary  for  Ireland  he  accepted  the  post,  but  the  Gov-  placed  at  the  head  of  a  commission  sent  to  the  Crimea 

erriment  wa.s  overturned  not  a  week  after  his  transfer,  to  inquire  into  the  health  of  the  troop*.     He  seni-d 

On  the  formation  of  Lord  Salisbury's  second  Cabinet,  on  a  commission  on  the  sanitary  condition  of  the 

in  the  summer  of  188f),  he  returned  to  his  former  place  British  army  in  1858  and  on  one  on  the  army  in  India 

as  Secretary  ot  State  for  >y'ar,  and  again  he  had  not  in  1863,  suggested  important  improvements  in  barracks 

sufticient  ojiportunity  to  direct  his  business  talent  to  and  hospitals,  and  was  engaged  in  carrying  out  this 

the  reorganization  of  this  great  spending  department,  work  till  his  retirement,  in  1888, 

for  the  resignation  of  Lord  Randolph  Cnurcnill  made  TamaseBe,  ex-King  of  Samoa,  bom  about  1880:  died 

Mr.  Goschen  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  while  the  in  Lufilufi,  April  17, 1891.    When  the  Germans  at- 


OBITUAKIBS,  FOREIGN.    (Taubert— Weiss.)  687 

tempted  to  establish  a  protectorate  over  the  Samoan  lished  a  book    called    ^  K^viBion    on    R^volution,^* 

Ii»Iaudii  in  1866  the}r  took  advantage  of  one  of  the  giving  his  views  on  universal  suffrage.    At  the  time 

feiid»  between  the  chiefs  which  have  depopulated  the  of  the  coup  d*etat  he  was  a  partisan  of  Louis  Napoleon, 

i&Iands  since  the  introduction  of  flrc-anns  to  depose  and  he  ootalned  a  municipal  ofHcc  which  kept  him 

Malietoa,  who  had  established  his  rule  over  the  whole  out  of  journalism  for  some  years.    Resuming  his 

^ruup  and  set  up  in  his  place  Tamasese.    Prince  newspaper  career,  he  became  a  recognized  authoritv 

Bismarck  decided  not  to  carry  out  the  annexation  on  miance.  editing  influential  commercial  journals 

when  he  found  that  the  United  States  Government  and  publisning  a  ^  Guide  Finaneier,^^  which  has  been 

«ould  treat  it  as  an  unfriendly  act    Tamasese  was  the  model  for  many  succeeding  books.    Since  1870 

8upi>orted  by  only  a  smallport  of  tlic  people,  and  by  he  has  devoted  himself  entirely  to  dramatic  criticism. 

Asrrvttment  of  the* United  States,  Gennany,  and  Great  As  critic  for  the  ^* Figaro"  he  wielded  an  influence 

liritain.  Malietoa  was  restored,  althou|;h  the  people  necessarily  great  which  was  enhanced  bv  the  honesty, 

preferred  Mataafa,who  had  led  them  against  Tamasese  intelligence,  ana  discrimination  of  his  judgments, 

arler  Malietoa^s  deportation.    Tainascse  and  his  fol-  less  laborea  and  polished  tlian  those  of  the  weekly 

lowers  soon  ceased  to  struggle  against  the  decision  of  writers,  but  equally  critical  and  more  eflcctive  in 

t)ie  powers,  while  Mataafa  continued  the  war  against  guiding  public  taste. 

Maiietoa.  Wtxiogi  Edwud  John,  an  English  medical  author, 

Tanberti  Wflkelnii  a  Gennan  musician,  bom  in  1812 ;  bom  in  Tiverton,  Devonshire,  Dec.  14,  1819 ;  died  in 

difd  in  Berlin,  Jan.  7, 1891.    Ue  was  director  of  the  London,  Jon.  22, 1891.    He  was  the  son  of  a  captain 

Berlin  court  concerts,  with  the  title  of  chief  chapel-  in  the  British  navy.    He  sailed  as  a  sliipV  surgeon  to 

master  from  1831  till  1887,  and  from  1640  till  1871  he  Sierra  Leone  in  1841,  afterward  possea  his  medical 

was  leader  of  the  orchestra  of  the  opera  house.    He  examination  in  the  College  of  oui^eons,  and  was 

was  the  author  of  a  great  number  of  orchestral  pieces,  health  oilicer  in  Jamaica  m  1842-^43,  and  afterward 

among  them  the  operotic  score  for   Shakespeare^s  as  a^ent  of  the  Emigration  Commission  he  visited 

"^  Tempest*^    He  succeeded  also  in  light  pieces,  and  the  United  States  and  Uie  various  British  dependencies. 

leaves  to  the  world  several  collections  of  musical  In  1849  he  went  to  India  as  an  armvsui^eon,  and  while 

trifles/^  Kinderscenen"  and  others,  sprightly  and  full  stationed  at  Mergui,  in  Tenasserim,  he  compiled  his 

of  fancy  and  humor.  ^  Manual  of  Practical  Therapeutics"  (London,  1654). 

T4tii«  QUophifoi  known  as  Sister  Th^rtaei  a  Canadian  Finding  the  supply  of  dru^  running  short  in  his 
missionary,  born  in  1824;  died  in  Montreal  about  station,  he  sougnt  for  substitutes  among  native  re- 
Dec.  1,  1891.  She  was  the  daughter  of  a  notary,  and  medial  agents  sold  in  t^e  bazars  and  in  plants  of  the 
entered  the  order  of  the  Sisters  of  Providence  in  1844.  neigh bonng  forests,  and  published  a  volume  on  the 
Sent  with  another  nun  to  the  Indians  of  the  far  West  results  of  his  investigations,  which  he  followed  up 
in  l><o2,  she  traveled  on  horseback  almost  to  Uie  after  his  return  from  England  in  1S53,  in  which  year 
i*aeiflc  coast,  and  in  a  region  where  no  white  woman  he  became  physician  at  the  Kesidency  in  Travancore. 
hod  been  seen  before  she  acquired  a  remarkable  in-  In  1856  the  Mahar^jah  of  Travancore  made  him  court 
tluence  over  the  savages.  In  1857  she  went  to  Chili  physician.  In  1800  he  published '^  Bazar  Medicines.^^ 
to  eaitablish  a  home  for  abandoned  children.  She  Materials  collected  for  an  ^*  Encyclopcedia  Therapeu- 
was  made  treasurer  of  the  order  in  186(),  and  soon  tica 'Mhat  he  never  completed  were  utilized  partly  in 
after  taking  up  her  residence  in  Montreal  she  founded  his  **  Bibliotheca  Therapeutical  (1869)  and  partly  in 
the  great  insane  asylum,  the  buildings  of  which  were  "  Ma^'ne^s  Lexicon."  lie  returned  to  Englana  in  1*863, 
burned  with  100  patients  in  1890.  Of  this  establish-  and  in  1865  was  selected  as  chief  editor  of  the 
ment  she  was  mother  superior  till  the  time  of  her  "  Pharmacopoeia  for  India,"  which  was  completed  in 
death.  She  had  extraordinary  influence  over  violent  1868.  He  published  also  "Tropical  Resident  at 
lunatics,  and  possessed  a  degree  of  resolution  and  Home"  (1866), "  Cottage  Hospitals"  (1867),  and  re- 
elcN)uence  that  gained  her  point  whenever  she  made  ligious  books.  Both  in  India  and  in  London  he  or- 
a  dtMuand  on  the  Quebec  Government  for  money.  ganized  benevolent  and  missionary  enterprises. 

Vela,  VfawenaO)  an  Italian  sculptor,  bom  in  Ligno-  Weber,  Wilhebn  Edmrdi  a  Gennan  physicist,  died  in 

retto,  Ticino,  in  1822 ;  died  there,  Oct  5,  1891.    He  G^ttingen,  June  24,  1891.     He  gave  his  attention 

was  the  son  of  poor  peasants,  and  was  emploved  at  chiefly  to  electro-dynamics,  and  in  this  fleld  his  re- 

the   age  of  twelve  in  a  stone  quarry.    Maniiesting  searches  were  extensive  and  thorough.    He  is  said  to 

freat  aptitude  for  sculpture,  he  was  sent  by  friends  to  have  produced  the  flrst  electro-magnetic  telegraph, 

Ulan  in  1836,  wos  employed  in  the  restoration  of  with  which  he  experimented  successfully  in  1833. 

the  cathedral,  and  studied  under  Cacciotori.    In  1848  WalflSt  Jean  Jaoqvei,  a  French  author,  bom  in  1829 ; 

he  took  a  prize  with  his  oas-relief  "  Christ  restoring  died  in  Fontainebleau,  May  19, 1891.    He  was  the  son 

Uie  Daughter  of  Jairus."    He  flrst  ochieved  a  rcputa-  of  a  Swiss  soldier  in  the  French  service,  was  edu- 

tion  with  his  statue  of  "  Prayer."    Called  back  to  cated  in  the  Ecole  Nonnale,  was  a  teacher  for  some 

Switzerland  totake  part  in  the  war  of  the  Sonderbund,  years  in  provincial  academies,  and  then  became  a 

he  fought  afterward  in  the  Italian  revolution  of  1848.  journalist  in  Paris  and  wrote  articles  for  the  "  Courier 

After  the  campaign  was  over  he  went  to  Rome,  where  de  Paris  "  and  other  popcrs,  assailing  the  empire  in 

he  modeled  his  *'Spartacus,"  which  attracted  much  at-  skillfully  guarded  phrases.    When  OUivier  formed 

tention  in  the  Paris  E.\hibition  of  1855.  He  settled  for  a  his  Libcralministrv  in  1870,  the  two  sharpest  satir 

time  in  Turin,  producing"  Hope  "and "Resignation,"  ists  of  the  Opposition  press— Pre vost-Paradol  and 

and  at  Bergamos  he  made  "Iiarmony  in  Tears"  for  Weiss— accepted  otlioc  under  the  empire,  the  former 

tilt;  tomb  of  Donizetti.    At  the  Paris  Exhibition  of  becoming  minister  at  Washington  and  the  latter  I)i- 

lh»»3  he  showed  "  France  and  Italy,"  which  was  pre-  rector  of  Fine  Arts.    After  tlie  fall  of  the  empire  he 

sented  to  the  Empress  Eugenie  by  the  ladies  of  Muan,  edited  a  newspaper  of  vague  and  uncertain  political 

and  won  for  the  sculptor  the  decoration  of  the  Legion  character.    During  the  siege  of  Paris  he  brined  the 

of  Honor.    He  subsequently  sent  other  works  to  the  valet  of  Mr.  Washburne  to  bring  him  at  night  the 

Paris  Salon,  receiving  a  flrst  medal  in  1867.  American  minister's  copv  of  the  London  "Times," 

Vita,  ABgQste,  a  French  dramatic  critic,  bom  in  and  from  it  he  extracted  facts  and  political  secrets 

'Meudon  in  1823;  died  in  Paris,  Aug. "  '      -"  »  ^  -*         '-  ^'' '-  '»     i^^-m.- 

learned  the  printer's  trade,  obtained  a 

wrote  some  small  comedies  for  minor  theatres,  and  wos  established  he  joii 

before  he  was  twenty  years  old  entered  the  field  of  and  when  the  Republican  President  was  ousted  he 

journalism   as  a  contributor  to  tlie  "Mercure  des  was  rewarded  bv  being  made  u  counselor  of  state. 

Theatres"  and  "Charivari,"  his  articles  in  which  By  supporting  the  anti-Republican  combination  in 

have  been  published  in  book  form.    In  the  revolu-  1877  ho  sacrificed  his  infiuence  and  reputation  as  a 

tionory  period   between   1848  and  1851  he  was  an  political  writer.    Nevertheless  M.  Gambetta  appointed 

active'  political   journalist,  starting  various    short-  him  to  a  high  place,  that  of  diri'ctor  of  the  political 

Uved  journals  in  Paris  and  the  provinces.    He  pub-  department  in  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  and 


688 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    (Whichcote— Windthomt.) 


by  w)  doing  he  provoked  an  outcry  that  contributed 
to  Ilia  own  downfall.  Ketuming  to  journalism,  Weiss 
undertook  for  a  time  the  dramatic  jeuilltion  for  tlie 
*  Journal  dea  D<^batV'  which  he  abandoned  to  de- 
vote himself  to  literature.  He  was  the  author  of  sev- 
eral able  works,  and  for  the  last  six  years  of  his  life 
was  librarian  at  Fontaineblcau. 

Whiohootey  Greoigei  an  English  soldier,  bom  in  Lin- 
colnshire, JJec.  'Jl,  1794;  died  near  Coventry,  Aug. 
26,  1891.  He  was  a  son  of  Sir  Thomas  Whichcote, 
was  educated  at  Rugby,  and  on  leaving  school  en- 
tered the  array,  receiving  his  commission  in  January, 
1811,  and  was  sent  to  the  Peninsula  and  took  part  in 
the  severe  lighting  under  Wellington,  being  j^rcsent 
at  Sabugal,  £1  Bodon,  Alfayates,  the  storming  of 
Rederigo,  Bndajos,  and  the  battles  of  Salamanca, 
Vera,  v'^ittoria,  Pyrenees,  Nivelle,  Orthes,  Tarbcs, 
and  Toulouse.  At  Waterloo  he  commanded  a  com- 
pany of  the  52d  Regiment,  which  played  an  impor- 
tant part  in  the  events  of  the  day.  lie*  was  promoted 
captain  in  1818,  migor  in  1825  ^when  he  was  retired 
on  half-pay),  lieutenant-colonel  in  1838,  colonel  in 
1851,  m^jor-general  in  1857,  lieutenant-general  in 
1864,  and  flreneral  in  1871. 

Wlihe,  Sir  IfMam  Artimri  an  English  diplomatist, 
bom  in  1822 ;  died  in  Berlin,  Dec.  28, 1891.  The  son  of 
a  petty  consular  oHicial  of  Irish  origin^e  learned  from 
Polish  family  connections  to  speak  Polish  and  Ger- 
man so  well,  tliat  his  English  always  retained  a  for- 
eign accent,  although  he  was  educated  on  the  Isle  of 
Man  and  at  Cambridge.  He  was  therefore  specially 
fitted  for  the  appointment  that  he  received  of  secre- 
tary to  the  Hntish  consul-general  at  Warsaw  in 
1857,  at  a  time  when  a  new  fermentation  was  arising 
in  Poland.  He  performed  the  duties  that  were  com- 
mitted to  him  with  tact  and  discretion,  was  acting 
consul-general  for  a  time,  was  made  vice-consul  in 
1861,  and  in  1864  was  promoted  to  be  consul  at  Dant- 
sic,  while  continuing  for  a  year  longer  to  conduct 
the  atfairs  of  the  consulate-general  in  Warsaw.  In 
1866  he  went  for  six  months  to  Belgium  as  acting 
consul-general,  and  then  proceeded  to  his  post  at 
Dantsic,  where  he  remained  nine  years.  His  famil- 
iarity with  Slavonic  languages  and  witn  the  political 
doings  of  Russia  in  the  East  were  of  service  to  the 
Foreign  Ofticej  marking  him  as  the  proper  man  for 
the  post  of  political  agent  and  consul-general  at  Bel- 
grade in  1875,  when  the  movement  began  that  re- 
sulted in  the  Servian  war  and  the  Russo-Turkish 
war.  He  had  thus  crossed  the  border  lino  between 
the  consular  and  the  diplomatio  service,  but  would 
probably  have  never  reached  the  upper  grades,  which 
are  the  prizes  for  the  diplomatic  guild  of  the  aristoc- 
racy, had  not  Lord  Salisbury,  whom  he  assisted  as  a 
specialist  at  the  conference  in  Constantinople,  noted 
his  remarkable  knowledge  and  ability.  From  him 
the  Foreign  Minister  gained  much  of  tne  information 
that  caused  him  to  amend  his  views  on  the  Eastern 
question.  He  went  to  the  Berlin  Conference  as  an 
expert,  and  for  the  services  that  he  had  rendered  in 
the  preceding  three  years  he  was  appointed  minister 
at  Bucharest,  afterward  received  the  lionor  of  knight- 
hood, and  from  this  period  stood  in  the  forefront  of 
events,  was  recognized  as  the  greatest  authority  on 
the  Eastern  Question,  and  had  Uie  ^rst  claim  to  the 
succession  oi  the  embassy  at  Constantinople.  His 
opinions  were  decisive  before  he  was  sent  on  special 
missions  to  Constantinople  in  1885  and  1886.  ft  was 
his  advice  that  determined  the  attitude  taken  up  by 
the  British  Government  toward  Bulgaria  at  the  time 
of  the  annexation  of  Eastem  Rouiiielia  and  main- 
tained ever  since.  On  Oct  11, 1886,  he  was  appointed 
ambassador  to  the  Porte.  His  frank  and  open  man- 
ner, his  resounding  voice  and  unposing  personality, 
his  penetration  and  readv  memory^  his  store  of  infor- 
mation gathered  from  all  sorts  of  j)eople  and  from 
newspapers,  his  sagacitv  and  fine  tact,  impressed  the 
Turks  Irom  the  Sultan  down,  and  gave  him  a  personal 
power  and  influence  over  his  fellow-diplomats  at 
t'onstantinople  that  even  the  Russians  recognized  by 
calling  him  the  English  IgnaUejf.    In  England  he 


was  appreciated  bv  Liberals  and  Tories  alike  a»i  the 
greatest  expert  in  Eastem  atfairs  that  wais  ever  M*iit 
to  the  Golden  Horn,  not  less  sagacious  and  adroit  than 
Lord  Stratford  de  Redcliffe,  arid  one  whosw  plaw  It 
^lill  bo  eaually  hard  to  fill.  He  took  a  leave  ot*  ab- 
sence in  June.  1891,  to  enjoy  a  vacation  in  Geniumv, 
and  died  sudaenlv  from  anattack  of  influenza. 

WiUbi  William  Gfarmaiii  a  British  dramatist,  bom  ia 
County  Kilkennv,  Ireland,  in  1830;  died  in  London, 
Dec.  14,  1891.  lie  was  graduated  with  honors  at 
Trinity  College,  Dublin,  studied  art  in  that  city,  and 


stajfc  in  the  United  States  by  Lawrence  Barrett  II:* 
"  Charles  I "  was  the  play  in  which  Henr>-  Ir^  inir 
won  his  first  renown  as  a  tragedian,  and  the  same  act- 
or presented  his  "Eugene  Aram"  and  "  Vander- 
decKen."  "Jane  Shore"  was  brought  out  in  New 
York  by  Genevieve  Ward  and"OTivia"  by  Fami) 
Davenport  Other  popular  piec(»  written  by  him  an- 
"  Nell  Gwynn  "  and  "  w  illiam  and  Susan."  His  XinA 
work, "  A  Royal  Divorce,"  founded  on  the  sior>  ui 
Bonaparte  and  Josephine,  was  produced  in  LondoD 
a  few  months  before  his  death  by  Grace  HawthoracL 
He  was  the  author  of  several  novels,  of  which  •*  N^v 
tice  to  QuitTariti  "Wife's  Evidence"  were  repub- 
lished in  the  United  States. 

WindthonL  Lndwlgi  a  German  statesman,  bom  in 
Kaldenhof,  Hanover,  Jan.  17,  1812 ;  died  in  Berlin, 
March  14, 1891.    He  was  the  son  of  Catholio  parents 


and  his  father,  a  wealthy  fanner,  sent  him  to  the 
ancient  Carolinum  Gymnasium  in  the  neighboring 
town  of  Osnabrfick  to  prepare  for  entrance  in  a  theo- 
logical seminary.  Preremng  a  le^al  career,  h e  studied 
in  G^^ttingen  and  Hcidelbei]|^,  gained  a  reputation  a» 
attorney  for  Catholic  societies,  was  appointed  chief 
judge  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  at  Celle  in  184s,  and 
in  toe  following  year  entered  the  Second  Chaml^r  ol' 
Hanover,  in  which  he  supported  the  Particularirtic 
or  anti-l^russian  party,  and  took  so  prominent  a  [^^i- 
tion  that  he  became  leader  of  the  Ministerial  p^rtr. 
and  in  1851  was  elected  president  Soon  afterward 
he  was  called  into  the  Cabinet  as  Minister  of  Juiitio«- 
This  post  he  held  from  November,  1851,  till  l^-^^ 
winning  much  infiuence  over  King  Georg  V,  vh«>iii 
he  persuaded  to  receive  Catholics  at  court  In  l*")^ 
he  was  asrain  appointed  Minister  of  Justice  in  the 
Brandis-Platen  ministry,  which  favored  an  allianoe 
with  Austria  against  Pnissia  On  his  retirement,  he 
was  appointed,  in  October,  1866,  chief  srndic  of  the 
Crown  at  Celle.  After  the  annexation  of  Hanover bj 
Prussia  he  was  the  King's  representative  in  the 
nef]^otiations  with  Prince  Bismarck  for  compensfitir^n, 
which  resulted  in  the  treaty  of  Sept  29,  IsSi ,  and  till 
the  end  of  his  life  he  acted  as  legal  counsel  and 
political  representative  of  the  family  of  the  Guelpb^ 


OBITUARIES,  FOREIGN.    rWiNoriKLD— Yoshida  Kyonari.)  689 

In  1867  he  was  elected  to  the  North  German  Parlia-  whither  he  went  as  correspondent  of  the  Augsburg 
ment  and  to  the  Prussian  House  of  Deputies  as  rep-  ^  AUgemeine  Zcitung,^*  but  was  discharged  after  his 
rex^ntative  of  the  district  of  Meppen,  and  in  both  second  letter,  he  adapted  himself  to  French  taste  and 
bodies  he  displayed  untiring  activity  as  leader  of  the  ways,  yet  it  was  long  before  he  was  able  to  obtain  a 
Catholic  or  Center  part^.  u  was  laiigely  his  political  living.  He  was  patronized  by  Alexander  Dumas, 
^nius,  his  tenacity  of  purpose,  supple  adaptability,  who  made  him  his  secretary.  M.  Villomessantj  the 
readiness  of  resource,  power  of  management,  saga-  editor  of  the  ^  Figaro,"  rejected  many  of  his  articles 
cious  insight,  force  of  character,  moral  ascendancy  before  he  was  accepted  as  a  regular  contributor, 
over  othens  diplomatic  tact,  tactical  skill,  and  un-  During  the  Franco-Prussian  War  he  retired  to  Bel- 
rivaled  dialectical  and  oratorical  talents  that  created  gium,  Deing  a  Prussian  citizen.  Afterward  he  re- 
and  held  together  the  neat  Center  party,  which  was  tum^  and  was  naturalized.  In  his  writings  he  was 
an  instrument  in  his  nands  for  the  acnievement  of  intensely  hostile  to  Germany.  When  the  first  Bay- 
successes  that  were  remarkable,  measured  by  the  dif-  reuth  festival  occurred  he  reported  it,  and  covered 
ficulties  under  which  they  were  accomplished.  He  the  Wagnerian  music  with  ridicule.  His  caustic 
wa!»  the  leader  and  the  autocrat  of  the  Ultramon-  comments  and  epigrammatic  criticisms  on  art,  litera- 
tane  party  fh>m  the  opening  of  the  first  German  ture,  music,  drama,  were  read  with  keen  interest,  and 
Beichstaff  in  March,  1871.  For  sixteen  veais  he  con-  he  formed  a  style  Doth  in  criticism  and  in  political 
ducted  tne  Culturkampf  against  Uie  May  laws  of  writing  that  has  found  many  imitators,  when  M. 
1873,  and  held  together  the  Center  party,  narmoniz-  Villemessant  died  he  left  the  *'  Figaro"  by  will  to  M. 
in^  the  conflictiziff  factions  and  interests,  and  invent-  Wolfi  and  three  other  journalists.  He  was  one  of  the 
in^,  always  at  the  right  moment,  the  war  cry  that  first  to  introduce  into  journalism  the  daily  review  or 
rallied  the  electors  to  the  party  standard,  and  at  chronicle,  which  was  in  fashion  in  the  time  of  the 
len^^  he  triumphed  over  the  dominant  tendencies  empire.     Six  volumes  of  his  ^  Chroniques "  in  the 


the  only  one  who  almost  invariably  carried  off  the  Paris."  The  third  of  these  is  a  collection  of  his  corn- 
honors  of  the  battle  in  an  oratorical  duel.  The  Cleri-  ments  on  painters  and  sculptors,  and  what  he  has 
cals  were  the  most  numerous  faction  in  the  Reichs-  published  in  recent  years  has  been  chiefiy  confined 
tag  and  next  to  the  strongest  in  the  Prussian  Land-  to  criticisms  on  exhioitions  of  paintings.  He  was  a 
tag.  With  their  natural  allies,  the  Guelph,  Polish,  nephew  of  Jacques  Offenbach,  the  composer, 
and  Alsatian  Particularists,  who  usually  followed  wylllei  Sir  Wuliaaii  an  English  soldier,  bom  in  1802; 
Windthorst^  dictation,  they  were  led  by  him  into  died  in  London,  May  26, 18§1.  He  entered  the  British 
temporary  combinations  with  Conservatives,  or  Pro-  army  in  1618 ;  sailea  for  India  in  the  following  year, 
ffressists,  or  Socialists  against  Bismarck,  or  supported  and  at  the  age  of  twenty  commanded  a  detachment  of 
his  measures  against  the  Opposition,  always  exacting  three  hundred  native  soldiers  sent  against  the  rebel 
a  concession  for  their  aid,  until  little  was  left  of  the  Boop  Singh  in  the  Mahratta  country.  He  command- 
Falk  laws  in  May,  1889,  when  the  Chancellor  com-  ed  a  detachment  in  Gigerrat  in  1828,  and  in  1825  dis- 
pletod  his  pilgrimage  to  ^^Canoesa"  by  repealing  the  tinguished  himself  as  adjutant  of  his  regiment  in  an 
remnant.  Between  1881  and  1887,  after  the  disrup-  attack  on  the  heights  of  Jerun  in  Cutch.  As  mi^or 
tion  of  the  National  Liberals,  which  he  had  helped  of  brigade  to  the  Malwa  field  force  in  1827,  he  showed 
to  brin^  about  by  supportiziff  Bismarck^s  protective  such  ability  that  he  was  selected  to  perform  the  same 
policy  in  1879,  Windtnorst  often  found  himself  at  tlie  duties  in  we  Afghan  expedition  of  1838.  He  was  the 
nead  of  a  majority  of  the  Beichstog.  The  "  Pearl  of  first  British  officer  to  land  on  the  banks  of  the  Indus, 
Meppen,"  as  he  was  nicknamed,  was  diminutive  in  and  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  capture  of  Ghuznee 
stature,  as  was  indicated  by  the  other  facetious  epi-  and  the  occupation  of  Cabul.  On  returning  to  India 
thet,  ^  his  little  Excellency,"  and  his  face  was  exceed-  he  was  engaged  in  the  storming  of  Khelat  In  1840 
ingly  homely  except  when  brightened  in  the  anima-  he  was  ad.iutant-general  of  the  force  sent  to  relieve  Sir 
tion  of  speaking.  His  speeches  were  smooth  and  William  Nott  at  Candahar,  and  was  present  at  the 
diplomatic,  his  manner  insinuating  and  conciliatory,  storming  of  the  Hykulzye  heights  and  tneforcinff  of  the 
his  expressions  always  cautious  and  guarded,  his  Khojak  pass.  He  next  served  in  Sir  Charles  Napier^ 
statements  of  fact  inrallibly  exact,  and  his  incisive  campaign  for  the  conquest  of  Sind  as  assistant-acyu- 
wit  and  fine  irony  were  never  unkind  and  left  no  tant-gcncral,  and  was  badly  wounded  at  the  battle  of 
rankling  wound.  It  was  only  when  vaunting  the  Meanec.  In  1844-^45  he  commanded  the  force  sent  to 
greatness  and  glory  of  tiie  CaUiolic  Church,  and  be-  suppress  a  rebellion  in  the  soulhem  Maliratta  country, 
wailing  its  wrongs,  that  he  allowed  his  imagination  and  subsequently  he  commanded  the  brigade  at 
fn-c  play  and  rose  to  passionate  eloquence.  Ahmednupgur.  He  was  colonel  of  a  line  regiment 
Wngneldi  L0wi%  an  English  author,  bom  in  1842 ;  after  the  amalgamation  of  the  East  India  Company's 
died  in  London,  Nov.  12,  1891.  He  was  a  brother  of  forces  with  the  British  army  until  he  retired, 
the  present  Lord  Powerscourt    He  received  his  edu-  Toahida  Kyonuli  Viscount,  a  Japanese  diplomatist. 


a  sureeon,  an  explorer,  and  a  war  correspondent.    He  in  the  local  public  bureau  till  he  entered  the  English 

traveled  extensively  in  the  East,  became  familiar  school  at  i<agoshima  at  the  age  of  seventeen,  where  he 

with  Oriental  life,  and  was  one  of  the  earliest  for-  made  such  rapid  progress  that  he  was  selected  by  the 

ei^n^crs  to  obtain  permission  to  visit  the  interior  prov-  Prince  of  Satsuma  to  be  educated  abroad.    He  studied 

inces  of  China.     During  the  Franco-Prussian  War  in  University  College,  London,  and  aftemv'ard  for  six 

and  in  the  operations  against  the  Commune  in  Paris  years  in  American  colleges,  returning  tx>  Japan  in  1868 

he  labored  in  the  ambulance  department    Becently  after  the  revolution.    He  was  employed  at  first  in  the 

he  has  utilized  his  antiquarian  knowledge  in  arrang-  finance  department  of  the  new  Government    In  1872 

inif   costumes  and  scenery  for  the  presentation   of  he  was  transferred  to  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs. 

Shakc!*pearean  plays.    His  most  popular  books  are  being  appointed  on  the  commission  then  constituted 

^'  Lndv  (Jrizell "  and  the  "  Globe-Trotter."  for  the  purpose  of  devising  a  scheme  for  the  revision 

Wolfl^  Albert,  a  Frenchjoumalist,  bom  near  Cologne,  of  the  treaties.    In  1874  he  was  sent  as  minister 

Germany,  Jan.  1.  1827 :  died  in  Paris.  Dec.  22, 1891.  plenipotentiary  to  Washington,  where  he  remained 

He  was  wlucatea  in  Gennany,  studying  philosophy  until  in  1878  he  concluded  a  treaty  conceding  all  tliat 

at  Bonn    and  painting  in  DCisseldorf,  oegan  news-  Japan  contended  for  in  regard  to  consular  jurisdio- 

paper  work  there,  and  published  a  volume  of  stories  tion  and  the  rijfht  to  fix  import  duties,  with  a  proviso 

and  a  humorous  book  on  the  Rhine  voyage,  illustrated  that  the  treaty  should  not  go  into  force  until  the 

by  himself.    Soon  after  his  arrival  in  Paris  in  1857,  other  powers  had  agreed  to  accord  the  same  rights. 

VOL.  XXXI.— 44  A 


690  OHIO. 

All  the  powers  of  Japanese  diplomacy  have  been  con-  the  preceding  decennial  valuation ;  but  the  com- 
Rtantly  exerted  to  obtain  from  Groat  Britain  and  plaint  in  nearly  every  instance  was  that  the 
the  other  European  powers  the  concessions  that  [^^^1  valuations  had  been  too  high.  The  Sut« 
tlie  United  Stotes  are  wil hn«^to  accord  and  the  equal  ^^^  j  revising  the  returns,  paid  attention  to 
treatment  that  is  observed  between  civihzed  govern-  y^^^  "*  *^  *.""*©  "**"  »^«'***""»  t  ■  i  ui 
ments,  and  the  realization  seems  further  otf  n?w  than  those  complaints,  and  transferred  a  considerable 
when  Viscount  Yoshida  made  the  tnjaty  with  the  percentage  of  the  total  from  farm  to  urban  prop- 
Government  at  Washington.  lie  returned  to  Japan,  erty.  In  1880  the  total  valuation  of  real  prop- 
became  Assistant  Minister  of  Foreign  Aifaire  under  erty  in  the  State  was  $1,097,509,830.  of  which 
Count  Inouyej  and  a  member  of  tlie  .Senate  and  of  the  $684,826,516  was  returned  as  farm  propertv  and 
Privy  Council,  and  devoted  his  whole  mind  and  $412,683,314  as  real  property  in  cities,  towns,  and 
energy  to  the  object  of  treaty  revision^  villages.    The  decennial  valuation  of   1890  a.^ 

ai;5SS;'^SS1^nirK^^^^  ^Ssf}:^'^L''^f  f  f^  ^^  f  Eouali«.tion  in 

He  attended  the  Military  Academy  from  1882  till  1891  placed  the  total  amount  of  real  property  at 

1885.  and  on  passing  the  officere'  examination  he  en-  $1,144,033,563,  of  which  $576,183,975  was  farm 

tered,  on  Aug.  29, 1885,  into  the  service  of  the  Ger-  property  and  $567,849,587  real  property  in  cilifts 

man  £ast  Africa  Company.     Ue  led  several  expedi-  towns,  and  villages.    In  1880  the  larm  property 

tions  into  the  interior,  founded  the  station  of  Usun-  formed  62  per  cent,  of  the  total,  while  in  1890  it 

gula,  and  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolt  otthe  j^ad  fallen  to  50  per  cent.    There  had  been,  ac- 

coast  tribes  was  commandant  at  tlie  Pangani  station.  „,,-j:^-  i.^  i.K«  S*.„^^^  ^t  *u«  f«„v  r^-Jrwic   an 

Joining  Capt  Wissmann^s  force,  he  dfstiaguished  cording  to  the  returns  of  the  two  penods,  «n 

himself  in  the  assault  on  Bushiri's  camp,  led  a  re-  actual  depreciation  m  farm  property  of  nearlj 

oonnoitering  party  to  Dunda,  and  took  part  in  the  16  per  cent.     It  must  be  understood  that  thei< 

Btormiuj^  of  Saadani,  where  he  commanded  a  part  of  are  the  figures  for  taxation  only.    While  tb« 

the  assailing  force  and  was  at  the  front  through  all  Constitution  requires  that  all  property  shall  be 

the  battle.    On  July  30, 1891,  he  set  out  from  Maroro  taxed  at  its  tnie  value  in  money,  the  custom  is 

at  the  head  of  a   punitive  expedition  against  the  ^^    j^  ^jj^  taxation  value  at  about  40  per  cent. 

caught  in  an  ambSscade  as  it  entered  a  wood  between  J?  1890  was  returned  at  25,319,698  acres»  and 

Lula  and  Mdawaro  and  was  almost  annihilated.  the  average  taxable  value  per  acre  at  $22. 46. 

Agricoltaral  Statistics.— The  following  ^ta- 

•^     -^  OHIO,  a  Central  Western  State,  admitted  to  tistics  of  agriculture  in  the  State  were  compiled 

\  ^  the  Union  in  1803 ;  area,  39,964  square  miles ;  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  his  annual  report 

population,   according    to   last    census   (1890),  for  1891 :  ITAcat — Acres  sown  in  1JB90, 2,266,012; 

8,666,719,  being  the  fourth  in  rank  of  the  States,  bushels  produced.  31,509,676;    acres    sown  in 

Capital,  Columbus.  1891,  2,613,281.    i?yc.— Acres  sown  in  1890.  54,- 

Government. — The  State  officers  for  the  874 ;  bushels  produced,  618,238 ;  acres  sown  id 
year  were :  Governor,  James  E.  Campbell.  Demo-  1891,  67,062.  Buckwheat. — Acres  sown  in  lt?90, 
crat ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  William  V.  Marquis ;  13,968 ;  bushels  produced  190,991.  Oat*.— Acres 
Secretarv  of  State,  Daniel  J.  Ryan ;  Auditor  of  sown  in  1890,  959,012 ;  bushels  produced,  19.049.- 
State,  fibenezer  W.  Poe ;  Treasurer  of  Stat«,  033 ;  acres  sown  in  1891, 886,946.  Barley.— 
John  C.  Brown;  Attorney-General,  David  K.  Acres  sown  in  1890,  81,446;  bushels  produced, 
Watson ;  Board  of  Public  Works,  C.  A.  Flick-  579,849 ;  acres  sown  in  1891,  20,884.  Com,— 
inger.  Wells  S.  Jones,  William  M.  Ilahn  ;  Com-  Acres  planted  in  1890,  2,593,203 ;  bushels  (shelled) 
missioner  of  Common  Schools,  John  Hancock ;  produced,  63.694,215 ;  acres  planted  in  1891, 
Judgesof  the  Supreme  Court,  Thaddeus  A.  Min-  2,670,842.  Broom  Com.— 1,608  acres  in  1890 
shall,  Marshall  J.  Williams,  William  T.  Spear,  yielded  564,998  pounds  of  broom  brush.  Mead- 
Joseph  P.  Bradbury,  Franklin  J.  Dickman;  otps. — ^2,087.370  acres  produced  2,863,284  tons 
Clerk  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Urban  H.  Hester,  of  hay.  Clover. — 586,746  acres  produced,  tons 
All  these  officers,  except  the  Governor  and  Lieu-  of  clover  hay,  591,152 ;  bushels  of  seed,  191.264. 
tenant-Governor,  were  Republicans.  Flax. — 18.056  acres  produced,  bushels  of  seed. 

Finances, — The  balance  in  the  treasury  at  132,892 ;  pounds  of  fiber,  3,704,111.  P6tatoeK— 
the  beginning  of  the  fiscal  year  was  $402,586.44  Acres  planted  in  1890, 114,569 ;  bushels  produced. 
During  the  year  the  State's  proportion  of  the  2,678,245;  acres  planted  in  1891,  121,218.  To- 
direct  tax  refunded  by  the  United  States  Govern-  hacco. — 39.283  acres  produced  28,645,130  pounds, 
raent  was  received,  amounting  to  $1,332,025.93.  Butter. — Number  pounds  made  in  home  dai- 
The  receipts  from  all  other  sources  were  $5,737,-  ries,  52,359,086 ;  number  pounds  made  in  fae- 
268.93,  making  an  aggregate  of  treasury  re-  tories,  3,961,861.  Cheese. — Number  of  nounds 
sources  of  $7,471,881.30.  During  the  year  the  made  in  home  dairies,  1,138,215 ;  number  of 
funded  debt  was  reduced  by  the  payment  of  pounds  made  in  factories,  17,080,062.  Sorghum. 
$250,000,  and  in  addition  bonds  of  the  State  —Acres  planted,  6,577 ;  pounds  of  sugar  pro- 
Board  of  Agriculture  were  paid  to  the  amount  of  duced,  801 ;  gallons  of  sirup  produced,  415.282. 
$67,739.03.  The  other  disbursements  were  $5,-  Maple. — Number  pounds  of  sugar,  1,465,972; 
783,549.87,  leaving  a  balance  in  the  treasury  at  number  gallons  of  sirup.  997,148 ;  number  of 
the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  of  $1,370  591.80.  trees  tapped,  3,506,690.    Bees. — Number  of  hives 


valuation 

made 

vision  by  the  county  boards  of  equalization  the  yond    the    State.      Grapes   and    WiW.— Aciwi 

returns  were  passed  upon  in  1891  by  the  State  planted  in  18JH),  2,300 ;  acres  in  vineyard  in  1^*90, 

Board    of   Equalization.    The  county   returns  24,870;  pounds  of  grapes  gathered*  26,027.289: 

showed  in  general  a  considerable  falling  oflE  in  the  gallons  of  wine  presSed,  466,725.    Stteet  Potatoti. 

value  of  farm  lands,  compared  with  the  figures  of  — Acres  plan  tea,  1,675 ;  number  of  bushels  pro- 


omo.  691 

dnced,  123,548.  Orchards. — Number  of  acres  pervitiion  of  tho  instirance  department;  amending 
occupied,  383,718 ;  bushels  of  apples  produced,  sectionfl  8634  and  8641  bo  as  to  provide  for  the  forma- 
1,731,491;  bushels  of  peaches  produced,  48,400 :  tionan^  incorporation  of  live-atock  insurance  corn- 
bushels  of  pears  produced,  30;i79;   bushels  of  Ponies :  preventing  insurance  companies  from  accep^^ 

^i^^_  -^ •.JGi!,,^^^  1 A  oo-i      u     u  1        *      1  iDg  nska  sent  them  from  agents  outside  of  Ohio ; 

cherries  _  produced,  14,231 ;   bushels   of   plums  onfendLnif  section  282  hv  stritini.  out  th«  ^mvUinn' 


woodland,  3,768,038 ;  number  of  acres  lying  insurance  companies  valued  and  providing  for  pay- 
waste,  454,461;  total  number  of  acres  owned,  mentofexpenses;  amending  and  supplementing  sec- 
20,157,194  Wboi.— Number  of  pounds  shorn  in  M<^^  3641  by  providing  for  insurance  against  explo- 
iMon    ifiAOOQAi      v.i**iKai.  />#  n^ii^k  «««,»   fliQ  Biona  and  for    insurance   of  employes;   amending 

^^'  ii„^.  S  ^1?          a  S^     v^   L  ^';  «^^^^'^  3««»  ^y  providing  that  no  {nsJrance  company 

o07.     Numter  of  stallions,  6,060.    Number  of  shall  carry  a  casS  to  ihe  United  States  courts. 

does,  153,892.                      ^  Regulating  tiie  employment  of  railroad  engineers 
Liei^islatiTe, — ^The  adjourned  session  began  and  conductors.    No  person  can  act  as  a  conductor  of 
Jan.  6  and  closed  May  4.    The  volume  of  laws  wijr  train  unless  he  has  had  at  least  two  years^  ex- 
enacted  was  larger  than  for  many  previous  years,  periencc  as  trainnian  or  brakeman  within  five  years 


system.    A  "blanket  bal-  ence  as  a  fireman, 

lot "  i«  re<iuired,  each  party  ticket  on  it  to  be  headed  Preferring  $800  for  labor  perfonned,  in  all  cases  of 

by  a  distinctive  device  in  addition  to  the  name  of  the  assignment,  over  all  other  claims 

party.     The  State  conventions    subsequently   held  Permitting  the  wife  or  husband  to  t^tifV,  in  di- 

adoptod  the  device  of  an  American  eagle  for  the  Re-  yorce  or  alimony  proceedings,  as  fully  as  other  per- 

}>ublican  tickets^  a  rooster  for  the  Democratic,  a  rose  eons. 

lor  the  Prohibitioja,  and  a  plow  and  hammer  for  tlio  Appropriating  $100,000  to  secure  an  Ohio  exhibit 

People  6  party.    The  law  makes  ngid  provisions  for  at  the  World's  Fair  in  (Chicago, 

secrecy  and  against  corruption  or  intimidation.  Appropriating  $40,000  for  the  preliminary  steps  to- 

Levyimrone  twentieth  of  a  mill  on  the  grand  duph-  ward  the  establishment  of  an  epileptic  asylum  at 

cate  for  the  support  and  maintenance  of  the  Onio  Gallipolis. 

fc^uito  Uni  vereity,  and  giving  all  the  State  appropria-  Rawing  the  age  of  consent  from  fourteen  to  sixteen 

tion  for  colleges  to  the  same  university.  years. 

Increasing  the  amount  of  personiU  property  allowed  An  amendment  to  the  taxation  clause  of  the  Con- 
to  be  exempted  from  taxation  from  $50  to  $100.  stitution  was  submitted  for  popular  decision,  provid- 

Dispoeing  of  the  direct  tax  refunded  by  the  General  w  that "  laws  may  be  passed  taxing  rights;  privi- 

Goyemment  by  placing  $1,000,000  to  the  credit  of  the  leges,  franchises,  and  such  other  subject  matters  as 

f^inlung  f\md  and  $382,000  to  the  credit  of  the  general  the  Legislature  may  direct." 
revenue  fund. 

Chan^ng  the  system  of  compensation  of  county  Municipal  GoTemment. — A  radical  depart- 

officiab  by  paying  salaries  computed  on  the  tax  du-  ure  in  the  system  of  municipal  government  in 

pUcatM  ot  tfie  various  counties.  Ohio  was  made  by  the  enactment  of  a  law  affect- 

Making  It  unlawful  to  employ  m  factones  children  •      ^he  city  of  Cleveland  only.    The  law,  which  in 

under  fourteen  years  ot  age.  ..*'.•'..                av        a             »              i 

The  Coroorai  building-and-loin  association  act  its  mam  provisions  was  the  outcome  of  a  popular 
places  all  such  companies  under  the  supervision  of  movement  m  that  city  irrespective  of  party,  com- 
the  auperinteudent  of  insurance,  and  provides  for  the  pletely  divorces  the  legislative  and  executive  f  unc- 
appointment  of  an  assistant.  It  also  authorizes  the  tions  of  the  municipal  government,  the  former 
codification  of  the  laws  governing  the  associations,  being  confined  to  a  city  council  of  twenty  mem- 
It  further  provides  that  all  foreign  companies  doing  y^^  elected  in  ten  districts,  and  the  latter  given 
buf^inejs  m  Ohio  «*»*"  deposit  $1(W,0(W  in  se^^  j  t^  ^^      ^    ^^^  ^^  ^j,                  ^    ^  ^^ 

patmnJ'''            ""'                       ^  y^"  *>y  the  peoDle.    The  mayor  appoints,  with 

Tho  Pennell  school-book  act  constitutes  the  Gov-  the  approval  of  the  council,  six  heads  of  depart- 

emor  and  Secretary  of  State  a  commission  to  secure  ments,  who,  with  him,  form  an  executive  board 

bids  from  and  contract  with  school-book  publishing  of  control.    Each  head  of  department  appoints 

hoiwes  to  furnish  the  required  text-books  for  a  period  his  subordinates.    The  mayor  can  arbitrarily  re- 

of  five  yeaw  at  a  reduction  of  26  per  cent  from  the  ^0^^  ^ny  member  of  the  force,  but  when  the 

prij^nt  wholesale  list  pnces.  ^^  o^  ^  department  removes  a  subordinate  he 

The  liquor  question  was  dealt  with  in  two  laws.  .  «|^ :/!«.„  -^««^«„  ,«;*u  ♦u^  ~«-,-.-     m. 

The  Ilollldav  law  makes  it  unlawful  for  any  minor  to  {""»*  file  written  reasons  w  th  the  mayor.    The 

ent4?r  saloons.    It  imnoses  a  fine  against  any  saloon-  law  went  into  effect  at  the  Apnl  election, 

keeper  who  knowinaiy  permits  a  minor  to  remain  m  The  Supreme  Court  made  an  important  decis- 

hi»»  place.    Under  this  law  both  the  minor  and  the  ion  in  regard  to  legislation  on  municipal  gov- 

saloon-keeper  are  amenable  to  the  law.    The  Phillips  ernment  in  a  case  coining  from  Cincinnati.    The 

law  makes  it  unlawful  to  sell,  vend,  or  trartlc  in  in-  ^tate  Constitution  prohibits  special  legislation, 

toxicating  liquors  in  brothels.  t^Yiq  law  passed  at  the  extraordinary  session  of 

whirrVeTr^tngr^oT^q^nruf^iHSZcl  the  Lepsfatu^.in  October  1890  al^lisheci  the 

companies  doing  businetS  in  Ohio  to  make  a  detailed  board  of  public  improvements  m  Cincinnati,  and 

statement  of  expenditures  to  tlic  commissioner  of  in-  substituted   a  board  of  city  affairs,  to  be  ap- 

surance,  and  prohibiting  the  use  of  such  terms  as  pointed  by  the  mayor,  and  the  bonds  of  tne 

"  incidentals  or  all  other  expenditures,"  and  also  re-  members  to  be  approved  by  the  judges  of  the 

quiring  that  a  stotementbe  made  to  policyholders;  Superior  Court  and  the  city  solicitor.    Cincin- 

to  amend  section  8654  so  as  to  compel  mutual  com-  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  i„  tj^^  ^.^  ^YiicYi  was  made 

tCTu=^n1elif<r?it'u^n^^^^^^^  to  apgly  to  a  ^^city  of  the  first  grade  oMhefir^t 

3631  reftrrinjf  to  assessment  life  associations  so  as  to  class.      The  ousted   members  of  the  board  of 

exempt  ex-Union  soldiere*  oiganizations  from  the  su-  public  improvements  earned  the  case  to  the  Su- 


692  OHIO. 

preme  Coart«  on  the  CTOund  that  the  law  was  Republican  Ck>nmss,  by  which  the  entire  pro- 
special  legislation.  The  majority  of  the  court  duction  of  the  silver  mines  of  the  United  States 
sustained  the  plea  and  declared  the  law  uncon-  is  added  to  the  currency  of  the  people."  In  the 
stitutional,  because  no  other  city  in  the  State  remaining  resolutions  of  the  platform  the  de- 
has  a  superior  coart,  which  was  created  specially  mand  was  made  for  **  the  enactment  of  laws  that 
for  Cincmnati.  will  protect  our  country  and  our  people  against 

Political. — The  Prohibition  State  Conven-  the  influx  of  the  vicious  and  crimmal  elates  of 
tion  was  the  first  to  be  held.  It  met  at  Spring-  foreign  nations,  and  the  importation  of  la^rers 
field,  June  11.  The  platform  denounced  the  under  contract  to  compete  with  our  own  citi- 
liquor  traffic;  demanded  revision  of  immi^ra-  zens";  favoring  ** economy  in  the  administra- 
tion and  naturalization  laws  to  prevent  aliens  tion  of  national  and  State  affairs,  prompt  and 
voting  until  one  year  after  naturalization ;  de-  effective  restraint  of  combinations  of  capitalists 
clared  for  woman  'suffrage ;  denounced  specula-  for  purposes  unlawful  or  at  variance  witn  sound 
tion  in  margins;  recommended  pensions  to  sol-  public  policy;  ample  educational  facilities  for 
diers  and  sailors,  their  widows  and  orphans,  ac-  the  whole  people ;  the  reservation  of  the  public 
cording  to  time  of  service.  In  addition  it  de-  lands  of  the  United  States  for  homesteads  for 
clared  that  American  citizens,  and  the  restoration  of  the 
The  tariff  should  be  levied  only  as  a  defenae  against  Public  domain  of  all  unearned  ra^^ 
foreign  governments  that  levy  tariff  upon  or  Sir  out  i»voring  "  liberal  pensions  to  the  sailors  and  sol- 
our  products  from  their  marketB,  revenue  being  in-  diera  of  the  republic  and  a  generous  care  of  their 
cidental ;  the  residue  of  means  necessary  to  an  eoo-  widows  and  orphans  " ;  approving  the  Ilarrison 
nomical  administration  of  government  should  be  administration;  commending  the  services  of 
raised  by  a  graduated  income  tax;  non-residento,  Senator  Sherman  and  his  Republican  colleagues 
aliens,  should  not  be  allow^  to  aw^mre  land  in  this  j^  Congress ;  approving  the  selection  of  Chari<s 
country,  and  we  favor  the  limitation  of  individual  p  ^  %  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ;  and  de- 
andoorporateownershipof  land;  all  unearned  grants  '- ^''*^\  ^^'-  *^^^*^^ j  i-  a.  i*w»ui^  ,  whu  ui:- 
of  land  to  railroad  companies  or  other  corporations  SJ'^'^i^*';^  ^."®  I>emocratic  SUte  administration, 
should  be  reclaimed,  and  no  further  portion  of  the  I^e  following  ticket  was  nominated :  Governor, 
national  domain  should  be  thus  granted;  railroad,  William  McKinley,  Jr.;  Lieutenant-Governor, 
telegraph,  and  all  other  natural  monopolies  which  Andrew  L.  Harris;  Auditor,  Ebenezer  W.  Poc; 
owe  their  existence  to  grants  of  power  from  the  peo-  Treasurer,  William  T.  Cope ;  Attorney- General, 
pie  should  be  controlled  by  the  people  through  their  John  K.  Richards;  Supreme  Judge,  Marshall  J. 
le^wlatures,  in  the  interest  of  the  people,  and  no  Williams;  Public  Works,  Charles  E.  Grocc; 
higher  charges  allowed  than  necessary  to  make  fair  o  i.  i  <n  *  .  .^  "^im,  ^^iiaiM^  ^.  "i^^ 
returns  on  capital  actually  invested.  The  ciroulation  School  Commissioner,  Os^r  T  Corson  ;  Dairy 
medium  of  the  country  mav  rightly  consist  of  gold,  and  J^ood  Commissioner,  h.  B.  McNeal. 
silver,  and  paper.  It  should  ail  be  of  full  legal  ten-  The  Democratic  Convention  was  held  at  Cleve- 
der  and  sufficient  in  Quantity  to  meet  the  demands  of  land,  July  15  and  16.  The  platform  approved 
business  and  give  ftill  opportunity  for  the  employ-  the  administration  of  Gov.  Campbell  and  the 
ment  of  labof.  iso  private  individua  or  corporation  Democratic  Legislature,  especially  for  having 
rfiould  be  allowed  to  make  any  profit  through  issuing  ^j^^^  ^  secret-beUot  lawT  On  tariff  and 
It  Neither  should  it  be  possible  for  any  man  or  com-  «  .  ^^v,»«u-^/«.*ivw  u»n.  ^u.  m.i(u 
bination  of  men  to  produce  an  artificial  scarcity  and  "nance  it  saia : 
secure  exorbitant  rates.  ^   We  are  opposed  to  all  class  legislation  and  believe 

m.     4  11      •  •     4.*  J       n  in  A  tariff  levied  for  the  sole  purpose  of  producinf  a 

The  following  nominations  were  made :  Gov-  revenue  sufficient  to  defny  the  l^itimate  expenaa  of 

emor,  J.  J.  Ashenhurst;  Lieutenant-Governor,  the  Government,  economically  administered.    We  ac- 

W.  J.  Kirkendall ;  Supreme  Judge,  Hewson  L.  cept  the  issue  tendered  to  us  by  the  Republican  party 

Peeke ;    Attorney-General,    W.    H.    Matthews ;  on  the  subject  of  the  tariff,  as  represented  by  the  so- 

Treasurer,  George  W.   Mace;    Auditor,  C.  E.  called  McKinley  tariff  act,  conttdent  that  the  verdict 

Reesor ;  Board  of  Public  Works,  P.  A.  Rodefer ;  ?^  ^J"  P®<^P\«  °'  ^J"^^  ^\"  ^  ^^^  mgwipBi  thcin- 

Schopl  Commi^Wr  E.  V.  Zollars ;  Dairy  Com-  l>%r  ^lil^lil'^li^n^Sn^^^^ 

missioner,  Waldo  P.  Brown.  classes  against  the  masses. 

The  Republican  Convention  was  held  at  Co-        We  favor  a  graded  income  tax. 
lumbus,  June   16  and  17.    The  platform  reaf-        We  denounce  the  demonetization  of  silver  in  1873 

firmed  "devotion  to  the  patriotic  doctrine  of  by  the  party  then  in  power  as  an  iniquitous alteratioo 

protection,"  and  recognized  the  McKinley  bill  as  o*  \^^  money  standard  in  favor  of  creditors  and 

"  the  ablest  expression  of  t  hat  principle,  enacted  «f  fti^t  debtoi^  tax  payers  and  producere,  and  which, 

in  fulfillment  o^f  Republican  p^^^^^  ml^'^n^e^o^^r^rio?^^^^^^ 

the  party  to  its  support;,     always  having  m  view  of  gold,  depi^prices,  hamper  fndustrv,  and  disptr- 

its  improvement  as  changed  conditions  or  expe-  age  enterprise;  and  we  demand  the  reinrtatement of 

rience  may  require."    It  favored  "such  legisla-  the  constitutional  standard  of  both  gold  and  silver 

tion  by  Congress  and  in  this  State  as  will  in  with  the  equal  right  of  each  to  free  and  unlimited 

every  practicable  mode  encourage,  protect,  and  coinage. 

promote  the  interests  of  agriculture  m  all  its  de-        The  platform  denounced  "the  billion-dollsr 

partments";  demanded  "protect  ion  for  the  wool  Congress";  congratulate!  the  people  "on  the 

industry  equal  to  that  accorded  to  the  most  fa-  defeat  of  the  odious  force  bill";  opposed  the  en- 

Yored  manufacturer  of  wool,  so  that  in  due  time  actment  of  laws  "  which  interfere  unnecessarilj 

American  wool  growers  will  supply  all  wool  of  with  the  habita  and  customs  of  any  of  our  peo- 

every  kind   required  for   consumption    in  the  pie  which  are  not  offensive  to  the  moral  senti- 

United  States."^    On  the  money  question  it  said :  ments  of  the  civilized  world  " ;  favored  laws  pi^- 

"Thoroughly  believing  that    gold    and    silver  ing  a  uniform  system  of  municipal  government 

should  form  the  basis  of  all  circulating  medium,  in  which  executive  and  legislative  powers  shsll 

we  indorse  the  amended  coinage  act  of  the  last  be  separated,  the  former  to  be  lodged  in  a  maTor 


OHIO.  OKLAHOMA.                    693 

and  the  latter  in  a  council,  both  to  be  elected  by  rigid  enforcement  of  laws  against  the  adultera- 

the  people ;  favored  closer  commercial  relations  tion  and  counterfeiting  of  food  and  drink  prod- 

with  Canada ;  just  and  liberal  pensions  to  de-  ucts ;  free  school  books  and  compulsory  educa- 

serving  and  disabled  soldiers  and  sailors  who  tion.    TheStandard  Oil  Company  was  denounced 

fought  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Government,  for  joining  the  trust  and  a  demand  made  for  the 

and  to  their  widows  and  orphan  children ;  and  forfeiture  of  its  charter.    The  following  ticket 

expressed  sympathy  with  the  persecuted  Jews  in  was  nominated :  Governor,  John  Seitz ;  Lieuten- 

Ru«$sia.    A  mmority  report  was  presented,  sub-  ant-Governor,  Frank  L.  Rist;  State  Auditor, 

stituting  the  following  for  the  coinage  and  in-  David  W.  Cooper ;  Attorn<^-General,  Riall  N. 

come-taGc  planks :  Smith;  Treasurer,  Henry  We) f;  Judge  of  Su- 

We  believe  in  honcBt  monev,  the  coinage  of  gold  Pre^e  Court,  Alfred  M.  Yaple;  School  Comrais- 

and  silver,  and  circulating  medium  convertible  into  sioner,  J.  JIj.  reterson ;  Member  Board  of  Public 

such  money  without  loss ;  and  wo  oppose  all  legisla-  Works,  J.  S.  Borror ;  Dairy  and  Food  Commis- 

tion  which'  tends  to  drive  either  gpla  or  silver  out  of  sioner,  W.  J.  Weaver. 

circolatton,  and  we  believe  in  maintaining  the  coin-  The  canvass  that  followed  the  conventions  was 

age  of  both  metals  on  a  lynty.           ,,.,,.  one  of  the  most  remarkable  in  the  history  of  the 

fnr^*o!±?aI^'Z'on  i^^'n.^^'ir^^tXk^^^  State.    The  nomination  by  the  Republicans  of 

plaSbS^  WUliam   McKinley,  the  reputed  author  of  the 

_.  ..^  .  -i  ^  ^  •* .  o®^  tariff  law,  forced  the  tariff  issue  sharply  to 
.  The  mmonty  report  was  defeated  by  a  major-  the  front,  and  the  entire  campaign  was  fought 
ity  of  99  m  a  total  vote  of  700,  and  the  platform  on  national  issues.  Gov.  Campbell  was  pre- 
was  then  adopted  as  reported  by  the  majority  of  vented  by  illness  from  taking  an  eariy  pari  in 
the  committee.  The  ticket  nom mated  was  as  the  contest,  but  Major  McKinley  began  making 
follows:  Governoi;  James  E.  Campbell;  Lieu-  speeches  throughout  the  State  soon  after  the 
tenant><Jovernor,  William  y.  Marquis ;  Auditor  conventions  had  been  held.  The  canvass  was 
of  State,  Thomas  K  Peckmpaugh ;  Attomev-  noticeable  also  for  the  entire  absence  of  person- 
General,  John  P.  Bailey;  bUte  Treasurer^.  P.  aiities,  which  had  been  an  unpleasant  feature  of 
Ackerman ;  Supreme  Judge,  Qustavus  H.  Wald ;  most  previous  gubernatorial  campaigns  in  Ohio. 
Commissioner  of  &hools,  Charies  C.  MUler ;  The  Republican  and  Democratic  candidates  were 
Member  Board  of  Pubbc  Works,  John  McNa-  warm  personal  friends,  and  used  their  influence 
mara ;  Food  and  Dairy  Commissioner,  Ambrose  with   their  respective  supporters  to  this  end. 

^'mP^^^'  If  ^  i.  ^1,  Once  during  the  campaign  the  two  leading  can- 
The  People  s  party  convention  was  held  at  didates  met  in  joint  debate  at  the  village  of  Ada, 
Springfield,  Aug.  6.  The  platform  held  that  crowds  coming  from  the  surrounding  country  to 
"  Labor  is  the  basis  of  all  wealth,  happiness,  and  prog-  hear  the  discussion  of  the  tariff.  Much  of  the 
rcsSf  and  must  have  eoual  protection  by  the  law  " ;  interest  in  the  campaign  arose  from  speculation 
Uiat  the  Government  snail  be  so  administered  as  to  as  to  the  strength  of  the  new  People's  party, 
secure  equal  rights  to  all  people;  that  taxation,  na-  In  addition  to  the  election  of  State  officers,  tlie 
tional.  State,  or  municipal,  shall  not  be  used  to  build  p^pj^  ^^^  ^  ^^^  on  ^  constitutional  amend- 
UDone  intereet  or  class  at  the  expense  of  another ;  the  ]^^^  enlarging  the  legislative  power  over  tax- 
abohtion  of  national  banks  as  banks  of  issue  and  as  a  •"?""  «'"*"* 6*"6  ""^  a^I5wi»i.ato  p^jtox  v*«7a  wa 
substitute  for  national-bank  notes;  that  full  legal-  ation,  and  also  on  the  question  of  holding  a  con- 
tender treasury  notes  be  issued  in  sufficient  volume  stitutional  convention  to  revise  the  Constitution, 
to  conduct  the  buMiness  of  the  country  on  a  cash  that  instrument  requiring  the  submission  of  the 
basis ;  payment  of  all  bondJs  of  the  Government  in-  question  every  twenty  years.  The  election  was 
stewi  of  refunding  them  in  such  money  as  they  were  held  Nov.  3,  with   the  following  result :   Gov- 


eml^ensi^^  ti  ^iT  Kmb^discha;^  Unbn  ;;>!-    ^^hn  J  AshenhurBt  (Prohibition),  20,100;  John 
dicre  of  the  late  civil  war  and  ffeneroiw  care  for  their    Seitz  (Peoples),  28,472;    Republican  plurality. 


widows  and  orphans,  and  that  the  difference  between  21,151.     (in  tlie  vote  for  the  other  oiBces  the 

the  value  of  ffold  and  greenbacks  at  the  date  of  pay-  Republican  plurality  varied  from  27,000  to  29,- 

ment  be  ma«le  e<jual  to  frold,  so  as  to  place  the  soldier  500.    On  the  taxation  amendment  the  vote  was : 

on  the  same  footine  as  the  bondholder  has  been ;  fa-  Yes,  303,177 ;  No,  65,014.    On  the  Constitutional 

vored  woman's  sulTraffe,  Government  loans  directly  Convention- Yes,  99,784;  No,  161,722.    As  the 

^et^  o^a2^^ -dTe^a^d^^^^  tot^l  vote  cast  at  the  elation  was  803,228  re- 

vise  a  means  of  obtaining  all  land  already  owned  by  €(n»"ng  401,615  for  the  adoption  of  a  constitu- 

foreijDfn  syndicates ;  also  demanded  all  lands  held  by  tional  amendment,  both  constitutional  proposi- 

railroads  and  other  corporations  in  excess  of  what  is  tions  were  defeated. 

actually  needed  be  reclaimed  by  the  Government  and  OKLAHOMA,  a    Territory    of    the    United 

held  for  actual  settlers  only ;  demanded  graduated  tax  States,  organi^  by  act  of  Congress  approved 

on  incomes.  May  2, 1890 ;  area  (including  the  Cherokee  coun- 

On  State  matters  the  platform  favored  a  con-  try  and  No  Man's  Land),  89,080  square  miles; 

stitutional  amendment  preventing  changes  in  population  (including  Greer  C)ounty,  claimed  by 

the  forms  of  municipal  government  for  partisan  Texas),  according  to  the  census  of  1890,  61,884. 

purposes  and  requiring  the  consent  of  the  peo-  Capital,  Guthrie. 

pie  to  any  such  changes ;   also  a  constitutional  government, — The  following  were  the  Terri- 

amendment  requiring  submission  of  proposed  torial  officers  during  the  year :  uovemor,  George 

legislation  to  the  popular  vote  in  certain  condi-  W.  Steele,  Republican,  who  resigned  in  October; 

tions;  the  enactment  and  rigid  enforcement  of  Secretary  and  acting  (Jovemor  after  the  Govem- 

laws  preventing  gambling  in  futures ;  the  election  or*s  resignation,  Robert  Martin ;  Treasurer,  W. 

of  United  States  Senators  by  the  people ;  the  T.  Higgle ;  Auditor  and  Superint-endent  of  Pub- 


694 


OKLAHOMA. 


lie  Instruction,  J.  H.  Lawhead;  Attomer-Gcn-  to  b€  griven  to  the  institution  and  authorang  sud 

end,  Charles  Brown ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su-  S^^^^y  to  i^ue  $5,000  in  boniis,  the  proceeda  to  be 

preme    Court    Edward    B     Green ;    Assocmte  ^'"'^T^^^^'SI^Z^ 

Justices,  Abraham  J.  beay  and  John  ii.  Clark.  Prescnbing  a  code  of  civil  procedure. 

Valuations,— The  assessed  valuation  of  prop-  Establishing  a  system  of  public  schools,  at  the 

erty  in  the  Territory,  as  fixed  this  year  for  the  head  of  which  shall  be  a  Temtorial  superintendent, 

hrst  time  by  the  first  Territorial  Board  of  Equali-  Creating  the  offices  of  Territorial  Auditor,  Terri- 

zation,  is  as  follows :  Payne  County,  |417,667.15;  tonal  Treasurer,  and  Territori^  Attorney -General. 

St'ltT^^r^^i'^^^^^^^^^^^^  "^^eSft^T^^^era^dluTe^'of  Governor. 

$767,681.50 ;  Beaver  County,  $724,274.52 ;  total,  'fo'prevent  combinations  in  restraint  of  trade. 
$6,893,389.95.     The  rate  of  taxation  for  Terri-  Locating  at  Norman,  in  Cleveland  County,  a  Terri- 
torial purposes  in  1891  was  3  mills  for  the  gen-  tonal  university,  provided  40  acres  of  land  are  givto 
eral  revenue  fund,  i  mill  for  the  university  fund,  for  ita  use,  and  auUiorizing  that  county  to  »eU  bona* 
and  iraiil  for  the  normal  school  fund.  to  mise  $10,000,  which  shall  be  expended  for  build- 

Legl8latloii.--The  following  is  a  summary  of  ^^^  ^^.^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^     ^^^^  depositoi*. 

the  more  important  enactments  of  the  first  ler-  ^                       #*u-         •  «  :^*-.vj««^  fi,^ 

ritorial  LegiSature,  which  adjourned  on  Dec.  34,  ^  The  election  law  f^Jhis  session  mtro^^^ 

IHOO .  Australian  or  secret-ballot  system.    It  provides 

that  a  Territorial  board  of  three  election  commis- 

Asscnting    to  the  act  of  Congress   establishing  sioners  shall  prepare  and  distribute  the  ballots 

agricultural  experiment  stations  in  the  various  States,  for  the  election   of  officers  for  whom  all  the 

Establishing  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  col-  electors  of  the  Tenitory  are  entitled  to  vote,  and 

lege   for  the  Territory,  and  locating  it  in  Payne  that  a  county  board  of  election  commissioners  in 

County,  provided  said  county,  or  the  municipaht.v  m  ^  county  shall  prepare  and  distribute  the  hal- 

which  the  college  shall  be  located,  shall  appropriate  f«;"  JCt""  if  ^Jhpr  nrnV^pr*;  tn  hp  voted  for  in  the 

$10,000  therefor.    Botii  sexes  shall  be  admitted  as  lots  for  all  other  oHicers  to  De  voted  lor  m  inc 

students.  county.    Candidates  must  be  nominated  by  the 

Providing  for  the  appointment  of  a  county  inspect-  convention  or  caucus  of  a  political  party  that 

or  of  hides  and  animals.  cast  1  per    cent  of  the  total  vot«  of  the  Terri- 

To  prevent  the  importation  of  diseased  cattle  or  i^^y  in  the  last  general  election,  or  by  noraina- 

catUe  coming  from  infected  districts.  ^j^^  papers  signed  by  500  qualified  electors  when 

To  provide  for  the  registration  of  stock  brands  or  ^^^  candidate  is  to  be  voted  for  throughout  the 

""prScribingtiie  qualifications,  powere,  and  duties  of  Territory,  by  25  qualified  electors  if  thecandi- 

attorneys  and  ccunselore  at  law.  date  is  to  be  nominated  for  a  county  office,  for 

Creating  a  Territorial  board   of  health,  and  pre-  member  of  the   Legislature,  or  for  prosecuting 

scribing  the  qualifications  demanded  of  medical  prac-  attorney,  and  by  20  (qualified  electors,  if  for  an 

titioncrs  in  the  Territory.  officer  of  any  township,  ward,  or  other  division 

Authorizing  the  i«»uo  of  bonds  for  payment  of  the  ^^  ^y^^^  ^  county.    The  names  of  all  candidates 

contingent  expenses  of  tJie  Temton^,  county^^  ^j^  ^.^j^  ^^     respective  boards  of  commission- 

city  eovemments  until  such  times  as  revenue  may  ne  i.  n  i_        •  jt  j                  i_  n  ..     n       _:„« 

deftved  for  that  purpose  ftxjm  taxation.  ers  shall  be  printed  on  one  ballot,  all  nomina- 

Authorizing  fiie  county  commissioners  of  each  tions  of  an v  party  or  group  of  })etitioners  being 

county  to  otfer  a  bounty  not  to  exceed  $3  for  each  placed  under  the  title  ana  device  of  such  party 

gray  wolf  and  $1  for  each  coyote  killed  within  the  or  petitioners.    All  ballots  prepared  by  the  Ter- 

county.                                                   r  V   m     •  ritorial  board  shall  be  printed  on  red  tinted 

Providing  for  the  taking  of  a  census  of  the  Tern-  ^^^  ^^^  prepared  by  the  county  boards  on 

^^'^'^ll-n^co^vJl^^^^^                                   pre-  whW  paper,   tolling  places  shall  ^ntain  two 

Bcribfng  a'slfort  for^  for  deeds  and  mortg^es.     ^  booths,  in  which  electors  may  prepare  their  bal- 

To  regulate  the  practice  of  dentistry.  lots  screened  from  observation.     There    shall 

To  regulate   the   sale  of  drugs,  medicines,  and  also  be  provided  a  chut«  or  passage-way  with  a 

poisons.  railing,  rope,  or  wire  on  each  side,  beginning  50 

Providing  a  general  law  for  the  conduct  of  elec-  f^^t  away  from,  and  leading  to  each  polling  pla« 

tions,         .                                                  .    .  past  a*  window  at  which  the  elector  may  l»  chal- 

anfali^TlSfis^^V^^^^^^^^^  '^^l    On  en  ten  ng  the  room  from  the  p^^ 

m  exhibftion  of  the  industries^  and  resouroe/of  the  way  the  elector    shall  receive  from    the   poll 

Territory  at  the  Worid's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  clerks   a  Territorial  and  a  local  ballot  and  a 

authorizing  each  county  to  exi)cnd  not  over  $1,000  stamp,  shall  enter  one  of  the  booths  and  preparp 

therefor.                                     ,              ,  .  his  ballot  by  stamping  the  square  space  opposite 

To  prevent  and  punish  the  setting  of  prairie  fires.  the  name  of  the  candidate  for  whom  he  wishes 

Providing  a  fish  and  game  law.  ^^  y^^^ .  b^t  ^  stamp  opposite  the  paurt v  name 

Making  provision  for  ^%<^^^J'l^]'; '^^^^  *^«>™«  shall  be  considered  a  vote  tor  all  the^n'didates 

insane  asvlum  in  onother  Territory  or  btate.  -   , ,    .    ^„«*„    «w^w»,>f    *v,o«^  it  «-k«  ^^^^*^y'  ^icn 

To  incorporate  and  govern  insurance  companies  of  that  party,  except   that  if  the  elector  al^ 

doing  business  in  the  Territory.  stamps  the  space  opposite  the  name  of  one  or 

To  organize  and  regulate  the  business  of  life  insur-  more  candidates  of  another  party,  he  shall  oc 

ance.  considered  to  have  voted  for  those,  instead  of 

To  provide  for  the  organization  of  the  Legislative  the  corresponding  candidates  of  the  party  oppo- 

Assembly  of  the  Territory.  site  to  whose  name  he  has  stamped.    All  election 

Providing  for  a  Temtonal  library.  days  shall  be  legal  holidays.    The  act  shall  take 

mil^r    "^                 orgamzation  of  a   Territorial  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^^  J^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^ 

"^  Locating   and  esteblishing   a  Territorial  normol  The  liqiior  law  prohibits  selling  on  Sundays,  on 

school  at  Edmond,  in  Oklahoma  County,  on  a  site  election  days,  and  between  the  hours  of  twelve 


OKLAHOMA.  ONTARIO.                     696 

and  five  in  the  morning.  Gambling  in  saloons  is  a  majority  of  the  convention  decided  in  favor  of 
prohibited.  Sales  to  minors  and  to  habitual  a  single  State,  and  resolutions  for  the  appoint- 
drunkards  are  forbidden.  The  retail  license  fee  ment  of  a  committee  to  ask  Congress  for  an  en- 
is  $200,  but  cities  and  towns  may  impose  an  ad-  abling  act  were  passed. 

ditional  fee  of  from  $100  to  |500.  The  whole-  Indian  Lands  opened. — During  the  year,  as 
sale  license  fee  is  $25.  There  shall  be  no  screens,  a  result  of  the  action  of  Congress  and  the  Presi- 
blinds,  or  painted  windows  to  conceal  the  busi-  dent,  nearly  800,000  acres  of  land  in  the  Territory 
ness  of  liauor  selling.  formerly  held  by  the  Indians  were  opened  to  white 
Edncatlon, — A  school  system  for  the  Terri-  settlers.  By  an  act  approved  Feb.  13,  Congress 
tory  was  not  provided  by  the  first  Legislature  ratified  the  agreements  made  with  the  Sac  and  Fox 
till' late  in  the  session.  As  a  result,  several  dis-  Indians  on  June  12, 1890,  and  with  the  Iowa  In- 
tricts  failed  to  organize  in  time  to  have  any  dians  on  Mav  20, 1890,  by  the  commissioners  ap- 
5chooIs  during  the  first  school  year,  which  ended  pointed  by  the  President  to  treat  with  the  Indian 
on  June  80.  1891.  In  the  act  of  May  2,  1890,  tribes  of  the  Indian  Territory,  and  by  the  same 
or^nizing  the  Territory,  Congress  appropriated  act  it  was  provided  that  the  lands  ceded  under 
$50,000  to  provide  temporary  support  for  schools  these  agreements  should  be  opened  for  settlement. 
until  taxes  could  be  levied  and  collected  there-  Later,  there  was  incorporated  in  the  Indian  ap- 
for.  Of  this  sum,  $87,581  were  expended  dur-  prcpriations  bill,  which  was  approved  March  3, 
in|^  the  school  year  for  salaries  of  teachers  and  a  ratification  of  the  agreements  made  by  the 
$3,489.17  for  other  school  purposes.  The  fol-  same  commissioners  with  Pottawatomie  Indians 
lowing  statistics  cover  the  period  from  January  on  June  25. 1890,  with  the  absentee  Shawnees  on 
to  June  30,  the  first  six  months  of  the  operation  June  26, 1890,  and  with  the  Chevenne  and  Ara- 
of  the  school  law  :  School  townships  organized,  pahoe  tribes  in  October,  1890.  AH  these  agree- 
Ill ;  school  districts  organized,  400;  school  pop-  ments  provided  for  the  allotment  of  certain  por- 
ulation,  between  six  and  twenty-one  years,  21,8^7  tions  of  the  ceded  Indian  land  in  severalty  to  the 
(of  whom  20,085  were  white,  and  1,252  colored);  members  of  each  tribe,  and  for  the  opening  of 
pupils  enrolled  in  the  public  schools,  9,898 ;  aver-  the  remainder  to  white  settlers.  During  the 
age  daily  attendance,  5,596 ;  teachers  employed,  summer  months  such  allotments  were  made  for 


$27.12.    Durmg  the  year  normal  schools,  lasting  of  the  latter  tribes  being 

two  weeks  each,  were  held  in  each  county  in  the  allotment  could  be  completed),  and  bv  procla- 

Territory,  at  Which  869  teachers  were  enrolled.  mation  on  Sept.  18  the  President  declared  the 

On  Dec.  15  the  first  session  of  the  Agricult-  lands  so  ceded  by  the  Sac  and  Fox,  Iowa,  Potta- 

nral   College  was  opened  at  Stillwater.     This  watomie,  and  absentee  Shawnee  tribes  to  be  open 

place  was  selected  as  the  location  for  the  institu-  for  settlement  on  Sept.  22  at  twelve  o'clock  noon, 

tion  by  the  commissioners  in  consideration  of  The  exact  area  opened,  as  stated  in  the  procla- 

the  gift  of  200  acres  of  land  adjoining  the  city  mation,  was  266,248  acres..  There  was  a  large 

as  a  sit«  for  the  college.  gathering  of  intending  settlers  on  the  borders  of 

A^lealtnre. — According  to  the  report  of  the  the  new  lands,  and  when  the  appointed  hour 

Governor  in  October  there  were  then  1,000,458  arrived  a  rush  for  locations  began  similar  to  that 

acres  used  for  farming  in  the  Territory,  of  which  which  occurred  when  the  original  Oklahoma 

287,881  acres  were  fenced  and  712,622  were  un-  lands  were  entered.    Two  counties  were  formed 

fenced.    The  value  of  the  farms  with  improve-  out  of  the  new  Territory,  which  adjoins  the  east- 

ments  was  $4,938,680.    The  live-stock  on  hand  em  border  of  the  original  Oklahoma,  the  re- 

on  Feb.  2  was  as  follows :  Horses,  16,008 ;  mules,  spective  county  seats  oeing  named  Tecumseh 

3.296 :  cows,  16,709 ;  other  cattle.  42,825 ;  sheep,  and  Chandler.    The  lands  of  the  Cbeyennes  and 

8.122;  swine,  10,684.    In  the  autumn  of  1890  Arapahoes,  which  will  be  ready  for  settlement  as 

27,077  acres  of  land  were  sown  for  winter  wheat,  soon  as  the  allotments  are  made,  contain  about 

and  in  the  spring  of  1891  85,675  were  prepared  8,000,000  acres.    Agreements  have  been  made 

for  com,  7,770  for  oats,  14,980  for  sorghum,  800  during  the  year  by  the  commissioners  with  the 

for  flax,  80,686  for  cotton,  1.126  for  broom  com,  Wichita*,  the  Kickapoos,  and  the  Tonkawas  for 

272  for  pea-nuts.  5,125  for  Hungarian  and  millet,  the  cession  of  other  lands  to  the  United  States, 

and  2,072  for  Irish  and  sweet  potatoes.  negotiations  for  extinguishing  the  Indian  title 

Statehood  Conveiitioii.— So  rapid  was  the  to  the  so-called  Cherokee  strip  are  alreadv  far 
growth  of  population  in  the  Territory  during  the  advanced,  and  in  the  near  future  the  area  of  In- 
first  vear  of  its  existence  that  before  its  close  the  dian  lands  in  the  Territory  will  be  reduced  to 
people  began  to  consider  seriously  the  propriety  small  dimensions. 

of  uemanding  admission  to  the  Union  as  a  State.  ONTARIO.  By  a  recent  delimitation  the 
The  Territorial  press  united  in  urging  State-  previously  accepted  boundaries  of  Ontario  were 
hood,  and  a  Territorial  convention  was  called,  to  extended  north  and  west,  so  as  to  make  the  area 
meet  at  Oklahoma  (Uty  on  Dec.  15,  for  the  pur-  of  that  province  nearly  equal  to  that  of  Quebec, 
pose  of  publicly  expreissing  the  popular  will  and  Their  present  respective  areas  are  stated  to  be: 
of  providing  means  to  secure  the  end  desired.  Quebec,  188,688,  and  Ontario,  181,100  square 
The  convention  was  largely  attended  by  dele-  miles.  The  population  of  Ontario  by  the  cen- 
r»ates  from  all  parts  of  the  Territory.  There  sus  of  1891  was  2,112,989,  the  increase  for  the 
was  considerable  difference  of  opinion  on  the  preceding  decade  being  186,067,  or  at  the  rate  of 
question  whether  the  Territory  should  ask  for  9*65  per  cent.  As  usual,  the  increase  in  cities, 
admission  as  one  or  as  two  States,  the  delegates  towns,  and  villages  far  exceeds  that  of  the  rural 
from  the  western  section  generally  favoring  two  district-s.  The  population  of  Toronto,  the  pro- 
States,  one  in  the  east  and  one  in  the  west ;  but  vincial  capital,  was  found  to  have  increased  since 


696                      ONTARIO.  OREGON. 

1881  to  181,220,  or  at  the  rate  of  88*4  per  cent,  expenditure  his  lands  shall  rerert  to  the  Croim. 
Ottawa,  the  Dominion  capital,  had  enlarged  its  All  ores  and  minerals  mined  upon  such  lands 
population  during  the  decade  at  the  rate  of  41  shall  be  subject  to  a  royalty,  if  of  silrer,  nickel, 
per  cent.  Nearly  all  the  other  cities,  towns,  and  or  nickel  and  copper,  3  per  cent.  All  other  ores. 
Tillages  show  a  large  increase  in  population  in  except  iron,  shall  be  subject  to  such  royalty  as 
proportion  to  the  rural  districts.  shall  be  from  time  to  time  imposed  by  order  in 
Legislatlye, — The  legislative  session,  which  council  not  exceeding  3  per  cent.,  and  iron  ore 
was  opened  on  Feb.  11,  1891,  was  the  first  ses-  not  exceeding  2  per  cent  No  royalty  is  to  l>c 
sion  of  the  seventh  Legislative  Assembly  of  On-  collected  until  seven  years  after  the  date  of  the 
tario.  The  provincial  general  election  which  patent  or  lease,  except  as  to  those  mines  known 
produced  this  House  was  a  strictly  party  con-  to  be  rich  in  nickel ;  and  as  to  these,  until  four  | 
llict,  yet  the  issues  were  definite  and  distinct  years.  Instead  of  granting  mining  lands  in  fee 
The  principal  contention  of  the  Opposition —  simple,  the  same  may  be  leased  for  ten  years; 
sometimes  called  the  Conservative  or  Tory  party,  and  such  leases  may,  upon  stipulated  conditions, 
led  by  Mr.  W.  R.  Meredith,  was  in  favor  of  re-  be  renewed  for  further  terms  of  ten  and  twenty 
form  of  the  educational  institutions  of  the  prov-  years.  The  lessee  may,  at  any  time  during 
ince  and  with  especial  view  to  the  abolition  of  sep-  his  leasehold  tenure,  become  the  purchaser  of 
arate  schools,  or  at  least  the  sustentation  of  sep-  the  lands  upon  certain  conditions.  The  other 
arate  schools  as  a  part  of  the  common-school  sys-  more  important  measures  passed  during  the  ses- 
tem  of  the  province.  In  Ontario  the  Roman  sion  were  an  act  making  certain  improvements 
Catholics  have  the  special  privilege  of  maintain-  in  the  election  laws:  a  series  of  acts  coiuaolidat- 
ine  their  schools  separate  and  apart  from  those  of  ing,  revising,  and  amending  the  laws  respecting 
other  religious  denominations,  or  from  the  ordi-  the  education  department  the  public-schools  act^ 
ary  public  schools.  Protestants  enjoy  alike  priv-  the  act  respecting  tniancy  and  compulsory  school 
ilege  in  the  province  of  (Quebec,  but  in  the  latter  attendance,  the  high-schools  act,  and  acts  respect- 
province  Roman  Catholicism  is  a  state  church,  ing  industrial  schools  and  the  establishment  of 
and  the  schools  which  it  sustains  avowedly  teach  mining  schools ;  and  an  act  securing  a  lien  to 
Roman  Catholic  religious  tenets.  The  recent  workmen  on  saw-logs.  The  financial  affairs  of 
canvass  in  Ontario  on  these  points  was  able  and  the  province  were  found  to  be  in  a  satisfactory 
vigorous,  but  the  efforts  of  the  advocates  of  es-  condition,  and  the  receipts  of  revenue  from  all 
sentially  free  schools  were  in  vain.  As  was  shown  sources  considerably  exceeded  the  general  ex- 
during  the  ensuing  session,  the  Mowat  adminis-  pendituro. 

tration  was,  in  a  full  House  of  92  members,  usually  OREGON,  a  Pacific  Coast  State,  admitted  to 

sustained  by  a  majority  of  about  20  votes.  In  his  the  Union  Feb.  14,  1859 ;  area»  96,030  square 

speechattne  opening  of  the  legislative  session  of  miles.     The  population,  according  to  each  de- 

1891  Lieut-Go V.  Campbell   complimented  the  cennial  census  since  admission,  was  52,465  in 

House  on  the  advance  made  **  toward  a  settlement  1860;  90.923  in  1870;  174,768  in  1880:  and  313,- 

of  most  of  the  long-pending  differences  between  767  in  1890.    Capital,  Salem, 

the  province  and  the  Dominion  " :  upon  "  the  GoTemment. — The  following  were  the  State 

increasing    interest  which  was  taken    in   im-  officers  during  the  year:  Qovcmor,  Sylvester 

S roved  methods  of  agriculture " :  in  the  work  Pennoyer,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  State,  Audi- 
one  in  ''promoting  the  public  health";  in  tor,  and  Insurance  Commissioner,  Qeorge  W. 
the  " subject  of  prison  reform " ;  and  in  that  of  McBride,  Republican;  Treasurer,  Philip  Mets- 
the  **  fish  and  game  laws."  Among  other  matters  chau ;  Attorney-General  (an  office  created  by 
to  which  he  called  attention  he  stated  thus :  "  It  the  Legislature  of  this  year),  George  £.  Cham- 
havinff  recently  been  ascertained  beyond  doubt  berlain,  appointed  May  20 ;  Snpenntendent  of 
that  tne  province  possesses  immense  deposits  of  Public  Instruction,  E.  B.  McElroy:  Railroad 
nickel,  a  metal  which  is  likely  to  be  of  great  Commissioners,  J.  H.  FauU,  Georjro  W.  Colvig, 
economic  use  and  value  in  the  immediate  future,  and  Robert  Clow;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
my  advisers  deemed  the  time  opportune  for  mak-  Court,  Reuben  S.  Strahan ;  Associate  Justic-es, 
ing  some  changes  in  the  laws  relating  to  the  sale  William  P.  Lord  and  Robert  S.  Bean, 
of  mining  lands,  and  a  part  of  the  districts  of  AI-  Finances. — The  balance  in  all  funds  of  the 
^omaand  Nipissing,  in  and  near  the  nickel-bear-  State  treasury  on  Jan.  12, 1891,  was  $233,144.29, 
mg  region,  was  withdrawn  from  sale  and  location  of  which  the  general  fund  balance  was  $47,- 
until  jrou  could  be  consulted.  I  commend  to  your  664.71.  The  receipts  of  this  fund  for  the  year 
attention  a  measure  respecting  our  mining  which  were  not  equal  to  the  demands  against  it  so  that 
is  to  be  submitted  for  your  consideration."  The  before  October  the  balance  had  been  wiped  out 
result  of  this  intimation  was  the  passing  of  im-  and  the  State  Treasurer  was  unable  to  pay 
portant  amendments  to  the  "  General  Mining  warrant*.  This  result  was  produced  largely  by 
act,"  setting  forth  the  prices  of  crown  lands  to  the  action  of  the  Ijegislature  in  making  greatly 
be  appropriated  for  mining  purposes.  The  dis-  increased  appropriations  for  the  year.  The 
tricts  specially  indicated  for  such  appropriations  actual  payments  from  the  general  fund  for  the 
are  Algoma,  Thunder  Bay.  and  Nipissing,  which  year  amounted  to  $508,580.49,  while  the  receipts 
are  known  to  abound  in  silver,  nickel,  and  cop-  including  the  balance  of  $47,664.71,  were  slightly 
per,  and  the  prices  range  from  $2  to  $4.50  an  in  excess  of  these  figures,  but  there  remained 
acre,  according  to  location.  The  grantee  of  any  outstanding  at  the  close  of  the  year  unpaid 
mining  location  shall,  during  the  seven  years  im-  warrants  amounting  to  abont  $166,000. 
mediately  following  the  date  of  his  patent,  ex-  The  total  taxable  property  of  the  State  for 
pend  in  opening  up  his  mines  $4  an  acre  if  his  1891  was  assessed  at  $114,077,788.  against  $101,- 
patent  exceeds  160  acres,  and  $5  an  acre  if  his  593,341  for  1890.  The  tax  rate  for  State  pnr- 
area  is  less  than  160  acres;  and  in  default  of  such  poses  in  1891  was  4  mills  for  the  general  fund. 


OREGON.  697 

f  miU  for  the  State  uniTersity,  and  i  mill  for  An  act  to  increase  the  powers  of  the  railroad 

the  militia — a  total  of  4^1  mills.  commissioners  requires  all  railroad  corporations 

There  is  no  bonded  State  debt,  except  to  the  within  ninety  days  after  the  passage  of  the  act 

amount  of  $1,665.40  on  which  interest  has  long  to  furnish  the  commission  with  a  schedule  of 

since  ceased.  charges  for  transportation.     These  are  to  be  re- 

lieg^islatiTe  Session. — The  regular  biennial  vised  by  the  commission,  and  if  the  rates  so  fixed 

ssession  of  the  Legislative  Assembly  beean  on  are  not  accepted  by  the  corporations,  suits  may 

Jan.   12,  and  ended  on  Feb.  20.     On  Jan.  20  be  begun  by  the  commission  to  have  such  rates 

United  States  Senator  John  H.  Mitchell,  Repub-  adjudged  just  and  reasonable.    The  commission 

liean,  was  re-elected  for  the  term  of  six  years,  shall  investigate  all  complaints  against  the  rail- 

frcm  March  3,  by  the  following  vote:  Senate,  road  companies,  and  may  bring  suit   in   the 

>litchell  22, 6.  Ooldsmith  (Democrat)  6 ;  House,  circuit  court  in  the  name  of  the  State  to  have  its 

Mitchell  41,  Goldsmith  19.  declarations  enforced.     The  commission  must 

A  new  election  law  was  enacted  containing  make  a  semi-annual  examination  of  all  bridges, 
provisions  for  a  secret  ballot,  according  to  the  and  if  any  are  reported  by  them  as  unsafe  and 
Australian  system.  Candidates  whose  names  are  not  repaired  within  ten  days  the  commission 
are  entitled  to  appear  on  the  official  ballots  pro-  may  stop  trains  from  crossing  such  bridges. 
▼ided  by  the  act  must  be  nominated  either  by  a  For  the  purpose  of  aiding  transportation  on 
convention  of  dele^tes  of  a  political  party  Columbia  nver  an  act  was  passed,  constituting 
which  at  the  precedmg  election  cast  at  least  8  the  Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and  State 
per  cent,  of  tne  entire  vote  cast  in  the  State,  Treasurer  a  board  of  portage  commissioners, 
county,  or  district  for  which  the  nomination  is  with  power  to  build,  construct,  run,  equip, 
made,  or  by  an  organized  assembly  containing  operate,  and  maintain  a  portage  railwav  be- 
at least  100  electors  of  the  State  or  electoral  tween  the  highest  and  lowest  points  of  the 
division  for  which  the  nomination  is  made,  or  navigable  waters  of  Columbia  river  at  the  Cas- 
by  nomination  papers  signed  as  follows :  By  at  cades  and  between  highest  and  lowest  points  of 
least  2o0  electors  if  the  candidate  is  to  be  voted  that  river  between  the  Dalles  and  Celilo.  The 
for  by  the  electors  of  the  State  at  large,  by  at  sum  of  $60,000  was  appropriated  for  these  im- 
least  50  electors  if  he  is  to  be  voted  for  by  the  provements. 

electors  of  an  electoral  district  or  county,  and  An  act  to  promote  the  fishing  industry  pro- 
by  at  least  10  electors  in  other  cases.  The  vides  that  every  person  or  corporation  engaged 
official  ballots  shall  be  prepared  by  the  respect-  in  canning,  preserving,  dealing  in,  packing, 
ive  county  clerks,  and  snail  be  of  uniform  size,  shipping,  buying  from  nrst  hands,  or  speculating 
They  must  be  printed  in  black  ink  upon  white  in  salmon  or  any  variety  thereof,  shall  pay  to 
paper.  They  shall  contain  the  names  of  all  the  State  Treasurer  half  of  1  cent  apiece  for 
candidates  duly  nominated,  arranged  under  the  Chinook  salmon,  and  one-fourth  of  1  cent  apiece 
designation  of  the  office  in  alphabetical  order,  for  "  silversides."  Persons  and  corporations  en- 
according  to  surnames,  except  tnat  the  names  of  ga^ed  in  this  business  on  Columbia  river  and 
candidate  for  electors  of  President  and  Vice-  vicmity  shall  also  pay  one  sixth  of  1  cent  for 
President  shall  be  arranged  in  groups,  as  pre-  "  steel  heads  "  and  one  sixteenth  of  1  cent  for 
sented  in  the  several  certificates  of  nomination.  **  blue  backs."  The  money  so  collected  shall  be 
Blank  spaces  shall  be  left  for  writing  in  the  held  as  a  fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  salmon 
names  oi:  other  candidates.    The  ballots  shall  be  industry. 

printed  so  as  to  give  each  elector  a  clear  oppor-  A  State  board  of  equalization  was  established, 

tunity  to  designate  his  choice  of  candidates,  and  The  office  of  Attorney-General  was  created,  and 

his  answers  to  questions  submitted,  by  canceling  authority  was  given  to  the  Governor  to  appoint 

or  marking  out  the  names  of  candidates  who  are  an  incumbent  until  the  election  of  1804. 

not  his  choice,  or  the  answer  he  does  not  wish  to  The  State  was  divided  into  two  Congressional 

make.    Each  polling  place  shall  be  provided  with  districts  composed  of  the  following  counties : 

at  least  one   voting  shelf  or  compartment  for  i,  Benton,  Clackama*,  Coos,  Curry,  Douglas,  Jack- 

every  40  electors  entitled  to  vote  thereat.    Before  eon.  JoAephine,  Klamath,  Lake,  Lane,  I^inn,  Marion, 

any  elector  receives  his  ballot,  the  ballot  clerk  Polk,  Tillamook,  Washington,  and  Yamhill, 

shall  write  his  own  initials  on  the  back  thereof.  2.  Baker,  Clatsop,  Columbia,  Crook,  Gilliam,  Grant, 

An  act  of  great  importance  to  eastern  and  Haniev,   Malheur,  Morrow,  Multnomah,   Shcnnan, 

southern  Oregon  provides  for  the  regulation  of  ^"^'^[^^f^Z^                           for  complex 

irrigation.     By  its  terms  the  use  of  waters  in  j       ^^^  ^j^^^g  of  t^e   CapUol   building,  providing 

the  lakes  and  running  streams  of  the  State  for  heating  apparatus  therefor,  and  making  other  im- 

general  rental,  sale,  or  distribution  for  purposes  provements  therein. 

of  irrigation  and  supplying  water  for  household  Conflrrcss  was  memorialized  in  favor  of  action  to 

and  domestic  consumption,  and  watering  live  secure' the  election  of  United  SUtea   Senators  by 

stock  upon  dry  lands  of  the  State  is  declared  a  direct  vote  of  the  people, 

public  use,  and  the  right  to  collect  rates  therefor  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

a   franchise.    A    corporation    formed    for   the  To  regulate  the  manner  of  holding  primary  elec- 

above- mentioned     purposes    may     appropriate  tions,  and  to  prevent  fraud  and  crime  at  such  elections, 

water  from  its  natural  bed,  and  condemn  rights  in  cities  of  2,500  inhabitants  or  more, 

of  way  for  its  ditch,  rights  of  riparian  pro-  J^,^?."!,**®  ^^^  Ril^>£S'^?'';i, ««.;«.  «r,^  n«r- 

prictora,  and  lands  for  sftes  of  reservoirs;  but  ^^^^^"^^'""^  "  ^^^  ^*"^  ^^  '^*'""^''*  "''^  "^^ 

the  right  of  way  for  the  main  line  shall  not  Assenting  to  the  act  of  Congress  appropriating 

exceed  100  feet  m  width,  and  for  each  distribut-  money  for  the  more  complete  endowment  of  colleges 

ing  ditch  80  feet,  and  for  a  reservoir  site  20  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  and  appropriate 

acres  from  one  owner.  ing  $25,000  for  the  erection  of  a  dormitory  and  other 


698 


OREGON. 


buildings  at  the  State  Agricultaral  College  at  Cor- 
vallis. 

Appropriating  $1,000  to  e&tabliah  a  library  for  the 
luve  or  convicta  in  the  State  Penitentiary. 

Giving  to  laborers  and  material  men  a  lien  upon 
mines  for  or  on  which  their  labor  and  material  are 
used. 

To  punish  minors  over  sixteen  years  of  age  for  ob- 
taining or  attempting  to  obtain  intoxicating  liquors 
under  false  pretenses. 

To  make  employes  and  laborers  preferred  creditors 
to  the  extent  of  $100  each. 

To  protect  the  title  of  owners  of  floating  logs,  tim- 
ber, and  Imnber. 

Giving  to  any  person  who  clears  any  land,  or  im- 
proves It  by  cfitching,  diking,  or  tiling  a  lien  on 
such  land  for  his  labor. 

To  provide  for  the  further  establishment  and  de- 
velopment of  the  State  Reform  School. 

Revising  the  law  regulating  liens  of  laborers  in 
timber  and  logging  camps. 

To  regulate  tiie  practice  of  phanuacy  and  the  sale 
of  poisons. 

To  license  and  regulate  life  and  casualty  insurance 
companies  and  societies. 

Granting  to  railroads  hereafter  constructed  a  right 
of  way  throuffh  lands  of  the  State  on  paying  $1 
an  acre  therefor,  and  also  the  right  to  take  timber, 
stone,  and  water,  and  necessary  ground  for  depots, 
side  tracks,  turn  tables,  and  water  stations. 

Edacation. — The  following  statistics  cover 
the  school  year  ending  in  1891:  Children  of 
school  age  (lour  to  twenty-one  years),  106,172 ; 
children  enrolled  in  public  schools,  ^3,322 ;  en- 
rolled in  private  schools,  6,606 ;  not  attending 
any  school,  20,616 ;  male  teachers  in  the  public 
schools,  1,059 ;  average  monthly  salary,  $49.10; 
female  teachers,  1,582 ;  average  monthly  salary, 
$41.00;  teachers  in  private  schools,  296;  value 
of  school  property,  $1,906,431.90;  school  dis- 
tricts in  the  State,  1,747;  school-houses  built 
during  the  year,  113.  There  are  50  universi- 
ties, colleges,  and  academies  in  the  State,  em- 
ploying 234  teachers  and  having  4,879  pupils. 

The  State  Normal  School  at  Monmouth  is 
flourishing,  the  number  of  pupils  in  attendance 
at  the  close  of  this  year  being  845.  At  the 
State  University  352  pupils  were  enrolled  dur- 
ing the  year  ending  in  June,  of  whom  217  were 
in  the  collegiate  department,  86  in  the  law  de- 
partment, and  20  m  the  medical  department. 
The  receipts  for  the  year  were  $27,996.12  and 
the  disbursements  $25,368.20. 

Insane  Asylum. — There  were  628  patients  at 
the  State  Insane  Asylum  on  Jan.  1.  The  num- 
ber had  increased  to  722  on  Nov.  1,  and  before 
the  close  of  the  year  the  limit  to  the  capacity 
of  the  institution  was  reached.  The  increase  of 
patients  for  the  year  was  nearly  equal  to  the 
total  increase  for  the  two  preceding  years. 

The  Prison. — At  the  close  of  the  year  there 
were  384  convicts  in  the  State  Penitentiary,  of 
whom  217  were  employed  in  the  foundry,  44 
were  unable  to  work,  56  had  no  employment, 
and  the  remainder  were  engaged  in  and  about 
the  prison  buildings. 

Fisheries. — Statistics  of  the  State  Pish  Com- 
mission, for  1891  show  that  there  were  packed 
on  the  Oregon  side  of  Columbia  river  245.550 
cases  of  salmon,  or  11,786,400  pounds,  valued  at 
$1,227,750;  Nehalem  river,  3,500  cases,  or  168,- 
000  pounds,  valued  at  $14,000;  Tillamook  Bay, 
3,850  cases,  or  184,000  pounds,  valued  at  $15',- 
400;    Coquille    river,   4,000   cases,  or    192,000 


pounds,  valued  at  $16,000 ;  Rogue  river,  21,000 
cases,  or  1,008.000  pounds,  valued  at  |105.0(M); 
total  for  Ore^n,  277,900  cases,  or  13,338,400 
pounds,  valued  at  $1,378,150. 

There  are  13  canneries  in  Oregon  on  Colnmbia 
river,  with  buildings  and  machinery  valued  at 
$180,000,  and  12  in  other  parts  of  the  State 
valued  at  $56,000. 

The  total  number  of  men  employed  in  the 
fishing  industry  is  2,590;  the  average  rat«  of 
wages  for  the  fishing  season  $245.06,  and  the 
totAl  amount  paid  in  wages  $634,720. 

Hops. — The  production  of  hops  in  1890  in  the 
State  is  shown  by  counties  in  the  following 
table : 


OOUNTIKS. 


BoDton 

Clackamas. . 
Douglas.... 
Josephine . . 

Lane 

Linn 

Marlon 

Multnomah. 

Polk 

Union. 

Washington 

Yamhill.... 


Total. 


Acra. 
16 

P««d.. 

1S,180 

870 

489.022 

49 

48,216 

65 

KSSO 

760 

629.128 

400 

4(18,6118 

985 

l,ft87,&S2 

7 

12,097 

844 

487,563 

15 

14,600 

71 

95,448 

161 

168,580 

8,228 

8,811,849 

ValM. 


$5,768 

93.«i7 

24.1,466 

8.>7.eA5 

4.tS« 

ISl'iH 

17.902 

46^ 

$l,OI',2S4 


Coal. — Out-croppinp  of  coal  have  been  found 
in  nineteen  counties  in  Oregon,  both  east  and 
west  of  the  Cascade  range,  but  minine  operations 
are  reported  only  in  Coos  County.  These  mines 
are  at  Marshfield,  on  Coos  bay.  The  Coos 
County  field  covers  an  area  of  several  hundreii 
square  miles,  and  is  a  fair  quality  of  lignite. 

Portage  Railroad.-~The  commission  ap- 
pointed by  the  Legislature  this  year  to  build 
portage  railways  around  the  rapids  of  Columbia 
river,  after  trying  without  success  to  obtain 
assistance  from  the  United  States,  decided  in 
Mav  to  apply  all  the  money  at  their  disposal  to 
building  and  equipping  a  railway  around  the 
Cascades,  so-called,  m  that  river.  An  engineer 
was  appointed,  under  whose  direction  the  work 
had  been  nearly  completed  at  the  end  of  the 
year,  at  a  cost  within  the  appropriation.  The 
length  of  the  road  is  seven  eignths  of  a  mile. 

The  World's  Fair.— The  Legislature  of  this 
year  adjourned  without  appropriating  money  to 
secure  a  State  exhibit  at  the  World's  Fairj  al- 
though a  bill  for  that  purpose  was  presented  for 
its  consideration.  The  State  Board  of  Agricult- 
ure thereupon  appointed  a  committee,  which 
issued  a  call  in  March  for  a  convention  of  rep- 
resentative men  to  meet  at  Portland  on  June  15. 
There  were  no  substantial  results  from  thu^ 
movement,  however,  and  in  October  the  State 
Board  of  Commerce  undertook  the  problem.  A 
committee  was  appointed,  and  under  its  direc- 
tion subscription  papers  were  put  in  circulation, 
but  up  to  tne  close  of  the  year  no  encouraging 
pro&^ress  had  been  made  in  raising  funds. 

Decision. — The  State  Supreme  Court  in  April, 
in  the  case  of  Maxwell  vs,  Tillamook  County, 
rendered  a  decision  declaring  unconstitutional 
an  act  of  the  Legislature  of  1889  appropriating 
money  to  aid  in  building  a  wa^ron  road  in  the 
defendant  county.  The  act  was  fonnd  to  be 
repugnant  to  the  clause  of  the  State  Constitution 
forbidding  local  and  special  legislation. 


PARAGUAY.  PATENTS.  699 


PABAGTJAT,  a  republic  in  South  America,  riety  of  commercial  products,  including  algaroba 

The  Constitution  of  Nov.  25,  1870,  vests  the  and  quebrancho  for  tanning;  indigo,  annotto, 

legislative  power  in  a  Senate  and    House  of  and  many  other  coloring  materials ;  palm,  pine- 

I>eputies,  the  members  of  which  are  elected  by  apple,  mapajo.  and  other  fibers ;  copal,  dragon's 

direct  suffrage,  one  Senator  to  12,000  and  one  blood,  gum  elastic,  and  balsams  in  great  variety ; 

Deputy  to  6,000  inhabitants.     The  President,  and  copaiba,  jalap,  sarsaparilla,  nux  vomica,  and 

who  is  elected  for  four  years,  exercises  the  ex-  other  medicinal  drugs.    In  1889  there  were  983 

ecutive  power  in  consultation  with  a  Cabinet  of  vessels,  of  36,508  tons,  entered  and  930,  of  83,785 

four  ministers,  who  are  responsible  to  Congress,  tons,  cleared  at  the  port  of  Asuncion.    This  city 

Juan  6.  Gonzalez  was  elected  President  on  Sept.  is  connected  with  Villa  Rica  by  a  railroad  92 

25, 1890.     His  Cabinet  is  composed  of  the  fol-  miles  long,  on  which  the  receipts  in  1887  were 

lowing  members:  Juan  C.  Centurion,  Secretary  161,550  pesos  and  the  expenses  111,387  pesos, 

for  Foreign  Affairs ;  Juan  Sosa,  Minister  of  Fi-  Beyond  Villa  Rica  an  extension  through  the 

nance ;  Dr.  Carlos  Gondra,  Minister  of  Justice ;  southern  part  of  the  republic  in  the  direction  of 

and  Gen.  Duarte,  Minister  of  War.  the  Parana  river  had  been  carried  60  miles  be- 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  the  re-  fore  the  beginning  of  1891.  Another  extension 
public  is  91,970  square  miles.  The  population  is  projectea.  which  will  join  the  Brazilian  sys- 
was  reduced  by  war  from  1,837,439  m  ia57  to  tern  at  Santos.  About  $5,000,000  of  English 
221,079  in  1873.  The  census  of  March  1, 1887,  capital  has  recently  been  invested  in  the  country, 
which  is  imperfect,  made  the  population  in  that  The  Anglo-Paraguayan  Company  has  bought  a 
year  329,645,  comprising  155,425  males  and  174,-  large  tract  in  the  neighborhood  of  Villa  Rica  for 
220  females.  This  does  not  include  about  60,000  the  purpose  of  settling  an  agricultural  colony 
half-civilized  and  70,000  savage  Indians.  The  upon  it.  To  encourage  immigration  the  Gov- 
number  of  foreigners  was  estimated  at  17,000,  of  emment  offers  free  passage  to  agricultural  eolo- 
whom  5,000  are  Argentinians,  2,500  Italians,  nists  and  their  families.  The  small  farmers  are 
1,500  Spaniards,  1,150  Germans,  700  French,  600  now  at  a  disadvantage,  however,  because  the 
Brazilians,  600  Swiss,  450  Austro-Hungarians,  good  land  within  access  of  the  markets  has  been 
and  200  British.  The  number  of  immigrants  in  bought  by  companies  which  hold  it  for  enhanced 
1888  was  1,064;  in  1889,  1,495;  in  1890,  1,419.  prices.  The  small  breed  of  native  Brazilian  cat- 
Asuncion,  the  capital,  had  24,038  inhabitants  in  tie  is  being  improved  by  crosses  with  European 
1886.  The  Government  maintains  a  military  stock.  The  Argentine  crisis  affected  the  banks 
force  of  only  100  officers  and  1,400  men,  and  and  mercantile  houses  of  Paraguay,  and  caused 
has  no  navy  except  a  screw  steamer  of  440  tons,  a  decline  in  the  exchange  value  of  the  paper 
carrying  four  guns,  and  two  small  river  steamers,  money.    Buenos  Ayres  speculators  had  bepm  to 

Finances.— The  receipts  of  the  treasury  in  buy  large  quantities  of  land  in  Paraguay  in  the 
1890  amounted  to  2,736,113  pesos,  of  the  approxi-  hope  of  an  immediate  rise.  The  crash  has  pro- 
mate  value  of  66  cents.  Of  this  sum,  l,lo8,426  duced  a  check  in  the  rate  of  progress  and  a  witb- 
pesos  were  derived  from  custom  duties,  337,527  drawal  of  capital. 

pesos  from  sales  and  leases  of  land,  and  215,160        Attempted  ReTolntlon.— The  Liberals,  who 

pesos  from  other  sources.    The  disbursements  were  defeated  in  the  electionp  of  1890.  attempted 

were  2,116,857  pesos,  913,104  pesos  being  spent  to  overthrow  President  Gonzalez  in  October, 

for  war  and  the  navy,  623,324  pesos  for  the  in-  1891.    A  spirit  of  hostility  to  the  Government 

tenor,  193,569  pesos  for  financial  administration,  had  been  growing  for  some  time,  and  at  last  the 

284,511  pesos  for  justice,  worship,  and  public  in-  opponents  of  the  Administration  collected  and 

struction,  and  101,849  pesos  for  foreign  relations,  armed  the  most  desperate  of  their  adherents,  is- 

The  public  debt  on  Jan.  1, 1890,  amounted  to  sued  an  address  to  the  people  accusing  the  Presi- 

82,969,471  pesos,  of  which  23,701,046  pesos  repre-  dent  of  a  tyrannical  abuse  of  power  and  breaches 

wnt  the  external  debt,  724,485  pesos  the  internal  of  the  Constitution,  and,  led  bv  Major  Vera  and 

debt,  194,934  pesos  deposits,  2,768,506  pesos  float-  Deputy  Machin,  attacked  the  barracks  at  Asun- 

ing  liabilities,  and  5,580,500  pesos  cedulas.  cion,  which  were  occupied  by  the  regiment  of 

Commerce  and  Agriculture.— The  imports  Col.  Mino.    The  flghtinc  was  fierce  and  bloody 

in  1890  were  valued  at  $2,726,000,  and  the  ex-  for  a  few  minutes,  and  then  both  the  leaders  of 

ports  at  13,564,000.    The  principal  exports  are  the  insurrection  fell.    The  loss  of  their  com- 

yerba  or  mat^,  called  sometimes  Paraguay  tea,  manders  demoralized  the  rebels,  who  broke  and 

cigars  and  tobacco,  hides  and  skins,  oranges,  and  fled,  leaving  10  killed  besides  their  leaders.  They 

woods.    There  were  TOO.OOO  cattle  in  the  coun-  escaped  to  the  Argentine  frontier  and  surrendered 

tyy  in  1887.    The  production  of  com,  wheat,  their  weapons  to  the  Argentine  authorities.    On 

rice,  and  manioc  are  not  more  than  sufficient  for  the  Government  side  Col.  Mino,  Col.  Ossura, 

home  consumption.    There  are  three  agricult-  and  6  men  were  killed.    This  ended  the  revolu- 

^ral  settlements  of  foreigners  assisted  by  the  tion. 

Government.     The  value  of  the  public  lands        PATENTS.    The  receipts,  expenditures,  and 

alienated  during  1889-'90  was  $809,125,  and  the  work  of  the  United  States  Patent  Office  for  the 

Tent  paid  for  Government  forests  in  that  year  three  years  ending  Dec.  31,  1892,  are  condensed 

^as  114,045.     The  plants  and  trees  growing  from  the  commissioner's  reports  in  the  table  on 

^ild  in  the  country  yield  an  extraordinary  va-  the  next  page. 


700 


PATENTa 


TRANSACTIONS. 


Beceipta  over  expenditurta : 

Receipts 

Expenditures 


Keoelpta  over  expenditures . 


VnUed  States  Treasury  etaUment  on  account  qfpatmU/und : 

Amount  to  credit  of  Aind 

Amount  of  receipts 


Total 

Deduct  expenditures. 


Balance,  Jan.  1, 1990, 1991, 1B92. 


Summary  of  the  bueineae : 

Applications  for  patents  for  Inrentions 
Applications  for  patents  for  designs  ... 
Applloations  for  reissues  of  patents 


Total  number  of  applications. 


Caveats  filed 

ApplicationB  for  reiristration  of  trade-marks 


Applications  for  registration  of  labels. 

i>r» 


Isclaimers  filed 
Appeals  on  the  merits 


Total 

Total  number  of  applications  requiring  investigation  and  action. 


Patents  Issued,  including  designs 

Patents  reissued 

Trade-marks  registered   

Labels  registered 


Total. 


Patents  expired  during  the  year 

Patents  withheld  for  non-payment  of  final  fee 


1889. 

1890. 

$1,881,728  05 
1,058,955  96 

$1340,878  66 
1,099,897  74 

$888,772  09 

1241,074  98 

•8.408.898  88 
1,881,788  05 

$8,641,670  88 
1,840378  66 

14,684,636  28 
1,058,955  96 

$4,972,048  98 
1,099,297  74 

18,681,670  88 

$8,872,745  84 

89,607 
857 

111 

89,984 

1,046 

118 

40,575 

41,048 

8,481 

1,886 

828 

15 

1,141 

8311 

1,687 

876 

5 

1330 

5,851 

6,208 

46,426 

47,256 

84,088 

75 

1,889 

819 

86,808 

84 

1,415 

£04 

85.706 

88,011 



18300 
8,006 


11,616 
8,509 


1891. 


$1,271,295  7S 
1,189,718  85 

$181378  48 

$8,»78,745  24 
1,271,&>5  7S 

$5,144,081  02 
1,189,718  85 

$4,004317  67 

89,418 

1,085 

109 

40.588 

8,408 
I3O6 

mi 

89 

1,186 

6,177 

46,789 

88,164 

SO 

1,768 

187 

8O3IO 

12,280 
8.456 


The  number  of  the  last  patent  issued  in  1891  was 
466,321.  Connecticut  still  maintains  her  tradi- 
tional leadership  as  regards  ratio  of  patents  to 
population  (1  patent  to  1,018  souls  in  1891),  but 
Massachusetts  is  close  behind,  with  1  patent  to  1,- 
055.  South  Carolina  is  at  the  foot  of  tne  list,  with 
1  patent  to  28,492.  To  New  York  the  largest 
number  of  patents  have  been  issued  in  each  of  the 
three  years  under  consideration— to  wit,  4,288  in 
1889,  4,585  in  1890,  and  3,907  in  1891.  England 
continues  to  hold  first  place  among  foreign  na- 
tions in  the  procuring  of  American  patents,  and 
of  her  colonies  Canada  leads  in  inventiveness.  It 
will  be  seen,  on  reference  to  the  foregoing  table, 
that  the  year  1891  falls  slightly  behind  1890  in 
the  number  of  patents  issued  as  well  as  in  the 
principal  totals.  Such  variations,  however,  char- 
acterize any  given  term  of  years,  and  have  no 
especial  significance. 

The  reports  of  the  Commissioner  of  Patents 
during  the  three  years  under  review  have  been 
of  especial  interest  from  the  fact  that  the  Hon.  C. 
E.  Mitchell,  of  Connecticut,  became  commis- 
sioner in  March,  1889,  and  bro^ht  some  new 
ideas  to  the  management  of  the  office.  He  found 
it  necessarv  in  each  report  to  plead,  as  his  prede- 
cessors had  done,  for  increased  room,  for  an  in- 
creased number  of  assistants,  and  for  better  sala- 
ries in  the  case  of  those  already  employed.  He 
was  succeeded  in  office,  Aug.  1.  by  W.  E.  Simonds. 

The  place  of  the  Patent  Office  among  the  de- 
partments of  the  Government  is  in  many  re- 
spects unique.  It  alone  of  all  the  departments 
is  self-supporting,  and  has  now  on  the  books  of 
the  treasury  a  very  large  sum  to  its  credit.    The 


space  at  the  disposal  of  the  workinj^  force  is 
totally  inadequat'C.  The  rooms,  omitting  the 
store  and  reception  rooms,  number  48,  and  their 
combined  capacity,  deducting  the  space  occu- 
pied  by  the  necessary  furniture,  is  247,441  cubic 
feet.  The  number  of  occupants  constantly  em- 
ployed during  business  hours  Ls  270 ;  the  cubic 
feet  of  space  per  occupant  is  therefore  916  feet. 
The  best  autnorities  estimate  the  number  of 
cubic  feet  reasonably  required  by  each  person  at 
4,000.  The  ingenuity  of  the  officers  is  constant- 
ly taxed  to  its  utmost  to  find  storage  room  even 
for  the  copies  of  patents  as  they  are  printed 
from  week  to  week.  The  actual  cash  incoro«^ 
from  the  sale  of  these  copies  exceeds  f 60,000  a 
year,  yet  they  are  stored  in  different  parts  of  the 
building,  on  different  floors,  and  so  widely  sepa- 
rated that  the  searcher  for  a  particular  patent 
may  be  obliged  to  go  from  one  end  of  the  build- 
ing to  another  several  times  before  he  can  deter- 
mine the  exact  location  of  the  file  for  wjdich  he 
is  searching.  During  the  past  six  years  the 
patrons  of  the  Patent  Office — that  is  ti  say,  the 
inventors  and  designers  of  the  country  at  larpe 
— have  paid  into  the  Treasury  over  $1,000,000  in 
excess  of  all  expenditures,  and  the  net  income  of 
each  succeeding  year  has  thus  far  invariably  ex- 
ceeded that  of  its  predecessors.  The  present 
issue  of  the  "  Official  Gazette  "  is  7,000  copies, 
of  which  2,953  are  furnished  to  subscribers  at 
$5  a  year,  and  3,576  are  distributed  to  public 
libraries,  members  of  Congress,  and  others  who 
are  entitled  to  them. 

The  halls  of  the  model  room  now  contain  over 
160,000  models,  and  the  number  added  during 


PATENTS.  701 

an  average  year  is  in  excess  of  500.  The  present  cial  value  of  its  own  can  not  be  made  a  trade- 
practice  of  the  office  does  not  call  for  a  model  mark  by  beinc;  attached  to  another  article  and 
excepting  when  required  bv  the  commissioner,  sold  with  it.  This  case  is  known  as  **  Hoeb  et  al. 
which^  of  course,  reduces  tne  amount  of  space  V8,  Bishop  et  al"  The  instance  in  point  was  a 
requisite  for  keeping  up  the  work  of  the  depart-  scarf  or  other  ornamental  pin  attached  to  the 
ment.  There  are,  however,  about  25,000  models  cigar  and  claimed  as  a  trade- mark ;  the  pin 
already  in  the  cases  which  require  repairing,  could  readily  be  detached  and  used  for  personal 
It  is  frequently  necessary  to  refer  to  them  in  adornment. 

considering  new  applications  for  patents,  and  1890,  March.    United  States  Supreme  Court, 

there   is    naturally  a   considerable  amount   of  Evory  vs,  Burt.     Patent  59,875,  jfov.  6,  1866. 

breakage  and  wear  and  tear.     The  models  at  Held  to  be  for  the  manufactured  article,  not  for 

present  in  hand  are  of  almost  inestimable  benefit  a  mode  of  producing.    A  mera  improvement  in 

to  inventors,  by  enabling  the  examiners  to  con-  degree  is  not  invention. 

duct  their  investigations  with  greater  expedition  A  case  of  considerable  interest  has  been  tried 

than  would  otherwise  be  possible.    The  commis-  in  the  Eastern  District  of  Massachusetts,  the 

sioner  regards  it  as  a  public  calamity  that  the  Western  District  of  Wisconsin,  and  the  Northern 

office  ever  suspended  the  rule  requiring  models  District  of  Illinois,  Judj?e  Blodgett  presiding  in 

in  all  cases,  and  he  considers  its  readoption  as  the  latter  instance.     The  Consolidated  Roller 

most  desirable.  Mill  Company,  it  appears,  holds  patents  relating 

In  connection  with  the  commissioner's  report  to  rollers  used  in  mills,  and  claims  exclusive 

for  1891  (published  in  the  "  Oazette  "  of  Feb.  3,  rights  thereon.    If  sustained,  the  companv  can 

1892)  are  several  new  appendixes  of  great  his-  claim  royalty  from  nearly  all  proprietors  or  roll- 

torical  interest,  showing,  with  a  completeness  er  mills  in  the  United  States.    In  the  two  last 

not  before  attempted,  the  relations  of  the  Patent  of  the  courts  named  above  the  decision  is  ad« 

Office  to  the  prosperity  of  the  country.  verse  to  the  claimants,  in  the  first  it  was  in  their 

An  enormous  majority  of  our  great  manufact-  favor,  and  it  is  understood  that  it  will  now  be 

urin^  interests  were  originally  based  upon  in-  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

ventions  recorded  in  the  Patent  Ofilce.     The  The  United  States  Supreme  Court  held  that  a 

patent  laws  do  not  exist  for  the  benefit  of  in-  United  States  patent  is  not  terminated  by  the 

ventors  so  much  as  for  the  advantage  of  the  forfeiture  for  any  reason  of  the  corresponding 

public,  and  the  sooner  the  representatives  of  the  foreign  patent,  but  that  it  continues  until  the 

people  can  be  made  to  understand  this  fact  the  legal  term  of  the  foreign  patent  ends.    This  de- 

sooner  will  the  office  be  freed  from  the  fetters  cision  relieves  American  m ventors  of  a  very  em- 

that  now  limit  its  usefulness.  barrassing  condition.    Heretofore  if  a  foreign 

The  Library. — ^In  the  Patent  Ofiice  is  a  de-  patent  has  been  granted  for  an  invention  and  an 

Sartment  known  as  the  "  Scientific  Library,"  and  American  patent  taken  out  for  the  same,  the 
uring  recent  years  much  work  has  been  done  in  lease  of  life  of  the  latter  was  limited  by  that  of 
arranging  and  indexing  books  and  patents.  The  the  foreign  patent,  which  was  likely  to  come  to 
library  contains  about  60,000  volumes,  and  last  an  end  at  any  time  through  non-payment  of 
year's  expenditure  for  its  support  was  $2,670.  dues,  which  are  usually  in  foreign  countries  ar- 
Authority  has  been  recently  received  from  Con-  ranged  on  an  installment  plan, 
gress  to  exchange  the  "  Official  Oazette  "  with  An  official  decision  holds  that  an  inventor  who 
other  scientific  publications,  and  this  has  prac-  conceives  and  describes  an  invention  in  such  a 
tically  resulted  in  an  increase  in  the  fund  availa-  manner  that  another  can  construct  the  thing  de- 
ble  for  the  purchase  of  books.  In  connection  scribed  is  entitled  to  a  patent  as  aeainst  an  in- 
with  the  library  work  is  a  classified  abridgment  ventor  whose  conception  was  of  later  date  but  who 
of  the  patents  already  issued,  for  the  prosecution  filed  his  application  first ;  this  provided  the  orig- 
of  which  an  appropriation  of  |10,000  was  made  inal  inventor  uses  reasonable  diligence  in  perfect- 
by  Congress  several  years  ago.    No  additional  ing  his  invention. 

funds  have  been  forthcoming,  and  that  amount  October.    United  States  Circuit  Court,  Eastern 

has  already  been  expended.  District  of  Pennsylvania,  Justice  Butler,  Wright 

Litigation.— 1889.  The  Supreme  Court  of  vs,  Postel.  An  improvement  in  card-gildmg 
California,  Hill  vs.  Miller  in  a  case  where  an  in-  machines  declared  invalid  because,  though  the  in- 
vention is  specified  as  part  of  the  capital  stock  ventor  proved  priority  of  invention,  he  did  not  use 
of  a  partnership,  held  that  a  patent  on  the  in-  due  diligence  to  perfect  and  patent  his  invention, 
vention  becomes  partnership  property.  September.    The  United  States  Circuit  Court 

Before  the  Supreme  Court  of  Indiana  it  was  of  Massachusetts,  Judge  Colt,  the  Pullman  Car 

held  that  the  trade-mark  "  Akron  Dental  Rub-  Company  vs.  Boston  and  Albany  Railroad,  held 

ber"  was  infringed  by  the  legend  "Non-secret  that  the  Sessions  and  Pullman  patents,  1887  and 

dental  vulcanite,  made  according  to  our  analysis  1889.  covered  all  devices  involving  hood  or  ves- 

of  the  Akron  Dental  Rubber."  the  last  three  tibule  between  railway  carriages.    This  decision 

words  being  printed  large  and  in  red,  while  the  caused  much  adverse  comment,  as  vestibules  or 

rest  of  the  inscription  was  small  and  black.  hoods  practically  similar  to  the  Pullman  device 

In  the  cafio  of  Monroe  vs.  Bedell  ei  al.  the  Su-  were  in  use  alwiit  1860  on  the  Housatonic  Rail- 

preme  Court  of  New  York  held  that  the  adoption  road  in  Connecticut.   Nevertheless,  this  objection 

of  the  name  *'  Old  Sleuth  "  to  describe  a  series  of  has  not  been  set  aside. 

books  did  not  give  the  plaintiff  an  exclusive  right  July.    The  United  States  Circuit  Court,  Syra- 

to  the  word  *'  Sleuth  '*  in  the  titles  of  books.    The  cuse,  N.  Y.,  Jndp:e  Wallace,  Tibbe  &  Sons  vs. 

complaint  was  dismissed  with  costs.  Eeineken,  for  infringement  of  patent  on  com- 

Tne  Supreme  Court  of  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati,  cob  pipe,  held  that  filling  the  cob  from  the  out- 
held  that  an  article  having  a  distinct  commer-  side  with  a  plastic  self-hardening  cement  was  a 


702  PATENTS, 

new  invention  and  defensible  under  patent  law,  holding  that  the  plaintiffs  tiide-mark  had  been 

notwithstanding  the  established  and  common  improperly  registered.     The  case  was  compli- 

Eractice  of  filling  pipes  of  this  kind  with  a  simi-  cated  by  the  fact  that  the  deeds  were  drawn  in 

iT  cement  from  witnin.  Spanish  and  executed  in  Mexico,  so  that,  while 

'  April,  1891.    United  States  Supreme  Courts  there  was  no  question  as  to  their  reguUniy. 

opinion  delivered  by  Mr.  Justice  Gray,  Water-  much  difficulty  was  experienced  in  reaching  an 

man  vs.  MacKenzie  et  aL  Definition  of  an  assign-  intelligent  conclusion.    It  was  held  eventually, 

ment  in  patent  law  is  a  writing  conveying  either  however,  that  the  deeds  conveyed  no  good-will. 

(1)  the  old  patent  covering  all  rights  in  the  but  only  an  independent  right' to  the  use  of  the 

United  States,  or  (2)  an  undivided  share  in  that  trade-mark  in  question.    It  followed,  therefon*. 

right,  or  (3)  the  exclusive  right  in  some  specific  that  the  registration  was  irregular  and  void,  and 

part  of  the  United  States.     Such  instrument  the  plaintin  not  entitled  to  maintain  an  action 

vests  in  the  assignee  a  title  in  so  much  of  the  on  which  he  had  recovered  judgment.    Jud<r- 

title  itself,  with  the  right  to  sue  infringers  alone  ment  was  accordingly  reversed  and  entered  for 

in  first  and  third  cases,  and  jointly  with  the  as-  the  defendant,  but  without  costs.    In  effect,  the 

signer  in  second  case.     Any  other  transfer  is  rule  has  been  laid  do^n  that  a  trade-mark  may 

mere  license,  conveying  no  title  or  right  to  sue  not  go  beyond  the  trade  to  which  it  belon£& 

for  infringement.    A  grant  by  owner  of  patent  That  this  is  essential   in   the  interest   of   the 

of  the  right  to  manufacture  and  sell  does  not  in-  owner  of  the  trade-mark  is  perfectly  obvious, 

elude  the  right  to  use  .the  patent  if  manufact-  since  it  is  very  important  that  the  public  should 

ured  by  thim  persons,  and  is  therefore  a  mere  recognize  the  mark  as  designating  certain  special 

license.'    The  record  of  a  mortgage  in  the  Patent  goods,  and  because  it  is  to  the  interest  of  the 

Office  perfects  the  title  of  mortgagee  toward  all  purchaser  to  be  able,  by  means  of  the  mark,  cer- 

other  persons  as  well  as  against  the  mortgageor,  tainly  to  identify  the  article  he  is  purchasing, 

and  the  mortgagee  is  the  only  person  who  can  If  the  owner  of  a  trade-mark  were  free  to  sell 

therefore  sue  for  infringement.  his  mark  while  retaining  his  trade,  it  is  evident 

One  of  the  most  notable  cases  tried,  was  that  that  the  public  would  run   the  ijsk  of  being 

of  the  fidisoU  Electric  Light  Company  va.  the  deceived  in  regard  to  the  goods  covered  by  a 

United   States   Electric   Light   Company   (the  well-known  mark. 

Westinghouse  Company).    The  opinion  was  de-  -  Germany. — In  October,  1891,  in  Germany,  an 
livered  by  Judge  Wallace.    The  nearing  lasted  amendment  to  the  law  of  1877  went  into  effect, 
eight  davs.    The  patent  in  question  was  No.  The  principal  change  that  is  of  interest  to  A meri- 
2^,898,  for  an  incandescent  electric  lamp.    As  cans  is  that  patents  taken  out  in  foreign  conn- 
printed,  the  testimony  fills  nearly  6,000  pages,  tries  act  in  anticipation  of  the  invention  only 
it  took  the  lawyers  nearly  two  vears  to  prepare  after  a  lapse  of  three  months,  thus  permitting 
the  case,  and  the  opposing  briers  together  filled  extended  time  for  application  in  Germany.    If 
about  1,000  pages.     Judge   Wallace's  opinion  an  invention  is  still  in  preparation,  the  real  in- 
made  another  respectable   volume,  containing  ventor  may  prevent  the  issue  of  the  patent, 
about  10,000  words.    It  sustains  the  patent  as  Fees  mav  lie  paid  for  the  whole  time  in  advance, 
issued,  and   orders  the  decree   of   injunction  Fees  will  be  returned  if  the  patent  is  annulled, 
against  the  defendants.    The  invention  was  made  Application  for  annulment  can  not  be  made 
in  1879,  patented  in  1880,  infringement  discov-  after  five  years.    Fees  are  not  lowered,  but  may 
ered  and  suit  begun  in  1885.    The  two  claims  in  be  by  the  Federal  council  without  special  legis- 
litigation  were — (1)  a  carbon  filament  secured  to  lation.  A  patent  may  be  revoked  if  due  diligence 
metol  wires,  as  set  forth ;  (2)  the  combination  is  not  used  to  introduce  it.    Damages  for  in- 
of  carbon  filaments  with  a  glass  receiver  from  infringement  are  increased.    The  new  patent  of- 
which  the  air  is  exhausted,  as  set  forth.    The  ficc  was  established  in  Berlin  in  April, 
decision  set  aside  the  first  claim  as  not  infringed        Mexico. — A  new  |>atent  law  was  passed  in 
upon,  but  sustained  the  second  claim  as  a  '*  high-  Mexico  in  1890.     Under  its  provisions.any  per- 
ly  meritorious  discovery  and  invention,  whereby  son,  native  or  foreign,  may  ootAin  a  patent  for 
a  lamp  was  made  which  was  practically  opera-  twenty  years,  with  the  privilege  of  extending  it 
tive  and  successful,  the  embryo  of  the  best  lamps  for  five  years.    The  office  fees  are  from  ^5()  t^ 
now  in  commercial  use,  and  but  for  which  the  $150.    ^o  official  guarantee  is  given  regarding 
subdivision  of  the  electric  current  by  incandes-  novelty  or  sufficiency  of  specifications.    Patents 
cetice  would  still  be  nothing  but  the  ignis- fatuus  are  given  for  articles  already  patented  in  foreign 
which  it  was  pronounced  to  be  in  1879  by  some  countries,  but  the  3fexican  patent  expires  with 
of  the  leamea  experts  who  are  now  striving  to  the  expiration  of  the  foreign  patent.    Supple- 
belittle  his  (Edison's)  achievement  and  show  that  mentary  applications  for  improvements  rosy  he 
it  did  not  rise  to  the  dignity  of  an  invention."  filed  withm  one  year.     The  Government  may 

Great  Britain. — In  January,  1890,  the  Eng-  appropriate  any  patent  on  payment  of  a  fair  in- 

lish  Court  of  Queen^s  Bench,  Mr.  Justice  Day  demnity.    When  application  is  filed,  the  patent 

presiding,  tried  a  case  that  will  no  doubt  l>e  is  published  for  two  months  in  the  **  Official  Ga- 

cited  as  an  important  precedent.    In  one  of  the  zette,"  to  allow  for  interference  proceedings,  if 

lower  courts,  from  which  the  case  was  appealed,  there  is  reason  for  any  such.    All  previous  pat- 

the  jury  found,  upon  two  issues,  substantially  ent  laws  are  repealed. 

that  the  trade-mark  as  used  by  the  defendant        Swindling  Aprents. — An  easy  and  profitable 

was  in  effect  an  imitation  of  the  plaintiff's  trade-  method  of  swindling  on  the  part  of  nnnrincipietl 

mark,  and  that  the  defendant  nad  wrongfully  agents  has  of  late  assumed  considerable  propo^ 

or  voluntarily  disposed  of  goods  that  were  not  tions.    In  the  Patent-office  **  Gazette,"  puoli5hed 

really  the  goods  represented  by  the  trade-mark,  weekly  by  the    department,  are    hundreds  of 

From  that  judgment  the  defendant  appealed,  names  of  inventors  and  illustrated  accounts  of 


PATENTS.  703 

their  inventions.    As  the  addresses  of  the  in-  Trowbridge,  of  Columbia  College,  read  a  paper 
ventors  are-given  in  every  ease,  it  is  easy  for  an  on  "  The  Effect  of  Technical  Schools  on  the  Prog- 
agent  to  write,  offering^  to  sell  or  even  to  pur-  ress  of  Invention."    Prof.  Robert  H.  Thurston, 
chase  an  invention.    The  usual  course  is  to  offer  instructor  in  mechanical  engineering  in  Cornell 
to  negotiate  a  sale  for  some  small  consideration  University,  read  a  paper  on  "  The  Invention  of 
paid  in  advance ;  this  payment  may  be  trivial  the  Steam  Engine."  A  paper  prepai-ed  by  Idajor 
and  may  be  asked  for  on  the  ground  of  neces-  C.  £.  Button,  U.  S.  A.,  was  read  in  his  absence 
sary  expenditure  in  the  matter  of  postage  or  by  Capt.  Bimey,  of  the  Ordnance  Bureau,  en- 
of  advertisements.     The  army  of  inventors  is  titled  *'The  Influence  of  Invention  upon  the 
so  numerous  that  small  contributions  from  a  Imnlemeuts  and  Munitions  of  Modern 'VV  arfare." 
large  percentage  of  them  may  easily  afford  a  '*Tne  Relation  of  Abstract  Scientific  Research 
considerable  'income  for   an   adroit   swindler,  to  Practical  Invention,"  with  special  reference 
This    practice  is  not  confined  to  the    United  to  chemistry  and  phvsics,  was  treated  bv  Prof. 
States,  but  has  been  taken  up  by  foreign  agents,  F.  W.  Clark,  of  Ohio,  chiet  chemist  of  the  United 
who  find  too  many  victims  among  Americans.  States    Geological    Survey.     The    concluding 
u      Patent-office  Decisions. — March,    1889,   in  papers,  read  on  the  evening  of  April  10,  Prot 
f^  the  case  of  Donovan,  on  appeal,  Mr.  Ben^n  J.  Alexander  Graham  Bell  presiding,  were  as  fol- 
,   Hall,/ assistant    Commissioner  of   Patents,)  ex-  low:  "The  Relation  of  Invention  to  the  Com- 
plained rules  68  and  189  as  meaning  that  each  munication  of  Intelligence  and  the  Diffusion  of 
tribunal  of  the  Patent  Office  is  bound  to  see  to  Knowledge  by  Newspaper  and  Book,"  by  William 
it  that  an  inventor  shall  secure  a  patent  for  T.  Harris,  United  States  Commissioner  of  £du- 
whatever  is  patentable  in  his  invention  ;  this  is  cation.    "  The  Birth  of  Invention  "  was  consid- 
alike  the  duty  of  the  examiner-in-chief,  of  the  ered  by  Prof.  Otis  T.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  curator 
primary  examiner,  and   of   the   commissioner,  of  the  National  Museum,  and  Dr.  John  S.  Bil- 
Congress  has  decided  that  whenever  the  essen-  lings,  curator  of  the  Army  and  Medical  Museum, 
tial  point  has  been  missed  in  the  issue  of  papers  concluded  with  a  paper  on  "  The  American  In- 
the  inventor  pia^  claim  a  reissue  on  demonstra-  ventions  and  Discoveries  in  Medicine,  Surgery, 
tion  of  the  oversight.  and  Practical  Sanitation."    In  connection  with 
January,  1890,  a  patentee  may  not  say  in  his  the  proceedings  at  the  Music  Hall  special  effort 
claim  that  certain  specific  elements  of  his  com-  was  made  to  collect  in  accessible  places  some  of 
bination  are  not  essential  to  the  combination  or  the  more  notable  of  the  models  and  machines 
invention.  that  have  exerted  distinguished  influence  on  our 
Tlie  Centennial   Celebration. — Until  the  commercial   progress — the  press,  for  instance, 
date  was  nearly  at  hand  it  did  not,  apparently,  at  which  Benjamin  Franklin  worked,  a  model 
occur  to  any  one  that  the  hundredth  year  of  the  of  the  plow  used  by  Prof.  Morse  in  laying  the 
United  States  patent  system  ought  to  be  cele-  first  telegraph  line,  part  of  one  of  the  first  loco- 
brated  as  an  anniversary  occasion.     It  was  then  motives  ouilt  in  the  United  States,  and  many 
too  late  to  organize  for  a  suitable  ceremony ;  there-  other  interesting  relics.    Several  meetings  were 
fore  it  was  determined  to  celebrate  instead  the  held  with  a  view  to  a  .permanent  organization 
beginning  of  the  second  century  of  American  among  inventors  and  manufacturers  oi  patented 
patents.    The  8th,  9th,  and  10th  of  April  were  articles,  the  design  being  to  secure  co-operation 
designated  early  in  1891,  and  the  exercises  were  in  matters  looking  to  the. improvement  of  the 
held  in  Lincoln  Music  Hall,  Washington.  Presi-  patent  system,  or,  to  use  the  words  of  the  pro- 
dent  Harrison  opened  the  proceedings  with  a  spectus,  "  that  organized  effort  may  be  made  to 
brief  address,  after  which  the  Rev.  Vr,  Sunder-  remedy  existing  defects  and  provide  against 
land  asked  the  divine  blessing  on  the  assemblv.  danger  in  the  future."    The  organization  took 
The    regn^lar    proceedings   were    appropriatefv  shape  in  the  election  of  Dr.  Gattling,  inventor 
oi)ened  with  an  a<ldress   by  the   lion.  C.  E.  of  the  Gattling  gun.  as  president,  and  Gardner 
Mitchell,.  Commissioner  of  Patents,  on   "The  R.  Hubbard,  of  Washington,  Prof.  William  A. 
Development  of  the  American  Patent  System."  Antony,  of  the    Electrical  Engineers,  Thomas 
The  following  named  speakers  addressed  the  Shaw,  of  Philadelphia,  and  Benjamin  Butter- 
meetings  :  The  Hon.  Carroll  D.  Wright,  Com-  worth,  of  Ohio,  as  vice-presidents, 
missioner  of  Labor,  on  "  The  Relation  of  Inven-  Inyentions  in  1890-*91.— During  these  two 
tion   to    Labor**;  Justice    Blatchford,  of    the  years    46,454  patents   and    registrations   have 
Supreme  Court,  on  "A  Century  of  Patent  Law";  been  issued  in  the  United  States.    Only  a  very 
the  Hon.  Robert  S.  Taylor,  on  '*  The  Epoch-  small  portion  of  them  can  be  here  enumerated, 
making  Inventions  of    Americans  " ;    Senator  In  the  following  list,  it  is  intended  mainly  to  in- 
Platt,  chairman  of  the  Patent  Committee,  on  dude  only  the  more  homely  and  convenient  de- 
"The  Invention  and  Advancement  of  Science";  vices  that  are  adapted  to  the  uses  of  every-day 
Senator  John  W.  Daniell,  on  "  The  New  South  life.     Some  of  these  inventions  are  quite  un- 
As  an  Outgrowth  of  Invention  and  the  American  known  to  the  general  public,  and  few  of  them 
Patent  Law  ";  Ainsworth  R.  Spofford.  the  libra-  have  attained  more  than  a  local  reputation, 
nan  of  Congress,  on  "  The  Copyright  System  Boats. — An  ingenious  folding  boat  has  been 
of  the  United  States."    Prof.  Tnomas  Grav,  on  placed  in  the  market  bv  its  inventor,  Charles  W. 
"The  Invention  of  the  Telegraph  and   tele-  King,  of  Kalamazoo,  iMich.    The  objection  to 
phone";  Col.  P.  A.  Sealy,  principal  examiner  of  almost  all  folding  boats  is  that  the  spaces  be- 
the  Patent  Office,  on  **  The  International  Pro-  tween  the  ribs  and  the  longitudinal  pieces  are  so 
duction  of  Industrial  Property."    Prof.  Samuel  wide  that  when  placed  in  the  water  and  loaded 
P.  Langley,  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  pre-  the  external  pressui-e  is  such  as  to  destroy  the 
sidled  at  one  day's  session,  and  spoke  briefly  on  lines  or  model  of  the  boat.    In  Mr.  King's  in- 
**  The  Progress  of  Invention."    Prof.  William  B.  vention  (Fig.  1)  he  has  employed  galvanized 


steel  wire  for  the  necesBorj  "timbera  thp  for 
mation  of  the  bout,  as  shovn  in  rhe  illustration, 
consisting  of  four  sections  of  such  wire  lashed 
together,  overlappinf;  one  another  in  such  fash- 
ion as  to  cover  almost  the  whole  interior  surface 
of  the  boat.  The  necessary  longitudinal  atiSnesa 
of  Che  boat  is  secured  b;  a  stout,  oaken  keel, 
binned  amidships  and  furnished  with  stem  and 
stern  pieeea  that  (It  iolo  the  curved  ends  of  the 
fleiibfe,  waterproof  covering  The  curved  stem 
and  stem  pieces  are  set  in  place  while  the  keel 
is  still  bent  upnard  In  the  middle  at  its  pivotal 
point.  It  is  obvious  that  tbe  downward  press- 
ure on  the  middle  of  the  keel  thrusts  its  ends 


outward,  so  that  the  entire  flexible  cnverinir  is 
strained  !on<;ituilinallf  as  tight  as  possible.  The 
keel  being  once  in  position,  rilis  mnite  of  some- 
what heavier  steel  wire  and  numbered  to  indi- 
cate their  proper  position  tn  the  bnnt.  are  slipped 
into  aoekota  along  the  eunwale,  and  th*n  pushed 
aloDg  the  keel  until  they  engage  notches,  where 


thcT  arc  pLnnenenllT  held  These  nbf  also  hold 
down  the  smaller  wire  fntme-work  alreadv  in 
place,  pressing  it  ho  flrmly  against  the  flexible 
covering  that  it  can  not  be  moved  unless  tbe  Iceel 
is  detached.  Along  the  midship  section  of  both 
gun  wales  two  removable  strips  of  wood  are  placed, 
and  these  are  pressed  outward  by  an  adjustable 
cross  piece,  which  can  be  lengthened  or  short- 
ened at  will,  thus  increasing  or  decreasing  the 
beam  of  the  boat  according  to  convenience  or 
necessity.  Immediately  on  the  steel  ribe  before 
mentioned  are  laid  light  floor  boards,  runnin? 
fore  and  aft  in  sections,  so  that  the  occupaotj 
of  the  boat  ait  or  ataud  without  dancer  of  slep- 
ypv  ping  upon  the  flexible  cov- 

/     \  ering.    These,  too,  are  se- 

/  )         ourely  locked  in  position 

^^ ^         by  simple  devjcea.    With 

each  boat  is  a  light  canTiB 
cover,  in  which  all  lh« 
partacan  be  packed,  and  fi- 
nally the  whole  is  wrapped 
np  in  an  external  one 
formed  bv  the  floor  bmrd*. 
The  totaf  weight  of  such  ■ 
boat,  of  medium  siie,  ca- 
pable of  carrying  Ihrre 
men  in  smooth  water,  snil 
about  12^  feet  long,  is  6i 

Propeller  for  tilnall 

Boats. — The  ingenuil;  "' 
fnrentora  has  for  a  len? 
time  been  dirwtod  to  de- 
Tising  some  kind  of  me- 
chanical appliance  tlut 
should  supersede  the  mrs 
and  paddles.  Onlitmri' 
paddle  wheels  and  servw 
propellers,  when  applied  to  small  boats  kiiiI 
driven  by  arm  or  leg  power,  are  not  nearly  sn 
efllcient  in  proportion  as  when  driven  liy  'hp 
tireless  steam  engine,  A  recent  device  for  lhi« 
purpose  is  known  as  the  "feather-blade  elliplic 
propeller"  <Fig.  2).  It  is  a  mechanical  devii* 
tor  operating  a  paddle  that  closely  approxinwtcs 


the  moTement  of  a  single-bladed  paddle  when 
used  b^  hand.  Kefcrence  to  the  illustration 
will  render  the  principle  apparent.  The  longest 
movement  <it  the  puddle  is  when  immersed,  ths 
blade  being  nearly  vertical  in  tbe  water,  so  that 
there  is  nu  splosh  or  slip  or  loss  ot  propulsive 
elluct.  It  has  Ihe  advantage  over  oars  in  that 
Ihe  boatman  (acea  the  bow.  The  propulsive 
machinery  consists  of  a  simple  arrangement  of 
pedals  and  cranks.  The  steering  gear  is  ope- 
rated by  hand,  tiller  lines  leading  to  an  ordinary 
rudder  attached  to  the  stern-post.  It  is  clainiea 
bv  the  inventor,  George  V.  Tibbels,  that  there  is 
a  gain  of  25  per  cent,  over  any  other  means  of 
water  propulsion  for  small  boats.  The  machinery 
can  be  made  of  wood  or  metal,  is  preferably  ope- 
rated by  hand  or  foot,  but  any  of  the  petroleum, 
steam,  or  naphtha  engines  can  be  adapted  to  it. 


Can-Opener.— A  m on g  the  scores  ot  dsyices 

. :__  .; .1 '-n  of  nasbrouck 

Alliger,  of  Uondout,  N.  ¥..  seems  to  combine 
almost  all  the  excellences  of  such  devices.  It  is 
made  in  two  parts,  as  shown  in  the  illustmtion. 
The  longer  or  central  piece  is  provided  with  a 
bent  pomt,  which  can  easily  be  forced  by  the 
hand  through  the  top  of  the  can ;  then,  bending 
it  downward  till  it  rests  horizontally  against  the 


VOL.  XXXL— 45  A 


ENT8.  705 

top  of  the  ean,  the  smaller  part  bearing  the 
knife  blade  is  forced  through  tbe  edge  ot  the 
tin ;  both  parts  are  then  doubled  together,  the 
blade  assuming  an  efficient  cutting  angle,  and  it 
is  a  verj'  easy  matter  to  pass  the  blade  around 
the  entire  can,  separating  the  top  neatly  from 
the  sides. 

Clotfaes-Iine  Prop,— Any  one  who  has  wit- 
nessed the  trouble  encountered  by  a  laundress  in 
placing  the  onlinarr  poles  used  for  the  support 
of  clothes  lines  will  appreciate  the  tightening 
and  retaining  device  shown  herewith  (Fig.  4). 
The  top  of  the  pole  ia  provided  with  a  cross 
piece  and  funiished  with  hooks  curved  inward 
on  the  cross  piece  and  downward  on  the  main 
pole.  In  the  illustration,  1  shows  the  method  of 
engaging  the  clothes  line,  2  shows  the  second 
motion  in  tightening  the  line,  and  3  shows  the 
pole  when  set  upright,  the  line  engaging  all 
three  of  the  hooks. 

Ax  fl antic  Chain. — Many  devices,  such  as 
springs  and  buffers  of  India-rubber,  have  been  in- 
Tented  to  overcome  the  longitudinal  rigidity  of 
an  ordinary  chain,  but  a  device  that  makes  the 
chain  itself  elastic  possesses  obvious  advantages. 
Fig.  S  shows  an  invention  patented  by  Charles 
Bwwood,  of  Denison  City,  Teias.  It  is  made 
with  flexible  wire  loops,  each  piece  of  bent  wire 
having   an   eve  at 

each  end.     These  r 

eyes  are  made  of  ^^^^^^^^^^^T^ 
such     shape    and    ^  J  J        J 

size   that   the   eye    ^^        J^      j£>,^^J*a,     " 
of  another  similar     ^^k,*^"**^'^^^^^ 
piece  of  wire  can 
be  passed  through, 
and  thus  a  chain    * 
any  length  ci 

constructed.      The         Fio.  B.— Elabtic  CH*ni. 
middle   portion  of 

each  piece  of  wire  is  bent  at  a  somewhat  curved 
angle,  so  that  when  a  strain  is  brought  upon 
the  chain  the  eyes  of  each  link  slip  together 
toward  the  angle,  and  if  the  strain  is  continued 
and  increased  the  curved  pieces  of  wire  act  as 
springs  and  recover  their  normal  posilion  as 
soon  as  released.     No.  1  shows  the  chain  at  rest ; 

For  the  feeble  or  inflrm, 

_   ...  that  renders  easier  the  needful  bo t 

di^cult  operation  of  thoroughly  cleaning  the 
feet  is  to  be  welcomed.  The  iDvenlion  of  Mrs. 
M,  L.  W.  Mnrti- 
not,  of  New  York 
city,  seems  to  ap- 
proach perfection 
for  this  purpose. 
The  illustration 
(Fig.  6)  shows 
the  principle.  A 
strong,  fleKible, 
water-tight  slock- 
ing is  made  large  ■ 
enough  to  permit  ' 
perfectly  easy  put- 
ting on  and  tak- 
ing off.  The  inner 
surface  is  studded  with  soft,  elastic  rubber  pro- 
tuberances, which  press  against  the  skin  with 
every  movement  of  the  foot  and  ankle.  A  com- 
paratively small  quantity  ot  water  or  other  me- 


tooc 


706  PATl 

diuni,  warmeil  and  prepared  to  suit  the  case,  ia 
pouraJ  int"  the  stockings,  which  are  then  put  on 
and  prnperlj  secured  about  the  lees.  The  wearer 
miiT  then  effect  a  very  thorough  foot-bath  bj 
wnlkinji  about  the  room,  or  otherwise  produoinn 
Ihe  requireii  (rietion.  For  travelers  or  others 
whose  supply  of  hot  water  is  apt  to  be  limited, 
this  device  would  seem  to  be  very  eonvenieril. 

A  Bath  Lift. — Few  of  the  ordinary  ojierv 
tions  of  hospital  practice  are  more  ditlleult  than 
Ihat  of  placing  a  helpless  patient  in  a  bath-tub, 
an  operation  very  often  desirable  for  the  sake  of 
proloneed  immer- 
sion Fig.  7  shows 
a  lift  invented  by 
S.  A.  K.  Strahan. 
H.  D.,ot  England, 
t  is  a  light  but 
strong  metallic 
I  frame  fitted  with 
ordinary  twine 
netting  upon 

which  the  patient 
can  stretch   him 
,.„.  ,.--™..ar..  self  oroanbelaif 

with  comparative 
ease,  and  then,  by  means  of  the  crank,  be  low- 
ered into  the  bath.  One  attendant  can  thus 
bathe  a  patient  who  can  with  ilifnpulty  be  han- 
dled by  four  under  ordinary  conditions.  When 
the  bath  is  over,  the  patient  ia  easily  hoisted  out 
of  the  water,  rubbed  dry,  and  prepared  for  bed. 
Such  an  appliance  could  readily  be  fitted  to  a 
bath-tub  in  a  private  house. 

OperatlDg  -  table  for  TeteHnar;  Snr- 
gtirj. — One  of  the  problems  that  confront  the 
veterinary  surgeoti  is  the  diOlcultyof  retaining 
his  subject  in  an  accessible  position  during  an 
operation.  The  ordinary  method  of  tricing  up 
a  faoT^e  or  an  ox  by  means  of  wide  abdominal 
support  is  open  to  objections,  since  the  animal, 
when  becoming  frightened,  can  struggle  and 
render  it  almost  impossible  to  secure  him 
properly.  Dr.  L.  A,  Anderson,  of  Cincinnati, 
has  in  use  a  t-able  and  appliances  at  his  hospital 
on  which  a  heavy  animal  of  any  kind  can  be 
secured  and  treated  witJiout  dilllcutty  or  danger. 
The  animal  is  led  alongside  an  object  which  he 
might  easily  mistake  for  a  fence  or  the  side  of  a 
bam ;  here  he  is  harnessed,  in  a  somewhat  novel 
method  to  be  sure,  but  in  a  way  not  calculated 
to  aronse  his  suspicions.  Several  strong,  broad 
hands  are  passed  around  the  body,  and  a  similar 
one  loosely  about  the  neck,  the  animal  still 
standing  in  a  natural  and  unrestrained  position. 
This  done,  the  operator  goes  to  the  other  side  of 
the  table  and  operates  a  crank,  gently  tilling 
the  supposeil  fence  or  bam  door  first  to  a  slight 
angle  and  Biially  to  a  horizontal  position:  and 
the  animal  may  struggle  as  he  will  until  he  finds 
that  such  efforts  are  futile;  usually  the  patient 
subsides  as  soon  as  he  finds  himself  approaching 
a  horinontal  position. 

Bein  6rip.— Fig.  8  shows  a  simple  device 
that  will  be  of  interest  to  every  one  who  has 
much  driving  to  do.  There  are  already  in 
use  many  devices  to  facilitate  the  firm  grip 
upon  llie  reins,  but  most  of  these  require  some 
complicated  operation  before  they  can  be  moved 
back  and  forward  according  to  the  necessities  of 
the  case.    Elvin  L.  Smith,  of  Mans&eld,  Mass., 


is  the  inrentot.  It  consists  of  two  similarly 
shaped  cam  blocks  of  a  curved  or  bom-like 
shape,  held  together  and  pivoted  iijioii  tvo 
simple  curved  plates,  between  which  the  rein 
passes.  The  plates  are  spaced  apart  by  [>aralkl 
ti/di,  which  serve  as  pivots  upon  which  the  cam 
blocks  are  hinged.  Each  roa  is  surrounded  by  a 
spiral  spring,  one  end  of  etich  spring  being  lit.t 
to  the  Uange  of  the  bracket  plate,  and  the  othrr 
end  fixed  in  the  cam  bloi-kl  The  two  sprin|> 
operate  in  such  away  that  their  strength  L^ 
eierted  to  extend  the  blocks  oppositely,  causing 
the  bases  of  the  cams  to  |ire$s  on  both  sides  ol 
the  rein  passing  between  ihem.  When  it  is  in 
use  the  fln^rs  naturally  press  upon  the  lateral 
wings,  forcing  the  butts  of  the  cams  together 
firmly  upon  the  rein,  but,  by  a  very  slight  press- 


■e  exerted  without  chansing  the  hand,  the  free 
is  of  the  blocks  may  he  fi '  ^   "  ' 
n  shown  above,  when  the  : 


ibrace  two  hues  as  well  aj. 

Lnmlnona  Keyhole  Euntcheon.— It  is  sur- 
prising that  the  use  of  luminous  paint  for  many 
purposes  has  not  become  more  general.  One  of 
the  most  common  instances  where  it  can  be  made 
useful  is  perhaps  on  the  doors  of  closets,  chests. 
etc.,  kept  in  dark  places.  John  E.  Fitch,  of 
Albuquerque.  N.  M..  appears  for  some  reason  to 
have  been  the  first  to  perceive  the  advantage  of 
a  luminous  keyhole  escutcheon.  The  merits  of 
such  an  invention  are  so  clear  Ihat  it  nf«dnot 
be  hero  illustrated.  The  device  has  a  coneave 
or  recessed  back,  coated  with  phosphorescent 
paint  and  covered  with  glass:  surroundius 
the  phosphorescent  paint  is  a  frame  completing 
the  escutcheon  and  making  it  ornamental.  It  i< 
well-known  that  phosphorescent  paint  when 
kept  for  a  long  time  without  an  opportnnily  to 
renew  its  luminosity  by  exposure  lo  the  sin 
loses  its  normal  power  lif  emitting  light  in  the 
dark.  Oood  paint  shows  readily  in  the  dark  for 
two  or  three  years,  and  its  renewal  at  the  end  of 
that  time  is  by  no  means  difficult. 


Ra  I  lira  J  ApplUnces.— One  of  ihe  fcreal 
diOicultieij  encounWred  by  railroad  men  in  graz- 
inn;  counrries  where  lencesi  are  scarce  and  uiitle 
abuod&Dt  arisea  from  the  propeuaic;  of  UQimUils 
tu  t^traj  out  of  the  highways  or  out  of  their 
proper  pastures  and  wander  alonK  the  milrohil 
triuL-k.  £very  one  who  has  traveled  much  on 
fuch  lines  has  witnessed  the  stoliditj  with  whith 
a  herd  of  cows,  or  a  single  animal  even,  will 
watch  the  approach  of  a  shrieking  locomotive 
and  stand  placidlj  in  front  of  it,  chewing  her 
cud  or  resolutclv  refusing  to  get  out  of  the  way. 
\V.  J,  Burk,  of  Seattle,  Wash.,  has  devised  a 
steam  jetconnected  with  the  engine,  so  arranged 
that  by  very  simple  mechanism  nn  engineer  can 
send  a  stream  of  hot  water  to  a  considerable  dia- 
tjuice  in  front  of  the  cow-catcher  of  his  locomo- 
tive; such  a  discharge  would,  of  course,  effect- 
ively frighten  any  number  of  cattle  without 
seriout^Iy  injuring;  them. 

Anotbcr  device  is  intended  to  render  it  im- 
possible tor  cattle  to  pass  any  barrier,  such  as  a 
fence  or  a  ditch,  by  following  the  track.  The 
ordinnry  plans,  unless  elaborate  and  expensive, 
have   proved  ineBectiial,  the  stupid  cattle   ex- 


!0— Cdbtaik  RtHoa. 


hibiling  a  highlv  creditable  degree  of  ingenuity 
in  overcoming  barriers  that  would  seem  to  be 
(ITi\'tual.  In  this  device  (Fig.  6)  a  series  ot  bars 
f>(  thin  iron  or  steel  are  placwi  upon  their  edges 
parallel  with  the  rails;  they  are  notched  into 
croiia  pieces  so  as  to  prevent  displacement,  anil 
in  order  to  avoid  possible  injury  they  are  spaced 
•o  closely  that  no  animal  can  get  its  feet  caught 
Iwlweeti  them;  moreover,  they  arp  made  of 
unpijual  height,  so  that  a  secure  footing  is  im- 
possible for  any  hoofed  animal.  It  is  claimed 
that  no  animal  can  be  induced  or  forced  to  trust 
il-*lf  to  the  trpacheroiis  wipport  offered  by  this 
ciiard,  one  great  ndvantaRe  of  which  is  that 
it  m^uires   no  costly  excavation  beneath   the 

AtUchmpnt   for  a  Pail.— Every  one  must 
have  noticed  the  difflcultv  that  the  housemaid 

rjporiences  in  carrying  her  Bcnibhing-bniph, 
mil,  and  soap  from  one  place  to  another.  Wlll- 
i«m  P.  A.  Scott,  of  Pennsylvania,  has  patented 
&  simple  attAchment  that  can  be  placed  upon 
the  edge  of  an  ordinary  pail  and  used  as  a  recep- 


MTS.  707 

tacle  for  eoap,  scrubbing-brush,  cloth,  etc  The 
device  is acircular  shelf,  with  slotted  projections 
fitting  over  the  edge  of  the  pail,  and  extending 
downward  sutMciently  to  Insure  a  secure  hold. 

Cartmln  BInyg,— The  very  general  introduc- 
tion of  curtains  and  porliirim  in  household 
decoration  has  sug- 
gested 10  N.  B.  Al- 
len, of  New  York, 
the  application  of  a 
device  for  curtains 
that  has  long  been 
in  use  among  sea- 
man, namely,  rings 
to  which  small  roll-  I 
ers  are  fitted, 
that  in  moving;  the 
curtain  the  rings 
will  not  bind  in 
passing  along  the  rod  This  device  is  shown  in 
Fig.  W.  Similar  devices,  alreadv  referred  to  as 
in  use  among  the  seamen,  are  called  "pearls." 
A  shows  the  rings  in  use,  fltteil  with  the  attach- 
ment, and  B  the  ring  separate  from  curtain  and 
rod.  The  attachment  is  of  thin  sl;eet  melel, 
fitted  to  the  shape  of  the 
inner  surface  of  the  ring, 
to  which  it  can  readily  be 
Hilached  by  slightly  spring- 
ing Ihe  metal.  In  place 
of  the  ordinary  pearls  are 
fitted  small  antifriction 
rollers,  the  bearing  sarfaces 
of  which  rest  upon  the  face 
of  the  rod  upon  which  the 
curtain  hangs. 

Cooking  UtenBil.  — 
Many  devices  arc  in  u^  to 
facilitate  the  healing  of 
water  and  Ihe  like  over 
otilinary  gas  fixtures.  An 
improvement  in  this  di- 
rection has  been  patented 
bv  Whitfleld  Ward!  of  Sew 
York.  A  circular  opening 
is  cut  in  the  bottom  of  nn 
ordinary  stew-pan.  and  to 
this  is  soldered  a  conical 
hood,  rising  within  Ihe  pan.  Within  this  hood 
is  a  j<ertorated  cylinder,  which  is  held  in  posi- 
tion by  a  perforated  ring 
flush  with  the  bottom  of 
Ihe  stew-pan.  The  ill 
iration  (Fig.  11)  shows  I 
utensil  in  section.  ^'I-  ._ 
it  is  placed  upon  the  gas 
flsture   Ihe  burner    rests 

within  the  perforated  hood,  and  Ihe  ulensil  is 
thus  held  securely.  The  gas  being  turned  on 
and  lighted,  burns  only  when  it  comes  in  con- 
tact with  the  air  below  the  perforated  hood, 

Teost  Cnk«. — Joohua  Barnes,  of  Kew  York. 
has  secured  a  patent  for  what  is  lerined  a"sugRr- 
coated  yeast  cake."  The  term  must  lie  regarded 
as  technical,  since  the  coating  is  not  distinctively 
composed  of  sugar,  but  of  some  impermeable 
glim.  The  invention  is  valuable  in  Ihnt  it  pre- 
serves for  an  indefinite  period  the  domestic  or 
dry  yeast  cake,  which  ordinarily  can  be  kept  in 
a  serviceable  condition  only  a  few  weeks  at  most, 
and  only  a  few  days  where  the  conditions  are 


ie  illus-  ^ — ^ 

LOWS  the    V      liZ      / 
When     \  /m  / 


untavorable.  The  su^r  coating  or  gumming 
prucess,  it  is  claimed,  w  a  B&teguard  agninst  the 
effects  ol  the  BtiDOspliere  and  of  ia^ects. 

^pooB -holder.— One  of   the  most  common 
mishaps  of  the  aioli-room  is  to  mislay  the  spoon 


Fid   It.— Spoon  HOI 


that  belongs  with  &  particular  bottle.  A  rpcenlly 
patented  contrivance  is  mada  of  wire,  easily  ad- 
justable about  the  neck  of  any  bottle  It  has  at 
one  end  a  double  curve  so  adjusted  as  that  it  vill 
hold  a  spoon  securely  in  the  most  convenient 
position  for  use.     This  is  shown  in  Pig.  12. 

Aittomatlc  Screw-drlrer.— This  device  is 
intended  to  facilitate  the  driving  of  screws  and 
similar  operations  in  carpentry.  In  external  ap- 
pearance it  is  like  an  ordinary  screw-driver,  but 
within  the  handle  is  a  spiral  shafting  arranged 
on  the  principle  of  what  is  known  to  mechanies 
as  longitudinal  reciprocation.  The  screw  is 
started  as  usual,  the  point  being  sunk  in  the 
wood.  To  drive  it  home,  it  is  only  necessary  to 
bear  heavilj  and  vigorously  in  the  direction  of 
its  length.  The  screw  is  immediately?  revolved 
with   great  velocity  and  driven  rapidly  home. 


This  device  is  tutented  by  Christopher  S.  Olsen, 
of  Illinois  (see  Fig.  VS). 

Book-prol«ctor. — The  spacing  of  shelves  in 
a  library,  out  of  consideration  for  the  wear  and 
tear  of  books,  should  be  such  that  the  boohs  can 
be  removed  without  sliding  them  upon  the  lower 
shelf,  but  this  involves  a  large  space  between 
the  tops  of  the  books  and  the  upper  shelf,  which 


edge  of  the  carriage  on  which  the  name  or  num- 
ber of  the  book  may  be  marked  for  greater  tn* 
of  reference.  Tliis  device  is  of  course  muali 
useful  in  the  case  of  Urge  and  heavy  boni;^ 
whose  lower  cover  edges  rapidly  btxcmt  vim 
out  where  they  are  frequently  used. 

Indexes. — Every  book  should  have  an  Indpi. 
and  almost  all  modern  books  have  indexes;  LtiI 
there  are  many  works  in  constant  use  that  Isi-i 
these  important  accessories.  Among  recent  pat- 
ents is  an  altuchinent  lo  an  ordinarv  book  cover, 
so  arranged  that  it  holds  leaves  for  indexing.  )>ut 
forma  a  part  of  the  cover,  folding  within  al  Ibe 
end  of  the  volume.  If  this  device  could  be  at- 
tached to  all  the  books  that  need  the  addition  vl 
an  index,  work  in  reference  libraries  would  U 
greatly  facilitated. 

Book-holder. — A  simple  device  for  keeping 
open  the  pages  of  an  unruly  or  ill-bound  Umil 


es 


Fio.  I 


^O 


Lawrence  I 


Leith,  of  Texas,  has  patented  a 

riage  made  of  a 
size  corresponilinK 
with  the  book  it  is 
designed  to  hold 
(see  Fig.  14).  It 
hasanised  central 
portion  to  support 
the  lower  eoges 
of  the  leaves,  nnd 
the  corresponding 
edges  of  thei" 


I  the  c 


portion  of  the  car- 
riage.   Inserted  in 
,— Booi-pnoiKcroa.       the  under  side  of 
the    carriage    are 
..e  rollers.      The  platform  is  run  in  or 
the  shelf,  there  being  a  pnll  on  the  front 


has  been  patented  by  William  IT.  Ash.  of  Seir 
York.  The  contrivance  is  clearly  shown  in  Fi;:. 
15.  It  is  made  of  wire,  and  composed  of  tvn 
similar  Parts  having  a  sliding  connection  iriih 
each  other,  each  of  the  said  parts  being  bent 
into  a  hook  at  the  outer  end  and  large  enou^ 
to  fit  over  the  edges  of  an  ordinary  book.  The 
other  or  inner  end  is  bent  al  a  sharp  ancle. "' 
that  it  engages  the  part  of  the  other  hook  "ith 
which  it  is  in  contact. 

Calf-lteeder.— One  of  the  most  tedious  anJ 
exasperaling  eiporiences  of  a  stock  breeder  is  I" 
teach  a  young  ealf  to  drink  from  a  pail  or  Iroti^. 
William  E.  Spiners,  of  Iowa,  has  (Bitented  a  de- 
vice intended  to  help  the  farmer  in  solving  this 
Sroblem.  It  consists  of  a  ^ 
exiblc  tube  several  inch-    X  j 

es  in  length,  which  is  at- 
tached   to    a    perforated 
plate,  which  in  turn  may 
be  screwed  to  the  lioltom 
of  a  pail.    The  perforated 
plate  freely  admits  milk 
to  the  interiorof  the  tube, 
and  the  calf,  in  endeavor- 
ing lo  drink,  gets  hold  of  p,a  ,fl, 
the  upper  end  of  the  tube, 
and  thus  teams  to  help  himself  without  ihi- 
usual   tedious   devices   tc  ivhich  farmers  n^>rt 
(see  Fig.  10). 

Boue-clamp. — Various  devices  are  in  a^e  fnf 
the  adjustment  of  tent  ropes,  clothes  line*,  ten- 
nis nets,  and  other  fixtures,  where  it  is  necessT 
to  lengthen  or  shorten  a  rope  at  will.  The  ordi- 
narv wooden  fiddle  in  use  for  this  purpose  has 
its  disadvantages.     S.  W.  Conklin,  of  New  York. 


has  devised  an  Improved  cUnip,  which  ap^renttv 
is  very  couvenienL  The  frame  or  case  is  made 
at  malleable  casl  iron,  at  one  end  ot  which  is  a 
clamping  lever  ot 
the  usual  type, 
Iiirmed  with  an 
cfcentrio  notched 


of  the  daah-board.     The  present  device   is  «._ 
apron  of  riibt«r,  oil-cloth,  or  other  waterproof 


that  i 


the 


rope,     forces    the 
lever  forward,  and 
^o-  J7,  causes   it   to  bear 

outwardly  npon 
the  nipc  Ihus  increasing  ils  holding  force.  At 
the  opposite  end  of  theframoare  two  rigid  rings. 
thmueb  which  the  rope  passes,  and  tan  be  at^ 
tached  wherever  reqnired  (see  Fig.  17). 

I!nsllag«. — Processes  for  the  prepnition  of 
ensilftge  are  numerous,  and  are  pronablj  more 


material,  i 
dash-board.  It  has 
side  flaps,  which 
completely  prolect 
the  floor  of  the  ca«r- 
riageor  buggy,  with 
elastic  strips  to  hold 
them  in  position, 
held  fast  to  the  side 
of  the  seat,  and 
leather    straps    to 

protect  the  person 
of  the  driver.  The 
old-ftiBhioned  boot 
allowed  the  waler 
to  drain  down,  and 
almost     inevitably 

the  bottom  of  the 


r  and  outside  the 


isists  in  placing  the  material  in  a  stack  above 


s  it  all  to  flow 

Swinging  iSblpB'Berthii. — The  wretchedness 
that  results  from  sea-sickness  and  the  increasing 
number  of  ocean  travelers  have  set  inventors  to 
work  to  alleviate  their  discoraforL  Several  in- 
ventions of  the  kind  were  shown  at  the  recent 
Marine  Exhibition  in  Boston.  Theee  differed 
from  one  another  simply  in  detail.  Some  of  the 
favorite  ocean  liners,  as  Ihe  "Citvof  Berlin." 
'•  Chicago,"  "  Chester,"  and  "  Citv  oi  Richmond," 
and  some  of  the  chins  of  the  North  Ger- 
man Uovd  Company  have  used  these  devicps 
with  satisfactory  results.  The  berths  can  be 
placed  in  an  ordinary  state-room  ;  some  of  them 


Sxed  blocks  on  pulleys.  Through  these,  and 
over  the  top  of  the  stack,  ropes  ace  passed,  and 
the  ordinary  appliances  of  mechanics  can  be 
uwd  to  produce  any  desired  amount  of  compres- 
<iion  apon  Ihe  stnck.  Fig.  18  shows  a  section  nf 
the  stnck.  with  the  pulleys  in  position.  The  free 
ends  of  the  rope  puss  to  cleats  or  to  other  blocks, 
which,  with  the  ordinary  combinations,  mav  l>e 
n»ed  to  increase  the  pressore.  The  idea  of  the 
invention  seems  to  be  to  avoid  the  enpense  of 
dicfpng  deep  pitA.  nsually  employed,  or  Ihe  ex- 
fifnsive  structures  that  are  sometimes  erected 
above  ground. 

8torin  Anron,— Any  one  who  has  ridden  fnrin 
n  carriage  during  a  driving  storm  will  nppreciale 
the  device  recentlv  patented  bv  Dr.  P.  J.  Oibbons 
sml  David  B.  Shelley,  of  Pennsylvania  (Fig.  10). 
The  ordina-v  earriagn  boot,  it  will  be  remem- 
bered, is  rolled  up  and  stowed  on  the  inner  side 


in  securing  sufficient  swing  by  reciprocating 
motion,  so  that  the  actual  space  ot  the  state- 
room will  not  be  largely  diminished.  Some  of 
Ihe  berths  will  rei^pond  readilj'  to  a  roll  of  over 
S0°,  while  in  point  of  fact  a  vessel  in  the  rough- 
est sea  rarely  rolls  more  thdn  <0°  or  45°.  So 
nice  are  the  adjuslmenls  in  ihe  34-ineh  berth 
that  it  requires,  it  is  said,  only  SBJ  inches  tor  its 
full  operation.  This  is  highly  important  when 
it  is  remembered  that  saloon  cabins  do  not 
average  more  than  6  feet  2incheB  in  length,  and 
37  to  28  inches  behind  the  doors.  One  of  the 
berths  is  in  appearance  almost  like  a  piece  ot 
movable  housebold  furniture,  and  scarcely  more 
bulky  than  a  sideboard  or  an  upright  piano. 
Most  of  these  berths  are  hnnp  so  as  to  swing  on 
pivots  at  the  head  snd  foot:  but  others  are  sus- 
pended from  above  by  a  central  point  of  support, 
so  that  the  pitch,  as  well  as  the  roll  of  the  ves- 
sel, is  sensiblv  modifled.  Great  ingenuity  has 
been  displayed  in  the  adapialion  of  spare  cor- 
ners and  nooks  of  Ihe  berths  to  hold  toilet  arti- 
cles, books,  and  the  other  little  necessaries  ot 
which  every  traveler  hai  a  troublesome  store.  In 
the  case  of  Ihe  free-swinging  berths,  rubber  pack- 
ing and  springs  are  necessary  to  take  part  of  the 
strain,  and  practical  tests  have  shown  that  a 
gla-ss  of  water,  nearly  full,  can  safely  be  left  for 
hours  in  a  berth,  even  when  a  ve^^sel  is  parsing 
through  a  tempestuous  sea.  Most  of  these  in- 
ventions have  been  tested,  and  may  now  be  Eaid 
to  have  passed  the  ex|)erimental  stage. 


710 


PATENTS. 


Fio.  80. 


Line  Galde  for  Fishing  Rods.— The  little 
metal  rings  that  are  communly  used  on  fishing 
rods  to  guide  the  line  from  the  reel  to  the  tip 
are  ordinarily  of  somewliat  elaborate  construc- 
tion and  corresponding  expense.  Joel  C.  Parker, 
of  Michigan,  has  invented  and  patented  a  very 

simple  appliance  of  this 
kind,  consi^tini^  of  two  or 
more  spiral  coils  of  wire, 
the  uncoiled  ends  of  the 
wire  projecting  so  as  to  be 
readily  lashed  to  the  rod. 
When  in  position  the  axis  of  the  coils  is  parallel 
with  the  rod,  and  the  line  runs  freely  through  it 
in  the  usual  way  (see  Fig.  20). 

Drag  Anchor.— Emil  J.  Pagan,  of  France, 
has  patented  what  would  seem  to  be  a  highly 
efficient  drag  anchor,  designed  to  take  the  place 
of  the  make-shift  devices  usually  employed  by 
mariners  to  keep  the  head  of  the  vessel  to  the 
sea  in  a  heav^  gale.  The  invention,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  21,  consists  of  a  series  of  umbrella  para- 
chutes, attached  to  the  cable,  and  weighted 
at  suitable  intervals  with  sinkers  to  keep  them 
below  the  surface  of  the  water.  As  seen  at  the 
left  of  the  illustration,  the  anchor  is  in  the 
act  of  being  hauled  back  on  board  the  vesseL 
The  trinping-line  is  allowed  to  hang  slack  when 
the  ancnor  is  in  use,  but  as  soon  as  it  is  hauled 


Fio.  21. 

inboard  the  pressure  is  brought  upon  the  re- 
verse side  of  the  umbrella  parachutes,  and  they 
automatically  close  in  passing  through  the 
water  An  anchor  of  this  kind  can  be  stowed 
in  very  small  space  when  not  in  use,  and  is  al- 
ways ready  to  be  thrown  overboard,  and  will 
act  instantly  and  efficiently.  In  the  case  of 
most  of  the  drag  anchors  in  use,  delay  is  almost 
always  necessary  in  locking  and  adjusting  the 
supports  required  to  keep  them  in  position. 

Photographic  Camera.— Among  the  most 
interesting  of  the  photographic  appliances  of  the 
vear  is^  the  camera  jwitented  by  Carl  C.  Stirn,  of 
Now  York.  It  may  be  described  as  a  panoramic 
camera,  intended  to  produce  such  pictures  as 
are  used  for  the  outlines  of  the  cycloramas  that 
have  been  exhibited  in  the  principal  cities  of  the 
United  States.  In  order  to  secure  an  accurate 
panoramic  photograph,  it  is  necessary  to  revolve 
the  camera  on  a  pivot  coincident  with  the  cen- 


ter of  the  lens,  not  with  that  of  the  camera 
itself,  and  upon  this  principle  rests  one  of  the 
most  important  claims  of  this  patent.  In  con- 
nection with  this,  however,  are  film  rollers,  by 
which  the  ordinary  sensitized  film  is  kept  taut, 
and  the  surface  to  be  exposed  is  constantly 
maintained  exactlv  at  the  required  focal  di^ 
tance ;  moreover,  the  distance  of  the  revolution 
is  regulated  by  means  of  ingenious  machinery, 
so  that  when  one  picture  has  been  taken  the 
film  is  shifts,  and  the  edge  of  the  next  expo;^ 
ure  coincides  exactly  with  the  edge  of  the  pre- 
ceding exposure.  By  this  means  a  perfect  pho- 
tographic circle  may  be  made  of  the  entire  hori- 
zon, and  all  the  perspective  values  and  the  dif- 
ferent conditions  of  light  and  shade  may  le 
secured  with  ereat  rapidity  and  exactness. 

Geographical  Device.— I  >r.  Edward  Eggle- 
ston,  of  New  York,  has  patented,  and  showsi  in 
practical  use  in  connection  with  a  *'  First  B(v>k 
in  American  History,"  a  device  that  is  well 
calculated  to  impress  geographical  divisions  on 
the  mind  of  a  child.  In  brief,  the  invention 
consists  of  the  combination  in  book  form  of  a 
series  of  ma])s,  each  printed  upon  one  side  of  a 
leaf  of  the  book,  and  each  representing  a  sepa- 
rate portion  of  a  given  country.  The  leaves 
bearing  the  maps  are  successive;  for  instance, 
the  first  recognized  boundaries  of  the  United 

States  mav  be  shown  upon 
the  first  leaf;  the  blank 
space  of  this  leaf  is  cut 
away  with  a  pair  of  sci:^ 
sors.  When  the  printed 
part  which  remains  is 
folded  down  on  the  suc- 
ceeding page,  it  exactly 
fits  upon  the  next  territ4> 
rial  acquisition  of  the 
United  States;  and  thus, 
by  cutting  away  the  blank 
portion  of  the  successive 
leaves,  the  whole  present 
territory  of  the  United 
States  is  built  up  in  its 
regular  order,  and  at 
length  the  complete  map 
is  seen  at  a  glance  as  the 
country  exists  at  present. 
Apparently,  this  device 
will  effectually  impress 
upon  the  youthful  mind  any  geog^phicai  changes 
that  may' take  place. 

LoTihond's  Tintometer,— This  device  is  in- 
tended to  reduce  to  a  certain  definite  and  fixed 
standard  the  various  color  tests  in  use  amonj? 
dyers,  print  manufacturers,  metallurgists,  brew- 
ers, oil  refiners,  and,  in  short,  all  the  trades  that 
depend  upon  color  for  any  stage  or  process  of 
manufacture.  Hitherto  varying  conditions  of 
light  and.  to  a  very  great  extent,  the  "  personal 
equation  "  have  rendered  such  tests  more  or  less 
untrustworthy.  The  tintometer,  the  invention 
of  Mr.  Joseph  W.  Lovibond,  of  Salisbury.  Eng- 
land, may  be  briefiy  described  as  consisting  in 
effect  of  two  tubes  placed  side  by  side,  provided 
with  an  eye-piece  at  one  end,  and  open  at  the 
other  end.  Slight  changes  in  the  mechanical 
arrangement  provide  for  the  examination  of 
opaque,  transparent,  solid,  or  liquid  bo<lie5 
(see  Fig.  22).    At  the  left,  marked  i>,  is  a  re- 


Hector,  odjuslBb^e  so  is  to  ehow  bq  even  nbite 
surface  in  the  direttion  of  thu  tintometer  at  the 
right.  This  last  is  divided  lotigiludinally,  so 
I  hat  aD  observer  at  £' will  see  thn>u);h  the  tubes 
two  equal  white  spaces  on  D.  Supposing  a 
liquid  to  be  under  exuminatioTi,  it  is  pJaced  ui  n 
gauged  vessel  Siting  a  compartuieut  in  the  left- 


o 


Fro.  ». 

hand  tube.    Then  slips  of  tinted  ^Ibsb  arep  aced 
in   the  right-hand  tube  until  the  color  o      h 
li'juid  is  eiaclly  matched.     In  the  ease  of  so  d 
or  textile  fabric",  the  procesa  is  the  same  e      p 
that   the  object  is  tw  placed  that  rcfleeted    gh 
instead   of    Imnsmitled    light   reaohes  th 
of  the  observer  at  £,    Here,  then,  is  a  system  by 
which  coiora  can  be  absolutely  compared       d 
constant    conditions  that   render  possible 
adoption  of  a  standard  unit  ut  color  in  score 
industries  now  more  or  less  nncerrain.     Th 
ventor   has  devised   a  very   simple   schei 
estimating  color  by  a  standard  scale,  each        6 
including  a  large  number  of  tinted-class       p 
ppjperly  marked   to   correspond  with   a  reg 
li-rcd  scale.     Thus  if  a  fluid  in  a  one-inch      «se 
matches  a  glass  slip  marked  ^^'^  it  coiitai      8 
degrees  of  series  number  500.     The  system 
eludes  the  use  of  several  slips  in  case  of  need 
and  the  combinations  of  yellow  and  blue,  ma b 
ing  green,  or  of  red  and  blue,  malting  p  rp 
are   readily   gauged  and  registered.      The  tin- 
tometer is  not   very    generally   known  in   this 
c^Lintrr,  but  is  apparently  entitled  to  the  con- 
sideration of  many  different   branches  of  very 
large  mannfacturinp  interests. 

Flexible  MetalUe  Tab«s.— Many  attempts 
have  been  made  in  the  direction  of  fleiiole 
tubes,  and  with  more  or  lees  success.  Bnl  the 
most  promising  device  as  yet  produced  is  of 
English  origin.  The  plan  of  construcljon  is 
seen  in  Fig.  S3.    A  thin  strip  of  capper,  brass. 


INTa  71] 

another.  The  re-entrant  curves  of  the  section 
vnry  with  the  amount  of  flexibility  required. 
tight  joints  being  less  flexible  than  tbot«  that 
have  more  play.  To  secure  tightness  a"  thread  " 
of  tine  rubber  is  fed  into  the  interspace  of  the 
joints  while  the  tube  is  in  process  of  manufact- 
ure, and  this  is  said  to  render  it  quite  tight  for 
pases  and  liquids  under  slight  pressure  end  for 
steam  and  water  under  very  heavy  pressure  es- 
pecially. The  liquid  under  pressure  has  the  effect 
of  tightening  the  joints.  The  tube  weighs  about 
the  same  as  does  India-rubber  tubing  of  the 
same  strength,  and  will,  no  doubt,  endure  rough 
usage  better.  The  degree  of  flexibility  may  lie 
judged  by  a  halt-inch  lube  which  will  coil  around 
a  circle  of  Bve  inches  diameter. 

Rotary  Snow- Plows.— Since  their  invention 
a.  few  years  ago.  these  plows  or  excavators  (for 
they  are  not  properly  plows)  have  undergone 
inanv  improvements.  The  latest  model,  known 
as  the  Jull  centrifugal  snow  excavator,  has  re- 
cently achieved  such  a  notable  success  in  breaking 
a        w  b  ockad  h    Un    n  Pac  fl     ita  wa 

as  to  m         cpec       n     re     Th     first    f    h 
inacb  usneduhRn       Wtertn 


Fia.  n. 


or  gun  metal  is  bent  so  that  its  section  resembles 
the  letter  S.  This  is  coiled  upon  itself  so  that 
the  parts  interlock  continuously,  forming  a  tube 
with  overlapping  and  interlocking  joints,  which 
have  of  necessity  considerable  plaj  upon  one 


Fia,  84. 

and  Ogdensbnrp  Railway  on  Msrch  6,  1F89. 
For  750  feet  the  track  wbs  covered  with  fpoien 
enow  to  a  depth  of  from  2  lo  7  feet.  The  ex- 
cavator went  thrnuprh  it  without  a  halt.  After 
other  tcfls  the  Union  Pacific  Railroad  bought 
the  machine  and  sent  it  to  Kansas,  where  it  broke 
the  most  formidable  snow  blockade  that  has  re- 
centlv  occurred  in  the  monntnins.  The  machine 
(fee  F\^.  24)  is  SO  feet  long  without  its  tender, 
which  IS  similar  lo  that  of  an  ordinary  locomo- 
tive. In  front  of  the  structure  is  the 
rotating  screw  with  its  point  quite  near 
Ihe  ground  at  one  side.  This  screw  is 
like  an  immense  cone-shaped  augur 
presenting  cutting  eilgea  of  steel  with 
curved  helix-like  wings,  that  hurl  Ihe 
snow  hsckward  and  lo  one  side.  Sup- 
pose this  huge  liulk  In  be  moving  for- 
ward at  a  siteeil  of  about  8  miles  nn 
hour,  wilh  Ihe  exc*vator,  driven  by  800 
horse-power  turning  at  Ihe  rate  of  8C0 
revolutions  a  minute.  It  would  seem 
that  enow  in  almost  soy  form  short  of  solid  ice 
must  yield  before  such  a  powerful  engine.  In 
point  of  fact,  this  plow  accomplished  work  that 
had  defle<l  all  the  energies  of  the  railroad.  The 
cone  weighs  about  6  tons,  and  clears  a  track  11 


718  PATI 

feet  wide.  The  ploir  is  paehed  by  1  or  more 
locomotivs  engtnea,  accoraing  to  the  depth  of 
snon.  It  cleared  the  track  between  Bnkcr  City 
Rnd  Iia  Grande,  a  distance  of  about  80  uiles  in 
two  days,  removing;  a  mass  of  bdov  that  might 
otherwise  have  impeded  travel  until  the  opening 
of  spi'ins;.  It  is  announced  thnt  the  machine 
that  has  rendered  such  good  service  is  to  be 
teet^Kl  in  removiiig  drifted  sand  from  the  tracks 
of  the  Union  Paci&c  during  the  summer.  If 
saocesaful,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  vhy  the 
same  printiple  should  not  be  effective  in  dredg- 
ing silt  or  mud  in  some  of  ttie  great  engineering 
works  now  in  progress. 

Ships'  Windlasses.  —  Many  improvements 
have  been  made  in  recent  years  in  the  mechani- 
cal ajipliances  used  for  hoisting  heavy  wefghts 
on  shipboard,  especially  anchors  and  the  like. 
The  old-fashioned  wuoi^en  capstao  with  its  di- 
rect-acting attachments  is  now  seen  only  on 
the  antiquated  craft  of  a  former  generation. 
The  modern  capstan  is  of  iron  and  steel  through- 
out, with  mechanical  connections  that  largely  in- 
crease its  efficiency  and  enable  an  instant  change 
if  desired  from  a  high  power  and  slow  speed  to 
high  speed  and  diminished  power.  Suchodjust' 
ments  are  especially  desirable  in  the  case  of 
steam-ships.  When  the  anchor  holds  firmly  a 
tremendous  force  can  be  applied  until  the  grip 
is  broken;  then,  by  simply  moving  a  lever,  the 
speed  can  be  largely  increased,  and  the  anchor 
hoisted  to  the  davits  while  the  ship  gets  under 
"'  '  ■' j|  ^^l,weell 


should  steam  give  ont;  hence  ft  oompact  and 
scieniiScally  constnicted  reproduction  of  the  old 
wooden  capstan  is  often  found  on  deck,  especially 
in  large  vessels.  On  smaller  vessels  And  yachts. 
windlasses  are  generally  used  and  opemted  by 


the  donkey  engine  and  the  windlass,  and  the 
once  tedious  operation  of  weighing  anchor  is  re- 
duced to  an  affair  of  a  few  minutes,  steam  doing 
all  the  hurd  work.  It  is  important,  however, 
that  the  machinery  be  manageable  by  band  power 


no.  as, 

what  are  termed  pump  brakes  or  by  levers 
working  on  the  racket  principle.  In  Fig.  SS 
the  Providence  capstan  windlass  is  shown  as 
one  of  the  most  penect  machines  of  its  class.  It 
is  used  on  the  new  United  States  men-of-war  and 
on  a  large  number  of  first-class  American  vessels. 
This,  it  is  claimed,  is  the  only  windlass  made 
witb  a  single-headed  canslan  capable  of  doing 
double  duty.  The  engrav- 
ing shows  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  shafts  and 
bearings,  but  some  of  the 
recent  improvements  can 
Dot  be  shown  in  a  sins:lc 
perspective  drawing.  The 
capstan  shaft,  for  instance, 
steps  upon  a  center  bear- 
ing for  the  windla^  shaft 
which  extends  downward 
and  is  bolted  to  the  deck. 
It  is  also  re-enforced  by  s 
solid  casting  bolted  to  the 
pawl-bitts.  These  double 
supports  render  it  almost 
impossible  for  the  wind- 
lass shaft  to  spring  or 
break.  The  wheels  upon 
which  the  chain  cables  rr4 
ore  called  "  wild-cats,"  be- 
cause they  can  be  disen- 
ftne^  and  allowed  to  turn 
freely  upon  the  windiajs 
^,^^'  shaft.  They  are  formed  so 
'  that  the  links  lock  them- 
selves between  converginfc 
flang^  and  the  cable  mn 
not  slipsoioniras  it  rests  in 
the  allele.  The  wild-csl< 
are  readily  locked  to  the 
ahaft  or  unlocked  by  menn" 
of  a  lever  inserted  in  the 
square  holes.  The  detachable  lever  nperates  a 
steel  friction  band  that  passes  around  a  dnim 
connected  with  the  wild-cat,  and  is  flrmlv  hohed 
to  the  deck  (Fig.  38).  This  locking  and  'friction 
arrangement  is  duplicated  at  the  other  side  of 


PATENTS. 


713 


the  windlass.  Outside  the  end  bcArin^^  of  the 
windlass  are  the  usual  drums  for  operatin[^  haw- 
sers or  other  lines  in  heavy  hauling  or  hoistlnsr. 
When  steam  is  used  to  operate  the  windlass  the 
connection  is  made  through  an  endless  screw  ope- 
rating^ on  the  large  cog  wheel,  which  is  in  that  ease 
shaped  differently  to  uccommodate  the  changed 
conditions.  It  \a  tometimes  desirable  to  operate 
the  friction  band  Irom  the  lower  deck,  and  in 
tluit  case  the  lever  is  placed  as  in  Fig.  26,  which 
shows  the  ingenious  method  whereby  the  wheel 
is»  clasped  on  all  sides  by  the  friction  band.  A 
is  the  lever,  B  an  eccentric  bearing,  C*  the  friction 
band.  When  the  lever  is  depres^  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  arrow  it  is  evident  that  the  lower  part 
of  the  band  is  powerfully  drawn  toward  B,  and 
any  desired  pressure  exerted  upon  about  three 
quarters  of  the  periphery  of  the  wheel 

Btnoeular  Vision  in  C]lreat  Telescopes.— 
The  production  of  the  telescope  represented  by 
the  accompanving  drawings  was  suggested  by 
the  fact  that  Nature  created  men  with  two  eyes, 
but  none  with  one;  and  as  the  Creator  never 
malces    a  mistake  nor  wastes  his  energies  in 
making   two  things  where  one  is  sufficient,  it 
was  logical  to  suppose  that  two  eyes  are  better 
than  one  for  the  purposes  of  vision,  and  that 
when  we  peep  into  the  telescope  with  one  eye 
shut  we  are  only  using  half  the  means  that  Na- 
ture has  placed  at  our  disposal  in  endeavoring 
to  solve  the  visual  problems  of  the  universe. 
The  doctrine  has  been  persistently  set  forth  that 
any  attempt  to  adjust  two  great  telescopes  into 
the  conditions  of  binocular  vision  must  of  ne- 
cessity result  in  failure,  as  two  such  instruments 
would  always  show  the  same  object  double ;  but 
the  double  telescope  here  represented  showed, 
when  completed,  only  a  single  image  of  any  ob- 
ject at  which  it  was  directed;  and  when  it  is 
properly  adjusted  to  the  e^es  of  the  observer, 
two  ima^  of  the  same  object  can  not  be  seen, 
but  the  image  is  better  defined  and  more  than 
twice  as  bright  as  that  in  either  telescope  when 
viewed  with  a  single  eye,  for  the  reason  that  the 
loss  of  one  eye  makes  us  more  than  half  blind. 
Pig.  27  is  a  longitudinal  section  through  the  cen- 
ter of  the  instrument,  showing  the  convergence 
of  the  light  of  a  star  that  enters  it.    In  the  in- 
strument A,  L  is  the  object  glass,  and  the  dotted 
lines  C,  C,  represent  the  light  being  gathered  to 
the  focus  P.  by  which  it  may  be  seen  that  it  is 
only  the  ordinary  form  of  telescope.     Its  com- 
panion, B,  is  so  placed  as  to  be  perfectly  parallel 
with  A,  and  they  are  secured  together  by  the 
couplings  D,  E.    The  object  glass  in  this  instru- 
ment is  within  the  tube,  but  farther  back  than 
that  of  its  companion.    The  focal  length  of  the 
two  object  glasses  being  the  same,  it  is  necessary 
to  place  it  far  enough  back  in  the  telescope  to 
compensate  for  the  length  of  the  cross  aajust- 
ment,  G,  at  the  final  focus,  the  nature  of  which 
will  be  understood  by  following  the  dotted  lines 
that  converge  from  the  object  glass,  0,  to  the  fo- 
cus.   A  prism  or  speculum  at  H  reflects  this 
converging  light  transversely  to  its  original  di- 
rection, as  shown  at  I ;  it  is  then  intercepted  at 
J  bv  another  prism  or  speculum  and  reflected 
to  tie  final  focus  of  that  telescope  at  K.    The 
cross  adjustment  G  is  constructed  so  as  to  slide, 
in  order  that  the  two  eye-pieced  F  and  K  may  be 
adjusted  to  the  different  distances  between  the 


eves  of  different  observers.  In  this  telescope,  B, 
there  is  also  an  additional  rack  and  pinion,  P,  for 
moving  the  obiect  glass,  0,  a  little  back  or  for- 
ward, so  that  the  eye-pieces,  Pand  K,  may  be  co- 
incident in  position.  The  eye-piece  K  has  the 
direction  of  the  dotted  line  M,  which  converges 
to  the  point  N,  on  the  optical  axis  of  A,  sufficiently 
distant  from  the  observers  to  give  the  eyes  an 

easy  angle  of  visual 
convergence.  At  this 
point  the  images  of 
both  telescopes  coa- 
1 0  lesce,  and  thereby  pre- 
sent to  the  observer 
only  a  single  image  of 
a  single  object,  and 
instead  of  seeing  two 
images  of  the  same 
object  it  is  simply 
impossible  to  divide 
the  single  binocular 
image  into  two  unless 
by  pressing  the  ball  of 
one  eye  out  of  its  nat- 
ural position.  When 
it  is  necessary  to  use 
this  instrument  for 
two  observers  at  the 
same  time,  or  by  mas- 


Fio.  28. 


ter  and  pupil,  the  cross  adjustment,  G,  is  re- 
moved, and  then  the  eye-piece  end  takes  the 
form  shown  by  Pig.  ^.  Thus  the  instrument 
is  practically  two  telescopes,  which  will  always 
have  the  image  of  the  same  object  in  their  re- 
spective foci,  thereby  furnishing  the  master  with 
tne  means  of  describing  to  the  pupil. 

One  of  the  advantages  of  constructing  great 
telescopes  for  binocular  vision  is  to  be  found  in 
the  fact  that  the  intensity  of  light  brought  to 
the  focus  by  two  object  glasses  of  thirty  inches 
in  diameter  would  be  greater  than  that  brought 
by  a  forty-inch  objective  to  its  focus.  As  their 
relative  focal  lengths  would  be  proportioned  to 
the  diameter  of  their  object  glasses,  the  observa- 
tory for  the  shorter  instrument  would  be  much 
smaller  and  less  costly  than  that  of  the  forty- 
inch  instrument,  but  the  double  telescope  would 
have  much  the  greater  space-penetrating  power. 
As  that  quality  is  proportionate  to  and  depend- 
ent upon  the  relative  brilliancy  of  the  image  at 
the  focus,  the  space-penetrating  powers  of  the 
double  instrument  would  be  superior  to  that  of 
the  greater  in  the    proportion   of   sixteen  to 


714  PENNSYLVANIA. 

nine.    This  doable  telescope  is  the  invention  of  $5,000 ;  Stat«  tax  on  personal  property  returned 

Charles  B.  Bovle,  of  New  York.  to  counties.  $436,558.58 ;  Soldiers*  and  Sailor** 

PENNSYLVANIA,  a  Middle  State,  one  of  Home,  $72,500;  Soldiers*  Orphans'Schools^f  132,- 
the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution  393.01 ;  common  schools,  $2,289,859.55 ;  Nation- 
Dec.  12,  1787;  area,  ^,215  s(]uare  miles;  popu-  al  Guard,  $410,689.80  ;  disasters  by  floods.  $383,- 
lat  ion,  according  to  the  census  of  1890,5,258,-  602.62:  monuments  at  Gettysburg,  $10,dOO; 
014.    Capital,  Harrisburg.  pensions  and  gratuities,  $5,952.75 ;  State    Col- 

GoTernment. — The  following  were  the  State  lege,  $24,057.70 ;  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Nat- 

ofHcers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Robert  £.  unral Sciences,  $25,000;  Museum  and  Sehcx>l  of 

Pattison,     Democrat;      Lieutenant-Governor,  Industrial  Art,  $10,000;  Nautical  School  ship, 

Louis  A.  Watres,  Republican;  Secretary  of  the  $10,750;  Gettysburg  Memorial  Association.  $7.- 

Commonwealth,  William  F.  Uarrity,  Democrat ;  500.    Other  items  brought  the  total  amount  of 

Treasurer,  Henry  K.  Boyer;  Auaitor-General,  expenditures  to$10,453,952.64,  leaving  a  balance, 

Thomas  McCaraant ;  Secretary  of  Internal  Af-  Nov.  30, 1891,  of  $6,979,854.55. 
fairs,  Thomas  J.  Stewart.  Republican ;  Superin-         The  public  debt,  Nov  30,  1890,  was  $12,349.- 

tendent  of  Public  Instruction,  D.  J.  Waller,  Jr. ;  920.28 ;  on  Nov.  30,  1891,  it  was  $9,811,568.'^; 

Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Thomas  J.  Edge,  Re-  total    redeemed,    $2,538,352.      Following    is  a 

publican;   Adjutant-General,   William  McClel-  statement  of    the    funded   debt:    3i-per-cent. 

land.  Democrat ;  Attorney-General,  W.  U.  Hen-  currency  loan  $1,642,900 ;  4-per-cen^  currency 

sel,   Democrat;   Insurance  Commissioner,  J.  M.  loan,  $6,072,650;  5-per-cent.  currency  loan,  f  1,'- 

Forster  to  May  25,  and  afterward  G.  B.  Luper ;  444,800 ;  6-per-oent.  Ae^ricultural  College  scrip 

Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Edward  M.  bond,  $500,000 ;  proceeos  of  sale  of  experimental 

I^axson;  Associate  Justices,  James  P.  Sterrett^,  farms,  $17,000;  total  interest-bearing  debt,  $9,- 

Henry  Green,  Silas  M.  Clark,  Henry  W.  Will-  677,350.     The  unfunded   debt  and  debt  upon 

lams,  James  T.  Mitchell,  and  J.  B.  McCollum.  which  interest  has  ceased  was  as  follows  :  Relief 

Finances. —  The  following  was  the  report,  notes  in  circulation,  $96,143 ;  interest  certificates 
Nov.30. 1891:  The  balance  in  the  State  Treasury  unclaimed,  $4,448.38;  interest  certificates  out- 
Nov.  30,  1890,  was  $4,426,645.45;  the  total  re-  sUnding,  $13,038.54;  6-per-cent.  Chambersbui^ 
ceipts  during  the  year  were  $13,007,161.74.  This  certificates  unclaimed,  $148.66;  domestic  credit- 
revenue  was  derived  from  the  following  sources :  or,  $25 ;  5-per-cent.  bonds  upon  which  interestt 
Lands,  purchase  money,  and  interest,  $1,948.27;  has  ceased,  $18,414.70;  6-per-Gent.  bonds  upon 
fees  for  warrants  and  patents,  $094.08 ;  tax  on  which  interest  has  ceased,  $2,000 ;  total  debt 
corporation  stock  and  limited  partnerships,  $2,-  bearing  no  interest.,  $134,218.28.  The  statement 
378.911.54 ;  tax  on  gross  receipts  (corporations),  of  debt  redeemed  is  as  follows :  3i-per-cent.  loans 
$690,176.62;  tax  on  gross  receipts  (notaries  pub-  redeemed  by  purchase,  $20,600;  4-per-cent. 
lie),  $4,402.21 ;  tax  on  gross  premiums,  $55,040.-  loans  redeemea,  $900 ;  4-pei>cent  loans  re- 
68 ;  tax  on  bank  stock,  $413,177.45 ;  tax  on  net  deemed  by  purchase,  $658.550 ;  5-per-cent.  loans 
earnings  or  income,  $68,405.44;  tax  on  loans,  redeemed  by  purchase,  $1,858,3(K):  relief  note 
county  and  municipal,  $122,800.20;  tax  on  of  $2  canceled ;  total  debt  redeemed,  $2,5^,352. 
loans  of  private  corporations,  $1,289.220.41 ;  tax  Education. — The  report  of  the  Superintend- 
on  personal  property,  $1,906,244.67;  tax  on  entof  Public  Instruction  for  the  year  ending  June 
writs,  wills,  deeds,  etc.,  $172,443.82;  tax  on  col-  1, 1891,  gives  the  following  statistics:  Number 
lateral  inheritances,  $1,232,766.80;  tax  on  sale  of  school  districts,  2,338;  number  of  schools, 
of  fertilizers,  $8,710:  foreign  insurance  com-  22,884;  number  of  graded  schools,  10,940;  num- 
panies,  $395,307.97;  eating-house  licenses,  ber  of  superintendents,  122;  number  of  male 
$11,339.99;  retail  liquor  licenses,  $440,249.18;  teachers,  8,171 ;  number  of  female  teachers,  16.- 
wholesale  liquoi  licenses.  $422,479.77 ;  brewers'  754 ;  whole  number  of  teachers,  24,925 ;  average 
licenses.  $144,801.39 ;  bottlers'  licenses,  $94,196.-  salary  of  male  teachers  per  month,  $40.59 ;  aver- 
62;  retailers'  licenses,  $552,981.83 ;  billiard  li-  age  salary  of  female  teachers  per  month,  $i30.90; 
censes,  $45,296.24;  brokers' licenses,  $41,224.46;  average  length  of  school  term  in  months,  7*76: 
auctioneers'  and  peddlers'  licenses,  $28,799.62;  numW  of  pupils,  969,506;  average  number  of 
theatre,  circus,  etc.,  licenses,  $29,832.25;  pam-  pupils,  699.937;  cost  of  tuition,  $7,261,456.05; 
phletlaws,  $530.45;  bonus  on  charters,  $243,831.-  cost  of  building,  purchasing,  and  renting,  $2,- 
87 ;  accrued  interest,  $14,531.87 ;  penalties,  892.667.68 ;  cost  of  fuel,  contingencies,  debt,  and 
$121.95;  notaries  public  commissions,  $20,200;  interest  paid,  $3,364,584.25;  toSdcost  of  tuition, 
Allegheny  Valley  Kailroad  Company,  $192,500;  building,  fuel,  and  contingencies,  $18,578,706.98; 
United  States  Government,  $1,825,886.44;  an-  State  appropriation,  $2,000.000 ;  estimated  value 
nuity  for  right  of  way,  $10,000;  escheats,  $1,-  of  school  property  in  counties,  $17,362,027 ;  esti- 
895.13 ;  fees  of  public  officers,  $92,541.10 ;  re-  mated  value  of  school  property  in  cities  and  bor- 
f unded  cash.  $7,759.76 ;  conscience  money,  $215 ;  oughs  having  superintendents,  $18,475,867.84. 
miscellaneous,  $21,204.66.  For  the  city  of  Philadelphia  alone  the  report 

The  expenditures  include  the  following  items :  was  as  follows :  Number  of  schools,  2,694 ;  num- 
Expenses  of  State  officials  and  departments,  $2,-  ber  of  male  teachers,  105;  number  of  female 
006,717.95;  loans  redeemed,  $2,538,352 ;  interest  teachers,  2,589 ;  average  salary  of  male  teachers 
on  loans,  $535.558.25 :  premiums  on  loans  re-  per  month,  $133.20 ;  average  salaiy  of  female 
deemed,  $58,591.59;  cnaritable  institutions,  teachers  per  month,  $60.24 ;  number  of  pupils  in 
$627,072.85  ;  care  and  treatment  of  the  indigent  school  at  end  of  year,  114,806;  average  attend- 
Insane,  $509,282 ;  penitentiaries,  $95,140;  State  ance,  107,688;  paid  for  teachers'  salaries.  $1,- 
Industrial  Reformatory,  $02,943.50;  Reform  568,124.21;  paid  for  houses,  additions,  and  re- 
School,  $60,409.18;  House  of  Refuge,  $65,000;  pairs,  $639,375.18;  paid  for  books,  fuel,  station- 
agriculture,  $2,730 ;   second  geological  survey,  ary,  and  contingencies,  $534,894,19. 


PENNSYLVANIA.  715 

The  net  increase  in  number  of  districts  for  the  In  discussing  taxation,  he  said  housrs  and 
rear  was  12;  in  number  of  schools,  519:  in  farms  bear  a  vastly  disproportionate  share  of  the 
number  of  graded  schools,  190;  decrease  in  burden,  while  personal  property  and  idle  capital 
number  of  male  teachers,  211 ;  increase  in  nuro-  largely  escape  their  share.  The  tax  on  corpoitb- 
her  of  female  teachers,  643;  in  salary  of  male  tions,  which  is  just  and  easily  collected,  and  the 
teachers,  '73 ;  in  salary  of  female  teachers,  '3G ;  collateral-inheritance  tax,  furnish  sufficient  rev- 
in  school  term  in  months,  *38 ;  in  number  of  enue  for  State  expenses.  It  was  therefore  rec- 
pupils,  4,062;  in  cost  of  tuition,  $323,700.08;  in  ommended  that  all  other  taxes  and  license 
cost  of  building,  purchasing,  and  renting,  chorees  be  remitted  to  the  counties.  The  office 
$154»249.27;  in  cost  of  fuel,  contingencies,  debt,  of  Mercantile  Appraisers  should  be  abolished, 
and  interest  paid,  $112,270.53.  In  the  13  normal  He  suggested  that  the  State  Treasurer  be  re- 
schools  the  total  number  of  male  students  was  lieved  from  the  dangerous  discretion  of  selecting 
3,417;  of  female  students,  4,118;  number  of  the  places  of  deposit  of  public  funds,  and  that 
male  students  in  the  normal  department,  2,676 :  the  money  Ije  disposed  of  by  law.  Among  other 
of  female  students,  3,327 ;  of  boys  and  girls  in  changes  suggested  were  reapportionment  of  the 
the  model  schools,  1,537 ;  number  graduated  in  State,  an  effective  civil  service  in  the  State  ap- 
the  elementary  course,  694 ;  graduated  in  the  pointment::,  the  substitution  of  salaries  for  fees, 
scientific  course,  5;  number  who  intend  to  be-  the  inspection  and  regulation  of  State  and  pri- 
come  teachers — males  647,  females,  820;  num-  vate  banks,  and  an  extension  of  the  power  of  the 
ber  who  have  i-eceived  aid  from  State  as  students  Auditor-General  so  as  to  include  within  his  au- 
— males  1,696,  females  2,318 ;  number  who  have  dit  all  the  State  accounts,  and  the  rigid  enforce- 
received  State  aid  as  graduates — males  265,  fe-  nient  of  the  law  referring  to  the  investment  of 
males  396.  The  value  of  buildings  and  grounds  the  sinking-fund  money.  The  mining  code 
is  estimated  at  $1,947,363.97,  and  the  total  value  should  be  revised  in  such  manner  as  will  insure 
of  property,  including  furniture,  libraries,  musi-  the  payment  of  damages  in  case  of  injury  or  loss 
cal  instruments,  apparatus,  etc.,  $2,410,504.36.  arising  from  the  neglect  or  parsimony  of  the 
The  amount  of  debts  was  $2,193,568.48,  and  the  mine-owner. 

cost  of  improvements  and  expenses  $200,125.21.  Lep^islatlve  Session. — The  Legislature  began 

The  income  amounted  to  $677,544.16.  of  which  its  biennial  session  in  January,  and  adjourned 

$66,250  came  from  State  appropriations;   the  on  May  28.    It  passed  414  measures,  of  which 

total  expenditure  was  $620,612.99.    The  snperin-  12  were  recalled  before  the  Governor  had  passed 

tendent  reports  that  in  many  counties  tne  di-  upon  them.  Of  the  402  remaining  the  Governor 

rectors  are  regularly  organized  in  convention,  signed  317  and  vetoed  85.    Among  those  passed 

and  meet  statedly  to  consider  the  best  solutions  were  the  following : 

of  t^e  problems  before  them.    He  recommends  a  g^b^itting  the  question  of  a  constitutional  con- 
lengthening  of  the  school   term  in  the  short-  vention  to  the  people  at  the  November  election, 
term  districts,  the  minimum  now  being  twenty-  Pronding  for  ballot  reform, 
four  weeks,  and  a  law  for  compulsory  ^ucation.  To  relieve  employes  from  certain  prosecutions  and 
On  this  point  he  savs,  that  while  the  population  puniKhmenta  for  coLspiracy  under  common  law  or  un- 
of  the  State    has  increased  within  the  decade  der  the  criminal  law.      •          ^  .  .,     , 
aljout  23  per  cent.,  and  that  of  the  cities  nearly  Prpvidmg  for  the  formation  of  the  border-raid  com- 

43  per  cent.,  the  increase  in  the  public  schools  is  '"f^J^ending  the  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  in  cases  of 

nut  11  per  cent.    He  also  recommends  the  mtro-  divorce. 

duction  of  manual  training  (see  Manual  Train-  Securing  the  riarhts  of  suhcontmctorB  to  flic  me- 

INO  Schools  in  this  volume),  and  the  providing  chonicB*  liens,  and  preventing  interference  with  this 

of  free  text-books.    The  number  of  schools  sup-  rijrht  by  contractors. 

plving  them  has  increased  from  1,517  in  1890  to  To  create  a  banking  department 

1.908  in  1891.    In   reference  to  appropriations  ^^P'PP"^^!.^  ♦^^'?^.  *T  ^®  «>™Pletion  of  the 

[Z'""'   "f^  ^'^\%^^   "^^;«Tr^"-^'?  ^X^riSnl^n^^aS^^^^^ 

iramers  of  the  Constitution  of  1873  provided  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^  ^  otMeere  thereof. 

that  at  least  $1,000,000  should  be  appropriated  Kcquiring  registry  assesaon*  to  visit  in  person  every 
each  year  to  the  public  schools,  the  generous  dwcllinff-house  in  their  election  difttricts  or  divisions 
sum  was  regarded  as  excessive  bv  the  opponents,  on  the  first  Mondays  of  May  and  December  of  each 
and  was  highly  commended  bv  the  friends  of  year,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  practicable.  This  is  la- 
the schools  as  almost  unprecedented  in  liberalitv.  tended  to  prohibit  the  assessor  from  taking  up  the 

It  miuired  fifteen  years  to  double  that  sum.  The  \T.'Sr!^i;'Jiw  IJslSSon  s'^^^^^ 

General  Assembly  of  1891  has  shown  its  appro-  ^'^^  ^^^'"^^^  "^^  legistiation  is  to  be  made. 

elation  of  the  schools,  and  its  expectation  as  well.  The  appropriation  bills  for  1891  and  1892  ag- 
bv  making  the  annual  appropriation  five  times  gregated  about  $13,800,000,  of  which  the  Gov- 
tlie  sum  named  in  the  Constitution."  ernor  vetoed  items  to  the  amount  of  $60,850. 
The  OoTernor's  Inangnral.— Gov.  Pattison  The  largest  item  of  the  api)ropriation  was  $10,- 
was  inaugurated  on  Jan.  20.  In  his  address  he  000,000  for  public  schools.  The  increase  in  State 
advised  legislation  to  guard  the  people  against  expenses  for  the  two  years  is  about  $150,000. 
the  encroachments  of  corporations.  He  advo-  Among  important  bills  vetoed  was  one  for  com- 
cated  the  Australian  ballot  system  as  a  remedy  pulsory  education.  Acts  for  reapportionment  of 
for  abuses  of  the  suffrage,  and  urged  the  early  Assembly  and  congressional  districts,  to  con- 
calling  of  a  constitutional  convention  to  remove  tinue  till  the  reapportionment  directed  by  law 
from  the  Constitution  the  provision  requiring  to  follow  the  next  decennial  census,  and  a  bill 
«very  ballot  to  be  marked  for  identification,  and  for  reapportionment  of  judicial  districts  were 
the  provision  that  non-registration  shall  not  de-  also  vetoed.  An  act  authorizing  citiesof  the  State 
bar  an  elector  from  voting.  to  change,  alter,  beautify,  and  improve  unpaved 


716  PENNSYLVANIA. 

public  wharves  and  landings  was  vetoed  on  the  $529,799  for  1889  and  1890  the  deductioDA  for  imool- 

ground  that  it  would  give  city  councils  the  power  lectible  taxe«,  half  the  cost  of  publiahinK  the  lUt   the 

to  deprive  important  shipping  interests  of  such  Jj^®^  ^»1^  )f »°«  chaiyed  to  the  liquor  nceiw€*.>,  an*! 

uses  o"f  the  water  front,  as  a,,  essential  to  their  '±^i,^,i:^^:T:^^^.  Z^^^^ol^j 

success  and  of  great  value  to  the  municipalities.  |25O,0O0.    The  coets  of  advertiSmg  the  li*t*  for  ih« 

The  Governor  s  nominations  for  the  offices  of  two  veare  were  about  $270,000,  although  the  Auditfir- 

Superintendent  of  Public  lubtruction.  Factory  General  testified  that  no  public  advantaife  rc:»ult«<l. 

Inspector,  and  City  Treasurer  of  Philadelphia  and  that  it  was  a  complete  waste  of  public  iiiito<-y. 

were  rejected  by  a  vote  of  IG  to  81.  For  the  same  yeaw  the  cost*  in  delinquent  taxt* 

Liquor  License.— On  June  19, 1891,  the  Leg-  amounted  to  $200,000  and  over,  for  which  not  a  d..l- 

islature  passed  an  act  intending  to  amend  tffe  {^^j^J^  ux^^^o'^nte^V'lNM'^^^^^ 

Brooks  law  to  allow  saloon  keepers  to  have  bonds-  ^,^^  instituted  in  the  criminal  'courts  against  thl: 

men  from  any  part  of  the  county,  instead  of  mercantile  appraisere. 

ward  or  township.    The  aipendment  was  to  the  The  testimony  of  the  Auditor-General  and  the  Stac« 

act  approved  May  24,  1887,  whereas  the  Brooks  Treasurer  showed  that  tlio  moneys  collected  by  Bard*- 

law  was  approved  May  18, 1887.    The  act  amend-  ley  which  he  failed  to  pay  over  amounted  to  f  1,S*«,- 

ed  was  one  providing  for  wholesale  liquor   li-  878.59,  of  which  only  $120,000  was  secured.    In  ^ai- 

censes,  and  fi  a  result  the  judges  can  refuse  all  JJ^LJfJ^Sr^  ^«^  af^>^?^1  Z^^  ^IS'^Z^he^'i 

i.                  i'^*:-!^        *uj        i.        «  treasury,  Dec.  30, 1890,  $420,000  tor  tne  public  sen  octiai 

license  applications  because  they  do  not  conform  ^f  Philiielphia/no  portion  of  which  was  applied  f-r 

to  the  law.  t)iat  purpose.    This  was  drawn  five  montns  before 

The  BardsiejCase.— On  May  2lJohn  Bards-  the  ending  of  the  school  year  and  seven  before  the 

lev,  Treasurer  of  the  city  and  county  of  Phila-  warrants  of  any  one  of  the  other  2,300  school  district* 

delphia,  who  was  elected  in   1888,  and  whose  were  drawn,  for  the  purpose  of  reducing  the  baUnce 

term  would  not  have  expired  till  the  end  of  1891,  ?(  i??^  '^^  *®  general  fund  below  Uie  limit  .^f 

retired  from  the  discharge  of  his  duties  on  ac-  Jif^^Tj^^lJl^^nte'sfi^ 

count  of  losses  of  Stat/  money  placed  byhim  ,^^  VxcIeSSro^^t  ^ilSounfre^^niS^'  Tn  At 

m  the  Keystone  National  Bank  and  tendered  his  end  ftmd  at  the  beginning  of  the  vear  to  the  wnkinjf 

resignation,  to  take  effect  on  May  30.    He  was  fund  for  investment  in  interest-Dearin^    securitit^ 

arrested  on  May  28  on  the  charge  of  misappro-  The  cashier  of  the  State  Treasurer's  olfice,  William 

priating  monev.     It  was  discovered  that  he  had  Livsey,  who  drew  these  warrants,  left  the  State  at  the 

failed  to  pay  over  large  sums  collected  for  the  beginning  of  the  exposurra  and  remained  beyond  the 

State,  and  that  no  adequate  security  had  been  ^^^.  ^^.^*^  ^^^^*^«  »"^  investigating  ooinimttc« 

given  for  their  payment.    Criminal  prosecution  Tf  tax ''and' lic°nte  moneys  that  were  eventuallr 

resulted  in  his  plea  of  guilty,  and  a  sentence  to  paid  in  to  the  State  treasury,  large  amounts  were 

nfteen  years  imprisonment  in  the  Eastern  Peni-  allowed  to  remain  in  the  city  treasurer's  bunds  hmi 

tentiary  for  the  conversion  of  public  moneys  to  after  the  time  designated  bv  law  for  their  payment 

his  own  use  and  for  loaning  tnem  for  interest.  Some  were  thus  retained  for  h\s  personal  use  for  more 

The  following  statements  are  taken  from  the  ^^^  »  7^^:   The  Auditor-General  is  required  by  law 

Governor's  message  to  the  Senate :  to  reqmre  the  payment  under  penalties ;  but  no  pen- 

^  alties  or  interest  were  charged  and  no  oomroistftion^ 
_,  ,.  ,  .  -  ,  r^  abated.  On  the  contrary,  lettcra  were  found  from  the 
The  complicated  transactions  of  the  ex-Treasurer  State  Treasurer  and  the  Auditor-General  encoumginsr 
were  the  subject  of  investij^ation  bv  city  and  State  the  city  treasurer  to  retain  the  funds  in  his  hands.  ^ 
committees,  and  representatives  of  the  Treasurv  De- 
partment of  the  United  States  were  engagcia  for  Special  Session.— In  view  of  these  fact*  and 
many  weeks  examining  the  books  of  the  national  the  charges  against  the  two  State  ofRceT^  the 

banks  in  which  city  and  State  funds  were  derxisited.     n^^^^.^m  ^^u^a  ^  « ^:„i  . 1^   ^  *u    cT     . 

The  investigations  seemed  to  show  that  John  Banis-  po^emor  called  a  special  session  of  the  Senate 

ley,  during  most  of  his  ofllcial  term,  was  allowed  to  *?  ^t®*  ^^t  19  for  the  purpose  of  investigating 

keep  and  use  a  lar«e  amount  of  money  which  he  the  charges  and  determining  whether  reasonable 

should  have  paid  into  the  State  treasury,  and  that  he  cause  existed  for  their  removal  from  office;.     The 

was  never  called  upon  by  the  State  Treasurer  and  the  message  set  forth  the  facts  in  detail  as  thev  had 

Auditor-General  to  make  the  account  which  the  law  been  elicited  during  the  investigation.     It  r«v 

:;!?^,'.!;^J  fri,!l^fw  ti^Q^^^^  ommended  also  careful  inquiry  "to  ascertain 

amounted  to  more  than  fl  ,250,000.  Ins  books  indicat-     «,u^4.u^- «^-»^ u^^  ^^..^^ :*    1  #     *i.  1 

ed  that  besides  the  salarjr,  f^es,  and  commissions  to  whether  reasonable  cause  existed  for  the  rpmov«l 
which  he  was  entitled,  ho  had  made  as  interest  divi-  ^^,*"Y  ^l  ^^^  magistrates  or  constables  of  Phila- 
dends  and  bribes  nearly  $300,000,  the  greater  part  of  delphia  because  of  faithless  or  dishonest  eondurt 
which  was  paid  to  him  for  the  use  of  the  State  funds  in  the  performance  of  their  official  duties.** 
which  he  was  allowed  to  retain,  and  for  his  exereise  and  The  Senate  decided  to  investigate  in  open  ses- 
abu.*e  of  powew,  in  association  with  and  under  con-  gion,  to  request  the  Attorney-General  to  assist, 
trol  of  the  departments  of  the  State  Auditor  and  and  to  allow  the  accused  to'  V»e  heard  in  peRon 
Treasurer.  The  memoranda  and  stubs  of  checks  also  ^«  u.,  „rt„„e«i  tKa  Aiirlif^.^pAno*«i*o  «1.^i^ 
indicaUKi  that  Bardsley  received  large  sumsof  monev  ^l  ^^  counsel.  The  Auditor-General  s  reply, 
from  publisliers  of  newspapers  to  which  he  <rave  the  thro"?"  his  counsel,  to  the  Governor's  charges 
advertisements  of  mereantile  appraisement  lists,  paid  denied  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Senate,  affirm  in? 
for  bv  the  State.  The  five  appnusers  were  appointed  that  under  the  Constitution  he  could  only  be  re- 
by  Bardsley  and  the  State  Auditor-General,  and  it  moved  on  conviction  of  misdemeanor  before  a 
appeared  on  investigation  that  the^  had  returned  for  criminal  court  or  on  impeachment  by  the  House 
advertisement  a  larjfo  list  of  fictitious  names,  of  per-  of  Representatives  and  after  trial  and  conviction 
f^m  wtrio 'SxcJ  ^c^^ulft^^cortfj,  of  ^ZZ  ^y  the  Senate,  the  Senators^  at  the  time  beirnr 
whom  they  themselves  had  exempted  from  vear  to  "P<>n  oath  or  affirmation.  He  denied  even- 
year,  and  persons  against  whom  the  State  had  brought  charge,  claiming  to  have  acted  in  accordance 
fruitless  suits  at  enormous  cost  for  collection  a^rain  with  the  law  as  understood  and  interpreted  by 
and  again ;  so  that  out  of  a  total  appraisement  of  him  and   his  predecessors,  and  in   conformity 


PENNSYLVANIA.  PERSIA.                        717 

icitb  the    established  usage  of  his  department,  men  fell  dead  in  the  road,  and  about  40  were 
The  Stat«  Treasurer  made  a  similar  answer.  wounded.    The  rioters  then  broke  up  into  small 
A   resolution  declaring  it  to  be  the  sense  of  groups  and  make  their  escape  in  various  direc- 
the  Senate  that  all  questions  of  malfeasance  and  tions.    The  men  killed  were  all  foreigners,  most 
nonfeasance  in  regard  to  the  official  acts  of  the  of  them  Slavs.     Two  of  the  wounded  died  later. 
naid  officers  were  the  proper  subjects  of  inquiry  Warrants  were  issued  charging   the   deputies 
in  the  investigation  was  tabled,  thus  postponing  with  murder.    The  rioting  was  continued  by 
the   question  of   jurisdiction.     The  testimony  mobs  at  Leisenring.  Monarch,  and  other  places. 
Uiken   before  the  joint  committee  of  the  Legis-  The   coke    companies    swore    out    injunctions 
lature  was  read.    After  examination  of  the  ac-  against  83  of  the  leaders  and  instituted  criminal 
cu«^d    Treasurer,  the  argument  of  his  counsel  charges  against  them.     When  evictions  were 
claiming  that  the  Senate  nad  no  jurisdiction  was  attemoted  the  women    fought   furiously,  and 
heard,  the  magistrates  and  constables  affected  took  tne  lead  to  a  ^eat  extent,  the  men  either 
put  in  a  similar  plea,  and  the  Senate  finally,  remaining  inactive  m  obedience  to  their  leaders, 
after  a  month's  deliberation,  adopted  a  resolu-  or  thinking  the  sheriff  and  troops  would  be  more 
tion  declaring  that  it  had  no  jurisdiction  under  careful  where  women  were  leading.    Workmen 
the  Constitution  to  inquire  into,  hear,  and  deter-  were  brought  in  by  the  ear  load  from  outside, 
mine  the  charges  of  official  misconduct,  and  to  and  the  works  started  up  again. 
address  the  Governor  askiug  for  their  removal.  Supreme  Court  Deeiidon. — An  important 
The  resolution  was  adopted  by  a  party  vote  of  28  decision  was  rendered  by  the  Supreme  Court  in 
Republicans  to  10  Democrats.  the  case  of  the  Pullman  Palace  Car  Company 
Election. — At  the  State  election  in  Novem-  against  the  Commonwealth    of   Pennsylvania, 
ber  the   candidates  of   the  Republican    party  The  Legislature  passed  an  act  that  the  car  com- 
were    David  McM.  Gregg  for  Auditor-General  pany  should  pay  tax  on  its  property  within  the 
and   John  W.  Morrison    for  Treasurer.     The  State,  the  amount  on  which  it  was  to  be  assessed 
Democratic  candidates  were  Robert  £.  Wright  to  be  found    by  ascertaining   the   proportion 
for  Auditor-General  and  A.  L.  Tilden  forTreas-  which  the  number  of  miles  of  road  within  the 
urer.      The  Prohibitionists  nominated  Messrs.  State  over  which  the  company's  cars  ran  bore  to 
Hague  and  Drayton  for  the  two  officers.    The  the  total  number  of  miles  in  the  United  States 
result  of  the  vote  was  as  follows :  For  Auditor-  over  which  they  ran,  and  then  dividing  the 
General,  Gregg, 414,583 ;  Wright,  856,481 ;  Hague,  capital  stock  of  the  company  by  the  proportion. 
18,511 ;  Gregg's  purality,  58,152.    For  Treasurer,  It  was  contended  by  the  company  that  this  Jaw 
Morrison.  412,994;   Tilden,  858.617 ;   Drayton,  was  unconstitutional  for  the  reason  that  it  was  a 
18.429;  Morrison's  plurality,  54,877.  regulation  of  interstate  commerce,  and  that  its 
The  question  of  calling  a  convention  to  revise  cars  could  be  taxed  onljr  in  the  State  of  Illinois, 
the  Constitution  was  submitted  to  the  people  at  The  court,  in  an  opinion  by  Justice  Gray,  up- 
this  election,  and  was  lost  by  a  vote  of  173,813  holds  the  constitutionality  of  the  law.    "The  old 
for  to  420.598  against  the  convention.    It  was  rule  by  which  personal  propertv  was  supposed  to 
desired,  amont?  other  changes,  to  introduce  the  follow  the  person  of  the  owner,*Mt  says,  "has  been 
Australian  ballot  system.  modified  very  much  in  modern  times.    In  matters 
Appointments.— Judge  Silas  M.  Clark,  one  of  taxation  the  question  is  one  of  legislative 
of  the  associate  justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  powers,  and  it  is  for  such  State  legishitures  to 
died  on  Nov.  20,  and  on  Nov.  28  the  Governor  say  whether  a  company's  property  shall  be  taxed 
appointed  Charles  E.  Heydrick,  of  Franklin,  to  at'the  place  of  its  incorporation  or  at  the  place 
succeed  him.    Charles  H.*  Krumbhaar.  of  Phila-  where  it  goes:    There  is  nothing  in  the  Constitu- 
delphia,  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the  tion  or  laws  of  the  United  States  preventing  a 
Banking  Department,  an  office  created  at  the  State  from  taxine  property  employed  therein, 
last  session  of  the  Legislature.    W.  H.  Davis  like  other  personal  property." 
was  appointed  member  of  the  Geological  Survey  Constitntlonal  Kevision.— The  vote  on  the 
in  place  of  Jacob  Tumev,  deceased,  and  B.  P.  nuestion  of  calling  a  convention  to  revise  the 
Opdvke,  director  of  the  Nautical  School.  State  Constitution  was  as  follows :  For  a  oonven- 
Riot  in  the  Coke  Region.— On  April  ^  a  tion,  178,813  votes;  against.  420,508;  majority 
riot  broke  out  in  the  coke  region.     A  mob  of  against  a  convention,  24(5,785. 
several  hundred  strikers  attacked  the  Standard  Political.— Elections  for  Auditor  -  General 
Works,  destroyed  some  of  the  property,  and  cut  and    State  Treasurer  were  held  in  November, 
the  wires  so  that  no  warning  could  be  sent  to  and  resulted  in  the  election  of  D.  McM.  Greeg 
Morewood.    A  party  of  several  hundred  set  out  for  Auditor-General,  and  John  W.  Morrison  for 
for  that  place,  but  meantime  the  wires  were  Treasurer.    The  vote  stood :  For  Treasurer-— Til- 
repaired  and   wamine:  given,  and  the  deputy  den.  Democrat.  858,617;  Morrison,  Republican, 
sheriffs  were  in  readiness  to  meet  the  attack.  412.994;    Drayton.   Prohibitionist,  18,429.    For 
As  the  rioters  passed  the  companv's  store  they  Auditor-Geneml— Wright.  Democrat,   856.481 ; 
made  an  attacked  on  it.  and  raided  it  as  far  as  Gregg.  Republican,    414,583 ;   Hague,  Prohibi- 
thev  could  in  a  brief  time.    Thev  then  marched  tionist.  18.511. 
.  to  the  bam  inclosure  and  attempted  to  break  PERSIA,  an  empire  in  central  Asia.    The 
down  the  gates.    Thev  succeeded  in  doing  this,  Shah-in-shah  is  absolute  ruler  of  the  country, 
and  as  thev  entered,  Capt.  Lauer  called  out  to  Nasreddin  Shah,   born  July  18,    1831,  is  the 
them  to  halt  or  he  would  fire  upon  them.    Their  fourth  of  the  Shiite  Kadjar  dynasty,  which  was 
answer  was  a  volley  in   the  direction  of  the  established  on  the  throne  after  a  long  civil  and 
deputies,  none  of  whom  was  seriously  injured,  religious  war  in  1794.    He  succeeded  his  father. 
The  captain  then  gave  the  order,  and  two  volleys  Mohammed,  on  Sept.  10, 1848.    The  Shah  claims 
were  flred  before  the  mob  broke  and  ran.    Seven  obedience  as  vicegerent  of  the  prophet,  though 


718  PERSIA. 

his  spiritual  powers  are  denied  by  a  large  pro-  $42,000,000,  of  which  $16,000,000  represent  ex- 
portion  of  the  syeds  and  mullatU  The  Grand  ports  and  $26,000,000  im|>orts.  The  annual  ex- 
Vizier,  who  unites  the  functions  of  Minister  of  port  of  opium  averages  8,000  boxes,  valued  bt 
the  Interior,  of  the  Court,  and  of  the  Treasury  $8,250,000.  The  value  of  dried-fruit  exports  is 
and  Customs,  is  Mirza  Ali  Askar  Khan.  Kararan  about  $1,500,000 ;  of  cotton,  $900,000 :  of  carpets. 
Naib-es-Saltaneh,  the  Shah's  third  son,  is  Minis-  $600,000;  of  tobacco,  $560,000;  of  grain  and 
ter  of  War,  and  commander-in-chief.  The  Min-  legumes,  $475,000.  The  statistics  of  imports 
ister  of  Foreign  Affairs  is  Kavara  ed  Duleh.  and    exports  are  very  imperfect,  because   the 

Area  and  Popniation.  —  The  area  of  the  farmers  of  customs  are  interested  in  concealing 

modem  Empire  of  Persia,  which  was  consolidated  the  amount  of  the  trade,  and  because  there  is  a 

in  1502,  is  about  628,000  square  miles.    The  pop-  great  deal  of  smuggling  on  the  Russian  and 

ulation  was  officially  estimated  in  1881  at  7,658.-  Turkish  frontiers.   Tobacco,  which  is  the  third 

600  inhabitants,  of  whom  1,968,800  lived  in  the  article  in  importance  in  the  list  of  exportjt,  oi*- 

cities,  3,780,000  were  settled  in  villages  and  in  cupies  a  more  important  place  in  the  estimation 

the  open  country,  and  1,909,800  belonged  to  the  of  the  people  than  even  food  and  clothing,  and 

nomadic  tribes. '  The  city  of  Teheran  has  about  any  cause  that  has  the  effect  of  raising  its  price 

210,000  inhabitants;  Tabriz,  180,000;  Ispahan,  diminishes  the  power  to  purchase  the  necessaries 

90,000 ;  Meshed,  70,000.  of  life.    The  tumbeki,  or  water-pipe  tobacco  of 

Finances. — The  revenue  for  1888-'89  amount-  Persia,  supplies  the  bazars  of  Turkey,  Egypt,  and 
ed  to  54,487,630 krans, equal  at  the  current  price  central  Asia;  the  tutun,  or  tobacco  for  the  chi- 
of  silver  to  $7,804,000,  while  the  expenditure  6oti^  or  long  pipe,  is  also  exported  in  large  qua n- 
amounted  to  50,100,000  krans.  For  1890-'91  the  titles  to  Arabia,  Asia  Minor,  and  the  Caucai>u$: 
revenue  was  estimated  at  $8,644,000.  Out  of  and  the  cigarette  tobacco  grown  in  Ghilan  and 
the  total  sum  expended  in  1888-'89  the  army  Mazandenin  is  exported  to  Russia,  except  the 
consumed  18,000,000  krans:  10,000,000  krans  small  proportion  required  for  home  consump- 
went  for  pensions;  3,000,000  krans  for  allow-  tion.  The  greatest  care  is  taken  in  the  cultiva- 
ances  to  the  princes,  and  600,000  krans  to  other  tion  and  preparation  of  tobacco  for  the  market, 
members  of  the  Kadjar  family,  of  whom  only  which  gives  employment  to  a  vast  number  of 
146  are  inscribed  in  the  official  register,  although  people,  and  many  more  are  employetl  in  trans- 
there  are  several  thousand  others ;  800,000  krans  porting  it  to  the  inland  markets  and  seaport 
for  the  diplomatic  service;  5,000,000  krans  for  towns,  while  the  Government  has  always  eol- 
the  court;  500,000  krans  for  colleges;  1,500,000  lected  a  large  revenue  from  customs,  tratisit 
krans  for  the  civil  service;  2,630,000  krans  for  dues,  and  plantation  tithes  levied  on  this  article, 
local  government;  and  800,000  krans  for  remis-  The  estimates  of  foreign  consuls  make  the  total 
sion  of  taxes  in  poor  districts.  The  revenue  is  annual  production  of  tobacco  21,700,000  pounds, 
raised  bv  taxes  assessed  on  the  cities,  districts,  of  which  14,000,000  pounds  are  consumed  in  the 
and  villages,  the  amounts  being  ail  justed  from  country  and  7,700,000  pounds  are  exported, 
time  to  time  by  tax  assessors.  About  a  sixth  Commanlcatlons. — A  small  railroad.  6  miles 
part  of  the  taxes  are  paid  in  kind.  long,  connecting  Teheran  with  Shah  Abdulazim, 

The  Army, — The  army  is  raised  by  tribal  was  opened  in  July,  1888,  and  since  then  a  Per- 

levies,  and  in  time  of  peace  the  troops  are  not  sian  capitalist  has'built  20  miles  of  railroad  be- 

called  into  active  service,  except  those  that  are  tween  the  Caspian  port  of  Mahnnidabad  and  the 

required  for  service  on  the  frontiers  and  to  gar-  city  of  Barfunish.    The  former  railroad,  con- 

rison  the  principal  towns.    In  the  arsenals  there  structed  by  a  Belgian  company  under  Russian 

are  50,000  Wemdl  rifles  and  74  Uchatius  guns,  auspices,  is  to  be  extendea  to  Reshd,  on  the 

of  which  18  have  the  caliber  of  9  centimetres.  16  Caspian.      The    Russian    Gen.    Komaroff   has 

that  of  8  centimetres,  and  the  rest  have  7  centi-  planned  to  build  a  railroad  from  the  Russian 

metres  caliber.    There  are  also  500  or  600  old  frontier  to  Meshed,  while  an  English  company 

smooth-bore  cannons.    The  garrison  of  Teheran  has  projected  a  rival  line  for  the  benefit  of  the 

consists  of  3  regiments  of  Cossacks,  of  400  men  trade  with  Great  Britain  and  India,  which  will 

each,  and  a  battery  of  6  guns.    The  war  effect-  run  from  the  port  of  Muhammerah,  on  the  Per- 

ive  is  stated  at  80  battalions  of  infantry,  of  1,-  sian  Gulf,  to  Teheran.    An  English  ftnn  runs 

000  men  each ;  23  battalions  of  field  artillery,  of  a  steamer  from  the  mouth  of  the  Karun  river, 

200  men  each ;  and  125  squadrons  of  irregular  at    the  head  of  tne   Persian  Gulf,  to  Ahwaz. 

cavalry,  of  20O  men  each.    The  force  that  is  The   telegrarihs  lielonging  to  the  Government 

properly  equipped  and  is  fit  for  field  service  is  have  a  total  length  of  2.674  miles  of  single  wire, 

supposed  to  be  about  54,000  men.    The  naval  The   Indo-European  Company  works  a  line  of 

force  consists  of  2  gunboats,  the  larger  (me  of  785  miles,  with  2.205  miles  of  wire,  between  Bu- 

600  tons  and  armed  with  3  guns.  shire  and  Ispahan  and  415  miles,  with  1,245  miles 

Commerce. — The  principal  articles  of  impor-  between  Teheran  and  Julfa.    The  post-office, 

tation  are  cottons  and  other  tissues,  glassware,  organized  by  Austrian  officials  in  1877,  carries 

paper,  iron,  copper,  sugar,  petroleum,  and  tea.  letters  regularly  between  the  principal  cities. 

The  chief  exports  are  rice,  opium,  tobacco,  skins.  Political    and    Financial    AfTairs.  —  The 

silk,  cArpets,  gums,  wool,  dates,  and  grain.    The  hopes  of  the  Russians  to  extend  their  political 

statistics  of  the  foreign  trade  are  reckoned  from  innuence  in  Persia  by  means  of  commercial  en- 

the  amounts  turned  in  by  the  farmers  of  cus-  terprises  have  not  met  with  much  success,  and 

toms,  who  collect  a  5-per-cent.  duty  from  for-  those  of  the  English  with  still  less,  thus  far.  Sir 

eign  merchants;  and  from  3  to  8  per  cent,  from  Heniy  Drummond  Wolff,  who  was  succeeded  in 

native  Persians,  and  retain  as  their  profit  about  the  British  legation  at  Teheran  in  the  autumn 

one  sixth   of  the  amount  received.    The   total  of  1891  by  Sir  Prank  Lascelles,  obtained  various 

value  of  the  foreign  commerce  in  1889  was  about  concessions  after  his  arrival  in  November,  1887, 


PERU.  719 

which  the  Shah  was  willing  to  grant  as  a  means  of  December,  1800.    The  new  ministry  was  con- 
of  playing  off  the  English  against  the  Russians,  stnicted  as  follows:  Prime  Minister  and  Minister 
who    had  secured  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  of  of  War,  J ustiniano  Bergono;  Minister  of  Foreign 
northern  Persia  by  prohioiting  the  transit  of  Affairs.  Juan  Elmore;  Minister  of  the  Interior, 
Kn^lish  goods  by  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Caspian.  Sefior  Lerra;  Minister  of  Justice,  Seflor  Serpa; 
The   opening  of  the  Karun  rout«,  from  which  Minister  of  Finance,  Seflor  Carbajal. 
much   was  expected,  has  proved  vulueless  be-  Area  and    Fopnlatlon. — The  area  of  the 
cause  the  means  of  transport  from  the  head  of  republic,  which  is  divided  into  10  departments, 
iia V  igation  through  the  desert  regions  to  the  is  468,747  square  miles.    The  population,  as  de- 
centers  of  population  and  of  consumption  in  the  termined  by  the  census  of  1876.  was  2.621,844,  not 
northern  provinces  are  primitive  and  very  ex-  including  850,000  uncivilized  Indians.     Lima, 
pensive.    The  Shah  granted  in  1880  the  rignt  of  the  capital,  has  101,488  inhabitants.   The  Catho- 
establishing  a  national  bank,  with  the  power  of  lie  is  tiie  state  religion,  and  the  public  exercise 
issuing  bank  notes  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  of  other  forms  of  worship  is  prohibited,  though 
£800,000,  without  the  further  consent  of  the  in  practice  Protestant  and  Jewish  worship  is 
Persian  Government  to  Barun  Julius  de  Beuter,  tolerated.      Education  is  free  and  compulsory. 
^who  formed  an  English  company  and  began  About  20  per  cent,  of  the  people  are  of  Spanish 
business  in  Persia  in  October,  1880.    This  com-  descent,  28  per  cent,  are  of  mixed  bloca,  and 
pany  acciuired  in  April.  1800,  the  business  of  the  67  per  cent,  are  Indians. 

New  Oriental  Bank  of  London,  which  had  estab-  Finance. — The  revenue  for  1800  amounted  to 
lished  branches  in   Persia  in  the  summer  of  6,057,840  silver  soles  or  dollars,  of  which  4.005,- 
1888.     It  has  the  exclusive  privilege  of  working  .  044  soles  were  derived  from  customs,  014,150 
ail  iron,  copper,  lead,  mercury,  coal,  petroleum,  soles  from  internal  taxes,  and  the  rest  from  rail- 
manganese,  asbestos,  and  borax  mines  not  already  roads,  posts,  telegraphs,  and  other  sources.    The 
conc^ed.    For  the  first  ten  years  its  notes  must  expenditure   amounted    to    6,078,067   soles,  of 
be  protected  by  a  reserve  of  50  per  cent,  in  sil-  which  2,257,077  soles  were  spent  on  the  army 
ver,  and  after  that  by  SS^^  per  cent.    A  monopo-  and  navy,  1,076,682  soles  on  financial  adminis- 
ly  of  tobacco,  which  was  farmed  out  to  the  im-  t  rat  ion,  1,012,004  soles  on  the  interior,  412,580 
perial  Tobacco  Corporation,  went  into  operation  soles  on  justice.  220,(07  soles  for  foreign  affairs, 
in  February,  1801.    The  concessions  granted  to  758.016  soles  on  railroads  and  for  extraordinary 
Europeans  aroused  an  antipathy  against  foreign-  purposes,  and  880.061  soles  for  other  purposes. 
ers,  which  was  encouragea  by  the  speeches  of  The  foreign  debts  that  were  contracted  in 
fanatical  mollahe  and  led  to  a  riot  at  Shiraz  England  in  1870  and  1872  for  the  constniction 
during  the  feast  of  Ramazan.    The  tobacco  mo-  of  railroads  amounted  to  £81,570,080,  without 
nopoly  was  so  unpopular  that  it  could  not  be  counting  defaulted  interest.    It  was  secured  on 
carried  into  effect,  and  therefore  the  Shah  can-  the  guano  deposits  that  were  seized  by  Chili. 
celed  the  arrangement  and  abolished  the  mo-  No  interest  has  been  \md  since  1876,  and  the 
nofwiy  by  a  proclamation   issued  on  Dec.  27.  arrears  in  1880  amounted  to  £22,008,651.    An 
Serious  disturoances  occurred  before  this  was  arrangement  was  made  with  Chili  bv  which  a 
done.    The  mujtahid^  or  Shiite  high  priest,  head-  certain  percentage  of  the  guano  shoul()  go  to  the 
ed  a  revolt  in  Mazanderan  in  November,  which  bondholders.    By  the  Graee-Donoughmore  con- 
it  required  a  large  body  of  troops  to  put  down,  tract,  finally  concluded  in  January,  1800,  the 
Negotiations  for  an  extradition  treaty  between  Peruvian  Government  obtained  a  release  from 
Russia  and  Persia,  which  should  apply  to  politi-  all  responsibility  for  the  two  debts  by  ceding 
cal  refugees,  were  carried  on  in  the  autumn,  and  all  the  state  railroads  to  the  English  council  of 
it  was  rumored  that  Russia  had  proposed  a  com-  foreign  lx)ndholders    for   sixty-six   years,  and 
mercial  union  or  treaty  of  reciprocity,  which  transferring  the  mines,  lands,  and  guano  de- 
shonld  have  the  effect  of  excluaing  other  na-  posits  belonging  to  it,  while  the  bondholders 
t ions  from  participation  in  the  foreign  trade  of  agreed  to  complete  and  extend  the  system  of 
Persia,  and  even  an  arrangement,  implying  a  railroads.    For  the  conversion  of  anterior  obliga- 
virtual  protectorate,  by  which  Russian  diplo-  tions,  a  limited-liability  company  has  been  con- 
inatic  representatives  should  attend  to  the  po-  stituted  in  London.     The   internal  debt  was 
litical  interests  of  the  Persian  Government  in  officially  estimated  in  1888,  at  100,287,000  soles, 
forei(;n  capitals.  not  including  83,747,000  soles  of  paper  money. 
PEBU,  a  republic  in  South  America.    The  The  interest  on  the  internal  bonds  has  been  re- 
Senators,  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  every  80,000  duced  to  1  per  cent.,  and  their  market  price  in 
inhabitants,  ana  the  Representatives,  2  from  1801  was  11  per  cent,  of  their  nominal  value, 
the  departments  having  2  provinces,  and  1  more  The  paper  notes  and  incas  are  no  longer  accepted 
for  every  additional  2  provinces  in  the  other  as  money,  and  by  a  recent  law  they  may  be  ex- 
departments,  are  chosen  mdirectly  by  provincial  changed  for  internal  bonds  at  the  rate  of  1  sol 
electoral  colleges  composed  of  delegates  of  the  in  bonds  for  every  15  soles  of  notes,  the  inca 
}}arochial    electoral   colleges.      The    President,  being  reckoned  at  8  soles  in  notes. 
who    is   elected  for  four  years,  appoints  his  The  Army  and  Navy, — The  law  of  Nov.  20, 
Cabinet  of  5  ministers.    Col.  Remigio  Morales  1872,  introduced  obligatory  military  services  for 
Bermudez  was  inaugurated  as  President  on  Aug.  three  years  in  the  active  army  and  two  years  in 
10,  1890.    Tne  2  Vice-Presidents,  who  take  the  the  reserves.     Substitution  is  nevertheless  per- 
place  of  the  President  in  case  of  his  death  or  mitted,  and  the  annual  draft  is  only  1,888  men. 
incapacity,  are  Pedro  Solar  and  Col.  Bergono.  The  peace  effective  consists  of  a  body  of  gen- 
The  Cabmet  first  appointed  resigned  on  Aug.  darmerie,  numbering  150  offioers  and  3.350  men ; 
24.  1801,  having  refused  to  answer  interpellations  7  battalions  of  infantry,  with  about  200  officers 
in  the  Senate  reganling  the  attempted  revolution  and  2,888  men,  who  are  armed  with  Peabody 


720                         PERU.  PHOTOGRAPHY. 

and  Martini-Henry  rifles;  3  regiments  of  cavalry,  asphalt,  and  petroleum  are  found  in  extensire 

numbering  80  officers  and  800  men ;  and  1  regi-  deposits,  though  these  resources  are    not   ;et 

ment  of  field  artillery,  numbering  33  officers  and  utilized.  Vast  oeds  of  coal,  both  bituminoas  and 

3G0  men,  consisting  of  4  batteries  of  8  pieces  anthracite,  have  been  discovered  in  the  northern 

each,  mostly  Krupp  ^uns  of  the  model  of  1880.  mountains  in  localities  not  yet  provided  with 

The  naval  force  consists  of  the  cruiser  *'  Lima,"  railroads.    The  great  deposit  of  salt  near  Uuacbo. 

of  1,790  tonsf,  and  2  steam  transports.  on  the  coast,  is  constantly  renewed  by  the  per- 

Commerce  and  Production. — The  agricult-  eolation  of  sea  water  through  the  porous  rocL 
nral  products  of  Peru  are  sugar,  cotton,  coffee.  The  forei^  commerce  is  chiefly  carried  on  with 
cacao,  rice,  and  tobacco.  The  coast  region,  in  Great  Britain,  with  France,  of  late  years  with  Ger- 
which  the  main  part  of  the  cultivated  land  is  many  also,  and  to  a  not  inconsiderable  extent 
situated,  could  be  made  more  productive  by  with  the  United  States^  The  total  reported  value 
irrigation,  and  in  the  mountains  the  area  of  cul-  of  the  imports  in  1887  from  Great  Britain  wa^ 
tivation  could  be  greatly  extended.  Sugar  is  $3,489,869,  consisting  mainly  of  cotton  raanuf act - 
the  most  important  crop.  The  yield  was  formerly  ures  (constituting  two  fifths  of  the  total),  and  of 
100,000  tons  a  year,  and  it  is  now  about  70,000  iron  and  steel  gCKxls,  wool  manufactures,  linen, 
tons  of  sugar,  of  which  50.000  tons,  valued  at  and  coal.  The  imports  from  France  were  $1,05.5,- 
$4,000,000,  are  exported.  Rum  is  manufactured  025,  the  chief  items  being  leather,  woolens,  ap- 
also  in  large  quantities.  In  the  northern  prov-  parel,  and  fancy  articles.  The  imports  from  toe 
inces  the  cane  is  planted  once  in  six  or  seven  United  States,  $717,908  in  value,  were  more 
years.  Cotton  also  is  grown  in  the  north  without  varied  in  character  ihan  those  from  any  other 
replanting,  being  gathered  from  a  tall  shrub  which  country,  the  largest  items  being  cotton  goods 
bears  for  several  years.  The  fiber  is  coarse,  manufactures  of  iron  and  steel,  provisions  and 
and  is  used  chiefly  for  mixed  woolen  textures,  furniture.  The  imports  from  German^r  were 
The  annual  value  of  the  crop  is  about  $3,000,000.  valued  at  $330,334,  more  than  half  of  this  sum 
Rice,  though  less  certain,  yields  abundantly  on  representing  manufactures  of  flax«  The  exports 
the  low  plains  in  the  north,  when  the  season  is  to  the  United  Kingdom  in  1887  amounted  to 
favorable.  Coffee  is  raised  of  good  quality,  but  $7,981,916:  to  France,  $4,794,107:  to  Germanv. 
not  in  excess  of  the  domestic  demand.  The  $1,656,718;  to  the  United  States,  $309,040.  The 
grapes  of  the  southern  coast  provinces  are  cele-  cubic  niter,  except  the  small  proportion  taken 
brated,  and  the  animal  product  of  wine  is  valued  by  the  United  States,  goes  in  nearly  equal 
at  $4,000,000.  The  Irish  potato  grows  luxu-  amounts  to  France  and  England,  raw  susnr  and 
riantly,  both  in  the  moantams  and  in  the  low-  cotton  to  England,  and  hides  and  sicins  to 
lands,  and  corn,  which  in  some  places  yields  2  France  and  the  United  States,  while  Germany  re- 
crops  a  year,  constitutes  the  staple  food  of  a  ceived  nearly  the  whole  of  the  silver  ore  and 
large  part  of  the  population  ana  supplies  the  very  little  else.  The  exports  to  Great  Britain  in 
national  beverage,  the  stimulant  called  chicha,  ISSS  amounted  to  $9,541,080.  and  in  1889  to 
The  cacao  of  Cuzco  and  the  protected  valleys  of  $6,297,139,  while  the  imports  from  Great  Bniain 
the  Sierra  is  of  superior  quality.  Coca  flourishes  were  $5,589,715  in  the  former  and  $4,663,562  in 
in  the  hot  vallevs  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  the  latter  year.  The  exports  to  France  wt^re 
Andes,  and  is  cullivated  to  some  extent,  as  well  valued  at  $8,030,240  in  1888,  and  at  $8.670.8:U  in 
as  gathered  in  its  wild  state.  The  wanton  de-  1889,  four  fifths  consisting  of  nitrates,  while  the 
struction  of  cinchona  trees  in  accessible  localities  imports  from  Franco  in  those  years  were  $1.(^71.- 
has  given  the  planters  of  the  British  and  Dutch  049  and  $1,332,090,  respectively.  The  exports  to 
East  Indies  the  advantage  in  supplying  what  the  United  States  were  $309,040  and  $314,332, 
was  once  a  great  staple  of  Peru.  Alfalfa  is  and  the  imports  from  the  United  States  $865,- 
raised  extensively  for  fodder.  Wool  is  grown  160  and  $773,244  in  the  respective  years, 
on  a  Large  scale  in  the  mountains,  and  exported  Iftailroads  and  Telerraphs. — 'The  Peruvian 
to  the  amount  of  $4,000,000  a  year.  The  exports  railroads  have  a  total  length  of  1,625  miles, 
of  the  valuable  wool  of  the  alpaca  and  the  vicufla  built  at  a  cost  of  over  $150,000,000.  The  State 
are  considerable.  Of  the  forest  products  the  telegraph  lines  in  1889  had  a  length  of  1,564 
most  important  is  India-rubber.  SarsaparUla  miles.  The  American  cable  on  the  west  coast 
and  other  medicinal  plants,  vegetable  ivory,  gives  communication  with  all  the  world, 
balsams,  and  dyes  are  also  exported:  The  de-  PHOTOGRAPHY,  RECENT  PROGRESS 
posits  of  guano  and  of  cubic  niter  have  for  the  IN.  The  advances  of  photography  within  the 
most  part  been  ceded  to  Chili,  and  the  guano  past  few  years,  while  not  realizing  certain  ex- 
rocks  remaining  in  the  possession  of  Peru  have  travagant  predictions  prompted  by  the  early  sue* 
been  nearly  exnausted.  The  mineral  products  cesses  of  the  dry  plate,  have  been  in  many  respects 
of  the  country  are  many  and  varied.  The  prin-  extraordinary.  This  activity  has  been  due  lai^lr 
cipal  silver  mines  are  Cerro  do  Pasco,  Castro-  to  the  increasing  popularity  of  the  camera  among 
vicina,  and  Recuay.  The  silver  produced  in  amateurs,  and  largely  also  to  the  increasing  use- 
Peru  and  that  contained  in  the  12,500  tons  of  fulness  of  photography  in  various  sciences  and 
ore  exported  in  1888  was  120.000  kilogrammes,  in  the  reproductive  processes.  The  populariza- 
Great  quantities  of  lead  are  also  extracted,  tion  of  the  camera  has  not  always  fostered  a  rec- 
Gold  is  found  in  all  the  departments  excepting  ognition  of  the  essentiallv  scientific  basis  of  photo- 
three.  Most  of  the  fields  have  been  abandoned  graphy  and  the  artistic  phases  of  the  product  hare 
by  foreign  miners.  Rich  washings  in  the  sometimes  tended  to  obscure  the  mechanical  and 
streams  flowing  into  the  Amazon  and  promising  chemical  requirements.  Now  that  much  of  the 
ledges  in  the  eastern  Cordillera  are  not  worked  novelty  of  **  instantaneous ''  picture-making  ha< 
on  account  of  their  remoteness  from  the  coast  and  worn  off,  the  first  principles  of  the  science  are 
the  difficulties  of  transport.    Sulphur,  gypsum,  receiving  more  general  attention. 


PHOTOGRAPHY,  KECENT  PROGRESS  IN.  721 

Lenses. — An  important  advance  in  the  manu-  a  book.    Another  is  operated  in  the  hat.    A  rest 
facture  of  lenses  has  resulted  from  the  recent  camera  has  been  used  in  this  country,  and  many 
adoption  of  Jena  glass  bv  Carl  Zeiss,  who  has  of  the  more  conventional  forms  are  placedMn 
obtained  objectives  entirefy  free  from  spherical  cases  resembling  satchels,  luncli  baskets,  etc. 
aberration  and  astigmatism.    Another  mterest-  The  development  of  the  hand  camera  lias  bad 
ing  movement  is  made  by  Dallmeyer  in  the  pro-  an  important  influence  on  the  arrangement  of 
duction  of  a  telephotographic  lens  for  c^vin^  cameras  in  general.    Many  of  the  later  tripod 
enlarged  images  of  distanc  objects.     Enlarged  cameras  are  now  provided  with  a  variety  of  con- 
images  have  hitherto  been  produced  by  long-  venient  devices,  facilitating  the  use  of  the  cam- 
focus  lenses,  or  by  placing  a  secondary  magni-  era  under  conditions  demanding  readiness  and 
fier  behind  the  plane  of  the  primary  image.  The  portability.    Among  the  fanciful  results  of  re- 
new lens  is  composed  of  two  elements,  and  the  cent  improvements  in  rapid  photography  has 
image  formed  by  it  is  primary  and  inverted.  The  been  the  automatic  arrangement  that  takes  its 
anterior  element  is  a  positive  lens  of  lar^  apert-  place  beside  the  weighing  machine  and  the  pub- 
ure  and  short  focus ;  the  posterior  lens  is  a  neg-  lie  phonograph.    The  **  nickel-in-the-slot "  pho- 
ative  element  of  a  fractional  part  of  the  focal  tographing  machine  resembles  a  round  stove, 
lengrth  of  the  anterior  positive ;  and  in  estimat-  On  opening  the  iron  door  a  clockwork  is  seen  be- 
ing the  rapidity  or  intensity,  the  shorter  the  fo-  low,  putting  the  whole  mechanism  in  motion  by 
cus  of  the  posterior  lens  as  compared  with  that  a  spring.    The  principal  feature  is  a  vertical 
of  the  anterior  lens  the  greater  is  the  size  of  the  axis  actmg  as  rotating  power  for  a  plate-catcher, 
image  for  a  given  extension  of  the  camera.  The  At  the  moment  the  piece  of  money  is  dropped, 
main  object  of  the  invention  is  to  throw  the  shutting  off  the  electric  current,  a  ferrotype  plate 
nodal  point  from  which  the  focus  is  actually  drops  from  a  carrier  and  is  caught  b^  the  catcher 
measured  to  any  desired  distance  into  a  space  in  and  moved  horizontally  around  a  nng  in  a  ver- 
f ront  of  the  lens  itself,  thus  attaining  a  large  im-  tical  position.    This  ring  contains  several  circn- 
age  without  the  aid  of  a  bulky  apparatus.    The  lar  dipping  baths  of  gutta-percha,  into  which 
lens  is  said  to  possess  wide  adjustability,  and  to  the  plate,  held  by  the  catcher,  is  immersed  and 
promise  important  results  in  astronomical  pho-  then  raised  at   certain    intervals.     The  plate 
tography.   A  new  Gundlach  lens  is  on  the  basis  passes  first  the  collodion  bath,  after  that  the  sil- 
of  SteinheiFs  double  meniscus,  which  has  been  ver  bath,  and  then  the  bell   sounds,  warning 
transformed  into  a  triple  meniscus.  A  flint-glass  the  sitter  to  be  quiet,  and  the  exposure  takes 
lens  is  inclosed  and  protected  by  crown-glass  place.  The  plate  now  plunges  into  tne  developer, 
lenses,  ground  so  thin  as  to  minimize  the  possi-  washing  bath,  fixing  bath,  and  again  into  water ; 
bility  of  a  yellow  tinge.    English  lens  makers  then  it  is  moved  outside  of  the  circle  and  dried 
have'  urged  an  agreement  on  some  uniform  plan  over  a  flame.    The  entire  process  occupies  about 
for  the  threads  and  flanges  of  lens  mounts.  two  minutes. 

Cameras. — Improvements  in  cameras  have  Sensitive  Snrfaees. — Dry  plates  continue  to 
been  generally  in  the  direction  of  greater  light-  increase  in  sensitiveness,  though  makers  are  now 
ncss  for  field  work,  the  substitution  of  cams  and  content  to  promise  even  an  infinitesimal  ad- 
other  devices  for*  screws,  etc.,  to  facilitate  rapid  vance.  The  complaint  that  more  attention  is 
adjustment,  and  the  development  of  the  swing-  paid  to  the  attainment  of  rapidity  than  to  abet- 
back  and  reversing  features.  The  most  striking  ter  ima|;e-bearing  Quality  is  often  justified, 
advance  has  been  in  the  devising  of  hand  cam-  Gaedicke,  of  Berlin,  has  announced  the  inven- 
eras.  Cameras  that  might  be  operated  without  a  tion  of  a  collodion  emulsion  which  is  claimed  to 
solid  rest  became  possible  when  negative  surfaces  be  equal  in  sensitiveness  to  the  most  sensitive 
reached  a  stage  of  sensitiveness  permitting  an  gelatin  emulsion.  The  new  emulsion  is  said  to 
adocjuate  exposure  in  a  fraction  of  a  second,  be  easy  to  manipulate,  and  to  be  capable  of  pro- 
Witn  the  improvements  in  the  dry  plate  have  ducin^  results  rivaling  those  of  any  other  meth- 
come  a  multitude  of  portable  cameras,  many  of  od.  The  announcement  is  of  particular  interest 
them  of  great  ingenuity.  The  earliest  examples  to  those  who  have  been  loyal  to  collodion  pro- 
were  provided  with  an  automatic  exposer  or  cesses  throughout  all  the  advances  of  the  gela- 
shutter,  capable  of  speed  adjustment  to  meet  the  tino-bromide  emulsion.  For  certain  classes  of 
requirements  of  the  light  and  the  amount  of  work,  particularly  for  lantern  positives,  the  col- 
motion  to  be  overcome.  A  device,  aided  by  an  lodion  processes  have  never  been  equaled  by  the 
exterior  indicator,  adjusted  the  focus  by  an  esti-  later  processes. 

mate  of  feet,  and  provided  for  the  use  of  the  The  practice  of  **  backing "  plates  has  come 

universal  focal  point  in  the  lens.    A  small  cam-  into  favor,  especially  among  out-of  door  work- 

cra-obscura  attachment  enabled  the  operator  to  ers.    Talbot  Archer  mentions  two  backings  as 

locate  the  image.    Recent  modifications  have  finding  special  favor  in  England.    The  first  is 

aimed  at  a  reduction  of  weight,  and  at  conven-  bitumen  dissolved  in  benzine  and  poured  on  the 

ient  methods  of  storing  plates  or  films  within  back  of  the  plate.    It  hardens  in  a  few  minutes 

the  box.    The  panoramic  idea  has  been  worked  and  is  removed  with  the  help  of  a  broad  chisel 

out  with  films  and  with  paper  rolls,  and  many  before  development.  The  other  is  a  creamv  mixt- 

magazine  forms  have  been  adopted,  though  few  ure  of  burnt  umber  or  burnt  sienna  with  gum 

have  been  entirely  satisfactory.    Roll  surfaces  and  methylated  spirit,  applied  with  a  piece  of 

are  arranged  to  receive  100  or  more  impressions,  wash  leather  and  removed  with  a  damp  sponge. 

Magazines  for  glass  or  cut  films  usually  provide  E.  J.  Wall  recommends  smearing  blacK  enamel 

for  one  or  two  dozen  negatives.  paper  with  glvcerin  and  squeegeeing  the  paper 

Among  the  cameras  devised  with  a  view  to  upon  the  back  of  the  negative.    The  object  of 

unobserved  operation  there  are  many  curious  the  backing  is,  of  course,  the  prevention  of 

forms.    One  German  calnera  takes  the  shape  of  halation,  and  the  precaution  is  valued,  in  all  cases, 

VOL.  XXXI.— 46  A 


722  PHOTOGRAPHY,  RECENT  PROGRESS  IN. 

indoors  or  out,  where  the  subject  presents  rio-  yellow  and  blue,  red  and  blue,  and  yellow  and 
lent  contrasts  of  light  and  shade.  red  light.  Duhauron,  who  asked  for  a  patent  as 
The  successful  use  of  *'  orthochromatic  "  plates  early  as  1868,  sought  to  improve  on  Colien's  plan 
has  greatly  increased  the  interest  in  the  study  of  by  the  use  of  color  screens  to  filter  the  color 
approximated  color  values  in  the  photographic  rays.  But  the  inventor  in  despair  admitted  that 
image.  The  orthochromatic  plate  is  designed  to  "  the  production  of  good  results  will  ...  in- 
overcome  wholly  or  in  part  the  difficulty  brought  volve  the  manufacture  of  compounds  that  have 
about  by  the  varying  degrees  of  actinism  in  col-  not  yet  been  created."  Poir6e  suggested  a  dif- 
ors  that  the  camera  is  called  upon  to  interpret,  ferent  negative  for  each  spectrum  color,  and  Dr. 
That  blue,  which  is  intensely  actinic,  and  yellow  Vogel,  in  1885,  a  modification  that  was  extreme^ 
and  red,  which  are  relatively  non-actinic,  should  Iv  complicated.  Dr.  Stolze,  denying  the  theory 
be  rendered  by  the  negative  in  exap^gerated  con-  that  all  colors  are  based  on  three  primary  or 
trast  has  been  a  serious  drawback  in  the  photo-  principal  colors,  argued  that  if  three  suitable 
graphic  image.  A  plate  having  an  increased  selective  color  screens  were  used  in  connection 
sensitiveness  to  yellow  and  red  and  a  decreased  with  color  sensitive  plates  three  negatives  of  the 
sensitiveness  to  blue  makes  it  possible  to  trans-  spectrum  might  be  obtained,  from  which  prints 
late  nature  more  fairly.  In  the  copying  of  paint-  in  cyan  blue,  carmine,  and  yellow,  if  superposed, 
ings  the  ordinary  plate  gives  the  blue  sky  as  would  reproduce  the  color  effect  of  the  spec- 
white,  and  objects  in  the  rich  red  and  orange  trum.  In  1888  Frederick  £.  Ives,  of  Philadel- 
tones  lose  most  of  their  modeling.  A  plate  giv-  phia,  taking  up  Stolze^s  comparatively  indefinite 
ing  better  gradations  of  color  is  proving  of  great  theory,  demonstrated  a  procedure  based  upon 
usefulness,  especially  as  the  photon-aphic  nega-  the  assumption  that,  altnough  there  are  more 
tive'is  the  basis  of  so  large  a  number  of  repro-  than  three  or  five  or  seven  primary^  spectrum 
ductive  processes.  For  portraiture  these  plates  colors,  all  of  them  can  be  counterfeitea  to  the 
have  been  serviceable  by  reason  of  the  fact  that  eve  by  three  type  colors  and  mixtures  of  these 
they  do  not  exaggerate  freckles  or  other  facial  tnree  type  colors.  Mr.  Ives  proved  his  process 
blemishes,  and  give  better  tone  values  to  brown  by  photographing  the  spectrum  itself,  employing 
and  reddish  hair  as  well  as  to  the  eyes.  Schu-  compound  color  screens  carefully  adjustea  to 
mann  gives  the  following  formula  for  preparing  secure  definite  intensity  curves  in  the  spectrum 
orthochromatic  dry  plates  with  a  cyanine  bath :  negatives,  so  that  they  would  make  color  prints 
Soak  the  plate  in  200  c.  c.  of  water  and  2  to  4  that  counterfeited  the  color  effect  of  the  spec- 
c  c.  of  stronger  ammonia  for  two  or  three  min-  trum  when  superposed.  Shortly  afterward  Mr. 
utes ;  then  immerse  in  distilled  water,  200  c.  c. ;  Ives  set  forth  a  new  principle,  that  of  making 
alcohol,  10  c.  c. ;  stronger  ammonia  (0*9),  4  c.  c.  sets  of  negatives  by  the  action  of  light  rays  in 
alcohol  solution  of  cyanine  (1  in  500),  10  c.  c.  proportion  as  they  excite  primary-color  sensa- 
Ives*s  chlorophyll  and  eosin  process  for  or-  tions,  and  images  or  prints  from  such  negatives 
thochromatic  ary  plates  is  this :  Use  any  good  with  colors  that  represent  primary-color  sensa- 
bromide  collodion  emulsion  that  contains  no  free  tions.  Mr.  Ives's  proposition  included  the  state- 
nitrate  of  silver.  Flow  plate  as  usual,  and  as  ment  that  while  the  spectrum  is  not  made  up  of 
soon  as  the  emulsion  film  sets  fiow  several  times  three  kinds  of  color  rays  and  mixtures  of  these, 
with  strong  alcoholic  solution  of  chlorophyll  the  eye  is  only  capable  of  three  primary-color 
from  blue  myrtle  or  plantain  leaves;  then  im-  sensations.  Ives  claimed  to  produce  the' colors 
merse  in  water  strongly  tinted  with  blue  shade  of  nature  in  permanent  prints  from  three 
eosin,  and  keep  in  motion  until  smooth.  This  negatives,  or  bj  composite  heliochromy.  Bv  the 
sensitizes  for  all  colors.  A  very  light  yellow  use  of  a  combination  lantern  the  colors  could  be 
screen  is  sufficient  to  secure  correct  rendering  of  associated  in  a  screen  picture  of  remarkable 
color  values.  fidelity  to  nature.  In  a  statement  to  the  Frank- 
Photography  in  Color.— No  movements  or  liu  Institute  in  June,  1891,  Mr.  Ives  showed  that 
speculations  m  photography  have  excited  greater  by  an  improvement  on  his  heliochromatic  cam- 
interest  than  those  related  to  the  search  for  the  era  the  three  negatives  could  be  made  from  one 
photograph  in  color.  At  frequent  intervals  dur-  point  of  view  by  simultaneous  exposure  and  on 
ing  a  long  period  the  announcement  has  been  a  single  sensitive  plate.  The  color  prints  were 
made  that  this  philosopher's  stone  of  the  photo-  made  "  by  a  single  exposurip  in  transparent  geU- 
graphic  science  was  at  last  found.  The  repeated  tin,  and  separated  only  when  ready  to  dip  into 
disappointments  have  evoked  a  natural  skepti-  the  dye  solutions  representing  the  respective  col- 
cism  m  many  quarters,  but  each  new  announce-  or  sensations."  The  recent  studies  of  Carey  Lea, 
ment  excites  fresh  hope  that  the  dream  is  to  be  of  Philadelphia,  have  been  regarded  by  manv  as 
realized.  All  the  earlv  workers  sought  to  catch  indicating  a  solution  of  the  problem.  Mr.  Lea 
the  colors  of  nature.  Sir  John  Herschel  claimed  has  sought  to  apply. the  protochlorides  of  silver 
to  have  seized  a  faint  colored  image  of  the  solar  in  the  form  of  an  emulsion,  and  the  products  of 
spectrum.  Becquerel,  who  introduced  chloro-  his  experiments  have  excited  much  admiration, 
pnyll  in  1874,  produced  on  metal  plates  faint  In  1890  Franz  Verescz  exhibited  at  Vienna  cer- 
1  mages  of  certain  colors.  But  even  these  soon  tain  glass  diapositives  and  paper  prints.  The 
faded.  Niepoe  de  St.  Victor*s  colored  prints  pictures  on  glass  were  described  as  showing  "^a 
quickly  faded  in  davlight.  In  general  the  experi-  oeautif  ul  ruoy-red  ground  color,  with  a  picture 
ments,  early  and  late,  have  moved  upon  two  in  bright  pigments  ranging  from  a  deep  hue  of 
lines,  one  looking  to  a  single  positive  image  in  red  to  lignt  orange,  and  from  violet  to  blue, 
color,  the  other  seeking  to  produce  a  positive  im-  The  same  colors  prevail  on  the  paper  positive.** 
age  in  color  by  the  agency  of  one  or  more  nega-  But  Verescz  is  said  to  have  been  unable  to  pro- 
tives.  Collen  sought  to  superpose  red,  yellow,  duce  green.  The  pictures  **  bore  the  test  of  light 
and  blue  prints  taken  from  negatives  made  by  less  intense  than  tne  direct  rays  of  the  sun.** 


PHOTOGRAPHY,  RECEKT  PROGRESS  IN.  723 

One  of  the  most  sensational  announcements  gested  for  the  same  nse.    Crystallos  was  also 

of  recent  times  was  that  made  by  Prof.  I^P-  advised.    The  most  recent  developer,  para-arai- 

mann  to  the  Paris  Academv  of  Sciences  in  Feo-  dophenol,  is  a  jjowerful  agent,  of  which  much  is 

niary,  1891,  concerning  photography  in  color,  expected ;  but  it  is  too  early  to  say  much  of  its 

The  announcement,  as  communicated  by  some  practical  availability. 

of  the  newspaper  correspondents,  would  have       Printing  Processes.— Recent  movements  in 
made  the  world  believe  that  Prof.  Lippmann  had  printing  processes  show  a  marked  desire  to  break 
secured  a  photograph  in  colors  "as  vivid  as  any  away  from  the  familiar  albumen  print.     Objec- 
object  in  nature."    But,  speaking  of  the  oof-  tions  to  the  albumen  print  are  based  upon  its 
ors  in  "Le  Moniteur  de  la  Photographic,"  M.  color,  its  surface,  ana  the  limitations  of  the 
Leon  Vidal  says :  '*  We  onl^r  saw  them  rendered  toning  system.     A  large  number  of  new  pro< 
very  imperfectly,  and  certainly  we  should  never  cesses  present  unglazed  surfaces.     The  platmo- 
have  suspected,  if  we  had  not  been  told  of  it,  type  process  has  been  widely  followed.     This 
that  it  was  a  reproduction  of  the  solar  spectrum  process  combines  with  a  variety  of  possible  tones 
with  the  colors."    The  experiment  represented  a  delicacv  in  detail  not  frequently  given  in 
by  Prof.  Lippmann's  plate  is  based  on  the  wave  processes  based  on  an  unglazed  surface.    A  pro- 
iheoryof  lignt.    Since  the  length  of  these  waves  cess  using  metallic  silver  in  place  of  metallic 
determines  the  color  sensation,  Prof.  Lippmann  platinum  appears  with  the  name  "■  kallitype." 
seeks,  by  the  action  of  ''crossed"  light  and  This  process,  in  which   Dr.   Nicol  has   acted 
•*  interference,"  to  secure  a  deposit  of  silver  in  upon  the  suggestions  of  Herschel  and  of  Hunt, 
layers  of  a  thickness  influenced  by  the  wave  is  thus  described :  Paper  is  coated  with  a  solu- 
lengths  of  the  light    The  theory  of  the  experi-  tion  of  ferric  citrate,  ferric  tartrate,  or  ferric 
ment  is  thus  explained :  **  The  conditions  said  to  oxalate,  or  mixtures  of  all  or  any  of  them,  and  is 
be  essential  to  photography  in  colors  are:  (1)  dried.    It  is  then  exposed  behind  a  negative  until 
a  sensitive  film  showing  no  ^rain ;  (2)  a  reflect-  a  faint  image  is  formed,  as  in  platinotvpe,  and 
ing  surface  at  the  back  of  this  film.    Albumen,  the  image  is  developed  by  treating  it  with  a  solu- 
eollodjon,  and    gelatin    films,    sensitized  with  tion  containing  10  per  cent,  of  sodium  citrate,  1 
iodide  or  bromide  of  silver  and  devoid  of  grain  per  cent  of  silver  nitrate,  and  sufficient  ammonia 
when  microscopically  examined,  have  been  em-  to  keep  the  silver  in  solution.    After  develop- 
plojed.    Films  so  prepared  have  been  placed  in  ment  the  print  is  immersed  in  a  20-per-cent. 
a  hollow  dark  slide  containing  mercury.    The  solution  of  alkaline  tartrate  or  citrate,  made 
mercury  thus  forms  a  refiecting  layer  in  contact  strongly  alkaline  with  ammonia,  and  afterward 
with  the  sensitive  film.    The  exposure,  develop-  in  two  successive  baths  of  a  dilute  solution  of 
ment,  and  fixing  of  the  film  are  done  in  the  sodium  citrate  containing  free  ammonia.     The 
ordinary  manner ;  but  when  the  operations  are  alkaline  tartrate  or  citrate  removes  the  iron 
completed  the  colors  of  the  spectrum  become  compounds,  while   the  ammonia  removes  the 
visible.    The  theory  of  the  experiment  is  that  silver  compounds,  and  finally  the  print  is  washed 
the  incident  light  interferes  with  the  light  re-  in  water.    A  new  kallitype  process  published  by 
fleeted  by  the  mercury ;  consec[uently,  a  series  of  Dr.  Nicol,  and  called  iCaUitype  No.  2,  coats 
fringes  is  formed  in  the  sensitive  film,  and  silver  the  paper  with  a  solution  containing  ferric  oxa- 
is  deposited  at  places  of  maximum  luminosity  late,  ferric  nitrate,  silver  oxalate,  sUver  nitrate, 
of  those  fringes.    The  thickness  of  the  film  is  and  oxalic  and  nitric  acids.    The  paper  is  ex- 
deposited  according  to  the  deposits  of  silver  into  posed  until  the  densest  parts  of  the  negative  are 
lamina  whose  thicluiessesare  equal  to  the  interval  very  faintly  indicated,  the  appearance  of  the 
separating  two  maxima  of  light  in  the  fringes —  image  being  verv  much  the  same  as  in  the  pla- 
that  is,  half  of  the  wave  length  of  the  incident  tinotype.    For  black  prints  the  exposed  paper  is 
light    The  laminie  of  metallic  silver,  formed  at  immersed  in  a  solution  containing  10  per  cent, 
regular  distances  from  the  surface  of  the  film,  of  Rochelle  salt  and  10  per  cent,  of  borax ;  for 
give  rise  to  the  colors  seen  when  the  plate  is  de-  purple  prints,  in  10  per  cent,  of  Rochelle  salt 
veloped  and  dried.    Evidence  of  this  is  found  in  and  2  to  5  per  cent,  of  borax ;  for  sepia  prints.  5 
the  fact  that  the  proofs  obtained  are  positive  per  cent,  of  Rochelle  salt,  1*25  per  cent,  of  borax, 
vhen   viewed  by  refiected  and  negative  when  and  a  small  quantity  of  hydrochloric  acid.    In 
viewed  by  transmitted  light— that  is,  each  color  each  case  a  small  quantity  of  a  dilute  solution 
is  represented  by   its   complementary  color."  of  potassium  dichromate  must  be  added. 
Lippmann's  theory  has  been  severely  criticised        Dr.  Adolph  Freer's  "freer  type"  is  based  on 
by  Stolze  and  others,  but  it  is  very  generally  ad-  the  fact  that  diazo  compounds  in  contact  with 
mitted  that  Lippmann,  without  having  produced  acid  sulphites  form  diazo-sulphonic  compounds, 
a  satisfactory  image  in  color,  or  one  in  itself  ma-  and  these  form  no  coloring  matter.     If,  there- 
^rially  superior    to  the  image,  produced  by  fore,  a  diazo-sulphonic  compound  is  mixed  with 
Becquerel,  nas  entered  a  path'  that  may  lead  to  an  equivalent  quantity  of  a  phenol  or  an  amine, 
important  discoveries.  no  coloring  matter  is  formed.    But  if  the  mixt- 

Berelopers. — Theories  of  the  latent  image  ure  is  exposed  to   light,  the   diazo-sulphonic 

and  of  the  nature  of  the  action  that  takes  place  compound  is  decomposed,  the  diazo  compound  is 

in  development  have  received  little  modification  set  free,  and,  since  a  phenol  or  amine  is  already 

or  enhanced  clearness  from  recent  discussion,  present,  a  coloring  matter  is  formed  as  fast  as 

hut  new  developing  agepts  succeed  each  other  the  diazo  compound  is  liberated.    A  few  seconds 

^itb  great  rapiaitv.     Hydrochinon  and  eikono-  produces  a  print  in  daylight,  and  gaslight  may 

g^n  were  followea  by  pyrocatechin,  which  met  be  used. 

^ith  little  favor.  German  operators  recommended        A  recent  English  patent  gives  the  "primuline 

formaldehyde  as  an  addition  to  the  emulsion  and  process."    Primuline  is  described  as  a  yellow 

to  the  developer.    Oil  of  turpentine  was  sug-  coloring  matter  containing  sulphur.     This  pro- 


724  PHOTOGRAPHY,  RECENT  PROGRESS  IN. 

cess,  applicable  to  fabrics  as  well  as  to  paper,  is  scientific  and  commercial  channels.  With  the 
another  form  of  the  diazo-type  process.  flash  light  mines,  caverns,  and  tanneled  dis- 
Prof.  Newton  recently  offered  a  formula  for  tricts  are  profitably  explored.  The  flash  pistol 
toning  without  gold,  substituting  nitrate  of  lead,  or  lamp  has  accompanied  the  police  detective 
The  chloride  of  silver  gelatin  emulsion  paper,  into  the  opium  den  and  the  health  officer  into 
first  made  by  Obemetter,  has  become  very  popu-  the  corrupting  haunts  of  the  tenement.  It  ii^ 
lar  by  reason  of  the  success  with  which  it  pre-  reported  that  at  a  gathering  of  civic  and  mill- 
serves  delicate  detail  and  facilitates  printing  tary  di^itaries  on  the  occasion  of  the  nine- 
from  thin  negatives.     The  carbon  or  anotype  tieth  birthday  of  the  late  Field- marshal  Von 

firinting  process  appears  in  many  new  formulas.  Moltke,  Emperor  William  ordered  a  series  of 

t  is  based  on  the  insolubility  of  gelatin  and  an  flash-light  pictures  to  be  taken.     The  resulting 

alkaline  bichromate  after  the  action  of  light  negatives  were  to  be  used  in  historical  painting:. 

The  color  of  the  image  depends  on  the  piginent  Numerous  incidents  of  the  kind  illustrate  the 

employed.     The  great  value  of  carbon  is  in  its  serviceable  character  of  this  artificial  illumina- 

remarkable  permanency.  tion.     The  yalue  of  the  magnesium  light  in 

Rapid  Pliotograpby. — The  net  ^ain  in  the  portrait  photography  is  now  well  established, 
rapidity  of  photographic  action  within  the  past        Capt.    Abney    announces    that    magnesium 

few  years  is  not  very  great,  but  there  have  been  burned  in  oxygen  produces  a  light  12  times  as 

many  useful  and  interesting  advances  in  methods  brilliant  as  magnesium  burned  in  air.     E.  J. 

of  employing  highly  sensitive  surfaces.     The  Humphrey  has  burned  magnesium  wire  in  an 

experiments  of  Edward  Muybridge  in  photo-  oxygen  flask  and,  swinging  the  flask  on  the  end 

graphing  animal  motion,  ana  the  later  experi-  of  a  wire  or  string,  softened  the  edges  of  the 

ments  of  Anschiltz  and  others,  have  opened  a  shadows.    A  platinotype  print  was  mtule  by  this 

broad  field  of  speculation  and  experiment  in  light  in  55  seconds. 

movements  looking  to  the  use  of  the  tachyscope  Astronomieal  Photography. — The  progros 
or  similar  devices  for  throwing  rapidly  success-  of  this  important  department  of  photography 
ive  photographs  upon  the  screen.  The  sug^es-  has  been  suggested  m>m  time  to  time  in  the 
tions  of  Edison  and  others  as  to  the  possible  article  Astroxomy.  The  partnership  of  the 
co-operation  of  the  phonograph  and  lantern  camera  and  the  telescope  has  immensely  en- 
apparatus  in  transmitting  to  later  generations  larged  the  scope  of  astronomical  research.  The 
both  the  gestures  and  the  voice  of  a  speaker  orthochromatic  plate  has  begun  to  play  a  part 
have  been  based  on  proved  conditions  and  possi-  in  the  survey  of  the  heavens.  Since  1887  the 
bilities.  The  number  of  photographic  images  astronomers  of  the  world  have  been  carrying 
necessary  to  the  perfection  of  this  scheme  would  out  the  proposition  of  Dr.  Gill,  at  the  Inter- 
imply  an  elaboration  of  apparatus  and  a  dupli-  national  Congress  in  Paris,  to  make  a  corn- 
cation  of  surface  sufficiently  great  to  render  the  plete  photographic  map  of  the  heavens.  The 
experiment  exceedingly  costly.  Such  a  partner-  task  of  photographing  over  20,000,000  stars 
ship  would  implysome  automatic  union  between  was  divided  among  those  observatories  in  dif- 
the  two  apparatus  at  the  time  the  impressions  ferent  parts  of  the  world  which  are  suited  by 
were  received,  and  the  re-establishment  of  the  position  and  equipment  for  taking  up  such  worlc. 
same  automatic  union  at  the  time  sound  and  Ordinary  telescopes,  which  bring  to  a  focus  the 
image  were  exhibited.  visual  rays,  are  not  suitable  for  photographic 

ShuttersorExposers.— The  growth  of  rapid  work.  The  superb  Lick  telescope,  which  hfa 
photography  is  reflected  in  the  enlarging  num-  played  an  important  part  in  the  enterprise  just 
her  of  camera  shutters.  The  simple  "drop-  cited,  is  provided  with  lenses  facilitating  the 
shutter  "  form  has  been  greatly  and  ingeniously  application  of  the  camera.  As  Jerome  Harrison 
amplified.  The  disk  shutter  is  widely  used  in  remarks:  "The  great  advantage  of  the  sensitive 
portabla  cameras,  as  well  as  in  pneumatic  adjust-  plate  over  the  eye  in  astronomical  photograph v 
able  forms.  There  is  much  deoate  on  the  most  is  that  the  impressions  produced  upon  it  byliffhi 
desirable  shape  of  opening  in  transit  shutters,  are  cumulative.  The  eye  sees  no  farther  into 
Many  openings  are  made  adjustable  that  the  space  after  gazing  for  ten  minutes  than  it  did  in 
exposure  may  conform  to  the  conditions  of  the  the  first  minute ;  but  the  effect  of  the  light  upon 
exposure.  Combination  shutters,  working  with  the  plate  in  such  a  case  is  10  times  as  great." 
both  drop  and  flap  or  with  crossing  disks,  are  a  Thus  this  cumulative  action  of  light  on  the 
feature  of  recent  inventions.  One  device  pre-  sensitive  plate  reveals  stars  and  nebul»  never 
sentsanexposeropening  in  the  center,  enlarging  detected  by  the  eye,  even  with  the  aid  of  the 
to  the  size  of  the  lens,  and  closing  to  the  center,  most  powerful  telescopes.  It  has  been  estimated 
This,  in  many  respects,  admirable  form  has  the  that  an  exposure  of  one  hour  and  twenty  minutes 
objection  of  giving  the  center  of  the  plate  the  can  reveal  in  the  negative  400,000,(i00  stars, 
greatest  amount  of  exposure— a  tendency  already  Brilliant  photographs  of  the  moon  are  now 
fostered  by  the  natural  action  of  the  lens.  An  made  in  a  fraction  of  a  second.  An  oxtremelv 
effort  to  secure  the  exposure  from  the  rim  of  the  small  fraction  of  a  second  is  sufficient  in  photo- 
lens  toward  the  center  is  reported.  The  struct-  graphing  the  sun.  Prof.  Young  estimates  the 
ural  difficulties  of  such  a  movement  are  obvious,  number  of  photographs  of  the  transit  of  Venus 

Artificial  Light— The  use  of  magnesium  in  in  1874  and  in  1882  at  not  less  than  5,000. 

producing  artificial  light  has  been  of  great  serv-  Each  succeeding  transit  is  recorde*!  by  a  greatly 

ice  to  photography.     When  properly  used  this  increased  number  of  photomphic  images, 
form  of  illumination  has  distinct  advantages        In    Other   Sciences.— Medical    science  ac- 

over  other  forms.    The  "  flash  light "  has  great-  knowledges  a  very  considerable  debt  to  modem 

ly  popularized  social  photography  in  the  draw-  photography.  Recent  experiment-s  with  the  aid  of 

ing-room  and  at  public  gatherings,  as  well  as  in  the  photographic  medium  include  studies  of  the 


PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OP,  IN  1891.  725 

throat  and  eyes  that  have  communicated  signifi-  a^tated  source  of  ener^.    He  concludes  that 

cant  data.    Some  recent  pictures  of  the  larvnx  the  most  agitated  ether  is  the  best  insulator  of 

are  valuably  complete.    The  image  is  secured  by  ©nergv,  and  the  quietest  is  the  best  disperser. 

the    aid   of   electric   illumination.    From    the  Jtfo/ecu/ar  Z>wtonc««.— P.  Jacobin  (Paris  Acad- 

physiological  laboratories  are  reported  efforts  to  ^niy  of  Sciences,  Jan.  12)  concludes  that  all  the 

secure  photographic  records   of   nervous   and  physical  properties  of  metals  of  the  same  group 

muscular  action.    In  the  preservation  of  patho-  depend  exclusively  on  molecular  distance.    For 

log^ical  records  in  general  the  camera  is  of  great  instance,  for  ordmary  metals  electric  conduc- 

utility.    Photo-microscopy  is  in  extensive  opera-  tivity  is  proportional  to  the  sixth  power  of  the 

tion  in  many  of  the  sciences.   Mining,  mineralogy,  number  of  molecules  in  a  given  volume;  for 

surveying,  and  exploration  all  utilize    photo-  magnetic  metals  it  is  inversely  as  the  sixth 

graphic  aid.    The  photographic  corps  has  be-  power  of  their  distance  apart 

come  an  essential  element  of  the  modem  army.  Mechanics.     Gravity, — Prof,  J.  H.  Poynting 

occupying  close  relations  with  the  balloon  service.  (London  Royal  Society,  June  4)  has  measured 

llistoriciiJ  events  of  every  description  are  now  the  earth's  density  and  the  gravitation  constant 

photographed  in  exienao.    Societies  of  amateurs,  hy  a  common  balance  having  a  beam  123  centi- 

m  some  recent  instances,  have  secured  the  co-  metres  long.    Two  spheres  of  lead  or  antimony, 

o{)eration  of  civil  authorities  in  enabling  them  weighing  21  kilogrammes  each,  were  so  suspended 

to  record  ail  events  necessary  to  the  complete-  from  the  arms  tnat  their  centers  were  about  30 

ness  of  local  historical  records.  centimetres  above  the  center  of  a  mass  of  the  same 

Photo-mechanical  Processes.— The  revolu-  metal  weighing  153  kiiocrammes.     This  mass, 

tion  in  the  reproductive  arts  is  one  of  the  re-  being  placed  on  a  turn-table,  could  be  shifted  so 

suits  of  photographic  advancement    Newspaper,  ^J^  ^  directly  under  either  arm  of  the  balance. 

magazine,  and  oook   illustration  have  wholly  ^'ith  the  aid  of  verv  delicate  adjustments  and 

changed  in  character.    There    is   much   com-  careful  precautions  the  gravitation  constant  was 

petition  in  the  effort  to  secure  a  "  half-tone "  #^„„^  ♦^  u«  ^'^9S4      ,  . ,         . , ,  _        ,      .^ 

iUate  direct  from  the  photograph,  which  may  be  ^'^''"^  ^"^  ^  "lo^  ^^  *^^  ^^^  «  °^^*°  ^^^^'^^ 

conveniently  printed  with  type.    There  has  been  5*4934. 

a  rapid  advance  in  this  method,  which  is  largely  Specific  Gravity, —W,  J.  Sollas  ("Nature." 
used  in  illustration  of  all  classes.  But  in  print-  Feb.  26)  finds  the  specific  gravity  of  any  minute 
ing  qualities  no  half-tone  plate  mechanically  object,  such  as  a  buttei'fly's  wing-scale  or  a  drop 
produced  has  yet  equaled  the  engraved  block,  of  blood,  by  means  of  a  glass  tube  filled  with  a 
being  deficient  m  depth  and  in  the  modifications  heavy  fluid  diluted  with  another  which  does  not 
of  surface  which  the  engraver  cati  impart..  The  perfectly  mix  with  it.  After  standing,  the 
faithfulness  of  the  photo- mechanical  plate,  how-  mixed  fluid  is  found  to  increase  continuously  in 
ever,  is  beginning  to  be  widely  prized  among  density  from  above  downward,  and  therefore 
artists,  who  formerly  resented  any  agency  but  specks  placed  in  it  show  their  specific  gravity  by 
that  of  engraving,  but  who  now  find  the  im-  tne  level  at  which  they  float.  The  instniment 
proved  "  process  '^  plate  to  be  possessed  of  dis-  is  graduated  by  small  floating  fragments  of 
tinct  advantages  over  any  but  the  best  en-  mica  or  minute  glass  bubbles, 
graving.  Other  photogravure  processes  have  Mardness, — Prof.  Auerbach,  of  Jena  ("  Reper- 
reached  a  high  state  of  perfection,  permitting  torium  ftlr  Physik  "),  measures  the  hardness  of  a 
the  printing  from  plates  having  all  the  char-  transparent  body  by  pressing  upward  aeainst  a 
acteristics  of  the  original  photographic  plate,  plate  of  it  the  spherical  surface  of  a  lens  by 
Gelatin  is  playing  a  prominent  part  in  most  of  means  of  a  weighted  lever.  The  effect  is  ob- 
these  methods.'  Several  processes  use  the  surface  served  microscopically.  He  finds  that  hardness 
of  the  negative  itself,  utilizing  the  hint  offered  increases  with  elasticity,  but  less  rapidly, 
by  the  species  of  relief  produced  in  photo-  Flexure. — C.  A.  Cams- Wilson,  (London  Phys- 
graphic  action.  ical  Society,  June  26)  has  studied  the  flexure  of 
PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891.  gloss  beams  by  means  of  the  polariscope.  The 
Constltntlon  of  Matter.  The  Ether, — Prof,  strains  thus  observed  in  a  loaded  beam  differ 
Nipher,  in  an  address  before  the  physical  section  from  those  usually  assumed.  The  *'  neutral 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advance-  axis,"  instead  of  coinciding  with  the  axis  of  the 
rocnt  of  Science  (1891),  gives  a  comprehensive  beam,  is  raised  in  the  center,  and  its  shape  de- 
review  of  the  history  of  this  subject.  Prof,  pends  on  the  load  and  the  span. 
Lodge,  in  a  British  Association  address,  describes  Impact, — Prof.  P.  G.  Tait  (Edinburgh  Royal 
his  experiments  on  the  disturbance  of  the  ether  Society,  Jan.  5)  flnds  that  solids  can  l^  divided 
in  the  neighborhood  of  a  rapidly  moving  body,  into  two  classes,  in  one  of  which  the  duration  of 
Arago  found  no  such  disturbance,  and  Lodge*s  impact  remains  constant,  whatever  the  distortion, 
experiments,  conducted  on  a  different  line,  con-  up  to  a  certain  limit;  beyond  this  the  duration 
firm  this  result  He  caused  light  to  fall  on  a  is  shorter  as  the  distortion  increases.  In  the 
feebly  silvered  glass  plate,  so  that  part  was  other  class  the  duration  first  increases  with  the 
transmitted  and  part  reflected.  The  rays  thus  distortion,  then  becomes  constant,  and  flnally 
separated  were  caused  to  pass  in  opposite  direc-  diminishes.  Vulcanized  caoutchouc  is  a  type  of 
tions  between  two  coaxial  steel  disks,  and  then  the  former  class,  cork  of  the  latter, 
made  to  interfere.  The  effect  was  the  same  Rotatioti, — K.  Prytz  ("Annalen  der  Physik 
whether  the  disks  were  still  or  rotating  rapidly,  und  Chemie  "  vii,  1891)  measures  the  time  of 
I.  Whitcher  ("  Electrician,"  May  8)  suggests  that  rapid  rotation  by  means  of  a  falling  body  on 
many  difliculties  in  our  conception  of  the  ether  which  the  rotating  body  spurts  a  flne  jet  of 
are  removed  if  we  regard  it  not  as  passive  and  coloring  matter,  thus  avoiding  the  frictional 
acted  on  by  external  forces,  but  as  a  continually  retardation  of  the  tuning-fork   method.     lie 


726  PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OP,  IN  1891. 

claims  to  have  measured  the  time  of  a  revolution  26)  Prof.  S.  U.  Pickering  criticises  Masson's 

to  within  -00Q2  of  a  second.  views,  and  concludes  that  the  existence  of  a 

Force  and  Determinism, — An  interesting  dis-  **  critical  solution  temperature  "  should    follow 

cussion    in    "  Nature,''  participated   in   by  C.  also  from  the  hydrate  tneory.    He  objects  e$pe- 

Lloyd  Morgan,  £.  T.  Dixon,  and  others,  was  cially  to  the  word  **  pressure "  as  used  by  the 

called  forth  by  a  statement  of  Prof.  Oliver  J.  osmotists.     Messrs.   Wanklyn,  Johnstone,   and 

Lodffe  that  no  energy  is  expended  in  changing  Cooper  (**  Philosophical  Magazine,"  NoTember) 

the  direction  of  a  bcdy's  motion,  and  by  his  sug-  hold  that  true  physical  solution  includes  only 

gestion  that  the  explanation  of  the  control  of  cases   where   there    is  no  change    of  Tolumc, 

matter  by  mind  is  to  be  found  in  some  such  such  as  that  of  sugar  and  water,  and  that  where 

direction.  there  is  a  change  of  volume,  however  sli^t, 

Preseure.  —  L.  Cailletet   (Paris   Academy    of  there  is  always  chemical  action.    Carl  Bams,  of 

Sciences,  April  13)  describes  the  huee  manometer  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  ("  American 

which  has  been  constructed  at  the  rliflel  Tower.  Journal  of  Science,"  February),  discusses  the  so- 

It  is  more  than  900  feet  long,  and  can  measure,  lution  of  glass  by  pure  hot  water.    The  solahil- 

by  the  simple  weight  of  its  liquid  column,  a  ity  is  very  great  at  185*  C,  and  up  to  this  point 

pressure  of  400  atmospheres.    The  tube  is  of  a  mixture  of  glass  and  water  shrinks  br  solution 

steel,  but  at  distances  of  3  metres  stop-cocks  more  than  11  per  cent.    The  effect  oi  solntion 

connect  with  glass  tubes  3  metres  long,  en-  is  to  increase  the  compressibility.     He  thinks 

ablin^  the  exact  height  of  the  column  to  w  read  the  solubility  of  glass  is  due  to  the  instability  of 

off  when  desired.  the  glass  molecule,  and  concludes  that,  in  ni»ny 

Liquids.    Solution. — The  battle  between  the  instances,  a  definite  dissociation  temperature  of 

adherents  of  the  rival  theories  of  solution  {**  An-  the  solid  must  be  surpassed  before  solution  sets 

nual  Cyclopiedia,"  1890,  p.  711)  still  ^s  on.  in.    In  the  same  journal  (November)  Dr.  Bams 

James  Walker,  in  a    review  of  the  situation  describes   similar    experiments    on    vulcanite, 

("  Philosophical  Magazine,"  October),  concludes  which,  he  thinks,  prove  that  it  acts  in  the  same 

that  the  hydrate  theory  is  no  longer  a  serious  ri-  way.    This  substance  has  not  heretofore  been 

val  of  the  osmotic,  the  list  of  whose  achieve-  dissolved  so  perfectly  that  it  could  be  regained 

ments  is  constantly  increasing.    Sidnev  Lupton  in  a  solid  form,  but  Dr.  Barns  has  so  dissolved  it  in 

(ibid..  May)  examines  the  methods  of  Mendeleef,  carbon  dioxide,  chloroform,  the  paraiBne  series, 

8.  U.  Pickering,  and  other  advocates  of  the  hy-  aniline,  benzol,  and  some  of  the  ethers.    Vul- 

drate  theory,  and  asserts  that  though  the  accuracy  canite  newly  deposited  from  solution  shows  curi- 

of  these  methods  is  great,  it  is  not  so  great  as  to  ous  phenomena  of  slow  elasticity.     A  stretched 

warrant  their  conclusions.    He  objects  particu-  thread  shortens  again  very  slowly  and  a  twisted 

larly  to  the  method  of  drawing  graphic  curves  thread  squirms  about  like  a  worm  for  several 

by  laths  or  flexible  rulers.    Prof.  Pickering  de-  minutes.    Dr.  Barus  thinks,  however,  that  the 

fends  his  methods  and  results  in  the  issue  for  thin  solutions  of  vulcanite  are  not  true  solutions, 

July,  and  E.  H.  Hayes    justifies  the  "  lath "  for  in  sealed  vessels  they  become  gelatinous  in 

method  by  an  elaborate  mathematical  investiga-  time.     Hofmeister  ("Archiv  fur  Experimental 

tion.    Prof.  Orme  Masson,  at  the  January  meet-  Pathologic ")  has  investigated  the  swelling  of 

ing  of  the  Australasian  Association  for  the  Ad-  gelatin  in  solutions.    In  pure  water  the  effect  is 

vancement  of  Science,  read  a  notable  paper  in  less  than  when  some  salt  is  present.    He  considers 

extension  of  the  osmotic  or  gaseous  theory.    If  the  forces  involved  to  be  similar  to  those  ^own 

a  solid  be  heated  in  a  vacuum  it  first  vaporizes,  in  the  absorption  of  gases  bv  liquids  and  solids, 
then  melts,  the  liquid  continues  to  vaporize,  and        Osmosis. — Boltzmann  (*'  tfoumaJ  of  the  Chem- 

finally  above  the  critical  point  vapor  and  liquid  ical  Society,"  April)  has  investigated    osmotic 

become  homogeneous.    So  it  is,  says  Prof.  Mas-  pressure  mathematically  from  the  standpoint  of 

son,  with  a  solid  and  a  pure  solvent.    First  the  the  kinetic  theory  of  gases.     He  finds  Uiat  the 

solid  begins  to  dissolve,  then  it  melts,  and  the  osmotic  pressure   equals  the  gaseous  pressure 

liquid  continues  to  dissolve ;  finally,  at  a  certain  that  the  dissolved  substance  would  exert  if  it 

temperature,  the  liquid  and  its  solvent  become  were  distributed  as  a  gas  through  a  volume 

homogeneous.    This  analogy,  he  claims,  is  borne  equal  to  that  occupied  by  the  solvent.    He  as- 

out   by   facts.    His  final   conclusion    is    that  sumes  that  the  mean  kinetic  energy  of  the  dis- 

in  every  system  of  solution  that  starts  with  a  solved  molecule  equals  that  of  the  gas  molecule 

solid  and  a  simple  solvent,  the  solid  has  a  "  so-  at  the  same  temperature.    Nemst  (IJ^rlin  Chemi- 

lution  melting-point"  lower  than  its  true  melt-  cal  **  Berichte,"  November,  1890)  points  out  that 

ing  point.    Aoove  this  two  liquid  layers  exist,  a  layer  of  water  between  two  layers  of  benzol 

each  having  some    of   the  other  in   solution,  dissolved  in  ether  acts  precisely  like  a  roem- 

These  become  homogeneous  at  a  temperature  de-  brane.    Ether  will  dissolve  in  water,  but  benzol 

pending  on  the  ratio  of  the  original  ingredients,  will  not ;  so,  if  the  two  solutions  are  of  unequal 

One  ratio  demands  a  higher  temperature  than  strength,  osmosis  of  the  ether  will  take  place  till 

any  other,  and  this  is  the  "  critical  solution  tem-  they  are  equally  strong. 

perature,"  above  which  either  ingredient  is  infi-  Capillarity. — Expenments  similar  to  those  of 
nitely  soluble  in  the  other.  Prof.  Ramsay  (Lon-  Lord  Rayleigh  (**  Annual  Cyclopaedia,"  1890.  p. 
don  Uoyal  Society,  March  5)  extends  these  ideas  711)  have  been  made  by  Miss  Agnes  Pockels 
still  further.  Masson  considers  only  isobaric  ("  Nature,"  March  12).  She  finds  that  if  a  strong- 
curves.  If  isothermal  curves  be  considered,  per-  ly  contaminated  liquid  surface  be  gradually  ex- 
haps,  on  increasing  concentration  by  eliminating  tended,  the  surface  tension  at  first  varies,  but 
one  solvent,  the  other  would  not  separate  visibly,  finally  becomes  constant  She  calls  the  former 
but  the  two  would  remain  mixea  till  one  had  state  the  '*  anomalous  "  and  the  latter  the  **  nor- 
been  entirely  removed.    In  **  Nature "  (March  mal "  condition  of  the   surface.     Every  solid 


PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891.  727 

body,  however  clean,  contaminates  a  water  sur-  and  higher  pressures  the  mixture  becomes  less 

face.    Relative  contamination  may  be  measured  compressible  than  hydrogen  itself.    E.  H.  Ama- 

bv  decreasing  the   contaminated  water  surface  gat  (ibid.  Dec  8, 1890)  has  studied  the  compres- 

till   it  becomes  anomalous,  and  then  taking  the  sion  and  expansion  of  liquids  and  eases  by  a 

ratio  of  its  area  to  the  original  area.  new  method.    He  finds  that  between  0  and  200" 

'With  equal  relative  contamination  by  the  same  C.  and    between  100    and    1,000   atmospheres 

substance,  there  is  no  current  from  one  surface  the   coefficient  of    exptansion  of   hydrogen   at 

to  another,  but  there  is  always  a  current  from  constant  pressure  diminishes  with  increase  of 

the  greater  to  the  less  contamination.    With  dif-  pressure.    With  oxygen,  nitrogen,  and  air  the 

f  erent  substances  there  is  a  current,  even  if  the  coefficient  is  a  maximum  at  the  beginning.     At 

relative  contaminations  are  equal.   For  instance,  .     .      ,         dp  , 

a  current  flows  from  a  glass-contaminated  to  a  constant  volume  ^  is  always  greater  from  0* 

metal-contaminated  surface.  She  concludes  that  to  100'  than  from  100'  to  200^     The  following 

water  dissolves  even  glass  and  metals  at  its  sur-  resulte  are  for  temperatures  between  0"  and  100' 

face,  and  that  the  surface  layer  can  take  up  more  and  a  pressure  of  500  atmospheres : 

than  the  internal  liquid.    (See  Solution,  above.)  ^ 

G.  Van  der  Mensbrugghe (Brussels  Royal  Acad-    ^fj«^ JJSSIS*^^" **^ 

emy  of  Sciences,  Aprir4)  concludes  that  the  com-    ^ 8-«85 1  Hydrogen vm 

men  surface  of  two  liquids  that  act  on  one  an-  Combusiiofi  under  Pressure,  —  R.  W.  Wood 

other  is  subject  to  a  force  whose  direction  is  ("American  Journal  of   Science,"  June)  flnda 

away  from  the  center  of  curvature.    A  case  in  that  a  burning  jet  of  coal-gas  is  extinguished  at 

point  is  the  slow  diminution  of  tension  between  a  pressure  of  23  centimetres  of  mercury ;  that 

oil  and  water,  probably  due  to  chemical  action.  is,  when  the  velocity  of  the  issuing  gas  exceeds 

Cryatallizaiion, — Prof.  Tito  Martini,  of  Ven-  the  speed  of  combination  for  a  mixture  of  gas 

ice  ("  Rivista  ScientiAco-Industriale,"  June),  has  and  air. 

investigated  the  crystallization  of  thin  liquid  Pneumatic  Bridge, — This  device,  the  invention 

films.     With  a  solution  of  sodium  sulphate  near  of  W.  H.  Shaw  (London  Physical  Society,  May  9), 

its  saturation  point  films  can  be  formed  as  with  measures  the  pneumatic  resistance  of  vanous 

a    soap  solution.     If   one  of  these  be  evapo-  orifices  and  channels   as  Wheatstono's  bridge 

rated  rapidly,  a  lattice-work  of  minute  crvstals  measures  electrical  resistance.    Two  arms  of  the 

will   remain.    These  finally  effloresce  and  fall  bridge  consist  of  circular  holes  in  thin  mica 

apart.    Crystal  films  86   millimetres  in  diame-  plates ;  the  third  arm  is  an  aperture  with  a  slid- 

ter  were  tnus  formed,  and  the  experiment  sue-  mg  shutter  regulated  by  a  screw ;  and  the  fourth 

ceeded  also  with  ammonium  chlonde  and  sodium  is  the  aperture  to  be  measured.     The  battery  is 

hypx>sulphite.    Lehmann,  who  has  already  noted  replaced  by  a  Bunsen  burner  and  the  galva- 

that  the  optical  behavior  of  certain  liquids  sug-  nometer  by  a  glass  tube  with  a  sensitive  vane.  By 

^ests  a  crvstalline  structure,  now('*  Journal  of  the  means  of  this  apparatus  it  has  been  proved  that 

Chemical  Society,"  March)  raises  the  question  bevelingoff  oneside  of  aholein  a  thin  plate  in- 

whether  isotropic  liquids  are  non-crystalline  or  creases  its    pneumatic  conductivity,  especially 

crystalline  ana  isometric.     He  concludes  that  when  the  beveling  is  on  the  side  of  egress.     For 

they  are  non-crvstalline,  in  view  of  the  free  mis-  square-ended  tubes  the  conductivity  first   in- 

cibility  of  liquids.  The  same  experimenter  shows  creases  with  length  and  then  diminishes,  but  a 

thatcrystals  melted  betweenglass  plates  retain  on  beveled  mouthpiece  causes  this  effect  to  disap- 

ooolin^  and  recrystidlization  the  former  direction  pear. 

of  their  optic  axes.    This  may  be  duo  to  a  non-  Sound.    Rotation  of  a  Vibrating  Body, — If  a 

melted  la^-er  that  adheres  to  the  glass.  cvlindrical  vibrating  rod  be  rotated  on  its  axis. 

Explosive  Waves,  —  Berthelot  (Berlin  Chem-  tne  plane  of  vibration  does  not  turn  with  it  but 

ical  **  Berichte,'*  April)  shows  that  the  speed  of  remains  fixed  in  space.     But  in  the  case  of  a 

these  is  not  so  regular  in  liquids  as  in  gases,  tuning-fork  the  beats  heard  indicate  that  the 

Methyl  nitrate  in  a  steel  tube  explodes  at  the  rate  planes  turn  with  the  fork.     G.  H.  Bryan  (Cam- 

of  about  2,100  metres  per  second.  bridge    Philosophical    Society,  Nov.  2^    1800) 

Evaporation. — P.  de  Heen  (Brussels  Academy  shows  that  when  a  bell  or  other  body  symmetri- 

of  Sciences,  January  20)  concludes  that  the  ve-  cal  about  an  axis  thus  vibrates,  the  effect  is  in- 

locity  of  evaporation  at  the  boiling  point  is  pro-  termediate.    The  nodes  rotate,  but  with  a  smaller 

portional  to  the  square  root  of  the  velocity  of  velocity  than  that  of  the  bod  v. 

the  superficial  gas  current,  and  that  for  a  given  Intensity  of  Sound. — C.  K,  Wead  ("  Ameri- 

velocity  the  quantity  vaporized  is  as  the  vapor  can  Journal  of  Science,'*  March)  notes  that  not 

tension.  the  amount  of  energy  in  a  vibrating  body  but 

Gases*  Compressihility, — Ulysse  Lala  (Paris  the  rate  at  which  it  is  given  up  to  the  air  deter- 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Dec.  1, 1890)  announces  mines  the  intensity.  Text-Dooks,  he  asserts, 
that,  between  the  pressures  of  100  and  1,618  therefore  err  in  stating  that  loudness  varies  with 
centimetres  of  mercury,  the  compressibility  of  the  square  of  the  amplitude.  In  the  same  maga- 
a  mixture  of  air  and  carbon  dioxide  (when  the  zinc  for  July  Mr.  Wead  shows  that  no  conclusions 
per  cent,  of  dioxide  does  not  exceed  22)  is  be-  can  be  drawn  from  the  loudness  of  the  sound  of 
tween  the  compressibilities  of  the  two  gases.  It  organ  pipes,  as  to  the  relative  amplitude  of  vibra- 
increases  in  a  mixture  richer  in  dioxide.  Later  tion  within.  The  soft  Dulcinea  stop  takes  more 
(Feb.  23)  he  announces  that  the  compressibility  than  half  as  much  wind  as  the  loud  trumpet.  This 
of  a  mixture  of  air  and  from  16  to  81  per  cent,  shows  the  higher  efficiency  of  reed  stops.  In  dif- 
of  hydrogen  lies  (for  pressures  near  100  centi-  ferent  pipes  belonging  to  the  same  stop  the  con- 
metres  of  mercury)  between  these  of  the  two  sumption  of  wind  does  not  at  all  agree  with 
gases,  but  with  larger  proportions  of  hydrogen  theory.    For  example^  any  note  should  take  only 


728  PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OP,  IN  1891. 

half  as  much  wind  as  the  one  jnst  an  octave  below  volume  changes  as  his  criteria.     lie  condodes 

it,  but  it  actually  requires  more  than  thispropor-  that  if,  under  proper  thermoraetric  oonditioiLs 

tion.    An  organ  pipe  has  1,000  to  6,000  times  the  pressure  alone  can  solidify  a  liquid,  it  can  also. 

energy  of  a  tuning-fork.  One  millionth  of  a  horse-  under  proper  solutional  conditions,  induce  cry s- 

power  would  mamtain  a  fork  in  ordinary  vibra-  tallization  or  deposition  of  the  dissolved  solid, 

tion,  and  one  tenth  would  enable  it  to  be  heard  R.  W.  Wood,  Jr.  (''  American  Journal  of  Sciencer 

200  feet.  January),  found,  on  compressing  ice  by  a  pre^^- 

Timbre. — Prof.  Voight  (GSttingen  Royal  Soci-  ure  of  4i  atmospheres,  that  a  small  cylinder  of 

ety,  May,  1890)  has  endeavored  to  reconcile  the  clear  ice  spurtea  from  an  aperture,  as  in  former 

results  of  Helmholtz  and  Koenig.  (See  "  Annual  similar  experiments.    In  a  vessel  with  no  ap- 

Cyclopaddia,"  1890,  pp.  712,  718).  erture  ice  was  subjected  to  a  pressure  of  20  tons 

Pkonautography, — ^Dr.  Pringsheim,  of  Berlin  to  the  square  inch  without  liquefving  it,  as 

('* Katurwissenschaf tliche  Rundschau"),  has  at-  proved  by  the  position  of  leaden  bullets  in  the 

tempted  to  settle  by  physical  means  the  long-  mass.    Fme  jets  of  spray,  however,  issued  in  all 

vexed  question  of  the  position  of  the  French  directions.     He  therefore  questions  any  theorr 

accent.    Two-syllabled  words  were  spoken  by  that  supposes  a  glacier  to  float,  as  it  were,  on  a 

Frenchmen  into  a  Koenig-Scott  phonautograph,  layer  of  pressure-water. 

and  the  resulting  curves  were  compared  with  a       Jiecalescence  (''  Annual  CyclopaBdia/*  1889,  p 

parallel  tuning-fork  curve.     The  result  proved  694).— F.  J.  Smith  (*•  Philosophical  Magazine.*' 

that  the  vowels  were  of  equal  length  and  strength.  May)  describes  some  new  methods  of  investi- 

though  this  varied  slightly  with  the  position  of  gatmg  recalescence  points  in  steel  and  iron, 

the  word  in  the  sentence.  His  experiments  show  that  the  change  of  form 

Heat.  Mechanical  Equivaltnt — This  has  in  the  metal  occurs  simultaneously  with  its 
been  redetermined  by  Constantin  Miculesco  change  of  temperature.  By  fastening  the  wire 
(Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  June  8)  bv  a  method  under  observation  to  a  sort  of  mechanical  tele- 
similar  to  Joule's — the  production  of  heat  in  a  phone  with  mica  disk,  a  sharp,  crackline  sound 
calorimeter  bv  friction.  In  Joule's  experiments  was  heard  at  the  recalescence  noints.  l^lacing 
the  total  woric  done  was  small,  hence  the  deter*  the  wire  in  a  magnetic  field  dia  not  affect  any 
mination  took  a  long  time,  and  various  difficult  of  the  results. 

corrections  had  to  1^  made.     Miculesco  used  a        Tfiermal  Properties  of  Hard  Rvhher, — ^This 

1 -horse-power  electro-motor  to  supply  the  work,  substance  has  been  known  for  some  time  to 

and  a  cylindrical  calorimeter  whose  axis  was  co-  possess  a  large  co-efficient  of  expansion  and  re 

incident  with  that  of  the  motor  shaft.  The  mean  markable  diathermaneity.     Prof.  A.  M.  Mayer 

of  81  accordant  measurements  gave  426*7  kilo-  ("  American  Journal  of  Science."  January)  has 

grammetres  as  the  mechanical  equivalent  of  a  investigated    both    properties    minutely.      He 

calorie,  or,  in  English  units,  J  =  777*7.  finds  that  between  0"  and  18**  C.  the  linear  ex- 

Specific  Heat, — Prof  Pfaundler  (Vienna  "  Be-  pansion  coefficient  is  -0000636,  and  that  the  cubi- 
richte,"  April  9),  in  determining  specific  heats  by  cal  expansion  formula  is  Vt  =  V©  (1  +  -0001 82t  + 
Joule's  law,  obviates  difference  of  conductivity  -00000025^).  A  plate  \  millimetre  thick  trans- 
through  the  liquid  hj  usine:  glass  spirals  filled  mits  32  per  cent,  of  the  incident  heat  from 
with  mercurv  placed  in  a  Wheatstone's  bridge,  a  Liocatelli  lamp,  and  24  per  cent,  of  solar  heat, 
to  control  the  ratio  of  resistance  during  the  The  index  of  refraction  is  1*568 — nearly  as  great 
flowing  of  the  current.     Prof.  W.  Ramsay  and  as  that  of  flint  glass. 

E.  P.  Perman  (London  Royal  Society),  in  experi-        Very   Low  Temperaturea, — Prof.    Pictet    of 

ments  on  the  specific  heat  of  ether,  conclude  Geneva,  has  established  at  Berlin  what  he  calls 

that,  either  at  constant  volume  or  at  constant  a  "  lahoratoire  d   bosses   iempihraiures^^  where 

pressure,  it  decreases  to  a  limiting  value  as  the  special  refrigerating  machinery  keeps  objects 

temperature  rises,  and  then  increases ;  and  that  for  any  length  of  time  at  any  desired  tempera- 

the  smaller  the  volume   the  more  rapid   the  ture  between  ^  20*"  and  —  206°  C.    The  purpose 

change.  of   the   laboratory  is  commercial,  and  it  has 

Fusion  and  Solidification, — Person  concluded  chiefiy  been  occupied  in  the   pnrification,  by 

that  the  heat  of  fusion  of  all  bodies  becomes  nil  crystallization,  of  glycerin,  chloroform,  ether, 

at  — 160*.    But  Prof.  S.  U.  Pickering  (London  and  alcoholic  -liquors,  but   in  these  processes 

Royal  Society  Dec.  11, 1890)  notes  that  Person  many  surprising  scientific  facts  have  already 

determined  heat  capacities  in  the  liquid  and  solid  been  brought  to  light.    For  instance,  it  has  been 

state  at  any  convenient  temperature,  whereas  shown  that  so-called  "  non-conducting  "  material 

they  depend  largely  on  the  temperature.     Pick-  does  not  much  affect  the  passage  of  heat  into  a 

ering  finds  the  temperatures  of  recrystallization  body  below —100"  C.    In  Prof.  Pictet's  wonls 

of  four  substances  as  follow,  thus  disproving  (**  Nature,"  Nov.  12) :  "  The  slow- oscillations  of 

Person's  law:  matter,  which  constitute  the  lowest  degrees  of 

Sniphnrio aci4 -869'  beat,  pass  more  readily  through  the  obstmction 

Monohydrato^Baiphiiric acid.. !.!!.!.!!..!... !!!!.!  -m*  of  a  so-called  non-conductor  than  those  corre- 

jiydrated  caleiwo  nitraU -  284]  spending  to  a  higher  temperature ;  lust  as  the 

Naphthalene -2U  ^^^  intense  undulations  of  the  rid  light  an? 

In  examining  benzine  it  was  found  that  the  better  able  to  penetrate  clouds  of  dust  or  vapor 

heat  capacity  of  the  solid  was  greater  than  that  than  those  of  blue."    A  covering  of  cotton- wool 

of  the  liquid.    This  phenomenon  is  due  probably  18  inches  thick  has  almost  no  appreciable  effect 

to  incipient  fusion  below  the  temperature  of  true  on  the  rise  of  temperature  of  a  substance  from 

fusion.     Carl  Bams   (''American   Journal    of  — 135"  to  —  lOO**  C.    It  thus  becomes  more  diffi- 

Science,"  August)   discards   optical  and  other  cult  to  withdraw  heat  from  a  body  the  colder  it 

methods  for  obtaiixing  fusion  pomts,  and  employs  gets,  and  Prof.  Pictet  judges  that  the  lowest 


PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OP,  IN  1891.  729 

attainable  cold  is  about  —  255°,  18"*  above  abso-  of  molecular  weight  of  the  solvent  the  absorption 
lute  zero.  Prof.  Pictet  obtains  his  low  tern-  band  is  shifted  to  the  violet  end,  and  the  mini- 
peratures  by  evaporation  in  three  stages.  First,  mum  amount  of  light  received  diminishes  in 
a  mixture  of  liquefied  sulphurous  acid  and  value.  A.  Comu  (Paris  Academy  of  Sciences, 
carbonic  acid  gases  produces  by  its  evaporation  Dec.  22)  deduces  from  photographs  of  spectra 
a  temperature  of  —  80**.  At  this  temperature  by  Dr.  O.  Simony  the  following  facts  concerning 
nitrous  oxide  can  be  liquefied,  and  this  by  its  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere  on  the  ultra- 
evaporation  produces  a  temperature  of  16^,  at  violet  solar  spectrum : 


Allitndcln 


8,700 

no 


WAV«-kBgth 

of  iMttnea 
of  Hm  tiiiiii. 


292  3 
284-8 


Warr-bnitk 

of  tb*  bcglii< 

nlsB  of  tho  cad. 


298-7 
298 


which  ordinary  air  is  liquefiable.    The  liquefied 
air,  in  its  turn,  by  its  vaporization  brings  the 

temperature  below  -  200*.  locautt. 

iJ^ht  (For  various  experiments  bearing  on    

the  electro-magnetic  theory  of  light,  see  under    TeDeriffe 

"  Electricity  "  and  "  Magnetism  *\  Aberration. —  Courteoay '. '.!.'!!'. 

Loewy  and  Puiseux  ("  Comptes  Rendus,"  March    

16)  conclude  that  there  are  errors  in  all  previous  Po/ari2o/ion.— Wiener  (Wiedemann's  "  An- 
determinations  of  the  aberration  constant.  Bv  nalen,"  xl,  203,  1800)  allowed  a  wide  beam  of 
a  new  method  they  find  Struve's  value  (20-445')  polarized  light  to  fall  on  a  reflecting  surface  at 
to  be  very  nearl^r  true,  and  they  also  find  that  an  angle  of  45%  so  that  the  reflected  ray  cuts 
reflected  and  direct  rays  behave  alike  as  to  the  incident  at  a  right  angle.  If  there  is  inter- 
aberration,  ference  here,  the  direction  of  vibration  of  the 

iS;p«c/roscojDy.— Michelson    and    Morley    have  polarized  light  must  be  normal  to  the  plane  of 

found  that  interference  bands  obtained  with  the  polarization  and  perpendicular  to  the  direction 

hydrogen  o  line  disappear  with  a  difference  of  of  propagation.    Bv  using  a  thin  photographic 

path  of  15,000  or  45,0()0  wave-lengths,  and  they  pellicle  he  proves  the  existence  of  interference 

therefore  conclude  that  it  is  a  close  double,  the  fringes,  and  his  results  thus  support  the  generally 

components  being  separated  by  only  ^  of  the  received  theory  of  polarization.    Dr.  FoA  (Berlin 

distance  of  the  sodium  lines.    Ebert  denied  the  »*  Berichte,"  February),  assuming  that  the  carbon 

validity  of  their  conclusions,  and  Lord  Rayleigh  molecule  is  tetrahedral,  shows  that  the  different 

criticised  Ebert's  assertions.    Ebert  now  (**  An-  effects  of  its  apex  and  base  on  light  will  account 

nalen    der   Physik    und    Chemie,"    viii,    1891)  for   the   greater    strength    of    one    circularly 

claims  to  have  established  that  the  observed  polarized   ray   in    certain  solutions,  which  is 

phenomena  are  not  connected  with  duplicity  but  generally  considered  to  be  the  cause  of  their 

rather  with  the  intensity  of  the  light.    G.  John-  power  to  rotate  the  plane  of  polarization  of  a 

stone  Stoney  (Dublin  Iloyal  Society,  March  18)  light  beam. 

has  mathematically  examined  the  cause  of  Phogphorewence.^E,  Wiedemann  (Beibldlier 
double  lines  in  the  spectra  of  gases.  On  the  to  Wiedemann's"  Annakn,*' iv,  1801)  concludes, 
dynamical  theory,  apsidal  motion  (in  its  own  from  experiments  on  Bal  main's  luminous  paint, 
plane)  of  the  ellipse  of  vibration  of  a  molecule  that  matter  that  emits  more  light  than  heat 
would  give  rise  to  a  pair  of  lines,  and  motion  of  is  not  necessarily  the  cheapest  source  of  light, 
the  nodes  would  have  the  same  result.  Such  In  order  to  establish  the  contrary,  account 
motions  may  perhaps  be  ascribed,  on  the  electro-  must  be  taken  of  the  entire  transformation 
magnetic  theory,  to  the  reaction  of  electric  dis-  of  the  enersry  of  the  light  in  the  process  of 
placements  caused  by  the  oscillation  of  permanent  using  it.  His  results  are  opposed  to  those  of 
electric  charges  Httfnerand  Albrecht  (Wiede-  Langley  (**  Annual  Cyclopiedia,"  1890,  p.  714). 
inann*s  "  Annalen,"  March)  find  that  the  ab-  On  the  other  hand,  Prof.  William  Crookes,  in  an 
sorption  of  light  by  water  is  greater  the  longer  address  before  the  Institution  of  Electrical 
the  wave-length.  But  the  curve  of  transmission  Engineers  (Nov.  18),  noted  that  the  researches  of 
is  not  regular,  showing:  sudden  rises  in  the  Hertz  and  Lodge  have  **  unfolded  to  us  a  new 
regions  of  the  D  and  G  lines.  Olszewski  (Cracow  and  astonishing  universe."  The  wave-lengths  of 
Academy  of  Sciences,  January)  has  made  im-  electric  rays  are  constantly  being  reduced  by  ex- 
portant  observations  on  the  spectrum  of  liquid  periment,  and  could  wo  construct  Ley  den  jars 
oxygen.  This  had  previously  been  considered  of  molecular  dimensions,  the  rays  might  fall 
colorless,  but  by  using  a  layer  30  millimetres  within  the  narrow  limits  of  visibility.  Prof, 
thick  he  found  it  to  be  a  bright  sky-blue.  A  Crookes  thinks  that  the  phosphorescence  of  the 
layer  7  millimetres  thick  showed  absorption  rare  earths  by  electricity  may  be  actually  an 
bands  in  the  orange-yellow;  one  of  12  milli-  artificial  production  of  these  short  electric  rays, 
metres  showed  three  in  the  green  and  blue,  and  and  that  if  it  could  be  produced  more  easily  and 
the  80-milIimetres  layer  showed  a  fifth  in  the  more  regularly,  as  in  the  glow-worm  and  firefiy, 
red  (Fraunhofer's  A).  He  concludes  that  the  it  would  be  far  more  economical  than  any  light 
blue  of  the  sky  is  due  to  the  oxygen  of  the  air,  we  know.  Henri  Becquerel  (Paris  Academy, 
confirming  the  opinion  of  Egoroff  and  Janssen.  March  16),  using  his  father's  well-known  phos- 
Sir  John  Conroy  (London  Physical  Society,  phoroscope  to  examine  the  spectra  of  various 
Feb.  13)  has  found  that  the  absorption  spectrum  phosphorescent  minerals,  finds  that  in  chloro- 
of  cobalt  i^lass  varies  with  temperature.  Similar  phane  the  spectrum  varies  with  the  velocity  of 
changes  in  solutions  may  be  ascribed  to  the  rotation  of  tne  instrument.  He  concludes  that 
formation  of  hydrates  or  by  partial  dissociation,  this  is  due  to  the  presence  of  different  substances 
but  neither  of  these  explanations  holds  for  a  that  form  definite  compounds  under  certain  con- 
solid.  H.  Rigollot  (Paris  Academy  of  Sciences,  ditions  of  illumination  and  temperature.  M. 
Jan.  5),  in  experiments  on  the  absorption  spec-  Becquerel  has  also  (ibid.,  Nov.  9)  developed 
trum  of  iodine,  concludes  that  with  an  increase  formula)  for  the  relation  between  the  intensities 


730  PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OP,  IN  1891. 

of  light  emitted  by  phosphorescent  bodies  and  that  the  results  in  ^neral  agree  with  FresneFs 

the  duration  of  illumination.    The  results  agree  formulaer  for  intensity,  but  that  there  are  some 

very  closely  with  his  father^s  experiments.  noteworthy  exceptions,  probably  due  to  the  laige 

Intensity. — Dr.  A.  Richardson  ("  Philosophical  size  of  the  ray  compared  to  that  of  the  plate. 

Magazine,"  September)  has  devised  a  new  method  F.  T.  Trouton  (**  Philosophical  Magazine,**  July) 

of  measuring  the  intensity  of  rays  of  high  re-  finds  that  as  the  reflector  is  smaller  the  distance 

frangibility.    It  depends  on  the  sensitiveness  of  the  node  becomes  greater,  and  that  the  dis»- 

of  chlorine  to  light.  tance  also  yaries  according  as  the  long  dimen- 

Photography, — Lord  Rayleigh  (''  Philosophical  sion  of  the  mirror  is  parallel  to  the  magnetic  or 
Magazine,"  February)  finds  that  a  pin-hole  may  to  the  electric  component  of  the  ware.  He  eon- 
replace  a  lens  under  certain  conditions,  but  to  siders  this  due  to  tne  fact  that  the  beam  lapidlr 
obtain  the  definition  of  a  lens  of  four-inch  aper-  decreases  in  intensity  as  it  leaves  the  mirror.  F. 
ture,  a  focal  distance  of  five  miles  would  be  Von  Dobrzynski  claims  to  have  photographed 
necessary.  electro-magnetic  waves  in  air,  the  time  of  ox- 

Stereoseopy, — C.  J.  Woodward  exhibited  to  posure  being  three  hours.     He  concludes  that 

the  London  Physical  Society,  on  May  22,  Dr.  waves  of  from  0*6  to  20  centimetres  in  length 

Schobbens's  lantern  stereoscope.  The  two  pictures  are  photographically  effective.    Electric  wares 

are  superposed  on  the  screen,  red  glass  being  in  conductors  also  hare  been  further  inresti- 

placed  in  front  of  one  lantern  lens  and  green  in  gated.    E.  Sarasin  and  L.  de  la  Rire  (Pans 

front  of  the  other.    The  spectators  wear  spec-  Academy  of  Sciences,  March  81)  oonclade  that 

tacles  with  one  green  and  one  red  glass.    Each  the  velocity  of  such  wares  is  sensibly  the  same 

eye,  therefore,  selects  its  own  picture,  and  the  as  in  air.    A.  Elsass  (**  Annales  de  Fbysique,** 

usual  stereoscopic  effect  results.  Nov.  12, 1890)  detects  waves  on  a  wire  in  open 

Liquoseope.'^M..  Sonden,  of  Stockholm  (**  Na-  circuit  by  hanging  a  telephone  on  it  at  suceess- 

ture,     Sept.  17),  has  devised  what  he  calls  a  ive  points.     The  source  of   electricity  was  a 


liquoscope  "  for  optical  comparison  of  trans-  singfe  Daniell  cell.    Prof.  Lodge  (London  Phr$ 

parent  liquids.    Two  hollow  prisms  holding  the  ical  Society,  June  12),  in  experiments  on  **re^ 

liquids  are  separated  by  a  partition  at  right  nant  Leyden  jars,"  the  discharge  of  one  of  which 

angles  to  the  refracting  edge,  and  are  placed  in  precipitated  that  of  others,  ^  timed  "  wires  to 

a  vessel  of  glycerin  with  plane  parallel  glass  respond  to  the  oscillatory  discharge  of  the  jar^ 

sides.    The  defiection  of  the  rays  through  the  When  a  thin  wire  was  connected  to  the  knob  of 

prisms  is  thus  compensated.    A  straight  mark  a  jar  and  a  parallel  wire  was  joined  to  the  outer 

viewed  through  the  instrument  appears  as  two  coating,  the  points  of  greatest  vibration  in  the 

disconnected  halves,  the  relative  aisplacement  wires  were  plainly  shown  by  a  glow.    The  iden- 

of  which  gives  a  measure  of  the  difference  of  the  tity  of  electro-magnetic  radiation  with  light  ha$ 

refractive  powers  of  the  two  liouids.  received  new  confirmation  in  the  experiments  of 

Electricity.    Its  Velocity, — ^The  velocity  of  an  L.  Arons  and  H.  Reubens,  who  find  that  Max- 
electric  disturbance  through  a  wire,  as  found  by  well's  relation,  n*  =  /i,  holds  for  four  fluids  (n 


crepancy  is  due  to  the  fact  that  Wheatstone  seqtience  of  the  electro-magnetic  theory  of  light, 

used  a  coiled  wire.    Stefan  compared  by  Hertzes  C.  V.  Boys  has  continued  his  trials  to  make  an 

method  the  waves  in  a  straight  wire  with  those  electric-radiation  meter  ("  Annual  Cyclopedia,"* 

in  a  coil  like  that  of  Wheatstone,  and  found  a  1890,  p.  710).    With  the  aid  of  Prof.  Fitzgerald 

similar  difference  in  velocity.  ("  Philosophical  Magazine,"  January)  he  showed 


electric  radiation),  as  not  conveying  an  exact  ohms,  or  about  "Ol  of  an  ampere.    Herts  himself 

meaning.  Dr.  Arthur  Myers  sugpjsts  **syn  tony"  (•*  Lumidre  Electrique,"  March  28)  has  studied 

(Greek  qn^yroyof).  with  its  derivatives  **  syntonize  "  the  mechanical  action  of  his  waves,  the  electric 

and  "syntonic."    "Symphonic"  has  also  been  force  being    measured  by  a  cylinder  of  gilt 

suggested,  but  is  objectionable,  as  it  has  already  paper,  and  the  magnetic  force  of  a  circular  ring 


radiation,  but  the  thinnest  film  of  metal  is  quite  antinodes  of  the  other, 

opaque.    Even  cardboard  rubbed  with  graphite  Photo-eleetricity, — Prof.  G.  M.  Minchin  (Lon- 

is  a  complete  screen.    He  has  devised  what  he  don  Physical  Society,  Jan.  18)  has  explained 

calls  a  "  graduated  electric  eye,"  or  "  harp,"  con-  at  length  the  construction  of  his  photo-elec- 

sisting  of  strips  of  tinfoil  of  different  lengths,  trie  cells  ("  Annual  CyclopsEsdia,"  1890,  p.  717). 

which  is  sensitive  to  a  wide  range  of  radiation.  In  unsuccessful  efforts  to  photograph  distant 

Prof.  Lodge  considers  that  the  opacity  of  ebon-  objects,  he  discovered  that  an  electric  current  is 

ite  (the  most  conspicuous  exception  to  the  rule  produced  by  the  action  of  light  on  silver  plates 

that  insulators  are  transparent)  is  due  to  inter-  coated  with  a  collodion  or  gelatin  emulsion  of 

nal  reflections,  like  that  of  ground  glass.    Prof,  a  haloid  silver  salt,  or  with  certain  aniline  dyes, 

Klemencic  (Vienna  "  Berichte,"  Feb.  19),  in  ex-  when  immersed  in  a  liquid,  one  plate  only  being 

periments  on  the  reflection  of  electro-magnetic  illuminated.    The  electromotive  foroe  was  raielr 

wares  from  plates  of  metal  and  sulphur,  finds  greater  than  one  twentieth  of  a  volt   Undeaiied 


PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891. 


731 


tinfoil  plates  in  water  produced  a  like  effect,  tin- 
foil from  tobacco  packages  being  yery  sensitive. 
The  best  plates,  however,  were  made  by  coating 
tinfoil  with  white  oxide  of  tin.  Alconols  were 
fonnd  to  be  the  best  liquids.  A  discussion  as  to 
these  cells  took  place  in  the  London  Physical 
Society  on  Feb.  18.  In  answer  to  a  question  as 
to  the  source  of  their  energy.  Prof.  Minchin  re- 
plied that  there  is  a  direct  transformation  of  the 
tig^ht  energy  without  chemical  change. 

Eleetromoiive  Force,  —  A.  Oberl^ck  and  J. 
Edlcr  (Wiedemann's  "Annalen,"  xlii,  2)  con- 
clude, from  experiments  on  the  electromotive 
force  of  galvanic  elements,  that  the  force  can 
be  calculated  from  the  heat  equivalent  of  the 
chemical  process,  taking  into  consideration  the 
local  evolution  of  heat  at  the  electrodes.  Want 
of  constancy  they  think  due  to  takine  up  of 
molecular  layers  of  a  dilute  solution  of  the  metal 
of  the  electrode.  G.  J.  Burch  and  V.  H.  Veley 
(London  Royal  Society,  Nov.  27)  have  investi- 
gated the  variation  of  the  electromotive  force 
of  cells  made  up  of  certain  metals  with  platinum 
and  nitric  acid.  With  copper,  silver,  oismuth, 
or  mercury  the  electromotive  force  rises  to  a 
constant  value,  which  is  generally  a  maximum. 
This  is  due  to  decomposition  of  the  acid  to  form 
nitrous  acid ;  for  if  nitrous  acid  be  added,  the 
maximum  is  attained  at  once,  and  if  some  sub- 
stance is  added  to  neutralize  the  nitrous  acid, 
the  rise  is  extremely  slow.  Dr.  G.  Gore  (*'  Philo- 
sophical Magazine,"  July)  finds  that  great 
changes  of  voltaic  energy  take  place  during  the 
melting  of  alloys,  the  most  sudden  effect  being 
with  those  that  exhibit  the  most  sudden  lique- 
faction. This  fact  may  be  used  to  detect  physi- 
cal and  chemical  changes  in  alloys. 

Condttetivity, — K  Brauly  ("  La  Lumiere  Elec- 
trique."  May  16)  has  studied  the  phenomenon  of 
variation  of  conductivity  in  powders.  It  has 
long  been  known  that  pressure  diminishes  their 
resistance.  Brauly  finds  that  it  is  lessened  also 
by  a  Leyden-jar  discharge  in  the  vicinity,  by  the 
proximity  of  a  conductor  tra^-ersed  by  a  con- 
denser discharge,  and  by  induced  currents,  or 
continuous  currents  of  high  electromotive  force, 
passed  directly  through  the  powdered  substance. 
Some  powders — for  instance,  a  mixture  of  sulphur 
and  aluminum — require  both  pressure  and  elec- 
tric influence.  In  further  experiments  (Paris 
Academy  of  Sciences,  Nov.  24)  he  finds  that  in  a 
circuit  composed  of  a  Daniell  cell,  a  high-resist- 
ance galvanometer,  and  a  thin  film  of  copper 
7x2  centimetres  on  ground  glass  or  ebonite, 
only  an  insignificant  current  passes;  but  if  a  dis- 
charge from  a  Wimshurst  machine  or  a  Kuhm- 
korff  coil  takes  place  in  the  neighborhood,  even 
at  a  distance  of  several  metres,  there  is  a  sudden 
diminution  of  resistance.  N.  G.  Elassen  (Cam- 
bridge Philosophical  Society,  Jan.  26)  finds  that 
the  electric  resistance  of  a  *  sulphuric  acid  solu- 
tion varies  nearly  with  the  viscosity,  attaining  a 
maximum  at  a  dilution  corresponding  to  the 
hydrate  H9S04,H90,  but  the  analogy  dimin- 
ishes with  the  rise  of  temperature,  probably  on 
account  of  dissociation  of  tne  hydrate.  Shelford 
Bidwell  (London  Physical  Society,  Dec.  6, 1890) 
has  succeeded  in  utilizing  the  well-known  sensi- 
tiveness of  selenium  to  light  in  the  construction 
of  an  automatic  electric  lamp,  which  lights  itself 
at  twilight  or  whenever  the  room  is  darkened. 


Prof.  W.  E.  Ayrton  and  T.  Mather  (ibid.,  June 
26)  have  devised  several  forms  of  non-inductive 
resistance.    One  consists  of  strips  of  thin  sheet 

Slatinum,  6  metres  hj  4  centimetres,  each 
oubled  backward  on  itself,  with  silk  between 
the  two  portions.  Twelve  of  these  in  series  had 
a  resistance  of  2*05  ohms,  and  would  carry  a 
current  of  15  amperes  without  a  change  of  more 
than  0*1  per  cent. 

Electrolysis,  —  Ostwald  (**  Journal  of  the 
Chemical  Society,"  December,  1890)  has  investi- 
gated the  electric  properties  of  semi-permeable 
walls.  This  property  of  a  wall  depends  on  its 
ability  to  let  through  the  separate  ions  of  an 
electrolyte.  If  a  solution  whose  ions  can  not  pass 
be  electrolyzed,  the  wall  will  act  like  a  metallic 
electrode.  Svante  Arrehenius  (Wiedemann's 
*•  Annalen,"  xlii,  18)  reverses  the  methods  of 
Van't  Hofl  by  arguine  from  the  electrolytic 
properties  of  a  dilute  solution  to  those  of  a  gas. 
He  investigates  the  conduction  of  electricity  by 
the  vapor  of  heated  salts,  and  finds  their  be- 
havior analogous  to  that  of  solutions  of  the  same 
salts. 

M.  Chabry,  of  the  French  Society  de  Biologic, 
has  succeeded  in  producing  a  pressure  of  1,200 
atmospheres  by  electrolytic  generation  of  gas  in 
a  closed  space.  The  liquid  was  a  25-per-cent. 
soda  solution.  Both  electrodes  were  of  iron; 
one  was  the  hollow  sphere  in  which  the  gas  was 
collected,  the  other  was  an  inner  tube.  The 
current  had  a  strength  of  1^  amperes.  The 
highest  pressure  previously  produced  by  this 
method  was  447  atmospheres  (Gassiot). 

Electric  Evaporation, — Prof.  William  Crookes 
(London  Royal  Society,  June  11)  gives  this  name 
to  the  phenomenon  discovered  in  1877  by  Prof. 
Arthur  W.  Wricht,  of  Yale,  namely,  that  a 
stream  of  metallic  molecules  passes  from  one 
electrode  to  another  when  the  electric  discharge 
passes  through  a  vacuum,  and  that  a  metallic  de- 
posit can  be  made  on  an  interposed  sheet  of  glass. 
This  process  has  been  used  for  silvering  mirrors 
and  for  obtaining  thin  metal  films,  but  Prof. 
Crookes  is  the  first  to  investigate  it  exhaustively. 
He  finds  that  it  is  similar  to  ordinary  heat  evap- 
oration, the  presence  of  air  lessening  it  as  it  less- 
ens common  evaporation,  but  in  a  greater  de- 
gree. The  following  table  shows  evaporation 
irom  cadmium  electrodes  in  30  minutes : 


CONDITIONS. 

PbdUrapok. 

NegaUr*  pol«. 

Orlirlnal  weight. 

'H' eight  at  end  of  experiment 

Grs'nt. 
9-84 
9-25 

Onlat. 
988 
I'M 

Amonnt  vo1*tlll3GMl 

009 

7-53 

In  a  few  hours  850  grains  of  the  metal  were 
evaporated.  From  silver  electrodes  in  an  hour 
and  a  half  0*01  grain  and  0-19  grain  were  vola- 
tilized. With  the  purple  gold-aluminum  alloy 
discussed  by  Prof.  Roberts- Austen,  the  gold 
evaporated  first,  leaving  the  other  metal. 

The  comparative  electric  volatilities  of  metals, 
calling  that  of  gold  100,  are  as  follow : 


]>alladiam lOS 

Gold 100 

Silver. 82-6S 

Txsftd 7S04 

Tin 66-96 

BraM 51-53 


PlatlDQin 44 

Copper 40-94 

Cadmium 81*99 

Nickel 10*99 

Iridium 10-49 

Iron 580 


Palladlazn 9 

SIlTcr. 7-88 

Tin T-76 

Lead 6*61 

Oold 5-18 

Cadmium 8*72 


Iron 0-71 

Iridium. 0-47 


732  PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891. 

The  above  results  are  for  equal  surfaces.   The  coil  of   an   alternate-current   transformer   are 

volatilities  for  equal  weig[hts,  obtained  by  di-  armed  with  a  ball  and  a  noint,  when  the  distance 

viding  by  the  specific  gravities,  are  as  follow :  is  such  as  to  admit  of  a  oischarge  between  them, 

Q                              g.gg  a  shunt  galvanometer  shows  a  considerable  eon- 

PiatfaDuiu'.  .!!!*.'.!!.".!!    9-  02  tinuous  current  from  ball  to  point.    F.  C.  Cald- 

Nlckel 1-29  well  finds  that  the  discharge  when  the  ball  is  po!^ 

itive,  leaves  perpendicularly  to  the  surface,  and 
when  the  point  is  positive  it  leaves  the  apex  and 
reaches  the  ball  obliquely. 

The  order  of  electric  volatilities  does  not  cor-  High-pressure    Phenomena. — Recent    expcri- 

respond  to  that  of  melting  points  or  of  any  other  ments  have  been  made  in  Frankfort,  Germany. 

known  constants.     By  the  method  of  electric  and  in  London,  with  alternating  currents  of  the 

evaporation  and  condensation,  Prof.  Crookes  ob-  enormous  potential  of  45,000  volts.    When  the 

tained  films  of  gold  and  silver  that  could  be  re-  electrodes  were  placed  several  inches  apart  and 

moved  in  the  form  of  brilliant  foil.  a  thick  sheet  of  glass  was  inserted  between  them. 

Inductive  Discharge  through  Gases, — Prof.  J.  the  discharge  appeared  like  a  true  flame,  darting 

J.  Thomson  (London  Physical  Society,  May  9)  toward  the  glass  and  licking  it  with  interlacing 

finds  that  the  electric  discharge  in  rarefied  gas  tongues  of  fire.    As  the  pressure  increased  the 

is  greatly  simplified  when  there  are  no  electnxles.  fiame  fiowed  around  the  edges,  and  the  glass  was 

He  passes  a  Leyden-jar  discharge  through  a  tube  finally  shattered. 

of  mercury  wound  spirallv  around  a  gas  tube,  Bomt  Discharge,— A.  P.  Chattock  ("  Philo- 
thus  electrifying  the  latter  by  induction,  and  finds  sophical  Magazine,"  September)  says  that  where 
that  the  "  dark  space  "  and  the  striro  are  absent,  electrified  steel  needle-points  are  discharged  in 
The  conductivity  of  the  gas  tube  increases  as  air  the  smooth,  curved  apex  of  the  point  is  stud 
the  pressure  diminishes  up  to  a  certain  point  ded  with  chains  of  air  molecules  (known  as 
and  then  diminishes,  proving  that  the  high  re-  "  Grotthus  chains ")  standing  up  like  bristles, 
sistance  of  a  nearly  perfect  vacuum  is  not  due  External  pressure  varies  the  length  and  close- 
to  the  presence  of  electrodes.    A  fine  wire  in  the  ness  of  the  chains,  and  affects  the  discharge. 


esting  electric  phenomena   accompanying 

sophical  Magazine,"  October)  that  the  distino-  manufacture  of  solid  carbon  dioxiae  on  a  lan^e 

tion  between  electrostatic  and  electromagnetic  scale.    The  liquid  gas  is  allowed  to  escape  into 

induction  is  to  be  made  only  for  convenience,  sail  cloth  or  canvas  bags.    In  the  dark  these  ap- 

The  same  phenomena  that  would  be  considered  pear  illuminated  by  a  pale  greenish-violet  light, 

electrostatic  in  a  tube  with  free  ends  would  be  and  sparks  from  10  to  20  centimetres  long  dart 

called  electromagnetic  in  an  endless  tube.    Nik-  from  the  cloth.    The  phenomena  seem  to  be 

ola  Tesla  ("  Electric  Engineer,"  New  York,  July  analogous  to  those  of  hydro-electricity,  and  to  be 

1)  has  made  similar  experiments  bv  inserting  in  due  to  the  friction  of  the  gas  and  spray  on  the 

an  ordinary  incandescent  lamp  bulb  a  tube  con-  pores  of  the  cloth. 

taining  a  roll  of  copper  foil,  through  which  the  Dielectrics,'— K.  Bouty  (Paris  Academy  of  Sci- 
jar  discharge  is  passed.  He  concludes  that  the  ences,  April  27)  finds  that  mica  behaves  as  an 
effect  is  purely  electrostatic.  By  so  directing  invariable  dielectric  in  a  direction  normal  to  the 
the  discharge  as  to  exalt  the  electrostatic  effect,  planes  of  cleavage.  Between  O'and  300*  C.the 
he  produced  light  in  a  bulb  several  feet  distant  dielectric  constant  does  not  alter  by  ^.  It 
from  the  primary,  and  has  shown  it  to  be  possi-  is  possible  that  between  800*  and  400*  C.  mica 
ble  thus  to  construct  an  electric  lamp  without  may  possess  some-specific  conductivity,  but  it  is 
visible  connections  that  will  be  luminous  in  what-  negligible  for  charges  of  brief  duration.  The 
ever  part  of  a  room  it  may  stand.  lar^je  variations  of  mica  condensers  with  the  du- 
TJie  Electric  Arc, — According  to  ElihuThomp-  ration  of  charge  he  finds  to  be  due  to  electroly- 
son  ("  Electric  World,"  Feb,  28),  this  has  not  sis  of  foreign  bodies  in  the  suprficial  laver. 
received  the  study  that  it  merits.  He  thinks  Photography  by  Electric  Spark. — Lord  Ray- 
that  the  carbon  is  actually  vaporized  by  the  cur-  leigh,  in  a  lecture  before  the  Royal  Institution 
rent  in  the  arc  (see  also  Electric  Evaporation  (Feb.  6),  exhibited  spark  photographs  of  bub- 
above),  a  coherent  deposit  being  obtainable  from  bles  of  a  gas  rising  within  a  liquid  and  breaking 
it.  In  long  arcs  there  is  an  outer  zone  of  true  the  surface  into  spray ;  of  let  phenomena ;  and 
combustion.  The  carbons  in  an  electric  arc  light  of  the  breaking  of  a  soap  film.  The  success  of 
become  plastic,  as  can  be  shown  by  taking  an  these  pictures  depended  on  a  delicate  electro- 
impression.  The  real  work  of  the  arc,  as  shown  magnetic  adjustment  which  determined  the  pro- 
by  difference  of  potential,  is  in  vaporizing  duction  of  the  spark  at  the  desired  moment 
the  carbon  in  the  "crater"  of  the  positive  pole.  Apparatus  for  Measurement, — MaxWien("An- 
Photomphs  by  J.  C.  McMynn,  described  by  nalen  der  Physik  und  Chemie,"  iv)  uses  a  tele- 
E.  L.  Nichols  m  "The  Electrician"  (June  5),  phone  to  measure  electric  currents,  the  diaphragm 
show  that  the  humming  of  an  alternating  cur-  being  replaced  by  a  thin  metal  plate,  liJce  that  of 
rent  arc  is  similar  to  that  of  a  singing  flame,  an  aneroid  barometer,  which  is  connected  by 
the  arc  being  rapidly  extinguished  and  relight-  levers  to  a  mirror.  A  reflected  beam  of  light 
ed.  They  snow  also  an  oscillation  of  the  arc  serves  as  an  index.  C.  V.  Boys  (London  Phvji- 
from  right  to  left,  due  to  the  influence  of  the  ical  Society.  June  26)  has  devised  a  pocket  elec- 
earth's  magnetism.  In  an  earlier  article  ("Amer-  trometer.  using  his  quartz  fibers  for  suspension, 
ican  Journal  of  Science^"  January)  Mr.  Nichols  The  advantage  of  a  small  instrument  is  that  it 
noted  that  when  the  terminals  of  the  secondary  can  be  made  10,000  times  as  sensitive  as  a  large 


PHYSICS,  PROGRESS  OF,  IN  1891.  733 

one.  Boys's  electrometer  has  a  disk  that  weighs  of  instabilit^r  is  reached,  and  their  sudden  swing- 
but  ^  of  a  gramme.  W.  E.  Ayrton,  J.  Perry,  and  inginto  their  new  positions,  are  very  striking. 
W.  E.  Sumpner  (London  Royal  Society,  June  4)  Their  behavior  thus  explains  exactly  why,  as  the 
find  that  tne  ordinary  quadrant  electrometer  external  force  steadily  increases,  the  magnetiza- 
does  not  tven  approximately  obey  the  usually  tion  of  a  metal  first  increases  slowly,  then  rises 
assumed  law  when  the  potential  of  the  needle  is  rapidly,  and  then  increases  slowly  a^in,  till 
altered.  This  is  due  to  electric  action  between  finally  a  large  additional  force  produces  almost  no 
the  guard  tube  and  needle  and  to  the  tilting  of  change  at  all.  It  also  explains  the  phenomenon 
the  needle  at  high  potential.  They  have  altered  of  retentiveness,  which  on  this  theory  seems  due 
the  construction  of  the  instrument  so  as  to  elirai-  to  the  assumption  by  the  molecules  of  new  per- 
nate  this  source  of  error.  manent  configurations.  Hysteresis  (see  "  Annual 

ZAghtning  and  Ldghtning-Roda,  —  N.  D.  C.  Cyclopaedia,"  1889,  p.  702),  which  Ewing  defines 
Hodges  (Institute  of  Electrical  Engineers,  April  as  "  the  tendency  of  the  changes  of  magnetism 
21)  has  noticed  that  in  all  recorded  cases  of  to  lag  behind  changes  in  the  magnetizing  force," 
lightning  stroke  the  dissipation  of  a  small  con-  comes  in,  on  his  theory,  whatever  may  be  the 
ductor  (say  ^^  of  an  inch  in  diameter)  has  always  cause  of  the  change,  whenever  it  involves  such 
protected  surrounding  objects  between  two  hori-  deflections,  of  the  molecules  as  to  make  them 
zontal  planes  passing  throu|;hits  upper  and  low-  unstable.  The  unstable  movements  are  not  re- 
er  ends.  A  query  inserted  m  "  Science  "  weekly  versible  with  respect  to  the  agent  that  produced 
since  June  19  had  elicited  no  exception  to  this  them ;  that  is  to  say,  they  can  not  be  simply  un- 
law by  Jan.  1.  To  apply  it  practically  Mr.  done  step  by  step  as  the  agent  is  removed.  The 
Hodges  has  devised  what  he  names  a  *'  lightning  dissipation  of  energy  attendant  upon  a  reversal 
dispeller,"  consisting  of  a  thin,  easily  volatilized  of  the  magnetism  or  iron  or  steel,  or  upon  any 
conductor,  that  is  intended  to  convert  the  electric  cyclic  change  in  it,  is  explained  by  the  fact  that 
energy  at  once  into  a  harmless  form.  In  oppo-  as  a  molecule  "  tumbles,"  as  it  were,  from  an 
sition  to  his  views.  Prof.  Elihu  Thompson  ("Elec-  unstable  grouping,  it  oscillates,  till  its  motion  is 
trie  World,"  New  York.  June  27)  claims  that  damped  by  the  electrical  eddies  that  it  causes, 
this  invention  rests  on  a  fallacy,  since  the  invent-  The  well-known  effects  of  vibration,  tapping,  or 
or  seems  to  suppose  that^ overcoming  the  resist-  strain  in  facilitating  magnetization  also  follow 
ance  of  the  conductor  is  the  only  work  done  by  directly  from  the  new  theory.  And  since  the 
the  flash,  whereas  this  work  is  only  a  minute  molecules  of  a  piece  of  iron  wire  are  ma^ets, 
fraction  of  the  whole  amount.  The  practical  though  there  be  no  magnetization  of  the  wire  as 
experience  of  several  years  is  necessary  fully  to  a  whole,  its  physical  qualities  change  during 
decide  on  the  value  of  the  dispeller.  Prof,  loading  and  unloading  in  a  manner  involving 
Thompson  (ibid.)  asserts  that  not  all  lightning  is  hysteresis.  The  theory  also  throws  light  on  the 
oscillatory  (see  "Annual  Cyclopaedia,"  1889.  p.  "  time  lag  "  of  magnetization,  which  it  shows  to 
699).  A  discharge  that  passes  over  a  great  be  due  to  the  way  in  which  one  molecular  group 
length  of  cloud  he  says  takes  some  time  to  do  so.  after  another  breaks  up.     The  sudden  loss  of 

Magnetism.  lis  Nature.— ^rot  J.  A.  Ewing,  magnetism  when  a  metal  becomes  red-hot,  Ewing 

by  further  advances  in  the  direction  noticed  last  suggests  is  due  to  the  fact  that  the  molecular 

year  ("  Annual  Cyclopaedia,"  1890,  p.  719),  has  vibration  may  be  then  so  violent  as  to  set  the 

thrown  most  important  light  on  the  molecular  molecules  spinning,  thus  masking  their  polaritv. 

processes  of  magnetization.    His  theory,  which  Arthur  Hoopes  ("Electrical  World," New  York, 

IS  popularly  set  forth  in  a  Royal  Institution  lect-  Majr  16)  has  drawn  curves  representing  the  mag- 

ure  (3f ay  22),  is  an  extension  of  the  generally  ac-  netic  susceptibilitv  of  a  Ewing's  model,  and  they 

cepled  one  ( Weber  s),  that  magnetization  imparts  correspond  remarkably  with  those  obtained  for 

no  new  qualities  to  the  molecules  of  a  substance,  actual  metals.    Prof.  S.  P.  Thompson  (London 

but  simplv  reveals  their  magnetism  .(which  had  Physical  Society,  Nov.  28, 1890),  m  illustrating 

been  ineffective  because  their  axes  had  all  possi-  Ewing*s  theory  with  small   charm  compasses, 

ble  directions)  by  bringing  them  more  and  more  found  that  with  small  openly  spaced  magnets  a 

into  parallelism.  Ewing  represents  the  magnetic  weak  extenial  force  was  comparatively  effective, 

molecules  by  small  magnetic  needles,  free  to  turn  and  he  thinks  this  may  throw  light  on  the  molec- 

on  pivots,  and  studies  their  behavior  when  they  ular  groupings  of  the  loadstone,  the  crystalline 

are  subjected  to  the  influence  of  an  electric  cur-  variety  of  which  has  little  or  no  magnetic  sus- 

rent  in  a  surrounding  copper  coil.    When  there  ceptibility,  while  the  heterogeneous  variety  has 

is  no  current  through  the  coil,  the  magnets  ar-  a  great  deal. 

range  themselves  in  stable  groups.     A  feeble  Magnetism  and  Strain. — Prof.  C.  G.  Knott 

current  turns  each  slightly,  out  all  return  to  (Edinburgh  Royal  Society,  June  1)  has  investi- 

their  original  positions  when  it  ceases.    As  the  gated  some  relations  between  magnetism  and 

current  grows  stronger,  some  of  the  less  stable  twist  in  iron,  nickel,  and  cobalt.    A  rectangular 

groups  suddenly  assume  new  positions  of  equilib-  rod  of  nickel  or  cobalt  twists  left-handedly  when 

rium,  in  which  their  axes  are  more  nearly  par-  a  current  is  passed  along  it  in  the  direction  of 

allel  to  the  magnetizing  force,  and  others  follow,  magnetization,  while  iron  twists  right-handedly, 

till  finally  with  a  very  strong  current  all  the  unless  strong  fields  are  used.    He  observed  ef- 

groups  break  up  and  new  ones  are  formed.    A  fects,  when  an  apparently  demagnetized  wire 

large  proportion  of  the  magnets,  in  this  case,  will  was  subjected  to  twist,  that  suggested  that  a 

not  go  back  to  their  old  positions  when  the  cur-  magnetized  wire  may,  in  certain  circumstances, 

rent  is  stopped.     A  still  stronger  current  of  consist  of  alternate  layers  of  opposite  polarities, 

course  alters  their  direction  little,  as  they  are  From  his  own  experiments  and  those  of  others, 

now  nearly  parallel.     The  slow  movement  of  he  concludes  that  the  first  effect  of  a  shearing 

the  needles  at  first,  their  wavering  as  the  point  stress  on  molecular  groupings  is  not  only  to 


734                      PHYSICa  PHYSIOLOGY, 

increase  the  average  intensity  in  the  direction  of  1.  A  change  in  the  form  of  a  magnet 

the  magnetizing  force,  but  also  to  bring  into  corresponding  change  of  stress  in  the  field, 

prominence  a  relatively  high  intensity  in  direc-  2.  Periodic  changes  in  form  due  to  elasticity 

tions  at  right  angles  to  it.  of  form,  such  as  are  called  sound  vibrationa,  set 

Distribution  of  Moffnetiam, — This  has  usually  up  similar  periodic  changes  or  waves  in  the  mag- 
been  tested  by  rods,  ellipses,  or  spheres  applied  netic  field. 

to  the  magnetic  body,  but  these  alter  the  verv  3.  Such  vibrations  set  up  in  other  ma^ets 

thing  they  are  designed  to  measure.    Prof.  S.  P.  similar  vibrations,  either  sympathetic  or  forced. 

Thompson  (London  Physical  Society,  Maroh  10)  4.  These  vibrations  of  the  receiving  magnet 

uses  a  flat  ooil  and  a  galvanometer.    His  results  change  its  field,  setting  up  electric  currents  in 

show  that  the  perturlMitions  caused  by  the  so-  surrounding  circuits. 

called  ^  proof  pieces "  are  very  large,  sometimes  Prof.  Dolbear   sug^ts  that  all  atoms   are 

the  perturbed  field  about  the  point  of  contact  magnets,  so  that  then:  vibration  must  set  up 

being  from  four  to  six  times  as  great  as  the  electro-magnetic  ether  waves.    A  ring  magnet  is 

uncN^rturbed  field.  the  most  perfect  form  possible,  and  thus   Sir 

Propagation  of  Induced  Magnetism  in  Iron, —  William  Thomson's  vortex  atom  theory  at  onoe 
To  ascertain  the  rate  at  which  this  takes  place,  suggests  itself  to  the  mind. 
Fred.  T.  Trouton  ("  Nature,"  Nov.  127  passed  an  Itagneiism  and  Electrical  Oscillaiiont, — Con- 
alternating  current  through  a  coil  placed  radi-  trary  to  general  belief,  Prof.  John  Trowbridge 
ally  around  a  nne  of  soft  iron,  supposing  that  shows  ("  American  Journal  of  Sciences,"  Septem- 
the  interference  of  the  magnetic  waves  thus  pro-  ber)  that  (1)  the  magnetic  permeability  of  iron 
duced  would  cause  magnetic  nodes  in  the  nn^,  wires  exercises  an  important  influence  on  the 
These  nodes  he  tried  to  detect  by  a  shifting  cod  decay  of  electric  oscillations  of  high  frequency ; 
attached  to  a  telephone.  Nodes  were  at  once  (2)  probably  the  time  of  oscillation  in  iron  wires 
observed,  but  they  were  not  due  to  interference,  may  be  changed  ;  and  (3)  therefore  a  current  of 
for  the  distance  bietween  them  was  unaffected  by  hign  frequency — a  Leyden-jar  discharge,  for  in- 
a  change  in  the  rale  of  alternation  of  the  cur-  stance — magnetizes  the  iron, 
rent.  The  effects  on  opposite  sides  of  the  same  Magnetic  Force  due  to  Steady  CurrenU. — Dr. 
node,  however,  were  of  opposite  phase,  just  as  if  Schuster  ("  Philosophical  Magazine,"  July) shows 
interference  had  been  the  cause ;  but,  notwith-  that  this  can  always  be  expr^ed  in  terms  of  the 
standing  this,  the  currents  induced  on  either  value  of  the  current  at  the  surface  of  the  con- 
side  of  a  node  are  not  of  opposite  sign.  Mr.  ductor;  the  current  vrithin  may  be  unknown^ 
Trouton  concludes  that  the  phenomenon  depends  though,  of  course,  it  is  determined  by  that  on 
on  some  permanent  peculiarity,  round  the  rin^,  the  surface. 

that  happens  to  occur  regularly;  but  what  this  is  The  EartKa  Magnetism, — Prof.  F.  H.  Bigelow 

or  how  it  is  caused  is  yet  unknown.  ("  American   Journal  of   Science,"  September) 

Magnetism  and  Light, — A.  B.  Basset  (London  thinks  that  the  permanent  magnetism  of  the 

Royal  Society,  Jan.  8)  has  endeavored  to  explain  earth  may  be  principally  due  to  its  orbital  motion 

Kerr's  phenomenon  (the  rotation  of  the  plane  of  through  the   radiant  field  of   sunlight.     The 

polarization  of  a  ray  of  polarized  light  by  refiec-  rotation  of  the  earth  on  its  axis  introduces  a 

tion    from    the   polished   end  of   a   magnetic  modification,  and  may  result  in  a  rotation  of  the 

substance)  by  considerations  based  on  the  elec-  axis  of  polarization  about  the  axis  of  figure ;  or, 

tro-magnetic  theory  of  lieht.     In  metals  the  if  the  magnetization  has  already  become  set  in 

phenomenon  is  coropUcatea  by  the  difficult  one  the  earth,  may  cause  a  succession  of  secular  waves 

of  metallic  refiection,  but  it  is  shown  also  by  some  to  sweep  over  it  from  east  to  west,  as  shown  in 

non-metallic  magnetic  substances,  such  as  solu-  the  history  of  the  isosonlc  lines, 

tions  of  certain  chemical  compounds  of  iron,  and  Diamagnetism,  —  Z\    Parker   ("  Philosophical 

he  devotes  his  attention  to  these.     His  explana-  Magazine,"  August  and  September)  thinks  that 

tion  is  developed  mathematically  from  Rowland's  the  theory  of  diama^etic  polarity  is  as  absurd 

assumption  tnat  Hall's  effect  (the  production  of  as  it  would  be  to  claim  that  the  ascent  of  a  bal- 

a  cross  electromotive  force  b^  the  passa^  of  a  loon  is  due  to  *'  diagravitation."    He  develops 

current  through  a  conductor  m  a  magnetic  field)  mathematically   the    theory   that   diamagnetic 

holds  good  in  a  dielectric.     The  results  agree  effects  are  really  due  to  the  magnetic  pressure  of 

pretty  well  with  experiment  but  not  entirely.  the  surrounding  medium.    To  those  objectors 

Position  of  Virtual  Poles. — Thomas  H.  Blakes-  who  assert  that  in  this  case  we  must  ascribe 

ley  (London  Physical   Society,  Nov.  28,  1890)  ma^etic  qualities  to  a  vacuum,  since  diamag- 

discusses  the  problem,  *'  given  the  two  virtual  netic  phenomena  occur  in  an  exhausted  receiver, 

poles  of  a  magnet  and  a  straight  line  intersect-  he  replies  that  we  can  not  obtain  a  perfect  vacu- 

in^  at  right  angles  its  axis  produced,  to  deter-  um,  and  that  the  residual  gas  in  the  best  vacu- 

mine  at  what  point  this  line  is  parallel  to  the  um  we  can  set  is  quite  sufficient  to  account  for 

field."    The  mathematical  solution  is  of  scientific  the  observea  facts. 

interest,  because  this  point  can  be  experimentally  PHTSIOLOOT.  The  physiological  researches 

determined  and  the  distance  of  the  virtual  poles  of  the  year  1891  have  not  been  marked  by  any 

can  then  be  calculated.    Blakeslev*8  geometrical  new  or  striking  discoveries,  but  have  indicated  a 

solution  and  his  resulting  formula  are  given  in  steady  advance  all  along  the  line.    Heidenhain's 

"  Nature,"  Dec.  25, 1890.  work  on  lymph  has  resulted  in  showing  that  the 

Change  of  Form  affecting  a  Magnetic  Field, —  absorption  of  products  of  digestion  is  not  merely 

Prof.  A.  £.  Dolbear,  from  experiments  on  a  fiex-  osmosis ;  that  the  exudation  of  lymph  can  not 

ible    magnetic    ring,    (American    Academy   of  be  explained  simply  as  due  to  diffusion  under 

Sciences,  Boston,  Jan.  14),  comes  to  the  follow-  pressure,  but  is  dependent  on  the  secretory  ao- 

ing  conclusions :  tivity  of  the  endothelial  cells  in  the  capUlury 


PHYSIOLOGY.  735 

walls.    A  distinction  which  he  marks  between  thus  and  Pag^s  have  fonnd  that  coagulation 

blood   lymph  and  tissue  lymph  affords  a  new  may  be  prevented  by  the  addition  of  oxalates, 

view  in  contrast  to  that  which  regards  all  kinds  fluorides,  or  soaps ;  that  as  this  procedure  may 

of  lymph  as  exudations  of  blood-plasma.    The  arrest  an  impending  coagulation  or  interruot 

great  importance  of  the  part  played  by  calcium  one  ^ready  begun,  it  is  inferred  that  the  salts  uo 

salts  in  the  processes  of  coagulation  has  been  not  prevent  the  formation  of  the  ferment ;  that 

set   forth  by  the  careful  researches  of  Ruger,  the  action  is  due  to  a  decalcification,  or,  in  other 

Wrif^ht,  and  Sainsbury  in  England,  and  Artnus  words,  the  presence  of   soluble  calcium  com- 

and  Pag^  in  France.    In  the  physiology  of  the  pounds  is  essential  to  coagulation,  and  anything 

nervons  system,  Ramon  y  Cajal  and  SjOllicker  which  removes  them  hinaers  that  process.    The 

have  more  fully  demonstrated  the  non-continuity  calcium  salts  may  be  replaced  by  those  of  stron- 

of  sensory  nerve  fibers  with  nerve  cells.  Accom-  tium,  but  not  by  salts  of  barium  or  magnesium ; 

iiig  to  their  researches,  nervous  impulses  pass  by  that  fibrin  is  a  calcium  compound ;  and  that  the 

mere  contact  rather  than  through  anatomically  process  is  not  a  transformation  of  the  fibrinojgen 

continuous  channels  to  the  cells.    Nothing  defi-  into  a  substance  capable  of  uniting  with  calcium 

nite  is  yet  advanced  in  regard  to  the  true  expla-  salts  to  form  an  insoluble  compound,  for  the 

nation  of  the  connection  between  pancreatic  coagulation  is  not  instantaneous. 

disease  or  extirpation  and  diabetes.    The  pan-  The  experiments  of  L.  E.  Shore  on  the  effect 

creas  appears  to  have  other  functions  than  that  of  peptone  on  the  clotting  of  blood  and  lymph 

of  a  manufactory  of  pancreatic  juice;  and  the  lean  to  results  opposed  to  the  conclusions  of 

kidney  seems  to  have  other  uses  than  the  secre-  Fano,  that,  as  far  as  the  clotting  power  is  con- 

tion  of  urine,  and  to  play  some  important  part  cemed,  lymph  always  eoes  hand  in  nand  with  the 

in  the  metabolic  cycle.  blood,  and  to  his  aeduction  from  this,  that  the 

Cirenlatlon. — ^The  investigations  of  Haycraft  lymph  is  completely  dependent  on  the  blood,  and 

on  the  cause  of  the  first  souna  of  the  heart-beat  produced  from  it  by  a  physical  diffusion.    Mr. 

present  results  favoring  the  supposition  that  it  is  Shore  records  experiments  in  which  he  obtained 

valvular  or  has  a  valvular  element.   While  admit-  a  condition  when  blood  clotted  normally,  and 

ting  that  the  contracting  ventricle  may  produce  lymph  did  not. 

a  sound,  the  author  maintains  that  it  is  a  reso-  Concerning  the  character  of  the  blood- fiow 
nance  sound.  The  heart-sounds  appear  to  be  into  the  heart  during  diastole,  H.  N.  Martin  has 
higher  in  pitch  than  the  sounds  produced  by  found  that  when  the  aspiration  of  the  thorax  has 
contracting  skeletal  muscles,  or  by  the  muscular  been  eliminated,  the  right  auricle  of  the  mam- 
tissue  of  the  pulsating  but  bloodless  heart  itself,  malian  heart  will  not  receive  blood  unless  it  is 
The  two  heart-sounds  were  found  to  vary  some-  supplied  by  a  decided,  if  small,  positive  pressure, 
what  in  pitch  even  in  the  same  species,  but  to  Sucn  suction-pump  action  as  may  be  exerted  by 
be  always  in  the  bass  clef,  and  separated  by  a  the  heart  in  the  closed  thoracic  cavity  is  not  due 
minor  third,  or  by  an  impure  minor  third,  from  directly  to  its  active  expanding  force,  but  is  the 
one  another.  Upon  the  whole  question,  the  secondary  result  of  the  pneumatic  conditions 
author  concludes  that  the  first  heart-sound  is  prevailing  within  the  cavity.  Any  cause  dimin- 
"  an  impure  musical  note,  a  minor  third  below  ishing  thoracic  aspiration  must  therefore  hinder 
the  second  sound,  and  in  the  bass  clef.  It  is  a  the  work  of  the  neart;  and  it  is  probably  more 
valvular  sound,  like  the  second  sound.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  the  circulation  is  impeded  in 
accompanied  by  resonance  tones  of  the  chest,  certain  cases  of  hydro-  or  pneumo-thorax  than 
the  stethoscope,  and  the  ear,  these  tones  being  by  direct  pressure  exerted  upon  the  heart  itself, 
produced  by  the  shock  of  the  contracting  heart.  Microscopical  examinations  by  MM.  Locuy 
In  addition  to  this,  it  is  of  course  possible  that  and  Puiseux  of  preparations  of  peritoneal  se- 
there  may  be  concomitant  sounds  produced  by  rum  showed  the  presence  of  red  globules  of 
the  rushing  of  the  blood  and  other  minor  dis-  blood  (ha;matics),  whatever  precautions  were 
turbances."  taken.  The  globules  are  therefore  regarded  as  a 
It  has  been  found  by  H.  N.  Martin  that  while  normal  element,  physiological,  not  accidental,  of 
the  isolated  heart  of  the  cat  may  be  cooled  down  the  serum.  Colorless  spherical  lymphatic  cells, 
to  a  temperature  of  Id'^  C,  and  yet  not  be  having  dimensions  from  20  fi  to  100  /u,  are  also 
killed  if  soon  warmed  again,  it  usually  dies  at  described  in  the  authors'  paper.  The  volume, 
about  IT*  or  18*  C.  The  cooling  is  accompa-  structure,  and  reactions  of  those  cells  from  the 
nied  by  a  slowing  of  the  pulse.  When  the  tem-  three  animals  experimented  upon  (the  domestic 
perature  is  slowly  and  gradually  raised,  the  rabbit,  the  rat,  and  the  cat)  are  found  to  vary, 
lethal  or  maximum  temperature  is  found  to  lie  S,  Monckton  Copeman  gives  as  the  methods 
usually  between  44*5'*  and  45°  C.  Before  this  is  with  which  he  has  been  successful  in  demon- 
reached,  an  optimum  temperature  is  passed  at  strating  the  formation  of  crystals  of  hiemoglobin 
about  41-8°  C,  at  which  the  beat  is  quickest,  in  human  blood :  the  addition  to  the  blood  of 
although  it  may  not  be  the  temperature  for  decomposing  serum  or  pericardial  fiuid;  treat- 
doing  the  most  work.  By  care  it  is  possible  to  ment  with  bile ;  agitation  with  ether ;  semi-di- 
adapt  the  heart  to  higher  temperatures.  If  the  gestion  in  the  stomach  of  the  common  leech — of 
blood  be  cooled  somewhat,  as  soon  as  the  heart  which  the  first  is  the  only  one  to  be  recommended 
shows  anv  signs  of  weakness  the  temperature  as  being  invariably  successful.  Specimens  made 
mav  then' be  often  raised  to  a  still  higher  point  inthiswayappear  to  be  permanent.  Hoppe-Seyler 
without  causing  any  weakening  of  the  heart;  has  also  obtamed  hsmochromogen  in  the  crystal- 
and  in  this  way  we  may  raise  both  the  maxi-  line  form. 

mum  and  the  optimum  temperatures.  The  principle  of  a  new  method  of  determining 

From  their  studies  on  the  coagulation  of  the  the  velocity  of  the  blood,  demonstrated  by  Dr.  G. 

blood  and  its  dependence  on  calcium  salts,  Ar-  N.  Stewart,  consists  in  impressing  upon  the  blood 


736  PHrSIOLOGY. 

at  any  part  of  its  course  an  alteration  which  period  of  maximnin  respiration  of  carbonic  acid 

will  travel  with  the  velocity  of  the  blood  stream,  varying  in  this  time.    After  a  certain  time  the 

and  be  capable  of  easy  recognition  at  any  other  weip^ht  of  carbonic  acid  expired  decreases  more 

part.    Among  the  advantages  of  the  method  are,  rapidly  than  the  required  volumes  of  air  decrease, 

that  it  does  not  affect  the  vascular  svstem  except  The  influence  of  local  variations  of  air  pressure 

at  one  selected  point;  that  the  only  substance  appears  in  less  air  being  needed  foi   a  given 

introduced  into  the  blood  is  a  harmless  salt,  amount  of  carbonic  acid  with  low  pressures  than 

which  is  already  present  there,  and  is  rapidly  with  high ;  but  the  degree  of  the  influence  vari@ 

eliminated ;  that  it  admits  of  a  rapid  succession  in  individuals. 

of  observations  on  the  same  animal ;  that  it  lends        From  experiments  in  elevated  regions  of  South 

itself  to  determining  the  circulation  in  individual  America,  M.  Viault  finds  that  the  proportion  of 

organs  or  tissues  under  different  conditions ;  and  oxygen  contained  in  the  blood  of  men  and  ani- 

that  it  is  specially  suited  for  small  animals.  mals  (indigenous  or  acclimatized)  living  in  the 

Phosphate  of  lime  has  been  found  by  Sidney  rarefied  air  of  mountainous  re^ons  is  sensibly 

Kinger  superior  in  qualities  to  calcium  chloride  as  the  same  as  that  which  is  contamed  in  the  blood 

an  ingredient  in  an  artificial  circulating  fluid.   As  of  men  and  animals  living  at  lower  levels.  Both 

between  the  various  solutions  named,  in  respect  he  and  Mr.  A.  Mfintz  find  that  animals  living  at 

to  their  efficiency  to  sustain  contractility  of  the  great  altitudes — that  is,  in  a  medium  where  the 

heart,  comparative  experiments  showed  that  sa-  pressure  of  oxygen  is  low — have  the  proportion 

line  solution  is  least  effective ;  saline  containing  of  hemoglobin  in  the  blood  increased  ;  whereby 

sodium  carbonate  is  next  in  order ;  then  phos-  the  blood  acquires  an  absorbing  power  for  oxy- 

phate  of  lime  saline ;  and  next,  phosphate  of  gen  which  compensates  for  the  effect  of  rarefac- 

lime  saline  containing  potassium  chloride.  When  tion.    Altitude  is  not  necessary  to  produce  these 

sodium  bicarbonate  is  added  to  the  saline,  the  modifications,  but  the  same  results  may  be  ob- 

composition  is  stronger  in  the  midwinter  months,  tained  if,  instead  of  diminishing  the  amount  of 

Hence  lime  and  potash  salts  appear  to  be  as  ne-  oxygen,  the  quantity  of  combustible  matter  is  in- 

cessary  to  the  metabolism  of  muscle  at  rest  as  to  creiSed. 

the  metabolism  occurring  during  a  muscular  con-        The  researches  of  Mr.  Raphael  Dubois  have 

traction.    While  the  author  finds  that  the  a&a-  led  him  to  the  conclusion  that  the  production  of 

line-soda  salts  do  not  play  so  important  a  part  in  light  in  animal  organisms  is  due  to  the  trans- 

the  production  of  the  contractions  as  Biedermann  formation  of  the  colloidal  protoplasmic  granula- 

supposed,  both  authors  agree  that  temperature  tions  into  crystalloidal  granulations,  taking  place 

strongly  infiuences  the  contractions.    At  a  low  under  the  influence  of  a  respiratory  phenomenon, 
temperature  these  movements  become  somewhat        Prol  T.  P.  A.  Stuart  has  determined  by  ex- 

rhy  ttimical.  From  comparative  experiments  with  periments  with  rings  of  crinoline  steel  that  the 

a  number  of  other  salts,  the  inference  is  drawn  lorm  of  the  thorax  is  determined  in  part  by  grav- 

that  substances  of  that  nature  in  part  sustain  itation.    The  shape  of  the  thoracic  segment  of 

contractility  by   preventing   or   lessening   the  the  quadruped,  of  the  human  fa3tU3,  and  of  the 

twitching  of  the  muscles.  human  adult  are  reproduced  in  succession  if  the 

From  experiments  made  to  ascertain  the  nerve  ring  be  held  between  finger  and  thumb  and 
centers  for  respiration,  Dr.  Laborde  found  that  turned,  from  lying  in  the  vertical,  till  it  lies  in 
superficial  mechanical  injury  to  the  region  of  the  the  horizontal  plane.  The  complete  reproduc- 
alffi  cinereo?  does  not  accelerate  respiration ;  if  tion  of  the  different  features  of  the  adult  hu- 
the  injury  penetrates  at  least  to  the  middle  of  the  man  thorax  at  its  most  characteristic  level  is 
substance,  respiration  may  cease  altogether.  This  striking.  The  author's  hypothesis  was  also  borne 
result  is  always  obtained  if  a  certain  circumscribed  out  when  deformities  were  imitated  by  holding 
portion  of  the  substance  is  cauterized  with  the  hot  the  rings  under  abnormal  modes  of  suspension, 
iron.  The  iron  must,  however,  enter  immediately  Digestion. — An  investigation  is  described  by 
above  the  apex  calami,  and  must  penetrate  at  R.  H.  Chittenden  and  J.  A.  Hartwell.  the  object 
least  half  the  substance  from  the  raphe.  If  the  of  which  was  to  obtain  some  positive  data  re- 
injury is  unilateral,  respiration  may  continue  for  garding  the  relative  formation  of  aJbumosesand 
some  little  time  on  the  opposite  side.  Total  sepa-  peptones  in  artificial  gastric  digestion.  The  ex- 
ration  of  the  medulla  below  the  apex  calami  al-  priments  showed  that  the  formation  of  peptone 
ways  arrests  respiration  of  the  trunk,  while  that  is  a  gradual  process,  and  that  the  greater  part  of 
of  the  head  continues  for  some  time.  Spinal  the  peptone  formed  by  the  action  of  pepsin- 
refiexes  continue,  and  even  increase;  irregular  hydrocnloric  acid  passes  through  the  stage  of 
superficial  contractions  of  the  respimtory  muscles,  albumose  or  proteose,  and  that  at  the  end  of  the 
leading  to  no  results,  may  be  ot^erved.  The  in-  most  vigorous  gastric  digestion  a  considerable 
crease  of  the  refiex  action  is  especially  remark-  part  of  the  proteid  digested  will  be  in  the  form 
able  in  new-bom  animals.  of  proteose.    The  authors  are  not  able  to  say  to 

It  has  been  shown  by  Dr.  Marcet  that  different  how  great  an  extent  it  will  be  necessary  to  mod- 

persons  respire  different  volumes  of  air  to  furnish  ify  these  conclusions  in  applying  them  to  the 

to  the  bodjr  the  oxygen  required,  and  to  yield  proteolytic  changes  of  natural  digest  ion. 
a  given  weight  of  carbonic  acid.    Thus,  to  pro-        The  nature  of  the  change  unoergone  by  gela- 

duce  one  grain  of  carbonic  acid,  three  persons  tin  when,  under  the  infiuence  of  gastric  and 

were  found  to  need,  on  an  average,  9*29, 10-51,  pancreatic  juice,  it  becomes  liquid  and  loses  the 

and  1 1*30  litres  of  air,  respectively.    The  first  was  power  of  gelatinization,  has  been  investigated  by 

twenty-three  years  of  age,  the  third  sixty.    The  R.   H.  Chittenden  and  Fred.  P.  Solley.     The 

influence  of  food  on  the  formation  of  carbonic  results  of  the  investigation  showed  that  three 

acid  in  the  body  begins  in  the  first  hour  after  a  products  are  formed  m  the  digestion  of  gelatin 

meal,  and  increases  for  two  or  three  hours,  the  with  gastric  and  pancreatic  juice,  two  of  which 


PHYSIOLOGY.  737 

are  primAry  products,  and  are  to  be  distinguished  lower  ones.  Allyl  alcohol  is  an  exception.  It  is 
from  the  third  product,  gelatin-peptone,  by  be-  a  powerful  coagulant  of  egg  albumen,  and  is  the 
ing  precipitated  by  saturation  with  ammonium  only  alcohol  that  coagulates  albumoses. 
siiTphate.  The  primary  products  by  further  fer-  (Concerning  the  relation  of  the  salts  to  casein, 
ment  action  are  gradually  changed  into  true  SOldner  starts  with  the  observation  that  the 
peptone,  the  proto  passing  first  through  the  stage  basis  of  the  ash  of  milk  can  not  be  neutralized  by 
of  deutero.  Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  sepa-  the  acids  present,  as  the  amphoteric  reaction  of 
rating  the  ammonium  sulphate  completely  from  the  milk  requires.  He  shows  that  25  percent,  of 
the  peptone,  the  latter  could  not  be  obtained  in  the  phosphoric  acid  comes  from  the  phosphorus 
si(uf!icient  quantity  and  in  a  sufficient  stat«  of  of  the  casein  or  its  nuclein,  and  is  preformed  in 
purity  for  analysis.  The  gelatoses  are  readily  the  milk.  Casein  behaves  like  an  acid,  inasmuch 
soluble  in  cold  water,  are  slowly  diffusible,  and  as  it  may  form  salt-like  combinations  with  al- 
in  composition  resemble  gelatin  itself.  They  kalies,  two  of  which  S^ldner  was  able  to  distin- 
are  supposed  to  be  formed  by  hydration,  but  guish  as  neutral  or  basic  calcium  compounds, 
their  cnemical  composition  affords  no  eyidence  The  neutral  compound  is  probably  present  in 
of  this  view.  the  milk.  The  existence  of  various  oi*ganic  acids 
Recapitulating  the  results  of  their  experi-  in  the  milk  is  also  probable.  The  calcium  salts 
inents  on  the  action  of  salts  on  heat  coagulation,  play  an  important  part  in  boiling  and  in  the  cur- 
Sydney  Ringer  and  Harrington  conclude  that  dling  process.  Heated  milk  showsa  more  marked 
lime  and  the  allied  elements  favor  the  heat  co-  increase  in  alkaline  reaction  which  loses  itself  on 
agulation  of  the  proteids  of  serum.  A  similar  cooling,  but  all  feebly  alkaline  liquids  do  the 
action  is  exerted  by  magnesium  sulphate.  It  is  same.  It  is  not  true  that  boiled  milk  can  not  be 
of  interest  to  note  that  in  the  process  of  coagu-  curdled  with  rennet  The  process  is  much  slower, 
lation  by  heat,  as  in  the  process  of  spontaneous  because  a  portion  of  the  essential  calcium  salts 
clotting  of  blood,  and  the  clotting  of  milk  to  has  been  chaneed  by  heat  to  insoluble  tricalcium 
which  rennet  has  been  added,  lime  plays  an  im-  phosphate.  Tne  aadition  of  alkali  has  a  similar 
portant  part.  This  similarity  of  betiavior  holds  action.  Introducing  an  acid  to  make  the  phos- 
for  banum  and  strontium,  and  is  believed  to  be  phate  soluble  brings  back  the  curdability.  In  the 
generic,  for  the  reason  that  the  influence  of  the  same  sense  the  addition  of  calcium  chloride 
same  elements  upon  beat  coaerulation  appears  to  hastens  the  curdling. 

belong  to  their  salts  generally.  One  is  led  to  An  examination  of  what  are  called  peptonized 
infer  a  possible  likeness  in  nature  between  heat  foods — Benger's  peptonized  beef-jelly.  Darby's 
coa^ilation  and  spontaneous  clotting  of  proteid  fluid  meat,  and  peptonized  milk  having  been 
bodies.  But  that  there  are  differences  between  selected  for  the  purpose — by  P.  Horton-Smith, 
heat  coagulation  and  spontaneous  clotting  we  resulted  in  the  conclusions  that  these  foods  con- 
learn  from  the  fact  that  in  the  former  the  solu-  sist  really  for  the  most  part  of  albumoses,  though 
tion  becomes  more  alkaline,  whereas  in  the  lat-  they  contain  also  a  varying  amount  of  true  pep- 
ter,  as  also  in  the  stiffening  of  muscle  in  rt^or  tone.  They  can  not,  therefore,  entirely  relieve 
mortis,  there  is  a  development  of  acid.  It  has  from  work  the  digestive  organs;  and,  also,  that 
further  been  shown  that  a  certain  amount  of  theingestionof  large  quantities  of  albumoses  and 
antagonism  exists  between  potassium  and  sodi-  peptones  does  not  disarrange  the  metabolism  of 
urn  chloride  on  the  one  hand  and  lime  chloride  the  normal  body. 

on  the  other.  The  studies  of  M.  Van  Puteren  on  the  digest- 
The  following  are  the  results  of  the  researches  ive  processes  in  infants  have  shown  that  the  con- 
of  L.  Huguonenq  on  the  influence  of  wines  on  tents  of  the  stomach  remain  in  a  condition  to  be 
pepsic  digestion  :  All  wines  interfere  with  the  pumped  out  for  an  hour  and  a  half  after  a  meal, 
action  of  pepsin,  those  richest  in  alcohol,  cream  the  quantity  diminishing  rapidly  after  the  first 
of  tartar,  and  coloring  ^matter  being  most  in-  hour;  that  the  acidity  of  the  infant  stomach  is 
jurious.  Among  the  elements  of  natural  wine  much  less  than  that  of  the  adult  stomach ;  that 
the  coloring  matters  act  in  concert  with  the  al-  the  antifermentative  action  of  the  gastric  juice 
cohol  and  tne  cream  of  tartar  to  arrest  pepsic  seemed  to  be  exceedingly  feeble;  that  the  milk- 
digestion.  The  acidity  of  normal  wines  can  not  curdling  element  (callecl  rennin  by  Foster)  was 
excite  the  action  of  pepsin,  and  in  most  cases  it  absent  in  children  up  to  twenty-four  days,  and 
does  not  appear  to  assist.  Among  the  coloring  could  be  definitely  demonstrated  only  at  from 
matters  introduced  fraudulently  into  wines,  thirty  to  forty  davs  of  age. 
mothylene  blue,  azoflavine,  solid  blue,  and  ma-  From  the  results  of  three  described  experiments 
genta  interfere  with  pepsic  digestion.  The  veg-  the  conclusions  are  drawn  by  R.  H.  Chittenden 
etable  colors,  black  mallows,  elder-berries,  and  that  alcohol  in  the  quantities  employed  by  the  ex- 
maki,  like  ronoline,  exert  an  injurious  action,  perimenlers,  and  in  the  case  of  dogs,  has  no  very 
Plastering,  by  removing  a  part  of  the  cream  of  striking  specific  action  upon  the  general  metal)- 
tartar,  eliminates  an  element  of  natuml  wines  olism  of  proteid  matter;  and  that,  so  far  as  its 
which  retards  the  action  of  pepsin  in  vitro.  Di-  general  infiuence  on  proteid  metabolism  is  con- 
gestion is  more  rapid  in  presence  of  plastered  cerned.it  actsin  themain  simplyasanon^nitrog- 
wines  than  of  natural  wines,  but  the  advantage  enous  food.  As  such  it  would  yield  a  certain 
which  plastered  wines  have  in  this  respect  does  amount  of  energy  by  its  own  oxidation,  and  thus 
not  conceal  their  other  disadvantages.  tend  to  protect  sligfitly  the  consumption  of  pro- 
Experiments  by  T.  Lauder  Brunton  and  S.  teid  matter,  and  hence  conserve  the  tissues.  As- 
Martin  on  the  action  of  alcohols  and  aldehydes  on  suming  this  view  to  be  correct,  one  could  not 
proteid  substances  indicate  that  the  higher  alco-  expect  any  very  great  diminution  in  the  nitrogen 
hols  in  the  series  have  a  less  powerful  action  in  output  under  the  influence  of  alcohol.  At  the 
precipitating  and  coagulating  proteids  than  the  same  time,  it  must  be  remembered  that  alcohol 

VOL.  XXXI. — 47  A 


738  PHYSIOLOGY. 

is  a  potent  drag,  and  as  such  may  exert  at  Rachford  found  that  heating  neutral  olive  oil 

times    some     specific    action    upon    metabolic  developed  fatty  acid  and  made  it  emuisible,  ajid 

changes.    Alcohol  may  then    be  considered  as  that  if  this  heated  oil  was  again  neutralized  it 

having  the  power  to  diminish  somewhat  the  became  non-emulsible,  thus  showing  the  emiilsi- 

metalx)lism  of  proteid  matter,  and  thus  to  con-  bility  to  be  due  to  the  acidity.    The  results  of 

serve  the  tissues — a  power  which  is  dependent  experiments  with  this  and  with  castor  oil  indi- 

mainly  upon  its  character  as  a  non-nitrogenous  cated  that  the  fattv  acids  of  an  oil  are  the  fatty 

food.     At  the  same  time,  it  has  some  specific  acids  best  adapted  for  giving  emulsibility   to 

action  upon  nutrition,  as  is  manifested  in  its  ten-  this  particular  oil.    The  splitting  of  fats  is  a 

dency  to  increase  the  excretion  of  uric  acid.  most  important  preliminary  step  in  fat  diges- 

From  experiments  made  upon   himself,  Dr.  tion.    Tiiat  the  cooking  of  fats  will  develop  in 

Eichenberg  found  that  a  small  dose  of  strong  them  a  fatt]^  acid  is  therefore  a  fact  of  consid- 

alcohol,  as  in  brandy,  shortens  the  time  that  food  erable  physiological  importance,  and  one  that, 

in  general — whether  animal  or  vegetable,  or  a  so  far  as  the  author  knows,  has  not  previously 

mixture— remains  in  the  stomaxih  by  more  than  been  noticed.    It  is  his  belief  that  the  chemical 

half  an  hour.    A  similar  but  not  auite  so  marked  force  developed  by  soap  formation  is  the  chief 

effect  is  produced  by  a  dose  oi  dilute  hydro-  factor  in  the    formation    of   all  physiological 

chloric  acid  or  mustard.     Pepper  and  cundu-  emulsions. 

rango  diminish  the  time  the  food  remains  in  the        The  changes  produced  in  casein  by  the  action 

stomach  by  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour.    Beer  of  pancreatic  and  rennet  extracts  have  been  in- 

and  an  infusion  of  rhubarb  had  no  effect.  vestigated  by  J.  Sydney  Edkins,  who  mentions 

The  nature  and  composition  of  the  |>eptone  among  the  facts  which  he  has  determined  that 

formed  by  the  action  of  typsin  on  myosin,  and  there  exists  in  pancreatic  extracts  a  ferment 

the  character  of  the  residue  of  insoluble  matter  which  has  the  power  of  causing  some  alteration 

which  is  found  after  the  digestion  of  inyosin  with  of    casein    to    occur,    apart    from    proteolTtic 

pancreatic  juice,  have  been  studied  by  R.  H.  Chit-  changes,  and  this  is  manifested  in  appropriate 

tenden  and  Ralph  Goodwin.    The  authors  found  conditions  by  the  clotting  of  milk  or  casein 

in  myosin-peptone  another  illustration  of  the  solution.    This  ferment  can  be  differentiated  to 

fact  that  peptones  differ  widely  from  the  mother  some  extent  from  the  proteolytic  ferment,  and 

proteid  in  containing  a  much  lower  percentage  then  appears  to  be  a  ferment  comparable  to  the 

of  carbon — a  fact  which  they  regard  as  favorable  rennet  ferment  of  gastric  extracts.    With  active 

to  the  view  that  the  formation  of  peptone  is  the  pancreatic  extracts  the  proteolytic  ferment  ha.H 

result  of  a  process  of  hydration.  such  power  that  the  altered  casein  exists  but  a 

An  opportunity  has  been  enjoyed  bj  Drs.  short  time  before  it  is  further  changed.  The 
MacFadvenf  Nencki,  and  Sieber  of  studymg  the  addition  of  neutral  salts  will  result  in  the  clot- 
chemical  processes  of  the  small  intestme  in  a  ting  of  milk  under  the  influence  of  pancreatic 
patient  who  had  an  intestinal  fistula.  The  false  extracts,  when  otherwise  no  apparent  tendency 
anus  was  situated  in  the  ileum  just  above  the  to  clot  existed.  This  can  not  be  referred  to  the 
ileo-csecal  valve,  so  that  the  materials  escaping  retarding  influence  of  such  salts  upon  the  pro- 
thereby  were  wholly  composed  of  the  chyme  teolytic  ferment.  When  no  change  apparent  to 
which  had  passed  through  the  whole  length  of  the  naked  eye  has  occurred  in  milk  as  the  result 
the  small  mtestine.  The  patient  continuing  in  of  the  action  of  pancreatic  extracts,  a  change 
this  condition  for  six  months,  a  long  series  of  may  be  shown  to  nave  occurred  by  the  applica- 
ol^ervations  could  be  made  relative  to  the  time  tion  of  heat,  by  the  addition  of  an  equal  bulk  of 
and  character  of  internal  digestion  under  vary-  saturated  solution  of  sodium  chloride,  or  by  the 
in^  forms  of  diet,  etc.  The  material,  or  chyme,  addition  of  exact  quantities  of  acid.  Tlie  same 
if  It  might  be  so  termed,  that  escaped  from  the  chants  occur  in  milk  when  treated  with  mini- 
fistulous  outlet  was  more  fluid  and  diarrhcsal  malquantitiesof  rennet  ferment,  in  such  amount 
when  the  diet  was  albuminous  than  when  it  was  as  to  produce  no  actual  clotting.  This  changed 
mainly  of  a  vegetable  nature.  The  flow  from  casein,  or  metacasein,  as  it  has  been  termed  by 
the  small  into  the  large  intestine  was  steadily  Roberts,  may  be  separated  by  the  addition  of 
continuous,  but  less  marked  during  the  night,  sodium  chloride,  and  purified.  A  solution  of 
when  no  food  was  taken  ;  and  by  some  ingeni-  this  metacasein  does  not  clot  when  subjected  to 
ous  experiments  it  was  shown  that  the  passage  the  action  of  rennet.  The  properties  of  this 
of  foods  from  the  mouth  to  the  caecum  occupies  metacasein  indicate  that  it  is  closely  allied  to 
at  the  least  two  hours:  but  the  traces  of  the  tyrein. 

substances  introduced  did  not  disappear  wholly        Nerrons  System. — In  his  successive  publica- 

for  from  nine  to  foui-teen  or  even  twenty-three  tions  on  sleep  and  its  causes.  Dr.  James  Capj  ie 

hours.    Thefact  was  brought  out  that  albumen  is  accepts  the  position  usually  taken  by  physiol- 

hardly,  if  at  all,  decomposed  in  the  small  intes-  ogists,  that  the  state  of  sleep  is  accompanied  by 

tine.    Even  the  action  of  the  trypsin  of  the  pan-  a  diminished  brain  circulation,  but  contests  the 

creatic  juice  is  small.    The  bacteria  of  the  small  view  that  it  is  due  to  a  diminution  of  the  whole 

intestine  are  concerned  in  the  disintegration  of  mass  of  blood  within  the  cranial  cavity,  and 

the  carbohydrates  into  lactic,  acetic,  and  succinic  that  the  compensation  for  this  diminution  is  got 

aoids,  and  into  ethyl ic  alcohol.    Whileitisgener-  by  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  cerebro-spmal 

ally  believed  that  the  chyme  is  rendered  alkaline  fluid  in  the  ventricular  and  sub-arachnoid  spaces 

by  the  secretion  of  the  small  intestine,  the  au-  of  the  brain.     He  believes  that,  l>ing  within  a 

thors  found  the  total  quantity  of  acid  to  be  more  closed  cavity  possessing  rigid  bony  walls,  the 

than  could  be  neutralized  by  the  bile,  pancreatic,  brain  can  not  be  affected  directly  by  the  press- 

and  intestinal  juices.  ure  of  the  atmosphere;  and  that  this  can  influ- 

During  his  experiments  on  emulsions,  B.  K.  euce  the  interior  of  the  cranium  only  through 


PHYSIOLOGY.  739 

the  blood-vessels — so  that  a  force  is  constantly  thetic  fibers  in  the  mixed  nerves.  Heat  stand- 
in  operation  to  maintain  the  amount  of  blood  still  of  the  heart,  when'there  is  no  constant  stimu- 
within  the  cranial  vessels.  The  author  acknowl-  lus  acting,  such  as  a  high  endocardiac  pressure, 
edges  that  molecular  actions  of  a  subtile  kind  is  always  diastolic,  and  can  never  be  described  as 
take  place  between  the  blood  and  blood-vessels  **  heart  tetanus." 

and  the  nervous  tissues,  and  these  are  much  less  Two  Italian  doctors  have  related,  in  the  *'  Re- 
active during  sleep  than  during  wakefulness,  vista  Sperimentale  di  Firenze,"  the  results  of  a 
The  lessened  activity  in  the  nutrition  of  the  series  of  experiments  undertaken  to  determine 
nerve  protoplasm  diminishes  the  activity  of  the  the  influence  which  the  posterior  nerve-roots 
capillary  circulation.  The  change  in  the  bal-  have  on  the  excitabilit^r  of  the  anterior  roots.  In 
ance  of  the  circulation  between  the  arteries  and  the  first  series  of  experiments  the  posterior  roots 
capillaries  on  the  one  hand  and  the  veins  on  the  were  treated  with  cocaine ;  in  the  second,  they 
other  is  regarded  by  Dr.  Cappie  as  the  keystone  were  divided ;  in  the  third,  they  were  stimulated 
of  the  theory  of  the  causation  of  sleep.  The  electrically ;  and  in  the  fourth  series  the  cord 
altered  balance  of  the  circulation  occasions  a  was  divided  below  the  medulla.  It  was  found 
change  in  the  balance  of  active  pressure,  which  that  when  the  posterior  root«  were  rendered 
is  not  so  much  within  the  brain  substance  as  on  functionle&<t  the  excitability  of  the  anterior  roots 
the  surface.  It  is  less  expansive  and  more  com-  was  diminished ;  but  when  the  posterior  roots 
pressing,  and  with  this  compression  conscious-  were  stimulated,  an  over^excitability  of  the  an- 
ness  is  suspended.  In  a  new  chapter  *'  On  Some  terior  roots  was  produced,  which  went  on  m  a 
Points  in  Mental  Physiolo^  "  Dr.  Cappie  con-  short  time  to  diminished  or  even  abolished  irrita- 
siders  how  far  the  peculiarities  of  the  encephalic  bility,  and  the  same  results  were  found  when  the 
circulation  may  affect  the  functional  activity  of  cerebrospinal  system  was  intact  and  when  the 
the  different  parts  of  the  brain.  Starting  from  cord  was  divided  below  the  medulla, 
the  position  tliat  the  brain  is  a  composite  organ.  Having  shown  that  lesions  either  of  the  corpus 
and  that  different  portions  are  put  into  a  state  striatum  or  optic  thalamus  of  the  rabbit  produce 
of  functional  activity  in  connection  with  the  a  rise  of  bodily  temperature,  whUe  lesions  of  the 
discharge  of  their  respective  duties,  the  question  surrounding  white  matter  have  no  such  effect, 
of  the  balance  of  the  circulation  has  again  to  be  W.  Hale  White,  in  subsequent  experiments,  at- 
considered.  For  the  part  which  is  more  im-  tempted  to  limit  more  precisely  the  positions  in 
mediately  concerned  in  the  production  of  the  this  neighborhood  causing  a  rise  of  temperature, 
particular  cerebral  operation  must  become  the  and  also  made  experiments  on  other  parts  of  the 
seat  of  vascular  excitement,  and  the  amount  of  brain.  He  concludes  that,  the  normal  rectal 
blood  flowing  through  its  vessels  will  be  greater  temperature  of  a  rabbit  being  between  101' 
than  that  transmitted  through  the  vessels  of  and  lOB"*  F.,  neither  an  anfesthetic  nor  an  opera- 
those  other  parts  of  the  brain  which  are  not  for  tion  on  the  brain  affects  the  temperature  much, 
the  time  so  functionally  active.  Henceacer-  unless  some  special  part  of  the  brain  is  damaged ; 
tsin  tension  of  the  area  or  center  which  is  act-  that  ksiqns  of  the  corpus  striatum,  if  not  large 
ively  working  must  arise,  and  the  encephalic  enough  to  give  rise  to  shock  and  severe  hapmor*- 
circulation  is  focused  in  the  direction  of  ac-  rhage,  and  lesions  of  the  septum  lucidum  cause 
tivity.  In  applying  his  views  on  the  encephalic  a  rise  of  temperature;  that  ksionsof  the  optic 
circulation  to  tfie  explanation  of  the  phenomena  thalamus  and  of  the  cerebellum  do  not  alter  the 
of  hypnotism,  the  author  remarks  that  the  first  temperature,  and  lesions  of  the  white  matter 
incident  in  the  hypnotic  state  is  a  steadily  pro-  around  the  corpus  striatum  and  optic  thalamus 
longed  effort  of  volition  in  which  the  attention  do  not  cause  a  rise;  that  lesions  of  the  anterior 
i!»  concentrated  in  a  very  restricted  direction,  part  of  the  upper  surface  of  the  cerebral  vertex 
The  immediate  consequence  is  a  fatigue  of  the  either  do  not  alter  the  temperature,  or  the  altcra- 
nerve  centers  concem«i  in  keeping  up  the  strain,  tion  is  very  slight:  that  lesions  of  the  posterior 
Their  molecular  motions  become  enfeebled,  the  part  of  the  upper  surface  of  tide  cerebral  cortex 
circulation  through  them  is  less  active,  and  a  may  cause  irregular  rises  of  temperature,  which 
condition  approaching  that  of  sleep  is  produced,  are  quickly  produced  and  last  only  a  short  time — 
If  then,  in  the  form  of  a  suggestion  from  an-  sometimes  there  are  several  rises  and  falls  after 
other,  some  stimulus  calls  into  activity  a  part  of  one  operation ;  and  that  lesions  of  the  crus 
the  brain  not  fatigued  in  the  effort  of  attention,  cerebri  cause  a  considerable  rise  of  temperature. 
Us  vascular  activity  will  be  increased,  and  its  It  is  well  known  that  in  some  animals,  when 
function  will  be  intensified.  they  are  under  the  influence  of  strong  emotions. 
Experiments  by  G.  N.  Stewart  on  the  rela-  the  hair  of  particular  regions  of  the  body  be- 
tions  between  temperature  and  en docaidiae press-  comes  erect  (horripilation).  Observations  to  de- 
iire  and  the  action  of  the  nerves  of  the  batra-  termine  the  origin  in  the  central  nervous  sys- 
chian  heart  show  that  both  the  vagus  and  the  tern  of  these  erections  have  been  made  in  the 
svmpathetic  have  their  activity  diminished  as  monkey  by  C.  S.  Sherrington,  and  in  the  cat  by 
the  temperature  is  lowere<l,  and  increased  as  the  J.  N.  Langley.  The  authors  jointly  publish  the 
temperature  rises.  The  sympathetic  curve,  how-  conclusions  that  the  hair  of  the  monkey,  cat,  and 
ever,  falls  more  steeply  with  falling  tempemture  probably  of  all  animals  in  which  horripilation 
than  does  the  vagus  curve,  so  that  the  vagus  is  occurs  under  the  influence  of  ftrong  emotion,  as 
generally  still  active  with  a  temperature  at  fear  or  anger,  may  be  erected  by  stimulation  of 
which  the  sympathetic  has  ceased  to  act.  An  nerve  fibers  which  issue  from  the  spinal  cord 
increase  of  endocaniiac  pressure  sufficient  to  and  pass  through  the  sympathetic  nervous  system, 
abolish  the  inhibitory  action  of  the  vagus  leaves  These  hairs  have  no  "direct  spinal  supply.  The 
the  sympathetic  still  active,  and  the  primary  nerve  fibers  by  means  of  which  the  erections  oc- 
augmentation,  may  be  attributed  to  the  sympa-  cur  are  called  pilo-motor  nerve  fibers.    In  the 


740  PHYSIOLOGY. 

monkey  {Maeaeus  rhcsmi8\  the  pilo-motor  nerve  Special  Senses. — A  case  bearing  upon  the 
fibers  for  the  head  issue  from  the  spinal  cord  in  relation  of  the  optic  thalamus  to  the  special 
the  anterior  roots  of  the  third  ana  fourth  and  senses  and  tn  common  fensibilitj  is  described 
to  a  less  extent  of  the  second  and  fifth  thoracic  by  Dr.  Hugo  Engle,  of  Philadelphia.  The  patient 
nerves ;  they  run  to  the  sympathetic  chain,  ascend  had  felt  vague  symptoms  of  affection  of  the  cen- 
the  cervical  sympathetic,  and  become  connected  tral  nervous  system,  consisting  chiefly  of  pain 
with  nerve  cells  in  the  superior  cervical  gan-  in  the  head,  with  occasional  acute  exacerbations, 
glion.  The  parts  of  the  head  affected  are  the  and  giddiness.  One  morning  he  sta^^gered,  and 
forehead,  the  front  half  of  the  scalp,  the  temple,  associated  this  with  loss  of  sensation  in  the  li^ht 
the  cheek,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  whisker,  foot  He  next  found  that  the  whole  right  side 
On  stimulating  one  sjrmpathetic  the  effect  is  of  his  body  was  aniesthetic,  and  that  he  had  lost 
chiefly  on  the  same  side,  but  stretches  a  short  the  power  of  tasting  and  smelling  on  that  side. 
distance  over  the  median  line.  Pilo-motor  Nine  days  later  he  had  lost  taste  and  smell  on 
nerve  flbers  for  the  buttock,  thigh,  and  tail  issue  both  sides,  and  was  deaf  in  both  ears.  Two  days 
fram  the  spinal  cord  in  the  roots  of  the  twelfth  later  he  became  suddenly  blind  in  both  eyes,  had 
thoracic  first,  second,  and  third  lumbar  nerves;  frequent  convulsions,  and  died  in  one  of  them, 
they  pass  into  the  liimbo-sacral  sympathetic  At  the  necropsy,  characteristic  changes  were 
chain  and  descend  it :  they  are  finally  distrib-  found  in  the  cerebral,  and  a  large  gummatous 
uted  in  the  skin  of  the  upper  part  of  the  but-  growth,  startinj^  apparently  from  the  fornix, 
tock,  the  back  of  the  thign  nearly  as  far  as  the  nad  beenspreadmg  back  over  both  optic  thalami. 
knee,  and  to  the  root  of  the  tail.  In  the  cat.  It  was  more  extensive  and  apparently  older  on 
pilo-motor  nerves  leave  the  spinal  cord  to  run  to  the  left  side  than  on  the  right — an  indication 
the  sympathetic  chain  in  each  nerve  from  the  that  this  side  had  been  first  involved  in  the  mor- 
fourth  thoracic  to  the  third  lumbar :  sometimes  bid  process,  which  corresponded  also  with  the 
also  from  the  third  thoracic  nerve.  Fibers  from  earlier  symptoms  on  the  right  side  of  the  body, 
the  third  or  fourth  thoracic  to  the  seventh  The  author  points  out  the  existence  of  four  col> 
thoracic  nerve  inclusive,  ascend  in  the  cervical  lectionsof  cells  in  the  thalamus  described  by  Luys. 
sympathetic,  become  connected  with  nerve  cells  The  most  anterior,  which  is  probably  in  some 
in  the  superior  cervical  ganglion,  and  supply  the  way  connected  with  smell :  the  secona,  possibly 
hairs  of  a  region  between  the  ear  and  eye,  and  connected  with  hearing ;  the  third,  with  general 
of  a  strip  of  skin  beginning  at  the  back  of  the  sensibility;  and  the  fourth,  in  the  region  of  the 
head  and  extending  down  the  back  of  the  neck,  pulvinar,  connected  with  the  visual  tract. 
These  fibers  are  not  functional  in  all  cats.  The  The  existence  of  a  membrane  lining  the  fossa 
hairs  of  a  strip  of  skin  of  the  back  and  of  the  patellaris  of  the  corpus  vitreum  had  been  the 
dorsal  part  of  the  tail  are  supplied  by  pilo-motor  subject  of  discussion  till  it  appeared  to  be  con- 
fibers  from  about  the  seventh  thoracic  to  traciicted  definitely  by  Schnalbe  in  1886-*87.  Prof, 
the  third  lumbar  nerve.  This  strip  overlaps  T.  P.  Anderson  Stuart,  has,  however,  informed 
with  a  strip  of  the  skin  of  the  back  about  ten  the  Royal  Society  that  he  has  found  that  in  the 
centimetres  lon^  which  is  supplied  by  each  of  fresh,  unaltered  eye,  after  the  removal  of  the 
the  thoracic  spmal  nerves.  There  are  reasons  lens  in  its  capsule,  there  may  be  raised  off  the 
for  supposing  that  each  spinal  nerve,  the  roots  surface  of  the  jelly  a  membrane  which,  when 
of  whicn  contain  pilo-motor  factors,  is  connected  strained  and  mount>ed,  does  not  show  any  struct- 
with  four  or  five  sympathetic  ganglia  and  their  ure.  When  the  membrane  from  the  four-year^ld 
gray  rami.  The  second  and  third  lumbar  nerves  ox  eye  was  isolated  and  tied  over  the  mouth  of  a 
supply  pilo  motor  fibers  to  the  tail,  and  in  addi-  test-tube  i-inch  wide  it  sustained  a  column  of 
tion  the  second  lumbar  nerve  possibly  supplies  a  water  40  inches  high.  A  smaller  column  than 
small  part  of  the  back.  With  any  two  spinal  this  may  be  sustained  for  days  together.  When 
nerves,  from  the  seventh  thoracic  to  the  third  isolated,  it  may  be  dried  to  form  a  delicate 
lumbar  inclusive,  the  position  of  the  maximum  membrane. 

effect  on  the  hair  is  more  positive  with  the  lower  While  the  common  teaching  is  that  there  is  a 

nerve  than  with  the  upper  one.    The  pilo-motor  direct  continuity  of  substance  between  the  sus- 

nerves  for  the  tail  are  connected  with  nerve  pensory  ligament  and  the  capsule  of  the  lens,  an 

cells  partly  in  the  third  sacral,  but  chiefly  in  observation  by  Prof.  T.  P.  A.  Stuart  seems  to 

the  first  coccygeal  ganglion.     Stimulation  of  indicate  that  the  ligament  is  only  cemented  to 

the  spinal  nerve  or  of  the  sympathetic  chain  the  capsule.    On  openin^^  eye-balls  in  an  ad- 

on  one  side  gives  mainly  unilateral  effects  on  vanced  state  of  decomposition—putrid — he  found 

the  back ;  but  in  the  tall  the  effects  are  usually  the  lens  in  its  capsule  free,  and  no  indication  of 

bilateral.  any  rupture  of  tissue  along  the  line  of  attach- 

Experiments  by  G.  N.  Stewart  go  to  show  that  ment  of  the  suspensory  ligament.     The  liga- 

the  conduction  in  animal  tissues  is  chiefly  elec-  ment  was    found  intact   projecting  from    the 

trolytic;  that  the  best  conductors  are  the  inor-  collapsed  vitreous  body  as  a  sort  of  frilled  ring 

ganic  constituents  of  the  tissues,  and  next  some  with  a  free  edsre. 

of  the  nitrogenous  metabolites,  while  the  pro-  Prof.  Dubois,  of  Bern,  studying  the  prodnc- 

teidsare  exceedingly  l)ad  conductors:  and  that  tion  of  luminous  sensations  in  the  human  eye 

the  proteids  are  affected  not  by  primary  elec-  under  the  action  of  galvanic  current*,  finds  that 

trolysis,  but  by  the  products  of  electrolysis  of  the  sudden  variations  of  intensity,  especially  at  mak- 

salts.    Further  studies  have  been  made  on  the  ing   and  breaking   the   circuit,  produce    such 

effects  of  electrolysis  on  isolated  tissues  and  on  flashes.    With  a  moistened  plate  at  the  nape  of 

some  of  the  liquids  of  the  animal  body,  and  the  the  neck  and  a  pad  on  the  eye,  a  slight  flash  was 

effect  in  the  living  body  is  still  under  examina-  perceived  at  a  very  low  intensity ;  while  at  a 

tion.  «H>nsiderably  higher  intensity  the  observer  could 


PHYSIOLOGY.  741 

perceive  which  pole  was  applied  to  the  eje.    On  with  the  fingers.    These  were  then  removed,  and 
the  other  hand,  the  retina  responded  much  less  the  film,  on  being  examined  with  the  spectroscope, 
readily  to  discharges  from  condensers  or  indnc-  was  seen  to  be  covered  by  exquisite  impressions 
tion  coils.  of  the  fiber.   Every  stripe  was  clearly  and  sharply 
Dr.  C.  L.  Herrick,  in  the  American  Associa-  defined.     When  the  collodion  dried   the  film 
tion,  presented  the  case  of  a  supposed  tubercu-  shrank  and  the  little  impressions  disappeared. 
lar  disease  of  the  eye  of  a  cat,  which  was  shown  The  castings  showed  the  microscopical  appear- 
by    autopsy  to  be'  accompanied  by  a  marked  ance  of  the  fiber  in  whatever  stage  of  contraction 
deireneralion  in  that  part  of  the  brain — in  the  or  relaxation  it  might  happen  to  be. 
occipital  lobe^which  \»  supposed  to  be  connected  To  the  usual  well-known  ways  of  stimulating 
with  the  organ  of  vision.     Another  confirmation  muscles  to  contraction — viz.,  electrical,  thermal, 
is  thus  afforded  of  the  theory  of  cerebral  local-  mechanical,  and  chemical — M.  d'Arsonval  has 
ization.  recently  added  that  by  means  of  light.    He  conld 
From  the  necropsy  of  a  right  handed-woman  not,  indeed,  get    any  contraction    in   a  fresh 
who  had  been  word-deaf  for  fifteen  years,  and  frog  muscle  when  he  suddenly  threw  bright 
deaf  and  partially  paralyzed  for  nine  years.  Dr.  light  upon  it  in  a  dark  chamber :  but,  havmg 
C.  K.  Mills  thinks  he  is  justified  in  contending  first  in  darkness  stimulated  a  muscle  with  indue- 
that  the  center  for  word-hearing  is  situated  in  tion  currents  too  weak  to  give  a  visible  effect, 
the  hinder  third  of  the  first  and  second  temporal  and  then  suddenly  illuminated  the  muscle  with 
convolutions,  and  is  possibly  restricted  to  the  an  arc  light,  the  muscle  showed  slight  tremula- 
second,  and  that,  although  the  auditory  cerebral  tion.     Not  thinking  this  conclusive,  however, 
arrangements  have  their  chief  development  in  M.  d'Arsonval  attached  a  muscle  to  the  middle 
the  left  temporal  lobes,  destruction  of  the  opposite  of  a  piece  of  skin  stretched  on  a  funnel,  and  con- 
center is  necessary  in  order  to  abolish  hearing  nected  the  tube  of  the  funnel-  by  means  of  a 
entirely.  piece  of  India-rubber  tube  with  the  ear.    The 
Mnsctllmr  Hystem. — It  has  been  observed  by  muscle  being  now  subject  to  intense  intermittent 
Dr.  John  Berry  Haycraft  that  where  a  muscle  is  light,  he  heard  a  tone  corresponding  to  the 
stimulated  by  an  electrical  shock  all  the  fibers  period  of  illumination,  and  this  ceased  when  the 
of  the  nerve  receive  the  same  stimulus  and  all  muscle  was  killed  by  heat. 
the  fibers  of  the  muscles  to  which  the  nerve  The  origin  of  the  croaking  or  grunting  noise 
passes  contract  together  and  in  the  same  way.  made  by  the  perch  {Hajploidonotus grunnic^ta)  has 
This  is  not  the  case  when  a  muscle  contracts  on  been  investigated  by  Dr.  W.  R.  Hamilton.    The 
receiving  a  natural  nerve  stimulation.    The  cen-  fish  is  furnished  with  a  masticatory  apt>aratu8 
tral  nervous  system  seems  unable  to  affect  all  in  the  gullet,  of  which  the  lower  division  has  a 
the  fibers  of  a  muscle  through  the  numerous  flat,  triangular  upper  surface,  studded  over  with 
nerve  fibers  passing  to  it  in  such  a  manner  that  spheroidal  processes  answering  to  teeth  ;  while 
they  all  shall  contract  exactly  in  the  same  way.  tne  upper  division  is  composed  of  two  parts 
This  is  supposed  to  be  the  case  from  the  fact  united  by  a  ligament,  the  lower  surfaces  of 
that  fascicular  movements  are  always  present  which  are  supplied  with  similar  teeth.     The 
within  a  muscle  during  a  voluntary  or  a  reflex  divisions  of  this  apparatus  are  furnished  with 
contraction,  so  that  tracings  taken  from  differ-  powerful  muscles  by  which  they  can  be  pressed 
ent  parts  of  the  same  muscle  invariably  differ  together  and  moved  rapidly  on  each  other.    By 
from  one  another.    These  fascicular  movements  this  process  the  fish  masticates  the  crustaceans 
occurring  within  it  will  prevent  any  muscle  from  on  which  it  feeds,  and  the  croaking  is  produced 
pulling  with  perfect  steadiness  on  any  lever  or  by  the  teeth  coming  in  contact, 
other  registering  apparatus,  and  the'  tracings  Herr  Meyer,  of  Hamburg,  denies  that  ventrilo- 
taken  by  means  of  such  apparatus  will  show  os-  quism  consists  in  speaking  while  inspiring  and 
dilatory  waves,  often  very  rhythmical  in  their  without  the  cavity  of  the  mouth  acting  as  a 
appearance.      Many  observers*  have  concluded  resonator.    On  the  contrary,  he  says  ventrilo- 
from  an  explanation  of  these  tracings  that  they  quists   speak  while  expiring  a.  d  move   their 
indicate  that  the  central  nervous  system  dis-  mouths.      Laryngoscopic  observations    on  the 
charges  impulses  into  the  muscle  at  a  rata  cor.-  author,  who  practices  the  art.  showed  that  in 
responding  with  that  of  the  oscillations  observed,  ventriloquizing  the  vocal  opening  of  the  larynx 
The  author  finds  that  the  fascicular  movements  is  shortened  as  it  is  when  producing  the  falsetto, 
account  fully  for  the  oscillations ;  he  suggests,  and  that  the  soft  palate  is  pressed  back  and  the 
also,  that  they  probably  account  for  the  prodiic-  uvula  becomes  invisible.    The  graphic  record  of 
tion  of  the  muscle  sound,  which  Helmholtz  has  experiments  made  by  Prof.  Oad  on  Herr  Meyer 
pointed  out  was  chiefly  an  ear-resonance  sound,  showed  that  the  curve  obtained  when  a  certain 
As  the  results  of  research  made  several  years  sentence  is  spoken  in  the  ordinary  w.  ,y  is  identi- 
ago.  Prof.  Haycraft  believes  that  the  cross-strip-  cal  with  the  one  which  is  described  when  the 
ing  of  a  muscle  depends  on  the  moniliform  divis-  same  sentence  is  spoken  vcntriloquially.    In  the 
ions  of  the  muscular  fibrils,  and  not  on  their  latter  ca««e  the  volume  of  air  expired  was  less 
structure.    In  later  experiments  he  took  castings  than  during  normal  speech.    Dr.  Benda  believes 
of  muscular  fibers,  assuming  that  if  the  casts  that  when  ventriloquizing  the  Eustachian  tubes 
should  exhibit  the  microscopical  appearance  of  are  open,  and  the  cavity  of  the  tympanum,  to- 
the  muscle  those  appearances  conld  be  due  only  gether  with  the  tympanic  membrane,  are  set  into 
to  its  form.    After  several  trials  he  found  the  simultaneous  vibration,  for  the  curious  veiled 
most  satisfactory  method  to  be  that  of  stamping  tones  of  ventriloquism  resemble  the  tones  pro- 
moist  collodion  with  fibers.    A  drop  of  collodion  duced  by  speaking  while  yawning,  and  then  the 
was  placed  upon  a  glass  slide,  and  before  it  was  Eustachion  tubes  are  certainly  open  and  the 
quite  dry  some  muscle  fibers  were  pressed  upon  it  tympanic  cavity  acts  as  a  resonator. 


742  PHYSIOLOGY. 

Explaining  to  the  Physiological  Society  of  tie  doubt  that  it  is  true  at  least  of  all  mammals. 

Berlin   the  experiments  which    he   had  made  This  conclusion   raises  the   question    whether 

with  a  view  to  the  analysis  of  the  muscular  other  animals  do  not  obey  tne  same  law,  and 

sense.    Dr.    Goldschneider    said    that    he    had  sets,  too,  the  more  general  problem  whether  in 

availed  himself  of  localized  anesthesia  produced  all  living  beings  there  is  not  a  certain  impulse 

by  Faradio  currents,  and  of  the  exclusion  of  given  at  the  time  of  impregnation,  and  whether 

conscious  volitional  impulses.      Perception   of  this  trnpulse  ^does  not  gradually  fade  out,  &<o 

motion  takes  place  at  the  joints,  and  is  not  that  from  the  very  beginning  of  the  new  growth 

affected  by  want  of  sensitiveness  in  the  skin,  there  occurs  a  diminution  in  the  rate  of  growth. 

The  time  required  for  the  perception  of  the  mo-  Concerning  the  action  of  alcohol  on  the  sys^ 

tion  is  very  short,  and  is  unaffected  by  the  posi-  tem,  Chittenden's  experiments  show  that  in  dogs 

tion  of  the  limb.    The  muscles  are  not  concerned  it  causes  no  very  striking  specific  action  upon 

in  perceiving  the  position  of  the  limb,  this  being  the  general  metabolism  of  proteid  matter.    1  his 

dependent  on  the  central  nervous  system,  and  the  author  supposes  alcohol  to  act  as  a  non-nitro- 

recognition  of  resistance  experienced  in  raising  genous  fooa,  protecting  the  nitrogen  of  the  body 

and  Towering  weights  is  brought  about  by  means  and  somewhat  lessening  the  nitrogenous  output, 

of  the  varying  pressure  exerted  by  the  surfaces  The  excretion  of  uric  acid  was  much  increased  by 

of  the  joints  against  each  other.    The  speaker  the   action    of   the   alcohol,    but    no    distinct 

summed  up  the  outcome  of  his  researches  as  a  diuretic  action  was  observed.    Some  inconclu- 

whole  in  the  conclusion  that  the  muscular  sense  sive  experiments  by  Strassmann  upon  a  litter  of 

is  compounded  of  three  peripheral  sensations-^  puppies|,  some  of  which  were  given  measured 

of  a  sensation  of  movement  resulting  from  the  quantities  of  spirits,  tended  to  show  that  the 

displacement  of  the  condyles,  of  a  sensation  of  peroentaffe  weight  was  distinctly  greater  in  the 

weight  produced  by  the  tension  of  the  tendons,  alcohol  dogs  for    liver   and    kidneys,  but   es- 

and  of  a  sensation  of  resistance  due  to  the  press-  pecially  for  the  fat.    In  experiments  upon  man, 

ure  of  the  articular  surfaces  against  each  other.  Strassmann  endeavored  to  determine  the  elimi- 

Tnere  is  still  another  sensation — that  of  posui-  nation  of  alcohol  by  the  lungs.     In  six  experi- 

tion — which  results  from  pressure,  tension,  and  ments,  upon  three  persons,  the  average  amount 

stretching  of  the  skin  ana  other  local  stimuli,  excreted  oy  the  lungs  during  four  hours  was  5*1 

Prof.  Gad  held,  in  opposition  to  these  views,  that  per  cent  of  the  quantity  of  alcohol  taken.    In 

the  perception  of  resistance  is  not  directly  a  sen-  five  experiments,  on  two' persons,  an  average  ex 

sation,  but  a  judgment,  based  upon  the  relation  cretion  of  1*7  per  cent,  of  alcohol  through  the 

of  the  movement  to  the  innervation  and  muscu-  kidneys  was  determined.    Certain  variations  in 

lar  tension.  these  experiments  suggested  the  possibility  of 

MIscellmneons. — A  series  of  investigations  of  the  influence  of  renaj  peculiarities.    Strassmann 
the  growth  of  guinea  pigs  are  describeiri  by  Mr.  agrees  with  Bodlftnder,  with  whose  experiment :« 
C.  S.  Minot,  in  a  paper  on  "Senescence  and  He-  he  compared  his  own,  in  supposing  that  the 
Juvenation.**    The  author  remarked  some  curious  greater  part  of  the  alcohol  is  disposed  of  in  the 
variations  in  the  growth  of  male  and  female  body  and  not  excreted  as  alcohol.    It  appeared 
animals  about  the  age  of  puberty,  and  adimi-  incidentallyinanotherseriesof  experiments  that 
nution  in  the  rate  of  growth  which  occurs  in  60  grammes  of  alcohol  had  no  deleterious  influ- 
animals  of  both  sexes,  beginning  about  the  end  ence  upon  the  digestive  powers  of  a  man  accns- 
of  the  fourth  month,  and  which  is  greater  in  tomed  to  take  that  quantity.    The  effect  of  the 
amount  and  longer  in  duration  in  the  female,  is  different  alcohols  on  the  heart  has  been  tabulated 
believed  to  correspond  to  the  post-pubertal  re-  by  Dr.  Hemmeter  according  to  the  average  lessen- 
tardation  in  man.     Each  animal,  according  to  in^  of  the  amount  of  blood  pumped  out  during 
the  observations,  strives  to  reach  a  particular  thirty  seconds.    The  table  shows  the  effects  to  be 
si7^  but  while  some  grow  for  a  time  too  rapid-  in  the  following  order,  beginning  with  the  small- 
ly,  others  p-ow  too  slowly ;  but  it  appears  that  est  and  advancing  to  the  Urgest :  Ethvl,  methrl, 
if  an  individual  grows  for  a  period  with  excess-  propyl,  butyl,  and  amvl  alcohol    It  shows  a  re- 
ive rapidity,  a  period  of  slower  growth  imme-  markable  increase  of  the  weakening  effect  of  the 
diately  follows,  and  vice  versa.    Those  that  re-  alcohol  as  the  member  of  CHi  molecnles  in- 
main  behind  for  a  time,  if  they  continue  in  good  creases,  it  being,  with  the  exception  of  ethvU  or 
health,  make  up  the  loss  soon  after.    Hence,  to  common  alcohol,  twice  as  bad  in  the  ca'se  of 
dwarf  a  guinea  pig  permanentlv  requires  a  very  each  of  the  members  as  of  its  predecessor  in  the 
long  interference.    The  fact  is  brought  out  that  series.    The  justness  of  the  criticism  set  up  in 
a  female  guinea  pig  may  bear  young  without  these  experiments  has,  however,  been  criticised, 
impeding  its  own  growth.      But  immediately  and  they  can  not  be  regarded  as  conclusive, 
after  delivery  a  great  and  rapid  loss  of  weight  Attention  is  called  by  the  author  of  the  experi- 
occurs.  and  continues  for  several  days.    The  ment  to  the  fact  that  ethyl  alcohol  appears  from 
diminution  then  proceeds  at  a  slower  rate  for  the  table  to  be  the  least  deleterious  of  the  series, 
about  three  weeks,  after  which  the  recovery  of  and  that  it  fails  to  act  on  the  heart  as,  acconling 
weight  begins.    In  the  process  of  growing  old,  to  its  chemical  position,  it  should, 
one  of  the  most  characteristic  features  is  loss  of  In  experiments  bv  MM.  Charrin  and  Rofrer 
the  power  of  growth.    Mr.  Minot  concludes  that  to  determine  the  effects  of  fatiirue  upon   the 
a  progressive  loss  in  the  power  of  growth  takes  susceptibility  to  infection,  8  white  rats  which 
place  in  guinea  pigs,  beginning  almost  immedi-  had  been  severely  exercised  for  four  days  in  a 
ately  after  birth,  and  he  extends  his  conclusion  rotating  squirrel  cage  were  inoculated  with  the 
to  embrace  the  supposition  thnt  a  loss  of  growth  charbon  virus,  and  with  them  4  other  animals 
power  is  eqnallv  demonstmble  in  the  case  of  that  had  not  been  exercised.    Seven  of  the  8 
men  and  of  other  animals,  and  that  there  is  lit-  tired  animals  died,  while  the  4  which  had  not 


PHYSIOLOGY.  PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON.         743 

been  subjected  to  the  exercise  survived.    Siroi-  them,  which  may  be  thought  to   purge   and 

lar  res$ult8  were  obtained  in  other  modified  ex-  purify  the  tissues  without  the  ordinaiT  purging 

periment^  all  leading  to  the  conclusion  that  action  of  the  salts bei&g  an  important  ieatuie  at 

busceptibility  is  increased  by  fatigue.  all. 

A  series  of  experiments  is  reported  l^  Herr  The  way  in  which  altered  plant  pigments  take 
Rubner  on  the  difference  with  which  dry  heat  part  in  larval  coloring  has  been  under  investiga- 
and  cold  and  moist  heat  are  born  by  the  animal  lion  by  E.  B.  Poulson.  The  earlier  experiments 
and  human  constitutions.  Dogs,  fasting  or  fed,  indicated  that  the  green  ground  color  of  larvie 
being  observed  in  an  air  calorimeter,  it  appeared  of  certain  species  was  due  to  derived  green  pig- 
that  moist  air  increased  the  loss  of  heat  by  con-  ments  dissolved  in  the  blood,  while  it  was  argued 
fiuction  and  radiation.  For  every  variation  of  1  that  in  other  species  the  pigments  passed  from 
per  cent  in  the  air  moisture,  heat  was  parted  the  blood  into  the  hypodermic  cells  and  so 
with  to  the  extent  of  0*82  per  cent.  In  a  previous  colored  the  lan'ie.  It  was  still  uncertain  whether 
investigation  Herr  Rubner  had  demonstrated  the  the  color  of  the  blood  assisted  in  producing  any 
lessened  yield  of  water  by  evaporation  from  of  the  ground  color  in  those  lanrsB  in  which  the 
animals  when  the  air  moisture  is  increased,  in-  color  was  also  segregated  in  the  hypodermic  cells, 
volving  lessened  loss  of  heat.  Here,  then,  are  The  author*s  later  investigations  with  the  larva  of 
two  antagonistic  influences.  The  author  is  in-  Sphinx  oeeUatns  have  shown  that  the  blood  is 
clined  to  regard  the  increased  radiation  and  con-  only  faintly  tinged  with  derived  pigments,  and 
duction  in  the  open  air  as  the  primary  action,  that  it  can  not  produce  any  effect  upon  the  Ian  al 
and  the  diminished  evaporation  as  secondary. 
The  colder  feeling  of  moist  cold  than  dry  is 


appearance  until  it  has  been  collected  in  the 
superficial  cells.    The  fact  that  the  derived  pig- 
readily  explained  by  the  increased  heat  radiation,     ment  is  associated  with  a  proteid  in  the  blood 


In  moist  lieat,  with  the  sense  of  oppression  it  makes  it  almost  certain  tnat  the  procesf^es  of 

brings,  this  factor  passes  into  the  background,  modification  and  association  are  the  direct  re- 

The  degree  of  temperature,  and  some  other  in-  suits  of  proto[)Iai!mic  activity,  and  not  of  fer- 

fluences   of   complex    nature,   also    affect    the  ments,  etc.,  which  have  themselves  been  formed 

amount  of  radiation.  by  that  agency. 

The  investigations  by  Heidenhain  of  the  flow  Dr.  F.  Slaas  describes  two  chemically  distinct 

and  production  of  lymph  tend  to  the  support  of  groups  of  pigments  occurring  in  man— melanine 

the  theory  that  the  supply  of  lymph  to  the  and  granular  coloring  matters.    The  latter  are 

tissues  is  derived  from  a  secretion,  as  against  found  at  all  periods  of  life,  but  increase  in  quan- 

that  which  regards  it  as  a  filtration  from  the  tity  and  in  the  size  of  the  granules  with  age. 

blood.    Among  the  considerations  cited  in  sup-  They  are  normal  products,  not  morbid ;  are  not 

port  of  this  view  are  the  amount  of  lymph  that  only  transformed,  but  are  produced  by  corpuscle- 

lias  to  be  furnished  under  ceriain  conditions,  carrying  cells,  and  are  not  wholly  derived  from 

certain    influences    of   changes    in  arterial  or  theblc^.  The  pigment  found  in  the  heart  is  de- 

venous  pressure  causing  conditions  not  in  ac-  rived  from  a  fattjr  body.    The  several  pigments 

cord  with  any  filtration  theorv;   and  the  dis-  can  be  distinguished  by   their  reactions  with 

covery    by    the    author    of    tne    existence    of  hydrochloric  and  acetic  acids,  and  with  caustic 

•*  lymphagogues  " — substances  which  increase  the  potash. 

lymph  flow  either  by  causing  a  direct  secretion  Experiments  are  described  by  Dr.  Yatsuty.  of 

from  the  blood,  or  by  withdrawing  water  from  Zhitomir,  Russia,  on  the  influence  of  age  on  the 

the  tissues  and  sending  it  into  the  lymph  and  rapidity  of  absorption  of  dnigs.     The  author 

into  the  blood.    In  the  increase  of  the  lymnh  gave  iodide  of  potassium  or  salicylate  of  soda,  in 

flow  under  the  operation  of  lymphagogues  of  the  doses  proportioned  to  the  weight  of  the  individ- 

flrst  class,  a  quantitative  comparison  shows  that  ual,  to  healthy  male  subjects  of  ages  ranging 

the  lymph  has  gained  water  and  organic  sub-  from  eight  to  over  eighty  years.    The  urine  was 

Ftances.  but  not  salts,  and  that  the  blood  plasma  examined    every  three  minutes  in  the  case  of 

has  lost  water  and  organic  substances.      That  both  salts,  and  the  saliva  every  two  minutes  in 

this  transfer  of  material  is  no  filtration,  is  shown  the  case  of  the  iodide— while  no  evidence  of  sali- 

by  the  fact  that  when  the  Mood  flow  has  been  cvlic  acid  was  detected  in  the  saliva  at  any  time, 

shut  off  for  some   time    the   introduction    of  The  general  result  of  the  tabulated  experiments 

organic  sulwtances  causes  no  increase  in  the  showed  that  absorption  occurred  more  rapidly  in 

lymph  flow  the  prolonged    anfpmia.  it  is  as-  the  younger  persons  in  proportion  to  their  youth, 

sumcd,  having  altered  the  cells  whose  activity  is  but  wide  variations  occurred  in  comparing  indi- 

involved.    To  the  second  class  of  lymphagogues  viduals ;  so  that  although  the  average  rapiaity  of 

belong  sugar,  urea,  and  salts  when  sent  into  the  absorption  was  found  to  diminish  distinctly  as 

blood  in  considerable    quantities.      Such    sub-  age  advanced,  it  was  not  possible  to  fay  with 

stances  leave  the  blood  rapidly,  as  others  had  certainty  that  a  particular  person  would  absorb 

shown,  and  the  blood  gains  water.    But  the  in-  one  of  the  drugs  more  rapidly  than  a  person  who 

troduction  of  grape  sugar  or  sodium  chloride  also  was  a  good  desl  older. 

enormously  increases  the  amount  of  Ivmph  and  PORTER,  DAYID  DIXON,  an  American 

the  flow  of  urine  from  the  kidnev.  'Since  the  naval  officer,  bom  in  Chester.  Pa..  June  8,  1813: 

amount  of  water  in  the  blood,  in  the  lymph,  and  died  in  Washington,  D.C.,  Feb.  18.  1891.    His 

in  the  urine  becomes  greater,  it  follows  that  this  great-grandfather  commanded  a  Boston    mcr- 

"  sugar  lymph  "  can  have  no  other  source  than  chantman.  and  rendered  substantial  assistance  to 

the  water  of  the  tissues ;  it  is  tissue  lymph,  and  the  colonies  during  the  Revolution  ;  his  grand- 

not  blood  lymph.    The  experiments  suggest  that  father  commanded  with  distinction  two  Conti 

the  action  of  many  saline  waters  may  be  due  to  nental  vessels  in  the  same  war:  and  the  services 

such  movement  of  the  lymph  as  is  shown  in  of  his  father  during  the  war  with  England  in 


7U 


PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON. 


]S1d-'15  were  conspicuous  in  that  unusuall}' 
brilliant  naval  period.  The  laws  at  heredity 
would  have  been  violnttd  hud  the  subject  ol  Ibis 
sketch  not  adopted  the  professiun  of  arms.  He 
studied  at  Columbian  Colle)^  Washington,  D.  C, 
for  some  yean,  and  saw  bis  Qrat  service  in  lti24, 
wDon,  at  the  age  of  eleven,  he  accompanied  his 
father,  then  in  comiumid  of  the  ''  John  Adam^i,'' 
on  an  expedition  to  suupress  piracy  in  the  West 
Indies.  His  father  resigned  hia  commission 
in  the  United  Sr&tes  navy  in  182G  on  account 
of  what  he  deemed  unjust  treatment  in  regard 
to  the  Foxardo  incident,  and  accepted  command 
of  the  Mexican  naval  forces,  followed  by  his  son, 
who  was  nppointed  a  midshipman  in  the  same 
service.  VounK  I'orler  was  sent  to  the  schooner 
■'  Esmeralda,"  commanded  by  his  cousin.  Captain 
D,  H.  Porter,  and  engaged  in  preying  upon  Spun- 


ish  oomineroe.    After  an   active,  adventurous, 
'  1.  the  ship  returned  to  Kev 
C  ot  a  mutiny  on  board,  which 


Westo 


teen  years  ... 

to  Captain  Porter,  who  disabled  the  ringleaders 
and  brought  all  to  terms.  Only  three  ot  the  crew 
had  remaineil  faithful,  and  with  these  men  on 
duty,  and  the  mutineers  ironed  by  a  novel  device 
to  the  dock,  the  schooner  passeil  safely  through 
the  blockading  Spanish  Soet  and  got  to  port. 

In  1830  Porter  sailed  as  midshipman  in  the 
"Guerrero."  commanded  by  his  cousin.  Oft 
Muriel,  Cuba,  a  convoy  of  Spanish  vessels  was 
encountered,  accompanied  by  two  brigs- of- 
war.  Uotwith standing  the  inferiority  of  force, 
the  "Querrero"  was  cleared  (or  oction  and 
headed  for  the  enemy.  The  brigs  ran  under 
cover  ota  small  foi't,  a  spirited  fire  was  opened, 
and  in  half  an  honr  one  ot  the  brigs  struck  her 
flaS  and  several  ot  the  convoy  were  sunk.  At 
this  juncture  a  Spanish  frigate,  the  "  Lealtad," 
hove  insight,  anil  the  "Uuerrero"  made  sail  to 
escape.  Next  morning  the  Mexican  was  over- 
hauled by  the  Spaniard,  and,  seeing  that  ascape 


wasimposaible,Porterc1earedfor action.  Hisfirst 

two  broadsides  were  most  effective,  but  the  liupe- 
riority  of  the  "  Lealtad's  "  metal  told,  and  at  i  be 
end  of  an  hour  the  "  Ouerrero"  was  a  surrendereil 
wreck,  the  captain  killed,  and  several  officers  and 
men  kflled  or  wounded.  The  "Guerrero"  waa 
towed  into  Havana,  and  Midshipman  Porter  vas 
co]>flned  as  a  prisoner,  having  declined  parole. 

Un  Feb.  2,  1829,  Porter  was  appoinitAl  a  mid- 
shipman in  the  United  States  navy,  and  in  ISSU  be 
woH  attached    to   the    frigate   ''Constellation," 
Mediterranean  squadron.     He  was  attached    to 
the  frigate  "  United  IJUtes  "  in  lUSi,  and  to  the 
line-of- battle    ship   "  Delaware "  in    iS35,  both 
belonging  to  the  Medit<.>rranean  squadmn.     He 
was  promoted  to  passed  midshipman   on  July  3, 
ISaS;   was  on    coast -survey  duty   in    1B37- 40 ; 
promoted  to  lieutenant,   Feb.  37,  1841;  on  the 
frigala  "Congress,"  Mediterranean  squadron. 
In   1843-'4S;  at   the    Naval  Ubscrvaturj   ia 
1848;    on   a  special   mission   to   Hayti   and 
Santo   Domingo,   under  the   Defiartment  ot 
Slate,  in  1(146.     His  success  in  this  mission 
was  substantial,  and  received  hig'h  praise. 

The  outbreak  of   war  with  Mexico  found 
Lieut.  Porter  unattached  in  Washington, and 
soon  he  was  ordered  to  New  Orleans  in  charge 
ot  recruits  for  the  Gulf  squadron,  and  on  bis 
arrival  at  Vera  Cruz  with  300  men  was  or- 
dered by  Flag-officer  Conner,  as  first  lieuten- 
ant of  the  "SpitBre,"L'apt.  Tatnall.     Opera- 
tions against  tne  enemy  began  on  the  relief  of 
Commodore   Conner  by  Commodore   M.   C. 
Perry,  March  21,  1847.     Fronting  Ihe  south 
'~~     face  of  Vera  Cruz  a  liattery  constructed  and 
manned  by  the  navy  did  great  damage  to  the 
turti&cations  of  the  city,  and   in  two  da)-s 
silenced  most  of  the  guns  on  that  side.     Aa 
several  forla  on  the  water  side,  apposite  San 
Juan  d'Ulloo.  were  out  of  effective  range  of 
the  shore  battery.  Commodore  Perry  sent  the 
"Spitfire"  and  three  other  vessels  to  attack 
them.    The  little  flotilla  anchored  close  under 
the  city  walls,  and  in  a  few  hours  effected 
great  destruction  in  the  enemy's  works.     Al 
night  Lieut.  Porter  volunteered  and  received 
permission  to  scout  in  and  sound  the  passages 
that  led  to  the  flanking  forts  of  the  city.     This 
undertaking  was  completely  successful,  and  ear- 
ly the  next  morning  the  four  vessels  got  under 
way  and  attacked  the  southern  batl«ries,  Lieut. 
Porter  acting  as  pilot  through  the  intricate  chan- 
nels.    The   enemy   was  driven  from   bis  worlo, 
but  the  flotilla  being  exposed  to  a  hot  and  dan- 
gerous flre  from  San  Juan  d'Ulloa,  Commodore 
Perry  signaled  TalnaU  t^  retire  from  action.   This 
gentleman,  however,  had  ordered  his  signal  quar- 
termaster not  to  look  toward  the  flag-ship,  and 
the  action  went  on  until  a  verbal  order  to  rttire 
at  once  was  brought  to  Tatnall  from  the  flag- 
ofllcer.     The  fiotillathen  withdrew,  amid  hearty 
cheers  from  the  main  squadron. 

In  April,  184T,  the  "Spilflre"  was  again   era- 

E loved  on  active  service.  She.  with  four  gnn- 
Dats  and  a  few  small  steamers,  was  dismantled 
for  crossing  the  bar  on  an  expedition  to  Tus- 

Ssn.  On  this  oeeapion  she  acted  as  Commo- 
ore  Perry's  flag-ship.  The  enemy  was  well 
fortiBed  and  armed,  and  hod  made  all  prepara- 
tions for  a  determined  resistance,  but  in  halt  an 
hour  after  the  Are  was  opeued  the  Mexicans  wct« 


PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON.  746 

driven  from  their  guns,  the  batteries  were  capt-  boats  while  attempting  to  steal  into  Barrataria 

ured,  and  Tuspan  hky  at  the  mercj  of  the  flotii-  Bay.    Learning  tlius  uf  the  "  Sumter's"  escape, 

la.     Lieut.  Porter,  now  executive  of  the  *^  Spit-  Porter  made  alter  her,  but  although  he  kept  up 

fire,"  directed  the  fire  of  the  heavy  pivot  gun,  the  chase  through  St.  Thomas,  Cura9oa,  Trini- 

aiid  to  that  gun's  accuracy  and  rapidity  of  work  dad,  Maranham,  and  Paramaribo,  and  although 

was  due  much  of  the  quick  success  of  the  fight,  he  was  at  one  time  within  30  miles  of  her,  the 

In  May  Uapt.  Tatnall  was  relieved  of  the  com-  privateer  finally  escaped,  and  the  ''  Powhatan  " 

uiand  of  the  *'  Spitfire  "  by  Capt.  S.  S.  Lee,  and  returned  for  repairs  to  the  United  States,  where 

the  tlag-ofiicer,  in  early  June,  began  preparations  Porter  was  detached  and  promoted  to  the  rank 

lor  an  attack  on  Tobasoo,  up  the  river  Tobasco.  of  commander. 

The   expedition    was   com|>osed   of    the  light-  On  his  i-elief  from  the  command  of  the  ^*  Pow- 
draught  vessels  of  the  squadron,  two  bomb  ves-  hatan  "  he  was  called  into  consultation  with  the 
sets,  and  several  armed  boats'  crews,  the  whole  President,  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  the 
being  under  the  personal  supervision  of  the  com-  Assistant  Secretary,  Mr.  Fox,  in  regard  to  a  pro- 
xnodore.    On  June  Itf  the  *'  Spitfire  "  forced  the  posed  demonstration  againi<t  New  Orleans,  which 
obstructions  in  the  river,  passed  up  and  attacked  Commander  Porter  strongly  recommended.    He 
Fort  Iturbide,  with  a  full  force  of  men  and  seven  was  also  delegated  to  ascertain  whether  the  com- 
heavy  guns.    Lieut.  Porter,  with  68  men,  landed,  mand  of  the  proposed  expedition  would  be  SCTee- 
charged,  and  captured  the  fort.    Meanwhile  the  able  to  Capt.  David  G.  Farragut.    That  officer 
commodore    had    landed  16    miles  below  and  gladly  seized  his  opportunity,  and  Porter  was 
was  marching  overland  upon  Tobasco,  and  five  madeeecond  in  command,  in  charge  of  a  mortar 
hours  after  the  capture  of  Fort  Iturbide  reached  flotilla,  at  his  own  sug^cestion,  an  auxiliary  force, 
that  point,  his  men  very  much  overcome  by  the  the  character  of  which  ne  was  allowed  personally 
heat.    But  for  the  action  of  the  **  Spitfire,"  Com-  to  determine.    It  has  been  said  on  excellent  au- 
inodore  Perry's  march  might  have  had  a  more  thority  that  the  command  of  the  Mississippi 
disastrous  terujination.    For  this  gallant  affair  fleet  was  first  offered  to  Porter,  who  declined  on 
Commander  S.  S.  Lee  was  promoted  to  the  com-  the  ground  that  he  did  not  hoid  sufficient  rank 
mand  of  the  frigate  '*  Mississippi,"  and  Lieut,  for  a  command  of  such  magnitude,  and  that  his 
Porter  was  given  command  of  the  *'  Spitfire."  services  up  to  that  period  bad  not  been  of  such 
Porter  was  in  every  action  on  the  Atlantic  coast  importance  as  to  justify  his  selection.    That  he 
of  Mexico  during  the  war,  and  was  also  in  sev-  then  proposed  Farragut's  name  is  beyond  all 
eral  engagements  on  shore.    His  vessels  never  doubt.    On  the  fleet's  arrival  at  Belize  many  of 
had  an  accident.    In  1848  and  1849  Lieut.  Por-  the  ships  were  found  to  be  so  deep  that  it  was 
ter  was  on  coast-survey  duty.     On  the  discovery  necessary  to  lighten  them  before  they  could  cross 
of  gold  in  Califoniia  he  received  leave  of  ab-  the  bar.    Of  tliis  work  Porter  took  personal  su- 
sence  and  obtained  command  of  a  Pacific  mail  pervision,  and  piloted  the  ships  up  the  river  pns 
steamer,  the  "  Georgia."    During  1854  he  com-  paratory  to  the  passage  of  the  forts,  selecting  a 
manded  a  merchant  vessel,  the  *•  Golden  Age,"  berth  for  each  vessel.     By  Porter's  order  the 
and  in  1855,  his  furlough  having  expired,  he  was  mortar  boats  were  covered  with  bushes,  so  that 
ordered  to  the  command  of  the  store-ship  **  Sup-  it  was  difficult  for  the  enemy  to  distinguish  them 
ply."     He  was  attached  to  the   navy  yard  at  from  the  surrounding  banks,  and  by  this  strata- 
Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  from  1858  to  1860.  gem  the  effect  of  the  Confederate  fire  was  ma- 
On  the  breaking  out  of  hostilities   in  1861  terially  diminished.    The  result  of  the  attack  on 
Porter  volunteered  to  save  Fort  Pickens,  then  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip  is  well  known, 
invested  by  Gen.  Bragg,  if  provided  with  suffi-  Throughout  the  engagement  Porter  was  Farra- 
cient  force.    President  Lincoln,  who  had  great  gut's  right  hand  and  counselor.  For  six  days  and 
confidence  in  Porter*s  dash  and  ability,  consid-  six  nights  the  mortar  fleet  unremittingly'  hom- 
ered and  approved  the  scheme,  and  gave  him  barded  the  forts,  the  men  being  divided  into 
command  of  an   expedition  consisting  of  the  three  watches,  and  this  destructive  fire  was  a 
side- wheel    steamship    *'  Powhatan  "    and    the  prominent  factor  in  the  successful  result  of  the 
troop-ship  "  Arctic,"  carrying  600  troops  with  engagement.    Flag-officer  Farragut  pushed  past 
their  arms  and  munitions  of  war.   The  "  Arctic  "  thera  to  New  Orleans,  leaving  their  final  reduction 
arrived  off  Pickens  on  April  16. 1861,  and  the  to  Porter,  to  whom  they  surrendered  on  April  28, 
**  Powhatan  "  a  day  later.    The  first  hostile  gun  1862.    After  the  passage  of  the  forts  by  Farra- 
fired  by  the  navy  during  the  civil  war  was  fired  gut's  fleet,  and  after  the  terms  of  their  capitula- 
by  Porter  at  a  flotilla  of  small  boats  proceeding  tion  had  been  agreed  upon,  the  enemy  set  fire  to 
to  the  attack  of  Fort  Pickens.    The  enemy  re-  the  "  Louisiana,"    a  formidable  ironclad,  and 
treated  in  disorder,  and  in  a  few  hours  the  fort  started  her  down  the  river.    When  she  hove  in 
was  rendered  secure  against  assault,  and  garri-  sight  of  the  moriar  flotilla  thev,  being  defen^e- 
sone<l  by  Gen.  Meigs's  men  from  the  "Arctic."  less,  left  the  scene  of  action,  while  Porter  with 
In   June    Porter  was    on    blockading  duty;  all  his  fighting  ships  held  their  position,  not  one 
his  ship,    the    "Powhatan,"  was   statione<l  at  of  thera  lifting  her  anchor.  When  nearly  abreast 
the   mouth  of  the  Southwest  Pass  of  the  Mis-  of  these  vessels  the  "  Louisiana  "  blew  up. 
sissippi,   while  the  "Brooklyn"  was  guarding  Forhisservicesin  this  affair  Porter  received  the 
Pass  k  rOutre.    Notwithstanding  the  precau-  congratulations  and  thanks  of  the  Department, 
tions  taken  and  the  vigilance  maintained,  the  Mention  was  made  of  the  brilliance  of  the  vic- 
Con  federate   steamer  "Sumter"    got    through  tory,  the  hundred  and  forty-four  hours  consecu- 
Pass  &  I'Outre  and  put  to  sea.    In  a  short  time  tive  bombardment  by  the'  mortar  flotilla,  and 
she  committed  great  damage  to  our  commerce  the  fact  that  success  was  largely  due  to  Porter's 
and  captured  several  prizes,  one  of  which,  the  able  assistance  and  untiring  energy. 
"  Bradford,"  wa»  taken  by  the  *'  Powhatan's "  Having  reduced  the  forts,  Porter  proceeded 


746  PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON, 

with  his  mortar  fleet  to  Vicksburg  by  order  of  the  enemy's  transports  between  Vicksburg  and 
tfie  flag-officer,  who  had  found  the  place  strong-  Port  Hudson.  Col.  Ellet  arrived  at  Red  river, 
ly  fortified.  The  mortar  boats  again  did  splendid  capturing  and  destroying  on  bis  way  several  fine 
service,  and  B'arragut  successfully  passed  the  transports.  The  *'  Queen  of  the  West "  then  re- 
batteries  on  June  28,  1862.  In  his  ofiicial  report  turned  to  the  vicinity  of  Vicksburg.  A  few 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Navy  the  flag-onieer  days  later  she  steamecl  down  and  entered  Red 
says:  "Commodore  D.  D.  Porter  came  up  on  our  river.  On  Feb.  18.  Lieut -Com.  George  Bn>wn, 
starboard  quarter  with  the  *  Octarora,'  *  West-  in  the  **  Indianola,'*  ran  the  batteries  of  Vicks- 
field,'  *  Clifton,'  *  Jackson,'  *  Harriet  Lane.'  and  burg  with  orders  to  join  the  •*  Queen  of  the 
*  Owasco,'  and  opened  fire  in  fine  style  on  the  en-  West."  Shortly  afterward  intelligence  was  re- 
eray."  And  again :  " The  mortar  flotilla  have  ceived  of  the  destruction  of  the  "Queen  of  the 
never  done  better  service  than  at  Vicksburg,  West "  in  Red  river,  and  that  the  *•  Indianola " 
notwithstanding  the  imperfection  of  their  fuses,  had  been  sunk  in  the  Mississippi.  They  had 
I  have  no  doubt  they  diu  the  forts  on  the  heights  destroyed  a  large  amount  of  property, 
great  damage,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  attack  In  nfarch  a  daring  and  novel  attempt  was 
did  much  t«  distract  the  fire  from  the  fleet."  made  by  Porter  to  get  into  the  rear  of  Vieks- 

In  July  Porter  was  ordered  with  the  mortar  burg.     By  ascending  Steele's  Bayou,  which  is 

flotilla  to  operate  as:ainst  Fort  Darling,  on  James  merely  a  ditch,  he  was  hopeful,  by  catting  a 

river,  just  below  Richmond.    But  the  Secretary  way  through  the  woods  and  widening  the  chan- 

changed   his  plans  and  Porter   was  detached  nel,  of  flnding  an  entrance  into  Yazoo  river  and 

from  the  flotilla  which  he  had   made  famous  here  effecting  his  object.    When  Porter  arrived 

and  ordered  to  the  command  of  the  Mississippi  within    a  short  distance  of  Rolling  Fork  he 

river  squadron  as  acting  rear-admiral.    He  took  found  the  channel  impracticable  and  was  forced 

command  on  Oct.  15, 1862,  and  at  once  began  to  return.    The  expedition  penetrated  into  the 

active  operations  against  the  enemy.  heart  of  the  enemy's  country  before  being  dis- 

In  November,  Capt.  H.  Walke,  in  the  "  Caron-  covered,  and  large  quantities  of  cotton  were  de- 

delet,"  commanded  an  expedition  of  ironclads  stroyed.    An  attempt  was  made  by  LieuL-Com. 

and  wooden  gunboats  up  Yassoo  river,  during  Watson  Smith,  with  a  detachment  of  gunboats, 

which  the  ironclad  " Cairo"  was  sunk  by  a  tor-  to  secure  control  of  the Coldwater,  Tallahatchee, 

pedo.    A  few  days  later  Porter  arrived  at  the  Yallabusha,  and  Yazoo  rivers,  which  would  have 

mouth  of  the  Yazoo,  and  led  an  expedition  up  opened  the  way  to  the  capture  of  Vicksburg,  as 

the  river  to  clear  the  channel  of  torpedoes  and  most  of   the    enemy's  supplies    were  receivwl 

to  draw  a  portion  of  the  enemy  from  Vicksburg  through  these  streams.    Owing  to  the  want  of 

to   the  defense  of  the  river.    By  Dec.  26  the  troops  to  co-operate,  the  object  of  the  expedition 

river  was  cleared  of  all  obstructions  up  to  the  failed,  although  several  steamers  and  5.000  bales 

place  where  the  **  Cairo  "  was  sunk.    On  the  27th  of  cotton  were  destroyed.    The  "  Switzerland  " 

the  expedition  arrived  at  a  bend  in  the  river  and**  Lancaster,*' in  attempting  to  pass  the  Vicks- 

where  a  line  of  fortifications  began,  and  the  river  burg  batteries  to  join  Farra^ut  at  Port  Hudson, 

was  obstructed  by  a  heavy  iron  -  plated  raft,  were  sunk,  and  many  of  thetr  men  disabled. 

While  the  boats  were  engap^ed  in  clearing  the  On  April  16,  1863.  the  fleet,  led  by  Porter, 

river.the flag-ship** Benton,'  Lieut-Com.Gwinn,  who  had  hoisted  his  flag  on  board  the  iron-clacl 

moved  up  to  cover  them.    She  was  struck  80  **  Benton,"  ran   past   the   Vicksburg    lotteries, 

times,  and  many  of  her  crew  were  killed  or  The  vessels  started  in  the  following  order,  50 

wounded,  among   the  latter    her  commander,  yards  apart:    "Benton,"    Lieut^-Com.   Greer; 

mortally.     The  other  vessels  handsomely  sup-  "  Lafavette,"    Capt.    Walke,   with    the    •*Gen. 

ported  the  flag-ship,  and  two  of  the  guns  were  Price  '*  lashed  on  the  starboard  side :  '*  Tx>uis- 

silenced ;  but  the  enemy's  works  could  only  have  ville,"  Lieut. -Com.  Owen ;  "  Mound  City,"  Lieut, 

been  captured  by  a  strong  landing-party.  Wilscm  ;  **  Pittsburg."  Acting  Volunteer  Lieut. 

On  Jan.  4,  1868,  Gen.  McClemand  having  re-  Hoel;    " Carondolet,"  Acting   Lieut   Murphy: 

quested  the  co-operation  of  Admiral  Porter  in  atid  " Tuscumbia,"  Lieut-Corn.  Shirk,  with ' 9 

an  attack  upon  Arkansas  Post,  the  "  Baron  de  army  transports.     Nearly  all  the  vessels  took  in 

Kalb,"  Capt.  Walke,  **  liouisville,"  Lieut.-Com.  tow  barges  containing  'each  10,000  bushels  of 

Owen,   ana  **  Cincinnati,"  Lieut.  -  Com.  Bache,  coal,  and  all  passe<l  the  batteries  in  safety.    On 

with  several   light-draft  vessels,  were   detailed  April  29,  Porter,  with  most  of  the  armed  Vessels 

for  the  purpose.    Rear- Admiral  Porter,   in  the  that  had  passed  the  batteries,  bombarded  for  six 

flag-ship  **6la(!k  Hawk,"  accompanied  the  ex-  hours  the  formidable  works  at  Grand  Gulf.     At 

pedition.    After  a  battle  of  two  days  Col.  Dim-  6  p.  m.  the  transjwrt*,  containing  a  detachment 

nington.  commander  of  the  fort,  surrendered  to  of  Gen.  Grant's  command,  pass^  down  under 

thearmyandnavy,  yielding  his  sword  to  Admiral  cover  of  the  flre.    On  May  8,  Porter,  with  four 

Porter.  *  Seventeen  heavy  guns  and  a  large  num-  ironclads,   proceeded  to  Grand  Gulf  to  attack 

ber  of  troops  were  captured.     For  his  services  the  forts,  but  found  them  evacuated ;  and  before 

here  Porter  received  the  thanks  of  Congress.  leaving,  the  enemy  had  destroved  all  the  ammu- 

On  the  next  day  Capt  Walke,  with  a  force  of  nition  and  spiked  the  guns.  Next  to  Vicksburg, 
gunboats,  proceeiied  up  Whit«  river.  On  the  this  was  the  strongest  |>osition  on  the  Mississippi. 
14th  the  town  of  St.  Charles  was  found  evacuated.  Its  occupation  greatly  facilitated  Grant's  opera- 
At  Duvall's  Bluff  he  landed  a  party  and  took  tions  in  reducing  Vicksburg. 
possession  of  two  fine  8-inch  guns  and  about  200  On  April  29.  Lieut.-Com.  Breez^e.  with  th<* 
stand  of  arms  and  accoutrements.  At  4.80  a.  m.,  "  De  jCalb,"  "  Choctaw,"  and  **  Tyler."  made 
Feb.  2,  the  ram  **  Queen  of  the  West."  Col.  a  feigned  attack  upon  Haines's  BluflF,  in  co- 
Charles  K.  Ellet,  ran  the  Vicksburg  liatteries,  operation  with  a  division  of  the  army  under 
with  orders  from  Porter  to  capture  or  destroy  Gen.  Blair,  to  prevent  the  enemy  from  sending 


PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON.  747 

re-enforcements  to  Otand  Gulf.  The  desired  On  May  27,  Porter,  at  the  urgent  request 
effect  was  accomplished.  Early  in  May  Porter  of  Gen.  Grant  and  Gen.  Sherman,  being  led 
ascended  Red  river  as  far  as  Alexandria,  which  to  believe  the  enemy  bad  removed  his  guns  to 
he  took  possession  of  and  held  until  Gen.  Banks  the  land  side,  fitted  the  **  Cincinnati "  for  the 
arrived.  On  the  15th  he  crossed  over  to  Yazoo  occasion  by  {tacking  her  with  logs  and  hay.  and 
river,  to  be  ready  to  co-o|ierate  with  Gen.  Grant,  sent  her  down  to  shell  some  works  retarding 
On  the  18th  the  firing  in  the  rear  of  Vicksburg  the  progress  of  the  army.  At  8.80  the  "Cin- 
indicated  the  approach  of  Grant.  The  cannon-  cinnati"  left  her  anchorage  and  stood  for  the 
ading  was  kept  up  furiously  for  some  time,  position  assi^ed  her.  The  enemy  fired  rapidly 
when  Porter  discovered  a  company  of  artillery  from  all  their  guns,  including  those  that  were 
advancing,  taking  position,  and  driving  the  ene-  supposed  to  have  been  removed  to  the  land  side, 
my  before  them.  Gen.  Sherman*s  division  had  The  fire  was  very  accurate,  striking  the  ''  Cin- 
come  in  to  the  left  of  Snyder*s  Bluff,  and  the  cinnati "  almost  every  time,  and  passing  entirely 
enemy  had  been  cut  off  from  joining  the  forces  through  her  protection  of  iron,  nay,  and  wood, 
in  the  city.  The  **  De  Kalb,"  *•  Choctaw."  *•  Lin-  Finding  his  vessel  would  sink,  Lieut.  Bache  ran 
den,"  **  Romeo,"  **  Pelro,"  and  **  Forest  Rose,"  up  stream  as  far  as  circumstances  would  allow, 
under  Lieut.-Com.  Breeze,  were  sent  up  the  ran  his  vessel  ashore,  and  succeeded  in  saving 
Yazoo  to  open  communication  with  Gens,  his  wounded.  She  sank  within  range  of  the 
Grant  and  Sherman.  This  they  succeeded  in,  enemy's  batteries ;  but  her  fire,  until  the  majra- 
and  in  three  hours  Porter  received  letters  from  zine  was  drowned,  was  effective.  Lieut.  Bache 
Grant,  Sherman,  and  Steele,  informing  him  of  received  the  thanks  of  the  Department  for  his 
their  successes,  and  asking  that  provisions  be  conduct  on  this  occasion.  On  the  nicrhtof  June 
sent  up,  which  was  done  at  once.  In  the  mean  19  Porter  was  notified  by  Grant  that  he  in- 
time  Walke,  in  the  **  De  Kalb,"  pushed  on  to  tended  to  open  a  general  bombardment  on  the 
Haines*s  Bluff,  which  was  found  evacuated,  and  city  at  4  ji.  j|.  and  continue  it  until  ten  o  clock, 
took  possession  of  the  guns,  tents,  etc.  The  Commander  Woodward,  of  the  **  General  Price," 
works  were  destroyed.  Upon  this  beinc;  re-  received  oi-ders  from  Porter  to  move  up  with 
ported  to  Porter,  he*  sent  up  a  force  of  pnnboats  the  **  Mound  City  "  and  "  Benton  "  and  attack  at 
from  below  Vicksburg  to  fire  at  the  hill  batteries,  the  specified  time.  Lieut.-Com.  Ramsey  was 
which  was  kept  up  for  two  or  three  hours.  At  given  charge  of  a  100- pounder  rifie,  a  10-inch 
midnight  they  moved  up  to  the  town  and  fired  gun,  and  a  9-inch  gun.  fitted  on  scows,  and 
upon  it  for  an  hour,  and  continued  at  intervals  placed  them  after  midnight  close  to  the  point 
during  the  night  to  annoy  the  garrison.  On  the  opposite  Vicksburg  protected  by  the  bank.  At 
19th  six  mortars  were  placed  in  position,  with  the  appointed  time  all  the  shore* batteries  opened 
orders  to  fire  rapidly  day  and  night.  On  the  fire,  and  also  the  guns  on  the  scows  and  the 
evening  of  the  21st  Porter  received  a  communi-  mortars.  A  little  later  the  giinboats  opened  a 
cation  from  Grant  saying  he  intended  to  attack  heavy  fire,  advancing  all  the  time  and  throwing 
the  whole  of  the  enemy^  works  at  10  a.  h.  the  shells  into  all  batteries  along  the  hills  and  near 
next  day,  and  asking  the  admiral  to  shell  the  the  city.  There  was  no  response ;  the  batter- 
batteries  from  9.80  p.  m.  until  10.80  a.  m.  The  ies  were  all  deserted.  At  ten  o'clock  the  ves- 
mortars  were  playing  rapidly  on  the  town  and  sels  and  mortars  ceased  firing.  The  mortar 
works  all  nigiit,  and  the  **  Benton,"  **  Mound  boats  had  bombarded  the  enemy's  works  for 
City,"  and  "Carondolet"  went  up  and  shelled  forty  days  continuously. 

the'water  batteries  and  other  places  where  troops  On  July  4  Vicksburg  surrendered  to  Gen. 
might  find  rest.  At  7  a.  m.  tne  "  Mound  City  "  Grant.  On  June  7,  Porter,  learning  that  the 
crossetl  the  river  and  attacked  the  hill  batteries  enemy,  about  4.000  strong,  were  about  to  attack 
opposite  the  canal.  At  eight  o'clock  Porter  Milliken*s  Bend,  where  military  stores  were  kept, 
joined  her  with  the  "  Benton."  "  Tuscumbia,"  guarded  by  two  colored  regiments  and  part  of 
and  **  Carondolet,"  and  all  the  vessels  opened  on  the  Twenty-ninth  Iowa,  the  **  Choctaw "  and 
the  hill  batteries  and  finally  silenced  them.  The  *•  Lexington,"  under  Lieut.-Com.  Ramsay,  had 
"  Benton,"  **  Mound  City,"  and  **  Carondolet "  been  dispatched  to  protect  them.  The  enemy 
then  closed  with  the  water  batteries,  leaving  the  attacked  before  daylight.  The  colored  troops 
"  Tuscumbia  "^ut  of  repair — to  keep  the  hill  met  the  onset  courageously,  and  a  company  of 
batteries  from  firing  on  the  vessels  after  they  the  Iowa  regiment  stood  tHeir  ground  until  they 
had  passed  by.  The  water  batteries  opened  furi-  were  slaughtered  to  a  man.  Killing  an  equal 
ously,  supported  by  a  hill  battery  on  the  star-  number  of  the  enemy.  The  fight  was  desperate, 
board  beam  of  the  vessels.  The*  ironclads  ad-  and  the  troops  overpowered  were  driven  behind 
vanced  to  within  280  yards  and  returned  the  fire  a  bank  near  the  water's  edge,  pursued  by  the 
without  cessation,  the  enemy's  fire  being  accu-  enemy :  but  when  the  gunboats  openea  fire 
rate  and  incessant.  The  vessels  having  been  with  shell,  grape,  and  canister,  the  enemy  fled  in 
engaged  an  hour  longer  than  Grant  requested,  wild  confusion.  On  the  fall  of  Vicksburg  Porter 
and  all  having  received  shots  under  water  which  received  letters  of  congratulation  from  Sherman 
could  not  be  stopped  while  under  way,  with-  and  the  Navy  Department,  acknowledging  the 
drew  in  a  cool  ana  handsome  style.  After  drop-  powerful  co-operation  of  the  navy  under  his 
ping  back,  it  was  found  the  enemy  had  taken  command  ana  its  great  services  during  this 
possession  again  of  one  of  ^he  lower  hill  batter-  memorable  campaign.  The  fall  of  Vicksburg  is 
les  and  was  endeavoring  to  remove  his  guns,  referred  to  by  Sherman  in  his  terse  style  as  a 
and  had  mounted  a  12-pounder  field-piece  to  fire  "victory  won  by  the  united  navy  and  army  of 
at  Gen.  McArthur's  troops  that  had  landed  a  our  country."  Porter  was  made  a  full  rear- 
short  time  before.  The  "  Mound  City "  and  admiral,  to  date  from  July  4,  1863,  the  day 
*•  Carondolet "  drove  them  off  in  a  few  minutes.  Vicksburg  surrendered. 


748  PORTER,  DAVID  DIXON. 

In  March,  1884,  Rear- Admiral  Porter  was  gunboats  at  Dtitch  Gap,  imagined  the  Federal 
ordered  to  co-operate  with  Gen.  Banks  in  an  ex-  ships  to  be  approaching  in  force,  and  destroyed 
pedition  up  Red  river  to  Shreveport.  Gen.  ail  his  own  vessels,  with  their  equipment. 
Banks,  having  been  defeated,  was  obliged  to  re-  After  the  fall  of  Richmond,  Porter  escorted 
tire  to  Grand  Ecore,  leaving  Porter  and  his  the  President  to  that  city  with  his  light  gun- 
vessels  caught  above  the  falls  at  Alexandria,  boats,  having  rendered  the'  last  important  naral 
From  this  perilous  situation  they  were  rescued  service  of  the  war. 

by   Col.  Joseph  Bailey,  of  the  engineers,  who  Porter  returned  to  Washington  to  receive  the 

constructed  a  dam  across  the  river  above  the  homage  due  to  his  achievements.     It  was  well 

falls  and  enabled  the  fleet  to  escape.  for  the  country  that  he  should  have  been  in 

On  Sept.  22,  1864,  Porter  was  ordered  to  re-  the  beginning  of  the  war  at  the  seat  of  Govem- 
lieve  Acting  Rear- Admiral  S.  P.  Lee,  command-  ment,  to  a^lvise  and  assist  in  shaping  the  naval 
ing  the  North  Atlantic  squadron,  whose  ground  policy.  In  all  this  he  was  closely  associated 
of  operation  was  between  Cape  Fear  river  and  with  Gustavus  V.  Fox.  fonnerly  an  officer  of  the 
Wilmington,  N.  C.  Porter  arrived  off  Port  navy,  a  man  of  great  ability,  who  was  one  of 
Fisher  on  Dec  24,  with  85  cruisers,  5  ironclads,  the  assistant  secretaries  of  the  nav^.  When 
and  a  reserve  of  19  vessels.  Eight  thousand  Porter  was  presented  to  Lincoln,  with  the  re- 
soldiers  in  transports,  under  command  of  Gen.  B.  markable  faculty  the  President  possessed  of 
F.  Butler,  accompanied  the  fleet.  Porter  opened  reading  character,  he  took  in  the  proportions  <»f 
fire  on  Fort  Fisher  on  the  day  of  his  arrival,  the  man,  and  through  the  terrible  strife  advised 
and,  as  he  says  in  his  official  report,  **  In  one  with  Porter  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the 
liour  and  fifteen  minutes  after  the  first  shot  was  navy  more  than  with  any  other  ofiicer.  Long 
fired  not  a  shot  came  from  the  fort.  Two  before  the  outbreak  of  the  war,  when  the  mutter- 
magazines  had  been  blown  up  by  our  shells  and  ings  of  the  storm  alone  were  heard,  but  daily 
the  fort  set  on  fire  in  several  places,  and  such  a  growing  in  strength  until  the  strife  seemed  in- 
torrent  of  missiles  was  falling  into  and  bursting  evitable,  the  navy,  with  the  exception  of  some  of . 
over  it  that  it  was  impossible  for  any  human  be-  Porter's  seiiiors,  hailed  him  as  the  coming  man 
ing  to  stand  it.  Fmding  that  the  batteries  who  was  to  lead  them  to  victory.  He  was 
were  silenced  completely,  I  directed  the  ships  to  thoroughly  equipped  in  all  branches  of  his  pro- 
keep  up  a  moderate  fire,  in  hope  of  attracting  fession,  a  man  of  great  energy  and  of  an  invtn- 
the  attention  of  the  transports  and  bringing  cible  courage,  and  known  to  possess  a  large  and 
them  in."  Gen.  Butler,  however,  having  ex-  varied  experience,  such  as  is  only  to  be  acquired 
amined  the  fort,  thought  it  '*  substantially  un-  in  actual  warfare,  and  the  great  results  that  be 
injured  as  a  defensive  work  by  the  naval  fire,*'  accomplished  show  the  transcendent  qualities  of 
and  returned  to  Hampton  Roads  without  male-  the  man. 

ing  an  assault.  The  ships,  thus  deprived  of  For  several  years  Porter  was  engaged  on  the 
military  co-operation  which  was  necessarv  for  Coast  Survey,  and  he  thus  acquired  an  experience 
the  reduction  of  the  work,  went  to  Beaufort.  N.  C,  that  proved  to  be  of  great  value,  which  he  turned 
where  Porter  began  preparations  for  another  at-  to  good  account  during  the  civil  war,  when  every 
tack,  and  wrote  to  Gen.  Grant:  '*Send  back  the  man  in  command  had  to  be  his  own  pilot.  This 
same  soldiers  with  another  general,  and  we  will  experience  enabled  him  to  take  the  vessels  com- 
capture  Fort  Fisher.*'  With  this  request  Gen.  posing  Farragut*s  fleet  over  the  bar  of  the  Mis- 
Grant  complied.  The  troops,  now  under  the  sissippi  river,  and  to  bring  them  to  an  anchor 
command  of  Gen.  Alfred  H.  Terry,  returned  to  in  the  river  below  the  forts  preparatory  to  the 
Fort  Fisher,  and  were  landed  by  the  boats  of  the  grand  attack.-  Especially  valuable  was  this 
fleet  on  Jan.  18,  1865,  and  the  fleet  again  bom-  knowledge  in  carrying  out  his  plan  of  attack  on 
barded.  On  Jan.  15  the  soldiers  assaulted  the  Fort  Fisner;  every  ship,  in  accordance  with  the 
fort  from  the  rear,  and,  aided  by  an  attack  of  programme,  moved  into  its  bertli,  which  was  no 
the  naval  brigade  on  the  sea-face  and  by  the  sooner  taken  up  than  Are  was  opened  upon  the 
heavy  fire  of  the  fleet,  captured  the  fort  after  fort.  This  was  Porter's  crowning  achievement, 
seven  hours  of  hard  fighting.  For  his  efforts  on  and  brought  forth  in  tba  strongest  light  the 
this  occasion  Porter  received  the  thanks  of  the  splendid  qualities  of  a  great  naval  captain. 
President  and  Congress  and  a  voto  of  thanks  He  was  gifted  with  singular  prevision  in  plan- 
f  rom  the  State  Legislatures.  This  was  the  fourth  ning  enterprises  of  moment  No  detail  was  in- 
vote  of  thanks  given  him  during  the  war.  significant  in  his  judgment.     When   the  time 

After  the  fall  of  Fisher,  Porter  proceeded,  for  action  came,  he  found  his  vessels  ready  in 
with  one  monitor  and  all  his  light-draught  gun-  all  respects  to  respond  to  his  call.  As  an  or- 
boats,  to  the  attack  of  Fort  Anderson,  a  strong  ganizerhewas  unexcelled.  In  all  of  his  opera- 
work  up  Cape  Fear  river,  which  he  reduced  on  tions  every  emergency  was  considered  and  pro- 
Feb.  18,  1865.  He  next  directed  his  movements  vided  for.  It  was  in  times  of  the  gTHxeaX  peril 
to  Fort  Strong,  a  battery  commanding  thd  ob-  that  his  qualities  as  a  leader  were  most  manifest, 
structions  in  the  river.  This  work  he  soon  and.  cool,  calm,  and  self-ooUected,  be  bronght 
rendered  harmless,  and  he  then  passed  the  ob-  victory  from  defeat  and  onler  from  confusion, 
structions  without  opposition.  lie  appeared  Porter  was  appointed  Superintendent  of  the 
with  his  fleet  off  Wilmmi^ton  on  Feb.  22,  1865,  Naval  Academy.  Sept.  9,  1865,  and  retained 
and  this  closed  the  last  Southern  port  to  supplies  charge  until  1869.  He  was  commissioned  vice- 
from  abroad.  admiral  July  81,  1866;  on  a  mission  to  Santo 

Porter's  next  move  was  to  City  Point,  where  Domingo  in  1866 ;  on  special  duty  at  the  Navy 

he  kept  a  portion  of  his  fleet  during  the  opera-  Department  in  1869-'70 ;  commissioned  admiral 

1  ions  against  Richmond.  Rear- Admiral  Semmes,  Aug.  15,  1870;  on  spec'ial  duty  at  Washington 

of  the  Confederate  fleet,  hearing  the  fire  of  the  from  1870  until  his  death. 


PORTUGAL.  749 

Admiral  Porter  had  an  appreciative  knowl-  Area  and  Population. — ^The  area  of  con- 
edge  of  music  and  the  arts,  and  was  a  good  tinental  Portugal  is  82,528  square  miles,  and  of 
linguist  and  a  ready  writer.  His  history  of  the  the  Azores  and  Madeira  or  Funchal  1,510  square 
navy  has  received  high  commendation  from  both  miles.  The  population  in  1881  was  4,708,178. 
European  and  American  military  critics.  He  There  are  a  large  number  of  gypsies  in  Portugal. 
was  a  man  of  medium  height,  and  possessed  and  in  the  coast  towns  about  3,000  negroes.  In 
of  immense  strength ;  this  he  turned  to  good  the  south  there  is  a  considerable  admixture  of 
account  when  on  several  occasions  he  was  at-  Jewish  and  Arab,  and  of  Dutch,  French,  and 
tacked  by  roughs  during  his  early  life.  Few  English  blood.  The  number  of  marriages  in 
men  could  stand  before  him.  His  voice  was  low,  1888  was  84.007,  against  84,823  in  1887;  the 
pleasing,  and  well  modulated,  and  the  fine  lines  number  of  births  was  168,968,  against  165,914 ; 
of  his  face  and  figure  enhanced  his  charms  of  the  number  of  deaths  was  107,485.  against  108.- 
manner  and  conversation.  He  was  always  pop-  652.  The  number  of  emigrants  was  16,928  in 
ular  with  the  reliable  element  among  both  his  1887.  and  28,981  in  1888. 

officers  and  men,  who  would  follow  him  under  Finances. — The  ordinary  receipts  for  1887-88 
all  circumstances  to  any  destination.  During  were  89,781,254  milreis  (the  milreis  =  $1.15),  the 
his  residence  in  Washington,  while  he  was  ad-  extraordinary  receipts  were  1,109.185  milreis, 
miral  of  the  navy,  no  house  was  more  eagerly  and  there  was  a  surplus  brought  down  of  7.702.- 
8ought  than  his,  and  no  one  dispensed  hospital-  868  milreis,  making  the  total  receipts  48,548,802 
ity  with  a  more  lavish  hand  or  a  more  agree-  milreis.  The  ordinary  expenditure  amounted  to 
able  effect.  He  left  a  widow  (the  daughter  of  88,244.042  milreis,  and  the  extraordinary  to  6.003,- 
Commodore  Daniel  T.  Patterson),  two  daughters,  714  milreis,  making  a  total  of  44,247.756  milreis, 
and  four  sons.  He  was  ^iven  a  grand  military  which  left  a  surplus  of  4.295,546  milreis.  Tn 
funeral,  when  the  President  and  Cabinet  and  four  years  about  22,000,000  milreis  of  new  debts 
representatives  of  both  services  united  to  do  had  been  made.  In  18^^*89  no  suras  were  raised 
honor  and  pay  the  last  tribute  of  respect  to  one  by  credit,  while  the  receipts  fell  to  87,891,835 
of  the  greatest  naval  commanders  of  this  or  any  milreis,  and  at  the  same  time  the  ordinary  ex- 
other  age.  He  is  buried  at  Arlington  among  the  penditures  of  89,165,858  milreis  was  supplement- 
nation's  dead.  His  published  work",  are :  *'Ijife  ed  by  11,526.278  milreis  of  extraordinary  expend- 
of  Commodore  David  Porter"  (1875);  "Allan  iture,  making  the  total  expenditure  60,681,681 
Dare  and  Robert  le  Diable,*'  a  romance  (1885) ;  milreis.  In  the  revised  budget  for  1889--*90  the 
**  Incidents  and  Anecdotes  of  the  Civil  War  "  receipts  from  all  sources  were  set  down  as  60,- 
(1885);  "Harry  Marline"  (1886);  and  "His-  860.000  milreis.  and  the  expenditures  as  51 ,311,- 
torv  of  the  Navy  in  the  Rebellion  ^'  (1887).  182  milreis.    At  the  beginning  of  1890-'91  the 

FOBTUGAL,  a  monarchy  in  southern  Europe,  funded  debt  was  538,816,612  milreis,  in  addition 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  the  Cortes  to  which  45,910,000  milreis  had  been  raised  by 
Geraes,  consisting  of  the  House  of  Peers  and  the  treasury  warrants  in  the  preceding  four  years, 
House  of  Deputies.  The  upper  house,  under  the  and  there  was  a  fioating  debt  of  24,832.159  mil- 
Ihw  of  July  24,  1885,  abolishing  life  peerages,  reis.  In  18(K)  a  loan  of  9.300.000  milreis  was 
when  this  law  goes  into  complete  operation  will  obtained  in  Paris,  and  treasurv  bills  were  issued 
consist  of  100  peers  appointed  for  life  by  the  to  the  amount  of  16,500.000  mflreis.  The  revenue 
King,  of  the  5()  elective  peers,  who  are  chosen  for  1890-'91  was  estimated  at  40,062,694  uiilreis 
indirectly,  and  of  the  peers  who  still  hold  seats  from  ordinary  sources,  and  the  ordinary  expend- 
by  virtue  of  birth  or  office,  viz..  princes  of  the  iture  at  42,861.117  milreis,  in  addition  to  which 
blood  royal  and  the  13  continental  bishofjs.  2,506,500  milreis  were  required  for  extraordinary 
There  were  52  hereditary  peers  still  living  in  purposes.  In  the  budget  for  1891-'92  the  total 
1891.  The  members  of  the  popular  Chamber  revenue  is  estimated  at  42,967,468  milreis,  of 
are  elected  for  four  years  bv  the  direct  suffrage  which  7,157.400  milreis  are  derived  from  direct 
of  Portuguese  citizens  of  full  age  who  are  fathers  imports.  3,957,000  milreis  from  registration  and 
of  families  or  have  an  income  of  100  milreis  and  stamped  paper.  28,505,800  milreis  from  indirect 
can  read  and  write.  There  are  168  Deputies  for  taxes,  2.155.500  milreis  from  supplemental  duties, 
the  Continent  and  the  Azores  and  Madeira,  and  4,072,012  milreis  from  government  property,  and 
12  for  the  colonies.  The  reigning  King  is  Car-  2,119,750  milreis  are  recettes  d*orde.  The  total 
los  I,  born  Sept.  28,  1863,  son  of  Luis  I  and  Pia,  expenditure  is  estimated  at  46,822.072  milreis,  of 
daughter  of  Vittoria  Emanuele.  He  married  which  27,742,818  milreis  are  for  the  Ministry  of 
Marie  Amalic,  daughter  of  Philippe  of  Orleans,  Finance,  1,285,240  milreis  for  the  Ministry  of 
Count  of  Paris,  in  1886,  and  succeeded  to  the  the  Interior,  1,007,564  milreis  for  the  Ministry 
throne  at  the  death  of  his  father,  on  Oct.  19,  of  Woi-ship,  5,294,046  milreis  for  the  Ministrv 
1889.  The  Cabinet  formed  on  Oct.  12. 1890,  was  of  War,  2.537,444  milreis  for  the  Ministry  of 
composed  as  follows:  President  of  the  Council  Marine  and  the  Colonies.  485,240  milreis  for  the 
and  Minister  of  War.  JoSto  Chrysostomo  de  Ab-  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  4.711,284  milreis  for 
reu  e  Souza:  Minister  of  the  Interior  and  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works,  1.417,721  milreis 
Minister  ad  interim  of  Public  Instruction  and  for  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruction  and  the 
Fine  Arts,  Antonio  Candido  Ribeiro  da  Costa ;  Fme  Arts.  62,465  milreis  for  the  Savings  Bank, 
Minister  of  Marine  and  the  ('olonies,  Antonio  and  2.278,300  milreis  for  extraordinary  purposes. 
Ennes;  Minister  of  Commerce,  Agriculture,  In-  The  Army  and  Navy.— The  law  of  1884 
dustry,  and  Public  Works.  Thomas  Ribeiro  :  makes  the  peace  establishment  consist  of  24  regi- 
Minister  of  Finance,  Mello  Gouveia,  who  retired  ments  of  infantrj'.  12  of  chasseurs,  10  of  cavnlrj% 
and  was  succeeded  by  Augusto  da  Cunha:  Min-  8  of  mounted  artillery,  1  brigade  of  mountam 
ister  of  Justice,  Correo  de  la  BrandSo :  Minister  artillery,  1  regiment  and  4  batteries  of  fortress 
of  Foreign  Affairs,  Barbosa  Bocage.  artillery,  and  1  regiment  of  engineers.     The 


750  PORTUGAL. 

soldiers,  who  are  recruite<l  in  part  by  conscrip-  Mllltarr  ReTolt.  —  A  Republican  faction 
tion  and  in  part  by  enlistment,  serve  in  the  called  the  Federal  Group  Union,  having  for  its 
active  army  three  years.  The  number  of  men  to  aim  the  establishment  ox  a  federal  republic  em- 
be  maintained  is  dxed  from  year  to  year  by  the  bracing  the  Iberian  peninsula,  encouraged  by 
Cortes.  The  peace  effective  for  1891  of  the  per-  Spanish  Republicans  who  pursue  the  same  idea, 
manent  army  was  2,089  officers  and  25.058  men,  took  advantage  of  a  feeling  of  discontent  border- 
with  8,985  horses  and  mules.  There  were,  in  ad-  ing  on  insubordination  that  existed  among  the 
dition,  79  officers  and  2,17G  men  in  the  municipal  non-commissioned  officers  of  the  army  to  incite 
guards,  and  178  officers  and  4.791  men  in  the  fls-  a  part  of  the  Oporto  garrison  to  revolt  on  Jan. 
cal  guards.  The  war  effective  is  estimated  at  81,  1891.  The  petty  officers  were  dissatisfied 
4.000  officers  and  150,000  men,  with  28,000  because  the  law  for  the  advancement  of  men 
horses  and  264  guns.  About  half  of  these  are  from  the  ranks  to  officers'  grades  was  defeated 
trained  soldiers.  There  are  maintained,  in  ad-  by  the  conferring  of  all  the  commisssions  on 
dition  to  the  home  army,  the  colonial  forces,  graduates  of  the  military  schools.  The  small- 
which  number  8,880  officers  and  men,  exclusive  of  ness  of  their  pa?  afforaed  another  grievance, 
the  native  troops.  Several  of  them  had  been  punished  or  reduced 

The  fleet,  in  1891,  consisted  of  1  armored  cor-  to  the  ranks  for  manifesting  their  discontent, 

vette  of  8,200  horse-power,  carrying  9  guns;  6  In  communication  with  the  Federal  Group,  a 

corvettes,  having  a  total  of  48  guns ;  24  gun-  large  number  of  sergeants  agreed  to  start  a  mu- 

boats,  with  76  guns ;  5  torpedo  boats ;  2  armed  tiny  in  the  garrisons,  which  was  to  be  the  signal 

transports;  and  3  other  steamers,  besides  18  sail  for  the  proclamation  of  the  republic  and  a  civil 

vessels.    The  navy  in  1891  had  256  officers  and  insurrection.    Though  the  Republicans  are  nu- 

4,360  sailors,  besides  400  in  the  colonies.  merous  and  influential,  they  are  not  harmonious. 

GommerGe. — The  special  imports  of  merchan-  The  leaders  of  the  important  groups  had  uoth- 
dise  in  1890  were  in  total  value  44,428,598  milreis,  ing  to  do  with  the  revolutionary  plot  The  Gov- 
and  the  special  exports  21.*586.299  milreis.  The  ernment  got  wind  of  it.  and  was  able  to  take 
imports  of  precious  metals  were  14,534,500  mil-  measures  in  time  to  prevent  a  rising  in  all  the 
reis,  and  the  exports  10,538,825  milreis.  The  towns  except  Oporto,  where  the  movement  origi- 
values  of  the  principal  articles  of  importation  nated.  In  the  early  morning  of  Jan.  31  the  Ninth 
were  as  follow:  (Jereals,  8,991,000  milreis;  Regiment  of  chasseurs  left  its  barracks  and  went 
machinery  and  instruments,  8,448,000  milreis ;  to  a  camping-ground,  where  it  was  joined  by  the 
cotton  goods,  3,145.000  milreis;  iron,  2,512,000  Tenth  Infantry,  led  by  Capt.  Leitao  and  I^ieut. 
milreis ;  coal,  2,096,000  milreis ;  woolens,  2,085,-  Coelho,  and  by  a  regiment  of  the  fiscal  guards 
000  milreis ;  sugar,  2,080,000  milreis ;  raw  cotton,  and  150  of  the  foot  guards.  They  marched  to- 
1,892,000  milreis ;  railniad  material,  1,784,000  gether,  aft<er  breaking  into  the  barracks  of  the 
milreis ;  codfish,  1,747,000  milreis  ;  chemicals.  Eighteenth  Infantry  to  enable  mutineers  in  that 
1,458,000  milreis;  wool,  1,486,000  milreis;  ani-  regiment  to  join  them,  to  Praco  Dom  Pedro, 
mals,  1,421,000 milreis :  timber,  1,151,000  milreis;  their  numbers  being  swelled  by  large  crowds  of 
hides  and  skins,  1,142,000  milreis;  silks,  1,116,-  civilians.  Taking  possession  of  the  town  halL 
000  milreis.  The  chief  exports  and  their  value  they  constituted  a  provisional  jeovem men t,  corn- 
were:  Wine,  10,898,000  milreis;  cork,  8,114,003  posed  of  Dr.  Alves  de  Veipa,  Rodrigues  Freitas, 
milreis;  fish,  1,016,000 milreis;  copper,  1,016,000  Gen.  Correia  da  Silva,  Azevedo  Jjeite,  and  Pinto 
milreis.  Minor  articles  of  export  are  animals,  Leite.  The  loyalty  of  the  municipal  guards  pre- 
figs,  and  onions.  vented  them  from  getting  possession  of  the  city 

Narigatlon. — There  were  3,720  steamers  of  before  troops  could  arrive  from  Lisbon.  When 
4.982,000  tons,  and  2,890  sailing  vessels  of  856,-  the  guards  fired  on  a  body  of  insurgents  many 
000  tons,  entered  in  1890,  exclusive  of  coasting  fied  in  terror,  while  others  fought  bravely  until 
vessels.  The  departures  numbered  3,701  steam-  they  were  dislodged.  A  larger  force  of  insur- 
ers of  4,922,000  tons,  and  2.680  sailing  ships  of  gents  made  a  second  attempt  to  ascend  the  Rua 
354,000  tons.  The  merchant  navy,  not  including  San  Antonio,  in  order  to  seize  the  palace  of  the 
small  coasting  and  fishing  vessels,  contained  67  civil  govenior  and  cut  the  telegraph  wires.  They 
steamers  of  108,601  metric  tons,  and  486  sailing  weredrivenback,  and  while  the  municiml  guards 
vessels  of  101,711  metric  tons.  and  the  loyal  part  of  the  Eighteenth  Regiment 

Railroads,  Posts,  and  Telegraphs. — There  picketed  various  streets,  the  rebels  occupied  the 
were  2,140  kilometres  of  railromls  m  operation  municipal  palace.  The  municipal  guards  siir- 
and  155  kilometres  under  construction  on  Jan.  rounded  the  building,  which  was  bombarded  for 
1,  1891.  The  Beira  Baixa  Riilroad,  in  the  con-  two  hours  and  nearly  destroyed  by  a  brigatle  of 
struction  of  which  through  the  mountains  artillery  which  arrived  with  two  cannons,  after 
great  engineering  difficulties  were  overcome.  WAS  which  the  municipal  guards  made  a  bayonet 
opened  on  Sept.  5,  1891.  The  postal  traffic  in  charge  and  overpowered  the  defenders  in  a  des- 
1889  was  as  follows :  Domestic  letters,  19.96o,000 ;  perate  fight.  Returning  with  their  prisoners  to 
international  letters,  5,185,000;  postal  cards,  the  barracks,  they  had  another  fight  with  the 
3.907,000;  printed  matter,  22,118,000  pieces;  insurgent  guards  within.  The  disturliance  be- 
money  transmitted  by  letters  or  orders,  3,466,000  gan  at  three  in  the  morning  and  was  quelled  bo- 
francs.  The  state  telegraphs  have  a  total  length  fore  four  in  the  afternoon.  There  were  50  killed 
of  6,606  kilometres,  with  18,011  kilometres  of  and  over  200  wounded  during  the  emeuU,  The 
wire.  The  numl)er  of  intenial  disfuitches  in  **  Republica  Portugueza,"  organ  of  the  Federal 
1887  was  628,329,  and  of  foreign  dispatches  477,-  Republicans,  was  confiscated,  the  other  Repub- 
117.  The  receipts  from  the  postal  service  were  lican  papers  of  the  country  were  suppressed,  and 
6,707,477  francs,  and  from  the  telegraphs  1,035,-  all  Republican  and  Socialist  clubs  were  clostni. 
797  francs.  The  mutinous  regiments  were  disbanded.    Mar- 


PORTUGAL.  751 

tial  law  was  proclaimed,  to  enable  the  civilian  for  their  worthless  bonds.  The  75,000,000  francs 
participants  m  the  rising  to  be  tried  by  court  were  used  to  pay  off  the  most  pressing  of  the 
martial.  More  than  200  sergeants  were  impli-  floating  obligations  and  to  relieve  the  banks.  The 
cated.  The  proceedings  began  on  Feb.  25.  There  Cortes  were  convoked  on  Jan.  2,  but  were  ad- 
were  about  502  soldiers  tried  and  22  civilians,  journed  till  April  2  after  hearing  the  King's 
Dr.  de  Veiga,  the  political  leader,  escaped  to  speech,  in  which  the  ministers  promi^d  to  con- 
France.  Capt.  Leitao,  Lieut.  Coelho,  Verdial,  sohdate  the  floating  debt  b^  means  of  the  75,- 
Souza,  Santos  Cardozo,  and  Joflo  Chazas  were  000,000  francs,  without  having  recourse  to  fur- 
sentenced  to  solitary  confinement  from  two  to  ther  credit  operations,  and  to  arrive  at  a  finan- 
six  years,  followed  by  transportation  from  six  to  cial  equilibrium  by  measures  of  economy  so  as 
to  ten  years.  All  the  sergeants  were  sentenced  to  avoid  the  imposition  of  fresh  taxes.  The 
to  four  years*  cellular  imprisonment  and  six  gravity  of  the  financial  situation  was  not  appar- 
years'  transportation.  On  April  9  the  arrest  of  ent  even  to  the  ministers,  who  expected  to  estab- 
some  law-breakers,  who  were  supposed  by  the  lish  the  finances  on  a  sound  basis  by  the  opera- 
populace  to  be  Republicans,  was  followed  by  a  tion  concluded  in  Paris,  and  who  were  preoccu- 
riotous  outbreak  that  could  only  be  suppressed  pied  with  the  dispute  with  Great  Britain,  which 
by  a  bayonet  charge  of  the  soldiery.  nad  caused  a  change  of  ministrv  at  every  stage 
Financial  Crisis.— The  Government  of  Port-  of  the  negotiations,  and  with  the  Republican  agi- 
ugal.  owing  to  party  rivalries  and  revolutionary  tation.  Before  the  Cortes  met  some  of  them  fore- 
dangers,  abstained  from  imposing  fresh  taxes  to  saw  a  monetarv  crisis,  and  asked  to  be  strength- 
meet  the  growing  expenses,  and  lx>rro  wed  money  ened  by  the  admission  of  men  whose  influence 
constantly  for  current  needs,  until  the  public  and  standing  would  strengthen  the  Cabinet  and 
debt  amounted  to  more  per  capita  than  that  of  help  to  terminate  the  dispute  with  Great  Britain, 
Great  Britain,  and  the  interest  charges  consumed  and  to  revive  confidence  in  the  national  credit, 
half  the  public  revenue.  The  total  indebtedness  In  the  middle  of  April  the  Minister  of  Public 
rose  from  about  $400,000,000  in  1875  to  nearly  Works  and  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  offered 
$700,000,000  in  1890,  an  advance  from  $87  to  their  resignations,  but  were  induced  to  remain. 
$135  per  capita.  For  this  there  was  little  to  The  subscriptions  for  the  tobacco  loan  were 
show  except  the  505  miles  of  Government  rail-  opened  in  April,  and  the  amounts  taken  by 
roads,  780  miles  of  heavily  subsidized  rail-  French  and  German  bankers  gave  the  ministers 
roads  belonging  to  companies,  and  the  costly  fresh  courage.  But  bear  speculators  and  Re- 
new harbor  at  Lessa,  which  is  unsafe.  The  com-  publicans  attacked  the  new  loan,  causing  the 
petition  of  German  manufactures  compelled  price  to  drop,  from  430  to  850  francs  for  500- 
rortuguese  factories  to  close ;  severe  agricult-  francs  bonds,  and  rumors  of  the  bankruptcy  of 
ural  distress  was  felt;  the  banks  were  drained  the  Government  and  the  credit  institutions  of 
of  their  cash  reserves  for  payments  abroad  and  Portugal  caused  people  to  withdraw  their  de- 
advances  to  the  Government  and  to  the  rail-  posits  from  the  banks  in  gold.  Men  thrown 
roads,  the  receipts  of  which  had  greatly  fallen  out  of  work  bnr  the  stoppage  of  factories  the 
off :  the  returns  from  investments  in  Brazil,  on  Government  offered  to  transport  with  their  fam- 
which  Portugal  usually  relies  for  the  money  to  ilies  to  the  colonies  in  Africa,  and  to  find  work 
carry  on  the  commeri?ial  operations  at  home,  for  them  there.  On  Mav  8  a  run  on  the  banks 
were  suddenly  stopped  by  the  Brazilian  crisis ;  was  begun,  against  which  such  a  precaution  was 
socialistic,  agrarian,  and  Republican  agitation  futile.  The  Banco  Lusitano,  which  had  already 
confronted  the  Government  and  disturbed  con-  exhausted  its  resources  by  coming  to  the  assist- 
fidence ;  the  treasury  was  bankrupt  unless  relief  anceof  the  Rr)yal  Portuguese  Railroad  Company, 
came  from  abroad,  and  the  money  market  of  closed  its  doors  on  May  10.  The  Government 
liondon.  which  had  helped  the  Government  out  came  to  the  aid  of  the  other  banks  by  issuing  a 
of  former  difficulties,  was  closed  by  the  Anglo-  decree  authorizing  the  redemption  of  notes  in 
Portuguese  dispute,  while  Berlin  bankers  showed  silver,  and  ordering  the  coinage  of  2,000,000  mil- 
no  disposition  to  come  to  the  rescue.  In  1890  reis.  This  proved  unavailing,  and  on  May  11  a 
an  attempt  was  made  to  float  a  loan  in  Paris,  moratorium,  or  general  suspension  of  payments, 
which  was  defeated  by  certain  holders  of  bonds  but  not  of  accruinir  interest,  for  sixty  days  was 
of  the  usurping  Government  of  Don  Miguel,  re-  decreed  for  the  relief  of  banks,  companies,  and 
pudiated  after  the  restoration  of  Donna  Maria,  individual  debtors. 

who  demanded  full  payment,  and  raised  a  public  Change  of  Ministry.— On  May  15  the  Cabi- 
outery  against  lending  to  a  country  that  had  net  resigned  in  a  body  after  arranging  the  basis 
defrauded  Frenchmen.  In  December  a  strong  of  a  convention  with'  Great  Britain  that  was 
group  of  Paris  bankers  made  an  arrangement,  highly  honorable  for  Portugal,  since  Lord  Salis- 
by  wnich  75,000,000  francs  were  advanced,  and  bury,  impelled  by  a  fear  that  the  English  people, 
afterward  Senhor  Carvalho,  acting  as  agent  for  who  have  many  millions  invested  in  Portugal  and 
the  Government,  made  new  terms  with  them,  by  are  the  chief  holders  of  the  debt,  would  not  jus- 
which  they  agreed  to  raise  the  authorized  loan  of  tify  his  contentions,  and  that  British  diplomacy 
250.000,000  francs  on  the  security  of  the  tobacco  would  lose  more  than  it  would  gain  if  he  pre- 
monopoly,  which  the  Portuguese  Government  cipitated  the  political  chaos  and  financial  ruin 
promised  to  transfer  to  a  board  of  managers  com-  that  would  follow  the  overthrow  of  the  Portu- 
fiosed  of  Frenchmen  and  Portuguese.  As  the  mo-  guej«e  dynasty,  abandoned  his  claim  to  the  region 
nopoly  brings  in  22,500,000  or  25.000,000  francs  of  the  middle  Zambesi  (see  Cape  Colony).  Count 
a  year,  there  would  be  an  excess  of  about  8,500,-  San  Januario  was  called  upon  to  form  a  mixed 
OCX)  francs  to  be  covered  into  the  Portuguese  Cabinet,  but  aliandoned  the  undertaking  because 
treasury.  The  syndicate  offered  to  buy  on  the  he  could  not  get  the  Conservatives  and  Progress- 
Miguel' bondholders  by  giving  2,500,000  francs  ists  to  agree  on  the  question  of  elections.    Scrpa 


752  PORTUGAL. 

Pimental  failed  in  an  attempt  to  organize  a  save  700,000  milrei? ;  and  an  increase  of  about 
ministry,  and  tlie  King  sent  for  the  retinng  Pre-  800.000  milreis  in  the  revenue  from  Guinea  and 
mier,  who  succeeded  on  May  21  in  gettinep  one  Angola  was  obtained  by  a  revision  of  the  tariffs, 
together  which  was  composed  as  follows :  Presi-  Colonial  PoBSessions. — The  Portugese  cokw 
dent  of  the  Council  and  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  nies  in  Asia,  comprising  Goa,  Domao,  and  Diu. 
JoSo  Chrysostomo  d'Abreu  e  Sousa ;  Minister  of  in  India,  Macao,  in  the  China  Sea,  and  the  Indian 
Foreign  Affairs,  Count  de  Valbom  ;  Minister  of  Archipelago  of  Timor  and  Kambing,  have  a  lota] 
the  Interior,   Lopo  Vaz :  Minister  of  Finance,  area  of  7,923  square  miles,  and  a  population  of 
Marianno  Carvalbo :  Minister  of  Justice,  Moraes  881,000.    The  possessions  in  Africa  are  the  Cafe 
CarA'alho;  Minister  of  Marine  and  the  Colonies,  Verde  Islands,  1,650  square  miles  in  extent,  iHith 
Julio  de  Vilhena;   Minister  of  Public  Works,  110,92(5  inhabitants  in  1885:  the  Guinea  prolret- 
Franco  Casteilobranco.    Four  of  the  ministers  orate,  14,200  sauare  miles  in  extent;  St.  Thcni- 
were  Conservatives,  or  Megeneradores^  and   the  as*s  and  Princes  islands,  454  square  miles  in  area, 
rest  were  Progressists.    The  programme  of  the  with  a  population  of  21,087:  Angola,  Amhriz, 
new  Cabinet  consisted  in  a  liberal  and  tolerant  Benguela,  Mossamedes.  and  the  Portuguese  Con- 
policy:  the  commutation  of  sentences  passed  on  go,  having  an  aggregate  area  of  501,500  square 
political  offenders,  greater  liberty  of  the  press,  miles,  and  an  estimated  population  of  19,400,000: 
thereductionof  the  number  of  officials  and  lower-  and  the  state  of  East  Africa,  800,000  square 
ing  of  salaries,  and  the  conclusion  of  commcr-  milesinextent,  with  about  1,000.000  inhabitants, 
cial  treaties  to  stimulate  trade  and  production.  The  total  ordinary  revenue  is  estimated  in  the 
The  colonies  were  to  be  opened  to  chartered  com-  colonial  budgets  for  1891-*92  at  8.784,809  mil- 
ptuiies,  thus  increasing  their  productive  capacity  reis.  the  ordinary  expenditure  at  3,910,105  mil- 
and  relieving  the  home  Government  of  heavy  ex-  reis,  and  the  ext'raordinar\'  expenditure  at  7^5.- 
penses.     Senhor  Carvalho  went  immediately  to  080  milreis.    The  imports  of  Angola  in   1^ 
Paris,  where  he  arranged  for  the  payment  of  the  were  valued  at  2,405,569  milreis,  and  the  exrons 
coupons  of  the  debt  due  in  July,  October,  and  at  2,116,487  milreis;  imports  of  Cape  Verae  at 
January.  The  price  of  Portuguese  tw</e  rose.  The  214,650  and  exports  at  801,791  milreis;  imports 
minister  obtained  the  means  for  continuing  the  of  Guinea  at  21.087  and  exports  at  51,004  mil- 
harbor  works  at  Lisbon  on  a  less  ambitious  scale,  reis;  imports  of  St.  Thomas  at  828,648  and  ex- 
and  rescued  from  bankruptcy  by  inducing  the  ports  at  275,621  milreis ;  imports  of  Goa  at  24.- 
dircctors  to  abandon  the  controlling  interest  that  889  and  exports  at  28,445  milreis.    The  im(*or(s 
thev  had  secured  in  three  Spanish  railroads,  and  of  Mozambique  in  1890  were  £141.498  in  value, 
making  a  large  secret  advance  to  them  of  Govern-  and  the  exports  £90,874 ;  while  at  Delagoa  Bay 
ment  funds,  concealing  even  from  his  colleagues  the  value  of  the  imports  was  £618.805,  and  of  the 
this  transaction.    The  Portuguese  investments  exports  £2,211.    1  he  chief  exports  of  the  Eat-t 
in  Brazil,  amounting  to  $550,000,000,  were  still  African  colonies  are  oil,  nuta  and  seeds,  raoiit- 
depreciated  by  83  j^er  cent,  through  the  fall  in  chouc,  and  ivory.    There  were  208  kilometres  of 
exchange,  but  thelargo  hoards  of  gold,  estimated  completed  railroad,  870  kilometres  under  con- 
at  $67,500,000,  began  to.  return  to  circulation,  struction,  and  428  kilometres  of  telegraph  line  in 
and  bank  notes  were  taken  more  freelv,  relieving  Angola  in  1891 ;  in  East  Africa  there  were  88 
slightly  the  monetary  stringency.    1?he  Cortes  kilometres  of  railroad  completed,  689  kilometres 
reassembled  on  May  80.    The  issue  of  small  notes  projected,  and  870  kilometres  of  telegraphs :  in 
was  authorized,  ana  the  export  of  silver  coin  was  India  there  were  82  kilometres  of  railway  and  53 
prohibited.      The  English    treaty  was  ratified  kilometres  of  telegraphs.    The  troops  in  the  colo- 
withou  t  cavil.     A  loan  of  $8,000,000  was  author-  nies  consisted  of  1,198  regular  officers  and  soldiers 
ized  for  the  purchase  of  silver  for  ordinary  cur-  and  8.283  colonial  troops  of  the  first  line.    The 
rency.    A  Government  monopoly  of  alcohol  was  Delagoa  railroad  dispute  was  referred  to  Switzer- 
approved,  and  the  sale  of  watches  and  lotteries  landforarbitrationastotheindemnity  to  be|>aid 
were  made  monopolies,  and  from  these  sources  to  the  American  and  English  concesfionnaitfK 
an  increase  of  revenue  of  2,000,000  milreis  was  The  Government  decided  to  have  the  road  com- 
experrted  to  be  realized.    The  extraordinary  ex-  pleted  by  private  contract.     In  West  Africa  a 
penditure  for  1891-*92  was   fixed  at  2,240,000  dispute  arose  concerning  the  railroad  from  Lojin- 
milreis.    The  effective  of  the  army  was  reduced  do  to  Ambaca,  which  an  English   construction 
to  22.000  men,  and  3,000  recruits  were  dismissed  company  undertook  to  build.    The  Portuguese 
to  their  homes.    All  payments  of  state  officials  company  which  acquired  the  concession  annulled 
by  fees  were  abolished,  and  the  maximum  salary  the  contract,  and  the  contractors,  who  had  con- 
was  fixed  at  2,000  milreis,  even  for  officials  fill-  structed  a  part  of  the  line,  claimed  damagei^. 
ing  more  than  one  place.    The  tobacco  bonds  The  natives  of  the  Bissagos  islands,  off  the  coast 
signed  for,  but  for  which  the  Portuguese  banks  of  Portuguese  Guinea,  rose  in  rebellion  against 
could  not  pay,  were  taken  by  French  banking  the  authorities  in  the  early  part  of  1891,  over- 
houses.      Tne  monetary  crisis  not  being  over  powered  and  massacred  the  garrison,  and  hoisted 
when  the  moratorium  expired  on  July  10,  the  the  French  flag.    Troops  sent  from  the  mainland 
Bank  of  Portugal,  which  had  authority  to  issue  against  the  rebels,  who  nnmbered  6.000.  were 
bank  notes  to  the  amount  of  about  $80,000,000,  defeated,  4  Portuguese  officers  and  several  hun- 
wns  absolved  for  three  months  longer  from  the  dred  native  levies  being  killed,  and  a  stronger 
obligation  to  redeem  its  notes  in  money.    The  force  had  to  be  brought  from  Angola  to  re-estab- 
recaTl  of  troops  from  Africa  on  the  conclusion  of  lish  Portuguese  autnority.    The  delimitation  of 
the  English  treaty  permitted  a  reduction  of  the  the  boundary  between  British  and  Portuguese 
army  bv  8,000  men,  saving  8,000,000  milreis  a  territory  in  idanica.  East  Africa,  was  carried  out 
rear.    The  transfer  of  sovereign  rights  in  East  by  a  joint  commission.    The  agreement  for  the 
Africa  to  chartered  companies  was  expected  to  delimitation  of  the  spheres  of  Portugal  and  of 


PRESBYTERIANS. 


753 


t!ie  Congo  State  in  Muato  Yamvo,  signed  on 
May  23, 1801,  was  approved  by  the  Cortes. 

PBESBTTEBIAN8.        I.    Presbyterian 
Church  in  the  United  States  of  America.— 

The  comparative  summary  of  the  statistics  of 
this  Church  for  the  past  five  years,  as  published 
by  the  stated  clerk  of  the  General  Assembly, 
^i ves  the  following  results : 


SjDodS 

IVesbyterias. 

Ministers. 

Kamber  of  rvJing  eldcn 

Number  of  deacons... 

Chnrcbw 

Added  on  ezaminstton 

Ti*tal  commnnlcaDts 

Number  of  adults  baptized . . . 
Number  of  Infiuits  baptized  . . 
Members  Id  Saoday  school.  . 

CbtUributions: 

Home  missions , 

Forelpi  missions 

Education 

Snuday-fldiool  work 

Cliurca  erection 

Relief  ftmd 

EVeedmen 

Aid  for  coUefea. 

Sustentatlon 

General  Assembly,  etc 

Congregational 

Mlacdlioieoiis 


1887. 


Total 


29 

201 

5,6M 

21,881 

7,086 

fi,48« 

88,886 

607,685 

20,1  U 

28,460 

771,821 


$7S6,070 

669,891 

117,898 

89,487 

286,687 

110,989 

108,404 

127,627 

26,419 

62,824 

7,90-2,164 

866,7691 


1891. 


$11,098,622 


80 

216 

6,228 

24,475 

7,880 

7,070 

00,660 

806,796 

21,676 

26,121 

888,680 


1995,625 

784,406 

151,618 

181,915 

860,944 

116,678 

124,814 

16^920 

68,117 

7^449 

9,764,879 

1,826,606 


$14,062,856 


The  Board  of  Home  Missions  reported  to  the 
General  Assembly  that  its  total  receipts  for  all 
purposes  had  been  $957,907.  Its  permanent 
funds  amounted  to  $325,590.  It  supported  1,677 
missionaries  and  340  missionary  teachers,  who 
returned  a  total  church  membership  in  the  mis- 
sion stations  of  113,420,  with  150,262  in  the  con- 
gregations, 10,683  added  on  profession  of  faith, 
2,452  Sabbath  schools  with  178,169  members, 
and  438  Sabbath  schools  organized  during  the 

Eear.  One  hundred  and  thirty-nine  churches 
ad  been  organized.  In  the  educational  depart- 
ment were  36  schools  among  the  Indians,  34 
among  the  Mormons,  30  among  the  Mexicans, 
and  18  in  the  South,  which  returned  in  the  ag- 
gregate 340  teachers  and  7,932  pupils.  The 
Woman's  Executive  Committee  had  received 
$338,847.  The  committee  had  secured  pledges 
from  societies  and  individuals  of  $66,000  for  the 
support  of  140  mission  teachers,  and  of  $56,000 
for  717  scholarships  in  the  various  schools. 

The  Board  of  the  Church  Erection  Fund  had 
received  $126,642.  Applications  had  been  made 
during  the  year  for  aia  to  190  churches  and  52 
manses,  in  the  total  sum  of  $145,118.  Appro- 
priations had  been  made  for  173  church  build- 
mgs  and  42  manses  in  the  amount  of  $116,550. 
One  hundred  and  seventy-four  churches  and 
manses  had  been  completed  without  debt,  secur- 
ing property  to  the  amount  of  nearly  $400,000. 

The  total  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Publication 
in  its  Sabbath-school  and  Missionary  Depart- 
ment for  its  current  fund  had  been  $97,352.  It 
presented  reports  of  7,117  Sabbath  schools, 
with  947,337  members.  The  accounts  of  the 
Publication  House  were  balanced  at  $659,817. 

The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Education  had 
been  $106,600.  Its  invested  permanent  funds 
amounted  to  $75,280,  and  had  yielded  an  income 

VOL.  xxxL — 48  A 


during  the  year  of  $4,410.    The  number  of  can- 
didates aided  had  increased  from  839  to  869. 

The  income  of  the  Board  of  Relief  had  been 
$155,154.  It  had  upon  its  roll  the  names  of  659 
families  relieved  by  it. 

The  Board  of  Aid  for  Colleges  and  Academies 
had  received  $89,803,  and  reported  that  $57,084 
besides  had  been  given  directly  to  its  institutions. 
It  had  paid  $15,287  of  debt«  on  property.  The 
15  colleges  and  21  academies  under  its  care  re- 
turned $1,173,278  of  property,  and  3,858  stu- 
dents, 102  of  whom  haa  the  ministry  in  view. 

The  Board  of  Missions  to  the  Freedmen  had 
received  $155,078.  Its  invested  funds  amounted 
to  $53,820.  The  colored  people  had  eiven  dur- 
ing the  year  toward  the  support  of  the  Church 
$4o,581.  There  were  connected  with  the  board 
14  white  and  120  colored  missionaries,  and  52 
white  and  168  colored  teachers.  Seven  new 
churches  had  been  organized,  making  the  whole 
number  now  under  the  care  of  the  board  252, 
with  17  missions  in  addition;  1,296  members 
had  been  received  on  profession  of  faith;  and 
three  were  now  15,486  communicants,  with  18,212 
pupils  in  259  Sunday  schools.  There  were  84 
schools  for  instruction  in  all  elementary  branches, 
with  197  teachers  and  11,029  pupils. 

The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  had  received 
$942,690.  The  receipts  of  the  women's  boards 
and  societies  had  been  the  highest  ever  reached 
by  them.  The  missions  among  the  Seneca,  Nez 
Perc^,  and  Dakota  Indians,  in  Mexico,  Guate- 
mala, United  States  of  Colombia,  Brazil,  Chili, 
West  Africa,  India,  Siam,  China,  Japan,  Corea, 
Persia,  and  Syria,  and  among  the  Chinese  and 
Japanese  in  the  United  States  returned  in  all 
210  American  and  366  native  ministers  as  mis- 
sionaries, 388  American  and  1,055  native  lay 
missionaries,  377  churches,  28,494  communi- 
cants, with  2,875  additions  during  the  year,  605 
schools,  with  27,813  pupils,  25,926  pupils  in  Sab- 
bath schools,  160  students  for  the  ministry,  and 
$49,423  of  contributions  by  the  native  churches. 

General  Assembly,— -The  General  Assembly 
met  in  its  one  hundred  and  third  annual  session 
in  Detroit,  Mich.,  May  21.  The  Rev.  Prof,  W. 
H.  Green,  of  Princeton  Theological  Seminary, 
was  chosen  moderator.  The  Committee  on  the 
Revision  of  the  Westminster  Confession  made  a 
report  embodying  an  account  of  its  proceedings, 
a  draft  of  the  changes  it  recommended  to  have 
made  in  the  Confession,  and  an  explanation  of 
the  principles  by  which  it  had  been  governed  in 
proposing  them.  The  draft  of  the  changes  pre- 
sented the  modified  articles  in  full  as  they  would 
read  after  the  alterations  were  made.  The 
changes  proposed  are  numerous,  and  include 
▼erb£  alterations,  the  elimination  of  phrases 
with  or  without  the  substitution  of  others,  the 
omission  of  single  articles,  and  the  insertion  of 
new  articles  and  new  chapters.  Those  of  most 
general  interest  are  the  ones  that  embody  modi- 
fications of  forms  of  doctrinal  expression. 

Among  them  are  the  incorporation  in  the  chapter 
"  On  the  Holy  Scriptures  "  of  a  clauao  asserting  the 
truthfulness  of  the  nistory  and  the  faithful  witncjiw  of 
prophecy  and  miracle;  a  recasting  of  the  chapter 
"  On  God's  Eternal  Decree,^'  with  the  omission  of  parts 
of  it,  the  insertion  before  the  words  "  but  to  ordain 
them  to  dishonor  "  of  the  words  "  not  to  elect  to  ever- 
lasting life  "  and  the  addition  of  the  words  "  yet  so 
as  thereby  neither  is  any  limitation  put  upon  the 


754  PRESBYTERIAXS. 

otfer  of  salvation  to  all  upon  condition  of  faith  in  pending  consideration  hj  the  Assembly  of  the 

Christ,  nor  is  restraint  laid  upon  the  freedom  of  any  subject  of  revision  of  the  Confession,  that  it  be 

one  to  accept  tliia  otfer";  the  new  reading  in  the  continued 

chanter  ^K)t  Creation,"  ^/  the  heavens  and  tfie  eaith,  rj.^   standing  Committee  on  Theological  Semi- 

with  all  that  they  contain,  were  made  by  him  in  six  .      «»v»i*v.»i*k  v/viuuim.^  ^u  ^uc^/ivrgi^^      V 

creatine  davs  " ;  In  the  chipter  "  Of  the  frail  of  Man,  janes  reported  upon  overtures  from  63  presby- 

of  Sin,  an^  the  Punishment  thereof,"  the  reading  teries  which  had  been  referred  to  them  concern- 

"  Opposite  to  all  that  is  spirituallv  good,"  and  the  ad-  ing  the  utterances  of  the  Rev.  Charles  A.  Brig^ps, 

diti^n  of  the  wortls,  *' Nevertheless,  the  Providence  D.  D.,  contained  in  the  address  which  he  deliv- 

of  God  and  the  operations  of  llis  spirit  restrain  unro-  ered  on  the  occasion  of  his  induction  into  the 

generate  men  from  much  that  is  evil,  and  lead  them  ^hair  of  Biblical  Theology  in  the  Union  Theo- 

to  exercise  many  social  and  <^^^^^  logical  Seminary,  New  York  (see  below).    Some 

insr  in  the  chapter "  Of  God's  Covenant  with  Man,"  />.,     _    ^.    .   i'            _        ^j    i           -n        *• 

"o^ereth  bv  his  Wonl  and  Spirit";  the  insertion  if  of  the  presbyteries  recommended  specific  action 

new  chapt^w  entitled  ^'Of  the  Work  of  the  liolv  on  the  part  of  the  Assembly,  but  the  majority  of 

Spirit"  and  "  Of  the  Universal  Offer  of  the  Gospel";  them  invited,  in  general  terms,  such  action  as 

in  the  chapter  ''■  Of  Free  Will,"  instead  of  "  altogether  the  Assembly  might  deem  it  b^t  to  take.    The 

averse  from  that  good,"  the  new  reading  "  altogether  committee  found  that  the  General  Assembly  had 


passive  in  the  act  of  regeneration,  wherein,"  and  "  All     It  was  resolved,  by  a  vote  of  440  to  60, 

infants  (for '  elect  infants ')  dying  in  infancy,  and  all     That  in  the  exercUo  of  its  right  to  veto  the  appoint- 


-  appointment  of  the  Kev.  Charles  A.  Bngtrso . 

Spirit,  who  worketh  when,  and  where,  and  how  he  to  the  Edward  Robinson  professorship  or  Biblical 

pteaseth";  also.  ^*  Yet  inasmuch  as  they  never  truly  Theology  in  that  seminary  by  transfer  from  another 

come  to  Christ  they  can  not  be  saved  ;  neither  is  there  chair  in  said  seminary. 

salvation  in  any  other  way  than  by  Christ  through  .  ,     , 

the  Spirit,  however  diligent  men  may  bo  in  framing  A  committee  was  appointed  to  confer  with  the 

tlieir  lives  according  to  the  light  of  nature  and  the  directors  of  the  Union  Theological  Seminary  in 

law  of  that  religion  they  do  profess  " ;  tlie  omission  in  regard  to  the  relations  of  the  seminary  to  the 

the  chapter  "  On  Justification  "  of  the  words  "  thev  General  Assembly 

td^^'^vliil^^^^^^^  T^°  Committee'  on  Church  ^mty  X^i 

in  the  chapter  -  Of  Good  'sVorks  "  of  tile  words  «  and  a»d  upon  its  recomnaendation  was  discbarged 

while  their  neglect  of  such  things  is  sinftil  and  dis-  ^rom  the  further  consideration  of  the  subjects  of 

pleasing  unto  God,"  before  tho  words  "  Yet  beoauso  interdenominational  comity  and  Church  unity ; 

they  proceed  not  from  a  heart  puriliod  by  faith  ";  the  and  its  name  was  changed  to  the  Committee 

reading  in  the  chapter  "  Of  Keligious  Worship  and  on  the  Federation  of  the  Protestant  Denomina- 

the  Sabbath  Day,"  '^Prayer  is  to  be  made  for  aU  tions  of  the  United  Stetes.    It  was  decided  that 

thin^  lawful ;  lor  the  for^ivencM  of  all  sim  ex^^^^  ^^        1  ^^  ^   General  Assembly  should  bear  an 

the  sin  unto  death  ;  and  for  all  sorts  of  men  living  or  ^^^^  jnui^  „„  :i.„  ««„f«i  „««»k^i      iTrwv«  u^^^<r 

that  shall  live  hereafter ;  but  not  for  tho  dead  " ;  tho  ^P^^  «ible  as  its  central  symbol.     Upon  hearing 

reading  in  the  chapter  "  Of  tho  Church,"  "  Thero  is  tne  report  of  the  committee  appointed  to  canvass 

no  other  head  of  the  Church  but  the  Lord  Jesus  the  votes    on    the  oyerture  respecting  deacon- 

Christ,  and  the  claim  of  tlie  Pope  of  Rome  to  be  tho  esses,  which  had  been  submitted  to  the  presby- 

yicar  of  Christ  and  the  head  of  the  Church  Universal  teries  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1890.  stating 


tlie  woKls  in  italics,  so  as  to  make  the    reading,  «*^«™  tu«  overmni  as  »  wuole,  aim  5u.ij«  i.m, 

"whereof  they    have  ministerial  and   declarative  answered  its  proposed  amendments  as  if  they 

Sower  respectively  to  retain  and  remit  sins."    Modi-  were  two  independent  overtures,  in    its  iudg- 

cations  wero  also  proposed  in  the  language  of  cer-  ment  the  overture  was  defeated    in  botn  its 

tain  clauses  referring  to  the  Koman  Catoolic  Church,  amendments ;  but  whereas  the  answers  seemed 

its  doctrines  and  practices.  to  indicate  a  desire  to  secure  godly  and  compe- 

The  report  was  accepted,  to  be  sent  down  to  tent  women  to  assist  in  deaconnesses'  woric,  and 

the  presbyteries  for  their  action  and    the  con-  readiness  to  invest  persons  of  this  class  with 

sideration  of  the  next  General  Assembly  in  the  ofBcial  character,  and  in  yiew  of  the  difficulties 

light  thereof.    The  Committee  on  the  Subject  of  with  which  the  subject  was  environed  and  of  pre- 

a  Consensus  Creed  reported  that  it  had  addressed  vailing  differences  of  opinion,  a  committee  was 

a    letter   to    the    several    Reformed    Churches  appointed  to  consider  the  subject  and  ascertain 

throughout  the  world  holding  the  Presbyterian  from  the  answers  already  given,  as  far  as  possi- 

system,  inviting  them  each  to  appoint  a  com-  ble.  the  desire  of  the  Church,  and  to  prepare  an 

mittee  of  correspondence,  with  a  view  to  the  overture  to  be  presented  to  the  next  Ueneral  A^ 

consideration  and  preparation  "  of  a  short  creed  sembly.    Attention  was  called  to  the  declarations 

containing  the  essential  articles  of  the  Westmin-  of  past  General  Assemblies  on  the  subject  of 

ster  Confession,  to  be  used  as  a  common  creed  of  worldly  amusements;  a  warning  waa    iittere*! 

those  churches — not  as  a  substitute  for  the  creed  against  progressive  euchre,  social  dances,  and 

of  any  particular  denomination,  but  to  supple-  private  theatricals  as  new  forms  of  the  amu.<t»- 

ment  it  for  the  common  work  of  the  Church."  ments  therein  condemned ;  and  in  general  terms 

The  Committee  on  the  Proof  Texts  of  the  Con-  tho  Assembly  called  upon  all  members  of  the 

fession  of  Faith  and  the  Larger  Catechism  re-  Church  **so  to  regard  their  obligations  to  Christ 

ported,  submitting  the  collation  of  texts  which  it  as  to  see  to  it  that  they  take  no  part  in  amu.'«e- 

nad  made,  and  lecom mended,  in  view  of  the  ments  which  they  can  not  take  in  his  name," 


PRESBYTERIAN&  755 

The  organization  of  young  people's  societies  for  mercy, -with  love  transcending  human  powers  of  con- 
Christian  cultnre  and  work  was  commended,  ception.  The  doctrine  of  man  in  the  Bible  is  a  di- 
The  disposition  prevalent  in  the  denomination  ^'^"«  doctrine,  presenting  sinful  mon  in  tJio  midst  of 

to  work  for  temperance  within  the  lines  of  the  ^,^'^^'''^\i^'!^^^^L^i  ^„.^^^^^^ 

r^i 1    _  '^      J  1  J    .  1*1  tn  sm  as  only  a  temporary  condition.    Kedemption 

Church  was  approved ;  members  were  urged  to  -^  bom  of  the  love  of  (Sod.  "^As  taught  in  the  Bitlo  it 

make  their  hves  a  quiet  rebuke  to  any  evil  mdul-  aims  to  remove  all  the  ills  that  flesh  is  hoir  to ;  it 

gences  fostered  by  fashion;  the  efforts  of  the  comprehends  the  whole  process  ofjrrace;  it  is  a  fault 

Christian    women   of  the  country  in  behalf  of  of  Protestant  theology  that  it  limits  redemption  to 

temperance  were  commended  ;  and  a  representa-  tliis  world.     "  Prof^rcssive  sanctificntion  aftor  death 

tion  was  ordered  sent  to  the  United  States  Sen-  If  *t®  doctrine  of  the  Bible  and  the  Church.    The 

ate  in  favor  of  the  participation  of  the  United  l>ugbearof  a  judgment  immediately  after  death  and  of 

c*--.*^  :«  i  :~4.  -  *:     r"* *'*V'F«*»'*""  "••  •'"^.  *^""^^  a  magical  translonnatiou  in  the  dvini?  hourshouldbe 

States  in  joint  action  by  the  powers  against  the  banSied  from  the  worid,  and  we  should  look  with 

traffic  m  slaves  and  liquor  in  Africa.     A  propo-  hoi>e  and  joy  for  the  continuance  of  the  process  of 

sition   favoring  an  exhibit    at  the  Columbian  grace  and  the  wonders  of  redemption  in  the  company 

World's  Fair  of  the  influence  of  religion  on  of  the  blessed  to  which  we  are  all  hastening";  the 

civilization  was  approved  of  ;  and  a  request  was  biblical  redemption   is  the  redemption  of  our  race. 

ordered  made  of  the  directors  of  the  fair  that  ''  ^l^e  Bible  does  not  teach  universal  salvation  but  it 

they  decide  at  once  that  its  doors  shall  not  be  ^^  ^'*^^  ^^/  salvation  of  the  world  and  of  the  race 

^^^^1  4^^  *u^ wi:^  ^       *«  «^/vio   ou^A  uwu  *^  of  man:   and  that  can  not  be  accomplished  bv  the 

opened  to  the  public  on  Sunday.  selectioil  of  a  limited  number  from  the  mass."  There 
ine  t€ue  of  ±rof.  Bnggs.—'l.he  address  is  arapio  room  for  criticism  in  the  etliical  precepts 
of  Prof.  Charles  A.  Briggs,  which  formed  the  and  in  the  conduct  of  the  holy  men  of  the  Bible.  But 
subject  of  the  most  earnest  debates  in  the  the  greatest  sin  against  the  Bible  has  been  tlie  neg- 
General  Assembly,  was  delivered  by  him  on  the  lect  of  the  ethics  of  Jesus.  The  Messiah  is  the  cul- 
oceasion  of  his  installation  into  the  Edward  miration  of  the  Old  Testament  The  exposition  of 
Robinson  professorship  of  Biblical  Theology  in  J.^!,!S,TJ^»U  t^«  >f?J  nn.  ^  «iwk7'**'  *  "^^"'l 
the  Union^^Theologici  Seminary,  New  York.  amS  ^ 
This  was  a  new  professorship  which  had  been  m.  t>  u  *  *  x^  tt  i  '^i.  i..  l 
founded  and  endowed  by  the  Hon.  Charles  ^^he  Presbytery  of  ^ew  York,  with  which 
Butler.  Prof.  Briggs,  who  had  for  many  years  Prof  Bngp  s  direct  ecclesiastical  relations  lie,^^ 
occupied  the  chair  of  Hebrew  in  the  same  semi-  i?.P^^'  ^®^^'  appointed  a  committee  to  consider 
nary:  was  chosen  to  fill  it,  and  was  installed  into  ?*«  inaugural  address  in  its  relation  to  the  Con- 
it  oh  Jan.  20.  After  making  the  subscriptions  Session  of  l^aith  and  the  action  it  would  be 
required  of  professors  in  PFesbvterian  semina-  proper  to  take  upon  it  The  committee  reported 
ri^,  and  receding  the  charge,  he  delivered  an  f  May,  companng  the  expressions  of  the  ad- 
address  on  -The  Authority  of  the  Scriptures,"  ^^««  ^^*^  \^^  doctrm^  statements  of  the  Con- 
of  which  he  furnished  a  syllabus  to  the  public  ^^^'^\^^^  recommending  that  the  committee 
journals.  enter  at  once  upon  the  judicial  investigation  of 
^  the  case.  This  report  was  adopted,  with  the  res- 
in this  address  he  affirmed  that  historically  there  olution  recommending  investigation  as  against 
are  three  great  fountains  of  divine  authority — the  a  minority  report  advising  that  no  judicial  pro- 
Bible,  the  Church,  and  the  reason.  The  majority  of  ceedings  fee  entered  upon.  The  bou^  of  direct- 
Christians  have  from  gie  apostolic  age  found  God  ors  of  the  seminary  addressed  a  list  of  questions 
through  the  Church.  Other  means  used  by  God  to  to  Prof.  Briggc  framed  with  a  view  of  testing 
make  himself  known  were  defined  as  the  forms  of  »•  ^,^f«'„„v  „^„„j„^„  ^^  av^  «>« «♦;«.,!  «  ^  •  * 
K^ason,  the  metaphysical  categories,  and  conscience  ?»«  doctrinal  soundness  on  the  particular  points 
and  the  religious  feeling.  There  are  those  who  involved ;  upon  receiving  his  replies  to  which, 
would  refuse  rationalists  a  place  in  the  company  of  the  Directors  declared 

the  faithful,  but  they  forget,  the  speaker  held,  that  That  this  board  has  listened  with  satisfaction  to 
the  essential  thinjr  is  to  find  God  ;  and  if  these  men  the  categorical  replies  rendered  by  Dr.  Briggs  to  the 
have  found  Qod  without  the  mediation  of  the  Chureh  questions  submitted  to  him,  and  that  it  trusts  that  the 
and  the  Bible,  Chureh  and  Bible  are  means,  not  ends ;  manner  in  which  he  has  therein  dealt  with  the  points 
they  are  avenues  to  God,  not  God.  The  speaker  re-  that  are  in  dispute  will  operate  to  correct  the  mis- 
gretted  that  these  rationalists  depreciate  the  means  of  apprehensions  tliat  are  current  and  to  quiet  the  dis- 
grace so  essential  to  most  of  us,  but  we  are  warned  turbing  condition  of  mind  in  which,  as  a  communion, 
lest  we  commit  the  same  error,  and  depreciate  reason  we  are  so  unhappily  involved, 
and  Uie  Christian  consciousness,  Protestant  Chris-  p  ^  Briggs's  associates  in  the  faculty  of  the 
tianity  builds  its  life  and  faith  on  the  divine  author-  *  .  *  ''?^^  iTT  *  *  "  *  •  *"^".X  i  :, 
ity  contained  in  the  Scriptures,  and  is  charf?cd  with  seminary  published  a  statement  in  which,  while 
too  often  depreciating  the  Church  and  reason.  Men  they  recognized  and  deprecated  the  dogmatic 
are  influenced  bv  their  temperaments  and  environ-  ana  irritating  character  of  his  utterances  in  his 
ments  which  of  tne  three  ways  of  access  to  God  they  inaugural  address  and  other  writings,  they 
pursue.  As  obstructions  which  have  been  thrown  up  averred  that  they  did  not  recognize,  even  in 
by  the  follies  of  men  to  each  of  these  avenues,  Prof,  ^jjese,  any  warrant  for  persistent  misrepresenta- 
Bngfrs  spoke  of  traditions,  formalities  m  ohrase  and  ^.  ^  jjj^  .  ^  [  ^^  ^  1  ^  ^ 
expression,  and  views  of  doctrine  which,  having  be-  ;-»""«' y«*«  ^i  »"'-•  *  *  «  "^  iT  u  i  V* 
come  habitual  and  cn'stallized,  have  been  invested  »»  ^.^^cn*  ^^^J  »»d,  in  many  cases,  he  had  been 
with  erroneoas  meanings  and  need  to  be  discarded  or  assaile<I ;  and  they  proceeded  to  show  that  the 
modified.  Of  a  true  biblical  theolojfy,  the  most  expressions  objected  to  could  be  explained  con- 
prominent  feature  is  theophany.  The  institutions  sistently  with  orthodoxy  and  the  Westminster 
of  the  Old  Testament  religion  become  for  all  a^es  Confession.  At  a  special  meeting  held  after  the 
and  for  all  men  the  appropriate  symbols  of  the  uni>^r-  ^ti^j,  ^f  ^he  General  Assembly,  on  June  5,  the 

in^.lll^raJv'e^Se  blsf^^^^^^^^^^  J--^^^  f^-f\^^  ^^f)f  that,  after  having 

theism*^  and  the  most  skillful  constructions  of  the  tj^en  legal  advice  and  after  due  consideration, 

systematic  theologian.    Tlie  favorite  divine  attribute  they  saw  no  reason  to  change  their  views  on  the 

of  the  Old  Testament  and  the  New  is  the  attribute  of  subject  of  the  transfer  of  Dr.  Briggs,  and  felt 


756 


PRESBYTERIANS. 


bound,  in  the  discharge  of  their  daty  under  the 
charter  and  constitution  of  the  seminary,  to  ad- 
here to  the  same. 

II.  PresbTterian  Church  in  the  United 
States  (Soatnem). — The  following  is  a  summary 
of  the  statistical  returns  of  this  Church  as  made 
to  the  General  Assembly  in  May.  The  summary 
for  1887  is  added  to  show  the  growth  of  the 
church  in  five  years : 


ITEMS. 


SrnodB 

PresbTterleB 

CoDdidates 

Licentiates , 

Ministers , 

Churches 

Churches  organized 

Bnllng  elders , 

Deacons 

Added  on  examination 

Total  communicants 

Adults  baptized 

Intuits  baptized 

Baptized  non-communlcaota. 
Teachers  in  Sunday  schools . . 
Pupils  in  Sunday  schools 


1887. 


OontHbuUans: 


Bnstentatton 

ETangelistio 

InyatidfUnd 

Foreign  missions 

Educraon , 

Publication 

Colored  evangelization . 

Church  erectfon 

Bible  cause 

Presbyterfal 

Pastors^  salaries 

ik>ngregattonal 

tfiscelUuieous 


Total. 


18 

69 

267 

67 

1,116 

2,286 

89 

6,981 

6,070 

12,140 

160,898 

4,214 

6.090 

84,168 

12,021 

98,806 


$42,944 
42,4-')4 
11,921 
67,204 
89,260 
9,06& 
4,162 


18.764 
616,688 
468,977 
114,016 


1891. 


$1,416,818 


18 

71 

871 

66 

1,166 

2,468 

81 

7,679 

^^63 

11,024 

174,066 

8,868 

^800 

86368 

18,972 

117,419 


$67,674 

75,772 

16,898 

106.868 

44,778 

9,211 

8,938 

80,067 

4,602 

144)66 

717,860 

619,278 

114,690 


$1,817,880 


The  Committee  on  Education  of  the  Ministry 
reported  to  the  Qeneral  Assembly  that  it  had  re- 
ceived during  the  year  $21,461,  and  had  aided  329 
candidates.  The  Tuscaloosa  Institute  for  colored 
ministers  had  been  attended  by  21  Presbyterian 
and  2  Methodist  students — smaller  numbers  than 
in  the  preceding  year.  The  decrease  was  due 
to  the  lacts  that  better  opportunities  were  pro- 
vided elsewhere  for  the  education  of  colored 
ministers,  and  that  stricter  rules  of  attendance 
had  been  imposed  at  the  institution. 

The  Committee  of  Publication  had  received 
for  benevolent  work  $10,816,  and  in  rovalties 
from  Sabbath-school  papers  $3,096,  while  the 
net  income  from  the  publishing  house  had  been 
$2,455.  The  concern  was  valued  at  $85,295  over 
all  liabilities.  Fifteen  colporteurs  had  been  em- 
ployed, and  had  distributed  $8,807  worth  of 
books. 

The  Committee  of  Home  Missions  had  re- 
ceived $79,842.  Aid  had  been  given,  in  the  Sus- 
tentation  department,  in  221  cases ;  in  the  Church 
Erection  department,  in  the  erection  of  32  build- 
ings ;  from  the  Evangelistic  fund  and  in  Indian 
missions,  in  the  support  of  64  ministers,  for  1 
woman  missionary  to  the  Indians,  and  for  2 
teachers  at  the  Male  Orphan  Acaclemy  in  the 
Choctaw  nation  where  o6  orphans  are  eared 
for ;  from  the  Invalid  fund,  to  154  cases ;  and 
from  the  colored  Evangelistic  fund,  in  the 
support  of  Tuscaloosa  Institute,  and  in  the  sup- 
port of  1  white  and  31  colored  ministers  and 
evangelists.      There  were  now  4  colored  presby- 


teries, with  22  ministers,  86  churches,  and  per- 
haps 1,000  communicants,  and  several  licentiates 
ana  Sabbath  schools.  The  General  Assemblir 
declared  that  it  was  the  deliberate  and  settlea 
policy  of  the  Church  to  aid  in  the  establishment 
and  development  of  a  separate  and  ultimately 
self-sustaining  colored  Presbyterian  Church. 

The  Committee  of  Foreign  Missions  had  re- 
ceived $112,951.  Twelve  new  missionaries  had 
been  sent  out,  and  19  were  under  appointment. 
The  missions  were  in  Brazil,  Japan,  Unina,  Mex- 
ico, the  Congo  Free  State,  and  Turkish  Greece. 
The  churches  of  the  mission  in  Greece  proper 
had  become  part  of  the  Evangelical  Church  of 
Greece. 

Genercd  Assembly. — The  General  Assembly 
met  at  Birmingham,  Ala.,  May  21.  The  Bev. 
H.  C.  Du  Bose,  D.D.,  was  chosen  moderator. 
The  (ui  interim  Committee  on  the  Directory  of 
Worship  reported  the  result  of  its  labors  in' the 
revision  of  that  book,  and  it  was  sent  down  to 
the  presbyteries  for  adoption  or  rejection.  The 
committee  appointed  by  the  General  Assembly 
of  1890  to  invite  the  representative  bodies  of 
other  churches  to  unite  in  petitions  to  the  civil 
governments  of  the  world  to  settle  international 
difficulties  without  arms  reported  progress. 
Many  of  those  bodies  had  yet  to  meet  for  the 
first  time  after  receiving  the  mvitation.  Many  of 
the  bishops  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
had  replied  approving  of  the  movement,  and  say- 
ing that  they  would  lay  the  overture  before  their 
respective  diocesan  conventions.  The  Southern 
Baptist  Convention  had  adopted  the  petiticoi 
ana  appointed  a  delegate  to  the  conference. 
Favorable  answers  had  been  received  from  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  and  the  Congrega- 
tional Union  of  England  and  Wales.  The  actu)n 
of  the  General  Assembly  in  1890  on  temperance 
having  been  misunderstood  by  some  persons,  a 
new  resolution  was  adopted  declaring  that  the 
Church  bore  testimony  against  the  traffic  in  in- 
toxicating liquors  as  a  fruitful  source  of  abound- 
ing iniquity  and  misery,  and  advising  the  people 
to  use  all  means  which  might  be  approved  by 
their  Christian  consciences  and  judgment  to 
remedy  the  evil  throughout  the  land  Especially 
would  it  urge  meml^rs  to  abstain  from  intoxi- 
cating liquors  as  a  beverage.  A  pastoral  letter 
was  ordered  sent  down  to  all  the  churches  call- 
ing attention  to  the  evil  of  Sabbath  desecration 
by  travel,  driving,  social  visiting,  and  excursions 
for  pleasure  on  Sunday  by  members,  and  urging 
them  "  to  such  observance  of  God*s  holy  day  as 
becomes  His  people."  The  following  minute 
was  adopted  concerning  the  participation  of 
women  in  public  services : 

It  is  the  settled  doctrine  of  our  Church  that  women 
are^  excluded  from  licensure  aud  ordination  by  the 
plain  teaching  of  the  Scriptures,  and  therefore  can  not 
he  admitted  to  our  pulpits  as  authorized  preachers  of 
the  Word;  and  also  that  they  are  prohibited  from 
speakini?  by  way  of  exhortation  or  leading  in  praver 
or  discussing  any  question  publicly  in  the  me«tiiii^ 
of  the  church  or  congregation  as  a  mixed  as^iem- 
bly.  This  is  according  to  the  mind  of  the  Spirit  as 
expressed  bv  St  Paul  in  I  Cor.  xiv,  84, 85,  and  1  Tim. 
li,  11, 12.  But  we  do  not  hold  that  Christian  women 
are  prohibited  from  holding  meetings  among  them- 
selves for  mutual  edificaiion  and  comfort  bv  pious 
conversation  and  prayer,  or  to  devise  ways  and  means 
to  aid  the  general  branches  of  Church  work,  such  » 


PRESBTTERIANS. 


757 


home  and  forei^  missions^  etc,  or  to  teach  a  class 
in  the  Sabbath  school.  Work  of  this  kind  we  ap- 
prove and  oommend,  but  public  speaking  in  the  pro- 
miscuous assembly  of  the  eongrenration  or  church  is 
contrary  to  the  holy  oracles,  and  Uierefore  should  be 
prohibited  and  condemned  by  the  presbyteries  and 
Church  sessions. 

The  Assembly  declared  it  unlawful  to  grant 
the  use  of  church  buildings  to  Universalists  for 
holding  relieious  services. 

III.  United  Presbyterian  Church  in 
North  America. — ^The  following  is  a  compara- 
tive summary  of  the  statistics  of  this  Churcn  for 
1860  and  1891 : 


rrufs. 

Piresbjterles. 

Fsston  and  stated  BoppUas. 

Total  ministers 

Ministers  ordained 

Stadents  of  tlieoki^ 

Buling  elders. 

Total  oonffregatSooa 

Pastoral  chaiiges 

Mission  stations 

Members  received  on  profession 

Total  members 

Inihsts  baptized 

Adults  baptized 

Kamber  or  Sat^th  soboob 

Officers  and  tescbexs 

Pupils 

Contrfbntlons  of  Sabbath  Bcbools 

Indies*  missionary  aodetles 

Young  peoples^  societies 

Salaries  of  ministers 

A  vtarsM  salaiy  of  psstors 

Contributions  for— 

Congregattoasl  purposes 

The  boards 

General  purposes 

Number  oi  churches 

Beating  espacity 

Value 

Number  of  parsonages 

Taloe 


I860. 


1891. 


48 

60 

8S4 

681 

447 

789 

80 

80 

86 

78 

■  •  •  •  • 

8^678 

674 

002 

■  a  •  •   • 

717 

101 

170 

W8 

7,482 

W,781 

10«,8S5 

4.^840 

4,054 

875 

1,718 

1,027 

10.408 

98,848 

$n,408 

844 

•  *  •  •  • 

624 

$150,401 

$521,280 

$1,018 

•  •  •  ■  • 

$847,467 
$211,602 

$88^2 

$50,891 

$65,788 

816 

•  •  «  ■ 

268,805 

$^(n6|764 

220 

$445,172 

The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Church  Exten- 
sion were  reported  as  $28,711 ;  the  payments  to 
congregations  had  been  $38,580.  Appropria- 
tions had  been  made  to  24  congregations  and 
missions  to  the  amount  of  $41,882.  During 
the  past  ten  years  the  amount  paid  by  the  boara 
for  cnnrches  and  parsonages,  exclusive  of  contin- 
gent expenses,  had  been  $804,592,  an  average  of 
$34,459  a  jrear.  The  Board  of  Education  returned 
59  beneficiaries.  There  were  in  the  colleges  85 
instructors  and  1,058  studente. 

The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
had  been  $56,442,  and  the  expenditures  $60,689. 
Aid  had  been  granted  to  219  stations,  of  which 
207  stations  reported  an  average  attendance  of 
16,527  persons,  12,538  communicants,  1,244 
additions  by  profession  of  faith,  and  1,432 
teachers  ana  15,428  pupils  in  Sabbath  schools. 
The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions 
had  been  $105,116.  From  the  missions  in 
Egypt  and  India  were  returned  26  ordained,  88 
other  foreign  workers,  260  native  laborers  (in 
Egypt),  89  organized  and  164  unorganized 
stations  and  congregations,  9,828  communicants, 
145  schools  with  10.347  pupils,  201  Sabbath 
schools  with  7,559  pupils:  in  India,  410  ad- 
ditions by  profession  of  faith,  892  baptisms  of 
adults  and  291  of  infants,  and  a  total  Christian 
population  of  10,171. 

The  General  Assembly  met  in  Princeton,  Ind., 
May  26.    The  Rev.  T.  J.  Kennedy,  D.  D.,  Presi- 


dent of  Amity  College,  Iowa,  was  chosen  presi- 
dent. A  committee  appointed  by  the  previous 
General  Assembly  concerning  the  relations  of 
this  Church  with  the  Presbyterian  Alliance  re- 
ported recommending  a  resumption  of  th^kn; 
whereupon  the  Assembly  resolved  that,  as  as- 
surances had  been  given  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Alliance  *'that  any  departure  from  the  use  of 
the  Scripture  Psalms  in  the  devotional  meetings 
thereof  was  not  by  its  authority,  and  that  such 
departure  will  be  carefuUv  guarded  against  in 
the  future  meetings,"  it  aeclared  its  desire  to 
be  readmitted  to  the  Alliance.  It  declined  to 
take  any  part  in  the  preparation  of  a  consensus 
of  the  faith  of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the 
world,  on  the  ground  "  that  it  is  not  wise  to  do 
anything  that  micht  indicate  a  willingness  to 
modify  our  creed."  A  minute  adoptea  on  the 
subject  of  the  demission  of  the  ministry  de- 
clares 

That  every  one  who  riffhtftiUy  occupies  the  minis- 
terial office  has  been  ciuled  to  that  position  bv  the 
voice  of  Christ,  the  Head  of  the  Church ;  ana  that 
ordination  by  the  presbytery  is  an  official  act,  setting 
a  man  apart  to  the  office  to  which  it  is  judged  the 
Lord  has  called  him.  The  evidences  on  which  a 
presbytery  bases  its  judgment  are  the  possession  of 
natural,  acquired,  and  gracious  endowments,  fitting 
the  candidate  for  the  office ;  leadings  of  Providence 
guiding  him  in  that  direction ;  and  a  persuasion  ap- 
parently wrought  in  the  man^s  soul  that  he  is  called 
of  God  to  this  office.  It  is  possible  that  the  man  may 
he  mistaken  in  his  conviction  concerning  the  call  of 
the  Lord,  and  a  presbytery  may  also  be  mistaken  in 
its  judgment  or  the  matter,  ^  so  that  a  man  may 
come  into  the  ministiy  bv  the  mistakes  of  man,  and 
not  by  the  will  of  God.*'  Or,  a  man  who  has  been 
called  by  the  Lord  for  a  time  may  become  by  some 
providence — not  of  old  age  or  infirmity — entirely  and 
permanently  unfitted  for  the  duties  of  ois  office,  while 
left  free  to  serve  the  Lord  in  those  duties  for  which 
he  is  capable.  In  such  cases  the  presbytery  may 
release  the  man  fh>m  his  act  But  when  unfitness 
results  ftY)m  the  minister's  neglect  to  cultivate  his 
talents  or  his  yielding  to  the  allurements  of  the  world, 
he  can  not  properly  be  released  without  censure. 

As  a  part  of  a  course  of  evangelistic  training,  a 
Bible  institute  was  provided  for  the  benefit  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Church  desiring  to  fit  themselves  for  Chris- 
tian labor,  the  course  of  mstruction  in  which  shall 
embrace  the  English  Bible,  the  plan  of  salvation,  the 
distinctive  principles  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
Church,  and  methods  of  Christian  work.  In  view  of 
the  usual  omission  of  the  name  of  Christ  from  the  of- 
ficial proclamations  appointing  Thanksgiving  Day. 
the  Assembly  directed  the  preparation  of  a  special 
proclamation,  recognizing  the  Thanksgiving  Day  ap- 
pointed by  the  President,  to  be  read  from  the  pulpits 
of  the  Church  in  place  of  the  President's  proclama- 
tion. Petitions  were  ordered  sent  to  the  directors  of 
the  Columbian  Fair  for  tlie  entire  closing  of  the  ex- 
hibition on  Sunday. 

IT.  Reformed  Presbyterian  Chnrch 
(Synod). — The  following  is  a  summary  of  the 
statistics  of  this  bodv  as  they  were  reported  to 
the  Synod  in  May:  !n umber  of  congregations, 
127 ;  of  ministers,  128 ;  of  elders,  503 ;  of  deacons, 
847;  of  communicants,  11,272;  average  attend- 
ance in  Sabbath  schools,  18,011;  number  of 
baptisms  during  the  ^ear,  868.  Amount  of 
contributions :  For  foreign  missions,  $26,151 ;  for 
home  missions,  $6,559;  for  the  Southern  Mis- 
sion, $8,962 ;  for  the  Chinese  Mission,  $2,087 ; 
for  the  Indian  Mission,  $4,521 ;  for  sustenta- 
tion,  $2,596 ;  for  national  reform,  $4,520 ;  total 


758  PRESBYTERIANS. 

contributions,  including  conereeational  and  by  different  churches  to  the  beneficiaries.  The 
other,  f  216,407.  The  Synod  held  endowment  total  permanent  investment,  including  the  En- 
funds  to  the  total  amount  of  $244,043.  dowment  and  Lamb  funds,  amounted  to  $55,- 

The  Synod  met  in  Pittsburg,  Pa.,  May  27.  474.    A  minute  was  adopted  with  reference  to 

The  Rev.  R.  C.  Wylie  was  chosen  moderator,  the  difficulties  in  the  Reformed  Presbyterian 

The  report  of  the  Committee  on  the  Signs  of  Synod,  to  the  effect  that 

the  Times  included  a  review  of  the  growth  of  the  Anything  affecting  the  interests  of  theolo^cal  €-*\- 

Synod  and  its  enterprises  since  1871,  when  the  uoation  in  the  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church  enli>ti» 

covenant  was  adopted    throughout  the  whole  our  consideration.    Events  occurring  among  our  for- 

Church.    The  number  of  members  had  increased  mer  brethren,  acting  under  the  same  name,  we  ftsjx, 

from  8,868  to  11,289  in  1890,  or  27  percent.;  JP^i^y  ^  ^^  expressing  regret  that  so  manv  defw- 

and  the  total  amount  of  contributions  had  risen  tions-bavc  occurred  aino^  our  graduate^  ani  that  « 

7       "        1    •iVjA/uinV^  ««««!«.  ftOyiAnoA   ^«  A1  many  of  theirs  have  been  silenced  by  suspen-«*ion 

from  nearly  $170,000  to  nearly  *240,000,  or  41  from  excrcUing  their  ministry.  It  isgratlfvingtofind 

per  cent.     Every  work  m  which  the  Church  was  that  there  are  so  many  among  them  in  sentiment  ^nxh 

engaged  in  1871  was  still  prosecuted  with  un-  us.    We  would  d«»ire  to  hope  that  the  reunion  for 

abated  zeal  and  over  an  extended  area,  while  the  which  our  fathe»  prayed  and  hoped  was  near  at 

new  missions  among  the  Chinese  and  among  the  hand. 

Indians  had  been  added.    The  invested  funds  of  A  protest  was  adopted  against  opening  the 

the  Synod,  which  amounted  in  1871  to  less  than  Ck)lumbian  Exhibition  on  Sunday. 

$50,000,  were  reported  in  1890  to  be  more  than  YI.  Cumberland  Presbyterian  Chnreh.— 

$241,000.    The  case  of  six  ministers  who  had  The  General  Assembly  met  in  Owensborough, 

been  suspended  by  the  Presbytery  of  Pittsburg  Ky.,  May  21.    The  Hon.  E.  E.  Beard,  of  Lebanon, 

for  violation  of  the  discipline  of  the  Church  Tenn.,  was  chosen  moderator.    In  reply  to  an 

came  before  the  Synod  on  appeal.    The  specific  overture  from  the  Presbyterian  Church  (North) 

offense  with  which  these  ministers  were  charged  inviting  it  to  join  in  the  preparation  of  a  consen- 

was  that  of  having  signed,  in  July,  1890,  a  paper  sus  creed  of  the  ReformcNJ  Churches  holding  the 

called  the  "  East  End  Declaration,"  in  which  it  Presbyterian  system,  a  declaration  was  adopted : 

was  held  that  "pei^ns  who  make  a  credible  ^  That  while  the  Cumberland  Pn*byterian  Church 

profession  of  Christ  should    be  received  into  ^as  the  «  Presbyterian  system,"  it  does  not  accept  the 

church  fellowship  on  the  acceptance  of  our  testi-  u  Westminster  Confession  "  or  its  creed, 

mony  and  terms  of  communion  without  binding  2.  That  thus  standing,  it  is  willing  at  all  times  to 

them  to  our  explanation  in  the  matter  of  politi-  enter  into  correspondence  with  other  Ohurchea  hold- 

cal  dissent  and  other  questions  " ;  and  this  after  ing  the  "  Presbyterian  system  "  in  any  effort  to  unite 

the  Synod  had  directed  that  there  should  be  no  "l»n  a  shori,  creed  to  be  used  as  the  common  creed  of 

more  agitation  on  the  subject.    The  ministers,  ^^  Churches. 

both  when  on  trial  before  the  Assembly  and  on  A  committee  was  appointed  to  enter  into  cor- 
the  presentation  of  their  appeal,  declared  that  respondence  with  other  Presbyterian  committees 
they  had  not  purposed  to  ne  disorderly  or  to  with  a  view  to  the  consideration  and  preparation 
violate  the  law  of  the  Chureh  forbidding  its  of  such  a  creed  *<  provided  that  nothing  contained 
members  to  vote  in  civil  elections,  but  only  in  the  creed  to  be  thus  proposed  shall  conflict 
favored  a  change  in  the  law  of  the  Chureh.  The  with  the  Confession  of  Faith  of  the  Cumberland 
Synod,  in  the  case  of  five  of  the  ministers,  re-  Presbyterian  Church,"  with  the  additionaJ  stip- 
fused  to  entertain  the  appeals,  and  dismissed  ulation  that  the  action  of  the  committee  should 
them.  In  the  case  of  the  sixth  minister  the  have  no  binding  force  or  effect  till  it  was  ap- 
appeal  was  sustained.  A  number  of  the  mem-  proved  by  the  General  Assembly.  To  a  com- 
bers of  the  Synod  protested  against  this  action  munication  inviting  it  to  join  in  asking  the  po- 
and  declared  that  they  would  leave  the  Church.  ]itical  couTentions  to  insert  a  recognition  of 
The  Synod  resolved  to  co-operate  with  the  Jesus  Christ  in  their  platforms,  the  Assemblv 
Southern  Presbyterian  and  other  churches  in  resolved  that  it  was  not  expedient  for  the  Church 
the  address  of  a  memorial  to  the  governments  to  interfere  directly  in  politics.  Majority  and 
of  Christendom  in  behalf  of  the  cause  of  peace,  minority  reports  were  presented  on  the  question 
and  committed  its  members  to  a  personal  pledge,  of  **  rotation  in  the  office  of  elders,  or  the 
that  if  any  part  of  the  Columoian  Exhibition  election  of  elders  for  terms  of  years,  the  ma- 
were  opened  on  the  Sabbath  they  would  not  at-  jority  report  declaring  against  rotation,  and  the 
tend  it,  would  not  give  it  countenance  or  sup-  minority  report  in  favor  of  it.  The  majority  report 
port,  and  would  use  their  influence  to  persuade  was  adopted.  A  declaration  was  approved  that 
all  Christian  people  to  unite  with  them  in  lilce  a  woman  can  not  legally  be  electra  a  ruling 
practical  protest  against  "  such  a  national  dis-  elder.  The  report  on  Temperance  condemned 
nonoring  of  the  Sabbath  and  of  the  Lord  of  the  all  license,  and  declared  that  the  legalized  liquor 
Sabbath."  traffic  has  its  existence  because  of  the  will  of  the 

T.  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church.  (Oen-  people  expressed  at  the  ballot-box,  and  can  be 
eral  Synod.)— The  General  Synod  of  the  Re-  outlawed  by  the  will  of  the  people  expre^ed  at 
formed  Presbyterian  Church  met  in  Philadelphia,  the  polls,  and  that  Cumberland  Presbyterians 
May  21.  The  Rev.  William  H.  Gailev  was  elected  ought  not  to  exercise  their  privileges  as  citizens 
moderator.  Report  was  made  of  the  condition  in  such  a  way  that  their  votes  shall  be  inconsist- 
of  the  foreign  mission  in  India  with  stations  ent  with  their  prayers.  The  report  on  the  Sab- 
at  Roorkee,  Mnzaffamagar,  and  Puttiala.  The  bath  included  a  protest  against  opening  the  Co- 
amount  of  the  Church  Extension  fund  was  re-  lumbian  Exhibition,  or  any  part  of  it,  on  Sun- 
turned  at  $4,983.  The  receipts  and  expendi-  day.  The  receipts  of  the  Board  of  Missions  had 
tures  of  the  Disabled  Ministers*  fund  had  been  been :  For  foreign  missions,  $22,259,  of  which 
$487,  while  other  sums  had  been  sent  directly  $10,169    had   been    contributed    through   the 


PRESBYTERIANS.  759 

Woman's  Board  ;  for  home  missions,  $11,459;  conyiction  of  the  Assembly  *'that  in  the  matter 
total  receipts,  including  those  for  Church  erec-  of  legislation  nothing  short  of  prohibition  rigid- 
tion  and  other  receipts,  $43,871.  The  mission  ly  enforced  by  the  proper  authorities  should 
at  Osidca,  Japan,  had  16  missionaries  (men  and  ever  be  accepted  as  final  or  satisfactory,  and  that 
women),  16  native  laborers,  10  churches  with  623  it  is  the  duty  of  the  Dominion  Parliament  to  en- 
communicants,  1  school  with  100  pupils,  and  re-  act  such  a  law."  The  Assembly  further  ap- 
tumed  63  additions.  The  mission  in  Mexico  re-  proved  of  temperance  organizations  in  the 
turned  2  stations,  4  missionaries,  8  native  help-  Church  similar  to  that  working  in  the  Church 
ers,  1  church  with  9  members,  and  3  schools  with  of  Ireland,  and  directed  that  local  church  au- 
1118  pupils.  thorities  see  that  the  principles  of  temperance 

Til.  Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada. —  are  properly  advocated  in  the  public  schools. 
The  statistical  returns  of  this  Church,  as  present- .  The  value  of  Young  People's  or  Christian  En- 
ed  to  the  General  Assembly  in  June,  show  that  the  deavor  societies  was  discussed,  and  the  Assembly 
number  of  churches  and  stations  under  pastoral  resolved  "that  in  order  to  develop  their  Chris- 
supply  was  1,769,  or  151  less  than  in  the  pre-  tian  graces  the  ^oung  people  be  tnoroughly  or- 
ceding  year;  of  sittings  in  churches,  461,520;  ganized  for  Christian  work."  The  subject  of  a 
of  families  connected  with  congregations  and  **  consensus  creed "  was  referred  to  a  committee 
stations,  83,389 ;  of  single  persons  not  connect-  composed  of  the  delegates  appointed  to  attend 
ed  with  families  in  congregations,  14,439;  of  the  Presbyterian  Council.  The  report  of  the 
communicants,  160,102,  showing  an  increase  of  Committee  on  Civil  and  Religious  Rights  recom- 
2,112;  of  additions  during  the  year  on  pro-  mended  that  to  counteract  the  effects  of  the 
fession  of  faith,  10,128 ;  attendance  on  Sabbath  growth  of  ultramontanism,  the  people  every- 
schools,  127,890.  Total  income  of  the  Church,  where  should  be  educated  in  both  secular  and 
$2,002,810,  with  $59,483  in  addition  raised  on  religious  matters  to  think  and  act  for  themselves 
the  mission  stations.  The  contributions  for  home  as  the  Christian  law  requires:  and  ministers 
missions  amount^  to  $30,000  in  the  eastern  should  take  frequent  occasion  to  instruct  their 
section  and  $111,988  in  the  western  section,  people  on  this  suoject,  and  inform  them  full v  re- 
Services  were  held  in  1,056  stations,  in  which  garding  "ultramontane  errors."  Respectfully 
12,569  Presbyterian  families  were  represented,  acknowledging  the  receipt  of  a  memorial  on  the 
besides  others  not  connected  with  the  Church,  labor  question,  the  Assembly  expressed  sympa- 
One  hundred  and  ninety-three  congregations  had  thy  with  every  wise  effort  "  to  develop  the  lac- 
been  aided  by  the  Augmentation  fund  to  the  ex-  ulties  of  man,  to  improve  his  social  conditions, 
tent  of  $33,786  in  raising  the  salaries  of  their  to  redress  injustice,  and  to  effect  needed  re- 
pastors  to  not  less  than  $750  per  annum.  The  forms,"  and,  trusting  that  any  evils  in  the  condi- 
income  of  the  French  Evangelization  fund  had  tion  of  different  classes  of  the  community  might 
been  $58,000.  Its  work,  including  colportage,  as  far  as  possible  be  met  and  removed,  ex- 
mission  schools,  preaching  stations,  and  regular-  pressed  the  conviction  that  they  could  only  be 
ly  organized  churches,  had  been  done  chiefly  in  permanently  met  and  removed  by  the  applica- 
the  ftovince  of  Quebec,  but  extended  also  to  tion  of  theprinciples  of  the  Gosjjel  of  Christ. 
porti<)ns  of  the  maritime  provinces,  Ontario,  and  VIII.  Free  Church  of  Scotland.— The 
St.  Anne,  111.  Ninety-three  stations  were  served.  General  Assembly  met  in  Edinburgh,  May  22. 
The  receipts  for  foreign  missions,  including  the  The  Rev.  Prof.  Thomas  Smith  was  chosen  mod- 
halance  from  the  preceding  year,  had  been  $87,-  erator.  The  Committee  on  the  Confession  of 
186,  in  addition  to  which  the  woman's  foreign  Faith  reported  that  it  had  determined  that  the 
missionary  societies  had  provided  $40,000.  best  plan  of  procedure  in  the  case  was  to  con- 
Missions  were  in  operation  in  the  New  Hebrides,  sider  a  declaratory  act,  and  accordingly  report- 
Trinidad,  China,  and  Central  India,  and  among  ed  such  a  bill,  which  declares,  in  substance, 
the  Indians  in  the  Northwest.  The  Mission  Com-  ipj^^^^,  -^  >^oldinp  nnd  teaching  the  divine  purpose 
mittee  had  $8,000  on  hand  for  the  foundation  of  of  praec,  the  Church  earnestly  proclaims  as  standing 
a  mission  to  the  Jews,  and  recommended  that  in  the  forefront  of  the  revelation  of  grace  the  love  of 
steps  be  taken  at  once  to  establish  such  a  mis-  God— Father  and  8on  and  Holy  Spirit— to  sinnere; 
sion  in  Palestine.  that  all  who  hear  tlic  Gospel  are  warranted  and  re- 

Oeneral  Assembly^—The    General    Assembly  Quired  to  believe  to  the  saving  of  their  souls ;  that 

met  in  Kingston,  Ontario,  June  10.     The  Rev.  jV  ^^J^^^^^^^^rlf.IIvV^^^ 

ffiu  ^ «T¥T    J           T\  T\     *  /-I     1  u             V  who  die  m  m fane v  are  lost,  or  tnai  men  are  loreor- 

Thomas  Wardrope,  D.  D.,  of  Guelph,  was  chosen  ^^.^^j  ^^  death  irrespective  of  their  own  sin ;  or  that 

moderator.    The  returns  from  the  presbyteries  man's  whole  nature  is  so  corrupt  but  what  there  re- 

of  their  votes  on  the  overture  prescribing  that  niain  "  tokens  of  his  greatness  as  created  in  the  image 

"  the  discipline  of  the  Church  shall  not  be  ex-  of  God." 

crcised  in  regard  to  marriage  with  a  deceased  j^  minute  was  adopted  that 

wife's  sister  or  a  deceased  wife's  niece,"  showed  ,j,^^  Assembly  approve  generally  of  the  report  and 

that  the  overture  had  been  defeated.    The  As-  ^^^^^  t^eir  thanks  to  the  committee,  especially  to 

sombly  declared  upon    this  that   **  the   matter  ^lie  convener.    They  approve  of  the  proposed  form  of 

should  now  take  end."    An  overture  providing  a  declaratory  act,  and  resolve  to  send  it  down  to 

that  students  in  Presbyterian  colleges  be  allowed  presbyteries  as  an  overture  under  the  Barrier  act. 

to  prosecute  their  studies  during  the  summer  .  .  .  The  General  Assembly  have  seen  with  witisfac- 

season  was  sent  down  to  the  presbyteries.     Reg-  tion  that  the  Committee  on  the  (  onfession  of  Faith, 

..i»»:^..<>  «^.»«  »A^^4^^A   ^^^^^Lr^i^^^u^  Ayx»«eA  ^*  after  repeated  conference,  have  been   led  to  auopt 

Illations  were  adopted  concerning  the  course  of  ^^^^j^ P^|,, .  resolution  in  regard  to  holy  Scripture, 

instruction  m  the  colleges,  one  of  the  provisions  r^je  As8emt)ly  approve  of  the  r<>8olution,and.regard- 

of  which  contemplates  a  service  of  one  year  m  i^^  jt  as  seasonable  and  fitted  to  be  helpful,  they 

the  mission  field  before  settlement  of  the  candi-  adopt  it  as  their  own  as  follows,  viz.:  The  General 

date.    The  report  on  temperance  asserted  the  As-sembly  find  that  there  appears  to  bo  no  adequate 


760  PRESBYTERIAK& 

call  to  odd  a  declaratory  statement  to  the  clear  and  the  view  of  promoting  uniformity  in  the  hrm- 
compreheniiive  exhibition  of  the  doctrine  of  holy  nals  in  use  in  the  different  churches.  The  sub- 
Scripture  contained  in  the  flret  chapter  of  the  Confer-    jqq^  qI  preparing  a  manual  of  prayer  for  use  in 


»ion  as  to  the  ffrcat  truths  of  the  inspiration,  infal-  of  missionaries  employed  in  India,  Arabia,  Syria, 

lible  truth,  and  divine  authority  of  holy  Scripture  as  Africa,  and  the  New  Hebrides  was  165,  and  the 

proceeding  from  God,  who  is  the  author  thereof.  whole  number  of  Christian  workers  was  about 

The  Committee  on  the  Quinquennial  Visita-  800.    The  number  of  native  communicants  was 

tion  of  Colleges  reported  that  representations  6,895.    Six  hundred  and  ninety-six  adults  and 

had  been  made  to  the  visitors  at  the  New  Col-  731  children  had  been  added  to  the  mission 

le^e  of  the  manner  in  which  the  classes  in  natu-  churches,  and  the  catechumen  classes  returned 

ral  science  and  evangelistic  theology  were  con-  1,788  members.     Six  colleges  and  307  schools 

ducted,  and  on  examination  they  had  concluded  returned  27,051  pupils  of  both  sexes.    The  older 

that  inquirv  was  needful.    Similar  representa-  vernacular  missions  had  been  reorganized,  and 

tions  in  reference  to  the  chair  of  Evangelistic  evangelistic  and  medical  work  had  been  extend- 

Theology  were  made  to  the  visitors  at  Glas£^ow  ed  from  new  centers. 

and  Aberdeen,  and  inquiry  was  found  neeaful  IX.    Charch    of  Scotland.— -The   General 

also  at  those  schools.    Complaint  was  likewise  Assembly  of  the  Established  Church  of  Scotland 

made  of  the  principal  at  Glasgow.    Among  the  met  in  Edinburgh,  May  22.    The  Rev.  James 

particular  matters  mentioned  in  the  complaint  MacGregor,  D.  D.,  of  Edinburgh,  was  chosen 

was  the  allegation  that  the  complainants  left  moderator.     The  Aged  and  Infirm  Ministers' 

the  hall  (at  Glasgow),  **  after   attending    the  Committee  reported  tnat  annuities  amounting  to 

classes  of  the  Professor  of  Old  Testament  Exe-  £3,218  had  been  paid  to  about  40  annuitants, 

gesis,  without  hearing  in  these  of  the  existence  The  income  of  the  Colonial  Committee  had  been 

of  the  great  problems  raised  by  modem  criti-  £4,648.     The  income  of  the  Jewish  Missions' 

cism  in  that  aepartment,  and  wholly  unable  to  Committee  had  been  £5,752,  showing  a  slight 

deal  with  them,  and  almost  untaught  in  the  in-  falling  off.    The  contributions  for  the  work  of 

terpretative  criticism  of  the  text."'    A  special  the  Committee  on  the  Highlands  and  Islands  had 

commission  of  seven  ministers  and  seven  elders  been  £1,869,  and  the  expenditures  upon  it  £1,752. 

was  appointed  to  make  a  full  and  deliberate  in-  A  memorial  signed  by  more  than  450  minis- 

quiry  into  these  statements,  and  report  to  the  ters,  seven  of  whom  were  Professors  of  Theology, 

next  Assembly.    Upon  the  presentation  of  the  asking  that  steps  be  taken  to  frame  measures 

report  of  the  Committee  on  Church  and  state,  a  that  would  do  away  with  the  evils  arising  from 


resolution  was  adopted,  declaring  competitive  preaching  in  connection  with  the 

That  the  Assembly  are  still  pereuaded  that  the  ter-  present  method  of  selecting  ministers,  was  re- 

mination  of  the  connection  of  Church  and   State  lerred  to  a  committee  to  consider  and  report 

now  existing  in   Scotland  is  essential  in  order  to  upon  to  the  next  General  Assembly,  with  the 

the  attainment  of  the  results  which  are  dwired,  and  understanding  that  the  Assembly  had  no  desire 

while  they  deeply  repet  any  sentiment  of  estraMe-  ^  interfere  with  the  statutory  nght  of  the  peo- 

'''^l\^^}^J^^7hL^L^f^^.J^^^^^?.  Pl«  to  choose  their  own  minister^    A  report  on 

with  the  fhink  and  free  expression  of  opmion  on  this  f,^  *^„^„«4.  ^*  „„ki;«  «.^»v:..  »^a  ♦ui  ^^-« 

head,  they  are  constrained  to  declare  their  judgment  *^he  conduct  of  public  worship  and  the  sacra- 

that  a  just,  honorable,  and  permanent  settlement  can  ments  recommended  that  the  order  of  sequence 

not  be  obtiuned  on  other  terms.  for  worship  be  indicated  by  the  Assembly ;  that 

The  committee  was  reappointed.  *^  ^f  the  Lord's  Prayer  at  every  service  be 

To  overtures  asking  for  a  more  definite  ex-  enjoined;  that  a  table  be  prepared  of  readings 

pression  by  the  Assembly  with  reference  to  the  ^^^  bluings,  embracing  every  day  of  the  year, 

case  of  Profs.  Dods  and  Bruce  (see  "Annual  ^^^  public  worship;  that  sitting  at  prayer  be 

CyclopiBdia  "  for  1890),  the  Assembly  replied  that  disapproved  of ;  that  baptisms,  exceot  on  special 

they  *sdo  not  deem  it  necessary  to  take  any  occasions,  be  public;  that  a  burial  service  be 

further  action  in  reference  to  the  matters  re-  sanctioned  for  use  at  the  house  and  the  grave; 

f erred    to   in  the  overtures,  and    accordingly  and  that  an  optional  liturgy  be  prepared  for 

pass  from  them."    A  report  was  adopted  favor-  P^^lic  worship  and  the  sacraments.   This  report 

ing  more  extended  co-operation  with  the  United  Y-^  recommitted,  m  order  that  its  recommenda- 

Presbvterian  Church,  particularly  in  the  matter  "ons  might  be  matured  and  put  into  shape.    A 

ofavoidingcompetitionin  movements  for  church  Pft^^ion  /or  ^he  institution  of  an  inquiry  into 

extension.     The  Assembly    voted   to  petition  i?®  "??'  "i«*n®  Glasgow  University  to  aUow 

Parliament  Prof.  Max  MUller  to  lecture  there  on  religion,  or 

to  entertain  lectures  on  the  Gifford  foundation 

lectures  on  the  natural  evi- 

^ ^ ^ . ^        without  preference  for  any 

compTctTon"'of  The  reiicf  oFfee8''in*the**eiementai^  system),  was  not  entertainea.    A  petition  was 

schools,  to  the  improvement  and  extension  of  the  presented  from  the  Layman's  League  on   the 

secondary  and  technical  school  system,  and  to  the  subject  of   increased   co-operation    among  the 

better  equipment  of  the  universities.  Presbyterian  churches  in  Scotland.     The  con- 

Tho  subject  of  improvinj^  congregational  music  currence  and  sympathy  of  the  Assembly  with 

was  rcfciTed  to  a  committee,  which  was  also  the  objects  and  constitution  of  the  League  were 

empowered  to  entertain  any  proposal  for  co-op-  expressed,  and  the  Committee  on  GhurSi  Inter- 

eration  with  other  Presbyterian  churches  with  ests  was  authorized  to  receive,  consider,  and  re- 


PRESBYTERIANS.  761 

port  to  the  General  Assembly  any  practical  pro-  XI.  PresbTterian  Chnreh  in  Ireland.— 

posals  toward  reunion  and  the  reconstruction  of  The  statistical  reports  of  this  Church  show  an 

Scottish  Presbyterianism  which  may  be  com-  increase  for  the  year  of  57  communicants,  1,272 

municated  to  it.  families,  1,196   stipend    payers,  207  pupils  in 

X.  United  Presbyterian  Church  of  Scot-  Sabbath  schools,  11  ministers,  9  licentiates,  and 
land. — The  Synod  met  in  Edinburgh,  May  8.  1  student  The  total  income  of  the  Church  had 
The  Rev.  Dr.  Andrew  Dendereon,  of  Paisley,  increased  from  £222,626  to  £239,188,  or  by  £16,- 
was  chosen  moderator.  The  condition  of  teach-  562.  Ten  thousand  pounds  sterling  haa  been 
ing  and  doctrine  in  the  college  hail  was  a  prom-  added  to  the  Sustentation  Fund.  Reports  were 
inent  subject  considered.  Complaint  having  made  to  the  General  Assembly  from  the  foreign 
been  made  by  the  students  of  the  inefficiency  of  missions  in  India  and  China,  the  Jewish,  Con- 
one  of  the  professors,  a  committee  appointed  at  tinental,  and  colonial  missions,  and  the  Irish 
the  precedmg  meeting  of  the  Synod  to  inquire  Home  Mission.  The  capital  of  the  Aged  and 
into  the  matter  had  taken  the  opportunity  to  Infirm  Ministers'  fund  had  been  raised,  by  the 
examine  the  work  of  the  college  as  a  whole,  aid  of  the  Jubilee  fund,  to  nearly  £7,000. 
The  work  of  the  principal  was  approved.  In  The  General  Assembly  met  in  Belfast,  June  1. 
the  professorship  oi  Hebrew  the  committee  sug-  The  Rev.  !N.  M.  Brown,  D.  D.,  was  chosen  mod- 
gested  that  the  work  might  be  widened,  and  erator.  The  provisional  arrangement  made  in 
more  satisfaction  given  in  teaching  students  to  1886  concerning  the  use  of  instrumental  music 
defd  with  those  problems  in  recent  discussions  in  church  services  having  expired  by  limitation 
that  must  be  fairly  and  intelligently  and  rever-  of  five  years,  the  subject  again  claimed  attention, 
ently  dealt  with.  The  complaints  made  by  the  This  arrangement  provid^  that  while  congrega- 
students  had  borne  chiefiy  asainst  the  teaching  tions  which  already  had  instruments  should  be 
from  the  chair  of  the  New  lestamcnt  Exegesis ;  permitted  to  continue  to  use  them,  no  more  in- 
and  this  the  committee  found  had  been  raulty  struments  should  be  introduced.  The  commit- 
from  excess  of  merely  grammatical  comment,  tee  to  which  the  subject  was  referred  reported 
with  insufficient  treatment  of  the  scope  and  that  the  working  of  tne  arrangement  had  been 
purpose  of  the  New  Testament  writin|;s;  ab-  satisfactory,  ana  that  while  instruments  had 
sence  of  a  regular  course  of  instruction  in  New  been  disused  in  some  congregations,  none  had 
Testament  introduction;  incomplete  statement  been  added.  In  accordance  with  the  recom- 
and  defective  treatment  of  the  special  difficulties  mendation  of  the  committee,  the  compact  was 
arising  from  modem  criticism ;  besides  some  renewed  for  another  five  years.  The  principles 
faults  in  detail  and  method.  The  College  Com-  of  temperance  were  represented  as  making  a 
inittee  was  authorized  to  report  to  the  Synod  solid  advance  in  the  Church,  with  an  exhibition 
all  complaints  affecting  the  teaching  of  heresy  of  |n^ater  energy  in  promoting  them,  as  well  as 
within  the  college,  and,  in  the  event  of  its  bein?  an  increasing  number  of  abstainers,  and  a  ^ow- 
decided  that  there  was  a  case  that  demandea  ing  sentiment  in  favor  of  a  closer  restriction  of 
inquiry,  to  begin  such  processes  as  might  be  the  licruor  traffic, 
thought  necessary.  XII.  Presbyterian  Chnreh  in  England.— 

The  report  on  disestablishment  renewed  the  The  statistical  reports  of  this  Church,  as  present- 
testimony  of  the  Synod  in  favor  of  religious  ed  to  the  Synod  in  May,  show  the  number  of  mem- 
eauality,  and  expressed  the  conviction  that  union  bers  to  be  65,688 ;  of  pupils  in  Sunday  schools, 
of  the  Presbyterian  churches  of  Scotland  could  79,282,  with  7,373  teaenei*s ;  value  of  church 
be  effected  only  on  the  basis  of  freedom  from  property,  £1,508,629.  The  income  of  the  Church 
State  connection  and  support.  The  report  on  was  returned  at  £289,284,  against  £284,805  in 
Sabbath  observance  mentioned   the  spreading  1890. 

tendency  to  secularize  the  day  by  fasnionable  The  Synod  met  in  London,  April  27.    The 

entertainments  and  Sunday  concerts,  and  the  Rev.  J.  Monro  Gibson,  D.  D.,  was  cnosen  moder- 

practice  of  ministers  of  traveling  on  Sunday  by  ator.   The  Committee  on  the  Confession  of  Faith, 

train  or  other  hired  conveyances  to  meet  their  which  had  in  the  previous  year  asked  the  Synod 

appointments,  as  painful  indications  of  disre-  to  approve  a  revision  of  the  articles  of  Faith  (see 

gard  for  the  Lord's  day.    It  had  been  found  im-  "  Annual  Cyclopspdia  "  for  1888),  now  presented 

possible  to  obtain,  even  among  members  of  Par-  for  approval  a  draft  of  an  appendix  to  the  same, 

Jiament  friendly  to  Sabbath   observance,  one  dealing  with  parts  of  the  Confession — such  as 

who  would  introduce  a  bill  for  the  diminution  those  relating  to  worship  and  baptism — which 

of  Sabbath  postal  labor.    An  overture  was  re-  could  not  be  defined  as  doctrine.    Anewformu- 

ceived  from  a  presbytery  of  Cape  Colony  in  ref-  la  was  offered,  to  be  signed  by  ministers  and 

erenoe  to  extending  missionaiy  work  into  the  licentiates,  requiring  assent   to  the  **body  of 

new  sphere  of  British  influence  extending  north  doctrine"  contained  in  the  Confession,  as  set 

to  the  Zambesi.  forth  in  the  new  articles  of  Faith.   The  appendix 

The  income  of  the  Foreign  Missionary  Society  was  referred  to  the  presbyteries.    A  communi- 

for  the  year  had  been  £32,303,  and  its  expendi-  cation  from  the  American  General  Assembly 

ture  £30,806.    The  report  showed  that  the  num-  suggesting  the  preparation  of  a  consensus  creea 

ber  of  missionaries  had  gradually  increased  from  was  referred  to  the  Committee  on  the  Confession 

42  in  1860  to  63  in  1870,  80  in  1880,  and  117  in  of  Faith.    A  report  was  sent  down  to  presbv- 

1890;  and  while  the  number  of  native  con^rega-  teries  giving  to  the  presbytery  authority,  sub- 

tions  in  1860  was  35,  with  4,695  members,  it  was  ject  to  appeal  to  the  Svnod.  in  case  of  inefficien- 

now  96,  with  15,799  members.    In  1860  the  na-  cy  or  unsuitability  ol  ministers,  after  exhaust- 

tive  contributions  amounted  to  £2,662,  and  in  ing  ordinary  means  of  remedy,  to  dissolve  the 

1890  to  £13,005.    In  1860  there  was  1  native  pastoral  tie.    With  it  was  sent  an  overture  ar- 

minister,  and  in  1890  there  were  20.  ranging  for  visitation  of  congregations. 


762      PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND.  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH. 

XIII.  Welsh  Calrinistlc  Methodists. —  Provincial  Secretary,  Treasurer,  and  Commission- 
The  statistical  secretary  of  this  denomination  erof  Public  Lands;  lion.  James  R.  McLean,  Corn- 
presented  to  the  General  Assembly  a  comparative  missioner  of  Public  Works ;  and  Hons*  Peter 
review  of  the  condition  of  the  Church  for  several  Sinclair,  Alexander  Laird,  James  Richard.  Law- 
Years  past,  partly  in  answer  to  assertions  that  rence  Kickham,  Donald  Farquharson,  and  George 
had  been  made  daring  the  debates  concerning  Forbes,  without  portfolio.  Upon  the  meeting  of 
disestablishment  that  the  nonconformist  church-  the  House,  on  April  23,  Bernard  D.  McLellan  was 
es  in  Wales  were  declining.  So  far  as  could  be  elected  Speaker,  and  the  Assembly  was  opened 
ascertained,  the  census  returns  showed  an  in-  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  who  said : 
crease  in  the  population  of  England  and  Wales  i  have  much  pleosuro  in  meetiii^  you  again,  and  in 
duing  the  past  ten  years  of  11*54  per  cent.  The  availinjar  mysell  of  the  advice  and  afisifrtaDce  in  «uoh 
increase  in  the  number  of  full  members  of  this  legislation  aa  may  tend  to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
denomination  was  14*40  per  cent.  The  number  province.  Although  the  lateneaa  of  your  meeting 
of  communicants  in  1880  was  118,970;  in  1890  ^}^^  be  attended  with  in<»nveniencc  to  700,1  r^\y 
if  »«a  iQAH^i  o)«/x«r;n»  «*,  «,rA*«,*A  «nnii<ii  iw>  With  confldeDce  UDou  vour  devotiug  sumcicnt  timc  to 
It  was  136.0O1,  showing  an  average  annual  in-  mature  auch  measures  i  the  exigenSea  of  the  province 
crease  of  1,  <01.  1  he  increase  for  1890  was  1,812,  ^^d  its  public  service  may  require.  I  was  pleased  to 
or  111  above  the  annual  average.  The  total  col-  observe  lai^t  autumn  that  a  decided  improvement  was 
lections  for  1890  were  £202,707,  while  in  1880  manifest  in  the  manner  of  conducting  the  provincial 
they  were  £141,174,  and  in  1870  £108,504.  eidiibition,  and  trust  tliat  the  husbandmen  of  this 

The  General  Assembly  mot  at  Morriston,  near  province  niay  derive  benefit  corresponding  to  the  ex- 
Swansea,  June  22.  The  Rev.  William  James  «rtiop*  ^J  tiio  Charlotteto^-n  Driving  Paf=k  and  Pro^ 
was  chosen  moderator.     A  committee  was  ap-  '*°^*fi  Exhibition  Association.    It  is  a  matter  of  re- 

.   2^  ,  V^                             «.  v/i  «*i*i*«wc   woo  «|/-  ^  ^^^  ^YiQ  comparatively  short  crop  of  last  vear 

pointed  to  prepare  a  reply  m  the  name  of  the  %,^  damaged  to  a  considerable  extent  by  heavy  liins 

Assembly  to  attacks  that  bad  been  made  upon  during  harvest,  and  as  a  consequence  feed  for  farm 

the  connection.  stock  nas  been  scarce  during  the  winter. 

XI  y.  Australian  Federal  Assembly. — ^The  The  public  accounts  for  the  past  year  will  be  laid 
fourth  Federal  Assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  before  you.  It  is  a  matter  of  regret  that  the  expendi- 
Churches  in  Australasia  was  held  in  Brisbane,  be-  ^ure  has  largely  exceeded  the  revenue,  and  as  a  con- 
ginning  July  9.  The  Rev.  Dr.  James  Scott,  of  ^^"f^l^  ^^i  indebtedness  of  the  Gov-ernment  to  the 
TT^K«-f  nrao  .«k/xe^n  r«./v/i»*.f ^x,.  TUr.  .4^«f;«fL«i  bauks  has  been  increased  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
Ilobart,  was  chosen  moderator.  The  statistical  necessitate  the  adoption  of  prompt  measures  for  it« 
report  showed  that  there  were  417  ministers  in  ecttlement  The  estimates  for  the  current  year  will 
New  South  Wales,  where  the  proportion  of  ad-  be  submitted  to  you.  They  have  been  framed  with 
herents  to  the  whole  population  was  1  to  10,  with  due  regard  to  economy  and  the  efficiency  of  the  pub- 
13,830  children  in  Sabbath  schools ;  in  Tasmania,  Ho  service. 

10  ministers  and  174  teachers  in  Sabbath  schools;  .  Measures  will  be  laid  before  you  having  for  their  ob- 

in  South  Australia,  14  ministers  and  250  teach-  J«<1<^«  lesseriing  of  the  expenditure  of  the  provmce 

ers;    in    Wester^  Australia,    2    churches;    in  without  unpainng  the  pubhc service. 

Queensland,  42  ordained  ministers  and  26  mission-  Financial. — In  accordance  with  this  speech 

aries,  with  4,200  adherents ;    in  Victoria,  210  the  public  accounts  show  that  the  receipts  from 

ministers,  with    8,300  teachers,    82,000  youuK  all  sources  during  1890  amounted  to  $224,881.- 

Seople  attending  the  schools  and  classes,  and  69,  while  the  expenditure  was  $305,7^.39.  Of 
7,000  adherents.  A  revision  of  the  Directory  this  total,  $110,536.28  were  expended  upon  pnl>- 
for  Public  Worship  was  approved.  The  sub-  lie  works,  for  the  most  part  of  a  permanent 
jeot  of  a  revision  of  the  doctrinal  standards  was  character.  The  estimates  of  expenditure  for 
discussed,  but  no  action  was  taken  upon  it.  1891  were  $270,905.  One  item  in  tnese  estimates 
Action  was  taken  toward  the  incorporation  of  provides  in  part  for  the  survey  of  a  tunnel  rail- 
the  Presbyterian  churches  of  the  several  Austra-  way  which  is  projected  between  the  island  and 
lian  colonies  into  one.  Recommendations  were  the  mainland,  a  project  of  incalculable  impor- 
adopted  with  regard  to  the  better  oversight  and  tance  to  the  former.  The  session  of  1891,  being 
strengthening  of  the  missions  in  the  New  Hebri-  the  second  session  of  the  thirty-first  General 
des.  A  new  mission  was  provided  for  to  be  es-  Assemblv,  closed  on  July  15. 
tablished  among  the  aborigines  on  the  Batavia  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHUBCH 
river,  in  northern  Queensland.  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.  As  in  previous 
PRINCE  EDWARD  ISLAND.  This  island,  years,  so  in  the  present  (1891),  this  church  has 
with  its  area  of  2,133  square  miles,  is  the  small-  moved  on  in  its  usual  apnointed  course.  In  the 
est  province  in  Canada.  It  is,  indeed,  smaller  free  use  of  its  liturgy  ana  authorized  services  it 
than  the  neighboring  island  siegnory  of  Anti-  has  increased  in  a  steady,  healthful  manner, 
costi.  which  is  almost  uninhabited.  The  little  There  have  been  no  disturbances  or  excitements 
island  province  is  nevertheless  the  most  densely  over  doctrine  or  discipline,  and  the  position  of 
peopled  of  any  part  of  the  Dominion.  Its  popu-  the  Episcopal  Church,  relatively  to  other  de- 
lation, by  the  census  of  1891,  was  109,088,  being  nominations  of  Christians,  in  matters  wherein 
at  the  rate  of  54  per  square  mile.  there  is  divergence  of  doctrine  and  practice,  re- 
Oorernment. — Upon  the  acceptance  of  the  mains  the  same.  Christian  union  of  an  on^anic 
chief  justiceship  by  the  ex-Premier  Hon.  W.  W.  character,  though  earnestly  desired,  is  still  felt 
Sullivan  late  in  1889  a  sequence  of  coranlica-  to  be  something  in  the  future.  The  Prater  Book, 
tions  ensued.  Hon.  Neil  McLeod  succeeded  the  as  well  as  the  conduct  of  public  senno«,  with 
Chief  Justice  as  Premier ;  but,  through  the  ad-  more  or  less  of  ritual  and  its  accompaniments* 
verse  voice  of  the  electors,  he  was  compelled  to  have  been  freelv  discussed,  and  there  are  nnani- 
resign  in  April,  1891.  A  new  ministry  was  then  mous  desire  ani  purpose  to  have  doubtful  points 
formed  as  follows :  Hon.  Frederick  Peters,  Attor-  cleared  up  and  agreement  entered  into  as  to 
ney-General  (Premier) ;  Hon.  Angus  McMillan,  matters  yet  requiring  settlement.    As  the  Gen- 


PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


763 


eral  Convention  is  to  be  held  in  1802,  it  is  highly 
probable,  if  not  certain,  that  the  conservative, 
law  and  order  abiding  sense  of  the  fitness  of 
things  will  prevail  everywhere.  The  sources  of 
information  in  preparing  this  article  are  the 
published  journals  of  conventions,  reports,  and 
documents  of  Church  societies  and  corporations, 
Pott's  "Church  Almanac,"  and  Whittaker*s 
"  Protestant  Episcopal  Almanac."  The  follow- 
ing table  presents  a  summary  of  statistics  of  the 
Church  during  1891 : 


DIOCESSS. 


Alabama 

Albany 

ArkanaaSb 

raUforaia 

Central  New  York.... 
Central  Pennsylvania. 

Chkagn 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

East  Carolina 

Ea&ton 

Florida 

Fond  da  Lac 

Georgia 

Indiana 

Iowa. 

Kansas 

Kentacky 

Lonff  Island 

Louisiana 

Maine. 

Maryland 

MaMachosetts 

Michigan 

Milwaukee 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Newark 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Pltteboxg 

Qalney 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

Southern  Ohio 

Springfield 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Western  Michigan .... 
Western  New  York.. . 

West  Missouri 

West  Viiginia 

MiaSIOHABT  JUBTS- 
DXCTIOXS. 

Montana 

Nevada  and  Utah 

New  Mexico  and  Ari- 
zona   

North  Dakota 

Northern  CaUfomia. . . 

Northern  Tt'xas 

South  Dakota 

The  Phitte 

Washington 

Western  Texas 

Wyoming  and  Idaho. . 

China 

Japan 

Western  Africa 

Total 


Cl«iy. 

Pu- 

Umm. 

88 

45 

186 

116 

21 

27 

100 

81 

lOS 

112 

110 

110 

8T 

68 

40 

86 

200 

147 

85 

80 

29 

86 

86 

88 

45 

40 

82 

18 

89 

80 

46 

40 

56 

50 

88 

40 

48 

88 

120 

86 

88 

44 

2T 

22 

181 

187 

202 

136 

77 

71 

62 

88 

95 

78 

82 

85 

42 

40 

85 

28 

102 

70 

86 

84 

107 

80 

868 

210 

61 

50 

T4 

74 

19 

27 

230 

125 

68 

75 

26 

40 

56 

49 

46 

62 

56 

49 

40 

62 

50 

84 

29 

51 

82 

46 

158 

200 

27 

28 

118 

112 

86 

26 

21 

81 

•  •  • 

18 

•  •  • 

29 

11 

16 

5 

18 

12 

25 

19 

19 

18 

85 

29 

50 

7 

15 

28 

22 

21 

22 

84 

20 

82 

•  •  • 

16 

•  •  • 

14 

■  •  • 

4,208 

8,800 

Bap- 


481 

1,978 

204 

1,200 

1,641 

1,689 

1,828 

529 

2,098 

542 

897 

425 

752 

486 

468 

669 

027 

412 

686 

2,598 

597 

850 

2,619 

8,057 

1,487 

668 

1,184 

267 

669 

628 

2,018 

804 

1,414 

6,679 

518 

1,017 

854 

4,807 

1,249 

185 

1,140 

450 

619 

291 

550 

428 

899 

1,870 

511 

1,702 

426 

220 


212 
224 

78 
151 
24,% 
185 
945 
166 
875 
lfi6| 
225 
518 
828 
226 


60,460 


568 

1,401 

168 

1,058 

1,060 

1,120 

951 

800 

1,669 

274 

276 

210 

406 

510 

810 

406 

882 

488 

679 

1,853 

441 

174 

1,560 

1,585 

1,072 

487 

901 

282 

514 

809 

1,167 

228 

878 

4,201 

486 

7vH6 

206 

2,695 

1,001 

176 

617 

886 

460 

804 

429 

808 

804 

1,822 

848 

1,845 

2S0 

152 


217 
96 

82 

86 

78 
152 
808 

62 
224 

89 
182 
251 
808 

99 


Commo- 
nlcsntt. 


6300 

18,488 

2,178 

9,146 

15,774 

10^70 

12,851 

8,796 

26,640 

2,842 

8,274 

8,027 

4.0S6 

8,489 

5,880 
6,266 
8.106 
6.9(M 

28,072 
4,898 
8,168 

27,892 

28,021 

12,866 
6,628 

10,422 
8,066 
6,231 
8,100 

16,209 
2,894 

18,104 

58,854 
4,566 
9,802 
1,977 

87,100 
9,928 
2,808 
9.576 
4^801 
7,628 
8,496 
^^08 
8,500 
4,461 

18,685 
4,282 

15,697 
8.676 
2,9S8 


1,490 
1,824 

617 
718 

1,074 

1,9!^ 

2,609 

7S6 

2,262 

1,600 

1.565 

762 

1,277 

844 


40,972    582,280 


Number  of  dioceses 59 

Number  ot  missionary  JurisdictionA 17 

Bishops 76 

Candidates  for  orders 856 

Deacons  ordained 164 

Priests  ordained 118 

Priests  and  deacons 4,208 

Whole  number  of  clergy 4,278 

Parishes  (about) 8.800 

Missions  and  chapels  (about) 2,200 

Baptisms,  infant 47,188 

Baptisms,  adult 11,478 

Baptisms,  not  specified 1,176 

Total 60,460 

Confirmed,  number  of 40,072 

Communicanto. 582,280 

Marriages 16,0*29 

Burials •. 80,972 

Sunday-school  teachers 41,658 

Sunday-school  scholars 888,746 

Contributions  for  Cliurch  puiposes $18,400,000 

Domestie  and  Yoreign  Missionary  Soci- 
etv. — The  society  which  has  this  as  its  legal 
title  comprehends  all  persons  who  are  members 
of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church.  The  Board 
of  Missions  consists  of  all  the  bishops  of  the 
American  Church,  the  members  for  the  time 
being  of  the  House  of  Deputies  of  the  General 
Convention,  the  delegates  from  the  Missionary 
Jurisdictions,  and  the  Board  of  Managers.  The 
Missionary  Council  comprises  all  the  bishops,  an 
equal  number  of  presbyters,  and  an  equal  number 
of  laymen.  It  meets  annually  (except  in  the 
years  when  the  Board  of  Missions  meets),  and  is 
charged  with  taking  all  necessary  action  in  re- 
gard to  the  missionary  work  of  the  Church 
which  shall  not  conflict  with  the  general  policy 
of  the  board.  The  Council  met  in  Detroit, 
Mich.,  Oct.  20,  and  continued  in  session  for 
three  days.  It  was  well  attended  by  bishops, 
clergy,  and  laity,  and  disposed  of  matters  in 
hand  with  promptitude  and  hearty  zeal.  The 
annual  report  of  the  Board  of  Managers,  with 
accompanying  documents,  was  received,  and 
note  was  mvSie  of  the  fact  that  the  board,  its 
general  secretary,  the  various  commissions,  and 
the  Woman's  Auxiliary  had  done  their  work 
well,  and  deserved  the  confidence  and  support 
of  the  Church.  The  Board  of  Missions  divides 
its  work  between  a  domestic  committee  and  a 
foreign  committee,  which  have  headquarters  in 
New  York  city. 

Domestic  Missions.— From  Sept.  1, 1890,  to 
Sept.  1,  1891,  there  were:  Missionaries  (17  mis- 
sionary jurisdictions  and  34  dioceses) :  bishops, 
13 ;  other  clergy  (white,  colored.  Indian),  520 ; 
teachers,  other  helpers,  etc.,  100;  total,  620. 
The  financial  condition  was  as  follows :  Cash  in 
hand  (September,  1890),  $35,372.59;  offerings, 
etc.,  $150,109;  legacies  for  domestic  missions, 
$23,478.98;  legacies  for  investment,  $1,950:  spe- 
cials, $37,412.85 ;  moneys  withdrawn  for  tempo- 
rary purposes,  $76,294.76;  total,  $324,617.20. 
Expenditures  (17  missionarv  juri}*dictions  and 
34  dioceses):  for  whites,  $117,451.09;  Indians, 
$42,082.74;  colored,  $47,396.42;  specials,  $39,- 
252.26;  overdraft,  $23,906.85;  salaries,  rent, 
printing,  etc.,  $18,662.26;  legacies  for  invest- 
ment, $1,950;  balance  in  hand,  $33,215.03;  total, 
$324,617.20. 

Foreign  Missions.— From  Sept.  1,  1890,  to 
Sept.  1, 1891,  the  number  of  missionary  bishops 
was  4;  the  number  of  other  clergy  (white  and 
native),  69:  teachers,  physicians,  nelpers,  etc., 
283.    The  financial  condition  was  as  follows: 


764  PROTESTANT  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Cash  in  hand  (September,   1890),  $13,743.71;  property  in  Port-au-Prince,  J^r^mic,  Aux  Cayes, 

offerings,  genertU  fund,  etc.,  $178,714.81 ;  spe-  etc.,  nearly  $20,000. 

cials,  $16,003.42 ;  moneys  withdrawn  for  tempo-  Protestant  Episeopal   Churches  in  En- 

rary  investment,  $32,680.48 ;  total,  $241,151.42.  rope,  on  the  Continent. — These,  orpinized  nn- 

Expenditures  on  account  of  missions,  etc.,  in  der  tne  canon,  are  in  charge  of  a  bishop  of  the 

West  Africa,  China,  and  Japan  (including  Hayti  American  Church,  who  makes  an  annual  visita- 

and  Mexico),  $178,878.60 ;  specials  for  China,  tion.    Churches  in  France,  2 ;  in  Germany,  1 : 

Japan,  Hayti,  etc..   $17,856.32:  salaries,  rent,  in  Italy,  2 ;  in  Switzerland,  3;  clergy.  10;  contri- 

pnnting,  and  incidentals,  $19,362.63 ;  balance  in  butions,  $3,206 ;  estimated  value  of  Church  prop- 

hand,  $12,212.01 ;  total,  $241,151.42.    The  mis-  ertv  in  Paris,    Rome,   Dresden,  Geneva,  etc, 

sion  property  at  foreign  stations  is  estimated  to  $132,650. 

be  worth  about  the  same  as  previously  reported,  American  Church  Bnildlngr-Fnnd  Com- 

viz.,  in  Africa  (Monrovia,  Cape  Palmas,  etc.),  mission. — It  was  established  in  1880,  and  con- 

$40,000 ;  in  China  (Shanghai,  Wuchang,  Han-  tinues  its  very  useful  and  important  work.    The 

kow,  Pekin),  $157,100 ;    Japan  (Tokio,  Osaka,  aim  of  the  trustees  is  kept  steadilv  in  view,  viz^ 

Nara),  $64,000 ;  in  all  (about)  $261,100.  to  bring  the  fund  ud  to  at  least  $1,000,000,  so  as 

Woman's  Anxiliaiy  to  the  Board  of  Missions  to  be  able  to  give  effective  aid  in  all  parts  of  the 

renders  important  and  efficient  aid  in  all  the  de-  United  States  toward  building  chapels  and  new 

partments  by  means  of  parochial,  city,  county,  churches.    The  progress  is  rather  slow,  having 

and  diocesan  associations  of  ladies,  formed  for  reached  only  to  the  amount  of  $207,435J22 ;  but 

the  purpose  of  raising  money,  preparin^^  and  for-  the  trustees  are  sure  that,  as  the  value  of  the 

waraing  boxes  to  missionaries  and  mission  sta-  fund  to  the  cause  of  the  Church  becomes  more 

tions,  and  in  various  other  ways  giving  help  to  widely  and  better  known,  it  must  and  will  reoeive 

the  missionary  work  of  the  Church.    Money  large  additions.    During  the  year  thirty-seven 

raised  by  the  Auxiliary  for  domestic,  foreign,  new  loans  were  made,  the  whole  number  being  at 

and  other  mission  work,  $153,700.55;  boxes  for  date  174,  to  the  amount  of  $111,262.72. 

the  same  (3,972  in  number),  value,  $195,954.14;  Societj     for     Promotingr     Christianity 

total,  $349,654.69.  among  the   Jews  (auxiliary  to  the  Board  of 

American  Chnrch  Missionary  Society  (also  Missions)  reports    its  usual  quiet  and  steady 

auxiliary  to  the  Board  of  Missions)  has  employed  progress  durmg  this  its  thirteenth  year  of  worlc. 

during  the  year,  in  22  dioceses  and  missionary  ju-  The  society  has  missionaries  laboring  in  nine  or 

risdictions,  46  missionaries.    The  financial  condi-  ten  of  the  large  cities.    Besides  the  paid  mis- 

tion  was  as  follows:  Balance  in  hand  (September,  sionaries,  the  parochial  clergy  co-operate  with 

1890),  $26,374.80 ;  for  general  work,  domestic  mis-  the  society  in  almost  everv  diocese.  There  are  four 

sions,  $13,306.78 ;  for  general  work,  foreign  mis-  missionary  day  schools,  four  industrial  schools, 

sions  (Cuba  and  Brazil),  $11,258.98 ;  specials,  and  three  night  schools.    Of  publications,  over 

$4,458.36;  balance  in  hand  (September,  1891),  46,000  copies  were  issued  during  the  year,  and  Bi- 

$10,007.40;  total,  $65,416.32.    The  Society  holds  bles,  Testaments,  Scripture  portions,  and  Prayer 

in  securities,  trust  funds,  bonds  and  mortgages.  Books  were  circulatea  in  English,  Hebrew,  Gei^ 

and  property,  to  the  amount  of  $150,000.    It  man,  and  other  languages.  Much  good  has  been 

also  sends  boxes  of  clothing  and  the  like  to  the  accomplished  in  removing  Hebrew  narrowness 

missionaries  in  its  employ.  and  prejudice  to  a  large  extent,  and  though  oon- 

Chnrch  Work  in  Mexico. — ^This  is  placed  versions  are  not  rapid,  yet  there  is  excellent 

under  the  direct  supervision  and  control  of  the  ground  for  hope  in  tne  future.    Contributions : 

presiding  Bishop  of  the  American  Church,  the  Sunday-school    offerings,    specials,    etc.,  $10.- 

constitution  of  the  Mexican  Church  bein|^  tem-  781.44 ;  balance  from  old  account,  $5,24480 ; 

porarily  in  abeyance.    The  work  is  carried  on  total,  $16,026.24    Expenditures  for  schools,  aid- 

by  a  superintendent,  residing  in  the  city  of  Mex-  aries,  publications,  etc.,  $13,181.33 ;  real  estate 

ico,  who  is  to  "  counsel  and  guide  presbyters  and  account,  $1,175.80 ;  balance  to  new  account,  $1,- 

laymen  there  who  have  asked  that  the  fostering  669.11 ;  total,  $16,026.24 

oare  of  the  Church  in  the  United  States  be  ex-  General  Condition  of  Chnrch  Affairs.— 

tended  to  them  as  a  mission."    An  advisory  During  the  year  three  of  the  bishops  have  died, 

committee  for  the  work  in  Mexico  has  in  char^  viz. :  Bishop  W.  J.  Boone,  of  Shanghai,  China ; 

all  offerings  made  through  the  Board  of  Mis-  Bishop  C.  F.  Knight,  of  Milwaukee ;  and  Bishop 

sions.    Clergv,  5 ;  lay  helpers,  13 ;  mission  sta-  B.  H.  Paddock,  of  Massachusetts.    Four  pres- 

tions,  27.    T^ere  is  also  a  "league  in  aid  of  the  bvters  have  been  consecrated  bishops,  viz.:  H. 

Mexican  branch  of  the  Church,"  consisting  of  M.  Jackson,  assistant,  of  Alabama:  I).  Sessnms, 

ladies  residing  in  New  York  city.    This  associa-  assistant,  of  Louisiana ;  Phillips  Brooks,  of  Mas- 

tion  contributes  money  and  sends  boxes,  etc.,  sachusetts ;  and  I.  L.  Nicholson,  of  Milwaukee, 

independently  of  the  arrangement  that  is  set  Six  are  on  the  list  of  retired  bishops,  viz. :  6.  T. 

forth  above.  Bedell,  T.  A.  Jagger,  C.  C.  Penick,  S.  I.  J. 

Chnrch  in  Hayti. — This  Church,though  prop-  Schereschewsky,  H.  Southgate,  and  C.  M.  Will- 
erly  independent,  is  not  quite  strong  enough  to  iams.  In  addition  to  those  above  named,  seventy- 
be  self-supporting,  and  consequently  seeks  aid  seven  of  the  clergy  have  died  during  1891,  of  ages 
from  the  rrotestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  varying  from  thirty  to  ninety  years;  average 
United  States.  A  commission  of  bishops  has  it  age,  fifty  to  fiftv-five  years.  In  addition  to  the 
in  charge,  and  it  receives  help  from  the  Domes-  regular  ordained  clergy,  sisterhoods,  deaconesses, 
tic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society.  Aid  was  and  women  trained  for  special  work,  which  they 
extended  this  year  to  the  amount  of  $7,819.44.  alone  can  properly  perform,  are  doing  good  antl 
Statistics:  Bishop,  1;  other  clergy,  14 ;  teachers,  laudable  service,  and  they  are  ble^ed  in  the 
catechists,  etc.,  37.    Estimated  value  of  Church  fruits  of  their  labors. 


QUEBEC.  765 


Q 


QUEBEC,  PROTINCE  OP.  By  the  "  Brit-  the  insistence  of  Lieut-Gov.  Angers,  with  that 
Lsh  North  America  Act "  Quebec  is  made  a  end.  The  commission  proceeded  to  investigate, 
pivot  province,  and  a  mediam  for  regulating  the  and  at  len^h  issued  a  partial  and  incomplete 
jtarliamentary  representation  of  the  other  prov-  report,  which,  so  far  as  it  went,  was  highly 
inees.  The  numoer  of  members  for  QuetNsc  in  damnatory  to  the  provincial  ministry,  ifpon 
the  Uouse  of  Commons  was  fixed  at  65.  **  There  this  report,  the  lieutenant-governor  considered 
shall  be  assigned  to  each  of  the  other  provinces  it  incumbent  upon  him  to  call  upon  his  minis- 
such  a  number  of  members  as  will  bear  the  same  ters  to  resign  their  portfolios,  which  not  having 
proportion  to  the  number  of  its  population  (aa-  been  promptly  done,  he  took  upon  himself  the 
certained  at  such  census)  as  the  number. 65  bears  responsibility  of  dismissing  them  from  office, 
to  the  number  of  the  population  of  Quebec  (so  ana  called  upon  Hon.  C.  E.  De  Boucherville  to 
ascertained)."  form  a  new  ministry.    From  this  it  followed 

This  provision  necessitates  a  redistribution  of  that,  in  the  last  days  of  the  old  year,  the  fol- 

parliamentary  seats  in  the  Commons  House  im-  lowing  new  ministry  was  announced :  De  Bou- 

mediately  after  each  decennial  census,  the  rei)re-  chervule,  President  of  the  Council  and  Premier; 

sentation  of  the  province  of  Quebec  remaining  Flynn,  Minister   of   Crown   Lands ;   Pelletier, 

still  the  same.    By  the  census  taken   in  the  Provincial   Secretary;    Beaubien,    Minister   of 

spring  of  1891  the  population  of  this  province  Agriculture ;  Casgrain,  Attorney-General ;  Hall, 

was  1,488,586,  an  increase  over  that  of  1881  of  Provincial  Treasurer ;  Kantel,  Minister  of  Public 

139,559.    In  this  aggregate  is  included  the  city  Works;  Taillon,  Masson,  and  Mcintosh,  without 

of  Montreal,  the  largest  in  the  Dominion,  with  a  portfolios. 

population  of  216,650,  increased  within  the  dec-        This  bold  action  of  the  lieutenant-governor, 

ade  by  61,418,  or  39*5  per  cent,  and  the  city  of  seemingly  on  his  own  sole  responsibility,  caused 

Quebec,  provincial  capital,  the  third  city  in  the  great  excitement  and  the  widest  diversity  of 

Dominion,  with  a  population  of  63,090.    This  opinion.     The  ex-ministers  and  their  coparti- 

city  is,  next  to  Halifax,  the  strongest  fortified  sans  wero  soon  again  startled  from  the  same 

place  in  America.  quarter,  for  as  soon  as  the  new  Cabinet  were 

Local  ReTOlntion. — What  follows  can  scaroe-  sworn  into  office  Gov.  Angers  issued  a  proclama- 
ly,  with  strict  propriety,  be  included  under  the  tion  dissolving  the  Provincial  Assembly,  the 
head  of  Finance.  Early  in  1891  a  number  of  elections  for  the  new  House  to  take  place  on  the 
char^  wero  boldly  made  against  the  Meroier  8th  of  March  ensuing.  Meanwhile  the  contest 
provmcial  administration.  Promier  Mercier  raged  with  virulence.  Mercier  and  his  following 
and  some  of  his  ministerial  colleagues  were  al-  fiercely  charged  the  lieutenant-governor  with 
leged  to  have  taken  bribes  from  certain  railway  gross  violation  of  the  Constitution,  which  nothing 
contractors  and  others,  for  sums  amounting  to  could  justif]^-  The  new  ministers  and  their  sup- 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars — the  exact  porters,  while  averring  the  contrary,  further 
amount  may  probably  come  under  **  the  unknow-  maintained  that  the  gubernatorial  prerogative 
able  *'^^!onaitioned  upon  the  fraudulent  assign-  justified  his  acts,  and  that  the  cause  of  morality 
ment  to  such  contractors,  at  inflated  prices,  of  made  those  acts  imperative  upon  him.  They 
contracts  for  the  construction  of  the  Bay  Cha-  declared  that  they  were  possessed  of  evidence  of 
leur  Railway  and  other  provincial  works.  A  ^reat  frauds  and  peculations  on  the  part  of  the 
man  named  Pacaud  was  represented  to  have  Mercierites,  of  which  the  general  public  vet  knew 
been  the  go-between  in  arranging  these  thrifty  nothing,  and  a  new  royal  commission  of  investi- 
transactions,  "for  a  consideration";  while  Mer-  gation  was  resolved  upon  by  Lieut.-Gov.  Angers, 
cier  himself,  as  was  alleged,  had  received  a  lar^  In  the  general  election,  held  on  March  8,  the 
share  of  the  fund  to  pay  the  expenses  of  a  visit  result  was  a  triumph  of  the  policy  of  Lieut- 
to  Europe.  These  allegations  were  so  boldly  Gov.  Angers  and  his  new  ministry.  The  rotums 
and  circumstantially  m^e  that  it  was  deemed  show  the  election  of  66  Government  supporters, 
incumbent  to  provide  for  an  investigation.  A  or  Conservatives,  and  17  suppoiters  of  Mercier, 
commission  was  appointed,  it  is  believed  through  the  ex-Premier. 

R 

RAIN,  ARTIFICIAL.    Rain-making,  or  at-  Hindus  wero  permitted  by  their  British  rulers  to 

tempted  rain-making,  is  of  prehistoric  origin,  and  resume  rain-making  on  their  traditional  lines,  in- 

alniost  as  universal  as  the  human  race.    The  fa-  volving  human  torture  and  all  but  human  sacri- 

miliar  story  of  Elijah  and  the  prophets  of  Baal  fice ;  the  savage  African  lighted  his  bonfires  and 

may  be  cited  to  prove  its  antiquity,  while  Jupi-  sang  his  rain-song  as  usual ;  the  Indian  medi- 

ter  Plnvius  and  the  other  cloud-compelling  dei-  cine-man  beat  his  drums  and  shook  his  rattles  as 

ties  of  Greece  and  Rome  are  almost  equally  fa-  of  old  ;  and  the  Government  of  a  great  civilized 

miliar.    Every  modem  traveler  has  tales  to  tell  nation,  for  the  first  time  in  history,  entered  the 

of  barbaric  devices  to  propitiate  the  powers  that  arena  with  costly  apparatus  and  undertook  to 

are  supposed  to  prevail  in  the  upper  air.    The  accomplish  on  scientific  principles  what  barbari- 

summer  of  1891  was  unique  in  this  respect.    The  ans  have  long  sought  to  do  with  such  appliances 


766  RAIN,  ARTIFICIAL. 

as  they  could  command.  Without  entering  into  dynamite  set  off  on  the  ground.  There  was;,  of 
the  discussion  of  questions  that  at  best  must  be  course,  no  immediate  result.  The  barometer  wa.^ 
regarded  as  undetermined,  a  brief  account  of  the  rising,  and  the  needle  was  pointed  at  fair.  By 
undertaking  is  here  given .  three  o'clock  in  the  morning  a  bank  of  clouds  ap- 
On  motion  of  the  Hon.  Charles  B.  Farwell,  peared  on  the  western  horizon  at  the  point  to- 
Senator  for  Illinois,  a  resolution  was  introduced  ward  which  the  smoke  and  noise  had  blown.  The 
in  the  United  States  Senate  appending  a  clause  sky  rapidly  became  overcast,  and  by  four  o'clock 
to  the  general  appropriation  bill  for  1891  which  there  was  rain,  accompanied  by  thunder  and  light- 
provided  that  under  the  direction  of  the  forestry  ning.  When  the  sun  rose,  it  was  seen  that  the 
division  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  $2,000  storm  had  come  directly  out  of  the  west,  and  on 
should  be  expended  in  experiments  having  for  the  horizon  the  clouds  rose  in  a  funnel-shape,  like 
their  object  the  artificial  production  of  rainfall  the  smoke  from  a  volcano.  There  was  a  oeauti- 
by  means  of  explosives.  Subsequently  this  sum  ful  rainbow  visible  at  sunrise.  It  ceased  raining 
was  Increased  to  $10,000.  There  was  some  dis-  at  about  eight  o'clock."  The  substance  of  the  of- 
cussion  in  both  Houses  of  Congress  concerning  ficial  report  is  to  the  effect  that  rain  followed 
the  appropriation,  but  it  appealed  so  strongly  to  wherever  there  chanced  to  be  moisture  and  the 
that  native  sense  of  humor,  which  is  so  powerful  explosion  was  delivered  at  the  proper  altitude, 
an  element  in  the  conduct  of  American  affairs.  After  the  experiments  were  concluded  there 
that  it  passed  by  a  handsome  majority,  and  R.  was  a  vast  deal  of  discussion  as  to  the  scientific 
G.  Dyrenforth,  of  Washington,  was  appointed  to  aspects  of  the  case.  Eminent  scientific  authori- 
superintend  the  expenditures.  A  corps  of  rain-  ties  were  averse  to  acknowledging  that  any  real- 
makers  was  organized,  including  two  oalloonists  ly  beneficial  results  had  been  obtained  or  that 
(Carl  Meyers  and  George  E.  Casler),  E.  Powers  any  really  valuable  scientific  conclusions  had  been 
(author  of  "War  and  the  Weather  "),  John  T.  El-  reached.  A  great  deal  of  fun  was  made  in  the 
lis,  and  other  assistants.  Mr.  Dyrenforth  elabo-  newspapers  about  the  whole  proceeding,  but  the 
rated  a  system  of  apparatus  for  firing  heavy  fact  remains  that  the  whole  civilized  world  was 
charges  of  high  explosives,  as  well  as  ordinary  intenselv  interested  in  the  experiments,  and  those 
gunpowder,  at  high  elevations.  The  party  left  who  had  no  individual  hobbies  to  prove  were  dis- 
Washington  in  July,  and  on  Aug.  5  reached  the  posed  to  view  them  with  every  possible  allowance 
ranch  of  Kelson  Morris,  a  few  miles  from  Mid-  lor  imperfection  of  equipment  and  the  lack  of 
land,  Texas,  a  retired  place  where  the  intended  experience  inseparable  from  a  first  attempt, 
explosions  would  not  be  attended  by  disaster,  ex-  There  are  wicielj  different  theories  as  regards 
cept,  perchance,  to  the  operators  themselves.  It  the  possibility  of  inducing  the  conditions  neces- 
was  alleged  that  this  was  a  particularly  dry  re-  sary  to  the  precipitation  of  moisture  which  we 
gion,  where  little  or  no  rain  had  fallen  for  several  popularly  call  rain.  It  is  agreed  in  general  that 
years.  The  party  reached  the  ranch  on  Aug.  5,  rain,  under  natural  conditions,  results  from  the 
and  were  occupied  for  several  days  in  preparing  mingling  of  air  strata  of  different  temperatures, 
their  complicated  outfit,  consisting  of  sever^  The  great  level  plains  of  the  world,  whether  of 
dozen  balloons,  kites,  retorts,  and  various  chemi-  earth  or  water,  appear  to  be  largely  the  birth- 
cals.  The  apparatus  likewise  included  an  elec-  places  of  storms.  Over  such  plains  the  air  can 
trical  outfit,  which  it  was  intended  to  use  in  firing  most  easily  adjust  itself  in  extended  layers  of  dif- 
the  charges  sent  aloft  or  placed  upon  the  ground,  ferent  temperatures.  The  simplest  condition  pre- 
The  official  reports  of  the  experiments,  which  ex-  liminary  to  a  rainfall  is  perhaps  one  in  which  a 
tended  over  a  period  of  nearly  three  weeks,  rep-  stratum  of  warm  air  underlies  a  similar  stratum 
resent  them  as  resulting  in  complete  success;  but  of  cold  air;  between  these  two  there  may  be  a 
unofficial  reports,  emanating  for  the  most  part  space  of  intermediate  temperature  separating  the 
from  spectators  attracted  by  the  unusual  specta-  two  hostile  elements.  It  is  admitted  by  stuaent5 
de,  and  from  newspaper  reporters,  do  not  alto-  of  meteorology  that  disturbances  at  or  near  the 
gether  agree.  The  first  explosions  were  on  Aug.  dividing  line  between  these  different  strata  may 
9,  and  were  of  minor  importance  as  regards  open  a  way  for  the  cold  air.  which  is  heavier,  to 
strength.  It  is  certain  that  a  rain  occurred  on  rush  downward,  and  for  the  lighter  warm  air  to 
the  next  day ;  but  as  a  natural  and  unprovoked  rush  upward.  The  mingling  of  the  two  under 
rain  had  occurred  on  the  day  before,  the  experi-  certain  conditions,  as  yet  not  well  understood, 
menters  did  not  claim  any  credit  for  the  second  undoubtedly  causes  rain.  So  far  science  is  agre«>d. 
downfall  Again,  on  the  18th,  there  were  explo-  but  when  we  come  to  the  details,  opinions  di- 
sions,  also  followed  by  rain ;  these,  however,  were  verge.  Thus,  it  is  generally  believed  that  at  a 
considered  as  merely  preliminary,  and  it  was  not  considerable  distance  above  the  earth,  or  at  least 
until  the  20th  that  all  the  arrangements  were  above  the  territory  of  the  United  States,  there  is 
completed  for  the  final,  and,  as  it  was  claimed,  a  current  of  air  almost  perpetually  moving  east- 
decisive  test.  The  results  appear  to  have  been  ward  ;  that,  therefore,  if  a  local  explosion  coold 
unsatisfactory  for  several  days,  even  to  Mr.  Dy-  cause  precipitation  at  a  given  place,  the  moisture 
renforth,  but  on  Aug.  26  the  conditions  became  would  be  carried  perhaps  one  or  two  hundred 
favorable.  According  to  a  correspondent  of  the  miles  before  it  could  reach  the  earth.  This,  how- 
New  York  "  World,"  "  the  night  was  beautifully  ever,  is  mere  speculation.  The  theory  that  rain 
clear,  and  not  a  cloud  could  be  seen.  The  heav-  can  be  precipitated  by  explosions  certainly  need:* 
ens  were  dotted  with  stars,  and  from  all  indica-  proof,  but  it  needs  proof  no  more  than  do  the 
tions  it  was  safe  to  predict  that  no  rain  would  theories  of  those  who  scoff  at  the  possibility  of 
fall  within  fortv-eignt  hours  at  the  least,    A  such  a  result. 

strong  gale  was  blowing  toward  the  west.    Five  The  attention  of  observers  from  time  imme- 

balloons  were  sent  up  and  exploded  and  200  morial  has  been  drawn  to  the  frequent  occui^ 

pounds  of  rackarock  powder  and  150  pounds  of  rence  of  rains* accompanying  the  heavy  explo- 


RAIN,  ARTIFICIAL.  REFORMED  CHURCHEa        7C7 

sions  of  volcanic  eruptions  or  the  comparatively  ing  was  opened.  Prior  to  the  battle  of  Water- 
trifling  disturbances  that  occur  on  modern  battle-  loo,. on  June  17,  1815,  the  weather  had  been  ex- 
fields.  It  appears  to  be  established  by  authentic  cessively  hot,  and  a  dense  cloud  hung  over  the 
history  that  great  battles  are  frequently  accom-  waiting  armies.  The  allied  guns  opened  fire  with 
panied  or  followed  by  rains,  but  a  certain  a  view  to  breaking  the  French  advance ;  appar- 
amount  of  untrustworthy  statement  comes  in  ently  the  disclfferge  destroyed  the  electrical 
with  these  records.  For  instance,  it  is  said  that  equilibrium,  for  a  thunder-dap  burst  forth  and 
as  many  of  the  battles  of  antiquity,  before  the  immediately  a  tremendous  shower  of  rain  fell, 
discovery  of  ^npowder,  were  followed  by  rains  which,  as  one  historian  says,  has  probably  never 
as  is  the  case  m  more  modem  times.  Mr.  Dyren-  been  exceeded  even  in  the  tropics  for  violence, 
forth  himself  is  responsible  for  the  sugg^tion  This  heavy  rain,  as  is  agreed  by  all  the  historians 
that  the  meeting^  of  armies  provided,  as  were  of  that  great  battle,  was  largely  influential  on 
those  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  only  with  hand-  the  operations  of  the  main  conflict  which  fol- 
wcapons,  might  have  caused  sufficient  atmos-  lowed  on  June  18.  Among  Americans,  too. 
pheric  disturbances  to  produce  rain.  It  re-  there  is  a  widespread  belief  that  the  discharge  of 
quires  certainly  a  great  deal  of  confidence  to  fireworks  on  the  Fourth  of  July  is  very  certain 
place  any  faith  in  a  theory  of  this  kind.  The  to  induce  rain  and  interfere  with  the  enjoyment 
mere  clash  of  arms  and  the  united  shouts  of  of  the  national  holiday. 

thousands  of  enraged  combatants  could  hardly        It  will  occur  to  any  one  who  considers  the  con- 
be  heard  at  the  distance  of  a  mile,  even  under  ditions  indicated,  that  something  more  is  re- 
very  favorable   conditions.    The  discharge   of  quired  to  produce  rain  than  a  mere  explosion ; 
fire-arms  disturbs  the  atmosphere  to  a  far  greater  apparently  explosions  have  been  delivered  in  the 
extent.    It  has  fallen  within  the  experience  of  most  favorable  location  and  at  the  most  auspi- 
almost  every  one  to  notice,  for  instance,  the  jar-  cious  moment,  and  yet  no  rain  has  followed.    It 
ring  of  a  window  sash  when  a  gun  is  discharged  is  held  with  good  show  of  reason  that  dust  of 
at  a  considerable  distance.     While  it  is  easy,  some  kind,  either  smoke  or  dust  stirred  up  by  a 
therefore,  for  the  scientist  to  prove  that  a  cubic  whirlwind,  is  almost  a  necessary  concomitant  in 
foot  of  air  can  only  be  expanded  by  the  highest  precipitating  moisture.    Whether  this  be  so  or 
explosive  known  to  a  comparatively  moderate  not,  experiments  are  recorded  in  which  moisture 
extent,  he  can  not  prove,  for  it  is  beyond  his  ken,  is  condensed  in  a  glass  receiver.    It  is  found  to 
what  effect  such  expansion  may  have  among  the  be  quite  possible  to  form  mist  in  perfectly  dust- 
nice  barometric  and  hygi'ometric  adjustments  free  air,  but  this  was  effected  by  forcing  air  into 
possible  in  Nature's  secret  places.    It  is  probably  the  jar  and  suddenly  releasing  the   pressure, 
within  the  experience  of  most  of  us  to  nave  no-  thereby  causing  an  explosion  or  its  equivalent  by 
ticed  the  sudden  fall  of  rain  that  often  follows  a  sudden  rush  of  atmospheric  globules.    It  may 
the  shock  of  a  thunder-clap,  and  we  must  accept  be  unsafe  to  say,  with  our  present  knowledge, 
the  statements  of  travelers  regarding  the  same  that  particles  of  different  temperature  may  al- 
results  which  are  said  to  follow  the  tremendous  ways  oe  made  to  combine  by  concussion,  yet  it  is 
discharge  of  volcanic  eruptions.    Violent  and  very  certain  that  sometimes  they  can  be  mdnced 
extensive  rainfalls  followed  such  eruptions  as  so  to  combine,  and  possibly  by  artificial  means, 
that  of  Krakatoa  a  few  years  ago  in  the  Straits        While,  therefore,  the  experiments  of  last  sum- 
of  Java.    In  South  America,  according  to  Hum-  mer  may  not  have  been  all  that  Science  could 
boldt  and  others,  it  is  generally  believed  that  wish,  may  not  even  have  been  conducted  in  all 
volcanic  eruptions,  even  in  a  very  dry  season,  respects  as  she  had  a  right  to  demand,  it  is  hardly 
are  apt  to  change  the  atmospheric  conditions  and  fair  to  pronounce  them  an  utter  failure, 
produce  rain.    It  is  claimed,  moreover,  that  the       That  the  impression  made  upon  the  public 
burning  of  woods,  of  the  long,  dry  grassed  prai-  was  on  the  whole  favorable,  appears  from  the 
ries,  and  of  cane-brakes  in  southern  savannas,  are  formation  of  sundry   rain-making   companies, 
so  generally  followed  bv  heavy  rain  that  there  and  the  announcements  of  individuals  to  the  ef- 
is  considerable  ground  for  believing  that  either  feet  that  rain  may  be  had  for  the  asking,  on  pay- 
the  heat  or  the  vast  columns  of  smoke,  or  both  ment  of  a  suitable  consideration.    But  for  the 
together,  have  some  share  in  producing  the  neces-  readiness  of  people  to  be  swindled,  it  were  need- 
wiry  conditions.    Prof.  Powers's  book,  referred  less  to  caution  the  public  against  these  organiza- 
to  above,  is  the  most  elaborate  attempt  that  has  tions.    Many  years  may  elapse  before  the  rain 
been  made  to  collect  in  accessible   shape  all  conditions  are  well  enough  understood  to  grati- 
known  statistics  regarding  the  supposed  effect  fv  trustworthy  conclusions,  but  it  is  not  outside 
of  heavy  artillery.     Manv  of  his  conclusions  the  pale  of  probability  that  some  time  our  coun- 
have  been  Questioned  with  more  or  less  justice,  try  may  be  rerj  proud  that  she  was  the  first  to 
but  most  of  his  facts  are  well  authenticated.    A  institute  expenments  in  this  direction, 
few  of  these  may  be  mentioned :  During  the       REFORMED  CHURCHES.  I.    Reformed 
siege  of  Valenciennes  bv  the  allied  armies  in  Church  In  America.— The  Committee  on  the 
1793  the  weather  had  been  remarkably  favorable  State  of  the  Church  reported  to  the  General 
for  military  operations,  save  that  it  had  been  Synod,  in    June,    1891,    that   the   number   of 
peculiarly  hot  and  dry.    Two  hundred  pieces  of  churches  was  570;  of  ministers,  582 ;  of  licenti- 
Heavy  artillery  were  used  in  the  attack,  and  half  ates,  8 ;  of  communicant  members,  94,828 ;  of 
as  many  more  in  the  defense  of  the  city ;  all  Sunday  schools,  815,  with  108,691  teachers  and 
these  were  often  in  action  at  the  same  time,  and  pupils;  of  admissions  during  the  year  on  con- 
the  weather  became  rainy  very  shortly  after  the  fession  of  faith,  6,114;  amount  of  contributions 
cannonading  began.    At  the  battle  of  Dresden,  to  home  missions,  $61,945;  to  foreign  missions, 
in  1813,  after  an  excessively  hot  August,  the  $116,265;  to  other  benevolent  objects,  $131,442; 
weather  abruptly  changed  almost  as  soon  a«<  fir-  for  congi*egational  purposes,  $1,018,885. 


768                                              REFORMED  CHURCHES. 

The  receipts  of  the  Board  o£  Home  Missions  days.  A  Standing  Committee  on  Sabbath  Ob- 
had  been  $61,945,  of  which  $12,112  had  been  servance  was  constituted.  The  work  of  the 
obtained  through  the  Woman's  Executive  Com-  New  York  Society  for  the  Suppression  of  Vice 
mittee.  Ninety-seven  missionary  porters  had  was  commended.  The  Committee  on  Systematic 
been  employed  in  137  churches  and  mission  Beneficence  was  instructed  to  present  some  plan 
fields ;  20  new  churches  had  been  organized,  and  for  adoption  by  the  churches.  In  response  to 
12  missions  started; and  662  persons  had  been  communicatiDns  from  the  Presbyterian  Church 
added  on  profession.  in  the  United  States  of  America,  committees 

The    Board  of  Education    had  99   students  were  appointed  to  consider  and  confer  upon  the 

under  its  care.  subjects  of  a  consensus  creed  and  a  federation 

The  contributions  to  the  Disabled  Ministers'  of  Christian  Churches. 

Fund  had  increased  nearly  $600  over  those  of  II.  Beformed    Church    In   the    United 

the  preceding  year.  States. — ^The  General  Synod  of  the  Reformed 

The  total  receipts  for  the  year  of  the  Com-  Church  in  the  United  States  met  in  special  ses- 

mittee  on  Foreign  Missions  had  been  $116,265.  sion  in  Philadelphia,  June  4     The  Rev.  J.  S. 

The  Woman's  Board  had  contributed  $18,000,  Keifer,  D.  D.,  presided.      The  purposes  of  the 

or  $200,000  since  its  organization.     The  Synod  meeting  were  stated  to  be  to  ioin  with  the  Pres- 

recommended  the  holding  of  general  missionary  byterian  Church  in  the  United  States  of  America 

conferences  in  behalf  of  the  home  and  foreign  in  formulating  a  consensus  creed,  and  to  act  on 

boards.  the  question  of  union  with  the  Reformed  Church 

The  three  classes  in  the  theological  seminary  in  America.    The  report  on  a  federal  union  with 

of  the  Arcot  Mission,  India,  had  been  attended  the  Reformed  Church  in  America  was  taken  up 

by  14  students.  first.    It  said : 

The  General  Synod  met  at  Asbury  Park,  N.  J.,  it  ia  believed  that  if  a  union  bo  formed,  which 

June  4.    The  Rev.  E.  T.  Corwin,  D.  D.,  of  Now  gives  but  little  authority  or  power  to  the  judicatory 

Brunswick,  N.  J.,  was  chosen  moderator.     The  at  the  beffinning,  the  uniou  will   grow  closer  by 

most  important  business  transacted  was  the  pres-  trial,  and  the  federal  judicatory  will  gradually  more 

entation  and  adoption  of  the  report  of  the  Com-  S.^  °}ore  win  the  confidence  and  aflection  of  the 

mittee  on  Federal  Union  witV  the  Reformed  Sb  a  d^^ed  ^^ilStl^^^ 

Church  in  the  United  StAt€«.     The  report  nap-  ^f^^  Churohos  it  represents,  ^ater  powe?  mkv  d 

rated  the  proceedmgs  of  the  joint  commission  gjven  to  it  from  time  to  time.    Even  if  it  should 

at  the  meeting  held  in  the  Catskill  Mountain  never  posBess  more  than  advisory  powers  or  ftmctionn. 

House  in  September,  1890  (see  **  Annual  Cyclo-  vet  if  it  should  serve  to  promote  closer  oo-operation 

psdia"  for  1890),  and  of  a  special  meeting  held  in  netween  the  two  Churches  in  the  union,  or,  m  addi- 

New  Brunswick,  N.  J.,  June  8,  1891.      The  r^  ^^  open  the  way  for  an  alliance  of  all  the  Eeformed 

suit  of  its  work  --g^^^^^^^                  of  a  dr^t  0\-J-  jfoJ^l^^^e^^^^^SSSita^il^b^^ 

of  constitution  for  a  federal  union,  to  be  re-  ^yj^^^  ^^j^  ^      ^^oSgh  fonnWones  failed,  it  wouia 

presented   by    a  federal  synod,  and  of  special  geem  that  the  desire  for  union  is  so  deep-rooted  that 

provisions  for  giving  the  constitution  practical  it  will  not  be  satisfied  until  a  fair  trial  be  made, 

effect    A  summary  of  the  articles  of  the  con-  The  articles  agreed  upon  by  the  Joint  Com- 

stitution  18  given  below.    The  constitution  and  mittee  as  the  constitution  of  the  federation  and 

supplementary  paper  were  adopted  by  a  unan-  the  provisions  for  carrying  them  into  effect  were 

imous  vote  to  be  sent  to  the  Classy  for  con-  unanimously  approved;   the  president  of  the 

sideration  and  action  by  them.      The  Synod  Synod  was  authorized,  if  the  articles  should  t« 

granted  an  application  from  the  trustees  of  adopted  by  the  Classes  in  1892,  in  conjunction 

Rutgers  College  for  a  modification  of  the  stipu-  with  the  brethren  of  the  Dutch  Church,  to  des- 

lation  requiring  that  three  fourths  of  the  mem-  ,-gnftte    the  place  of  meeting  of   the  Federal 

bers  of  the  board  shall  be  communicants  rf  the  gyj^^^  ^nd  delegates  were  chosen  to  represent 

Reformed  Church,  so  that  only  two  thirds  of  the  Church  in  that  body.    Concerning  the  other 

them  need  be  so  qualified.     Sympathy  was  ex-  object  of  the  special  session  (numbered  1  in  the 


pressed  with  the  proposition  of  the  SouUiern  ^^1)  the  Synodappointed  a  committee  « to  con- 

t>resbytenan  Church  to  petition  the  civikzed  fer   with  the  committee    of   the  Presbyterian 

nations  to  settle  all  disputes   by  arbitration.  Church  with  regard  to  the  forming  of  a  oonsen- 

Agreeably  to  the  report  of  the  committee  on  a  g^g  cr^ed,  and    to  co-operate  with  said  com- 

plan  of  securing  recruits  for  the  ministry,  pastors  mittee,  provided  the  consensus  be  baaed  upon 

were  requested  to  present,  at  least  once  a  yew.  the  historical    confessions    of    the    Reformed 

the  claims  of  the  ministry  on  young  men,  and  to  churches  holding  the  Presbyterian  svstem,  with- 

direct  the  attention  of  pa.rents  and  pious  sons  to  ^ut  giving  preference  to  any  one  in  "particnlar.- 

this  subject    The  Committee  on  the  State  of  the  Exception  had  been  Uken  in  the  debate  to  thi 


numerous  than  in  any  year  since  1877.    There  g^g  creed  shall  be  based 

had  been  a  net  increase  of  12  churches  TO7  com-  Constitution  of  the  Federal   UbIob   of 

mumcante,  10  Sunday  schools  with  1,178  pupds,  ^jj^  Reformed  Churches.— The  following  are 

iS4»JS?*^T*"^^®.^"  ^?®''°^?"^^^'^?iu^*i^'''"*-  ^'  the  essential  articles  of  this  act: 

$3,399.   The  obiect  and  methods  of  the  American  t  t?    v    j  «     •..  *•           .    •       •  *    *i-- 

o-uiv-Vu  TT«i^«  «,«•«  «r.»»/>«A^   QTifl   if  vaa  nnm  ^'  ■Each    denommstion    entenn^  mto  this  union 

Sabbath  Union  were  approved,  and  it  was  com-  ^^^jj  ^^^.^  .^^  ^j^^.^^^  individual itv,  as  well  as  every 

mended  to  the  confidence  and  support  of  the  y^^^r.  jurisdiction,  and  right  which  is  not  by  this 

churohes.    A  protest  was  declared  against  open-  confttitution  expressly  delegated  to  the  body  hereby 

ing  the  World  s  Columbian  Exhibition  on  Sun-  constituted. 


REFORMED  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH.  RHODE  ISLAND.              769 

IL  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  by  each  of  Ohio,  June  1.    The    treasurer's  report  showed 

the  denominationa  to  the  acta,  ppoceedin§8,  and  reo-  that  his  total  receipts  had  been   $15,944,  and 

o^  of  the  duly  conaututed  authonUee  of  the  other  ^is    expenditures  f  18,397.     For  the   fund   for 

IiTfoVX  management  of  certain  common  inter-  ^P?^'^  ^^""^^^  ^''^'''\*f^'^ii  ^'*^  ^J"  T 

eats  of  these  federated  Churches,   an  ecclesiastical  reived  and  f  2O,0«6  expended.    The  receipts  for 

afiserably    is  hereby   constituted,  which   shall   be  the  Theolomcal  Seminary  had  been  $16,601,  and 

known  by  the  name  and  style  of  The  Federal  Synod  the  expenditures  $18,508.     Balances  were  re- 

of  the  Reformed  Churches.  ported  m  favor  of  the  Sustentation  fund  of  $10.- 

IV.  The  federal  Synod  shall  consist  of  sixteen  hlB ;  of  the  Widows'  and  Orphans'  fund,  of  $9,- 
mmistem  and  sixt^n  elders  from  each  of  the  con-  432;  of  the  special  Missionary  fund,  of  $4,000; 
atituent  denominations,  who  shall  be  chosen  with  «#  ♦i.^xri^-^^rTi  g#.-^,.^  ^„«y«#  •'?nnn.  «J1^  ^i 
Mscundi  under  the  direction  of  their  respective  Gen-  ^l  ^^^  Eleanor  H.  Stroud  fund,  of  $7,000 ;  and  of 
end  Synods  in  such  manner  as  these  Synods  shall  re-  ***©  ^^^  ^f  George  Curtis,  of  $28,08i5.  The 
spectively  determine.  receipts  for  missions  had  been  $11,895.    A  mis- 

,,^.        .,                      ,.          ^           ,    ,     .  sion  had  been  begun  in  Alaska. 

[  This  article  goes  on  to  direct  the  method  of  Reports  of  the  condition  of  their  several  juria- 

allotting  the  terms  of  the  members  of  the  Federal  dictions  were  made  by  Bishop  Cheney,  of  Chica- 

Synod,  so  that  one  fourth  of  those  representing  go ;  Bishop  Nicholson,  of  New  York  and  Phila- 

eit her  Church  shall  go  out  every  year— the  full  delphia;    Bishop   Stevens,   of    the    missionary 

term  being  four  years.]  junsdiction  of  the  South ;  Bishop  Latan^,  of  Bal- 

V.  To  the  Federal  Synod  shall  be  committed  timore;  Bishop  Fallows ;  and  Bishop  Cridge,  of 
powers  relating  to  missions,  domestic  and  foroiffn,  British  Columbia.  All  except  the  last  recorded 
to  new  educational  enterprises  common  to  both  de-  healthy  growth.  The  Council  recorded  its  '*  dis- 
nominations,  to  the  general  superintendence  of  Sun-  tinct  and  emphatic  opposition  "  to  the  appropri- 
day-ftchool  interests  and  literature,  and  to  other  ation  by  the  civil  authorities— national,  State, 
^Icaiasucal  matters,  such  as  shall  be  determined  by  ^^  municipal  — of  money  or  properties  to 
tyn^""                                   constituent  General  ecclesiastical  organizations,  and  fts  IB^ed  pur- 

VI.  The  Federal  Synod  may  advise  and  recora-  P^se  not  to  ask  or  accept  in  future  any  such  ap- 
mend  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  tiie  general  welfare  propriation.  A  canon  was  agreed  to  declai'ing 
of  the  kingdom  of  Christ,  but  shall  not  exercise  that "  no  presbyter  coming  from  any  evangel!- 
authority  except  such  as  is  expressly  given  it  under  cal  church  into  this  Church  who  has  been  previ- 
this  constitution.  Whoever  any thin^  recommended  ously  set  apart  and  formally  ordained  to  the 
bv  the  Fodendbynod  shall  have  i^eived  the  assent  ministry  of  the  Gospel  shall  be  leordained  by 
ofh^ifwhdeSoSn1.&  the    authorities  of  t'his  Church."     The  canoA 

VII.  The  Federal  Synod  shall  have  power  of  open-  ^  however,  to  be  approved  by  another  General 
ing  and  maintaining  a  friendly  correspondence  with  Council  before  it  can  become  a  law  of  the 
the  highest  assemblies  of  other  religious  denomina-  Church.  The  election  of  the  Rev.  T.  W.  Camp- 
tions,  lor  the  purpose  of  promoting  union  and  concert  bell  as  Bishop  of  the  First  Synod  of  the  Domin- 
^^^?^^  gMieral  or  common  interests.  ion  of  Canada  was  confirmed,  and  he  was  conse- 


VIII.  The  Federal  Synod  shall  not  interfere  with    crated   bishop  in  the  presence  of  the  Council. 


may  arise.  Episcopal  Chnrch  of  Canada."    A  delegate  was 

1a.  All  conflicting  interests  between  the  two  de-  appointed  to  represent  the  Church  in  the  con- 

nominationa  shall  be  arbitrated  by  such  executive  ference  in  favor  of  arbitration  in  place  of  war  as 

agencies  as  may  be  created  by  the  Federal  Synod,  ^  means  of  settling  international  disputes,  which 

S^eWel^l^r^rti  "^^^^^^                '^^  "^  "S^^^^t^^,}:^  ^^«  ^^^^«-  Presbyterian 

Other  articles  relate  to  the  officers  of  the  RHODE  ISLAND,  a  New  England  State,  one 

Federal  Synod,  its  meetings,  provision  for  its  of  the  original  thirteen,  ratified  tne  Constitution 

contingent  expenses,  and  amendments  to  the  May  29,  1790;  area,  1,250  square  miles.     The 

constitution,  for  which  the  concurrent  action  of  population,  according  to  each  decennial  census, 

the  three  bodies  is  required.     Supplementary  was  68,825  in  1790;  69,122  in  1800;  76,931  in 

articles,  styled  recommendations  of   the  joint  1810;  83,015  in  1820;  97,199  in  1830;  108,830 

commission,  provide  for  the  future  management  in  1840;  147,545  in  1850;  174,620  in  1860;  217,- 

of  home  and  foreign   missions,  Sunday  school  353  in  1870;  276,531  in  1880;  and  345,506  in 

work  and  literature,  and  educational  work  under  1890.    Capitals,  Newport  and  Providence, 

co-operative  direction.  OoTemment. — The  following  were  the  State 

REFORMED  EPISCOPAL  CHURCH,  officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  John  W. 
The  committee  on  the  state  of  the  Synod  re-  Davis,  Democrat,  succeeded  by  Herbert  W.  Ladd, 
ported  to  the  General  Council  of  this  Church  Republican;  Lieutenant-Governor,  William  T. 
m  June  that  the  number  of  parishes  and  mis-  C.  Wardwell,  succeeded  by  Henry  A.  Steams; 
sions  was  111,  and  of  communicants  9,967,  the  Secretary  of  State.  Edwin  D.  McGuinness,  suc- 
latter  item  showing  a  gain  of  764  over  the  report  ceeded  by  George  H.  Utter ;  General  Treasurer, 
of  two  years  previously;  amount  of  contributions  John  G.  Perry,  succeeded  by  Samuel  Clark; 
for  the  last  year  only,  $192,197,  being  a  gain  of  State  Auditor  and  Insurance  Commissioner. 
$16,686  over  the  last  report :  value  of  church  Elisha  W.  Bucklin,  succeeded  by  Albert  C.  Land- 
property,  $1,490,912;  total  value  of  property,  ers;  Attorney-General,  Ziba  0.  Slocum,  succeeded 
$1,943,912.                                                           *  bv  Robert  Burbank ;   Railroad  Commissioner, 

The  thirteenth   General  Council  of  the   Re-  K  L.  Freeman ;  Commissioner  of  Public  Schools, 

formed  Episcopal   Church  met   in   Cleveland,  Thomas  B.  Stockwell ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Su- 

TOL.  XXXI.— 49  A 


770  RHODE  ISLAND. 

Sreme  Court,  Thomas  Diirfee,  who  resigned  in        Regpilating  the  sole  of  ooal  by  measurs  in  bAsketL 
[arch  and  was  succeeded  by  Justice  Charles    fixing  the  size  of  basketn  for  buBhel  and  half-bushel 
Mattcfflon.  by  election  of  the_General  Assembly ;    ™T"I!!!:!f!!l^J^iu5^^?H5![!.^^^^     ^^fi the 


^^_^ ^ ^ ^_^J^7 

promoted  as  above  stated,  Horatio  Rogers,  and  tionli  euinsprevioualyauth 
William  W.  Douglas.  The  two  last  named  were  ject;  $500,000  for  the  purchase  of  land  for  parka  isd 
elected  by  the  General  Assembly  on  May  27,  one  the  construction  thereof;  $300,000  for  the  purchase  of 
to  succeed  Justice  Matteson  and  the  other  as  the  lots  for  school-houses  and  the  building  of  school- 
additional  justice  authorized  by  an  act  of  the  houses;  and  $400,000  for  improving  the  water  supply, 
General  Assembly  passed  on  the  same  day.  2m^  i?SS«     ^"°^  P^^^^ously  authorucd  for  U>e 

Filiaiice8.-Tfee  following  is  a  summary  of  G^^t^^^  the  city  of  Providence  the  right  to 

btate  finances  for  1891 :   Funded  debt,  Jan.  1,  condemnflie  Hopkins  Burial  Ground  for  paric  pur- 

1892,  $1,283,000;   sinking  fund,  Jan.  1,    1892.  poses. 

at  par,  $1,040,763.68;  State  debt,  less  sinking  Authorizing  the  city  of  Woonsocket  to  borrow  $400,- 

f und,  $233,236.32.    State  debt,  less  sinking  fund,  000  for  establishing  and  constructing  a  system  of 

Jan.  1,   1891,  $331,296.05;   decrease  past  year,  sewerage,  and  $200,000  for  enlaiging  and  improving 

$98,059.73 ;  balance  in  treasury,  Jan.  1,  1891,  ^^  water-works. 

$85,528.57 ;  receipts,  1891,  $1,202,263.13 ;  total.  On  April  17,  in  grand  committee,  Charles  Ma^ 
$1,287,791.70.  Payments,  1891,  $1,211,852.23.  teson  was  elected  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme 
Balance  in  treasury,  Jan.  1,  1892,  $75,939.47.  Court,  vice  Thomas  Durfee  resigned. 
The  total  receipts  for  the  year  were  greater  by  The  Generifl  Assembly  chosen  at  the  April 
$126,299.48  than  the  receipts  for  1890,  the  in-  election  assembled  at  Newport  on  May  26,  and 
crease  being  mainly  due  to  the  refunding  to  the  adioumed  on  May  29,  to  meet  at  Providence  on 
State  of  $87,493.34  direct  tax  paid  to  the  United  July  21.  On  the  first  day  of  the  session  the  re- 
states during  the  civil  war.  A  large  increase  of  turns  for  State  officers  were  opened,  and  no 
expenditure  was  caused  by  the  erection  of  new  election  by  the  people  was  declared.  The  As- 
buildings  at  the  State  Agricultural  School,  the  sembly  then  elected  Herbert  W.  Ladd  to  be 
Soldiers'  Home,  and  the  State  institutions  at  Governor;  Henry  A.  Stearns,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
Cranston.  The  State  ts.x  is  still  assessed  on  the  ernor;  George  H.  Utter,  Secretary  of  SUte; 
valuation  of  $328,530,559,  made  when  the  popu-  Samuel  Clark,  General  Treasurer;  and  Robert 
lation  was  about  235,000.  Since  that  time  the  Burbank,  Attorney-General.  On  May  27  Albert 
pofjulation  has  increased  to  upward  of  850,000,  C.  Landers  was  elected  State  Auditor.  An  act 
while  the  present  valuation,  according  to  the  was  passed  on  the  same  day  increasing  the  num- 
Board  of  State  Valuation,  is  $396,794,552.  Were  her  of  Associate  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court 
the  State  tax  assessed  on  this  latter  valuation  froni  four  to  five,  and  Horatio  Rogers  and  Will- 
the  increiise  in  receipts  from  that  source  would  iam  W.  Douglas  were  elected  to  that  office,  one 
be  $126,000.  The  State  Is  practically  out  of  of  them  being  a  successor  to  Justice  Matteson, 
debt,  the  funded  debt  being  provided  for.  To  who  had  been  promoted  to  Chief  Justice.  The 
secure  increased  revenues  the  need  of  a  new  sys-  control  of  the  State  Home  and  School  was  taken 
tem  of  taxation  is  imperative.  from  the  State  Board  of  Education  and  vested 

Legislative  Session. — The  adjourned  session  in  a  board  of  seven  persons,  to  be  appointed  by 

of  the  General  Assembly  of  1890  began  on  Jan.  the  Governor  with  the  approval  of  the  Senate, 

20  of  this  year  and  ended  on  May  1.    An  act  each  holding  office  for  three  years.     For  the 

was  passed  at  this  session  in  the  interest  of  em-  purpose  of  securing  a  State  exhibit  at  the  World's 

ployes,  providing  that  "  every  corporation,  other  Columbian  Exposition,  $10,000  was  appropri- 

than  religious,  literary,  or  charitable  corpora-  ated,  to  be  expended  under  the  direction  of  a 

tions,  and  every  incorporated  city,  but  not  in-  board  of  World's  Fair  managers.    At  the  ad- 

eluding  towns,  shall  pay  weekly  the  employes  jnumed  session  this  was  increased  to  $25,000. 

engag^  in  its  businesss  the  wages  earned  by  The  session  adjoarned  on  Aug.  5,  to  meet  on  the 

them  to  within  nine  days  of  the  date  of  such  third  Tuesday  of  January,  16^,  at  Providence, 

payment,  unless  prevented  by  inevitable  casu-  Edncation.  —  For   the   school  year  ending 

alty."    A  fine  is  imposed  for  violation  of  these  April    80,   1890,  the  Commissioner  of  Public 

provisions.  Scnools  reports  the  following  statistics :  Pupils 

The  Australian  ballot  system,  which  was  first  enrolled,  52,774;  average  attendance,  83,905; 
introduced  in  State  elections,  and  later,  by  an  average  school  year,  nine  months  eight  days; 
act  passed  in  June,  1890,  extended  to  mnnici-  male  teachers,  174 ;  female  teachers,  1,204 ;  aver- 
pal  elections,  was  at  this  session  further  extend-  age  monthly  wages — male  teachers,  $89.48 ;  fe- 
ed by  a  general  law  so  as  to  apply  to  elections  male  teachers,  $45.40;  paid  for  teachers'  wages, 
for  town  officers  in  any  town  that  oy  a  majority  $549,367.88 ;  total  receipts  for  school  purposes 
vote  shall  decide  to  acce[)t  the  provisions  of  the  during  the  year,  $1,091,993.86;  total  expendi- 
act  Towns  that  accept  the  Australian  system  tu res  for  school  purposes,  $917,900.26;  number 
are  required  to  bear  the  expense  of  providing  of  school- houses,  482 ;  value  of  school  property, 
the  official  ballots.  Two  special  acts  were  also  $2,739,672.  There  were  45  evening  schools  con- 
passed  requiring  the  towns  of  Cumberland  and  ducted  during  the  year  for  an  average  of  12f 
East  Providence  to  use  the  Australian  system,  weeks,  in  which  7,623  pupils  were  enrolled,  th-* 
An  institution  for  the  care  and  education  of  deaf  average  attendance  being  2,858.  There  were  125 
children,  known  as  the  Rhode  Island  Institute  male  and  207  female  teachers  employed  in  these 
for  the  Deaf,  was  established,  and  $50,000  ap-  schools.  The  annual  census  of  children  of 
propriated  for  land  and  buildings.  Other  acts  school  age  (between  five  and  fifteen  years  of  age) 
of  the  session  were  as  follow :  taken  in  January,  1890,  showed  43,163  attending 


RHODE  ISLAND.  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.    771 

public  schools ;  8,275  attending  Catholic  schools ;  Lyman  B.  Goff,  the  candidate  for  Lieutenant- 

1,478  attending  select  schools ;  and  12,044  not  at-  Governor,  was  later  mentioned  on  the  ticket  by 

tending  school.    The  attendance  at  the  State  Henry  A.  Steams. 

Normal  School  for  the  year  ending  June  26  was  On  the  same  day  the  Prohibition  State  Con- 
203,  an  increase  of  3  over  the  previous  year,  vention  met  at  Providence  and  made  the  follow- 
On  Dec  31  there  were  55  pupils  at  the  Agricult-  ing  nominations :  For  Governor,  Rev.  John  H. 
ural  School  at  Kingston.  Larry ;   for  Lieutenant  -  Governor,   Joshua    C. 

Charities. —  At  the  State  Insane  Asylum  Brown;  for  Secretary  of  State,  David  O.  Car- 
there  were  515  inmates  on  Jan.  1,  of  whom  288  gill ;  for  Treasurer,  Louis  E.  Remington ;  for 
were  men  and  277  women.  Daring  the  year,  178  Attorney -General,  Thomas  H.  Peabody.  The 
patients  were  admitted  and  152  discharged,  leav-  platform  contains,  in  addition  to  the  usual  auti- 
ing  541  remaining  on  Dec.  31,  of  whom  252  were  saloon  resolutions,  the  following : 
men  and  289  women.  The  State  almshouse  con-  We  declare  that  our  present  tariff  is  improperly 
tained  236  inmates  on  Jan.  1 ;  810  were  admitted  called  ^*  protection  to  American  labor,^^  and  while  we 
during  the  year,  and  811  were  discharged.  believe  uiat  it  is  imposHible  to  make  this  a  great  na- 

At  the  Sockanosset  School  for  Bovs  the  whole  tional  issue,  such  modifications  should  be  made  m 

number  in  school  Dec.  81, 1890,  wis  185;   re-  ^'pl  cheapen  neceasitios^  rather  than  luxuries,  and 

ceived  during  the  year,  151 ;  number  discharged,  jSd  mSnopSr^  enterprise  instead  of  fostering  trusts 

161 ;  total  number  in  school  Dec.  31,  1891,  175;  ^^  call^pecially  for  the  enforcement  of  laws  in 

at  the  Oaklawn  School  for  Gins  there  were  80  regard  to  the  employment  of  child-labor  in  this 

girls  on  Jan.  1.    During  the  year  there  were  re-  State. 

^ri.«  £i^"?ht"lm  J/f^n^^I'l''!5^,™Sn  The   DemocmUo   State   Convention  met  at 

Jrt'h'ner.TmiturcSiX'ction^nX"  P-T'dence  on  M«.h  12,and  -nominated  Gov. 

and  hospital  and   introduction   of   industAd  Davis,  Lieut-Gor.  Wardwell  Secretary  of  SUU 

training  at  Sodtanosset  School  for  Boys.  McGuinness,  Trewnrer  Perry,  and  Attomey- 

PrisbB8.-At  the  State  Prison  there  were  110  Qene»^  Slocum.    The  followmg  is  a  portion  of 

men  and  2  women  on  Dec.  31, 1891,  of  whom  100  ^°^  piatiorm : 

were  white  and  12  colored.    The  average  num-  .  I*  fthe  Democratic  jMirtj;]  demands  free  ™w  njgte- 

ber  for  the  year  was  112.  The  State  WoA-House  jl^fL?' "r.h'TilillSLrfi'^iPHfo^^^^ 

■iT-i          ^  M  ni         i*            ^'jnir               J  lowcr  taxcs  ou  the  necessanes  oi  lite  for  our  people 

and  House  of  Correction  contained  215  men  and  generally ;  and  it  denounces  the  policy  by  means  of 

61  women  on  Jan.   1,  1891.    There  were  com-  which  the  Eastern  States  are  reduced  to  the  position 

mitted  during  the  year  441  men  and  135  women ;  of  the  fiscal  feudatories  of  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 

452  men  and  181  'women  were  discharged,  and  The  Democracy  of  Rhode  Island  does  not  advocate 

there  remained  on    Dec.  81  204  men  and  55  the  impossible  theoipr  of  f^  trade,  but  it  belie vea^in 

women.     At  the 
were   committed 

and  259  women  ^_ 

and  263  women ;  and  there  were  remaining  240  """W©  are  in  favor  of  electio'nir^y  a  plundity  instead 
men  and  15  women  on  Dec.  31.  of  majority  vote,  a  more  uniform  franchise  than  now 
Soldiers'  Home.  —  The  dedication  of  the  exists,  freedom  of  judges  from  legislative  control,  ex- 
Soldiers'  Home  at  Bristol  was  olwerved  Mav  21,  cept  in  the  ordinary  case  of  impeachment  and  addi- 
since  which  time  the  number  of  veteran  soldiers  J«>ns  to  executive  wwer  and  responsibility     For 

at  the  institution  has  steadilv  incn^.    The  t'e^^'^oTi^nt^^l^^^ 

whole  number  of  mmates  on  Dec.  31  was  92.  ''  ^ 

Militia.—-  The  military  and  naval  force  of  There  was  also  a  ticket  in  the  field  represent- 

Rhode  Island  numbers  1,492  officers  and  men,  of  ing  the  Nationalist  party.  At  the  April  election 

whom  1,086  are  in  the  brigade.    Twenty-four  there  was  no  choice  by  the  people,  no  candidate 

thousand  dollars  has  been  nominally  the  annual  having  a  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast.    For 

appropriation,  but  the  Assembly  has  been  called  Governor,  Davis  received  22,249  votes.  Ladd  20,- 

upon  at  the  close  of  each  year  to  make  up  a  de-  995,  Larry  1,829,  Burton,  the  Nationalist  candi- 

ficiency  of  upward  of  $5,000.    An  important  ad-  date.  384.    The  choice  thereupon  devolved  upon 

dition  to  the  available  force  has  been  made  the  the  General  Assembly,  which  in  May  elected  the 

past  year  in  a  company  of  naval  militia  organ-  Republican  candidates.    Members  of  the  Gen- 

ized  in  Bristol,  numbering  57  officers  and  men.  era!  Assembly  of  1891-92  were  voted  for  at  the 

Savings  Banks. — In  the  savings  banks  and  same  election,  but    several  by-elections   were 

institutions  for  savings  the  deposits  on  Nov.  17,  necessary  before  the  full  membership  was  deter- 

1891.  were  $66,276,157.44,  a  gain  for  the  year  of  mined.    The  result  was  in  favor  of  the  Republi- 

$2,556,665.87.    The  number  of  depositors  was  cans,  who  elected  27  members  of  the  Senate  and 

136,648,  an  increase  of  4,996.  52  of  the  House,    The  Democrats  elected  9  Sen- 

Polltical.— On  March  10  a  State  Convention  ators  and  20  members  of  the  House, 
of  the  Republican  party  met  at  Providence  and  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  The  most 
nominated  the  following  ticket,  to  be  voted  for  striking  characteristic  of  1891  was  the  special 
at  the  State  election  in  April:  For  Govenior,  interest  taken  by  the  Church  authorities,  from 
ex-Governor  Herbert  W.  Ladd ;  for  Lieutenant-  the  Pope  down,  in  the  social  question.  Leo 
Governor,  Lvman  B.  Goff ;  for  Secretary  of  State,  XIII,  by  his  great  encyclical  and  his  letters  fore- 
George  H.  litter ;  for  Treasurer,  Samuel  Clark ;  shadowing  it,  struck  the  keynote,  and  the  Catho- 
for  Attorney-General,  Robert  W.  Burbank.  A  lie  congresses  of  France,  Germany,  Spain,  Bel- 
resolution  in  favor  of  the  policy  of  reciprocity  gium,  and  England,  tuned  their  deliberations 
inaugurated  by  Hon.  James  G.  Blaine  was  passed,  and  their  pronunciaraientos  in  harmony.  The 
but  no  distinct  party  platform  was  adopted,  discussions  of  all  these  assemblies  intimated  the 


772  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH. 

determination  of  the  Church  to  counteract  the  doeda  seek  to  gain  alone  praiae  for  ability  and  con- 
march  of  Socialism  and  anarchy  by  leading  in  ^tancy.  ,  .  ,  .  u-  v  *v 
the  effort  to  uplift  the  masses  who  through  de-  The  rehgioua, feeling  £md  wisdom  by  which  the 
buc  ruuib  Lu  u^iiAw  viic  luncww  uu^^  fk^  peopleof  your  Liguria  and  the  Other  Italians  are  d  13- 
gradmg  and  exhaustive  toil  have  neither  the  gJigmshoa  being  well  known  to  ua,  we  doubt  not 
means,  the  opportunity,  nor  the  mclination  to  ^i^  j^  ^m  y^  imderetood  by  many  that  yoa  have 
assist  themselves.  provided  in  the  best  way  for  honoring  the  memory  of 
Besides  this,  the  year  was  marked  by  an  in-  such  a  remarkable  man,  and  that  they  will  spon- 
tensified  zeal  in  missionarv  work.  Cardinal  taneoualy  and  heartily  support  and  aid  the  council  of 
Lavigerie^s  crusaders  were  mkerially  augmented  worpiy  citizens  estabiiahed  by  you^ 
:«  A  #..;««  .  ^u^  T»^,.;fa  »<>..<k  ar^A/>ia1iv  untivA  in  W e  sincerely  truiit  that  through  thia  celebration,  and 
m  Africa;  the  Jesuits  were  specmlly  active  m  ^^  ^  the  etfect  of  the  exaSple  set  by  Columbus, 
the  remote  northern  countries ;  the  members  of  ^^  ^^^  ^^  ^  ^m  ^  gtimulited,  so  that  each  shall 
the  Lyons  Propaganda  Society  penetrated  every  ^^  ^11  that  is  in  his  power  to  extend  the  kingdom  of 
corner    of    Madagascar,   Japan,    Borneo,    New  Christ  on  earth. 

Guinea,  China,  and    India.    The    Franciscans  Meanwhile,  for  the  aforesaid  design  we  implore  the 

were  given  charge  of  the    holy  places  in  the  divine  assistance,  and  to  this  end  we  affectionately 

Bast,  and  a  fresh  effort  was  inaugurated  to  bring  impart  the  apostolic  benediction  to  you,  venerable 

the  ^hismatic  churches  of  the  Orient  into  com-  ^^^^  *^d  to  the  oleigy  and  people  confided  toyour 

munication  with  Rome.  Given  at  St  Peter's,  Rome,  on  the  10th  January, 

The  relations  of  the  governments  of  Germany,  i891,  and  the  thirteenth  year  of  our  pontificate. 

Austria,  France,  England,  and  even  Russia  with  IJeo  XUl,  Ihpe. 

the  Vatican  showed  improvement  on  the  whole.  ^j,^  Temporal  Power.-On  the  3d  of  March 

The  Italian   Government  continued  to  regard  ^^^  p       addressed  a  long  letter  to  the  hierarchy 

Rome  and  the  treasures  of  the  Church  as  its  ^^  Austria,  in  which  he  Sivised  annual  reunions 

pnvate  property,  and  Marquis  Rudini,  Premier  ^^        ^^^  bishops,  annual  congresses  of  lavmen 

Cnspi  s  successor,  served  notice  on  the  Pope  that  ^  ^i^uss  social,  scientific,  and  moml  prindplea. 

while    he   jproposed  to  maintain  the  -law  of  ^^^  encouragement  of  the  Catholic  press,  active 

guarantees,^  he  would  brook  no  interferen^  of  effort  to  solve  the  labor  problem  amicably,  and 

the  Vatican  with  the  absolute  authority  of  King  ^j^^  ^.  j,^,.  education  of  the  clergy.    He  sp^ially 

Humbert  m  matters  either  of  Church  or  state,  referred  to  the  necessity  for  the  temporalpower 

The  municipal  elections  m  Rome,  which  are  the  j^^  ^j^^^^  words*                                  *-        *- 

only  ones  in  which  Catholics  are  allowed  to  par-  /._*...  ^.          -^v    i.- v              «-^ 

ticiLte  bythe  Pope.showed  a««pectable  Ctho-  ^a^we^dl-'i^'^rJl  e^SlSd^'lr^d'^rS; 

he  return  m  the  city  council.  start  tend  to  reunite,  by  approaches  growing  nearer 

The  Yatlcan.— The    first  official  document  every  day,  the  lines  of  the  Christian  fimily  with  the 

signed  by  His  Holiness  at  the  opening  of  the  hierarchical  order :  in  such  fashion  that  the  futhful 

year  was  one  blessing  the  project  of  Archbishop  may  be  united  to  tneir  bishops  in  all  good  will  aii<l 

Salvatore  to  honor    Columbus    in    his    native  bubmission,  and.  above  all,  that  they  guard  with 

Genoa.    It  emphasizes  the  Christian  character  of  w^o*"  «>d  bravely  profess  one  faith,  one  obedience, 

the  discoverer.    The  letter  is  as  follows :  Sd  chureh     ^'""^^                    ^^^                *'  ""'■ 

To  our  VenerabU  Brother  SalvcUor^^  Archbishop  of  Now,  since  to  wish  that  the  Boman  Pontiff  msv 

Genoa :  Health  and  Apoitolie  benediction  •*  be  subject  to  no  human  power,  and  that  he  may  \» 

It  is  pleasing  to  us  to  learn  from  your  letter  of  the  fully  and  perfectly  free,  is  a  sacred  obligation  which 

4th  of  January  that  you  are  laboring  with  diligent  concerns  the  Catholics  of  all  nations,  and  not  one 

zeal  to  prepare  for  the  coming  year  at  Genoa  solemn  alone,  the  bishops  should  consult  upon  the  matter 

secular  festivities  in  celebration  of  the  memorable  and  apply  themselves  to  arouse  and  excite  the  solici- 

voyage  of  which  Christopher  Columbus  succeeded,  tude  of  the  faithful  in  this  very  just  cause,  with  the 

four  centuries  ago,  in  discovering   previously  un-  view  of  hastening  a  happy  result 

known  regions  on  the  other  side  of  the  fflobe.  _.      _              ^  ««                 n         t              v 

Assuredly  it  is  above  all  fitting  tiiat  the  honor  .  The  Pope  and  Slarery.— Pope  Leo  on  his 

which  many  are  eager  to  render  to  this  immortal  eighty-first  birthday,  March  2,  in  answer  to  the 

genius  in  otner  places,  should  be  pud^  to  hiin  in  the  congratulations  of  his  cardinals,  spoke  at  length 

city  in  which  he  was  bom,  and  to  which  ho  is  a  dis-  upon  the  trials  of    his  pontificate,   which  he 

tinffuished  ornament    and    honor.     We   therefore  likened  to  that  of  Gregory  the  Great.     He  drew 

highly  approve  of  your  design  of  establishing  a  opun-  j^j  attention  to  the  African  slave  trade,  and 

±lto^^T^.T^  '::tt^^:^'^LSL^:i  ^  that  if  Uie  W  s^^red  him  to  celebrate  his 

the  pastoral  letter  which  you  have,  witii  that  view,  episcopal  jubilee  in  1893,  he  would  devote  the 

addressed  to  the  clerffv  and  laity  of  the  diocese  over  offerings  of  the  Christian  world  to  him  on  that 

which  you  preside.  iSutyour  prudence  and  piety  are  occasion  to  the  abolition  of  slavery  and  Chris- 

Srincipally  manifested  in  your  earnest  anxietv  that  tianization  of  Africa, 

le  celebration  and  rejoicing  should  be  of  a  charac-  gt,    Peter's    shaken.  —  The    Vatican    was 

ter  in  keeping  witii  ColumbusVi  undertaking,  his  dis-  ^y^^]^^^^  by  an   explosion  of  260  tons  of  gnn- 

position,  and  the  spirit  by  which  he  was  animated.  -.^„,i«-.  ,•  '«  ^•—.-V..^  ^«  ♦i.«.  A»f»L.;-f.  ^#  dS!»« 

Wot  it  is  attested  hy  the  most  undoubted  historical  ^^^''^I^Vr     ^?Pfi         •  ^5®  *^^'**?^.  ^^  5^'"^ 

monuments  that  he  entered  his  arduous  undertaking  April    24.     All    the    windows    of    the    Pone  s 

in  order  that  the  light  of  the  Gospel  might  be  shown  on  library  were  shattered,  and  many  precious  relics 

those  distant  shores,  and  he  became  in  some  measure  were  destroyed.    St.  Paul's  Church  and  monas- 

a  minister  of  Christ,  who  said  to  his  disciples, "  Go  terv  suffered  specially.    The  tercentenary  cele- 

throughout  the  world  and  preach  the  Gospel  to  every  bration  of  the  death  of  St.  Aloysias  Gonzaga, 

creature."    Hence  mmnr  would  be  done  to  the  mem-  ju^^  gi,  was  worldwide,  and  a  special  feature 

ory  and  the  name  of  this  excellent  man  by  any  one  _^  .^  _^_  ^  ^n**tMr*io««  *«>  d^v.^^  kw  *i,^  ^^«.^» 

who  would  only  recognize  the  woridly  aspect  oY  his  J?  /^  7".^  %  Pilgnmage  to  Rome  by  the  young 

undertaking,  and  who  would  tender  to  Columbus  *^at holies  or  Italy.         „     ,      -^ 

merely  the  honors  to  be  awarded  to  those  who  teke  The   LaDor  Encyclical. — Pope  Leo,  under 

no  thought  of  the  Catholic  faith,  and  in  their  great  date  of  May  15,  issued  what  will  probably  pass 


ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  773 

down  to  history  as  the  most  remarkable  encycli-  Republican  "  marked    the   growing   desire    to 

cal  of  his  pontificate.    It  recorded  his  sympathy  harmonize  the  Church  with  the  republic  on  the 

with  the  legitimate  aspirations  of  the  toilers  in  lines  of  Cardinal  Lavigerie  and  the  Pope, 

the  language  of  conciliation  and  love.    The  re-  In  Oermanjr. — The  elections  gave  the  Cath- 

ciprocal  duties  of  labor  and  capital,  as  well  as  olios  under  Uerr  Windthorst  100  representatives, 

the    provinces   of   the    Church    and   stat^    in  who,  uniting  with  the  Conservatives,  controlled 

ameliorating  the  conditions  of  the  impoverished,  the  legislation  of  the  empire.    One  of  the  first 

ill-paid,  and  neglected  workers,  were  distinctly  results  was  the  return  of  16,000,000  marks  as 

pointed   out.    It   indicated   the   necessity  for  inter^t  on  the  property  and  approoriations  of 

mutual  forbearance  and  consideration  on  the  the  Church  confiscated  during  tne  6ismarckian 

part   of   employers   and    employed,    defended  Kulturkampf,      Acknowledging    this    act    of 

the  right  of  labor  to  combine  for  remunerative  justice,  Leo.  XIII  wrote  Emperor  William,  and, 

wages  and  protection  from  injustice,  as  well  as  among  other  things,  said  the  reli^ous  sentiment 

that  of  the  state  to  interfere  in  behalf  of  shorter  alone  could  solve  the  terrible  social  problems  of 

hours,  sanitary  conditions,  and  by  enactment  the  present  hour. 

prevent  female  and  child  labor  in  exhausting  The  death  of  Windthorst  was  a  severe  blow  to 

employments.    It  urged  that  the  standard  of  the  German  Catholic  cause.    It  occurred  March 

return  for  labor  be  not  that  of  mere  subsistence,  14.    He  was  eighty  years  old,  and  had  led  the 

but  such  as  shall  facilitate  the  acquirement  of  Center  party  against  Bismarck  from  1871.    His 

property,  allow  for  provision  for  age  and  ac-  last  words  urged  his  compatriots  to  wa^  an  un- 

cident,  and  give  opportunity  for    moral   and  compromising  battle  until  every  principle  dear 

intellectual  improvement,  physical  development  to  them  was  vindicated.    He  was  working  for 

and  rational  enjoyment  the  return  of  the  expelled  religious  orders  and 

The  College  of  Cardinals. — Six  cardinals  the  religious  educational  question  at  the  time  of 

(including  Mgr.  Rotelli,  who  died  before  he  re-  his  death, 

oeived  the  insignia)  passed  away  during  1891.  The  Holy  Coat  of  Treves,  presented  as  a  relic 

Cardinal  James  Simor,  who  died  Jan.  28,  was  of  Jesus  Christ  to  the  city  of  Treves  by  St. 

Archbishop  of  Gran  and  Primate  of  Hungary.  Helena,  mother  of  Charlemagne,  was  exposed  to 

He  was  bom  at  Stuhlweissenburg,  Aug.  25, 1813,  public  view  at  the  cathedral,  beginning  Aug.  28. 

and  commenced  life  as  a  shoemaker.    At  his  One   million  two  hundred  thousand  pilgrims 

death  he  was  one  of  the  wealthiest  as  well  as  saw  it  daring  the  period  of  its  exhibition, 

most  powerful  philanthropists  of  Austria.    A  In  England. — The  first  week  in  February 

large  portion  of  his  revenues  was  personally  witnessed  a  great  debate  in  the  House  of  Com- 

distributed  by  him  among  the  poor,  in  sustain-  mons  on  the  reading  of  the  *^  Religious  Disabil- 

ing  the  poorer  clergy,  and  in  maintaining  hos-  ilies  Removal  Bill,    being  an  effort  to  abolish 

pitals,  convents,  and  schools.    His  influence  in  the  remaining  penal  laws  which  prevent  Cath- 

state  matters  was  vast.  olics  from  holding  certain  high  Political  ofiices. 

Cardinal  Charles  Christofori,  who  died  Jan.  30,  Mr.  Gladstone  advocated  the  bill  in  one  of  the 

had  just  turned  sixty-eight,  and  was  prefect  of  finest  speeches  of  his  life,  but  it  was  beaten  on 

the  Sacred  Congregation  of  Indulgences  and  the  second  reading  by  a  vote  of  266  to  223. 

Relics.    He  was  one  of  Pope  Leo's  selections.  The  year  saw  the  beginning  by  the  Society  of 

CanlinalJosephMihalovitch.whodiedFeb.  10,  Jesus  in  England  of  a  great  commentary  in 

at  seventy-seven,  was  made  a  member  of  the  English  on    the    Scriptures.      Twelve   Jesuit 

Sacred  College  by  Pius  IX  in   1877.    Ho  was  fathers  were  designated  for  the  work,  which  is 

noted  for  his  charities,  his  last  act  being  to  to  cover  six  years.    The  first  volumes  will  be 

donate   100,000  rubles  to   eleemosynary  insti-  published  in  i8d3. 

tutions.  The  return  of  the  English  Benedictines  from 

Cardinal    Cajeta    Alimonda,    Archbishop   of  Douai,  France,  after  an  exile  of  three  centuries, 

Turin,  who  died  May  24  was  noted   as   "  the  was  celebrated  early  in  the  rear.    The  order  re- 

Lacordaire  of  Italy."    He  was  bom  in  Genoa  in  established  itself  at  Great  Malvern. 

1818,  and   was   a   journalist    He   edited  the  In  Ireland. — The  liaison  of  C'harles  Stewart 

•*  Cattolico  "  in  Rome,  and  signalized  his  admin-  Parnell  with  the  wife  of  Captain  O'Shea  caused 

istration  of  that  organ  by  defending  Dr.  Newman  the  withdrawal  of  the  support  of  the  Irish  hier- 

in  1853.    His  lectures  in  Genoa  in  1804  are  by  archy  from  the  Home-rule   leader  early  in  the 

some  high  authorities  declared  to  be  "  the  finest  veav.    In  a  public  manifesto  signed  by  all  the 

specimens  of  oratorical  art  of  the  century."  bishops  it  was  declared  that  Parnell  hm  by  his 

Cardinal  Louis  Haynold,  Archbishop  of  Ka-  immorality  outraged  the  sentiments  of  a  rjs- 
locsa  and  Bdcs,  Hungary,  who  died  July  5,  was  ligious  people.  As  shepherds  of  the  Catholic 
renowned  for  his  learning,  stAtesmanship,  and  fiock  they  could  not  condone  the  offense  by  si- 
patronage  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  His  works  lence.  An  anti-clerical  agitation  was  imraedi- 
are  numerous  and  standard.  He  was  made  ately  started  by  Parnell  and  his  followers.  The 
cardinal  in  1879  with  Archbishop  Alimonda.  verdicts  at  the  polls  sustained  the  stand  of  the 

Cardinal  Rotelli,  who  died  suddenly.  Sept.  15,  bishops, 

at  fifty-eight,  was  Papal  Nuncio  at  Paris.    He  Persecntlons  In  China.— In  May  an  anti- 

was  a  bom  diplomat,  and  to  him  belongs  the  foreign  uprii»ing  took  place  in  VVahu.  and  the 

credit  of  reuniting  the  Armenian  Catholics  with  Catholic  missions  were  looted  and  burned.    The 

the  Church.  priests  escaped  to  boats  in  the  river.    The  out- 

In  France. — The  laicization  of  the  schools  treak,  conducted  by  organized  secret  societies  of 
was  completed,  but  the  laws  relative  to  the  a  Nihilistic  nature.'  spread,  and  European  mis- 
service  of  clerical  students  in  the  army  were  sions  of  every  denomination  were  attacked, 
relaxed.     The   appearance  of   **The   Catholic  The  native  converts  suffered  terribly,  and  the 


774  ROMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH. 

gOYemments  of  England  and  France  called  the  000  communicants,  respectiyeW,  ore :  Baltimore, 
attention  of  the  Pekin  authorities  to  the  atroci-  100,577 ;  Boston,  407,536 ;  Ubicago,  3^,632  ; 
ties,  intimating  that,  if  the  Emperor's  forces  were  Cincinnati,  129,780;  Milwaukee,  111,016;  New 
unable  to  cope  with  the  offenders,  they  would  Orleans,  181,964 ;  New  York,  452,626 ;  Oregon, 
assume  the  ofiFensive.  26,164;  Philadelphia,  251,162;  Sl  Liouis,  121,- 
Ill  Japan.— The  vicarates  apostolic  into  which  621 ;  St.  Paul,  193,039;  San  Francisco.  112,180; 
Japan  was  divided  in  1890  were  fully  organized  SanU  F^  81,315;  total,  2,583,612.  The  total 
into  sees  in  1891.  seating  capacity  of  their  churches  is  1,143,336. 

In  Africa. — Every  Catholic  congregation  in  The  Cahensly  Agitation.  —  A  remarkable 
the  world  contributed  toward  a  special  fund  for  petition,  signed  by  Ilerr  Cahensly  and  a  number 
the  Christianization  of  Africa  on  the  feast  of  the  of  European  Catholics,  was  aadressed  to  the 
Epiphany  (Jan.  6),  as  ordered  by  Leo  XIII,  in  Vatican  authorities  in  June.  It  called  attention 
his  encyclical  of  Nov.  30, 1890.  Seven  hundred  to  certain  alleged  derelictions  as  to  Catholic  emi- 
priests  attend  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  nearly  grants  on  the  part  of  the  American  hierarchy, 
400,000  Catholics  in  tne  territory  now  being  and  particularly  pointed  out  the  necessity  for 
opened  up  to  commerce  and  civilization.  Car-  national  bishops  and  priests  in  the  United  States, 
dmal  Lavigerie,  who  has  direction  of  the  mission  The  presentation  of  this  memorial  caused  an 
work,  sent  many  additional  *^  Crusaders  "  to  the  outburst  of  indication  in  America  at  what  was 
assistance  of  those  already  in  the  field.  considered  a  desire  of  foreigners  to  perpetuate 
Spain. — ^At  the  beginning  of  February  the  national  distinctions  and  transfer  national  antag- 
restoration  of  the  Convent  of  Santa  Maria  la  onisms,  prejudices,  and  customs  to  the  New 
Rabida,  three  miles  from  Palos,  in  which  Chris-  World  to  the  disadvanta^  of  the  Church.  The 
topher  Columbus  and  his  son  Diego  found  American  bishops  took  it  as  a  reflection  upon 
shelter  and  the  friendship  of  Padre  Juan  Perez,  themselves,  ana  Cardinal  Gibbons,  as  their 
after  the  futile  mission  to  the  court  of  King  mouth-piece,  indignantlv  denounced  the  me- 
John  of  Portugal,  was  commenced  by  the  Span-  morial  as  an  unwise  interference  with  the  natural 
ish  Government.  It  was  announced  that  when  order  of  things,  and  an  entirely  uncalled-for  ema- 
restored  the  edifice  would  be  returned  to  the  nation  of  an  officious  self-constituted  European 
Franciscan  fathers,  from  whom  it  had  been  de-  clique  whose  utterances  only  gave  enemies  another 
spoiled.  opportunity  of  pointing  out  the  Catholic  Church 
The  Ghnrch  in  the  United  States. — Several  most  unjustly  as  a  foreign  erowth  in  the  re- 
new bishoprics  were  created,  and  a  new  see  was  public.  The  agitation  waxed  wrathy  for  some 
erected  in  this  country  in  1891.  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  time  among  the  abettors  of  Cahensly,  but  it  was 
Katzer  was  elevated  to  the  archbishopric  of  finally  settled  by  the  Holv  See  rejecting  the 
Milwaukee,  and  Rt.  Rev.  Richard  Scanlan,  D.  D.,  recommendations  of  the  petitioners. 
Bishop  of  Concordia,  was  transferred  to  the  Mission  Work  amonyr  ^he  Indians. — The 
diocese  of  Omaha,  vacant  bv  the  death  of  Bishop  discussion  over  the  Indian  Appropriation  bill  in 
O'Connor.  Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Hennessy,  of  Wichita,  Congress  revealed  the  fact  that  the  sum  jmnted 
became  Administrator  of  Concordia.  The  vie-  for  the  support  of  Indian  children  in  Catholic 
arate  of  Utah  is  erected  into  a  diocese  with  the  mission  schools  was  $162,500  in  excess  of  the 
Rt.  Rev.  Laurence  Scanlan,  D.  D.,  heretofore  total  given  to  all  the  other  denominational 
yicar  apostolic,  as  its  first  bishop ;  Rev.  Thomas  schools.  The  Government  appropriation  for  de- 
Brennan,  of  Driftwood,  in  the  diocese  of  Erie,  nominational  schools  in  1891  amounted  to  $579,- 
Pa.,  has  been  chosen  Bishop  of  Dallas,  Texas.  218,  and  the  Catholic  allowance  was  $366,d48. 
The  prefecture  apostolic  of  the  Indian  Territory  The  rolls  of  the  Catholic  Indian  schools  showed 
has  been  raised  to  a  vicarate  apostolic,  and  lit.  340  more  pupils  in  attendance  for  1^1  over  the 
Rev.  Theophile  Meersohaert,  of  Natchez,  made  year  1890,  the  total  being  3,353.  or  nearly  three 
vicar  apostolic.  Rev.  Dr.  John  Brad  v,  of  Ames-  fourths  of  the  whole  number  of  the  children  at- 
bury,  Mass.,  has  been  consecrated  Bishop  of  Ala-  tending  Indian  denominational  schools.  In  the 
bama  in  partibua^  and  coadjutor  to  Archbishop  discussion  a  disposition  hostile  to  the  appropri- 
Williams,  of  Boston ;  and  Rev.  Dr.  P.  S.  Chapelle,  ations  was  developed-  on  the  ground  that  the 

Sastor  of  St.  Matthew's  Church,  Washington,  D.  Government  could  not  give  support  to  sectarian 
L,  has  been  raised  to  the  episcopacy  and  made  institutions.  This  brought  forward  splendid  tes- 
auxiliary  Bishop  of  Santa  Fe.  timonials  from  members  who  had  visited  the  res- 
Catholics  and  the  Censns. — The  United  ervations — notably  Senator  Vest,  who,  in  a  re- 
States  census  gave  the  number  of  Catholic  com-  markable  speech,  declared  that  the  Catholic 
municants  at  6,250,045  in  10,231  congregations.  Church,  through  the  energies,  devotion,  and  sac- 
In  this  enumeration  children  who  have  not  re-  rifices  of  her  missionaries  in  behalf  of  civiliza- 
ceived  their  first  communion  are  not  included,  tion,  had  proved  her  title  as  "  the  truest  friend 
so  that  the  estimate  of  the  entire  Catholic  popu-  of  the  Indian." 

lation  may  be  set  down  as  all  the  way  from  10,-        Miss  DrexePs  New  Order. — In  February 

000,000  to  12,000,000.    Bishop  Hogan,  of  Kansas  Archbishop  Ryan  received  the  tows  of  Miss 

City,  insists  that  the  correct  figure  is  14,000,000.  Kate  Drexel  in  St.  Mary*s  Convent,  Pittsburg, 

The  seating  capacity  of  the  edifices  used  for  and  gave  the  authorization  and  blessings  to 

ohurch  purposes  is  8,435,793;  and  the  Sunday  the  new  order  founded  by  her.    Miss  Drexel 

services  vary  from  one  to  nine  in  each  place.   The  took  the  name  of  Sister  Catherine  in  religion, 

total  value  of  the  property  held  bv  the  Church  and  chose  the  title  of  Sisters  of  the  Most  Holy 

is  $118,391,516.  New  York  has  $9,000,000  of  this;  Sacrament  for  her  order.     The  object   is  the 

Chicago,  $6,457,064 ;  Boston,  $6,379.078 ;  Brook-  evangelization  of  the  negroes  and  Indians  in  the 

]yn,  $5,751,907;   Newark,   $4,297,482.     The  22  United  States,  and  she  devotes  her  interest  in 

dioceses  which  are  credited  with  upward  of  100,-  the  great  Drexel  estate,  estimated  at  $8,000,000, 


KOMAN  CATHOLIC  CHURCH.  ROUMANIA.                    775 

for  this  work.    She  has  since  finished  a  mother  John  Haghes,  Archbishop  of  New  York.    Arch- 
house  for  the  order  at  Andalusia,  Pa.,  and  re-  bishop  Ryan,  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  orator. 
ceived  quite  a  number  of  recruits.  The  State  of  Maryland  erected  a  monument 

Another  new  order  was  introduced  by  Bishop  on  June  8,  at  Old  St  Marv's,  the  capital  of  Cath- 
Hennessy,  of  Dubuque — the  Sisters  of  the  Holy  olic  Maryland,  to  Leonard  Calvert,  the  first  gov- 
Cross  —  devoted  to  teaching  in  the  parochial  emor  of  the  colony,  and  the  man  to  first  pro- 
schools,  claim  religious  libertv  in  the  New  World. 

Cardinal  Manning's  Message.  —  Cardinal  A  marble  statue  of  Pope  Leo  was  unveiled  at 

Gibbons,  on  May  18,  received    the   following  the  Catholic  University,  Sept.  28. 

message  by  phonograph  from  Cardinal  Man-  Other  Notable  £?ents.— -The  new  St.  Mary's 

ning:  Cathedral,  San  Francisco,  the  largest  and  finest 

^      ^   .            ,„,    ^   ,   ,.    ^,      .  .    ^    .     ,  church  edifice  on  the  Pacific  coast,  erected  under 

Your  Eminwice:  The  Cathohc  Church  m  England  Archbishop  Riordan,  at  a  cost  of  $300,000,  was 

send^  Its  greetu^  to  you,  wid  to  the  Catjiolic  CEurch  dedicated  on  Jan.  11 

in  Amenca  and  to  all  the  citizens  of  the  United  muT\     "   •         ri           i.    /^»xt  -n  ^-^      xt  u 

States,  and  hopea  that  we  may  always  bo  of  one  heart  ^^^  Dominican  Convent,  0  Neil  1  City,  Neb., 

and  one  mind,  and  become  one  fold  of  one  Shepherd,  ^as  burned  in  February.     St.  Mary  s  Hospital, 

Uenrt  Eowabd,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  was  destroyed  the  same  month. 

Cardinal  Archbishop.  but  throuffh  the  heroic  actions  of  the  Sisters  of 

Charitv  all  the  invalids  were  rescued. 

The  School  ^ne8tion.~The  great  test  case  of  On  March  19,  George  Parsons  Lathrop,  the 
The  State  of  Ohio  vs.  The  Rev.  Dr.  P.  F.  Quigley,  author,  and  his  wife  (daughter  of  NatJianiel 
for  resisting  the  compulsory  education  law,  was  Hawthorne)  were  received  into  the  Church  by 
decided  on  May  7,  in  the  lower  court  at  Toledo,  Rev.  Alfred  Young,  of  the  Paulist  order.  Being 
against  the  defendant,  and  a  fine  of  $25  im^josed  asked  publicly  for  his  reasons,  Mr.  Lathrop  gave 
fix-Judge  Bdmund  F.Dunne,  for  Dr.  Quigley,  them  in  a  letter  to  the  "Independent." 
made  an  earnest  plea  in  defense  of  the  natural  In  April  the  Catholic  University  at  Washing- 
right  of  the  parents  to  educate  their  children,  ton  was  enriched  by  the  gift  of  $400,000  worth 
and  the  case  was  taken  on  appeal  to  the  Circuit  of  New  York  city  real  estate.  Rev.  James  Mc- 
Court,  which  sustained  the  judgment.  It  now  Mahon  was  the  donor,  and  the  endowment  was 
goes  to  the  Supreme  Court,  the  grounds  being  to  establish  a  school  of  philosophy. 
that  the  Ohio  Constitution  recognizes  the  nat-  A  great  mass  meeting  to  further  American 
ural  law  in  the  matter  and  forbids  the  compul-  Catholic  history,  held  in  the  Academy  of  Music, 
scry  law.  Philadelphia,  March  81,  was  presided  over  by 

The  School  Question  in  Canada. — The  Do-  Rev.  Dr.  Horstmann,  and  addressed  by  Cardinal 

minion  Supreme  Court  refused  to  sustain  the  Gibbons,  Archbishop  Ryan,  and  Hon.  John  Lee 

Winnipeg  law  abolishing  the  Catholic  separate  CarrolL     It  was  practically  decided  to  establish 

schools..    Under  this  decision  the  Catholics  again  Catholic  historical  societies  all  over  the  country, 

receive  the  pro  rata  share  of  taxation  for  educa^  with  a  great  central  library  of  reference  in  Phila- 

tional  purposea  delphia. 

Felieitons   Commemorations.  —  Rt.   Rev.  On  May  9  the  Catholic  editors  of  the  United 

John  J.  Williams,  the  first  Archbishop  of  Boston,  States  met  in  New  York  and  formed  a  national 

celebrated  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  his  association. 

consecration  as  bishop  on  the  11th  and  12th  of  On  May  17  the  comer-stone  of  a  new  theologi- 

March.      There   were   appropriate    ceremonies  cal  seminary  for  the  archdiocese  of  New  York 

participated  in  by  the  clergy  and  laity  from  all  was  laid  by  the  Most  Rev.  M.  A.  Corrigan  near 

parts  of  New  England.  Yonkers,  in  the  presence  of  a  large  multitude. 

The  Catholics  of  West  Virginia  celebrated  the  The  building  will  cost  $600,000,  and  its  library 

twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  ordination  of  Rt.  will  be  one  of  the  finest  in  America. 

Rev.  John  J.  Kain,  Bishop  of  Wheeling,  Julv  2.  Cardinal  Gibbons  eonferretl  the  pallium  upon 

Rt.  Rev.  Bishop  Vertin,  of  Marquette,  harf  an  Archbishop  Katzer,  of  Milwaukee,  Aug.  20. 

equally  brilliant  jubilee  celebraticm,  Aug.  81.  The   Father   Drumgoole    Memorial  Church, 

Bishop  Hennessy's  jubilee  in  Dubuoue,  Sept.  MountLoret to,  Stat  en  Island,  erected  in  honor  of 

13,  was  the  most  remarkable  event  in  tne  history  the  newsboys'  benefactor,  was  begun  on  Sept  18, 

of  religious  commemorations  in  Iowa.  in  the  presence  of  20,000  persons. 

The  great  celebration  of  the  year,  however.  St  Mary's  Seminary,  Baltimore,  celebrated  its 

was  that  by  the  aged  Archbishop  Kenrick,  of  centenary  Oct.  28. 

St  Louis,  of  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  con-  ROUlftANIA,  a    monarchy  in  eastern  Eu- 

secration  as  bishop,  Nov.  80  and  Dec,  1.     The  rope.    The  reigning  King  is  Carol  I,  bom  April 

Cardinal,  a  special  envoy  from  Rome,  and  the  20,  1889,  son  of  Prince  Carl  of  Hohenzollcm- 

hierarchy  with  few  exceptions,  participated   in  Sigmaringen.  He  was  elected  Doranul  or  Prince 

the  jubilee.    The  archbishop  is  the  oldest  officiat-  on  May  22,  1866,  and  was  proclaimed  King  on 

ing  bishop  in  the  world.  March  26,  1881.    His  marriage  with  Princess 

Ponr  Oreat  Monuments. — A  monument  to  Elisabeth  of    Neuwied  being  childless.  Prince 

Father  Junipero  Serra,  founder  of  the  California  Ferdinand,  bom  Aug.  24, 1865.  the  younger  son 

Franciscan  missions,  was  erected   June  3,  at  of  Prince  Leopold,  elder  brother  of  the  King, 

Monterey,  overlooking  the  spot  upon  which  ho  was  selected  as  heir  and  accepted  by  the  Assem- 

landed  in  1770.    It  is  a  gift  to  the  city  from  bly.    The  legislative  body  consists'  of  a  Senate 

Mrs.  lieland  Stanford.  of  120  members,  elected  for  eight  years,  and  a 

St  John's  College,  Fordham,  N.  Y.,  celebrated  Chamber  of  183  Deputies,  elected  by  the  peo- 

its  golden  jubilee  on  June  24  by  the  unveiling  pie,  divided  into  three  classes  of  voters,  for  four 

of  a  bronze  statue  of  its  founder,  Most  Rev.  years. 


776  ROUMANIA. 

Area  and  Popnlation.— The  area  of  Rouma-  Switzerland   8,011,000  lei,  Italy  5,168,000  let, 

nia  is  48,307  square  miles.    The  population  re-  Greece  904,000  lei,  and  other  countries  8,316,000 

ported  in  the  census  of  1885  was  4,650,823,  but  lei.    Of   the    exports    161.386,000  lei  went  to 

the  result  is  officially  declared  to  be  below  the  Austria-Hungary,  43,451,000  lei  to  Belgium,  17.- 

actual  number,  which  is  estimated  at  5,000,000.  196,000  lei  to  France,  12,605,000  lei  to  Germanv, 

Of  this  number  about  4,250,000  are  Roumanians  11,610,000  lei  to  Italy,  9,516,000  lei  to  Turkey 

and  the  rest  are  Jews,  gypsies,  Bulgarians,  6ei>  and  Bulgaria,  8,913,000  lei  to  England,  4,583.0^ 

mans,  Magyars.  Armenians,  etc.    The  people  of  lei  to  Russia,  and  6,653,000  lei  to  other  countries. 

Roumanian  race  in  Hungary,  Servia,  Bulgaria,  The  imports  of  textiles  amounted  to  155,000.000 

and  European  Turkey  exceed  in  number  those  lei ;  metals  and  metal  manufactures  to  64,500.- 

within  the  boundaries   of  the  kingdom.    The  000  lei ;  fruits,  le^mes,  etc.,  24,300,000  lei ;  hides, 

number  of  marriages  in  1890  was  38,654;  the  skins,  and  leather  to  20,300,000  lei;  minerals, 

number  of  births,  204,669 ;  the  number  of  deaths,  glass,  and  crockery  to  16,500,000  lei ;  paper  man- 

150,757 ;  excess  of  births,  53,912.    Bucharest,  the  ufactures  to  13,800,000  lei ;  drugs  and  dyes  to 

capital,  has  221,000  inhabitants ;  Jassy,  90,000 ;  9,300,000  lei.    Among  the  exports,  cereals  stand 

Galatz,  80,000.  for  226,100,000  lei  of  the  total  value,  and  fruits 

Finances. — The  receipts  of  the  Government  for 26, 100,000  lei;  animals  and  animal  produce 

for  the  year  ending  March  31, 1890,  were  159,-  for  6,400,000  lei ;  textile  materials  for  4,600,000 

849,207  lei  or  francs,  and  the  expenses  158,770,-  lei;  and  all  others  amounted  to  11,800,000  lei. 

924  lei.    Of  the  total  receipts  29,335,000  lei  were  The  vessels  entered  at  the  Roumanian  ports  in 

derived  from  direct  taxation,  41,205,000  lei  from  1889  numbered  30,807,  of  8,078,938  tons,  while 

indirect  taxes,  42,950,000  lei  from  state  monopo-  30,586,  of  8,789,894  tons,  were  cleared.  The  mer- 

lies,  23,619,600  lei  from  domains,  13,527,000  lei  chant  marine  consisted  of  18  steamers,  of  840 

from  public  works,  3,816,000  lei  from  the  vari-  tons,  and  105  sailing  vessels,  of  11,040  tons, 

ous  aaministrative  departments,  and  8,225.000  Commnnieations. — ^The  state  railroads  open 

lei  from  other  sources.    Of  the  total  expendi-  to  traffic  in  1891  had  a  total  length  of  2,493  kilo- 

tures  61,441,318  lei  were  required  for  the  public  metres.    There  were  546  kilometres  in  process 

debt,  63,560  lei  the  expenses  of  the  Council  of  of  construction,  and  1,009  kilometres  more  were 

Ministers,  4,171,068  lei  were  allocated  to  the  Min-  in  contemplation. 

istry  of  Domains,  6,176,548  lei  to  the  Ministry  The  post-office  in  1880  transmitted  18,110,3*^ 

of  Public  Works,  12,226,571  lei  to  the  Ministry  letters,  3,927,093  post-cards,  and  6,739,642  in- 

of  the  Interior,  22,335,435  lei  to  the  Ministry  of  closures  of  printed  matter.    The  receipts  were 

Finance,  38,355,598  lei  to  the  Ministry  of  War,  3,463,462  lei  from  the  post-office,  and  2,471,113 

1,508,766  lei  to  the  Ministry  of  Forei^  Affairs,  lei  from  the  telegraph  service,  and  the  expenses 

17,537,886  lei  to  the  Ministry  of  Public  Instruc-  of  both  were  4,015,101  lei.    The  telegraphs  in 

tion,  5,229,544  lei  to  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  and  1890  had  a  total  length  of  5,490  kilometres,  with 

692,406  lei  to  the  fund  for  supplementary  and  11,797  kilometres  of  wire.    The  number  of  do- 

uxtraordinary  credits.  mestic  telegrams  sent  during  the  year  was  966,- 

The  public  debt  on  April  1, 1892,  amounts  to  570;  of  external  telegrams,  &6,079 ;  of  telegrams 

969,575,228  lei,  requiring  for  the  payment  of  in-  in  transit,  44,333. 

terest,  mostly  at  4  and  5  per  cent.,  the  sum  of  European  Commission  of  the  Banabe. — 

56,985,923  lei  in  1891~'92.  The  receipts  of  the  International  Danubian  Com- 

The  Army. — The  four  array  corps  are  territo-  mission,  which    sits  at  Galatz,  were  3.468,607 

rially  distributed  in  nine  divisions,  each  com-  francs  for  1890,  and  the  expenses  were  2.265,716 

posed  of  two  brigades  of  two  regiments.    The  francs.    The  debt  was  paia  off  before  June  30. 

Dorobantzi,  or  infantry  soldiers,  are  armed  with  1887,  and  the  commission  at  the  end  of  1890  had 

Martini  rifles.    The  peace  effective  of  the  army  a  reserve  fund  of  1,000,000  francs  and  609.473 

18  2.936  officers  and  48,500    men,  with  13,200  francs  in  pension  funds  laid  by.    Thenuml)erof 

horses  and  600  cannon.    This  does  not  include  steamers  cleared  at  the  Sulsina  mouth  of  tJie 

71,000  men  in  the  territorial  army.    In  time  of  Danube  during  1890  was  1,303,  of  1,449.257  tons, 

war  each  division  can  be  brought  up  to  a  strength  and  the  number  of  sailing  vessels  was  525,  of 

of  32.000  men.  and  the  Dobrudja  division  can  be  90,188  tons,  making  a  total  of  1,828  vessels,  of 

brought  up  to  20,000  men,  making  a  totJil  effect-  1.539,445  tons,  exclusive  of  passenger  steamers, 

ive  of  3,500  officers  and  148,000  men,  with  15,000  Of  the  total  number  778,  of  983,862  tons,  were 

horses.  English ;  235,  of  164,993  tons,  were  Greek ;  417, 

The  naval  force  in  1891  consisted  of  1  torpedo  of  81,585  tons,  were  Turkish ;    109.  of  80,560 

cruiser,  2  side- wheel  avisos,  5  screw  gunboats,  1  tons,  were  Austrian;  55,  of  61,674  tons,  were 

torpedo  gunboat,  and  5  torpedo  boats.  French ;   60,  of  58,560  tons,  were  Italian  ;  and 

The  frontier  fortifications,  erected  on  the  de-  the  rest  were  chiefly  German,  Russian,  Norwe- 

signsof  the  Belgian  Gen.  Brialmont,  make  it  very  gian,  and  Dutch.    l*he  exports  of  wheat  in  1890 

difficult,  if  not  impossible,  for  a  Russian  army  were  4,652,000  quarters;  of  rye,  468.000  qnar- 

to  force  a  passage  through  Roumania  to  attack  ters ;  of  maize,  3,57B,000  quarters ;  of  barley, 

Bulgaria  or  Turkey  in  case  of  an  Eastern  war  in  1,288,000  quarters, 

which  Roumania  remains  neutral.  Politics. — The  ministry,  at  the  opening  of 

Commorcc. — The  total  value  of  imports  in  1891,  was  composed  as  follows:  Gen.  G.  Mano, 

1890  was  802,791,054  lei,  and  the  total  for  exports  President  of  the  CJouncil  and  Minister  of  Justice: 

was  275,958,415  lei.    Of  the  imports,  Germany  T.  Rosetti,  Minister  of  Justice,  and  ad  tn/en'm  of 

furnished  100.252.000  lei,  Great  Britain  97,559,-  Public  Instnictiou  and  Worship;  A.  Lahovary, 

000  lei,  Austria-inmgarv  52,716.000  lei.  France  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs ;  M.  Germani,  Min- 

39,648,000  lei.  nel«:ium  18,926,000  lei,  Turkey  and  ister  of  Finance;  A.  Marghiloman,  Minister  of 

Bulgaria    13,027,000  lei,    Russia  8,664,000   lei-  Pn hi ic  Works ;  G.  G,  Peucesco,  Minister  of  Agri- 


ROUMANIA.  777 

cult  are.  Industry,  Commerce,  and  Domains;  Chamber,  vet  it  obtained  a  working  majority  in 
Gen.  M.  Yladesco,  Minister  of  War.  The  Con-  the  new  Cnamber,  which  was  convoked  in  ex- 
servative  and  Juniraist  leaders,  who  by  various  traordinary  session  on  May  11,  by  arrangements 
combinations  sought  to  replace  the  homogeneous  with  independent  members.  The  Minister  of 
administration  oi  Bratiano,  were  divided  on  War  secured  a  credit  of  45,000,000  lei  for  the 
questions  both  of  home  and  of  foreign  policy,  completion  and  armament  of  the  fortifications, 
The  Russophile  sentiment,  which  had  no  pros-  thus  giving  offense  to  the  Czar,  whose  minister 
pectofbeingrealized  while  the  National  LilK;rals  remained  away  from  the  celebration  of  the 
were  in  power,  was  represented  in  the  new  min-  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  King's  reign. 
isterial  combinations ;  but  so  also  was  Bratiano*s  In  June  a  question  arose  regarding  a  contem- 
policy  of  drawing  near  to  the  Triple  Alliance,  plated  marriage  of  Prince  Ferdinand  that  af- 
which  the  Kussophiles  sought  to  discredit  by  lected  the  dynasty  and  gave  concern  to  the 
calling  it  the  personal  policy  of  the  Kin?.  They  ministers  and  the  politicians  out  of  office,  who 
looked  to  Russia  as  a  helper  through  whose  aid  were  also  consulted  by  the  King  in  regard 
Roumanian  independence,  so  far  from  being  ex-  to  the  betrothal  of  the  heir  to  the  throne  to 
tlnguished,  would  be  consolidated  by  the  annex-  Helene  Vacaresco,  a  Roumanian  lady  who  was 
ation  of  the  Roumanian  part  of  Hungary  and  a  companion  and  proiigie  of  Queen  Elisabeth. 
the  extension  of  Roumanian  protection  over  the  The  Prince  declared  that  he  would  renounce  his 
Wallachian  communities  in  Old  Servia,  Mace-  rights  to  the  succession  rather  than  give  up  the 
donia,  and  Albania.  An  Irredentist  agitation  idea  of  marrying  the  lady  of  his  choice.  The 
was  started  regarding  oppressions  suffered  by  ministers  and  other  statesmen  said  that  he  could 
the  Roumanians  of  Transylvania  at  the  hands  not  succeed  to  the  throne  if  he  married  a  mem- 
of  the  Magyars.  In  domestic  affairs  some  of  berof  a  family  that  was  involved  in  Roumanian 
the  members  of  the  old  Boyar  partjr  were  in-  party  politics.  The  common  people  were  pleased 
clined  to  accept  the  democratic  projects  of  the  with  tne  thought  of  having  a  Roumanian  Queen. 
Junimists  or  Young  Conservatives  and  others  to  Queen  Elisabeth  strove  to  counteract  the  oppo- 
ally  themselves  with  the  seceding  Liberals.  The  sition  of  the  courtiers  and  politicians  until  she 
Cabinet  was  occupied  during  the  early  part  of  was  prostrated  by  the  excitement  of  the  conflict, 
1891  in  working  out  a  new  tariff,  which  was  and  went  to  Italy  to  recover  from  a  nervous  mal- 
adopted  and  went  into  force  on  July  1,  1891,  till  ady  that  attacked  her,  accompanied  by  Helene 
which  date  the  commercial  conventions  with  Vacaresco.  The  King  was  advised  to  obtain  a 
various  countries  were  prolonged.  The  com-  divorce,  or  have  his  wife  placed  in  seclusion,  as 
mercial  war  with  Austria-Hungary  was  aban-  a  way  out  of  the  dilemma,  but  said  he  would 
doned,  and  low  fiscal  rates  of  duty  were  placed  rather  abdicate.  He  went  to  Italy,  and  finally 
on  all  articles  except  a  few  that  compete  with  in-  persuaded  the  Queen  and  his  nephew  to  renounce 
dustrial  products  of  Roumania,  which  were  sub-  the  project  of  the  marriage.  The  Catar^i  and 
iccted  to  high  protective  duties.  The  Junimist  Vemesco  groups  could  not  work  harmoniously, 
leader.  Carp,  was  invited  to  join  the  ministry,  and  on  July  18,  to  prevent  open  conflicts  and  a 
but  declined,  because  Gen.  Mano  would  not  vote  of  censurc,  the  extraordinary  session  was 
agree  to  a  dissolution  of  the  Senate,  which  was  closed.  On  Aug.  2,  Theodoresco  went  out  of 
opposed  to  reform  projects.  On  Feb.  86  the  the  Cabinet,  and  was  succeeded  by  Prof.  Pony, 
ministry  was  defeatea  in  the  Senate  on  an  edu-  The  Vemesco  section  was  thereby  left  in  the 
cational  bill,  and  on  March  8  a  new  ministry  minority.  The  friction  continued  until  Vcrnes- 
was  formed  through  a  combination  of  the  Ca-  co  and  his  followers  retired,  and  Catargi  formed 
targi  and  Vemesco  groups,  in  which  the  Aus-  a  Conser\'ative  ministry  of  the  following  compo- 
trophile  Junimists  had  no  place.  It  consisted  sition:  President  of  the  Council  and  Minister 
of  the  following  members :  President  of  the  of  the  Interior,  L.  Catargi ;  Minister  of  Do- 
Council,  without  a  portfolio.  Gen,  J.  E.  Ploresco ;  mains.  Gen.  Mano ;  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs, 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  Lascar  Catargi ;  Minis-  Alexander  Lahovary;  Minister  of  I<inance,  A. 
ter  of  Finance,  G.  Vemesco;  Minister  of  For-  Stirbez;  Minister  of  War,  Gen.  Lahovary ;  Min- 
eij^  Affairs,  C.  Esarco ;  Minister  of  Public  ister  of  Public  Works,  C.  Olanesco  ;  Minister  of 
Works,  C.  Olanesco;  Minister  of  Agriculture,  Justice,  Sturdza  Skejano;  Minister  of  Public 
Ilarip  Isvorano;  Minister  of  Education  and  Instruction,  Demeter  Jonesco.  The  ministers 
Worship,  G.  D.  Theodoresco  ;  Minister  of  War,  were  sworn  in  on  Dec.  9.  The  Conservatives 
Col.  Jaquies  Lahovary.  Although  composed  of  alone  could  not  command  a  majority.  The  new 
Russophile  elements,  the  ministers  announced  Cabinet  was  defeated  on  a  vote  of  confidence  in 
that  they  would  adhere  to  the  foreign  policy  of  the  Chamber.  But  the  King  was  unwilling  to 
their  predecessors.  The  Chamber,  on  eonsidenng  trust  the  weak  and  discredited  National  Liberal 
the  ministerial  declaration  on  March  5,  passed  a  party  with  the  control  of  the  elections  that  were 
vote  of  censure,  and  the  King  granted  to  Ca-  to  take  place  in  February,  1892,  and  therefore 
targi  and  his  friends  the  privilege  of  dissolving  Catargi  was  allowed  anotfier  chance.  After  long 
the  Chamber  of  Deputies  and  directing  the  new  negotiations  he  came  to  an  agreement  with  the 
elections,  which  were  held  in  April.  In  the  Junimists  led  by  P.  Carp,  accepting  their  pro- 
electoral  campaign  the  Junimists  and  the  Ijib-  gramme  of  agrarian  and  other  refoi*ms.  Gen. 
erals  coalesced  on  a  common  agrarian  platform  Mano,  Stiirdza,  and  Stirbey  retired,  and  on  Dec. 
advocating  the  distribution  of  crown  lands  30  the  Cabinet  was  reconstructed  by  the  admis- 
among  the  peasantry  and  the  establishment  of  sion  of  Carp  as  Minister  of  Domains,  Commerce, 
afijicultural  banks  and  of  schools  and  colleges,  and  Agriculture;  of  his  disciple  T.  Toncsco  as 
Notwithstanding  their  powers  of  official  pressure  Minister  of  Education ;  of  Germani  as  Minister 
the  Liberal-Conservative  Ministerial  party  failed  of  Finance;  and  of  A.  Marghiloman  as  Minister 
to  secure  for  itself  a  majority  the  seats  in  the  of  Justice. 


778  BUSSIA. 

RUSSIA,  an  empire  in  northern  Europe  and  consisting  of  8,870,868  males  and  3.407,699  fe- 
Asia.  The  legislative  and  executive  powers  are  males ;  that  of  Siberia  and  the  Amnr  region  was 
united  in  the  autocratic  hereditary  monarch  of  estimated  in  the  same  year  at  4,313,(i80i,  and 
the  Romanoff-Holsteiu-Gottorp  family,  in  which  that  of  Central  Asia,  including  the  Steppe,  at 
the  dynastic  succession  is  through  the  male  line  6,827,098.  The  number  of  marriages  in  Euro- 
in  the  order  of  primogeniture  and  through  fe-  pean  Russia  in  1888  was  804,084;  of  births, 
male  descendants  in  default  of  male  successors.  4,251,478 ;  of  deaths,  2,749,085 ;  excess  of  births. 
The  reigning  Emperor  or  Czar  is  Alexander  III,  1,502,388.  In  Poland  the  number  of  marriages 
born  Feb.  25,  1845,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  was  67,892 ;  of  births,  834,268 ;  of  deaths.  201- 
at  the  death  by  assassination  of  his  father,  Alex-  081 ;  excess  of  births,  180,237.  The  population 
ander  II,  on  March  18,  1881.  The  heir-apparent  of  St.  Petersburg,  the  capital,  in  December,  1890, 
is  the  Czar's  eldest  son,  the  Grand  Duke  Nicho-  was  956,226 ;  that  of  Warsaw  in  the  same  year 
las,  bom  May  18,  1868.  The  Czar  exercises  the  was  448,426;  Moscow  in  1885  had  746,469  in- 
powers  of  government  through  the  medium  of  habitants.  Odessa  240,000,  Riga  175.332,  Khai^ 
four  consultative  and  administrative  bodies:  (1)  koff  171,416,  KielT  165,561,  Kasan  139,915,  Sara- 
The  Council  of  State,  which  examines  and  passes  toff  122,826,  Kichineff  120,074,  Vilna  102,845^ 
upon  the  budget  and  elaborates  the  projects  of  and  Lodz  in  1890  had  125,227. 
law  that  the  Czar  desires  to  have  enacted ;  (2)  Religion.— The  Russian  branch  of  the  Greek 
the  Ruling  Sehate,  which  promulgates  the  laws  Orthodox  Catholic  Church  has  been  governed  by 
and  is  the  supreme  court  of  civil  and  criminal  its  independent  directing  body  since  Peter  the 
judicature ;  (8)  the  Holy  Synod,  composed  of  the  Great  established  the  Holy  Synod  with  the  con- 
metropolitan  bishops  of  Kieff,  Moscow,  and  St  sent  of  the  Patriarchs  of  Constantinople,  Jeru- 
Petersburg,  the  Exarch  of  Grusva,  four  or  five  salem,  Antioch,  and  Alexandria.  The  Russian 
temporary  members  chosen  from  the  episcopate.  Church  is  organized  in  60  bishoprics,  of  which 
two  representatives  of  the  secular  or  married  48  are  in  European  Russia,  incluuing  the  north- 
clergy,  one  lay  member,  the  superior  procurator,  ern  Caucasus;  three  of  these  have  the  rank  of 
whose  duties  are  to  see  that  the  decisions  of  the  Metropolitan  Archbishops,  but  exercise  no  au- 
body,  which  embraces  all  affairs  of  religion,  are  thority  bevond  the  limits  of  their  sees.  Of  the 
in  harmony  with  the  laws  of  the  empire;  (4)  other  12  bishoprics  6  are  in  Siberia,  4  are  in 
the  Committee  of  Ministers,  who  are  the  imme-  trans-Caucasia,  1  in  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  1 
diate  advisers  of  the  Czar.  The  following  were  embraces  the  territory  of  Alaska.  When  a  bish- 
the  ministers  in  office  in  1891:  Gen.  Count  oprio  becomes  vacant  the  Czar  appoints  the 
Vorontzoff-Dashkoff,  Minister  of  the  Imperial  bishop,  selecting  one  of  three  names  submitted 
House ;  Nicholas  Carlovich  de  Giers,  Minister  by  the  Holy  Synod.  The  clergy  constitute  one 
of  Foreign  Affairs ;  Gen.  Vannoffsky,  the  Czar's  of  the  four  classes  into  which  the  population  is 
aide-de-camp.  Minister  of  War;  Vice- Admiral  divided.  There  are  two  distinct  classes:  (1) 
Tchikhatchoff,  Minister  of  the  Navy;  Privy  The  celibate  or  monastic  clergy,  called  the 
Councilor  Dumovo,  Minister  of  the  Interior ;  "  black "  clergy,  who  fill  all  the  important  ecde- 
Privy  Councilor  Delyanoff,  Minister  of  Public  siastical  offices,  and  are  the  authorities  and  pre- 
Instruction;  Privy  Councilor  Vyshnegradsky,  servers  of  the  tmditions  and  forms  of  the 
Minister  of  Finance;  Privy  Councilor  Manas-  Church;  and  (2)  the  "white"  clergy,  who  are 
sein.  Minister  of  Justice ;  Privy  Councilor  Os-  educated  at  the  expense  of  the  state  in  the  semi- 
trovsky.  Minister  of  Domains;  Privy  Councilor  naries  at  St.  Petersburg,  Moscow,  Kieff,  and 
von  HQbbenet,  Minister  of  Public  Works  and  Kasan,  and  must  marry  before  they  can  receive 
Railways;  Privy  Councilor  Filipoff,  Chief  of  an  appointment.  There  are,  according  to  the 
the  Department  of  General  Control.  The  post  latest  statistics,  1.418  archpriests,  34,345  priests, 
of  Secretary  of  State  for  Finland  has  been  vacant  6,810  deacons,  and  48,371  assistants.  Those  who 
since  the  death  of  Baron  Brunn  in  1888.  fail  in  the  examination  for  the  priesthood  enter 

Area  and  Popalation.  —  The  area  of  the  the  diaconate,  or,  if  they  fall  below  the  standard 
Russian  Empire,  according  to  the  calculations  for  that  division  of  the  clergy,  become  psalm- 
of  Gen.  Strelbitzky,  is  8,660,427  square  miles,  singers  or  assistants.  The  monastic  system 
The  European  provinces  of  Russia  have  a  super-  stands  in  high  repute,  and  the  chief  occnpation 
ficies  of  1.902,227  square  miles:  Poland,  49,157  of  the  monks,  of  whom  there  were  18,128,  in- 
square  miles ;  the  Grand  Duchy  of  Finland,  eluding  novices,  in  1889,  is  to  go  through  litur- 
144,255  square  miles;  the  Caucasus,  182,457  gical  and  devotional  exercises.  The  formalism 
square  miles;  the  Khirghiz  Steppe,  with  Lake  of  the  orthodox  worship  and  the  debasement 
Aral,  755,793  square  miles;  the  Caspian  Sea,  and  immorality  of  the  "white'*  or  parochial 
169.381  square  miles;  the  trans-Caspian  terri-  clergy  have,  in  spite  of  persecution,  driven  a 
tory,  214,2i37  square  miles ;  Russian  Turkestan,  large  proportion  of  the  people  into  the  schis- 
409,414  square  miles;  western  Siberia,  870,818  matic  sects.  Of  these,  the  most  important  are 
square  miles;  eastern  Siberia,  3,044,512  square  the  Raskol  dissenters,  estimated  at  14,000.000 
miles ;  the  Amur  region,  888.830  square  miles ;  souls,  and  the  Stundists,  who  number  about 
Saghalien,  29,836  square  miles.    The  Govern-  2,000,000. 

ments  of  European  Russia  were  estimated  in  Finances. — The  chief  sources  of  revenue  are 

1885  to  contain  a  population  of  85.895,209,  di-  direct  and  indirect  taxes,  state  domains  and  salt 

vided  into  42.999,324  males  and  42,895,885  fe-  mines,  and  the  salt  and  tobacco  monopolies..    In 

males.    An  estimate  for  1890  makes  the  popula-  1890  the  ordinary  revenue  was  943.686.000  rubles, 

tion,  not  including  troops,  of  the  kingdom  of  and  the  extraordinary  revenue  103,687.000  ru- 

Poland  8,256,562,  of  whom  3.977,406  are  males  bles,  a  total  of  1,047,878,000  rubles,  which  ex- 

and  4.279,156  are  females.    The  population  of  ceeded  the  budget  estimated  by  99,504,000  ni- 

the  Caucasus  was  estimated  at  7,284,567  in  1885,  bles.     The   ordinary   expenditures   were  877,- 


EUSSU.  779 

780,000   rubles,   and    the   extraordinary   178,-  not  called  on  to  serve  in  time  of  peace.    Since 

732,000  making  a  total  of  1,056,512,000  rubles,  1890  the  annual  contingent  of  recruits  has  been 

which  was  108,643,000  more  than  the  estimated  260,000,  besides  2,400  Cossacks  of  the  Caucasus, 

amount.    From  direct  taxes  the  receipts  were  and  the  number  of  men  of  the  first  ban  of  the  ter- 

894B4.000  rubles;  from  indirect  taxes,  od5,987,-  ritorial  army  called  out  for  the  annual  exer- 

000  rubles ;  from  monopolies,  84,228,000  rubles ;  cises  has  been  fixed  at  100,000. 

from  domains,  etc.,  85,954,000  rubles ;  other  re-  The  peace  effective  of  the  Russian  army  is  as 

ceipts,   198,933,000  rubles.     The  ordinary  ex-  follows :  888^  battalions  of  infantry,  numbering 

pendltures  included  262,^94,000  rubles  for  the  16,764  officers  and  429,388  men ;  856  squadrons 

public  debt,  2,208,000,000  rubles  for  the  superior  of  cavalry,  consistinff  of  2,262  officers  and  59,916 

foveming  bodies,  12,098,000  rubles  for  the  Holy  men ;  350  batteries  of  field  artillery,  with  2,073  of- 
ynod,  10,560,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  of  the  ficersand  60,787  men ;  44  companies  of  engineers. 
Court,  4,811,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  of  For-  with  772  officers  and  23,547  men ;  18  battalions 
eign  Affairs,  228,110,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  and  84  parks  of  military  equipages  with  428 
of  War,  40,693,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  of  officers  and  7,254  men ;  125  battalions  and  83 
Marine,  109,214,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  of  batteries  of  reserve  troops,  having  4,225  officers 
Finance,  24,249,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  of  and  76,280  men;  28  infantry  battalions,  54^ 
Domains ;  76,354,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  of  battalions  of  foot  artillery,  and  five  siege  bat- 
the  Interior,  22,^9,000  rubles  for  the  Ministry  teries  of  fortress  troops,  with  1,742  officers  and 
of  Public  Instruction,  56,290,000  rubles  for  the  40,501  men :  56  squadrons  and  2  batteries  of 
Ministry  of  Communications,  22,861,000  rubles  depot  troops,  with  202  officers  and  4,836  men ; 
for  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  3,673,000  rubles  for  6i  battalions  of  Cossack  infantry,  numbering 
the  Control  Office,  and  1,136,000  rubles  for  the  150  officers  and  4,956  men ;  11  squadrons  and 
imperial  stud.    The  ordinary  receipts  for  1891  275  sotnias  of  Cossack  cavalry,  numbering  1,912 
were  estimated  in  the  budget  at  897,198,000  ru-  officers  and  44,712  men ;  20  batteries  of  Cossack 
bles;  reeettea  d'ordre,  3,558,626  rubles ;  exiraor-  horse  artillery,  having   100  officers  and  3,340 
dinary  receipts,  13,750,139  rubles;  funds  avail-  men;  and  28  sotnias  of  Caucasus  militia,  num- 
able  for  covering  the  deficit,  47,794,812  rubles ;  bering  71  officers  and  3,358  men.    The  total 
total,  962,302,521  rubles.    The  estimate  of  the  strength  is  30,561  officers  and  787.372  men,  or 
onlinary  expenses  was  895,330,395  rubles;  di-  818,033  combatants,  with  165,537  horses.    The 
penaes  d'orare,  8,558,626  rubles ;  extraordinary  war  effective,  not  counting  the  teiritorial  army 
expenses,  63,413,500   rubles ;   total,  962,802,521  and  the  Cossack  troops  of  national  defense,  is 
rubles.    Including  the  Polish  debt  and  the  vari-  40,739  officers  and  2,371,007  men,  a  total  of 
ous  railroad  loans,  the  Government,  on  Jan.  1,  2.420,746,  with  835,863  horses. 
1891,  owed  1,008,118,100  rubles  payable  in  specie.  The  Navy.—The  Baltic  fleet  in  1891  com- 
2,845.291.000  rubles  payable  in  paper  currencv,  prised  37  armored  vessels,  including  3  of  11,- 
14,100,000  guilders  borrowed  in  Holland,  £2f,-  000,  8,800,  and  6,590  tons,  not  yet  completed; 
997,900,  and  545,984,000  francs.    The  expendi-  32  unarmored  fighting  ships;  51  other  steam- 
ture  on  the  debt  in  1891  was  256,742,041  rubles,  ers,  and  114  torpedo  boats.    In  the  Black  Sea 
The  Army. — The  young  men  of  European  the  naval  force  consisted  of  8  armored  vessels, 
Russia  are  required  to  serve  five  years  in  the  including  1  in  course  of  construction,  21  un- 
active  army,  and  for  thirteen  years  more  they  armored  vessels,  12  unarmed  steamers  and  36 
belong  to  the  reserve,  and  then  for  five  years  in  steam  sloops,  and  25  torpedo  boats,  making  in 
the  first  ban  of  the  territorial  armv.    In  Turkes-  all  102  vessels,  exclusive  of  the  volunteer  fleet 
tan  and  the  Amur  region  and  lor  the  marine  of  Odessa.     In  the  Caspian,  8  armed  steamers 
troops,  the  period  of  active  service  is   seven  and  7  others  are  maintained,  and  in  Siberia  there 
years,  and  for  the  northern  Caucasia  and  the  arc  34  vessels,  including  19  gunboats  and  8  tor- 
trans-Caspian  territories  three  years.    The  men  pedo  boats.    On  Oct.  20, 1891,  three  new  iron- 
of  the  reserve  are  obliged  to  exercise  twice  for  clads  were  launched  at  St.  Petersburg.    One  is 
six  weeks.    Men  who  escape  service  in  the  per-  the  "Navarin,"  a  barbette  battle-ship  of  9,476  tons 
manent  army  in  the  drawmg  of  lots,  as  well  as  displacement,  propelled  by  twin  screws  of  9,000 
those  who  have  passed  through  the  reserve,  form  horse-power,  having  a  partial  belt  of   16-inch 
part  of  the  flrst  ban  of  the  territorial  army  till  armor,  and  intended  to  mount  two  52-ton  guns 
they  are  forty-four   years    old :    they  may  be  in  each  barbette,  besides  eight  6-inch  and  ten 
called  out  for  six  weeks'  drill  up  to  the  age  of  quick-firing  guns,  and  to  be  fitted  with  6  tor- 
twenty-flve,  and  in  time  of  war  are  used  to  com-  pedo  tubes.    The  other  two  are  belted  g«n  ves- 
plete  the  permanent  army.    The  second  ban  is  sels  of  1,500  tons,  to  be  armed  each  with  one 
composed  of  those  who  are  not  fit  to  serve  in  the  9-inch,  one  6-inch,  and  eight  quick-firing  guns, 
regular  army.     The  Cossacks  pass  through  a  and  with  two  torpedo-discharging  tubes, 
preparatory  training  for  three  years  in  their  na-  Commerce. — The  value  of  the  imports  from 
tive  villages,  then  perform  four  years  of  active  European    countries   in    1890  was   361,400,000 
service  in  the  first  Ban,  after  that  are  inscribed  in  rubles,  not  including  precious  metals ;  from  Fin- 
t he  second  ban  for  four  years, and  may  be  called  land,  13,400,000  rubles;  from  Asia,  41,800,000 
out  to  exercise  three  weeks  annually,  belong  for  rubles.    The  exports  of  merchandise  to  Enro- 
the  succeeding  four  years  to  the  third  ban,  which  pean  countries  were  610,400,000  rubles  in  value ; 
may  be  called  once  into  camp  for  three  weeks,  and  to  Finland,  16,700,000  ruble?-;  to  Asiatic  coun- 
for  five  years  longer  are  enrolled  in  the  category  tries,  76,800,000  rubles.    The  total  value  of  im- 
of  depot  troops,  and  as  such  may  be  drawn  into  ports  was  416,069,000  rubles,  of  which  Germany 
the  service  to  complete  the  armed  forces  in  case  furnished  114,635.000;  Great  Britain,  92.935,000; 
of  war.    The  clergy  are  entirely  exempt,  and  the  United  States,  53.393.000;  China,  29,060,000; 
physicians,  veterinarians,  and  pharmacists  are  Austria-Hungary,|17,802,000;  France,  17,254,000; 


780  RUSSIA, 

Persia,  11,632,000;  Italy,  0,158,000;  Turkey,  ish,  642  Aastrian,  and  146  Dutch,  etc  The  mer- 
7,961,000 :  Belgium,  7,085,000 ;  Sweden  and  Nor-  chant  marine  in  1887  numbered  2,614  vessels  pro- 
way,  6,436,000 ;  and  the  Netherlands,  4,858,000  pelted  by  sails,  of  361,572  tons,  and  357  steam 
rubles,  about  44,000,000  rubles   coming   from  vessels,  of  130,458  tons. 

lloumania,  Denmark,    Greece,  and   all    other  Railroads,  Posts,  and   Telegraphs. — The 

countries.    Tiie  total  value  of  the  merchandise  Russian  network  of  railroads  on  Sept  1,  1890. 


30,338,000;  Austria-Hungary,  30,245,000;  Bel-  metres, 
giura,  27,888,000;  Turkey,  16,772,000;  Sweden  The  post-office  in  1889  forwarded  in  the  in- 
and  Norway,  12,650,000;  Persia,  10,927,000;  temal  service  163,500,000  letters,  19,307.000 
Denmark,  8,322.000;  Greece,  8,303,000;  Ron-  postal  cards,  21,708,000  pieces  of  printed  matter, 
mania,  7.192,000;  China,  1,189.000;  the  United  and  12,081,000  money  letters  of  the  declared 
States,  927,000:  and  all  other  countries,  76,177,-  value  of  15.496,332,000  francs.  In  the  intema- 
000  rubles.  The  imports  and  exports  through  tional  service  the  number  of  letters  was  24,3 16.- 
the  Russian  ports  of  the  Baltic  were  171,400,000  000;  of  postal  cards,  3,725,000 ;  of  printed  in- 
and  179,100,000  rubles  respectively ;  across  the  closures,  10,039.000.  The  receipts  were  79,773.- 
Finland  frontier,  13,400,000  and  161,700,000  924  francs,  and  the  expenses,  including  those  of 
rubles;  across  the  European  land  frontiers  of  the  telegraph  service,  were  97,818,972  francs. 
Russia,  135,200,000  and  165,800,000  rubles;  by  The  receipts  from  telegraphs  were  40,551,108 
the  Black  Sea  ports,  53,800.000  and  259,800,000  francs.  The  state  telegraph  lines  had  a  total 
rubles:  by  the  White  Sea  ports,  1,000,000  and  length  of  115,900  kilometres,  with  224,093  kilo- 
6.700,000  rubles;  across  the  Asiatic  frontiers,  metres  of  wire.  The  number  of  domestic  dis- 
41,300,000  and  76,800,000  rubles.  The  chief  im-  patches  was  8,876,254;  of  international  dis- 
ports by  way  of  the  European  frontiers  were  patches,  689,477  sent,  730,925  received,  and  146,- 
textiles  of  the  value  of  119,468.000  rubles;  metal  872  in  transit;  of  official  dispatches,  028,054. 
wares  and  machinery,  85,028,000 :  raw  metals,  Finland. — ^The  Grand  Duchy  of  Finland  is  a 
26,498,000  rubles;  tea  and  coffee,  24,358,000  constitutional  monarchy  which  was  united  with 
rubles ;  dyeing  materials,  etc.,  14,590,000  rubles ;  Russia  under  the  same  sovereign  in  1809.  The 
coal,  12.454.000  rubles ;  hides,  skins,  and  fur  Constitution  of  1772  and  1780  was  confirmed  by 
skins,  11,281,000  rubles;  apparel  and  trimmingji,  Alexander  I  in  a  manifesto  issued  on  March  27. 
8,954,000  rubles;  alcoholic  beverages,  8,988,000  1809,  and  subsequently  on  Dec.  24,  1825,  Bfarch 
rubles.  The  chief  exports  by  the  way  of  the  3, 1855,  and  March  14. 1881,  in  the  proclamations 
European  frontiers  were  cereals  of  the  value  of  of  Nicholas  I,  Alexander  II,  and  Alexander  III. 
808,622,000  rubles ;  textile  materials  and  manu-  In  the  National  Assembly  the  four  estates  of  the 
factui'es,  93,738.000  rubles ;  lumber,  53,024.000  nobility,  the  clergy,  the  peasantry,  and  the  towns 
rubles;  linseed.  45,119,000rubles;  animals,  10,832,-  are  represented.  The  Governor-General  and 
000  rubles ;  hides,  skins,  and  peltry,  10,697,000  commander-in-chief  of  the  military  forces  is 
rubles ;  bristles,  10.477,000  rubles ;  sugar.  Count  T.  Heyden.  The  population  on  Dec.  31, 
6,727,000  rubles;  alcoholic  beverages,  6,070,000  1889,  was  2,338,404,  of  which  number  1,152,111 
rubles;  petroleum  and  naphtha,  4,129,000  rubles;  were  males  and  1,186,293  females.  Holsingfors, 
metals,  2,231,000  rubles.  The  chief,  imports  the  capital,  had  65,535  inhabitants.  The  nuni- 
from  Asia  were  tea  of  the  value  of  16,154,000  ber  of  marriages  in  1889  was  16,099;  of  births, 
rubles,  fruits  and  legumes  for  3,554,000  rubles,  77,881 ;  of  deaths,  45,679;  excess  of  births,  32,202. 
textile  materials  for  2,325,000  rubles,  and  tissues  The  receipts  of  the  Government  in  1891  were 
for  2,433,000  rubles.  The  exports  to  Asia  con-  estimated  in  the  budget  at  55,603.138  Finland 
sisted  of  cereals  for  25,311,000  rubles,  tissues  for  marks,  the  value  of  the  mark  being  the  same  as 
4,332,000  rubles,  textile  materials  for  3,041.000  that  of  the  French  franc.  The  clergy*  superior 
rubles,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  merchandise,  judges,  and  certain  civil  officials  collect  their  pay 
The  imports  of  precious  metals  from  Europe  directly  without  the  intervention  of  the  treas- 
were  20,663,000  rubles,  and  from  Asia  2,464.000  ury.  the  debt  on  Jan.  1,  1891,  amounted  to 
rubles,  while  the  exports  to  Europe  were  17,832,-  82,129,697  marks.  The  value  of  the  external 
000  rubles,  and  to  Asia  3,090,000  rubles.  commerce  in  1890  was  140,600,000  marks  for 
Navigation. — At  the  ports  of  the  Baltic  in  imports  and  92,400,000  marks  for  exports.  Of 
1889  there  were  3.541  vessels  entered  with  car-  the  imports,  47,800,000  marks  came  from  Russia, 
goes  and  2,790  in  ballast,  while  5.660  were  cleared  44,800,000  marks  from  Gennany,  23,000,000 
with  cargoes  and  586  in  ballast.  In  the  White  Sen  marks  from  Great  Britain,  and  12,300,000  marks 
ports  311  were  entered  and  633  cleared  with  from  Sweden  and  Norway.  Of  the  exports,  36.- 
cargoes,  and  320  entered  and  2  cleared  in  ballast.  400.000  marks  went  to  Russia,  17,700.000  marks 
In  the  Black  Sea  and  the  Sea  of  Azov  1.752  were  to  Great  Britain.  11,000.000  marks  to  Denmark, 
entered  with  cargoes  and  4,757  cleared,  while  7.300.000  marks  to  Sweden  and  Norway,  and  6.- 
3,876  were  entered  in  ballast  and  913  cleared.  000.000  marks  to  Germany.  Chief  among  the 
In  the  Caspian  Sea  792  were  entered  and  684  imports  were  cereals  of  the  value  of  20.800.000 
cleared  with  cargoes,  and  139  entered  and  251  marks,  coffee  of  the  value  of  12,500,000  marks, 
cleared  in  ballast.  Of  13,521  vessels,  the  total  iron  goo<ls  of  the  value  of  9,700,000  marks,  and 
number  entered  at  all  the  ports,  9,465  were  next  in  order  woolen  goods,  cottons,  sugar,  and 
steamers,  and  of  13,476  vessels  cleared,  9.457  machinery.  The  principal  exports  were  lumber 
were  steamers.  Of  the  vessels  entered,  2.415  of  the  value  of  36,400,000  marks,  butter  of  the 
were  Russian,  4.174  English.  1.720  German.  1,479  value  of  13.600,000  marks,  and  paper  of  the  value 
Swedish  and  Norwegian,  895  Danish,  740  Turk-  of  8,600,000  marks.    The  railroads,  on  Sept.  1. 


RUSSIA.  781 

1891,  had  a  total  length  of  1,876  kilometres,  bles  to  surveys  between  Chelabinsk  and  Tomsk, 

The  merchant  marine  in  1889  consisted  of  1,799  and  100,000  rubles  to  surveys  from  GrafFsky  to 

sail  vessels,  of  235,161  tons,  and  336  steamers,  of  Kharabofka.    For  the  Ussuri  section  it  was  neces- 

17,454  tons.    There  were  16,056  vessels,  of  1,985,-  sary  to  transport  all  the  materials  bv  sea  from 

147  tons,  entered  and  16,474,  of  2,027,111  tons,  Russia  to  Vladivostok.    The  first  rail  was  laid 

cleared  at  the  ports  of  Finland  during  1890.  by  the  Czarevich  on  May  24, 1891. 

The  Trans-Siberian  Railroad.— The  proj-  The  New  Loan. — Formerly  Russian  securities 
ect  of  a  railroad-  across  Siberia  has  been  in  con-  were  largely  held  in  London.    In  recent  times 
templation  for  twenty  years.     In  1887  a  commis-  Berlin  has  been  the  banking  center  for  Russian 
ston  was  appointed  by  the  Emperor  to  study  the  commerce  and  the  chief  source  of  Government 
subject,  and  preparatory  surveys  were  made,  loans.    The  financial  relations  between  Prussia 
The  commission  unanimously  recommended  the  and  the  Russian  Empire  have  been  of  the  most 
construction  of  the  line  both  on  strategical  and  intimate  character  for  many  decades.    In  1884 
on  cominercial  grounds.    The  (Government  has  the  Seehandlung,  which  is  an  ofBcial  financial  in- 
decided  to  build  the  line  at  its  own  expense,  re-  stitution  in  Prussia,  headed  the  syndicate  which 
jecting  offers  of  foreign  capital,  unless,  perhaps,  placed  a  loan  of  $75,000,000.    In  1886,  when  the 
Gen.  Annenkoff's  plan  for  enlisting  French  capi-  Uussian  scare  in  England  caused  British  invest- 
tal  be  ultimately  adopted.    The  railroad  is  ex-  ors  to  unload  enormous  quantities  of  Russian 
pected  to  benefit  Siberia  immensely,  to  promote  bonds  on  the  Continental  bourses,  the  Berlin 
colonization,  to  make  Asiatic  Russia  a  source  of  financiers  sustained  the  market,  preventing  a 
revenue  instead  of  a  drain  on  the  imperial  treas-  heavy  fall,  and  al)sorbed  the  Russian  funds  at 
ury,  and  to  consolidate  and  strengthen  Russian  cheap  prices,  thereby  gaining  what  was  consid- 
extension  in  Asia.    The  middle  route,  rather  ered  a  victoiy  over  the  London  bankers.    Up  to 
than  the  northern  or  the  southern  routes  that  1887,  the  year  in  which  Vyshnegradsky  became 
were  proposed,  has  been  adopted.    The  line  starts  Russian  Minister  of  Finance,  the  investments  of 
from  Zlatausk  and  Miask,  where  the  European  line  German  capitsd  in  Government  funds,  preference 
terminates  at  the  Ural  mountains,  and  will  run  shares  of  guaranteed  railroads,  and  other  Rus- 
close  to  the  fifty-fifth  parallel  of  north  latitude  sian  securities,  were  estimated  at  $1,000,000,000. 
as  far  as  the  Yenessei  river,  with  branches  about  At  that  time  a  coolness  arose  in  the  political  re- 
60  miles  long  to  connect  it  with  the  important  lations  between  Russia  and  Germany,  in  the 
towns  of  Tomsk  and  Omsk.    Thence  it  will  take  course  of  which  Chancellor  von  Bismarck  insti- 
a  more  southerly  course  to  Irkutsk,  follow  the  eat ed  a  campaign  against  Russian  credit  abroad, 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Baikal  and  the  valley  of  It  still  stood  so  high  in  Berlin  that  he  failed  to 
the  Seeling  river,  cross  the  valleys  of  the  Lena  accomplish  his  purpose,  until  he  practicallv  pro- 
and  the  Amur  to  Lake  Coilan,  where  excellent  hibitea  transactions  in  Russian  securities  by  re- 
coal  has  been  found,  thence  run  eastward  to  the  fusing  to  allow  the  Imperial  Bank  to  accept  them 
steamboat  station  of  Srjetinsk  on  the  Amur,  and  as  collateral  for  advances.    In  spite  of  a  constant 
along  that  river  southeastward  to  Khabaroffka,  *  war  carried  on  in  the  inspired  German  and  Eng- 
then  turn  southwa^  along  the  right  bank  of  the  lish  press,  which  attacked  the  good  faith  of  the 
Ussuri  to  Graffsky,  and  terminate  at  the  port  of  Russian  Government,  saying  that  loans  raised 
Vladivostok  in  latitude  48'.    The  total  length  is  for  the  conversion  of  debt  or  for  repsoductive 
5,613  miles.    The  line  has  been  surveyed,  with  works  were  used  for  augmenting  and  equipping 
the  exception  of  828  miles  at  the  western  end  the  army  or  for  the  construction  of  strategic 
and  1,525  miles  between  Srjetinsk  and  Giaffsky.  railroads,  and  that  interest  on  the  debt  was  paid 
The  section  from  Miask  to  the  river  Obi,  crossing  out  of  fresh  loans,  the  credit  of  the  Russian  Gov- 
the  rivers  Tobal.  Ishim,  and  Irtish,  and  passing  erument  has  steadily  improved  under  the  man- 
near  the  towns  of  Koorgan,  Tukalinsk.  Kaensk,  aprement  of  M.  Vyshnegradsky,  who  established 
and  Kolivan,  is  expected  to  cost  $33,500,000,  or  a  bond  of  financial  friendship  with  France  when 
about  $33,880  a  mile.    The  section  of  1,114  miles  he  found  the  markets  of  London  and  Berlin 
from  the  Obi  to  Achinsk  will  cost  $38,820,000,  or  closed  to  him.    The  German  market  was  not 
$34,850  a  mile.    The  Lake  Baikal  section  of  194  entirely  closed,  because  German  investors  were 
miles  and  the  trans-Baikal  section  of  669  miles  most  familiar  with  the  strength  of  the  financial 
present  many  engineering  difficulties,  as  they  position  of  Russia,  and  feared  only  the  conse- 
pass  through  a  mountainous  country;  the  cost  quences  of  a  war.    Many  Germans  held  on  to 
IS  estimated  at  $13,000,000,  or  nearly  $87,000  a  their  Russian  investments,  and  when  loans  and 
mile  for  the  one,  and  $31,160,000,  or  $36,580  a  railroad  bonds  bearing  a  high  rate  of  interest 
mile  for  the  other.    The  section  from  Srjetinsk  were  converted,  assistance  was  received  from  the 
to  Graffsky,  though  it  has  not  been  surveyed,  German  money  market,  although  the  main  sup- 
passes  through  a  country  well  enough  known  to  ply  of  money  came  from  France.    In  1889  and 
permit  an  estimate  of  the  expense,  which  will  1890  loans  to  the  amount  of  1,800,000,000  credit 
not  exceed  $49,780,000.  or  $32,620  a  mile.    The  rubles  were  taken  by  French  syndicates.    By  de- 
last  section,  from  Graffsky  to  Vladivostok,  255  grees  the  German  investments  in  Russian  secu- 
roiles,  will  cost  nearlv  $50,000  a  mile,  or  $12,-  rilies  found  their  way  into  France,  until  the  ag- 
750,000  altogether.    This  section  and  the  short  gregate  holdings  of  the  French  reached  about 
length  of  60  versts  across  the  Ural  mountains  2,500,000.000  rubles.    The  English  have  persist- 
frora  Miask  to  Chelabinsk.  it  was  decided,  should  ently  refused  to  subscribe  to  the  new  Russian 
be  built  first  and  begun  in  1891.    Of  7,000,000  loans;  but  the  French  support  was  so  efficient 
rubles  allotted  to  railroad  construction  in  the  that  few  governments  have  been  able  to  borrow 
budget,  500,000  rubles  were  applied  to  prelimi-  more  cheaply.    In  1891  the  Russian  Finance  De- 
nary work  on  the  western  end,  2,900.000  rubles  partment  called  for  a  new  3-per-cent.  gold  loan 
to  construction  of  the  Ussuri  section,  200,000  ru-  of  600,000,000  francs  for  the  construction  of  rail- 


782  RUSSIA. 

roads.  The  Rothschilds,  who  for  generations  Denmark,  and  England  and  in  Russia  the  tak- 
have  held  the  prescriptive  right  to  act  as  the  ings  were  small.  Soon  after  the  allotments  were 
chief  financial  agents  of  the  Kussian  as  well  as  made  Glerman  bankers  sent  orders  to  sell  Rns- 
of  other  governments  which  apply  for  loans  in  sian  securities  in  Paris,  and  as  ther  b^^a  and 
the  great  money  centers  of  Europe,  agreed  in  continued  to  fall  and  Spanish  and  Italian  stock 
May  to  take  the  whole  loan  at  81t  and  issue  it  also  dropped,  until  a  panic  was  feared,  it  was  be- 
at 84,  but  stipulated  that  they  should  use  their  liered  in  raris  that  the  Rothschilds  were  bear- 
discretion  as  to  the  time  and  manner  of  placing  ing  the  market 

it  on  the  market.  The  Paris  branch  of  the  The  KnssiflcatioB  of  Finland.— When  the 
Rothschilds  act^  alone  in  the  transaction.  The  Finnish  Diet  was  opened  on  Jan.  28^  1891,  the 
Russian  minister  would  not  agree  to  the  terms.  President  of  the  Upper  House  declared  that  the 
because  he  feared  that  they  might  keep  the  bonds  people  were  agitated  br  the  fear  of  impending 
in  their  possession  to  use  for  their  own  purposes  trouble  and  danger,  and  in  the  Lower  House  the 
at  some  future  juncture  as  a  means  of  depressing  Speaker,  who  represents  the  peasantry,  said  that 
Russian  credit.  The  English  agitation  regard-  a  feeling  of  gloom  and  depression  pervaded  the 
ing  the  Russian  persecution  of  the  Jews  was  re-  land,  but  that  the  Finnish  people  nevertheless 
newed  at  this  juncture,  and  at  the  request  of  did  not  despair  of  preserving  their  legal  and 
Baron  Rothschild,  of  London,  the  French  firm  constitutional  rights.  These  outspoken  and 
announced  that  it  would  have  no  financial  deal-  significant  expressions  called  forth  a  rescript 
ings  with  the  Russian  Government  until  it  ceased  from  the  Czar,  in  which  he  said  that  a  false  in- 
deporting  Jews  from  the  interior  to  the  western  terpretation  of  the  principles  on  which  rest  the 
pale.  In  France  the  effervescence  of  political  relations  of  the  grand  auchy  to  the  supreme 
feeling  caused  bv  the  renewal  of  the  Triple  Al-  authority  had  caused  measures  that  he  had  pro- 
liance  and  the  l^ranco-Russian  rapprochement^  posed  for  obtaining  a  closer  union  of  the  |crand 
that  was  afterward  signalized  by  the  visit  of  the  duchy  with  the  other  parts  of  the  empire  to 
French  squadron  in  Oronstadt,  created  a  situa-  give  rise  to  an  excited  state  of  feeling.  The 
tion  in  which  the  refusal  of  French  bankers  to  rights,  privileges,  special  ecclesiastical  order,  and 
assist  Russia  seemed  an  act  of  subservience  tx)  distinct  laws  of  Finland  have  been  maintained 
Germany  and  treason  against  France.  Encour-  and  in  many  particulars  further  developed  since 
aged  by  the  newspapers,  some  of  the  financiers  the  country  Wame  an  imperial  Russian  pos- 
of  Paris  proposed  to  place  the  loan  by  open  sub-  session.  Nevertheless  the  disagreement  of  cer- 
scription  in  defiance  of  the  money  power  of  the  tain  statutes  of  Finland  with  the  general  laws  of 
Rotnschilds.  After  the  Cronstadt  meeting  the  the  state  had  given  cause  for  a  perverted  con- 
l>^rench  public  clamored  for  the  loan,  and  the  ception  of  the  significance  of  measures  under- 
Russian  Government  had  immediate  need  of  taken  for  objects  common  to  all  parts  of  the 
money  to  draw  on  abroad  in  order  to  aid  traders  Russian  state.  Therefore  he  authorized  the 
who  were  unable  to  meet  their  foreign  engage-  Governor-General  to  assure  the  people  of  Finland 
ments  owing  to  the  failure  of  the  crops.  An  ar-  *  that  he  would  preserve  unimpaired  the  rights 
rangement  was  therefore  made  with  the  Credit  and  privileges  granted  by  Russian  monarchs* 
Fonder,  the  Credit  Lyonnais,  and  other  finan-  and  had  no  intention  of  changing  the  principles 
cial  institutions  in  France,  and  with  the  Hopes  of  the  existing  internal  administration  of  the 
of  Amsterdam,  the  Bank  of  Copenhagen,  and  a  country.  The  contemplated  measures  aim  at 
firm  in  London  to  take  the  loan  at  80,  and  to  nothing  more  than  fortifying  the  state  relations 
open  the  books  on  Oct.  2  for  public  subscriptions  between  Finland  and  Russia.  One  of  the  insti- 
at  79^,  which  yields  on  d|  per  cent  per  annum,  tutions  distinguishing  the  semi-independent  ad- 
English  subscriptions  were  desired  merely  for  ministration  of  the  grand  duchy  was  the 
the  purpose  of  obtaining  Quotations  on  the  Lon-  Committee  for  Finnish  Affairs  attached  to  the  de- 
doii  Stock  Exchange,  wnen  the  Berlin  houses  partment  of  the  Secretary  of  State  for  Finland 
of  Mendelssohn  and  Robert  Warschauer  agreed  in  St.  Petersburg.  To  the  expressed  regret  of 
to  enter  the  syndicate  the  German  press  raised  the  Finnish  press  this  consultative  bodv.  com- 
an  outcry,  and  called  on  the  Government  to  for-  posed  of  two  members  delegated  by  the  Finnish 
bid  them  to  invite  subscriptions  to  a  loan  that  Senate  and  one  nominated  by  the  Emperor,  was 
would  probably  be  used  to  arm  an  enemy.  The  abolished  from  Oct.  1,  1891.  To  reassure  his 
Government  declined  to  interfere  officiailv,  but  Finnish  subjects  the  Czar  visited  Helsingfors  in 
nevertheless  no  bonds  were  offered  in  Berlin.  Julv,  but  was  disappointed  in  not  reoeivin?  an 
The  price  was  very  little  better  than  the  German  enthusiastic  receptidn.  In  order  to  put  a  check 
3-per-cents.,  which  were  quoted  at  84.  In  France,  upon  the  opposition  of  the  Finnish  press  to  the 
however,  the  Russian  loan  afforded  a  considerable  Government  reforms,  new  and  stringent  regula- 
profit  as  compared  with  French  rentes^  which  tions  were  issued  whereby  newspapers  can  be 
were  selling  at  96.  The  French  Government  de-  warned  or  suppressed  without  warning  bv  the 
clined  to  allow  the  provincial  agencies  of  the  Governor-General,  and  stricter  guarantiees  are 
Cr6dit  Foncier  to  advertise  the  loan,  for  that  required  before  permission  to  establish  new 
would  give  it  an  olficial  character  and  give  rise  papers  or  periodicals  is  granted.  In  October  an 
to  much  criticism  abroad.  The  application  of  imperial  ukase  was  published  putting  in  force 
the  loan  was  announced  to  be  the  repayment  of  various  reforms  designed  to  assimilate  Finland 
advances  for  recent  construction  and  the  making  to  Russia.  They  provide  that  the  Secretary  of 
of  lines  from  Moscow  to  Kazan  and  from  Kov-  State  for  Finland  shall  submit  to  the  Russian 
risk  to  Voronsce  and  the  Petrozavodsk  line.  Ad-  ministers  for  consideration  all  Finnish  legisla- 
vertised  in  France  as  the  loan  of  the  Russo-  tive  proposals  which  affect  the  interests  of 
French  alliance,  it  was  subscribed  for  seven  Russia.  Further,  in  future  all  imperial  decisions 
times  over  in  that  country  alone.    In  Holland,  and  projects  of  law  relating  to  Finland  and  all 


RUSSIA.  783 

bills  to  be  laid  before  the  Finnish  Diet,  as  well  poorer  Hebrews  scattered  over  the  districts  in 
as  the  resolutions  and  petitions  of  the  Finnish  the  ghettos,  which  became  so  crowded  as  to 
Diet,  are  to  be  communicated  to  the  Governor-  cause  an  exodus  to  Turkey  and  other  countries. 
General  in  the  Russian  language  instead  of  in  In  the  latter  part  of  May  a  general  order  for  the 
the  native  tongue.    Another  ordinance  directs  expulsion  of  all  foreign  Jews  from   southern 
that  only  Russians  who  have  graduated  at  a  Russia  was  issued,  in  consequence  of  which  the 
university  or  Finlanders  who  have  had  a  superior  poor  Jews  of  Odessa  and  of  the  whole  province 
education  and  thoroughly  understand  the  Rus-  of  Kherson  and  of  the  Crimea  and  many  in 
sian  language  shall  be  appointed  to  posts  in  the  moderate  circumstances  realized  what  money 
oflSce  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  and  m  the  Chan-  they  could  in  order  to  emigrate.    In  all  the 
cellery  of  the  Governor-General.  forcible  expulsions  the  police  used  their  dis- 
Edlets  against  the  Jews.— The  Czar  in  the  cretion  as  to  what  Jews  should  be  sent  back  to 
summer  of  1800  issued  edicts  against  the  Jewish  the  pale,  their  orders  being  not  to  molest  re- 
hucksters^  money-lenders,  and  liquor-sellers  in  spectable  persons  following  useful  occupations, 
the  interior  of  Russia,  which  were  carried  out  but  to  rid  the  towns  of  the  destitute  and  in- 
with  much  harshness  for  a  time,  after  which  he  efficient,  and  of  usurers  and  petty  traders  and 
delayed  for  some  months  his  decision  resrarding  those  engaged  in  disreputable  pursuits.     The 
the  revival  of  the  old  law  forbidding  Jews  to  manner  in  which  the  decrees  were  carried  out  by 
acquire  a  permanent  residence  outside  the  gov-  corrupt  officials  produced  a  panic,  and  led  to 
ernments  on  the  western  border.    In  the  begin-  the  emigration  oi  great  numbers  besides  those 
ning  of  1891,  on  the  recommendation  of  a  com-  notified  to  depart    The  regulations  against  the 
mission  appointed  to  inquire  into  the  relations  Jews  were  relaxed  in  July,  but,  owing  to  the 
Itetween  the  Jews  and  the  state,  he  decided  that  crowding  of  them  within  the  pale  and  the  im- 
the  edict  of  removal  should  be  carried  out.    In  pending  famine,  the  emigration  continued.    The 
the  beginning  of  Februarv  all  the  Jewish  traders  German  and  Austrian  authorities   refused   to 
of  the  city  and  district  of  "Novgorod  were  ordered  admit  such  as  were  destitute :  some  were  sent 
to  leave  with  their  families,    x^ewspapers  which  back  as  pauper  immigrants  from  the  United 
remonstrated  against  the  policy  of  the  Govern-  States;  tne  Turkish  Government  would  allow 
ment  were  suppressed.    Tne  first  guild  of  mer-  none  to  land  at  Jaffa  or  Beyrut  who  were  likely 
chants  in  St.  Petersburg  had  a  legal  right  of  to  become  a  burden  on  the  community;  and  the 
residence,  and  the  privilege  of  maintaining  any  British  consular  agents  gave  warning  that  there 
number  of  Jewish  servants,  but  holders  of  cer-  was  no  work  for   them  in  England.     Baron 
tificates  of  the  guild  who  had  no  business  of  Hirsch,  the  Vienna  capitalist  who   built   the 
their  own  were  expelled  in  April,  and  a  general  Turkish  railwxys,  offerea  to  give  $15,000,000  to 
clearance  of  the  Jewish  population  in  the  cities  aid  the  exiles  in  finding  new  homes  and  especially 
of  central  and  eastern  Russia  was  begun.    They  to  establish  agricultural  colonies,  selecting  the 
were    expelled    even    from    the   trans-Caspian  Ai*gentineRepublicas  the  most  favorable  country. 
provinces  and  from  the  Caucasus.     In  riiett  Arnold  White,  who  went  to  Russia  to  study  tlie 
Count  Ignatieff  banished  artists  and  musicians,  subject  and  report  to  him,  found  the  Russian 
The  decree  for  St.  Petersburg  included  artisans,  ministers  anxious  to  further  the  plan  of  pro- 
chemists,  merchants  of  the  second  and  third  moting  emigration,  and  willing  to  countenance 
guilds,  and  money-changers.    The  sudden  ban-  the  formation  of  committees  to  supervise  and 
ishmentof  many  thousands  of  Jews  from  Moscow  direct  the  movement.     At  his  instance  they 
and  the  decree  ordering  a  great  many  more  to  removed  the  regulation  requiring  every  emigrant 
leave  within  a  month  caused  severe  distress  and  to  ^o  to  the  place  in  which  he  is  inscribed  as  a 
suffering  and  a  commercial  crisis  that  involved  resident  and  procure  a  passport,  for  which  he 
all  the  Christian  merchants.    The  Jews  had  to  had  to  pay  a  fee  of  10  rubles.    Mr.  White  visited 
sell    all    their   property   for   almost    nothing,  the  Hebrew  agricultural  colonies  planted  by  the 
Hundreds  applied  for  baptism  in  order  to  evade  Czar  Nicholas  in  the  Government  of  Kherson, 
the  decree.     They  were  surrounded  in  their  where  he  found  that  Jews,  contrary  to  the  view 
houses  by  soldiers  and  hurried  off  to  the  rail-  officially  adopted  in  Russia,  are  capable  of  be- 
road.  chained  together  sometimes  like  Siberian  coming  industrious  and  skillful  farmers.    Baron 
exiles.    The  authorities  were  at  a  loss  whither  Hirsch  bought  7,000,000  acres  of  the  best  agri- 
to  send  a  large  proportion  of  them,  for  a  great  cultural  land  in  Argentina,  on  which  he  intends 
many  families  had  lived  in  Moscow  for  genera-  to  settle  4,000  or  5,000  families  of  expatriated 
tions  and  had  no  other  domicile.    Children  were  Russian  Hebrews.    He  made  an  experiment  with 
in  many  instances  separated  from  parents  and  400  picked  subjects,  who  showed  such  aptitude 
husbands  from  wives.    It  was  only  in  Moscow  that  ne  is  convinced  that  a  taste  for  agriculture 
that  scandalous  cruelties  were  practiced,  and  ran  be  developed  among  people  of  his  race, 
this  was  because  the  chief  of  police,  after  the  Every  family  will  receive  150  acres  of  land,  on 
removal  of  Prince  Dolgorukoff,  who  had  carried  which  they  will  be  supported  for^a  year,  and  for 
out  none  of  the  edicts,  wished  to  rid  the  city  of  which  after  another  year  they  must  pay  a  small 
as  many  Jews  as  possible  before  the  arrival  of  rent.     No  member  of  the  community  will  be 
the  Grand-Duke  Sergius  as  Governor-General,  allowed  to  trade  or  to  sell  anything  except  the 
But  elsewhere  laws  were  more  strictly  enforced  products  of  his  toil. 

than  before.    The  law  prohibiting  Jews  from  The  persecution  of  the  Jews  was  only  part  of 

owning  or  leasing  land   or   acquiring  manu-  the  general  policy  instituted  by  M.  Pobiedon- 

factories  was   extended  to  the  whole   empire  ostseff.  Chief  Procurator  of  the  Holy  Synod 

outside  the  pale.  In  Kieff,  Odessa,  and  other  com-  and  other  members  of  the  Old  R^issian  party 

mercial  towns  where  the  trade  is  principally  in  who  have  the  ear  of  the  Czar,  of  harrying  and 

the  hands  of  Jews  the  authorities  herded  the  crushing  all  foreigners  and  all  dissenters  from 


784  EUSSIA. 

the  orthodox  faith.  The  flourishing  Grerman  grass  and  leaves.  In  Simbirsk  and  Kaxan  thej 
manufacturers  and  agriculturists  in  southern  ate  a  bread  made  from  ground  straw  and  pig- 
Russia,  German  only  by  descent,  were  harassed  weed.  At  Libau,  Vilna,  and  Smorgoni  peasants 
until  they  were  financially  ruined  by  the  officials,  and  poor  Jews  carried  out  the  Czar's  edict  be- 
Polish  engineers  who  had  built  and  managed  fore  the  time  by  stopping  r}'e  that  was  being 
the  TranS'Caspian  Railroad  were  suddenly  dis-  carted  to  the  railroau  and  unloading  it  at  the 
missed,  and  all  Poles,  Germans.  Jews,  and  town  hall.  Similar  grain  riots  took  place  at  Orel, 
foreigners  of  all  kinds  who  had  settled  in  that  at  Vitebsk,  at  DQnaburg,  and  other  stations  on 
part  of  the  empire  were  incontinently  driven  the  line  leading  to  the  frontier.  The  Govern- 
out.  Even  the  Mohammedan  Tartars  were  op-  ment  and  the  Zemstvos  spent  large  sums  in  sup- 
pressed in  various  ways  and  were  not  allowed  to  plying  seed  for  the  next  crop  and  food  to  keep 
read  the  Koran,  except  in  an  expurgated  trans-  the  people  through  the  winter.  The  industrious 
lation.  Among  the  new  regulations  affecting  the  peasants  of  the  valley  of  the  Volga  were  reduced 
German  Lutherans  of  the  Baltic  provinces  was  to  the  last  stages  of  destitution  before  succor 
one  forbidding  any  but  Russians  from  practicing  was  brought  to  them,  and  whole  villages  perished 
law.  The  persecution  of  schismatics  was  re-  before  fc^,  which  was  hurried  forward  before 
doubled  in  severity.  The  Stundists  and  Baptists  the  freezing  of  the  river,  could  be  distributed, 
of  Kieff  and  other  places  were  hunted  out  and  The  extent  of  the  famine-stricken  area,  embrac- 
banished  to  trans-Caucasia.  ing  the  central  and  southeastern  provinces,  was 
Famine. — The  wheat  and  rye  crops  failed  in  about  30,000  square  miles,  containing  a  popula- 
1891  in  the  provinces  of  Tula,  Tamboff,  Voro-  tion  of  25,000,000  souls.  The  sum  of  184,000,000 
nesh,  Nijni  Novgorod.  Riazan,  Simbirsk,  Kursk,  rubles  was  estimated  to  be  what  was  reouired  to 
Orenburg,  Penza,  Samara,  Saratoff,  Kazan,  and  keep  this  population  from  starving  ana  to  sup- 
Viatka,  and  partly  failed  in  Moscow,  Kaluga,  Orel,  ply  seed  g^in.  This  region  comprises  the  great- 
Ufa,  Astrakhan,  Kostroma,  Kherson,  Perm,  Khar-  er  part  of  the  plain  of  Great  Russia  up  to  the 
koff,  Tobolsk  in  western  Siberia,  and  in  others.  Volga  and  the  low  plain  east  of  that  river.  In 
It  was  estimated  in  the  summer  that  the  wheat  the  northern  and  middle  section  rye  is  the  prin- 
crop  was  25  per  cent,  or  50,000.000  bushels,  short  cipal  crop,  and  in  the  southern  provinces  wheat 
of  the  average,  leaving  50,000,000  bushels,  in-  is  grown  and  is  eaten  by  the  people.  The  greater 
stead  of  the  average  of  100,000,000  bushels,  for  ex-  part  of  the  black  soil  is  f  onna  in  these  provinces, 
port,  if  the  home  consumption  remained  the  same  which  constitute  the  most  fertile  and  one  of  the 
as  in  ordinary  years.  The  rye  crop  was  80  per  most  thickly  populated  regions  in  the  empire, 
cent.,  or  180,000.000  bushels,'  less  than  the  aver-  The  continental  character  of  the  climate,  the 
age  crop  of  600,000,000  bushels.  An  average  of  scanty  rain-fall,  the  prevalence  of  dry  winds,  and 
60,000,000  bushels  has  been  exported  in  past  years  the  absence  of  forests  and  mountains  to  check 
to  Germany,  Austria,  and  other  countries,  and  the  wind  and  retain  moisture  make  the  effects  of 
therefore  if  no  rye  was  exported  at  all  the  peo-  an  inclement  season  widelv  felt  The  winter  of 
pie  would  have  only  about  three  quarters  of  the  1890-'91  was  unusually  cold ;  fronts  occurred  late 
quantity  usually  consumed  to  sustain  them  till  in  the  spring  when  the  ground  was  denuded  of 
ttie  summer  of  1892,  for  the  stocks  left  over  were  snow,  and  they  were  followed  by  a  long  drought 
very  small.  With  no  crops  to  supply  their  staple  with  easterly  winds.  The  cereal  crops  for  the 
food  or  barter  for  other  necessities  or  pay  their  whole  of  European  Russia  and  Poland  aggnv 
debts,  the  peasantry  of  the  afflicted  provinces  gated  517.000,000  against  an  average  of  645.000.- 
were  soon  reduced  to  bankniptcy  and  want,  and  000  hectohtres,  leaving  a  deficit  of  128,000,000 
their  position  was  made  more  desperate  by  rains,  hectolitres,  or  nearly  20  per  cent  The  effect  of 
which  caused  the  potatoes  to  rot  and  the  ravages  the  rye  ukase  was  to  prevent  the  export  cf  about 
of  the  cattle  disease.  On  Aug.  11  the  Czar  50,000,000  hectolitres  that  would  otherwise  have 
issued  a  ukase  prohibiting  the  export  of  rye.  rye-  gone  abroad,  but  at  the  same  time  would  have 
wheat  with  more  than  8  per  cent  of  rye,  or  bran  put  200,000,000  rubles  in  the  pockets  of  the 
by  way  of  the  Black  Sea  or  Baltic  ports  or  the  peasantry.  The  Government  gave  24,000,000  ru- 
westem  land  frontiers.  The  transport  rates  for  bles  and  afterward  55,000,000  more  to  the  Zemst- 
wheat  and  potatoes  to  the  necessitous  provinces  vos  for  relief  purposes.  The  price  of  rve  doubled, 
were  compulsorily  lowered  on  all  the  railroads.  The  prohibition  of  exports  was  extended  toother 
The  prohibition  of  rye  exports  was  felt  severely  cereals  until  Nov.  3,  when  the  decrees  were  re- 
in Germany,  which  in  ordinary  years  imports  rye  voked.  Merchants  and  all  classes  of  the  no- 
largely  from  Russia  and  in  this  year  had  a  very  bility  made  voluntary  sacrifices,  and  theZemskie 
short  crop.  During  the  days  that  were  left  the  Natchalniki,  the  heads  of  the  local  governing 
Jewish  merchants  exported  rye  to.  Germany  up  bodies,  act«d  as  agents  of  the  Red  Cross  Society 
to  the  full  capacity  of  the  railroads,  and  after  to  distribute  food,  all  the  members  of  the 
the  ukase  went  into  force  they  sent  it  abroad  in  Zemstvos  and  the  country  gentry  aiding  in  the 
the  form  of  bread  until  the  practice  was  interdict-  work.  The  entire  population  of  the  thirteen 
ed.  Bv  a  second  manifesto  exports  from  Finland  stricken  provinces  was  urtder  the  inspection  of 
were  forbidden.  The  spirit  bounties  were  re-  these  volunteer  charity  commissioners,  who  only 
moved  with  the  object  of  lessening  the  consump-  gave  relief,  as  far  as  they  could  discriminate,  to 
tion  of  grain,  potatoes,  and  Indian  corn  for  dis-  those  who  were  actually  starving.  Nearly  every- 
tillation,  and  measures  were  taken  to  prevent  rye  where  the  live  stock  had  disappeared  and  barns 
in  particular  from  being  made  into  spirits.  Al-  were  torn  down  for  fuel.  In  the  winter  hunger 
ready  in  August  great  numbers  of  people  were  typhus  broke  out. 

without  their  usual  food,  and  some  died  from  The  Qnestion  of  the  DardftBelles.— In  the 

starvation.    They  tried  to  nourish  themselves  convention  of  London  in  1841  the  right  of  Tur- 

with  wild  fruits  and  the  seeds  of  weeds,  or  with  key  to  close  the  Dardanelles  to  the  war-ships  and 


SALVADOR. 


785 


troop  transports  of  all  nations  was  laid  down, 
and  in  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  1856.  it  was  con- 
firmed. In  April,  ].8dl,  :the  steamer  *'  Kostro- 
ma." belonging  to  the  volunteer  fleet  of  Odessa, 
on  its  way  to  Vladivostok  with  workmen  and 
materials  for  the  Trans-Siberian  Railway,  on  rep- 
resentations being  made  tliat  she  was  a  naval 
vessel,  was  detained  by  the  Turkish  authorities. 
The  Russian  ambassaaor  at  Constantinople  pro- 
tested, and  a  preliminary  agreement  was  arrived 
at,  which  was  embodied  in  a  formal  convention, 
signed  in  July,  providing  that  vessels  of  the  vol- 
unteer fleet  flying  the  commercial  ensign  should 
be  permitted  to  pass  through  the  Bosporus  us 
merchant  vessels,  and  that  Russia  need  notify 
the  Porte  onlv  in  the  event  of  such  vessels  car- 


rying soldiers  or  war  material.  On  Aug.  4  the 
**  Moskwa."  returning  with  700  men  on  board, 
|v*ho  were  represented  to.  be  Russian  soldiers,  was 
detained.  S\,  de  Neiidoff  again  protested  and 
demanded  an  indemnity,  and  the  vessel  was  al- 
lowed to  proceed.  Two  weeks  later  tlie  same 
thing  happened  in  regard  to  the  **  Kostroma.*' 
After  an  interchange  of  e:[planations  an  arrange- 
ment was  reached  by  which  the  vessels  of  the 
volunteer  fleet  should*  be  allowed  to  pass  through 
the  Bosporus  when  taking  out  military  escorts 
accompanying  convicts  to  Saghalien  or  troops 
for  the  garrisons  in  eastern  Asia  on  the  applica- 
tion of  the  Russian  ambassador,  and  to  bring 
back  troops  whose  time  has  expired  on  the  decla- 
ration of  the  commander  of  the  vessel. 


S 

SALVADOR,  a  republic  in  Central  America,  road  in  operation.  A  contract  to  build  a  rail- 
The  Constitution  vests  the  legislative  power  in  road  through  Salvador  to  Honduras  was  awanl- 
a  Congress  consisting  of  the  House  of  Repre-  ed  to  a  French  company  b^  President  Ezeta, 
M?ntative8  and  the  Senate.  The  President,  who  and  approved  by  Congress  in  June,  1801.  A 
(lossesses  the  executive  power,  is  elected  for  four  plan  was  accepted  by  the  Government  in  Octo- 
years  by  the  direct  vote  of  the  nation.  The  oer  for  a  line  between  San  Salvador  and  Santa 
{'resident  in  office  is  Gen.  Carlos  Ezeta,  who  was  Tekla,  and  a  railroad  from  Santa  Tekla  and  La 
proclaimed  Provisional  President  by  the  army  on  Libertad  was  authorized  at  the  same  time,  mak- 
June  22, 1890;  elected  by  Congress  on  Sept.  11,  ingan  alternative  route  between  the  capital  and 
1890;  and  elected  by  the  people  for  the  full  term,  the  sea.  During  1889  the  three  ports  of  the  re- 
beginning  March  1, 1801.  public  were  visited  by  855  steamers  and  47  sail- 

The  area  of  the  republic  is  estimated  at  7,225  ing  ships.    The  lengtn  of  the  telegraph  lines  is 

square  miles.    The  population  is  twenty  times  1.630  miles.    The  number  of  messages  sent  in 

st^  dense  as  in  the  rest  of  Central  America,  num-  1880  was  495.689,  including  182,278  official.- 

iiering  651.130,  according  to  the  census  of  1886.  Political  Erents.— The  election  of  Gen.  Ezeta 

San  Salvador,  the  capital,  had  16,827  inhabitants  as  President  for  the  ensuing  four  years,  and  of 

in  1888.    The  schools  in  1888  bad  21,101  pupils,  his  brother  Antonio  Ezeta,  as  Vice-President,waf« 

The  revenue  in  1889  was  $4,070,842  in  silver,  confirmed  by  the  Congress,  and  thev  were  inau- 

anrl  the  expenditure  was  $4,038,157.  gurated  in  the  beginning  of  March,  1891.    In 

Finances. — The  revenue  is  raised  chiefly  by  the  Cabinet  appointed  to  mark  the  return  to  con- 
customs  duties  and  monopolies.  The  chief  items  stitutional  conditions.  Antonio  Ezeta  retained 
of  expenditure  were  $972,000  for  the  public  debt,  the  portfolio  of  the  War  Department,  which  he 
$009,000  for  the  army,  $555,000  for  public  works,  shortly  afterward  resigned  in  order  to  become 
apil  $336,000  for  education.  In  1890  the  reve-  general-in-chief  of  the  army.  Gen.  Amaya  suc- 
nue  amounted  to  $4,153,000,  of  which  $2,612,000  ceeding  him  as  Minister  of  War.  The  President 
were  derived  from  customs,  $1,242,000  from  the  and  his  supporters  were  compelled  to  be  very 
spirit  monopoly,  $44,000  from  stamps,  $24,000  watchful  against  a  surprise,  for  their  enemies  in 
from  the  powder  and  snlt^wter  monopolies,  and  the  country  were  numerous,  and  those  who  had 
$231,000  from  other  sources.  The  total  expenses  fled  to  Honduras  and  Guatemala  were  busy  plan- 
for  1890  were  $5,442,000.  of  which  $2,758,000  ning  a  counter-revolution.  The  German  Gov- 
were  for  the  armv,  $407,000  for  the  Interior  De-  em  men  t  recognized  Ezeta.  but  simply  as  de  facto 
partrnent,  $1,282,000  for  the  Ministry  of  Fi-  head  of  the  state.  On  May  6  Col.  Molena  and 
nance.  $153,000  for  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  Gen.  Bardales  seized  a  part  of  the  island  of 
$884,000  for  public  instruction,  $372,000  for  Amalpa  and  attempted  to  set  up  a  rival  govern- 
public  works,  and  $91,000  for  foreign  relations,  ment.  Their  plan  was  fnistrated  by  Gen.  Bar- 
The  internal  debt  in  1890  amounted  to  about  rera,  who,  with  Government  troops,  defeated  the 
$7,500,000,  and  the  foreign  debt  to  $1,500,000.  rebels  before  the  re-enforcements  that  they  ex- 
The  active  troops  number  about  4,000,  and  the  pected  could  arrive,  killing  Gen.  Bardales  in  the 
militia  $15,000.  action.    The  treaty  of  peace  with  Guatemala 

Commerce    and     Commnnlcatlons. — The  was  ratified  by  Congress  in  June.    In  an  attempt 

value  of  the  imports  in   1890  was  $2,401,000  to  raise  a  new  loan  abroad  President  Ezeta  had 

against  $2,878,000  in  1889,  $4,076,000  in  1888,  no  success.    On  Sept.  9  and  the  succeeding  davs 

$3,344,000  in  1887,  and  f  2,428,000  in  1886.    The  a  large  part  of  the  country  was  shaken  by  a  se- 

oxports  in  1890  were  valued  at  a  total  sum  of  ries  of   severe    earthquakes,    which    destroyed 

$7,579,000.  against  $5,489,000  in  1889;  $6,707.-  buildings  and  caused  fortv  deaths  in  the  capital 

000  in  1888,  $5,243,000  in  1887,  and  $4,755,000  and  worked  worse  destruction  in  other  towns, 

in  16®6.    The  chief  articles  of  export  in  1890  especially  in  Comasagu a,  where  only  eight  houses 

were  the  following:  CofTee,  $4,269,000;  indipro,  were  left  standing. 

$1,058,000;  sugar.  $290,000;  tobacco.  $211,000;  As  the  year  advanced.  Gen.  Ezeta  had  good 

silver  bars,  $204,000.    There  are  55  miles  of  rail-  reason  to  fear  that  the  friends  of  the  late  Gov- 
vol,  xx.xi.— 50  A 


SALVADOR: 

luld  effect  his  overthrow.    Heirastold  OuAtrmaU,  Oen.  AUlorre,  Mexicon  minuter  to 

that  President  Barillas  of  Guatemala  had  offered  Central  America,  Ihrealened  President  BarilUt 

to  Oen.  Ayala  and  his  fhenda  arms,  monsy.  and  with  arated   inlcrventiun   if  the   hostilities  bp- 

roen  for  b,  reTolution  in  fjalvador.    The  Salvn-  tvreen  Guatemala  and  llie  existing  UovemiDent 

dorian  minister  in  Mexico  appealed  to  the  Mexi-  ot    Saliftdor   were   renewed,      ['resident   Eu-ia 


can  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  to  interfere  to  showed  how  great  wppp  his  fears  br  diimissiiiK 

prevent  the  revolution  that  Uualemalit  was  mis-  Gen.  Amaya  from  the  War  Department  and  ban- 

|)oclod  of  fosterinp,  and  as  the   Wpxirnn  Gov-  ishing  Gpn.  Pkias  and  other  persons.     In  Seiv 

ernment  Is  opposed  to  the   union  o(  the   Cen-  tember  Dr.  F.  Galincio  retired  from  the  Ministrf 

tral  American  republics  under  iha  leadership  of  of  Forei^  Affairs,  and  wassucceeded  bj  Dr.  Sal- 


SALVADOR.  SALVATION  ARMY.      787 


persons 

Detention  of  an  American  Steamer.— The  were  arresteil  in  Santa  Ana,  Salvador,  being  sus- 
Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Coin pnny,  whose  steamers  pected  of  a  plot  to  poison  Gen.  Antonio  Ezein, 
touch  at  all  the  ports  between  San  Francipoo  and  Vice-President  and  J(linister  of  War,  of  Marine! 
Panama^  has  been  the  chief  means  of  developing    and  of  the  Interior,  at  the  instigation  of  I)r! 


been  dissatisAed  with  the  charges  and  accom  mo-,  SALTATION  ARMY.  The  general  income 
dations,  and  the  men  in  power  have  been  angry  and  expenditure  account  of  the  Salvation  Army 
because  they  could  extract  no  bribes  from  the  for  1891  shows  that  the  expenses  of  the  Inter- 
company; yet,  so  long  as  there  was  no  competi-  national  Headquarters  amounted  to  £16,964. 
tion  on  the  west  coast,  the  officers  of  the  com-  The  sum  of  £3,6a9  was  spent  for  divisional 
pany  could  defy  their  resentment.  Recently  centers  and  corps  expenses;  £1,095  for  "slum 
three  German  lines  running  between  Central  work";  and  the  exfienditures  on  account  of  pub- 
America  and  Europe,  and  one  running  from  the  lie  demonstrations  and  special  extension,  ap- 
west  coast  to  Mexico  and  China,  have  made  the  peals  to  the  public,  the  legal  department,  the 
dicUtors  of  these  republics  more  independent,  sick  and  wounded  fund,  and  other  items,  brought 
and  have  given  satisfaction  to  the  planters  by  the  totel  outlay  up  to  £36,284.  The  chief 
loading  and  sailing  at  their  convenience,  and  by  items  of  income  were :  Prom  gifts  and  subscrip- 
lowering  freight  rates  to  the  extent  of  one  or  tions,  £10,518 ;  Quarterly  collections  from  corps 


Ija   Union,  President  Ezeta,  learning  that  she  cd  fund,  including  sums  from  Felf-denial  fund, 

had  on  board  Dr.  Ayala,  Gen.  Letona,  Gen.  Ri-  £8.580.    The  Colonial  and  Foreign  Service  Fund 

vas,  and  Dr.  Luciane  Hernandez,  to  whom  Presi-  thows  a  total  expenditure  of  £84,902.  of  which 

dent  Barillas  had  offered  asylum  and  who  were  i  9,208  were  spent  in  India,  £2^96  in  South  Af- 

on  their  way  to  Guatemala,  demanded  that  the^  lica,  £4,428  in  Europe,  and  £444  in  South  Amer- 

shoold  be  given  up  to  the  Salvadorian  authori-  ica.    The  cost  of  the  training-homes  had  been 

ties.    Capt  White,  master  of  the  vessel,  refused  £5,900.    The  self-denial  fund  amounted  to  £80.- 

to  compl^,  and,  as  the  captain  of  the  port  de-  281,  an  increase  of  £10,000  from  the  previous 

layed  giving  him  the  permit  to  sail,  he  suspected  year.    The  profits  from  the  sale  of  newspapers, 

that  the  Government  was  making  preoarations'  periodicals,  outfit,  and  books  had  amounted  to 

to  seize  his  passengers,  ^nd  therefore  ne  sailed  £17,100,  of  which  £18,797,  as  above,  had  been 

without  clearance  papers.    When  he  put  in  at  handed  over  to  and  expended  by  headquarters. 

La  Libertad  he  was  informed  that  the  vessel  was  Editions  of  the  *'  War  Cry,"  the  weekly  journal 

declared  confiscate,  and  was  forbidden  to  pull  up  of  the  Army,  were  published  in  86  countries,  in 

anchor  till  the  matter  was  adjusted ;  otherwise  15  languages.     The  operation,  called  in    the 

the  steamer  would  be  seized  by  the  Government  Army  "taking  prisoners,"  or  the  arousing  of 

on  her  arrival  at  Acajutla.  In  reply  to  the  inqui-  anxious  inquirers,  had  resulted  in  the  conversion 

ries  of  the  coropany*8  officials,  the  Minister  of  of  100,000  persons  at  home  and  181,000  abroad. 

Commerce    n^hed  that  Salvador  was  merely  The  report  expresses  the  opinion  that,  "consider- 

putting  in  force  the  doctrine  laid  down  by  the  ing  the  vast  extent  of  our  operations  and  the 

United  States  Government  in  the  case  of  the  necessarily  expensive  character  of  all  pioneer 

"  ItatH."    Capt.  White  was  convinced  that  the  work,  we  are  satisfied  that  the  money  received 

Salvadorian  President,  who  was  at  Acajutla  with  from  our  friends  has  been  laid  out  to  the  best 

an  armed  force,  intended  to  board  the  steamer  advantage." 

and  make  prisoners  of  the  political  refugees.  On  The  International  Headquarters  staff  (includ- 

instructions  telegraphed  by  Mr.  Dow,  the  com-  ing  home  office,  trade  department,  and  social 

(wny's  agent  at  Panama,  he  ignored  the  notice  wing)  consisted  of  1,110  officers.    In  the  British 

of  confiscation,  weighed  anchor  on  Aug.  10,  and  Isles  there  were  8,587  corps ;  in  France  and  Switz- 

landed  his  passengers  safely  at  San  Jos6.    The  eriand,  445;  in  Belgium,  41 ;  in  Holland,  186;  in 

United  States  minister  began  his  inquiry  into  Germany,  68 ;  in  Denmark,  89 ;  in  Sweden,  505 ; 

the  matter  aft«r  the  ship  was  gone.    The  inci-  in  Norway,  231 ;  in  Canada  and  Newfoundland, 

dent  gave  occasion  for  a  protest  from  the  Salva-  1.044 ;  in  the  United  States,  1.293 ;  in  the  Argen- 

dorian  Government,  and  a  demand  for  the  pun-  tine  Republic,   57 ;   in  South  Africa,  195 ;   in 

i^hment  of  Capt.  White,  with  which  the  United  India  and  Ceylon.  516;  in  Australia,  1.163;  in 

States  Government  refused  to  comply.     After  New  Zealand,  268 ;  in  Finland,  24;  in  Italy,  21. 

the  Salvadorian  exiles  arrived  in  the  city  of  Total  for  1891, 10.893  corps,  showing  an  increase 

Guatemala,  attempts  were  made  to  assassinate  during  the  year  of  1,015  corps.    The  weekly 

them.    Five  suspected  assassins  were  expelled  newspapers   numbered    32,    and    the    monthly 

from  the  country  by  the  Guatemala  authorities  magazines  4.  all  having  a  total  annual  circula- 

on  Sept.  4,  after  one  of  the  refugees  had  been  tion  of  45,000,000  conies. 

shot  at ;  and  yet  on  the  same  day  Dr.  Ayala.  who  SANTO    DOMINGO,  a  republic  occupying 

was  Vice-President  of  Salvador  when  President  about  two  thirds  of  the  island  of  Hayti.    The 

Menendez  was  killed  by  the  revolutionists,  and  President  is  chosen  for  four  years.    The  Legisla- 

was  therefore  the  constitutional  successor  to  the  ture  is  composed  of  22  members,  elected  by  indi- 

office  usurped  by  Ezeta,  was  murdered  in  his  rect  popular  suffrage  for  four  years.  Gen.  Ulisscs 


788               SANTO  DOMINGO.  SCHWENKPELDERS. 

Ileureaux  was  elected  President  in  1886.    The  kilometres  in  oneration,  placing  Sandiez  in  «wi- 

Cabinet  was  made  up  in  1891  as  follows :  Minister  miinication  witn  La  Vega  and  Puerto  Plata  witli 

of  the  Interior  and  of  Police,  Gen.  W.  Figuereo ;  Santo  Domingo,  and  connecting  with  the  Frenih 

Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Gen.  J.  Gonzalez:  and  the  South  American  cables. 

Minister  of  War  and  Marine,  Gen.  F.  Lit hgoro ;  Digpnte  with   Haytl.— In   1874,  in  view  of 

Minister  of  Finance  and  (^oramerce.  Gen.  J.  F.  the  efforts  recently  made  by  the  United  States 

Sanchez;    Minister  of  Pjublic   Works,  Gen.  A.  Government  io  aci]^uiPB  Saniana  Bay  as  a  naval 

Wos  y  Gil.  station,    the    Haytian    President    induced    the 

Area  and  Popalation. — The  area  of  the  re-  Dominican  Government  to  enter  into  a  treaty 

public  is  18,045  square  miles.    The  population  in  whereby  it   pledged  itself  not  to  sell,  cede,  or 

1888  was  416,871.    Santo  Domingo,  the  capital  .lease  any  part  of  its  territory  to  a  foreign  power, 

city,  has  25,000  inhabitants,  and  Puerto  Plata,  This  agreement  was  embodied  in  a  treaty  of 

the  principal  seaport,  has  15,000.    The  people  commerce,  in  which  the  customs  frontier  U*- 

are  negroes  and  mulattoes,  with  some  admixture  tween  the  two  republics  was  abolished,  and  each 

of   Indian  blood,  and   a   larger  sprinkling  of  engaged  not  to  levy  duties  on  the  products  of 

whites,  descended  from  Spanish  settlers,  than  is  the  other,  while  an  arrangement  was  made  for 

found  in  the  neighboring  republic  of    Hayti.  the  equitable  division  of  the  maritinie  custom^ 

Roman  Catholicism  is  the  state  religion.    There  by  which  the  Haytian  Government  was  to  pay 

are  about  800  schools,  with  10,000  pupils.  over  a  considerable  sum  annually  to  Santo  l)o- 

Finanees.— The  revenue  is  obtained  mainly  iningo.    For  a  year  or  two  the  payments  wen- 

from  customs  duties.    In  1889  the  budget  esti-  made,  and  then  they  ceased.    An  old  boundary 

mate   of  revenue   was  $1,531,284,  and  of  ex-  dispute  was  revived,  and  other  matters  came  up 

penditure    $1,408,543.     The  debt   on    Jan.   1,  to  cause  friction  between  the  two  black  repnb- 

1889,  consisted  of  an  internal  debt  of  $1,282,-  lies,  whose  relations  have  lieen  in  vaiying  de- 

592,  another  internal  debt,  known  as  the  pub-  grees  strained  ever  tince.    The  mutual  irritation 

lie  debt,  amounting   to   $1,648,428,  a  foreign  was  increased  in  1890  when  President  Hippolyte 

ilebt  of  $234,250,  and  the  debt  contracted  in  denounced  the  treaty  of  1874,  although  it  was 

liondon  in  1869  which  the  Council  of  Foreign  concluded  for  twenty-five  years,  and  imposed 

Bondholders  in  1889  computed  at  £714,300,  with  heavy,  almost  prohibitive,  duties  on  all  Domini- 

unpaid  interest  amounting  to  £664,299.    In  or-  can  pioducts.   A  claim  of  $823,477,  presented  by 

der  to  effect  a  settlement  with  the  old  creditors  Santo  Domingo  as  the  balance  due  from  Hayti 

and  obtain  the  sum  of  £475,000  for  public  ira-  which  accrued  during  the  fir^t  eight  years  in 

provements,  a  new  loan  of  £770,000  has  been  which  the  treaty  was  in  force,  has  been  dlsre- 

contracted.  garded.    A  commission  was  appointed  to  seek  an 

Commerce. — The  chief  products  are  tobacco,  adjustment  of  this  and  other  differences;  but  it 

coffee,  cacao,  cotton,  and  sugar.  The  cultivation  broke  up  without  accomplishing  its  objects 

of  the  sugar-cane  is  extending.    To  encourage  8CHWENKFELDEB8.    The  one    hundred 

agriculture  and  immigration  the  Government  of-  and  fifty-seventh  anniversary  of  the  landing  of 

fers  grants  of  public  lands.    The  principal  ex-  tha  first  colony  of  Schwenkfelders  in  the  United 

ports  are  logwood,  lignum-vit«,  mahogany,  cof-  States   was   celebrated   at  Clayton,   Pa.,   Sept. 

fee,  fustic,  tobacco,  sugar,  and  cacao.    The  trade  24.    There  are  said  to  be  only  five  urganixtnl 

is  chiefly  with  the  United  States,  the   Danish  congregations    of    this    denomination    in    the 

West  Indies,  Spain,  England,  France,  and  Ger-  United  States,  all  in  Pennsylvania,  while  there 

many.    The  value  of  the  imports  in  1887  was  are  individual  members  in  several  other  States: 

$2.0o6,928,  and  that  of  the  exports  $2,660,471.  but  the  sect  is    regarded  as  declining.      The 

There  were  175.637  hundred- weight  of  tobacco  Schwenkfelders  originated  with  Caspar  Schwenk- 

and  9,391   hundred-weight  of  cacao  exported,  fcld,  of  Silesia,  who,  in  the  sixteenth  century,  ed- 

The  export  of  sugar  increased  from  114,604  hun-  ucated  a  Catholic,  became  a  Protestant  through 

dred-weight  in  1881  to  406,142  hundred-weight  in  reading  the  works  of  Tauler  and  Luther,  and 

1887,  andthat  of  molasses  from  190,802  to 476,933  took  an  active  part  in  propagating  the  doctrines 

hundred- weight.    In  1888  the  total  value  of  im-  of  the  Reformation.     He  afterward  advocate<l 

ports  was  $1,992,884.  and  that  of  exports  $2.-  doctrines  differing  from  those  of  Luther  on  the 

520.983.     According  to  the  United  States  ciis-  Eucharist  and  other  subjects,  and  was  persecnie*! 

toms  reports,  the  imports  from  Santo  Domingo  by  both  Protestants  and  Catholics.     He  di«l  at 

into  the  United  States  in  1890  were  $1,951,018,  Ulm  in  1561,  in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his 

thechief  articles  being  sugar  for  $1,715,364,  hides  age.     About    two    thousand    members    of  the 

and  skins  for  $77,279,  dyewoods  for  $71,031,  and  Church   attended   the  anniversary  at  Clayton 

coffee  for  $49,443.    The  domestic  exports  from  The  exercises  included  memorial  addresses  hihI 

the  United  States  to  Santo  Domingo  were  valued  a  repast,  served  at  noon,  according  to  a  tmdi- 

at  $926,651,  the  principal  items  being  iron  and  tional  custom,  in  the  meeting-house, 

steel   goods,  wheat  flour,  wood    manufactures,  SEKYIA,  a  monarchv  in  southeastern  Europe, 

cotton  goods,  and  lanl.     The  number  of  ships  By  the  Constitution  of  Jan.  3. 18^.  the  executive 

entered  in  1890  was  181.  of  97.250  tons.  power  is  vested  in  the  King,  and  is  exercised  in 

Commonications.— A  railroad  to  unite  San-  his  name  by  a  Council  of  Ministers,  who  are  imh- 

chez,  Samana  Bay,  and  La  Vega  has  been  com-  vidually  and  collectively  responsible  to  the  Nh- 

pleted  for  a  distance  ot  72  miles.    One  has  been  tional  Assembly  or  Skupshtina.     Projects  of  lav 

begun  between  Puerto  Plata  and  Santiago,  and  are  first  submitted  to  a  Council  of  State,  consist- 

another  between   Barahona  and   Cerro  de  Sal.  ing  of  8  members  chosen  by  the  vote  of  the 

The  post-office  in  1889  forwardeil  204.546  letters,  Skupshtina  and  an  equal  number  nominated  hv 

circiilai-s,  etc.,  in  the  domestic  service,  and  182,-  the  King.     The  members  of  the  Skupshtina  are 

778  in  the  international  service.    There  arc  369  elected  for  three  years  bv  the  direct  suffrage  of 


SERVIA.  789 

all  Servians  over  twenty-one  years  of  age  who  lottery  loan  of  82,135,000  dinars,  a  loan  of  89,- 
|)ay  15  dinars  in  direct  taxes.  The  reigning  King  774,000  dinars  raised  in  June,  1884,  one  of  88.- 
is  Alexander  I,  born  Aug.  24,  1876,  son  of  King  906,500  dinars  raised  in  October,  1885,  and  sub- 
Milan  Obrenovich  IV,  who  abdicated  on  March  sequent  loans  of  6,000,000  dinars  for  which  the 
<>,  1^^,  and  of  Queen  Natalie,  bom  in  1859,  daugh-  salt  revenue  is  pledged,  9.928.000  dinars  bor- 
terof  Col.Keohko,of  theliussian  1  mi i>e rial  Guard,  rowed  on  the  security  of  the  tobacco  monopoly, 

it\ 

[lis  successor.  Archbishop  Michael,  declared  to  be  lation  in  1889,  pniinised  to  abolish  the  standing 

contrary  to  the  Church  canons,  although  after-  army  and  establish  a  militia  sTstem.    No  steps 

ward  he  refused  to  have  the  divorce  formally  set  have  been  taken  to  carry  out  this  pledge.    Tne 

aside  by  the  Synod  as  null  and  void.   During  the  law  of  Jan.  31, 1889,  makes  service  ouigator}*. 

minority  of  the  Kin^  the  Government  is  carried  It  begins  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  and  lasts  one 

on  by  a  regency  consisting  of  Jovan  Ristich,  Gen.  year  m  the  active  army,  nine  years  in  the  reserve, 

J.  Beli-Marcovich,  and  Gen.  K.  S.  Protich.    The  and  ten  years  in  each  of  the  two  bans  of  the  na- 

ininistry  in  the  beginning  of  1891  was  composed  tional  militia.   In  caFe  of  mobilization  the  active 

of  the  following  members:   President  of  the  army  and  its  reser\-'e  are  expected  to  furnish  5  di- 

(*ouncil  and  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  Gen.  visions,  each  comprising  3  regiments  of  4  battal- 

Sava  Gruich ;  Minister  of  Finance,  Dr.  M.  Vuich ;  ions  of  infantry,  1  battalion  of  foot  guards,  1  regi- 

Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce,  K.  Tau-  roent  of  artillery  divided  into  2  sections  of  4  but- 

shanovich ;  Minister  of  the  Interior,  J.  Djaia ;  teries  each,  and  1  company  of  engineers,  besides 

Minister  of  War  ad  interim.  Gen.  Gruich  ;  Min-  the  commissary,  train,  ambulance  and  hospital 

ister  of  Public  Instruction  and  Worship,  A.  Ni-  services,  etc.    Outside  of  the  division  formations 

kolich;  Minister  of  Justice,  M.  Djoidicvich ;  there  are  8  regiments  of  cavalry,  1  battery  of 

Minister  of  Public  Work?,  M.  Jossimovieh.  mounted  artilkrv,  9  mountain  batteries,  engi- 

Area  and  PoDQlatlon.  —  The  area  of  the  neers,  sappers,  railroad  and  telegraph  troops,  siege 

kingdom  is  48,589  square  kilometres,  or  18,855  and  fortress  artillery,  etc.    The  fii-st  ban  of  tne 

.M}iiare  miles.    The  population  in  1891  was  esti-  militia  ought  to  furnish  in  time  of  war  15  regi- 

luated  at  2,162,759.  composed  of  1,110.781  males  ments  of  infantry,  5  regiments  of  artillery,  5  sec- 

and  1.052.028  females.    The  mass  of  the  people  tionsof  cavalry,  and  its  complement  of  auxiliary 

arc  of  the  Servian  race  and  adhere  to  the  Greek  troops,  and  the  second  ban  should  consist  of 

Orthodox  Church.    The  number  of  marriages  in  about  60  battalions  of  infantry.    The  approxi- 

1890  was  21,555;  of  births,  87,018;  of  deaths,  mate  strength  of  the  active  arniv  and  its  reserve 

54,723 ;  excess  of  births,  82.295.    Belgrade,  the  is  estimated  at  70,000  infantry,  3,500  cavalry,  7,- 

cHPital,  had  54,458  inhabitants  in  1890.  COO  artillery,  and  8,500  engineers,  etc.,  making 

rinances. — The  budget  for  1891  makes  the  84,000  men,  without  counting  train  and  non- 
total  receipts  of  the  Government  56,527,084  di-  combatants.  The  strength  of  the  militia,  ex- 
nars  or  francs,  of  which  21.214.247  dinars  are  elusive  of  auxiliary  services,  is  70.000  infantry. 
raised  by  direct  taxation  ;  3,600,000  dinars  are  1,000  cavalry,  2,000  artillery,  and  600  engineers. 
the  receipts  from  customs ;  2,077.500  dinars  are  or  in  all  78,500  fighting  men. 
obtained  from  the  tobacco,  spirit,  and  salt  taxes;  Commerce, — The  farmers  of  Servia  own  tlic 
2.250,000  dinars  are  judicial  fees ;  10,110,000  di-  land  they  cultivate.  More  than  half  the  area  of 
nars  are  the  yield  of  the  state  monopolies;  8,-  the  kingdom  is  under  grain  or  vines.  Large 
670.000  dinars  are  the  earnings  of  domains,  posts,  quantities  of  prunes  are  grown,  the  product  in 
telegraphs,  etc. ;  5,000,000  dinars  are  derived  1888  having  amounted  to  25.000  tons  and  the 
from^e  state  railroad  ;  931,954  dinars  are  the  export  to  16,942  tons.  Pigs  are  raised  in  great 
profits  of  the  stat«  mortgage  hank  ;  and  7,678,-  number  for  export  and  fattened  on  acorns,  whieii 
.SaSdinars  come  from  various  other  sources.  The  are  very  abundant.  The  imports  in  1890  weie 
total  expenditures  were  estimated  at  59,525,894  valued  at  88,045,000  dinars,  of  which  22,820.000 
ilinars,  of  which  19.900.880  dinars  represent  the  dinars  came  from  Austria-Hungary.  4.888,100 
expenses  of  the  debt,  1,200,000  dinars  the  civil  dinare  from  Great  Britain,  2,868,000  dinars  fix,in 
list.  1.998.806  dinars  pensions  and  dotations,  8,-  Germany,  1,622.000  dinars  from  America,  and 
Ck52.»84  dinare  the  exf)enditure  of  the  Ministry  the  rest  from  Bulgaria,  Turkey,  Russia,  Rou- 
of  Rdncation.  4,947.755  dinars  those  of  the  Min-  mania,  Switzeriand,  and  other  countries.  The 
istrv  of  Finance,  2.642,087  dinars  those  of  the  total  value  of  the  exports  was  45.841,000  dinars. 
Ministry  of  the  Interior,  1,183.818  dinars  those  of  which  39.898,000  dinars  went  to  Austria-Ilun- 
c»f  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  9.739.113  di-  gary,  3,188,000  dinars  to  Turkey,  and  the  next 
imrs  those  of  the  Ministry  of  War.  4.202,541  di-  largest  amount,  viz.,  811,0(K)  dinars,  to  Germany, 
nars  those  of  the  Ministry  of  Public  Works,  8.-  Of  the  imports,  4,119,000  dinare  consisted  of  co- 
6(14.527  dinare  those  of  the  Ministrv  of  Agrieult-  lonial  goods,  7,649,000 dinars  of  cotton  manufact- 
ure and  Commerce,  1.181,598  dinars  those  of  the  ures,  2,715,000  dinare  of  woolens,  and  8,448,0CO 
Ministryof  Justice.  818,165  dinars  the  cost  of  the  dinare  of  metals.  In  the  total  value  of  exports 
liCgislatnre  and  State  Council,  876.226  dinare  18,000,000  dinare  represent  the  exports  of  field 
general  expenses  of  Government,  and  3,828,564  and  orchard  produce,  and  an  equal  sum  those  of 
dinnre  miscellaneous  expenditures.  live  animals  and  animal  products. 

Thedebt  on  Jan. 1.1891, amounted  totheeapi-  Commnnieationg.  — The  principal  railroad. 

Inl  sum  of  830.510.784  dinare,  viz.,  railroad  loans  ninning  from  Belgrade  to  Vranja,  has  a  length 

amountinfT  to  152.858.000  dinars,  a  Russian  debt  of  867  kilometres,  and  the  three  branches  make 

c»f  8.704.784  dinare,  a  loan  of  6.782.500  dinare  the  total  length  540  kilometres.    The  telegraph 

raised  to  indemnify  emigrating  land-ownere,  a  lines  in  1889  had  a  length  of  2.912  kilometres, 


790  SERVIA. 

with  4,030  kilometres  of  wires.    The  dispatches  use  measures  to  induce  Queen  NatiUie  to  leare 
sent  during  the  year  numbered  496,088,  of  which  the  oountrjr.      Iler  friends  of  the  Progressist 
840,082  were  paid  internal  and  189,978  interna-  fiarty,  including  M.  Ganishanin  and  Gen.  Hor- 
tional,  13,678  were  transit  dispatches,  and  2,880  vatovich,  advised  her  to  yield  only  to  force.    ()n 
were  connected  with  the  service.    In  1889  the  May  8  M.  Pachich  gave  her  official  notice  of  the 
post-office  forwarded    4.021,000   domesitic   and  resolution  of  the  Skupshtina.    She  expressed  her 
2,985,000  international  letters.  determination  to  stand  on  her  constitutioniil 
Expulsion  of  Queen  Natalie. — In  January,  right  to  remain,  not  for  the  purpose  of  meddling 
1891,  M.  Ristich  renewed  the  offer  made  in  tne  in  politics,  but  to  prove  to  ner  son  that  the  had 
name  of  the  regency  and  the  Cabinet  in  July,  not  left  him  of  her  own  free  will.     On  May  l>i 
1889,  by  Col.  Gruich,  which  was  that  the  Queen  the  Government  made  an  attempt  to  expel  her 
should  reside  abroad,  but  that  »he  shoula  pay  by  force.    A  company  of  gendarmes  surround- 
two  or  three  visits  annually  to  her  son  as  his  eli  her  house,  and  the  prefect  of  police  carried 
guest  in  the  palace,  and  when  in  Belgrade  should  her  off  in  a  carriage ;   but  on  the  way  to  the 
be  treated  with   royal  honors.     This  com  pro-  wharf  where  the  royal  jracht  was  waiting  to  take 
mise,thou(;h  it  virtually  recognized  the  invalidity  her  on  l>oard,  university  students  stopped  tite 
of  her  divorce,  was  not  satisfactory  to  her,  and  carriage,  detached  the  horses,  and  dragged  it 
was  still  less  acceptable  to  King  Milan,  who  en-  back  in  triumph  to  the  (jueen*s  residence.    Me- 
tered a  strong  protest.    M.  Ristich,  in  a  letter  spectable  citizens  and  students  who  volunteered 
replying  to  Natalie's  complaints,  accused  her  of  to  defend  the  bouse  were  fired  on  by  soldiers, 
unscrupulous  ambition  and  of  conduct  toward  who   killed   two   and   wounded   several.     The 
her  husband  such  as  a  daughter  of  M.  Kechko  whole  garrison  was  called  out.  and  the  streeb 
ought  not  to  have  followed  toward  an  Obreno-  were  the  scene  of  severe  fighting,  in  which  many 
vich  who  had  raised  her  to  the  Servian  throne,  casualties  occurred  among  both  citizens  and  $<il- 
An  agitation    against  the  Queen   was  started  diers.    The  fighting  ceased,  and  the  Queeu's  dc- 
among  the  Radicals,  who  represented  her  as  fenders  dispersed  only  after  a  promise  had  been 
striving  to  usurp  the  Government.    She  returned  given  that  the  decree  of  expulsion  would  lie 
M.  Ristich*s  letter,  and  wrote  that  her  self-re-  withdrawn.     The  way  having  been  cleared  hy 
Hpect  would  not  allow  her  to  hold  any  further  this  falsehood,  at  daybreak  tlie  Queen  «ras  con- 
relations  with  the  regency  or  the  Government,  veyed  by  force  to  a  railroad  train  and  escort  til 
In  the  course  of  the  controversy  King  Milan,  to  Semlin,  in  Hunkrary,  after  protesting  again>t 
who  was  alleged  to  have  accepted  lOO.OOD  francs  the  illegality  of  the  proceeding ;  for  the  Con- 
as  the  price  of  his  leaving  Belgrade,  accused  stitution  and  laws  of  Servia  provide  no  power 
Milutin  Garashanin  of  having  had  Helena  Mark-  of  banishment,  even  by  judicial  decree  and  for 
ovich,  who  shot  at  the  King  on  Oct.  28,  18i2,  criminal  offenses,  and  recently  the  ISkup^htina 
and  her  accomplice,  Helena  Knicanin,  lK)th  se-  had  refused  to  pass  a  bill  to  supply  the  omission, 
cretly  murdered  in  prison  to  conceal   his  own  The  object  of  tne  Radical  |>arty  and  the  Goveni- 
connection  with  their  crime.    Garashanin,  who  ment  in  expelling   Queen   Natalie  was  not  i^o 
continued  to  be  Milan^s  Prime  Minister  for  five  much  to  prevent  heT  from  making  trouble  by  her 
years  after  the  mysterious  death  of  the  two  political  activity,  for   her  immediate  followers 
women,  confirmed  the  statement  that  they  were  were  few  and  powerless,  but  to  insure  the  al>- 
assassinated,  but  sought  to  fasten  the  ^uilt  upon  sence  of  King  Milan.     Ail  the  Opposition  news- 
the  ex-King.    The  mutual  calumniations  inter-  papers  were  confiscated,  a  great  number  of  the 
changed  by  the  chief  actors  of  the  last  reign  led  Queen's  friends  were  arrested,  and  the  garrison 
the  Skupshtina  to  amend  the   press  laws  by  at  Belgrade  was  strengthened  as  a  precaution 
making  attacks  on  King  Milan  or  any  member  against  an  uprising  of  citizens.    Col.  Miletieh. 
of  the  royal  family,  or  upon  the  Regents,  punish-  the  Minister  of  War,  disapproving  the  intended! 
able  with  imprisonment,  adding  an  amendment  action  of  the  Cabinet,  offered  his  resignation  on 
making  criticisms  of  acts  of  the   Legislature  May  15,  which  was  not  accepted  by  the  regent^ 
equally  punishable.    On  March  22  the  chief  re-  at  first,  but  when  he  declined  to  make  the  desired 
gent  ana  the  Prime  Minister  submitted  to  King  military  dispositions  he  was  replaced  provision- 
Milan  a  draft  agreement  providing  that  both  he  ally  by   Col.  Jankovich,  chief  of  the  General 
and  Queen    Natalie  should  resicle  abroad  till  Staff.  *  On  May  19  Col.  Z.  D.  Praporchetovich 
King  Alexander's  majority,  and  should  each  re-  wa-^  appointed  Minister  of  War. 
ceive  a  month's  visit  annually  from  their  son.        The  expulsion  of  the  Queen  was  condcrone*! 
whom,  in  case  he  should  fall  dangerously  ill,  the  by  a  part  of  the  Radical  party  as  a  violation  of 
King  should  be  permitted  to  visit  in  Belgrade ;  the  Constitution,  and  a  larger,number  blametl  tV 
that  King  Milan  should  be  paid  an  allowance  of  ministers  for  the  brutal  and  unskillful  manner 
80,000  francs  a  month ;  and  that  the  question  of  in  which  her  removal  was  effected.    On  May  24. 
the  legality  of  the  divorce  should  be  adjudicated  M.  Djaia.  the  Minister  of  the  Interior,  offerwl  hi> 
by  the  Consistory  of  the  Servian   Synod.    An  resignation,  which  he  was  induced  adayoriwo 
arrangement  was  arrived  at  with  Milan,  who,  on  afterward  to  withdraw.     The  prefect  of  politv 
the  receipt  of  1,000,000  francs  in  cash  and  the  and  commander  of  the  gendarmerie  were  sn jht- 
promise  of  a  pension  of  300,000  francs  a  year,  left  seded.     Much  as  the  ministry  and  the  rej^Muy 
Servia  in  the  middle  of  April  and  agreed  to  re-  were  discredited,   the  Queen- mother  was  i»J  » 
mainaway  till  Aug  1, 1894,  when  the  young  KinpT  worse  posit  ion  than  ever.      If  she  had  accept e»l 
attains  his  majority,  making  it  a  condition  that  the  proposal  made  to  her  at  Wiesbaden  in  June, 
the  Queen  should  al.-<o  be  kept  out  of  the  conn-  1888,  her  son  would  have  been  permitteil  to  re- 
try.   At  the  last  sitting  of  the  Skupshtina  a  res-  side  with  her  for  nine  months  in  the  year,    .\ffor 
olution   was  passed  after  a  stormy  debate  ex-  the  divorco  proceedings  were  instituted  she  in- 
pressing  the  hope  that  the  Government  would  timated  her  willingness  to  accept  these  terms, 


// 


-,■  / 


SERVIA.  SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSEH.    791 

but  it  was  too  late.  The  proposition  that  she  refused  to  iEissent  to  the  measure,  and  when  the 
might  come  to  Servia  twice  a  year  and  be  re-  bill  was  passed,  although  the  duties  were  only 
oeived  with  royal  honorb  she  also  seemed  disposed  half  as  much  as  had  wen  contemplated,  it  an- 
to  accept  after  first  refusing.  After  coming  nouneed  that  if  they  were  collected  on  Austrian 
to  Servia  in  1889  she  took  a  course  that  was  fatal  goods  the  existing  commercial  treaty  would  be 
to  her  own  objects  and  dangerous  to  the  dynasty,  regarded  as  null  and  void.  The  German  and 
by  addressing  a  memorandum  to  the  Skupshtina  British  governments  joined  in  the  protest, 
attacking  the  regency,  the  Government,  and  the  Nevertheless  the  Servian  Government  promul- 
inetnipolitan,  thus  attempting  to  make  political  gated  the  bill,  giving  out  that  it  was  constrained 
capital  for  the  Progressist  Opposition,  and  delib-  to  levy  the  new  duties  to  meet  the  interest  on 
erately  placing  herself  at  the  head  of  a  political  the  public  debt,  most  of  which  was  held  abroad, 
faction.  Her  action  brought  King  Milan  to  The  Government  had  to  meet  a  deficit  of  12,- 
Servia,  and  the  regents  and  ministers  saw  no  000,000  dinars,  and  among  the  measures  adopted 
way  to  avoid  civil  disturbances  except  by  getting  in  the  emergency  was  one  reducing  b^  8  per 
them  both  out  of  the  country ;  for  if  Milan  should  cent,  the  salaries  of  all  state  officials,  which  were 
feel  impelled  to  reassume  the  royal  power,  he  alreadv  very  low.  In  addition  to  the  Cabinet 
would  receive  the  support  of  a  large  part  of  the  difficulties  that  occurred  during  the  progress  of 
array,  and  by  his  political  dexterity  could  enlist  the  affair  of  Queen  Natalie,  the  Minister  of  Wor- 
in  his  cause  a  party  of  considerable  strength,  and  ship  and  Instruction  engaged  in  a  conflict  with 
could  draw  to  his  support  a  part  of  the  Radical  the  metropolitan,  who  refused  to  confirm  the  ap- 
narty,  which  fought  strenuously  forbears  against  pointmcnt  of  an  active  Radical  politician  as 
his  absolute  rule  that  the  Progressists,  now  his  vicar  of  Belgrade.  In  August  the  Finance 
bitterest  enemies,  upheld,  and  organized  rebell-  Minister,  Dr.  Vuich,  could  not  obtain  the  con- 
ions  against  hiui  when  he  was  king.  M.  Ristich  sent  of  his  colleagues  to  the  summary  collection 
and  the  Archbishop  Michael,  once  the  Queen's  of  arrears  of  taxes,  amounting  to  19,000,000 
stanchest  friends,  n^  ere  now  her  iin  placable  foe«;  dinars,  and  as  without  these  he  saw  no  way  of 
and  the  Liberal  parly,  thouffh  it  had  turned  averting  a  deficit,  he  resigned  on  the  return,  in 
against  the  first  regent,  whose  guidance  it  September,  of  the  Prime  Minister,  who  himself 
formerly  followed  oV>ediently.  withheld  the  sup-  took  charge  of  the  department  ad  interim, 
port  that  the  Queen  exi>ected.  The  violent  dem-  SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSEH,  an 
onstrations  in  Belgrade  originated  not  so  much  American  soldier,  born  in  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Feb. 
in  partisanship  for  licr  as  in  hostility  to  the  8,  1820 ;  died  in  New  York  city,  Feb.  14,  1891. 
Government,  which  hnd  made  itself  thoroughly  He  was  a  descendant  of  the  Rev.  John  Sherman, 
unpopular  by  imposing  the  octroi  duties.  The  of  Essex,  England,  who  emigrated  to  America 
Queen  vainly  sought  to  obtain  the  interposition  in  1634  and  settled  in  Woodbury,  Conn.  A 
uf  the  Russian  Government,  and  after  the  de-  brotherof  the  Hev.  John  Sherman,  who  emigratid 
parture  of  the  royal  pair  affairs  in  Servia  quieted  at  the  same  time,  was  an  ancestor  of  Roger 
down.  In  August  the  young  King  went  to  Rus-  Sherman.  Some  of  the  family  removed  to  Lan- 
sia  to  pay  a  visit  to  the  Czar,  accompanied  by  M.  caster,  Ohio,  early  in  this  century,  and  Gen. 
Ristich  and  M.  Pachich.  On  his  return  he  visit-  Sherman's  father  was  a  justice  of  the  Supreme 
ed  the  Austrian  Emperor  at  Ischl,and  then  went  Court  of  that  State  from  1824  till  his  death  in 
to  Paris  to  pass  some  weeks  with  his  father.  1829.  The  Generars  mother  was  Mary  Hoyt, 
Change  of  Cabinet. — Dissensions  in  the  Radi-  and  he  was  the  sixth  of  eleven  children.  After  his 
cal  Club  led  to  the  resignation  of  M.  Gruich  on  fathers  Heath  he  was  adopted  by  the  Hon.  Thomas 
Feb.  20,  1891,  and  the  formation  of  a  Cabinet  by  Ewing,  United  States  Senator,  who  a  few  years 
M.  Pachich,  the  president  of  the  Skupshtina  and  later  appointed  hitn  a  cadet  in  the  Military 
leader  of  the  moderate  faction  of  the  Radical  Academy  at  West  Point.  There  he  was  gradu- 
party.  Most  of  the  ministers  retained  their  ated  in  1840,  standing  No.  6  in  a  class  of  42. 
portfolios,  and  the  Cabinet  was  constituted  on  Among  his  classmates  were  Gens.  George  II. 
Feb,  23  as  follows:  Minister-President,  without  Thomas  and  George  W.  Getty,  of  the  National, 
p<>rtfolio,  N.  Pachich;  Minister  of  Public  Works,  and  Gens.  Richard  S.  Ewell,  Bushrod  Johnson, 
P.  Velimirovich  ;  Minister  of  Finance,  Dr.  M.  and  Thomas  Jordan,  of  the  Confederate  service.  ^ 
Vuich;  Minister  of  Justice,  G.Gershich;  Minister  He  was  commissioned  second  lieutenant  in  the 
of  Agriculture  and  Commerce,  K.Taushanovich;  Third  Artillery,  July  1,  1840,  and  ordered  to 
Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs.  M.  Diordjevich ;  Florida,  where  the  Seminoles  were  still  hostile. 
Minister  of  the  Interior,  J.  Djaia ;  Minister  of  He  Iwcaine  first  lieutenant  Nov.  30,  1841,  and 
Public  Worship.  A.  Nikolich :  Minister  of  War,  in  1842  was  ordered  to  Fort  Morgan,  Ala.  In 
Col.  Miletich.  The  ultimate  aims  of  the  section  1843-'4C  he  was  at  Fort  Moultrie,  Charieston 
of  the  party  which  asserted  its  infinence  in  the  harbor,  and  at  Bellefontaine,  Ala.,  and  in  1840 
overthrow  of  M.  Gruich  embraced  the  abolition  was  on  recruiting  service  at  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
of  the  standing  army,  the  reduction  of  expendi-  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Mexico 
tures  by  20,000.000  francs,  the  adoption  of  a  bold  he  was  assigned  to  Company  F,  Third  Artillery, 
Great  Servian  foreign  policy,  and  the  restoration  as  junior  first  lieutenant,  when  the  company  was 
of  the  Karageorgevich  dynasty.  The  most  im-  ordered  to  California.  Thev  sailed  from  New 
portant  measure  of  the  Skupshtina,  which  ended  York,  July  14.  1846.  in  the  itnited  States  store- 
its  sittings  in  the  middle  of  April,  was  a  bill  to  ship  "Lexington,"  commanded  by  Theodorus 
impose  octroi  duties  in  order  to  raise  on  the  Bailey,  afterward  famous  as  one  of  Farragut's 
security  of  the  new  tax  a  loan  of  10,000,000  ablest  lieutenants.  Among  the  officers  with 
dinars  or  francs  for  paving,  draining,  and  light-  Sherman  were  Lieuts.  E.  O.  C.  Ord  and  Henry 
ing  Belgrade.  The  Austrian  Government  had  W.  Halleck,  afterward  generals.  They  made 
negotiate  with  for  a  year  and  a  half,  but  had  the  passage  round  Cape  Horn,  calling  at  Rio  de 


792  SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSEH. 

Janeiro  and  Valparaiso,  and  anchored  in  the  Bay  his  wa^  to  the  city  and  had  a  relief  vessel  sent  to 

of  Monterey,  California,  Jan.  26,  1847.     In  Cali-  the  shipwrecked  crew  and  passengers.     When  he 

fornia  Sherman  was  adjutant-general   to  Gen.  had  examined  into  the  proposed  Dusiness,  he  re- 

Stephen  W.  Kearny,  Col.  R.  B.  Mason,  and  Gen.  turned  home  in  the  summer,  resigned  his  com- 

Porsifer  F.  Smith,  succe^ively.      He  had  many  mission  in  the  army,  and  on  Sept.  ^  sailed  from 

adventures  of  the  kind  incident  to  a  new  anil  New  York  with  his  family,  reaching  San  Fran- 

unsettled  country.     In  July,  1847,  Yerba  Buena  ciseo  on  Oct  15.     In  the  spring  of  1856  Sherman 

(now  San  Francisco)  had  been  laid  out  in  lots,  was  commissioned  major-genenU  of  militia,  and 

which  were  offered  for  sale  at  $16  apiece.    Sher-  a  little  later  occurred  the  Vigilance  Committrt* 

man  says:  '*Many  naval  officers  had  invested,  troubles.    Gen.  Sherman  enrolled  men   in  the 

and  Capt.  Folsom  advised  me  to  buy  some ;  but  militia  and  proposed  to  suppress  the  Vigilantes  : 

I  felt  actually  insulted  that  he  should  think  me  but  when  Gen.  Wool,  commanding  United  States 

such  a  fool  as  to  nay  money  for  property  in  such  forces  in  that  department,   refused  to  furnish 

a  horrid  place  as  Verba  Buena,  especially  ridicul-  arms,  Sherman  at  once  resigned  his  commission, 

ing  his  quarter  of  the  city,  then  called  Happy  With  the  decline  of  prosf>erity  in  San  Francisco* 

Valley."    Another  incident  was  much  more  sig-  his  firm  closed  up  their  business,  and  on  May  1. 

niflcant.    Sherman  tells  it  in  his  "  Memoirs  " :  1857,  he  sailed  for  New  York,  where,  on  July  21, 

I  remember  one  day,  in  the  spring  ofl848,  that  two  7"'^^   ^^^  same  partners,   he  began  a  hanking 

men,  Americana,  camJ  into  the  bfflcS  and  inquired  for  business.     But  in  the  financial  cnsis  of  the  fol- 

the  Governor.    I  asked  their  business,  and  one  an-  lowmg  autumn  they  agam  closed  up  their  busi- 

riwered  that  they  had  just  come  down  from  Capt  But-  ness,  paying  all  liabilities,  and  dissolved  the  part- 

ter  on  special  business,  and  theyr  wanted  to  see  Gov.  nership.    After  another  trip  to  California    to 

Mason  tnpenon.     I  took  them  in  to  the  colonel,  and  make  final  settlements  and  dispose  of  the  firm  s 

left  them  together.  After  some  time  the  colonel  came  ^al  estate.  Gen.  Sherman,  in  the  autumn  of  185H, 

J^nHon"^ wL'iHi^S.i^^  ^ti^  nf'Zi^'n^foM'S  nn  ^^^^    '^^^  **  ^^^  partuewhip  With  Hugh  Ewiug 

tcntion  was  directed  to  a  series  of  papers  uniolded  on  »  m,  ■e,__.     '^t'-i  ^    l'^  rr 

his  table,  in  which  lay  about  half  im  ounce  of  placer  •  «"d  Thomas  Bwing,  .Jr.,  in  Ix?aven  worth,  Kansas^ 

ifold.    Masonsaidtome,"  What  is  that*"  I  touched  1"    January,   18o9,  Daniel   McCook  (afterward 

it  and  examined  one  or  two  of  the  larger  pieces,  and  General,  killed  in  theAtlanta  campaign)  was  tak- 


was  much  finer  than  this,  and  that  it  was  in  vials,  or  ^rJ^ninw  &  lorma  fai*m  Vrwl  kio  fTfk^..  i«  i-— ^  -«  i 
in  transparent  quills;  but  I  said  that,  if  this  were  fi^"J"?.^  **^^,  'j™  ^9*^  /  #!*  ^^'li^/ST'  *?  * 
Kold,  It  could  eaaily  be  tested,  first  by  ito  malleability,     >«©»« while  wrote  to  Major  (afterward  General) 


and  next  by  acids.     I  took  a  piece*  in  my  teeth,  and     ^^P,  Carlos  Buell,  m  the  War  Department,  in- 

the  metallic  luster  was  perfect     I  then  called  to  the  quiring  if  there  was  not  a  vacant  pay  mastership. 

tdork,  Baden,  to  brin?  an  axe  and  hatchet  from  the  Buell  informed  him  that  a  military  college  was 

back  yard.     When  these  were  brou/jrht,  I  took  the  about  to  be  organized  in  Louisiana',  and  advisetl 

largest  piece  imd  beat  it  out  flat,  and  beyond  doubt  it  him  to  apply  for  the  superintendenev.  Sherman 

was  metal,  and  a  pure  metal.    Still,  we  attached  little  t^nh  tharnAvina  on.l  in  T.,1,,  ifl*;o  «..'<i  »*^.wv«»*^i 

importance  to  theYact,  for  gold  was' known  to  exist  at  i^^  ^^t^l'P?!  ^Z  /  l^  •  V  ^ '  '^"S  appom t«l. 

SarFernando,  at  the  south,  and  yet  was  not  consid-  ^he  institution  was  established  at  Alexandria, 

erod  of  much  value.  *"d  on  Jan.  1,  18o0,  Gen.  Sherman  opened  it 

with  a  faculty  of  five  professors  (he  being  Super- 
Sherman  twice  visited  the  newly  discovered  intendent  and   Professor  of  Engineering)  and 
gold  mines  on  the  Sacramento  and  became  part-  GO  cadets.    Of  the  condition    of    political  af- 
iier  in  a  store,  from  which  he  made  a  profit  of  fairs,  as  affecting  him,  in  the  autumn  of  that 
$1,500,  without  which  he  says  he  could  not  have  year,  Sherman  says: 

liveil,  as  his  official  salary  remained  fixed,  while  "  p^,.^.^^i  excitement  was  at  its  very  height,  and  it 

the  gold  excitement  enormously  increased   the  ^^  constantly  asserted  that  Mr.  LWinl  Section 

price  of  everything.     He  also  surveyed  one  of  would  imperil  the  Union.  I  purposely  kept  aloof  from 

the  many  new  cities  that  were  laid  out  on  the  politics,  would  take  no  part,  and  remember  that  on 

shoi*es  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  engaged  in  other  the  day  of  the  election  in  November  1  was  notifiM 

surveys,  and  made  some  profitable  investments  *hat  it  would  be  advinable  for  me  to  vote  for  Bell  and 

in  land  Everett;  but  I  upculy  naid  I  would  not,  and  I  did  not. 

In  Jknuary,  1850.  Sherman   returned    from  ^S^.^  ^f^l*!f„Vi  ^£^^^ 

r^„i;#^-«:.   «- «  u^«.^^  ^f  Ai^^^^^u^^  ♦«  4U^  w--  clap  of  thunder.    People  saw  and  felt  that  the  South 

(.ahforniH  as  a  bearer  of  dispatches  to  the  War  had  threatened  so  long  thai,  if  fihequietlv  submitted. 

Department,  and  on  May  1  he  married,  in  Wash-  the  question  of  slaveir  in  the  Terntoria  was  at  an 

ington,  Ellen  Ewing,  daughter  of  Hon.  Thomas  end  forever.    I  mingled  freely  with  the  membeis  of 

Kwing,  then  Secretary  of  the  Interior.     In  Sep-  the  Board  of  Supervisons  and  with  the  people  of 

tember  he  was  commissioned   captain  and   or-  Kspides    Parish  generally,  keeping  aloof  from  all 

dered  to  St.  Louis.     Two  years  later  he  was  or-  ^l'^^^  ^"^  parties,  and  I  corUinly  hoped  that  tho 

dered  to  New  Orleans.     'But   he  had    hardly  ^I^i^^f!,^"^?^.^^^^^^  a?"*  ~  ''^'•" 

ju'j*.'i.i.  i_       I.  i»j  occurred  t)etore  after  similar  threats.    At  our  scmi- 

assumed  his  duties  there  when  he  was  offered  a  ^^ry  the  order  of  exeroimjs  went  along  with  the  recu- 

partnership  in  a  branch  banking  house  which  a  laritv  of  the  seasons.    Once  a  week  1  had  the  older 

St.  Louis  firm  proposed  to  establish  in  San  Fran-  cadets  to  practice  reading,  reciting,  and  elocution,  an«l 

cisco.     In  February,  1853,  having  obtained   six  noticed  that  their  Helections  were  from  Calhoun,Yan- 

inonths'   leave   of  absence,  he  took  passage  for  eey,  and  other  Southern  speakers,  all  treating  ofthr 

California  by  the  Nicaragua  route.    The   pas-  defense  of  their  slaves  and  their  home  inatitutioito  an 

sage  from  the  Isthmus  wa^  made  in  the  steamer  l^V^2  t^T^r^^^A ""   ^^^  I»tnot    Amon^  b<»>> 

.7!j  a   T    ,„:«  »»  „u:^k  ««f  xx.,f  ^#  k^-  .w.»-o«  ;.,  -  this  was  to  be  expected  ;  and  among  the  menibcre  ot 

"i>.  S.  Lewis,    which  got  out  of  her  course  ma  our  l>oani,  thought  mo^t  of  them  Seclaimed  against 

fog  and  was  wrecked  near  shore  18  miles  north  jwliticians  generallv,  and  especially  abolitionists,  w 

of  San  Francisco,  April  9.    Capt.  Sherman  made  pe»t«,  yet  there  was  a  growing  feeling  that  danger  wa« 


SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSEH.  793 


hilt  plantation  at  Bayou  Kobert,  and  who  had  como  MickH,  tents,  and  baggage,  that  it  took  from  25  to  &0 

over  to  see  our  collie.    He  spoke  to  me  openly  of  wagons  to  move  the  camp  of  a  regiment  from  one 

H<x*oe8ion  aa  a  fixed  fact,  and  that  its  details  were  only  place  to  another,  and  M)mc  of  the  camps  liad  bakeries 

Wt\  open  for  discussion.    I  also  recall  the  visit  of  and  cooking  establishments  that  would  have  done 

some  man  who  was  said  to  be  a  hi^h  officer  in  the  credit  to  Delmonico. 

order  of  **  Knights  of  the  Golden  Circle,"  of  the  ex-  The  temper  of  Congress  and  the  people  would  not 
i.Htence  of  which  order  I  was  even  ignorant  until  ex-  nennit  the  slow  and  methodical  preparation  desired 
olained  to  me  by  Mtgor  Smith  and  Dr.  Clark.  But  in  by  Gen.  Scott ;  and  the  cry  of  "  On  to  Richmond  ! " 
November,  1860,  no  man  ever  approached  me  offen-  which  was  shared  by  the  volunteers,  most  of  whom 
siveljr  to  ascertain  my  views  or  my  proposed  course  had  only  engaged  for  ninety  days,  forced  Gen.  Scott 
of  action  in  case  of  secession,  and  no  man  in  or  out  of  to  hasten  his  preparations,  and  to  order  a  general  ad- 
authority  ever  tried  to  induce  me  to  take  part  in  steps  vance  about  tne  middle  of  July.  McDowell  was  to 
denized  to  lead  toward  disunion.  I  think  my  ^enenrl  move  from  the  defenses  of  Washington,  and  Patter- 
opinions  were  well  known  and  underetood.  viz.,  that  son  from  Martinsburg. 
^iiccession  was  treason,  was  war^;  and  that  in  no 

event  could  the  North  and  West  permit  tlie  Mississip-  Sherman  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the 

pi  nver  to  pass  out  of  their  control.  rpj^.^^^  Brigade  in  the  First  Division  (Tyler's)  of 

On  Jan.  18,  1861,  Sherman  wrote  a  letter  to  McDowell's  army.    His  brigade  was  made  up  of 

(}ov.  Moore,  of  Louisiana,  in  which  he  said:  the  Thirteenth,  Sixty-ninth,  and  Seventy-nmth 

As  I  occupy  a  tft/ow-military  position  under  the  New   York  and    the  Second   W'isconsin   Regi- 

hiwH  of  the  State,  1  deem  it  proper  to  acquaint  you  ments,  and  Avres  s  battery  was  attached  to  it. 

that  1  accepted  such  position  when  Louisiana  was  The  march  to  Manasi^s,  he  sa^s,  **  demonstrated 


Luited  states.     The  Union — esto  ptrpetvaJ"    Recent  u«,.^-„„  ^«  „«.,*i,;««  ^«  iVl  ^T„  4^u^„  *^«  ':  a  m 

.vents  foreshadow  a  great  change,  ani  it  becomes  all  ^T.^Sl''^"u  ^*V"g  ""^a  ^^"^  TJ  ^*'o^i*°'^i^• 
men  to  choose.   If  Louisiana  withdraw  from  the  Fed-        At  Blackburn  8  Ford,  on  July  18,  the  advance 

tral  Union,  I  prefer  to  maintain  my  allegiance  to  the  ot  Sherman  s  brigade  developed  the  presence  of 

<  Constitution  as  long  as  a  fragment  of  it  survives,  and  the  enemy  on  the  other  side  of  Bull  Run.    In 

my  longer  stay  here  would  be  wrong  in  every  sense  the  action  of  the  21st — known  as  the  battle  of 

of  the  word.    In  that  event,  I  beg  vou  will  send  or  Bull  Run.  or  Manas&as— Sherman  led  his  brigade 

appoint  TOrae  authorized  agent  to  take  chaige  of  the  ^jt^  gj^in^   suffering  a   loss  of  600  in    killed, 

IIJ^Tse^^e'ir^^^^^  wounded    and   missing.    lie. appears  to  think 

furthermore,a8  President  ofthe  Board  of  Supervisors,  ^^^^  the  famous  panic  originated  among  his 

1  beg  vou  to  take  immediate  steps  to  relieve  me  as  "i^n,  for  in  his  official  report,  he  says:  "Here, 

.superintendent  the  moment  the  State  determines  to  (on  a  ridge  where  one  of  nis  regiments  was  en- 

s«tH*ede,  for  on  no  earthly  account  will  I  do  any  act  or  gaged),  "  about  half-past  3  P.  M.,  began  the  scene 

til  ink  any  thought  hostile  to  or  in  defiance  of  the  old  of  confusion  and  disorder  that  characterized  the 

i  :ovemment  of  the  United  States.  remainder  of  the  day."    After  the  retreat  he  set 

In  Febmary  he  severed  his  connections  with  himself  to  the  task  of  restoring  discipline  to  his 

the   institution,  and  on  parting  with  him  its  command,  and  preparing  the  defensive  works 

I^mrd  of  Supervisors  adopted  this  resolution :  'or  the  Confederate  attack  that  was  daily  ex- 

,     „  ^  pected.    Shortly  afterward  he  was  commissioned 

lieBolvid,  That  the  thanks  of  the  Board  of  Sm>er-  brigadier-general  of  volunteers. 

5n!;?TT>,?^.^fl"ISi'!w^L*5°^^^^^  ^n  Aug.  U  he  was  assigned  to  the  Depart- 

lam  1 .  otierman  for  tlie  able  ana  efficient  manner  in  _.     #  ..t    o   _.u    i      a  i.u  i    *     u-  i 

which  he  has  conducted  the  affaire  of  the  seminary  '"^n'  9^  ^^f  Cjimberland,  the  command  of  which 

during  the  time  the  institution  has  been  under  hw  was  given  to  Gen.  Robert  Anderson,  with  whom 

control— a  period  attended  with  unusual  difficulties,  Sherman  had  served  nearly  twenty  years  before 

requiring  on  the  part  of  the  superintendent  to  sue-  at  Fort  Moultrie.     His  anxiety  was  that  a  proper 

eessftilly  overcome  them  a  high  order  of  administra-  force  should  be  sent  into  ifentucky.     All  the 

tivo  talent    And  the  board  further  bear  willing  te«-  ^^oops  that  were  being  organized  and  equipped 

1"""*°^.^^ JfV*'^"?«^^h^rJ<f^.^t.^^^^^^  ^  "^Pi^ijy  were  sent  either  to  McClellan  at  the 

haM  rendered  them  m  their  ettorts  to  establish  an  in-  „       ^1    ^  i?^„»^„i.  :„  ■Mi.o^.i-;  ^^a  u^»,«.  *«•»«. 

Htitution  of  learning  in  acconiance  with  the  beneficent  East  or  to  Fremont  m  Missouri,  and  he  was  sent 

ile**ignof  the  State  and  Federal  go%'emments;  e vine-  on  a  fruitless  errand  to  Indianapolis  and  St. 

inir  at  all  times  a  readiness  to  adapt  himself  to  the  Louis  to  get  forces  to  meet  the  expected  inva- 

ever- varying  requirements  of  an  institution  of  learn-  8ion  of  Kentucky.    On  Oct.  8  Gen.  Anderson, 

ing  in  its  infancy,  struggling  to  attain  a  position  of  f^m  failing  health,  relinquished  his  command 

h<mor  and  usefulness.  of  the  department,  and  Sherman  succeeded  to  it. 

About  the  1st  of  March  Sherman  returned  to  In  an  interview  with  the  Secretarj-  of  War,  who 

Ohio.     At  the  same  time   he  was  offered   the  was  passing  through  Louisville,  Gen.  Sherman 

superintendency  of  the  Fifth  Street  Railroad,  in  urged  the  importance  of  the  line  in  Kentucky, 

St.  Louis,  and  on  April  1  he  assumed  the  duties  and  argued  that,  for  a  proper  defense  of  it,  he 

of    the  office.    On   May   14  he  was  appointed  should  have  60,000  men  at  once,  and  that  for 

colonel  of    the   Thirteenth   United  States    In-  offensive  operations  200,000  would  be  needed 

fantry,  whereupon  he  resigned  his  place  in  St.  before  the  end.    This  was  laughed  at,  and  by 

Louis  and  reported  at  the  War  Department  in  some  he  was  supposed  to  be  slightly  insane. 
Washington.    He  savs  in  his  "  Memoirs " :  In  November  he  was  relieved  by  Gen.  Buell 

The  appearance  of  the  troops  about  Washington  and  transferred  to  the  Deparimcnt  of  the  Mis- 

WW  KoodC W  it  was  manifest  they  were  far  from  l>e-  «oun.  then  commanded  by  Gen.  Hallock.     Dur- 

injT  t«oldie«.    Their  uniforms  were  as  various  as  the  ing  the  winter  Sherman  commanded  a  camp  of 


794  SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSEH. 

instruction  near  St  Louis,  and  on  Feb.  18  he  In  December,  in  co-operation  with  a  plan  c^ 
was  ordered  to  assume  command  of  the  post  at  Grant's  to  attack  the  Confederate  army  com- 
Paducah.  Here,  from  new  troops  arriving,  he  manded  by  Gen.  Peroberton  on  the  Tallahatchie, 
organized  a  division  for  himself,  and  on  March  Sherman  moved  down  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
10  embarked  it  on  transports  and  moved  up  the  Mississippi,  accompanied  by  Porter^s  fleet  of  gun- 
Tennessee.  With  this  division,  on  April  (5  and  boats,  to  attack  Vicksburg  in  the  rear.  But  un- 
7,  he  participated  in  the  bloody  battle  of  Shiloh,  expected  natural  obstacles  were  met,  and  the 
or  Pittsburg  Landing,  holding  the  right  of  the  sudden  capture  of  Grant*s  depot  of  supplies  at 
line,  near  Shiloh  church.  His  command  in-  Holly  Spnngs  thwarted  the  undertaking.  Sher- 
cluded  12  regiments  and  4  batteries,  and  his  man  vainly  attacked  the  defenses  on  the  north 
total  loss  in  killed,  wounded,  and  missing  was  side  of  the  city  and  lost  1,800  men. 
2,034.  He  lost  7  guns  on  the  6th,  and  capt-  In  January,  18G3,  Gen.  McClernand  assumeil 
ured  7  on  the  7tn.  Soon  after  this  action  command  of  the  two  corps  commanded  by  Gens, 
he  was  promoted  to  major-general  of  volunteers.  Sherman  and  George  W.  Morgan,  and  at  Sher- 
In  the  advance  on  Corinth  in  May,  Sherman  man's  suggestion  the  whole  force  ascended  Ar- 
commanded  on  the  extreme  right.  When  the  kansas  river  100  miles  to  attack  Fort  Uindman 
enemy  abandoned  Corinth.  Halieck's  army  was  or  Arkansas  Post.  They  landed  on  the  10th,  and 
broken  up,  and  Sherman's  division  was  employed  the  next  day,  assisted  by  the  fire  of  the  gun- 
in  repairing  the  railroads.  In  July  Halleck  was  boats,  assaulted  the  work  and  captured  it  with 
called  to  Washington  as  military  adviser  to  the  its  garrison  of  nearly  5,000  men.  xhe  loes  to  tiie 
President,  and  thenceforth  Sherman  was  under  national  force  was  about  1,000.  The  fort  wa^ 
the  immediate  command  of  Grant.  His  head-  dismantled  and  its  stores  taken  on  board  the 
quarters  were  now  at  Memphis.  boats,  and  the  expedition  returned.    Grant  now 

A  letter  written  by  Sherman  at  this  time  to  took  command  in  person  of  the  movement  on 

his  brother  is  interesting  as  showing  how  the  the  Mississippi  and  divided  his  army  into  four 

state  of  affairs  appeared  to  him.    The  following  corps,  of  which  Sherman  commanded  one^  the 

is  an  extract :  Fifteenth.    In  the  operations  that  resulted  in  thi* 

siege  and  capture  of  Vicksburg  Sherman*s  cor|i> 

For  six  weeks  I  was  marching  along  the  road  fh>m  bore  a  conspicuous  part,  and  he  was  made  a 

Corinth  to  Memphis,  raendingpoads,  building  bridges,  brigadier-general  in  the  regular  army,  to  dat4? 

andall8ort«  of  work.    At^last  I  got  here,  and  found  from  July  4,  1803,  the  day  the  city  was  sur- 

the  city  contnbutmg  gold,  arms,  powder,  salt,  and  rendered 

everything  the  enemy  wanted.  It  was  a  smart  trick  c,^„  '#«.^«  ^u^  t  m  ^$  v  y  u  ^  f*  u  n  i 
on  their  part  thus  to  give  up  Memphis, that  the  de-  ,^"  »i^«^,  t]»®  ^»^*  ^}  ^  icksburg  Gen.  Halletk 
sire  of  gam  to  our  Northern  merchants  should  supplv  addressed  a  letter  to  Gen.  Sherman,  saymg  that 
them  with  the  things  needed  in  war.  I  stopped  this  **  the  (Question  of  reconstruction  in  Louisiana, 
at  once,  and  declared  ^old.  silver,  treasurv  notes,  and  Mississippi,  and  Arkansas  will  soon  come  np  for 
salt  as  much  contraband  of  war  as  powder.  1  have  decision  of  the  Government,  and  not  only  the 
one  man  under  sentence  ofdeath  for  smujrKllng  arms  length  of  the  war  but  our  ultimate  and 'corn- 
across  the  Imcs,  and  hope  Mr.  Lmcoln  will  approve  j^\^^  Riin«»«a  will  rlpnpnd  nnnn  it«  Hf>oi<imn  "jm.! 
it.  But  the  mercenary  spirit  of  our  people  is  too  much,  f^fj  ®  f?^^,^  I  f  if  ^5  uponits  decision,  ami 
and  my  orders  are  revefsed,  and  I  Wi  ordered  to  en-  intimating  that  the  President  would  like  the 
courage  the  trade  in  wtton,  and  all  orders  prohibiting  ^^^ws  of  generals  in  the  field.     In  answer,  Sher- 

§old  and  silver  to  be  paid  for  it  are  annulled  by  or-  man  wrote  a  long  letter,  from  which  the  follow- 
ers from  Washington.    Grant  promptly  ratified  my  ing  significant  and   characteristic  passages  ar«* 
order,  and  all  military  men  here  saw  at  once  that  gold  taken  : 
spent  for  cotton  went  to  the  purchase  of  arms  and 

munitions  of  war.    But  what  are  the  lives  of  our  sol-  I  would  deem  it  verv  unwise  at  this  time,  or  for 

dicrs  to  the  profits  of  the  merchants  ?    After  a  whole  years   to  come,  to  revive  the  State  governments  oi 

year  of  bungling  the  country  has  at  last  discovered  Louisiana,  etc.,  or  to  institute  in  this  quarter  anv  civil 

that  we  want  more  men.    All  know  it  last  fall  a«  now,  government  in  which  the  local  people  have  much  to 

but  it  was  not  popular.    Now,  1,800,000  men  are  re-  say.    They  had  a  government  so  mild  and  paternal 

quired  when  700,000  were  deemed  absurd  before.    We  that  they  gradually  forgot  they  had  anv  at  all  save 


^  ,  .^  -  -- up ,. ^. 

papers  have  at  last  found  out  we  are  at  war  and  have  commerce.  They  chose  w-or ;  thev  ignored  and  de- 
afonnidablc  enemy  to  combat  Of  course  I  approve  nied  all  the  obligations  of  the  solemn  contract  of 
the  confiscation  act,  and  ought  to  be  wilUnff  that  the  government,  and  appealed  to  force.  We  accepted  the 
Government  should  amend  that  article  of  the  Con-  iwue,  and  now  thev  begin  to  realizethat  war  isatwo- 
stitution  which  forbids  the  forfeiture  of  land  to  the  edged  sword,  and  ft  may  be  that  manv  of  the  inbab- 
heirs.  My  full  belief  is  we  must  colonize  the  country  itauts  cry  for  Mace,  I  know  them  we'll,  and  the  verv 
<k  novo^  beginning  with  Kentucky  and  Tennessee,  and  impulses  of  their  nature ;  and  to  deal  with  the  in- 
should  remove  '  "'^  "  *  ... 
of 

the  ^ ^  ^ ,. 

the  thing  ha.s  to  l)e  done,  let  the  means  be  adequate.         First.  T*he  large  planters,  owning  lends,  slaves,  and 

Don't  exi)oct  to  win  such  a  country-  or  subdue  such  a  all  kinds  of  personal  property.     These  are,  on  the 

people  in  one,  two,  or  tl  ve  years— it  is  the  task  of  half  whole,  the  ruling  class.    Thev  are  educated,  wealth  v. 

u  century.    Although  our  army  is  thus  far  south,  I  and  easily  approached.    In  some  districts  thev  arc 

can  not  stir  from  our  garrisons.    Our  men  are  killed  bitter  as  gall,  and  have  given  up  slaves,  plantationN 

or  captured  within  sight  of  our  lines.  .  .  .  To  attempt  and  all,  serving  in  the  aniiies  of  the  Confvderacv: 

to  hold  all  the  South  would  demand  an  army  too  whereas,  in  others,  thev  are  conservative.     None  dare 

large  even  to  think  of.     We  must  colonize  and  settle  admit  a  friendship  for  us,  though  thev  say  fVeely  that 

as  we  go  South,  for  in  Missouri  there  is  as  much  thev  were  at  the  outset  opposed  to  war  and  disunion. 

strife  as  ever.    Kncmiea  must  be  killed,  or  transjwrted  I  khwo  we  can  manage  this  class,  but  only  by  aetion. 

to  some  other  country.  Aigument  is  exhausted,  and  worda  have  loet  their 


SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSKH.  795 

ufiuAl  meaning.    Nothing  but  the  loffic  of  eventA  Northern  superiority  of  numbera,  and  therefore  by 

touchee  their  understunmng ;  but,  of  late,  this  han  natural  law  they  contend  tliat  they  are  not  bound  to 

worked  a  wonderful  change.  submit.     This  Laaue  \»  the  onW  real  one,  and  in  my 

tSecond.  The  smaller  farmers,  mechanics,  merchants,  judgment  all  else  should  be  deferred  to  it    W  ar  alone 

and  laborers.    This  close  will  probably  number  three-  can  decide  it,  and  it  is  the  only  question  now  left  for 

<luarteT«  of  the  whole;  have,  in  fact,  no  real  interest  us  as  a  people  to  decide.     Can  we  whip  the  Soutli  I 

in  the  establishment  of  a  Southern  Confederacy,  and  If  we  can^  our  numerical  migority  has  both  tlie  natural 

have  been  led  or  driven  into  war  on  the  false  theory  and  constitutional  right  to  govern  them.    If  we  can 

that  they  were  to  be  benefited  somehow — they  knew  not  whip  them,  they  contend  for  the  natural  right  to 

not  how.    They  are  essentially  tired  of  the  war,  and  select  their  own  government,  and  they  have  the  argu- 

would  slink  back  home  if  they  could.    These  are  ment.    Our  armies  must  prevail  over  theirs :  our  of- 

the  real  tiert  dtat  of  the  South,  and  are  hardly  worthy  ficers,  marshals,  and  courts  must  penetrate  into  the 

a  thought  j  for  they  swerve  to  and  IVo  according  to  inneniiost  recesses  of  their  laud,  before  we  have  tlic 

eventa  which  they  do  not  comprehend  or  attempt  to  natural  right  to  demand  their  submission. 

tsbape.    When  the  time  for  reconstruction  comes  they  I  would  banish  all  minor  questions,  assert  the  broad 

will  want  the  old  political  system  of  caucuses,  le||fis-  doctrine  that  aa  a  nation  tne  United  States  has  the 

latures,  etc.,  to  amuse  them  and  make  them  believe  right,  and  also  the  physical  power,  to  penetrate  to 

they  are  real  sovereigns ;  .but  in  all  things  they  will  every  part  of  our  national  domain,  and  tnat  we  will 

follow  blindly  the  lead  of  the  planters.  do  it— that  we  will  do  it  in  our  own  time  and  in  our 

Third.  The  Union  men  of  tne  South.    I  must  con-  own  way ;  that  it  makes  no  difference  whether  it  be  one 

fees  I  have  little  respect  for  this  class.    They  allowed  year,  or  two,  or  ten,  or  twenty ;  that  we  will  remove 

a  clamorous  set  of  demagogues  to  muzzle  and  drive  and  destroy  every  obstacle,  ii'^need  be,  take  every  life, 

them  as  a  pack  of  curs.    Alraid  of  shadows,  they  sub-  every  acre  of  land,  every  particle  of  property,  every- 

mit  tamely  to  squads  of  dragoons,  and  permit  them,  thing  that  to  us  seems  proper;  that  we  will  not  cease 

without  a  murmur  to  bum  their  cotton,  take  their  till  uie  end  is  attained;  that  all  who  do  not  aid  us  are 

horsea,  com,  and  everything;    and  when  we  reach  eneiniea.  and  tihat  we  will  not  account  to  them  for  our 

them,  they  arc  full  of  complaints  if  our  men  take  a  faw  acts.    If  the  peo{)lo  of  the  South  oppose,  they  do  so  at 

fence-rails  for  fire,  or  com  to  feed  our  horses.    They  their  peril ;  and  if  they  stand  by,  mere  lookers-on  in 

^ivc  us  no  assistance  or  information,  and  are  loudest  this  domestic  tragedy,  they  have  no  right  to  immu- 

in  their  complaints  at  the  smallest  excesses  of  our  nitv,  protection,  or  share  in  the  final  results. 

soldiers.     Their  sons,  horses,  arms,  and  eveiything  'the  issues  are  made,  and  all  discussion  is  out  of 

usefU,  are  in  the  araiy  against  us,  and  they  stay  at  place  and  ridiculous.    The  section  of  tliirt>[-poimder 

home,  claiming  all  the  exemiDtions  of  peaceful  citi-  Tarrott  rifles  now  drilling  before  my  tent  is  a  more 

zen&    I  account  them  as  nothing  in  this  great  game  convincing  argument  than  the  largest  Democratic 

of  war.  meeting  the  State  of  New  York  can  possibly  assemble 

Fourth.  The  young  bloods  of  the  South.    Sons  of  at  Albany  ;  and  a  simple  order  of  the  War  Depart- 

planters.  lawyers   about  towns,  good   billiard  ploy-  nicnt  to  draft  enough  men  to  fill  our  skeleton  regi- 

crs,  ana  sportsmen,  men  who  never  did  work  and  ments  would  be  more  convincing  as  to  our  national 

never  will.     War  suits  them,  and  the  rascals    are  perpetuit^v  than  an  humble  pardon  to  Jeff.  Davis  and 

brave,  fine   riders,  bold   to   rashness,  and  danger-  all  nis  misled  host 

OU8  subjects  in  every  sense.     They  care  not  a  sou  I  therefore  hope  the  Govemment  of  the  United 

for  niggers,  land,  or  anvthing.      They  hate  Yan-  States  will  continue,  as  heretofore,  to  collect  in  w'ell- 

kees^^M,  and  donH;  lx>tKer  their  brains  about  the  organized  armies  the  physical  strength  of  the  nation  : 

Saat,  present,  or  future.    As  long  as  they  have  good  applying  it,  as  heretofore,  in  asserting  the  national 

orecs,  plenty  of  forage,  and  an  open  country,  they  authority ;  and  in  persevering,  without  relaxation,  to 

are  happy.    I'his  is  a  larger  class  than  most  men  sup-  the  end.    This,  whether  near  or  far  oflf,  is  not  for  us 

pose,  and  they  ore  the  most  dangerous  set  of  men  to  say ;  but,  fortunately,  we  hove  no  choice.     We 

that  this  war  has  turned  loose  upon  the  world.    They  must  succeed — no  other  choice  is  left  us  except  dee- 

are  splendid  ridere,  first-rate  shots,  and  utterly  reck'-  radation.      The  South  nmst  be  ruled  by  us,  or  she 

less.    Stewart,  John  Morgan,  Forrest,  and  Jackson,  will  rule  us.    We  must  conquer  them,  or  ourselves  be 

are  the  types  and  leaders  of  this  class.    These  men  conquered. 

must  ^l  be  killed  or  employed  by  us  before  w-e  can  President  Lincoln  read  this  letter  carefully, 

hope  for  peace.    They  hove  no  property  or  future,  ._  j  „^i._,i  nprmis«;ion  to  have  it  nublished  but 

and  therefore  can  not  be  influenced  by  anything  ex-  «""  asKeU  permission  to  na\e  ii  P^O"'"^"*  ""J 

ccpt  pereonal  considerations.  Sherman  declined,  and  it  did  not  appear  in  print 


Army 

nooga.           _  ,                                  w 

rebel  armies^  and  naturally  are  interested  in  their  army  was  kept  in  conrparative  idleness  for  some 

fate.    Though  we  hold  railitar>;  possession  of  the  key-  months.     Sherman's  corps  was  encamped  on  the 

point»  of  their  country,  still  they  contend,  and  nat-  ^^^^^^.^  i,^j^^  of  the  Big  Black  river.     After  the 

urally,  that  should  Lee  succeed  in  Virginia,  or  Bragg  T  Vn     \.*  V^k;«b„.««..^.    i«    G«r^f««,v.^H    ^hir,h 

at  CHittanooga,  a  change  will  occur  here  ilso.    We  battle    of  Chickamaiiga    m    September    which 

can  not  for  this  reason  attempt  to  reconstruct  parts  of  drove   Rosecranss  army  back  to  Chattanooga, 

the  South  as  wo  conquer  it,  till  all  idea  of  the  estab-  Sherman  was  ordered  to  move  eastward  along 

lishment  of  a  Southem  Confederacy  is  abandoned.  the  Memphis  and  Charleston  Railroad,  repairing 

It  seems  to  me,  in  contemplating  the  history  of  the  it  as  he  went.     On  Oct.  16  Gen.  Grant  was  or- 

past  two  years^  that  all  the  i>eoplc  of  our  country,  ^j^^ed  to  assume  command  of  the  departments  of 

North,  South  East,  and  West,  have  been  undergoing  ^^    qj^.     ^^    Cumberland,  and  the  Tennessee,  to 

;i.StTav??'rn^  :^^llTfl^TZ  l^.:^:''^r  relieve  Gen.  Rosecrans  at  Chattanooga,  and  to 

other  people ;  but  we  had  all  become  so  wise  in  our  make  such  changes  in  the  subordinate  commands 

own  conceit  that  we  would  only  learn  by  actual  ex-  as  seemed  necessary.     Gen.  Sherman  was  made 

pcrience  of  our  own.  commander  of  the  Department  and  Army  of  the 

Another  great  and  important  natural  truth  is  still  Tennessee. 

incontest,andcanonly  be  solved  by  war.     Numeri-  q^  ^jje  27th  Sherman  received  orders  from 

cal  minorities  by  vote  have  been  our  great  arbiter,  q       ^  ^    suspend  work  on  the  railroad  and  cross 

Heretofore  all  men  have  cheerfully  submitted  to  it  in     2i.  .       ^  -^u  u-     .,  „«  «^««  „o  ^^oc,;m»  t,^ 

questions  left  open,  but  nnmcricaf  majorities  are  not  the  counti^'  with  his  army  as  soon  as  possible  to 

necessarily  physical  majorities.    The  South, though  Bridgeport,  below  Chattanooga,  which  place  he 

numerically    inferior,  contend  they  can   whip   the  reached,  by  rapid  marching,  m  the  middle  of 


796  SHERMAN,  WILLIAM  TECUMSEIL 

November.     In  Grant's  dispositions  for  raising  was  never  reported,  but  it  was  known  to  be  much 

the  siege  of  Chattanooga  by  driving  the  anny  of  heavier.    Oen.  McPherson  was  killed,  and  Gen. 

iiragg  from  its  position  on  Lookout  mountain  Oliver  O.  Howard  was  promoted  to  command  the 

and  Missionary   Ridge  overlooking   the  town,  Army  of  the  Tennessee.      This  offended  Gen. 

Sherman's  command  was  placed  on  the  left,  op-  Iloolcer,  who  thought  the  promotion  belonged  to 

posite  the  head  of  Missionary  Ridge.    Thomas  him,  and  he  asked  to  be  relieved.    His  corps  was 

was  in  the  center   and  Hooker  on  the  ri^ht  given  to  Gen.  Henry  W.  Slocum. 

Sherman  laid  two  bridges  in  the  night  of  Nov.  Sherman  now  macle  another  move  by  the  right 

23,  and  the  nest  day  advanced  against  the  Con-  flank  to  threaten  the  enemy's  communications, 

federate  works,  but  the  ground  was  very  difli-  and  on  the  28th  Hood  made  a  bUxxly  attack  on 

cult,    and    he    was   only    partiallv  successful,  his  right,  but  did  not  effect  anything.    Sherman 

Hooker  and  Thomas  were  completely  so.  and  the  then  sent  out  detachments  of  cavalry  to  break 

enemy  was  routed.    The  task  of   Hooker  and  the  railroads  south  of  Atlanta,  but   with   no 

Thomas  was  lightened  by  the  enemy's  attacking  satisfactory  result.    He  therefore,  after  posting 

Sherman  heavily,  hoping  to  crush  him.    After  Siocum's  corps  at  the  bridge  over  tlie  Uhatta- 

the  battle  he  advanced  promptly  by  the  roads  hoochee.  swung  all  the  ^rest  of  his  array,  by  a 

north  of  the  Chiokamauga,  as  far  as  Ringgold,  rapid  and  partly  concealed  movement,  around  to 

destroying  their  communications.  a  position  south  of  the  city,  where  he  destroy  e<l 

Early  in  December,  1868,  Sherman,  by  forced  the  railroads  and  then  advanced  in  force  on 

marches,  went  to  the  relief  of  Burnside,  who  was  Atlanta.    He  captured  one  brigade  entire  and 

besieged  in  Knox vi lie  by  Longstreet, and  arrived  10  guns;  but  the  greater  part  of  Hood^s  forces. 

just  in  time  to  save  him  from  defeat.    In  Febru-  after  setting  fire   to  the  Government  property, 

ary,  1864,  with  troops  from  the  corps  of  Hurl-  escaped  eastward,  and  Slocnm's  coqis  promptly 

hurt  and  McPherson,  he  made  a  brief  campaign  moved  in. 

to  Jackson  and  Meridian  to  destroy  the  enemy's  Gen.  Sherman  determined  to  make  a  purely 

communications.  military  garrison  or  depot  with  no  civil  popula- 

In  the  spring  of  that  year  Gen.  Grant  was  tion,  and  ne  therefore  ordered  the  inhabitants  tu 
made  lieutenant-general,  and  planned  a  grand  leave  the  city,  giving  them  their  choice  whether 
campaign  in  which  all  the  military  resources  of  to  go  north  or  south ;  and  this  gave  rise  to  an 
the  Northern  States  should  be  brought  to  bear  angrv  correspondence  between  him  and  Gen. 
at  once  upon  the  Confederacy  and  kept  in  active  Hood.  The  telegraph  and  railroad  were  re- 
operation until  its  armies  should  be  destroyed,  paired,  and  ample  supplies  were  brought  down 
To  Sherman  he  assigned  the  command  of  the  from  the  North.  For  two  months  there  was  no 
military  division  of  the  Mississippi.  On  Feb.  lU  significant  change  in  the  military  affairs  of  that 
Sherman  rooeived  the  thanks  of  Congress  for  his  departments  Sherman's  army  had  reached  the 
services  in  the  Chattanooga  campaign,  and  in  goal  for  which  it  set  out,  and  the  army  of  Hood 
March  he  began  repairing  the  railroads  and  moved  about  with  apparently  no  very  definite 
making  ready  for  the  great  task.  He  made  purpose,  occasionally  breaking  the  communica- 
his  head<}uarLers  at  Chattanooga,  and  concen-  tions,  which  were  quickly  re-established,  or  at- 
trated  his  troops  there.  His  force  included  tacking  an  outpost.  At  Last  Hood,  late  in  Oct<v 
the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  Gen.  George  H.  Ijer,  moved  to  a  point  opposite  Florence,  on 
Thomas;'  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee,  Gen.  Tennessee  river,  and  began  collectine:  supplies 
Jamei  B.  McPherson;  and  the  Army  of  the  for  an  invasion  of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky. 
Ohio,  Gen.  John  M.  Schofield.  With  about  Sherman  sent  Thomas  to  Nashville  to  meet  this 
08,000  men  and  250  guns,  leaving  behind  all  un-  invasion,  and  proposed  to  march  to  Savannah 
necessary  baggage,  and  taking  no  tents  except  with  the  remainder  of  his  army ;  but  he  found 
for  sick  and  wounded,  he  set  forward  on  May  5  considerable  difficulty  in  persuading  the  Presi- 
to  attack  the  Confederate  army  at  Dalton,  which  dent  and  Gen.  Grant' to  consent  to  such  a  move, 
was  commande.l  by  Oen.  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  When  at  last  he  gained  their  consent  he  at  once 
who  had  somewhat  over  60,000  men  (if  counted  sent  out  men  to  cut  the  telegraph  wires  lest  the 
in  the  same  way  in  which  Sherman's  were  orders  should  be  countermanded,  and  years  aft- 
counted).  The  campaign  that  followed,  up  to  erward  he  learned  that  they  would  Save  been 
the  date  of  Johnston's  removal,  July  17,  is  briefly  countermanded  had  not  the  authorities  at  Wash- 
described  on  pap  39J>  of  this  volume.  ington  found,  as  they  supposed,  that  "  the  enemv 

Gen.    John    B.    Hood,    who  succeede<l   Gen.  had  cut  the  wires.**    He  sent  to  the  rear  all  his 

Johnston,  was  as  rash  as  Johnston   had  been  siok  and  disabled  men.  and  all  baggage  that 

cautious.     On  July  20,  while  Sherman's  army  could  be  spared,  and  had  his  men  paid.    When 

was  slowly  closing  in  around  Atlanta,  the  Con-  the  last  train  left  Atlanta  he  had  a  large  section 

federates  left  their  intrenchmcnts  along  Peach-  of  the  track  destroyed  and  the  bridges  bume<i 

tree  creek  and   made  a  heavy  assault  on   the  Wagon  trains  were  got  in  readiness  and  exact 

right  of  the  national  line,  which  was  held  by  orders  for  the  march  were  issued.    The  machine 

Thomas.    There  was  terrible  fighting,  much  of  shops,  depots,  and  other  such  buildings  in  At- 

it  hand-to-hand,  for  two  hours,  at  the  end   of  lanta  were  torn  down  and  fire  set  to  the  ruins, 

which  time  the  (■onfederates  were  driven  back  Sherman    had  first  definitely  proposed    the 

to  their  works.    Two  davs  later  Hood,  by  a  flank  march  to  the  sea  in  a  telegram  to  Gen.  Thoma.*. 

movement    attacked    Sherman's    left,   held  by  datefl  Oct  9.    On  Nov.  12.  with  55,000  infantry. 

McPherson.      The   flqfhting  was  kept  up  from  5.000  cavalry,  and   1,800  artillerymen  with  (tTi 

noon  till  night,  and  seven  heavy  assaults  were  guns,  he  set  out,  and  nothing  more  was  heanlof 

repelled  ;  after  which  Wood's  division  closed  the  him  till  nearly  Christmas.     His  army  move<l  in 

battle  with  a  counter-attack.    On  this  day  Sher-  two  parallel  columns,  cutting  through  the  State 

man  lost  3,o00  men  and  10  guns.    Hood's  loss  a  swath  40  miles  wide,  and  living  off  the  conn 


SEIERMAN,  WILLIAM  TKCUMSEH. 


SOUTH  CAROLINA. 


797 


try.  Everything  was  done  with  perfect  regu- 
larity. There  were  2,500  wagons,  each  drawn  by 
six  mules,  and  these  were  distributed  at  inter- 
vals on  the  line.  Foraging  parties  went  out 
every  morning,  and  what  they  obtained  was 
brought  to  the  line  and  placed  in  the  wagons 
without  stopning  them  for  ii  moment.  Nearly 
all  of  the  Georgia  Central  Railroad  was  de- 
stroyed. No  serious  opposition  was  met,  except 
that  Wheeler*s  Confederate  cavalry  hung  on  the 
flanks  of  the  army  and  occasionally  had  an  en- 
gagement with  Kilpatrick*s.  A  few  miles  above 
Savannah  there  was  some  fighting  with  infan- 
try, and  Fort  McAllister,  guarding  that  city, 
was  carried  by  storm.  Here  he  established  com- 
munication with  the  blockading  fleet,  and  on 
Dec  21  his  troops  marche<l  into  the  city.  His 
entire  loss  in  the  march  to  the  sea  was  764  men. 

After  remaining  at  Savannah  four  weeks, 
Sherman  set  out  on  a  march  northward  through 
the  Carolinas.  He  threatened  both  Charleston 
and  Au^sta,  but  passed  between  them  and 
moved  directly  to  Columbia.  Thence  he  moved 
northeasterly,  through  Camden,  Cheraw,  and 
Fayetteville,  to  Goldsboro,  and  thence  north- 
westward to  Raleigh.  This  march  was  much 
more  difficult  than  that  through  Georgia,  for  he 
had  to  cross  large  rivers,  instead  of  moving 
parallel  with  them ;  but  it  lacked  the  mystery 
and  romance  of  the  other,  and  hence  is  not  so 
famous.  How  he  was  opposed  by  a  hastily 
gathered  Confederate  force  under  Gen.  Joseph 
K.  Johnston,  at  Averysboro  and  Bentonville.  and 
how  Johnston  surrendered  to  him  at  Durham 
Station,  near  Raleigh,  April  26,  are  told  on  page 
400  of  this  volume.  Tnis  great  movement  of 
Sherman's  60,000  veterans  through  the  heart  of 
the  Confederacy  hastened  its  downfall,  and  must 
shortly  have  compelled  the  surrender  of  Lee's 
srmy  had  his  lines  around  Petersburg  not  been 
already  broken  by  Grant. 

The  war  being  ended,  Sherman's  army  passed 
in  grand  review  in  Washington,  May  24,  and  a 
week  later  he  took  leave  of  them  in  a  farewell 
order.  For  the  next  four  years  he  was  in  com- 
mand of  the  military  division  of  the  Mississippi, 
with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis.  When  Grant 
was  made  full  general,  July  25,  1B66,  Sherman 
was  promoted  to  lieutenant-general ;  and  when 
Grant  became  President,  March  4,  1869.  Sher- 
man succeeded  to  the  generalship,  with  head- 
quarters at  Washington.  In  1871-72  he  made 
a  professional  tour  in  Europe.  He  was  placed 
on  the  retired  list,  Feb.  8,  1884,  and  two  years 
later  he  became  a  resident  of  New  York  city, 
living  first  at  the  Fifth  Avenue  Hotel  and  after- 
ward in  a  house  that  he  bought  in  West  Sev- 
enty-flrst  Street.  His  funeral  was  a  grand  mili- 
tary pageant,  witnessed  by  tens  of  thousands  of 
l>eople.  His  lx>dy  was  taken  to  St.  Louis  and 
interred  by  the  side  of  his  wife,  who  had  died 
about  a  year  earlier.  Gen.  Sherman  had  in  some 
respects  a  keener  insight  into  men  and  affairs 
than  any  other  of  our  great  military  men.  and 
he  was  by  far  the  ablest  writer  among  them. 
His  "  Memoirs,"  written  by  himself,  were  pub- 
lished originally  in  1875  '(New  York,  2  vols.), 
and  were  somewhat  revised  and  re-issued  in  1886. 
Besides  this,  his  only  b<K)k,  numerous  interest- 
ing letters  of  his  are  extant,  for  he  was  a  volu- 
minous correspondent'.     He  had  a  genial  and 


kindly  disposition,  and  enjoyed  great  personal 
ix>pularity.  He  could  easily  have  been  President 
of  the  United  States  if  he  would  have  accepted! 
the  Republican  nomination,  and  he  was  the  only 
man  that  ever  refused  that  oflUce. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  a  Southern  State,  one 
of  the  original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution 
May  23, 1 788 ;  area,  8,750  square  miles.  The  pop- 
ulation, according  to  each  decennial  census,  was 
240,078  in  1790;  345,591  in  1800;  415,115  in 
1810;  502,741  in  1820;  581.185  in  1830;  594,398 
in  1840;  668,507  in  1850;  703,708  in  1860: 
705,606  in  1870;  995,577  in  1860;  and  1,151,- 
149  in  1890.    Capital,  Columbia. 

(]iOTernmen]t. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Benjamin  R. 
Tillman,  Democrat;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Eu- 
gene B.  Gary ;  Secretary  of  State,  J.  E.  Tindal ; 
Treasurer,  W.  T.  C.  Bates;  Auditor,  W.  H. 
EUerbe;  Attorney-General,  Y.  J.  Pope,  elected 
a  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  by  the  General 
Assembly  on  Dec.  3,  and  succeeded,  by  J.  L.  Mc- 
Laurin,  who  was  elected  by  the  General  Assem- 
bly on  Dec.  9;  Superintendent  of  Education, 
W.  D.  Mayfield ;  Railroad  Commi^ioners,  D*Arey 

P.  Duncan,  Eugene  P.  Jervey,  and Thomas : 

Chief -Justice  oi  the  Supreme  Court,  Henry  Mc- 
Iver,  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  on  Dec. 
1,  the  office  having  been  vacant  since  the  death 
of  Chief-Justice  W.  D.  Simpson,  in  December, 
1890;  Associate  Justices,  oamuel  McGowan, 
Henry  Mclver,  promoted  as  above  stated,  and 
Y.  J.  Pope,  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  on 
Dec.  3. 

Population  by  Races.— The  follpwing  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 
eral census : 


COUNTIES. 


wniTS. 


COLOBBI). 


AbbeTille...  . 

Aiken 

Andemon 

Barnwell 

Beaufort . . . . . 

Berkeley 

Charleeion. . . . 

Chester. 

Cfaesterfleld. . . 
C'larendon . . . . 

Colleton 

DnrllDirton.... 
Edgefield  . . . . 

Fairfield 

Flnreoce 

Geori^town . . 
Oreenyllle..,. 

Hampton 

Horry 

Kershaw...   . 

Lancaster 

T^urens 

Lexington.... 

Marlon 

Marlborough.. 
Newberry . . . . 

Oconee 

Orangeburg  . . 

Pickens 

Kichland    ..   . 
Spartacburg.. 

Bumter 

Union 

WilHaiiiBburg 
York 

« 

The  State 


1880. 

1880. 

1.M20 

18,172 

18.^76 

12.986 

2M74 

18,747 

14.010 

18.^58 

2,.^f8 

2,442 

7,6C1 

••■«•• 

24.(;87 

80,922 

8.448 

7,686 

io,y(« 

9.498 

e,oi& 

6,282 

1H>70 

12.1^4 

^l,6.^9 

12.929 

17,(ft5 

16.018 

7,fM 

6.b^ft 

10.400 

4.r20 

8.4(:6 

27,871 

22,9S8 

O.f»07 

6,286 

i:<,6:{9 

10,C82 

8.440 

7,J-92 

10.J?88 

7,9rB 

1S.072 

11.7^6 

18.70ft 

11.096 

14.4r4 

l5.Sbl 

s,wvo 

8,(26 

8.RS0 

8286 

18.041 

11,9ftft 

1.\5sr) 

12.942 

12.1P4 

10,f.T8 

1I.S2ft 

9.185 

80,7y!> 

26,872 

11,717 

0.979 

10,874 

10.fll6 

9.'.'.»)0 

7.758 

1S,08S 
463,4M 

14.0i« 

1  891.105 

1890.  I  18  80. 


81,72T 
18.244 
18,522 
80,602 
81,5CB 
47,766 
85.24^0 
18.217 

7,C66 
16.818 
26,410 
17.474 
82.208 
21,548 
14.627 
16.887 
16,9r6 
18,787 

6,617 
J&921 
10,422 
18,588 

8.476 
16.524 
14,641 
17.664 

6,045 
88,808 

4,195 
24,994 
18,652 
81.884 
14.489 
18,625 
20,788 


27.687 
16,170 
14,866 
26,(08 
27,782 

•■■••• 

71,866 
16,617 
6,847 
12,908 
24,181 
21, M6 
29,826 
20,880 

1*6.146 
14.611 
12,4:8 

4.942 
18,e'46 

8,fft7 
17.688 

7,467 
18,226 
12,571 
18.261 

4,801 
28,468 

8.716 
19.888 
14,085 
27.0.%8 
18.561 
16,862 
16,620 


C92,508      604,882 


798  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

In  1890  there  were  also  in  the  State  ^  Chi-  quired  to  pay  to  the  State  annually  a  licence  fee 

nese  and  172  Indians.  of  $1,000  for  each  county  in   which  he  doe$ 

Finances. — The  following  is  a  summary  of  business, 

the  operations  of  the  State  treasury  for  the  £scal  Provision  was  made  for  distributing  the  money 

year:  Cash  on  hand  Oct.  31,  1890,  $77,943.98 ;  received  from  the  United  States  as  a  refund  of 

receipts  from  all  sources,  $1,078,752.98;   total  the  direct  tax  to  the  persons  who  originally  paid 

expenditures,  $1,087,081.89 ;  balance  on  OcL  31,  such  tax,  or  to  their  legal  representatives.    The 

1891,  $04,615.02.     The   receipts  were  derived  sum  of  $4,000  was  appropriated  to  be  expended. 

from  the  following  sources :  From  taxes  1889-  under  the  direction  of  a  public-record  commit^ 

*90  and  back  taxes,  $776,(^5.67;  from  phosphate  sion,  in  obtaining  copies  of  documents  from  the 

royalty,  $184,502.46 :  privilege  tax  on  fertilizers,  public  archives  of  England  which  relate  to  the 

$53,285.85 ;   sinking  fund  commissioners,  $18,-  early  history  of  the  State. 

788.29;  railroad  assessments,  $9,748.48;  official  An  institution  for  the  training  and   higher 

fees,  $8,970.07;  special  funds,  $17,459.22;  other  education  of  white  girls  was  established,  under 

sources,  $4,111.04.    The  expenditures  may  be  the  name  of  the  South  Carolina  Industrial  and 

classifled     as    follow :     Legislative    expenses,  Winthrop  Normal  College,  the  location  to  be 

$42,652.01 ;  public  printing,  $22,199.73 ;  ednca-  determined  by  the  board  of  trustees  of  the  insti- 

tional,  chantable,  penal,  and  sanitary  institu-  tution.    The  grounds,  buildings,  and  equipment 

tions,  $201,762.84;  Clemson   Agricultural  Col-  must  be  secured  and  transferred  to  the  State 

lege,  $107,878.35 ;  penMons,  $49,191.82 ;  commis-  without  expense  on  its  part,  but  the  State  onder- 

sioner  sinking  fund  warrants,  $27,106.35;  inter-  takes  the  management  of  the  institution  after  it 

est  on  public  debt  and  expenses,  $854,520.75:  is  thus  equippCKi.    The  members  of  the  Lower 

loan  unacr  act  1889  and  interest,  $50.500 ;  com-  House  of  tne  General  Assembly  were  reappor- 

pletion  of  State  House,  $17,577.30;  election  ex-  tit)ned  to  the  several  counties  according  to  the 

penses,    $16,377.56;    refund  taxes,    $10,479.31;  census  of  1890. 

maintaining   militia,   $10,413;    salaries,  $142,-  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 

446.09 ;  other  purposes  $33,977.28  Providing  thnt  no  crop  mortgage  shall  convey  anv 

Dunng  the  vear  the  Smkmg-f  und  Commission  interest  in^y  crop  other  than  thkt  rained  durii  thV 

purchased  and  retired  brown  consols  amount-  year  in  which  the  mortgage  is  given,  and  unleea  the 

ing   to  $26,911.72,  thereby  reducing  the  total  land  on  which  it  is  to  be  nuaed  shall  be  described  in 

bonded  State  debt  to  $6,406,606.    The  debt  is  said  mortjorage. 

classified  as  follows:    Brown  consols,   $5,893,-  Accepting  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congnw* 

076.70 ;   blue  4i-per-cents.,  $400,000 ;  brown  4-  "°^«'  which  the  direct  tax  of  1801  was  reftmded  to 

per-cents   18MI,  $^896.70;  Agricultural  College  "^'^ol^tl^ en^^ur^e  the  planting  and  cuhi- 

^"P*J^^^^®^'   deflciencv  stock  outstanding,  vation  of  shell-ilsh,  to  creito  the  olfice  bf  fish  com- 

$717.72;    bonds  nnd  stocks  still    fundable    in  missioner,  and  to  authorize  the  granting  of  franchia*** 

brown  consols,  $391,614.88.     Under  the  acts  of  for  the  use  of  certain  lands  un<i&r  water  belonging  to 

1889  and  1890,  the  State  Treasurer  has  made  but  the  State. 

little  progress  in  exchanging  the  Brown  consols  ^^^S."!"*??  ^^®  Sinking-ftind  CommisBionere  and 

for  the  new  4-per-cent.  bonds  authorized  by  those  iJ®  *"^  Commissioner  to  eatablinh  regulatioiui  for 

acts,  only  $29,396.70  being  exchanged.    In  addi-  the  protection  of  the  natural  oyster  beds  of  the  bute. 

tion  to  the  funded  debt,  the  State  owes  a  large  Edncatlon. — For  the  school  year  ending  in 

floating    debt,  amounting    to    $489,197.38,    of  1891, 93,024  white  children  and  116.535  colored 

which  $271,890.07  is  due  for  unpaid  interest  and  children  were  enrolled  in  the  public  schools,  a 

$106,608.07   for   unpaid    appropriations.     The  total  of  209,559.    The  average  length  of  the 

State  has  practically  no  sinking  fund.  school  vear  was  8*21  months. 

Leglslatiye  Sesslon.^The  regular  annual  The  ^uth  Carolina  University,  which  has  ex- 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  began  on  Nov.  isted  for  nearly  a  century,  was  reorganized  nnder 
24  and  adjourned  on  Dec.  24.  The  act  of  1889  the  act  of  December,  1890,  so  that  its  work  is 
providing  for  refunding  the  brown-consol  bonds  now  confined  to  liberal  studies,  the  departments 
and  stocks  due  in  1893  was  amended  at  this  of  science  and  agriculture  having  been  trans- 
session  so  as  to  allow  the  Governor  and  the  f erred  to  Clemson  Agricultural  College.  This 
State  Treasurer  to  offer  a  commission  to  per-  change  has  reduced  the  number  of  students, 
sons  who  place  the  new  bonds.  All  the  funds  For  the  school  year  1890^*91  the  number  of  at- 
in  the  State  sinking  fund,  and  the  sum  of  tendants  was  182,  while  for  the  session  of  1891- 
$30,000  in  addition,  were  appropriated  to  pay  *92  96  were  matriculated.  Work  has  progressed 
such  commissions.  An  anti-free-pass  law  was  during  the  year  on  the  buildings  for  the  Clero- 
enacted.  prohibiting  any  person  while  a  member  son  Agricultural  College,  and  though  they  are 
of  the  Senate  or  Ilouse  of  Representatives,  State  not  near  completion  the  roll  of  applicants  for 
or  national,  or  any  State  or  county  official,  or  admission  numbered  870  at  the  close  of  the 
any  judge  of  a  court  of  record,  from  using  any  year.  There  had  been  expended  up  to  Oct.  31. 
free  pass,  express  or  telegraph  frank,  or  com-  1890,  in  the  erection  of  buildings  $17,085.35,  and 
plimentary  ticket,  or  from  riding  on  any  railroad  during  the  fiscal  year  ending  Oct.  31,  1891. 
in  the  State  without  paying  the  usual  fare.  $106,127.26,  making  a  total  of  $123,213.61. 
Transportation  companies  were  forbidden  to  is-  At  the  South  Carolina  Military  Academy 
sue  such  passes,  or  to  give  any  special  rate  to  there  were  166  pupils  during  1890-*91. 
such  ofHcials.  Charities.— During    the    year  311    patients 

Emigrant  agents,  who  in  recent  years  have  in-  were  admitted  to  the  State  Insane  Asylum,  394 

duced  many  negroes  to  leave  the  State,  were  were  discharged,  and  747  remained,  of  whom  432 

prohibited  from  plying  their  vocation,  except  were  white  and  315  coloreti.    The  total  income, 

under  conditions,  every  such  agent  being  re-  including  $100,000  appropriated  by  the  State, 


SOUTH  DAKOTA.                                                      799 

was  $132,642.10,  and  the   total   expenses  were  and  asses,  $30 ;  sheep,  $1.71;  swine,  $1.77.  Bank 

$118,700.37.  leaving  a  balance  of  $8,935.79.  stock  is  assi^s^ed  at  o5  cents  on  the  dollar.    The 

At  the  Deaf,  Dumb,  and  Blind  Institute  133  State  and  bond  levy  is  2*5  for  this  year,  and  the 
pupils  were  enrolled  during  the  year,  91  being  levy  on  telegraph,  telephone,  express,  and  sleep- 
deaf  and  42  blind.  The  average  attendance  was  in^car  companies  is  b2'5. 
91).  The  receipts,  including  the  State  appropna-  Education. — Disagreements  at  the  State  Uni- 
tionof  $14,000,  wei'e$  15,850.50,  and  the  expendi-  versity  at  Vermilion  culminated  in  the  resigna- 
tures  $14,681.85,  leaving  a  balance  of  $608.65.  tion  of  President  Howard   B.  Grose   in    May, 

Penitentiary. — On  Oct.  31  there  were  793  the  closing  of  the  institution  in  June,  within  a 
persons  confined  in  the  State  Penitentiarv,  week  of  the  time  set  for  commencement,  and  the 
against  791  on  Oct.  31,  1890.  The  Columbia  discharge  of  the  old  members  of  the  faculty.  At 
Canal,  on  which  about  200  prisoners  have  been  a  special  meeting  of  the  board  of  directors  in 
employed,  was  completed  during  the  year,  and  a  September,  Dr.  Charles  0.  Merica.  of  Mt.  Pleas- 
large  majoritv  of  the  convicts  are  now  employed  ant,  Iowa,  a  graduate  of  De  Pauw  University 
in  farming,  the  State  having  purchased  a  farm  and  a  meml)or  of  the  faculty  of  Iowa  Wcsleyan 
to  be  worked  by  them.  The  revenue  from  con-  University,  was  chosen  president, 
vict  labor  during  the  year  was  not  more  than  Yankton  College  enrolled  227  students  in  the 
sufficient  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  institution,  year  1890-'91,  and  graduated  a  class  of  six.   The 

Militia.— The  total  active  militia  of  the  State  ]Rev.  E.  F.  Williams,  D.  D.,  of  Chicago,  was 

numbers  4,974  men,  divided  as  follows :  Cavalry,  elected  president ;  £.  A.  Bechtel,  of  Johns  Hop- 


Guards,  10  companies,  837  officers  and  men.  endowment  has  been  made  for  the  physical  cnlt- 

Pliospliate  Commission. — On   this  subject  ure  department.     About  75  new  students  were 

Gov.  Tillman  reports  as  follows :  **  On  the  Ist  of  enrolled  in  September. 

March,  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  The  South  Dakota  Chautauqua  Assembly  held 

the  act  creating  the  commission,  we  took  posses-  its  first  summer  school  at  Lake  Madison  in  July 

sion  of  Coosaw  river  and  issued  licenses  to  mine  and  August. 

therein  to  three  companies.  Two  of  these  en-  Crops.— Following  is  the  average  estimated 
tered  the  river,  but  were  enjoined  in  the  United  yield  in  bushels  per  acre  of  staple  crops,  corn- 
States  Court."  The  suit  under  which  this  in-  piled  from  reports  by  regular  correspondents  of 
junction  was  issued  is  now  pending  on  appeal  the  State  Weather  Service,  co-operating  with  the 
before  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture: 
question  being  upon  the  right  of  the  State  to  Wheat,  170;  oats, 89-8;  com, 80*7;  barley, 31-8; 
grant  such  licenses.  rye^  10*7;  potatoes,  189-6;  flax,  9-0;  sugar  beets. 

Mining* — The  value  of  the   precious-metal  25*5. 

product  of  South  Carolina  for  1890  was  $100.-  The  total  wheat  crop  of  the  State  is  estimated 

177.04,  being  an  increase  of  $580  over  that  of  at  82,000,000  bushels,  oats  at  27,600.000  bushels, 

the  preceding  year.    The  product  of  gold  was  corn  at  20,000.000  bushels,  barley  at  5,500.000 

$99,777.04,  and  of  silver  $400.    The  production  bushels,  rye  at  700,000  bushels,  flax  at  4,0C0,C00 

bv  counties  was  as  follows :  Chesterfield,  $20,-  bushels,  and  potatoes  at  6,000,000  bushels. 

841.81 :    Lancaster,    $70,839.92  ;    Spartanburg,  The  crop  bulletin  of  Septemlwr  placed  the 

$4,959.19;  Union,  $500;  miscellaneous,  $2,000.  State  second  as  a  wheat  producer,  marking  it  99, 

Nearly  all  comes  from  the  Haile  mine,  in  Lan-  and  MinnesoU  100.    The  of  flax  on  354,967  acres 

caster  County,  and  the  Brewer  mine,  in  Chester-  gave  a  harvest  of  1,801,116  bushels  of  seed, 

field  Countv.  Mining. — The  tin  mines  in  the  Black  Hills 

HOCTH  i>AKOTA,  a  Western  State,  admitted  are  in  active  operation.    The  tin  is  claimed  to  be 

to  the  Union  Nov.  3,  1889;  area,  77,050  square  not  so  fine  as  the  Cornish  tin,  but  purer  and 

miles;    population,  according  to  the  census  of  easier  to  mine.    One  company  renorted  in  Au- 

1890,  328,808.    Capital,  Pierre.  gust  40,000  ton?  of  ore  ready  for  shipment,  with 

OoTernment— The  following  were  the  State  100,000  tons  more  in  sight  in  the  mines.    This 

officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Arthur  C.  company  has  in  hand  the  erection  of  a  mill  capa- 

Mellette ;  Lieutenant-Governor,  G.  H.  Hoffman ;  ble  of  disposing  of  500  tons  of  ore  a  day.    Nug- 

S*M?reUrv  of  State,  A.  0.  Ringsrud;  Treasurer,  gets  have  been  found  weighing  from  30  to  75 

\V.  W.  Tavlor:  Audit<»r,  L.  C.  Tavlor;  Attor-  pounds,  and  yielding  over  75  per  cent,  of  pure 

nev-Genera'l,  Robert  Dollard;  Superintendent  of  white  metal.    A  property  including  02  claims 

Public  Instruction,  Cortez    Salmon :    Coramis-  and  240  acres  of  placer  ground  in  the  Black 

sioner  of  School  and  Public  Lands,  Thomas  H.  Hills  was  sold  in  May  for  $475,000  to  the  Rapid 

Ruth:  Commissioner  of  Labor,  R.  A.  Smith.  City  Land  and  Improvement  Company. 

All  these  offlcei-s  are  Republicans.    Chief  Jus-  The  total  product  of  the  precious  metals  for 

tice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  A.  G.  Kellam;  As-  1890,  accordmg  to  the  i-eport  of  the  Director  of 

sociate  Justices,  Dighton  Corson  and  John  E.  the  Mint,  was,  approximately,  $3,278,000;  gold, 

Bennett—all  Republicans.     The  Senate  consists  $3,112,000:  silver,  $150,000. 

of  23  Republicans,  7  Democrats,  and  14  Inde-  The  Soldiers'  Home.— The  report  at  the  an- 

pendents.    The  House  has  00  Republicans,  19  nual  meeting  in  June  showed  a  total  of  75  in- 

Democrats.  nnd  45  Independents.  mates.    One  wing  of  the  hospital  wa.«<  ordered 

Valnations.— The  State  Board  of  Equaliza-  built  during  the  summer.    The  grounds  south 

tion  and  Assessment  assessed  nearlv  a  million  of  the  glen  were  ordered  platted,  and  are  to  be 

acres  of  land  more  than  in  1890.    iHorses  this  leased  to  veterans  whose  wives  are  forty-five 

year  are  assessed  at  $34.02 ;  cattle,  $9.25 ;  mules  yeai-s  of  age  or  over,  for  sites  for  cottages.    It 


800  SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

was    decided  to  admit  disabled   veterans  who  for  the  payment  of  mortgage  indebtedne&>s   in 

have  dependent  families,  if  their  income  does  aiiypurticularkindof  money  passed  both  Houses, 

not  exceed  $400   per  annum.    Experience  has  It  was  feared  that  this  law  would  provo  a  dMnd- 

shown  that  the  pensions,  if  allowed  to  the  in-  vantage  to  borrowers  by  causing  the  withdmwal 

mates,  cause  much  demoralization ;  and  it  was  from  the  State  of  many  loan  companiest. 

therefore  thought  best  to  make  a  rule  that  those  Among  bills  passed  was  a  new  fence  law.  which 

having  families  should  assign  them  the  pensions,  is  of  importance  to  the  grazing  iutere8t:<.     It 

excepting  a  small  amount  for  spending-money,  provides  that  all  unorganized  counties  of  the 

and  those  who  had  not  should  place  their  pen-  State  and  all  counties  hereafter  to  be  organized 

sions  in  the  hospital  fund,  since  the  appropria-  shall  allow  stock  to  run  at  large  until  decided 

tion  is  not  large  enough  to  provide  help  in  that  otherwise  by  a  majority  of  the  people.    The  Jaw 

department.  has  been  tried  in  the  Black  Hills  with  suoeeses. 

The  Insane  Hospital. — The  whole  number  The  people  of  Pierre  and  representatives  of  the 

of  inmates  in  this  institution  is  283,  of  whom  Black  Hills  are  enthusiastic  over  the  success  c^f 

108  are  men  and  120  women.  the  bill. 

Legislative  Session. — The  second  Legisla-  Another  measure  that  was  passed  makes   it 

ture  met  on  Jan.  6.  and  adjourned  on  March  7.  necessary  for  the  auditor  to  turn  over  all  insur- 

Much  of  the  early  part  of  the  session  was  con-  ance  fees  received,  thus  abolishing  the  office  of 

sumed  in  the  election  of  a  United  States  Senator  commissioner  of  insurance, 

to  succeed  Gideon  C.  Moody,  whose  term  of  oflfico  A  bill  authorizing  the  Governor  to  convey  to 

expired.    The  candidates  of  the  three  parties  the  United  States  Government,  under  cert&in 

were  changed  during  the  course  of  the  balloting,  conditions,  the  Soldiers*  Home  at  Hot  Springes, 

and  at  the  fortieth  ballot  the  choice  fell  on  Rev.  was  vetoed,  but  was  passed  over  the  veto. 

James  H.  Kyle,  of  Aberdeen,  the  Independent  Other  measures  enacted  were  as  follow : 

^ndidate.    He  received  75  votes,  against  55  for  p^^iding  that  school  ftinds  ..hall  be  invested  onlv 

bterhng.  Republican.    Considerable  excitement  i^  fl„t  mortgages  on  farm  lands  and  in  State  and 

was  caused  toward  the  close  of  the  balloting  by  national  bon(&. 

a  resolution  in  which  it  was  declared  to  be  a  Providing  for  the  oiganization  and  management  ot 

**  matter  of  common  notoriety,  based  upon  what  State  bankti. 

appears  to  be  good  authority,"  that  negotiations  AcceptiM  grants  of  money  to  the  Agricultnral  Col- 
were  pending  between  the  Democrats  and  the  ^^  ^Jl]?"^  Congre«8. 

Indepe^^^^^         Illinois  and  South  Dakota^The  j^J^XXS^eris^  rn'J;?S"ai?'^^ruti^^^ 

object  of  these  negotiations  was  said  to  be  the  j^i^t  instrument  or  separate  initnuncnt. 

election  of  the  Democratic  candidate  m  Illinois  Prohibiting  dower  and  courtesy,  and  oonflnning  all 

by  the  help  of  Independent  votes,  in  exchange  conveyance  of  real  estate  except  that  of  homestead, 

for  Democratic  help  to  the  Independents  in  South  Refunding  Insane  Hospital  bonds. 

Dakota.  Changing  the  name  or  Dakota  ACTtcultund  Col- 

The  new  Senator  is  a  Congregational  clergy-  ^«?e  to  Bouth  Dakota  Agricultural  College,  and  al«» 

man,  a  graduate  of  Oberlin  College  and  of  Al-  P^Jjlt^f :"!°f"?*  l^:^^^ 

1     •'      *fiii      1     'ic!-.:     -       XT      u        ui  Frovidmir  lor  the  issuance  of  lundinir  warrants  in 

legheny   Theological    Seminary.  Jle    has    had  payment  oT  outstanding   warrant*,  whenever  such 

charge  of  several  churches  m  the  West,  and  was  funding  warrants  can  be  negotiated  at  their  face  value 

for  some  months  previous  to  his  election  flnaii-  or  at  a  premium. 

cial  agent  of  Yankton  College.    In  the  election  Authorizing  the  Board  of  Beeents  to  hold  faTmcr^* 

of  18^  he  was  chosen  State  Senator  from  Brown  institutes  at  the  Agricultural  College,  for  instruction  in 

County,  having  attmcted  the  favorable  attention  fftrrnin|g  and  dairying.        ...                   .„       , 

of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  party,  it  is  said,  by  his  ,.  -H"^'**??  5"^  ^^  uS  '^  "^^^^  ^  ^^  ™'^^'  '^ 

uttemnces  in  a  Fourth.of  July  option  at  Aber-  ^^TlT  ^lulon'S^^^^          to  modify  the 

deen.     In  the  senatorial  contest  his  name  was  patent  and  copyright  laws,  sncT  to  provide  for  oon- 

substituted   for  Gen.  Campbell  s  on   the   Inde-  struction  of  elevators  for  storing  farm  products, 

pendent  ticket,  on  the  thirty-first  ballot.     Sena-  To  punish  Uie  creation  of  indebtedness  against  the 

tor  Kyle  took  his  seat  on  the  Democratic  side  of  State  and  Uie  drawing  of  warrants  without  express 

the  Senate  chamber.  appropriation ;  and  flxmg  penalty  of  a  tine  of  tlJUOi} 

The  Australian  election  law  was  passed,  and  a  J"^  impri«)nment  for  not  fess  than  two  or  more  than 

new  revenue  system  was  adopt^l       The  penalty  *'lC?nrco'22ti^''S;  bond  for  irrigation, 

on  delinquent  taxes  was  changed  from  3  to  1  per  ^                                     ^ 

cent,  on  March  1,  and  1  per  cent,  each  month  The  following  is  the  list  of  appropriations  for 

thereafter.      Interest  on  aelinqiient  taxes  was  1891-*92:  For  State  officials,  $72,000;  expenses  of 

cut  down  from  20  to  12  per  cent.      The  county  State  offices, $28,800;  Legislature,  $78,418:  print- 

and  State  boards  of   equalization   were  given  ing,  $10,000;  State  University.  $41,100:  Madi- 

power  to  raise  and  lower  assessed  valuations,  in-  son  Normal  School,  $18,600;  Spearfish  Normal 

steail  of  power  to  raise  them  only.  School,  $21,400;  Reform  School.  $33,000;  Agri- 

A  new  apportionment  reduced  the  membership  cultural  College,  $12,000 ;  School  of  Mines,  $16.- 

of  the  Legislature  from  169  to  126.  giving  the  000;  Deaf-mute  School,  $24,700;  Penitentiary, 

Senate  43  in  place  of  45,  and  the  House  83  in  $57,900;   Insane  Hospital,   $120,500;  Soldiers* 

place  of  124.  Home.  $32,906 ;  bonded  indebtedness,  $108,000 : 

A  bill  for  township  irrigation  by  artesian  wells  public  examiner,  $4,200:  State  militia.  $8,000; 

became  a  law.      It  was  also  made  applicable  to  insurance  of  public  buildings,  $1,800;  Board  of 

counties  not  having  township  organization.  Charities,   $3,000 ;  Board   of  Regents,   $2.000 : 

A  school  law  providing  for  uniformity  of  S3rs-  mine   inspector,  $4,000:  Board  of  Agriculture, 

tern  throughout  the  State  was  one  of  the  results  $4.000 ;  railroad  commissioners,  $10,000 ;  Com- 

of  the  session.    A  bill  prohibiting  an  agreement  missioner  of  Labor  and  Statistics,  $2,750 ;  main- 


SOUTH  DAKOTA.                                                       801 

tenance  of  State  House,  $6,140 ;  trastees  of  educa-  missioner  of  school  and  public  lands  could  se- 
tional  institutions,  $3,000;  commissioners  of  lect  lands  upon  the  great  Sioux  resenration  re- 
Soldiers*  Home,  $1,500;  engineer  of  irrifi^tion,  $3,-  cently  thrown  open  to  settlement.  The  decision 
000;  clerks  at  land  office,  $1,200;  total,  $723,914.  is  that  the  land  can  not  be  selected  upon  these 

Prohibition. — A  bill  was  introduced  into  the  reservations.  If  the  decision  is  upheld  it  will 
Legislature  early  in  the  session  to  resubmit  the  compel  the  selection  of  about  700.UOO  acres  of 
question  of  prohibition  to  the  people,  and  was  indemnity  lands  from  a  small  area  in  the  BlMck 
ItMst  on  the  last  day  in  the  Senate,  by  a  vote  of  Hills.  A  report  in  November  of  the  inspection 
18  to  20,  7  members  being  absent.  Actions  of  the  vacant  lands  for  the  purpose  of  selecting 
were  brought  in  Lawrence  County  in  July,  to  the  750,000  acres  appropriated  shows  that  the 
test  the  validity  of  the  law.  The  demurrers  land  commissioner  has  selected  500,000  acres  and 
were  sustained  in  all  the  four  cases,  the  judi^e  has  already  filed  upon  400,000  acres.  About 
lioldiufi^  that  the  law  is  unconstitutional,  on  the  200,000  acres  was  selected  in  the  Black  Hills 
ground  that  the  title  to  the  law  does  not  ful*  country,  and  the  other  800,000 acres  in  the  coun- 
nll  the  requirements  of  the  Constitution  which  tics  of  Hand,  Hyde,  Codington,  Day,  Potter, 
sriys,  section  21,  Article  111,  "  No  law  shall  em-  Edmunds,  McPherson,  Walworth,  and  Camp- 
brace  more  than  one  subject,  which  shall  bo  bell,  these  being  all  the  counties  east  of  the 
expressed  in  its  title.''  The  matter  renndns  to  river  where  vacant  lands  can  be  found.  The  re- 
be  settled  by  the  Supreme  Court.  maining  250,000  acres  which  are  due  the  State 

The  World's  Fair. — Attempts  were  made  to  the  commissioner  is  in  no  hurry  to  select, 

secure  an  appropriation  fur  a  State  exhibit  at  the  At  the  sale  of  school  lands  in  the  spring  the 

World's  Fair,  but  the  Legislature    adjourned  average  price  realized  was  $14.05j  on  acre,  and 

without  any  such  action.      A  convention,  there-  the  entire  amount   1|631,528.20:  of  which  the 

fore,  met  at  Yankton  in  May  for  the  purpose  of  amount  paid  down  was  $164,271.50. 

devising  some  method  for  meeting  the  expense  The  Northern   Boandary.— At  the  session 

of  an  exhibit     A  commission  of  18  members  of    Congress  of  l&i)0-*91  an  appropriation  of 

was  selected  to  represent  the  State  at  the  fair  (25,000  was  made  for  marking  the  boundary'  be- 

and  have  charge  of  its  exhibit,  and  it  was  re-  tween  the  Dakotas.    The  line  is  861^  miles  long, 

solved  to  ask  the  Governor  to  call  a  special  The  157  miles  that  have  already  been  surveyra 

session  of  the  Legislature  to  make  an  appropria-  are  to  he  reviewed  and  the  suney  completed ;  it 

tion.  in  case  a  majority  of  the  members  would  is  expected  that  the  work  will  be  finished  in 

pledge  themselves  to  vote  for  such  appropriation,  1892.    The  line  will  be  marked  with  725  granite 

and  that  no  other  business  be  introduced.  pedestals  from  the  Sioux  Falls  quarries. 

The  commission  issued  an  address  in  Septem-  Irrigation, — The  experiment  of  irrigating 
bcr,  in  which  it  said  that  it  was  convinced,  after  land  from  artesian  wells  has  been  largely  tried, 
proper  effort,  that  no  aid  could  be  secured  from  and  has  proved  successful.  The  water  can  be 
the  State  treasury,  and  called  for  voluntary  sub-  first  used  for  domestic  and  manufacturing  pur- 
sciiptioTis  to  the  amount  of  $80,000.  The  project  poses.  A  report  in  June  says:  **The  artesian 
of  an  extra  session  was  afterward  revived,  and  t»elt  of  James  river  valley  is  the  largest  body  of 
the  Governor  promised  to  call  one  in  case  the  water  of  its  character  known  to  the  world,  con- 
commission  would  pledge  it.self  that  the  extra  taining  about  7,000,000  acres,  of  which  98  per 
se^ion  should  cause  no  expense  to  the  State.  cent,  could  be  made  available  for  tillage.   There 

Indian  Ijands.— The  Indian  title  has  been  are  in  all  nearly  or  quite  100  flowing  wells  in 

extinguished    to   all    reservations    east   of  the  Dakota.    The  flow  of  water  ranges  per  minute 

Missouri  except  the  Yankton,  and  efforts  are  in  from  4,000  gallons  at  Columbia,  3,600  at  Aber- 

progress  to  induce  the  Yanktons  to  sell,  reserv-  deen,  and  1,500    at   Yankton.     The  depth  of 

mg  only  enough  to  give  eaoh  member  of  the  these  wells  is  from  1,576  feet  at  Jamestown  to 

tribe  a  farm.    A  petition  signed  by  792  of  the  600  at  Yankton  and  Frankfort." 

.Sioux,  was  sent  to  Washington,  asking  for  $10.-  The  only  fear  has  been  that  the  source  of  wa- 

000,000  for  the  loss  of  game  and  other  things,  ter  supply  might  prove  inadequate  when  great 

It  says :  numbers  of  wells  were  sunk,  but  Government 

Sir:  We  Tnaians  wants  to  ^et  paid  for  all  these  e^P^^s  who  have   made  careful  survey  of  the 

wild  animals,  once  we  live  upon  for  our  food.     Not  country  say  that  no  fear  need  be  entertamed  on 

only  those  thinifn,  also  there  are  all  kinds  ofiron  was  that  score.     In  one  locality  two  of  these  wells 

found  here,  and  I  should  mention  some  of  names  of  stand  700  feet  apart  and   pour  forth  powerful 

these  things.     Butfalo.  elk,  black-tail  deer,  long-tail  streams  constantly. 

deer,  biff  wolf,  all  other  kindu  of  deer  and  wolf;  Missouri  River  ImproTement.— Chas.  F. 

ali»ogold,adver;  also  all  other  kinds  of  iron.  Powell,   engineer  in   charge,   reports  almost  a 

The  Sisseton  and  Wahpeton  reservation  will  complete  survey  of  the  nver  from  Benton  to 
be  thrown  open  to  settlers  in  April,  1892.  This  Bismarck.  He  asks  for  an  appropriation  of 
consists  of  about  600,000  acres.  It  is  a  tri-  $150,000  for  the  rectification  of  the  river  at  iin- 
anerle  about  70  miles  long,  decked  with  lakes  portant  commercial  points  in  order  to  reclaim 
and  surrounded  by  a  thrifty  and  well-settled  the  steamboat  landings,  which  have  been  in- 
country.  The  reservation  has  about  a  million  jured  by  a  shifting  of  the  channel  to  the  oppo- 
acres,  but  the  800  or 400  adult  Indians  take  their  site  side. 

allotments  first,  and  sections  are  set  apart  for  A  pontoon  bridge  has  been  built  across  the 

school  and  other  purposes.  The  lands  are  among  river  at  Yankton,  having  a  roadway  850  feet  in 

the  best  for  wheat  and  general  agricultural  uses  length  supported  by  39  pontoons, 

in  South  Dakota.  Railroads.— So  large  was  the  crop  this  year 

State  Lands. — A  question  has  been  before  that  means  of  transportation  were  procured  v/il  h 

the  General  Land  Office  as  to  whether  the  com-  difiiculty.    Several  new  lines  arc  under  discua- 

TOL.  XX3tI.— 51  A 


802 


SOUVENIR  SPOON& 


sion — the  extension  of  the  Illinois  Central  into 
the  Black  Uiils  country ;  that  of  the  Chicago,  St. 
Paul,  Minneapolis  and  Omaha  to  Niobrara  or 
Yankton :  that  of  the  Fremont,  Elkhoni  and  Mis- 
souri Valley  to  West  Niobrara;  and  a  line  to  con- 
nect Yankton  with  the  Nebraska  system  of  the 
Northwestern  passing  through  Cedar  and  Knox 
Counties ;  while  the  Rapid  City  and  Missouri 
Rirer  and  St.  Paul  is  expected  to  have  care  run- 
ning  into  the  Black  Hills  before  another  winter. 
A  bill  was  introduced  into  Congress  to  author- 
ize the  construction  of  a  drawbridge  across  the 
Missouri  at  Yankton  by  a  company  incorporated 
for  that  purpose,  for  the  use  of  any  or  all  rail- 
ways constructed  to  cross  the  river  at  that  point, 
and  also  for  wagons  and  pedestrians ;  it  wa0  re- 
ferred to  the  Committee  on  Commerce. 

Special  Election.— Hon.  John  R.  Gamble, 
one  of  the  representatives  of  the  State  in  Con- 
gress, died  at  Yankton,  Aug.  14,  1891.  The 
Governor  issued  a  proclamation  on  the  26th 
calling  for  a  special  election  to  be  held  Nov.  9. 
The  Republicans  nominated  John  L.  JoUey,  of 
Clay  County ;  the  Democrats,  James  M.  Woods, 
of  Rapid  City ;  and  the  Inde()endents,  Henry  W. 
Smith,  of  Wayne.  The  election  resulted  as  fol- 
low :  Jollcy,  17,614 :  Smith,  14,587 :  Woods,  7,- 
188.  The  new  (Australian)  election  law  was 
tried  at  this  election  with  good  success. 

SOUVENIR  SP00N£  No  fad  of  recent 
times  has  advanced  so  rapidly  and  taken  so 
strong  and  perhaps  permanent  a  hold  as  that 
of  souvenir  spoons.  These  medals — for  they  are 
pieces  of  metal  "bearing  devices  and  inscrip- 
tions struck  or  cast  to  commemorate  a  person, 
an  institution,  or  an  event  "—are  generally  of 
silver,  sometimes  with  gold  bowl,  but  seldom  all 
of  gold.  In  shape  they  are  usually  of  coffee,  tea, 
or  orange  pattern ;  sometimes  pap,  dessert,  sher- 
bet, chocolate,  sugar,  and  bon-bon  forms  are 
offered ;  while  the  design  at  times  extends  to  al- 
mond scoops,  pickle  forks,  sardine  forks,  ice- 
cream forkis,  child's  forks,  butter  knives,  butter 
spreaders,  paper  knives,  and  sugar  tong^ 

it  is  saia  that  the  oldest  piece  of  silverware 
known  is  a  spoon.  Before  knives  or  forks  were 
employed  the  spoon  was  a  household  necessity. 
The  derivation  of  the  fad  was  from  Europe,  and 
tourists  for  many  years  have  collected  copies  of  the 
celebrated  apostles*  spoons.  Special  designs 
characteristic  of  places  on  the  Continent  have 
long  been  known.  In  the  summer  of  1887  M. 
W.  Gait,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  while  traveling 
abroad  conceived  the  idea  of  applying  the  fancy 
to  this  country,  and  on  his  return  produced  the 
first  Washington  spoon,  showing  the  head  of  the 
Pather  of  his  Country.  From  the  outset  the 
venture  proved  a  success,  and  a  vear  later  Dan- 
iel  Low,  of  Salem,  Mass.,  brought  out  his  first 
witch  spoon.  Thus  started,  the  idea  grew  until 
it  has  Extended  to  every  place  of  importance  in 
the  country,  and  even  many  of  the  smaller 
towns  have  their  souvenir  spoons.  For  the  most 
part  these  spoons  chronicle  some  historical  event 
connected  with  the  locality,  or  else  a  character- 
istic building  or  scene;  failing  in  these,  the 
memory  of  some  distinguished  person  is  perpet- 
uated by  the  spoons.  At  first  the  dei^igns  were 
simple,  but  many  are  now  quite  complex.  The 
most  interesting  spoons  are  those  of  tne  Eastern 
States,  of  which  the  following  are  representa- 


tive :  Newburyport  shows  the  eccentric  figure  of 
Lord  Timothy  Dexter ;  Plymouth,  the  landing 
of  the  Pilgrims,  or  else  the  rock  itself ;  Lynn, 
Moll  Pitcher  and  her  black  cat ;  UartfordI  the 
Charter  Oak;  Springfield,  the  likeness  ol  her 
pioneer,  Miles  Morgan ; 
Boston,  the  pot  of  baked 
beans ;  Cambridge,  the 
statue  of  John  Harvard; 
and  Portland,  her  observa- 
torv.  New  York  has  sev- 
eral designs,  one  showing 
the  East  Kiver Bridge;  an- 
other, the  Bartholdi  statue ; 
still  another,  Peter  Stuy- 
vesant ;  while  Philadelphia 
has  Indenendenee  Hall  and 
Liberty  Bell  on  her  spoons. 
Alban^  preserves  the  mem- 
ory of  Diedrich  Knicker- 
bocker; Buffalo  shows  the 
head  of  a  bison ;  Rochester, 
her  famous  Genesee  Falls. 
To  the  South,  Baltimore 
has  her  battle  monument 
and  the  terrapin  and  oys- 
ter ;  Charleston,  Fort  Sum- 
ter; and  Savannah,  Gen. 
Greene's  monument  and  her 
City  Hall;  while  Jackson- 
ville has  an  alligator,  and 
St.  Augustine  the  city  gates. 
Atlanta  commemorates  her 
orator,  Henry  W.  Grady; 
Hichmond,  the  monument 
of  Robert  £.  Lee;  St 
Louis  shows  the  Veiled 
Prophet  t  Denver,  her  Rain- 
bow Falls;  San  Francisco, 
the  Golden  Gate;  Portland, 
Oregon,  Mount  Hood;  St. 
Paul,  Fort  Snelling;  and 
Minneapolis,  the  FlourCity, 
a  bag  of  wheat  For  de- 
scription of  these,  and  il- 
lustration, see  ''Souvenir 
Spoons  of  America  *'  (New 
York,  1891).  Besides  the  foregoing  there  ere 
numerous  spoons  pertaining  to  distinguishcnl 
individuals,  as  the  Ben  Butler  spoon  of  Lynn« 
Mass.,  the  Channcey  M.  Depew  spoon  of  Peeks- 
kill,  the  Longfellow,  Whittier,  Gen.  Sherman, 
John  Brown,  and  similar  spoons.  Perhaps 
among  these '  should  be  included  the  several 
Christopher  Columbus  spoons,  the  Frances 
£.  Willard  and  Sarah  Bernhardt  spoons.  The 
Grand  Armv  of  the  Republic,  the  Benevolent 
Order  of  filks,  the  Chautauqua  Literary  and 
Scientific  Circle,  the  KingV  Daughters,  and  sim- 
ilar organizations,  have  special  spoons.  There 
are  certain  State  spoons,  as  that  oi  Kansas  with 
its  sheaf  of  wheat,  and  the  New  Jersey  with  its 
handle  representing  a  cat-tail,  and  a  moes^uito 
in  the  bowl.  Also  there  are  special  national 
spoons,  as  the  Brother  Jonathan,  the  hisloriod 
cannon.  All  America,  and  Uncle  Sam.  Spoons 
with  appropriate  designs  for  Easter  and  for 
card  parties  (known  as  whist  and  enchre  spoons) 
exist.  Several  special  designs  have  Iven  made 
to  present  at  theatres  on  souvenir  nighhs;  also 
in  several  instances  they  have  been  used  for  cd«> 


SPAIN.  808 

Tertising;  thus  special  guests  of  oertain  hotels    following  members:  President  of  the  Council, 
are  presented  with  spoons,  and  certain  large    Antonio  Canovas  del  Castillo ;  Minister  of  For- 


where  special  souvenir  spoons  can  be  procured:  F.  Villa verde;  Minister  of  Instruction,  and  of 

Alaska,  Albany,  Atlanta,  Baltimore,  Bar  Har-  Commerce  and  Agriculture,  S.  de  It^asa;  Minis- 

bor,  Boston.  Bridgeport,  Brooklyn,  Buffalo,  Cal-  ter  of  War,  Gen.  de  Ascarraga ;  Minister  of  Ma- 

ifomia,  Cambridge,  Catskills,  Charleston,  Chica-  rine,  J.  M.  Beranger ;  Minister  of  the  Colonies, 

go,  Cleveland,  Concord,  Mass.,  Dayton,  Denver,  A.  Fable. 

Detroit,  District  of  Columbia,  Florida,  Gettys-  Area  and  Population.— The  area  of  Spain, 
burg,  Hartford,  Haverhill,  Johnstown,  Kansas  including  the  Canary  and  Baleniic  Isles  and  13 
City,  Lexington,  Lincoln,  Lockport,  Los  Angeles,  square  miles  on  the  northwest  coast  of  Africa,  is 
Louisville,  Lynn,  Macon,  Manitou,  Memphis,  197,670  square  miles.  The  population,  accord- 
Milwaukee,  Minneapolis,  Mount  Venion,  Mount  ing  to  the  connected  returns  of  the  census  of 
Washington,  Narrae^nsett,  New  Bedford,  New-  Dec.  81, 1887,  was  for  Continental  Spain,  16,955,- 
burg.  New  Haven,  Newport,  New  York,  Niagara,  090;  for  the  Canaries,  291,625:  for  the  Balearic 
Omaha,  Philadelphia,  Pittsburg,  Pittsfield,  Islands,  812,593;  and  for  the  district  in  northern 
Plymouth,  Portland,  Me.,  Portland,  Ore.,  Ports-  Africa,  5,280 ;  making  a  total  of  17,564,588. 
mouth.  Providence,  Quebec,  Reading,  Richmond,  The  legal  population  on  Dee.  81,  1877,  was  17,- 
Rochester,  Salem,  San  Francisco,  Saratoga  650.284,  comprising  8,724,846  males  and  8,925,- 
Springs,  Savannah,  St  Augustine,  St.  Louis,  St.  888  females.  The  population  of  the  chief  cities 
Paul,  Steubenville,  Syracuse,  Toronto,  Troy,  Uti-  was  as  follows:  Madrid.  470,288;  Barcelona, 
ca,Walthsiii,Washington,Watch  Hill,  Worcester.  272,481;  Valencia,  17Q,768;  Sevilla,  148,182; 
The  following  prsonal  spoons  have  been  ipade :  Malaga,  184,016 ;  Muroia,  98,588 ;  Saragossa, 
Ethan  Allen.  George  Bancroft,  P.  T.  Bamum,  92,407:  Grenada,  73.006;  Cadiz,  62,581;  Valla- 
Henry  Ward  Beecher,  Daniel  Boone,  John  Brown,  dolid,  62,012 ;  Palma,  60,614. 
Benjamin  F.  Butler,  Sarah  Bernhardt,  Christo-  Finances. — The  revenue  as  estimated  in  the 
pher  Columbus,  Chauncey  M.  Depew,  Timothy  budget  for  the  year  ending  June  80.  1692,  is 
Dexter,  Neal  Dow,  Hannah  Dustin,  Leif  Ericsson,  805,551,387  pesetas  or  f ranct^  of  which  269,549,- 
Bcnjamin  Franklin,  James  A.  Garfield,  U.  S.  110  pesetas  are  the  product  of  direct  taxes,  298.- 
Grant,  John  Harvard,  Anneke  Jansi  Diedrich  985,000  pesetas  come  from  indirect  taxee  and 
Knickerbocker,  Robert  E.  Lee,  Abraham  Lincoln,  customs^  170,856,000  pesetas  fVom  stamps  and 
Henry  W.  Longfellow,  Miles  Morgan,  Moll  Pitch-  rkgie  enterprises,  35,571,277  pesetas  from  Gov- 
er,  Priscilla  Alden,  Israel  Putnam,  Paul  Revere,  ernment  ^o|)erty,  and  30,5&0,00Q  pesetas  from 
William  T«  Sherman,  Miles  Standish,  Peter  Stuy-  the  public  treasurv.  The  expenditures  are  esti- 
vesant,  Geoinze  Washington.  John  G.  Whittier,  mated  at  810,663,413  pesetas,  of  which  9,500,0CO 
Frances  E.  Willard,  and  Roger  Williams.  pesetas  are  for  the  civil  list,  1,749,205  pesetas 
SPAIN,  a  monarch^r  in  southern  Europe,  for  legislative  expenses,  282,808,189  pesetas  for 
The  royal  prerogative  is  exercised  during  the  the  public  debt,  1.888,738  pesetas  for  judicial 
minority  of  the  infant  King,  Alfonso  XIII,  bom  expenses,  52.481,545  pesetas  for  indemnities  and 
May  17,  1886,  the  posthumous  son  of  Alfonso  pensions,  1.384,217  pesetas  for  the  presidency  of 
XII,  who  died  Nov.  25,  1885,  by  the  Queen-  the  Council  of  Ministers,  5,160,692  pesetas  for 
mother  Maria  Christina,  daughter  of  the  Arch-  the  Ministry  of  Foreign  Affairs,  56.758,958 
duke  Karl  Ferdinand  of  Austria.  She  first  took  pesetas  for  the  Ministry  of  Justice,  146.220.580 
the  oath  as  Queen-Regent  on  Nov.  26,  1885,  to  pesetas  for  the  Ministry  of  War,  82,088,598 
serve  during  the  minority  of  her  daughter,  pesetas  for  the  Ministry  of  Marine,  29,167,898 
Maria  de  la  Mercedes,  who  was  proclaimed  pesetas  for  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  88,- 
Queen  on  her  father's  death.  Wlien  a  male  269,724  pesetas  for  the  Mmistry  of  Public  Works, 
heir  was  bom  he  succeeded  his  sister,  and  the  19,104,714  pesetas  for  the  Ministry  of  Finance, 
Queen-mother  was  sworn  again  to  act  as  Re-  and  84,085,915  pesetas  are  the  cost  of  collecting 
gent  for  the  King.  The  legislative  power  is  the  revenue,  xhe  funded  public  debt  on  Jan.  1, 
vested  in  the  Cortes,  consisting  of  the  Senate  1890,  amounted  to  6.207,027.484  pesetas;  on 
and  the  Congress,  which  have  concurrent  and  which  the  interest,  reckoned  for  the  most  part 
equal  authoritv.  There  are  100  life  Senators  at  4  per  cent.,  was  238,812,491  pesetas.  The 
nominated  bv  Ihe  King;  about  80  Senators  by  floating  debt  was  285,210.000  pesetas,  and  the 
right  of  birtn  or  office,  viz..  Grandees  of  Spain  Cuban  debt  about  250,000,000  pesetas, 
with  60,000  pesetas  income,  princes  of  the  blood  The  Armr. — Military  laws  enacted  in  1877, 
royal,  the  chief  judges,  archbishops,  captains-  1878,  and  1882  make  service  obligatorv  from  the 
general,  and  admirals :  and  180  Senators  chosen  age  of  twenty  for  twelve  years,  of  which  three 
for  five  years  by  the  provinces,  communes,  uni-  are  passed  in  the  active  army,  three  in  the  first 
versities,  and  ecclesiastical  bodies.  The  Con-  reserve,  and  six  in  the  second  reserve.  Exemp- 
gress  consists -of  431  Deputies,  of  whom  88  are  tion  may  be  purchased  by  the  payment  of  1,500 
elected  in  26  districts  on  collective  ticlcets,  with  pesetas,  and  substitution  among  brothers  is 
provision  for  the  representation  of  minorities,  allowable.  The  peace  effective  in  1B91  was  as 
10  may  be  chosen  by  a  cumulative  vote  in  several  follows:  Infantry,  90.827  men;  cavalry,  18,968 
districts,  and  the  rest  are  chosen  by  the  Electoral  men,  with  11,887  horses;  artillery.  11,340  men, 
Juntas  of  the  ordinary  districts  in  the  propor-  with  392  guns ;  engineers,  4.279  men ;  artificers, 
tion  of  1  to  50,000  innabitants  in  Spain,  and  1  1,185  men  ;  sanitary  corps,  506  men.  Including 
to  40,000  free  persons  in  the  Antilles.  The  Min-  officers,  the  total  peace  strength  is  about  120,000 
istry  constituted  July  5, 1890,  was  made  up  of  the  men,  exclusive  of  the  gendarmeria,    The  war 


804  SPA 

eSective  is  approiimatet;  animated  at  784,680 
InraRtrjr;  23,300  cavalry,  with  18,500  horses; 
80,850  artillery,  with  400  cannons;  7^00  en- 
gineers; 1.900  worlimen ;  ({TO  sanitary  troops: 
and  7,000  territorial  troops  in  the Canai-y  Islanils: 
making  a  total  of  805.400  men,  without  reclion- 
ing  the  troops  in  the  colonies.  The  Govern- 
tnent  has  decided  to  adopt  the  Mau!>er  rille  Tor 
the  infantry. 

The  N*Ty.— The  naval  forces  consist  of  2 
flrst-clasa  ironclads  built  in  188B,  2  second-class 
ironclads,  4  iinarmored  ships  of  Ihe  first,  8  of 
the  second,  and  13  ol  the  Ihird-class,  4  j^unboals. 
82  small  steamers,  13  torpedo  boats,  and  6  trans- 
ports. There  were  under  construction  3  first- 
class  armorclads,  1  of  the  second  elass,  3  flrst- 
ciftss,  1  second-class,  and  4  third-class  nnarmored 
steamers,  1  deelt-protected  cruiser,  and  3  armored 
gunboalA     The  "  Biseaya,"  the  second  of  three 

Slated  cruisers  ordered  in  June,  I88B,  from  the 
rro  of  Rivas  &  Palmer,  of  Bilboa.  was  launched 
on  July  8,  1891.  and  the  third  was  launched  in 
October.  The  "Biseaya"  is  similar  in  all  de- 
tails to  the  "Infanta  Teresa,"  which  was 
lanuched  in  September,  1890. 

CDmnierce. — The  total  value  of  imports  in 
188S  was  866,811,000  pesetas,  and  of  exports  BOQ.- 
850.000  pesetas.  The  foreign  commerce  was  di- 
vided among  Ihe  principal  nations  as  is  shown 
in  the  following  table,  giving  the  vahies  of  the 
imports  from  and  of  the  exports  to  each  one  in 


!„:«.,.. 

Z.,^ 

1= 

H.K" 

"'«! 

Oreat  Britain  Mid  fllbnllu' 

^t'^ 

10,001X000 

Snd«D  ud  NoTW*T 

sr 

'■SSS 

iSlf^  ■Vi,u 

T.Mn)wo 

Tow 

eM.»o«^ooo 

The  principal  imporl«  and  their  values  were  as 
follow:  Cotton.  89.167,000  pesetas;  woods,  45.- 
S47.000pesetas ;  coal,  40.374,000  pesetas;  sugar. 


28,800,000  pesetas ;  codfish,  27,435.000  pesetas 
iron,  36,.580,000  pesetas ;  wheat,  36,156,000  pese- 
tas :  hides  and  skins,  19.190,000  pesetas';  chetni- 
cala,  16,603,000  pesetas;  silk  manufactures,  14,- 
762,000  peseta." :  linen  thread,  14,73.1,000  pesetas ; 
spirits,  14,484,000  pesetas ;  cotton  goods.  13,373,- 
WO  pesetas;  animals,  I.^IOS.OOO  pesetas;  cacao, 
13,853,000  peseta^i ;  petroleum,  11.820.000  pese- 
U"  ;  ships,  lD.a51,000  pesetas.  The  values  of  Ihe 
chief  exports  of  domestic  products  were  us  fol- 
low: Wme,  282,441.000  pesetas:  copper,  61,812.- 
000  pesetari:  iron,  55,668,000  poselas;  ieail,  48.- 
858.000  pesetas;  olive  oil,  20,837.000  pesetas: 
cork,  31,606,000  pesetas;  animals,  21,088.000 
pesetas ;  oranges,  10.554,000  pesetas :  rai-'in'i, 
17,340.000  pesetas;  boots  and  shoes,  15.017.000 
pesetas;  wool,  15,531,000  pesetas;  quicksilver, 
11,057,000. 


N«TlyBlloii.— The  number  of  vessels  entered 
at  Spanish  ports  during  1889  was  53,549,  ol  22,- 
005,403  toll^  including  475  vessels  of  war,  of 
568.035  tons.  Of  the  merchant  vcsselfi,  38.832.  ot 
9.9115.338  tons,  were  Spanish,  and  14.222,  of  12.- 
340,195  tons,  were  foreign.  Tlie  mercban;  ma- 
rine in  1890  compru^  t.3.19  sailing  vessels  of 
over  50  tons,  having  an  aggregate  liurden  nl 
253.426  Ions,  and  350  steam.'rs  of  over  100  ton-. 
of  tiie  aggregate  net  lonnaiie  of  27^,819  tons. 

Ballroads,  Poats,  and  Telegrmplw — The 
total  length  of  the  railroads  at  the  beginning  of 
1880  was  6,043  miles.  All  the  railroads  were 
built  and  operated  by  private  companies,  thougli 
nearly  all  had  their  bonds  guaranteed  or  reteived 
subsidies  from  the  Government. 

The  post-office  in  1889  forwarded  90,751.000 
domestic  and  13,800,000  intemalional  letters, 
918,000  domestic  and  332,000  international  pust- 
cards,  84.737,000  domestic  and  16.025,000  \Mvr- 
nalional  printed  inclosures  and  packets,  itnd  89,- 
000  domestic  and  26.000  internaiional  registered 
letters  of  the  value  ol  119,201.000  and  31.2:.'i.O0O 
francs,  respectively.  The  rMoipts  were  31,803,665 
pesetas,  expenses  I3,374.fS34  pesetas. 

The  length  of  telegraph  lines  on  Jan.  1,  1880, 
was  34,801  kilometres,  or  14,370  miles,  with  54,- 
800  kilometres,  or  34,250  miles,  of  wires,  not  in- 
cluding 8,734  kilometres  of  lines  belon^ng  to 
railro^  companies.  The  number  of  internal 
dispatches  was  8,104,796;  of  international  dis- 
patches, 932,848 ;  of  dispatches  connected  wiih 
the  Bcrvieo,  143.784 ;  the  receipts  for  1889-"90. 
0,398,416  pesetas:  expenses,  7,320.755  pesetas. 

The  New  Cort«s.— The  fint  Cortesnnder  the 
Regency,  havine  completed  the  full  term  of  flro 
years,  was  disscdred  on  Dec  80,  1890.  and  elec- 
tions were  appointed  for  Feb.  1,  1893,  for  Ihe 
House  of  Deputies,  and  for  Feb.  15  for  Senators 
in  the  new  Cortes  that  was  to  meet,  on  March  2. 
under  the  new  Government  presided  orcr  by 
Canovasdel  Castillo.  Theelectionswerethe  first 
that  took  place  under  the  law  of  nniTersal  suf- 
frage, and  were  conducted  by  the  Conservative 
party,  which  had  strenuously  opposed  the  pas- 
sage of  that  law.  In  the  elections  for  Deputies 
the  most  remarkable  feature  was  the  sttpength 
displayed  by  the  Republicans,  who  elected  their 
cnndidates  by  large  majorities  in  five  of  the  great 
towns,  and  would  have  won  in  Madrid,  Barcelona, 
Saragosso.  Sevtlla.  and  Cadiz,  in  which  they  were 
beaten  by  the  Conservatives,  if  the  party  had  not 
ilivided  into  two  factions:  In  Barcelona.  S«r>- 
gossa,  and  Valencia  they  obtained  more  voles 
than  the  Iiiberals.  although  workinpnen  and 
Socialists  largely  abstained  from  voting.  The 
Repulilican  leader,  Nicolas  Salmeron  y  .Alfonso, 
candidate  in  one  ot  the  snburfas  of  Barcelona. 
wan  believed  by  the  people  to  have  been  electfd. 
and  great  indignation  was  cansed  when  Sefior 
Puig.  the  Conservative  candidate,  was  dectaml 
to  have  received  the  most  votes.  The  announce- 
ment  was  made  on  the  day  after  mounted  gen- 
darmes had  charged  witfiont  provocation  and 
without  warning  upon  a  crowd  who  were  listenine 
to  a  speech  from  Seflor  Salmeron  and  had  fired 
their  carbines,  dangerously  wounding  manr  pen- 

Kle,  and  apparently  aiming  at  the  orator.  Fights 
etween  Liberals  and  Carlists  occurred  in  several 
towns.  An  nnusual  number  of  parties  plaend 
separate  candidates  in  the  field.    Besides  the 


SPAIN.  805 

Liberals,  or  Liberal-Fusionists,  led   by  Sefior    the  bank  to  advance  money  to  the  Government, 
S&gasta,  and  the  Conservatives,  under  the  leader-    which  needed  600,000,000  pesetas  to  pay  for  rail- 
ship  of  Sellor  Canovas,  there  were  the  SefSor    roads,  the  new  fleet,  and  other  pressing  require- 
Komero  y  Robledo's  Reform  Party.  Sefior  Cas-    ments.    The  measure  as  passed  limited  the  note 
telar  s  Republicans,  the  Federalists,  the  Zorillist    issue  to  1,500,000,000  pesetas,  which  was  double 
Republicans,  the  Martists,  the  Carlists.  and  the    the  existing  maximum,  and  extended  the  bank's 
Socialists.    About  288  seats  were  won  by  the    charter  till  1922 ;  and  in  return  for  these  conees- 
Conservatives,  including  9  in  Puerto  Rico  and  20    sions  the  Government  received  an  advance  of 
in  Cuba,  where  the  Autonomists  largely  abstained    150,000,000  pesetas  for  thirty  years  without  in- 
trom  voting.    Against  the  Goverament  were  88    terest,  of  which  87.000,000  pesetas  w^re  to  be  ex- 
Fusionists,  27  Republicans,  18  Romerists,  10  of    pended  for  naval  construction  in  accordance  with 
the  Cuban  Opposition,  8  Carlists,  8  Martists,  and    the  law  of  July,  1888:  15,000,000  pesetas  for  wnr 
2  Puerto  Rican  Autonomists.    Of  the  Republi-    material  for  the  army ;  85,C0O,000  pesetas  for 
cans,  about  two  fifths  were  followers  of  Salmeron,     railroad  subventions ;  and  18,000,000  pesetas  on 
while  the  other  Republican  seats  were  nearly    harbor  improvements,  canals,  and  other  public 
equally  divided  among  the  Zorillists  or  Revolu-    works.    Another  law  authorized  the  issue  of  250,- 
tionary  party,  the  Possibilists,  and  the  Federal-    000,000  pesetas  of  Government  bonds,  running 
ists,  with  whom  the  Castelar  Republicans  united,     thirtv  vears  and  bearing  4  per  cent,  interest. 
Of  Sagasta*s  Fusion  piarty  about  three  eighths    The  bill  granting  a  general  amnesty  to  political 
were  Constitutional  Liberals,  one  fourth  were    offenders,  in  fulfillment  of  the  promise  in  the 
Democrats,  one  fifth  were  Liberal  Conservatives,     (Queen's  speech,  gave  all  refugees  and  exiles  the 
and  one  sixth    Gamazist    Protectionists.    The    right  to  return  to  Spain,  if  they  availed  them- 
Senatorial  elections  gave  seats  to  150  Conserva-    selves  of  the   amnesty  within    the   ne^t  four 
tives,  19  Fusionists,  7  Reformists,  2  foUowera  of    months,  and  restored  to  army  ofilcers  their  right 
Sefior  Martos,  1  Republican,  and  1  Carlist.  to  a  retiring  pension,  reckoning  seniority  from 

The  Cortes  were  opened  on  March  2  by  the  the  date  when  they  left  the  senice. 
Queen  in  a  speech  of  clear  import,  jsromising  the  Insurrectionary  MoTements. — Before  May  1 
continuance  of  the  reform  legislation  begun  by  strikes  and  broken  out  in  Bilboa.  Cartagena,  and 
the  Fusionist  Cabinet,  and  the  completion  of  the  other  places.  On  the  Socialist  labor  day  excited 
new  laws  of  worship,  justice,  and  civil  adminis-  meetings  of  working  men  took  place  at  Madrid 
tration ;  a  protective  tariff  which  would  eflFect  an  and  the  principal  industrial  centers.  Seflor  Cano- 
equilibrium  of  the  budget ;  reforms  in  the  penal  vas  made  a  declaration  that  the  eight-hour  work- 
code  and  in  the  army  and  navy  regulations;  an  ing  day  should  be  secured  by  international  legis- 
amnesty  for  political  offenders,  but  without  the  lation,'but  that  it  was  not  for  Spain  to  take  the 
restitution  of  military  grades ;  measures  for  the  lead  in  the  matter.  On  May  1  the  ship-yards  of 
advantage  and  protection  of  the  working  classes ;  Bivas  &  Palmer  were  burned  in  Bilboa,  it  was 
refonns  in  the  public  accounts,  in  municipal  and  supposed  by  incendiaries,  and  feveral  disturb- 
provincial  government,  in  education,  in  the  regu-  ances  occurred  while  the  strike  lasted.  At  Cadiz 
jation  of  railroads  and  of  mines,  and  in  the  pat-  and  elfewhcre  there  were  mysterious  explosions 
ent  laws;  liberal  electoral  laws  for  the  West  In-  of  bombs.  Masons,  tailors,  bakers,  and  members 
dies ;  and  a  thorough  reformation  of  the  finances,  of  other  trades  struck  in  Barcelona  for  the  eight- 
including  retrenchments  sufficient  to  meet  the  hour  day  in  May,  but  returned  to  work  after  a 
deficit,  new  credits  only  for  the  augmentation  of  few  days.  After  the  closure  of  the  Cortes  on 
the  navy,  the  consolidation  of  the  floating  debt,  July  18,  labor  disturbances  were  renewed ;  and 
and  measures  to  improve  the  condition  of  the  when  disastrous  floods  caused  distress  through- 
notes  of  the  Bank  of  Spain.  The  continuance  of  out  southern  Spain,  menacing  demonstrations  of 
negotiations  with  France  in  regard  to  the  front-  working  men  were  organized  in  the  affected 
ier  in  Guinea  was  announced,  as  well  as  the  set-     provinces. 

tiement  of  claims  on  Morocco.  The  commercial  On  Aug.  2  an  attempt  was  made  by  Federalist 
treaties  had  been  denounced  with  a  view  to  nego-  Republicans  to  incite  a  revolt  of  the  garrison  at 
tiate  new  ones  that  would  conform  to  the  pro-  Barcelona.  A  band  of  16  men,  armed  with  rifles 
tectionist  poliev,  and  an  understanding  with  the  and  revolvers,  attempted  to  surprise  the  sentries 
United  States  for  a  new  convention  was  looked  and  gain  entrance  into  the  barracks.  On  being 
for.  At  the  beginning  of  the  session  the  Prime  detected,  they  made  a  rush  for  the  entrance,  fir- 
Minister  introduced  a  bill  prohibiting  Sunday  ing  their  weapons  and  wounding  some  of  the 
work  in  industrial  and  commercial  estAblish-  pTinrds.  who  answered  their  fire.  After  a  brief 
ments  for  minors  under  the  age  of  eighteen  fight  the  foolhardy  revolutionists,  who  expected 
years,  and  for  workmen  of  all  ages  in  establish-  the  garrison  to  mutiny  at  their  signal,  were  over- 
ments  belonging  to  the  state  or  to  municipali-     powered  and  captured. 

tie*!.  A  bill  which  engrossed  the  attention  of  the  Cabinet  Crisis.— The  financial  position  of 
public,  and  was  regarded  by  manv  as  mischiev-  the  Government  was  not  strengthened  bythede- 
ous,  proposed  to  empower  the  Bank  of  Spain  vices  of  Seflor  Cos- Gayon,  and  was  rendered  criti- 
to  increase  its  issue  of  notes  to  1,500.000,000  cal  by  the  decline  of  Spanish  renfea  in  the  Paris 
pesetas  on  condition  that  it  should  increase  Bourse,  and  by  disastrous  floods  which  in  the 
its  metallic  reserve  from  one  fourth  to  one  autumn  swept  away  the  crops  in  the  provinces 
third  of  the  amount  of  notes  issued,  one  half  to  south  of  the  Ebro.  The  rice  crops  in  Valencia, 
be  held  in  gold  and  one  half  in  silver,  with  fur-  the  raisin  harvest  in  Malaga,  the  vintage  in  Al- 
ther  power  to  enlarge  its  circulation  indefinitelv,  meria,  and  the  grain  and  potato  crops  and  the 
provided  that  emissions  beyond  the  1,500,000,000  live  stock  in  these  provinces  and  in  Murcia,  To- 
pesetasbesecuredbyreservesof  half  their  amount  ledo,  and  Saragossa,  were  almost  annihilated, 
in  metal.    The  object  of  the  bill  was  to  enable    The  whole  town  of  Consuegra  was  destroyed  by  a 


806  SPAIN.  SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

torrential  inundation  on  Sept  11,  and  some  1,200  Juan.    The  French  Goremment  disputed  their 

persons,  more  than  one  quarter  of  the  popula-  pretensions,  ag^reeing  only  to  grant  commercial 

tion,  were  drowned.    Although  the  Conservative  freedom  on   the    Muni   river,  where   there  are 

majority  outnumbered  the  followers  of  Sefior  Sa-  Spanish   settlements,  and  also  on   the  Benito 

gasca  in  the  Cortes  three  to  one,  Sefior  Canovas  rtver.    As  regards  the  Rio  de  Oro,  the  French 

saw  the  necessity  of  strengthening  the  Cabinet,  Government  in  1886  agreed  to  make  an  eoual 

and  invited  the  support  of  the  Reformists,  who  division  of  the  Cape  Blanco  peninsula  by  a  lioe 

had  expressed  entire  approval  of  the  objects  and  which  would  extend  into  the  interior  along  the 

methods  unfolded  in  the  ministerial  programme,  parallel  of  2V  20'.    A  joint  commission  for  the 

Admiral  Beranger,  in  endeavoring  to  carry  out  settlement  of  these  disputes  met  in  Paris  in  th« 

the  extensive  scheme  of  naval  reform,  gave  of*  beginning  of  1891.    The  question  of  the  Rio  de 

fense  to  many,  and  was  subjected  to  attacks  in  Oro  territory  was  at  once  excluded  from  the  de- 

the  newspapers  which  impelled  him  to  resign,  liberations,  because  the  Spanish  commissioners 

The  Prime  Minister,  on  Nov.  9,  took  charge  of  assumed  that  the  dividing  line  extended  indefi- 

the  Marine  Department  ad  interim  pending  the  nitely  into  the  interior,  embracing  a  part  of  the 

appointment  of  a  successor  of  Admiral  Beranger.  Algerian  Hinttrlafid,    The  commissioners  were 

He  found  the  officers  of  the  navy  who  posseted  no  better  able  to  reach  a  common  understanding 

the  necessary  capabilities  unwilling  to  accept  regarding  the  historical  claims  of  Spain  to  the 

the  post  under  the  circumstances.    Seflor  Silve-  large  region  inclosed  by  the  Muni  and  Beniro 

la  had  differences  with  the  Prime  Minister  of  rivers,  and  conse<juently  they  separated  in  the 

long  standing,  and  a  reconstruction  of  the  Cabi-  beginning  of  April  after  deciding  that  the  quc$- 

net  was  considered  expedient  by  Seflor  Canovas,  tions  in  dispute  should  be  referred  to  arbitni- 

who  expected  to  tide  over  the  crisis  by  a  slight  tion.    The  Spanish  authorities  have  been  at  war 

modification  of  the  ministerial  policy  and  some  with  the  natives  both  of  the  Philippines  and  the 

exchanges  of  portfolios.    When  he  found  that  Caroline  Islands.    American  missionaries  inter- 

the  Minister  of  the  Interior  had  sympathissers  ceded  in  1890  to  save  the  inhabitants  of  the  Caro- 

within  the  Cabinet,  he  declared  the  crisis  politi-  line  Islands  from   the  cruelty  and  oppression 

cal  at  the  meeting  of  Nov.  21,  in  which  SeHor  of  Spanish  soldiers,  and  the  governor  promised 

Silvela  expressed   his  determination  to  retire,  to  ^rant  protection.    Some  time  afterward  the 

After  a  heated  discussion,  at  the  suggestion  of  natives  rose  in  rebellion  and  drove  out  their  op- 

the  Minister  of  Justice,  Seilor  Villaverde,  the  pressors,  who   were  lascars  from    Manilla,  not 

members  of  the  Council  voted  to  tender  their  Spaniards.    This  led   to   the   bombardment  of 

resignations  to  the  Queen-Regent  in  a  body.    A  Ponape  and  other  villages  and  the  expulsion  (>f 

new  Cabinet  was  formed  on  Nov.  23,  in  which  Se-  Americans.     In   the  first  attempt  to  land.  40 

fior  Romero  and  his  lieutenant,  Sefior  Elduayen  Spanish  soldiers  were  killed,  and  in  the  course 

office.    The  Cabinet  as  finally  constituted  was  of  the  war  about  300  native  warriors  felL     The 


Senor  P31duayen,  Marquis  del  Pazo  de  la  Merced ;  for    the  army    and  navy.     The  Spanish   force 

Minister  of  War,  Gen.  Azcarraga;  Minister  of  maintained   there  numbered  452  soldiers    and 

Marine,  Vice- Admiral  Montojo ;  Minister  of  Pi-  2,818  sailors.     The  imports  in  1887  were  value*! 

nance,  Concha  Castafieda;  Minister  of  the  Colo-  at  $17,530,298,  and  the  export*  at  $25,254,140. 

nies,    Sefior   Romero   y  Robledo ;   Minister  of  The    chief    exports   are   tobacco,  su^r,  coffee. 

Justice,    P.    Cos-Gayon;    Minister    of    Public  and  manilla  hemp,  the  exports  of  the  first  beinsj 

Works,  Commerce,  and  Agriculture,  Sefior  Li-  valued  at  |7,995,726.  those  of  hemp  and  manu- 

nares  Rivas.    Sefior  Canovas  sent  statements  to  factures  of  hemp  at  f  5.460,454,  those  of  tobacco 

the  Spanish  amlwissadors  and  ministers,  and  to  and  cigars  at  $2,024,767.  and  those  of  coffee  at 

the  Governors  of  provinces,  intimating  that  the  $2,093,518.     Other  articles  of  export  are  dve- 

foreign  policy  of  the  new  Cabinet  would  differ  woods,  indigo,  and  skins.   The  number  of  ves^^^ls 

in  no  way  from  that  of  its  predecessor,  and  that  entered  during  1887  was  438,  of  359.999  tons, 

its  domestic  policy  would  be  to  realize  economies  and  the  number  cleared  was  435,  of  345,350  tons 

and  to  foster  public  liberty  as  far  as  was  com-  There  is  a  railroad  building  to  connect  Manilla 

patible  with  tranquillity.  with  Daerupan,  the  distance  being  120  miles. 

The  Colon!e8,~Including  the  Antilles  (see        SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY,  two  kingdoms  in 

Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico),  the  ultramarine  posses-  the  north  of  Europe  united  in  the  person  of  tho 

sions  of  Spain  have  an  agcfregate  area  of  406,903  sovereign,  and  having  a  common  diplomacv  di- 

square  miles,  and  a  population  of  9,404.400,  ac-  rected  by  a  Council  of  State  in  which  both  na- 

cording  to  the  most  recent  estimates.    The  most  tions  have  representatives.    The  reigning  Kin? 

important  of  the  colonies.  l)esides  the  West  In-  is  Oscar  II,  born  Jan.  21,  1829,  who  succewlt-d 


in  the  South  Sea  are  the  Sulu.  Marianne,  and        Sweden. — The  legislative  power  is  vested  in 
Caroline  Islands,  with  a  population  of  120.000.    a  Diet,  consisting  of  two  chambers,  one  of  147 


In  Africa  the  Spanish  occupy  a  tract  of  243.000  members,  elected  for  nine  years  by  the  communes, 

square  miles  in  the  region  of  the  Rio  de  Oro  and  and  the  other  of  228  members,  "elected  for  thrw 

Adrar.      They  claim    a   much  larger  territory  years  by  direct  suffrage  in  towns,  and  by  either 

there  and  on  the  mainland  opposite  Corisco  and  direct  or  indirect  suffrage,  as  the  msjority  tlc- 

Elobey.  where  the  territory  actually  occupied  is  cides,  in  the  rural  districts.    The  following  mi n* 

confined  to  those  islands  and  the  Cape  of  San  isters  were  in  office  in  the  beginning  of  1891 : 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.  807 

Johan  Gustaf  Nils  Samuel  Akerhjelm,  Minister  which  18,890,500  kronor  were  outstanding  on 

of  State ;  Count  Carl  Lewenhaupt,  Minister  of  Jan.  1, 1891,  and  240,622,099  kronor  borrowed  in 

Foreign  Affairs ;  August  Ostergren,  Minister  of  Great  Britain,  Fi-ance,  and  Germany,  of  which 

Justice;  Baron  Nils  Axel  Hjalmar  Palmstierna,  16,665,432  kronor  raised  in  1878  and  111,078,000 

Minister  of  War ;  Baron  Carl  Gustaf  von  Otter,  kronor  raised  in  1880  pay  4  per  cent.,  49,625,833 

Minister  of  Marine ;  Victor  Leunart  Groll,  Min-  kronor  remaining  from  the  loan  of  1886  and  85,- 

ister  of  the  interior;  Baron  Fredrik  von  Essen,  555,556  kronor  borrowed  in  1890  pay  3^  per  cent.. 

Minister  of  Finance ;  Gunnar  Wennerburg,  Min-  and  26,666,667  kronor  were  raised  at  8  per  cent. 

u;ter  of  Education  and  Ecclesiastical  Affairs ;  in  1888. 

Baron  Albert  Lars  Evert  Akerhielm ;  Sven  Her-  The  Army  and  Nayy.— The  larger  part  of 

man  Wikblad.  the  army  consists  of  the  Indelta  or  cantoned 

Area  and  Popnlation. — With  an  area  of  troops,  which  are  raised  and  maintained  by  rural 

170,979  square  miles,  Sweden  has  a  population,  proprietors  in  virtue  of  contracts  made  with 

according  to  the  preliminary  results  of  the  cen-  them  by  the  Government.    During  the  first  year, 

sus  of  Dec  31, 1890,  of  4,784,675  individuals,  of  which  usually  begins  at  the  age  of  twenty,  the 

whom  2,317,105  are  of  the  male  and  2,467,570  of  recruits  are  kept  with  the  colors  one  hundred 

the  female  sex.    The  mamages  in  1889  numbered  and  twenty  days,  except  the  cavalrymen,  who  are 

^,478 ;  births,  185,586 ;  deaths,  79,641 ;  surplus  trained  for  two  hundred  and  twenty  days.    In 

of  births,  55,945.    The  emigrants  in  1889  num-  the  second  year  the  soldiers  are  required  to  ex- 

bered  3,^6,  and  the  immigrants  5,504.    Thcro  ercise  seventy-two  days,  and  in  the  succeeding 

are  16,976  Finns,  6,404  Lapps,  and  about  18,000  four  years  twenty-two  days.    The  life  guards, 

Norwegians,  Danes,  Germans,  and  other  foreign-  the  engineers  and  train,  the  artillery,  and  bodies 

ers.    The  chief  cities  are  Stockholm,  having  240.-  of  hussars  and  chasseurs  consist  of  enlisted  troops, 

154  inhabitants  in  1890;  G5teborg,  with  1(M,657;  called  the  Vdrfvade,  who  are  engaged  for  terms 

Malm5,  with  48,504 ;  and  Norrkdping,  with  32.-  of  active  service  varying  from  two  to  six  years. 

826.    Elementary  education  is  universal.    The  Under  the  conscription  law  of  Jan.  1, 1887,  every 

University  of  Upsala  had  1,791  students  and  the  Swede  is  enrolled  for  six  years  in  the  Bev&r- 

University  of  Lund  855  in  1889.  and  there  were  ung  and  six  years  in  the  Landsiorm^  and  durine 

14,062  pupils  in  the  public  high  schools,  872  in  the  first  two  years  is  drilled  for  a  total  period 

people's  high  schools,  907  in  normal  schools,  459  of  forty-two  days.    The  strength  of  the  regular 

m  technic^  schools,  and  in  1888  there  were  685,-  army  in  1891  was  2,086  officers,  521  employes. 

212  in  the  public  elementary  schools.  1,688  under  officers,  1,593  musicians,  and  33,783 

Finances. — The  budget  for  1892  makes  the  privates,  making  89,671  men,  with  6,249  horses, 

total  receipts  from  the  ordinary  sources  of  reve-  The  Bevdruna  numbered  184,717  of  all  ranks, 

nne— rthat  is,  from  the  land  tax,  personal  tax,  and  the  Lanasiorm  159.763,  making  a  total  war 

navigation  dues,  domains,  forests,  railroads,  tele-  effective  of  384,151  men. 

graphs,  etc.  —  20,490,000  kronor  (the  Swedish  The  Swedish  navy  in  1891  comprised  2  first- 
ly rona  or  Norwegian  krone  is  worth  27^  cents),  class,  4  second-class,  and  10  third-class  armor- 
The  extraordinary  receipts  were  estimated  at  clad  gun-vessels,  15  sloop  gunboats,  1  small 
68.780,000  kronor,  88,000,000  kronor  being  set  cruiser,  6  first-class  and  9  second-class  torpedo 
down  for  customs,  7,W0,000  for  postal  receipts,  boats,  two  school  ships,  1  frigate,  3  corvettes,  and 
3.600,000  for  stamps,  13,700,000  for  the  revenue  8  transports,  besides  2  sailing  corvettes  and  4 
from  the  spirit  tax,  1,600,000  for  receipts  of  the  brigs.  The  armament  comprised  148  guns  and 
duties  on  beets,  3.800,000  for  the  income  tax,  and  154  machine  guns.  The  crews  numbered  4,295 
380,000  for  miscellaneous  receipts.  Withabal-  men.  The  most  powerful  ship  is  the  "Sven," 
ance  of  5,887,000  kronor  carried  over  from  the  completed  in  1886,  a  central  citadel  ironclad  of 
previous  year  and  1,850,000  kronor  earned  by  the  2,900  tons  displacement,  plated  with  12  inches  of 
state  bank,  the  total  amount  available  is  97,007,-  armor  over  the  vulnerable  parts,  and  carrying  a 
000  kronor.  The  total  expenditure,  including  couple  of  32-ton  breech-loaders  in  her  turret  and 
69.101,311  kronor  of  ordinary  expenses,  16,406.-  4  6-|nch  guns  on  the  upper  deck. 
389  kronor  of  extraordinarv  outlay,  10,495.000  Commerce.— The  total  value  of  imports  in 
kronor  for  interest  and  amortization  of  the  debt,  1889  was  376.964,000  kronor,  against  324.709,0(;o 
250.000  kronor  reserved  for  the  construction  of  a  kronor  in  1888  and  297,410,000  kronor  in  1887. 
hall  for  the  Legislature,  100,000  kronor  reserved  The  value  of  the  exports  was  301,725,000  kronor, 
for  a  working-men's  accident  insurance  fund,  is  against  281,753,000  kronor  in  1888  and  246,678,- 
made  to  balance  the  estimate  of  receipts  by  car-  000  kronor  in  1887.  Of  the  exports  for  1889,  the 
r>ing654,800kronor  to  floating  capital.  The  or-  value  of  1,448,000  kronor  went  to  the  United 
dinary  expenditure  on  the  army  is  20,670,000  States.  Of  the  value  of  the  imports,  115,503,- 
kronor ;  on  the  navy,  6,258,690  kronor ;  extraor-  000  kronor  were  from  Germany,  1 10,815.000  kron- 
dinary  expenditure  on  thearmvand  navy,  4.315,-  or  from  Great  Britain,  45,239,000  kronor  from 
910  kronor;  expenditure  on  education  and  re-  Denmark,  34.311,000  kronor  from  Norway,  20,- 
ligion,  12,335,282  kronor  ;  pensions,  2.915,550  950,000  kronor  from  Russia,  12,185,000  kronor 
kronor ;  cost  of  administration  of  the  customs,  from  Belgium,  8.960,000  kronor  from  the  Neth- 
post-office,  excise,  telegraphs,  and  forests,  16,-  erlands,  7,636.000  kronor  from  France,  5,904,000 
340,066  kronor;  civil  list,  1,320,000  kronor;  ex-  kronor  from  the  United  States,  5,815,000  kronor 
pensesof  the  judiciary,  3,854,107  kronor;  expenses  from  Finland,  3,058,000  kronor  from  easteni 
of  diplomatic  relations,  606,750  kronor;  expenses  Asia,  and  6,588,000  kronor  from  other  countries, 
of  the  Interior  Department,  4,800.866  kronor;  The  imports  of  articles  of  consumption  were  val- 
extraordinary  expenditures,  12.090.479  kronor.  ued  at  119,000,000  kronor,  including  29,300,000 

The  public  debt  comprises  an  internal  loan,  kronor  for  cereals,  50,800.000  kronor  for  colonial 

paying  3*6  per  cent,  interest,  raised  in  1887,  of  goods,  15,800,000  kronor  for  animals  and  animal 


808  SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY. 

food  productfii,  0.100.000  kroror  for  tobacco,  7,-  postal  cards,  4,642,000  internal  and  TfllOi.000  in- 

400,0(X)  kronor  for  fermented  drinks.  4,000.000  leniational;  printed  inclosures,  2,456,000  interDal 

kronor  for  fruits  and  le^mcs,  and  2,600,000  kron-  and  2,718,000  international ;  registered  letters.  1.- 

or  for  salt.    The  imports  of  articles  of  oonsump-  575,000  internal,  with  604,896,000  francs,  and  IS^ 

tion  amounted  to  73,900.000  kronor,  including  international,  with  49,275,000  francs. 
59,100,000  kronor  for  animals  and  animal  vict*        Norway. — The  legislative  body  is  the  Storth- 

iials.  11,100,000  kronor  for  cereals,  2.000,000  kron-  ing,  composed  of  114  representatives,  38  from 

or  for  spirits,  and  1.700,000  kronor  for  other  towns  and  76  from  rural  constituencies,  elected 

things.    Imports  of  raw  materials,  88,600,000  for  three  years  by  the  suffrage  of  chosen  elect or^ 

kronor  in  total  value,  consisted  of  textile  matp-  It  meets  every  year  for  two  months  in  February, 

rials  for  27,000,000  kronor,  coal  for  26,200.000  and  elects  one  fourth  of  its  members  t-o  form  the 

kronor,  hides  and  leather  for  13,100.000  krono^  La^thing,  which  appnives  or  rejects  the  projects 

metals  for  11,600.000  kronor,  minerals  for  8.800,-  of  law  that  have  first  passed  the  Odelsthing,  con- 

000  kronor,  and  timber  for  1,900,000  kronor.  sisting  of  the  other  three  fourths  of  the  Storthing. 

The  exports  of  raw  materials  were  162,900,000  If  the  Lagthing  withholds  its  assent  to  a  measure, 

kronor  in  value,  consisting  of  lumber  for  116,-  the  two  Houses  meet  in  joint  session  and  a  two- 

700,000  kronor.  metals  for  40,000.000  kronor,  thirds  vote  is  necessary  to  make  the  bill  a  law. 

minerals  for  4,700.000  kronor,  and  other  articles  The  Council  of  State  m  the  beginning  of  1891 

for  1,500,000  kronor.    The  imports  of  manufact-  was  composed  of  the  following  members:  Minis- 

ured  goods.  127,500,000  kronor  in  value,  consist-  ter  of  State.  Emil  Stang ;  Education  and  Eccle- 

cd  of  textiles  for  70,200,000  kronor,  ships,  ma-  siastical  Affairs,  Jakob  Aall  Bonnevie :  Justice, 

chinery,  and  vehicles  for  18,200,000  kronor,  metal  Ulrik  Christian  Arneberg ;  Interior.  Die  Andreas 

wares  for  15,000,000  kronor.  paper  for  5,000,00J  Furu;  Public  Works,  Peter  Birch- Reichenwald ; 

kronor.  and  other  goods  for  13,100.000  kronor.  Finance  and  Customs,  Evald  Rygh :  Defense,  Col. 

The  exports  of  manufactured  products  were  59,-  Edvard  Hans  Hoff ;  Revision  of  Public  Accounts. 

300,000  kronor  in  value,  the  principal  items  be-  Emil  Stane ;  Delegation  at  Stockholm,  Oregers 

ingpaperfor  17,700.000  kronor,  textile  manufact-  Winther  Wulfsberg  (iram,  Ferdinand  Nicolai 

ures  for  7,700,000  kronor,  and  metal  eoods  for  Roll,  and  Johan  Ilenrich  Paasche  Thome. 
5.200,000  kronor.   The  imports  of  oils,  drugs  and        Area  and  Popolatlon.— The  area  of  Norway 

chemicals,  aud  -other  miscellaneous  merchandise  is  123,205  square  miles.   The  population,  aocorcl- 

were  valued  at  41,500,000  kronor,  and  the  exports  ing  to  the  provisional  returns  of  the  oensas  of 

at  5,500,000  kronor.    The  import  of  precious  Jan  1,  1891,  is  1,988,997,  consisting  of  1,037,501 

metals  was  400,000  kronor  and  the  export  100,-  males  and  1,988,997  females.  The  urban  popula- 

000  kronor.  tion  is  463,957,  and  the  rural  population  1,525,- 

Naylgation. — The  number  of  vessels  entered  040.    The  number  of  marriages  in   1889  was 

at  Swedish  ports  during  1889  was  30,184,  of  5,-  12,416 ;  of  births,  59,188 ;  of  deaths,  34,704 ;  ex- 

450,000  tons,  of  which  14.098,  of  1,781,000  tons,  cess  of  births,  24,484.    Christiania,  the  capitiil. 

were  Swedish,  2,627,  of  529,000  tons,  were  Nor-  had  148,319  inhabitants  present  at  the  census  of 

wegian,  and  13,459.  of  3.140,000  tons,  were  of  oth-  1801:  Bergen   had  52,756;  Trondhjem,  24.746: 

cr  nationalities.    Of  the  total  number,  11,484.  of  Stavanger,  22.478.    The  number  of  emigrants  in 

2,389,000  tons,  were  with  cargoes.    The  number  1890  was  10,991,  against  12,642  in  1889. 
of  steamers  included  in  the  total  was  12,713,  of       Finances. — The  ordinary  receipts  in  the  year 

3.686,000  tons.    The  total  number  cleared  was  ending  June  30,  1891,  were  49,804,900  kroner,  of 

28,027,  of  5,181.000  tons,  including  12,570  steam-  which    28,358,500   kroner   were   derived    from 

ers,  of  3,644.000  tons ;  of  the  total  number,  19,-  customs,  3,041.800  kroner  from  the  spirit  dutv, 

164.  of  3,888.000  tons,  carried  cargoes.  2,104,300  kroner  from  the  malt  duty,  7,487,900 

The  merchant  marine  on  Jan.  1.  1890,  nnm-  kroner   from   railroads,  1,498,900  kroner  from 

bered  2,859  sailing  vessels,  of  369.709  tons,  and  domains,  forests,  and  mines,  2,693,700  kroner 

963steamers,  of  134,970  tons,  a  total  of  3,822  ves-  from    the    post-office,    1,071,200   kroner    from 

sels,  of  504,679  tons.  telegraphs,     1.971,600    kroner    from     capital, 

Commnnlcations. — The  Swedish  railroads  at  and  the    rest   from   succession   duties,  courts 

the  end  of  1890  had  a  total  length  of  8,018  kilo-  of    justice,  the  university,  stamps,  etc.      The 

metres,  of  which  2,613  kilometres  belonged  to  total    expenditures    amounted    to    45.398,200 

the  Government  and  5,405  kilometres  to  private  kroner,  the  chief  items  being  9,283.200  kroner 

companies.    The  cost  of  the  state  railroads  up  for  public  works,  8,107,100  kroner  for  financial 

to  the  end  of  1888  was  247,173,027  kronor,  and  admmistration  and  the  debt,  7,424.200  kroner 

of  the  private  lines  247,842,457  kronor.  for  the  army,  5,811,200  kroner  for  the  Interior 

The  total  length  of  the  state  telegraph  lines  Department,  including  the  expenses  of  the  post- 
in  1890  was  8,785  kilometres,  with  22,884  kilo-  office  and  telegraphs,  £535,800  kroner  for  justice, 
metres  of  wires,  including  101  kilometres  of  sub-  police,  and  sanitary  supervision,  and  4,373,100 
marine  cable,  but  not  the  cable  owned  in  common  Kroner  for  education.  The  debt,  which  was  eon- 
with  Denmark,  nor  that  running  to  the  island  tracted  for  reprocluctive  works,  amoanted  on 
of  RQgen,  of  which  the  Prussian  Government  is  June  30,  1890,  to  115,357,500  kroner,  and  was 
joint  owner.  The  number  of  paid  messages  sent  offset  by  the  value  of  the  railroads  and  other 
m  the  internal  service  was  961,476:  international  quick  assets  reckoned  at  139,312,900  kroner, 
messages,  603.517;  in  transit,  190,352;  oflScial,  Commerce. — The  total  value  of  the  import*! 
65,831 ;  receipts,  1,444,009  kronor;  expenses,  1,-  in  1890  was  208,659,000  kroner,  against  191,608,- 
359.101  kronor.  000  kroner  in  1889,  and  158,397.000  kroner  in 

The  number  of  letters  mailed  in  1889  was  41,-  1888.    The  total  exports  were  valued  at  131.- 

808.000  in  the  internal  service.  11.469,000  inter-  096.000  kroner,  aarainst   132.669.000  kroner  in 

national,  and  244,000  in  transit ;  the  number  of  1889  and  122,357,000  kroner  in  1888.    Of  the  im- 


SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.  809 

ports.  Great  Britain  furnished  the  Talaeof  66,128,-  The  number  of  domestic  letters  that  went 
OUO  kroner  ^Germany,  54,985,(XX)l:roner;  Sweden,  through  the  post-office  during  1890  was  10,841,- 
23,125,000  kroner;  Russia  and  Finland,  20,726,-  000,  besides  1,488,400  registered  money  letters, 
000  kroner;  Denmark,  9,378,000  kroner;  the  and  the  number  of  printed  inclosures  was  28,- 
United States, 9,208,000 kroner:  the  Netherlands,  471,400.  The  number  of  foreign  letters  was  7,- 
8.054,000  kroner;  Belgium,  6,520,000  kroner;  407,400;  of  registered  letters,  86,900;  of  news- 
France,  5,883,000  kroner ;  and  other  countries,  papers,  etc.,  1,080,900.  The  postal  receipts  were 
4.706,000  kroner.  Of  the  total  exports,  42.250.-  2,818,575  kroner,  and  the  expenses  2,615,684. 
000  kroner  went  to  Qreat  Britain,  19,681,000  The  Army  and  NaTy.— Military  service  is 
kroner  to  Sweden,  18,227,000  kroner  to  Germany,  obligatory  by  law,  and  the  period,  beginning  at 
1 1,074,000  kroner  to  Spain,  7.087,000  kroner  to  the  age  of  twenty-three,  is  thirteen  years,  viz.: 
France,  6^223,000  kroner  to  Holland,  5,329,000  five  in  the  active  army,  four  in  the  Landvaem, 
kroner  to  Belgium,  5,300,000  kroner  to  Denmark,  and  four  in  the  Laudbtorm,  Actual  service  is 
4,372,000  kroner  to  Italy,  3,095,000  kroner  to  Rus-  restricted  to  a  course  of  instruction  in  the  first 
sia  and  Finland,  2,094,000  kroner  to  the  United  year  lasting  forty-two  days  for  the  infantry  and 
States,  and  5,518,000  kroner  to  other  countries,  fortress  artillery,  fifty  days  for  the  engineers, 
The  imports  of  articles  of  food  and  drink  and  seventy  days  for  the  cavalry  and  field  artil- 
amounted  to  79,000,000kroner,  the  principal  items  lery,  which  is  followed  by  twelve  days  of  exer- 
lieing  33,600,000  kroner  for  cereals.  23,200,000  cises  with  the  first  class  of  the  Landwehr,  and  to 
kroner  for  colonial  products,  15,600,000  kroner  twenty-four  days  of  training  in  each  of  the  two 
for  animals  and  animal  products,  and  8,800,000  succeeding  years.  The  efifective  of  the  active 
kroner  for  fermented  liquors.  The  exports  in  army  is  about  12,000  men,  and  in  case  of  war  it 
tife  same  class  amounted  to  49,300,000  kroner,  may  be  raised  to  800  ofilcers  and  18,000  men; 
of  which  46,300,000  kroner  represent  animal  but  this  number  must  not  be  exceeded  without 
products.  The  imports  of  raw  materials  of  the  the  consent  of  the  Storthing.  The  military 
total  value  of  42,300,000  kroner  were  coal  of  the  efficiency  of  the  Norwegians  has  been  improved 
value  of  11,500,000  kroner,  metals  next  of  the  by  more  careful  instruction  and  voluntary  prac- 
value  of  8,100,000  kroner,  then  textile  materials  tice  in  recent  years. 

for  7.700,()00  kroner,  and  after  these  hides  and  The  naval  forces  consist  of  4  monitors  carry- 
leather  for  6,600,000  kroner,  minerals  for  4,600,-  ing  eight  cannons,  a  deck-protected  corvette 
000  kroner,  and  lumber  for  3,800,000  kroner,  armed  with  16  guns,  a  smaller  corvette  armed 
Lumber  constitutes  70  per  cent,  of  the  exports  with  12  guWs,  3  large  gunboats,  11  of  the  inter- 
of  raw  materials,  31,000,000  out  of  a  total  value  mediate  class,  17  small  ones,  and  9  torpedo 
of  44,000,000  kroner,  hides  and  skins  of  the  boats,  making  48  steamers  mounting  82  cannons, 
vulue  of  7,900,000  kroner  coming  next,  and  then  besides  88  machine  guns. 

mineral  substances  of  the  value  of   3,200,000  Politieal  Crisis.— On  Feb.  23, 1891,  M.  Ber- 

kroner.    The  imports  of  manufactured  goods  of  ner,  a  member  of  the  Liberal  Opposition,  pro- 

the  total  value  of   45,700,000  kroner  Include  posed  in  the  Storthing  a  resolution  demanding 

textile  fabrics    to   the   amount   of   30,200,000  greater  independence  for  Norway  in  diplomatic 

kroner,  metal  wares  for  7,900,000  kroner,  and  relations.    The  Government  opposed  the  resolu- 

mannfactures  of  wood,  paper,  and  leather  of  the  tion,  but  by  a  coalition  of  a  part  of  the  Moderate 

value  of  5,600,000  kroner.    The  imports  of  mis-  Liberals  with  the  Radicals  it  was  carried  by  59 

eellaneous  merchandise  amounted  to  43,700,000  votes  against  55.    This  motion  gave  expression 

kroner,  and  the  exports  to  12,900,000  kroner,  to  one  of  the  principal  demands  of  the  Nor- 

including  oil  of  the  value  of  7,600,000  kroner.  wegian  people,  for  which  BjSmstjeme  BjSnison 

Nayigatlon, — The  number  of  vessels  entered  and  other  cnampions  of  Norwegian  libertv  and 
at  ports  of  Norway  in  1889  was  13,064,  of  2,705,-  progress  have  agitated  for  vears,  and  whicn  has 
293  tons,  of  which  7,229.  of  1,719,083  tons  were  been  upheld  by  the  vote  of  the  people,  but  de- 
Norwegian.  There  were  cleared  12,854  in  all.  of  layed  and  defeated  through  the  timidity  and 
2,629,177  tons,  and  of  these,  7,027,  of  1,649,168  vacillation  of  politicians.  The  advocates  of  this 
tons,  were  Norwegian.  Of  the  ships  entered,  and  the  other  demands  of  the  Radical  party, 
5,845,  of  1,572,814  tons,  were  with  cargoes,  and  which  came  into  power  when  Johan  Sverdrup 
7,319,  of  1,132,479  tons,  in  ballast ;  and  of  those  was  made  Prime  Minister  in  June,  1884.  are  be- 
cleared,  11,728,  of  2,223,596  tons,  were  with  lievers  in  popular  sovereignty,  many  of  them  are 
cargoes,  and  1,126,  of  405,581  tons,  in  ballast.  avowed  Republicans,  and  the  reforms  called  for 

The  merchant  navy  on  Jan.  1,  1890,  consisted  by  the  Norwegian  people,  which   would    give 

of  7,285  ships,  of  1.611.398  tons,  as  compared  proper  weight  to  their  interests  in  international 

with   7.233,  of  1,534,540  tons,  in  1889.     The  relations,  excited  such  antagonism  in  Sweden 

8t«ara  fleet  numbered  592  vessels  in   1880,  of  and  among  the  Monarchists  and  friends  of  the 

168,081   tons,  not  counting  the  vessels  of  the  Union  in  Norway,  who  regarded  them  as  a  pre- 

Government.  liminary  step  that  would  eventually  lead  to  the 

Commnnications. — The  railroads  in  1891  dissolution  of  the  Union  and  the  proclamation 
had  a  total  length  of  1.562  kilometres.  The  of  a  republic,  that  the  Moderate  Liberals  ob- 
Government  lines  of  telegraph  had  a  length  in  tained  the  upper  hand  in  the  Sverdrup  govem- 
1890  of  7,585  kilometres,  with  14,530  kilometres  ment.  This  caused  a  split  in  the  Liberal  party, 
of  wire,  and  the  telegraphs  belonging  to  rail-  which  resulted  in  the  formation  of  a  ministij  on 
roads  had  a  length  of  1,585  kilometres,  with  2.645  July  12,  1889,  by  Emil  Stang,  leader  of  the  Con- 
kilometres  of  wire.  There  were  sent  in  that  stitutional  or  Conservative  party,  who  has  been 
year  930,005  internal.  523,927  international,  and  supported  by  the  Moderate  Lilierals  in  keeping 
8.392  official  dispatches.  The  receipts  were  back  the  question  of  independent  consular  and 
1,095,521    kroner  and  the  expenses    1,149,280.  diplomatic  representation,  which  threatened  to 


810         SWEDEN  AND  NORWAY.  SWITZERLAND. 

bring  on  a  collision  with  the  crown.    The  Radi-  assessing  the  fines,  oonrts  shonld  adjust  them  to 
cal  party  in  Sweden  has  sympathized  with  the  the  pecuniary  means  of  offenders,  ^fixini^   the 
Norwegians  in  this  matter.    AH  diplomatic  in-  maximum  very  high  and  the  minimum  low ; 
tercourse  is  conducted  by  the  Swedish  Minister  that  the  fines  should  be  made  payable  in  install- 
of  Foreign  Affairs,  who  is  expected  to  consult  the  meiits,  if  the  prisoners  were  unable  to  pay  them 
delegation    at    Stockholm    of    the    Norwegian  at  once ;  and  that,  when  sentenced  to  imprison- 
Council.    Nearly  all  diplomatic  posts  abroad,  ment,  a  prisoner  should  have  the  option  of  paj- 
and  even  the  consulships,  are  filled  by  Swedes,  ing  a  fine  as  a  means  of  rednoinjr  the  term*    The 
The  first  demand  of  the  Norwegians,  that  they  congress  disapproved  the  proposition  to  convert 
should  be  represented  more  equally  in  the  con-  sentences  into  imprisonment  incases  where  crim- 
sular  service  because  their  commercial  relations  inals  were  too  poor  to  par  their  fines. 
are  more  extended  and  their  mercantile  navy  8WITZEBLAND,  a  federal  republic  in  oeo- 
three  times  as  large  as  that  of  Sweden,  was  dis-  tral  Europe.    The  perpetual  neutrality  of  Switz- 
regarded.    The  officials  at  Stockholm  held  that  erland  and  the  integrity  and  inviolability  of  her 
Norwegians  are  generally  unfitted  by  their  politi-  territory  were   euanMiteed    by   Austria,  Gremi 
cal  associations  and  lack  of  training  to  represent  Britain.*  Portugal,  Prussia,  and  Russia  in  Novem- 
the  Government  abroad  with  dignity  and  effi-  ber,  1815.  .  The  Constitution  adopted  after  the 
ciency.    Minister  Stang  arranged  a  compromise  war  of  the  Sonderbund  in  1848  created  two  legis- 
with  the  Swedish  GovemmenC  which  promised  •  lative  chambers — ^the  National  Assembly,  lepre- 
at  last  to  give  Norwegians  a  larger  proportion  of  sent  ing  the  Swiss  people  as  a  whole,  and  the 
the  offices.    When  defeated  on  this  question  by  Council  of  States,  representing  the  cantons — and 
a  raaiority  of  4  in  a  full  Storthing,  he  resigned,  vested  the  executive  authority  in  a  Federal  Coun- 
The  king,  on  his  advice,  sent  for  the  mover  of  cil  of  7  members.    Switzerland  thus  was  trails 
the  resolution,  but  M.  Bemer  declined,  reoom-  formed  from  a  league  of  republics  into  a  federal 
mending  that  either  the  Question  shonld  be  de-  republic ;    and    a   further    centralization    was 
ferred  a  little  longer  by  tne  formation  of  a  cab-  brought  about  by  the  unification  of  the  army  and 
inet  of  affairs,  or  that  M,  Steen,  rector  of  the  the  laws  when  the  Constitution  was  revised  in 
gymnasium  at  Stavanger,  who  is  the  leader  of  1874.    The  Council  of  States,  or  StftnderatlL,  has 
the  Pure  Left,  should  be  intrusted  with  the  man-  two  members  from  each  of  the  22  cantons,  each 
agement  of  the  business.    The  latter  course  was  independent  part  of  the  divided  cantons  of  Basel, 
adopted  on  the  advice  of  the  retiring  ministers.  Appenzell,  and  Unterwald  sending  1  member. 
M.  Steen  accepted  the  task  of  forming  a  min-  The  Nationalrath,  or  National  Council,  contains 
istry,  with  the  understanding  that  proposals  for  147  representacives  of  the  nation,  chosen  by  uni- 
the  modification  of  the  Act  of  Union  of  1814,  versal  suffra^  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  every 
and  other  important   reforms,  should   not  be  20,000  inhabitants.     Although  the  two  bodies 
brought  forwanl  until  it  could  be  seen  by  the  have  equal  and  concurrent  powers,  the  popular 
results  of  the  general  election  in  December,  1801,  body  has  come  to  be  the  more  important.     Sit- 
whether  the  country  approved  the  Radical  pro-  ting  together,  the  two  chambers  form  the  United 
gramme.    He  completed  the  list  on  March  4,  re-  Feueral   Assembly,   which    elects    the    Federal 
fusing  to  admit  any  representatives  of  the  Mod-  Council  and  the  Federal  TribunaL    In  debate 
erate  Liberals,  although  he  would  be  obliged  to  each  representative  uses  his  own  language,  Ger- 
depend  on  their  votes  for  the  conduct  of  all  pub-  man,  French,  or  Italian.    In  1801   a   biU  was 
lie  business,  for  they  numbered  23  in  the  Storth-  passed  ordering  official  reports  of  the  legislative 
ing,  and  the  Pure  Left  88,  while  the  Conserv-  proceedings  to  be  printed  in  the  future.     The 
atives  held  53  seats.     The  portfolios  were  as-  Federal  Council  is  elected  by  the  Federal  Assero- 
signed  as  follows :  J.  C.  W.  Steen,  Minister  of  bly  or  Bundosversamm lung  for  three  years.    No 
State  and  Chief  of  the  Department  of  Finance  two  men  from  one  canton  can  be  members  of  the 
and  Customs :  H.  H.  T.  Nyom,  Chief  of  the  De-  same  Council,  and  when  Deputies  are  elected 
partinent  of  Public  Works  and  of  that  of  Revis-  their  seats  in  the  chambers  become  vacant.    The 
ion  of  Accounts  od  interim ;  V.  A.  Wexelsen,  attributes  of  the  Council  are  to  enforce  the  pro- 
Worship  and  Public  Instruction ;  0.  A.  Qvam,  visions  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  to  execute 
Justice  and  Police;  Lieut.-Col.  O.  F.  Hoist,  Na-  the  acts  of  the  Assembly  and  of  the  Tribunal,  to 
tional  Defense:  W.  Konow,  Interior;   Minister  administer  the  finances,  to  examine  laws  pas!^l 
of  State  at  Stockholm,  O.  A.  Blehr ;  Councilors  by  the  cantonal  governments  and  to  settle  di$- 
in  the  section  sitting  at  Stockholm,  C.Bcrner  and  putes  arising  between  them,  and  see  that  they 
J.  O.  Langc.  fulfill  their  obligations  toward  the  Confederation. 

The  Radical  or   National   party,  which   was  Except  in  foreign  affairs  their  duties  are  chiefly 

strengthened  by  the  preliminary  elections  dar-  ministerial,  yet  in  shaping  legislation  they  exer- 

ing  the  year,  added  to  its  programme  the  ones-  cise  great  influence  both  individually  and  as  a 

tion  of  extension  of  the  suffrage,  which  has  been  body.    Each  member  of  the  Council   presides 

opposed    by  the  hitherto    dominant    A&^rarian  over  one  of  the  executive  departments.     The 

party.     When  the  elections  were  concluded  the  president    of  the  Confederation  is  one  of  the 

Kadicals  had  gained  the  absolute  majority.  meml)er8  of  the  Council,  who  is  elected  by  his 

Conijrress  on  the  Pnnlshment  of  Crime.—  colleagues  for  one  year  to  the  position,  which  is 

The  third  congress  of  the  International  Associa-  now  simply  titular,  for  it  no  longer  gives  the  in- 

tion  for  the  Consideration  of  Questions  relating  cumbent  the  charge  of  the  most  important  de- 

to  Crimes  and  Criminals  was  held  in  Christ iania  partinent  of  the  Qovemment. 

in  August.    It  passed  a  resolution  recommend-  The  communes  of  Switzerland  preserve  in  a 

ing  the  imposition  of  money  fines  in  many  cases  large  degree  their aacient autonomy.  TheFeder- 

as  a  substitute  for  imprisonment  or  more  violent  al  Constitution  is  a  counterpart  of  the  main 

penalties.    It  was  recommended  further  that,  in  features  of  the  political  organization  of  the  indi- 


SWITZERLAND.  811 

vidual  cantons,  which  possess  a  depree  of  soy-  whom  680  were  foreigners  and  196  were  females, 

eignty  equal  to  that  of  the  American  States,  and  at  the  National  Polytechnic  School  there 

having  complete  control  and  legislative  power  were  970  studying  in  1888.    There  were  461,622 

regarding  personal  rights,  land  laws,  administra-  children  and  245.525  adults  receiving  instruction 

tion  of  cnminal  justice,  the  cantonal  and  com-  in  the  elementary  schools  in  1886,  and  136,552 

munal  police,  organization  of  communes,  public  pupils  in  the  work  schools  for  girls. 

works,  and  elementary  education.  Finances. — The  receipts  of  the  Federal  Gov- 

The  Federal  Council  for  189a-*92  is  composed  emment  for  1890  were  78,158,889  francs,  of 
of  the  following  members :  President  of  the  Con-  which  31,258,296  francs  were  fjrom  customs.  24,- 
federation  for  1891,  Dr.  E.  Welti,  of  Aargau,  180,020  francs  from  the  post-office,  4,809,988 
chief  of  the  Department  of  Posts  and  Railroads ;  francs  from  telegraphs  and  telephones,  8,499,796 
Vice-President  for  1891,  W.  Hauser,  of  ZOrich,  from  the  military  arsenals,  workshops,  and  army- 
chief  of  the  Department  of  Finance  and  Cus-  exemption  tax,  1,817,887  francs  from  invested 
toms;  Dr.  K.  Schenk,  of  Bern,  chief  of  the  De-  capital,  and  small  sums  from  other  sources.  The 
partment  of  the  Interior;  L.  Ruchonnet,  of  total  expenditure  was  72,221,019 francs,  of  which 
V'aud,  chief  of  the  Department  of  Justice  and  27,111,079  francs  were  for  the  army,  21.908,658 
Police ;  Dr.  N.  Droz,  of  Neufchlitel,  chief  of  the  francs  for  the  post-office,  8,266,834  francs  for  the 
Department  of  Foreign  Affairs ;  Dr.  A.  Deucher,  telegraph  service,  6,449,952  francs  for  adminis- 
of  Thurgau,  chief  of  the  Department  of  Industry  tering  the  finances  and  customs,  7,891,041  francs 
and  Agriculture ;  Col.  E.  Prey,  of  the  rural  di-  for  the  Interior  Department,  2,052,878  francs  for 
vision  of  Basel,  chief  of  the  Department  of  Mili-  the  public  debt,  and  smaller  amounts  for  other 
tary  Affairs.   Dr.  Welti  retired  from  the  Bundes-  purposes. 

rath  in  December,  1801,  and  in  his  place  was  Tne  Federal  debt  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  amounted 

chosen  Dr.  Zemp,  of  Luzem,  the  first  member  of  to  58.412,452  francs,  against  which  the  Govem- 

the  Conservative  Ultramontane  party  who  had  men t  could  show  general  assets  amounting  to  92,- 

ever  been  President  of  the  National  Council  and  625,710  francs  ana  14,500,667  francs  held  in  spe- 

the  first  to  enter  the  Federal  Council.  cial  funds. 

Area  and  Population. — The  area  of  Switz-  Commerce.—The  value  of  the  special  im- 
erland  is  41,846  square  kilometres,  or  15,802  ports  in  1890  was  958.395,000  francs,  of  which 
square  miles.  The  domiciled  population,  as  as-  295,140,000  francs  came  from  Germany,  226,841,- 
certained  by  the  census  of  Dec.  81,  1888,  was  000  francs  from  France,  129,015,000  francs  from 
2.917,754.  and  the  population  present  was  2,988.-  Italy,  102.320,000  francs  from  Austria-Hungary, 
334,  showing  an  increase  of  0-375  per  cent,  per  52,874,000  francs  from  Great  Britain ;  88,292,000 
annum  since  the  census  of  1880.  According  to  francs  from  Russia,  81,838,000  francs  from  Bel- 
the  preliminary  retunis  regarding  sex  there  were  gium.  28,734,000  francs  from  the  United  States, 
1.427,057  males  and  1,506,277  females.  The  14,946,000  francs  from  Africa,  8,894,000  francs 
number  of  Swiss  in  the  resident  population  was  from  Holland.  15,210.000  francs  from  other 
2.688.104 ;  the  number  of  foreignere  was  229,650,  European  countries,  7,076,000  francs  from  other 
of  whom  112.842  were  Germans,  53,627  French,  countries  of  America  besides  the  United  States, 
41.881  Italians.  14,181  Austrians  and  Hungari-  7,076,000  francs  from  Asia,  and  1,964,000  francs 
ans,  3.577  British,  1,354  Russians,  2,153  from  from  Australia  and  Polynesia.  The  total  value 
other  European  countries,  1,019  North  Ameri-  of  the  exports  was  703,540,000  francs,  of  which 
cans,  and  516  from  other  countries.  In  religion,  181,873,000  francs  represent  the  exports  to  Ger- 
1,716,548,  or  58*8  per  cent,  of  the  population,  many,  128,929,000  francs  went  to  France,  106,- 
were  Protestants ;  1,183.828,  or  40-6.  per  cent.,  489,000  francs  to  Great  Britain,  82,676,000  francs 
were  Catholics;  8,069  were  Jews:  and  9,809  were  to  the  United  States,  50,870,000  francs  to  Italy, 
of  other  beliefs.  In  regard  to  language.  2,088,-  89,259,000  francs  to  Austria-Hungary,  13,686,060 
097  spoke  German,  634.613  French,  155,180  Ital-  francs  to  Russia  in  Europe  and  Asia,  12,348,000 
ian,  88,357  Romansch,  and  6,557  other  tongues,  francs  to  Belgium,  4,834.000  francs  to  Holland. 
The  Italian  and  Romansc;h  languages  are  losing  The  total  imports  of  grain  and  flour  were  101,- 
eround  gradually,  and  the  French-sppaking  014,000  francs  in  value;  spun  silk,  73,509,000 
population  is  increasing  at  the  expense  of  the  francs ;  raw  silk,  53,779,000  francs :  animals, 
German,  through  the  assimilation  of  the  German-  61,000,000  francs;  cotton,  43,562,000  francs; 
Swiss  element.  The  number  of  marriages  in  1890  woolen  thread  and  cloth.  43.031.000  francs; 
was  20,836 ;  births,  81,620 ;  deaths,  64.877 ;  natu-  wine,  34.595.000  francs ;  coal.  84,210,000  francs ; 
ral  increase  of  population,  16,74;^  The  trans-  cottons,  27,526,000  francs;  apparel,  27,050,000 
marine  emigration  in  18J)0  was  7,712,  of  which  francs;  iron.  26,418,000  francs;  machinerv  and 
number  6.917  were  destined  for  North  America,  carriages.  20,402.000  f rant's ;  chemicals,  20,035,- 
752  for  South  America,  and  43  for  other  parts  of  000  francs ;  sugar,  19,653.000  francs;  coffee, 
the  world.  The  population  of  the  chief  cities  in  19,239,000  francs;  iron  and  steel  goods,  16,- 
1888  was  as  follows:  Znrich,  90.088;  Geneva,  617,000  francs;  silk  manufactures,  13,953,000 
71,807;  Basel,  69,809;  Bom,  the  seat  of  the  francs;  raw  wool,  13,851,000  francs;  timber. 
Federal  Government,  46,009;  Lausanne,  the  scat  12,899,000  francs;  leather,  11,414,000  francs; 
of  the  Federal  Tribunal,  83,340 :  St.  Gallon.  27,-  manufactures  of  leather,  10,197,000  francs. 
390;  La  Chaux-do-Fonds,  25.0aS.  Education  is  The  chief  exports  in  1890  wore  cotton  goods 
compulsory  and  almost  universal  in  the  Protest-  of  the  value  of  135.765,000  francs;  silk,  man- 
ant  cantons.  Only  0-11  per  cent,  of  the  recruits  ufactures,  121,031.000  francs;  watches,  104,- 
for  the  army  were  found  illiterate  in  1888.  The  067,000  francs;  silk  thread,  65.948,000  francs; 
students  in  the  universities  of  Bern,  Zttrich,  cheese,  38,207,000  francs;  machinery  and  car- 
Basel,  and  Geneva,  and  the  academies  of  Lau-  riages,  23,882,000  francs ;  cotton,  22,397,000 
sanne  and  Neuf  jhfitel,  numbered  2,412  in  1889,  of  francs :  animals,  16,286,000  francs ;  raw  silk,  12,- 


812  SWITZERLAND. 

812,000  francs;  milk,  13.449,000  francs;  color-  Council  shall  be  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratt- 
ing matters,  10,921.000  francs ;  wool,  10,687,000  ficution.  In  other  cantons  a  certain  number  of 
francs ;  apparel,  10,606,000  francs ;  hides  and  electors  can  demand  that  an  act  of  the  cantonal 
skins,  7,874,000  francs.  Of  the  exports,  14*8  per  Legislature  shall  be  voted  on  by  the  whole 
cent,  were  pastoral  and  85*2  per  cent,  industrial  electorate,  and  on  receiving  their  petition  the 
products,  while  of  the  imports  88*1  per  cent,  cantonal  Government  must  lay  it  before  the  peo- 
were  agricultural,  20  1  per  cent,  pastoral,  1*9  per  pie.  Optional  referendum  was  established  for 
cent,  forestry,  87  per  cent,  mining,  and  86*2  per  the  Confederation  in  1848  in  regard  to  revisions 
cent,  industrial  products.  of  the  Constitution,  and  in  1874  it  was  extended 
Railroads. — The  Swiss  railroads  on  July  1,  to  other  legislation.  The  Federal  Chambers 
1800,  had  a  total  length  of  8,156  kilometres,  in-  may  call  for  a  popular  vote  on  any  measure  that 
eluding  the  St  Gothard  line.  They  were  owned  they  have  passed,  and  a  measure  must  be  sub- 
by  about  15  companies,  with  the  exception  of  mitted  to  the  people  for  confirmation  or  nuUifica- 
the  Jura  and  Luzern  line,  passing  through  Bern,  tion  when  80,000  citizens  sign  a  call  for  the  re/- 
which  belong  to  the  canton  of  Bern.  The  cost  erendum,  A  large  proportion  of  the  important 
of  construction  up  to  the  end  of  1889  was  929,-  bills  passed  by  the  Chambers  in  recent  years  have 
809.727  francs.  The  receipts  for  1888  were  82,-  been  vetoed  by  the  people.  In  some  instances 
283,477  francs,  and  the  expenses  48,850,888  francs,  the  motives  for  defeatmg  the  measures  of  the 
*  The  Federal  Government  adopted  the  policy  of  Federal  Assembly  are  not  found  solely  in  the 
obtaining  possession  of  the  railroads,  and  made  provisions  of  the  bill  that  is  attacked.  The 
terms  for  the  purchase  of  the  Swiss  Central  line,  Uitramontanes,  who  represent  the  bulk  of  the 
which  were  approved  by  the  Assembly  but  re-  Roman  Catholics,  constituting  40  per  cent,  of 
jected  by  the  people  in  December,  1891.  the  entire  population,  are  interested  in  discredit- 
Posts  and  Telegraphs. — The  post-office  in  ing  and  upsetting  the  acts  of  the  Assembly  be- 
1890  forwarded  76,497,000  domestic  and  83.098,-  cause  the  Radictu  majority  has  persistently  dis- 
000  international  letters,  and  20,292,000  domes-  regarded  their  protests  ana  pursued  an  aggress- 
tic  and  15,259,000  foreign  circulars,  and  trans-  ive  policy  toward  the  Church.  The  Protest- 
mitted  in  8,019,000  domestic  postal  orders  845,-  ant  Conservatives,  who  have  also  felt  the  effects 
416,000  francs,  and  in  682,000  foreign  orders  of  the  policy  of  secularization,  have  been  the 
39,972,000  francs.  allies  of  the  Catholic  clericals.  The  Radicals, 
The  state  tele,^raph  lines  had  in  1890  a  t>otal  although  still  in  the  majority,  are  less  powerful 
length  of  7,200  kilometres,  with  18,238  kilome-  than  formerly.  They  have  been  compelled  to 
ires  of  wire.  The  number  of  dispatches  for  the  make  peace  with  the  Church  by  undoinj^  some 
year  was  3,824,040,  of  which  1.965,862  were  in-  acts  committed  by  the  Government  during  the 
ternal,  1,219,658  international,  510,473  in  transit,  heat  of  the  religious  struggle.  The  reH^rious 
and  128,052  connected  with  the  service.  The  question  has  given  way  to  social  and  political 
receipts  were  4,309,98i  francs,  and  the  expenses  movements,  and  the  young  democracy,  consti- 
3,909,859  francs.  tutinpf  the  Extreme  Left  of  the  Chamber,  are  at- 
The  Army. — Every  Swiss  citizen,  whether  he  tracting  many  Radicals  int^  their  ranks.  Their 
resides  at  home  or  abroad,  must  perform  military  platform  is  that  of  social  reform,  and  they  are  in 
service  or  pay  an  exemption  tax.  The  battalions  favor  of  direct  legislation  by  the  people,  lllie 
are  always  kept  up  to  their  full  strength,  and  Liberal  Conservatives,  representing  the  capitalist 
progress  is  maue  constantly  in  order  to  enable  the  class,  form  a  small  group  in  the  Chamber,  though 
republic  to  defend  at  need  its  neutrality.  The  their  power  is  felt  in  the  country.  The  young 
^?i«zti^,  or  regular  army,  numbered  1.238  staff  Democrats  have  been  inclined  to  form  an  alliance 
and  furlou^hed  officers,  1,826  sanitary  troops,  with  the  Uitramontanes.  The  latest  demand  of 
1,190  administrative  troops,  106  battalions  of  m-  the  latter  is  that  they  should  he  represented  in 
fantrv  numliering  97,721  officers  and  men,  48  the  Federal  Council,  m  which  they  have  never 
squadrons  of  cavalry  and  12  companies  of  scouts  held  a  seat,  notwithstanding  their  numerical 
numbering  8,004  officers  and  men,  60  batteries  strength  in  the  Assembly.  The  Catholic  cantons 
of  artillery  numbering,  with  train,  park,  and  took  the  lead  in  demanding  the  referendum  for 
artillery  of  position,  18,032  officers  and  men,  and  a  bill  granting  retiring  pensions  to  employ^  in 
24  companies  of  engineers  numbering  4,962  the  post-office  and  other  branches  of  the  civil 
officers  and  men,  making  in  all  127,973  men.  service.     The  young  Democrats  joined  in  op- 


train,  and  eno^ineers,  but  has  only  8  instead  of  the  more  severe  for  the  men  now  in  power  lie- 
48  field  batteries.  The  numerical  strength  is  re-  cause  the  opposition  was  not  directed  against 
turned  as  80,272  men,'  making  a  war  efective  of  the  principle  of  the  civil  pensions,  but  against 
208,245,  not  counting  the  newly  organized  Land-  provisions  of  the  bill  giving  the  authorities  dis- 
sturm,  which  is  estimated  at  300,000  men.  ci-etionary  power  to  grant  or  withhold  them. 
The  Referendam  and  Legislative  Inltia-  Many  Swiss  statesmen  are  in  favor  of  introduc- 
tive. — T  he  re/gretMiMm,  as  established  in  Switzer-  ing  the  commilsory  referendum  at  once  as  a 
land,  is  the  reference  to  the  whole  body  of  voters,  simpler  and  less  troublesome  procedure,  since 
whether  of  the  Confederation  or  of  one  of  the  the  opiiQnoX  referendum  has  come  to  be  so  f re- 
can  tons,  of  enactments  of  their  legislative  bodies  quently  exercised. 

for  their  acceptance  or  rejection.    The  referen-  On  July  5,  1891,  the  Swiss  people  by  a  general 

dum  is  either  compulsory  or  optional.     It  is  vote  carried  the  principle  of  direct  democratic 

compulsory  where  the  Constitution  of  a  canton  government  still  further  by  adopting  a  constitu- 

requires  that  the  legislative  work  of  the  Grand  tionul  amendment  establishing  the  popular  initiar 


SWITZERLAND.  813 

tire  in  legislation  op  constitutional  subjects.  levied.  Articles  sent  from  one  country  to  fairs 
The  principle  of  initiating  proposals  had  already  and  markets  in  the  other,  samples,  empty  sacks 
been  introduced  in  several  of  the  cantons.  Under  and  barrels,  and  unsold  cattle  sent  to  markets 
the  new  law,  when  50,000  citizens  unite  in  the  across  the  frontier,  or  cattle  fattened  or  pastured 
demand,  the  Chambers  must  take  up  any  legis-  in  the  customs  territory  of  the  other  contracting 
lative  proposals  and  frame  a  bill  on  the  subject ;  party,  pay  no  duty,  if  they  are  returned  to  the 
or.  if  the  bill  is  formulated  and  presented  in  the  country  of  their  origip.  Partly  manufactured 
cull,  the  Chambers  are  compelled  t-o  accept  it  and  goods  and  materials,  when  sent  from  one  country 
place  it  before  the  people  for  their  agreement  or  to  the  other  for  the  completion  of  the  manu- 
disapproval.  The  amendment  was  supported  by  facture  or  for  finishing  or  improving  processes, 
the  Ultramontanes  and  Democrats  and  by  the  are  subject  to  no  duty  when  retunied  in  the 
Liljcrals  of  Xeufchatel  and  Geneva  and  the  Con-  completed  or  improved  form.  Thus,  textile 
servative  Protestants.  The  clerical  {mrties  hope  eroods  and  yarns  exported  for  the  purpose  of 
to  arrest  the  prevailing  tendency  toward  cen-  being  washed,  bloacned,  colored,  printed,  etc., 
tralization  by  mean^  of  it,  and  even  to  force  the  the  materials  for  embroideries,  laces,  trimmines, 
repeal  of  certain  laws  obnoxious  to  their  relig-  etc.,  silk  for  dyeing,  leather  and  pelts  for  the 
ious  and  political  convictions.  The  young  Dem-  manufacture  of  leather  goods  and  furs,  articles 
ocrats,  who  are  strong  centralists,  expect  to  sent  to  be  painted,  varnished,  or  polished,  and 
reach  their  goal  more  rapidly  through  the  popu-  all  articles  the  essential  character  and  names  of 
lar  initiative,  and  to  effect  their  cherished  social  which  are  not  altered  by  the  improving  process, 
reforms  through  its  instrumentality.  The  popu-  are  free  from  duty  both  ways.  Imports  from 
lar  vote  on  the  amendment  was  160,142  in  favor  either  country  must  not  be  subjected  to  local  or 
of  the  people's  ri^ht  to  take  the  initiative  in  de-  intenial  taxes  higher  than  are  imposed  on  de- 
manding a  revision  of  the  provisions  of  the  Con-  luestic  products  of  the  same  nature.  Merchants 
stitution  to  117,838  against  it,  a  raajoiity  in  the  and  manufacturers  of  either  country,  and  their 
negative  being  recorded  in  only  four  cantons.  tiaveling  agents,  shall  be  free  to  circulate  and  to 

The  Ticino  Revolt. — When  the  Radicals  of  solicit  orders, 
the  canton  of  Ticino,  in  1890,  overthrew  by  force  Congress  on  Accident  to  Workmen.— An 
the  Ultramontane  government  of  the  canton,  IntemationalCon^resson  Accidents  to  Workmen 
took  possession  of  the  palace,  and  established  was  held  in  Eeni,  in  September,  1891.  Germany, 
a  provisional  government,  the  Federal  authori-  Great  Britain,  Austria,  Belgium,  the  United 
ties  sent  a  commissioner  and  two  battalions  of  States.  Italy,  the  Netherlands,  Russia,  Spain, 
infantry  to  restore  order,  but  did  not  use  their  Sweden  anil  Norway,  and  Switzerland,  were 
powers  to  immediately  reinstate  the  constitu-  represented  by  more  than  800  delegates,  many 
tional  government.  The  revolutionists  agreed  of  whom  were  officials  and  representatives  of 
to  accept  the  decision  of  the  majority  in  the  their  Governments,  although  the  congress  had 
popular  elections.  The  Radicals  abstained  from  no  official  character.  Labor  experts  and  dele- 
voting,  and  the  Constitutional  Assembly,  which  gates  of  employers'  associations  were  present, 
met  in  January,  1891,  was  composed  entirely  of  but  working-men's  associations  were  not  repre- 
Conservatives.  The  Constitution  was  amended  sented.  The  first  congress  of  the  kind  met  in 
in  the  interest  of  the  Ultramontanes.  and  on  Paris  in  1889.  This  was  the  second  one,  and 
March  8  the  people  voted  on  the  revised  Consti-  a  resolution  was  passed  to  appoint  a  permanent 
tution,  which  was  approved  by  a  majority  of  committee  and  hold  meetings  at  intervals  of  two 
only  350  out  of  21,000  votes.  In  July,  21  per-  or  three  years.  The  congress  lasted  a  week,  and 
sons  who  had  taken  part  in  the  revolt  were  tried  ended  on  Sept.  26,  with  the  passing  of  a  general 
before  a  jury  in  ZQrich,  the  venue  having  been  resolution  to  the  following  effect : 
transferred  to  that  plac«  on  account  of  the  ex-  ^  ^he  congress  and  its  executive  shall  in  future 
cited  state  of  feeling  in  Ticino.  All  the  accused  be  called  "  The  Congres*  and  Permanent  Committee 
were  acquitted.  The  trial  of  Castioni  on  the  concerning  Accidents  to  Workmen,  and  Social  In- 
charge  of  having  shot  State  Councilor  Rossi  sunmce."  ,  *  . 
ended  in  his  condemnation  in  coniumaeiam  to  2..  It  is  the  impcTative  duty  of  our  time  to  jruard 

eight  rears  of  hard  labor  and  deprivation  of  ;?*^"t^^*^f^^^^,!L!^::?.T^f?it^^^^^^ 

cifil  rights  as  he  failed  to  appear.'having  fled  p^^wJ^er^rd  ^'.^^Zt^l^TS^ 

to   England.    In  September  the  cantonal   gov-  {^^  f^^^  ^^^^^  accidents  and  illnesses.    In  giving 

emment  decided   to  grant  an  amnesty  to  the  effect  to  these  preventive  measures,  private  initiative 

other  persons  connected  with  the  revolt.  should  co-operate  with  the  action  or  trade  associations 

Commercial    Treoty    with    GermnnT. — A  and  of  the  state.    The  indemniflcation  of  Butrerers 

treaty  of  commerce  was  concluded  with  Germany  should  be  secured  by  means  of  insurance,  and  it  is 

at  Viennaon  Dec.  10, 1891,  which  enters  into  force  expedient  that  msurance  against  sight  accidents  and 

Zj>   Tiv»k    1    ittoo    ««\i  «^^;..«o  .^T.  J\^  Qi    iQOft  insurance  against  sickness  should  go  together.    In 

on  Feb.  1,  1892,  and  expires  on  Dec.  81,  1903,  countries  where  insurance  against  iSfininty  and  old 

and  from  year  to  year  thereafter  by  tacit  con-  ^^^^^  j^  ia  advantageous  to  combine  therewith 

sent.     Each  Government  guarantees  to  the  citi-  insurance  ajrainst  serious  accidents  and  illnesses  aris- 

zens  of  the  other  every  advantage,  privilege,  or  ma  from  unhealthy  occupations. 


facture,  and  on  these  no  transit  duties  may  be    meeting  to  be  fixed  by  the  permanent  committee. 


814  TEMPERANCE  INSTRUCTION  IN  PUBUC  SCHOOLS. 


T 

TEMPERANCE  INSTRUCTION  IN  PtB-  dangerous  character  of  alcohol  in  small  quanti- 
Lie  SCHOOLS.  Scientrific  temperance  instrnc-  ties,  and  ignorance  of  the  fact  that  a  little  has 
lion  in  the  United  States  has  had  a  remarkable  the  power  to  create  an  uncontrollable  appetirc 
history,  of  which  the  outlines  are  given  in  the  for  more,  Mrs.  Hunt  came  to  the  conclusion  that 
following  passaees  from  the  Report  of  1890  bv  universal  early  education  on  the  subject  before 
Mrs.  Mary  11.  Hunt,  Superintendent  of  the  work  appetite  is  formed  would  solve  the  problem  ; 
in  the  National  and  World's  Woman's  Christian  and  that,  to  be  permanent  as  well  as  univenoil. 
Temperance  Union:  such  education  snould  be  apart  of  the  public- 
Twelve  year«  a;?o  this  department  was  created.  ^^^^  system  of  the  country.  Her  firet  writings 
Scientific  temperance  inHtruction  in  the  public  ?»  ^^e  subject  were  a  series  of  papers  entitlwl 
schools  was  then  only  an  idea.  People  said,  "It  is  a  The  bchool-house  to  oecide  the  Temperance 
ffood  thing,  and  outfit  to  be  done  if  it  is  possible.^  Question,'*  published  in  the  **  New  England 
Scientific  temperance  instruction  is  required  by  the  Journal  of  Education,"  and  subsequeutlv  circu- 
legiHlatures  ot  thirty-five  States— in  lucL  by  every  lated  in  pamphlet  form.  In  1878  tlie  local 
State  in  the  republic  save  nine,  m  all  the  Temtone^  gchool  Board  of  Hyde  Park,  Mass,  (her  place  of 
and  m  every  sc^ioo  under  the  control  of  our  nauonal  residence),  formally  adopted  the  studr  as  a 
Government  Twelve  years  ago  there  was  here  and  1:  i  "  v'l.  u^i!^  ^"*^t^  """  V*u-'  i  -  j 
there  a  little  sporadic  temperanSo  teaching  by  order  of  regular  branch— the  first  instance  of  this  kind, 
local  school  boaids.  To-day  it  is  not  a  question  of  op-  M  far  as  known.  In  1879  she  presented  her 
tlon  with  school  boards.  There  are  between  12,000.000  scheme  of  the  study  of  physiological  temperance 
and  18,000,000  children  of  whom  the  law  says  tocy  in  the  public  schools  to  tne  Woman's  Christian 
shall  betaujrhtthe  truth  against  strong  drink  and  kin-  Temperance  Union,  at  its  national  convention  at 
dred  narcotics.  Twelve  yeare  ago  there  was  no  adequate  Indianapolis.    In  1880  that  society,  responding  to 

T^^o'^^^l^^^Vr^^  !-r  '•-l"-^  r'^t^i  'he  DepartmLt  ofscienfific 
on  physiologicSl  or  scientific  temperance,  issued  by  Temperan(»  m  Public  Schools,  making  her  its 
as  many  different  publishers,  as  there  are  good  school  superintendent,  and  Mrs.  C.  C.  Alford,  of  Brook- 
text-books  on  any  other  subject ;  and  these  books  are  lyn,  N.  Y.,  its  secretary. 

as  well  graded  to' the  capacities  of  all  classes  of  pupiU  The  first  two  years  were  given  to  organizing 

as  are  the  best  modem  school  readere.    Twelve  years  the  department,  with  SUte,  Territorial,  countT, 

MO  there  was  no  plan  for  a  course  of  study  m  this  ^^d  local  superintendents;  to  agitation  through 

S'  l^'o7ltX''f^^T^'l1or^^^  thepre^a^nifrom.the  platfo™^^^^ 

Science.    Twelve  years  igo  there  was  nothing  like  o,  '"J?  ^  secure  legislation,  Mre.  Hunt,  foreseeing 

uniform  idea  of  what  should  constitute  a  faithful  the  need  of  some  concise  ofBcial  answer  to  the 

pursuit  of  this  branch.    To-day  we  have  an  cstab*  objection  that  **  medical  science  is  not  agreed  on 

fished  standard,  signed  by  many  of  the  moat  eminent  that  topic,"  went  before  the  American  Medical 

educators  in  the  land,  as  to  what  constitutes  an  hon-  Association,  at   their  annual  meeting  in  June, 

e»t  pursuit  of  this  study  by  all  pupils  in  all  schools  as  iggg  ^^d  asked  for  an  expression  as  to  the  nature 

Knfcetpe^:i7n^rtrt^^^^  ^^f  f ^ilT^^ilY 't^"^  In  r..ponsethey 

National  Superintendent  and  Mrs.  C.  C.  Alford,  sec^  P«»««^  »  series  of  resolutions,  declaring : 

rotary,  and  that  was  all.    To-day  it  has  a  State  or  i.  We  believe  alcohol  should  be  classed  with  other 

Territorial  Suponntendent  pushing  its  interests  in  powerful  druffs. 

every  State  and  Territory  oT  the  land,  with  county  2.  We  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  use  of  alcoholic 
supenntendents  m  every  county  m  some  btates,  with  Uquors  as  a  beverage  is  productive  of  a  laige  amount 
local supermtendentsincitics, towns  villages, hamlets,  of  physical  and  mental  disease:  that  it  entails  din- 
and,  in  some  instances,  in  every  school  distnct  m  a  ^ased  appetites  and  enfeebled  constitutions  upon  off- 
countv ;  and  plana  are  bema  rapidly  executed  for  spring ;  Jnd  that  it  is  the  cause  of  a  laive  peiwntaire 
completing  the  appointment  of  those  for  every  school  ^f  ^^^  cnme  and  pauperism  in  our  cities  and  oountrr. 
distnct  in  the  land.  g^  Wo  would  welcome  any  change  in  public  senti- 
Mr8.Hunt,  the  person  destined  to  lead  this  mcnt  that  would  confine  the  use  of  liquow  to  the  uses 
movement,  was  boVn  in  Canaan,  Ck>nn.  Her  of  science,  art,  and  medicine, 
father,  Ephraim  Hanchott,  was  a  vice-president  Armed  with  this  declaration,  she  began  her 
of  the  first  temperance  society  in  America.  She  legislative  work.  In  October,  1882,  she  present- 
was  graduated  at  Patapsco  Female  Institute,  ed  her  first  temperance  educational  bill  to  the 
Md.,  to  which  institution  she  returned  as  Pro-  Legislature  of  Vermont.  Her  thorough  canvass 
fessor  of  Natural  Sciences.  Her  marriage  to  a  of  the  State  just  prior  to  the  meeting  of  the  Leg- 
Massachusetts  manufacturer  led  to  her  residiyice  islature  had  roused  the  people  in  its  behalf,  and 
in  that  State.  In  giving  practical  oversight  to^  the  bill  passed  with  little  or  no  opposition.  It 
the  scientific  education  of  ner  son,  a  student  in*  provided  that  "  physiology  and  hygiene,  with 
the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology,  Bos^  special  reference  to  the  effects  of  alcoholic 
ton,  from  1872  to  1876,  Mrs.  Hunt  was  led  from  drinks  and  other  narcotics  upon  the  human  sys- 
the  study  of  alcohol  as  a  chemical  reagent  to  an  tern,  shall  be  taught  in  the  public  schools."  and 
investigation  as  to  its  origin,  nature,  and  effects  for  the  examination  of  teachers  on  the  subject* 
upon  the  human  system.  She  became  a  close  In  1883,  co-operating  with  the  Woman's  Chris- 
student  of  the  original  investigations  of  Dr.  B.  tian  Temperance  Unions  of  those  States,  she 
W.  Richardson,  London,  England,  and  the  find-  canvassed  Michigan  and  New  Hampshire,  prior 
in2rs  of  others  on  all  sides  of  the  question.  Con-  to  the  meeting  of  their  legislatures,  for  corapnl- 
viuced  that  popular  misapprehension  as  to  the  sory  temperance  education  in  the  public  schools. 


TBXPEBANCE  INSTRUCTIUN  IK  PUBLIC  SCHOOLa 


816 


TEMPERANCE  INSTRUCTION  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 


and  went  to  Lansing,  drafted  the  bill,  and  ad- 
dressed the  Committee  on  Education  and  a  joint 
se^isioii  of  tiie  Legislature  in  its  behalf.  The  bill 
provided,  in  addition  to  the  requirements  of  the 
Vermont  law,  that  the  study  should  be  taught "  all 

?>upiU  in  all  schools."  Both  this  and  the  New 
lampshire  bill  become  laws,  to  take  effect  one 
year  from  their  piissage.  Mrs.  Hunt  then  said, 
"  If  we  can  carry  New  York  and  Pennsylvania  for 
this  legislation,  we  can  carry  the  country  by 
force  of  their  example,"  and  to  the  constituencies 
of  the  New  York  legislators  slie  and  her  co- 
laborers  went.  L3tters  and  petitions  addressed 
to  the  Legislature  and  visiting  committees  fol- 
lowed, until  a  majority  of  the  members  were  in- 
structed from  home  to  vote  for  the  temperance 
education  bill.  It  passed  on  Mirch  4,  1884,  in 
exactly  the  form  in  which  it  had  been  presented 
to  both  House  and  Senate,  as  follows : 

1.  Provision  shall  be  made  by  the  proper  local 
Bohool  authoritltM  for  inatructm^  all  pupils,  in  all 
schools  supported  by  public  money  or  under  State 
control,  in  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  spsclal  refer- 
ence to  the  e^ect  of  alcoholic  drinks,  stimulant),  and 
narcotics  upon  the  human  system. 

2.  No  certificate  shall  be  granted  any  1>erMn  to 
teach  in  the  public  schools  of  the  State  of  New  York 
after  the  first  day  of  January,  18S5,  who  has  not 
passed  a  satisfactory  examination  in  physlolo;;y  and 
nyffiene,  with  spacial  reference  to  the  etfojt  of  alco- 
hono  drinks,  stimulants,  and  narcotics  upon  the  hu- 
man system. 

The  Legislature  of  Rhode  Island  a  few  weeks 
later  enacted  a  similar  law.  The  Pennsylvania 
campaign  of  1835  was  one  of  the  most  extended 
and  memorable.  The  State  had  been  thorough- 
ly organized  for  the  work  the  year  before,  and 
now  the  subject  was  presented  to  the  people 
bick  of  nearly  every  legislator.  In  addition  to 
this  canvass  of  the  State,  Mrs.  Hunt  addres.<ed  a 
joint  session  of  the  House  and  Senate  in  behalf 
of  the  bill.  The  opposition  roused  by  its  strin- 
gent features  was  overcome  as  their  need  was 
set  forth,  and  it  passed  the  Senate  unanimously 
and  the  House  by  a  good  majority.  The  Penn- 
sylvania law  provides : 

That  phywolo;ry  and  hygiene— which  shall,  in 
each  division  of  the  subject  so  pursued,  include 
special  reference  to  the  otfoct  of  alcoholic  drinks, 
stimulants,  and  narootlcs  upon  the  human  system- 
shall  be  included  in  the  branches  of  study  now  re- 
quired by  law  to  be  taujsrht  in  the  common  schools, 
and  shall  be  introduced  and  studied  as  a  regular 
branch  by  all  pupils  in  all  departments  of  the  public 
schools  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  in  all  educatlonid 
institutions  supported,  wholly  or  in  part,  by  money 
from  the  Commonwealth. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  county,  city,  and  boroujo^h 
superintendents,  and  boards  or  all  eaucational  in- 
stitutions receiving  aid  from  the  Commonwealth,  to 
report  to  the  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
any  failure  or  neglect  on  the  part  of  boards  of  school 
directors,  boards  of  school  controllers,  boards  of  edu- 
cation, and  boards  of  all  educational  institutions  re- 
ceiving aid  from  the  Commonwealth,  to  make  proper 
provision,  in  any  and  all  of  the  schools  or  districts 
under  their  jurisdiction,  for  instruction  in  physiology 
and  hygiene  which,  in  each  division  of  the  subject  so 
pursued,  gives  special  reference  to  the  effect  of 
alcoholic  drinks,  stimulants,  and  nareotics  upon  the 
human  system,  as  reouired  by  this  act;  and  such 
failure  on  the  part  of  ai rectors,  controllers,  boards  of 
education,  and  boanls  of  educational  institutions  re- 
ceiving money  from  the  Commonwoalth,  thus  reported 
or  otherwise  satisfactorily  proved,  shall  be  deemed 


Butfictent  cause  for  withholding  the  warruit  for  Statf 
appropriation  of  school  money,  to  which  such  di>- 
tnctfi  or  educational  institutions  would  othervk  ise  be 
entitled. 

No  certificate  shall  be  granted  any  penon  to  teach 
in  the  public  schools  of  Uie  Commonwealth,  or  in  any 
of  the  educational  institutions  receiving  money  frotii 
the  Commonwealth,  atler  the  flnit  Monday  ol  June, 
Anno  Domini  1886,  who  has  not  pasucd  a  satisfactc^^ 
examination  in  physiology  and  hygiene,  with  iiptxu. 
reference  to  the  ettect  of  alcoholic  drinks,  Btimul&nt^, 
and  narcotics  upon  the  human  .•t^'steni. 

Nine  other  State  legislatures  in  1885  enact f«l 
temperance  education  laws,  viz.,  Maine,  Alabama. 
Wisconsin,  Kansas,  Missouri,  Nevada,  Nebraska. 
Oregon,  and  Massachusetts,  all  using  in  sub- 
stance the  language  of  the  New  York  statute, 
except  Massachusetts,  where  the  law  is  more 
like  the  Pennsylyania  statute. 

In  1886  Mrs.  Hunt  presented  to  Congress  a 
temperance  education  blli  which  applied  to  all 
the  Territories,  the  District  of  Columbia,  the 
national  military  and  nayal  academies  at 
Annapolis  and  West  Point,  and  the  Indian  and 
colored  schools  under  Federal  control.  This  bill 
had  all  the  features  of  the  Pennsylvania  statute, 
with  the  more  definite  specifications  that  **  the 
study  shall  be  pursued  with  text-books  by  pupils 
able  to  read,  and  taught  orally  in  the  case  of 
those  unable."  It  was  presented  to  the  Senate 
by  Senator  Henry  W.  Blair,  of  New  Hampshire, 
and  in  the  House  by  Hon.  Byron  M.  Cutcheon, 
of  Michigan.  Mrs.  Hunt  addressed  the  Senate 
and  House  Committees  on  Education  in  its  be- 
half. It  passed  the  Senate  unanimously  in 
March.  The  opposition  that  kept  it  three 
months  in  the  House  Committee  was  overcome 
by  a  popular  demand  from  all  parts  of  the 
country,  and  it  finally  passed  the  House  May  17. 
1880,  without  amendment,  with  only  eight  votes 
ac:ainst  it,  and  received  the  President's  signature 
May  20. 

During  the  same  year,  in  addition  to  this  act 
of  Congress,  the  States  of  Iowa,  Maryland,  and 
Connecticut  enacted  temperance  education  laws, 
and  Michigan  and  Vermont  amended  their 
statutes  on  the  subject,  making  them  more 
stringent,  adding  in  each  case  the  important 
specification  that  the  study  shall  be  tangnt  with 
text-books  that  shall  give  "at  least  one  fourth 
of  their  space  to  the  consideration  of  the  natnre 
and  effects  of  alcoholic  drinks  and  other  nar- 
cotics, and  the  books  used  in  the  highest  grade 
of  graded  schools  shall  contain  at  least  twenty 
pa?es  of  matter  relating  to  this  subject,"  In 
1887  West .  Virginia,  Colorado,  California,  and 
Delaware  enacted  temperance  education  laws: 
in  1888.  Ohio  and  Louisiana;  in  1889,  Florida 
and  Illinois.  In  1890,  North  and  South  Dakota, 
Montana,  and  Washington,  on  coming  into 
Statehood,  either  re-enacted  the  national  law  or 
substituted  a  statute  of  their  own,  as  did  Idaho 
and  Wyoming  in  1891.  North  Carolina  also  en- 
acted an  admirable  temperance  education  law  in 
1891.  and  Mississippi  in  1892.  and  Alabama  add- 
ed strengthening  amendments  to  her  statutes. 
For  specifications  of  the  statutes  of  these  and 
other  States,  see  the  accompanying  map.  The 
following  is  the  explanation  of  the  marks: 

X  The  cross  signifies  that  scientific  temperance  i« 
a  mandator}'  study  in  public  schooU. 
*  The  star  signifies  a  penalty  attached  to  the  on- 


TEMPERANCE  INSTKUCTION  IN  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS.  817 

forcing  clause  of  this  statute  in  the  State  or  Territory     was  appointed.     The  gent  Jemen  comprising  this 
to  which  it  is  alHxed.  '         '  "  ...     -.       .      -«a    _ 


I  The  parallel  indicates  that  the  study  is  to  be  Schools;  William  A.  Movvry,  Ph.  D.;  and  William 

taui?ht  in  the  same  manner  and  as  thoroughly  us  K.  Sheldon,  President  of  the  National  Teachers* 

<»ther  required  branches.               ,,   ,  ,  ^  v    w  Association  in  lb87.     As  discussion  on  the  text- 

jr  The  section  mark  mdicntes  that  text-books  on  i,ook  question  went  on,  the  need  of  an  authorita- 

th  IS  topic  used  m  pnmary  and  intermcKliate  schools  x-,^   ^„„,i„,.,i   u^,   .«  '      •  i     V^    i      J^,r»  J       -  , 

.iiu..t   give   one  foUh   4cir  space   to  temperance  ^^^  standard  became   evident.     In   1887,  with 

matter,  and  those  used  in  high  schools  not  less  than  ^"®  ^^^  ^^  Jne  advisory  board  and  special   cx- 

twentv  pages.  perts.  a   syllabus  of  topics  that  books  on   (his 

^  l^he  paragraph  indicates  that  no  teacher  who  subject  should  teach  was  prepared,  signed   bv 

has  not  passed  a  satisfactory  examination  in  this  more  than  2C0  of  the  most  representative  names 

subject  U  granted  a  certificate  or  authorized  to  teach,  of  the  United  States  in  medical,  chemical,  edu- 

At  the  close  of  1801,  35  States  and  all  of  the  cational,  legislative,  and  other  circles  interested 

Territories,  including  the  District  of  Columbia,  in  the  public  good,  and  was  sent  to  all  publishers 

the  Indian  and  colored   schools,  and   national  of  this  kind  of  literature,  respectfully  asking  that 

military    and    naval    academies,    were    under  their  books  on  this  topic  be  revised  to  contain 

temperance  education  laws,  covering  at  least  the  latest  truths  of  science  as  set  forth  in  the 

12,000,000  children  of  school  age.    Only  nine  petition.     The  following  is  a  digest  of  this : 

SUtes  were  without  such  legi.slation,  and  bills  ,f  ^^is  new  education  is  to  pve  to  the  world  a 

proTiding  for  this  instruction  are  now. before  the  generotion  of  intelligent  total  atstainew,  its  manuals 

legislatures  of  three  of  these— ^ew  Jersey,  Ken-  of  instruction  must  conlbrui  to  the  lollowing  spccifl- 

tucky,  and  Mississippi.  cations: 

The  Parliament  of  Sweden  in  1891  enacted  a  1-  They  must  teach  with  no  uncertain  sound  the 

temperance  education    law,  while    in    Canada,  proved  findings  of  science,  viz. :  (a)  That  alcohol  w 

England,  Finland,   Norway,  Germany,  France,  **  .<langerous  and  seductive  r^oiRon.     (b)  That  beer, 

i«,lio    Ancffniio  on/1  r^tdfki.  ^^ii»«..;Aa  «^lIl :».;.«««»  wmc,  and    cider  contam  this   barae    alcohol,  thus 

India  Australia,  and  other  countries,  preliminary  j^^^^-;      ^,.„^  dangerous  drinks,  to  he  avoided,  and 

agitation   for   the   same   is   going  on.     A  gold  that  they  are  the  product  of  a  fermentation   that 

medal  was  awarded   the  exhibits  of  plans,  re-  changes  a  food  to  a  poiK.on.     (r)  That   it   is    the 

|)orts,  text-books,    etc.,  of  this  department  by  nature  of  any  liquor  containing  alcohol  to  creatj  an 

the  French  Committee  of  Awards  at  the  Paris  appetite  for  more,  which  i»  so  apt  to  become  unoon- 

Exposition  in  1889;  and  a  like  exhibit  won  a  trcajable  tliat  the  strongest  warning  should  be  urged 

diploma    from    the    Massachusetts    Charitable  ^'^*\??te                                                 forming   the 

Mechanics*  Association  in  1890.  "T'They  mu8t  also  teach  the  effect  of  these  uix-n 

But  this  great  volume  of  legislation  is  only  a  the  human  system,  that— is,  upon  the  whole  being, 

part  of  the  movement.     Not  only  the  legal  de-  mental,  moral,  and  physical.    The  appalling  eftects 

mand  for  an  entirely  new  ftudv  in  the  public  of  drinking  habits  upon  the  citizenship  of  tlie  nation, 

schools  of  the  whole  country  had  to  be  created,  the  degradation  and  crime  resulting,  demand  tliat 

but  school  literature  for  nil  grades  of  pupils,  its  instruction   here  should  give  clear  and  emphatic 

methods  of  teaching,  and  interest  and  ability  on  ^^^'^^^'^  ^"^  ^^  ^^^'""  warnings  of  science  upon  Un» 

the  part  of  teachers.     There  were  text-books  on  ■* 

temperance,  but  these  did  not  meet  the  need.  During  1884-85  and  1869-'91  numerous  books 

As  unhygienic  habits  and   methods  of  living  were  written  or  revised  to  meet  the  demands 

may  lead  to  indulgence  in  alcohol  and  other  of  science. 

narcotics,  the  remedy  proposed  is  an  all-round  From  its  inception  the  National  Department 

physical  education,  including:  enoncfh  physiology  of  Scientific  Temperance  has  been  in  consulta- 

to  enable  the  pupils  to  understand  the  laws  of  tion  with  eminent  authorities  as  to  its  various 

hygiene  and  the  consequences  of  violating  them,  phrfsesof  work — legislative,  physiological,  chem- 

especially  in  the  case  of  narcotics.    These  sub-  ical,  and  educational.    In  the  interest  of  scientific 

jects  are  therefore  made  a  part  of  the  study,  as  accuracy,  extensive  researches  have  been  made 

demanded  by  law.    Scientific  temperance  may  and  are  now  carried  on  in  the  great  medical 

Ik?  therefore  defined  as  physical  edncation  ;  or  librariesof  Washington,  New  York,  Philadelphia, 

hygiene,  including  the  nature  and   effects  of  and  Boston.     The  headquarters  of  the  depart- 

aicoholic  drinks  and  other  narcotics,  with  enough  ment  are  at  Hope  Cottage,  Hyde  Park,  Mass.,  a 

anatomy  and  physiology  to  make  it  intelligible.  suburb  of  Boston.    Here  a  corps  of  secretaries 

When   the  movement   began  there  were  no  aid  in  replying  to  inquiries,  and  send  out  printed 

manuals  of  instruction  or  text-books  that  in-  aids    and    other    plans.     A    literary    assistant 

eluded  the  whole  subject.    The  passage  of  the  searches  the  Index  Medicus,  a  classified  index  of 

New  York   law  roused  authors  and  publishers,  the  current  medical  literature  of  the  world,  and 

who  had  before  doubted  there  ever  being  a  sus-  other  indexes,  for  all   the  new  utterances  on 

tained  demand  for  this  school  literature,  and  medical,   physiological,    hygienic,   or    chemical 

books  hurriedly  prepared,  with  little  or  no  tem-  subjects,  on  sanitation,  fermentation,  and  kindred 

perance  matter,  but  mostly  technical  physiology,  topics.    The   books  or  articles  thus  found  are 

and  badly  adapted  to  grade,  were  rushed  upon  procured,  translated   when  necessary,  topically 

the    market.     The  duty  of   procuring    better  classified,    and    lidded    to    the    comprehensive 

books  and  the  revision  of  the  imperfect  ones  had  special  library  on  this  subject  at  Hope  Cottage, 

to  be  met  as  the  work  of  legislation  went  on.  The  department  has  now  in   training  persons 

In  1887  an  advisor)'  board  of  representative  men  from  different  parts  of  the  country,  who  are 

VOL.  XXXI.— 52  A 


818 


TENNESSEE. 


preparing  to  become  teachers'  institute  in- 
structors on  this  topic. 

A  Standard  for  the  Enforcenoent  of  Tem- 
perance Laws,  the  result  of  conferences  with 
experienced  educators,  lias  been  formulated  and 
signed  by  State  and  city  superintendents  of 
public  instruction  intrusted  with  the  enforce- 
ment of  these  laws.  This  standard  in  circular 
form,  widely  circulated,  constitutes  the  needed 
official  opinion  as  to  how  this  topic  should  be 
taught.  A  general  oversight  of  this  study  as 
pursued  in  the  schools  is  yearly  reported,  with 
results,  by  the  State,  county,  and  local  super- 
intendents, to  the  National  Superintendent. 
These  reports  show  that  where  the  approved 
text-books,  adapted  to  the  various  graa^,  and 
the  methods  of  teaching  as  set  forth  in  the 
standard  of  enforcement,  are  in  use,  an  intelli- 
gent sentiment  in  favor  of  obeying  the  gen- 
eral laws  of  hygiene,  especially  with  reference 
to  alcoholic  drinlcs  and  other  narcotics,  results. 
But  where  the  imperfect  books,  chiefly  technical 
anatomy  and  physiology,  with  little  or  no 
hygiene,  are  in  use,  less  satisfactory  results  are 
reported.  The  returns  of  1891  show  a  universal 
movement  toward  the  approved  books  and 
methods  of  teaching. 

TENNESSEE,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to 
the  Union  June  1,  1796;  area,  42,050  square 
miles.  The  population,  according  to  each  de- 
cennial census  since  admission,  was  105,602  in 
1800;  261,727  in  1810;  422,771  in  1820;  681,904 
in  1830;  829,210  in  1840;  1,002,717  in  1850;  1,- 
109,801  in  1860;  1,258,520  in  1870;  1,542,859  in 
1880:  and  1,767,518  in  1890.    Capital,  Nashville. 

(^lOTernmcnt. — The  following  were  the  State 
officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  John  P. 
Buchanan,  Democrat ;  Secretary  of  State,  Charles 
A.  Miller;  Treasurer  and  Insurance  Commis- 
sioner, M.  F.  House ;  Comptroller,  J.  W.  Allen ; 
Attorney-General,  G.  W.  Pickle ;  Superintendent 
of  Public  Instruction,  Frank  M.  Smith,  suc- 
ceeded by  W.  R.  Garrett ;  Commissioner  of  Agri- 
culture, Statistics,  and  Mnies,  6.  M.  Hord, 
succeeded  by  D.  G.  Godwin ;  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  Peter  Tumey ;  Associate  Jus- 
tices, W,  C.  Caldwell,  B.  L.  Snodgrass,  H.  II. 
Lurton,  and  Benjamin  J.  Lea. 

Popalatlon  by  Races.— The  following  table 
shows  the  white  and  colored  population  of  the 
State  in  1880  and  1890,  as  reported  by  the  Fed- 
eral census : 


COUNTIES. 


AndenoD. .. 
Bedford.... 

Btrnton 

Bledsoe 

Blount 

Bradby  . . . . 
Campbell . . . 

CanncD 

Carroll 

Carter 

Cheatham . . 

I'hoster 

Claiborne... 

Clay 

Cocke 

Coffee 

Crockett. . . . 
(Cumberland 
Davidson... 


wiirrK. 


1890. 


18,920 
18.411 
10,G09 

15,954 
11,816 
12,905 
11.2.V) 
17,926 
12,6S8 

7.297 

7,223 
14,.'i77 

6.S80 
1.M7S 
12,127 
10,9D8 

5,828 
66,612 


1880. 


9.917 

18.686 

9.147 

4,;33 

14,'i73 

10,258 

9,571 

10,606 

1«\524 

9.8S5 

6,295 

iiim 

«,68S 
18,861 
11.164 
10,498 

4.400 
47,678 


COLOBKD. 


1890. 


1,204 

6,827 

621 

491 

1,6'V2 

l,7Ss 

6S1 

947 

5.7C4 

701 

1,548 

l.Ml 

526 

80 

1.S89 

l.*-99 

4,289 

.5^ 

41,549 


1880. 


908 
7,489 

688 

747 
1,705 
1.845 

482 
1,116 
6,579 

f2S 
1,661 

"789 

899 

1.447 

1.728 

8,612 

42 

81,-^81 


COUNTIES. 


Decatur 

DeKalb 

Dickson 

Dy  t*r 

Fayette 

Fentress 

Franklin 

Gibson 

Giles 

Gralngfr. 

Greene 

Grundv 

Hamblen 

Hamilton 

Hancock 

Hardeman.... 

Hardin 

Hawkins 

Haywood 

Henders<»n. . . . 

Henry 

Hickman 

Houston 

Humphreys.., 

Jackson 

James 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Knox 

Lake 

Lauderdale . . . 

Lawrence 

Lewis 

Lincoln 

Loudon 

McMinn 

McNalry 

Maoon 

Madlsfin 

Marion 

Marshall 

Maury 

Meigs 

Monroe 

Montf^mery  . 

Moore 

Morgan 

Obion 

Overton 

Perry 

Pickett 

Polk 

Putnam 

Rbea 

Roane 

Robertson 

Kutherford . . . 

Scott 

Boqnatchie..., 

Sevier 

Shelby 

Smith 

Stewart , 

SulUvan 

Sumner 

Tlptiin 

Trousdale  . . . , 

Unicoi 

Union , 

Van  Boren  . . . 

Warrpn 

Washington . . 

Wayne 

Weakley. 

White 

Williamson . . . 
Wilson 

The  State 


WUITB. 

1800. 


COLORED. 


7,662 
14.462 
11,498 
1^I18 

&2»i4 

5,180 
15,818 
26,8^6 
22,427 
12,478 
25,047 

6,9U9 

9,h67 
86,760 

9,598 
12,0S2 
15,269 
19,826 

7,{-85 
18.894 
15,202 
11,7^9 

4.658 
10,178 
12.835 

4,8C2 
14,269 

8,478 
48,422 

4,-.26 
10,&i0 
11,492 

2,886 
21.1)74 

7,805 
16,722 
18,602 
10.05)5 
16,809 
12,977 
14.865 
22,090 

6,208 
14.046 
15,793 

^484 

7,808 
22,C80 
11.767 

7,114 

4.725 

7,771 
18,045 
10,871 
15,460 
14,524 
20,595 

9,428 

2.94S 
18,184 
61,021 
16,4n6 

l(r.016 

19,467 

17.267 

12,486 

4.018 

4,888 

11,851 

2,794 

12,J«91 

18.889 

10,600 

24J880 

11,518 

16.162 

19,798 

1,882,971 


1880.    I  1800.  ;  1880. 


7.276 

18,660 

lH,v:29 

11,206 

9.688 

6,^88 

18,646 

28,540 

2I.S24 

11,655 

21.b60 

4,154 

8,4S1 

16,i89 

8,616 

18,818 

12,775 

17,956 

8,497 

14,414 

15,4SS 

9,ty49 

8,487 

9,70S 

11,516 

4.478 

18.889 

7.295 

8l,t>80 

8,274 

9,tSl 

9,.' 99 

1.963 

2(\648 

7,::S2 

12,718 

14,846 

a429 

16,406 

9,641 

14,429 

21.781 

6,C08 

12,991 

14.786 

6,448 

4,S67 

18,841 

11.811 

6,609 

•  •  •  • 

6,898 
10,908 

6.800 
18.810 
18,242 
20.248 

6.864 

2.5'9 
14.84S 
84.508 
14.215 

9.988 
17.011 
16.294 
10.482 

4,505 

8626 
10.042 

2,747 
11,801 
14,6(*4 
10.282 
«0,126 
10.178 
1^922 
20,292 


1.888 

1,1 6H 

2.152 

4,762 

2t>,614 

46 

8,610 

9.478 

12.&)0 

716 

1,566 

486 

1,546 

17,7tH 

744 

8,947 

2.429 

2,890 

15,728 

2,442 

V6S 

2,770 

887 

1,643 

Ji-O 

684 

2,206 

877 

11.127 

1.070 

7,946 

794 

219 

«,S4i7 

1,469 

2.16B 

1,908 

782 

14.CS4 

2.484 

4J5SS 

16,022 

721 

1.272 

18.908 

511 

886 

4,885 

272 

671 

11 

679 

688 

1,771 

1.9Ji7 

5.648 

l4Jy« 

871 

76 

627 

61.1^4 

2.997 

2,177 

1.482 

6,409 

11.885 

1.882 

281 

107 

67 

2,022 

l,9f4 

871 

4,6i5 

886 

Itl.l.'W 

7.860 


1.188,831    484J8O0 


1.2-J^ 

2.i-il 

22.'i  ^ 

8»li> 

9,14.^ 

14,1  K» 

2,l.V» 

48> 

l,Tt»5 

7.ft''J 

4^2 

9.6t)^ 

2.i«16 

2.6U 

17,.'i5« 

vn6 

6.054 
2..4r» 

Hr% 
i,r.;i 

48$ 

2,5<Ji» 

470 

7,244 

^v.s7 

T^ 

2l> 
6Jt]0 
1.7.> 
2.825 
2.41-6 

>90 

1&467 

l.:69 

4,SiO 

18.171 

M4 

J.sk  to 

18.6?4 
7-5 
2t9 
4.0W 
r42 
665 

»  •  •  »  •  • 

?44 

!£^ 

718 

1.9rt6 

.\6is 

16.4<»:* 

157 

:>6 

4a.w^ 
8,:>T^ 

2,7.%7 

1..8»>5 

7.S81 

10,548 

2.141 

119 

21!* 

1-6 

«.2;« 

1,.'»77 
1.069 
4,418 

12890 
8,455 


403.151 


64 


There  were  also  in    the  Stat^,  in  181K), 
Chinese,  10  Japanese,  and  173  Indians. 

Finances. — For  the  two  years  ending  Dec. 
20,  1890,  the  total  receipts  of  *the  State  treasury, 
including  a  cash  balance  of  $221,702.06  at  the 
beginning  of  the  period,  were  $3,957,000.06 ;  the 


TENNESSEE.  819 

total    disibursements   were    $3,877,234.20;    and  State  as  a  refund  of  the  direct  tax  of  1861  among 

there  remained  a  balance  on  Dec,  20,  1890,  of  the  persons  that  originally  paid  such  tax,  or  their 

|!79, 765.86.      Financially  the  State  is  in  a  more  representatives. 

promising  condition  than  at  any  time  since  the  Action  upon  a  bill  authorizing  an  appropria- 

eloj!«  of  the  rebellion,   although  an  immense  tion  for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition  was 

debt  still  hangs  over  it,  the  interest  on  which  it  postponed  until  final  disposition  by  Congress  of 

is  not  yet  able  to  meet  fully  without  further  the  Federal  Elections  bill  pending  before  that 

borrowing.    The  General  Assembly  this  year  at  body,  after  which  time  the  original  bill  was  killed, 

its  extra  session  revised  the  tax  laws  so  as  to  in-  and  another  was  passed  empowering  the  county 

crease  the  revenue,  and  at  the  regular  session  courts  to  appropriate  inonev  for  the  purpose  of 

provided  for  refunding  a  considerable  part  of  exhibiting  the  resources  of  the  county  at  the 

the  State  debt  at  a  lower  rate  of  interest,  so  that  Exnosition. 

before  1893  the  revenue  will  probably  be  suffi-  Ihe  Governor  was  authorized  to  appoint  a 

cient  to  support  the  Government  and  meet  all  commission  to  make,  or  cause  to  be  made,  sur- 

interest  charges.  veys  for  locating  a  route  for  a  canal  or  canals 

Legislative  Sessions. — The  regular  biennial  connecting  the  Cumberland  nnd  Tennessee  rivers 
session  of  the  General  Assembly  began  on  the  and  the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  rivers,  and  to 
first  Monday  of  January,  and  ended  on  March  collect  facts  of  interest  relating  to  such  pro- 
liO.  On  Jan.  26  M.  F.  House  was  elected  State  posed  canals,  for  the  purpose  of  laying  the  sub- 
Treasurer  and  J.  W.  Allen  State  Comptroller,  ject  before  Congress.  Another  act  provides  that 
In  onler  to  reduce  interest  on  the  public  debt,  hei'eafter  all  mineral  interests  in  Jand  in  the 
the  Funding  Board  was  required  to  issue  and  State  shall  be  subject  to  taxation.  The  sum  of 
sell  new  4-per-cent.  bonds,  payable  in  fifteen  f 25,000  was  appropriated  for  a  building  with 
years,  and  with  the  proceeds  to  redeem  the  6,5^,  improvements,  to  be  occupied  as  a  home  for  dis- 
and  6  per  cent,  bonds  issued  in  1883,  known  as  abled  Confederate  soldiers,  to  be  erected  upon 
the  State  debt  proper  bonds.  The  same  board  the  **  Hermitage  "  at  Nashville.  The  sum  of 
was  authorized  to  borrow  such  sums  as  may  be  $10,000  was  also  appropriated  for  the  support  of 
necessary  to  pay  the  interest  on  the  State  debt  such  home  for  1891  and  1892. 
up  to  January,  1893,  and  to  issue  notes  therefor.  An  amendment  to  Section  13,  Article  XI,  of 
payable  out  of  any  sums  hereafter  in  the  treas-  the  State  Constitution  was  proposed  for  submis- 
ury  not  otherwise  appropriated.  sion  to  the  people,  giving  to  the  General  Assem- 

The  following  new  congressional  districts  were  bly  power  to  enact  laws  "  for  the  construction, 

established :  maintenance,  working,  and  laying  out  of  public 

ir-  ^  r\'  ^  '^     n      *•      r  i  u^    ^  r>  -*««  tf.,ii:  roads.  laws  defining  and  establishing  legal  fenccs 

Ftrjti  Di^frtci. — Countica  of  Johnson,  Carter,  bulh-  „^,  „u^i;ok;««  „ii   #««««o.  «i^«  i .,«,  .t1^..i„*;»» 

van,  Washin^on,  Unicoi,  Hawkins, (Irecno,  Hamblen,  and  abolishing  all  fences;  also  laws  regulating 

Hancock,  Claiborne,  Cocke,  and  Grainier.  elections. 

S^rond  i>wrfm<.— Jefferson,  Union,  Sevier,  Blount,  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow: 

Knox,  Loudon,  Koono,  Anderson,  Moigon,  Campbell,  _     ,                  ,     ^       ,,     ,      .     o     .     t^ 

and  Scott  Settmff  apart  the  flrst  Monday  m  September  as  a 

Third  District.— Uonroc.  Polk,  Bradley,  Hamilton,  le^al  holiday;,  to  be  known  as  Labor  Day. 

James,  McMinn,  Bledsoe,  Gnmdv,  Van  Buren,  White,  ineorporatmg  the  city  ot  Harrmian  and  the  city  of 

Warren,  Franklin,  Marion,  Meiii,  and  Sequatchie.  Athens.  ^.         ^     ,          .  . 

fovrth  District.— Sumner,  Wilson,  Macon,  Trous-  Amendmg  the  law   givmg    contractors,  laborere, 

dale.  Smith,  Clay,  Jackson,  Overton,  Putnam,  Fentress,  material  men,  and  others  enjjaged  m  locating,  con- 

Pickett,  Cumberland,  and  Rhea.  rtructing,  repairing,  or  equippmg  any  railroad  a  hen 

J^fth  District.-€oii'ee,  Lincoln,  Moore,  Rutherford,  on  the  property  ot  such  road.           ^     .  ^. 

Manihall,  Bedford,  Cannon,  and  De  Kalb.  .  To  prohibit  the  selling,  giving,  or  furnishing  of  any 

Sixth  District.  —  Davidson,  Robertson.  Cheatham,  cigarettes,  cigarette  paper,  or  any  substitute  for  them, 

Montjifomcry,  Stewart,  Humphreys,  and  Houston.  to  any  minor.                 .       -,      . 

SecetUh  /)i«/Wc^.— Williamson,  Maury,  Giles,  Law-  To  regulate  the  nracticc  of  dentistry, 

rence,  Wayne,  Lewis,  Hickman,  and  Dickson.  ,  Making  it  a  misdemeanor  for  anv  person  to  carry  on 

A'lV/A/A  District.— Henry,  Benton,  Perry,  Decatur,  the  business  of  barbcnng  on  Sunday. 

Haniin,  McNairy,  Henderson,  Madison,  Carroll,  and  To  establish  county  work-houses,  to  provide  for 

Chester               *  working  convicts  sentenced  to  such  houses ;  to  declare 

Mnth  District.— Weak\ey,  Gibson,  Crockett,  Hay-  county  jails  work -houses  in  such  counties  as  have  no 

wood,  Lauderdale,  Dyer,  Otion,  and  Lake.  separate  work-houses,  and  to  provide  a  supcrmtendent 

Tenth  District.— H&rdenmn,  Favette,  Shelby,  and  and  other  othcers  therefor. 

Tipton.  Allowing  railroad  companies  to  purchase  and  con- 

*       '  solidate  with  branch  lines,  but  forbidding  the  consoli- 

Provision  was  made  for  pensioning  disabled  dation  of  parallel  or  completing  lines. 

Federal  and  Confederate  soldiers  and  sailoi-s,  a  .  To  protect  the  public  against  fraudulent  pedigrees  in 

board  of  State  pension  examiners  being  created  ^'^J  stock.  .            •               j      •  *             r        * 

♦,.  W.-0-.  „»w,«  oil  or.^i;»of  ;/>»^    Ti,o  nn^«^o«/w»  f^r  Authorizing  the  erection  and  maintenance  of  county 

to  pass  upon  all  application.^.  1  he  allowance  for  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^  .^^         ^^^          ^^  ^^^  inebriate  ih 

total  disability  was  fixed  at  $25  a  month,  and  ^/^^^i^  ^^  ^^OO  inhabitants  or  over. 

for  nartial  disability  from  $10  to  f  8.33^  a  month.  To  enable  county  courts  to  inaugurate  general  im- 

All  railroads,  other  than  street  railroads,  were  provements  in  pub'lic  roads,  and  to  authonzc  the  issue 

required  to  furnish  equal  but  separate  accommo-  of  county  bonds  in  order  to  raise  money  for  such  im- 

dations  for  the  white  and  colored  races,  by  pro-  provements.      ,    ,     .          ^,    ., ,. 

viding  two  or  more  passenger  cars  for  each'train.  .  To  regulate  the  business  of  budding  and  loan  asso- 

«r  by  dividing  each  car  by  a  partition.     All  con-  "^^^^^^^^^^^ae  for  an  enumeration  of  the  male  inhabit 

ductors  were  given  authonty  to  assign  passengers  ^^^  ^^  ^j^^  ^^^^  ^^  twentv-one  vears  and  upward, 

to  the  proper  car  or  apartment  thereof.  Authorizing  the  city  oiT  Knoxville  to  issue  lx)nd8 

A   boara  of  commissioners  wns  created  and  to  the  amount  of  $5(>0*000,  the  proceeds  from  the  sale 

authorized  to  distribute  the  sum  received  by  the  of  which  to  be  devoted  to  the  following  objects,  viz.. 


820  TENNESSEE. 

$250,000  for  sewers,  $125,000  for  bridges,  and  $126,000  Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow  : 

for  streets.  To  compel  all  persons,  firms,  oorpomtions  and  cwu- 

Assenting  to  the  provisions  of  the  act  of  Congress  panies  engaged  in  constructing  railrciads  or  in  min- 

nppropriatin^  money  for  tlio  more  complete  endow-  mg  or  manutiu'turing  to  settle  with  their  employes  at 

mcnt  and  support  of  colleges  of  agriculture  and  the  least  once  in  tliirty  days,  and  to  pay  them  in  lawful 

mechanic  arts  in  the  several  States.  money  of  the  United  States. 

Revisinur  and  codifying  the  State  insurance  laws.  To  prohibit  prize  fighting,  sparring  matcht«,and 
To  declare   unlawful   all   trust-*,    pools,  contracts,  otiier  bruUl  sports  or  exhibitions,  and  to  punish  par- 
arrangements,  and  combinations  in  restraint  of  trade,  ticipants  therein, 
provluv-'tion,  manufacture,  and  sale.  Creating  a  State  Board  of  World's  Fair  manasrers. 

On  Aug.  7,  Gov.  Buchanan  issued  his  proela-  Edacation. — The  following  public-school  sta- 

mation  calling  an  extra  session  of  the  (ieueral  tistics,  covering  the  school  year  ending  June  30. 

Assembly  to  meet  on  Aug.  81.    The  chief  cause  1800.  are  reported  by  the  State  Supenntendeni : 

for  this  action  was  the  disturbances  in  East  Ten-  Children  of  school  age  (between  six  and  twenty- 

nessee,  arising  out  of  the  employment  of  State  one  years),  white  males,  261,796;  white  femaloss 

cx)nvictsin  the  mines  in  competition  with  free  la-  248,798 ;  colored  males.  88,372  ;  colored  feroalt:-. 

bor,  an  account  of  which  is  given  elsewhere.  87,349 ;  total,  686,310 ;  pupils  enrolled,  420.104 : 

The  leading  subjects  proposed  bv  the  Governor  average  daily  attendance,  296,765;  average  length 

for  legislative  action  related  to  the  abolition  of  of  school  year,  in  days.  86 ;  teachers  employed, 

the  convict  lease  system,  or  such  modification  males,  4,82*7;   females,  3,084 ;   average  monthly 

thereofas  would  prevent  the  employment  of  con-  wages  of  teachers,   $31.24:    number  of  white 

vices  in  mines,  and  thereby  meet  the  demands  of  schools,  5,895 ;    colored  schools,   1,536:   school- 

the  belligerent  miners.    Early  in  the  session  a  houses,  6,048;    erected    during  the  year,  265: 

committee  was  appointed  to  confer  with  the  value  of  school  property,  $2,830,319.61. 

Penitentiary  lessees,  and  ascertain  whether  they  The  financial  statement  for  the  year  is  as  fol- 

would  consent  to  any  modification  of  their  lease  lows :  Amount  on  hand  July  1, 1889,  $620,752.29 : 

which  would  require  the  State  convicts  to  be  received  from  the  State,  $128.806.87 :  from  the 

worked  at  certain  mines  where  no  other  labor  counties,  $1,206,926.26;  from  other  sources,  $82,- 

should  be  employed,  and  whether  they  would  072.92;  total   receipts,  $2,038,558.35.    Expendi- 

sublet  a  portion  of  the  convicts  to  be  used  in  tures :   Teachers*  salaries,  $1,078,265.63 :  school 

constructing  a  State  penitentiarv.    The  result  of  sites,  buildings,  and  repairs,  $77,256.99 ;  fumi- 

these  negotiations  was  not  wholly  satisfactory  to  ture,  etc,   $36,855.44;     other  expenses,   $106.- 

the  legislators.     After  prolonged    and  excited  982.61;   total  expenses,    $1,300,851.67;  balance 

discussion  the  session  came  to  an  end  on  Sept.  on  hand,  Juljr  1,  1890,  $738,206.68.     During  the 

21  without  any  action  on  this  subject,  the  legis-  year  1,069  private   schools  reported  1.447  teach- 

lators  refusing  to  entail  upon  the  State  the  ex-  ers,  40,683  pupils  enrolled,  and  an  average  at- 

pense  of  building  a  new  penitentiary  such  as  tendance  of  28,378. 

the  abolition  of  the  lease  system  would  necessi-  At  the  State  University  the  attendance  for  the 

tate.    In  addition  to  refusing  the  demands  of  year  ending  1890  was  as  follow:  Academic  De- 

the  miners,  the  Assembly  enacted  several  laws  partment,  251 ;    Law   Department   (established 

designed  to  prevent  further  outbreaks  by  them,  m  February),  8 ;  Medical  and  Dental  Department, 

Authority  wa^  given  to  the  Governor  to  sum-  251 ;  total,  510. 

mon  and  u.<«e  the  sheriff  of  each  county  with  a  Charities, — At  the  Eastern  Hospital  for  the 

|ios«e  of  as  many  men  as  the  Governor  sfiall  des-  Insane  there  were   232    patients  on    Dec    19. 

ignate,  and  to  call  out  the  State  Guard  of  Ten-  1888 ;  182  were  ailmitted  during  the  two  years 

nossee  whenever  he  shall  deem  it  necessary  for  ensuing,  and  163  were  discharged,  leaving  251 

the  purpose  of  repelling  invasion  or  suppress-  on  Dec.  19,   1890.     The  total  receipts  for  the 

ing  insurrections,  mobs,  and  like  unlawful  as-  two    years  were  $107,809.98,  and  tne  total  ex- 

semblies,  whether  existing  or  imminent.     He  pense  $100,075.51.     At    the  Western  Hospital 

may  keep  such  force  in  the  employ  of  the  State  there  were  received  on  Nov.  22,  1889,  from  the 

as  long  as  a  necessity  therefor  exists,  but  such  Central  Hospital  156  patients,  lieing  the  first  in- 

authority  shall  continue  only  until   the  close  of  stallment  of  patients  received  at  this  institution, 

the  next  regular  session  of   the  General    As-  the  buildings  for  which  were  then  in  an  un- 

sembly.    By  another  act  it  was  declared  a  felony  finished  condition.     Up  to  Dec.  19,  1890,  there 

for  any  person  to  hinder,  interrupt,  or  interfere  had  been  received  128  other  patients,  and  35  had 

with  the  working  of  convicts  or  work-house  pris-  been  discharged,  leaving  249  in  the  hospital  on 

oners,  wherever  they  maybe,  or  to  act  as  a  leader  the  latter  date.    The  expenses  up  to  Dec.  19. 

of  any  mob  or  company  of  men  who  shall  so  in-  1890,  were   $52,419.45,  and  the  receipts  $44.- 

terfere,  the   punishment    being    imprisonment  422.02.      The   Central    Hospital,  at   Nashville, 

from  one  to  seven  yeai*s.     The  sum  of  $25,000  contained    432    patients    on     Dec     19.    1888: 

was  appropriated  for  the  support  and  mainte-  during    the    two    years    following    289   were 

nance  of  tlie  State  militia  in  case  their  services  admitted    and    335  disc*harged  (including  156 

should  be  needed.  transferred  to  the  Western  Hospital),  leaving 

At  this  session  an  act  was  aNo  passed  redis-  386  remaining  (m  Drc.  19,  1890.    The  receipt* 

tricting  the  State  for  members  of  the  State  Sen-  were  $150,927.95,  and  the  expenses  $152,205.07. 

ate  and  House  of  Representatives.    It  was  en-  On  March  13, 1891,  the  buildings  at  this  hospital 

acted  that  all  ballots  hereafter  cast  in  elections  used  for   the  male  patients  were  entirely  <le- 

shall  be  of  plain  white  paper,  seven  inches  long  stroyed  by  fire,  several  of  the  inmates  losing 

and  three  inches  wide.     It  was  made  unlawful  their  lives.    Those  who  escaped  and  could  not 

to  place  any  picture,  sign,  color,  mark,  orinsig-  l>e  accommodated  at  the  other  buildings.  Wing 

nia  thereon,  except  the  names  of  the  candidates  ahr.ut   100  in  number,  were  transferred  to  the 

and  the  office.  Western  Hospital. 


TENNESSEE.  821 

At  the  Tennessee  School  for  the  Blind  there  on  July  21.    There,  on  July  22,  a  committee  of 

were  72  white  and  13  colored  pupils  in  Decern-  the  miners  asked  for  a  conference,  and  after  two 

ber,   1890.     The  receipts  for  two  years  were  days  of  negotiation  they  agreed  to  submit  to  a 

$;M,005.(K),  and  the  expenses  $83,480.15.    The  return  of  tlie  convicts,  with  the  understanding 

Tennessee  Deaf  and  Dumb  School  contained  127  that  the  Governor  would  call  an  extra  session  of 

pupils  on  the  same  date.    The  receipts  for  the  the  Legislature  and   advise  the  repeal  of  the 

preceding  two  years  were  $58,308.10,  and  the  ex*  lease  system,  or  its  modification  to  meet  the  de- 

penses  $55,408.10.  mands  of  the  miners,  together  with  such  other 

industrial  School.— Since  the  opening  of  legislation  as  would  give  them  their  rights.  Ac- 
the  State  Industrial  School  in  1887,  208  wnite  cordingly.  on  Aug.  7  the  Governor  issu^  his 
and  82  colored  persons  have  been  placed  under  proclamation  calling  an  extra  session  to  meet 
its  discipline,  of  whom  65  white  and  7  colored  on  Aug.  81.  The  proceedings  of  this  session  are 
had  beep  discharged  up  to  Dec.  1,  1890,  leaving  elsewhere  treated.  It  not  only  failed  to  make 
on  the  latter  date  138  white  and  25  colored  per-  the  slightest  change  from  the  lease  system  or 
sons  in  the  institution.  For  the  two  years  end-  in  the  terms  of  the  existing  lease,  but  it  con- 
ing Dec  1,  1890,  the  receipts  were  $85,800.27,  ferred  greater  powers  upon  the  Governor  for 
and  the  expenses  $35,884.48.  preserving  order,  and  imposed  heavy  penalties 

Conviet  Mining  Troable8.~On  the  night  of  for  interference  with  convicts.  Its  only  conces- 
July  14  a  mob  of  300  armed  men,  composed  of  sion  to  the  miners  was  an  act  requiring  the  pay- 
miners  and  persons  in  sympathy  with  them,  at-  ment  of  employes  in  cash,  and  a  settlement 
tacked  and  overpowered  the  guards  at  the  State  with  them  at  least  once  in  thirty  days.  This 
convict  camp  at  Briceville,  in  Anderson  County,  result  was  accepted  with  ill  grace  by  the  miners, 
and  forced  the  lessees  having  charge  of  the  pris-  and  by  the  people  of  the  eastern  part  of  the 
oners  to  carry  them  by  train  to  Knoxville.  The  State,  who  were  generally  in  sympathy  with  the 
local  authorities,  being  powerless  to  cope  with  miners,  and  whose  attitude  made  the  work  of 
the  mob,  called  upon  the  Governor  for  assist-  the  mob  in  each  case  much  less  difficult  than  it 
nnce,  and  on  July  15  he  ordered  Adjutant-Gen-  would  otherwise  have  been.  After  the  close  of 
eral  Norman  to  place  two  Chattanooga  com-  the  session,  on  Sept.  21,  a  period  of  quiet  ensued, 
panics  of  the  militia  and  one  Knoxville  company  during  which  the  miners  sought  to  obtain  relief 
under  orders  to  ^o  to  Briceville.  Taking  a  through  the  courts.  A  case  was  brought  in  the 
train  from  Nashville,  the  Governor  was  joined  local  court  based  upon  the  claim  that  the  mines 
at  Chattanooga  by  the  two  companies  and  at  were  not  a  prison  within  the  meaning  of  the 
Knoxville  by  the  third  company.  At  the  latter  convict  lease,  and  that  prisoners  were  illegally 
place,  where  he  arrived  on  tne  rooming  of  July  worked  therein.  The  local  judge  sustained  this 
1(5,  the  car  containing  the  expelled  convicts  was  view,  but  the  State  Supreme  Court,  to  which 
attached  to  the  train,  and  Briceville  was  reached  the  case  was  appealed  in  October,  reversed  the 
on  the  same  day  at  noon.  The  mob  having  al-  decision.  The  miners  thereupon  took  matters 
ready  dispersed,  the  convicts  were  peaceably  re-  into  their  own  hands  again.  On  the  night  of 
turned  to  camp,  the  number  of  guards  increased.  Oct.  80  an  armed  mob  of  about  2,000  persons 
and  a  detachment  of  the  militia  left  to  insure  visited  the  camps  at  Briceville  and  Coal  Creek, 
protection.  At  the  reauest  of  a  committee  of  the  intimidated  the  giiards,  set  free  805  convicts, 
miners,  the  Governor  tnen  attended  one  of  their  furnishing  them  with  citizens*  clothing,  set  fire 
meetings  near  Briceville,  at  which  he  counseled  to  the  camps,  and  ransacked  the  store  of  the 
obedience  to  law,  and  emphasized  his  determina-  mining  company  at  Coal  Creek.  The  news  of 
tion  to  preserve  order.  The  grievances  of  the  this  outbreak  brought  Gov.  Buchanan  to  Knox- 
miners,  as  set  forth  at  this  meeting,  were  that  ville  again,  where  he  issued  a  proclamation  on 
the  Tennessee  Coal  and  Iron  Company,  their  em-  Nov.  2,  offering  a  reward  of  $5,000  for  the  capt- 
ployer.  and  the  lessee  of  the  State  convicts,  ha-  ure  and  conviction  of  the  leaders  of  the  mob, 
nitually  paid  them  in  scrip  instead  of  lawful  and  1 25  for  the  capture  and  return  of  each  of 
money ;  that  they  were  not  free  to  purchase  the  escaped  convicts.  Meanwhile,  on  the  mom- 
their  supplies  wherever  they  desired  ;  and  that,  ing  of  the  same  day,  an  armed  mob  of  about  200 
when  they  asserted  their  right  under  the  law  to  horsemen  descended  upon  the  camp  at  Oliver 
ap()oint  their  own  check-weighman  to  protect  Springs,  released  about  150  convicts,  and  set 
their  interests  in  the  weighing  of  coal  mined,  fire  to 'the  camp.  This  new  humiliation  was 
the  company  at  once  shut  down  their  mines  in  followed  by  a  new  proclamation  of  the  Governor 
order  to  bring  them  to  terms.  A  still  greater  offering  the  same  rewards  as  in  the  Briceville 
grievance  was,  that  they  were  compelled  to  work  and  ('oal  Creek  affair.  Great  efforts  were  now 
in  competition  with  low-priced  convict  labor,  made  to  recapture  the  released  convicts;  but  the 
the  presence  of  which  was  used  by  the  company  work  was  slow,  and  many  had  left  the  Slate.  In 
PS  a  scourge  to  force  free  laborers  to  its  terms,  the  course  of  five  or  six  weeks  about  300  had 
The  Governor  returned  to  Nashville  on  July  18,  been  returned  to  the  main  prison  at  Nashville, 
and  orderetl  Adjutant-General  Norman  to  Brice-  where  they  were  kept  to  await  the  orders  of  the 
rille  a.s  his  representative.  Before  the  latter  Governor.  Meanwhile  the  stockades  at  the 
reached  his  destination  the  miners  had  gathered  mines  were  rebuilt,  and  late  in  December  prep- 
from  various  quarters,  armed  forces  coming  from  arations  were  made  to  return  the  convicts  for 
Kentucky  to  aid  them,  until  they  had  sufficient  the  third  time  to  Briceville.  On  their  return 
numbers  to  overpower  the  guards  and  militia:  journey,  Jan.  1,  1892,  they  came  accompanied 
and  the  latter,  to  avoid  a  disastrous  conflict,  by  108  militiamen,  with  Gatling  guns  and  with 
acrreed  to  withdraw  the  convicts  again  to  Knox-  supplies  for  three  months.  No  opposition  was 
ville.  The  Governor  then  ordered  out  ten  com-  offered  by  the  miners.  At  the  close  of  the  year 
panics  of  militia,  and  again  went  to  Knoxville  the  mob  leaders  were  still  undiscovered. 


822.  TEXAS. 

Agriculture. — The  State  Bureau  of  Agricnit-  The  bonded  debt  of  the  State  remains  the 

lire    reports  the  following  statistics  for  18iK):  same  as  last  year,  $4,237,730.    The  redemption 

Wheat,  acres  sown,  1.306.228,  vield.  3,587,980  of  the  $41,700  of  the  d-per-cent.  funding  bonds 

bushels ;  corn,  3,410,52(5  acres,  yield,  55,260,805  of  act  of  May  2, 1871,  held  by  individuals.  an<l 

bushels;   cotton,  820,719   acres,  yield,  344,385  of  the  $207.000 of  7-per-cent.  revenue  defieiencT 

bales ;    tobacco,  34,960  acres,  yield,  22,080,844  bonds  of  act  of  Dec.  2, 1871,  also  held  by  indi- 

pounds;  pea-nuts,  18,012  acres,  yield,  17,440.-  viduals,  has  been  provided  for  by  the  general  ap- 

969  pounds.    The  live  stock  on  farms  in  April,  propriation  act,  approved  April  16.  1891,  which 

1890,  was  as  follows:    Horses,  289,057,   value,  provides  for  their  play ment  by  an  issue  of  5-per- 

$21,879,907;  mules,  190,542.  value,  $15,307,559;  cent,  bonds,  to  be  sold  to  the  permaneut  school 

cows,  342,508,  value,   $6,477,252 ;   other  cattle,  fund.    The  total  amount  held  oy  individuals  is 

474,656,  value,  $4,773,491 ;  sheep,  427,023,  value,  $1,019,590.    No  proiision  has  been  made  for  the 

$832,330;  hogs,  1,916,363,  value,  $5,835,430.  redemption  of  the  $200,000  6-per-cent  revenue 

Coal. — The  product  during  the  year  ending  deficiency  bonds  of  act  of  Feb.  13, 1885,  held  by 

June  30, 1880,  as  reported  to  the  tenth  census,  special  funds,  which  fell  due  Jan.  1,  1890. 

was  495,131  short  tons,  valued  at  $629,724  at  the  The  total  assessed  value  of  real  estate  w&> 

mines,  an  average  of  $1.27  a  ton.    During  1889  $577,621,608,  and  of  personal  property  $278,578.- 

the  total  production  was  1,925,689  short  tons,  675 :  total.  $856,200,283,  showmg  an  incn.«se  over 

valued  at  $2,338,309  at  the  mines,  an  average  of  the  preceding  year  of  $53,344,398  in  real  estate 

$1.21  a  ton.    The  number  of  mine  employes  in  and  $20,744,00^  in  personal  property,  or  a  total 

1889  was  4,108,  and  the  wages  paid  $1,609,310.  increase  of  $74,068,400  over  the  values  of  1890. 

The  mining  expenses  were  $2,113,292,  and  the  The  rate  of  tax  was  20  cents  on  each  $100. 

capital  employed,  $4,362,711.  Education. — The  latest  available  report  of 

Fensions. — Under  the  |)en8ion  law  passed  by  the  common  schools  gives  the  following  suranm- 

the   General  Assembly  this  year  the  board  of  ry:  Number  of  schools  taught,  9.065;  number  of 

pension  examiners  had  receivcil  816  applications  graded  schools,  not  including  cities,  307 ;  number 

up  to  Nov.  25.    Of  these,  367  were  allowed,  351  of  high  schools,  not  in  cities,  109;  avera^  school 

rejected,  and  the  others  are  pending.    The  pen-  term  in  months  in  cities,  7*62 ;  in  district  coon- 

sions  already  allowed  aggregate  $42,320  yearly.  ties,  5'01 ;  in  community  counties,  4*83:  total 

TEXAS,  a  Southern  State,  admitted  to  the  number  of  pupils  enrolled,  466,872 ;  number  of 

Union  Dec.  29,  1845 ;  area.  265,780  square  miles ;  teachers  employed  in  90  cities  and  193  counties, 

population,  according  to  the  census  of   1890,  10,980;  number  of  public  school-houses  belong- 

2.235,523.    Capital,  Austin.  ing  to  the  State,  5,326 ;  number  rented  or  leased. 

GoYernmciit. — The  following  were  the  State  2,998;  number  of  public-school  libraries,   103: 

officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  James  S.  number  of  volumes,  16,107;  average  monthly 

Hogsf,  Democrat;  Lieutenant-Governor,  George  salary  in  cities  and  independent  districts,  $59.39. 

C.   Pendleton ;  Secretary  of  State,  George  W.  The  total  amount  paid  to  teachers  was  $2,533.- 

Smith ;  Treasurer,  W.  B.  Wortham ;  Comptrol-  644.62,  and  the  total  amount  of  expenditures, 

ler,  John  D.  McCall;  Attorney-General,  Charles  $3,178,290.96. 

A.  Culbertson ;  Superintendent  of  Public  In-  The  latest  biennial  report  of  the  University  of 

struction,  H.  C.  Pritchett  to  August,  when  J.  M.  Texas,  at  Austin,  gives  the  number  of  the  faculty 

Carlisle  was  appointed ;  Adjutant-General,  W.  H.  at  17,  and  the  total  number  of  students  at  307.  of 

Mabry ;  Commissioner  of  General   Land  Office,  whom  4  are  in  the  post-graduate  course,  79  are 

W.  L.  McGaughey ;  State  Health  Officer,  Dr.  K.  in  the  law  course.  87  are  irregular  and  special 

M.  Swearingen ;  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  L.  students,    and    the   remainder    in  the    regular 

L.  Foster,  succeeded  in  August  by  J.  E.  F.  Hoi-  under-graduate  course.     The  estimated  income 

lingsworth;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supremo  Court,  for  1890-'91  from  interest  on  State  bonds,  lease 

John  W.  Stay  ton ;  Associate  Justices,  Reuben  U.  of  lands,  interest  on  land  sales,  and  fees  wa5 

Gaines  and  John  L.  Henry ;  Court  of   Appeals,  $52,983.54. 

Presiding  Judge,  John  P.  White;  Judges,  Slim-  The  university   received    in    December    the 

nel  A.  Willson  and  James  M.  Hurt.    D.  P.  Marr  proffer  of  a  valuable  library  from   Tank  Kee. 

was  appointed  on  the  commission  of  the  Court  a  lecturer  on  China.     This   library  embrat-ps 

of  Appeals  Jan.  30,  and  C.  C.  Garrett,  May  7.  38,000  volumes,  some  of  them  rare  old  mann- 

Flnances. — The  receipts  for  the  year  ending  scripts,  but  most  of  them  in  English  prints  and 

Aug.  31,  1891,  w^ere  $2,561,060.42.  exclusive  of  all  valuable  bound  books,  which   he  has  been 

the  transfers.     This    was  derived    principally  twenty  years  collecting,  and  are  valued  at  from 

from  the  following  sources:  Taxes  of  1889,  $24.-  $120,000  to  $150,000.    They  all  refer  to  China, 

351.55;  of  1890,  $1,974,696.76:    of  1891,  $148.-  and  are  represented  to  be  the  most  complete  eol- 

979.42;  special  taxes  and  fees  collected  by  Comp-  lection  of  the  history,  literature,  religion,  arts, 

troller,  $127,330.13;  refunded  by  United  States  etc.,  of  the  Chinese  in  the  world, 

frontier  protection,  $145,037.18;  refunded  to  ap-  A    medical    branch    of    the    university    was 

propriations,  $86.835.65 ;  half  of  land  sales,  act  opened  at  Galveston,  Oct.  1.    The  sum  of  $52,- 

of  July,  1879.  $75,110.87:  office  fees.  State  De-  000  was  appropriated    for   its  equipment  and 

partment,  $48,878.59 ;  office  fees.  General  Land  maintenance. 

Office,  $21.990.81 ;  office  fees.  Insurance  Depart-  In  May,  $200,000  was  piven  by  W.  M.  Rice,  of 

ment,  $14,034.70;  half  of  land  sales,  act  of  Mai-ch,  New  York,  formerly  of  Houston  to  establish  in 

1887,  $15,647.11.  Houston  the  William  M.  Rice  Institute  for  the 

The  disbursements  for  the  year  were  $2,167,-  Advancement  of  Literature,  Science,  and  Art. 

498.21,  exclusive  of  transfers.    The  balance  in  The  Sam  Houston  Normal  Institute  at  Hunts- 

the  treasury  Aug.  31,  1890.  was  $618,622.66,  and  ville  had  an  enrollment  of  313.    The  State  ap- 

Aug.  31, 1891,  it  was  $1,007,193.87.  propriation  in  1890  was  $20,000,  and  the  total 


TEXAS.  823 

receipts,  including  the  balance  at  the  beginning  unjust  discrimination  in  specific  cases.  Objec- 
of  the  year,  $54,023.16.  A  new  building  has  tions  were  also  made  to  the  office  of  commk^- 
been  erected  with  a  State  appropriation  of  sioner  being  made  appointive  instead  of  elective. 
$40,000.  The  Houston  Memonal  Ilall  in  this  The  other  important  bill  mentioned  was  en- 
building  is  one  of  the  finest  auditoriums  in  the  titled  **  An  Act  to  prohibit  aliens  from  acquiring 
State,  having  accommodations  for  1,500.  H.  C.  title  to  or  owning  lands  within  the  State  of 
Pritchett  was  appointed  President  in  August.  Texas."  It  provided  that  no  person  not  a  citizen 
LeffislatiTe  Hession. — The  twenty-second  of  the  United  States  could  own  land  in  Texas 
Legidature  met  on  Jan.  13  and  adjourned  on  unless  he  had  declared  his  intention  of  becoming 
April  13.  Two  of  the  laws  passed  occasioned  a  citizen  of  that  t:>tate.  All  aliens  who  should 
a  great  amount  of  adverse  criticism  and  opposi-  hereafter  take  lands  by  devise  or  descent  could 
tion  on  the  part  of  the  public.  One  of  these  hold  them  for  six  years  and  no  longer,  except  in 
was  the  bill  establishing  a  railroad  commission,  the  case  of  minors,  who  should  be  exempt  six 
The  Governor,  in  his  message,  called  the  atten-  years  after  coming  of  age,  or  of  persons  of  un- 
tion  of  the  Legislature  to  the  constitutional  sound  mind.  The  act  was.  of  course,  intended 
amendment  requiring  it  to  **  pass  laws  regulating  to  bar  out  foreign  corporations  rather  than  in- 
railroad  freight  and  passenger  tariffs,  and  to  dividuals,  but  applied  to  both ;  and  it  was  a 
**  provide  all  requisite  means  and  agencies  with  question  whether  the  charters  of  such  corpora- 
such  powers  as  may  be  deemed  adequate  and  ad-  tions,  as  contracts  with  the  State,  would  not  en- 
visable."  The  act  passed  on  this  subject  was  en-  able  them  to  stand  upon  their  rights  against  the 
titled  "An  Act  to  establish  a  railroad  com  mission  law.  A  test  case  came  up  in  a  suit  against  an 
for  the  State  of  Texas,  whereby  discrimination  individual  owner,  and  the  law  was  pronounced 
and  extortion  in  railroad  charges  may  be  pre-  void  for  want  of  a  proper  title.  The  judge  also 
vented,  and  reasonable  freight  and  passenger  said  that  the  act  was  at  variance  with  treaties 
tariffs  may  be  established;  to  prescribe  and  and  conventions  existing  between  the  United 
authorize  the  making  of  rules  and  regulations  to  States  and  other  powers. 

govern  the  commission  and  the  railroads,  and  The  Confederate  Soldiers*  Home,  at  Austin, 

afford  railway  companies  and  other  parties  ade-  was  transferred  from  private  to  State  manage- 

quate  remedies ;  to  prescribe  penalties  for  the  ment,  to  be  placed  in  cliarge  of  a  board  of  5  ex- 

vioiation  of  this  act,  and  to  provide  means  and  Confederate  soldiers  appointed  by  the  Governor,' 

rules  for  its  enforcement."    It  provided  for  the  and  $25,000  was  appropriated  to  provide  addi- 

appointment  by  the  Governor,  with  the  consent  tional  buildings,  and  $50,000  for  the  maintenance 

of  the  Senate,  of  a  railroad  commission  of  three  of  the  home  for  two  years, 

persons  not  interested  in  any  railroad,  to  receive  Among  other  acts  passed  during  the  session 

each  an  annual  salary  of  $4,000  from  the  State,  were  the  following : 

with   provisions    for  salaries  of   secretary  and  Prohibiting  prize  fighting. 

clerks  and  traveling  expenses;  they  were  to  have  Preventing  the  acquirement  of  title  to  land  by  ten 

power  to  govern  and  regulate  railroad  freight  years' poe8es»ion  under  certain  circumstances    Thin 

and  passenger  traffic;  to  classify  all  freight,  to  P!^J'£^Af^^^^ 

£t     AiT       J.      i.      J'     i.  4.U    J :..:-.: ^l.  rv*  4.u^«v>-J-««  now  or  Shall  hereotter  have  withm one incloflure more 
fix  the  rates,  to  adjust  the  division  of  the  charges  ^^^^  ^,000  acres,  including  in  the  same  land  belong- 
on  freight  carried  over  more  than  one  line,  and  ing  to  othere.  shall  have  any  right  to  claim  such  land 
to  fix  rates  for  storage  and  handling  of  freight,  other  than  their  own,  by  reason  of  ten  years'  occu- 
and  the  use  of  cars  not  unloaded  by  the  con-  pancy  or  possession  of  the  same,  unless  such  land  not ' 
signee.     Any  railroad  companv  having  cause  of  their  own  has  been  segregated  and  separated  from  all . 
complaint  against  the  rulings  if  the  commission  other  lands,  and  fenced  in  a  separate  inclosure  for  a 
shou'ldhavrthe  right  to  file  a  petition  in  ^^^^^^^  . f-^of  ^^^^^^^^^ 
when  the  case  should  take  precedence  of  all  other  agricultural  purposes. 

causes  of  a  different  nature.     The  commission  Providing  fdr  the  destruction  of  wolves  and  other 

should   investigate  all   complaints  against  the  wild  animals. 

companies  and  impose  the  ciamages,  if  any,  the  Making  abstracts  of  land  titles  or  land-title  books 

case  to  be  taken  to  the  courts  only  in  case  of  the  to  lands  in  this  State  compiled  from  the  records  of  any 


spcct  the  books  and  papers  of  any  company,  and  subject  to  certain  conditions.    [The  bill  provides  that 

to  examine  nnder  oath  any  officer,  agent,  or  em-  abstracts  of  land  titles  certified  to  by  the  compiler 

ploye  of  such  railroad  in  relation  to  its  business  shall  be  received  as  testimony  as  to  the  validity  of 

and  affairs:  and  for  any  failure  to  allow  such  ^^^J®***!,      ,     ,       ,            «     i 

inspection  the  company  should  pav  a  fine  of  not  To  close  borb^^  sJ^ops^on^Sun^^^^^^^  ^^.^^^^^^^^  ^^ 

less  than  $125  nor  more  than  $oOO  for  each  day  ^j^^      ^^^^  ^^^  ^^.^ools  at  twenty  cent*  on  the  hundred 

It  should  so  fail  or  refuse.     Ihis  act  origmated  dollars. 

in  the  House  and  passed  it  by  a  vote  of  92  to  5,  To  make  express  companies  subject  to  the  control 

and  passed  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  26  to  0.     It  of  the  railroad  commission. 

was  approved  April  3.  To  create  the  county  of  Sterling  out  of  Tom  Green 

It  was  objected  to  this  bill,  on  the  part  of  the  C<^"J?^y-.,.                         ^*,../xi.     w  i       *   j 

railrnA/l«5   thftt  it  nonfprppd  Almost  fthSoliiti^  now-  Providing  a  pension  of  $150  for  Madam  Andrea 

railroads,  tnat  »^f>"^«"^®.^»''"^st^^^  Castanon  de  Vilfaneuva,  bettt-r  known  in  history'  as 

ers  on  the  commission  ;  that  by  the  exercise  of  j^^^^,^  Candclaria,  of  San  Antonio,  who  was  a  nureo 

its  powers  that  commission  could  banknipt  any  ^  ^\^Q  gi^k  Texons  during  the  siege  of  the  Alamo, 

railway  in  the  State;  and  as  soon  as  the  com-  To  protect  the  sea-gull,  tern,  shearwater,  egret, 

mission  began  its  work  complaints  were  made  of  heron,  and  pelican,  and  their  cggn. 


824  TEXAS. 

Regulating  corporations  engaged  in  the  bumness  of  The  North  Texas  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  at 

guaranteeing  or  acting  a«  aecurity  for  the  fidelity  of  Terrell,  had  a  total  of  606  patients  on  Nov.  1, 

persona  in  public  or  private  offices,  euiploymenus  or  ^ggj^    tj^^  ^j^^j^  numlier  under  treatment  for 

poMtions.              ^„  .  J        «o^,  *v«  ji-«^*:««  «#>*i,«  the  year  was  862.    Of  these,  198  were  dischareted, 

StSi^.Tp^rira^iSil^t'^^r,"^^^^^^^  50  ^ed  .«d  8  ^ped.    It  wa«  u»inUined  Ta 

all  matters  pertaining  to  public   education  in  his  cost  Of  f  ll4,lo7.»l. 

county.  A  new  institution,  the  Southwest  Texas  Lnna- 

Regiilat'uig  the  establishment  of  quarantine.  tic  Asylum,  was  opened  in  December.     It  is  at 

Authorizing  Jewish   rabbis  to  perform  marriage  Plorin'e,  a  little  station  on  the  Aransas  Pafcs  IlaiU 

ceremonies.                       _         ;              «  ^  ^^^ .  way,  5  miles  south  of  San  Antonio.     The  build- 

Regulating  voting  m  cities  and  towns  of  5,000  in-  |„^^  ^j^j^jIj  jg  composed  of  5  parts,  has  a  front- 

R^Sri^  mTroad  companies  to  provide  separate  «ff«  of  400  feet,aniatower  rising  nearly  140  feet 

coaches  for  white  and  negro  passengers,  with  penalty  I«>m  the  surface  of  the  hill  on  which  the  stract- 

for  failure  of  a  fine  not  exceeding  $1,000,  each  trip  ure  stands.    It  is  of  white  Calaveras  brick,  and 

run  by  any  train  without  such  separate  coaches  to  be  was  built  at  a  cost  of  about  $180,000,  exclusive 

deemed  a  separate  offense.   A  supplementary  bill  vests  of  the  heating  apparatus,  the  plumbing,  and  t  he 

official  power  in  conductors,  and  allows  nurses  to  travel  artesian  welL    About  300  patients  can  be  accom- 

wiUi  their  mistresses.                       j       •  ^              #  modated  in  it  with  quarters  which  are  much 

To  encourage  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  _,^„  «^r«fr^,.*oKi*»  f  h«?.  ^u^^  ^f  fK*»  ^^k^*  c».»<> 

deep-water  harljors,  navigable  channels,  docks,  and  "^^re  comforUble  than  those  of  the  other  bUte 

wharves  on  the  Gulf  coast  within  the  State  of  Texas.  *^^^"J?'            ™^     «.            -i.x.     . 

This  provides  that  any  individual,  association  of  in-  Militarjr.— The  State  militia  is  made  up  of 

dividuals,  company,  or  corporation,  who  is  now  au-  78  companies,  with  an  aggregate  number  of  3.073, 

thorized  or  wlio  may  hereafter  be  authorized  by  an  with  armories  valued  at  $68,100.    Other  armories 

act  of  Congress  of  the  United  States  to  construct,  own,  ^ere  rented  at  a  cost  of  $0,518  for  the  yean    The 

operete.  or  maintain  with  private  capital  a  deep-wa-  Frontier  Battalion   traveled  50,929  mUes,  and 

ter  harbor,  navigable  channel,  docks,  or  wharves  on  „_j_  qaq  --,-.0*0   „:fu  ^*u«-  ««,;^f-«^w.  ♦^v  ♦k^ 

the  Gulfo<;astofT^exa8,  shall  bJ  pennitted  to  purchase  "?»l|e  ^  ^TJ^^^  f^^^^  ^^^^^  assistance  to  the 

certain  lands  fVora  the  State.  civil  authorities.    A  permanent  location  for  the 

The  appropriations  made  amounted  to  $4,700,000.  annual  encampments  lias  been  secured  this  year. 

The  (^vernor  vetoed  a  bill  passed  accepting  a  bo-  It  is  about  3  miles  from  Austin,  near  the  great 

nus  to  the  State  by  the  United  S totes  on  the  sugar  dam  lake.    The  land  and  money  for  the  neces- 

produced  on  the  convict  farms.  g^py  improvements  were  given  by  the  citizens 

In  April,  United  States  Senator  Reagan  re-  of  Austin, 
signed  his  seat,  and  on  April  23  the  Governo;*  A  sc|uad  of  United  States  regulars  had  a  skir- 
appointed  Horace  Chilton,  of  Tyler,  to  fill  the  mish  in  Hidalgo  County,  Dec.  22,  with  a  corn- 
vacancy.  P^'iy  o'  Garza's  Mexican  revolutionists,  in  which 

John  H.  Reagan,  L.  L.  Foster,  and  W.  P.  Mc-  Corporal  Edist^m  was  killed.    Gen.  Stanley  sent 

Lean  were  appointed  railroad  commissioners,  troops  from  San  Antonio  to  the  assistance  of 

Amendments  to  the  Constitution,  voted  favor-  those  at  Laredo, 

ably  upon  by  the  people  and  declared  adopt-  Minerals. — A  recent  bulletin  issued  by  the 

ed,  Sept.  22,  allowed  local  option  in  small  com-  Census  Office  at  Washington  shows  the  prod- 

munities ;  reduced  the  legal  rate  of  interest  to  net  of  coal  in  Texas  during  the  census  year  to 

6  per  cent,  and  declared  anything  over  10  per  have  been  128,216  tons,  with  a  spot  value  of 

cent,  usurious ;  authorized  the  use  of  1  per  cent.  $340,620,  and  an  average  price  of  $2.66. 

of  the  permanent  school  fund  per  annum ;  pro-  The  amount  of  silver  bullion  credited  to  the 

vided  lor  pre 7en ting  and  punishing  frauds  in  State  in  Wells,  Fargo  &  Co.'s  annual  report  was 

elections :  and  authorized  the  reorganization  of  $264,423. 

the  higher  courts  of  the  State.  Attention  has  been  attracted  by  the  announce- 
Extra  Session. — An  extra  session  of  the  Leg-  ment  of  the  discovery  of  a  new 'mineral  resem- 
islatiire  was  called  to  meet  in  the  spring  of  18U2.  bling  asphalt,  impervious  to  water,  and  unaffeet- 
Amonj?  the  subjects  to  come  up  were  changes  in  ed  by  heat,  acid,  or  alkalies.  It  is  claimed  for 
the  railroad  commission  law,  the  repeal  or  modi-  this  new  substance  that  "  it  is  the  most  perfect 
fication  of  the  alien  land  law,  the  location  of  the  insulator  vet  discovered  ;  that  it  may  be  used  as 
new  courts,  and  the  election  of  a  successor  to  a  paint  that  will  resist  the  action  of  heat,  salt 
Senator  John  H.  Reagan.  air,  salt  or  fresh  water,  gases,  or  the  other  influ- 

Charities. — The  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum  at  ences  that  destroy  the  paints  now  in  use;  that 

Austin  received  an  appropriation  of  $30,000  from  it  will  make  a  perfect  varnish  which  the  ammonia 

the  Legislature  for  a  new  building,  which  was  gases  of  the  stable  will  not  tarnish,  and  that  will 

finished  in  September.     It  has  accommodations  remain  undisturbed  under  all  atmospheric  con- 

for  350  inmates.    The  enrollment  is  233,  with  an  ditions;  that  it  may  l)e  rolled  into  a  tissue  that 

attendance  of  105.    The  Asylum  for  Deaf.  Dumb,  is  entirely  free  from  odor  and  practically  inde- 

and  Blind  Colored  Youth  hiis  an  enrollment  of  struct! ble  when    emplove<l  jn    the  making  of 

04,  with  an  attendance  of  00.    The  annual  ex-  mackintoshes,  canvas  belting,  water-proof  tents, 

ponse  u  about  $15,000.  etc. ;  that  it  possesses  peculiar  powers  of  pene- 

The  State  Lunatic  Asylum,  at  Austin,  cost  tration  when  applied  at  high  temperatures,  en- 

$130,326.54  for  the  year,  of  which  $107,046.50  abling  it  to  enter  and  fill  the  porc»s  of  iron  and 

was  for  actual  maintenance.    The  number  of  in-  steel,  making  these  metals  absolutely  imj>ervious 

matesonOct,  31, 1891,  was629.    During  the  year  to  acids,  etc.,  and  making  common  leather  en- 

27  were  discharged  restored  and  37  improved,  t i rely  water-proof :  and  that  it  may  be  applied  to 

The  percentage  of  recoveries  of  those  that  were  wood  pulp  m  such  a  way  as  to  transform  that 

admitted  was  25*47,  and  of  both  recovered  and  material  into  what  looks  and  acts  like  ebony  or 

improved,  60*37.  horn." 


TURKEY.  825 

TURKEY,  an  empire  in  soatheastern  Europe  solt  tnonopolies,  the  excise  and  stamp  duties, 
and  western  Asia.  The  throne  descends  to  the  fisheries,  silk,  and  tobacco  tithes,  duty  on  Per- 
eldest  of  the  princes  of  the  house  of  Osman.  The  sian  tobacco,  and  the  tribute  moneys  paid  by 
Constitution  proclaimed  on  Dec.  23,  1876.  is  Cyprus  and  Eastern  Roumelia.  By  the  opera- 
practically  annulled,  no  Assembly  having  been  tion  of  the  sinking  fund  the  amount  of  the  debt 
convoked  since  1877.  The  Sultan  is  represented  had  been  reduced  by  1887  to  £104,458,706.  Debts 
as  ruler  of  the  state  b^  the  Sadr-azara  or  Vizier,  not  entering  into  the  conversion  arrangement 
and  as  Supreme  Khalif  or  ecclesiastical  chief  of  amounted  to  about  £18,500,000,  besides  £6,500,- 
the  Mohammedans  by  the  Sheikh-uMslam.  The  000  of  new  stock  issued  in  1886  to  redeem  the 
reigninff  Sultan  is  Abdul  Hamid  11,  bom  Sept.  floating  debt,  £82,000,000  owing  to  Russia  as 
22,  184?,  who  succeeded  to  the  throne  when  his  the  war  indemnity,  and  internal  loans  amount- 
brother,  Murad  V,  on  Aug.  81, 1876,  was  deposed  ing  to  about  £10,500,000.  The  new  Minister  of 
on  the  ground  of  insanity.  The  Sheikh-ul-  Finance  in  the  autumn  of  1891  arranged  for  a 
Islam,  in  the  beginning  of  1801,  was  Omer  Lufti  8-per-cent.  loan  of  £5,000,000.  raised  at  60  and 
Effendi,  and  the  Qrand  Vizier  was  Kiamil  Pasha,  secured  on  a  monopoly  of  the  Tumbeki  or  Per- 
who  presided  over  the  following  Cabinet  of  min-  sian  tobacco,  for  tne  purpose  of  repaying  ad- 
isters :  Aarifi  Pasha,  President  of  the  Council  of  vances  and  buying  in  France  two  armored  cruis- 
State;  Said  Pasha,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs;  ers  costing  85,000.000  francs. 
Ali  Said  Pasha,  Minister  of  War;  Hassan  Pasha,  The  Army. — The  laws  of  May,  1880,  Novem- 
Minister  of  Marine;  Munir  Pasha,  Minister  of  ber,  1886,  and  February,  1888,  make  military 
the  Interior;  Raif  Pasha,  Minister  of  Public  service  obli^tory  for  a  period  of  three  years  in 
Works  and  Commerce :  Riza  Pasha,  Minister  of  the  regular  nifantry  and  four  years  in  the  other 
Justice;  Agop  Pasha  Kazazian,  Minister  of  Fi-  arms.  Conscripts  are  required  to  serve  with  the 
nance  and  the  Civil  List ;  Munif  Pasha,  Minis-  colors  five  months,  at  the  end  of  which  they  can 
ter  of  Education ;  Zihni  Pasha,  Minister  of  buy  exemption  from  further  service.  After  the 
Evkafs  or  ecclesiastical  affairs.  full  term  of  active  service  has  expired  the  sol- 
Area  and  Popalation. — The  area  of  the  Ot-  diers  are  enrolled  in  the  resen*es  for  three  or  two 
toman  Empire,  mcluding  Bulgaria  and  Eastern  years  respectively,  then  in  the  Kedif  for  eight 
Roumelia,  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  Samos,  years,  ana  in  the  Mntiahfiz  for  six  yeare  longer. 
Egypt,  and  Tripoli,  is  1,652,583  souare  miles,  and  The  peace  effective  of  the  Nizam  or  regular  army 
the  total  population  is  estimated  at  88,566,000.  is  approximately  estimated  as  follows :  OflScers, 
The  territory  under  the  immediate  rule  of  the  12,000;  infantry,  97,200;  cavalry,  20,800;  field 
Sultan  embraces  63,850  square  miles  in  Europe,  artillery,  9,200  fortress  artillerymen ;  5,000  en- 
with  5,000,000  inhabitants,  and  729,170  square  gineers:  and  8,600  other  troops.  When  the  sys- 
miles  in  Asia,  with  15,430,000  inhabitants.  In  tem  of  conscription  goes  into  full  operation  it  is 
European  Turkey  about  one  quarter  of  the  popu-  expected  that  800.000  trained  solaiers  can  be 
lationareOsmanliTurks,  one  quarter  are  Greeks,  placed  in  the  field.  The  artillery  is  provided 
one  fifth  Albanians,  and  the  rest  are  Serbs,  Bui-  with  1,248  field  and  mountain  guns,  and  the 
gars,  Wallachians,  Armenians,  Magyars,  gypsies,  fortresses  contain  2,300  cannons. 
Jews,  and  Circassians.  In  Asiatic  Turkey  the  •  The  NftVJ« — The  Ottoman  fleet  of  war  con- 
Turks  form  a  large  proportion  of  the  population,  sisted  in  1890  of  7  armored  frigates,  8  armored 
and  there  are  4,000.000  Arabs,  after  wnom  the  corvettes,  8  imperial  yacht«,  8  ironclad  monitors, 
Greeks,  Syrians,  Kurds,  Armenians,  Circassians,  4  unannored  frigates,  2  unarmored  corvettes,  1 
and  Jews  are  the  most  numerous  races.  The  torpedo  catcher,  5  gunboats,  15  transports,  and 
principal  cities  of  European  Turkey  are  Con-  12  large  and  8  small  new  torpedo  boats,  besides 
<itanttnople,  the  capital,  with  873.565  inhabitants  2  submarine  torpedo  boats  ana  30  of  the  old  type, 
in  1885;  Salonica,  with  about  150,000;  and  There  are  in  course  of  construction  1  ironclad. 
Adrianople,  with  70.000.  In  Asia,  Smyrna  has  8  torpedo  cruisers,  1  gun-vessel,  2  corvettes,  and 
186,510:  Damascus,  about  150,000;  Aleppo,  110,-  5  sea-going  torpedo  boat.s.  The  period  of  serv- 
000:  Bagdad,  100.000;  Beirut,  70,000;  Erzerum,  ice  in  the  navv  is  twelve  years,  of  which  five 
00.000;  Brussa,  60.000.  years  are  passed  in  the,  active  navy,  three  in  the 

Finanees. — The  last  official  budget,  that  for  reserve,  and  four  in  the  Redif, 
the  year  ending  March  12. 1884,  estimated  the  Commerce.— The  total  value  of  imports,  as 
receipts  at  1,631,300,600  piasters,  and  expend!-  returned  by  custom-house  officials  for  the  year 
tures  at  1.622,301,600  piasters  (the  Turkish  pias-  ending  March  12,  1890,  was  2,010.595,000  pias- 
ter =  4'8  cents).  For  1887-'88  the  revenue  was  ters,  of  which  914,514.000  piasters  came  from 
estimated  at  about  1,750,000,000  piasters.  In  Great  Britain,  409.144,000  piasters  from  Austria- 
accordance  with  an  arrangement  with  creditors  Hungary,  254.869,000  piasters  from  France,  173,- 
of  the  Porte,  an  irctde  was  issued  in  1881  an-  323,000 'piasters  from  Bu«sia,  11 2,420.000  piasters 
thorizing  the  emission  of  certificates  to  the  from  Bulgaria,  53,001,000  piasters  from  Persia, 
amount  of  £92,225,827  steriing  for  the  conver-  42,438.000  piasters  from  Italy,  41,574,000  piasters 
sion  and  consolidation  of  the  Ottoman  debt,  from  Belgmm,  39.451.000  piasters  from  Rou- 
The  capital  of  the  Roumelian  railroad  or  Turk-  mania,  29,435,000  piasters  from  Greece.  9,349.0C0 
ish  lotterv  loan  was  reduced  to  £14,211,407,  piasters  from  Holland,  6.438,000  piasters  from 
making  the  total  debt  £100,437,234  instead  of  Servia,  0.028,000  piasters  from  the  United  States, 
£190.997.^0,  the  amount  outstanding  previous  and  smaller  amounts  from  other  countries.  The 
to  the  compromise.  Since  1882  interest  nas  been  total  value  of  the  exports  was  1,517,243,000  pias- 
pnid  on  the  reduced  capital  at  the  rate  of  1  per  tera,  of  which  583.393,000  piasters  went  to  Great 
cent,  per  annum  from  the  assigned  revenues  ad-  Britain,  426,951,000  piasters  to  France,  135,432,- 
ministered  by  the  committee  of  foreign  bond-  000  piasters  to  Austria-Hungary,  98.777.000  pias- 
holders.    These  revenues  are  the  tobacco  and  ters  to  Egypt,  68,975,000  piasters  to  Italy,  53.- 


826  TURKEY. 

115,000  piasters  to  Greece,  88,119,0»)0  piasters  to  Government  is  divided  in  respect  to  religion  into 
Bulgaria.  32,414.00 )  piasters  to  Russia,  25,031,-  about  16,000.000  Mohammedans  and  6,000,0(K) 
000  piasters  to  Holland,  24,619,000  piasters  to  Christians.  In  European  Turkey  one  half  of 
Rouniania,  15,735,'K)0  piasters  to  tne  United  the  people  are  Christians,  in  the  Asiatic  terri- 
States,  and  14.082,001)  piasters  to  all  other  coun-  tories  less  than  one  sixth.  The  Mohammedan 
tries.  The  following  were  the  principal  articles  clergy  number  11.600.  There  are  2,120  mosque^, 
of  importation  and  their  values  in  1888-'89 :  and  connected  with  them  1.780  free  elementarr 
Grain  and  flour,  188.039,000  piasters ;  sugar,  125,-  schools.  The  revenue  of  the  Evkaf  or  religious 
951,000  piasters;  cotton  thread,  107,122,000  pias-  establishment  consists  of  about  20,000,000  pias- 
ters; cotton  prints,  97,069,000  piasters;  coffee,  ters  received  from  endowments  and  7.000.000 
95,345.000  piasters :  cotton  and  wool  stuffs,  68,-  piasters  contributed  b^  the  state,  which  pays. 
471.000  piasters;  rice,  65,432.000  piasters:  ani-  moreover,  7.000,000  piasters  to  the  Sheikn-iil- 
mals,  62,496.000  piasters ;  hides  and  skins,  52,-  Islam  and  nearly  8,000,000  piasters  for  the  sup- 
356,000  piasters;  petroleum,  51,356,000  piasters;  port  of  the  naiia  and  muftts^  and  gives  a  large 
drugs  and  colors.  47,754,000  piasters ;  butter  and  sum  annually  (13,000,000  piasters  in  1880)  for 
cheese.  33.092,000  piasters ;  cloths,  32,400,000  the  reading  of  the  Koran,  and  as  much  more  in 
piasters:  iron,  29,135.000  piasters;  casimir  and  aid  of  the  pilgrimage  to  Mecca.  The  pilgrims 
castor  stuffs,  25,752.000  piasters :  paper,  25,038,-  in  1889  numbered  139,987,  of  whom  81.450  ar- 
000  piasters;  apparel,  20,527,000  piasters;  tim-  rived  by  sea.  About  three  quarters  of  the  real 
ber,  20,079,000  piasters ;  leather.  22.930,000  pias-  property  in  the  cities  has  been  beoueathed  to  the 
ters.  The  values  of  the  principal  exports  were  as  Vacoufor  mosque  endowment.  The  Christians 
follow:  Raisins,  201,747,000  piasters;  cereals,  are  divided  into  Greeks,  Armenians,  Latins  or 
134,100,000  piasters;  opium,  80.431,000  piasters;  Franks,  Syrians  and  United  Chaldeans,  Maro- 
raw  silk,  80,200,000  piasters;  mohair,  60,536,000  nites,  and  Protestants.  The  last  are  converts 
piasters;  wool,  56,272,000  piasters;  oak  galls,  made  by  missionaries,  chiefly  among  the  Amie- 
«H409,000  piasters ;  coffee,  53,894,000  piasters ;  nians.  The  Franks  are  adherents  of  the  Roman 
fi:?6.  42,357,000  piasters ;  olive  oil,  40,572,000  Catholic  Church  who  have  preserved  the  religion 
piasters ;  cotton,  36,954,000  piasters ;  cocoons,  of  the  old  Genoese  and  Venetian  settlers. 
33,338,000  piasters ;  drugs  ana  colors,  32,534,000  The  Greek  and  Armenian  patriarchs  and  the 
piasters;  minerals,  29,113,000  piasters;  live  ani-  chief  rabbi  of  the  Jews  exercise  a  large  degree 
mals,  26,796,000 piasters ;  carpets,  19.628.000pitis-  of  civil  authority.  The  Greek  patriarch  was  the 
ters;  dates,  17,930,000  piasters;  seeds,  15,530,000  ecclesiastical  head  of  all  the  Orthodox  Christians 

f)iaster? ;  wine,  15,292,000  piasters ;  beans  and  of  the  Turkish  Empire  until  the  Servians,  Ron- 

entils,  15,262,000  piasters;  butter  and  cheese,  manians,  and  Bulgarians,  after  obtaining  po- 

14,764,000  piasters;  nuts  and  fruit,  13,862,000  liiical    autonomy,     established     autocenhalous 

piasters;  sesame,  13,776,000  piasters;  confection-  churches,  which  have  gradually  encroached  on 

ery,  13,574.000  piasters.  the  ecclesiastical    domain    of   the   patriarchate 

Navigation.— There  were  174,338  vessels,  of  within  the  present  limits  of  Turkey.    In  re«ist- 

27.581,927  tons,  including  35,548  steamers,  en-  ing  the  transfer  of  the  investiture  of  bishops  in 

tered  and  cleared  at  the  Mediterranean  ports  in  Macedonia  to  the  Bulgarian  exarch,  the  cpcu- 

1887-*88;  3,650,  of  538,945  tons,  of  which  461  menical  patriarch  demanded  as  compensation 

were  steamers,  at  the  ports  of  the  Red  Sea;  and  that  certain  rights  and  privileges  held  under  the 

1,173.  of  162.159  tons,  including  96  steamers,  in  ancient  ecclesiastical  law  should  be  restored  to 

the  Persian  Gulf,    The  merchant  navy  in  1890  the  Church.    The  Porte  granted  these  conccs- 

comprised  94  steamers  over  100  tons,  of  71,607  sicns,  extending  considerably  the  autonomy  of 

tons,  and  813  sailing  vessels,  of  158,170  tons.  the  Greek  community.    The*  solemnization  and 

Commnnications.— The  railroad  lines  in  op-  dissolution  of  marriages  and  the  questions  of 
eration  in  1890  in  European  Turkey  had  a  total  dowries  and  allowances  are  to  be  dealt  with  bv 
length  of  904  miles,  viz.,  210  miles  from  Con-  the  patriarch  and  metropolitans,  leaTin^:  the  civil 
stantinople  to  Adrianople,  152  miles  from  courts  and  executive  authorities  nothing  to  do 
Adrianople  to  Saremby,  150  miles  from  Salonica  but  to  record  and  enforce  their  decisions.  Wills 
to  UskuD,  75  miles  from  Uskub  to  Mitrovitza,  of  Christians  are  judicially  valid  when  attested 
70  miles  between  Kulleli  and  Da^eaghatch,  65  by  the  bishops,  and  suits  concerning  wills  and 
miles  between  Tirnova  and  Jamboli.  64  miles  be-  guardianship  will  be  tried  in  the  ecclesiastical 
tween  Banjaluke  and  Novi.  and  118  miles  from  courts,  provided  the  heirs  are  members  of  the 
Zenica  to  Brod  In  Asia  a  line  was  running  Orthodox  Greek  community  and  of  Turkish  na* 
from  Scutari  to  Adabazar,  92  miles  in  length,  tionality.  In  regard  to  education  the  patriarch 
lines  connecting  Smyrna  with  Seraikeni.  Alasher,  or  metropolitan  has  the  right  to  decide  on  the 
and  Sevdikeni,  and  one  from  Mcrsiiia  to  Adana,  course  of  study  and  to  appoint  teachers,  but  the 
the  aggregate  length  completed  being  392  miles.  Greek  schools  are  subject  to  the  inspection  of 
The  Anatolian  Railroad,  which  is  being  built  the  state  educational  authorities  Priests  and 
with  German  capital,  was  completed  by  May,  Jewish  rabbis  are  permitted  to  testify  before 
1891,  and  opened  to  traffic  beyond  Adabazar  as  their  own  ecclesiastical  authorities,  who  will  re- 
far  as  Biledshik,  65  miles  more.  An  English  port  the  evidence  to  the  civil  courts.  Priests 
company  has  begun  a  railroad  from  Caiffa  to  arrested  for  debt  will  be  tried  by  their  ecclesi- 
Damascus,  and  another  connecting  Damascus  astical  superiors :  and  when  a  priest  is  accused  of 
with  Beirut  is  being  built  by  a  French  company,  a  criminal  offense  the  magistrate  has  to  notify 
In  Europe  a  railroad  is  being  laid  to  connect  the  bishop,  and  the  latter  to  produce  the  aecuse<i. 
Salonica  with  Monastir.  who  will  not  be  conflned  with  ordinary  prisoners 

Creeds  and  Nationalities. — The  population  y^ending  his  trial.     These  privileges  were  con- 

of  the  immediate  posset^sions  of  the  Ottoman  Armed  by  an  trade  issued  Feb.  5,  1891. 


TURKEY.  827 

The  Servian  Government,  in  competing  for  in-  nian  agitation  was  proclaimed  by  the  Sultan, 
fluenee  in  Macedonia  with  the  Bulgarians,  has  and  some  hundred  prisoners  were  released  on 
maintained  a  college  in  Belgrade  in  which  teachers  Jan.  17,  1891.  The  amnesty  was  accompanied 
are  trained  for  work  in  ttiat  province,  and  has  with  a  promise  that  if,  in  the  future,  the  Arme- 
o[)eDed  schools  in  places  where  there  are  few  nians  should  have  any  cause  of  complaint,  they 
persons  or  none  at  nil  of  Servian  blood.  They  would  receive  justice  and  satisfaction  by  appeal- 
Fiave  been  especially  active  in  the  vilayet  of  ing  to  the  Sultan  through  their  patriarch. 
Monastir.  and  in  July,  1801,  the  Governor- Gen-  Brigandage. — On  May  80,  18U1,  a  band  of 
eral  of  Macedonia,  Faik  Pasha,  raised  objections  brigands,  led  by  Anastatius,  a  Greek,  tore  up 
to  this  form  of  political  propaganda.  The  some  rails  of  the  Oriental  Railroad  at  Tcher- 
Greeks,  who  once  claimed  as  their  own  all  the  keskeui,  half-way  between  Adrianople  and  Con- 
Christian  populations  of  the  Belkan  peninsula,  stantinople  and  about  60  miles  frcra  Constanti- 
have  seen  the  Servians,  the  Roumanians,  and  the  nople.  upsetting  a  train.  After  robbing  the 
Bulgarians  fall  away,  and  nationalism  spring  up  passengers  they  carried  off  to  the  mountains 
in  Albania.  The  latest  desertion  was  that  of  the  those  who  were  traveling  in  the  first-class  car- 
Zinzares  of  Monastir,  who,  owing  to  their  wealth  riages,  who  happened  to  be  German  tourists,  one 
and  intelligence,  form  an  important  element  iu  of  whom,  a  Berlin  manufacturer  named  Israel, 
the  population  of  Macedonia.  About  fifteen  they  sent  back  with  a  letter  demanding  200,000 
years  ago  they  learned  that  they  were  of  Walla-  francs.  The  German  embassy  promptly  sent 
chian  origin,  and  from  that  time  they  have  the  jansom,  exacting  repayment  from  tne*  Turk- 
joined  their  efforts  to  those  of  the  Roumanian  ish  Government.  The  captives,  who  were  set  at 
Government  in  reviving  the  Roumanian  Ian-  liberty  after  a  detention  of  nine  days,  were  well 
guage  and  nationality  by  establishing  schools  treated  by  the  bandits,  who  numbered  about  80. 
and  reading-rooms.  The  Roumanian  Govern-  all  Greek's.  For  the  suppression  of  brigandage 
ment  has  lately  taken  steps  to  obtain  from  the  the  garrisons  in  the  provmce  of  Adrianople  were 
Porte  for  the  Roumanians  of  Turkey  the  ri^ht  greatly  strengthened,  and  more  vigilant  com- 
to  have  an  independent  religious  administration  manders  and  civil  ofBcials  were  appointed.  At 
similar  to  that  conceded  to  the  Bulgarians  in  Ormudja,  not  far  from  the  place  of  the  railroad 
Macedonia,  and  the  latter  favor  the  establish-  robbeiy,  Eugene  de  Raymond,  nMinager  of  a  large 
nient  of  a  Roumanian  episcopate  at  Mitrovitza,  vineyard  in  the  neighborhood,  was  carried  off  by 
because  it  would  be  the  natural  ally  of  the  ex-  another  band  of  Greek  brigands,  his  companion 
archate  in  combating  the  pretensions  of  the  being  released  in  order  to  convey  the  message  de- 
Greek  patriarchate  and  the  Servian  propaganda,  manding  a  ransom  of  5,000  liras.  The  Turkish 
In  Albania  and  Epirus,  as  well  as  in  Macedonia,  Government,  on  the  demand  of  the  French  ambas- 
the  Wallachians,  who  formerly  passed  as  Greeks,  sador,  sent  the  ransom  to  Thomas,  the  brigand 
are  asserting  their  nationality,  and  eagerly  em-  chief,  and  secured  the  prisoner's  release.  These 
bracing  the  privilege  of  worshiping  in  the  successes  encouraged  other  robbers.  An  Italian 
Rdumanian  tongue.  In  the  summer  of  1891  railroad  official  on  the  Salonica-Uskub  line  of 
riotons  conflicts  took  place  in  Monastir  between  railroad  was  carried  off  by  brigands.  An  en- 
Wallachians  and  Greeks,  when  the  former  availed  counter  between  brigands  who  had  laid  an  am- 
themselves  of  the  permission  granted  by  the  bush  for  a  &:rain  merchant  and  a  company  of 
Porte  to  use  their  language  in  church  services.  Turkish  gendarmes  sent  in  pursuit  of  them'  oc- 
Riots  between  Roman  Catholics  and  Orthodox  curred  in  September,  not  far  from  Adrianople, 
Greeks  in  Jerusalem  called  forth  representations  and  the  brigands  were  captured  after  killing 
from  the  French  and  the  Russian  ambassadors  several  gendarmes.  In  consequence  of  the  brig- 
at  Constantinople,  who  avoided  a  controversy  and  outbreaks  the  Oriental  Railroad  Company 
that  might  disturb  their  political  co-operation  demanded  special  guarantees  from  the  Porte, 
by  leaving  the  Turkish  autnorities  to  decide  the  Change  of  Ministers.— On  March  17,  1801, 
rights  of  the  case.  -Agop  Pasha,  Minister  of  Finance,  resigned  and 

The  Amauts  of  the  vilayet  of  Pristina,  in  Old  was  succeeded  by  Nazif  Effendi.  while  still  re- 

Servia,  having  received  no  answer  from  the  vali  maining  Minister  of  the  Civil  List.    On  Sept.  8, 

to  a  demand  for  the  restoration  of  certain  ancient  1891,  Kiamil  Pasha,  the  Grand  Vizier,  was  dis- 

privileges,  marched  2,000  strong  into  Drenitza  missed  by  the  Sultan,  and  all  the  ministers  with 

on  Feb.  2,  1891,  under  the  leadership  of  Juril  him,  except  those  of  Marine,  Foreign  Affairs, 

Beg,  and  after  driving  out  the  officials,  police,  and  Justice.    Djevad  Pasha,  Governor  of  Crete, 

and  military,  burned  the  Governor's  konak  and  was  appointed  Grand  Vizier,  Djemal  Eddin  was 

other    Government  buildings.     Other   acts   of  named  Sheikh-ul-Islam,  and  the  following  min- 

lawlessness  were  committed,  but  the  Porte  was  isterial  appointments  were  made:  Said  Pasha, 

reluctant  to  take  vigorous  measures  for  fear  of  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  President  of  the 

provoking  a  new  insurrection  in  Albania,  and  Council  of  State;  Riza  Pasha,  who  was  com- 

merely  strengthened  the  garrisons  and  prepared  mandant  at  the  Yildiz  Kiosk,  Minister  of  War: 

for  effective  militarv  action  in  case  of  necessity.  Hassan   Pasha,  Minister  of  Marine;  H.  Rifot 

In  December  the  tibial lisoris,  who  had  been  ac-  Pasha,  Governor  of  Smyrna,  to  be  Minister  of 

cumulating  Martini  rifles  through  some  mysteri-  the  Interior;  Ghalib  Pnsha,  Governor  of  Saloni- 

ous  channel,  which  they  refused  to  surrender  on  ca.  to  be  Minister  of  Evkafs;  Zuhdi  Pasha,  Min- 

the  demand  of  the  Turkish  authorities,  raided  ister  of  Education;    Riza  Pasha,  Minister  of 

villages  in  the  adjacent  part  of  Servia.   A  league  Justice;  Mahmoud  Pasha.  Governor  of  BrusFa, 

of  chiefs  was  formed  by  Cassasus  Effendi  for  to  be  Minister  of  Public  Works,  Commerce,  and 

the  restoration  of  the  feudal  rights  to  raise  and  Agriculture;  Nazif  Effendi.  Minister  of  Finance; 

command  the  troops  from  Albania.     A  general  Mikael  Effendi  Portokal,  Minister  of  the  Civil 

amnesty  to  all  persons  implicated  in  the  Anne-  List.    On  Sept,  10,  Mahmoud  Pasha  having  been 


828  TURKEY. 

appointed  Governor-General  of  Crete,  his  place  pation  of  Epypt.    The  rebels  of  Yemen  were 

in  the  Cabinet  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  furnished  witfi  repeating  rifles  and  Hotchkiss 

Gen.  Tewflk  Pasha,  ex-Mihister  to  Washington  guns,  and  as  they  could  only  have  obtaint^  the$e 

and  ex-Minister  of  Finance,  as  Minister  of  Pub-  through  British  instrumentality  the  Sultan  sos- 

lie  Works,  Commerce,  and  Agriculture.  pectoa  that  the  English  Government,  for  some 

The  Question  of  the  Dardanelles, — The  unknown  ofarject,  had  incited  or  connived  in  the 
change  of  ministry  was  supposed  to  indicate  an  uprising.  The  southwestern  province  of  Arabia, 
abandonment  of  tne  Anglophile  policy  of  Kiamil  known  as  Yemen  or  the  vilayet  of  Sana,  is  a  rich 
Pasha  in  consequence  of  the  Franco- Russian  al-  agricultural  region,  producing  the  famous  Mocha 
liance,  and  a  tendency  to  rely  on  the  Russians  coffee  and  tobMcooi  excellent  quality,  as  well  as 
and  French  to  back  the  Porte  against  England  cinnamon  and  other  spices.  The  people  expelled 
and  the  central  powers  in  the  bolder  assertion  of  the  conquerors  in  1630,  and  Turkish  rule  was 
the  sovereign  rights  of  the  Sultan  in  Egypt  and  not  re-established  till  1872.  The  government  of 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  The  first  manifesta-  a  Turkish  vilayet  was  organized  at  Sana,  and  for 
tion  of  this  change  of  attitude  was  the  granting  a  time  the  customs  duties  collected  at  Hodeida 
of  permission  to  the  steamers  of  the  Russian  and  Mocha  were  suflBcient  to  support  the  local 
volunteer  fleet  to  pass  through  the  Dardanelles  administration  and  furnish  a  considerable  sur- 
and  convey  soldiers  destined  for  or  returuing  plus  for  the  Government  at  Constantinople, 
from  the  Russian  possessions  in  eastern  Asia.  These  tariffs,  however,  hastened  the  decline  of 
This  fleet,  of  8  vessels,  which  are  now  used  as  the  trade,  which  had  already  begun  to  leave 
transports  between  Russia  and  the  penal  colony  these  ports  for  Aden,  and  the  governors  were 
on  the  island  of  Saghalicn,  was  first  created  at  obligea  to  levy  a  land  tax  and  other  direct  taxes 
the  time  of  the  Afghan  crisis  of  1885,  and  the  which  the  people  were  unwilling  to  pay.  Several 
vessels  were  intended  to  be  used  as  swift  cruisers  local  disturbances  occurred,  ana  these  the  pashas 
in  the  expected  war  with  England.  As  a  warn-  were  restrained  from  putting  down  by  energetic 
ing  against  further  concessions  to  Russia,  the  means,  because  the  Sultan  was  anxious  to  pne- 
English  naval  forces  made  a  landing  at  Sigri.  on  serve  his  character  as  the  benevolent  calipn  of 
the  island  of  Mitylene,  which  is  near  the  mouth  the  Arabian  tribes.  When  the  spirit  of  revolt 
of  the  Dardanelles,  thou&rh  not  ostensibly  as  a  became  rampant  and  the  Turkish  authorities 
hostile  demonstration.  The  Porte  had  issued  a  were  obliged  to  resort  to  active  measures,  the 
circular  note  refusing  permission  to  foreign  war  military  force  at  their  command  was  insufficient 
vessels  to  execute  manoeuvres  within  15  marine  in  numbers,  and  the  troops  that  were  there,  neg- 
iniles  of  the  Turkish  coast,  being  influenced  by  lected  and  unpaid,  badly  nourished,  ragged,  and 
representations  made  by  the  Russian  ambassa-  suffering  from  climatic  conditions,  had  neither 
dor  regarding  manoeuvres  carried  out  by  the  the  heart  nor  the  ability  to  perform  the  service 
strong  English  squadron  of  15  vessels  collected  that  Turkish  soldiers  seldom  fail  in.  Thus  it 
in  Turkish  waters  on  the  islands  of  Samothrace,  happened  that  Nizams  were  more  than  once  de- 
Lesbos,  Lemnos,  and  Tenedos.  Notwithstand-  feated  by  Arab  tribesmen.  In  June  it  was  known 
ing  this  prohibition,  the  British  admiral,  within  that  the  rebellion  had  reached  a  serious  stage, 
two  weeks,  on  Sept.  13,  landed  a  force  on  the  and  that  the  local  forces  were  beaten  and  de- 
islet  of  Sigri,  sank  torpedoes  in  the  harbor,  and  moralized.  The  Sultan  and  his  advisers  were  in 
carried  out  a  series  of  mock  naval  operations,  for  consternation,  fearing  lest  the  movement  should 
which  the  British  ambassador  was  afterward  spread  to  Hedjaz,  and  the  Grand  Sherecf  of 
called  upon  by  the  Porte  to  give  an  explanation.  Mecca  be  tempteil  to  head  the  rebellion  and  pro- 
In  a  circular  sent  by  the  Porte  to  its  represent-  claim  Arabian  independence.  Ordere  were  given 
atives  abroad  concerning  the  Dardanelles  ques-  to  dispatch  an  army  of  10.000  men  from  Syria  to 
tion  it  was  pointed  out  that  the  vessels  of  the  the  disturbed  province.  From  lack  of  funds  and 
Russian  volunteer  fleet  had  been  running  for  equipments,  it  was  found  to  be  impoc^sible  to 
several  years  between  Odessa  and  Vladivostock,  mobilize  so  large  a  force.  Therefore  the  com- 
and  had  been  granted  free  passage  through  the  mand  was  rescinded,  and  the  expedition  was  lim- 
Dardanelles,  as  they  sailed  under  the  commercial  ited  to  two  battalions,  or  2,000  men,  who  left  Con- 
flasc.  Because  they  sometimes  carried  convicts,  stantinople  in  steamers,  accorppanied  by  80 
with  their  military  guards,  and  brought  back  cavalry  and  150  artillery,  with  6  guns.  The  ex- 
time-expired  soldiers,  the  Turkish  authorities  peditionary  force,  though  it  gaine<l  some  suc- 
had  sometimes  det^iined  them  by  mistake.  To  cesses  over  the  Assyrs,  proved  quite  inadequate, 
avoid  the  possibility  of  similar  misunderstand-  and  in  July  the  governor,  Redjeb  Pasha,  who 
ings  in  the  future,  an  arrangement  had  been  had  been  transferred  from  Bagdad,  where  he 
made  with  Russia  which  deflncd  the  rights  of  commanded  the  troops,  to  replace  Hakki  Pasha, 
the  vessels  under  the  old  treaty,  but  introduced  sent  urgent  appeals  for  re-enforcements.  The 
no  new  principle.  rebels  remained  on  the  defensive  and  the  Otto- 

Insarrectlon  in  Arabia. — The  Sultan  was  in-  man  troops  were  afraid  to  attack.    The  soldiers 

fluenced  to  adopt  the  policy  of  leaning  on  Russia  were  enervated  by  the  excessive  heat  and  in 

and  France  and  opposition  to  En srland  partly  bv  a  dread  of  cholera,  which  was  raging  in  He<ljaz. 

fonnidableinsurrection  that  broke  out  among  the  Many  of  the  soldiers  were  Arabs,  who  sympa- 

Assvrs,  the  most  powerful  tnhe  in  the  Yemen  thized  with  the  insurgents.    A  column  which 

province,  which  threatened  to  spread  to  all  the  left  Sana  on  July  19  had  several  engagements 

other  tribes  of  the  country.    The  Arabs  in  their  with  the  rebels,  and  suffered  severe  loss  on  the 

refusal  to  acknowledgn  the  caliphate  of  the  Sul-  march  to  Hadje.  which  the  rel)els  had  laid  in 

tan  are  at  all  times  hostile  to  the  Turks  on  re-  ruins.    A  new  vali  was  appointed.  Hassan  Edib 

ligious  grounds,   which   have  l)een    immensely  Pasha,  who,  with  Gen.  Ahmwl   Rushdi  Pasha, 

strengthened  in  consequence  of  the  British  of-nii-  undertook  a  movement  against  Kufle  and  Hadje, 


UNITARIANS. 


829 


which  was  unsuccessful.  The  whole  country 
north  of  Sana  and  Hodeida  was  in  open  revolt, 
and  the  tribes  of  the  south,  with  the  exception  of 
a  part  of  the  Dihama  Arabs,  were  in  sympathy 
with  the  reljels.  Re-enforcements  were  sent  in 
small  detachments.  Edib  Pasha,  with  the  garri- 
son of  5,000  men.  was  besieged  in  Sana  bv  the 
Sheikh  Hamed  £ddin  at  the  head  of  35,000 
armeil  rebels.  Edib  Pasha,  who  had  been  ap- 
(lointed  for  the  purpose  of  pacifying,  not  fight- 
ing, the  Arabs,  was  relieved  of  the  command  and 
superseded  as  vali  by  Feizy  Pasha.  Pour  bat- 
talions embarked  from  Constantinople  in  steam- 
ers, and  other  transports  collected  Redifs  at 
Smyrna,  Beirut,  and  Dageaghatch  sufficient  to 
roinplete  twelve  battalions.  The  rebels  retired 
from  before  Sana  and  Uodcida  on  the  arrival  of 


the  Turkish  re-enforcements.  In  the  territory 
of  the  Beni  Sahar  and  Housseyn  tribes  they  in- 
trenched themselves  in  the  fortified  towns  of 
Barath,  £1  Charab.  El  Rhail,  and  Mareb.  The 
Turkish  commander-in-chief  said  that  he  could 
not  suppress  the  rebellion  with  less  than  40,000 
men.  Ham  id  Eddiu  returned  to  the  siege  of 
Sana,  and  demanded  as  his  terms  of  peace  that 
the  whole  population  should  be  exempt  from 
taxation  for  five  years,  that  the  exorbitant  taxes 
hitherto  collected  should  then  be  reduced,  th«t 
natives  should  be  selected  for  judges,  and  that  a 
native  of  the  province  should  be  appointed  vali. 
Though  no  terms  of  peace  were  settled,  the  siege 
was  a£:ain  raised.  After  many  weeks  of  inaction 
the  rcl)els  again  marched  on  Sana,  and  the  Turks 
made  ready  to  meet  them. 


U 


UNITARIANS.    American  Unitarian  As-  National  Conference.— The  fourteenth  ses- 

sociation.— The  sixty-sixth  annual  meeting  of  sion  of  the  National  Conference  of  Unitarian  and 

the  American  Unitarian  Association  was  held  in  other  Christian  churches  was  held  at  Saratoga. 

Boston,  Mass.,  May  26.     The  Hon.  George  S.  Hale  N.  Y.,  September  21  to  24.    Mr.  George  William 

presided.     The  treasurer's  report  showed  that  Curtis  presided.    The  functions  of  this  body  are 

272  churches  out   of  the  426  churches  of  the  purely  advisory,  but  it  is  affiliated  with  the  sev- 

Unitarian  societies  had  contributed  to  the  funds  eral  special  organizations  and   benevolent  and 

of  the  association  about  $54,000.    This  had  all  missionary  enterpnses  of  the  Unitarian  churches, 

l^een  spent,  with  the  addition  of  f20,000  from  and  receives  their  reports.    Reports  were  re- 

i he  general  fund,  in  the  prosecution  of  the  work  ceived  from  the  council,  reviewing  the  work  of 

of  the  society.    The  report  of  the  Board  of  Di-  the  Unitarian    churches   at   large;    from    the 

rectors  spoke  of  the  increasing  breadth,  variety,  American  Unitarian  Association;  irom  the  Wom- 

and  amount  of  the  work  of   the    association,  en's  National  Alliance :  from  local  superintend- 

which  now  included  Hungary  and  Japan,  and  ents  or  conferences  on  church  extension;  from 

extended  on  the  American  continent  from  Win-  the  Meadville  Theological  School,  Pa. ;  from  the 

Tiipeg  on  the  noi*th  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  on  Japan  Mission;  and  from  the  committee  of  the 

1  he  south.    It  maintained,  warmed,  and  lighted  Conference  on  Christian  Fellowship.    The  last 

heaxiquarters  in  Boston  for  the  use  of  the  whole  committee  reported  rules  for  insertion  in  the  by 


laws,  which  were  unanimously  adopted,  direct- 
ing that  "the  Fellowship  Committee  shall  in- 
clude in  its  scope  the  extending  of  fellowship  to 
ministers  from  other  countries  coming  to  Amer- 
ica and  desiring  to  engage  in  ministerial  work 
among  our  Unitarian  Churches,"  and  that  "  no 
one  admitted  by  the  Fellowship  Committee  shall 
be  entitled  to  claim  insertion  in  the  list  of  min- 
isters until  after  being  settled  in  some  parish  or 
other  regular  ministerial  employment  for  at 
least  one  year.*'  The  missionary  work  of  the 
Universalists  in  Japan  was  recognized  as  kin- 
dred with  that  of  the  Unitarians;  assurances  of 
regard  and  sympathy  were  conveyed  to  the  min- 


denomination ;  furnished  its  literature  to  all  who 
}isked  for  it :  supported  preaching  in  college 
towns;  kept  in  existence  about  twenty  old  and 
feeble  societies ;  aided  new  societies  in  all  stages 
of  their  growth ;  helped  young  men  to  enter  the 
ministry ;  was  engaged  in  work  abroad ;  main- 
tained missionary  superintendents  in  the  field ; 
helpe<l  the  social  and  refonuatory  societies  con- 
nected with  the  several  parishes;  managed  a 
church  building  fund  ;  and  promoted  educational 
and  civilizing  work  in  the  South  and  among  the 
Indian  tribes.  The  association  pays  f500  an- 
nually toward  the  support  of  a  church  in  Buda- 

Pfc*th,  Hungary,  and  the  British  and  Foreign     ..^ .     .       . 

Unitarian  Association  does  the  same.  This  so-  isters  and  churcnes  of  that  denomination.  The 
ciety  had  grown  steadily  in  numbers  and  desire  was  expressed  for  increased  acquaintance 
strength,  had  gathered  five  "sister  churches''  and  closer  co-operation  with  them,  and  concur- 
around  itself,  and  had  within  the  year  erected  a  rence  was  pledged  with  any  arrangements  that 
fine  church  building.  The  mission  in  Japan  had  may  be  made  for  co-operation  with  the  Uni- 
n«ult«d  in  the  formation  of  a  Japanese  Unita-  versalist  missionaries  or  the  German  Liberal 
rian  association,  of  which  many  of  the  people  brethren  laboring  in  Japan.  The  next  meeting 
lisid  become  members.  Several  religious  socle-  of  the  conference  having  been  appointed  to  be 
ties  akin  to  the  Unitarian  parishes  had  been  held  in  Chicago  during  the  Exhibition  of  1893. 
gathered,  and  three  Japanese  had  become  preach-  a  recommendation  was  made  that  that  session  be 
ers  of  the  Liberal  faith.  The  Montana  Indus-  as  far  as  possible  an  International  Unitarian 
trial  School  among  the  ('row  Indians  had  fifty-  Conference,  in  which  the  co-operation  of  all  for- 
fonr  pupils.  Considerable  money  and  a  large  eign  Unitarian  organizations  as  well  as  of  those 
number  of  books  for  work  among  the  colored  at  home  was  invited.  The  liquor  saloon  being 
j>eople,  especially  at  Tuskegee  School,  had  been  declared  by  resolution  the  nation's  chief  source 
forwardea  during  the  year.  of  crime,  chief  college  of  corruption  in  politics, 


UNITED  STATEa 


ptc.  and  no  mrttiod  of  detUing  with  it  being  ro- 
gariled  u$  efficient  unless  thosM;  who  condemn  it 
consent  themselves  to  abslain  totally  from  the 
use  of  alcoholic  drink  tor  pleasure,  all  persons 
in  the  denomination  were  exhorted  to  become 
tolAl  abstainers  nnd  throw  the  solid  influence  of 
the  Church  against  the  saloon.  The  proiiosed 
piihlicntion  cif  a  "  Quiirterlj  Review  of  Keligion 
«nd  Theoiogj'"  to  succeed  the  present  "  Uiiitii- 
rian  Review  '  was  approved.  Memorial  resolu- 
tions weru  passed  concerning  Mr.  Justice  Bain- 
uel  F.  Miller  and  the  Hon.  Hannibal  Hamlin. 

Unitarian  tiun4ar-8clio«l  Socletj.— The 
annual  inreiing  of  the  Unitarian  Sunday-school 
Society  was  held  in  Fitchburg,  Mass.,  Oct.  28  and 
20.  The  receipts  for  the  year  had  been  tl3.T85, 
and  the  society  held  funds  lo  the  amount  of  ^10.- 
785.  The  society  corres|M)tids  with  Snnday-school 
workers  in  the  United  States  and  foreign 
lands',  assists  new  and  feeble  Sundav-schools ; 
furnishes  its  publications  I o  Sunday-schools,  the- 
ological schools,  and  other  institutions,  and  is 
publishinj;  a  scrios  of  Sunday-school  texts,  of 
which  several  thousand  copies  have  been  distritv 
uted.  and  a  Siindav-school  paper. 

UNITED  STATES.  Tbe  Admin  Intra  tl  on 
nnd  the  JadlcUry.— By  the  death  ot  William 
Windom.  on  Jan.  30,  1801,  the  poiit  of  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  was  left  vacant.  On  Feb.  7,  Sec- 
retary Noble  held  a  conference,  in  Washington. 
with  a  delegation  ot  the  Sioux  Indians  who  hail 
surrendered.  The  decision  of  the  President  and 
Secretary  of  War,  sustaining  Col.  Forsyth's  dis- 
positions At  the  Wounded  Knee  engagement, 
was  announced  on  Feb.  13.  On  Feb.  31  the 
President  sent  to  the  Senate  the  nomination  of 
ex-Governor  Charles  Foster,  of  Ohio,  to  be  Secre- 
tary of  the  Treasury,  and  that  of  Martin  A. 
Knapp,  of  New  York,  as  Interstate  Commerce 
Commissioner.  The  nomination  of  Mr.  Foster 
was  confirmed  on  Feb.  34  by  a  unanimous  vole. 
The  appointments  of  Senator  Blair,  of  New 
Rampshire.as  minister  plenipotentiary  and  envoy 
extraordinary  to  China,  of  Truxton  Beale,  of 
California,  as  minister  to  Persia,  and  of  Martin 
A.  Knapp  as  Interstate  Commerce  Commis- 
sioner, were  confirmed  by  the  Senate  on  Feb.  37, 
The  Secretary  of  the  Navy  formally  accepted 
the  cruisers  "  Philadelphia"  and  "San  Francis- 
co" on  March  6.  On  March  7  the  Presirlent 
appointed  James  H,  Beatty  district  judge  for 
Idaho.  An  order  of  Gen.  Onlway  dislMnding 
the  colored  militia  of  the  District  of  Columbia 
was  rescinded  by  the  President  on  March  H. 

On  March  SO  ei- Representative  T.  H.  Carter, 
of  Montana,  was  appointed  Commissioner  of 
the  General  Land  OtHce.  The  tree-sugar  clause 
of  the  new  tariff  act  and  the  new  immigration 
law  Ixith  went  into  effect  on  April  1.  and  the 
international  copyright  law  on  July  1,  when  the 
President  issued  a  proclamation  declaring  its 
application  (o  the  countries  that  had  tulfilleil  the 
sjiecifled  conditions,  viz..  Belgium.  Fi»nce.  Great 
Britain,  and  Switzerland.  A  decision  ot  Jiidge 
Ilantord.  ot  the  United  States  district  court  in 
the  State  of  Washinstnn.  was  delivered  on  Aug. 
19,  in  accordance  with  wliich  Chinamen  entering 
the  United  States  in  violation  of  the  exclusion 
nets  by  way  ot  Canada  must  be  returneil  to  Cnn- 
nd:i.  and  not  to  China,  as  was  the  practice  be- 
f!>re.     In  the  beginning  of   August  Joel   B.  Er- 


who  was  appointed  to  succeed  him.  resigned  alwi 
on  Sept.  II,  having  received  the  Republicati 
nomination  for  Governor  of  New  York  on  Scjil. 
9.  and  Francis  Hendricks  was  uppoiriled  as  lli^ 
successor  un  Sept.  16.  On  Sept.  9  ez-Judp- 
Thomas  M.  Cooley,  ot  Michigan,  retired  on  hc* 
count  ot  tailing  health  from  the  Interstate  ('»iii- 
merce  Commission,  of  which  he  had  been  uhuir- 
man  from  the  beginning. 

On  Sept.  18,  President  Harrison  iss-ucd  a 
proclamation  declaring  Ihe  lands  ceded  In  ihe 
Government  by  the  Indians  forming  Ihe  eastern 
tiart  of  Oklahoma  to  be  open  to  settlement  anil 
homestead  pre-emption  on  Sept.  22,  and  on  ihai 
date  about  00.000  persons  entered  Ihe  reserva- 
tion. In  OcIol)er  Charles  J.  Murphy  went  to 
Berlin  as  a  special  agent  of  the  .Agnciiltuial  De- 
partment for  the  purpose  of  calling  the  atten- 
tion of  Ihe  German  Government  to  (he  fond 
value  ot  Indian  corn.  On  the  retirement  of  Ser- 
retary  RcdReld  Proctor,  who  was  appoioleil  hy 
Gov,  Paige,  of  Vermont,  to  ser\e  out  ■■- 


mstrhiiBl  te  lntereMed  himMlf  In  nart^  uotttia  ■>.  ■  Hfpu-i- 
tlaa,  bat  unght  no  pnUtr  otke  nil  I'-T'U  win  br  ■Dm-'d 
bliTKir  In  hr  Domlniuil  u  1  cudtduc  for  Coigntu.  lul  vii 
elwtcil  thnnih  h<a  penonal  no|io1vliT.  uid  Ibiw  iIdm  tr- 
rlecled,  illbDUnb  tDhlsdIattict  tb«  Uemnmu  wnr  In  the 
innjorit)'.  He  wu  tppoinltd  m  tbe  ("mnmltliw  uf  Wmiid* 
HnnL  nnd  Id  Ihti  potiHon  wu  IniinimcnuJ  to  hr<Dgiig[ 


u  oftbevli 

tlcctotv]  fnn 
UoTbolbp: 


hlsb  llc^iH*  or 

pireil  term  in  the  United  States  Senate  of  G.  F. 
Edmunds.  Stephen  B.  Elkins.  of  New  York,  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  War.  and  on  Dec.  32  his 
appointment  was  confirmed  bv  the  Senate.  He 
entered  on  the  duties  of  tbe  otBce  on  Dec.  24- 


UNITED  STATES. 


The  P08t-0nc«.— The  number  oF  poet-nfllces 
on  June  30.  18Ut,  waa  64.820. <ir  which  3.1142  were 
jm>sidentU]  and  Sl.HST  fourth -el  hks  offices.  The 
IHHit  routes  bail  an  a^gregale  lenglh  ot  43i).0a7 
miles,  as  compared  with  427,027  in  the  preceding 
veiir.  The  post-office  revenue  during  tliu  fiscui 
Vear  was  |65.fi31,7B0,  and  the  expenditure  171,- 
*M2.463.  The  aggre^te  sum  paid  in  salarieii  to 
[H>?tniastprs  wa^  l(;l4i52T,000,  and  the  eKpensea  of 
innsportatioa  of  maiiji  were  |!J0,tiO5,<t21. 


ilBlion  In  K«w  ileiko. 


The  Patent  OfflcB.— The  number  of  applics- 
liiins  filed  in  the  Patent  Offlre  (hiring  the  flscal 
vcar  18»0-'»1,  including  2.3.1;)  caveats,  was  4.1- 
1149.  of  which  3».fl8fl  were  for  new  patents.  111 
for  re-issnes.  1,148  lor  desiguB,  1,855  for  regis- 
tration of  trade'marks.  808  for  registration  of 
labels.  The  number  of  patents  granted,  includ- 
ing re-isRues  and  designs,  was  25.807.  the  niim- 
lier  of  trade-marks  regirtered  was  1,744,  and  the 
number  of  labela  was  289,  making  a  total  of  27.- 


340.  There  were  3.514  patents  withheld  for  non- 
payment of  the  final  tees.  The  number  of  pat- 
enlE  that  eipired  during  the  vear  was  12.363. 
The  receipts  for  the  twelve  nionihs  were  11,302,- 
795,  and  the  expenditures  were  tl,145.503. 

Pnbllc  LnndB.— During  1890-'01  the  num- 
i>er  of  seres  entered  under  the  Ilomestead  act  was 
6.040.393,  and  the  numl>cr  taken  up  under  the 
Timber-culture  act  U60.IIUQ.  The  vacant  lands 
on  June  30. 1»U1,  had  a  total  area  of  67».(;64,(i83 
nure^,  of  which  285,280.25!  acres  had  been  sur- 
veyed and  2M,027,773  were  nnsurveyed. 

The  Coast  and  Oeodelic  Smnrej.— Advan- 
tage was  taken  bf  Ihc  Superintendent  ot  t lie 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey  of  opportunities  af- 
forded by  his  visit  of  iUFpection  to  the  PaciSc 
coast  to  determine  gravity  with  new  and  im- 

f roved  apparatus  at  a  number  ot  stations  in 
alitomio,  Washington,  and  Alaska.  In  compli- 
ance with  a  request  from  the  International  Geo- 
detic Association,  and  with  the  sanction  of  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  an  officer  of  the  sur- 
vey was  instructed  to  proceed  to  the  Hawaiian 
islands  and  aid  an  officer  detailed  by  that  asso- 
ciation in  observations  relating  to  the  variations 
of  latitude.  He  was  further  directed  to  deter- 
mine simultaneously  with  latitude  the  force  of 
gravity  at  sea  level,  and  also,  when  practicable, 
near  the  summit  of  Uauna  Kea.  Toe  demand 
for  the  charts  of  the  survey  has  tor  some  years 

East  exceeded  the  capacity  of  the  office  presses, 
ut  new  presses  and  increased  working  room, 
soon  to  become  available,  will  probably  enable 
all  public  requiremwits  to  be  met.  A  new  build- 
ing, more  perfectly  adapted  to  the  needs  of  the 
Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  Secretary  Foster 
recommended  to  have  erected  in  Washington. 

Penslong, — Thedishurwrncnts  on  account  ot 
military  pensions  during  the  }'ear  ending  June 
3D.  1891.  were  tn8.54»^.0.')9.  Against  $106,493,890 
in  1890,  t8D.131,Se^  in  18S0,  |.7D.646,17li  in  l^S, 
$74,815,488  in  1887.  (64.684,270  in  1888.  *C5.. 
fil)3.7lW  in  If8.5,  and  t57,273.6a6  in  1884.  The 
total  sum  paid  out  in  pensions  since  IBUl  is  $1.- 
277,201.203.  The  number  of  pensioners  on  the 
rolls  on  June  SO,  1891,  was  876,160,  ot  whom 
536,811  received  invalid  pensions  and  139.339 
were  widows  and  others.  The  number  of  claims 
allowed  during  the  twelve  months  whs  150,486, 
including  88.011  invalids  and  13,776  widows 
claiming  pensions  under  the  act  of  June  27, 
1800,  and  336  survivors  and  385  nidon-s  ot  vet- 
erans of  the  war  with  Bleiico.  The  number  ot 
applications  filed  during  1890- '91  was  303.799. 
in  addition  to  which  there  were  353.582  appli- 
cations under  the  act  of  June  27,  1890,  from  per- 
sons who  were  already  pensioners  or  applicants 
for  pensions.  The  pensioners  on  the  rolls  on 
June  80,  1891,  drawing  pensions  under  the  gen- 
eral law,  included  313,697  invalids  and  106.560 
widows,  etc.,  of  the  army,  and  46,440  invalids 
and  2.606  widows,  etc..  of  the  navr.  Under  the 
act  of  June  27.  1890,  there  were  il7,137  invalids 
and  12.200  widows,  etc.,  of  the  army  and  3.976 
invalids  and  1.436  widows  of  Ihe  navy  admitted 
to  the  rolls.  The  number  of  veterans  drawing 
pensions  for  services  in  Ihe  War  of  1812  was  284. 
and  the  number  ot  widows  of  soldien  of  1812 
was  7.S90.  The  pen»:ioners  of  the  war  with  Mex- 
ico numbpret^  ... ~— . 
sioned  widowi 


832  UNITED  STATES. 

of  soldiers  of  the  Revolution  drawing  pensions,        We  demand  the   most  rijrid,  honest,   and  just 

the  youngest  seventv-three  and  the  oldest  ninety-  national  control  and  supervision  of  the  meaiui  of  pul- 

nine  years  old.     Tliere  were  222,521  first  pay-  1»^  communication  and  tran»i»ortauon,  and  if  th.< 

^^^^c  r^t  r^,^^ir^.ryu   A^^^iw^rm   *v>n,   ^rLof    i>^/^ .1  { ti' » »•  contTol  aud  suDcrviBion  dooH  not  remove  the  abUM-^ 

•oa  loo  Lr     l-^  *^  "  f  AG  -00^  t^*    ?u^      \l^  no^-  ««ting,  we  demand  the  Government  ownei^h,]. 

*^'^^?'V^'  "^^^^^  ^*®.  *%o,?^,J.®*\  ^*^*"   *"®  ofBuch  meiSisof  communication  and  tranHportalion. 
130,514  first  payments  in  1889-90,  the  average        We  demand  the  election  of  President,  Vice-l'n*i- 

being  $485  in  1890  and  only  $230  in  1801.    The  dent,  and  United  States  Senaton  by  a  direct  vote  uf 

first  payments  on  claims  under  the  act  of  June  the  people. 
27.  1890,  averaged  $71.  The  following  additional  resolutions,  not  .i 

Indians,-! he  Indian   population    exclusive  p^^t  of  the  platform,  were  also  adopted : 

of  natives  of  Alaska,  was  2o0,483  in  1891.    The  *  r  *  r 

number  of  Indian  youths  enrolled  has  increased,  ^  That  while  the  party  in  power  in  1869  pledp?d  the 

as  has  also  the  average  daily  attendance  in  the  g»J^^j;  cont«LTin\  deS^iat^  cul^^y°l^^^  aJla 

schools.    The  Inilians  have  consented,  as  a  rule,  ^^^^^^  -^  eu^n^      '  thST^ddiiig  nearly  one  billiou 

to  send  their  children  to  schools,  and  it  has  not  dollars  to  the  burdens  of  the  people,  which  meant 

been  found  necessary  to  take   immediate  com-  ^old  for  the  bondholders  and  depreciated  current y 

pulsory  measures  to  secure  their  attendance,  as  for  the  soldier^  and  holding  that  tJic  men  who  iu.- 

authorized  bv  the  act  of  March  3,  1891.  periled  their  lives  to  save  the  life  of  a  nation  should 

Political'  Conveiltions.— At  a  conference  of  have  been  paid  in  money  as  good  as  that  paid  to  the 
representatives  of  the  Farmers'  Alliance  and  in-  t;ondholde«  wo  demand  the  ^>f "«  <>^  jg?»  T^'^^^J 
A.,^4.^^\  «-«««;„«4^;«««  u^\A  «*.  r';««;«««fj  ^«  treasury  notes  in  sulhcient  amount  to  make  the  i«ay 
dustnal  organizations  held  at  Cincinnati  on  of  the  «)ldicrs  equal  to  par  with  coin,  or  such  otlier 
May  19,  the  People  s  party  was  founded.  Keso-  legislation  as  shall  do  equal  and  exact  justice  to  the 
lutions  were  adopted  convokme  a  conference  of  Union  soldiers  of  this  country. 
**all  progressive  organizations  at  Cincinnati  on  That  as  eight  hours  constitute  a  legal  day*8  work 
Feb.  22,  1892,  and  a  national  committee  was  for  Government  employes  in  mechanical  deportment-^ 
appointed  which  was  authorized,  if  no  satisfac-  ^ve  believe  this  principle  should  be  further  exUn<lc;d 
tory  coalition  with  other  reform  organizations  !?'^.^.*PP!-\,!V^^  coirorations  employing  labor  in 
could  be  effected,  to  call  a  convention  of  the  the  different  btates  of  tfie  Lmon. 
People's  party  for  the  nomination  of  a  President,  Reciprocity  Treaties. — The  first  treaty  of 
to  DC  held  iiot  later  than  June  14,  1892.  On  commercial  reciprocity  concluded  in  accord'antv 
Nov.  23  the  Republican  National  Committee,  at  with  the  clause  of  the  Tariff  act  of  Oct.  1, 18iK), 
Washinp;ton,  selected  Minneapolis  for  the  place  providing  for  the  admission  into  the  United 
of  meeting  for  the  national  convention  ana,  ap-  States  free  of  duty  of  sugar,  molasses,  coffee,  tea, 
pointed  June  7,  1892.  as  the>  date.  The  National  and  hides  in  return  for  reciprocal  conoession>. 
Committee  of  the  Prohibition  party  met  at  was  signed  with  Brazil  on  Feb.  5, 1891  (see  Bra- 
Chicago  on  Dec.  17,  1891,  and  agreed  on  St.  zil).  Arrangements  with  Great  Britain  in  re- 
Louis  as  the  place  for  holding  a  national  con-  spect  to  the  free  importation  of  products  of 
vention,  which  will  meet  on  June  29  and  30, 1892,  Jamaica,  the  Leeward  and  Windward  Islands 
for  the  purpose  of  nominating  candidates  for  the  Barbados,  and  British  Guiana  were  finally  eon- 
presidency  and  vice-presidency  of  the  United  eluded  in  December,  1891.  A  treaty  was  con- 
States,  eluded   w^ith  Spain  for  Cuba   and  Porto   Rico, 

The  following  was  adopted,  on  May  20,  by  the  and   promulgated  in  a  proclamation  issued  l»y 

conference  at  Cincinnati,  as  the  platform  of  the  President  Harrison  on  Aug.  1,  under  which  salt 

new  third  party,  to  be  called  the  People's  party :  meats,  lard,  hay,  resin,  cotton,  crude  petroleum. 

-,,   ^  ^  u    -^M    .  J        ^u    J  1      r  XV  coal,  oats,  barley,  rye,  buckwheat,  fruit,  lumber, 

T.i3?n*lT«f  ^nnt!S^  y '^^^^    Vn'^T??^  oih!  Hiauufactures  of  iron,    sewing    machines,    and 

plattorms  OS  adopted  at  ot.  Loms,  Mo.,  m  loo9,  Ocala,  .•  x>  i  i     •!.>    i   •  ^     ai.  i     • 

ha.,  in  1890,  and  Omaha,  Nob.,  ii  1891,  by  iniustrial  J^her  articles  are  admitted  into  those  colonies 

organizations  there  represented,  summamed  aa  fol-  l^ee  of  duty,  and  refined  petroleum,  wheat  and 

lows:  fiour,  boots  and  shoes,  corn,  and   many  other 

The  right  to  make  and  issue  money  is  a  sovereign  American  products  at  n*diired  rates  of  duty, 
power  to  be  maintained  by  the  peoulo  for  the  com-  Treaties  with  Salvador  and  Guatemala,  pn>vid- 
mon  benefit,  hence  we  demand  the  abolition  of  i^^  for  practical  free  traile  in  American  pro*!- 
national  banks  w  banks  of  issue,  and  as  a  substitute  ^^^  ^^^^  signed  in  December.  A  liberal  nr- 
for  national  bank  notes  we  demand  that  learal-tender  _'  ♦J?  i^-^j  ^vuc?*  r» 
treasury  notes  be  is.^ued  in  sumcientvolmne  to  trans-  rangement  was  also  made  with  Santo  D.w 
act  the  business  of  the  country  on  a  cash  basis,  with-  mingo.  The  English  treaty  goes  into  effect  with 
out  damage  or  especial  advantage  to  any  class  or  call-  British  Guiana  on  March  31,  1892,  and  with  the 
ing,  such  notes  to  be  le^al  tender  in  payment  of  all  other  colonies  two  months  earlier.  In  the  con- 
debts,  nublic  and  private,  and  such  notes  when  de-  vention  with  regard  to  Jamaica  many  oommo«l- 
manded  by  the  iieoplo  shall  bo  loaned  to  them  at  not  jtieg  of  prime  commercial  importance',  and  in  all 
more  than  2  per  cent,  perimnum  upon  non-penshablo  gg   articles,   are  exempted  ffom  duties,  and  12 

products,  as  indicated  in  the  sub-treasurv  plan,  and  ^^u^^  ^^  „,i«.;f*«^  ;«»!  ♦u-*  .vi- i  -*  i..,  .i 

ilso  upon  real  estate,  with  proper  limitati6n  uiK>n  the  «*^«"  »>?  admitted  into  t^hat  island  at  mlu^-ed 

quantity  ofland  and  amount  of  moncv.  "^tes.       In   the  other  colonies  58  articles  aiv 

We  demand  the  free,  unlimited  coinage  of  silver.  transferred  to  the  free  list,  and  duties  are  lowerctl 

We  demand  the  passage  of  laws  prohibiting  alien  for    16    others.      Negotiations   with    Gennany, 

ownership  of  land,  and  that  Congress  take  prompt  ac-  France,   Belgium,    Ilalv,  and  other    Eiimpean 

tion  to  devise  some  plan  to  obtain  all  lands  now  owned  countries  resulted  in  the  removal  of  the  prohibi- 

by  alien  and  foreign  syndicates  and  that  all  land  held  ^j^^  ^^         |^  imports,  in  consideration  of  ihnr 

by  railroads  and  other  conwrations  in  excess  of  such  „j,„;^«,-'l    ^^   *i,'l    «Zl:«,.^jf«.   ^i„..««    *.b«n    ;« 

as  is  actually  used  and  ncided  by  them  be  reclaimed  wJn}»ssion   to   the   reciprocity   clause,  taken   m 

by  the  (Jovemment  and  held  for  actual  scttlere  only,  ejjnjunction  with  the  new  meat  inspection  law. 

Wc  demand  a  just  and  eciuitable  system  of  gradu-  Before  the  end  of  the  year  reciprocity  arramre- 

atcd  tax  on  income.  ments    had  been  made  with  all  the  Spanish 


UNITED  STATEa  833 

American  countries  excepting  Chili,  Colombia,  detective,  D.  C.  O'Malley,  being  suspected  as  the 
Hayti,  Honduras,  Nicara^a,  and  Venezuela,  afi:ent  of  the  ''  Mafia "  employed  to  fix  the  jury. 
ana  with  European  countries  with  the  exception  Members  of  a  committee  of  50  appointed  to  co- 
of  Austria-Hungary,  and  of  Spain  in  respect  to  operate  with  the  authorities  in  detecting  and 
the  Philippine  Islands.  For  countries  that  do  biinging  to  punishment  the  assassins  of  Hen- 
not  amend  the  duties  that  are  considered  by  the  nessy  did  much  to  stimulate  the  popular  frenzy, 
President  to  be  reciprocally  unequal  and  un-  and  on  March  14  some  of  them  led  a  mob  which 
reasonable  before  March  15, 1892,  raw  sugar  im-  broke  into  the  parish  jail  and  lynched  the  eleven 
ported  from  them  is  subject  to  a  duty  of  ^  cent  Sicilians  confined  there,  includmg  those  who  had 
a  pound,  sugar  under  16  and  above  18  Dutch  been  acquitted.  On  the  day  of  the  massacre 
standard  to  If  cent,  sugar  above  16  and  under  Baron  Fava,  Italian  minister  at  Washington, 
20  to  If  cent,  sugar  above  20  to  2  cents,  mo-  on  cabled  instructions  from  the  Marqu&  di 
lasses  to  4  cents  a  gallon,  coffee  to  3  cents  a  Rudini,  delivered  a  written  formal  protest  to 
pound,  tea  to  10  cents  a  pound,  and  hides  to  1^  Mr.  Blaine,  who  expr^sed  horror  at  the  occur- 
cent  a  pound.  In  the  reciprocity  agreement  rence.  Secretary  filaine  telegraphed  to  Gov. 
with  (Germany  the  reductions  of  duty  conceded  Nichols  of  Louisiana,  urging  that  the  violators 
in  the  new  commercial  treaties  between  Ger-  of  the  law  should  be  brought  to  justice.  The 
many  and  the  Austro-Hungarian  monarchy  and  Governor  in  his  answer  justified  the  deed.  On 
Swit2serland  are  extended  to  the  United  States  March  16  Baron  Fava  had  an  interview  with  the 
also,  chief  of  which  are  reductions  of  30  per  cent.  Secretary  of  State,  who,  in  reply  to  his  renewed 
on  wheat  and  rye,  37i  per  cent,  on  oats,  11  per  protest  against  the  inaction  of  the  local  author- 
cent^  on  barley,  and  20  per  cent,  on  Indian  com,  ities,  reminded  him  that  the  ofBcers  of  the 
one  of  30  per  cent,  on  nogs,  15  per  cent,  lower  Federal  Government  had  no  constitutional  power 
duties  on  butter  and  fresh  pork,  and  reductions  of  interference  with  the  administration  of  ins- 
on  mill  products  and  on  lumber  and  timber,  the  tice  in  any  State,  and  could  do  no  more  than 
latter  of  from  16|  to  25  per  cent.  entertain  a  claim  for  indemnity.  The  Italian 
The  New  Orleans  Affair.— On  Oct.  15, 1890,  Premier,  who  in  his  first  cablegrams  had  directed 
David  C.  Hennessy,  chief  of  the  New  Orleans  Baron  Fava  to  denounce  the  grave  deed  to  the 
police  force,  was  shot  near  his  own  door  at  ni^ht  Government  and  urge  repressive  and  protective 
and  died  without  being  able  to  8a,y  anythmg  measures,  and  to  protest  formally  should  there 
more  than  that  "Dagos''  had  shot  him.  Many  be  an^  hesitation,  while  he  reserved  for  himself 
murders  and  assaults  had  been  committed  by  the  n^ht  of  asking  for  proper  satisfaction,  on 
Italians  upon  each  other  in  New  Orleans,  and  in  receiving  a  dispatch  from  Consul  Corte  in  New 
most  cases  the  perpetrators  had  escaped  detec-  Orleans  saying  that  the  murderers  would  be 
tion.  Chief  Hennessy  had  been  instrumental  in  handed  over  to  the  judicial  authorities,  tele- 
the  extradition  of  Esposito,  a  fugitive  Italian  graphed,  on  Mareh  10,  that  it  was  indispensable 
bandit,  and  had  more  recently  been  active  in  that  the  United  States  Government  should 
arresting  and  finding  evidence  against  six  mem-  inform  him  of  such  action,  and  instructed 
bers  of  a  gang  of  Italian  longsnoremen  called  Minister  Fava  to  present  a  demand  for  indem- 
the  Provenzanos,  who  were  awaiting  their  final  nity,  adding  that  simple  declarations,  though 
trial  on  the  charge  of  firing  from  an  ambush  on  coraial  and  friendly,  can  not  prove  as  sufficient  a 
a  pMrty  of  Matrangas,  another  band  who  were  satisfaction  as  can  be  shown  m  positive  and  con- 
their  rivals  in  the  business  of  unloading  fruit  crete  facts.  The  claims  for  indemnity  advanced 
steamers.  The  murder  of  the  police  officer  by  the  Italian  Government  covered  the  cases  of 
caused  intense  excitement.  The  working  people  three  of  the  murdered  Sicilians,  who  were  Italian 
were  hostile  to  the  Italians,  who  were  their  com-  subjects,  the  others  having  been  proved  to 
petitors  in  various  trades,  and  all  classes  were  be  naturalized  American  citizens,  except  one 
shocked  by  their  many  crimes  of  violence.  This  other  whose  Italian  citizenship  was  alleged 
last  murder  confirmed  the  popular  belief  that  subsequently.  Secretary  Blaine  asked  to  have 
there  was  a  '*  Mafia"  or  oath-bound  society  for  particulars  given  regarding  the  families  of  these 
assassination.  On  Nov.  20  the  Grand  Juiy  re-  three.  A  letter  from  Consul  Corte  to  Minister 
turned  an  indictment  of  murder  against  eleven  Fava  confirmed  the  impression  felt  in  Italjr 
persons,  and  eight  were  indicted  as  accessories  that  the  local  authorities  had  been  very  negli- 
before  the  fact.  The  acquittal  of  the  Provenza-  gent.  Consul  Corte  said  that  there  were  bad 
nos  who  were  tried  for  shooting  the  Matrangas,  men  among  the  Italians  who  were  lynched,  but 
strengthened  the  general  belief  that  it  was  im-  that  many  of  the  charges  made  against  them 
possible  to  convict  Sicilians,  because  they  were  were  without  foundation.  The  lynching  was 
ix>and  by  oaths  to  save  each  other  by  perjured  foretold  and  could  have  been  prevented  by  the 
testimony.  The  District- Attorney,  on  Feb.  6,  removal  of  the  prisoners  when  a  violent  anti- 
1891,  arraigned  six  of  the  persons  indicted  for  Italian  demonstration  occurred  on  the  evening 
the  murder  of  Hennessy  and  three  of  those  before,  or  even  if  the  authorities  had  oidered  the 
indicted  as  accessories.  A  jury  was  selected  lynchers  to  disperse  when  they  assembled  armed 
from  among  1,375  persons,  and  after  a  trial  dur-  with  Winchester  rifles.  He '  inferred  that  the 
ing  which  67  witnesses  appeared  for  the  State  authorities  consented  to  the  massacre,  if  they 
and  84  for  the  defense,  a  verdict  of  acquittal  was  did  not  instigate  it.  When  he  heard  of  the 
rendered  in  the  cases  of  six  of  the  accused,  two  meeting  of  the  lynchers  he  could  not  find  the 
of  whom  the  judge  had  directed  the  jury  to  Mayor,  without  whose  authority,  the  Attorney- 
acquit,  and  in  the  other  three  cases  a  mistrial  General  and  the  Deputy  Sheriff  of  the  prison 
was  entered.  The  verdict  was  denounced  as  told  him.  nothing  could  be  done.  He  found 
contrary  to  the  evidence,  and  the  jurors  were  Gov.  Nichols  with  the  commandant  of  the 
generally  believed  to  have  been  bribed,  a  private  troops,  and  when  he  requested  that  military  or 

VOL.  xxxL — 53  A 


834                                                      UNITED  STATES. 

police  be  sent  to  prevent  a  massacre,  the  upon  the  Italian  minister  exhibited  a  dispatch 
Governor  said  that  he  could  not  act  without  the  from  the  Marquis  di  Rudini  recaliing  him  in 
Mayor.  The  massacre  then  occurred,  and  the  case  he  failed  to  obtain  redress.  On  the  follow- 
consul  and  his  secretary,  who  hurried  to  the  ing  day  another  dispatch  was  received  by  him 
prison,  were  mobbed  and  assaulted.  Baron  authorizing  him,  in  the  event  of  the  refusal  of 
Fava,  on  March  21,  in  a  note  to  Secretary  Blaine,  the  Federal  Government  to  give  the  assurance 
who  was  sick  at  the  time,  insisted  that  the  that  indemnity  would  be  granted  and  judicial 
assassins  of  the  Italians  should  be  indicted  and  proceedings  instituted,  to  '*  affirm  the  inutility 
that  reparation  be  made  to  the  families  of  the  of  his  presence  near  a  government  that  has  no 
victims.  On  March  24  he  received  a  telegram  power  to  guarantee  such  justice  as  with  us  is 
from  the  Marquis  di  Rudini  saying  that  public  administered  equally  in  favor  of  citizens  of  all 
opinion  in  Italy  was  impatient ;  that  there  nationalities."  After  consulting  with  the  Presi- 
could  be  no  question  regarding  the  right  of  the  dent,  Mr.  Blaine  saw  Baron  Fava  on  March  2^ 
Italian  Government  to  ask  for  an  indemnity  and  complained  that  the  Marquis  di  Rudini  was 
for  the  murdered  men's  families  and  to  **  ask  and  hurrying  him  in  a  manner  contrary  to  diplomatic 
obtain  the  punishment'*  of  the  men  that  had  usa^e,  and  that  he  could  announce  no  decision 
assassinated  three  Italian  subjects  who  had  been  until  he  had  investigated  the  cases  of  the  Italian 
declared  innocent  and  discharged  by  an  Ameri-  subjects  who  were  alleged  to  have  been  massacred, 
can  magistrate ;  and  that,  should  a  definite  He  said  that  the  Federal  Government  could  not 
decision  be  delayed,  he  would  be  under  the  give  the  assurances  demanded.  *"  I  do  not  reoog- 
painful  necessity  of  openly  demonstrating  the  nize  the  ri^ht  of  any  government,"  he  said.  "*  to 
dissatisfaction  of  the  Italian  Government  by  tell  the  United  States  what  it  shall  do ;  we  have 
recalling  the  minister.  On  March  25,  after  re-  never  received  orders  from  any  foreign  power,  and 
ceiving  a  dispatch  saying  that  no  further  delay  shall  not  begin  now."  He  declared  that  it  was ''a 
could  be  admitted  after  the  direct  and  legitimate  matter  of  indifference  what  persons  in  Italy  may 
demands  of  the  Italian  Government,  he  obtained  think  of  our  institutions,"  adding,  ^  I  can  not 
an  interview  with  Secretary  Blaine,  who  said  that  change  them,  still  less  violate  them."  He  af- 
it  was  absolutely  impossible  for  the  Federal  firmed  that  the  treaty  ^arantees  to  Italian  sub- 
Government  to  interfere  with  the  administra-  jects  the  same  protection  enjoyed  by  American 
tion  of  justice.  Early  in  the  controversy  Mr.  citizens,  and  asked  if  the  Italian  minister  de- 
Blaine  pointed  out  the  unreasonableness  of  the  sired  that  they  should  have  more  protection ;  to 
Italian  Government  in  demanding  the  punish-  which  Baron  Fava  replied  that  his  Government 
ment  of  the  lynchers,  since  in  no  civilized  was  entitled  to  demand  for  Italians  in  America 
government  can  the  executive  authority  go  fur-  the  same  degree  of  protection  that  is  guaranteed 
ther  than  institute  judicial  proceedings  against  to  Americans  in  Italy.  On  March  27  the  Mar- 
suspected  criminals.  This  was  the  function  of  quis  di  Rudini  sent  an  ultimatum  announcing 
the  municipal  authorities  of  Louisiana,  where  tne  departure  of  the  Italian  minister  in  the 
the  courts  were  open  to  Italians  and  Ameri-  event  of  his  failing  to  obtain  a  guarantee  from 
cans  alike.  This  lulfiUs  the  conditions  of  the  the  Federal  Gk)vemment  that  an  indemnity 
treaty  of  commerce  and  navigation  concluded  would  be  paid  and  the  culprits  tried.  He  oIh 
with  Italy  in  1871,  which  provides  that  ^*the  taiued  from  Mr,  Blaine  a  written  declaration 
citizens  of  each  of  the  high  contracting  parties  acknowledging"  the  full  obli^tionof  the  United 
shall  receive  in  the  States  and  Territories  of  the  States  as  rega^s  full  reparation  for  any  violation 
other  the  most  constant  protection  and  security  of  the  treaty  between  the  two  countries  which 
for  their  persons  and  property,  and  shall  enjoy  may  have  occurred,"  to  which  was  added  the  ex- 
in  this  respect  the  same  rights  and  privileges  as  planatory  statement  that "  no  full  examination 
are  or  shall  be  granted  to  the  natives,  on  their  of  the  case  had  been  made,  and  the  law  officers 
submitting  themselves  to  the  conditions  imposed  of  the  Federal  Gk}vemment  have  not  arrived  at 
on  the  natives."  In  one  of  his  notes  he  took  the  any  decision."  Deeming  this  insufficient,  he  an- 
ground  that  "the  foreign  resident  must  be  con-  nounced  his  departure  on  March  81,  and  took 
tent  in  such  cases  to  share  the  same  redress  that  leave  of  President  Harrison,  who  expressed  grief 
is  offered  by  the  law  to  the  citizen,  and  has  no  at  the  incident  in  New  Orleans,  and  a  hope  that 
just  cause  of  complaint,  or  right  to  ask  the  inter-  the  guilty  parties  would  be  punished, 
position  of  his  country,  if  the  courts  are  eoually  The  ^ai  Question. — In  March,  1891,  Mr. 
open  to  him  for  the  redress  of  his  injuries.  Blaine  proposed,  as  a  modiis  vivendi  that  would 
In  the  course  of  the  controversy  he  treated  the  prevent  the  destruction  of  the  fur  seals  of  the 
subject  of  indemnification  of  the  families  of  the  Prybiloff  Islands  by  Canadian  poachers  before  an 
murdered  Italians  by  the  Federal  Government  agreement  could  be  reached  regarding  the  right 
not  as  a  right  established  by  international  law,  claimed  by  the  United  States  to  police  Bering 
but  as  a  matter  open  to  discussion  or  the  subject  Sea  and  suppress  pelagic  sealing,  that  a  clo&e 
of  a  friendly  unacrstanding.  In  the  interview  season  should  be  declared  for  the  summer  of 
of  March  25  he  asked  if  the  Italian  Government  1891.  Pending  the  decision  of  the  British  Gov- 
oxpocted  the  Federal  authorities  to  interfere  with  emment  on  the  subject  of  a  modus  vivendi  the 
the  States,  expressing  astonishment  that  Baron  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  issued  orders  to  restrict 
Fava,  who  knew  the  nature  of  the  United  States  the  number  of  seals  to  be  killed  by  the  lessees  of 
('On^titution,  should  be  the  bearer  of  such  a  the  islands — ^the  North  American  Commercial 
demand.  The  Italian  minister  said  that  they  Company — to  the  maximum  of  60,000,  subject 
hoped  that  the  President  and  Gov.  Nichols  would  to  the  discretion  of  an  agent  of  the  Treasury  to 
(v>mbine  in  bringing  the  culprits  to  justice.  The  limit  the  killing  to  as  small  a  number  as  the 
StH^retary  answered  that  it  was  impossible  for  the  condition  of  the  herd  might  demand.  Lord 
bVdoral  Government  to  act  in  the  matter,  where-  Salisbury  declined  to  accept  the  proposition  at 


UNITED  STATES.  835 

first,  as  he  had  when  a  similar  one  was  made  in  currence  of  Great  Britain  is  necessaiy  in  prescribing 

the  previous  year,  but  after  long  negotiations  it  rejjulationa  for  the  killing  of  the  fur  seal  in  any  part 

was  accepted  in  a  modified  form,  the  catch  of  the  9f  ^^^  y*'*^«™  J?*"  Benng  Sea,  then  it  shall  be  l\irUier 

North  American  Company  being  restricted  to  ^^^T^>l^?^^u:?Tt^fa\lt^^^^ 

r^  fu^fk  -,^oio    i»ii:r>k  fitA»»^»«  »ii^»«^  fr.  bill  «-  ^^^  temtonal  limits  it  is  necessary  that  the  united 

1,500  seals,  which  they  were  allowed  to  kill  as  g^tes  should  exercise  an  exclusive  jurisdiction,  in 

compensation  for  the  expense  of  mamtammg  the  order  to  protect  the  seal  for  the  time  living  upon  the 

300  or  more  natives  on  the  islands.    The  modus  islands  of  the  United  States  and  feeding  therefrom. 

vivendif   which   was  ratified  by  an   act  of  the  Second,  whether  a  closed  season  (during  which  Uie 

British  Parliament  and  the  necessary  legislative  killing  of  seals  in  the  waters  of  Bering  Sea  outside 

action  of  Congress,  provided  that  American  and  '^^  ordinary  tentorrial  limits  shall  be  prohibited)  is 

British  war  vessels  should  jointly  patrol  Bering  ?^S^???2:i^!?'l!,*!i''  !??^  S*5'°«^  industry,  so  valuable  i 

s:,«    ^^A    e^i,«   o^u..^.   ^#\»;fu««    A-«^«:««^    Ji  and  important  to  mankind,  from  detenorution  or  de- 

Sea  and  seize  sealers  of   either  American   or  structio^    And,  if  so.thiii,  what  months  or  parts  of 

Canadian    nationality.      The    agreement    was  months  should  be  includwl  in  such  season,  and  over 

reached  too  late,  for  an  unusual  number  of  seal-  what  waters  it  should  extend. 
\ng   vessels  had  already  reached  the  Alaskan 

waters,  and  before  their  operations  were  stopped        The  rights  formerly  claimed  by  Russia  were 

had  destroved  more  seals  than  in  any  previous  defined  in  a  ukase  of  the  Czar  in  1821,  and  were 

season.     The  bill  giving  the  British  Govern-  effectually  exercised  and  acquiesced  in,  although 

roent  authority  to  forbid  the  killing  of  seals  by  the  British  and  American  governments  at  that 

British  subjects  was  read  a  third  time  in  the  time  formally  protested  against  treating  Bering 

House  of  Commons  on  June  4,  and  it  was  not  Sea  as  mare  dausum.    The  convention  between 

till  after  that,  and  after  the  United  States  agreed  the  American  and  Russian  governments  signed 

to  rescind  the  permission  allowing  60,000  seals  to  on  April  6, 1824,  dealt  with  the  richts  of  navi- 

be  killed,  and  forbade  the  c-ommercial  killing  of  gation  and  fishery  in  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the 

seals  altogether,  limiting  the  number  to  the  7,500  northwest  coasts  of  America.     A  similar  treaty 

seals  necessary  for  the  natives,  that  the  English  was  signed  with  England  on  Feb.  16,  182^,  in 

Government  took  steps  to  forbid  and  arrest  the  which  the  region  affected  was  limited  to  the 

slaughter.      Previous  to  the  acceptance  of  the  seas  and  coasli  south  of  the  sixtieth  parall^  and 

modus  vit^endi  the  British  Government  had  taken  east  of  the  one  hundred  and  forty-first  degree  of 

steps  to  have  the  claim  of  Territorial  jurisdic-  longitude,  as  the  Russian  Government  was  learful 

tion  over  the  waters  of  Bering  Sea,  beyond  the  lest  the  American  treaty  should  be  construed  as 

three-mile  limits   tested  in  the  United  States  annulling  the  principle  asserted  in  the  Czar's 

courts  by  having  a  suit  brought  in  the  Supreme  ukase  and  conveying  to  Americans  rights  and 

Court  in  the  case  of  the  sealing  schooner  *'  Say-  privileges  in  Alaska  and  Bering  Sea.    The  Rus- 

ward  '*  that  had  been  seized  by  the  American  sian  minister  was  instructed  to  advise  the  Gov- 

authorities.     The  court  adjourned  the  case  till  emment  at  Washington  that  such  was  not  the 

October.  intention  or  effect  of  the  treaty,  and  the  State 

The  British  Government  was  impelled  to  ac-  Department  took  note  of  this  communication, 
cede  to  a  modus  vivendi  by  the  prospect  of  a  The  negotiations  with  regard  to  arbitration 
setttlement  of  the  Bering  Sea  question  by  were  continued  in  Washington.  On  June  25  Mr. 
arbitration.  The  first  proposal  to  arbitrate  had  Wharton  submitted  a  final  dealing  with  the 
come  from  Lord  Salisbury,  and  had  been  rejected  question  of  indemnification  to  prevent  the  inter- 
by  the  Secretary  of  State.  On  April  14,  1801,  ests  of  the  United  States  as  owner  of  the  seal 
Mr.  Blaine,  in  a  note  to  the  American  minister  fisheries  from  being  ignored.  liord  Salisbury 
in  London,  made  a  counter-proposition,  defining  objected  to  the  proposition  as  prejudging  the 
the  questions  that  the  United  States  Government  question  of  liability,  and  on  July  13  Sir  «fulian 
was  willing  to  submit  to  arbitration  as  follow:  Pauncefote  submitted  a  form  providing  that  not 

only  the  facts,  but  the  liability  arising  from 

1.  What  exclusive  iurisdiction  in  the  sea  now  them,  should  be  passed  upon  by  the  arbitrators. 
known  as  the  Bering  Sea,  and  what  exclusive  rights  Some  of  the  modifications  were  accepted  by  Mr. 
in  the  seal  fisheries  tiierein,  did  Kussia  assert  and  ex-  Wharton,  acting  for  the  Secretary  of  State,  on 
creise  prior  and  up  to  the  time  of  the  cession  of  Alaska  July  23.     On  Aug.   18  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote 

to  the  United  States?  ^  .    .  j.  *•  *  asked  for  a  reply  regarding  the  question  of  in- 

2.  How  far  were  these  claims  of  jurisdiction  as  to  ,i«^„:i.„  /^«  '*;!  ««^«»u*r^  k«  7k«  »»„;o^«  ^# 
the  seal  fisheries  recognized  and  conceded  by  Great  <le"inity  for  acts  committed  by  the  cniisere  of 
Britain  ?  either  nation.    Mr.  VV  barton  replied  that  "  the 

8.  Was  the  body  of  water  now  known  as  the  Ber-  President  thinks  that  it  will  be  time  to  consider 
in^  Sea  included  in  the  phrase  **  Pacific  Ocean,"  as  the  question  of  indemnity  when  occasion  has 
lined  in  the  treaty  of  1826  between  Great  Britain  and  arisen  to  claim  the  same."  The  amended  form 
Ruwia;  and  what  rights,  if  any,  in  the  Bering  Sea  proposed  by  Mr.  Wharton  on  July  23  was  de- 
were  held  and  exclusively  exercised  by  Russia  after  blared  on  Aug.  26  to  be  unacceptable  to  the 

"^4    Did  notall  the  rights  of  Russia  as  to  jurisdiction  ^^^'^^  ^T.V^'^rh  ^^T  }^  '""^^'^"^  ^^^  '^' 

and  as  to  tlie  seal  fisheries  in  Bering  SeaTeast  of  the  JP^ssion  of  the  doctrine  that  governments  are 

water  boundary  described  in  the  treatv  between  the  liabl?  for  acts  of  their  nationals,  and  proposed 

United  States  and  Russia  of  March  30,^1867,  pass  un-  that  questions  of  fact  should  be  referred  to  the 

impaired  to  the  Clnited  States  under  that  treaty  ?  arbitrators.    On  the  same  day  Sir  Julian  Paunce- 

5.  Hasthe  UnitedStatesany  right,  and,  ifso,  what  fote  complained  that  the  North  American 
rijrht,  of  protection  or  property  in  the  fur  seals  frc-  Commercial  Company  was  violating  the  spirit  of 

S:r^^n*sSc'«  i tul^d^rtsiKe'oiSfn^a';?  the  mod..  t.t..rbj:  killing  a  greater  {umber 

three-tnile  limit  I  of  seals  than  7,500  on  the  pretext  that  the  lim- 

6.  If  the  determination  of  the  foregoing  questions  itation  dated  from  the  signature  of  the  agree- 
ahall  leave  the  subject  in  such  position  that  the  con-  ment.    Inquiry  was  made,  and  on  Oct.  10  Mr. 


836  UNITED  STATES. 

Wharton  wrote  that  the  naval  officers  and  the  dent  of  the  United  States,  two  bj  the  Qneen  of 
Treasury  agent  in  Alaska  had  interpreted  the  Great  Britain,  one  by  the  President  of  the  French 
limitation  as  beginning  with  the  signing  of  the  republic,  one  by  the  King  of  Italy,  nod  one  by 
modtia.  On  Sept.  7  Mr.  Wharton  replied  to  the  King  of  Sweden  and  Norway,  idl  of  them  to 
the  note  of  Aug.  26  that  the  President  did  not  be  jurists  of  distinguished  reputation  in  their  re- 
assume  liability  on  the  part  of  the  British  Gov-  spective  countries.  If  the  last-named  pentoos 
ernment,  but  desired  to  have  the  question  of  lia-  failed  to  designate  arbitrators  within  two  months, 
bility  decided  by  the  arbitrators,  and  that  he  the  vacancy  was  to  be  filled  in  such  manner  as 
could  not  accept  the  proposition  to  have  ques-  the  parties  to  the  treaty  should  agree.  These 
tions  of  fact  passed  on  by  the  arbitrators,  be-  stipulations  constituted  the  first  article  of  the 
cause  the  facts  were  well  known.  The  United  draft  treaty.  The  second  article  provided  for 
States  Government  pressed  for  a  rapid  conclu-  the  meeting  of  the  arbitrators  in  Paris  within 
sion  of  the  negotiations,  since  the  modus  vivendi  twenty  days  after  each  party  had  presented  a 
would  expire  on  Mav  2,  1893.  As  the  British  counter-case  in  answer  to  the  other's  argument ; 
Government  insisted  on  its  views  regarding  that  each  party  should  be  represented  by  a  single 
damages,  Mr.  Wharton,  Oct  22,  proposed  that  person  as  its  agent ;  and  that  all  questions,  in- 
matters  of  fact  only  should  be  submitted  to  eluding  the  final  decision,  should  be  decided  by 
arbitration,  reserving  the  question  of  liability  a  majority  of  the  arbitrators.  The  third  article 
for  future  negotiation.  On  Oct.  23  Lord  Salis-  provided  that  a  printed  case  should  be  submitted 
bury  signified  his  acceptance  of  this  proposition,  oy  each  partv,  and  that  all  evidence  should  be 
On  Nov.  23  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  brought  for-  delivered  in  duplicate  to  each  of  the  arbitrators 
ward  a  reservation  that  the  necessity  and  nature  and  to  the  agents  within  three  months  of  the  ex- 
of  any  regulations  should  be  left  to  the  arbi-  change  of  ratifications.  The  fourth  article  re- 
trators,  and  another  stipulating  that  regula-  lates  to  the  counter- case  and  additional  evi- 
tions  should  not  become  binding  on  the  United  dence,  to  prepare  which  each  party  is  allowed 
States  and  Great  Britain  until  they  received  the  three  months  further,  with  sixty  days  more  of 
assent  of  the  maritime  powers.  Mr.  Blaine  de-  grace  on  application  to  the  arbitrators.  The 
clined  to  consider  the  proposition,  as  it  would  fifth  article  required  the  agents  to  deliver  printed 
postpone  the  matter  indefinitely,  saying  that  arguments  to  the  arbitrators  within  a  month 
there  was  no  objection  to  submit  the  matter  to  after  the  delivery  of  the  counter-cases,  and  per- 
the  maritime  powers  for  their  assent,  but  that  mitted  each  party  to  support  the  same  by  the 
the  United  States  could  not  agree  to  make  the  oral  arguments  of  counsel.  The  sixth  article 
adjustment  with  Great  Britain  depend  on  the  recites  the  ouestion  to  be  submitted  to  arbitrm- 
action  of  third  parties  not  directly  interested  in  tion  in  the  form  presented  by  Mr.  Blaine  in  the 
the  fisheries.  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  withdrew  first  five  of  his  original  propositions.  The  ser- 
the  first  reservation,  and  in  regard  to  the  second  enth  article  provided  that  if  the  determination 
suggested  that  either  government  should  have  of  these  questions  should  be  in  such  position 
the  right  to  suspend  the  regulations  if  after  the  that  the  concurrence  of  Great  Britain  is  neces- 
lapse  of  a  year  it  was  found  that  in  spite  of  sary  for  the  establishment  of  regulations  for  the 
them  injurv  was  being  done  to  the  fisheries,  protection  of  seals,  the  arbitrators  should  decide 
the  object  being  to  prevent  the  fisheries  from  what  concurrent  regulations  wonld  be  necessary 
being  placed  at  the  mercy  of  a  third  power.  Mr.  and  over  what  waters  they  should  extend,  and 
Blaine  replied  that  the  President  apprehended  on  this  point  they  might  consider  the  report  of 
no  danger  of  a  third  nation  engaging  in  sealing,  the  joint  commission ;  and  both  parties  agreed 
and  suggested  that  if  the  agreement  was  dis-  to  co-operate  in  securing  the  adhesion  of  other 
turbed  by  a  third  nation  the  two  governments  powers  to  the  regulations.  The  eighth  article 
should  act  conjointly.  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  states  that  the  contracting  parties  have  been  nn- 
replied  on  Dec.  8  that  his  Government  did  not  able  to  agree  on  a  reference  of  the  qiiestion  of 
fear  that  the  powers  would  reject  the  regula-  liability  for  damages  sustained,  and  declares 
tions,  but  that  thev  would  refuse  to  allow  the  that  they  agree  to  submit  questions  of  fact  in- 
arrest  of  their  vessels,  and  that  sealing  would  go  volved  in  such  claims,  and  ask  for  the  findinjrs 
on  in  the  close  season  under  other  flags.  Mr.  of  the  arbitrators  thereon,  while  reserving  the 
Blaine  adhered  to  the  ground  he  had  taken,  and  question  of  liability  for  future  negotiation.  The 
on  Dec.  11  Sir  Julian  Pauncefote  withdrew  the  ninth  and  tenth  articles  refer  to  the  joint  corn- 
proposition,  reserving  the  right  of  raising  the  mission;  the  eleventh  stipulates  that  the  de- 
question  when  the  matter  of  the  regulations  cision  of  the  arbitrators  should  be  rendered,  if 
came  up  before  the  arbitrators.  Mr.  Blaine  ob-  possible,  within  three  months  of  the  closing  of 
jected  to  an  appeal  to  the  arbitrators  on  a  sub-  the  arguments;  the  twelfth  relates  to  the  di- 
ject  not  embraced  in  the  seven  articles  of  the  vision  of  the  expenses  of  the  arbitrators;  the 
draft  treaty.  On  Dec.  17  the  British  minister  thirteenth  provides  for  recording  the  proceeti- 
renonnced  the  intention  of  calling  on  the  arbi-  ings ;  the  fourteenth  binds  the  high  contracting 
trators  to  decide  points  not  embraced  in  the  arti-  parties  to  consider  the  decision  of  the  arbitra- 
cles,  and  said  that  he  was  authorized  to  sign  the  tors  as  a  full  and  final  settlement  of  the  que!»- 
seven  articles  and  the  articles  with  reference  to  tions  submitted ;  and  the  fifteenth  and  last  pro- 
a  joint  commission  to  investigate  the  condition  vides  for  the  exchange  of  ratifications  within  six 
of  the  seals.  These  commissioners  had  already  months  of  the  signature  of  the  treaty,  or  eariicr 
been  appointed,  and  had  visited  the  seal  islands  if  possible. 

during  the  summer  of  1891  and  made  their  re-       The  World's  Colnmblan  Exposl tion.— The 

ports.    Further  correspondence  resulted  in  an  first  world's  fair  was  held  in  London  in  1851, 

agreement  that  there  should  be  seven  arbitra-  and  out  of  it  grew  the  Anglo-French  comtner- 

tors,  of  whom  two  should  be  named  by  the  Presi-  cial  treaty  of  1862,  and  the  application  of  free- 


UNITED  STATEa                                                     837 

trade  principles  in  many  snoceedine  interna-  culture;  live  stock;  horticulture  and  floricult- 

tional  conventions.    A  second  was  held  at  Paris  ure;  finance;  auditing;  ceremonies;  classifica- 

in  1855,  in  which  there  were  20,839  exhibitors,  tion ;    manufactures ;    commerce ;    mines   ^nd 

compared  with  13,037  in  London,  where  a  third  mining ;   fisheries  and  fish  culture ;  electricity 

exhibition  took  place  in  1862,  which  attracted  and  electrical  and  pneumatic  appliances;  forestry 

28,653  exhibitors  and  6,211,103  visitors.    This  and  lumber;   machinery;    world*s  congresses; 

was  in  turn  surpassed  by  the  Paris  Exposition  of  printing ;   grounds  and  buildings.     When  the 

1867,  in  which  50,226  exhibitors  took  part  and  organization  was  completed  and  the  stipulated 

8,805,960  tickets  were  sold.    At  Vienna,  in  1873,  financial  support  from  the  citizens  and  raunici- 

there  were  about  50,000  exhibitors  and  6,740,500  pality  of  Chicago  assured.  President  Barrison,  on 

visitors.    The  sixth  world's  fair  was  the  Centen-  Dec.  24,  1890,  issued  a  proclamation  inviting  all 

nial  Exhibition  at  Philadelphia  in  1876,  which  the  nations  of  the  earth  to  participate  in  the 

covered  60  acres  and  drew  30,864  exhibitors  and  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

10,164,489  visitors.     When  Paris  again  opened  Since  the  time  was  too  short  to  have  the  grounds 

an  exhibition,  covering  about  an  equal  extent  and  building  completed  for  the  summer  of  1892, 

of  ground,  in  1878,  the  number  of  exhibitors  as  was  origmally  mtended,  the  opening  of  the 

was  40,366,  and  the  visitors    during  the  one  exposition  was  announced  for  May,  1893.    When 

hundred  and  ninety-four  days  that  it  was  open  the  work  was  fairly  begun  it  was  accelerated,  as 

numbered  16,032,725.    The  international  exhi-  many  as  10,000  workmen  being  employed  at  one 

bition   at  Sydney  in  1879,  and  that  at  Mel-  time,  in  order  to  have  the  buildings  ready  to  be 

bourne  in  1880,  were  naturally  not  of  the  same  dedicated  with  imposing  ceremonies  on  Oct.  12, 

universal  character,  and  the  Glas^w  exhibi-  1892,  in  commemoration  of  the  exact  date  of  the 

tion   of   1888  was  affected  by  similar  limita-  discovery  of  America.    In  these  ceremonies  the 

tions.     The  next  world's  fair  m  the  true  sense  President  of  the  United  States,  the  Governors 

was  held  at  Paris  in  1889.     It  covered  about  200  of  the  States,  and  the  chiefs  of  the  army  and 

acres,  and  there  were  55,000   exhibits,  which  civil  departments  are  expected  to  take  part. 

were  viewed  in  the  course  of  one  hundred  and  During  the  four  days  devoted  to  the  celebration 

eighty-five  davs  by  28,149,353  paying  visitors,  a  military  encampment  of  troops  of  the  regular 

The  city  of  Paris  gave  $1,600,000  for  the  en-  army,  under  the  command  of  Afaj.-Gen.  Nelson 

t«rpribO,  private  persons  subscribed  $3,000,000  A.  Miles,  and  about  10,000  of  the  National  Guard, 

of  capital,  and  the  French  Government  loaned  will  be  held.    A  grand  review  will  take  place  on 

$3,400,000  on  the  security  of  the  '  permanent  Oct.  11.    On  the  12th  a  salvo  of  48  volleys  of  ar- 

buildings,  which  became  the  property  of  the  tillery  will  be  fired  at  daybreak.    The  troops  will 

Government  when  the  fair  was  over.  salute  the  President  on  his  entrance  into  the  main 

As  a  fitting  mode  of  celebrating  the  four  building  with  ofilcials  of  the  Government  and 

hundredth  anniversary  of  the  landing  of  Colum-  members  of  the  diplomatic  corps,  representatives 

bus  on  Oct  12,  1492,  it  was  proposed  to  have  a  of  the  thirteen  original  States,  and  of  the  rest  of 

universal  exhibition  in  the  United  States.    The  the  States  in  the  order  of  their  admission  into 

idea  was  first  taken  up  by  citizens  of  New  York,  the  Union ;  he  will  be  ceremoniously  received,  and 

where  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of  $5,000,000  after  musical  exercises  and  the  reading  of  the 

were  obtainca  from  merchants  and  capitalists  director-general's  report  the  ceremony  of  dedi- 

bcfore  application  was  made  for  the  sanction  cation  wnl  take  place,  consisting  in  the  formal 

and  support  of  the  Federal  Government.    When  presentation  of  tne  buildings  by  the  President 

the  matter  came  up  in  Congress  the  claims  of  of  the   World's  Columbian  Exposition  to  the 

Chica^  were  considered  superior,  and  a  bill  was  President  of  the  National  Commission,  and  by 

passed  and  approved  on  April  25,  1890,  entitled  the  latter  to  the  President  of  the  United  States, 

•'An  Act  to  provide  for  celebrating  the  four  followed  by  a  dedicatory  oration  and  a  salute  of 

hundredth  anniversarv  of  the  discoverv  of  Amer-  the  batteries,  and  in  the  evening  by  a  reception 

ica  by  Christopher  Colnrabus,  by  holding  an  in-  by  the  President    On  Oct  13  there  will  be  an 

ternarional  exhibition  of  arts,  industries,  mann-  industrial  and  civic  procession,  with  historical 

factures,  and  the  products  of  the  soil,  mine,  and  tableaux,  and  a  ball  in  the  evening,  and  on  Oct 

sea  in  the  city  of  Chicago,  in  the  State  of  Illi-  14  a  sham  battle  in  which  all  the  military  will 

nois."    The  act  provided  for  the  apf »ointment  of  take  part,  and  fireworks  at  night    When  the 

commissioners  who  should  organize  the  exposi-  ceremonies  are  concluded  the  buildings  will  be 

tion.     The  Worlas  Columbian  Commission  was  open  for  the  installation  of  exhibits,  for  which 

constituted  under  the  presidency  of  Thomas  W.  the  exhibitors  will  have  nearly  six  months. 

Palmer,  of  Michigan,  with  Thomas  M.  Waller,  The  site  of  the  Columbian  Exposition  is  Jack- 

of  Connecticut  M,  H.  de  Young,  of  California,  son  Park,  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Chicago,  on 

Davidson  B.  Penn,  of  Lonisiana,  Gorton  W.  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  is  reached  by  a 

Allen,  of  New  York,  and  Alexander  B.  Andrews,  steamer  trip  of  10  miles  on  the  lake.     It  includes 

of  North  Carolina,  as  vice-presidents,  and  John  Midway  Plaisance,  and  has  an  area  of  666  acres, 

T.  Dickinson,  of  Texas,  as  secretary.    George  the  park  fronting  on  the  lake  for  a  mile  and  a 

R.  Davis,  of  Illinois,  was  nominated  director-  half.    There  will  be  12  great  edifices,  two  of 

general  of  the  exposition.    An  executive  com-  which  will  be  twice  as  large  as  any  ever  built 

mittee  was  appointed,  as  well  as  a  board  of  ref-  for  former  exhibitions.    By  the  close  of  1891 

erence  and  control,  a  Chicago  local  board,  a  the  woman's  building  was  already  roofed  over, 

board  of  lady  managers,  and  standing  commit-  and  several  others  were  nearly  as  far  advanced. 

tees  to  deal  with  the  following  branches  of  the  The  most  important  and  hugest  structure  is  the 

work :  Judiciary,  rules,  and  by-laws ;  tariffs  and  hall  for  manufactures  and  liberal  arts,  which  is 

transportation ;  foreign  affairs ;  fine  arts ;   sci-  1,687  feet  long  and  787  feet  wide,  and  incloses 

ence,  history,  literature,  and  education;  agri-  44  acres.    The  ridge  of  the  roof,  of  glass  and 


838                                                    UNITED  STATES. 

iron,  which  covers  a  spaco  of  1,400  by  885  feet,  to  the  transportation  building,  and  next  to  that 

is  150  feet  above  the  earth.    A  gallery  50  feet  the  electricity  bailding,  which  is  separated  from 

wide  runs  around  the  outside  of  the  building,  the  hall  of  manufactures  and  arts  by  a  canal 

and  30  broad  stairways  lead  up  to  it.    The  part  giving  access  to  the  basin  opening  into  the  lake 

that  is  assigned  to  the  liberal  arts  is  ornamented  through  a  sheltered  artificial  harbor.     The  lake 

with  sculptured  reliefs  representing  the  seals  of  shore  runs  northwest,  and  the    banks  of  the 

the  States.    Four  archways,  40  feet  broad  and  canal  and  lagoon  in  the  same  direction,  tbe 

80  in  height,  one  in  the  center  of  each  facade,  space  between  them  and  the  shore  being  covered 

give   entrance  to  the  main  building,  as  well  by  the  main  hall,  and  beyond  that  by  the  Gov- 

as  pavilions  forming  arched  portals  at  each  of  ernment  building  and  the  grounds  surroiinding 

the  four  comers.    The  loggia  surrounding  the  it,  to  the  north  of  which  another  canal  enters 

building  is  25  feet  wide.    The  entrances  are  the    lagoon    from  the  lake.    The  agricultural 

ornamented  with  sculptures  and  mural  paint-  hall  fronts  the    basin,  having  its  longitudinal 

ings,  and  the  attic  story  above  the  side  arches  faces  at  right  angles  to  those  of  the  main  hall 

with  colossal  figures  of  eagles.  and  the  electricity,  mining,  and  transportation 

The  machinery  hall,  which  is  402  by  845  feet,  buildings,  while  the  horticultural  and  women*s 

with  an  annex  490  by  550  feet,  covers  17i  acres,  buildings  face  east  and  west.    Behind  the  agri- 

On  the  lake  front,  separated  by  a  basin  from  the  cultural  building  is  an  annex,  300  by  550  feet> 

building  for  manufactures  and  the  liberal  arts  and  south  of  that  a  handsome  hall,  280  by  440 

and  having  the  machinery  hall  directly  in  the  feet,  for  the  assemblage  of  all  persons  interested 

rear,  is  the  agricultural  building,  500  feet  by  800,  in  farming  and  stock-raising,  and  for  tiring  and 

in  one  story  05  feet  high,  with  domed  pavilions  judging  animals,  which  will  beexhibitea  in  nens 

9G  feet  high  at   each    comer  surmounted  by  near  by  covering  30  acres  or  more.    The  oairy 

groups  of  statuary,  and  connected  by  a  covered  building  for  the  exhibition  of  the  processes  of 

arcaae  and  a  central  glass  dome  100  feet  in  di-  making  cheese  and  butter  and  tests  of  milk  is  95 

ameter  and  144  feet  high.    The  hall  of  mines  by  200  feet.    Next  to  that,  on  a  basin  shut  in 

and  mining  is  700  feet  long[  by  350  broad,  built  from  the  lake  by  a  breakwater,  is  the  forestry 

in  the  Italian  style  of  architecture,  with  arched  building,  200  by  500  feet.    The  building  for  the 

entrances  ornamented  with  sculptures,  the  sub-  exhibition  of  the  fine  arts,  500  by  820  feet,  is,  like 

jects  of  which  are  taken  from  mining  industries,  the  rest,  a  temporarv  structure,  but  will  be  made 

A  collection  of  the  various  kinds  of  marble  is  ()uite  fire-proof.    The  central  dome  is  125  feet 

worked  into  the  facings.    The  roof  is  held  up  by  in  height  and  60  feet  in  diameter.    It  is  sitnat^id 

steel  cantilever  tmsses  supported  by  two  rows  of  at  the  north  end  of  the  park,  on  the  bank  of  a 

steel  columns  65  feet  apart,  leaving  a  space  115  small  lagoon,  on  the  other  shore  of  which  is  the 

feet  wide  in  the  middle  and  of  half  that  width  building  for  the  Illinois  State  exhibit,  and  ail 

on  either  side,  mnning  the  whole  length  of  the  round  are  other  State  buildings.     The  Illinois 

building.    The  electrical  building  is  in  the  shape  building  is  450  feet  by  160.    The  building  de- 

of  a  cross,  having  a  nave  115  feet  wide  and  114  voted  to  the  ^neral  administration  (see  colored 

feet  high  and  a  transept  of  the  same  dimensions,  illustration)  is  between    agricultural   hall  and 

and  is  surmounted  by  many  towers  and  pin-  the  mining  and  electrical  buildings.    Fonr  pa- 

nacles  designed  for  electrical  illumination.    As  vilions  of  the  same  height  as  these,  65  feet,  are 

Jackson  Park  is  approached  by  land  from  the  surmounted  by  a  structure  of  equal  height  and 

city,  through  Midway  Plaisance,  the  building  175  feet  square,  forming  the  central  rotunda  and 

directly  facing  the  entrance  is  the  horticultural  surrounded  bv  a  colonnade  20  feet  wide  and  40 

hall,  wnich  is  1,000  feet  long  and  250  wide.    The  feet  high,  with  corner  domes  at  the  angles,  and 

glass  dome  in  the  center  is  187  feet  in  diameter  the  whole  is  capped  by  an  octagonal  gilded  dome 

and  118  feet  hish,  admitting  of  the  exhibition  on  a  base  30  feet  high.    This  is  the  most  ornate 

of  the  tallest  palms  and  bamboos.    At  each  cor-  of  all  the  buildings.    The  United  States  build- 

ner  of  the  central  pavilion  are  smaller  domes,  ing,  350  by  420  reet,  is  topped  by  a  larger  oc- 

and  connecting  it  with  the  two  end  pavilions  tagonal  dome,  150  feet  high  and  120  feet  in  di- 

are  greenhouses  for  the  exhibition  of  plants  re-  ameter.    One  half  of  the  building  is  devoted  to 

?[uinng  sunshine,  inclosin|^  two  courts  88  by  270  the  exhibits  of  the  Post-olBce  I>epartment, 
eet.  Parts  of  the  building  will  be  artificially  which  has  9,000  square  feet;  the  Treasury  De- 
heated  for  tropical  plants.  Alongside  is  the  partment,  which  occupies  10,500  square  feet ;  the 
women's  building,  designed  by  Miss  Hayden,  of  War  Department,  occupying  23.000  square  feet ; 
Boston,  in  the  style  of  the  Italian  renaissance,  and  the  Department  of  Agricultnre,  occnpving 
consisting  of  a  central  pavilion  and  two  end  na-  23,250  square  feet.  In  the  north  end  the  Fish- 
vilions  in  two  stories,  connected  by  arcades.  The  ery  Commission  occupies  20,000  square  feet,  the 
structure  is  400  by  200  feet.  A  broad  staircase  Department  of  the  Interior  20,000  square  feet, 
gives  access  to  the  central  pavilion  through  ana  the  Smithsonian  Institution  the  remainini; 
triple  arches  ornamented  with  designs  in  low  space,  while  the  exhibits  of  the  Department  of 
relief.  Around  each  pavilion  in  the  second  Justice  and  of  the  Department  of  State  will  fill 
story  are  open  colonnaaes,  and  hanging  gardens  the  room  on  the  east  and  west  sides  of  the  ro 
will  be  placed  there.  Carriages  and  appliances  tunda.  In  the  exhibit  of  the  Treasury  Depart- 
for  locomotion  and  transportation  will  be  ex-  ment,  the  Mint,  the  Supervising  Architect  of  the 
hibited  in  a  building  960  by  250  feet,  with  an  Treasurv,  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  the  Marine 
annex,  the  whole  space  roofe<l  over  being  16  Hospital,  the  Lighthouse  Board,  the  Life-sav- 
acres.  It  is  situated  on  the  other  side  of  the  ing  Board,  and  the  Coast  and  Geodetic  Surrey 
horticultural  building  from  the  women's  hall,  will  all  be  represented.  The  exhibit  of  the 
the  three  occupying  the  western  border  of  the  Coast  Survey  includes  a  relief  map  of  the 
main  lagoon,  while  the  hall  of  mines  stands  next  United  States  400  feet  broad,  showing  the  cur- 


ADMINISTRATION  BUILDINQ,  COLUMBIAN  EXPOSITION. 


UNITED  STATES.  839 

vature  of  the  earth  and  heights  and  depressions  or  more  that  would  be  required  to  prepare  and 
in  correct  proportions.  The  Navj  Department  equip  the  grounds  and  uuildings,  the  Illinois 
will  exhibit  a  model  of  one  of  the  new  battle-  company  found  it  necessary  to  raise  about 
ships  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  original,  $8,000,000  more  than  they  had  already.  It  was 
wit  nail  the  armament  and  appliances  and  a  crew  proposed  to  ask  Congress  for  a  loan  of  |5,000,- 
who  will  go  through  the  driU  and  tactics  of  the  000  from  the  United  States  treasury,  and  after- 
service.  The  model,  848  feet  long,  with  69  feet  ward  it  was  decided  to  apply  for  a  grant  or  ap- 
of  beam,  is  erected  on  piles  in  the  harbor.  The  propriation  of  that  amount.  This  amended 
fisheries  building  is  opposite  the  United  States  proposition  of  the  Exposition  Corporation  was 
Government  building,  on  the  north  side  of  the  approved  by  the  National  Commission,  and 
canal.  It  will  have  a  length  of  1,100  feet  and  a  recommended  by  the  President  in  a  message  to 
width  of  200  feet,  and  will  contain  marine  and  Congress. 

fresh-water  aquaria  holding  140,000  gallons,  of  To  stimulate  interest  in  the  Worid*s  Colnm- 
which  40,000  gallons  represent  the  aquaria  for  bian  Exposition  in  Europe  and  supply  informa- 
live  marine  fish,  evaporated  sea  water  being  tion,  a  commissioner  was  appointed  in  London, 
supplied  by  the  United  States  Fish  Commission,  and  a  commission  made  the  round  of  the 
and  TBstored  to  its  original  density  by  the  addi-  European  capitals  in  the  summer  of  1891,  while 
tion  of  four  parts  of  lake  water  to  one  of  the  special  commissioners  were  sent  to  Mexico  and 
condensed  salt  water.  In  the  heart  of  Chicago,  other  American  countries.  The  appropriations 
on  the  Lake  front,  a  permanent  building  will  be  voted  by  foreign  countries  for  participation  in 
erected  to  accommodate  the  numerous  world's  the  exposition  amount  to  about  $4,500,000. 
congresses  that  will  be  held  during  the  six  Among  others,  the  Argentine  Republic  voted 
months  that  the  Exposition  will  last,  and  to  re-  $100,000:  Austria,  $147,000;  Bolivia,  $160,000; 
main  as  a  memorial.  It  will  contain  two  large  Brazil,  $550,000 ;  Chili,  $100,000 :  Colombia, 
halls  each  capable  of  seating  8,500  people,  and  20  $100,000;  Costa  Rica,  $100,000 ;  Ecuador,  $125,- 
rooms  for  the  meeting  of  sections.  A  musical  000 ;  France,  $400,000 ;  Germany,  $250,000 ; 
auditorium,  160  by  200  feet,  costing  $100,000,  is  Great  Britain,  $125,000;  Guatemala,  $120,000; 
to  be  erected  near  the  horticultural  hall.  All  Honduras,  $20,000;  Japan,  $500,000;  Mexico, 
wooden  walls  are  coated  with  staff,  a  hard  $750,000;  Nicaragua,  $50,000;  Norway,  $60,000; 
plaster  that  heightens  the  architectural  effect.  Pern,  $100,000 ;  Salvador,  $80,000 ;  British 
and  is  preservative  against  fire.  The  cost  of  pre-  Guiana,  $20,000;  British  Honduras,  $7,000; 
paring  the  grounds,  etc.,  was  estimated  in  the  Dutch  West  Indies,  $10,000 ;  Dutch  Guiana, 
annual  report  of  the  Worid's  Columbian  Com-  $6,000 :  Danish  West  Indies,  $10,000 ;  Ceylon, 
mission,  dated  Nov.  25, 1891,  at  $4,698,490;  the  $40,000.  The  first  appropriations  made  by  the 
expenses  of  administration,  operating  expenses.  States  and  Territories  were  as  follow :  Arizona, 
awards,  etc.,  at  $6,536,968;  and  the  cost  of  the  $80,000;  California,  $800,000;  Colorado,  $100,- 
buildings  to  be  erected  by  the  World's  Colum-  000;  Delaware,  $10,000;  Idaho,  $20,000;  Illinois, 
bian  Commission  at  $7,295,000.  Under  the  first  $800,000;  Indiana,  $75,000;  Iowa,  $50,000: 
head  the  items  are  as  follow :  Grading  and  fill-  Maine.  $40.000 :  Maryland,  $60,000 ;  Massachu- 
ing,  $450,400;  landscape  gardening,  $328,490;  setts,  $75,000;  Michigan,  $100,000;  Minnesota, 
viaducts  and  bridges,  $125,000;  improving  $50,000 :  Missouri,  $150,000 ;  Montana,  $50,000 ; 
water  ways,  $225,000;  piers,  $70,000;  railroads  Nebraska,  $50,000;  New  Hamphire,  $25,000; 
on  the  grounds,  $500,000 ;  steam  plant,  $800,-  New  Jersey,  $20,000;  New  Mexico,  $25,000: 
000;  electricity,  $1,500,000;  statuary,  $100,000;  New  York,  $800,000;  North  Carolina,  $25,000; 
lamps,  etc.,  ^0.000 ;  sewerage,  water  supply.  North  Dakota,  $25,000 ;  Ohio,  $100,000 :  Penn- 
etc,  $600,000.  The  cost  of  the  principal  build-  sylvania,  $300,000;  Rhode  Island,  $25,000;  Ver- 
ings  was  estimated  as  follows:  Manufactures  mont,  $20,000;  Washington,  $100,000:  West 
and  arts  building.  $1,100,000 :  agricultural,  live-  Virginia,  $40,000 ;  Wisconsin,  $65,000;  Wyoming, 
stock,  dairy,  and  forestry  buildings,  $1,000,000;  $80,000.  New  Jersey  afterward  increased  its 
machinery  hall,  with  annex  and  power  house,  appropriation  by  $50^000,  Iowa  added  $125,000 
$1,200,000 ;  electrical  building,  $875,000;  hall  of  to  the  sum  first  voted,  and  Massachusetts  appro- 
mines  and    mining,    $260,000 ;    transportation  priated  $75,000  more. 

building,  $800,000;  horticultural  building,  $800,-  The  British  building  will  probably  be  a  re- 

000;   women's  building.  $120,000;  art  palace,  production  ofShakespeare*scottage  at  St ratford- 

$600,000;  fisheries  building,  $200,000;  adminis-  on-Avon.    Germanv  is  expected  to  present  a 

tration  building,  $450,000;  Government  build-  picture  of  national  )ife  in  the  form  of  a  German 

ing,  $400,000.   The  total  outlay  of  the  Exposition  village.     Other  attractions  will  be  a  Pompeiian 

Company  was  estimated  at  $18,525,458,  and  the  dwelling,  a    Japanese  village,  mcdels    of    the 

probable  receipts  were  stated  to  amount  t«  $28,-  caravels  of  Columbus  and  various  famous  ships, 

155,085,  incluaing  $5,628,000  of  stock  subscrip-  and  luminous  fountains.     The  Swiss  Govern- 

tions  already  obtained,  and  $5,000,000  of  bonds  ment  will  include  in  its  exhibits  a  panorama  of 

of  the  city  of  Chicago,  the  gate  receipts  being  the  Bernese  Oberland.    There  will  be  a  Moorish 

estimat€d  at  $10,000,000,  the  receipts  from  con-  pavilion  and  caf6.    A   Turkish  bazar  for  the 

cessions  and  privileges  at  $1,500,000,  salvage  at  sale  of  Oriental  goods  will  be  opened  by  a  Con- 

$1,000,000,  and  interest  on  deposits,  amounting  stantinople  firm  of  merchants.    An  Fast  Indian 

already  to  $27,035,  no  account  being  taken  of  village  will  occupy  200,000  square  feet  in  Midway 

future  interest  on  deposits  and  further  subscrip-  Plaisance.      It  is  intended  to  have  a  bazar  of 

tions  which  were  still  being  made  in  consider-  all  nations  in  which  the  curious  products  of 

able  amounts.    At  the  time  of  the  report  about  each  will  be  displayed  for  sale  amid  the  cus- 

60  per  cent,  of  the  subscribed  capital  had  been  tomary  surroundings.    A  citizen  of  Cairo,  Egypt, 

paid  in.    In  order  to  make  up  tne  $18,500,000  has  obtained  a  concession  for  a  realistic  repro- 


840                UNITED  STATES.  UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 

• 
duetion  of  one  of  the  streets  of  Cairo.  There  is  promotion  of  its  obiect.  The  following  are  the 
to  be  also  a  special  Corean  exhibit.  An  exhibit  officers  of  the  World's  Congress  Anxiliary: 
of  the  products  of  Java  and  the  South  Sea  President,  Charles  C.  Bonney;  Vice-President, 
islands  will  include  a  spectacular  representation  Thomas  B.  Bqran;  Treasurer^  Lyman  J.  Gage; 
by  natives.  All  private  enterprises  will  be  con-  Secretary,  Benjamin  Butterworth.  There  is  a 
fined  to  Midway  Plaisance.  No  sales  of  mer*  women's  branch,  of  which  the  president  is  If  rs. 
chandise  for  immediate  delivery  will  be  per-  Potter  Palmer  and  the  vice-president  Mrs. 
mitted  in  the  exposition  buildings,  nor  anywhere  Charles  Henrotin.  In  many  of  tne  departments 
on  the  grounds  unless  the  privilege  has  been  there  are  both  a  committee  of  men  and  one  of 
obtained  from  the  Committee  on  Ways  and  ladies.  There  are,  besides  the  executive  com- 
Means.  Among  the  concessions  granted,  one  is  mittee,  committees  on  arrangements,  places  of 
for  a  moving  sidewalk,  another  for  a  hydraulic  meeting,  education,  science  and  philosophy, 
sliding  railroad  running  the  whole  length  of  literature,  the  public  press,  music,  artiste,  corn- 
Midway  Plaisance,  a  third  for  a  glass  furnace  merce  and  finance,  engineering  and  agriculture, 
to  illustrate  the  processes  of  making  American  government  and  law  reform,  religion,  moral  and 
glassware,  and  others  for  observatory  towers  social  reform,  temperance,  labor,  and  public 
and  a  multitude  of  other  objects.  l!he  com-  health  and  medicine,  and  these  committees  are 
mittee  have  approved  a  plan  for  the  erection  of  subdivided  into  as  many  special  committees  as 
a  tower  modeled  after  that  of  Eiffel,  but  nearly  there  are  subjects  suitable  for  a  world's  oongres& 
a  hundred  feet  higher.  By  means  of  the  tracks  In  all  there  are  05  general  and  special  oom- 
of  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad,  lake  steamers,  mittees.  Each  committee  has  issued  an  address 
elevated  railroads,  cable  roads,  and  other  vehicles,  setting  forth  the  objects  of  the  World's  Congress 
it  is  expected  that  160,000  persons  an  hour  can  Auxiliary  and  its  own  special  object,  and  each 
be  earned  to  and  from  the  exposition.  Although  chooses  advisory  and  corresponding  members 
the  grounds  are  much  more  extensive  than  those  among  leaders  in  its  branch  in  various  parts  of 
of  previous  world's  fairs,  there  will  be  abundant  the  world,  and  invites  their  co-operation  in 
facilities  for  transportation.  All  the  buildings  organizing  a  congress  and  arranging  ite  pro- 
are  accessible  by  water,  and  on  the  water-ways,  gramme.  The  active  members  of  theoommiUees 
which  have  a  total  length  of  8  miles,  will  be  are  persons  who  live  in  Chicago,  or  near  enough 
«)ndolas,  steam  launches,  and  all  kinds  of  boats,  to  be  present  at  the  meetings.  The  officers  of 
They  are  equally  accessible  by  means  of  land  the  Board  of  Lady  Managers  of  the  World's 
vehicles,  and  tramways  and  carriages  of  all  C^olumbian  Exposition  are  as  follow :  President, 
kinds  will  enable  visitors  to  pass  from  one  part  Mr&  Potter  Palmer ;  Vice-President^at^Large, 
of  the  grounds  to  another  with  ease  and  sp«ed.  Mrs.  Russell  B.  Harrison :  Vice-Presidents,  Mr& 
Gh)ods  imported  for  exhibition  and  not  entered  Ralph  Trautmann,  of  New  York ;  Mrs.  Edwin 
for  consumption  pay  no  import  duties,  and  are  C.  Burleigh,  of  Maine;  Mrs.  Charles  Price,  of 
forwarded  to  the  exposition  from  any  port  of  North  Carolina;  Miss  Katherine  L.  Minor,  of 
entry  without  examination.  The  railroad  com-  Louisiana;  Mrs.  Beriah  Wilkins,  of  the  District 
panics  have  adopted  in  concert  a  rule  by  which  of  Columbia;  Mrs.  Susan  R.  Ashley,  of  Colorado ; 
foreign  exhibits  pay  the  usual  freight  rates  from  Mrs.  Flora  Beall  Ginty,  of  Wisconsin ;  and  Mrs. 
the  seaporte  to  the  exposition,  but  will  be  re-  Margaret  Blane  Salisburv,  of  Utah.  The  Board 
turned  to  the  seaboard  without  any  charge  un-  of  Inference  and  Control  is  under  the  presidency 
less  the  ownership  has  changed.  Tne  admission  of  Thomas  W.  Palmer,  and  the  Chicago  Local 
fee  will  probably  be  60  cents,  to  be  paid  at  the  Board  has  Lyman  J.  Gage  for  president, 
turnstile,  without  the  intermediary  of  a  ticket,  in  UNITED  STATES  CENSUS.  The  article 
a  coin  of  that  denomination.  on  this  subject  in  the  **  Annual  Cyclopeedia  "  for 
It  is  intended  to  have  women  and  their  work  1890  gave  a  general  outline  of  the  work  pro- 
and  occupations  more  largely  represented  than  posed,  with  tlra  titles  and  functions  of  vanous 
at  previous  world's  fairs.  The  women's  building  divisions  organized  for  systematic  execution  of 
will  contain  special  exhibits  of  their  handicraft  the  programme  laid  down  in  the  act  of  March  1, 
and  accomplishments,  and  there  will  be  examples  1880.  General  statistics  of  population  were  given, 
of  training  schools  for  nurses,  women's  hospitals,  with  tabular  exhibits  showing  population  and 
kindergartens,  cooking  schools,  educational  and  rank  of  States  and  Territories,  together  with  fig- 
literary  work  of  women,  their  charitable  organi-  ures  giving  comparative  statistics  concerning 
zations,  etc.  In  the  assembly  room  of  the  population  of  many  cities.  Tables  summarizing 
women's  building  eminent  ladies  and  represent-  the  number  of  teachers  and  pupils  in  public 
atives  of  the  professional  and  public  work  of  schools  for  certain  of  the  States  and  Territories 
women  will  give  addresses.  Conventions  and  and  also  for  numerous  cities  were  inserted.  The 
reunions  of  a  majority  of  the  military  and  civic  number  of  convicts  in  penitentiaries,  Indians  on 
societies  of  the  country,  of  the  secret  orders,  and  reservations,  the  finances  of  States  and  cities, 
of  many  of  the  religious  bodies  and  humanitarian  colored  population  of  the  South,  length  and  mo- 
associations,  are  arranged  to  be  held  in  Chicago  tive  power  of  street  railways  in  principal  cities, 
while  the  exposition  is  going  on.  The  World's  production  of  pig  iron  and  steel  by  States,  and 
Congress  Auxiliary  is  a  board  that  has  been  the  coal  product  in  Alabama,  Maryland,  Penn- 
organized  for  the  purpose  of  inviting  to  Chicago  sylvania,  and  west  of  the  Mississippi  river  were 
during  the  exposition  international  conventions  included  in  the  article. 

of  the  leading  representatives  in  all  departments  Popnlation. — Bulletins  have  been  issued  from 
of  knowledge,  progress,  and  public  activity.  Its  the  Census  Office  to  show  the  population  of  mi- 
circular  announcement  was  forwarded  to  foreign  nor  civil  divisions  in  each  of  the  States  and  Ter- 
governments  by  the  Department  of  State,  and  ritories.  The  only  one  that  needs  mention  here 
an  appropriation  was  made  by  Congress  for  the  is  that  reporting  the  official  count  for  Alaska. 


UNITED  STATES  CEXSUS. 


841 


STATn  AND 
TBRfUTORIES. 


Tb«  United  SUtes. 

Nojth  Atlantic  diylalon. 

Mftine 

New  Hampshire 

Termont 

Maaaaehosette 

Bbode  Island 

Oonnecticut 

New  York. 

New  Jersey 

Pennsjl?aaia 

Booth  Athatle  dlTlaioB. 

Delaware 

llarytend 

District  of  Colombia. 

Vir^nia 

WeetVbflola 

North  CaroUna. 

Booth  OBToUna. 

Oeorvia 

Fknlda 

North  Cennal  divlaion . 

Ohio   

Indiana. 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

llinnesota 

Iowa 

MlssonrL 

North  Dakota 

(loath  DokoU 

Nebraska. 

|r*^f  ^ 

Bootii  Centra]  dlTisioo . 

Kentocky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana. 

Texas 

Oklahoma 

Arkansss 

Western  divi  ion 

Montana 

Wyoming 

Cniorado 

New  Mezloo 

Ariznna 

Utah 

Nevada. 

Idaho 

Washington 

Oregon 

GsUforaia 


TOTAL. 


NOB^ 


8JI5 

1.481 

193 
104 
116 

82 
124 
SM 

77 
880 

S70 

19 
84 
1 
48 
C4 
44 
87 
64 
21 

1,8T5 

»6 

186 

241 

160 

118 

67 

186 

126 

8 

17 

66 

101 

876 

68 
68 
41 
40 
27 
114 
4 
88 

814 

14 
8 
29 
9 
8 
19 
7 
2 

26 
16 
76 


FopQUtloii. 


12,168^621 

607,108 
800,n07 
261,079 

2,176.988 
842,122 
682,416 

4,126,782 
988,1*06 

2,849,268 

1,966^186 

82,444 
680.106 
28i*,892 
8 11,529 
104.ri27 
166^ 
164,'.  66 
80(x429 

90,0^9 

8,699^00 

1,679,026 
704,281 

1,968,948 
868,814 
668,686 
6C9J»6 
641,071 
981,869 
20,646 
44,880 
86B,108 
878,691 

1,917,196 

412,626 
804,848 
166,802 
1U.004 
814.616 
4C4.827 
10,214 
109,966 

1,867,722 

60,080 
29,666 

212,805 
28,188 
17,924 
97,899 
21,041 
8.486 

162.088 
94,1«7 

666,474 


26.000  Ain> 

OTBB. 


26,109,074    124 


66 

1 
1 

•  ■ 

16 
2 

4 

18 

7 

12 

10 

1 
1 
1 
2 
1 

•  • 

1 
8 


86 

9 
4 
8 
4 
2 
8 
4 
8 


2 
2 

18 

2 
8 


1 

4 


PopoJlatioB. 


2 

1 

4 


7,188,650 

86,428 
44,126 

■  •  •  •    ■  •  •  • 

1,166,200 
169,779 
212,040 

8,168,628 
620,868 

1,767,169 

1,074,020 

61,481 
484^ 
280392 
116,260 

84,522 

*"64*,966 
142,022 


4,249,848 

W)7,970 
221,802 
1,172.868 
840.816 
220,668 
8-Sl,009 
14.^0b2 
686,810 


19^606 
69,828 

826,811 

198.500 

169,768 

67,264 

'242,089 
182,881 

'  26^874 

701,244 


106,718 


44,848 


•  •••  •#  •• 

78,848 

46,886 
424,460 


8,000  AVn 
UNDxa  26,0u0. 


18,988^^68  824 


148 

7 

4 
2 
81 
8 
18 
88 
18 
88 

26 

•  ■ 

8 

.  • 

I 

2 
6 
2 

4 
8 

116 

20 

14 

21 

16 

16 

8 

8 

0 

•  ■ 

1 
6 
7 

24 

6 
8 
2 
8 
8 
7 

■  • 

8 

16 

2 
1 
8 


1 
1 

•  • 

1 
1 
6 


Popalatfam. 


4,894,817 

1,876,788 

98,921 
68,982 
26,360 
409,781 
112,798 
178,247 
446.849 
160,649 
894,863 

846,944 

"  81,646 

106)706 
ia&16 
62,644 
28,960 
67,147 
47,081 

1,644,068 

261372 
178,764 
818,687 
806,780 
184,988 

883O6 
124,148 

66,988 

*"  10,177 
68.442 
96,666 

881,278 

77,964 
82/.74 
81,881 
84,098 
22.467 
92,966 

•  •  •       •  •  ■  • 

89349 

806,809 

84.(67 
11,680 
46,082 


14.889 
8,611 

19,022 
10.682 
70,626 


4,000  AKD 

VMDaa  8,000. 


a 

B 


467 

201 

18 

7 

8 

66 

7 

20 

88 

10 

88 

85 

1 
8 

•  • 

6 
8 
7 
1 
6 
8 

172 

41 
19 
28 
19 
18 

6 
11 
21 

8 

■  • 

8 
10 

84 

9 
8 
6 
8 

•  • 

11 
1 
1 

86 

•  • 

1 
8 
1 
1 
8 


6 

2 

10 


PopolsSiOB. 


8314,911 

1,110348 

95,922 
41,126 
48,286 

294369 
87,764 

114,188 

206.600 
66.688 

216,C66 

184,226 

4.010 
11,796 

•  •  •      •  •  ■  • 

26,789 
18,968 
84316 
6.644 
87380 
10,274 

960,698 

228,M2 

106.667 

119,518 

106.486 

98,280 

86,776 

64,988 

107,826 

10,648 

■"14.288 
67,795 

192,148 

49.166 
17,466 
84,7  2 
17,187 

"64.274 
4,161 
6,189 

127,606 

""P388 

15.792 

6,l$6 

6,1  SO 

9,724 


22.100 
11,818 
60.964 


8.500  Aim 

VHDSB  4,000. 


1,000  AND 

uvnan  8,600. 


11 


617 

248 

24 
16 
14 
47 
6 
89 
84 
18 
60 

66 

1 
7 

•  • 

11 

5 

6 

11 

10 

7 

818 

87 
86 
88 
84 
16 
11 
28 
16 

•  ■ 

6 

6 

16 

66 

10 
7 
9 
6 

7 

21 

1 

4 

89 

4 
1 
6 
1 
1 
2 
8 

•  • 

2 

6 

14 


PppalattMi. 


1,918,16J 

762,680 

72,586 
48,295 
42,428 

144,NH 
17,675 
90.786 

106,770 
41,947 

188,790 

176,410 

8,061 
8U,984 

**84',6i7 
14.859 
18,700 
84368 
80,928 
20,068 

667,472 

11&218 
88,006 

108,514 
77,768 
46.682 
87,r5S 
71,601 
49,117 

"l?378 
17,66.3 
48,627 

200,051 

81,104 
81,179 
2S318 
18.781 
22,681 
C2,606 
8.'<88 
12,747 

121, 7W 

14,280 
8,406 

17318 
8,786 
8,168 
6,699 
73I8 

•  ■  •  ■  *       ■  • 

6318 
10,868 
49,424 


Noin- 
btr. 


P«inila- 

tlOB. 


2498 

888 

142 
76 
92 

107 

9 

66 

187 
84 

188 

161 

9 
81 

•  • 

18 
14 
26 
22 
82 
9 

889 

119 
78 

162 
b7 
68 
44 
89 
81 
6 
10 
89 
66 

289 

87 
88 
28 
88 
17 
71 
8 
84 

126 

8 
6 

16 
7 
6 

18 
4 
2 

16 
6 

48 


8391,609 

1,290,265 

208,499 

108328 

184,016 

178,084 

14,112 

92,206 

814,686 

68,614 

891,871 

886,786 

18,948 
81,896 

28.808 
88,262 
40.686 
86,644 
48,967 
12,7U1 

1,887,889 

178l92S 

114,192 

860,966 

128,020 

100,17S 

66,867 

18^807 

121,184 

10.008 

16.275 

61,9(t9 

106,410 

877.909 

6^S12 
68.872 
84,667 
44,088 
27,8H8 
112,201 
8,276 
86,806 

200,860 

11,298 

8.172 
2C.900 
18,218 

9,622 
22.744 

6,017 

8,486 
24,865 

9.0U 
C6,010 


The  total  population  is  reported  as  81,795,  in- 
clading  19,180  males  and  12.665  females.  This 
number  embraces  persons  under  the  following 
classifications:  White,  8,860  male,  448  female; 
mixed  (descendants  of  intermarriage  between 
Russians  and  native  women),  885  males  and  984 
females ;  Indian  (comprising  the  following  tribes : 
Eskimo,  Thiinket,  Athabaskan,  Aleut.  Tsimp- 
sean,  and  Hyda),  11,987  males  and  11.287  fe- 
males; Mongolian  (including  Chinese  and  Japan- 
ese). 2,287  males  (no  females);  all  others,  111 
males  and  1  female. 

Places  having  IfiOO  Inhabitants  or  more. — 
The  facts  under  this  heading  can  better  be  stated 
in  tabular  form  than  in  text.  According  to  the 
present  census  there  were  in  1890  3,715  places  of 


1,000  inhabitants  or  more,  having  a  total  popula- 
tion of  26.109,074,  and  representing  41*69  per 
cent,  of  the  total  population  of  the  United  States. 
In  1880,  77  places  had  a  population  of  25,000  or 
more;  in  1890, 124 places;  over 8.000 in  1880,286, 
1890,  448 ;  over  4,()00  in  1880,  580 ;  in  1890,  905. 
The  tables  on  following  pages  give  results  in 
detail  by  States  an<l  Territories  for  eacth  geo- 
graphical division,  both  ns  regards  number  and 
population,  and  in  the  following  order  as  to  size : 
25,000  and  over,  8,000  and  under  25,000. 4.000  and 
under  8,000, 2,500  and  under  4,000, 1,000  and  un- 
der 2,500. 

Special  Classes.  InMne. — The  total  number 
of  insane  persons  treated  in  public  and  private 
institutions  (1889)  was  97,535.    I  n  1881  the  num- 


842 


UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 


ber  was  56,205.  This  shows  an  increase  in  the 
nine  years  of  41,830  or  73*53  per  cent.  "  This 
percentage  of  increase,  when  compared  with  the 
percentage  of  increase  of  population  in  the  last 
decade,  namely,  24*86,  does  not  indicate  an  in- 
crease in  the  proportion  of  insane  persons  to 
population,  but  rather  a  great  increase  in  the 
amount  of  asylum  accommodation  provided  and 
a  willingness  on  the  part  of  the  public  to  make 
full  use  of  all  the  facilities  thus  provided."  The 
figures  for  the  actual  number  of  insane  in  the 
United  States  can  not  be  determined  until  the 
work  of  comparing  and  eliminating  all  duplicate 
reports  of  cases  has  been  completed  and  the  re- 
sults tabulated. 

In  1889  there  were  38  private  institutions  for 
the  treatment  of  insane — 25  in  the  North  Atlan- 
tic States,  12  in  the  North  Central  States,  and  1 
in  the  South  Atlantic  division.  Taking  institu- 
tions giving  complete  reports  of  expenditures, 
the  total  annual    cost  per  head  for  treatment 

(1889)  was  |101.  From  1871  to  1880  the  average 
was  $184. 

Schools  for  the  Deaf. — In  1889  there  were  6,- 
596  pupils  in  the  public  schools  for  the  deaf,  in- 
cluding 3,791  males  and  2,750  females.  There 
were  43  such  schools.  Statistics  for  11  private 
schools  are  given  in  the  census  report.  They 
contain  (1889)  135  males  and  141  females.  From 
institutions  giving  complete  reports  it  is  gath- 
ered that  the  average  annual  cost  per  pupil  in  the 
public  schools,  including  both  building  and  cur- 
rent expenditures,  was  $271  in  1889  against  $252 
from  1^0  to  1889.  The  average  annual  number 
of  pupils  in  attendance  from  1880  to  1889  was 
5,910. 

SehooU  for  the  Blind. — The  total  number  of 
pupils  (1889)  was  2,931.  In  1880  the  record  shows 
2,041,  being  an  increase  of  890.  "  The  apparent 
increase  is  due  to  some  extent  to  the  increased 
facilities  for  the  reception  and  education  of  the 
blind  in  the  schools  established  for  this  purpose." 
The  total  given  includes  1,578  males  and  1,319 
females,  as  against  1,004  males  and  955  females 
in  1880.  The  total  expenditures  for  1889  are 
{riven  as  $744,763,  including  $169,090  for  build- 
ing purposes. 

Fanperism  and  Crime.  Convicts  in  Bmi- 
tentianes. — The  number  of  convicts  (1890)  is  re- 
turned as  45,233,  the  ratio  of  the  convicts  to 
each  million  of  the  population  being  722.  In 
1880  there  were  30,659,  or,  including  the  leased 
prisoners.  35,538.  The  ratio  in  1880  was  709  in 
each  million,  the  increase  between  1880  and  1890 
being  13.  It  is  noted  in  the  report  that  crime  of 
a  serious  character  is  **  rather  on  the  decline  than 
on  the  increase."    The  total  number  of  convicts 

(1890)  include  30,546  whites,  23,094  being  native, 
7,267  foreign  born,  and  185  nativity  unknown. 
The  reports  show  1,791  female  convicts. 

A  table  of  sentences  exhibits  the  fact  that 
(1890)  5,175  convicts  were  sentenced  to  1  year's 
imprisonment;  7,684,  2  years;  5,333.  3  years; 
3,080,  4  years;  6,990,  5  years;  4,180,  6  to  9 
years ;  5,658,  10  to  19  yeara ;  1,657,  20  years  and 
over;  and  2,688  for  life.  Considering  the  most 
severe  sentences,  only  140  females  were  sentenced 
from  10  to  19  years;  29  for  20  years  and  over; 
and  119  for  life. 

Prisoners  in  County  Jails. — ^According  to  the 
returns  for  1890,  there  were  19,538  prisoners 


when  the  returns  were  prepared.  In  1880  the 
number  was  12,691.  This  snows  an  increase  of 
6,847,  or  53-95  pner  cent.  The  figures  for  1890  in- 
clude 18,961  white  and  5,577  colored.  Of  these, 
5,328  were  negroes,  131  Chinese,  and  118  Indians. 
The  negroes  consisted  of  4,427  pure  n^roes  and 
901  mulattoes  or  negroes  of  mixed  blood.  Of 
the  aggregate  number  of  prisoners  (which  is 
19,538),  1,TO7  were  women. 

Inmates  of  Juvenile  Reformatories, — ^The  total 
number  of  inmates  (1890)  is  given  as  14,846, 
compared  with  11,468  in  1880.  Of  the  total, 
(1890)  11,535  are  boys  and  3,311  are  girls,  llie 
percentage  of  girls  is  somewhat  larger  than  it 
was  ten  years  ago.  Thera  are  shown  to  be  a 
little  more  than  five  times  as  many  girls  in 
reformatories,  in  proportion,  as  there  are  women 
in  penitentiaries. 

Paupers  in  Almshouses. — The  aggregate  num- 
ber of  inmates  (1890)  is  reported  as  73,045,  as 
against  66,203  in  1880,  the  increase  in  the  decade 
being  6,842.  The  total  (1890)  includes  82,304  fe- 
males. The  number  of  males,  white,  is  given  as 
37,387 ;  number  of  males,  colored,  3,354 ;  num- 
ber of  females,  white,  29,191 ;  number  of  females, 
colored,  3,113.  Of  the  aggregate,  bv  age,  2,555 
are  under  5  years  of  age;  1,788  from  5  to  9 
years ;  1,289  from  10  to  14  years ;  and  1,623  from 
15  to  19  years  of  age.  Details  concerning  the 
aged  give  345  male  inmates  between  90  and  94 
years ;  80  between  95  and  99 ;  40  between  100 
and  104 ;  16  between  105  and  109 ;  6  between  110 
and  114;  5  between  115  and  119;  and  1  between 
120  and  124  years  of  age.  Aged  female  inmates 
include  51  that  were  between  100  and  104  yeai^ 
of  age;  18  between  105  and  109:  9  between  110 
and  114 ;  6  between  115  and  119 ;  2  between  120 
and  124;  and  2  between  125  and  129  years  of 
age. 

Education. — Statistics  for  the  public  schools 
of  1890,  in  States  not  published  when  the  last 
volume  of  the  ^*  Annual  Cyclopiedia"  was  issued, 
are  given  below : 


STATICS  AND 
TER1UTOIUI8. 


Alabama 

Arkanaas 

Colorado 

Delavrare 

Florida 

Oeorgia 

Idaho 

IlUnolB 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Ml»8fs6lppi 

Mlssonri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Jersey. . . 
New  Mexico. . . 

New  York 

North  Dakota.. 

Oregon 

Tennessee 

Texas. 

rtah 

Washington... . 
WestvTrKlnia.. 


Ptblic  ScnooxjR. 


nACHKBB. 


Fonak. 


4,rM 

2.S88 

8,487 

1,679 

0» 

1,754 

228 

478 

1,28S 

1,889 

4,C00 

8^8 

381 

208 

6.819 

16.407 

«,'m 

6,668 

&4eo 

21.107 

4.890 

7,870 

4^1 

4.891 

8,iS«l 

12.489 

2.114 

6L888 

8.641 

8,745 

6,117 

7,678 

S,86I 

7,694 

41 

210 

823 

8,648 

810 

162 

0,868 

26,845 

W7 

1.887 

1.111 

1.465 

5.U)6 

8,211 

6,705 

4,892 

817 

863 

656 

954 

8,468 

2,008 

pn»iL«. 


Mai*. 


151,567 

116,172 

88,450 

15,676 

4C,oro 

172.979 

6.948 

897.1$>8 

261  W8 

251.781 

204.P97 

207.990 

217,»A8 

146Lf42 

176.766 

81&SS8 

124.052 

8,720 

11M67 

11,S88 

622.702 

16.455 

82^12 

284.016 

198.450 

lH,8ft6 

27,684 

101,890 


F>nnh. 


151.889 

106w899 
£2,040 
15.8&S 
4.M83 

169.5'^ 
7,^<S 

881.196 

»f1.4M 

IMjBSS 

199.647 

209664 

18IL517 

174.88* 

8i>4,i?«6 

116.243 

&««7 

119.906 

6.8T7 

619.4.'W 

14.866 

81.042 

221,716 

217.4:9 

17.616 

27.79^ 

91.903 


UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 


843 


CITY. 


AUegben  J.  Ps 

Alpena,  Hieh 

Amsterdmm,  N.  T 

Andenoo,  Ind 

Atlantic  City,  N.J... . 

Aoguata,  6a. 

Augusta,  Me 

Bangor,  Me 

Battle  CTvek,MJeh.... 

Bajaty,  Mlcb 

Bajonne,  N.  J 

BeverlT,  Mms 

Bloomincton,  III 

Boftton,  Man 

Bridi^port,  Conn 

Bridseton,  a  .  J 

BnxMEline,  Ma<u 

Barllngton,  Iowa 

BarltnitoD,  Yt. 

Cambridge,  Mass. 

C^emden,  K.  J 

Charlotte.  N.  C 

Chicago,  Dl 

Chicopee,  Mass 

Chillkothe,  Ohio 

Cindnnatl,  Ohio. 

Oeyeland.  Ohio 

CUnton,  Man 

Cokuado  Bprings,  Col. 

Colombus,  Ga 

Colombua,  Ohio 

CovlngtooL  Ky 

Daoboiy,  Conn 

Danville,  Va 

Denison,  Tex 

Denver,  CoL 

Dea  Moines,  Iowa 

Detroit,  Mich 

Eaat  Portland.  Ore. 

£aa  Claire.  Wis 

EIbabeth.N.  J 

Kl  Paso,  Tex 

mtchbarg.  Ma^s 

Fort  Smith,  Ark 

Preeport,  lU 

Fresno  City.  Cal 

Oalveston,  Tex 

Glonoester,  Mass 

Grand  Kapids,  Mich 

Hartford,  Conn 

llaverhUl.  Mass 

Hoboken,  N.  J 

Holyoke,  Mass 

Uoasion,  Tex 

Hyde  Park,  Mass 

Ironton,  Ohio 

Jackson,  Tenn 

Jscksonyille,  111 

Jamestown,  N.  T 

JanesvUIe,  Wis 

Jersey  ('ity,  N.J 

Johnstown,  Pa. 

JoUet,IJl 

Kansaa  City,  Kan 

Kcoknk,  Iowa 

Kingston,  N.  Y 

Lansingbiirg,  N.  Y 

Laredo,  Tex , 

Leadnlle,  Col 

Lebanon,  Pa 

Lima.  Ohio 

Lincoln,  Neb 

LockportN.  Y 

Long  Island  City,  N.  Y . . 

McKeesport,  Pa. 

MaJIson,  Wis 

Maiden,  Mass 

Manchester.  N.  II 

Manistee,  Mich 

Marinette,  Wis 

Mariboroagh,  Mass ..... 

Memphis,  Tenn 

Menominee,  Mich 

MiUville,N.  J 

MUwaakee,Wf8 

Minneapolis,  Mlon 

Montgomery,  Ala 

Moscatino,  luwa 


TaadMiti 


«7d 
80 
43 
IT 
85 
71 
44 
98 
49 
67 
54 
43 
77 
1,880 
149 
81 
67 
8-i 
55 
251 
177 
27 
2,842 
85 
51 
766 
694 
88 
81 
44 
255 
66 
52 
82 
25 
214 
164 
491 
28 
C2 
77 
16 
88 
€8 
40 
80 
93 
1(4 
228 
189 
95 
120 
108 
61 
41 
40 
21 
40 
77 
48 
4(<3 
25 
65 
104 
52 
71 
44 
10 
22 
89 
60 
96 
54 
105 
50 
47 
89 
75 
61 
81 
54 
107 
80 
41 
490 
509 
88 
51 


PUPILS. 


White. 


CITY. 


OotoNd. 


15,947 

•  ■  •  • 

1,549 

•  ■  fl  • 

2.689 

1.180 

•  •  •  * 

1,795 

140 

^n 

1,687 

1,875 

4 

8,052 

•  •  •  • 

2,187 

68 

4,156 

82 

2,188 

15 

1.754 

12 

8.816 

75 

67,746 

1,052 

7,702 

184 

1,927 

73 

2.007 

•  •    •  m 

4,C99 

100 

1,T40 

•  •  •  ■ 

10,885 

•  ■  •  • 

10,L88 

490 

90S 

592 

184,827 

1,224 

1,781 

«  •  •  • 

1,847 

208 

85.059 

1,GC0 

h7,219 

422 

1,654 

«  •  •  • 

1,812 

•  •  •  • 

1.284 

1,210 

12,401 

•  •  •  • 

8,674 

844 

8,929 

51 

689 

810 

1,168 

807 

ld,C45 

8'^4 

7,627 

77 

28.916 

■  •  •  • 

1,478 

1 

8,177 

•  •  «  « 

4,299 

121 

798 

61 

8,720 

5 

1,4C2 

496 

1,652 

•  •  •  • 

1,880 

•  •  •  • 

8.071 

851 

4,187 

•  ■  •  • 

10,702 

•  ■  •  ■ 

7,648 

•  ■  ■  • 

8,779 

58 

^449 

4 

4.798 

•  •  •  • 

1,988 

1,422 

1,993 

•  •  ■  • 

2,219 

•  •  «  • 

697 

616 

1,726 

176 

2,720 

•  •  •  ■ 

1,C53 

•  •  •  • 

21,788 

S61 

1,540 

•  •  •  • 

8,530 

•  •  •  • 

4,677 

800 

2,C96 

221 

8,r.98 

68 

1,781 

•  ■  •  • 

727 

56 

990 

68 

2,212 

•  •  *  • 

2,482 

•  •  «  • 

5.200 

159 

2,780 

•  •  •  • 

6,408 

•  •  •  • 

2,003 

•  ■  •  • 

1,989 

•  •  •  • 

8.676 

16 

8,788 

4 

2,648 

1 

1.950 

•  «  •  * 

2,872 

8 

8,544 

2,529 

1,725 

•  •  «  ■ 

1.804 

29 

27,r87 

•  •  •  ■ 

20,592 

•  •  ■  • 

1,128 

684 

2,018 

10 

Nantlooke.  Pa. 

Natchex,  Miss 

Nebraska  Cit/,  Neb 

Newark,  N.  J. 

New  Bedford,  Mass 

New  Britain,  Conn 

New  Bmnswick.  N.  J. . . 

Newborgh,  N.  Y 

New  London,  Conn 

Newport,  B.  I 

Newton.  Mass 

Oakknd,  Gal 

Ogdensbarg.  N.  Y 

Onnge,  N.  J 

Padncah.  Ky 

Passaic  N.J 

Paterson,  N.  J 

Pittobarg,  Pa 

Pittston.  Pa 

Portland,  Ore 

Pottstown,  Pa 

ProTidence,  B.  I 

Qnincy,  Mass 

KacincWis 

Kockford.in 

Saginaw,  Mich 

Bt  Paul,  Minn 

Salem,  Mass , 

Bait  Lake  City.  Utah... 

San  Antonio.  Tex , 

Ban  Diego,  CaL , 

Bnn  Jose,  Cal 

Bchenectady,  N.  Y 

Seattle.  Wash 

Bheboygan,  Wis. 

Sionx  City,  Iowa 

South  Bethlehem,  Pa.. . 
Bpoksne  FaU^  Wash. . . 

Stsmford.  Conn , 

Stillwater.  Minn 

Streator.  Ill 

Byraeose,  N.  Y 

Taonton.  Mass. , 

Tiffin,  Ohio 

Toledo,  Ohio 

Trenton,  N.J 

Troy,N.Y 

Union,N.  J 

Waltham,  Mass 

Watertown,  N.  Y 

West  Bay  City.  Mich... 

West  Troy,  N.Y 

Whedlng.  W.  Va 

Wllkcsbarre,  Pa. 

Wilmington,  Del 

Winona.  Minn 

Worcester.  Mass 

Yonngstown,  Ohio 

ZanesTille,  Ohio 


27 

27 

82 

418 

185 

45 

58 

88 

54 

60 

107 

158 

88 

47 

83 

88 

224 

613 

25 

90 

48 

8V4 

66 

60 

73 

l4-2 

454 

102 

68 

76 

6J 

r4 

60 

66 

41 

96 

27 

40 

62 

42 

48 

287 

98 

82 

218 

187 

ITl 

81 

62 

65 

67 

29 

117 

118 

175 

60 

821 

76 

80 


PUPILS. 

WUto. 

Colond. 

1,471 

•  •  •  • 

588 

750 

1.822 

19 

24,264 

878 

&486 

260 

4,068 

*  •  •  • 

2,409 

88 

8,844 

98 

2,6ii9 

56 

2,296 

210 

4,8C8 

•  »  •  • 

9,472 

£8 

1,812 

•  •  •  • 

1,8S8 

181 

1,868 

610 

1,C91 

65 

11,748 

£81 

81,014 

•  •  •  > 

1,406 

6 

4.678 

14 

2,190 

15 

18,271 

•  *  «  • 

8,287 

•  •  •  • 

8,818 

10 

8.756 

25 

7,862 

14 

16,822 

120 

4,076 

85 

4,684 

«     ■     k     ■ 

8,685 

729 

8.498 

78 

8,877 

22 

2.406 

10 

4,599 

22 

2.405 

•  •  •  • 

4,277 

10 

1,487 

13 

2,764 

•  •  •  • 

1,975 

»  •  •  • 

1.787 

12 

2,280 

9 

18.401 

■  «  •  > 

4,8rs 

•  •  •  • 

1.415 

6 

10.877 

.... 

6.614 

121 

7,712 

a  •  •  ■ 

1,862 

«  •   •  • 

2,187 

8 

2,480 

•  •  •  • 

2,687 

•  •  •  • 

1,658 

•  •  •  ■ 

5.446 

168 

6,586 

•  ■  •  • 

8,088 

1,151 

2,9?0 

•  •  •  * 

14.757 

176 

4,210 

121 

8,855 

«  •  •  • 

Social  Statistics  of  Cities. — Interesting  dc> 
tails  are  given  in  a  census  bulletin  under  this 
heading.  It  is  stated  that,  taking  225  of  the 
principal  cities,  10.885  miles  of  streets  are  paved, 
out  of  a  total  of  85,723  miles.  The  average  an- 
nual cost  for  constniction  and  repair  of  streets 
(aggregated)  is  $25,256,551.  In  309  cities  there 
are  (1890)  293.847  lamps,  182,671  gas,  58,606 
electric,  and  57,480  oil,  etc.  The  total  police 
force  for  253  cities  is  20,738.  They  make  742,- 
112  arrests  annually  (average).  The  cost  of  the 
force  is  given  as  $17,329,160.  In  268  cities  the 
total  fire-department  force  is  80.875.  the  average 
annual  cost  (aggregated)  being  $11,001,323. 

Religion. — The  statistics  of  religious  de- 
nominations are  not  complete,  but  figures  have 
been  given  for  several  organizations,  some  hav- 
ing membership  in  each  State,  and  others  scat- 
tered here  and  there  throughout  the  countrj'. 
The  following  table  will  give  an  idea  of  the 


844 


UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 


membership  •  and  value  of   church  property  in 
1890 : 


DKNOMINATIONS. 


DKNOMINATIONS. 


United  Prenbyterlan  Cbnrch 

Church  of  the  New  JeruBalem 

Salvation  Army 

Advent  Christian 

Seventh-day  Baptists 

Cbrlsttan  Churck,  Soath 

Evanffflical  Adventists 

Gatholie  Apostolic 

Life  and  Advent  Union 

Seventh-day  Baptists  (Oerman) 

General  Sixth  Principle  Baptists 

Schwenkfeldians  

'J'beosophical  Society 

Brethren  In  Cluist 

Cumberhmd  Presbyterian 

Latter-day  Salnta 

Kefhrmed  Episcopal 

Moravian  Church 

German  EvangelioU  Synod  of  North 

America 

German   Evanfrelical   Protestant^  of 

North  America 

Plymouth  Brethren 

Roman  Catholic 

Greek  Catholic  (Unlates) 

BoBsian  Orthodox 

Greek  Orthodox 

Armenian  Church 

Old  Catholic 

Reformed  Catholics 

Mennonite  Church 

Bruederhoef  Mennonite  Church 

Amish  Mennonite  Church 

Old  Amish  Mennonite  Church. 

Apostolic  Mennonite  Church 

Reformed  Mennonite  Church 

General  Conforence  Mennonites 

Church  of  God  in  Christ.  

Old  ( Wisler)  Mennonltes 

Bundes  Conference  (Mennonite) 

Defenseless  Mennonltes .' 

Mennonite  Brethren  in  Christ 

Brethren  or  Dunkards  (Conservative). 
Brethren  ur  Dunkards  (Progressive).. 
African  Methodist  Episoopal  Church.. 

Wesleyan  Methodist  Connection 

AAricaa  Union  Methodist  Protestant 

Church 

Independent  Churches  of  Christ  in 

Christian  Union 

Temple    oclety 

Church  of  God 

Roonranized  Church  of  Jesus  Christ 

of  La  ter-day  Saints 

Gimmunlstic  societies : 

Society  of  Shakers 

Amana  Society 

Braederhi>ef  Mennonite  Society. . 
.  Harmony  Society 

Society  of  Separatists 

New  leariu  Society 

Society  of  Altruists 

General  Synod 

United  Synod  In  the  South 

General  Council 

Synodical  0)Dfercoce 

Independent  Lutheran  bodies : 

fiolnt  Synod  of  Ohio,  etc 

Jfuffiiio  Synod 

Tlftuge's  Synjd 

Norwegian  Ciiurch  in  America. . . 

Michigan  Synod 

Danish  Church  in  America, 

Gennan  Aug5burg  Synod 

Banish  Church  Aasociation 

Icelandic  Synod 

Immannel  Synod 

Siiomai  Synod 

United    Norwegian    Cliurch    of 
America 

lodenendent  Congregations 

Reformea  Church  in  Araerica 

Uoformed  Church  in  the  [Tnlted  States 

(^Hstlnn  Ifpformed  Church 

Orthodox  Jewt>h  Congregatiocs 


M«mben. 


94.402 
7,096 
6,662 

2fi,S16 
9,128 

18,004 
1,147 
1,894 
1,018 

in 

987 

806 

6^5 

2,089 

164,040 

144,852 

a455 

1J,7S1 

187,482 

86,166 

2,279 

e,260,045 

10.860 

13,604 

100 

886 

666 

1,000 

17,078 

852 

10,101 

2,083 

209 

1,665 

6,670 

471 

610 

1,8S3 

866 

1,118 

G1,101 

6.089 

462,726 

16,482 

8,416 

18,214 

840 

22,611 

21,778 

1,728 

1,C00 

852 

250 

200 

21 

25 

164,640 

87,457 

817,145 

857,158 

69,605 

4,'242 

14,730 

65,452 

11,482 

10,181 

7,010 

8,498 

1,991 

^5S0 

1,386 

119,972 
1S,096 
92,970 

204,018 
12,470 
67,597 


Property. 


$5,408,084 

1,386,4.VS 

873^0 

4C6,606 

264,010 

137,000 

61,400 

66,060 

16,790 

14,650 

19,600 

12,200 

600 

CT,750 

8,616,611 

826,606 

1,61M01 

681,260 

4,614,490 

1,187.460 

118,881,516 

68,800 

220,000 

^000 


Reformed  Jewish  Congregations 

Kriends  (Orthodox) 

Friends  (Hicksite) 

Friends  (Wllburite) 

Friends  (Primitive) 

Reformed  Presbyterian  (Synnd) 

Refiirmed  Presbyterian  (GenM  Synod) 
Reformed  Presbyter ian  Covenanted.. 
Reformed  Presbyterian  In  the  United 

Stotes 

Associate  Church  of  North  America. . 
Associate    Reformed   hynod   of  the 

South 

SpirituaUats 


72.^99 

8n,«&5 

214»»^ 

4,829 

282 

10,674 

4,603 

87 

600 
1,068 

8,901 

4&JU80 


«J90£.»£S 

2.796,784 

1,ML859 

67,000 

lfi,700 

1,07M<X^ 
4a9,0«0 


7&.000 
S9,SttO 

S1t,850 
673^«S0 


18320 

'  817,646 

4.500 

76,460 

1.600 

1,200 

62,660 

119,850 

1.600 

aoi6 

11.850 

10.540 

89,600 

1,121,641 

146,770 

6,46^280 

898,260 

64,440 

284,450 

15,800 

648,186 

226,235 

86,S00 
15,000 

4,6)0 
10,000 

8,000 


8,919,170 

1,114.006 

10,996,786 

7,804,818 

1,689,087 

84,410 

2!  4,305 

806,S25 

1(M,770 

129.700 

111,030 

41,776 

7.200 

94,200 

12,893 

1,544,466 

630,126 

10,840,159 

7,975.688 
42a,.'S00 

2.802,050 


•  According  to  priority  of  publication. 


Finance.  United  State8,'-The  debt  of  the 
United  States  (less  sinking  fund)  as  a  unit, 
distinct  from  States  and  Territories  (1890)  is  re- 
ported by  the  Census  Office  as  $915,962,113. 
The  amount  in  1880  was  111,922,517.364.  The 
decrease  thus  given  is  $1,006,555,252.  The  bond- 
ed debt  in  1890  is  shown  as  $711,313,110 ;  float- 
ing debt  (less  cash  in  Treasury),  $204,649,002. 
The  total  debt,  less  sinking  tundj  per  eapiia  (1890) 
according  to  the  foregoing  figures,  $14.63.  In 
1880  the  per  capita  was  $38.83.  It  is  not^  that 
the  public  debt  for  the  years  named  **  is  in  each 
case  the  debt  less  cash  in  the  Treasury,  as  report- 
ed by  the  Treasury  monthly  debt  statement,  ex- 
clusive of  the  amount  of  bonds  issued  to  the 
Pacific  railroads  and  that  of  interest  accrued  on 
the  public  debt,  but  not  matured.'* 

State. — The  aggregate  debt  of  the  States  and 
Territories  (less  sinking  fund) — these  States  and 
Territories  being  considered  as  units,  distinct 
from  conn  ties,  cities,  towns,  and  other  minor 
civil  divisions — in  1890  is  state<l  to  have  been 
$223,107,883,  against  $290,326,643  in  1890.  the 
decrease  being  $67,218,760.  The  bonded  debt, 
aggregated  (1890)  is  reported  as  $223,128,544; 
floating  debt,  $47,804,012 ;  sinking  fund,  $47.- 
824,673.  The  per  capita  of  total  debt^  less  sink- 
ing fund  (1890),  is  $3.50.  In  1880  the  per  capita 
was  $5.79. 

**  The  indebtedness  of  the  several  States  in- 
cludes the  amount  for  which  bonds  have  been 
issued  and  are  outstanding,  amount  due  by  the 
States  to  school  or  other  funds  (whether  bonds 
have  been  issued  or  not),  the  arrearages  of  in- 
terest, and  all  indebtedness  of  a  temporary  na- 
ture as  far  as  reported.  The  sinking  fund,  for 
which  credit  is  given,  consists  only  of  such  an 
amount  of  cash,  bonds,  or  stocks  'as  has  been 
specifically  set  apart  by  law  as  a  sinking  fund  for 
the  redemption  of  the  debt  at  its  maturity.'' 

County. — The  aggregate  debt  of  the  counties 
(less  sinking  fund) — these  counties  being  consid- 
ered as  units,  distinct  from  cities,  towns,  and  other 
minor  civil  division? — ^in  1890  is  reported  as 
$141,950,845,  against  $124,105,027  in  ISSO,  show- 
ing an  increase  of  $17,845,818.  The  bonded 
debt,  aggregated  (1890X  is  reported  as  $131,124.- 
056 ;  fioating  debt,  $16.090,693 ;  sinking  fund. 
$5,263,904.  The  per  capita  of  total  debt,  le5» 
sinking  fund  (1890),  is  $2.27.  In  1880  the  per 
capita  was  $2.47. 

Municipal, — The  census  bulletin  on  munici- 
pal finance  was  issued  in  November,  1890.  At 
that  time  it  was  possible  to  include  only  858 
cities  in  the  statement.  The  returns  from  cities 
gave  figures  for  1889-'0O.  Details  by  States 
appeared  in  the  "  Annual  Cyclopaedia  "  for  1890. 


UNITED  STATES  CENSUS.  845 

The  Bggregnie  debt  of  858  mnniciiialities  in  is  carried  on  in  favored  localities  at  a  distance 

1889-^90  was  $745,049,786,  compared  with  $695,-  from  market,  water  and  rail  transportation  being 

494,741  in  1880,  the  increase  being  $50,455,045.  necessary.    Market  gardening  is  conducted  near 

In  these  comparisons  the  same  cities  are  included  local  markets,  **the  grower  of  vegetables  using 

for  each  year.    The  bonded  debt  (1889-'90)  was  his  own    team  for  transporting   his  products 

$720,665,551 ;  floating  debt,  $25,284,235 ;  sink-  direct  to  either  the  retailer  or  consumer/* 

ing  fund,  $147,181,191 ;  total  available  resources  Florieuliure, — It  is  noted  in  a  special  census 

including  cash  in  treasury,  $290,575,846.  report  that,  "  while  floriculture  has  been  carried 

In  a  census  bulletin  showing  receipts  and  ex-  on  as  a  business  in  this  country  for  upward  of 
penditures  of  100  principal  cities  the  following  one  hundred  years,  it  is  only  within  the  past 
aggregates  under  important  headings  are  given :  twenty-flve  years  that  it  has  assumed  large  pro- 
Receipts  from  taxes,  $189,283,226;  liquor  licenses,  portions.  Out  of  a  total  of  4,659  establishments, 
$11,782,307;  incomes  from  funds  and  invest-  2.795  were  started  between  1870  apd  1890.  and 
ments,  $10,852.461 ;  loans,  $84,852,668.  Ex-  of  these,  1,797  between  1880  and  1890.''  There 
penditures  for  libraries,  $818,202 ;  schools,  $26,-  are  (1890)  812  commercial  floriculture  establish- 
198,173;  fire,  $11,865,402;  health,  $2,280,317;  ments  owned  and  managed  bv  women.  These 
lighting,  $7,747,313 ;  police,  $17,817,435 ;  chari-  4,659  establishments  use  88,823,'247  square  feet  of 
table  objects,  $7,166,901 ;  streets  and  bridges,  glass,  covering  more  than  891  acres  of  ground. 
$33,560,209;  sewers,  $6,943,519;  buildings  and  The  value  of  establishments,  including  fixtures 
improvements,  $9,715,070;  parks-  and  public  and  heating,  is  placed  at  $88,855,722.43;  tools 
grounds,  $12,672,494;  salaries,  $11,838,458;  and  implemenU,  $1,587,698.93.  There  are  em- 
water  works,  $19,086,751 ;  interest  on  debt,  $82.-  ployed  16,847  men  and  1,968  women,  earning 
250,368;  loans,  $59,488,191;  balance  cash  on  (1890)  $8,483,657.  The  expenses  for  fuel  are 
hand  at  end  of  year,  $36,579,193.  given  as  $1,160,152.66.  The  products  (1890)  were 

Assessed  Valuation, — For  the  three  decades  49,056,253  rose  bushes,  38,380,872  hardy  plants 

ending  in  1880  the  estimated  true  value  of  all  and  shrubs,  and  152,835,292  of  all  other  plant<«. 

property  and  the  value  of  real  estate  and  per-  The  total  value  of  these  products  is  reported  as 

sonal  property  as  assessed,  including  the  assessed  $12,086,477.76.     An  additional  income  of  $14,- 

raluation  as  returned  in  1890,  was  as  follows :  175,828.01  was  realized  from  cut  flowers.    It  is 

1860,  assessed  valuation,   $12,084,560,005,  esti-  mentioned  that  in  addition  to  the  Society  of 

mated   true  valuation.    $16,159,616,008;    1870,  American  Florists  there  were  (1890)  965  State 

assessed,  $14,178,986,732,  estimated  true,  $30,-  and  local  floral  societies  and  clubs  and  358  hor- 

068,518,507 ;  1880,  assessed,  $16,902,993,543,  esti-  ticultural  societies. 

mated  true,  $43,642,(XX),000 ;  1890,  assessed,  $24,-  Viticulture. — The  several  grape-growing  dis- 

249,589.804.    The  increase  in  assessed  valuation  tricts  of  the  United  States  (1889)  utilized  807.- 

since  1880  is  returned  as  $7,846,596,261.    The  as-  575  acres  in  bearing  vines,  producing  572,189 

sessed  valuation  per  capita  (1890)  is  $387.62,  not  tons  of  grapes,  of  which  267,271  tons  were  table 

including  Oklahoma,  as  compared  with  $887.01  grapes  and  240,450  tons  were  used  for  producing 

in  1880.    The  increase  per  cent,  of  assessed  valu-  wine,  making  24,806,905  gallons;  41,166  tons  for 

ation  is  43*46,  the  increase  per  cent,  of  popula-  raisins,  making  1,872,195  boxes  of  20  pounds 

tion  being  24'86.  each ;  and  23,252  tons  for  dried  granes  and  pur- 

Agricnlture.      Hops, — The    production    of  poses  other  than  table  fruit.    The  inaustry  repre- 

hops  (1889)  is  reported  by  the  Census  Office  as  sents  a  total  value  in  land,  improvements,  ma- 

39,171,270  pounds,  grown  upon  50,212  acres  of  chinery,  and  appurtenances  of  $155,661,150.    In 

land  in  17  States.     The  5  leading  States  are  1889,  2()0,780  persons  were  employed. 

New  York,  Washington,  California,  Oregon,  and  Jrrigation.—There  are  reports  available  under 

Wisconsin.    The  aggregate  production  of  these  this  heading  concerning  Arizona,  Idaho,  Mon- 

5  States  (1889)  was  38,965,920  pounds,  being  tana,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  and  Utah.     For 

99'48  per  cent,  of  the  entire  crop.    The  crop  of  Arizona  an  area  is  shown  of  65,821  acres.    This 

1890  amounted  to  36,872,854  pounds,  valuea  at  represents  the  area  on  which  crops  were  raised 

$ll,105,424,ornearly  three  times  the  value  of  the  by  irrigation  in  the  vear  ending  June  30,1890. 

crop  of  1889.    The  average  price  of  hops  in  1889  The  figures  for  the  other  divisions  are  as  follow : 

was  about  10  cents  per  pound.    In  1890  it  wa.s  Idaho,  217,005  acres ;  Montana,  350,582  acres,  not 

over  30  cents.  including  217,000  acres  irrigated  for  grazing 

Truck  Farming, — It  is   stated  in  a  census  purposes ;  Nevada,  224,403  acres,  not  including 

bulletin  that  more  than  $100,000,000  are  invested  280,000  acres  for  grazing  land ;   New  Mexico, 

in  this  industry,  the  annual  products  reaching  a  91,745  acres ;  Utah,  268,473  acres.    The  number 

value  of  $76,517,155  on  the  farms  after  paying  of  farms  irrigated  in  the  foregoing  States  and 

freights  and  commissions.    This  amount  was  Territories  are,  respectively,  1,075,  4,828,  3.706, 

realized  (1890)  upon  584,440  acres  of  land.    The  1,167,  8,085,  and  9,724. 

persons  employed  in  truck  farming  included  Horses^  Mules^  and  Asses  on  Farms. — Accord- 

(1890)  216,765  men,  9.254  women,  and  14,874  ing  to  the  census  returns,,there  were  "on  hand," 

children,  aided  by  75,866  horses  and  mules,  and  June  1,  1890,  14,976.017  horses,  2,246,986  mules, 

$8,971,206.70  worth  of  implements.    The  leading  and  49,109  asses.    The  increase  of  horses  from 

vegetables  grown  upon  truck  farms  are  asparo-  1880  to  1890  is  reported  as  44*59  per  cent.,  as 

gus,  beans,  cabbage,  kale,  spinach,  Irish  potatoes,  against  44-05  per  cent,  between  1870  and  1880, 

beets,    celery,  cucumbers,  water-melons,    other  and  14*84  per  cent,  between  1860  and  1870.    The 

melons,  peas,  sweet  potatoes,  and  tomatoes.  increase  of  mules  between  1880  and  1890  was 

Tnick  farming  is  distinct  from  market  garden-  26*66  per  cent. :  between  1870  and  1880  the  in- 

ing,  and  is  so  considered  in  the  figures  just  given,  crease  was  61*08  per  cent.,  while  from  18C0  to 

the  former  only  being  included.    Truck  farming  1870  there  was  a  decrease  of  2*24  per  cent. 


846 


UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 


Live  Stock  on  Ranges, — In  June,  1890,  there 
were  upon  the  ranges,  according  to  the  reports, 
517,128  horses,  5,433  mules,  14,100  asses  or  burros, 
0,828,182  cattle,  6,676,902  sheep,  and  17,276 
swine.  The  .sale  of  horses  (1889)  amounted  to 
81,418,205;  cattle,  $17,913,712;  sheep,  $2,669,- 
063;  swine,  $27,132.  The  total  number  of  men 
reported  upon  ranges  in  charge  of  this  stock  is 
15,390.  It  is  noted  that  a  large  portion  of  Texas, 
Colorado,  Oregon,  Washington,  and  California, 
one  third  of  Kansas,  and  one  half  of  Nebraska 
have  been  converted  into  farms  during  the  last 
decade.  The  statistics  for  farms  are  not  included 
in  the  figures  just  given. 

Nurseries. — The  number  of  nurseries  In  the 
United  States  (1890)  is  given  as  4,510,  valued  at 
$41,978,835.80,  and  occupying  172,806  acres  of 
land,  with  an  invested  capital  of  $52,425,669.51. 
Employment  is  given  to  45,657  men  and  2,279 
women.  The  number  of  animals  used  is  given 
as  14,200.   The  value  of  implements  for  the  prop- 

rtion  and  cultivation  of  trees  and  plants  is 
wn  as  $990,606.04.  The  grand  total  of  plants 
and  trees  (1890)  is  estimated  as  3,386,855,778.  Of 
this  number,  518,016,612  are  fruit  trees ;  685,603,- 
396  grape  vines  and  small  fruits ;  and  the  bal- 
ance are  nut,  deciduous,  and  evergreen  trees, 
hardy  shrubs,  and  roses.  The  largest  acreage 
(20,232*75)  is  devoted  to  apple  trees. 

Seed  Farms,  —  There  were  in  the  United 
States  (1890)  596  farms,  with  a  total  of  169,851 
acres,  devoted  exclusively  to  seed  growing,  of 
which  96,567i  acres  were  reported  as  producing 
seeds.  Beans  were  cultivate  on  12,905  acres; 
cabbage,  1,268  acres;  beets,  919  acres;  cucum- 
bers, 10,219  acres ;  celery,  71  acres ;  sweet  com, 
15.004  acres;  field  com,  16,322  acres;  squashes, 
4,663  acres;  peas,  7,971  acres;  musk-melons, 
5,149  acres;  radishes,  662  acres;  and  tomatoes, 
4,356  acres. 

The  total  value  of  farms,  implements,  and 
buildings  is  renorted  as  $18,325,985.86.  In  1890 
13,500  men  and  1,541  women  were  employed. 

Tropic  and  Semi-tropic  Fruits  and  Nuts, — In 
a  special  report  under  this  heading  the  number 
of  acres  of  bearing  and  non-beanng  trees  and 
plants  (1889)  was  271,428;  number  of  bearing 
trees  and  plants,  28,101,036;  value  of  product 
(1889),  $14,116,226.  The  estimated  number  of 
acres  suitable  for  planting  tropical  fruits  and 
nuts  is  given  as  24,710,679.  According  to  the 
n amber  of  acres  utilized,  the  orange  ranks  first 
(184,003),  pecan  second  (27,419),  and  the  almond 
third  (13,515). 

Manafactares.  Distilled  Spirits, — The  num- 
ber of  proof  gallons  of  distilled  spirits  consumed 
in  the  arts,  manufactures,  and  medicine  (1889)  is 
reported  as  follows:  Alcohol,  6,745,152;  cologne 
spirit,  1,453,048;  high  wines,  75,902;  whisky, 
2,023,900 ;  brandy,  266,874 ;  rum,  180,581 ;  gin, 
232,295.  The  aggregate  of  proof  gallons,  as 
stated  above,  is  10,976,Q42. 

Iron  and  Steel, — A  report  on  the  production 
of  the  cast-iron-pipe  foundries  (1890)  shows  that 
there  are  36  establishments  with  a  capital  of 
$14,300,933,  including  $68,500  reported  by  two 
establishments  not  in  operation  in  1890.  The 
total  number  employed  (1890)  is  shown  as  7,788, 
receiving  $3,794,407  in  wages.  The  cost  of  ma- 
terial is  set  down  as  $9,483,389,  and  the  value  of 
products  as  $15,168,682.    The  principal  material 


consumed  was  pig  iron,  the  quantitv  being  691.- 
258  net  tons,  costing  $7,860,408.  The  output  of 
iron  piping  (1890)  was  513.030  tons  of  2,000 
pounds,  valued  at  $12,556,315. 

A  report  has  been  issued  on  the  product  of  iron 
and  steel  in  the  New  England  States.  In  1890 
there  were  35  establishments,  as  against  61  in 
1880  and  48  in  1870.  The  capital  invested  (1890) 
is  given  as  $13,415,450 ;  1880,  $11,560,408  -,  1870, 
$5,909,000.  The  number  of  workmen  (1890)  was 
6,645;  1880,  8,654;  1870,  8,815.  The  valne  of 
product  (1890)  is  stated  to  be  $15,105,441 ;  1880. 
$14,558,627;  1870,  $10,824,603. 

Mines  and  Mining. — A  recent  report  on  the 
mineral  products  of  the  United  States  divides 
the  55  varieties  of  minerals  named  in  the  tables 
into  metallic  and  non-metallic  The  total  value 
of  the  product  for  1889,  with  figures  for  18bO  to 
facilitate  comparison,  with  percentages  of  in- 
crease, are  sliown  in  the  following  tables: 


PRODUCTS. 

18S0. 

1889. 

lacRMt, 

PWct. 

Metallic 

Monometallic. 
ITnapeciflcd 
mfDenia. . . 

$100,069,665 
178,979,185 

0,000,000 

$209,690,487 
807,640,175 

10,000,000 

$79,560,022 
18i«861,040 

4,000,000 

4t-8<» 
66-67 

Totol.... 

1809,819,000 

$587,2«0,G«2 

$217,911,602 

WOO 

Coal, — Of  the  bituminous  coal  mined  in  1880, 
the  total  quantity  is  given  as  38,242,641  long 
tons,  and  in  1889  as  85,883,059  long  tons,  the  in- 
crease bein^  123  27  per  cent.  The  total  qiuintity 
of  anthracite  coal  mined  in  1880  was  25,580,1^ 
long  tons.  In  1889  it  was  40,714.721  long  tons, 
or  an  increase  of  59*17  per  cent.  The  table  gives 
the  amount  of  coal  marketed  from  1882  to  1889 
inclusive,  with  value  in  each  class  for  every  year 
named : 


BITUMIX0U8. 

AFTOBACITK. 

TEARS. 

Qnutttj. 

V«lMW 

QoMttty. 

Valw. 

1882 

57.968,088 
65,080.171 
66,809,856 
68.569.284 
68,880,119 
75,4M,46I 
87,602,584 
65,728,110 

$72,458,797 
76,086,205 
70.149,824 
80,640.564 
75,^54,629 
94,280.752 
98,114.888 
72,878,784 

29,120,096 
81,758.027 
80,718.298 
82,265,421 
82,764,710 
85,278,442 
89.216,672 
8^668,280 

$65J)2Ql216 

1S88 

71.584,811 

1884. 

61.4.S6.5S6 

1886. 

72,274JM4 

1886. 

71,558,126 

1887 

79,865^44 

1888 

1889 

72,557.218 
68,468L57S 

Pig  Iron, — It  is  noted  in  the  bulletin  that  the 
product  of  pig  iron  increased  in  the  last  decade 
more  than  twofold,  viz.,  from  3,375,912  long 
tons  in  1880  to  7,603,642  in  1889.  This  was  val- 
ued, using  the  price  of  No.  1  anthracite  pig  iron 
at  Philadelphia,  at  $89,315,569  in  1880  and  $120,- 
000,000  in  1889.  The  limestone  used  for  flux 
tributary  to  this  industrv  amounted  to  4,500,000 
tons  in  1880,  worth  $3,800,000,  and  to  6,318,000 
tons  in  1889,  worth  $3,159,000. 

Iron  Ore, — The  product  of  iron  ore  in  1880 
amounted  to  7.120,862  long  tons,  valued  at  $28,- 
156,957,  and  in  1889  to  14,518,041  long  tons,  val- 
ued at  $33,851,978. 

Aluminum, — Aluminum  was  not  reported  in 
1880, 1881,  and  1882;  in  1888  the  quantity  re- 
ported was  83  pounds,  valued  at  $875,  or  $10.54 
per  pound;  the  product  increased  in  1884  to  150 
pounds,  in  1885  to  283  pounds,  in  1886  to  8,000 
pounds,  valued  at  $9  per  pound;  in  1887  the 


UNITED  STATES  CENSUS.  847 

product  was  18,000  pounds,  valued  at  $3.28  per  88*06  per  cent,  in  the  value  of  the  vessels  and 

pound;  in  1888  the  production  was  19,000  pounds;  outfits,  including  apparatus  and  repairs.    The 

and  in  1889  the  Quantity  produced  rose  to  47,-  total  value  of  the  products  landed  in  1889  was 

468  pounds,  valued  at  $97,335,or  $2.05  per  pound.  $1,884,551,  of  which  the  whale  fleet   reported 

The  reduction  in  the  price  of  this  metal  was  con-  $1,689,927,  the  shore  fishery  $19,641,  and  the 

tinned,  so  that  at  the  present  time  the  price  is  fur-seal  and  sea-otter  industry  $124,983.    When 

lower  than  $1  per  pound.  compared  with  the  report  for  1880  this  shows  a 

Copper.  —  The   product   of   copper   in   1880  decrease  of  36*46  per  cent,  in  the  value  of  the 

amounted  to  60,480,000  pounds,  and  in  1889  to  products  of  the  whale  fleet.    The  total  number 

231,246,214  pounds;  increase,  282-35  per  cent.  of  persons  employed  in  the  whale  fishery  was 

Lead. — In  1880  the  quantity  of  lead  produced  3,017,  in  shore  whaling  74,  and  in  the  fur-seal 

was  97,825  short  tons,  and  in  1889  182,967  short  and  sea-otter  fisherv  422.  making  a  ^rand  total 

t^ns,  an  increase  of  87*04  per  cent.    During  this  of  3,513.    The  whale  fleet  was  distributed  over 

period  the  percentage  of  desilverized  lead  has  the  whaling  ground  as  follow :  Bering  Sea  and 

increased  from  71*69  to  84*01  per  cent.  Arctic  Ocean,  42;  Atlantic  Ocean,  36;  Okhotsk 

^Ttnc.— -The  total  product  m  1880  was  23,239  and  Japan  Seas,  9;  South  Paciflc  Ocean,  8;  In- 
short  tons,  and  in  1^  58,860  short  tons.  The  dian  Ocean,  6.  By  hailing  ports  the  distribu- 
great  increase  in  production  is  fairly  well  dis-  tion  was  as  follows :  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  57 ; 
tributed  over  the  producing  States.  San  Francisco,  27 ;  Provincetown,  Mass.,  9 ;  Ed- 

Quteksilver. — ^Tne  product  has  declined  from  gartown,  Mass.,  8 ;  New  London  and  Stonington, 

50,926  flasks  of  76*5  pounds  net,  worth  in  San  Conn.,  2  each;  and  Boston,  1.    Of  the  fur-seal 

Francisco  $1,797,780,  to  26,484  flasks,  worth  $1,-  and  sea-otter  fleet,  11  vessels  hailed  from  San 

190,500.    The  supply,  which  practically  all  comes  Francisco,  7  from  Port  Townsend,  Wash.,  1  from 

from  California,  is  not  maintained  even  at  in-  Santa  Barbara,  Cal.,  and  1  from  Salem,  Mass. 

creased  prices.  It  is  reported  that  the  products  of  the  fisheries 

Nickel— This  product  amounted  to  329,968  of  the  Pacific  States  in  1889  amounted  to  $6,387,- 

pounds  in  1880,  and  to  252,663  pounds  in  1889.  803  in  value,  the  capital  invested  being  $6,498,- 

The  competition  from  nickel  contained  in  Cana-  239.    It  is  shown  in  the  exhibits  that  the  fish- 

dian  copper  matte  is  serious.  eries  of  California  are  more  important  than  those 

Gold  and  Silver. — The  production  of  gold  has  of  either  Oregon  or  Washington.  Of  the  per- 
decreased  from  $36,000,000  in  value  in  1880  to  sons  engaged  in  the  fisheries  of  these  States 
$30,000,000  in  1883,  and  in  the  other  years  has  5.338,  or  38*54  per  cent,  are  to  be  credited  to 
fluctuated  between  these  extremes.  In  1889  the  California.  Of  the  capital  invested,  $2,684,210, 
value  of  $32,886,744  represents  a  slight  decline  or  41*31  per  cent.,  represented  California  inter- 
from  the  previous  year.  Silver,  on  the  other  ests,  and  of  the  value  of  products,  $4,463,369,  or 
hand,  has  increased  from  $39,200,000  compara-  69*87  per  cent.,  accrued  from  the  sale  of  fish  and 
tively  steadily  to  $66,396,988.  In  the  case  of  other  marine  objects  taken  by  the  citizens  of 
both'silver  and  fi^old  the  coining,  values  are  given,  that  State.  The  fisheries  of  Oregon  rank  next 
$20.6718  for  gold  and  $1.2929  for  silver  per  troy  in  importance  to  those  of  California,  giving  em- 
ounce,  ployment  to  4.682  persons,  or  33*81  per  cent,  of 

Mineral  Waters. — The  number  of  gallons  of  the  total  number  engaged  in  the  three  States, 

mineral  waters  sold  in  1880  was  2,000,000,  while  the  capital  invested  amounting  to  $2,296,682,  or 

in  1889  there  were  12,780,471  gallons  sold,  an  in-  35*34  per  cent,  and  the  products  yielding  $1,033,- 

crcase  of  539*02  per  cent.  574,  or  16*18  per  cent.    There  were  engaged  in 

Petroleum. — Petroleum  varied  from  26,286,123  the  industry  in  Washington  3,830  persons,  or 

barrels  of  42  gallons  in  1880,  with  slight  fluctu-  27*65  per  cent  of  the  aggre^te  number  of  em- 

ations  each  year,  and  in  1889  showed  a  produc-  ployes  in  the  Pacific  fisheries.    The  amount  of 

tion  of  35,163,513  barrels,  the  total  amount  dur-  investment  was  $1,617,397,  or  23*35  per  cent, 

ing  the  decade  being  273.092,712  barrels.  The  value  of  the  catch  was  $890,860,  or  13*95 

NcUuralOas, — Returns  show  the  value  of  natu-  percent.    The  canning  of  salmon  is  the  most 

ral  gas  produced  in  1889  to  be  $21,097,099,  the  important  fishery  industry  in  the  Pacific  States, 

first  report  of  the  production  being  in  1882,  when  ana  the  capture  of  salmon  in  many  places  is 

the  amount  was  valued  at  $215,000.  wholly  dependent  on  and  tributary  to  the  can- 

Minor  Miivercda. — With  the  exception  of  the  n  ing  business.  Of  the  63  factories,  8  were  located 
following  minor  minerals,  all  the  remaining  pro-  in  California,  34  in  Oregon,  and  21  in  Washin^- 
ductions  named  show  a  greater  or  less  increase  in  ton.    The  quantity  of  fresh  salmon  utilized  in 
quantity — mica,  marl,  flint,  crude  barytes,  felds  the  preparation  of  the  canned  product  was  41,- 
par,  chromic-iron  ore,  and  asbestos.  632,^23  pounds,  for   which    the  flshermen  re- 
Fish  and  Fisheries. — Statistics  of  the  whale,  ceived  $1,783,227.    The  canned  goods  consisted 
fur-seal,  and  sea-otter  flsheries  show  that  the  of  622,037  cases,  worth  $3,703,838. 
total  capital  invested  in  all  branches  of  the  in-  Transportation.  Hailroads. — Figures  repre- 
dnstry  (1889)  was  $2,081,636:  the  pelagic  whale  senting  eight  groups  of  States  have  been  made 
fishery  using  $1,913,275 ;  the  shore  whale  fish-  public,  but  the  totals  for  the  United  States  have 
ery,  $15,604;  and  the  fur-seal  and  sea-otter  fish-  yet  to  appear  in  tabular  form. 
ery,  $152,757.    The  whale  fishery  employed  101  Group  1  includes  the  New  England  States, 
vessels,  aggregating  22,660*39  net  tons,  valued.  Group  2  includes  New  York,  New   Jersey, 
with  outfite  (including  apparatus  and  repairs),  at  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  part  of 
$1,791,173.    When  compared  with  the  report  for  West  Virginia. 

1880  this  shows  a  decrease  of  40*94  per  cent,  in  Group  3  includes  Ohio,  Indiana,  southern  pen- 

the  number  of  vessels,  a  decrease  of  41*35  per  insula  of  Michigan,  and  parts  of  Pennsylvania 

cent,  in  the  total  net  tonnage,  and  a  decrease  of  and  New  York. 


848       UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 

Group  4  comprisPB  Virginift,  West  Virginia, 
North  Carolina,  and  South  Carnlitia. 

Oroup  5  includea  Keotucky,  Tennessee,  Miss- 
issippi, Alabama,  Geori^a,  and  Florida. 

Groap  6  includes  Illinois,  northern  peninalila 
of  Michigan,  Minnesota,  Wisoonsin,  Iowa,  North 
Dakota,  South  Dakota,  and  Missouri. 

Group  7  includes  Nebraska,  Montana,  and 
Wyoming,  and  parts  ot  North  Dakota,  South 
Dakota,  and  Colorado. 

Group  8  includes  Missouri  south  of  Missouri 
river,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  Indian  Territory,  Col- 
orado south  of  Denver,  and  New  Meiico  north 
of  Santa  Fe. 

Group  9  includes  Louisiana,  Teias,  and  part 
of  New  Mexico. 

Group  10  includes  California,  Oreeon,  Wash- 
iu^on,  Idaho,  Nevada,  Arizona,  Utau,  and  part 
of  New  Mexico. 


UNITED  STATES  FINANCES. 

€N1TED  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE. 

The  receipts  and  eipenditures  o!  the  United 
States  for  the  year  ending  June  SO,  1891,  com- 
pared with  those  ot  the  year  previous,  may  be 
classified  and  compared  as  follows : 


souacB. 

1B90. 

IMl. 

iDteniiJ  MTenm 

»l4i*«.TI»  SI 
»«.t«S,.'M  ST 

d,itM.s:s  61 
i.wi,sai  E» 

-|»,SW6» 
I,B4IWM 
1.1M.S24IH 

IM,I»M 

R,a83,4l6  ST 

iwe.iM»a 
s!«;u>i  11 

aass 

t14&.«aU4f  4 

4,m^< 

1,SM.0«* 
1,TI«,MS  0 

M,ino 

SiiMofpuMlckDili.... 

ttoul  Iwika 

^■dSonUwin...   .. 
einklDf  (lud  6e  PmBe 

■11lu,UH]farMtiin>.. 
Fhi.  HMHuUr  toi  UaAt 

ih3."£sr."i.ii- 

Profltonothareoluga.. 

T».Qi.»mjiilM^"M!! 

ToUl  nel  iweiirtieido'-' 
•IreorpubHodflbt 

-385 ; 

unjubQ 
■H,ai.44:  ? 

ta4a3ii«n« 

On  the  Gnat  Laltu.~\a  a  bulletin  on  freight 
traffic  the  tonnage  has  been  divided  into  four 
classes,  viz. :  Products  of  agriculture,  products 
of  mines  and  quarries,  other  products,  manu- 
factnres,  miscellaneous  merchandise,  and  other 
commodities.  The  products  of  mines  and  quar- 
ries give  54'32  per  cent,  of  the  total  shipping 
industry,  lumber  pives  2384  per  cent.,  and  the 
products  of  agriculture,  16'50  per  cent.,  leaving 
the  miscellaneous  carnage  small.  The  excess  of 
shipments  over  receipts  in  the  class  of  mines 
and  quarries  was  854.600  tons,  and  of  agricuU- 
ure  306.330  tons,  while  the  oxofta  of  receipts 
of  lumber  was  l..^,859  tons,  and  of  manafact- 
ures  and  miscellaneous  merchandise,  877.554 
tons.  Including  all  the  trafficontheGreat  Lakes, 
6C^.I58  Ions  ofail  classes  ot  merchandise  were 
received  in  eieess  of  shipments. 

The  average  distance  for  which  freight  on  the 
Groat  I.iakes  is  carried  is  5S0  miles.  From  this  it 
appears  that  the  total  ton  mileage  on  the  Great 
laakcs  for  the  season  ot  1880  amounts  to  IS.SIS.- 
800,000  ton  miles.  The  agjrregate  Ion  mileage 
ot  railways  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  18U9, 
was  08.72'7.233.14O. 


gross  lonnage  934.47^.  and  the  net  tonnage  780,- 
119.  The  estimated  carrving  capacity  of  these 
2,784  vesiels  was  1.254.271  tons,  and  the  com- 
mercial valuation  was  $48,809, 750. 


ISM. 

JMl. 

t&4IH.0SS  TO 

ii.aiB.stio  «s 

*Jllfl.8M  M 
1,MS.1I«  U 

ii.m,«T  ffl 

SlMS,40t  u 
(I.8S1.S05  0S 

O.Tl'S.UH  07 
106s»8a,8MOJ 

0.017,419  ta 
VfiOiStt  Of. 
4tJ»fi8;i»14* 
818.040.71(1  n 

sia,»6^nED 

l"P™jl°B     rtTtrs     ^ 

».i>M.Tio  se 

■^^rir*  "•" "" 

8t.4«».«TTS 
10.MO.ltI  15 

Other  ri]»nHi.na»l«- 

^S?tJ!S5 

i!*.ua>ai  40 

Prlnilnm.<.nb^d.pi^' 

eliMfd 

Ii.t«»tooi»ibUod>b[.. 

fccswm  «i 
10.401  .in  81 

ST.S4I.IW  ST 

..(■.loBlTeofpohllcdflrt. 
Piiblk.d«l>t,pdndp.l.... 

SBKS 

t«O,»«.0I9  I« 

The  surplus  revenues  of  the  GoTemroent  for 
the  year  ending  June  80, 1891,  were  937.239.- 
7A3.57.  that  amount  being  the  eicessot  ordinary 

receiptsover  ordinary  payments,  excluding  pay- 
ments on  RCcnunt  ot  premiums  on  bonds  par- 
chas^.     To  this  amoun^   was  added  954.207,- 


.  of  nationol- 


975.75,  deposited  in  the  Trpasiiry  under  the  act 
ot  July  14.  18»0,  for  the  redemption  of  ni  ■' 
bank  notes;  f 9.863,715,  an  additional  i 
received  during  the  year  on  same  account ;  #113,- 
810  receired  for  4-pcr-cent.  bonds  issned  for 
interest  accrued  on  refunding  certificates  convert- 
ed during  the  year;  and  f34, 133.372  16  taken 
from  the  cash  oalance  in  the  Treasury,  mak- 
ing a  total  of  «I84,947,635.48,  which  was  eipend- 
ed  for  loans  and  redemption  of  national-bank 
notes,  as  follows : 


UNITED  STATES,  FINANCES  OF  THE. 


849 


B«l«Dptioii  of  bonds  and  notes  for  sinking 

Jund,  tncladin?  $a,b6u,056.28  premioms 

Sondry  old  loans 

National  bank  notes 

PoR^hase  of  ftinded  loan  of  1891  (4^  per  cents). 
Purchase  of  ftinded  loan  of  1907  (4  per  cents). 
Premlnms  thereon 


$47,866,197  66 

198,605  00 

28,558,298  50 

80,286,150  00 

26,507,250  CO 

6,541,184  88 


OBLIGATIONS  HAYING  EQUIYALENT  CASH  BESEBTB. 


Total. $184,947,685  48 

The  ordinary  receipts  show  a  falling  off  dur- 
ing the  year  of  $10,468,535.31 ;  those  from  cus- 
toms, about  $10,000,000;  sales  of  lands,  |2,000,- 
000 ;  profit  on  coinage  of  silver  dollars,  $3,000,- 
000,  while  there  was  an  increase  in  most  of  the 
other  sources.  The  ordinary  expenditures  show 
an  increase  of  $57,686,198.14.  Of  this,  the  prin- 
cipal items  of  increase  and  their  amounts  were  as 
follows : 

Beftznd  of  direct  taxes $11,521,497 

Eepajrment  to  Importers,  excess  of  deposits. 8,089,768 

Debentures  or  drawbacks. 1,988,880 

French  sp«>tlation  daims 1,085,240 

Rxpen«es  of  eleventh  census 4,988,888 

Colleges  for  agriculture,  etc 1,081,000 

Salaries  and  expenses  of  United  States  courts 1,898,298 

Mmtaiy  establishment 4,187,226 

Naval  esublisbment 4,107,690 

Indian  service 1,819,422 

Penaiona 17,479,096 

interest  on  public  debt 1^7,851 

Debt. — The  only  change  of  any  note  in  the 
bonded  debt  has  been  the  redemption  of  the  4^- 
per-cent.  bonds.  On  June  30,  1890,  there  was 
outstanding  of  these  bonds  $  109,015,750.  By  the 
terms  of  their  issue,  these  bonds  were  redeem- 
able at  the  pleasure  of  the  United  States  after 
Sept  1,  1891.  On  Apnl  1,  1891,  the  bonds 
liad  been  reduced,  by  redemption  or  purchases  to 
$53,854,250,  of  which  about  one  half  were  depos- 
ited with  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States  by 
national  banks,  to  secure  circulation  or  deposits. 
The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  therefore,  to  avoid 
monetary  disturbance,  offered  to  the  holders  of 
these  bonds  their  choice  of  presenting  them  for 
redemption  with  interest  to  Sept.  2.  1891, 
or  for  continuance  at  the  pleasure  oi  the  Govern- 
ment, with  interest  at  2  per  cent,  per  annum 
after  that  date.  Under  this  proposal  there  has 
been  continued  to  December  31,  1891,  the  sum 
of  $25,364,500.  On  the  remainder.  Interest 
ceased  Sept.  2, 1891,  and  the  bonds  have  nearly 
all  been  redeemed.  The  2-per-cent.  continued 
bonds  are  quoted  in  the  market  at  par,  though 
payable  at  the  option  of  the  Government,  a  rate 
of  credit  unequaled  by  any  government  in  the 
world  and  unprecedented  in  modem  times. 

The  following  table  shows  amounts  of  debt  at 
dates  mentioned,  classified  according  to  those 
that  have  and  those  that  have  not  equivalent  re- 
serves in  cash : 

OBLIGATIOXS   HAVING   NO  SPECIFIC   RESERVE. 


OUTSTANDIKO. 

vuAKAtriKK  ur  UKirr. 

Jon*  SO,  1890. 

Dae.  81,  1891. 

Old  loans  matured,  coin 

Interest  tbereon  matured,  coin. 

11,815,805 
149,182 

100,000,000 

12,280,000 

157,542,979 

801.589,751 
1,020,602 

$4,688,840 

liegal-tender  notes  (old  issue), 
gold • 

100.0001000 

I^gal-tender  notes  of  1890,  silver. 
Deposits  of  cunency  for  certlfl- 

catea.  notes 

Depodts  of  gold  for  certificates, 

gtild 

77,8;:7,102 

9,465,000 

165,{yr8»889 

824,772,818 

Deposits  of  silver  for  certifi- 
catds.  silver  dollars 

Matured  interest,  coin 

Total 

$574,854,269 

$661,776,Qe9 

The  following  table  shows  the  condition  of  the 
Treasury  on  the  two  dates  named,  the  assets 
representing  not  only  the  liability  for  the  gener- 
al cash  balance  in  the  Treasury,  but  for  amounts 
due  disbursing  ofiQcers  and  certain  agencies  cre- 
ated bv  law,  none  of  which  are  included  in  the 
general  treasury  balance : 


ITEMS. 


and 


Gold  coin  and  bullion. . . . 
Standard    silver    dollars 

bulUon 

U.  8.  notes  (old  issue) 

IT.  8.  notes  of  1890 

Trade  doDara,  bullion 

Iiiatlonal-bank  notes 

Kaiional-bank  deposits 

Gold  certificates 

Hilver  certificates « . . 

Bonds,  interest,  checks,  etc. . . . 

Currency  certificates 

Minor  coins  and  fractional  cur 


rency 

FractioDal  silver  coins 


Total 


Dm.  81,  1890. 


$298,020,214 

886.889,898 
12,199,849 

"'fi,»»i588 

8.849,587 

80,047,118 

81,881690 

1,566,815 

27.819 

10,000 

165.816 
18,987,690 


$781,491,588 


Dm.  81, 1891. 


$278,846,750 

408.187,017 

12,918,666 

2,081,046 

"4,'651,i62 

19,887,682 

17,47»,720 

8,954,760 

96,665 

200,000 

819,661 
18,769,826 


$757,800,482 


lAahilUtM: 

Gold  certificates 

$176,481,969 

$165,678,889 

(Silver  certificates 

809,855.778 

824,772,818 

Note  certifloatea 

6,820,000 
24,090,500 

9.465.000 

U.  8.  Treasury  notes  of  16C0. . . 

77,827,102 

Matured  debt  and  interest 

^670,597 

• 

Bedemption  U.  8.  notes 

100.000,000 

io6,o(X),6o6 

Bedemption  national-b«nk  notes 
Pnbllc  disbursing  ofllcers 

6.564,2Se 

5.986,720 

46,486,617 

85,868,568 

Outstanding  checks  snd  drafts.. 

* 

4,277,762 

General  Treasury  balance 

67^71,812 

84,574,128 

Total 

$781,481,582 

$757,800,482 

OinBTAjrniKO. 

ci1akact£K  of  debt. 

JniM  80, 1890. 

Dm.  81,  1891. 

Four  and  one  half  per  cents  . . . 

Four  per  cents,  bonds.        

jp  nur-per-cents,  certificates 

Old  demand  notes 

$109,015,750 

602,198,500 

108,860 

56,082 

246,e^l,016 

•$25,864,500 

569,574,000 

88,470 

56,647 

Leiral-tender  noteb  (old  Issue). . 
National  bank  redemption  ac- 
count  

246,681,016 
82,679,299 

Fractional  note's .  -  ^ . .  r , 

6,911.511 

6.905,678 

Total 

$964,961,669 

$871,848,606 

vox* 


*  Continued  at  2  per  cent 

XXXI. — 54  A 


•  Not  stoted. 

Coinage, — There  was  coined  in  the  several 
mints  during  the  fiscal  year  endine  Jane  80, 
1891, 119,547,877  pieces,  valued  as  follows: 

Gold $24,172,202  60 

Silver  dollars 86.282,802  00 

Subsidiary  silver 2,089,218  85 

Mlnorcoins 1,166,986  50 

Total $68,611,159  86 

being  the  largest  coinage  in  the  history  of  the 
mint  in  this  country. 

During  the  year  there  was  exchanged  of  fine 
gold  bars  for  gold  coins  $24,965,095.20,  though 
under  the  act  of  March  8,  1891,  a  charge  was 
imposed  for  such  an  exchange  of  four  cents  for 
one  hundred  dollars  in  value.  The  exports  of 
gold  from  the  United  States  during  the  above 
year  was  f  86,462,880,  of  which  $07,704,900  were 


850 


UNITED  STATES,  FINANCES  OP  THE. 


in  domestic  coins.  During  the  same  period  the 
imports  of  gold  amounted  to  $18,516,112,  show- 
ing a  net  loss  of  ^old  of  $67,946,768,  almost  en- 
tirely of  our  gold  coins,  of  which  $85,285,050 
were  consigned  to  Great  Britain,  $14,450,005  to 
France,  $12,429,500  to  Germany,  the  remainder 
to  various  countries. 

During  the  year  an  important  change  has  oc- 
curred in  the  coinage  of  the  silver  dollar.  To 
Aug.  13, 1890,  the  purchases  of  silver  for  coin- 
age into  dollars  were  made  under  the  act  of  Feb. 
28, 1878,  and  they  amounted  to  3,108,199*47 
ounces,  costing  $8,049,426.46.  There  were  coined 
during  the  year  under  this  act  8,740,327  silver 
dollars.  On  Aug.  18,  1890,  the  act  of  July  14, 
1890,  went  into  effect,  requiring  the  purchase 
monthly  of  4,500.000  ounces  of  silver,  and  the 
coinage  per  month,  until  July  1,  1891,  of  2,000,- 
000  ounces;  after  that  date  of  onl^'  such  an 
amount  as  might  be  necessary  to  provide  for  the 
notes  tlierein  authorized,  which  notes  were  made 


ment  of  the  bullion  purchased,  one  dollar  for 
871i  ounces  of  pure  silver,  and  redeemed  in  coin 
by  the  United  States  Treasury. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  the  notes  are  redeem- 
able in  COIN,  the  character  of  which  is  not  speci- 
fied, but  in  another  section  it  is  specifically 
stated  that  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  shall  re- 
deem them  in  either  gold  or  silver,  "  it  being  the 
established  policy  of  the  United  States  to  main- 
tain the  two  metals  at  a  parity  with  each  other 
upon  the  present  legal  ratio,  or  such  ratio  as 
mav  be  provided  by  law." 

During  the  vear  endinsr  June  1,  1891,  there 
were  purchased,  under  the  above  act,  58,770,- 
125*61  standard  ounces  of  silver,  at  a  cost  of 
$50,577,498.44,  for  which  notes  in  question  were 
issued,  and  there  was  coined  thereunder,  to  June 
80,  1891,  27,292,475  silver  dollars,  which,  with 
the  amount  previously  stated,  coined  under  the 
act  of  1878,  and  200,000  pieces  coined  from 
trade  dollars,  under  act  of  March  8,  1891, 
makes  the  total  coinage  of  silver  dollars  for  the 
year  36,282,802  pieces,  on  which  there  was  a 
seigniorage  or  ostensible  profit  of  $6,221,888.42, 
that  sum  representing  the  difference  between 
the  commercial  and  the  face  value  of  the  coins 
in  question. 

The  fluctuations  in  the  value  of  silver,  as 
compared  with  the  gold  standard,  were  unusual- 
ly great  during  the  year,  making  the  lowest 
value  of  silver  contained  in  a  silver  dollar  $0.75, 
the  highest  $0,986,  or  an  average  value  of  $0,814. 

Under  the  appropriation  oy  Congress  of 
$150,000  for  loss  of  metal  in  the  coinage  of  un- 
current  fractional  silver  coins  there  was  recoined 
of  such  pieces  in  face  value  $4,277,917.74,  on 
which  the  loss  from  abrasion  was  $184,676.10,  or 
about  8  per  cent. 

Circulation. — Of  the  circulation  of  the  coun- 
try there  has  been  a  decrease  in  total  gold  coin 
of  about  $80,000,000  between  June  80, 1890,  and 
Nov.  1,  1891,  and  during  the  same  period 
an  increase  of  $40,000,000  in  silver  dollars,  ac- 
cording to  the  estimate  of  the  director  of  the 
mint.  There  was,  however,  at  the  same  time,  an 
increase  of  certificates  issued  for  which  coin  was 
held,  leaving  the  net  coin  in  circulation,  includ- 


ing fractional  pieces,  at  the  latter  date,  $504,- 
004.015,  against  $547,594,158  on  June  80, 189a 

The  amount  of  outstanding  paper  money  has 
also  been  subjected,  meanwhife,  to  several  im- 
portant changes.  The  national  banks  have  de- 
creased their  circulation  more  than  $15,000,000, 
but  under  the  act  of  July  12, 1890,  there  has 
been  put  into  circulation,  for  which  the  Gov- 
ernment holds  purchases  of  silver  bullion  pre- 
sumed of  like  value,  $68,725,270,  representing 
an  increase  of  circulation  to  that  extent.  Also 
the  fund  for  redemption  of  national-bank 
notes,  amounting  on  June  80,  1890,  to  $61,238.- 
857,  was  covered  into  the  Treasury  by  the  same 
act,  except  the  small  portion  known  as  the  5-per- 
cent, fund,  established  to  meet  current  redemp- 
tions of  the  notes,  reducing  the  fund  to  $5,781,- 
538  on  Jan.  1,  1892,  and  further  increasing 
the  actual  paper  money  in  circulation,  making 
an  increase  in  the  aggregate  of  the  paper  money 
in  circulation  between  the  dates  named  from 
$908,549,612  to  $1,069,880,796,  or  in  the  total 
coin  and  paper  circulation  of  the  countrr  from 
$1,456,148,770  to  $1,578,934,811,  &per  capita  in- 
crease on  the  census  of  1890  from  $20.26  to 
$25.13. 

The  following  table  shows  in  detail  the 
changes  in  the  monetary  circulation  of  the 
country  between  the  dates  named: 


OUTSTAITDIXO. 

CHARACTER  OF  ISSUE. 

JoiM  to,  ISSQii 

K©».  1.  18SL 

Coin: 
Gold  colli 

|<S9,9S2.449 
869.42fi,4M 

•596;t86L848 

Silver  dollars 

409.475^^9 

Silver  ftuctlooal  pieces 

77,801,515 

Total  coin  In  ooiutry  . . 

$1.07M8i2eO 

$1,083.168.1» 

From  wbich  there  should 
be  deducted  the  coin  held 
In  TreasQrr  as  reserve : 

For  redemption  of  gold  oer- 
tiflcatea 

For  redemptioQ  of  silver 
certtflcates   

Ii8i«86a<n9 

897^0,048 
100,000,000 

$156.^90,789 
888,668,401 
100,000,006 

For  redemption  of  lofral- 
tender  notes  (old  issue).. 

In  all 

ctts,seo,oe2 

580,659,140 

Leaving  net  coin  drcalation. 

|MT.694,15S 

#508,004,015 

Paper: 

LefTsl-tender  notes 

Legal-tender  notes  of  ISlM. 
Fractional  n<itas 

$846,681,016 

*"6iiY,6n 

187,M9.848 

66,089 

181.880,019 

897.810,048 

1^880,000 

$546,691,016 

68.72.M270 

6.901698 

National -bank  notes 

Old  demand  notes 

172.164.55S 
55.047 

Gold  certificates 

156.%9a.T89 

Silver  certificates 

88a.66H.401 

National-bank  certificates.. 

11,095,000 

Total  paper  circnhitlon . 

|9$2,068,4e9 

$1,096,8074188 

From  which  should  be  de- 
ducted legal-tender  notes 
reserved    fbr    national- 
bank  certificates 

$18,880,000 
61,888,857 

$11,095,000 
6^781,088 

Fund  fbr  redemption  of  na- 
tionaKbank  notes 

In  all 

$78.M  8,607 

$16,876,288 

I^eaving  net  paper  dreula- 

lion 

Add  net  coin  dreulation. . . . 

$90&M9,618 
547,004,189 

$1,(H».88ft,7S5 
504,604,015 

Total  circulation 

Circulation  per  capita,  census 
of  1890 

11,456,148,770 
$88  26 

$1,578,984,800 
$85  18 

UNITED  STATES  FINANCBa 


UNIVERSALISTS. 


851 


National  Banks.— During  the  year  ending 
Oct  31,  1891,  there  were  organized  193  new 
national  banks,  located  in  41  States  and  Territo- 
ries, and  possessing  an  aggregate  capital  of  $20,- 
700,000.  During  the  same  period  41  banks  went 
into  voluntary  liquidation,  and  25,  with  a  capital 
of  $3,662,000,  became  insolvent,  leaving  a  net 
gHin  of  127  banks  with  a  capital  of  $12,558,000. 

The  total  number  of  banks  in  existence  Oct. 
31,  1891,  was  3,694,  having  in  capital  stock 
$(^,755,865 ;  bonds  deposit^  to  secure  circula- 
tion, $152,118,850;  bank  notes  outstanding, 
$171,368,948,  including  $35,480,721,  represent- 
ing lawful  money  deposited  to  redeem  circula- 
tion outstanding.  The  amount  of  circulation 
secured  by  the  pledge  of  United  States  bonds 
has  increased  during  the  vear  $11,795,101,  not- 
withstanding a  considerable  decrease  in  the  ag- 
gregate. 

Of  the  new  banks  organized,  17  were  located 
in  Texas  and  a  like  number  in  Pennsylvania, 
each  of  these  two  States  organizing  within  the 
year  more  banks  than  any  other  State.  More 
than  half  of  the  new  banks  were  west  of  the 
Mississippi  river.  Of  the  25  banks  which  failed 
during  the  year,  18,  representing  a  capital  of 
$1,137,000,  were  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

The  following  statement  shows  the  resources 
and  liabilities,  in  aggregate,  of  the  national 
banks  for  the  period  named  : 


Oct.  8, 1890. 

Bbpt.  86, 1891. 

KESOuUCEB. 

tfUO^taakM, 

8,6T7  buika. 

JUttowree^: 

Loftiis  and  disconnU 

Bonds  for  drculaUoD. . . . 

Bonds  for  depnelts 

V.  9.  bonds  CD  hand 

Other  stocks  and  bonds . . 
Due  from  reserve  agents. 
Dae  from  national  banks. 
Due  from  State  banks. . . . 

Real  estate,  etc 

Carrent  expenses 

Premiums  paid 

Caah  items .     .    

18».969,0M>  00 

26,886,800  00 

1297,500  00 

11&,&28,9M  02 

189,461,766  49 

118,289,612  46 

28,48^^28  82 

76,885,816  02 

9.099,40i  20 

14,248.488  10 

17,201,819  17 

106,767,176  06 

"l8,«)2392'66 

766,646  68 

195.908,868  84 

80.601781  00 

6,155,000  00 

6.128,697  88 
816,928  48 

$2,00^468,206  98 

150,086,600  00 

80,482,600  00 

4,489,450  00 

126,179,076  40 

108,990,828  44 

116,196,682  26 

29,471,898  96 

88,270,122  08 

9,879,281  42 

14,705,700  70 

18  272,546  10 

('learing-hon.«e  exchanges 

Ciearinff-hoase  lonn  cer- 
tificates  

Bills  of  other  banks 

Fractional  earrenoy 

Sjtecle 

Te^I<tender  notes 

U.  :^.  oerdflcates  of  deposit 

Five-per-eent.  ftind  with 
TreaHorer 

Dne  from  U.  S.  Treasurer. 

122,089,888  10 

"i9,'991,i67'66 
867,462  87 

lf9,51^076  91 
97.615,608  00 
15,720,000  00 

6J»6,981  6t 
1,467,807  66 

Total 

1^141.487,494  86 

$8,218,080,271  02 

LiaMUtiM  : 
Canital  stock 

$660,447,286  00 

218.568.805  78 

97.0i>6,6S5  74 

122,92«.084  50 

77,888  50 

2,876.886  84 

1,564.^5.174  67 

25,118,559  89 

4,229,611  42 
286.081,259  25 
141,860,7-26  21 

28.660,829  61 
10,801,918  64 

$677,426,870  26 

Harplus  ftind 

Undivided  profits 

Nationaltbank  cirrnlation. 

State-bank  circulation. . . . 

Dividends  unpaid. 

Tndividnal  deposits 

U.  9.  deposits 

DepoaitB  of  U.  8.  disburs- 
ing officers 

Duo  to  natiorat  banks. . . . 

Due  to  State  banks 

Notes   and    bills    redis- 
counted 

Bills  Darable 

227,676,485  91 

108,284,678  78 

181,828,801  50 

74.118  50 

1.468.786  58 

1,588.818.081  87 

15,700,672  40 

4,666.660  88 
288.576,7(18  96 
142,018,070  06 

81,981,962  56 
10,778,944  87 

Clearing-house  loon  cer- 
tificates       

Total 

$25,141,487,494  85 

$8,218,080,271  08 

UNITEBSALISTS.  The  statistical  reports 
of  the  Universalist  Church,  presented  to  the 
General  Convention  in  October,  showed  that  the 
number  of  parishes  was  947 ;  of  church  mem- 
bers, 41,177 ;  and  of  members  of  Sunday  schools, 
67,110. 

The  General  Convention  met  at  Worcester, 
Mass.,  Oct.  20.  The  Hon.  H.  W.  Parker,  of  New 
Hampshire,  presided.  The  treasurer  reported 
that  ne  had  received  $57,000  during  the  year, 
and  held  securities  in  trust,  etc.,  to  the  value  of 
$247,000.  The  report  of  the  Board  of  Tnistees 
embodied  a  report  of  the  mission  in  Japan, 
which  was  represented  as  in  a  prosperous  condi- 
tion, and  as  offering  a  favorable  opportunity  for 
the  introduction  of  the  Universalist  system  of 
faith.  The  proposition  of  the  National  Unita- 
rian Conference  concerning  co-operation  with 
the  Universalist  Church  in  America  and  Japan 
was  received  with  favor,  and  the  convention 
gave  its  assurance  that  any  steps  taken  to- 
ward a  closer  working  union  with  either  the 
Unitarian  or  the  German  Liberal  branches 
of  the  Christian  Church  in  Japan,  provided  the 
distinctive  features  of  Universalisra  were  rec- 
ognized, would  meet  with  its  hearty  approval  and 
sympathy.  The  convention  recommended  the 
opening  of  the  Columbian  Exposition,  but  with- 
out the  use  of  machinery,  on  Sunday.  The  res- 
olutions on  temperance  urged  united  action 
against  the  saloon,  and  condemned  the  use  of 
tobacco,  recommending  that  all  councils  of  the 
Church  require  candidates  for  the  ministry  to  be 
free  from  the  habit.  The  meeting  of  the  Wom- 
an's Centenary  Association  was  held  in  connec- 
tion with  that  of  the  General  Convention. 

URUGUAY,  officially  known  as  the  Banda 
Oriental  del  Uruguay,  a  republic  in  South 
America,  The  President  is  elected  for  four  years 
by  electors  chosen  by  the  popular  vote.  The 
Congress  consists  of  a  Senate  of  19  members,  1 
from  each  department,  elected  for  six  years  by 
an  electoral  college,  and  a  House  of  Representa- 
tives having  1  member  for  every  8,000  adult 
male  citizens  who  are  able  to  read  and  write, 
elected  by  direct  popular  suffrage  for  three  years. 
Congress  sits  every  year  from  the  middle  of 
February  till  the  middle  of  July.  Dr.  Hereira  y 
Obes  was  elected  President  for  the  term  ending 
March  1,  1894.  His  Cabinet,  at  the  beginning 
of  1801,  was  composed  as  follows;  Minister  of 
the  Interior,  A,  Capurro ;  Minister  of  War  and 
Marine,  Col.  J.  Villar ;  Minister  of  Justice,  Wor- 
ship, and  Public  Instruction,  Dr.  C.  Berro;  Min- 
ister of  Foreign  Affairs,  B.  Vidal ;  Minister  of 
Finance,  Dr.  C.  Pena. 

Area  and  Population.— Uruguay  has  an 
area  of  69,835  square  miles,  and  a  population  of 
083,943  persons,  as  officially  estimated  in  1889. 
The  preliminary  results  of  the  census  of  1891 
make  the  population  711,656.  The  number  of 
marriages  during  1889  was  4,175 ;  of  births,  26,- 
981;  of  deaths,  12,882;  excess  of  births,  14,099. 
In  1890  there  were  24,117  immigrants,  while  the 
number  of  departures  was  19,852.  Montevideo, 
thejcapital  and  chief  port,  had  a  population  of 
175,000  in  1889.  The  army  numbers  221  offi- 
cers and  3,234  men,  the  police  troops  about  3,200 
men,  and  the  National  Guard  24,000  men.  There 
is  a  naval  force  of  7  small  steamers,  3  gunboats, 
and  1  steam  sloop. 


852                     URUGUAY.  UTAH. 

Finances.— The  receipts  of  the  treasury  dur-  Castellanofl  as  Minister  of  Commerce  and  Agri- 

ing  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1889,  were  culture.    The  Government  was  compelled  to  let 

$15,600,294,  01  which  $9,557,835  were  derived  some  of  the  railroad  guarantee  bonds  go  into 

from  customs,  $1,680,439  from  direct  taxation,  default,  being  involved  in  the  financial*  crisis 

$1,180,756  from  patents,  and  $3,320,264  from  that  overtook  the  country  in  consequence  of  the 

other  sources.    The  public  debt  on  Jan.  1, 1890,  collapse  of  ^gantic  speculations  carried  on  in 

amounted  to  $81,279,752.  sympathy  with  those  in  Argentina,  that  were  in 

Commerce. — The  imports  in  1890  had  a  total  fact  instituted  by  the   same    people    in    both 

value  of  $32,365,000,  of  which  $8,772,000  came  countries.     The  foreign  debt,  consisting  of  a 

from    Great  Britain,   $5,099,000  from   France,  unified  loan  of  £10,624,000  paving  5  per  cent., 

$2,809,000  from  Germany,  $2,643,000  from  the  and  a  steriine  loan  of  £4,120.000  paying  (S  per 

Argentine  Republic,  $2,629,000  from  Italv,  $2,-  cent.,  imposed  an  interest  charge  greater  than 

473,000  from  Brazil,  $2,445,000  from  the  t^nited  the  Government  could  meet,  and  the  Engli>h 

States,  $2,174,000  from  Spain,  $1,493,000  from  bondholders  were  constrained,  in  August,  l^^l, 

Belgium,  and  $1,825,000  from  other  countries,  to  agree  to  a  general  reduction  of  the  rate  of  in- 

The  total  value  of  the  exports  was  $29,086,000,  terest  to  3|  per  cent    The  bill  authorizing  the 

of  which  $6,121,000  went  to  France,  $3,946,000  consolidation  of  the  external  debt  on  this  basis 

to  Great  Britain,  $3,279,000  to  Brazil,  $3,141,000  was  passed  by  both  Chambers  in  the  beginning 

to  Belgium,  $2,551,000  to  the  Argentine  Repub-  of  October.    On  Oct  11a  revolution  was  at- 

lic,  $2,004,000  to  the  United  States,  $1,020,000  tempted  in  Montevideo.    The  revolutionists,  who 

to  Germany,  and  $7,024,000  to  other  countries,  belonged   to   the    party  of   Bianco,  attempted 

The  export  of  hides  and  leather  was  $9,413,000  without  success  to  suborn  the  artillerv.    A  ris- 

in  value:  wool,  $7,866,000;   meat,  $3,881,000;  ing  took  place  in  the  suburb  of  La  l)nion,  and 

extract  of  beef,  $1,677,000;  tallow,  $1,655,000;  simultaneously  men  collected  in  the  country  dis- 

frain,  $924,000;  live  animals,  $545,000 ;  marble,  tricts.    Soldiers  were  at  band  to  suppress  the 

450,000 :  horse  hair,  $413,000.    The  wool  clip  insurrection,  and  after  a  short  fight  in  which  54 

is  about  70,000,000  pounds  per  annum,  valued  at  persons  were  killed,  and  many  wounded,  quiet 

$10,000,000.    The  climate  is  so  temperate  and  was  restored.    There   were   52   arrests   made, 

the  pasturage  so  rich  that  the  fiocks  and  herds  About  700  insurgents  collected  in  the  capitaL 

multiply  at  an  extraordinary  rate.    In  1888  the  The  leader,  Dr.  Pantaleon  Perez,  was  shot  and 

number  of  cattle  slaughtered  was  773,449,  the  several  of  the    chief  conspirators  were    made 

only  valuable  products  being  hides  and  tallow,  prisoners  in  the  beginning,  as  they  entered  the 

as  the  meat  finds  little  use  except  for  beef  ex-  artillery  barracks,  having  been  entrapped  by  the 

tract.    A  small  proportion  of  the  mutton  and  commander.  Col.    Latorre,  who    preteniled    to 

beef,  though  considerable  in  (quantity,  has  more  enter  into  the  conspiracy.    Martial  law  was  de- 

recently  been  shipped  abroad  m  the  frozen  con-  clared  in  Mont^vidfeo  by  act  of  the  Congress,  and 

dition,  and  there  is  a  large  exportation  of  jorked  troops  scoured  the  country  for  members  of  the 

beef  to  Brazil.    Wheat,  com,  olives,  grapes,  and  revolutionary  or  Junta  party,  who  all  fled  from 

tobacco  are  raised,  mainly  by  Spanish,  Swiss,  and  the  capitaL    The  supporters  of  the  Government 

Italian  colonists.    There  were  1,431  ocean  ves-  declared  that  the  clergy  were  the  instigators  of 

sels,  of  1,812,361  tons,  entered  at  Montevideo  in  the  outbreak,  and  that  a  bishop  had  delivered  a 

1890,  including  820  steamers,  of  1.397,983  tons;  speech  in  favor  of  revolt 

while  the  total  number  cleared  was  1,362,  of  UTAH,  a  Territory  of  the  United  States,  or- 

1,779,277  tons,  of  which  841,  of  1,376,184  tons,  ganized  Sept  9,  1850;  area,  84.970  square  miles, 

were  steamers.  The  population,  according  to  each  decennial 

Commnnicatlons. — The  railroads  open  to  census,  was  11,380  in  1850;  40,273  in  I860:  86.- 
trafilo  on  April  1,  1891,  had  a  total  length  of  780  in  1870;  143,968  in  1880;  and  207,905  in 
1,127  kilometres.  There  were  664  kilometres  in  1890.  Capital,  Salt  Lake  City. 
course  of  construction,  and  2,260  kilometres  Gorernment. — The  following  were  the  Tern- 
more  were  planned.  The  number  of  pieces  of  torial  officers  during  the  vear :  Governor,  Arthur 
mail  matter  sent  during  1889  was  14.975,246  in  L.  Thomas ;  Secretary,  Elijah  Sells :  Treasurer, 
the  internal  and  6,364,811  in  the  international  Bolivar  Roberts ;  Auditor,  Arthur  Pratt;  Com- 
service.  The  receipts  of  the  post-office  were  missioner  of  Common  Schools,  Jacob  S.  Bore- 
1.114,941  francs,  and  the  expenses  1,062,531  man;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
francs.  The  telegraphs  on  Jan.  1,  1890,  had  a  Charles  S.  Zane ;  Associate  Jnstices,  Thomas  J. 
length  of  3,764  kilometres.  The  number  of  dis-  Anderson,  John  W.  Blackburn,  and  Henry  P. 
patches  in  1889  was  189,412.  Henderson,  who  resigned  early  in  the  year  and 

The  Financial  and  Political  Situation. —  was  succeeded  by  James  A.  Miner. 
Conflicts  on  political  and  financial  questions  led  Finances.  —  t)uring  the  two  years  ending 
to  the  resignation  of  the  ministry  on  Feb.  28,  Dec.  31, 1891,  the  receipts  of  the  Territory  were 
and  on  March  4  a  cabinet  of  conciliation  was  $1,477,140.31.  Of  the  taxes  for  1891  there  is 
formed,  composed  as  follows :  Minister  of  the  still  due  from  the  counties,  as  nearly  as  can  be 
Interior,  Captain-General  Perez;  Minister  of  estimated,  $226,849.77.  The  disbursements  cbir- 
Foreign  Affairs,  Manuel  Herrcro  y  Espinosa ;  ing  the  same  period  amounted  to  $1,500,313.80. 
Minister  of  Finance,  Carlos  Maria  Ramirez;  A  deflciencv  of  $23,173.49  is  shown  by  these  fig- 
Minister  of  War  and  Marine.  Gen.  Callorda ;  ures,  the  chief  causes  for  which  are,  flrst,  the 
Minister  of  Commerce,  Agriculture,  and  Public  payment  of  $11,000  to  Auditor  Pratt  and  Treas- 
Works,  Jose  Maria  Castellanos.  An  advance  of  urer  Roberts,  under  order  of  the  court,  as  sala- 
$5,000,000  was  obtained  from  bankers  to  help  ries  during  the  time  they  were  kept  out  of  office, 
the  Government  out  of  its  financial  difficulties,  and  second,  to  the  payment  of  $11,739.38  on 
Early  in  May,  Juan  Capurro  succeeded  Seflor  warrants  issued  by  Auditor  Clayton  in  exces  of 


UTAH.  863 

the  balance  shown  on  his  books.    According  to  178,594  poands,  valued  at  $19,645.23 ;  apricots, 

these  books,  the  warrants  outstanding  on  March  11,895  pounds,  valued  at  f  1,486.88;  plums,  6,731 

15,  1890,  amounted  to  $41,623.59,  but  up  to  pounds,  valued  at  $841.38 ;  pears,  9,921  pounds, 

Dec.  31, 1891,  there  had  been  presented  and  paid  valued  at  $992.10. 

by  the  Territory  warrants  issued  by  him  amount-  Mining. — The  mineral  product  of  the  Terri- 

ing  to  $53,862.07.    No  method  is  provided  bv  tory  for  1890,  as  estimated  by  Wells,  Fargo  & 

law  for  ascertaining  how  many  more  of  sucn  Co.,  is  summarized  as  follows:  956,708  pounds 

warrants  are  still  in  circulation.  copper,  valued  at  $76,536.64 ;  5.082,800  pounds 

The  total  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  the  refined  lead,  valued  at  $203,812;  63,181,ol7  un- 
Territorv  for  1891  was  $124,986,199.37,  against  refined  lead,  valued  at  $1,895,454.51 ;  8,165,586 
$108,613,216  for  1890.  The  value  of  real  property  ounces  of  fine  silver,  valued  at  $8,492,209.44; 
was  $72,334,655.27 :  improvments  thereon,  $22,-  33,851  ounces  fine  gold,  valued  at  $677,020 ; 
387,670.43 ;  and  personal  property,  $30,263,872.67.  total  export  value,  $11,344,532.59. 
Included  in  the  assessment  were  88,261  horses,  Coal. — During  1890  the  four  bituminous  mines 
valued  at  $2,734,893;  246,632  cattle,  valued  at  in  Utah  produced  355,861  tons,  valued  at  $572,- 
$2,923,504;  and  1,495,392  sheep,  valued  at  $2,-  519.  The  Scofield  mines  yielded  $335,756;  Cas- 
490,866.  The  valuation  of  Salt  Lake  County  alone  tie  Gate,  $173,527 ;  Coalville,  $63,236. 
was  as  follows:  Real  property,  $39,195,819.-  Industrial.— There  were  in  operation,  dur- 
27 ;  improvements  thereon,  $6,597,095 ;  personal  ing  1890,  310  industrial  establishments,  employ- 
property,  $13,934,558.67:  total,  $59,727,472.94.  ing  3,274  persons,  whose  wages  amounted  to 
The  rate  of  taxation  for  1891  was  5  mills.  $1,597,177.    The  raw  material  consumed  was 

Education.— The  public-school  system  of  the  valued  at  $2,137,291,  and  the  manufactured 
Territory  is  in  its  infancy,  but  encouraging  pro^-  product  at  $5,836,104.  The  total  invested  capi- 
ress  is  shown.  The  Territory  supports  a  uni-  tal  was  reported  at  $4,405,881. 
versity  and  an  agricultural  college.  At  the  latter  Irrigation. — In  response  to  an  invitation 
institution  there  were  280  pupils  in  December,  issued  by  Gov.  Thomas  on  June  12,  a  con- 
1891,  this  number  being  all  that  can  be  con-  vention  of  delegates  representing  nearly  every 
veniently  provided  for.  The  first  term  of  the  State  and  Territory  west  of  Idississippi  river 
college  began  in  September,  1890,  with  22  met  at  Salt  Lake  City  on  Sept.  15,  for  the  pur- 
pupils,  pose  of  considering  questions  pertaining  to  the 

Charities. — ^The  Insane  Asylum  at  Provo  has  reclamation  of  arid  lands.    The  following  reso- 

been  crippled  from  lack  of  funds.    Although  the  lutions  were  adopted : 

J^^telfl7fh?£Xm  ^^^^^  That  it  is  thesense  of  this  convention  that  the  com- 

corapletion  of  the  asylum  buildmgs  and  the  care  J^l^^^  selected  to  propose  and  present  to  Congrees 

of  the  inmates,  there  was  no  money  m  the  treas-  the  memorial  of  this  convention  respecting  public 

ury  with  which  to  pajr  the  warrants.    The  man-  lands  should  ask,  as  a  preliminary  to  the  cession  of 

aging  board  was  ooliged  to  borrow  money  at  a  all  the  land  in  the  Territories  in  accordance  with  the 

high  rate  of  interest,  or  close  the  institution.    It  resolutions  of  the  convention,  a  liberal  grant  to  said 

is  indebted  for  work  done   and  materials  fur-  Territories  and  to  the  States  to  be  formed  therefrom 

ished  in  the  sum  of  $40,000.  puiS^en                                  '         ^  public-school 

Prisons.  -  The  Territorial    Refonn    School  P  ^Q  this  conjrress  is  in  favor  of  granting  in  trusty 

buildmgs  were  destroyed  by  fire  on  June  24,  but  upon  such  conditions  as  shall  serve  the  public  in- 

the  insurance  enabled  the  trustees  to  rebuild  at  terest,  to  the  States  and  Territories  needful  of  irriga- 

once  without  expense  to  the  Territory.    During  tion,  all  lands  now  a  part  of  the  public  domain  within 

the  year  the  addition  to  the  Territorial  Peniten-  such  States  and  Territories,  excepting  mineral  lands, 

tiary  authorized  bv  Congress  has  been  completed  f^^*"  y^^  purpose  of  developing  irrigation,  to  render  the 

at  a  cost  of  $95,000.  ^^^,  ?°^'  *^*^  ^^^'^^^^  ^^  ^*P»^^**  of  supporting  a 

Agriculture.  — The   following   figures,   re-  I^P^^t*^^'^- 

ported  by  the  Territorial  statistician,  cover  the  Tlie  Mormon  Clinrcli  Property. — ^When  the 

agricultural  operations  of  1890:  Wheat,  110,114  United  States  Supreme  Court,  in  1890,  afilrmed 

acres,  product,  2,409,454  bushels,  valued  at  $1,-  the  constitutionality  of  the  Edmunds  law  and 

927,563.20;   oat«,  32,763  acres,  product,  1,132,-  declared  the  property  of  the  Mormon  Church  to 

218  bushels,  valued  at  $532,142.46;  barley,  7,358  be  escheated  to  tne  United  States,  it  withheld  its 

acres,  product,  212,546  bushels,  valued  at  $106,-  final  decree  in  the  case  and  intimated  its  desire 

273 ;  rye,  3.759  acres,  product,  45,204  bushels,  that  Congress  should  direct  some  disposition  of 

valued  at  $27,574.44 ;  com,  8,776  acres,  product,  the  property  so  escheated.    This  suggestion  was 

165.067  bushels,  valued  at  $118,848.24;  potatoes,  not  acted  upon  by  Congress,  and  in  May  of  this 

7,845  acres,  product.  935,874  bushels,  valued  at  year  the  court  filed  its  final  decree,  in  which  it 

$496,013.22 ;  hay.  80,647  acres,  product,  120,572  declared  that  the  personal  property  should  be 

tons,  valued  at  $1,637,367.76;    lucern,  101,729  devoted  to  such  lawful  charitable  uses  as  would 

acres,  product,  306,100  tons,  valued  at  $2,715,-  most  nearly  correspond  to  its  former  destiny. 

107.  In  the  absence  of  legislation  by  Congress,  it  in- 

The  Territory  also  produced,  in  1890,  7,451,-  timated  that  a  master  might  be  appointed  to  re- 

252   pounds  of  wool  valued  at  $1,229,456.88;  port  a  scheme  for  its  disposition,  subject  to  ap- 

1,847,447  pounds  butter,  valued  at  $323,303.23 ;  proval  of  the  court.    The  case  was  remanded  to 

247,875  pounds  cheese,  valued  at  $37,181.25;  the  Utah  Supreme  Court  for  further  proceed- 

854,387  pounds  honey,  valued  at  $76,894.83 ;  31,-  ings,  the  property  and  its  accumulation  to  re- 

866  gallons  of  wine,  valued  at  $28,697.40;  and  main  in  the  hands  of  the  receiver  until  otherwise 

61.368  gallons  of  cider,  valued  at  $21,478.80,  ordered,  and  to  be  liable  for  the  costs  of  suit  and 

The  dried  fruit  j)roduct  was  as  follows :  Apples,  of  the  receivership.    In  obedience  to  this  decree, 

197,167  pounds,  valued  at  $11,830.02;  pe^aches,  the  Utah  court  in  July  appointed  a  master,  who 


854  UTAH. 

in  January,  1892,  reported  a  scheme  of  which  the  tics,  and  that  the  admission  of  Utah  as  a  State 

following  is  a  brief  outline:  could  now  safely  be  accomplished.    At  a  con- 

Tention  of  the  Liberal  party  of  Salt  Lake  ConDty, 

1.  That  the  funds  be   constituted   a  permanent  in  July  it  was  resolved 
school  fund  for  the  perpetual  endowment  of  the  pub-  ' ' 

Uo  schools  of  the  Territory  of  Utah.  That  we  stomp  the  attempt  to  divide  Gcntilee  upim 

2.  Th^  a  cotumissioner  be  appointed  by  the  court,  party  lines  as  but  another  attempt  of  the  Mom^on 
to  have  custody  and  control  of  the  fund,  to  loon  the  leaders  to  accomplish  by  stealth  and  fraud,  and  with 
same  within  the  Territory,  in  bulk  or  in  parcels,  on  the  help  of  Gentile  allies,  what  they  have  *o  often 
real  estate  and  poreonal  security,  or  invest  the  same  failed  to  attain  unaided,  and  we  deplore  theblindn^^ 
in  school  or  other  municipal  bonds  within  the  Tern-  which  has  led  a  few  former  friends  astray. 

toiy,  either  at  the  discretion  of  said  commissioner  or  Notwithstanding  this  feeling,  a  considerable 
under  the  dn-ection  of  the  court.  ^^^^  ^^  former^Liberals  united  with  the  few 
Political  Morements.— On  Sept.  25,  1890,  Mormons  who  declared  themselves  RepubUcans 
the  President  of  the  Mormon  Church,  Wilford  in  forming  a  separate  Republican  organization. 
Woodruff,  issued  a  proclamation  denying  that  which  put  candidates  in  the  field  for  the  General 
his  Church  still  countenanced  polygamy,  or  that  Assembly  and  for  local  offices.  The  great  major- 
plural  marriages  were  still  being  solemnized  ity  of  Mormons,  however,  became  Democrats,  and 
under  its  auspices,  and  publicly  advising  his  fol-  the  Democratic  organization  practically  pas»d 
lowers  to  obey  the  laws  of  the  land  respecting  into  their  control.  A  Territorial  oonventaon  of 
marriage.  On  Oct.  6,  1890,  at  a  general  con-  this  new  democracy  was  held  at  Salt  Lake  City 
ference  of  the  Church,  this  action  of  the  presi-  on  July  21,  at  which  a  party  platform  was 
dent  was  approved,  and  the  manifesto  accepted  adopted,  containing,  among  others,  the  following 
by  the  people  in  the  following  language  :  resolutions : 

I  move  that,  recognizing  "Wilford  Woodruff  as  the  We  are  unalterably  opposed  to  force  and  fraud  in 

President  of  the  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day  the  conduct  of  elections,  or  to  any  interference  with 

Saints,  and  the  only  man  on  the  earth  at  the  present  them  by  extraneous  power  or  means, 

time  who  holds  the  keys  of  the  sealing  ordinances,  We  favor  the  full  restoration  of  silver  to  the  posi- 

we  consider  him  fully  authorized  by  virtue  of  his  tion  it  occupied  in  our  national  currency  before  its 

position  to  issue  the  manifesto  which  has  been  read  demonetization  by  the  Republican  party, 

m  our  hearing,  and  which  is  dated  Sept  24, 1890,  and  The  Democratic  party  being  naturally  the  friend  nf 

that,  as  a  Church  in  general  conference  assembled,  we  labor,  we  ask  the  working-men  of  Utah  to  carefully 

accept  his  declaration  concerning  plural  marriage  as  consider  which  of  the  two  great  national  parties  u 

authoritative  and  binding.  best  calculated  to  promote  their  welfare,  and  plod^ 

^,           1 .     t     i             •     nr               J   _x  •       •  to  them  on  our  part  all  legitimate  and  proper  a^^i^c- 

The  radical  change  in  Mormon  doctrine  m-  a^ce  to  further  their  well-being.    We  are  opposed  to 

volved  in  this  unexpected  action  was  followed  Chinese  or  imported  contract  labor,  and  opposed  to 

by  a  corresponding  change  in  the  political  con-  the  Repablican  plan  in  vogue  in  Pennsylvania  of 

ditions  of  the  Territory.    Since  their  settlement  discharging  workmen    for   striking  against  pauper 

of  the  Territory  in  1847,  the  Mormons  have  had  ^'^©s.                     -  ,      .  ,    ,              ,     , 

their  own  political  organization  and  have  acted  ,r^^^ '°  ^l™  °J  the  eight-hour-per-day  law  on 

»o  «  i/»:4-   :«  .xr.i{f;»«T  r.«aff^«.    «.k;i«  fk«.   «^«  all  public  works,  and  not  less  than  the  mimmum  rate 

as  a  unit  in  political  matters,  while  the  non-  ^^^^  ^hall  bi  paid  to  the  various  trades. 

Mormons,  though  identifying  themselves  with  ^1^  rMolved,  That  we  accept  the  declarations  and 

national  parties,  have  also  acted  together  m  all  action  of  the  Mormon  people  abandoning  the  practice 

local  matters.     The  Peoples'  party  has  been  a  of  polygamy,  and  the  People^s  party  in  disbanding 

synonym  for  Mormonism,  and  the  Liberal  party  the  same,  as  done  in  ^ood  faith  and  all  sincerity ;  and 

for    anti-Mormonism.     An    ostensible    change  J^  ^'a^pr  tiie  restoration  of  the  franchise  to  all  di*- 

from  these  conditions  began  early  in  February  franchised  citizens  who  wiU  obey  the  laws  of  the 

of  this  year,  Weber  County  taking  the  lead.     At  Umtodbtates. 

Ogden  City,  in  this  county,  on  Feb.  IG,  a  mass  At  the  election,  Aug.  8,  for  members  of  the 

mooting  of  Republicans  was  held,  and  on  Feb.  General  Assembly  and  local  officers,  there  were 

21  a  mass  mooting  of  Democrats,  at  each  of  three  parties  in  the  field — the  Democratic,  the 

which  meetings  a  considerable  number  of  Mor-  Republican,  and  the  Liberal.    The  result  of  the 

inons  wore  in  attendance  and  took  part  in  the  election,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  General  Assem- 

formation  of  permanent    party    orgranizations.  bly,  was  as  follows :  Council,  Democrats  8,  Lib- 

In  Mav  a  similar  movement  took  place  in  Salt  erals  4 ;  House,  Democrats  16,  Liberals  &    The 

Lake  City.    On  the  24th  of  that  month  the  Salt  Republicans  elected  no  members,  but  they  did 

Lake  **  Herald,"  heretofore   the  organ  of  the  not  abandon  hope.    The  party  leaders  proceeded 

Mormon  party,  announced  that  it  would  here-  to  call  a  Territorial  convention  to  meet  on  Sent, 

after  represent  the  Democratic  party.    Previous  2,  and  there  a  formal  declaration  of  principles 

to  this  time .  the  Salt  Lake  "  Evening  Times "  was  adopted,  chief  among  which  were  the  fol- 

had  given  its  support  to  the  movement  in  favor  lowing : 

of  the  Republican  party.  On  June  10  the  Ter-  We  deny  that  the  Republican  party  in  Utah  is  or- 
ritonal  central  committee  of  the  Peoples  party  ^anized  t»  unduly  hasten  statehood.  The  qoestionof 
met  at  Salt  Lake  Citjrand  voted  that  the  party  statehood  for  Utah  is  not  involved  in  the  pn?!*nt 
organization  be  dissolved,  and  that  its  members  political  issues,  or  in  the  division  of  the  people  of  the 
be  free  to  unite  with  any  of  the  great  national  Territory  on  national  party  lines, 
parties.  This  action  was  regarded  by  the  leaders  ,.  We  uroe  the  eniwtment  of  laws  which  will  ertab- 
of  the  Liberal  party  with  considerable  suspicion.  ^»»^  umformity  and  equii^  m  the  apphcation  of  the 
TTa«n',«»  ««^  #«;fV»  ;«  iu'r>,.n»^n  «.'»»^»;*^«.  fi,"!-  u^  general  laws  of  the  United  States  Go venmient  in  re- 
Having  no  faith  m  Mormon  smceritv,  they  be-  ^     ^  ^  ^^  j^^^..^^  ^^  development  of  mininff 

heved  that  the  movement  was  part  of  a  scheme  property,  so  that  prospectore  may  bS  more  greatly  en- 

to  create  an  impression  that  the  Monnon  Church,  couraged  to  continue  their  explorations  in  our  great 

as  an  organization,  was  no  longer  united  in  poll-  mining  districts. 


VENEZUELA. 


865 


We  demand  the  enactment  of  a  law  making  it  a 
mi^emeanorfor  employers  to  practice  what  ia  known 
as  blacklisting,  or  to  interfere  with  the  freedom  of 
their  employ^  in  the  exercise  of  the  franchise  by  any 
sort  of  coercion. 

We  hold  that  eight  hours  should  be  made  by  law  a 
dav's  work  on  all  public  works. 

We  are  in  favor  of  equitable  railroad  legislation 
onder  which  nulroad  companies  shall  be  encouraged 
to  build  the  lines  that  are  needed  for  the  further  de- 
velopment of  Utah's  ffreat  resources,  and  which  shall 
at  the  same  time  ful^  protect  the  interests  of  indi- 
viduals and  communities  in  their  relations  to  the 
Gonmion  carriezB. 

We  demand  such  legislation  as  will  eaUsfactorily 
equalize  the  assessment  and  taxation  of  property. 

We  favor  the  enactment  of  a  personal  registration 
law  which  shall  compel  voters  to  roister  m  person 
or  by  satisfactory  vouchers,  giving  their  exact  resi- 
dence; and  we  ui^e  the  adoption  of  a  ballot  law 
modeled  after  the  Australian  system,  so  that  the  dis- 
grace of  frwid  at  the  polls,  heretofore  too  familiar 
in  some  places  in  this  Territory,  may  not  hereafter 
attach  to  the  fair  name  of  Utah. 


During  the  period  in  which  the  political  action 
above  referred  to  was  occurring,  meetings  were 
being  held  in  the  different  cities  and  counties  of 
the  Territory  by  Gentiles  and  Mormons,  for  and 
against  the  national  party  movement.  In  eyery 
instance  the  local  committees  of  the  People  s 
party  formally  resolved  to  dissolve  their  party, 
and  in  favor  of  the  party  movement,  while  the 
Liberal  committees  resolved  to  oppose  it.  The 
Provo  ** Enquirer"  and  the  Logan  "Nation," 
both  Mormon  papers,  supported  the  Republican 
movement  The  Provo  "Dispatch"  and  the 
Logan  "  Journal,"  also  Mormon,  supported  the 
Democratic  movement.  The  Salt  Lake  "  Trib- 
une" and  the  Ogden  "  Commercial,"  the  Park  City 
"  Record,"  and  the  "  Miner  "  earnestly  opposed 
party  division  on  the  part  of  the  Liberals,  while 
the  Deseret  "Evenine  News,"  the  Mormon 
Church  organ,  remained  neutral  as  to  the  merits 
of  the  claims  of  the  two  parties,  but  earnestly 
supported  division. 


Y 


TENEZUELA,  a  federal  republic  in  South 
America,  composed  of  8  States,  a  Federal  District, 
8  Territories,  and  2  colonies.  Dnderthe  Con- 
stitution of  April  27,  1881,  as  revised  on  April  16, 
1891,  the  Senate  has  27  members,  3  from  each 
State  and  3  from  the  Federal  District,  who 
must  be  natives  of  the  republic  and  at  least 
thirty  years  old.  They  are  elected  for  four  years. 
The  Chamber  of  Deputies  is  composed  of  57 
members,  1  for  every  35,000  of  population,  who 
are  elected  for  the  same  term  by  the  direct 
suffrage  of  the  people  in  the  several  States.  The 
President  and  the  members  of  the  Federal  Council 
serve  two  years.  Dr.  Raimundo  Anduezo  Palacio 
was  elected  President  for  the  term  ending  Feb. 
20, 1892.  The  Council,  the  members  of  which 
are  chosen  by  Congress,  elects  the  President,  and 
neither  he  nor  they  can  serve  for  two  consecutive 
terms.  The  Council  is  composed  of  8  Senators, 
representing  the  8  States,  and  9  Deputies,  1  from 
each  State  and  1  from  the  Federal  District 

Area  and  Population.— The  area  of  Vene- 
zuela is  682,695  square  miles.  The  population, 
according  to  the  census  of  1891,  is  for  the  differ- 
ent political  divisions  as  follows : 


DIVISIONS. 


Federal  Distriet. 
Berrondes 

SUtes: 

Bolivar. 

Carabobo 

Falcon 

Lara 

Loe  Andes 

Mlrandft 

Zsmora 

ZoIUl 

I'enitorles : 

Amazoaas 

Colon , 

Delta 

Goi^n , 

Yonuuri 


Total. 


IblM. 

FoiMlM. 

40,«W 

48,488 

149,028 

101,575 

89.064 

27,225 

97.8T0 

100.751 

6«,T17 

72,998 

117,868 

128,807 

168,987 

172,209 

884,096 

860,414 

186i.248 

190,428 

41,077 

44,879 

88,608 

21,494 

125 

4 

8,91)8 

8,814 

80,84S 

85,149 

12,718 

9,680 

1,187,189 

1,186,888 

ToteL 


89,188 
800,007 

604»9 
198,021 
189,110 
246,760 
886,146 
484^509 
846.ff76 

85,456 

46,1»T 

199 

7,889 

6e,990 

98,898 

8,888,527 


The  number  of  marriages  in  1889  was  6.705 ; 
of  births,  76,187 ;  deaths,  55,218 ;  excess  of  births, 


20,969 ;  immigration  in  1890, 1,555.     Ilie  popu- 
lation of  Caracas  in  1891  was  72,429. 

Finances.— The  receipts  of  the  Government 
are  estimated  in  the  budget  for  1890-'91  at  85,- 
976,000  bolivars,  of  which  25,000,000  bolivars  are 
derived  from  import  duties,  6,060,000  bolivars 
from  internal  taxes,  and  4,916,000  bolivars  from 
public  works.  The  expenditures,  which  are 
made  to  balance  the  receipts,  are  distributed  as 
follow :  Interior  Department,  7,840,406  bolivars ; 
Foreign  Affairs,  2,004,969  bolivars ;  Department 
of  Fomento,  embracing  colonization,  the  postal 
and  telegraph  service,  and  public  printing,  2,- 
685,487  bolivars;  public  instruction,  8,758,158 
bolivars;  public  works,  5,790,767  boliyars; 
finance,  4,953,226  bolivars ;  public  debt,  5,445,- 
120  bolivars ;  war  and  marine,  8,997,91 7  bolivars. 
The  public  debt  on  Jan.  1, 1891,  consisted  of  the 
national  consolidated  or  internal  debt  of  5-per- 
cent, bonds  to  the  amount  of  38,180,077  bolivars, 
a  foreign  debt  of  67,888,462  bolivars  paying  4 

Ser  cent.,  and  5,420,148  bolivars  due  under 
iplomatic  conventions  with  Spain,  France,  and 
Germany  and  paying  3  per  cent.,  making  the 
total  sum  of  110,938,687  bolivars. 

Army  and  NaTT.— The  permanent  army  in 
1891  consisted  of  ll  battalions  of  4  companies 
each,  with  120  men  to  the  companjr ;  2  detached 
infantry  companies ;  and  2  companies  of  artillery, 
with  15  guns.  The  whole  force  numbered  5,760 
men.  The  intestine  wars  of  Venezuela  have 
been  fought  by  the  militia,  in  which  all  able- 
bodied  citizens  are  enrolled  between  the  ages  of 
fifteen  and  forty-five.  Their  number  in  1889  was 
about  250,000.  In  former  wars  60,000  have  some- 
times been  under  arms  at  the  same  time.  The 
naval  force  consists  of  8  small  steamers  and  3 
sailing  vessels,  with  a  personnel  of  9  officers 
and  150  men. 

Commerce. — ^Venezuela  is  one  of  the  richest 
in  natural  resources  of  the  South  American  re- 
publics. The  chief  products  are  coffee  and 
cacao.  The  export  of  nides  is  also  important. 
There  are  about  11,000,000  head  of  cattle  in  the 
country.     Gold  and  copper  are  mined.     The 


856                   VENEZUELA.  VERMONT. 

gold    mines  of  Yuruari,  in  Guiana,  although  cura  river.      The  Venezuelan  GoYemroent  on 

their  working  has  just  begun,  produce  $11,000,-  Feb.  17, 1890,  represented  to  the  Government  at 

000  annually.    The  total  value  of  the  imports  Washington  that  Great    Britain  had    forcibly 

in  1889-'90  was  83,614,411  bolivars  (1  bolivar  =  taken  possession  of  a  part  of  Venezuelan  Gaiana, 

15'4  cents) ;  that  of  exports  100,917,338  bolivars,  and  asked  for  its  intervention.    Secretary  Blaine 

The  principal  exports  were  as  follow:  Coffee,  instructed  Lincoln  in  London  to  use  his  good 

71,168,000  Dolivars;  cacao,  9,329,000  bolivars;  offices  to  bring  about  a  resumption  of  dij)lomatic 

gold,  9,0?2,000  bolivars ;  hides,  4,728,000  bolivars ;  intercourse  between  Great  Britain  and  V  enezuela 

copper,  1,972,000  bolivars ;    animals,  1,290,000  as  a  preliminary  step  toward  the  settlement  of 

bolivars.    The  trade  with  the  United  States  has  the  dispute  by  arbitration.    On  June  25  Mr. 

largely  increased  and  now  exceeds  that  with  Lincoln  presented  Seflor  Polido,  the  Venezuelan 

European  countries.     In  1880  the  imports  from  envoy  to  Lord  Salisbury. 

the  United  States  amounted  to  $2,270,000  in  Rejection  of  Reciprocity.— The  Venezuelan 

American  money  and  the  exports  to  the  United  Congress  in  July,  1891,  refused  to  conclude  a  rec- 

States  to  $6,040,000.    In  1889  the  imporU  of  iprocity  treaty  with  the  United  States  on  the 

An^erican  merchandise  reached  $5,000,000  and  terms  proposed.    The  ground  given  in  the  re- 

the  exports  to  the  United  States  exceeded  $10,-  port  of  the  special  committee  which  was  adopted 

000,000.    The  growth  of  this  trade  is  due  to  the  by  Conffress  was  that  Venezuela  is  a  purely  agri- 

estAblishment  of  direct  steamship  communica-  ciiJturai  country,  exporting  a  iimitea  nnniiber  of 

tion  with  the  United  States.     There  were  1,155  natural  products.    To  remove  the  import  duties 

steamers  and  6,394  sail  vessels  entered  and  cleared  imposed  on  these  in  the  United  States  would  not 

in  1887-'88.     The  Venezuelan  merchant  fleet  greatly  benefit  Venezuela,  which  finds  customers 

comprised  26  steamers  and  2,497  sail  vessels.  m  many  countries,  while  to  admit  American 

Communications. — The  railroads  in  opera-  machinery  and  manufactured  goods  free  of  duty 

tion  in  1891  had  a  length  of  430  kilometres,  would  be  to  sacrifice  25  per  cent,  of  the  customs 

Among  the  new  lines  that  have  been  begun  by  revenue  and  unduly  favor  the  manufacturers  of 

British,  American,  and  German  companies  the  the  United  States  at  the  expense  of  Europeans, 

principal  ones  are  the  railroad,  to  connect  Caracas  who  are  good  customers  of  Venezuela,  and  who 

with  the  State  of  Carabobo  and  one  of  equal  have  generally  given  more  favorable  terms  to  mer- 

length  which  will  run  from  Caracas  to  the  city  chants  than  have  the  Americans, 

of  San  Carlos.    The  number  of  letters  and  postal-  VERMONT,  a  New  England  State,  admitted 

cards  posted  in  1889-'90  was   1,572,292;    the  to  the  Union  March  4, 1791;  area,  9,565  square 

number  received,  1,514,909;  printed  iuclosures  miles;   population  in  1890,  332,422.     Capital, 

posted,  1,365,576;  received,  1,604,255;  expenses,  Montpelier. 

961.815  bolivai*s.    The  telegraph  lines  belonging  GoTernment. — The  following  were  the  State 

to  the  Gk)Temment  had  a  length  of  5,645  kilo-  officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  Carroll  S. 

metres  in  1890.     The  number  of  messages  in  Page;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Henrr  A.  Fletcher: 

1890  was  419,724 ;  receipts,  326,904  bolivars ;  ex-  Secretary  of  State,  Chauncev  W.  Brownell,  Jr. ; 

penses,  949,826  bolivars.  Treasurer,  Henry  F.  Field ;  Auditor  of  Accounts, 

Boundary  Qnestions.— Bv  the  award  of  the  E.  H.  Powell ;  Adjutant-General.  Theodore  S. 
Queen-Regent  of  Spain  the  boundary  question  Peck ;  Superintendent  of  Education,  E.  F. 
existing  between  Venezuela  and  Colombia  since  Palmer ;  Cnief  Judge,  Jonathan  Ross :  Assistant 
1833  was  settled  by  giving  to  Colombia  over  Justices,  John  W.  Rowell,  Russell  S.  Taft,  James 
2.500  square  leagues  of  territory.  The  boundary  M.  Tyler,  Loveland  Munson,  Henry  R.  Start, 
dispute  with  England  was  aggravated  in  March,  and  L.  H.  Thompson ;  Clerk,  M.  E.  Smilie.  All 
1891,  by  the  wounding  of  an  Englishman  named  these  ofQcials  are  Republicans.  The  Senate  has 
Campbell,  who  attempted  to  work  a  claim  in  the  29  Republicans  and  I  Democrat ;  the  Ilouse,  172 
disputed  territory  without  applying  for  a  grant  Republicans,  62  Democrats^  and  5  Independents, 
from  the  Venezuelan  authorities  and  who  was  Finances. — The  Treasurer's  statement  for  the 
shot  in  resisting  arrest,  and  died  a  few  days  year  ending  June  30  shows  the  follow^ing  re 
afterward  of  the  wound.  The  district  where  the  sources :  Cash  on  hand,  $62,635.03 ;  corporation 
shooting  occurred  was  at  once  occupied  by  a  tax  for  1891  (estimated),  $250,000;  State  tax,  18 
British  military  force  and  the  Venezuelans  cents,  one  half  paj^able  Nov.  10,  1891,  one  half 
driven  out.  The  British  forcibly  took  possession  June  10,  1892  (estimated),  $320,000 :  due  from 
of  the  northwest  district  of  Guiana  after  the  dis-  towns,  balance  State  school  tax,  $1,553.11 ;  due 
covery  that  it  contained  some  of  the  richest  gold  from  towns.  United  States  deposit  money  re- 
fields  in  the  world,  although  it  was  actually  and  called  for  redistribution,  $482.80;  total,  $634,- 
effectively  occupied  by  Venezuelans  previously,  670.94.  The  liabilities  were  as  follow :  Due 
and  was  claimed  by  them  by  virtue  of  histori-  towns,  United  States  deposit  money,  $21,345.49 : 
cal  documents  dating  from  the  time  of  the  due  towns,  5-per-cent.  State  school  tax,  $89,- 
Spanish  conquest.  The  British  title  was  based  029.77;  due  Soldiers'  Home,  received  from 
on  the  survey  made  about  1842  by  Sir  Robert  United  States  Government,  $1,575;  due  to 
Schomburg,  who  fixed  on  the  Amacura  river  as  soldiers,  unpaid  balances,  $8.1^.51 ;  temporary 
a  scientific  frontier.  The  Venezuelans  claim  loans,  $154,000;  total,  $274,103.77;  leavins: 
that  their  territory  extends  to  the  Essequibo  available  for  the  current  fiscal  year  $860,567.17. 
river,  taking  in  the  northern  part  of  Guiana  and  The  State  has  also  in  trust  $135,500.  the  Afrricult* 
the  rich  mineral  districts  in  trie  west.  They  dis-  ural  College  fund,  represented  by  registered 
like  especially  to  see  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  bonds  due  m  1910.  There  is  also  the  Huntington 
river,  their  principal  water  way,  commanded  fund,  amounting  to  about  $211,131.  a  liability 
by  British  posts.  In  1890  British  military  of  the  same  nature  as  the  Agricultural  College 
posts  have  been  advanced  as  far  as  the  Ama-  fund.    The  money  has  been  used  to  pay  current 


VERMONT.  857 

expenses,  and  the  interest  is  applied  to  the  use  defending  the  border  and  saving  the  Govem- 

of  the  schools  for  which  the  fund  was  given,  ment  from  withdrawing  troops  from  the  front ; 

To  the  resources  should  be  added  the  direct- tax  and  the  claim  was  not  pressed,    ^fter  the  State 

money  paid  later  in  the  year  by  the  United  Legislature  passed  the  measure  accepting  the 

States  Government,  which  amounted  to  $179,407.  money  the  Governor  went  to  Washington  to  re- 

The  following  statement  was  published   in  ceive  it,  and  it  was  paid  to  the  State  treasury. 

November :  United  States  Senator.— On  April  6  Senator 

The  report  of  the  inspector  of  finance  ehows  that  George  F.  Edmunds  sent  in  his  resignation,  to 

the  savinira  inatitutions  and  trust  .jonipanies  of  this  take  effect  on  Nov.  1.    He  had  held  the  office 

8tate  hold  dcpositB  to  the  amount  of  $21,620,303,  an  continuously  for  twenty-five  years,  having  been 

increase  during  the  last  year  of  $2,289,738.    Of  tHe  first  appointed  by  Gov.  Paul  Dillingham  to  the 

ajrgregate            *o„,..o«^  •_  i-.u  i...               sj-_..  .  .           .                   .       .       _      . 

The  nun' 

$t>4^92,^*an'Tncrea«e  'of^$51JM!^~T       dTvidends  cessor  to  Senator  Edmunds  could  be  elected  at 

range  from  4  to  4*  per  cent    The  amount  loaned  on  the  special  session  of  the  Legislature  to  be  called 

mortgages  of  real  estate  in  Vermont  is  $4,668,499  :  on  in  August ;  but  since  no  actual  vacancy  was  to 

mortgages  of  real  estate  elsewhere,  $8,066,690.    The  occur  until  Nov.  1,  it  appeared  that  an  election 


,066,590.  appointment,  and  accordingly  Mr.  Proctor  became 

mr,  Edmund's  successor. 

Legrlslatlre  Session. —An  extra  session  of  The  Australian  Ballot  Law.— The  Secretary 

the  Legislature  was  called  by  the  Governor,  to  of  State  recently  sought  the  opinion  of  ex- Judge 

meet  on  Aug.  25,  to  enact  the  snecial  laws  re-  Powers  on  certain  mooted  points  in  the  ballot 

quired  by  act  of  Congi-ess  refunding  the  direct  law  of  1800.    Respecting  the  claim  that  the  act 

tax  levied  in  1861,  and  by  another  act  providing  makes  no  provision  for  a  second  ballot  for  town 

for  the  erection  of  a  Federal  building  at  St.  Al-  representative,  in  the  event  of  no  election  on  the 

bans.    The  Governor  said  also  that  there  ap-  first,  Mr.  Powell  says : 

peared  to  be  a  strong  public  sentiment  calling  _          .      ,    * .,            >.,««„.., 

for  further  legislation  on  the  subject  of  the  Co-  ^)[  "f^^^^,?  ^  ^^  ^^^/^J  f  \?^0'  >*"  «*«t»ng  laws 

irn^'^^  Jr""^  '''  ^^^^V^^  "'^?'  ^"'^  ^e^d^bTIL^e^a^t^^?'^^^^^^  ^T  fhT^Ji 
f  5,000  had  been  appropriated.  The  session  was  nothing  in  the  act  of  1890  that  requires  the  ballots  for 
convened  on  Aug.  26,  and  adjourned  on  Aug.  27.  town  representatives  to  contain  anything  more  than 
A  joint  resolution  was  passed  accepting  the  di-  the  names  of  the  candidates  for  that  office.  The  old 
rect-tax  money  and  authorizing  the  Governor  to  law  provides  tliat  ballots  for  town  representatives 
receive  it  A  joint  resolution  was  passed  turn-  ^hall  ao  into  a  box  by  themselves.  That  box  is  to  be 
ing  the  money  into  the  treasury.  A  bill  mak-  ^^^^  and  the  votes  counted  at  three  o'clock  m  the 
.  *  .,  'L.:  i.:^«  #^«  Au^  \i/k«i;i»«  !?«;..  ^iK  afternoon,  and  if  no  choice  has  been  made,  a  new  bal- 
ing the  appropriation  for  the  World  s  Fair  $15,-  ^^^  j^  ^^^^^  ^^  ^^is  is  repeated  until  an  election  is 

000  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  150  to  49,  after  a  ^lade.     The  act  of  1890  does  not  change  this  proced- 

strenuous  effort  to  amend  by  making  the  sum  nre  in  the  least,  as  1  read  it     Hence,  under  the  new 

$10,000.    It  is  designed  to  erect  a  building  of  law,  an  olficial  ballot  containing  the  names  of  candi- 

granite,  marble,  and  slate,  to  cost  from  $6,000  dates  who  have  been  nominated  for  town  representa- 

to  $8,000.    Land  was  ceded  to  the  United  States  tive,  as  specified  in  the  act,  is  to  be  prepared  bv  the 

for  sites  for  buildings  at  St.  Albans.    A  bill  was  V>^^  ^lerk  and  «s«d  at  the  election,  and  if  no  choice 

J           .J.        4.1?  «.                         -. :«-  ok«ii  IS  made  on  the  first  ballot,  counted  at  three  o'clock,  a 

passed  providing  that  express  companies  shall  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  .^  ^^^^^^  ;^^^^  distribution  of  official 

not  charge  higher  rates  than  those  of  Uct.  l,  ballotsismade  to  the  votcr8,and  theboxiskeptopen 

1890 — that  is,  before  the  passage  of  the  corpora-  as  required  by  the  old  law.     Section  20  directs  that 

tion  tax  law  of  the  last  session.    The  companies  800  ballots  for  every  50  votes  cast  at  the  next  preceding 

added  4  per  cent  to  their  rates  after  the  passage  election,  shall  be  provided  for  use  in  choosing  a  repre- 

of  that  law.    Among  other  measures  passed  were  Bentati ve ;  and  if  these  are  all  used  before  a  choice  is 

the  following :  made,  the  presiding  offlcer  is  to  supply  more. 

Incorporating  the  Black  River  Railroad  Company.  Maple  Sugar.— The  year  1892  will  be  the  first 

Incorporating  the  North  Craftsbury  Water  Com-  year  under  the  law  giving  bounty  on  sngar  that 

pany  and  the  fittsford  Aqueduct  Companv.  reaches  a  specified  standard  of  excellence.    Out 

Extending  the  time  for  completing  the  Rutland  and  ^f  jjje  4,000  sugar-makers  in  the  countrv  who 

Woodstock  Uailroad.  j^^^^  complied  with  the  law,  filled  out  blanks. 

The  Direct-tax  Money. — The  share  of  Ver-  and  taken  the  preliminary  steps  to  secure  the 

mont  in    the  direct-tax    money  amounted  to  bounty,  2,600  are  in  Vermont.     Sugar  coming 

$179,407.    The  question  arose  whether  the  Gen-  up  to 'the  test  of  90°  by  the  polariscope  will  be 

eral  Government  ought  not  to  offset  this  by  a  entitled  to  a  bounty  of  2  cents  on  a  pound ;  that 

claim  for  arms  furnished  to  the  State  after  the  less  than  90°  and  not  less  than  80°  to  a  bounty 

St.  Alban*8  raid  in  1864.    The  St«te  at  that  time  of  If  cent  a  pound.   There  will  be  none  on  supr 

organized  and  oflBcered  several  regiments  of  mi-  or  sirup  testing  less  than  80''.     The  penalty  im- 

litia,  including  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  for  the  posed  upon  any  one  found  guiltv  of  applying  for 

defense  of  the  northern  border.    Some  of  the  or  receiving  the  bounty  when  he  is  not  entitled 

regiments  were  in  active  service,  and  all  main-  to  it,  is  a  fine  not  exceeding  $4,000,  or  imprison- 

tained  their  organization  and  were  ready  for  ment  not  exceeding  five  years,  or  both, 

duty.    It  seemed  unfair  to  charge  the  State  for  Railroads.— The  Deerfield  Valley  Railroad 

arms  furnished  to  the  militia  while  they  were  has  been  opened  from  Wilmington,  Windham 


858  VERMONT. 

County,  to  the  eastern  end  of  Hoosao  Tunnel,  food  and  the  traffic  of  intoxicatiiig  liquois  a«  •  bever- 

It  is  anarrow-gauge  road,  but  the  bed  is  graded  ag;®^          ^           ......       ^,. 

for  the  standard  gauge  when  the  traffic  and  That  we  favor  a  ngid  reBtoction  of  ahen  ownerehip 

extension  may  require  I  heavier  equipment.  ^^J«'^^«  "^^  immigration  of  cnminak  and  paupen. 

The  route  for  the  proposed  Blaclc  River  Rail-  .   Temperance,—The  charges  of judicud  l^ty 

road  has  been  surveyed.  Starting  from  Cavendish,  ^n  cases  commff  under  the  prohibitory  law  have 

31  miles  south  of  Rutland  and  22  from  Bellows  ftirred  the  public  mind  dunng  the  year,  and  a 

Falls,  it  follows  the  western  bank  of  the  Black  large  number  of  cases  have  been  brought  into  the 

river  to  Upper  Falls,  thence  to    Perkinsville,  courts,  particularly  in  Washington  County.    It 

North  Springfield,  and  Springfield,  then  down  has  .been  almost  impossible  to  get  beyond  con- 

the  Black  river  to  Weathersfield  Bow,  where  it  viction  for  the  first  offense  in  the  county  courts, 

is  proposed  to  build  a  double-decked  bridge,  and  even  of  men  who  have  been  for  years  engapd  m 

cross  the  river  to  Claremont  Junction,  an  entire  the  traffic.    The  method  of  evading  the  law  is 

distence  of  29  miles.     It  is  expected  that  work  de»cribed  m    a   message  of  Gov    DiUingbam : 

will  begin  in  the  spring.  "  While,  under  the  law  as  it  now  stands,  the  per- 

A  project  has  been  under  consideration  the  son  convicted  can  not  again  open  the  place  ad- 
past  year  to  connect  Montpelier  with  Rutland  by  judged  a  nuisance  without  giving  the  bond  pre- 
means  of  a  **  saddle-car  railway  "  through  Mad  scnb^  by  the  statute,  any  oth^perMn  may  step 
River  vallev.  Briefiy  described,  this  railway  has  in  and  do  so.  The  result  is  that  the  osUnmbU 
a  single  rail  of  sufficient  strength  of  build  and  proprietorship  of  the  mIoou  changes  as  often  as 
metal  to  sustain  the  heaviest  loaded  train.  The  judgments  are  entered  broad  enough  in  their 
road-bed  is  made  of  trusses  placed  8  feet  terms  to  affect  the  business,  but  the  saloonitseU 
apart  In  a  level  country  the  rail  is  4  feet  goes  on  as  if  nothinghad  happen«i 
from  the  ground.  In  shape  its  upper  part;  is  The  movement  inl^ashmgton  County  secured 
similar  to  the  standard  rail  From  each  side  of  some  convictions,  with  fines  imposed,  but  many 
the  car-trucks  extend  arms  supporting  at  the  end  sentences  were  deferred,  and  some  c^  went  to 
wheels  which  play  upon  a  rail  attached  to  each  t^®  Supreme  Court  on  exceptions.  In  1^  the 
side  of  the  trestle-work.  Thus  the  •'  equilibrium  "  Legislature  enacted  new  penalties  for  violations 
of  the  car  is  maintained.  Attached  to  the  truck  o^  the  prohibitory  law.  A  new  count  b^n 
are  also  rollers  fitting  into  the  Uteral  grooves  of  ^"^  Jhis  new  point  of  departure.  This  fact 
the  rail.  Derailment  is  thus  rendered  impossible,  explains  why  so  many  ofleus^  are  classified  as 
The  locomotive  proposed  for  this  railway  is  novel,  first  offenses,  although  the  offenders  may  have 
like  everything  else  about  it.  The  traction  that  ^^  J^r  yeare  m  the  busmess.  In  the  act  of 
is  secured  on  standard  roads  by  dead  weight  is  1888  the  Legislature  did  not  deem  it  necessary  to 
obtained  by  lateral  wheels  bearing  against  the  repeat  in  the  amendatory  act  the  words  'land 
sides  of  the  rail  Atmospheric  pressure,  crowd-  costs  of  prosecution  which  follow  the  specifica- 
ing  these  wheels  against  the  rail  with  a  pressure  tion  of  penalties  to  be  imposed.  Shelter  is  t^en 
of  ten  tons  on  each  side,  is  the  agency  for  provid-  behind  this  omission,  and  persons  convicted  of 
ing  the  traction.  violations  of  the  liquor  laws  have  been  relieved 

The  company  offers  to  build  the  railroad  for  a  ^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^f  prosecution,  which  amount  to  no 

bonus  of  $3,000  a  mile.    It  will  build  six  miles  inwnsiderable  sum. 

out  of  Rutland  and  put  it  in  successful  operation  Farm  Lands.— With  a  view  to  advertising 
before  the  payment  of  any  part  of  the  bonus  t**®  resources  of  the  State  and  bringing  in  capi- 
pledged  by  that  town ;  when  tne  road  is  brought  ^^  ^  revive  it«  industries,  the  Board  of  Agri- 
to  the  town  line  of  the  next  town,  that  town  culture  sent  a  circular  to  the  first  selectman  of 
shall  pay  half  of  its  part  of  the  bonus,  and  the  ^^^^  t^^'^*  asking  for  the  name  and  addresses 
other  naif  on  completion  of  the  road  through  the  ^^  owners  of  any  farms  with  fair  buildings  there- 
town  ;  and  so  on.  All  the  towns  of  Mad  River  <>"  which  were  unoccupied ;  also  information  pe- 
valley  manifested  an  active  interest  in  the  scheme,  gardingany  reliable  and  extensive  water-pow- 
and  m  the  meetings  assurance  of  the  necessary  ®r8 ;  any  marble,  granite,  slate,  or  other  valuable 
aid  was  given.  mineral  deposits  as  yet  undeveloped ;  any  mill. 

Farmers*    League.  — •  The    State    Farmers'  tannery,  or  other  manufacturing  plants  capable 

League  held  a  large  meeting  at  Montpelier  on  ^^  further  development ;  whether  any  farms  pre- 

June  5.    The  resolutions  adopted  included  the  Piously  untenanted  had  become  occupied  during 

following :  the  preceding  year,  and,  if  so,  whether  by  loan  or 

purohase,  together  with  lists  of  occupied  farms 

That  wo  favor  an  equal  and  just  syatem  of  taxation,  lor  sale.    They  then  issued  a  pamphlet  contain- 

baswi  upon  all  real  and  pereonal  property  alike,  and  ing  the  information  thus  gained   and  setting 

^me^'Sx         ^""""^^^  *  ^^^  ^  P~^'^«  »  «^^  ^'^-  forth  the  advantages  of  the  Stat*.    This  brought 

That  we  favor  a  sound  and  sufficient  currency.  1^  applications  amounting  in  September  to  120 

That  we  demand  a  free  vote  and  fair  count  for  every  ?J  ^".?  "lember  of  the  board  alone.    They  were 

voter,  and  the  adoption  of  the  Aufltralian  Bystem  of  distributed  as  follow :  From  Massachusetts,  S3 ; 

voting  for  the  whole  State.  New  York,  21 ;  New  Jersey.  9 ;  Pennsylvania,  8; 

That  we  favor  a  universal  compulsory  common-  Connecticut,  9 ;  Kansas,  6;  New  Hampshire,  5: 

school  education,  after  a  reasonable  period,  as  a  con-  Rhode  Island,  5;   Illinois,  4;  Ohio,  4;  Minne- 

CBpooiaHy  such  ..  speculate  on  fann  andfoodW  ^'u^kVpi^'SdrMiiCco wt G^^ 

That  we  demand  juRt  and  equitable  freight  and  Maryland,  Montana,  South  Carolina,  1  each. 

pasHenjjrer  rates  on  railroads.  The  Beniiliiflrton  Celebration. — On  Aug. 

That  we  favor  the  prohibition  of  the  adulteration  of  19  Vermont  celebrated  the  centennial  of  her  ad- 


mission  to  the  Union,  and  At  tbe  same  time  ded- 
icated a  monument  to  commemorote  ttie  victory 
at  Bennin^n.  Aug.  16,  17TT,  under  Oen.  John 
Stark.  The  ahalt  stands  on  State  Arms  Hill,  the 
center  of  the  old  town  ot  Bennington,  near  the  site 
oi  the  old  military  atote-house,  which  vaa  tbe  ob- 
jective point  of  the  expedition  sent  by  Qen.  Bur- 
goyne  under  Lieut.-Col.  Bamu  to  seize  miJitar^ 
stores  and  provisions  ^thered  by  the  Ameri- 
cans. The  battle-field  is  about  four  miles  west, 
and  the  main  street  ot  old  Bennington  extends 
eastward  from  the  foot  of  the  monument.  Not 
far  avay,  on  this  street,  was  the  old  Catamount 
Tavern,  deriving  its  name  from  its  siifn.  a  stufFed 
catamount ;  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1871. 
Here  the  Council  of  Safety  held  its  meetintrs  in 

S re- Revolutionary  days,  during  the  troubles  with 
ew  York. 

The  exercises  attending  the  celebration  began 
on  Friday,  the  14tb,  when  the  National  Guard 
of  the  State  went  into  camp  in  the  meadow 
south  of  the  Soldiers'  Home,  at  Bennington. 
The  exercises  on  Wednesdev,  the  Iflth,  were  at- 
tended by  20,000  to  30,000  people.  The  proces- 
sion marched  from  the  parade-ground,  three 
miles  distant.  The  monument  was  formally 
presented  by  oi-Quv.  Benjamin  F.  Prescott,  of 
New  Hampshire,  President  ot  the  Bennington 
Battle  Monument  Association,  and  accepted  by 
OoT.  Page  in  the  name  of  the  State  of  Vermont. 
The  addresses  of  the  day  <K'ere  made  by  Hon. 
Edward  J.  Phelps  and  President  Harrison.  At 
fonr  o'clock  a  banquet  was  held  at  the  camp 
grounds  for  2,400  persons.  A  gold  medal  bear^ 
ing  a  representation  of  the  monument  was  giv- 
en to  President  Harrison  as  a  souvenir.  On 
Wednesday  evening  the  West  Point  cadets  in 
attendance  gave  a  dress  parade,  and  a  display  of 
Are- works  recalled  in  many  of  the  pieces  incidents 
of  the  historic  flght.  Tiiursday  was  devoted  to 
an  exhibition  drill  and  a  sham  fight. 

The  centennial  celebrations  of  the  Revolution 
includedone  at  Bennington.  Aug.  18,  1877,  and 
at  that  lime  the  old  scheme  for  a  monument  was 
revived,  and  an  association  vas  formed  which 
carried  the  plan  to  a  successful  issue.  The 
corner-stone  of  the  monument  was  laid  in  1887. 
The  shaft  is  ot  gray-blue  dolomite,  rock-finish, 
which  from  its  peculiar  chromatic  qiialities  gives 
out  varying  tints  under  vsrying  conditions.  The 
architectural  feature  that  gives  the  monument 
distinction  is  the  employment  of  the  vertical 
curve  in  its  construction,  giving  grace  to  its  out- 
line. This  curve  is  continuous  from  base  to 
apex.  At  the  height  of  200  feet  a  band  ot 
hammered  stone  marks  the  locality  of  the  ob. 
servation  hall — a  room  22  feet  square  and  10 
feet  high.  Above  this  is  a  second  band  of 
hammered  stone,  and  from  this  point  to  the  apex 
the  vertical  curve  becomes  pronounced.  An 
iron  stairway  leads  to  the  observation  chamber. 
The  monument  is  87  feet  square  at  the  base ;  its 


INIA.  859 

23S,79Tinl840;  1,421,661  in  1860;  1,596,318  in 
1860:  1.225,163 in  1870;  I,G12.G65  in  1880;  and 
1,655.080  in  1890.    Capital.  Richmond. 

Qorenmient— The  following  were  the  Stale 
officers  during  the  year  r  Governor,  Philip  W. 
McKinney,  Democrat;  Lieutenant-Oovemor,  J. 
Hoge  Tyler ;  Secretary  of  SUte,  H.  W.  Flour- 
noy;  First  Auditor,  Morton  Marye;  Second  Au- 
ditor, Frank  Q.  HufBn  ;  Treasurer,  A.  W.  Har- 
mon; Attomey-Oeneral,  E.  Taylor  Scott;  Su- 
perintendent of  Public  Instruction,  John  E. 
Idassey;  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Thomas 
Whitehead  ;  Kailroud  Commissioner,  .lames  C 
Hill ;  President  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Lunstord 
L.  Lewis ;  Judges,  B.  W.  Lacey.  Robert  A.  Rich- 
ardson, Drury  A,  Hinton,  andT.  T.  Fauntlerov. 

Population  by  Raees.~The  following  table 


shows  the  white  and  colored  population  ot  the 
State  by  counties,  as  reported  b'-  *'""  "■-'---■ 
of  1880  and  1890 : 


i  by  tbe  Federal 


.     .  AglltBt 

elevation  from  the  ground  of  307  feet  9^  inches. 
VIBeiNIA,  a  Sonthem  Stale,  one  of  the 
original  thirteen,  ratified  the  Constitution  June 
25.  1788;  area,  42,450  square  miles.  The  popu- 
lation, according  to  each  decennial  census,  was 
747,610  in  1790;  880^00  in  1800;  074.600  in 
1810;   1,065,116  in  1820;   1,211,405  in  1830;   1,- 


wmim. 

■ID. 

OODNTWa 

ITOO. 

IBM. 

I8»0. 

1880, 

18,l«t 

"£ 

S! 
ill 

'tS 

•s 
!i 

,-.  ™« 

i,ou 

,s 
s 

ia.iss 

s 
s 

1 

II 

it,r>«; 

B 

14,111 

16,01  a 

'SJS 

8JK1 
1B.RM 

i 

l,Tfl1 

s 

li'iai 
i.*ei 

10.101 

is.a-s 

'ffl 

T,«» 
1S,0T1 
lB.tM 

B 

%m 

4,B11 

ilut 

s 

U,i68 
IftSlB 

11 

i.m 

1.61T 

<LMa 
cm 

l«o 

s 

a,En 

T. 

iR,ua 
tfia 

4m 

jLiwi?*"* 

S.TT8 
ISJIBS 

aSr::::.::: 

IB/ 18 

f^:^}=. 

Fkij-a.... 

tL*an 

W! 

niiH 

i'S 

""""rtii; 

f-S 

BSSt:::::::::::: 

Henrico 

S 

Klig4nd^HD!l". 

4.KM 

gSF" 

s 

So-klenbDrg 

HI(M1«« 

tint 

860 


VIRGINIA. 


OOUNTUCS. 


NaDseiDond .... 

NelBon 

New  Kent 

Norfolk 

Nortbttmpton... 
NorthamDerUnd 

Nottoway 

Orange 

Page 

Patrick 

Ptttsvlvania  — 

PowSatan 

Prince  Edward. 
Prince  Qeorge.. 
Prinoesa  Anne.. 
Prince  William. 

Pulaski 

Rappahannock. . 

Klchraond 

Boanoke 

Rockbridge 

Rockingham 

Rusaell 

Bcott 

Shenandoah .... 

Smyth 

Southampton . . . 
Spottaylyauia. . . 

Stailbrd 

Surry 

Sussex 

Tazewell 

Warren 

Warwick 

Washington.... 
Westmoreland. . 

Wise 

Wythe 

York 

The  State.. 


WUITS. 


1890. 


1880. 


COLOKXD. 


a8«6 

9,006 
l,9fi8 
87,^4 
4,70i 
4.728 

e,Md 

11^71 

]  3,0)9 

80,712 

2,848 

4,760 

2,009 

4,964 

7,170 

9,646 

6,S»4 

8,991 

21.087 

17.89« 

28.477 

14,909 

20,619 

18,S11 

12,116 

8,464 

8,091 

6,876 

8,179 

8,610 

163'J8 
6.767 
2,7T8 

2^187 
a6S0 
8,796 

14,826 
8,172 


7,729 

9,028 

2,275 

29.197 

8.S89 

4.446 

8,012 

6,210 

8,846 

10,U9J 

26,883 

2,726 

4,754 

8,256 

6,129 

6,580 

6,806 

6,765 

8.806 

8,278 

14,660 

26,188 

12,684 

16,557 

17,198 

10,520 

7,447 

8.422 

6,558 

2,882 

8,861 

10,947 

^958 

779 

21,118 

8,746 

7.671 

11,464 

2,W7 


1,014,680 


880,858 


1800.     1880. 


10,824 
6,880 
8.548 

89,681 
^608 
8,162 
7,041 
6L266 
1,721 
9.108 

29,226 
4,449 
9,944 
6,166 
4,646 
2,636 
8,144 
2,844 
8.165 
9.049 
^169 
2,822 
1.217 
1,046 
860 
1,244 

11,611 
6,142 
1,4S7 
6,077 
7,590 
8,5u6 
1,618 
8.877 
8,S25 
4,768 
649 
8,192 
4,424 


640,867 


8.176 
7,508 
8,283 

29,4.'» 
6.268 
8.468 
8,144 
6,842 
1,119 
2.784 

27,200 
6,091 
9,914 
6,799 
4,262 
2,600 
2,452 
8,686 
8,889 
4,823 
6,848 
8,188 
1,272 
676 
1,006 
1,640 

10.666 
6,406 
1,658 
4,659 
6.701 
1,914 
1,441 
1,479 
4,036 
6.100 
101 
3,860 
4,613 


681,616 


There  were  also  in  the  State  in  1890  50  Chi- 
nese, 18  Japanese,  and  870  Indians. 

Education.  —  The  following  public-school 
statistics  cover  the  year  ending  July  81, 1891 : 
Schoolsi  opened :  white,  5,506;  colored,  2,183; 
toUl,  7,689.  Pupils  enrolled:  white,  219,141; 
colored,  128.579 ;  toUl,  842,720.  Daily  attend- 
ance :  white,  126,848 ;  colored,  66,688 ;  total,  198,- 
586.  Percentage  of  school  population  enrolled : 
white,  58 ;  colored,  44-8 ;  total,  52-5.  Percent- 
age of  school  population  in  daily  attendance; 
white,  83-6;  colored,  242;  total,  29-6.  Percent- 
age of  attendance :  white,  78-6 ;  colored,  73 ;  to- 
tal, 73-4  Teachers :  white  males,  2,097 ;  white 
females,  3,613 ;  total,  5,710.  Colored  males,  928 ; 
colored  females,  1,080 ;  total,  2,008.  Grand  total, 
7,718.  Average  monthly  salaries :  male  teachers, 
$81.40 ;  female  teachers,  $26.66.  Cost  of  the  sys- 
tem for  the  year:  for  pay  of  teachers,  11,278,931.- 
53 ;  for  all  other  current  expenses,  1213,016.18 ; 
for  permanent  improvements,  $150,035.18. 

Cnarltles.— At  the  Southwestern  Lunatic 
Asylum,  at  Marion,  there  were  248  patients  on 
Sept.  30, 1890;  129  patients  were  admitted  dur- 
ing the  year  ensuing,  and  113  discharged,  leav- 
ing 264  remaining  on  Sept.  30,  1891.  The  aver- 
age number  during  the  year  was  256.  The  num- 
ber of  patients  at  the  Eastern  Lunatic  Asylum 
on  Sept.  30,  1890,  was  402.  The  a<lmissions  dur- 
ing the  year  following  were  92,  and  the  number 
discharged  73,  leaving  421  on  Sept  80,  1891. 
The  avoraga  for  the  year  was  411. 

Penitentiary. — At  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year, 
1891,  there  were  1,192  convicts  in  the  State 


Penitentiary,  divided  as  follows:  white  men, 
212;  coloreci  men,  890;  white  women,  2;  colored 
women,  95.  The  earnings  of  convicts  for  the 
year  exceeded  the  expenses  of  the  institution  by 
'$36,170.18. 

Tobacco. — According  to  the  Federal  censns  of 
1890,  the  total  number  of  tobacco  planters  in  the 
State  during  the  census  year  was  ^.034 ;  the  to- 
tal area  devoted  to  tobacco,  110,579  acres;  the 
total  product,  48,522,655  pounds :  and  the  value 
of  the  crop  to  the  producer,  $4,323,649. 

Coal.-— The  total  output  of  coal  in  the  State 
during  the  year  ended  June  30, 1880,  as  reported 
to  the  tenth  census,  was  48,079  short  tons  of 
bituminous  coal,  valued  at  $99,802  at  the  mines, 
and  2,817  short  tons  of  anthracite,  valued  at 
$8,290  at  the  mines.  During  the  calendar  year 
1889  the  quantity  of  bituminous  coal  mined  in 
the  State,  as  reported  to  the  eleventh  census,  was 
865,786  short  tons,  valued  at  $804,475.  an  aver- 
age of  98  cents  a  ton  at  the  mines.  This  great 
increase  during  the  decade  is  attributed  to  the 
developments  in  the  Flat  Top  and  Clinch  Valley 
districts.  The  total  number  of  employes  en- 
gaged in  or  about  coal  mines  in  1889  was  1,555 ; 
the  amount  of  wages  paid  them  was  $621,266 ; 
and  the  expense  oi  mining  the  product  of  that 
year,  $681,476. 

Legislatlye  Session.— The  biennial  session 
of  the  General  Assembly  began  on  Dec  2.  Early 
in  the  proceedings.  Secretary  Floumoy,  First 
Auditor  Marye.  Second  Auditor  Rnffin,  Treas- 
urer Harmon,  and  Railroad  Commissioner  Hill 
were  re-elected.  On  Dec.  15  United  States 
Senator  John  W.  Daniel,  Democrat,  was  re- 
elected for  the  full  term  of  six  years,  receiving 
all  the  votes  cast  in  each  House.  The  one  Re- 
publican Senator  and  the  two  Republican  As- 
semblymen did  not  vote.  At  the  close  of  the 
year  the  session  had  not  been  completed. 

Debt  Settlement.— The  year  1891  will  be 
notable  in  the  history  of  Virginia  as  marking 
the  termination  of  the  long-standing  contro- 
versy between  the  Stote  and  its  bondholders. 
By  a  joint  resolution  passed  on  March  5,  1890, 
the  Lepslature  had  offered  to  reopen  negotia- 
tions with  the  bondholdera.  and  had  appointed 
for  that  purpose  a  commission,  consisting  of  the 
Governor,  tne  Lientenant<-Govemor,  and  a  few 
members  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Delegates. 
This  commission  was  authorized  to  agree  with 
representatives  of  the  bondholders  upon  any 
terms  of  settlement,  provided  they  were  not  less 
favorable  to  the  State  than  the  provisions  of  the 
Riddleber^r  act.  Early  in  May,  1891,  the  Gov- 
ernor received  a  communication  from  a  commit- 
tee representing  a  large  majority  of  the  bond- 
holders, asking  for  a  conference  at  an  early  day. 
and  June  2  was  fixed  upon  for  the  meeting.  At 
this  time  the  committee  submitted  the  following 
statement  and  proposition:  "Of  the  debt  pro- 
posed to  he  funded  there  is  now  outstanding, 
owned  by  the  public,  an  apparent  maximum,  as 
of  July  1,  1891,  approximating  $28,000,000.  Of 
this  amount  the  bondholders*  committee  control 
not  less  than  $23,000,000  (principal  and  interest), 
to  said  date ;  and  the  committee  hereby  proposes 
to  surrender  the  same,  together  with*  any  addi- 
tional obligations  which  mav  be  deposited,  on 
the  basis  of  $20,000,000  of  new  3-per-cent  bonds 
for  the  entire  $28,000,000."    This  proposal  the 


WASHINGTON.  861 

Virginia  commission,  under  date  of  June  3,  re-  fully  recommend  either  of  the  following  propo- 
fused  to  accept,  on  the  ground  that  it  had  no  sitions :  A  3-per-cent.  one  hundred-year  bond, 
authority  to  do  so,  and  that  the  State  would  be  similar  in  form  and  features  to  the  Kiddleberger 
unable  to  raise  from  its  revenues  a  sum  sufficient  bonds,  for  $18,000,000;  or  a  bond  similar  in 
to  meet,  with  other  necessary  expenses,  the  ac-  form  and  feature  to  the  Kiddleberger  bonds,  for 
cruing  annual  interest  required  by  such  a  settle-  $19,000,000  at  one  hundred  years,  the  first  five 
ment.  Later  in  the  year  a  second  conference  years' interest  to  run  at  2  percent.,  the  next  five 
was  arranged  for  Nov.  17,  and  on  that  day  the  at  2i  per  cent.,  the  balance  of  the  term,  3  per 
bondholders*  committee  submitted  an  amended  cent."  In  reply  to  this,  the  commission,  on  Nov. 
proposition,  saying  that  "  the  committee  pro-  19,  offered  to  report  favorably  to  the  Legislature 
poses  to  surrender,  as  of  July  1,  1891,  not  less  the  $19,000,000  proposition,  provided  it  should 
than  $23,000,000  (principal  and  interest),  for  be  so  modified  as  to  restrict  the  interest  annually 
such  a  proportion  of  $19,000,000  of  new  8-per-  payable  to  2  per  cent,  for  ten  years,  and  3  per 
cent,  bonds  as  the  amount  surrendered  bears  to  cent,  for  the  remaining  ninety  years ;  the  bonds 
$28,000,000."  This  proposition  also  was  rejected  and  interest  obligations  to  be  of  the  same  gen- 
by  the  commission.  Thereupon  a  sub-committee  eral  character  as  those  provided  by  the  Riudle- 
of  two  from  the  commission  was  appointed  to  berger  bill,  and  it  being  distinctly  understood 
confer  with  a  sub-committee  of  two  from  the  that  the  coupons  or  other  interest  obligations 
bondholders*  committee,  with  a  view  of  arriving  are  not  to  oe  receivable  for  taxes.  This  last 
at  some  basis  for  further  nejgotiation.  As  a  re-  proposition  the  bondholders*  committee  agreed 
suit  of  this  action,  the  Virginia  commission,  on  to  recommend  to  their  constituents,  and  the 
Nov.  18,  suggested  to  the  committee  a  wiUing-  conference  thereupon  ended.  On  Dec.  18  a  meet- 
ness  to  report  favorably  to  the  Legislature  a  ing  of  the  British  bondholders  was  held  in  Lon- 
proposition  to  settle  the  outstanding  unsettled  don,  at  which  the  terms  of  the  proposed  settle- 
debt  on  the  basis  of  an  issue  of  new  bonds,  not  ment  were  discussed,  and  the  meeting,  by  a  vote 
to  exceed  a  maximum  of  $18,000,000,  to  be  ex-  of  39  to  17,  agreed  to  accept  the  action  of  the 
changed  for  outstanding  unsettled  obligations  committee.  This  vote  was  communicated  to  the 
in  the  proportion  of  18  to  28 ;  such  new  bonds  Virginia  commission,  and  on  Jan.  14, 1892,  Gov. 
to  run  one  nundred  years,  and  to  bear  2  per  cent.  <  UlcKenney  transmitted  to  the  Legislature  a  spe- 
interest  for  ten  years  ana  3  per  cent,  for  ninety  cial  message,  containing  the  re{)ort  of  the  com- 
Tears.  In  reply  to  this  suggestion,  the  bond-  mission,  and  advising  the  ratification  of  the 
holders'  committee  said  they  would  communi-  terms  agreed  upon. 

cate  it  to  their  dei>ositing  security-holders,  but        Later  in  the  session  the  Legislature  accepted 

would  not  advise  its  acceptance.    Continuing,  the  settlement,  and  passed  an  act  providing  for 

the  committee  said :  **  We  will,,  however,  cheer-  the  issue  of  new  bonus. 

W 

WASHINGTON,  a  Pacific  coast  State,  ad-  State,  to  the  development  of  its  interests,  and  to  its 

mitted  to  the  Union  Nov.  11,  1889;  area,  69,180  peopl^  ..^ ..      ,  v.  •:  .     , 

square    miles:    population,    according    to    the        1;  The  law  is  unconstituti^,  because  il  is  class 

^  i  VofS^  o^inoon      r•I*^ifol  nivmniA.  legislation.    It  favors  the  producer  of  wheat,  fiour, 

census  of  1890,  349^90.     CaPl^^^'^^y™?^*-  ^,.  barley,  and  mill  stufi's,  and  ^diBcriminates  against  the 

Gorernment— The  following  were  the  btate  p^ducer  of  other  products,  and  against  the  other 

officers    during    the    year:    Crovemor,    JJ^lisna  citizensof  our  State  who  may  desire  to  ship  any  other 

P.    Ferrv,    Republican :    Lieutenant-Governor,  class  of  freight  over  the  lines  of  a  common  carrier 

Charles  E.  Laugh  ton ;  Secretary  of  State,  Allen  within  the  State.    It  places  a  railroad  company  in 

Weir*    Treasurer     A    A     Lindsley;    Auditor,  such  a  nosition  as  to  violate  section  15  of  Article  XII 

T.  m!  Reed;  Attomey-General,  W.   C.  Jones;  of  the  State  Constitution,  which  prescribes  that  "No 

X.  ^'*\  ^•'^"»  /^•'Y   ijjivif^   T«oI«,«fi*^«     1?      R  discrimination  m  charges  or  facilities  for  transporta- 

Supenntendent  of    Public   Instruction,   li.    a.  ^ion  shall  be  made  by  Iny  railroad  or  other  traigwr- 

Bryan;  Commissioner  of  Public  Ijands,  w.  i.  ^^^^^  company  between  places  or  persons."    It  is 

Forrest :  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  T.  ^^^^  j^  direct  violation  of  section  18  of  Article  XII  of 

J.  Anders:  Associate  Justices.  Elmore  Scott,  R.  the  Constitution,  which  prescribes  that  "The  LejHfisla- 

O.  Dunbar,  T.  L.  Stiles.  J.  P.  Hoyt.  ture  shall  pass  laws  establishing  reasonable  maximum 

The  Senate  consists  of  80  Republicans  and  4  rates  of  chaiges  for  the  transportation  of  passenffere 

Democrats ;  the  House,  of  61  Republicans  and  17  and  fVei^ht,  and  to  correct  abuses  and  to  P^vent  Bisj- 

nomnr^TAfji.  crimination  and  extortion  m  the  rates  of  iVeight." 

T^toi-ii^^  G^^ooi^.      TK«  ^«„io^  w«««i-«i  Instead  of  preventing  this  discrimination  between 

Lc^lslatiTe  Session.— The  regjilar  biennial  ^^  ^^  ^^.^j^^  ^^  ^^jH^  ^y  i^  expressed  terms,  dis- 

session  of  the  Legislature  was  held  in  January,  criminates  in  the  most  palpable  manner.    Again,  the 

The  most  important  action  taken  was  the  pas-  Legislature  in  passing  this  bill  has  not  passed  a  law 

sasre  of  a  bill  to  reduce  certain  freight  rates  on  "establishing?  reasonable  maximum  rates  of  charges 

railroads.     Gov.   Ferry    was    absent    from    the  for  the  transnortation  of  passengers  and  freight,"  but 

State,    and    Lieut.-Gov.    Laughton,    acting    as  it  has  passed  a  bill  establishing  a  maximum  rate  of 

Governor,  vetoed  the  bill.    In  his  veto  messatre  ch«rff«»  ^^^  ^f "^^^  commodities  %.P';^"<^te  alone 

k«    ««^«    1,:=    *»„o^««    #y^«   ««f   4,r^Ts^rs^iw^^  fKfl  which,  whcu  takoH  together  With  all  othcr  products 

he    gave    his    reasons    for   not  approving  the  ^^   ^j,;    g^^^    requiring  transportation,   constitute 

measure,  as  follow  :  44  fVei^ht "  as  contemplated  in  section  18.    The  act  is 

1.  It  is  unconstitutional.  therefore  in  plain  and  open  violation  of  the  provis- 

2.  It  is  contrary  to  the  established  principles  of  ions  hereinbefore  Quoted  from  sections  15  and  18  of 
law  in  foree  in  this  State.  Article  XII  of  the  Constitution.    It  being  unconstitu- 

8.  It  is  a  bill  which  will  work  an  injury  to  the  tional,  it  requires  neither  legal  authority  nor  ftirther 


862  WASHINGTON. 

argument  to  justify  the  assertion  that  it  should  uot  and  daring  the  year  35  or  40  artesian  wells 

become  a  law.               ,.:.,,            ,1.         i  have  been  sunk  for  water,  which  rises  with  great 

2.  There  are  other  valid  l<}g^  grounds  why  such  a  pressui-e  and  flows  with  considerable  Tolume. 

iTiti^tteHnas'^r^-an'^i^^^^^^^  !^Borax  Beds.-Extensive  beds  of  bpr«  m 

commissioa   which  has  power  to  regulate  freight  I>ouglas  County,  which  were  discovered  in  18iO. 

rates  and  adjust  the  grievances,  if  any  there   be,  were  unworked  and  unclaimed  until  the  summer 

which  are  attempted  to  be  adjusted  by  the  bill  under  of   1891,  when   work   was  begun    upon    them, 

oonnideration.    An  act  such  as  thin  not  only  dis-  There    is    a    solid    deposit    of    borax    8i    feet 

criminates  against  citizens  of  the  State,  but  it  dis-  thick,    having    the    appearance    of    a    lake   a 

criminates  winHt  citizen*  in  the  neighboring  States  ^,41^  ^nd  a  half  long    and  half   a    nule   wide, 

^m'iS^c:  Atrrn^ne'd^S^^^^^^^  Wherever  a  hole  is  eSt,  a  f  resh  deposit  bubbles 

compelled  to  ship  such  products  to  coast  points  for  «P  ™m  the  bottom  and  fills  it  in  a  few  hours, 

transportation  to  market,  or  suffer  a  loss  by  shipping  a  he  borax  is  remarkably  pure  and     tranalu- 

them  a  greater  distance  to  Eastern  points.    Conmion  cent.     It  is  said  that  there  are  in  the  ricinit  j 

carriers,  under  this  act,  charge  the  producer  of  wheat,  abundant  springs  of  fresh  water  unaffected  by 

barley,  flour,  and  mill  stuffs,  who  reside  in  Montana  the  salt  deposiL 

or  Idaho  a  much  greater  rate  than  the  producer  of  the  PrecloUS  MetaK— Wells,  Fargo  &  Co/s  re- 
same  ooramoditi^  in  this  btate.  Under  the  laws  ot  ^  ^  precious  metals  produced  in  1891  gives 
comity  between  States,  and  under  the  principle  which  {?"  **  ^"1 1 '"  j^!:  « Ji7l!r  ♦Jl  U7-^;  J!.*^,.  f j\ij 
should  govern  legislation  in  all  matt^re  wltere  State  the  following  figures  for  Washington :  God 
power  is  brought  into  conflict  with  the  Federal  power,  dust  and  bullion  by  express,  $184,000;  gold 
It  ifl  but  justice  and  right  that  the  legislative  and  dust  and  bullion  by  other  conveyances,  |30.UOO; 
executive  power  of  a  State  should,  as  far  as  possible,  silver  bullion  by  express,  $112,000;  total,  $329,- 
assist  the  citizens  of  its  sister  States  and  the  legisla*  QQO. 

tive  and  executive  power  of  the  United  States,  in  Industrial  Fair.— The  Western  Washington 

guaranteeing  to  protect  the  citizens   of  such  sister  industrial  Exposition  was  formally  opened  in 

States  against  unjust  dwcnmination  and  infringe-  *;»"-«»'*"»*    e  *7  Vn  !!.;i.u -«  -**«r!ii..-J^#  a  nni^ 

ment  upSn  legislation  already  prescribed  by  CongrL«  Tacoma  on  bept.  10.  with  an  attendance  ^8,000 

for  their  protection.    In  my  opinion,  this  law,  instead  people.     The  mam  building  was  280  by  800  feet 

of  takini  such   a  course,   materially  injures  and  and  two  stories  high,  and  was  illuminated  by 

curtails  the  rights  of  the  citizens  of  the  sister  States  1,150  electric  lights.     It  was  divided  into  main 

in  protecting  themselves  from  such  discrimination,  exhibit  hall,  machinery  hall,  art  gallery,  ladies' 

and  it  certainly  conflicts  with  the  provisions  of  the  fancy-work    department,    mineral    department, 

act  of  Congress  known  as  the  Interstate  Commeroe  historical  and  educational  departraent/etc.    The 

act.    It  becomes  thereby  an  infringement  upon  those  "»''»2^»*^^»  "y'^ v^**"""^  «•*.    Y*^          rpu    v  :i  i 

rules  of  policy  and  law  which  should  always  exist  ^™^r  exhibit  was  especially  fine.    The  build- 

between  the  States,  and  between  the  States  and  the  !«§  ^«W  erected  m  ninety  days,  and  cost  $«A- 

United  States.     It  is  therefore  speciallv  within  the  000.    It  is  the  property  ot  a  stock  company, 

province  of  the  executive  of  a  State  to  advise  against  The   Colnmbian    Exposition. — The    State 

the  enactment  of  such  a  law.  appropriated  $50,000  for  the  year  1891  for  an 

Education.— In  the  school  year  1800-'91  the  exhibit  at  the  Chicago  World's  Fair.  This  is  to 
school  census  numbered  100,052  persons,  an  in-  be  managed  by  a  commission  consisting  of  one 
crease  of  nearly  14  per  cent,  over  the  preceding  man  from  each  county.  The  Governor  has  the 
year.  The  enrollment  was  69,787,  an  increase  power  to  remove  anv  member  for  sufficient 
of  nearly  25  per  cent  Franklin  County  has  the  cause,  but  all  vacancies  are  filled  by  the  corn- 
smallest  school  population,  96,  and  Kins^  County  mission.  In  order  to  facilitate  matters  the  mem- 
the  largest,  15,484.  The  number  of  school-  bers  appointed  a  commissioner,  whose  salary 
houses  built  during  the  vear  was  225,  the  total  shall  not  exceed  $150  a  month,  who  will  exercise 
number  now  in  the  State  bein^  1,275.  The  value  all  the  executive  powers  and  functions  that 
of  school  property  is  over  $3,000,000.  The  aver-  may  be  necessarv  to  secure  a  complete  and  CT«i- 
age  salaries  of  teachers  are :  Men,  $52  a  month ;  itaole  display.  )le  is  to  have  personal  charge 
women,  $42.  The  current  exnenses  of  the  of  the  solicitation,  transportation,  arrangement, 
schools  during  the  year  aggre^ntea  $932,401.  The  and  exhibition  of  the  objects  sent  to  the  exhibi- 
indebtedness  of  the  school  districts  is  over  $3,-  tion,  but,  of  course,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
000,000.  The  State  Normal  School,  at  Ellens-  commission.  The  State  Mining  Bureau  will  co- 
burg,  was  opened  in  September.  Olympic  Uui-  operate  with  the  commissioners,  and  will  forward 
versity  (Congregational),  at  Olympia,  has  en-  all  the  mineral  collections  and  cabinets  belong- 
tered  into  a  contract  for  the  erection  of  build-  ins  to  the  State. 

ings,  which  are  to  be  completed  before  May  1,  DestmctiTe    Storms. — On  Dec  7  a  great 

18J)3.                                                                *  storm  swept  over  Clallam  County,  which  lies 

Frnlts. — The  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  in  a  along  the  southern  border  of  the  Strait  of  Juan 

recent  report,  says :   "  In  eastern  Washington,  de  Puca.    Thousands  of  forest  trees  were  pross- 

along  the  river  valleys  and  foot  hills  that  sepa-  tratod,  square  miles  were  covered  with  tangled 

rate  that  State  from  Idaho,  a  great  stretch  of  masses  of  timber.    The  new  county  road,  which 

semi-humid  land  exists,  in  which  the  culture  of  had  just  been  completed  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 

temperate  fruits,   small   berries,  and    valuable  was  almost  destroyed.    The  total  loss  was  e^^ti- 

garaen  products  is  already  being  brought  to  a  mated  at  millions  of  dollars.    On  Dee.  28  an- 

jiigh  degree  of  perfection.    The  display  of  fruits  other  terrible  storm  occurred,  which  did  much 

in  the  orchards  already  existing  there* is  simply  damage  to  the  shipping  on  Puget  Sound, 

tistonishing  as  to  size,  quantitv,  and  quality.  Tide  Lands. — Section  1  of  Article  XVII  of  the 

In  the  valley  of  Salmon  and  Snake  rivers,  of  the  State  Constitution  declares  that  "  the  State  of 

Columbia,  and  other  streams  in  Idaho,  eastern  Washington  asserts  its  ownership  to  the  beds  and 

Washington,  and  Oregon,  a  large  number  of  shores  of  all  navigable  waters  in  the  State  up  to 

bores  have  been  made  at  quite  high  altitudes,  and  including  the  line  of  ordinary  high  tide  in 


WEST  INDlEa 


863 


waters  where  the  tide  ebbs  and  flows,  and  up  to 
and  including  the  line  of  ordinary  high  water 
within  the  banks  of  all  navigable  rivers  and 
lakes :  Prcvided^  That  this  section  shall  not  be 
constraed  so  as  to  debar  any  person  from  assert- 
ing his  claim  to  vested  rights  jn  the  courts  of  the 
State.*'  But  Judge  Uanf  ord,  in  a  decision  of  the 
court  at  Taooma,  decided  that  the  tide  lands  are 
own^  by  the  United  States  Qovemmeut,  and 
not  by  the  State  of  Washington. 

Naral  Station. — A  new  United  States  naval 
station  was  established  at  Port  Orchard  in  Sep- 
tember. One  hundred  and  forty  five  acres  have 
been  taken  by  the  Government,  and  additional 
land  will  probably  be  acquired.  Preliminary 
surveys  and  borings  for  the  construction  of  a 
dry  dock  were  made.  The  official  name  is  Puget 
Sound  Naval  Station. 

WEST  INDIE8.  The  islands  of  the  Greater 
and  Lesser  Antilles,  with  the  exception  of  the 
Spanish  colonies  of  Cuba  and  Puerto  Rico  and 
the  island  of  Hayti  occupied  by  the  two  black 
republics,  are  dependencies  of  Great  Britain, 
Denmark,  France,  and  the  Netherlands. 

Jamaica.— The  island  of  Jamaica  is  a  partly 
self-governing  British  colony,  having  a  Legislative 
Council  presided  over  by  tne  Governor,  in  which 
9  members  are  elected---5  are  nominated  by  the 
Crown  and  4  are  official.  The  present  Governor 
is  Sir  Henry  Arthur  Blake.  The  area  of  Jamaica 
is  4,ld3  square  miles,  and  the  population  in  1891 
was  639,491.  Dependencies  of  the  colony  are 
Turk's  and  Caicos  islands,  with  an  area  of  223 
sonare  miles  and  4,778  inhabitants,  and  Cazman 
islands,  with  an  area  of  225  square  miles  and 
2,400  inhabitants.  Kingston,  the  capital,  has 
about  40,000  inhabitants.  Jamaica  in  1881  had 
14,432  white  inhabitants,  109,946  of  mixed  blood, 
444,186  neeroes,  and  about  12,000  Chinese  and 
Indian  coolies.  The  revenue  in  1889  was  £695,- 
000  and  the  expenditure  £646,000,  as  estimated 
in  the  budget.  There  is  a  debt  of  £1,588.  The 
imports  in  1889  were  valued  at  £1,508,000  and 
the  exports  at  £1,615,000.  The  tonnage  entered 
and  cleared  was  1,075,000  tons,  exclusive  of 
coasters.  There  are  98  miles  of  railroad  and  698 
miles  of  telegraphs.  The  number  of  letters  that 
were  sent  through  the  post-office  in  1888  was 
1,408,453.  The  commerce  is  chiefly  with  Great 
Britain  and  with  the  United  States.  The  new 
commercial  treaty  admitting  Jamaican  sugar 
and  coffee  free  into  the  United  States  is  favor- 
able to  the  development  of  trade  with  American 
ports,  as  63  articles  of  American  produce  and 
manufacture  are  by  its  terms  admitted  free  of 
duty  and  12  others  at  reduced  rates.  American 
cars  and  locomotives  and  many  articles  of  ordi- 
nary consumption  have  already  displaced  British 
manufactures.  The  values  of  the  leading  exports 
in  1888  were  as  follow:  Coffee,  $1,555,769;  log- 
wood. $1,709,265;  raw  sugar,  $1,395,865;  bananas, 
$1,320,052;  rum,  $979,712;  oranges,  $313,046; 
pimento,  $216,483 ;  ginger,  $94,200. 

Leeward  Islands.— The  group,  which  is  di- 
vided into  5  presidencies,  is  under  control  of  a 
Governor,  at  present  Sir  William  Frederick 
Haynes  Smith,  who  is  assisted  by  an  Executive 
Council  and  a  Federal  Legislative  Council  con- 
sisting of  10  elected  and  10  nominated  members. 
The  area  of  the  islands  and  their  population  in 
1881  were  as  follow; 


I8LAND& 


YligiD  iBlandft , 

An^illm 

Bt.Kitts 

Nevis  and  Bodooda. , 

Barbadm 

Aiitigiui. 

Mootserrat 

Dominica 


Total. 


PopolAliOB. 

fi,287 

8,819 

29^37 

11,864 

84,9M 

11,468  ♦ 
28,840 1 

124,768 


•In  1889. 


tin  1884. 


There  were  about  5,000  white,  23,000  colored, 
and  94,000  black  inhabitants  in  1884.  In  most 
of  the  islands  sugar  and  molasses  are  the  main 

groducts.  In  some,  fruit  growing  is  increasing, 
^ther  products  are  salt  and  phosphate  of  lime. 
The  treasury  in  the  Virgin  islands  received 
£2,000  and  disbursed  an  equal  sum  in  1889 ;  the 
imports  were  valued  at  £3,000  and  the  exports 
at  £4,000.  The  revenue  of  St  Kitt's  and  Nevis 
was  £40,000  and  expenditure  £38,000;  imports, 
£178,000;  exports,  £343,000.  Antigua  had  a 
revenue  of  £43,000  and  imported  merchandise  of 
the  value  of  £166,000,  while  the  exports  amounted 
to  £267,000.  In  Montserrat  the  revenue  was  £6.- 
000 ;  the  imports  were  valued  at  £25.000  and  the 
exports  at  £28,000.  Dominica  had  a  revenue 
of  £21,000;  imports,  £67,000;  exports,  £47,000. 
The  public  debt  of  these  colonies  was  increased 
from  £80,819  to  £91,631  during  the  course  of 
that  year.  In  1891  there  was  a  total  failure  of 
food  crops  in  Anguilla,  owing  to  drought. 

Windward  Islands.— The  Windward  group 
has  a  common  Governor,  Sir  W.  F.  Holy-Hutch- 
inson,  but  no  federal  legislative  body.  Each 
colony  has  an  administrator  and  a  lie^^islative 
Council,  the  members  of  which  are  officials  and 
persons  nominated  by  the  Crown.  Grenada^  with 
an  area  of  166  square  miles  and  a  population  in 
the  beginning  of  1890  of  50,393,  including  1,961 
coolies,  had  a  revenue  of  £50.000  and  £51,000  of 
expenditures  in  18^9.  The  imports  amounted  to 
£174,000  and  the  exports  to  £196,000.  St. 
Vincent,  with  an  area  of  147  square  miles  and 
47,933  inhabitants  in  1890,  had  a  revenue  of  £28,- 
000,  while  the  disbursements  were  £22,000.  The 
imports  were  £98,000  and  the  exports  £125,000. 
St.  Lucia  is  237  square  miles  in  extent  and  con- 
tains 43,685  inhaoitants.  The  treasury  receipts 
in  1889  were  £48,000 ;  disbursements,  £46,000 : 
imports,  £172.000;  exports,  £162,000.  Sugar, 
rum,  cacao,  pine-apples,  and  other  fruits,  spices, 
logwood,  cotton,  coffee,  arrow-root,  and  timber 
are  among  the  products.  Cotton  and  coffee  have 
to  some  extent  displaced  sugar-cane. 

Bahamas.— The  area  of  the  Bahamas  is  5,390 
square  miles.  The  population  in  1889  was  45,- 
500.  The  white  population  in  1881  was  11,000. 
Nassau,  the  capital,  has  5,000  inhabitants.  The 
Governor  is  Sir  Ambrose  Shea.  He  is  assisted  bv 
an  Executive  Council  and  a  Legislative  Council, 
each  of  9  members,  and  there  is  a  Legislative 
Assembly  of  29  members  elected  under  a  low 
property  limitation  by  popular  suffrage.  The 
revenue  in  1889  was  £46,000  and  the  expenditure 
£48,000.  In  1890  the  revenue  was  £54,826  and 
expenditure  £48,688.  There  was  a  debt  of  £83,- 
000.  The  imports  were  valued  at  £176,000  and 
the  exports  at  £130,000.  In  1890  the  imports 
showea  an  increase  of  38  per  cent,  and  the  ex- 


864  WEST  INDIEa 

ports  of  33  per  cent.,  the  value  of  the  former  be-  From  the  nature  of  the  cultivation,  which  de- 
ing  £222,512  and  of  the  latter  £168,121,  This  mands  little  outlay  of  capital,  it  is  presumable 
development  is  due  almost  entirely  to  the  exten-  that  the  laboring  population  of  the  islands  will 
sion  of  the  new  sisal-flber  culture.  There  were  desire  to  take  part  in  it  on  their  own  acoonnt, 
4,100  acres  planted  with  2,500,000  of  the  plants  and  provision  has  been  made  that  any  native 
in  1890,  and  1,300,000  more  plants  were  growing  head  of  a  family  who  is  not  already  in  possession 
in  nurseries.  The  plants  take  three  years  more  of  land  may,  upon  application  to  the  Government, 
to  mature  in  the  nursery.  Apart  from  this  the  receive  a  grant  of  10  acres  at  the  old  price  of  5«. 
chief  product  of  the  soil  is  the  pme-apple.  Cotton  an  acre,  to  be  paid  out  of  the  first  year's  crop, 
is  grown  to  a  small  extent,  and  sweet  potatoes  These  grants  are  outside  the  100.000-acre  limit, 
ana  corn  are  raised  for  home  consumption,  but,  in  order  to  guard  the  natives  from  the  temp- 
Oranges  also  are  exported,  and  fruit  culture  is  tation  to  sell  as  soon  as  the  price  of  land  is  found 
increasing.  Sponge-fishing,  formerly  the  chief  to  rise,  they  are  made  in  the  form  of  an  untramr- 
industry,  is  carried  on  by  the  natives,  who  also  ferable  license  of  occupation  which  must  run  for 
gather  conch  shells,  pearl  shells,  turtles,  and  twentv  years  before  the  freehold  title  can  be  ac^ 
ambergris.  The  value  of  sponges  obtained  in  quired.  From  the  sale  of  Goveniment  land  a 
1889  was  £51,886.  In  1890  the  amount  realized  fund  of  £50,000  has  been  created  which  is  avaU- 
was  £63,009.  The  export  of  fresh  pine-apples  was  able  for  the  purposes  of  public  works, 
valued  at  £25,558,  and  that  of  preserved  pine-  Barbadoes. — The  island  of  Barbadoes  has  an 
apples  at  £4,500.  In  1890  the  export  of  pine-  area  of  166  square  miles.  The  population  in 
apples  rose  to  £49,795,  and  that  of  the  canned  1889  was  182,000.  The  Governor  now  in  office 
fruit  to  £6,126.  The  export  of  oranges  was  is  Sir  Walter  J.  Kendall.  There  is,  besides  an 
£3,961,  as  compared  with  £3,040  in  1889.  The  Executive  and  a  Legislative  Council,  a  House  of 
value  of  the  cotton  crop  increased  from  £1,074  to  Assembly  of  24  members  elected  annaally  by 
£1,593.  In  1891  mail  steam  communication  be-  the  colonists.  The  receipts  of  the  Government 
tween  the  several  islands  was  established.  A  in  1889  were  £175,000,  ana  the  expenses  £146,000. 
cable  to  connect  the  islands  with  Florida  and  the  The  imports  amounted  to  £1,211,000,  and  the 
telegraph  system  of  the  world  had  been  decided  exports  to  £1,030,000.  Su^r  is  the  staple 
on.  The  development  of  the  cultivation  of  sisal  product,  and  since  the  colonial  sugar  was  sup- 
fiber  is  likely  to  make  an  extraordinary  difference  planted  in  the  English  market  by  bounty>fed 
in  the  position  which  this  group  of  rocks  and  beet  sugar  the  bulk  of  the  crop,  from  87  to  95 
Islands  has  hitherto  held  among  British  posses-  percent,  has  gone  to  the  United  States  Ameri- 
sions.  The  conversion  of  what  was  once  looked  can  fiour  has  been  used  by  the  islanders  to  the 
upon  as  a  useless  weed  into  a  source  of  wealth  exclusion  of  all  other  sorts,  and  from  this  and 
has  been  sudden.  Only  four  years  a^o  the  natives  the  imports  of  meat,  bread,  salted  meats,  horses, 
were  complaining  of  the  impossibility  of  eradi-  mules,  oil,  corn,  oats,  meal,  butter,  cheese,  lard, 
eating  the  aloe-luce  shrub  from  the  lime  soil  of  kerosene,  and  staves  and  shooks,  duties  have 
their  plantations.  It  grew  wild  everywhere ;  its  been  collected  amounting  t4>  £37,000  a  year.  In 
long,  mtractable  leaves  obtruded  themselves  in  order  to  secure  the  benefits  of  the  reciprocity 
the  midst  of  every  crop ;  the  most  determined  clause  of  the  McKinley  tariff  act  the  Govem- 
efforts  at  repression  were  unavailing.  The  com-  ment  has  removed  or  reduced  these  duties. 
mercial  experience  of  Sii  Ambrose  Shea  enabled  Trinidad. — Trinidad  and  its  dependency, 
him  to  perceive  the  possible  value  of  such  a  fiber  Tobago,  lie  near  the  month  of  the  Orinoco 
as  that  contained  in  the  sisal  leaves.  Experts  river.  The  Governor  is  Sir  William  Robinson, 
from  Newfoundland  were  the  first  to  confirm  the  The  government  is  that  of  a  Crown  colony.  The 
opinion  which  he  had  formed  of  the  fiber.  It  area  of  Trinidad  is  1,754  square  miles,  that  of 
was  recognized  as  possessing  qualities  equal  to  Tobago  114  square  miles.  The  former  had 
those  of  tne  best  rope  fibers.  Negotiations  were  196,172  and  the  latter  20,626  inhabitants  in 
entered  into  for  its  cultivation.  Early  in  1890  a  1889.  The  products  are  sugar,  cacao,  coffee, 
bounty  amounting  to  £4  10«.  per  ton  exported  pea-nut5,  cocoa-nuts,  and  asphalt  urn,  which  is 
was  granted  for  a  period  of  several  years,  and  obtained  from  a  large  pitch  lake  in  the  center  of 
capital  began  to  flow  into  the  islands.  Govern-  the  island.  Fruit  growing  is  on  the  increase, 
ment  lands  which  had  previously  been  regarded  and  the  cultivation  of  the  hemp  fiber  has  been 
as  waste  were  taken  up  for  the  cultivation  of  the  started.  In  Tobago,  which  was  annexed  to 
fiber,  and  the  price  of  them  was  raised  from  5«.  Trinidad  in  1889.  cotton  and  tobacco  have 
to  £4  an  acre.  Investors  were  promised  that  not  begun  to  be  cultivated.  The  revenue  in  18J=^9 
more  than  100.000  acres  would  be  allotted  to  this  was  £453,000,  and  the  expenditure  $463,000. 
culture  for  the  first  ten  vears.  Within  a  year  The  imports  were  valued  at  £2.094.000,  and  the 
and  a  half  this  quantity  ol  land  had  been  taken  exports  at  £2,309,000.  The  immigrants,  who 
up.  It  has  been  found  that  an  acre  of  land  will  are  chiefly  coolies  from  Madras,  numbered  3,252. 
produce  a  yearly  crop  of  about  half  a  ton  of  fiijber.  and  the  emigration  was  688.  Commerce  with 
The  sisal  plants  last  from  twelve  to  fifteen  years,  the  United  States  has  in  late  years  grown  at  the 
They  are  planted  in  rows  with  young  ones  com-  expense  of  the  trade  with  Great  Britain  and 
ing  between  them,  so  that  the  crop  is  practically  British  possessions.  The  trade  with  the  United 
self-renewing,  while  the  soil  is  inexhaustible.  The  States  increased  from  £591,557  in  18*J1  to 
preparation  for  market  consists  simply  in  crush-  £1,153,563  in  1890,  or  from  less  than  one  eighth  to 
ing  the  leaves  through  rollers  and  washing  away  more  than  one  fourth  of  the  whole  trade  of  the 
the  juicy  matter  which  is  thus  reduced  to  pulp,  colony.  The  tonnage  entered  and  cleared  has 
Very  little  labor  is  required,  and,  while  the  price  increased  from  877,611  to  1,276,970  tons  in  ten 
of  the  fiber  ranges  up  to  £34  a  ton,  the  cost  of  years.  Trinidad  has  54  miles  of  railroads  and 
production  and  delivery  averages    about  £12.  717  miles  of  telegraphs. 


WEST  INDIEa  WEST  VIRGINIA.              865 

The  Danish  AntlUm.— The  possessions  of  8,528,227  francs.    The  expenditure  of  the  home 

Denmark  consist  of  three  small  islands.    Santa'  Goremment  was  2,006,588  francs  in  1800.    The 

Cruz  or  St.  Croix  has  an  area  of  74  souare  colony  is  administered  by  a  Governor,  and  has 

miles,  and  a  population  of  18,480  individuals,  of  an  elective  General  Council, 

whom  about  5,000  are  white.    St.  Thomas  has  The  Dntch  Antilles.— The  Dutch  colony  of 

an  area  of  23  square  miles,  and  14,880  inhab-  CuraQao  consists  of  the  islands  of  Curasao,  Bo- 

itants,  according  to  the  preliminary  returns  of  uaire,  Aruba,a  part  of  San  Martin,  St  Eustache, 

the  oensus  of  Feb.  1,  1800,    St.  John,  with  an  and  Saba.    Curasao  has  an  area  of  210  souare 

area  of  21  square  miles,  had  at  the  same  date  a  miles  and  25,877  inhabitants.    Bonaire,  wiui  an 

population  of  044.    Christian  Hans  Arendrup  area  of  05  square  miles,  has  4,701  inhabitants ; 

has  been  Governor  since  1881.    He  is  assisted  by  Aruba,  60  square  miles  in  extent,  has  7,865 ;  the 

an    Executive   Council  and   by  a   Legislative  Dutch  or  southern  part  of  San  Martin  supports 

Council  consisting  partly  of  elective  and  partly  4,481  people  on  17  square  miles ;  and  St.  Eus- 

of  nominated  members.   St.JohnandSt.Tnomas  tacheand  Saba,  one  7  and  the  other  5  square 

have  a  Colonial  Council  in  common,  and  St.  miles   in  extent,  are  peopled   respectively  by 

Croix  a  separate  one.    The  principal  products  1,568  and  2,524  persons.    The  colony  is  admin- 

of  St.  Croix  are  rum,  sugar,  and  molasses.    St.  istered  by  a  Governor,  who  is  assisted  by  a 

Thomas  has  a  rich  soil,  producing  vegetables  Council  composed  of  four  members  nominated 

and  fruits  in  great  variet;^,  and  tobacco  and  by  the  Crown,  one  being  the  Attorney-General. 

coffee  of  fine  quality.    This  island  is  a  free  {wrt  The  revenue  for  1800  was  507,000  guilders,  as 

The  steamships  of  the  European  and  American  estimated  in  the  budget,  and  the  expenditure  was 

lines  stop  there,  and  Charlotte  Amalia,  a  town  672,000  guilders,  the  deficiency  being  supplied  by 

of  18,000  inhabitants,  is  the  chief  commercial  the  home  Government     The  budget  for  180*1 

depot  for  many  of  the  West  Indian  islands.  The  makes  receipts  and  expenses  balance  at  681,211 

commerce  of  the  islands  is  chiefly  with  Den-  guilders.    Tne  imports  in  1887  were  valued  at 

mark,  the  United  States,  and  Great  Britain.    In  8.240,006  guilders,  and  the  exports  of  the  smaller 

the  year  ending  June  80,  1800,  the  United  SUtes  islands  at  510,200  guilders.    In  1888  the  imports 

imported  from  the  Danish  colony  merchandise  were  2,810,211  guilders,  and  the  exports,  exclu- 

of  the  value  of  $588,780,  and  exported  to  the  sive  of  Cura9ao,  560,814  guilders.    The  chief 

islands  goods  of  the  value  of  $704,208.    The  products  are  com,  beans,  cattle,  lime,  salt,  and 

total  imports  into  St  Thomas  for  the  year  end-  fruits.    The  rinds  of  oranges  are  shipped  to 

ing  March  81,  1880,  were  $1,126,000,  of  which  Holland,  where  they  are  used  for  the  manu- 

$343,000  came  from  the  United  States  and  an  facture  of  the  liquor  known  as  Cura9ao.    In 

equal  amount  from  Great  Britain.  1880~*00  the  imports  from  the  Dutch  Antilles 

The  French  Colonies.— Guadeloupe,  in  the  into  the  United  States  were  $104,036  in  value. 

Lesser  Antilles,  has  an  area  of  860  square  miles  and  the  exports  from  the  United  States  to  those 

and  a  population  of  182,182.    The  Gfovemor  is  islands  were  $600,603. 

assisted  by  a  Legislative  Council,  the  members  WEST  YIRGINIA,  a  Southern  State,  ad- 

of  which  are  elected.    The  chief  town  is  Pointe-  mitted  to  the  Union  June  10,  1868 ;  area,  24,- 

&-Pitre,  with  a  population  of  15,172.    The  politi-  780  square  miles ;  population  in  1800,  762,704 

cal  capital,  Basse  Terre,  has  0,500  inhabitants.  Capital,  Charleston. 

The  receipts  in  1880  balanced  expenditures  and  Goremment. — The  following  were  the  State 
amounted  to  5,027,180  francs.  The  expenditure  officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  A.  B.  Flem- 
of  France  was  2,122,085  francs  in  1800.  There  ing;  Secretary  of  State.  William  A.  Ohley; 
is  a  debt  of  1,000.000  francs.  There  are  60  Treasurer,  William  G.  Thompson  ;  Auditor, 
miles  of  railroad.  The  trade  is  mainlv  with  Patrick  F.  Duflej;  Attorney-General,  Alfred 
France  and  the  United  States.  The  total  value  Caldwell ;  Superintendent  of  Free  Schools, 
of  the  imports  in  1880  was  24,700,000  francs,  and  Benjamin  S.  Morgan ;  Adjutant-General,  B.  H. 
that  of  the  exports  23,500,000  francs.  The  prod-  Oxley ;  President  of  the  Supreme  Court.  Daniel 
nets  are  sugar,  cofFee,  cacao,  vanilla,  spices,  B.  Lucas ;  Judges,  Henrv  Brannon,  J.  W.  Eng- 
manioc,  yams,  rice,  maize,  vegetables,  tobacco,  lish,  H.  A.  Holt ;  Clerk,  t).  S.  Long— all  Demo- 
ramie  fiber,  cotton.  India-rubber,  cabinet  woods,  crats. 

anotto,  sheep,  pigs,  and  cattle.    The  depend-  The  Senate  consists  of  16  Democrats  and  10 

encies  of  Guaaeloupe   are  the  islands  of  La  Republicans ;  the  Hous^  of  44  Democrats  and  21 

D^irade,  Les  Saintes  and  Petite-Terre,  Marie  Republicans. 

Galante,  St.  Barth^lemy,  and  San  Martin,  with  Finances.— The  total  debt,  less  the  sinking 

a  combined  area  of  100' square  miles  and  28,605  fund,  in  1800  was  $184,511,  against  $127,511  in 

inhabitants.  1880.    The  bonded  debt  in  1800  was  $135,511 ; 

Martinique,   in  the  Caribbean  Sea,    has   an  the  floating  debt,  $40,000.    The  debt  ner  capita, 

area  of  380  square  miles.    The  population  in  therefore,  less  the  sinking  fund,  in  loOO  was  24 

1888  was  175,868.    St  Pierre,  the  chief  town,  cents,  against  21  cents  in  1880.    The  State's 

had  18,707  inhabitants.    The  chief  product  is  appropriation  to  the  World^s  Fair  at  Chicago 

sugar.    All  tropical  fruits  and  vegetables  grow  amounts  to  $40,000,  being  $20,000  more  than 

prolifically,  and  bananas  are  an  important  article  the  appropriation  made  for  the  Centennial  Ex- 

of  export    The  chief  imports  are  flour,  fer-  position  of  1876. 

tilizers,  rice,  salted  fish,  ana  cotton  goods.  The  Board  of  Health. — Gov.  Fleming  appointed, 
exports  consist  mainly  of  sugar  and  liquors.  May  28, 1801,  for  First  District  Dr.  William  M. 
The  total  value  of  the  imports  in  1^8  was  Late,  Bridgeport  Harrison  County,  for  the  term 
22,000,000  francs,  and  that  of  exports  21,500,000  ending  June  1, 1804;  Dr.  L.  D.  Wilson,  Wheel- 
francs.  There  are  120  miles  of  railroad.  The  ing,  for  the  term  ending  June  1, 1805.  Second 
receipts  and  expenditures  in  1880  balanced  at  District,  Dr.  L.  S.  Brock,  Morgantown,  for  the 

VOL.  XXXI. — 55  A 


866                WEST  VIRGINIA.  WISCONSIN. 

term  ending  June  1, 1898.    Third  District,  Dr.  lOi;  the  average  earnings  of  miners  per  month, 

B.  P.  Irons,  Pickaway,  Monroe  County,  for  the  $39.25. 

term  ending  June  1,  1893.    Dr.  W.  P.  Ewing,  Petrolenm.— Out  of  a  total  prodaction  of 

Charleston,  for  the  term  ending  June  1,  1894.  84,820,806  barrels  of  petroleum  m  the  United 

Fourth  District,  Dr.  I.  P.  Carpenter,  Poca,  Put-  States  in  1889,  West  Virginia,  according  to  a 

nam  County.  bulletin  of  the  Census  Office,  produced  8d8,269. 

Ednoatlon. — ^The  per  cent,  of  gain  in  public-  Oil  was  i>roduced  in  eleven  States,  West  Vir- 

school  enrollment  to  June  26,  1891,  was  84*42,  ginia  coming  fourth  on  the  list 

while  the  gain  in  population  was  23*84.     In  Land. — ^ve  thousand  acres  of  timber  land 

Charleston,  the  enumeration  for  1890  was  2,128,  in    Preston   County  were   sold  this  year    for 

and  the  attendance  1,548.  $50,000  to  a  Philadelphia  syndicate. 

On  June  23, 1891,  the  Board  of  Education  for  WISCONSIN,  a  Western  Stete,  admitted  to 

the  independent  district  of  Charleston  resolved  the  Union  May  29,  1848 ;  area,  56,040  square 

to  advertise  an  election  asking  for  bonds  for  miles.    The  population,  according  to  each  de- 

$30,000,  of  which  $10,000  are  to  be  used  for  a  cennial  census  since  admission,  was  305,891  in 

school-house  for  colored  children.  1850;  775,881  in  1860;  1,054,670  in  1870;  1,815,- 

To  the  West  Virginia  Colored  Institute  Gov.  497  in  1880 ;  and  1,686,880  in  1890.    Capital, 

Fleming  appointed,  on  May  28, 1891,  as  regents,  Madison. 

Benjamm  W.  Byrne  and  Benjamin  F.  Wyatt,  Oovernment,— The  following  were  the  State 

Charleston ;   Charles  H.  Turner,  Parkersburg ;  officers  during  the  year :  Governor,  George  W. 

John  A.  Myers,  Momintown;  and  Samuel  r.  Peck,  Democrat;  Lieutenant-Governor,  Charles 

Haven,  Glen  Easton,  Marshall  County.    On  May  Jonas ;  Secretary  of  State,  Thomas  J.  Cunning- 

28, 1891,  he  appointed  to  the  board  of  regents  ham;  Treasurer,  John  Hunner;  Attomey-Gen- 

f or  the  schools  for  the  deaf  and  the  blind,  W.  S.  eral,  James  L.  0*Connor  ;    Superintendent   of 

Wiley,  New  Martinsville,  Wetzel  County,  to  fill  Public  Schools,  Oliver  E.  Wells ;  Insurance  Com- 

a  vacancy  caused  bv  the  death  of  Dr.  Baird ;  D.  C.  missioner,  Wilbur  M.  Root ;  Railroad  Commis- 

Oasto,  Elizabeth,  Wirt  Countv,  to  fill  a  vacancy  sioner,  Thomas  Thompson ;  Chief  Justice  of  the 

caused  by  the  resignation  of  W.  P.  Vicars.  Supreme  Courts  Orsamus  Cole ;  Associate  Jus- 

Agrlcnltare.--The  first  State  board  met  at  tices,  Harlow  S.  Orton,  John  B.  Cassoday.  Will- 
the  Capitol  in  Charleston  on  May  4, 1891.  Presi-  iara  P.  Lyon,  and  David  Taylor,  who  died  on 
dent,  U.  M.  Turner;  Secretary,  Secretary  of  the  April  3  and  was  succeeded  on  "May  4  by  John  B. 
State  Grange.  On  May  14  the  Secretary  of  the  Winslow,  by  appointment  of  the  Governor. 
Interior,  at  Washington,  certified  to  the  Treas-  Legislatiye  S^slon. — ^The  regular  biennial 
ury  the  warrant  for  $15,000,  being  the  money  session  of  the  General  Assembly  b^nan  on  Jan. 
due  to  West  Virginia  as  her  share  of  the  money  14  and  ended  on  April  25.  ^th  Houses  were 
appropriated  for  the  support  of  agricultural  col-  controlled  by  the  Democrats.  On  Jan.  27  Will- 
leges  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  in  June.  1890.  iam  F.  Vilas,  Democrat,  was  elected  United 
The  delay  in  payment  was  due  to  the  raising  of  States  Senator  for  the  term  of  six  years,  to  suc- 
a  question  as  to  the  discrimination  against  col-  ceed  John  C.  Spooner,  Republican,  the  vote  in 
ored  pupils  in  the  West  Virginia  College.  The  each  House  being  as  follows :  Senate,  Spooner 
money  for  1891  will  be  paid  when  the  report  is  14,  Vilas  16  ;  House,  Spooner  81,  Vilas  66. 
submitted  as  to  the  disposition  of  the  money  ap-  The  Bennett  school  law  of  1889,  which  was  bit- 
propriated  for  1890.  terly  assailed  during  the  political  contest   of 

Game  Laws. — The  following  amendments  to  1890,  was  repealed  early  in  tne  session  and  a  new 

the  game  laws  have  been  passed :  No  quail  (Vir-  compulsory  education  law  was  enacted,  which 

ginia  partridge)  from  Dec.  20  to  Nov.  1 ;  wild  tur-  provides  that  "  every  parent  or  other  person 

key,  Jan.  1  to  Sept.  15 ;  ruffed  grouse,  pheasant,  naving  under  his  control  any  child  between  the 

Sinnated  grouse,  prairie  chicken,  etc.,  Jan.  1  to  ages  of  seven  and  thirteen  years  shall  cause  such 

ov.  1 ;  duck,  wild  duck,  woodchuck,  blue-winged  child  to  attend,  for  at  least  twelve  weeks  in  each 

teals,  etc.,  April  1  to  Oct  1 ;  snipe,  onlv  between  and  every  school  year,  some  public  or  private 

March  1  and  July  1 ;  woodcock,  only  from  July  school ;  provided,  however,  that  this  act  shall 

1  to  Sept.  15.    It  is  made  unlawful  at  any  time  not  apply  to  any  child  that  has  been  or  is  being 

to  entrap,  seine,  or  destrov  any  Virginia  par-  otherwise  instructed  for  a  like  period  of  time  in 

tridge,  and,  except  by  shoulder  gun.  to  hunt.  the  elementary  branches  of  learning,  or  that  has 

World's  Fair  Commission. — The  commis-  already  acquired  such  knowledge,  or  whose  men- 

sion  appointed  to  take  charge  of  West  Virginia's  tal  or  physical  condition  is  such  as  to  render  his  or 

exhibit  at  the  Columbian  Exposition  is  as  fol-  her  attendance  at  school  and  application  to  study 

lows :  Governor,  Hon.  W.  N.  Chancellor  ^t  a  inexpedient  or  impracticable,  or  who  lives  more 

salary  of  $1,200  per  annum);  Treasurer,  Hon.  than  two  miles  from  any  school  by  the  nearest 

George  M.  Bowers  (1   per  cent,   on   the  dis-  traveled  road,  or  who  is  excused  for  sufficient 

bursements) ;  Secretary,  W.  C.  McE^ay  ($600  per  reasons  by  anv  court  of  record.    Every  person 

annuni).  who  shall  violate  the  provisions  of  this  section 

Coal. — According  to  the  annual  report  of  the  shall,  upon  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  in  any 

State  Mine  Inspectors  during  the  year  ending  sum  not  less  than  three  dollars  nor  more  than 

Juno  30,  1891,  the  total  coal  production  was  twenty  dollars  for  each  and  every  offense."    The 

7,281,430  tons  of  2,240  pounds  each.    The  coke  local  school  officials  were  required  to  prosecute 

production  was  1,238,418  tons.    There  were  179  offenses  under  this  act,  and  they  may  appoint 

mines  in  operation,  in  which  14,178  men  were  officers  to  apprehend  truants, 

employed.    There  were  4,117  coke  ovens  in  oper-  In  order  to  put  an  end  to  the  practice  of  State 

ation,  and  777  more  were  in  process  of  buildmg.  Treasurers  in  collecting  for  their  own  use  the  in- 

The  average  number  of  months  worked  was  terest  on  public  moneys  which  they  had  dcpos- 


WISCONSIN.  867 

ited  in  banks  at  their  own  risk  and  without  war-  tax  of  one  tenth  of  a  mill,  the  proceeds  to  be 

rant  of  law,  an  act  was  passed  giving  the  Treas-  devoted  to  the  construction,  maintenance,  and 

urer  legal  authority  to  deposit  in  certain  banks  equipment  of  an  armory  and  drill  room,  a  build- 

at  the  risk  of  the  State,  and  requiring  that  in  ing  for  the  Colle^  of  Law,  and  a  building  for 

such  cases  the  interest  be  turned  over  to  the  practical  instruction  in  dairying,  and  for  such 

State.    Any  person  who  shall  hereafter  give  or  other  improvements   as   the  board  of  regents 

|)ay  to  any  State  Treasurer  interest  on  deposits  shall  deem  suitable. 

or  any  other  sum  of  money,  except  as  expressly        The  following  sums  were  appropriated  to  the 

authorized  by  law,  shall  be  deemed  ^ilty  of  State  charitable  and  penal  institutions:  To  the 

bribery.    By  another  act  the  Commissioners  of  State  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  $116,000;  to  the 

Public  Lands,  with  the  approval  of  the  Governor,  Northern  Hospital  for  the  Insane,  $150,000 ;  to 

were  authorixed  to  settle  any  claims  of  the  State  the  School  for  the  Deaf,  $74,000 ;  to  the  School 

against  past  State  Treasurers  arising  out  of  their  for  the  Blind,  $46,000 ;  to  the  Industrial  School 

retention  of  interest  on  public  moneys.  for  Boys,  $100,000 ;  to  the  State  Public  School, 

The  State  was  redistncted  for  members  of  the  $95,000;  to  the  State  Prison,  $6,000.    The  total 

Senate  and  Assembly,  and  the  following  new  appropriations  of  the  session  for  all  purposes 

congressional  districts  were  established :  aggregated  $931,476.18. 

First,— The  counties  of  Racine,  Kenosha,  Wal-        An  amendment  to  the  State  Constitution  pro- 
worth.  Bock,  Green,  and  Lafayette.  posed  by  the  Legislature  of  1889  prohibiting 

iS«rt>n^— Counties  of  Jefferson,  Dodge,  Dane,  and  special  laws  for  the  incorporation  of  cities  was 

CoUunbia.  .       «.,         -  ,,  „    ,  agreed  to  at  this  sessioii,  and  provision  was  made 

rAirci^-Countiesof  Adams,  Juneau,  \ernon,  Sauk,  f^j.  ^^  submission  to  the  people  in  1892.    Con- 

KichUnd,  Crawford,  Grant,  and  Iowa.  ,,^o«  «,««  .»^.».^.:«i;»<v^   ^j^  r>w^.^»«  ««  «*..»»^ 

Fourlhl-The  Fiiit,  Second,  ThiM,  Fourth,  Fifth,  ^Tess  was  memorialized  to  propose  an  amend- 

Sixth,  Seventh,  Eighth,  Nintii,  Eleventh,  Twelfthl  ment  to  the  Federal  Constitution  providing  for 

Fourteenth,  Fifteenth,  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  and  the  election  of  United  States  Senators  by  direct 

Eighteenth  Wards  of  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  and  the  vote  of  the  people. 

towns  of  Franklin,  Greenfield,  Lake,  and  Oak  Creek        Other  acts  of  the  session  were  as  follow : 
in  Milwaukee  County. 

/»/lCA.-^Countie8  of  Sheboygan,  Ozaukee,  Wash-        Distributing  the  money  received  as  a  refund  of  the 

ington,  and  Waukesha,  and  the  Tenth  and  Thirteenth  direct  tax  of  1861  among  the  various  funds  of  the 

Wards  of  the  city  of  Milwaukee,  and  the  towns  of  State  treasury. 

Granville,  Milwaukee,  and  Wauwatoea  in  Milwaukee        Providing  a  new  law  for  the  enforcement  of  liens 

County.  on  logs  and  timber. 

^'*Jr^A. — Counties  of  Waushara,  Marquette.  Green        To  prevent  deception  in  the  sale  and  use  of  imita- 

Lakc,  Fond  du  Lac,  Winnebago,  Calumet,  and  Mani-  tions  of  dairy  products, 
towoc  To  prevent  the  peddling  or  distributing  of  election 

*S.fre'n/A.— Counties  of  Pepin,  Eau  Claire,  Buffalo,  tickets  in  cities  of  160,000  inhabitants  or  over. 
Trempealeau,  Jackson,  Monroe,  and  La  Crosse.  Kequiring  the  Insurance  Commissioner  to  establish 

Eighth. — Counties    of   Wood,    Portage,  Waupaca,  a  form  of  fire-insurance  policy  to  be  used  by  all  fire- 

Outaaramie,  Brown,  Kewaunee,  and  Door.  insurance  companies  in  tne  State. 

MtUh. — Counties  of  Clark,  Taylor,  Price,  Ashland,        To  prohibit  discrimination  by  life-insurance  com- 

Oueida,  Lincoln,  Marathon,  Shawano,  Langlade,  For-  panics  in  favor  of  individuals,  between  insurants  of 

e»t,  Florence,  Marinette,  and  Oconto.  the  same  class  and  equal  expectation  of  life,  in  the 

Tenth. — Counties  of  Bayfield,   Douglas,  Burnett,  amount  of  premiums  charged. 
Sawyer,   Washbunij   Polk,*  Barron,    Chippewa,    St.        To  provide  for  the  incorporation  of  trust,  annuity, 

Croix,  Dunn,  and  Pierce,  guarantee,  safe-deposit,  and  securitv  companies. 

A  ballot -reform  law  enacted  at  this  session  .  To  enable   religious  and  church  corporations  to 

1-     V      11    1     *•        ««««,.*  *i,^o«  4^^  f/^«r«  or..!  foHU  firc-insurance  companies  for  the  purpose  of  in- 

apphes  to  all  elections  except  those  for  town  and  ^^^     ^^^^^  property.^  "^ 

village  officers  and  those  held  m  cities  oi  00,OUO        ^^  protect  associations  and  trade  unions  in  the  use 

inhabitants  or  more.  of  labels  and  trade-marks. 

The  employment  of  children  under  fourteen        To  create  a  pension  fund  for  members  of  fire  and 

years  of  age  in  any  mine,  factory,  workshop,  or  police  departments  in  cities  of  over  100,000  inhab- 

place  of  public  entertainment  and  amusement  itants. 

was  forbidden  except  in  certain  cases,  when  the        Amending  tiie  game  laws.  

.      .    J       "    „s.  ^^„^  «i.;i^««irT«.«,  f «,«!««        Changing  the  law  relative  to  the  property  rights  of , 

county  judge  may  license  children  over  twelve  married  women.  i-    f-  j    6 

years  to  work  in  such  places.  Appropriating  $50,500   for   improvements  at  the 

An  act  abolishing  the  State  board  of  super-  Veterans'  Home  at  Waupaca, 
vison  of  the  charitable,  reformatory,  and  penal  To  regulate  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  vinegar 
institutions,  and  the  State  Board  of  Charities  and  to  prevent  its  adulteration. 
and  Reform,  provides  that  the  duties  of  these  To  provide  for  the  organization  of  drainage  dis- 
boards  shall  be  discharged  by  a  SUte  board  of  tncts,  and  for  the  construction,  mamtenance,  and  re- 
control^  created  by  thi  act^  whose  members  P^T^'re'^'i^^^^^^^^^  the  preservation 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor.    The  offices  and  recount  of  ballots. 

of  State  fish  wardens  and  State  game  wardens        Regulatingthebusinessofmutual,  beneficiary,  and 

were  abolished  and  the  enforcement  of  the  fish  fraternal  corporations,  societies,  and  orders  providing 

and  game  laws  intrusted  to  a  State  fish  and  insurance  on  the  assessment  plan, 
came  warden,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor.        To  prohibit  the  sale,  transportation,  and  packing 

A  Stote  Board  of  World's  Fair  Managers  was  of  unwholesome,  stale,  or  putrid  meat  or  the  flesh  of 

established,  and  the  sum  of  $65,000  appropriated  ^'^^^^^^e  sale  or  giving  of  any  cigam,  cigar- 

for  its  use.  ,  .         -  ette,  or  tobacco  to  anv  minor  contrary  to  the  order  of 

In  addition  to  the  regular  annual  tax  of  one  the  parent  or  guardian, 
eighth  of  a  mill  for  the  State  University  the        To  provide  for  the  regulation  of  primary  elections 

levy  was  authorized  for  six  years  of  an  annual  in  counties  having  a  population  of  over  150,000. 


868                    WISCONSIN.  WYOMING. 

To  prevent  the  smoking  of  opium.  valued  at  $13,076,017.    The  oat  crop  is  reported 

Assenting  to  the  act  of  Congress  approved  Aug.  80,  at  49,348,000  bushels,  raised  on  1,481419  acres, 

1890,  appropriating  monepr  for  the  more  complete  en-  ^nd  valued  at  $13,817,413. 

dowment  and  ^^PP^^  f  Jj"3^,^^^^"l*»^  "^^  Snits  a^ninst  ex-Trea8iirer8,-Por  many 

the  mechanic  arts  in  the  several  otatcs.  ,,^«»„  :*.  C?!,  u^^^  ♦!,«  ^»^4-:«^  #«•   ««^v.   c».»i 

Making  4i  per  cent  the  minimum  rate  of  interest  If*"  ^^  ^^  been  the  practice  for  each  Sute 

on  Statetrust  funds.  Treasurer  to  deposit  balances  in  his  hands  in  cer- 

Empowering  married  female  lawyers  to  act  as  as-  tain  banks,  and  to  collect  for  his  own  use  the  in- 

signees,  receivers,  and  court  commissioners.  terest  thereon.     This  had  been  done  by  both 

Permitting  female  lawyers  to  act  as  court  oommis-  Democratic  and  Republican  Treasurers  up  to  the 

sioners.  ^.       ,        ,                 ,.     ,      .              . ,  present  year,  it  being  arsned  that,  as  the  deposit 

Providing  Uiat  when  a  man  dies  leaving  no  widow  ^^  ^;^^  ^^  ^^^  Treasurer's  own  risk  and  not  at 

tLTvmetj^Teb^^^  homestead  shall  be  subject  to  ^^^  ^^  ^^  ^^^  g^^^  ^^^  ^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^ 

Authorizing  a  loan  of  $150,000  to  the  State  Agri-  ^sk,  and  not  the  State,  ought  to  receive  the  bene- 

cultural  Society  with  which  to  purchase  fair  grounds  fit  of  the  interest.    In  the  i>olitical  canTass  of 

in  Milwaukee.  1890  this  question  was  considerably  discussed. 

Providing  for  the  establishment  of  a  sixth  normal  and  it  was  generally  agreed  that  the  law  should 

school.  be  so  chan|;ed  as  to  authorize  and  protect  the 

Edacation.— The  State  University  is  one  of  the  Treasurer  m  depositing  balances  in  his  hands, 
most  successful  institutions  of  its  class  in  the  ?nd  that  the  State  should  receive  the  accruing 
United  States.  Its  corps  of  instruction  includes  interest.  The  Democrats  claimed  that  under  the 
62  professors  and  teachers,  and  its  students  dur-  existme  law  the  State  had  a  right  to  the  mter- 
ing  the  year  ending  in  1801  numbered  1,097,  di-  est,  and  that  former  Treasurers  had  illegally 
vided  among  the  several  departments  as  follow :  converted  it  to  their  own  use.  Accordingly, 
College  of  Letters  and  Science,  558 ;  College  of  after  the  election  of  November,  1890,  the  Demo- 
Mechanics  and  Engineering,  137 ;  College  of  Ag-  cratic  Attomey-General-elect  announced  that 
riculture,  67 ;  College  of  Law,  118;  School  of  ^^  should  test  the  matter  before  the  courts  by 
Pharmacy,  56 ;  Summer  School,  131.  entering  suits  i^pinst  the  Hving  ex-Tpeasurers 

Charities.— The  foUowing  figures  show  the  Jo^  »  return  of  the  interest  The  flretsiut  was 
number  of  insane  in  the  asylums  of  the  State  on  5??«in  against  ex-'Hreasurer  K  C.  McFetndge,  m 
March  31 :  State  Hospital,  513 ;  Northern  Hos-  February,  1891,  and  wm  soon  followed  by  a  suit 
pital,  627;  Milwaukee  Hospital,  259;  Brown  against  ex-Treasurer  Henry  B.  Harshaw.  In 
County  Asylum,  90;  Columbia,  54;  Dane,  101;  August  siimlar  suits  were  begun  against  ex- 
Dodge,  104;  Fond  du  Lac,  98;  Grant,  108;  Treasurers  Henry  Baetz  and  Ferdinand  Keuhn. 
Green,  84;  Iowa,  103;  Jefferson,  100;  La  Crosse,  The  wises  against  MeFetndge  and  Harehaw 
106;    Manitowoc,  99;    Milwaukee,  120;    Outa-  came  to  trial  on  Nov  17  m  the  circuit  court  of 

famie,95;   Racine,  102;   Rock,  74;  Sauk,  57:  Dane  County,  where  the  hearings  occupied  about 

heboygan,  84;    Vernon,  101;   Walworth,  66;  two  weeks.    On  Jan.  18, 1892,  a  decision  was  ren- 

Winnebago,  70.  dered  in  favor  of  the  State,  requiring  the  de 

On  the  same'date  there  were  184  pupils  at  the  Pendants  to  account  for  and  pay  over  the  inter- 
School  for  the  Deaf,  and  83  at  the  School  for  the  est  received  by  them.  An  appeal  was  then  taken 
31ind.  'o  *'*^®  State  Supreme  Court, 

The  number  of  inmates  on  Oct.  31  at  the  State  ,  Political.— On  April  7  a  State  election  was 

Hospital  was  523;    at  the  Northern  Hospital,  held  for  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  to  suc- 

637 ;  at  the  School  for  the  Deaf,  176 ;  and  at  the  ^eed  Chief-Justice  Orsamus  Cole,  who  declined 

School  for  the  Blind,  80.  *    re-election.     Party  lines  were    not  drawn. 

Prisons.— On  March  31  there  were  536  con-  '^^^  ^^^  ^^^  candidates,  both  Democrats,  & 

victs  in  the  State  Prison,  388  boys  at  the  State  ^j  Pmney,  who  was  nominated  by  a  convention 

Industrial  School,  and  273  children  at  the  Stete  ?'  lawyers,  and  E,  S.  Ellis,  who  was  put  forward 

Public  School,  at  Sparta.    On  Oct.  31  the  popula-  ^y  I>emocratic  politicians,  though  not  formally 

tion  at  the  State  Prison  was  530 ;  at  the  Indus-  nominated.    The  people  elected  S.  U.  Pinney  by 

trial  School,  348 ;  and  at  the  State  Public  School,  »  I?.*^;?L2tv5?*  to  76,(^1  for  E.  S.  Ellis. 

j^                                                                       '  WTOMIN(j^,  a  Northwestern  Stete,  admitted 

State  Banks.- The  following  teble  presents  ^.}^^  Union  July  10,  1890;  area,  »7,890  square 

a  summary  of  the  condition  of  the  Stete  banks  '""«*  5    population    m    1890,  60,705.      Capital, 

on  July  6, 1891,  and  Jan.  4, 1892 :  Cheyenne.        ^     ^    ,  „     .                ,    ^ 

(^OTemment.— The  following  were  the  Sute 


macs. 


Ospltal 

DbpoAlta 

Specie 

Gash  Itema 

United  States  corroncy 


Jan.  4,  isn 


$A,041,900  00 

8a,fiS8,802  16 

1,104,970  80 

1,001,885  68 

8,089,251  01 


jBiy«  iwi.       officers  during  the  year:  Governor,  Amos  W 
'  Barber  (acting) ;   Secretary  of  State,  Amos  W, 


$5,161,800  00    Barber ;     Treasurer,   Otto    Gramm ;    Auditor, 

^wtlm  74    ^^»rle8  W-  Burdick ;  Attorney-General,  Charles 

815!4M  60    N«  Potter ;   Superintendent  of  Public  Instruc- 

8,288^961  57    tiou,  Stephen  T.  Farwell ;  Chief  Justice  of  the 

Supreme  Court,  Herman  V.  S.  Groesbeck ;  Asso- 


The  number  of  banks  on  the  former  date  was  ciate  Justices,  A.  B.  Conaway,  Homer  Merrill — 

91,  and  on  the  latter  date  104.  all  Republicans. 

Agrlcaltnre. — According  to  the  report  of  the       Stale  Legislature. — The  Senate  consiste  of 

Board  of  Agriculture  there  were  raised  in  the  12  Republicans  and  8  Democrate;  the  House,  of 

Stete  during  the  year  1891  13,543,000  bushels  of  25  Republicans  and  7  Democrats, 
wheat,  on  966,128  acres,  the  value  of  the  crop  be-       Leglslatiye  Session* — An  importent  act  of 

ing  about  $10,955,892.    The  com  crop  was  29,-  the  session  was  the  one  providing  for  the  supei^ 

718,000  bushels,  raised  on  1,113,842  acres,  and  vision  and  use  of  the  waters  of  the  Stete.    Itdi- 


WYOMING.  869 

vides  the  State  into  four  water  divisions :  The  out  of  any  funds  in  the  State  treasury  for  this 
first  to  consist  of  all  lands  drained  by  the  North  purpose.  The  commission  was  authorized,  if  it 
and  South  Platte  and  Snake  (a  tributary  of  Green  should  be  deemed  advisable,  to  erect  a  State 
river)  rivers  and  their  tributaries ;  the  second,  of  building  at  a  cost  not  to  exceed  $10,000,  or,  if  it 
lands  drained  by  the  tributaries  of  the  Tel  low-  should  seem  for  the  best  interests  of  the  State, 
stone  and  Missouri  rivers  north  of  the  North  to  unite  with  some  neighboring  State  in  the 
Platte  and  east  of  the  summit  of  the  Big  Horn  erection  of  a  building  to  oe  used  jointly.  And 
mountains ;  the  third,  of  lands  drained  by  the  at  the  close  of  the  exposition  the  commission  is 
Big  Horn  river  and  its  tributaries ;  the  fourth,  to  have  power  to  sell  the  building,  or  the  interest 
of  lands  drained  by  the  Green,  Bear,  and  Snake  of  the  State  in  the  joint  building,  and  return  the 
rivers  and  the  tributaries  thereof,  except  Snake  money  to  the  State  treasury.  The  compensation 
river,  a  tributarv  of  Green  river,  and  its  tribu-  of  the  commissioners  was  fixed  at  #5  a  day 
taries.  The  Snake  river  of  the  fourth  division  for  time  actually  employed,  and  expenses  neces- 
is  marked  on  the  maps  with  a  second  name,  the  sarily  incurred,  providea  that  no  public  official 
Shoshone.  Each  division  is  to  have  a  superin-  should  receive  compensation  further  than  his 
tendent,  who  shall  report  to  the  State  Engineer,  regular  salary  and  his  expenses, 
and  the  four  constitute  with  him  a  board  of  con-  The  commission  decided  upon  a  separate  build- 
trol.  Measurements  and  calculations  are  first  to  ing  for  the  State,  and  had  plans  drawn  for  one 
be  made  by  the  engineer  for  the  discharse  of  to  be  built  in  1893.  •  These  plans  were  the  first 
streams,  beginning  with  those  most  usea  for  to  be  approved  by  the  exposition  authorities, 
irrigation  or  other  beneficial  purposes.  Facts  The  exterior  will  be  an  imitation  of  stone.  The 
are  to  be  collected  and  surveys  made  to  deter-  interior  will  have  a  main  hall  24  by  40  feet,  with 
mine  the  most  suitable  locations  for  constructing  two  offices  on  the  first  floor,  and  sitting  and  toi- 
works  for  utilizing  the  water  of  the  State  and  to  let  rooms  above.  The  furnishing  of  the  build- 
ascertain  the  location  of  the  lands  best  suited  for  ing  and  the  money  required  to  arrange  the  col- 
irrigation.  The  division  superintendents  are  to  lective  display  are  expected  to  be  provided  by 
make  reports  regarding  the  amount  of  water  popular  subscription.  The  exhibit  of  mining 
necessary  to  supply  all  the  ditches,  canals,  and  products  and  the  like  will  include  a  ^reat  variety 
reservoirs  of  the  aistricts,  the  amount  actually  of  specimens — ^gold,  silver,  copper,  tin,  iron,  alu- 
coming  into  the  district,  whether  it  is  on  the  in-  minum,  sulphur,  borax,  soda,  asbestos,  graphite, 
crease  or  on  the  decrease,  and  what  ditches,  kaolin,  grinding,  polishing,  and  litho^ph  stone, 
canals,  and  reservoirs  are  without  their  proper  coal,  coke,  illuminating  and  lubricating  oils,  and 
supply.  If  it  shall  appear  that  water  is  received  natural  gas.  The  commission  expect  to  put  on 
by  any  one  of  these  m  any  division  of  his  dis-  exhibition  also  specimens  of  tools  lor  both  placer 
trict  whose  claim  post-dates  that  of  the  ditch,  and  under^ound  mining,  machinery  for  mining 
canal,  or  reservoir  in  another  district  as  ascer-  and  handling  coal,  and  dumping^,  drawing,  and 
taiued  from  his  register,  he  shall  at  once  order  ventilating^  apparatus,  together  with  maps,  mod- 
the  post-dated  one  shut  down  and  the  water  els,  and  pictures  to  illustrate  the  mineral  and 
given  to  the  elder,  his  orders  being  at  all  times  geological  deposits  of  the  State.  The  Committee 
directed  to  the  enforcement  of  priority  of  ap-  on  Agriculture  design  to  have,  in  addition  to 
propriation.  the  specimens  of  their  department,  diagrams  and 

Other  sections  of  the  act  provide  for  the  de-  plans  of  irrigation  works  and  maps  of  irrigation 

termination  of  priorities  of  right,  prescribe  the  districts.    They  also  offer  prizes  for  superior 

method  of  adjudication  in  disputed  cases,  the  grains,  grasses,  and  garden  vefi;etables. 

method  of  action  in  cases  of  application  from  Irrl|rAtlon. — A  census  bulletin  issued  in  Au- 

persons,  associations,  or  corporations  desiring  to  gust  gives  the  following  figures  concerning  ir- 

construct  new  distributing  works  or  enlarge  old  rigation  in  Wyoming :  There  are  1,917  farms 

ones ;  and  the  legal  standard  for  the  measure-  that  are  irrigated,  out  of  a  total  number  of 

ment  of  wate^  both  for  the  purpose  of  determin-  8,247.     The  total  acres  of  land  to  these  4,917 

ing  the  flow  in  natural  streams  and  for  distribut-  farms  is  1,508,860,  upon  which  crops  were  raised 

ing  water  therefrom,  is  made  a  cubic  foot  of  by  irri^tion  in  the  year  1890.    In  addition  to 

water  per  second  of  time.  the  irrigation  area  from  which  crops  were  cut  or 

Some  question  having  arisen  as  to  the  legality  gathenS,  there  were  approximately  240,000  aci-es 

of  the  election  of  Sept.  11, 1890,  as  regards  the  irrigated  for  grazing  purposes.    The  averaee  of 

county  and  precinct  officers  and  their  terms  of  first  cost  of  water  right  is  $6.62 an  acre;  ana  the 

office,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act  declaring  average  cost  of  preparing  the  soil  for  cultivation, 

that  since  the  election  was  called  by  the  Governor  including  the  purchase  price  of  the  land,  is  $0.48 

and  the  several  boards  of  county  commissioners,  an  acre.    The  average  present  value  of  the  irri- 

and  the  electors  voted  in  good  faith,  it  should  be  ^ted  land  of  the  State,  including  buildings,  etc., 

recognized  as  legal,  and  the  terms  of  office  of  is  reported  as  $31.20  an  acre,  showing  an  appar- 

the  county  and  precinct  offieers  were  prescribed,  ent  profit,  less  cost  of  buildings,  of  $18.50  an 

The  Coinmbian  Exposition.— The  Legisla-  acre.    The  average  annual  cost  of  water  is  44 

ture,  by  an  act  approvea  Jan.  10, 1891,  created  a  cents  an  acre,  which,  deducted  from  the  value  of 

board  of  commissioners  for  the  exposition,  to  products,  leaves  an  average  annual  return  of 

consist  of  five  members,  one  of  whom  should  be  $7.81  an  acre. 

the  State  Engineer.    They  were  to  hold  office  till  Indian  Lands.— In  October,  the  commission 

Jan.  1, 1894,  and  to  give  bonds  in  $5,000  each,  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  to 
An  appropriation  of  $80,000  was  made  for  the  *  negotiate  with  the  Shoshone  and  Arapahoe  In- 

expenses  of  the  State  exhibit,  and  it  was  pro-  dians  of  Wyoming  for  a  cession  of  a  piart  of  the 

vided  that  not  more  than  $10,000  should  be  Wind  River  reservation  effected  an  agreement 

drawn  in  each  of  the  years  1891, 1892,  and  1898  with  the  Indians,  under  which  they  cede  to  the 


870 


YOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION. 


United  States  more  than  half  their  reservation,  a  cash  payment  of  $50,000  will  be  put  into  funds 

the  Government  getting  about  1,100,000  acres,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Indians,  and  the  annual 

out  of  a  total  of  about  2,000,000  acres.    For  the  interest  expended  in  the  purchase  and  mainte- 

lands  ceded  the  Indians  receive  $600,000,  or  nance  of  an  Indian  cattle  herd,  in  giving  them 

about  55  cents  an  acre.    Of  this  amount,  all  but  irrigation  ditches,  schools,  and  other  things. 


X 


XTLOPHONE,  a  musical  instrument  com- 
posed of  strips  of  wood,  whose  sounds  are  deter- 
mined by  wooden  hammers  in  the  hands  of  the 
performer.  The  name  by  which  it  is  known  in 
Europe  and  America  is  derived  from  two  Greek 
words  meaning  "  wood  "  and  **  to  sound."  It  is 
called  Strohfiedel  or  "straw  fiddle"  and  ffotz- 
harmonica  in  Germany,  and  staccato  in  Italy. 
It  is  of  ancient  origin,  and  is  used  in  various 
modifications  in  manv  countries.  In  the  usual 
modem  instrument  tne  strips  of  wood  are  of 
graduated  lengths  and  thickness,  according  to  the 
tone  desired  to  be  produced  from  each,  arrang^ed 
in  regular  succession  from  left  to  right,  with 
their  wider  surfaces  uppermost.  They  are  made 
of  ebony  or  other  seasoned  or  hard  woods,  and 
are  held  in  place  by  two  parallel  lines  of  inter- 
laced or  knotted  cord,  while  they  rest  upon  slen- 
der strips  of  bound  straw  laid  horizontally  for 
their  support,  or  they  are  suspended  within  a 
box  or  frame  for  deeper  resonance.  If  they  are 
pierced  and  strung;  upon  the  cords  it  is  done  at 
a  slight  angle.  The  largest  slip  gives  the  lowest 
note,  and  is  usually  not  tne  first  note  of  the  scale, 
but  the  fifth  below,  and  the  highest  is  three  or 
more  notes  above  the  octave.  The  compass  of 
the  instrument  can  thus  be  varied  to  any  extent. 
The  mallets  are  small  sticks  tipped  with  balls. 
The  xylophone  was  derived  from  the  East,  and 
is  of  great  antiquity*  It  was,  known  in  China, 
in  Siam,  and  to  the  Hebrews  and  the  natives 
of  Barbary,  being  still  found  in  primitive  use 
at  Freretown,  Mombase,  on  the  eastern  coast  of 
Africa,  composed  of  five  large  separate  pieces 
of  wood,  eacn  thinner  at  one  end,  and  laid  upon 
two  strips  of  fresh  banana  wood  resting  on  the 
ground,  and  their  tones  are  produced  oy  strik- 


ing upon  them  with  hollow  short  sticks.  The 
natives  call  it  the  ma/rimha,  and  it  is  known  by 
this  name  also  in  Guatemala,  Central  America, 
where  it  is  frequently  seven  feet  long,  with  forty 
strips  of  hormego  wood  fastened  with  cordis 
tightly  stretched,  with  hollow  tubes  of  varyizig 
length  underneath  them  to  produce  more  full- 
ness of  tone.  The  Guatemalan  native  player 
varies  his  instrument  at  will  by  inserting  piec<« 
of  beeswax  under  the  end  of  any  piece  of  wood 
that  may  be  defective  in  mellowness  of  tone. 
The  ravctt'harmonicon  of  Siam  is  the  xylophone 
of  that  country,  and  in  Japan  it  is  the  motc-htne 
instrument.  The  wooden  strips  are  held  with 
cords  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  modem  in- 
strument, but  are  hung  upon  wooden  frames 
shaped  of  planks,  like  an  old-fashioned  cradle  for 
an  infant.  The  xylophone  is  an  evolution  from 
the  castanets  of  Asia  Minor,  the  transition  from 
which  is  natural  and  easy.  The  Chinese  king 
was  an  upright  frame  with  horizontal  bars,  from 
which  the  dappers  were  suspended  by  looped 
cord,  and  were  struck  with  small  maUets.  The 
instmment  used  by  the  natives  of  Samoa  is 
merely  a  movable  wooden  slat  fastened  to  a 
board,  on  which  they  beat  time  with  two  sticks. 
The  gamhang  gnma  harmonica  of  Java  has  hol- 
low cups  of  wood,  or  gourds,  under  the  strips,  to 
give  depth  of  tone.  It  has  two  minor  thircCs  not 
contained  in  the  diatonic  scale— from  third  to 
fifth,  and  sixth  to  octave.  This  scale  is  known 
in  Asia  as  the  pentatonic  scale.  The  latest 
adaptation  of  the  xylophone,  called  the  metallo- 
phone,  has  thin  strips  of  metal  on  frames  of 
wood.  The  xylophone  has  been  used  by  Lum- 
baye*s  orchestra,  and  Saint-Saens  has  introduced 
with  it  peculiar  effects  in  his  "  Danse  Macabre." 


Y 


TOUNG  MEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIA- 
TION. World's  Conference.— The  twelfth 
World's  Conference  of  Young  Men's  Christian 
Associations  met  in  Amsterdam,  Holland,  Aug. 
18.  Lord  Kinnaird,  of  London,  presided  at  the 
opening  session,  and  spoke  of  the  growth  of  the 
work  of  the  associations  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  Addresses  were  made  by  Mr.  Paton, 
of  London,  and  other  speakers,  on  the  training 
and  development  of  voluntary  workers.  The 
niiestion,  "How  may  the  Secretary  get  Young 
Men  to  enter  the  Work  ?  "  was  discussed  by  Mr. 
Robert  R.  McBurney,  of  New  York.  Mr.  Wishard, 
Secretary  of  the  College  Association,  gave  the 
results  of  his  observations  during  a  tour  of  three 
years  and  a  half  in  the  East  with  reference  to 
the  work  of  the  associations,  speaking  particu- 
larly of  the  work  in  Japan,  and  of  the  needs  of 


India,  China,  and  all  Asia.  Mr.  Hyde  Smith,  of 
Australia,  also  spoke  on  this  branch  of  the  sub- 
ject. Other  special  topics  discussed  during  the 
sessions  were :  "  The  Bible  in  the  Associations'^; 
'*The  Work  and  Place  of  Secretaries";  "The 
Young  Men's  Christian  Association  in  Roman 
Catholic  Countries,  and  how  to  counteract  the 
Difficulties  which  prevent  their  Development; 
"  The  Attitude  of  the  Association  with  regard  to 
Socialism  " ;  and  **  Spiritual  Life  in  our  Associa- 
tion :  the  Dangers  that  threaten  it  in  our  Actual 
Development;  the  Best  Means  of  maintaining 
and  increasing  it,  and  for  constantly  reomiting 
Active  and  truly  Converted  Members."  The 
members  of  the  conference  made  an  excursion 
to  Nymengen  on  the  Waal,  and  visited  there  the 
ancient  heathen  temple  which  Charlemagne  con- 
verted into  a  place  ox  Christian  worships 


INDEX   TO   VOLUMES   Xin,    XIV,   XV,  AND  XVL 

1888-1891 


Abbott,  B.  V^  obit,  xr,  6S1. 
Abbott,  Emma,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Abbott,  Joeiah  6.,  o1)it,  xvi,  608. 
Abdomen,  the,  xiii,  762. 
A'Beckett,  O.  A.,  obit,  xiv*,  668. 
Abel,  Sir  F.  A.,  portrait,  xv,  81. 
Abell,  Arunah  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 
Aberdeen,  S.  Dak.,  xv,  118. 
Aberdeen,  Waah.,  xvi,  146. 
Aberration,  conatant  of,  xiii,  66. 
Absentee,  xiii,  1. 
Abyasinia,  xiii,  2 ;  xiv,  1 ;  xv,  1 ; 

xvi,l. 
Accident  to  workmen,  Congress  on, 

xiv,  818. 
Acheaon,  A.  W.,  obit,  xv,  681. 
Acollas,  £mile,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Acropolis  at  Athena,  xiii,  26. 
Adam,  John  J.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 
Addington,  Lord,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 
Aden,  xiv,  898 ;  xv,  404 ;  xvi,  842. 
Adler,  N.  M.,  obit,  xv,  672. 
Adler,  Samuel,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Adventiats,  xiii,  6 ;  xiv,  8. 
Afghanistan,  xiii,  6,  489;   xiv,  6; 

XV,  8;  xvi,  3. 
Africa,  aouthem,  map  of,  xiii,  128 ; 

central,  map  of,  xiv,  849. 
Agar,  F.  L.  C,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Agnew,  C.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 
Agnostic,  xiii,  7. 
Agop,  P.  K.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Agrioultw«l  diatinctiona,  xiv,  728. 
Agriculture,  U.  8.  Department  of, 

estAbliahed,  xiii,  284;  xiv,  217 ; 

statistics,  xvi,  846. 
Akron,  Ohio,  xvi,  146. 
Alabama,  xiii,  8 ;   xiv,  6 ;  xv,  4 ; 

xvi,4w 
Alarcon,  F.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Alaaka,  boundary  of,  xiv,  862 ;  xv, 

866,881. 
Albert!,  C,  obit,  xv,  672. 
Albery,  Jamea,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 
Alcott,  Amoa  Bronson,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiii,  10. 
Alcott,  Louisa  May,  sketch   and 

portrait,  xiii,  11. 
Alexander,  E.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 
Alexandre,  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  616. 


Algeria,  xiii,  868 ;  xiv,  848 ;  xv,  888 ; 
xvi,  818. 

Alimonda,  G.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 

AUcock,  Thomas,  obit,  XAi,  608. 

Allen,  Horatio,  sketch,  xiv,  616. 

Allen,  J.  B.,  nominated,  xiii,  688. 

Allen,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  681. 

Allen,  Nathan,  sketch,  xiv,  616. 

Allen,  William,  jurist,  obit,  xvi, 
603. 

Allen,  William,  philanthropiat, 
obit,  xvi,  608. 

Alliance,  Churchman's,  xiv,  18. 

Allibone,  8.  Austin,  obit,  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  616. 

Allingham,  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 

Alloys,  xiii,  627 ;  xiv,  648 ;  xv,  680 ; 
xvi,  611. 

Alpena,  Mich.,  xvi,  146. 

Altar,  Boman,  xvi,  16. 

Aluminum,  xiii,  624;  xiv,  640;  xv, 
628 ;  xvi,  609. 

Amadeo,  sketch  and  port,  xv,  6. 

Amaria,  Michele,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 

American  Conference,  Internation- 
al, xiv,  440. 

Americanists,  Congress  of,  xiv,  18. 

Ameden,  C.  H.,  nominated,  xiii, 
694. 

Anesthetics,  xiii,  762. 

Anarchists,  trial  of,  xiv,  77. 

Andaman  Islands,  xvi,  844. 

Anderson,  Ind.,  xv,  118. 

Anderson,  M.  B.,  obit  and  port,  xv, 
681. 

Androssy,  sketch  and  port,  xv,  7. 

jVndrews,  A.  F.,  nominated,  xiii, 
241. 

Anethan,  Baron,  obit,  xv,  672. 

Angle,  James  L.,obit,  xvi,  604. 

Anglican  Churches,  xiii,  12;  xiv, 
9 ;  XV,  10 ;  xvi,  8. 

Annenkoff,  Qen.,  xiii,  7. 

Anniston,  xiii,  168. 

Antilles,  Danish,  and  Dutch,  xvi, 
866. 

Anti-Poverty  Society,  xiii,  20. 

Antiseptics,  xiii,  762L 

Anti- Slavery  Congress,  xv,  18, 
882. 


Anti-Socialist  law,  xiii,  870;  the 

movement,  768. 
Anzengruber,  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 
Apatite,  xiv,  16. 
Apox  section,  xiii,  666. 
Apparatus,  chemical,  xiii.  148. 
Appleton,  D.  8.,  obit,  xv,  682. 
Appleton,  John,  obit,  xvi,  604. 
Apportionment  of  Bepresentatives, 

xvi,  220. 
Appropriations,  congressional,  xiv, 

281; 
Arab  revolt,  xiv,  880. 
Arabia,  insurrection  in,  xvi,  828. 
Arbitration,  international,  xiii,  284; 

between  Costa  Bica  and  Nica- 
ragua, 618. 
Arbor  Day,  xiii,  609. 
Arch,  memorial,  xvi,  698. 
Archaeology,  xiii,  21 ;  xiv,  17  ;  xvi, 

12. 
Archbishop,  powers  of,  xiii,  14. 
Arco- Valley,  Count,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Arctic  discovery,  xiv,  865. 
Aigentine  Bepublic,  xiii,  84 ;  xiv, 

89 ;  XV,  16 ;  xvi,  28. 
Aristotle's  treatise,  fao  Hmile  of, 

xvi,  21. 
Arizona,  xiii,  87 ;   xiv,  81 ;   xv,  20 ; 

xvi,  26. 
Arkansas,  xiii,  89 ;  xiv,  88 ;  xv,  22 ; 

xvi,  29. 
Arkansas  City,  Kan.,  xvi,  147. 
Annenian  agitation,  the,  xiii,  769. 
Arms,  William,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Amason,  John,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Arnold,  Matthew,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiii,  41. 
Arsenic,  xiii,  144. 
Artesian  wells,  xiv,  248, 466. 
Arthur  Kill  Bridge,  xiii,  298. 
Art    See  Finx  Auts. 
Arts,  chemistry  of  the,  xiii,  148. 
Ashbnmer,  C.  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Ashland,  Wis.,  xv,  118. 
Asia,  central,  railway  in,  xiii,  7. 
Asmara,  captured,  xiv,  2. 
Associations  for  the  Advancement 

of  Science,  xiii,  42;  xiv,  86; 

XV,  24 ;  xvi,  88. 


872 


INDEX. 


Asteroids.      See     Astbonouical 

PROGRXaS. 

ABtor,  J.  J.,  obit,  xv,  682. 
Astoria,  Ore.,  xvi,  147. 
Astronomical    progress,   xiii,   46; 

xiv,  41 ;  XV,  86 ;  xvi,  50. 
Atohinoff,  N.,  at  Sagallo,  xiv,  28. 
Atchison,  Kan.,  xv,  118. 
Athens,  excavations  in,  xiv,  20. 
Atlanta  State  House,  xiv,  865,  866. 
Atlantic,  hydrography  of,  xiii,  58. 
Atomic   weights,    xiii,   146;    xiv, 

181;  XV,  105;  xvi,  115. 
Atwood,  David,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Aube,  Admiral,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Aube,  H.  L.  T.,  obit,  xv,  672. 
Aadouard,  0.,  obit,  xv,  672. 
Auersperg,  Prince,  obit,  xv,  672. 
Augier,  Emilc,  sketch,  xiv,  655. 
Augusta,  Empress,  obit,  xv,  678. 
Austin,  Tex.,  xv,  119. 
Australasiii,  xiii,  51 ;  xv,  45 ;  xvi, 

57. 
Australia,  xiii,  60 ;  explorations  in, 

xiv,  855. 
Austria-Hungary,  xiii,  67;  xiv,  7; 

XV,  49 ;  xvi,  64 
Automatic  screw-driver,  xvi,  708. 
Averill,  John  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Axtell,  Samuel  B.,obit,  xvi,  604. 
Ayres,  B.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 

Babbitt,  B.  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Babylonian  documents,  xiii,  80. 
Babylonian  exploration,  xiii,  88. 
Baccarini,  A.,  obit,  xv,  678. 
Baohe,  A.  D.,  port,  xv,  578. 
Bacon,  John  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 
Bacteriology,  xiii,  752. 
Baden,  Prince  Ludwig  Wilhelm, 

sketch,  xiii,  659. 
Bagally,  Sir  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Bahama  Islands,  xiii,  889 ;  xv,  407 ; 

xvi,  868. 
Bahrein  Islands,  xv,  404 
Baines,  Sir  E.,  obit,  xv,  678. 
Baker,  Alfred,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Baker,  G.  M.,  obit,  xv,  682. 
Baker,  Pet«r  C,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Baker,  W.  E.,  sketch,  xiii,  621. 
Baking  powders,  xiv,  182. 
Balance  of  power,  xiii,  72. 
Baldissera,  Gen.,  xiii,  8. 
Bald-Knobbers,  xiii,  565 ;  xiv,  567. 
Baldwin,  C.  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  622. 
Balestier,  Wolcott,  obit,  xvi,  604. 
Ballet,  the,  xiii,  581 ;  xiv,  579. 
Ball,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  655. 
Ballooning,  modem,  xvi,  71. 
Ballot-box  foigeiy,  xiv,  674 
Ballot  reform,  xiv,  536. 
Balmaceda,  J.  M.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Baltic   provinces,    xiii,  727;   xiv, 

753. 
Bancroft,  George,  sketch  and  port, 

XV,  57. 


Banks,  national,  xiii,  785 ;  zv,  840; 

xvi,  851. 
Banvard,  John,  obit,  xvi,  604 
Banville,  T.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  664 
Baptists,  xiii,  74 ;  xiv,  65 ;  xv,  62 ; 

xvi,  81. 
Barbadoes,  ziil,  889 ;  xiv,  408 ;  xvi, 

864 
Barbey  d^Aurevilly,  J.  A.,  sketch, 

xiv,  655. 
Barbour,  Oliver  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  617. 
Barcelona  exhibition,  xiii,  748. 
Bardsley  case,  the,  xvi,  716. 
Baigash,  Ben  Said,  sketch,  xiii, 

660. 
Baring,  T.  C,  obit,  xvi,  664 
Barker,  Fordyoe,  obit,  xvi,  604. 
Barlow,  S.  L.  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Barnard,  D.  P.,  sketch,  xiii,  622. 
Barnard,  Frederick  A.  P.,  sketch 

and  portrait  xiv,  78. 
Barnes,  A.  8.,  sketch,  xiii,  622. 
Barnes,  Demas,  sketch,  xiii,  622. 
Bamett,  J.,  obit,  xv,  674 
Bamum,  Phineas  T.,obit,  xvi,  605. 
Bamum,  W.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Barrett,  Lawrence,  obit  and  port, 

xvi,  605. 
Barron,  Samuel^  sketch,  xiii,  622. 
Barmndia,  arrested,  xv,  414 
Barry,  P.,  obit,  xv,  682. 
Bartlett,  Sidney,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Barton,  William  B.,  obit,  xvi,  606. 
Bartsch,  Earl  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Barttolot,  Migor,  xiii,  295  «#  9eq. 
Bass,  Lyman  K.,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Bates,  C.  F.,  obit,  xv,  682. 
Bath,  N.  Y.,  XV,  120. 
Bath-lift,  xvi,  706. 
Battershall,  J.  P.,  obit,  xvi,  607. 
Battle  Greek,  Mich.,  xv,  120. 
Battye,  Col.  B.,  killed,  xiii,  486. 
Baudouin,  Prince,  obit.,  xvi,  664 
Bauemfeld,  £.,  obit,  xv,  674 
Baxter,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  682. 
Baxter,  W.  E.,  obit,  xv,  674 
Bayard,  ^mi^obit,  xvi,  664 
Bay  City,  Mich.,  xvi,  148. 
Bazalne,  Franfois  Achille,  sketch 

and  portrait,  xiii,  80. 
Bazalgette,  Sir  J.,  obit,  xvi.  664. 
Beale,  Joseph,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Beard,  Charles,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Beard,  Henry,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Beardsley,  Ebcn  E.,  obit,  xvi,  607. 
Beardsley,  S.  B.,  obit,  682. 
Bears,  xvi,  541. 
Beatrice,  Neb.,  xvi,  149. 
Beatty,  Ormond,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Bechuanaland,  xiv,  106;  xv,  96; 

xvi,  108. 
Beck,  J.  B.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Beck  with,  0.,  obit,  XV,  688. 
Beckwith,  J.  W.,  obit,  xv,  683. 
Beds,  folding,  xiii,  81. 
Beech,  Migor,  xiii,  2. 


Beecher,  W.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  61& 
Beggars,  xiii,  184 
Behic,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  664 
Belcastel,  J.  B.,  obit,  xv,  674 
Belcher,  Nathan,  obit,  xvi,  607. 
Belden,  David,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Belgium,  xiii,  84;  xiv,  75;  xv,  68; 

xvi,  86. 
Belize,   Honduras,  view  o^   xvi, 

847. 
Belknap,  W.  W.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Bell  Cox  case,  the,  xv,  12. 
Bellew,  F.  H.  T.,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Bellova  Railroad,  seized,  xiii,  116. 
Belmont,  A.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Belot,  A.,  obit,  xv,  674 
Beluchistan,  xv,  485. 
Benares,  bridge  at,  xiii,  S99. 
Benedictine  ^onks,  xiii,  288. 
Beni  Zemour,  rebellion   ol^   xiii, 

574 
Bennett,   Charles  W^  obit,   xvi, 

607. 
Bennett,  Sir  J.  B.,  obit,  xvi,  664 
Bennett  school  law,  the,  xiv,  827 ; 

XV,  856,  856. 
Bennington  celebration,  xvi,  858. 
Benton  Harbor,  Mich.,  xvi,  149. 
Benton,  J.  D.,  obit.,  xv,  688. 
Berber  tribes,  revolt  of,  xiii,  576. 
Berchere,  N.,  obit,  xvi,  664 
Berg,  C,  obit,  xvi,  665. 
Bergaigne,  Abel,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Bergh,  Henry,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Bermuda,  xiii,  889;  xv,  407;  xvi. 

846. 
Berry,  James  S.,  obit,  xvi,  607. 
Berths,  swinging,  xvi,  709. 
Bessels,  Emil,  sketch,  xiii,  628^ 
Bethesda,  Pool  of,  xiu,  81. 
Betting,  idii«  87. 
Bevier  troubles,  xiii,  566. 
B^que,xiii,89. 
Bible  Christians,  xiii,  54« ;  xiv,  556 ; 

XV,  546. 
Bible  societies,  xiii,  92 ;  xiv,  78. 
Bicknell,  George  A.,  obit,  xvi,  607. 
Biddle,  W.  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  618. 
Bierly,  W.  K.,  nominated,  xiii,  268. 
Bigelow,  Allen  G.,  obit,  xvi,  607. 
Bigelow,   G.  £.,  nominated,  xiii, 

587. 
Bigelow,  Hobart  B.,  obit,  xvi,  6()7. 
Bigelow,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  684 
Biggar,  J.  G.,  obit,  xv,  674 
Billings,  F.,  obit,  xv,  684 
Binocular  vision  in  telesoopefe^,  xvi, 

718. 
Birdwood,  Sir  George,  xiii,  7. 
Birge,  Henry  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Birmingham,  xiii,  159. 
Bishop  of  Lincoln,  trial  of,  xiv,  1 1 ; 

oase  of,  xvi,  10. 
Bishop,  W.  I.,,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
.Bismarok,  retirement  of,  xr,  879; 

xvi,  827. 


INDEX. 


873 


Bissagoe  Islands,  rebellion  in,  xvi, 

752. 
BUtchford,  Lord,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 
Blaok  death,  jdii,  811. 
Black  mountain  expedition,  xiii, 

4M;xvi,m. 
Blune,  James  O.,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  801. 
Blaine,  W.,  obit,  xv,  684. 
Blair   educational   bill,  the,   xiii, 

284 
Blair,  8.  S.,  obit,  xv,  684. 
Blanchard,  £.  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  655. 
Blanchett,  J.  G.,  obit,  xv,  675. 
Blavatsky,  Helena  P.,  obit,  xvi, 

665. 
Blinn,  Christian,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
Bliss,  D.  Willard,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
Blias,  Isaac  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
Bliss,  Philemon,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
Blixaud,  Ulnstrated,  xiii,  602. 
Bloomington,  111.,  xv,  120. 
Blunt,  Asa  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
Boats,  house,  xiii,  US  et  teg, ;  col- 

kipeable,  98;  submarine,  798; 

folding,  xvi,  708. 
Bobbett,  Albeit,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Bocock,  Thomas  S.,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Bodichon,  B.  L.  8.,  obit,  xvi,  665. 
Bodley,  Baohel  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  624. 
Boehm,  Sir  E.,  obit,  xv,  675. 
Boer  trek,  the,  xvi,  107. 
BogartjW.H.,  sketch,  xiii,  624.   . 
Boggs,  C.  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  624. 
Bohemia,  xiv,  61. 
Bohemian  Ausgleioh,  xv,  58. 
Bois^  City,  Idaho,  xvi,  149. 
Boisgobey,  F.,  obit,  xvi,  665. 
Boker,  G.  H.,obit,  and  port,  xv, 

634. 
Bolivia,  xiii,  96 ;  xiv,  79 ;  xv,  71 ; 

xvi,  90;   exploration  in,  xiv, 

855. 
Bombay,  views  in,  xiv,  426, 427. 
Bombeiger,  J.  H.  A.,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Bonaparte,  Prince  Lucien,  xvi,  665. 
Bonham,  M.  L.,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Book-holder,  xvi,  708. 
Book  of  the  Dead,  xiii,  81. 
Book-protector,  xvi,  70a 
Books.    See  LrncBATuitx. 
Booth,  James  C,  sketch,  xiii,  624. 
Booth,  Mary  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  619. 
Borax  beds,  xvi,  862. 
Bozgess,  C.  H.,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Borneo,  xiii,  97 ;  British,  xiv,  898. 
Bosnia,  xiv,  64. 

Botkin,  J.  D.,  nominated,  xiii,  461. 
Botkin,TheodoBius,  impeached,  xvi, 

403. 
Botta,  Anne  C.  L.,  obit  and  port, 

xvi,  608. 
Botteaini,  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  655. 
Boudcault,  Dion,  sketch  and  port, 

XV,  72. 
Boudinot,  K  C,  obit,  xv,-685. 


Boulanger,  portrait,  xi,  852 ;  election 

of,  xiv,  388 ;  measures  against 

him,  885 ;  flight  and  trial,  887 ; 

obit,  xvi,  665. 
Boulangism,  xiii,  847. 
Boundary  of  Netherlands,  xiii,  87. 
Bounties,  xiii,  472. 
Bourn  amendment,  the,  xiii,  715. 
Bouverie,  £.  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  656. 
Bovee,  Marvin  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  624. 
Bowditch,  J.  I.,  sketch,  xiv,  620. 
Bowen,  F.,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Bowen,  J.  K,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Bowen,  Levi  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  620. 
Bowling  Green,  xiii,  159. 
Boxing,  xiii,  98. 

Boyce,  James  P.,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Boycott,  XV,  78. 
Boyd,  R,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Boynton,  J.  F.,  obit,  xv,  686. 
Brace,  B.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Brace,  C.  L.,  obit  and  port,  xv, 

686. 
Brackenbury,  H.,  obit,  xv,  675. 
Bradlaugh,  C,  obit  and  port,  xvi, 

666. 
Bradley,  Edward,  sketch,  xiv,  656. 
Brady,  John  R,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Bragg,  Walter  L.,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Brain  and  nervous  system,  the,  xiii, 

758. 
Bramwell,  F.  J.,  address,  xiii,  45. 
Brand,  Sir  J.  H.,  obit,  xiii,  660. 
Bratiano,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  667. 
Brazil,  xiii,  108;  xiv,  80;  xv,  75; 

xvi,  91;  Empress  of,  sketch, 

xiv,  671. 
Breckinridge,  8.  M.,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Breed,  William  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  620. 
Bremen,  incorporation  of,  xiii,  872. 
Brenner,  Carl,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Brentano,  Lorenzo,  obit,  xvi,  608. 
Brethren  Church,  xiv,  69. 
Brethren  in  Christ,  xiii,  770. 
Brewer,  David  J.,  sketch,  xiv,  805 ; 

port,  XV,  820. 
Brewster,  B.  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Brickwork,  xiii,  106. 
Bridges.    See  ENonmRnro. 
Bridgman,  L.  D.,  sketch,  xiv,  620. 
Brigandage,  xiii,  115 ;  xiv,  98 ;  xvi, 

827. 
Brigham,  David,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Brigham,  M.  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  620. 
Bright,  J.,  sketch  and  port,  xiv, 

656. 
Brightly,  F.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Brinckmann,  J.  B.,  sketch,  xiv, 

658. 
Brinley,  Francis,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Brinton,  D.  G.,  address,  xiii,  44. 
British  America,  explorations  in, 

xiv,  857. 
Brocklesby,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Brock ville,  xv,  121. 
Bronsart,  Gen.,  obit,  xvi,  667. 


Bronson,  8.  A.,  obit,  xv,  686. 
Brooks,  David,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Brooks  high'license  law,  xiv,  668^ 
Brown,  George  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Brown,  Henry  Billings,  sketch  and 

port,  XV,  819. 
Brown,  John  C,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Brown,  John  H.  H.,  sketch,  xiii, 

625. 
Brown,  J.  M.,  obit,  xv,  687. 
Brown,  Joseph  B.,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Brown,  Oscar  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Browne,  Geoige  W.,  obit,  xv,  686. 
Browne,  Thomas  M.,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Browning,  Robert,  sketch  and  port, 

xiv,  86. 
Brunei,  xvi,  844. 
Brunswick,  xiv,  141. 
Bubastis,  monuments  at,  xiii,  28. 
Bubastis,  work  at,  xiv,  27. 
Buckingham,  Duke  of,  sketch,  xiv, 

658. 
Buckland,  Cyrus,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Bucknell,  W.,  obit,  xv,  687. 
Buddhism,  xiii,  109. 
Buddington,  S.  O.,  sketch,  xiii,  625. 
Buerger,  £.  M.,  obit,  xv,  687. 
Building  and  loan  associations,  xiii, 

245. 
Bulgaria,  xiii.  111 ;  xiv,  95;  xv,  80 ; 

xvi,  96. 
Bulkley,  J«  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
BuUard,  Asa,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Bullock,  W.  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Buuce,  O.  B.,  obit  and  port,  xv, 

637. 
Bundy,  Jonas  H.,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Burchard,  8.  D.,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Bureau,  Achille,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Burgess,  Edward,  obit,  xvi,  609. 
Burial,  law  of,  xiii,  116. 
Burke,  E.  A.,  his  defalcation,  xiv, 

518. 
Burleigh,  E.  C,  nominated,  xiii, 

510. 
Burlington,  Iowa,  nv,  450. 
Burmah,  xiii,  487;  xiv,  429;  xv, 

486;  xvi,  377. 
Bumes,  James  N.,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Bumham,  T.  O.  H.  P.,  obit,  xvi, 

610. 
Bums,  Sir  G.,  obit,  xv,  675. 
Burton,  Sir  B.  F.,  sketch  and  port, 

XV,  86. 
Burwell,  Theodotius,  obit,  xvi,  610. 
Butler,  C.  M.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Butler,  David,  nominated,  xiii,  687 ; 

obit,  xvi,  610. 
Butte  City,  Montana,  xvi,  160. 
Butter,  analysis  of,  xiii,  144. 
Buttinger,  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  623. 

Cabanel,  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 
Cabell,  James  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  621. 
Cables.    See  Cordaox. 
Cable,  submarine,  xiii,  574. 


874 


INDEX. 


Cable  traction,  xiv,  295. 
Cahensly  agitation,  the,  xvi,  77i< 
Caiue,  J.  T.,  nominated,  ziii,  882. 
Cairoli,  Benedetto,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 
Calanan,  M.  £.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Caldwell,  S.  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  622. 
Calf-feeder,  xvi,  708. 
Calgary,  xiii,  160. 
California,  xiu,  117 ;  xiv,  98 ;  xv, 

88 ;  xvi,  98. 
California,  Lower,  xiii,  547. 
Callaway,  H.,  obit,  xv,  675. 
Calvert,  G.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  622. 
Calvinistio  Methodist  Church,  xiii, 

705. 
Cambridge,  Duchess  of,  sketch,  xiv, 

659. 
Cameron,  Charles   S.,  obit,  xvi, 

610. 
Cameron,  Sir  D.  A.,  sketch,  xiii, 

660. 
Cameron,  Simon,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  622. 
Camp,  Fredurick  £.,  obit,  xvi,  610. 
Campbell,  A.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Campbell,  Bartley,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Campbell,  J.  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Campbell,  J.  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  622. 
Campbell,  Jaboz  P.,  obit,  xvi,  610. 
Campbell,  J.  V.,  obit,  xv,  689. 
Campbell,  Tunis  G.,  obit,  xvi,  611. 
Campbell,  W.  H.,  obit,  xv,  689. 
Camps  for  boys,  xiii,  120. 
Canada,   Dominion   of,  xiii,  275; 

xiv,  275 ;  xv,  257 ;  xvi,  258. 
Canal,  Illinois  and  Michigan,  xv, 

428. 
Canalization  of  rivers,  xiv,  298. 
Canandiugua,  xv,  121. 
Cannon,  Anthony,  obit,  xvi,  611. 
Can-opener,  xvi,  705. 
Canterbury  Convocation,  xiii,  15. 
Canton,  xiii,  160. 

Cantwell,  E.  P.  C,  obit,  xvi,  611. 
Capo  Colony,  xiii,  122;  xiv,  102; 

XV,.  92;  xvi,  101. 
Capen,  Francis  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Capital  oases,  appeal  in,  xiv,  229. 
Car-building,  xiii,  128. 
Carey,  J.  M.,  renominated,   xiii, 

849. 
Carl,  King  of  Wurtemberg,  obit, 

xvi,  667. 
Carlin,  John,  obit,  xvi,  611. 
Carll,  David,  sketch,  xiU,  626. 
Carnarvon,  Earl  of,  obit,  xv,  676. 
Carney,  Thomas,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Camot,  Lazare  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Carr,  £.  L.,  nominated,  xiii,  594. 
Carroll,  J.  W.  11.,  obit,  xvi,  611. 
Caiskadon,  T.  B.,  nominated,  xiii, 

842. 
Carson  City,  Nevada,  xvi,  161. 
Carter,  H..  A.  P.,  obit,  xvi,  667. 
Carter,  Bobert,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Carter,  Samuel  P.,  obit,  xvi,  611. 


Carter,  T.  H.,  nominated,  xiii,  569. 
Carteret,  Antoine,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Carthage,  Mo.,  xv,  121. 
Casa  Grande,  xiv,  17. 
Cashmere,  xiv,  428. 
Cass,  George  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Cassidy,  Lewis  C,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Castro,  Manuel,  obit,  xvi,  612. 
Catacazy,  M.,  xUi,  269. 
Catalogues  of  stars,  xiii,  56. 
Cathcait,  C.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  627. 
Cattle,  improved  breeds,  xiv,  112 ; 

inspection,  xvi,  227. 
Cattle  diseases,  xiii,  586. 
Cattle  guards,  xvi,  707. 
Cave-<h«wingB,  xiv,  117. 
Caves  of  the  troglodytes,  xiii,  88. 
Cazauran,  A.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  623. 
Cecil,  Lord,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Cedar  Bapids,  xv,  122. 
Collier,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Celtio  earthworks,  xiii,  24. 
Census,  United  States,  of  1890,  xiv, 

214,  806 ;  xv,  821 ;  xvi,  840. 
Centennial  celebrations,  xiii,  670. 
Central  American    Union   move- 
ment, xiii,  255;  xiv,  610. 
Cephiasus,  discoveries  at,  xiii,  26. 
Cerigo,  temple  at,  xiii,  27. 
Ceylon,  xv,  404 ;  xvi,  848. 
Chadwick,  Sir  £.,  obit,  xv,  676. 
Chain,  elastic,  xvi,  705. 
Chaldean  cylinder,  xiv,  28. 
Chamber  of  Commerce,  Cincinnati, 

view  of,  xiv,  674. 
Champfloury,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Chandler,  P.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Chandler,  Balph,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Chapman,  Frederick,  obit,  xvi,  612. 
Chapman,  Henry,  obit,  xvi,  612. 
Chapman,  J.  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  624. 
Chapman,  O.  W.,  obit,  xv,  689. 
Chapu,  H.  M.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Charity  organization,  xiii,  184. 
Charkhi,  Gen.,  xiii,  6. 
Charleston,  xiv,  142. 
Charlottesville,  xv,  122. 
Charlottetown,  xiv,  143. 
Charpentier,  L.  £.,  obit,  xv,  676. 
Chase,  Benjamin,  sketch,  xiv,  624. 
Chase,  N.,  obit,  xv,  689. 
Chatrian,  A.,  obit,  xv,  676. 
Chattanooga,  xiii,  160. 
Chauveau,  P.  J.  0.,  obit,  xv,  676. 
Cheever,  B.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Cheever,  G.  B.,  obit,  xv,  689. 
Chemistay,  xiii,  187 ;  xiv,  122 ;  xv, 

98;  xvi,  108. 
Cherokee  outlet,  xv,  697. 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  xiii, 

516;  xiv,  582;  xvi,  494 
Chevreul,  Michel  Eugene,  sketch 

and  portrait,  xiv,  184. 
Cheyenne,  xiii,  161 ;  State  House  at, 

illustration,  848. 
Chicago,  xiv,  419. 


Chickering,  Charles  F.,  obit,  xri, 

612. 
Chihuahua  cathedral,  xvi,  528. 
Chilcott,  George  M.,  obit,  xvi,  612. 
ChUds,  C.  C,  obit,  xv,  640. 
Chili,  xui,  151 ;   xiv,  185;  xv,lll; 

xvi,  121. 
Chimney,  high,  repairing  a,  xv, 

286. 
China,  xiii,  158;  xiv,  187;  xv,  112; 

xvi,  138. 
Chinamen  excluded  from  Ecuador, 

xiv,  281. 
Chinese   labor   and   immigration, 

xiU,  62, 119, 156,  226, 888. 
Chin  e9q>edition,  the,  xiv,  480. 
Chippewa  Falls,  Wis.,  xvi,  15l. 
Chisholm,  W.  S.,  obit,  xv,  640. 
Chittenden,  S.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  624 
Cholera,  xiii,  151, 817. 
Chouteau,  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  626. 
Christian  Church,  xv,  116u 
Christian  Connection,  xv,  116. 
Christiancy,  L  P.,  obit,  xv,  640. 
Christian  Endeavor,  xv,  116 ;  xvi. 

145. 
Christianity,  introduction  of,  com- 
memorated, xiii,  728;  Society 

for  Promoting,  709. 
Christman,  J.  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  627. 
Chubb,  T.,  obit,  xv,  640. 
Chun,  Prince,  obit,  xvi,  668L 
Church,  B.  W.,  obit,  xv,  676l 
Church  Congress,  xiii,  19 ;  xiv,  14 ; 

XV,  12 ;  xvi,  12. 
Church  defense  institntkHi,  xiv,  18. 
Church  of  God,  xiii,  77 ;  xiv,  69. 
Church  property  conflscoted,  xiii, 

881. 
Church  union,  English,  xvi,  18. 
Cinchona  bark,  xiii,  97 ;  xiv,  SO. 
Circulation  of  the  blood,  xiii,  691 ; 

xiv,  704 ;  xv,  721 ;  of  money  in 

United  States,  xvi,  650. 
Cities,  American,  recent  growth  o(^ 

xiii,  168;  xiv,  141;  xv,  11&; 

xvi,  145;  8Utistic8of,Me  azticte 

Ukitkd  States  Cmswjb. 
Civilization,  archaic,  xiii,  25. 
Civil  Service  Commiarion,  United 

SUtes,  xiii,  880,  772. 

Civil  service  in  China,  xiv,  18& 

Claflin,  A.,  obit,  xv,  640. 

Clam,  Count  B.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 

Clam  Gallas,  Count  £.,  obit^xv]. 

668. 
Clapp,  Asa  W.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  612. 

Clapp,  William  W.,  obit,  xvi,  612. 

Clark,  Alexander,  obit,  xvi,  612. 

Clark,  Charles  B.,  obit,  xvi,  618. 

Clark,  Daniel,  obit,  xvi,  618. 

Clark,  Silas  M.,  obit,  xvi,  618. 

Clark,  Simon  T.,  obit,  xvi,  618. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  627. 

Clarke,   W.    A.,  nominated,  xiii, 

569. 


INDEX. 


875 


Clayton,  John  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  624 ; 

aasaasination  of,  xiv,  86;  xt, 

28. 
C  lease,  Antoine,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Cleveland,  xiv,  148. 
Climatic  changes,  xv,  689. 
Clinton,  Mo.,  xv,  123. 
Clothes-line  prop,  xvi,  705. 
Clouds,  xiii,  582 ;  xiv,  546 ;  xv,  584. 
Coal,  see  articles  on  the  Coal-pbo- 

Ducnro  States. 
Coal  palace,  xv,  140. 
Coast  survey,  xvi,  831. 
Cobum,  J.,  obit.,  xv,  640. 
Cochin-China,  xv,  384. 
Cochita,  ruins  at,  xiv,  18. 
Cocoa,  xiii,  287. 
Coe,  Israel,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Coelho,  J.  M.  L.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Coffee  plantation,  a  large,  xiv,  409. 
Coffee-planting,  xiii,  254. 
Cotfin,  J.  H.  C,  obit  and  port,  xv, 

640. 
Cotfin,  Boland  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  627. 
Cogalniceanu,  M.,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Coinage,  United  States,  xiii,  786; 

xiv,  808;   free,  xvi,  228;  xvi, 

849. 
Coir,  xiii,  247. 

Colbum,  Jeremiah,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Coloock,  W.  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  624. 
Coles,  Abraham,  obit  and  port, 

xvi,  618. 
Colfax,  Wash.,  xvi,  151. 
Collier,  S.  L.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Collin,  John  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  624. 
Collins,  Charles  S.,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  624. 
Collins,  R.  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Collins,  W.  W.,  sketch  and  port, 

xiv,  168. 
Colombia,  xiii,  175 ;  xiv,  164 ;  xv, 

150 ;  xvi,  175. 
Colonization,   xiii,   255 ;   German, 

127. 
Colorado,  xiii,  179;  xiv,  165;  xv, 

151 ;  xvi,  177. 
Colored  men,  convention  of,  xiv, 

588,  791. 
Columbia,  S.  C,  xv,  128. 
Columbian  Exposition,  xvi,  886. 
Columbus^s   First  Landfall,    xvi, 

181. 
Columbus,  Ga.,  xiv,  144. 
Colyer,  Vincent,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Comets.    See  Astbonoxt. 
Commerce  of  the  United  States^ 

xiv,  170 ;  XV,  154 ;  xvi,  184. 
Commercial  Congress,  Trans-Mis- 
sissippi, xvi,  160. 
Commercial  travolen,  decision  con. 

ceming,  xiii,  766. 
Communion  service,  water  in,  xiii, 

14. 
Compasses,  xiv,  878. 
Conant,  Thomas  J.,  obit,  xvi,  614. 


Concord,  N.  H.,  xvi,  152. 

Concord  School  of  Philosophy,  xiii^ 

11. 
Conder^s  "Basis  of  Faith,^ quoted, 

xni,  7. 
Confederate  monument,  xiii,  568; 

xvi,  582. 
Confederate  pensions,  xvi,  808. 
Confederate    soldiers,    xiii,    861 ; 

home  for,  xvi,  585. 
Congdon,  Charles  T.,  obit,   xvi, 

614. 
Congo  Free  State,  xiii,  182;  xiv, 

175;  XV,  162;  xvi,  198. 
Gongregationalists,  xiii,  188;  xiv, 

178;  XV,  164;  xvi,  196. 
Congress,  National,  in  India,  xiii, 

482. 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  xiii, 

188;  xiv,  188;  xv,  169;   xvi, 

201;    contested    elections   in, 

xiii,  285. 
Conkling,  Frederick  A.,  obit,  xvi, 

614. 
Conkling,  Boscoe,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiii,  237. 
Connecticut,  xiii,  288;   xiv,  232; 

XV,  239;  xvi,  234. 
Connor,  Patrick  £.,  obit,  xvi,  614. 
Conrad,  Joseph  S.,  obit,  xvi,  614. 
Constant,  Botelho  B.,    obit,  xvi, 

668. 
Contested  elections  in  the  Congress 

of  the  United  States,  xiii,  235. 
Conventions,  national  political.  See 

article  Unitxd  States. 
Convict  mining  troubles,  xvi,  821. 
Convict  system  in  Alabama,  xiii,  8. 
Convocation  of  Canterbury,  xiv, 

10;  XV,  11 ;  of  York,  xv,  11. 
Cook,  Eliza,  xiv,  286. 
Cook,  George  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  287. 
Cooke,  John  K.,  obit,  xvi,  615. 
Cooking-utensil,  a  new,  xvi,  707. 
Cook  Islands,  xiv,  401. 
Cooper,  Geoi^e  H.,  obit,  xvi,  615. 
Co-operation,  xiii,  241. 
Cope,  C.  W.,  obit,  XV,  677. 
Copper,  xiii,  525;  crisis,  the,  xiv, 

840 ;  and  tin,  xiv,  541 ;  xv,  528 ; 

xvi,  510. 
Copper  mines,  xiv,  595. 
Copyright,  international,  xiii,  234 ; 

xvi,  215. 
Coquilhat,  C,  obit,  xvi,  668. 
Corcoran,  W.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Cordage,  xiii,  247. 
Corea,xiii,  252;  xiv,  238;  flag  of, 

xiv,  289  ;  treaty  with,  xiv,  768; 

xvi,  238. 
Corinth  Canal,  xv,  281. 
Corliss,  G.  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  628. 
Comacchia,  Capt,  xiii,  4. 
Cornell,  T.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Coming,  N.  Y.,  xv,  123. 
Com  Island,  annexation  of,  xiii,  613. 


Comthwidte,  B.,  obit,  xv,  677. 
Corrado,  Nestori,  obit,  xvi,  616. 
Correnti,  Cesare,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Corrigan,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Corsicana,  Tex.,  xvi,  152. 
Corti,  Luigi,  sketch,  xiii,  660. 
Cortland,  N.  Y.,  xv,  124. 
Costa  Bica,  xiu,  258 ;  xiv,  239 ;  xv, 

242;  xvi,  24. 
Cottesloe,  T.  F.  F.,"obit,xv,  677. 
Cotton,  XV,  278 ;  mineral,  xvi,  528. 
Cotton-seed  products,  xiv,  240. 
Council  Bluffs,  xiii,  162. 
Couza,  A.,  obit,  xv,  677. 
Cowles,  E.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Cowles,  J.  P.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Cnug,  James,  sketch,  xiii,  629. 
Crammer,  S.  H.,  nominated,  xiii, 

263. 
Crampel,  P.,  obit,  xvi,  669. 
Crampton,  John  F.,  xiii,  266. 
Crampton,  T.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Crawford,  W.,  obit,  xv,  677. 
Crawford  case,  the,  xiv,  425. 
Crayon  portraits,  xv,  729. 
Creation,   Akkadian    account  of, 

xvi,  23. 
Crebs,  J.  M.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Crenuktion,  progress  of,  xiii,  255. 
Croswell,  J.  A.  J.,  obit,  xvi,  615. 
Cretan  question,  the,  xiv,  408. 
Crete,  insurrection  in,  xiv,  798. 
Crisp,  Charles  F.,  sketch  and  port, 

xvi,  242. 
Crispi,  Signer,  xiii,  4. 
Croasdale,  William  T.,  obit,  xvi, 

615. 
Crocker,  Charles,  sketch,  xiii,  629. 
Crocker,  J.  S.,  obit,  xv,  641. 
Crofters,  the,  xiii,  892. 
Croix,  L.  Be  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Croll,  J.,  obit,  XV,  677. 
Croly,  David  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  626. 
Crook,  George,  sketch  and  portrait, 

XV,  243. 
Crops,  the,  xiv,  814 ;  xv,  807. 
Crosby,  George  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  629. 
Crosby,  Howard,  obit  and  port, 

xvi,  616. 
Crossley,  John  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Cruisers,  new.   See  Unitxd  States 

Navy. 
Crutchfield,  W.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Cuba,  xiii,  256;  idv,  244;  xv,  244; 

xvi,  248. 
Cuciniello,  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Culver,  £.  D.,  sketch,  xiv,  626. 
Cumberland    river   improvement, 

xiv,  790. 
Cummin,  Hugh  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  626. 
Cummings,  J.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Curci,  C.  M.,  obit,  xvi,  669. 
Curley,  James,  sketch,  xiv,  626. 
Currency  circulation,  xiii,  785. 
Curtiun-rings,  xvi,  707. 
Curtis,  Benjamin  B.,  obit,  xvi,  616. 


876 


INDEX. 


CuTtiB,  Samuel  J.,  sketch,  xiU,  620. 
CurtiB,  William  B.,  obit,  xvi,  616. 
Customs  conference,  xv,  71. 
Cutler,  William  P.,  sketch,  xlv,  626. 
Cutter,  G.  F.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Cyprus,  xiv,  897;  xv,  404;  exca- 
vations in,  xiv,  21 ;  xvi,  842. 
Cyprus  Exploration  fund,  xiil,  27. 
Czartoryski,  Prince,  obit,  xvi,  669. 

Dahlgren,  C.  G.,  sketch,  xiii,  629. 
Dahomey,  xv,  244. 
Dakota,  xiii,  259 ;  xiv,  245. 
Dalhousie  College,  view  of,  xiv,  149. 
Dallas,  Tex.,  xv,  124. 
Dalles,  the,  Ore.,  xvi,  172. 
Dalton,  Ga.,  xiv,  144. 
Dalton,  J.  C.,  sketch  and  portrait, 

xiv,  249. 
Damala,  Jacques,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Damaraland,  xiv,  111 ;  xv,  96. 
Damien  de  Veuster,  J.,  xiv,  250. 
Dana,  Edmund   L.,  sketch,  xiv, 

626. 
Danbury,  Conn.,  xvi,  158. 
Dancing  mania,  xiii,  312. 
Danube  Commission,  xiii,  719. 
Danville,  Va.,  xv,  125. 
Dardanelles,  question  of  the,  xvi, 

784;  xvi,  828. 
Darley,  Felix  Octavius  Carr,  sketch 

and  portrait,  xiii,  629. 
Darling,  Henry,  obit,  xvi,  616. 
Daru,  Count,  obit,  xv,  677. 
Davenport,  Fanny  E.,  obit,  xvi, 

616. 
Davenport,  Iowa,  xv,  125. 
Davidge,  W.  P.,  sketch,  idii,  680. 
Davis,  Edwin  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  680. 
Davis,  G.  T.  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  680i 
Davis,  Jefferson,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  259. 
Davis,  John  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  626. 
Davis,  J.  W.,  renominated,   xiii, 

715. 
Davis,  Sir  J.,  obit,  xv,  677. 
Davis,  N.  H.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Davis,  B.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Davison,  H.  J.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Dawkins,  W.,  his  address,  xiii,  45. 
Dawson,  B.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  680. 
Dawson,  F.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  626. 
Dawson,  S.  K.,  sketch,  xiv,  627. 
Day,  Beiyamin  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  627. 
Day,  Hannibal,  obit,  xvi,  616. 
Day,  H.  N.,  obit,  xv,  642. 
Dayton,  xiv,  144. 
Deaconess  institution,  xiii,  605. 
Deane,  Charles,  sketch,  xiv,  627. 
Debray,  Jules  11.,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Debt,  United  States  national,  xiii, 

784;  xvi,  849. 
Decatur,  Ala.,  xiii,  162. 
Deoator,  111.,  xvi,  154. 
Dcccan,  mining  in  the,  xiv,  427. 
Dechen,  Heinrich,  sketch,  3dv,  659. 


Deep-Harbor  Convention,  xiii,  180 ; 

xiv,  485. 
Defalcation,  Archer,  xv,  519. 
Degener,  E.,  obit,  xv,  648. 
Delagoa  Bailroad,  xiv,  110 ;  xv,  96, 

789. 
De  Lamater,  C.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  627. 
De  la  Bue,  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  659. 
Delaunay,  J.  £.,  obit,  xvi,  669. 
Delaware,  xiii,  268 ;  xiv,  268 ;  xv, 

246;  xvi,  244. 
De  Leon,  Edwin,  obit,  xvi,  617. 
Delius,  Nikolaus,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Delphi,  temple  at,  xvi,  17. 
Denmark,  xiii,  265;  xiv,  265;  xv, 

248;  xvi,  246. 
Dennett,  Daniel,  obit,  xvi,  617. 
Denny,  Mr.,  in  Corea,  xiii,  258. 
Denver,  Cajntol  building  at,  xiii, 

179. 
Departments,  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, xiii,  875. 
Depeyie,  O.,  obit,  xvi,  669. 
De  Bussy,  Gustavus  A.,  obit,  xvi, 

617. 
Dervishes,  war  with,  xiv,  1. 
De8abaye-Chegaray,Eloise,  sketch, 

xiv,  627. 
Deslandes,  B.,  obit,  xv,  677. 
Devan,  T.,  obit,  xv,  648. 
Devens,  Chas.,  obit,  xvi,  617. 
Devon,  W.  B.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Devonshire,  Duke  of,  obit,  xvi, 

669. 
Dewey,  Nelson,  sketch,  xiv,  627. 
Dexter,  H.  M.,  obit,  xv,  648. 
Dick,  B.,  obit,  xv,  648. 
Dickerson,  E.  N.,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Dictionaries,  new,  xvi,  249. 
Digestion,  xvi,  786. 
Digestive  system,  xiii,  698;   xiv, 

706 ;  XV,  724. 
Dillingham,  Paul,  obit,  xvi,  617. 
Dillingham,  W.  P.,  nominated,  xiii, 

884. 
bionysoB,  discoveries  at,  xiii,  26. 
Diplomates,  dismissed,  xiii,  268. 
Direct-tax  bill,  xiii,  229 ;  xvi,  210, 

494. 
Direct-trade  convention,  xv,  865. 
Disasters  in  1888,  xiii,  269 ;  in  1889, 

xiv,  268 ;  in  1890,  xv,  251 ;  in 

1891,  xvi,  251. 
Disciples  of  Christ,  xiii,  272 ;  xiv, 

271 ;  XV,  267 ;  xvi,  258. 
Dissection,  xiii,  272. 
Ditson,  0.,  sketch  and  port,  xiii, 

680. 
Divorce,  xiv,  271. 
Dochartj,  G.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Dockery,  0.  H.,  nominated,  xiii, 

619. 
Docks,  at  Havre,  xiii,  801;  new, 

XV,  282. 
Dodd,  Edward,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Dodge,  E.,  obit,  xv,  648. 


Dodworth,  Harvey  B.,  obit,  xvi, 

618. 
Dogali,  battle  of,  xiii,  2. 
Dogs,  Egyi>tian,  xvi,  22. 
Dolaio,  Selina,  sketch,  xiv,  6^. 
DolgorukoS^  Prince,  obit,  xvi,  669. 
Ddllinger,  I.,  obit,  xv,  678. 
Dominion  of  Canada,  xiii,  275 ;  xiv, 

275 ;  XV,  257  ;  xvi,  258. 
Dominis,  J.  O.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Donaldson,  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  62& 
Donnelly,  A.  J.,  obit,  xv,  64a. 
Donnelly,  I.,  nominated,  xiii,  559. 
Donovan,  C.  S.,  obit,  xv,  644. 
Dorsheimer,  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  €31. 
Douid,  C.  D.  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  631. 
Donls,  Camille,  sketch,  xiv,  660. 
Dover,  N.  H.,  xiv,  145. 
Dowse,  B.,  obit,  xv,  678. 
Doyle,  Sir  Francis  H.,  sketch,  xiii, 

661. 
Drag-anchor,  xvi,  710. 
Drake,  T.,  obit,  xv,  644 
Draper,  Lyman  C,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Draper  memorial  ftmd,  xv,  48. 
Drayton,  Thomas   F.,  oUt,  xvi, 

618. 
Dredging  in  New  York  harbor, xiii, 

802,804. 
Dreseel,  O.,obit.,  xv,  644. 
Drew,  Thomas,  sketch,  xiii,  68L 
Drexel  home,  illustration,  xiii,  505. 
Drexel,  J.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  68L 
Drexel,  Kate,  her  new  order,  xri, 

774. 
Dromgoole,  J.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  682. 
Drummond,  T.,  obit,  xv,  644. 
Druses,  war  with,  xv,  805. 
Duderc,  C.  T.  E.,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Duell,  Bobert  H.,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Duffleld,  A.  J.,  obit,  xv,  679. 
Duffield,  George,  sketch,  xiii,  632. 
Duncan,  Francia,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Dunkd,  Aaron   K.,  sketch,  xiil, 

682. 
Dunlop,  G.  K.,  sketch,  xiii,  682. 
Dunster,  E.  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  682. 
Dunton,  W.  C,  obit,  xv,  644. 
Dupont,  Henry,  sketch,  xiv,  628. 
Dupr6,  Jules,  sketch,  xiv,  279. 
Dupuis,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Dupuy,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Durant,  E.  G.,  nominated,  xiii,  S44;. 
Durham,  xiii,  168. 
Duryee,  A.,  obit,  xv,  644. 
Dwight,  William,  sketch,  xiii,  682. 
Dyer,  Thistieton,  address,  xiii,  46. 
Dynamite  gun,  xiii,  796 ;  xvi,  558. 
Dynamite  plot,  idii,  897. 

Earle,  William  H.,  xiil,  242. 
Earth,  area  and  population  of  tli«, 

xvi,  261. 
Earthquake,  xvi,  892. 
Eartiiquakes,  xiii,  158,   288,    550. 

880;  xiv,  240,  282,-659. 


INDEX. 


877 


Eaasie,  William,  sketch,  xiil,  661. 
Eftit  Africa,  XV,  264;  xvi,  268. 
£atft  African  Company,  ziv,  881. 
East  Indies,  Dutch,  xvi,  564. 
Eaton,  L.,  obit,  xv,  646. 
Eau  Claire,  xiii,  168. 
Eckles,  D.  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  688. 
Eclipses.    See  Astbonomt. 
Eeuador,  xiii,  286;  xiv,  281;  xv, 

278 ;  xvi,  268. 
Eddy,  Zachary,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Education,  statistics  of,  xvi,  842. 
Edwards,  Henry,  obit,  xvi,  618. 
Edwards,  J.  N.,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 
Eggleaton,  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  688. 
Egypt,  xiii,  288;  xiv,  282 ;  xv,  278 ; 

xvi,  269. 
Egypt  Exploration  Amd,  xiii,  28. 
Ehninger,  J.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 
Eiffel  Tower,  the,  xiii,  809,  810. 
Ekin,  James  A.,  obit,  xvi,  619. 
Election  frauds,  xiii,  440,  841 ;  xiv, 

85. 
Elections,contested,  in  the  Congress 

of  the  United  States,  xiii,  285. 
Elections,  presidential,  in  the  Unit- 
ed States,  xiii,  799 ;  counting 

the  votes,  xiv,  212. 
Electric  engineering,  xv,  287. 
Electricity,  xiii,  586;  xiv,  549, 698; 

zv,  586,  715;  exhibition,  xiv, 

586;  lighting,  812;  xvi,  780. 
Elder,  P.  P.,  nominated,  xiii,  462. 
Elfving,  l^ere  A.,  xvi,  619. 
Elgin,  III,  zv,  126. 
Elixir  of  life,  xiv,  287. 
Elkins,  Stephen  B.,  sketch   and 

port,  xvi,  881. 
Elliott,  £.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  688. 
Elliott,  George  W.,  xvi,  619. 
Elliott,  W.,  Jr.,  obit,  xv,  645. 
Elliott,  W.L.,  sketch,  xiU,  688. 
Ellis,  £.  John,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 
£1  Pauo,  Tex.,  xv,  126. 
Ely,  xiii,  168. 

Ely,  Marchioness,  obit.,  xv,  679. 
Elze,  Karl,  sketch,  xiv,  660. 
Emancipation  in  Brazil,  xiii,  105. 
Emigration   from   Germany,   xiv, 

868. 
Emine,  N.  O.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Emin  Pasha,  sketch,  xiii,  295 ;  his 

expedition,  xvi,  266. 
Emmerich,  K.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Emmet,  Joseph  K.,  obit,  xvi,  619. 
Emporia,  Kan.,  xv,  126. 
Engineering,  xiii,  297;   xiv,  290; 

XV,  279. 
English,  J.  E.,  obit,  xv,  645. 
Ensilage,  xvi,  709. 
Ephesus,  temple  at,  xiv,  20. 
Epidemics,  xiii,  811. 
Episcopal  Church  in  the  United 

States,  xiii,  708;  xiv,  720;  xv, 

749;  xvi,  762. 
Equatorial  provinces,  xiii,  294. 


Eretria,  tombs  at,  xvi,  18. 
Ericsson,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  296; 

portrait,  frontispiece. 
Erie  Canal,  xiii,  606. 
Errett,  Bussell,  obit,  xvi,  619. 
Erythea,  xv,  458. 
£tex,  Antoine,  sketch,  xiii,  661. 
Ether,  the,  xvi,  725. 
Evangelical  Association,  xiii,  818; 

xiv,  801 ;  XV,  288 ;   Alliance, 

xiv,  800 ;  xvi,  274. 
Evangelical  Union  of  Scotiand,  xiv, 

800;  XV,  168. 
Events  of  1888,  xiii,  818;  of  1889, 

xiv,  801 ;  of  1890,  xv,  288 ;  of 

1891,  xvi,  276. 
Everslcy,  C.  S.  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  662. 
Everts,  W.  W.,  obit,  xv,  645. 
Evictions,  Irish,  xiv,  891. 
Exchange,  foreign,  xiii,  825. 
Execution  by  electricity,  xiv,  598. 
Exhibition,  South  Sea,  xiv,  609. 
Exploration,  xiii,  65,  97, 106,  255. 
Explosives,  high,  xvi,  552. 
Exposition,  Paris,  xiv,  841. 
Eye,  the,  xiii,  754. 

Fabrice,  Count  von,  obit,  xvi,  670 
Faccio,  F.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Factory  legislation,  xiv,  588. 
Faidherbe,  L.  L.  C,  sketch,  xiv, 

660. 
Fairbanks,  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  688. 
Fairhaven,  Wash.,  xvi,  155. 
Falkland  islands,  xiii,  87 ;  xv,  407 ; 

xvi,  846. 
Famine,  xiv,  141,  425,  572 ;  in  Ire- 
land, XV,  295;  in  Bussia,  xvi^ 

784. 
Faribault,  Minn.,  xvi,  155. 
Farmers*  Alliance,  xv,  299. 
Farmers*    Conventions,    xiii,   460, 

618 ;  xiv,  9,  807 ;  xvi,  284. 
Farmers'  League,  xvi,  858. 
Farms,  abandoned,  xv,  515,   599; 

xvi,  575. 
Fassiller,  discovery  at,  xiii,  88. 
Faulkner,  L.  B.,  obit,  xv,  645. 
Faunce,  John,  obit,  xvi,  619. 
Fay,  Julius  A.,  obit,  xvi,  620. 
Fayerweather,  D.  B.,  obit,  xv,  645. 
Featherstone,    Winfleld  S.,   obit, 

xvi,  620. 
Federal  election  bill,  xvi,  282. 
F^lix,  C.  J.,  obit,  xvi,  670. 
Forrel,  WillUm,  obit  and  port.,  xvi, 

620. 
Ferrer,  M.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  688. 
Ferry-boat,  double  -  ender  -  screw, 

xiii,  801 ;  new  type  of,  xv,  282. 
Festetits,  Count  Charles  A.,  obit, 

xvi,  620. 
Feuillet,  O.,  obit,  xv,  679. 
Feyen-Perrin,    Francis,    sketch, 

xiii,  662. 
Field,  Moses  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 


F^ji,  xiii,  67 ;  xiv,  57 ;  xv,  49. 
Finances  of  United   States,   xiii, 

782;  XV,  888;  xvi,  848. 
Financial  review  of  1888,  xiii,  821 ; 

of  1889,  xiv,  808;  of  1890,  xv, 

801 ;  of  1891,  xvi,  286. 
Findlay,  Ohio,  xiv,  145. 
Fine  aits  in  1888,  xiii,  882;  in  1889, 

xiv,  818;  in  1890,  xv,  810;  in 

1891,  xvi,  298. 
Fish  culture,  xv,  596. 
Fisher,  Charles,  obit,  xvi,  621. 
Fiaher,  Charles  Henry,  sketch,  xiii, 

688. 
Fisher,  £.  J.,  obit,  xv,  646. 
Fisher,  U.  G.,  obit,  xv,  646. 
Fiaheries,  xiii,  510,  706,  846;  xv, 

240,  268 ;  xvi,  568,  601 ;  treaty* 

xiii,  217;  Alaskan,  xiv,  212; 

statistics,  xvi,  847. 
Fisk,  C.  B.,  obit,  xv,  646. 
Fisk,  P.  K.,  obit,  xv,  646. 
Fitchburg,  Mass.,  xv,  126. 
Fitts,  J.  F.,  obit,  XV,  647. 
Fits,  Bei^amin  B.,  obit,  xvi,  62L 
Fitzgerald,  Prof.,  address,  xiii,  45. 
Fitzhugh,  W.  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 
Flag,  Corean,  xiv,  289 ;  new  United 

States,  814. 
Flasch,  Kilian,  obit,  xvi,  621. 
Fleischer,  H.  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  662. 
Fleming,  A.  B.,   nominated,  xiii, 

842. 
Fleming,  F.  P.,  nominated,   xiii, 

841. 
Flexible  metallic  tubes,  xvi,  711. 
Flint,  Charles  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 
Flint,  Franklin  F.,  obit,  xvi,  621. 
Flood,  James  C,  sketch,  xiv,  629. 
Floods,   xiv,    581,   598,   688;  xv, 

509. 
Floquet  Cabinet,  xiii,  846 ;  xiv,  883. 
Florence,  Ala.,  «v,  146. 
Florence,    William    J.,  obit  and 

port,  xvi,  621. 
Florida,  xiii,  889;   xiv,  824;   xv« 

818;  xvi,  800. 
Flower,  a  State,  xvi,  680. 
Flower,  W.  H.,  portrait,  xiv,  89. 
Fonseca,  Deodoro  da,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiv,  827. 
Foot-bath,  a  new,  xvi,  705, 
Ford,  Gordon  L.,  obit,  xvi,  622. 
Ford,  Melbourne  H.,obit,  xvi,  622. 
Forefathers*  day,  xv,  820. 
Forepaugh,  A.,  obit,  xv,  647. 
Forests,  xvi,  688. 
Formes,  Karl,  sketch,  xiv,  660. 
Formosa,  xv,  115. 
Forrest,  Catherine  N.,  obit,  xvi, 

622. 
Forth  bridge,  xv,  279. 
Fort  Biley,  Kan.,  xiv,  151. 
Fort  Scott,  Kan.,  xv,  127. 
Fort  Wayne,  xiii,  164. 
Fort  Worth,  xiv,  146. 


878 


INDEX. 


Foster,  Charles,  sketch  and  port., 
xvl,  880. 

Foetor,  H.  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  680. 

Foster,  Joshua,  sketch,  xiii,  684. 

Foster,  Melvin,  sketch,  xiii,  684. 

Fostoria,  XV,  127. 

Fotheigill,  Jessie,  obit,  xvi,  670. 

Foucher,  Count,  obit.,  xvi,  670. 

Fouratt,  Enos,  sketch,  xiii,  684. 

Fox,  D.  M.,  obit.,  xv,  647. 

Fox,  Henry  J.,  obit,  xvi,  623. 

Fowle,  D.  G.,  nominated,  xiii,  619 ; 
obit,  xvi,  628. 

Fowler,  Sir  K.  N.,obit,  xvi,  670. 

France,  xiii,  842 ;  xiv,  327 ;  xv,  822 ; 
xvi,  808. 

Francis,  D.  B.,  nominated,  xiii,  566. 

Frankenstein,  F.  G.  A.,  obit,  xv, 
679. 

Fransecky,  E.  F.,obit,  xv,  679. 

Fransioli,  J.,  obit,  xv,  647. 

Fraternal  Congress,  xiv,  846. 

Frayne,  Frank  I.,  obit,  xvi,  623. 

Fredericton,  N.  B.,  xiv,  146. 

Free  and  Open  Church  Associa- 
tion, xiii,  18. 

Free  Church  of  Scotland,  xiii,  704. 

Free- Will  Baptists,  xiv,  67. 

Freezing  mixture,  xiii,  147. 

Freligh,  Martin,  sketch,  xiv,  680. 

Fr^out,  John  C,  port,  frontis- 
piece ;  sketch,  xv,  888. 

French,  John  R.,  obit,  xv,  647. 

French  language  in  schools,  xiv, 
677. 

Frcppel,  C.  E.,  obit,  xvi,  671. 

Freshets,  xiii,  841. 

Fresno,  Cal.,  xiv,  147. 

Friedrich  Wilhelm  Nicolaus  Karl, 
Rketch,  xiii,  354;  his  diary, 
868. 

Friends,  xiii,  858. 

Frieze,  Ilenry  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  630. 

Fritschol,  G.  L.  W.,  sketch,  xiv, 
630. 

Frome,  E.  C,  obit,  xv,  679. 

Frothingham,  I.  II.,  obit,  xv,  647. 

Froude,  James  A.,  quoted,  xiii,  7. 

Fruitlands,  xiii,  11. 

Fuller,  John  W.,  obit,  xvi,  628. 

Fuller,  Melville  Weston,  sketch 
and  portrait,  xiii,  859. 

FuUerton,  W.,  Jr.,  sketch,  xiii, 
634. 

Funjri,  edible,  xv,  850. 

FuHtel,  Nuraa,  sketch,  xiv,  660. 

Oade,  N.,  obit,  xv,  679. 
Gadsden,  xiv,  148. 
(vainesville,  Tex.,  xvi,  155. 
(ralesburg,  xv,  127. 
Gallatin,  A.  R.,  obit,  xv,  647. 
Galleher,  John  N.,  obit,  xvi,  623. 
lialllera.  Duchess  of,  sketch,  xiii, 

662. 
Galtou,  F.,  experiments,  xiii,  421. 


Galveston,  deep  harbor  at,  xv,  800. 

Gamble,  John  R.,  obit,  xvi,  623. 

Gambling,  bucket-shop,  xiii,  283. 

Gammell,  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  630. 

Ganglbauer,  C.,  sketch,  xiv,  660. 

Garabit  viaduct,  xiii,  810. 

Gardiner,  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  680. 

Gardner,  W.  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  634. 

Garfield,  Eliza  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  684. 

Gamett,  Alexander  Yelverton  Pey- 
ton, sketch,  xiii,  634. 

Garrison,  G.  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  631. 

Gartrell,  Lucius  J.,  obit,  xvi,  623. 

Gases,  xiv,  692 ;  xvi,  727. 

Gas-holder,  large,  xiii,  808. 

Gas,  natural,  xiii,  440 ;  xiv,  436. 

Gavazzi;  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  661. 

Gay,  Edward  J.,  sketch,  xiv,  631. 

Gay,  Sydney  Howard,  obit  and 
portrait,  xiii,  634. 

Gayarre,  J.,  obit,  xv,  680. 

Geifken  incident,  the,  xiv,  879. 

Gelele,  King,  obit,  xv,  680. 

General,  bill  reviving  grade  of, 
xiii,  284. 

Genet,  Citizen,  xiii,  268. 

Geneva,  N.  Y.,  xv,  128. 

Geographical  progress,  xiv,  847  ; 
XV,  851 ;  device,  xvi,  710. 

George,  Prince,  obit,  xv,  680. 

Geoi^ia,  xiii,  860;  xiv,  864;  xv, 
868;  xvi,  818. 

German  Evangelical  Synod,  xiv, 
366. 

(rermany,  xiii,  862 ;  xiv,  867 ;  xv, 
866 ;  xvi,  821. 

Gibraltar,  xv,  408 ;  xvi,  342. 

Gibson,  George,  sketch,  xiii,  685. 

Gibson,  W.  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  635. 

Gilbert,  Addison,  sketch,  xiii,  635. 

Gilbert,  John  G.,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  631. 

Gilbert,  John  S.,  obit,  xvi,  623. 

Gilchrist,  Robert,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiii,  875. 

Gillespie,  Col.  G.  L.,  xiii,  802. 

Gilmore,  Quincy  Adams,  sketch 
and  portrait,  ]dii,  685. 

Gilmour,  Richard,  obit  and  por- 
trait, xvi,  624. 

Girls,  protection  of,  xiv,  229;  co- 
operative boarding  homes,  xv, 
888. 

Glacial  age,  man  in  the,  xvi,  18. 

Gladstone,  W.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  671. 

Gleig,  George  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  662. 

Glen  wood  Springs,  xiii,  164. 

Glisson,  O.  S.,  obit,  xv,  648. 

Glover,  John  M.,  obit,  xvi,  624. 

Gloversville,  xv,  128. 

Glyn,  Miss,  sketch,  xiv,  661. 

Godin,  St  Jean  B.  A.,  sketch,  xiii, 
662. 

Godshalk,  Wm,,  obit,  xvi,  624. 

Godwin,  George,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 

Goff,  M.  B.,  obit,  XV,  648. 


Goff,  Nathan,  nominated,  xiii,  &42L 

Gold,  xiii,  526;  xiv,  109, 166,  170, 
240,  248,  861,  542,  610, 691 ;  xv, 
529 ;  x\i,  509. 

Gold  Coast,  xiv,  401. 

Golden  rose,  the,  xiii,  716. 

Gold  mining  in  Wales,  xiii,  392. 

Goldsmith,  0.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  Gi6. 

Gk>ndinet,  E.,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 

Gk>ntaut-Biron,  Yioomte,  obit,  xv. 
680. 

Gontcharoff,  I.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  671. 

Gooch,  D.  W.,obit,  xvi,  624. 

Gooch,  Sir  D.,  sketch,  xiv,  661. 

Good,  John,  inventions,  xiii,  250. 

Goodale,  Geoi^  L.,  port,  xv,  24. 

Goodell,  D.  H.,  nominated,  xiii, 
594. 

Goodwin,  H.,  obit,  xvi,  671. 

Gospel  society,  xv,  10. 

Gosse,  Philip  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  663. 

Gouldi,  G.  W.,  nominated,  xiii,  715. 

Government  departments  at  Wash- 
ington, xiii,  875. 

Gowen,  F.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  632. 

Grady,  Henry  W.,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  632. 

Graetz,  H.,  obit,  xvi,  671« 

Graham,  C.  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  632. 

Grain  inspection,  xv,  555. 

Granville,  Earl,  obit  and  port,  xvi^ 
672 

Gravenreuth,  Carl  von,  obit,  xvi, 
671. 

Gravitation,  law  of,  50. 

Gray,  Albert  Z.,  sketch,  xiv,  682. 

Gray,  Asa,  obit  and  port,  xiii,  380. 

Gray,  David,  sketch,  xiii,  636. 

Gray,  GeoiigeZ.,  sketch,  xiv,  632. 

Gray,  Hiram,  obit,  xv,  648. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  king- 
dom of,  xiii,  382 ;  xiv,  879 ;  xv, 
885;  xvi,  330. 

Gi'eat  Eastern,  history  of,  xiv,  4a>4. 

Great  Falls,  Montana,  xvi,  156. 

Greayes,  James  P.,  xiii,  11. 

Greece,  xiii,  403;  xiv,  406;  xv,40$; 
xvi,  848. 

Green,  Caleb  Sm  obit,  xvi,  624 

Green,  S.,  obit  and  port,  xiii,  4A4L 

Green,  Sir  W.  K.,  obit,  xvi,  673. 

Green,  Thomas  C,  sketch,  xiv,63& 

Greenland,  xiv,  268 ;  exploratiood 
in,  859. 

Green  River  island,  xv,  474. 

Greey,  Edward,  sketch,  xiii,  636. 

Grefin,  H.  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  636. 

Gregoroviua,  F.,  obit,  x^-i,  673. 

Gregory,  F.  T.,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 

Gresley,  H.  X.,  obit,  xv,  680. 

Grivy,  Fran<2ois  J.  P.,  xvi,  360. 

Grier,  David  P.,  obit,  xvi,  624w 

Griffin,  G.  W.,  obit,  xvi,  625. 

Griffin,  Julia  A.,  obit,  xvi,  625. 

Grim  wood,  F.  S.  C,  obit,  xvi,  678. 

Grinnell,  J.  B.,  obit,  xvi,  625. 


INDEX.  879 

• 

Grippe,  Ifti    See  ImrLumzA.  Harris,  Samuel  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  687.  Hewitt,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  649. 

Grivas,  Demetrioe,  sketch,  ziv,  661.  Harrison,  Benjamin,  sketch,  xiii,  lliokok,  Laurens  P.,  sketch,  xiii, 
Gross,  Samuel  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  638.           407  ;  portrait,  frontispiece.  688. 

Guadeloupe,  xiii,   840;  xiv,  824;  Harrison,  H.,  nominated,  xiii,  659.  Hicks,  T.,  obit  and  port,  xv,  649. 

XV,  834 ;  xvi,  865.  Hartranft,  J.  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  634.  Hiestand,  John  A.,  xv,  650. 

Guatemala,  xiii,  405 ;  xiv,  408 ;  xv,  Hartzell,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  648.  Higgins,  A.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

410 ;  xvi,  851.  Hasenclever,  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  662.  Hilgard,  Julius  E.,  obit  and  port, 

Guiana,  British,  xiii,  839 ;  xiv,  403 ;  Hassard,  J.  K.  6.,  obit,  xiii,  687.  xvi,  628. 

XV,  407;    xvi,   848;  French,  Ha88elquist,TuveN.,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Hill,  Daniel  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  685. 

xiii,  840;  xiv,  824;   xv,  830;  Hastings,  xiii,  165.  Hill,  D.  B.,  renominated,  xiii,  609. 

Dutch,  xvi,  5G4.  Hastings,  Alice,  sketch,  xiii,  637.  Hill,  Joshua,  obit,  xvi,  628. 

Guide  for  fish-line,  xvi,  710.  Hatch,  Edward,  sketch,  xiv,  634.  Hill,  Thomas,  obit,  xvi,  629. 

Guilbert,  A.  V.  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  661.  Hatch,  Edwin,  sketch,  xiv,  662.  Hinckley,  Isaac,  sketch,  xiii,  688. 

Gull,  Sir  W.,  obit,  xv,  680.  Hatfield  and  McCoy  feud,  the,  xiii,  Hirsch,  Samuel,  sketch,  xiv,  635. 

Gundry,  Richard,  obit,  xvi,  625.  468.  Hitchcock,  K.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  638 

Gunganhama*s  embassy,  xvi,  107.  Hatfield,  Bobert  M.,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Hitchcock,  K.  S.,  obit,  xvi,  629. 

Gung'l,  Josef,  sketch,  xiv,  661.  Hausner,  0.,  obit,  xv,  680.  Hittite  inscriptions,  xiii,  82. 

Gunning,  T.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  638.  Haussmann,  Baron,  obit,  xvi,  674.  Hoadley,  Silas,  xiii,  11. 

Gunning,  W.  D.,  sketch,  xiii,  686.  Havemeyer,  F.  C,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Hoard,  W.  D.,  nominated,  xiii,  847. 

Gunpowder,  xvi,  552.  Haven,  S.  H.,  obit,  xv,  648.  Hobart,  John  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  635. 

Guns,  new,  xiii,  792 ;  xiv,  811.  Haverhill,  Mass.,  xv,  180.  Hobbs,  Alfred  C,  obit,  xvi,  629. 

Hawaii,  xiii,  412;   xiv,  410;   xv,  Hodge,  Caspar  W.,  obit,  xvi,  629. 

Ilager,  A.  D.,  sketch,  xiii,  686.  415 ;  xvi,  853.  Hoffman,    John   T.,  sketch,   xiii, 

Haight,  Charles,  obit,  xvi,  625.  Hawkes,  S.  J.,  xiu,  14.  639. 

Haines,  Alanson  A.,  obit,  xvi,  625.  Hawkins,  Samuel  W.,  nominated,  Hoffman,  Ogden,  obit,  xvi,  629. 

Halifax,  N.  S.,  xiv,  148.  xiii,  768.  Hogan,  T,  M.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

Hall,  Bei\}.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  626.  Hawkshaw,  Sir  J.,  obit,  xvi,  674.  Hog  Island  dispute,  xiv,  582. 

Hall,  Edward,  nominated,  xiii,  609.  Hawley,  J.  H.,  nominated,  xiii,  421.  Hoisting-shears,  xiii,  306. 

Hall,  James,  sketch,  xiv,  633.  Hawsers.    See  Cobdaob.  Holder,   Joseph    B.,  sketch,   xiii, 

Hall,  Samuel  C,  sketch,  xiv,  661.  Hayes,  Lucy  W.,  sketch  and  por-  639. 

Hamburg,  incorporation   of,    xiii,  trait,  xiv,  634.  HoU,  Frank,  sketch,  xiii,  663. 

372.  Haynald,  L.,  obit,  xvi,  674»  Holland.    See  NxrnKRLAirDS. 

Hamerling,    Robert,   sketch,   xiv.  Hays,  James  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  637.  HoUey,  Alex.  L.,  bust  of,  xv,  621. 

661.  Hayti,  xiii,  413 ;  xiv,  411 ;  xv,  416 ;  Holmes,  S.  T.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

Hamilton,  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  688.  xvi,  865.  Holstein  Canal,  xv,  281. 

Hamilton,  Can.,  xv,  129.  Hazard,  R.  G.,  sketch,  xiu,  687.  Holtzendorff,  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  662. 

Hamilton,  Charles   8.,  obit,  xvi,  Hazen,  J.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  635.  Homestead  law,  the,  xiii,  469. 

626.  Hearst,  G.,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Honduras,  xui,  415 ;  xvi,  858 ;  Brit- 

HamUton,  Peter,  sketch,  xiii,  687.  Heat,  xiv,  698 ;  xvi,  728.  iah,  xiu,  839;  xiv,  413 ;  xv,407, 

Hamilton,  W.  J.,  sketch,  xiii,  637.  Hecker,  I.  T.,  obit  and  port,  xiii,  417 ;  xvi,  346. 

Hamlin,  Hannibal,  obit  and  port,  638.  Hong-Kong,  xv,  405 ;  xvi,  844. 

«vi^  «26.  Hedge,  F.  H.,  obit,  xv,  648.  Hopkins,  J.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  630. 

Hammill,  S.  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  638.  Heilman,  W.,  obit,  xv,  649.  Hopkins,  Robert,  obit,  xvi,  680. 

Hammond,  E.,  obit,  xv,  680.  Heilprin,  Michael,  sketch,  xiii,  68&  Homellsville,    incorporated,    xiii, 

Hammond,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  683.  Heias,  M.,  obit,  xv,  649.  608. 

Hancock,  John,  obit,  xvi,  626.  Helena,  Montana,  xiv,  149.  Horsemanship,  xv,  418. 

Hand,  Daniel,  obit,  xvi,  626.  Heligoland,  xv,  876.  Horse  show,  xv,  421. 

Hanks,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  638.  Hellenic  Society,  the,  xiu,  26.  Horton,  N.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  680. 

Hanna,  Bayless  W.,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Heller,  Stephen,  sketch,  xiii,  668.  Hosmer,  J.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

Hannibal,  Mo.,  xv,  129.  Hemingway  defalcation,  xv,  659.  Hotel  at  Brighton  Beach  moved, 

Hanoteau,  H.,  obit,  xv,  680.  Henderson,  P.,  obit,  xv,  649.  xiii,  802,  303. 

Hardeman,  T.,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Henessy,  Sir  J.  P.,  obit,  xvi,  674.  Houghton,  G.  W.  W.,  obit,  xvi, 

Harden,   J.    W^  nominated,  xiii,  Henry  J.,  port,  xv,  574.  630. 

263.  Henselt,  Adolf,  sketch,  xiv,  662.  Houk,  L.  C,  obit,  xvi,  630. 

Hardenbeig,  A.  A,,  sketch,   xiv,  Heracleopolis,  excavations  at,  xvi,  House-boats,  xiii,  416. 

S**«  21.  Houseman,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  680. 

Harding,  W.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  684.  Hereford,  F.,  obit,  xvi,  627.  Houston,  Tex.,  xiv,  160. 

Hare,  Thomas,  obit,  xvi,  678.  Hergenrother,  J.,  obit,  xv,  680.  Houzeau,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 

Harkey,  S.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  684  Hemdon,  W.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  628.  Hovoy,  A.  P.,  nominated,  xiii,  442 ; 

Harkness,  W.,  his  address,  xiii,  42 ;  Herreshoff,  C.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  688.  obit,  xvi,  680. 

astronomical  work,  47, 49.  Hervey  Islands,  xiv,  410.  Howard,  R.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  662. 

Harlan  County  disorders,  xiv,  487.  Herzegovina,  xiv,  64.  Howard,  V.  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  685. 

Harlem  river  bridge,  xiii,  297.  Hesse,  Friedrioh  Wilhclm,  sketch,  Howe,  J.  W.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

Harney,  W.  8.,  sketch,  xiv,  634.  xiii,  663.  Howe,  W.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

Harper,  F.,  obit,  xv,  648.  Hesse,  Prince  Alexander,  sketch,  Howes,  O.,  obit,  xv,  650. 

Harrimann,  Tenn.,  xvi,  156.  xiii,  663.  Howitt,  Mary,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 


880 


INDEX. 


1  lowland,  E.  P.,  addroes,  sdii,  44. 

Uubbard,  C.  D.,  obit,  xvi,  681. 

Hubbard,  J.  G.    See  Addiitoton. 

Ilubbell,  A.  S.,  obit,  zvi,  681. 

Huddleston,  J.  W.,  obit,  xv,  681. 

lludtfon  river,  improvement  of, 
xvi,  859. 

Uaeffer,  Francis,  sketch,  xiv,  662. 

Iluggins,  William,  port,  xvi,  42. 

Hughes,  J.  S.,  nominated,  xiii,  441. 

Hull,  J.  B.,  obit,  XV,  651. 

Human  Freedom  League,  the,  xvi, 
860. 

Humphrey,  Lyman  U.,  nominated, 
xiii,  461. 

Hungary.   See  Austria-Hunoart. 

Hunn,  David  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  689. 

Hunt,  IL  J.,  obit  and  port,  xiv, 
685. 

Hunter,  James  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  686. 

Huntsville,  Ala.,  xiv,  151. 

Hurling,  xv,  421. 

Hutohins,  Waldo,  obit,  xvi,  681. 

Hutchinson,  xiii,  165. 

Hutton,  Richard  H.,  quoted,  xiii,  7. 

Huxley,  T.  H.,  quoted,  xiii,  7. 

Hydraulic  canal  lift,  jdii,  800 ;  rail- 
way, xiv,  249. 

Hydrographic  Office,  xiv,  818. 

Hydrography  of  Atlantic,  adii,  68. 

Hygiene  and  Demography,  Con- 
gress on,  xvi,  842. 

Hyksos  monuments,  xiii,  28. 

Ibach,  L.  J.,  sketch,  xiii,  689. 
Icaria,  discoveries  at,  xiii,  26. 
Iceland,  xiii,  268 ;  xiv,  268 ;  xvi, 

248. 
Idaho,  xiii,  419 ;  xiv,  414 ;  and  map, 

XV,  422 ;  xvi,  861. 
Identification  and  description,  per- 
sonal, xiii,  421. 
niinois,  xiii,  428 ;  xiv,  417 ;  xv,  425 ; 

xvi,  868. 
Ilopango  volcano,  view  of,  xvi,  786. 
Image,  ancient,  xiv,  18. 
Immigration  bill,  xvi,  226. 
Immigration,  pauper,  xiii,  424 ;  xiv, 

608;  Southern  convention  on, 

8 ;  XV,  620. 
Indexes  in  book-covers,  xvi,  708. 
India,  xiii,  427 ;  xiv,  420 ;  xv,  429 ; 

xvi,  866. 
Indiana,  xii,  489 ;  xiv,  488 ;  xv,  487 ; 

xvi,  879. 
Indian  Messiah,  xv,  440. 
Indian  reservations,  xiii,  669 ;  xiv, 

775,  817;  lands   opened,  xvi, 

695 ;  xvi,  801,  869. 
Indians,  xui,  261,  420,  509,606,772; 

XV,  21 ;  xvi,  28. 
Indo-China,  xiv,  844 ;  xvi,  814. 
Industrial  conference,  xv,  786. 
Industries,  manufacturing,  xiv,  818. 
Influenza,  epidemics  of,  xiv,  487. 
luglis,  John,  obit,  xvi,  674. 


Ingraham,  D.  N.,  obit,  xvi,  681. 

Inini  river,  xiv,  861. 

Insurance  decision,  xiii,  607. 

Insurance  of  working  men,  xiii,  871. 

Internal  revenue,  xv,  228. 

International  American  Confer- 
ence, xiv,  440. 

International  Congress,  xiii,  87; 
xiv,  482. 

International  exhibition,  xv,  598. 

International  Law,  Institute  of,  xiiii 
769. 

Interstate  commercial  law,  xiv,  224^ 

Inundation  in  Honan,  xiii,  157. 

Investments,  English,  in  United 
States,  xiv,  448. 

Iowa,  xiii,  448 ;  xiv,  447  ;  xv,  444 ; 
xvi,  882. 

Iowa  City,  xiv,  180. 

Ireland.    See  Great  BRrrAnr. 

Iron  and  steel,  xiv,  588 ;  xv,  525 ; 
xvi,  506. 

Irredenta,  the,  xiv,  469. 

Irrigation,  xiii,  88,  291,  601;  xiv, 
451 ;  XV,  90 ;  xvi,  28,  868 ;  de- 
cision concerning,  xiv,  102. 

Irving,  R.  D.,  sketch,  xiii,  689. 

Ishak  Khan,  in  Afghanistan,  xiii,  6. 

Italian  annexations,  xiv,  2. 

Italians,  oonspiracy  against,  xv,  2 ; 
massacred,  xvi,  888. 

Italy,  xiii,  447 ;  xiv,  465 ;  xv,  449 ; 
xvi,  884. 

Itata,  the,  xvi,  188. 

Ithaca  incorporated,  xiii,  608;  xv, 
180. 

Ivory  nuts,  xiii,  287. 

Iztaccihuatl,  asoent  of,  xiii,  550. 

Jackson,  Mich.,  xv,  181. 
Jacksonville,  Fla.,  xiii,  166. 
Jacksonville,  HI.,  xv,  181. 
Jamiuca,  xiii,  889 ;  xiv,  408 ;  xvi,  868. 
Jameson,  J.  A.,  obit,  xv,  651. 
Jameson,  Migor,  xiii,  296. 
Jamestown,  N.  Y.,  xv,  132. 
Janssen,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  675. 
Japan,  xiU,  452 ;  xiv,  472 ;  xv,  460 ; 

xvi,  890. 
Jarves,  James  J.,  sketch,  xiii,  640. 
Jaures,  Constant,  sketch,  xiv,  668. 
Java,  xiii,  589. 
Jay,  John  C,  obit,  xvi,  681. 
Jefferson  City,  xv,  182. 
Jellett,  John  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 
Jenks,  Francis  H.,.  sketch,  xiii,  640. 
Jennings,  Russell,  sketch,  xiii,  640. 
Jerome,  ^awrence  R.,  obit,  xiii, 

640. 
Jerome,   Leonard  W.,  obit,   xvi, 

682. 
Jerusalem,  walls  of,  xiii,  81. 
Jesuits*  estates  settlement,  xiii,  710 ; 

xiv,  276,  728. 
Jews,  xiii,  455  ;  xiv,  476 ;  xv,  464 ; 

xvi,  898 ;  edict  against,  xvi,  788. 


Joaohimson,  P.  J.,  obit,  xv,  SSL 
Johann,  archduke,  obit^  xv,  661. 
Johannis,    Negus    of    Abyasinia, 

sketch,  xiv,  668. 
Johnson,  A.  L.,  obit,  xv,  €51. 
Johnson,  £.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  6S2. 
Johnson,  J.  C,   nominated,  xui, 

764. 
Johnson,  Oliver,  sketch,  xiv,  686. 
Johnson,  W.,  obit^  xv,  651. 
Johnston,  Alexander,  sketch,  xiv, 

686. 
Johnston,  Joseph  £.,  aketeh  and 

port,  xvi,  895. 
Johnston,  J.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  636. 
Johnstown  flood,  xiv,  476. 
Johonnot,  James,  sketch,  xiii,  640. 
Joliet,  XV,  132. 

Jones,  Evan,  nominated,  xiii,  766^ 
Jones,  Geoiige,  obit,  xvi,  682. 
Jones,  Justin,  sketch,  xiv,  686. 
Jones,  Rogers,  sketch,  xiv,  686. 
Jones,  W.  M.,  nominated,  xiii,  699. 
Joplin,  Miss.,  xvi,  157. 
Joule,  James  P.,  sketch,  idv,  668. 
Joy,  Charles  A.,  obit,  xvi,  682. 
Judd,  D.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  641. 
Judges,  salaries  of,  xvi,  214. 
Judiciary  celebration,  xv,  680. 
Juengling,  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  637. 
Junction  City,  Kan.,  xiv,  151. 
Jupiter,  xiii,  54 ;  xv,  40. 
Juste,  Theodore,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 

Kabyles,  campaign    against,  xiv, 

574. 
Eachycns,  operationa  against,  xiv, 

481. 
Kalakaua,  death  of,  xv,415;  obit 

and  port.,  xvi,  675. 
Kalamazoo,  xv,  188. 
Kane,  Sir  R.,  obit,  xv,  681. 
Kansas,  xiii,  457;   xiv,  482;  xv, 

467 ;  xvi,  400. 
Rarennee  expedition,  xiv,  481. 
Karr,  A.,  obit,  xv,  681. 
Kassala,  xv,  459. 
Kay,  Sidney  de,  obit,  xv,  65L 
Keegan,  W.,  obit,  xv,  651. 
Kecno,  xv,  188. 
Keene,  C.  S.,  obit,  xvi,  €75. 
Kelley,  B.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  682. 
Kelley,  W.  D.,  obit,  xv,  652. 
Kelly,  William,  sketch,  xiii,  641. 
Kelso,  James  J.,  sketch,  xiii,  641. 
Kcndrick,  Henry   L.,   obit.,  x^^, 

682. 
Kendrick,  James  Ryland,  obit  aztd 

portrait,  xiv,  687. 
Kenly,  John  R.,  obit,  xvi,  683. 
Kennaway,  Sir  John,  xiii,  18. 
Kennedy,  B.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 
Kennedy,  Hugh,  sketch,  xiii,  641. 
Kentucky,  xii^  462;  xiv,  485;  xv, 

472;  xvi,  404. 
Keokuk,  xv,  188. 


IKDEX 


881 


Key,  Sir  A.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 
Keyhole,  luminoas,  xvi,  706. 
Khalifah-ben-Baid,  obit,  xv,  681. 
Kidder,  D.  P.,  obit,  xvi,  683. 
Kiddle,  IL,  obit,  xvi,  638. 
Kimball,  C.  P.,  obit,  xvi,  688. 
Kimball,  £.   £.,  nominated,   xiii, 

666. 
King,  Francis  T.,  obit.,  xvi,  688. 
King,  John  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 
King,  John  P.,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 
King,  R.  U.,  obit,  xv,  652. 
Kinglake,  A.  W.,  obit.,  xvi,  675. 
King's  Daughters,  xiii,  464. 
King^  Sons,  the,  xiii,  464. 
Kingston,  xv,  184. 
Kinlook,  £.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  638. 
Kinney,  Elizabeth  €.,  obit,  xiv, 

687. 
Kifisam,  Agnes  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 
Kitchener,  Col.,  xiii,  293. 
Klntshak,  H.  W.,  obit,  xv,  652. 
Knebel,  Baron,  obit,  xv,  681. 
Knight,  €.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  634 
Knoodt,  F.  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 
Koch,  Kobert,  sketch  and  portrait, 

XV,  474. 
Kokomo,  Ind.,  xvi,  157. 
Koppemagel,  C,  obit,  xvi,  684. 
Kraieifski,  Andrei,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 
Krekel,  Arnold,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 
Kruedener,  Baron,  obit,  xvi,  675. 
Kuenen,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  675. 

Labaatida,  P.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  676. 
Labiche,  £.  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 
Labor  agitation,  xv,  54,  896,  786. 
Labor  Convention,  xiv,  791 ;  xvi, 

89. 
Labor  Day,  xiii,  509. 
Labor  distarbances,  xvi,  389. 
Labor  statistics,  xiii,  509. 
l^bor  troubles,  xiii,  747;  xiv,  410, 

471 ;  in  Spain,  xvi,  805. 
Labor,  United  States  Department 

of,  established,  xiii,  234. 
Labrador,  xiii,  464;  map  of,  465; 

Grand  Falls  of,  xvi,  570.      . 
Labuan,  xiv,  899;  xv,  404;   xvi, 

348. 
Lachner,  F.,  obit.,  xv,  682. 
La  Crosse,  Wis.,  xvi,  168. 
La  Fayette,  Ind.,  xvi,  158. 
Liurd,  James,  sketch,  xiv,  688. 
Lambeth  Conference,  xiii,  16. 
Lambkin,  J.  K.,  sketch,  xiv,  638. 
Lamington,  Baron,  obit.,  xv,  082. 
Lamport,  W.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  634- 
Lamn  question,  the,  xiv,  832. 
Lamy,  John  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 
Land-grant  forfeiture,  xv,  236. 
Landing  stage,  a  novel,  xiv,  292. 
Land-purchase  act,  xiii,  898. 
Lands,  public,  xiii,  466. 
Lane,  Charles,  xiii,  11. 
Lane,  Harvey  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 
VOL.  XXXI.— 56  A 


Lane,  James  C,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 

Langdon,  C.  C,  ske  ch,  xiv,  638. 

Langley,  S.  P.,  add.esi,  xiii,  44. 

Language  question,  the,  xil.,  86. 

Lanjsa,  Gen.,  xiii,  8. 

Lapham,  £.  G.,  obit,  xv,  652. 

Laramie  City,  xiv,  152. 

Lassalle,  Charles,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 

Las  Vegss,  xv,  134. 

Latham,  R.  G.,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 

Latrobe,  J.  U.  B.,  obit  and  port, 
xvi,  634. 

Laveleye,  £.  L.,  obit,  xvi,  676. 

Lay,  O.  I.,  obit,  xv,  652. 

Lazarus,  J.  IL,  obit,  xvi,  684. 

Lea,  Albert,  obit,  xvi,  635. 

Leadville,  xv,  135. 

League  of  Patriots,  xiv,  835. 

Learned,  A.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  635. 

Lebel,  N.,  obit,  xvi,  676. 

Leboeuf,  Edmond,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiii,  472. 

Leclercq,  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  664 

Lecompte,  S.  D.,  sketch,  xiii,  642. 

Le  Conte,  John,  obit  and  port, 
xvi,  635. 

Ledoohowsid,  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 

Lee,  Henry,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 

Lee,  W.  li.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  635. 

Lee,  Wm.  R.,  obit,  xvi,  686. 

Leeward  Islands,  xiv,  403 ;  xvi,  863. 

Lefroy,  E.  C,  obit,  xvi,  676. 

Leidy,  J.,  obit  and  port,  xvi,  636. 

Leo  XIII,  sketch  and  portrait,  xiv, 
488. 

Leonard,  W.  IL,  obit,  xvi,  687. 

Lcpera,  mission  to,  xiv,  250. 

Le  Roy,  W.  E.,  sketch,  xiii,  643. 

Lesquereux,  Leo,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  498. 

Lester,  C.  E.,  obit,  xv,  652. 

Lester,  George,  sketch,  xiv,  638. 

Levees,  xiii,  500 ;  xiv,  512 ;  xv,  509. 

Levi,  Leone,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 

Levy,  Calmann,  obit,  xvi,  676. 

Levy,  Joseph  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 

Lewald,  Fanny,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 

Lewis,  Edward,  sketch,  xiv,  68a 

Lewis,  Henry  C,  sketch,  xiii,  643. 

Lewis,  J.  L.,  will  case,  xiii,  375. 

Lewiston,  Idaho,  xvi,  158. 

Lewiston,  Me.,  xiv,  152. 

Lexington,  Ky.,  xiv,  132. 

Liberation  Society,  xiv,  12 ;  xv,  12 ; 
xvi,  10. 

Licensing  syatenn,  Gothenbuig,  xv, 
790. 

Lick  Observatory,  xiii,  47,  48,  61. 

Liddon,  H.  P.,  obit,  xv,  682. 

Light,  xiv,  694 ;  xvi,  729. 

Lightfoot,  J.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  664. 

Lightning-rods,  xvi,  733. 

Lima,  Ohio,  xvi,  169. 

Limbang,  xv,  404. 

Lincoln,  Abraham,  obit,  xv,  652. 

Lincoln,  Nebraska,  xiii,  166. 


Lincoln,  T.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  648. 
Line  guide  for  flshing-rods,  xvi, 

710. 
Linen,  Geoige,  sketch,  xiii,  643. 
Lippe,  Adolph,  sketch,  xiii,  643. 
Lippitt,  Heniy,  obit,  xvi,  687. 
Liquids,  xiv,  692 ;  xvi,  726. 
Litchfield,    E.    B.,   sketch,    xiv, 

638. 
Literature,  American,  in  1888,  xiii, 

473;  in  1889,  xiv,  494;  in  1890, 

XV,  476 ;  in  1891,  xvi,  409. 
Literature,  British,  in  1888,  xiii, 

486 ;  in  1889,  xiv,  507 ;  in  1890, 

XV,  498;  in  1891,  xvi,  425. 
Literature,  Continental,  in   1888, 

xiii,  490;  in  1889,  xiv,  512;  in 

1890,  XV,  499;    in   1891,  xvi, 

432. 
Litolff,  II.,  obit,  xvi,  676. 
Littlefleld,  D.  AL,  obit,  xvi,  637. 
Little  Rock,  xv,  186. 
Lloyd,  David  D.,  sketch,  x-iv,  688. 
Lloyd,  E.,  obit,  xv,  683. 
Loan  associations,  xiii,  245. 
Loa  viaduct,  xiv,  292. 
Local-government  act,  xiii,  889. 
Local  option.   See  articles  on  States 

of  the  Union. 
Locke,  David  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  643. 
Lockport,  N.  Y.,  xiv,  143. 
Locomotive    engineers'     licenses, 

xiii,  9. 
Logan,  G.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  638. 
Logansport,  xv,  136. 
London,  Canada,  xv,  186. 
Long,  A.  L.,  obit.,  xvi,  687. 
Long,  Edwin,  obit,  xvi,  676. 
Loomis,  Elias,  sketch  and  portrait, 

xiv,  638. 
Lord,  Samuel,  sketch,  xiv,  689. 
Loring,  E.  G.,  sketch,  xiii,  644. 
Loring,  G.  B.,  obit,  xvi,  637. 
Lossing,  B.  J.,  obit,  xvi,  687. 
Lotteries,  xv,  238,  507. 
Lottery  amendment,  xvi,  444. 
Lot-vases,  xiii,  26. 
Loughlin,  John,  obit,  xvi,  638. 
Loughridge,  W.,  obit,  xiv,  639. 
Louisiana,  xiii,  499;  xiv,  618;  xv, 

605;  xvi,  448. 
Love,  J.  M.,  obit,  xvi,  688. 
Lowell,  James  R., sketch  and  port, 

xvi,  446. 
Lowell,  R.  T.  8.,  obit,  xvi,  688. 
Lowenstein,  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  655. 
Lozier,  Clemence  Sophia,  xiii,  501. 
Lucan,  G.  C.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  664. 
Lucas,  C,  obit,  xv,  683. 
Ludington,  H.,  obit,  xvi,  639. 
Lms  L,  sketch,  xiv,  665. 
Lumber  flumes,  xv,  285. 
Lupton  Bey,  death    of,  xiii,  293; 

sketch,  665. 
Lutherans,  xiii,  602 ;  xiv,  519 ;  xv, 

509;  xvi,  465. 


882 


INDEX 


Lutz,  Baron,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Luxemburg,  xiv,  582 ;  xv,  687. 
Lyoosura,  sculptures  at,  xvi,  19. 
Lyman,  C.  S.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Lyman,  J.,  obit,  xv,  658. 
Lynne,  T.  A.,  obit,  xv,  653. 
Lytton,  £.  K.  Bulwer,  sketch  and 
ix>rt,  xvi,  470. 

McAllister,  R.,  obit,  xvi,  689. 
McAllister,  W.  K.,  sketch, xiii,  644. 
McAlpine,  W.  J.,  obit,  xv,  658. 
McCarter,  L.,  sketch,  xlii,  644. 
McCosh,  James,  quoted,  xiii,  7. 
McCoy  and  Hatfield  feud,  the,  xiii, 

463. 
McCrary,  G.  W.,  obit,  xv,  658. 
McCreery,  T.  C,  obit,  xv.,  658. 
McCue,  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  639. 
McCurdy,  C.  J.,  obit,  xvi,  689. 
MacDomdd,  J.  C,  obit,  xiv,  665. 
McDonald,  Joseph  K,  obit    and 

port,  xvi,  689; 
Maodonald,  Sir  John  A.,  sketch, 

xvi,  474. 
Macedo  Costa,  obit,  xvi,  676. 
Macedonian  question,  the,  xiii,  404, 

768. 
McElrath,  T.,  sketch,  xiii,  644. 
MoEnery,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  639. 
McEntee,  J.,  obit  and  port,  xvi, 

640. 
McGill,  A.  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  639. 
McGlynn,  Edward,  xiii,  20. 
McGowan,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  640. 
Macheb€Buf,  J.  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  639. 
McHenry,  H.  D.,  obit,  xv,  663. 
Mcintosh,  J.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  644. 
Mackay,  A.  M.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
McKay,  C.  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  689. 
MoKee,  G.  C,  obit,  xv,  654. 
Mackenzie,  G.  H.,  obit  and  port, 

xvi,  640. 
Mackenzie,  P.  W.,  obit,  xvi,  641. 
Mackenzie,  K.  8.,  sketch,  xiv,  689. 
McKibbin,  D.  B.,  obit.,  xv,  654. 
McKinley  bill,  the,  xv,  205  a  Mq. 
Maclay,  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  665. 
McLean,  W.,  obit,  xv,  654. 
MoManus,  J.  T.,  obit.,  xv,  654. 
McNary,  W.  H.,  obit,  xv,  654. 
McNeil,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  641. 
McShane,  J.  A.,  nominated,  xiii, 

587. 
McTyeire,  H.  N.,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 
Madagascar,  xv,  886 ;  xvi,  814» 
Madison,  Wis.,  xvi,  159. 
Madura,  xiii,  589. 
Maeder,  F.  G.,  obit,  xvi,  641. 
Magee,  W.  C,  obit,  xvi,  677. 
Magliani,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  677. 
Magnetism,  xiv,  702 ;  xv,  719 ;  xvi, 

788. 
Magoon,  H.  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 
Mahan,  Asa,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 
Mahdists,  invasion  by,  xiv,  1. 


Mahogany  forests,  xiv,  418. 
Mahon,  J.  P.  O.,  obit,  xvi,  677. 
Mahoney,  P.  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 
Maine,  xiii,  507 ;  xiv,  622 ;  xv,  618; 

xvi,  476. 
Maine,  Sir  Henry  J.  S.,  xiii,  665. 
Mala  Vita,  the,  xvi,  889. 
Malcolm,  W.,  obit,  xv,  664. 
Mallet,  Sir  L.,  obit,  xv,  683. 
Mallory  C.  £.,  obit,  xv,  664. 
Malmeabury,  Earl  of,  sketch,  xiv, 

665. 
Malta,  XV,  408 ;  xvi,  842. 
Manchester  canal,  xv,  281. 
Manchester,  Virginia,  xvi,  160. 
Mancini,  P.  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  666. 
Mandeville,  J.,  death  of,  xiii,  897. 
Mandolin,  xiv,  625. 
Manganese,  xiv,  541. 
Manica  question,  xv,  789. 
Manisty,  Sir  H.,  obit*,  xv,  688. 
Manitoba,  xiii,  511 ;  xvi,  478. 
Mankato,  xv,  186. 
Mansfield,  xv,  187. 
Mantineia,  excavations  at,  xiii,  27. 
Manual  training,  xvi,  481. 
Maple  sugar,  xvi,  857. 
Marais,  L.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  677. 
Marble,  xv,  520 ;  xvi,  541. 
BCarcke,  E..  obit,  xvi,  677. 
Marie   of    Bavaria,   sketch,   xiv, 

665. 
Marigny,  M.,  obit,  xv,  654. 
Marilley,  Bishop,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 
Marine  Conference,  International, 

xiv,  525. 
Marion,  xv,  187. 
Maritime  exhibition,  xiv,  528. 
Markland,  A.  H.,  obit,  xiii,  645. 
Marquette,  xv,  187. 
Marriage  reform,  xiii,  488 ;  xv,  484. 
Marriages,  Hindu,  xvi,  871. 
Mars,  xiii,  58. 
Mars,  recent  studies  of,  xiii,  511 ; 

map,  512;  xv,  40. 
Marah,  O.  C,  port,  xv,  578. 
Marston,  W^  obit,  xv,  683. 
Marthon,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  641. 
Martin,  John,  nominated,  xiii,  460. 
Martin,  John  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 
Martin,  M.,  nominated,  xiii,  766. 
Martinelli,  T.  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  665. 
Martinez,  A.,  obit,  xvi,  677. 
Martinique,  xiii,  840;  xiv,  824;  xvi, 

865. 
Maryland,  xiii,  516;  xiv,  580;  xv, 

616 ;  xvi,  498. 
Mashonaland,  xvi,  108. 
Massachusetts,  xiii,  517;  xiv,  584; 

XV,  520 ;  xvi,  496. 
Masaai,  Cardinal,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 
Massowah,  Italians  at,  xiii,  8,  4; 

xiv,  2 ;  XV,  458. 
Matabeleland,  xiv,  106;  xv,  95. 
Mather,  R.  H.,  obit,  xv,  655. 
Mathews,  C,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 


Mathews,  Geoige  A.,  nominated, 
xui,268. 

Mathews,  J.  N.,  sketch,  xui,  545. 

Mathushek,  F.,  obit,  xvi,  641. 

Matout,  Louis,  sketch,  xiii,  665. 

Matson,  C.  C,  nomini^ed,  xiii,  441. 

Matsudaini,  obit,  xv,  684. 

Matteson,  O.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  640. 

Matthews,  Stanley,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  640. 

Matthieu,  Henri,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Mattoon,  Stephen,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Maurau,  J.  E.,  sketch,  sdii,  645. 

Mauritius,  xiv,  400 ;  xvi,  844. 

Maverick,  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  645. 

May,  Abby  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  645. 

Mayer,  Karl,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 

Maynard,  E.,  obit,  xvi,  642. 

Maze,  H.,  obit,  xvi,  677. 

Meade,  Edwin  R.,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Meadville,  Pa.,  xvi,  160. 

Meany,  Stephen  Joseph,  xiii,  645. 

Mechanics,  xiv,  691 ;  xvi,  725. 

Medals,  astronomical,  xiii,  58l 

Medical  congress,  xv,  882. 

Medum,  pyramid  of,  xvi,  20. 

Megalopolis,  ruins  at,  xvi,  1& 

Meissonier,  Jean  L.  £.,  sketoh  and 
portrait,  xvi,  500. 

Melikoff,  Count  Louis,  xiii,  521. 

Melinite  scandal,  the,  xvi,  811. 

Mell,  Patrick  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  646. 

Melville,  Herman,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xvi,  503. 

Memorial  aroh,  xv,  620. 

Memphis  colossi,  xiii,  80. 

Mendenhall,  T.  C,  portrait,  xiv,  36. 

Meneiek  proclaimed  negus,  xiv,  1. 

Mennonites,  xv,  66. 

Mercantile  agencies,  xiv,  587. 

Meroury,  xv,  89  ;  transit  of,  xvi,  50. 

Meriden,  xiv,  154. 

Merriam,  W.  R.,  nominated,  xiii, 
660. 

Merrick,  P.  B.,  sketch,  nil,  646i. 

Merrick,  W.  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Merrill,  W.  £.,  obit,  xvi,  642. 

Message,  President's,  xiii,  190 ;  xiv, 
188;  XV,  171;  xvi,  20L 

Messeremith,  J.  8.,  obit,  xvi,  642l 

Metalluigy,  xiii,  62S  ;  xiv,  536 ;  xv, 
525 ;  xvi,  505. 

Meteors  and  Meteorites.    See  Aa- 

TBONOMT. 

Meteorology,  xiii,  581;   nv,  546; 

XV,  532. 
Methodists,  xiii,  589 ;  xiv,  552  ;  xv, 

539;  xvi,  514. 
Mexico,  xiii,  547 ;  chareh  wofk  in. 

709;  xiv,  556;    xv,  54$;  xvi, 

620. 
Meyer,  H.  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 
Michigan,  idii,  550;  xiv,  559;  xv. 

550 ;  xvi,  625. 
Michigan  City,  IndL,  xvi,  160. 
Middleton,  J.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  646. 


INDEX. 


883 


Middletown  incorporated,  xliii  608. 

Miklodich,  F.,  obit,  xvi,  677. 

Milan,  King,  divorced,  xiii,  739; 
abdicates,  xiv,  760. 

Milea,  W.  B,,  obit,  xv,  656. 

Milhau,  J.  J.,  obit,  xvi,  642. 

Military  Order  of  America,  xv,  558. 

Miller,  John  L.,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Miller,  8.  ¥^  obit  and  port,  xv, 
655. 

Miller,  W.,  nominated,  xiii,  609. 

MiUer,  William  H.  H.,  sketch  and 
portrait,  xiv,  803. 

Millet,  Aim^,  obit,  xvi,  678. 

Mills  bill,  the,  xiii,  206. 

Mills,  Robert,  sketch,  xiii,  646. 

Milns,  William,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Milroy,  J.  B.,  nominated,  xiii,  443. 

Minenj-land  convention,  xiii,  569. 

Mineral  wool,  xvi,  528. 

Minora'  congress,  xv,  71 ;  xvi,  311. 

Mines,  J.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  642. 

Mining  law,  xiii,  552. 

Mining  statistica,  xvi,  846. 

Minnesota,  xiii,  557 ;  xiv,  561 ;  xv, 
554;  xvi,  528. 

Minor,  W.  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  641. 

Miranzai  expedition,  xvi,  876. 

Missions,  xiv,  520,  521 ;  American 
Board  of,  xiv,  180;  London 
Society,  xiv,  181 ;  Internation- 
al Conference  of,  xiii,  560.  See 
also  the  articles  on  the  religious 
denominations. 

Mississippi,  xiii,  561 ;  xiv,  563 ;  xv, 
557 ;  xvi,  531. 

Missouri,  xiii,  564;  xiv,  565;  xv, 
561 ;  xvi,  533. 

Missouri  river  improvement,  xvi^ 
801. 

Mitchell,  C.  L.  M.,  obit,  xv,  055. 

Mitchell,  Lucy  M., sketch,  xiii,  646. 

Mitchell,  Maria,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  641. 

Mivart,  SSt  George,  quoted,  xiii,  7. 

Mizner,  L.  B.,  xv,  412,  414. 

Mobile,  xiii,  167. 

Moen,  P.  L.,  obit,  xvi,  642. 

Mceris,  Lake,  monuments,  xiii,  29. 

Moffat,  J.  C,  obit,  xv,  655. 

Mohammedans,  xiii,  567. 

Molbech,  C.  K.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  665, 

Molesworth,  W.  N.,  obit,  xv,  684. 

Moline,  xv,  137. 

Moltke,  Helmuth  K.  B.,  obit  and 
port,  xvi,  535. 

Monaco,  Prince,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 

Moncton,  xiv,  154. 

Money  market  See  Financial 
Review. 

Money  orders,  international,  xiv, 
230. 

Mongpodien,  A.,  obit,  xiii,  665. 

Monitor,  the  original,  xiv,  298. 

Monoliths,  perforated,  xiii,  28. 

Monroe,  J.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  C43. 


Monselet,  Charles,  sketch,  xiii,  666. 
Montague,  C.  U.,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Montana,  xiii,  568;  xiv,  568;  xv, 

564;  xvi,  538. 
Monteith,  J.,  obit,  xv,  655. 
Montenegro,  xiii,  569 ;  xiv,  572. 
Montgomery,  xiii,  167. 
Montpelier,  xiii,  168. 
Montpensier,   Due   de,  obit,   xv, 

684. 
Montreal,  charter  remodeled,  xiv, 

728. 
Monts,  Count,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 
Monuments,  preservation,  xiii,  24. 
Moore,  S.  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Moravians,    xiii,    570;    xiv,    572; 

house  of  the  sisterhood,  578. 
Morazan,  harbor  of,  xiv,  409. 
Morehouse,  A.  P.,  obit,  xvi,  643. 
Morelli,  Giovanni,  obit,  xvi,  678. 
Moresnet,  partition  of,  xv,  70. 
Morey,  F.,  obit,  xv,  666. 
Morford,  J.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  646. 
Morgan,  G.  D.,  obit,  xvi,  643. 
Morgan,  J.,  nominated,  xiii,  847. 
Morgan,  J.  S.,  obit  and  portrait, 

XV,  656. 
Morgan,  M.  S,,  obit,  xv,  656. 
Morgan,  W.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  646. 
Morison,  J.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  666. 
Mormonism,  xiv,  415,  817  ;  xv,  21, 

263, 424 ;  church  property,  xvi, 

.858. 
Morocco,  xiii,  571 ;  xiv,  674 ;  xv, 

567 ;  xvi,  541. 
Morris,  £.,  obit,  xvi,  643. 
Morris,  L.  B.,  nominated,  xiii,  240. 
Morrow,  H.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  643. 
Mortgages,  farm,  xv,  552. 
Morton,  John  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Morton,  Levi  Parsons,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiii,  576. 
Morton,  M.,  obit,  xvi,  643. 
Moscow,  Idaho,  xvi,  161. 
Moseley,   Uenry    N.,    obit,   xvi, 

678. 
Mosquito  territory,  the,  xiv,  610. 
Mott,  A.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Moufang,  C,  obit,  xv,  684. 
Mougel  Bey,  obit.,  xv,  684. 
Moulton,  C.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  646. 
Mound-builders'  works,  xiii,  22,  23 ; 

xiv,  17 ;  xvi,  12. 
Mountain  railway,  xiv,  295. 
Mount- Temple,    W.    F.    Cowper- 

Temple,  sketch,  xiii,  666. 
Mowbray,  G.  W.,  obit,  xvi,  644, 
Mulford,  J.  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  647. 
Mulford,  P.,  obit,  xvi,  644. 
Muncie,  xiii,  168. 
Murchison  letter,  the,  xiii,  269. 
Murdock,  S.  K.,  obit,  xvi,  644. 
Murska,  lima  di,  sketch,  xiv,  666. 
Muscular   system,  the,  xiii,  694; 

xiv,  708 ;  xv,  726. ;  xvi,  741. 
Musgrave,  Sir  A.,  obit,  xiii,  666. 


Music,  progress  of,  in  1888,  xiii, 
578  ;  in  1889,  xiv,  575 ;  in  1890, 
XV,  568. 

Mutkuroff,  Sara,  obit,  xvi,  678. 

MyoensB,  tombs  at,  xiii,  27. 

Myers,  A.  C,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 

Nakamura,  Masanao,  obit,  xvi,  678. 
Nampa,  image  found  at,  xiv,  18. 
Napier  Lord,  obit,  xv,  686. 
Napoleon,     Prince    Jerome,   obit 

and  port,  xvi,  679. 
Nashua,  N.  H.,  xvi,  161. 
Nasmyth,  J.,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Natal,  xiii,  122;  xiv,  104;  xv,  93; 

xvi,  103. 
Natalie,  expulsion  of,  xvi,  790. 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  xv, 

572 ;  xvi,  543. 
National  League  for  the  Protection 

of  American  Institutions,  xv, 

579. 
Naval  apparatus,  new,  xv,  580. 
Naval  catastrophe  in  Samoa,  xiv, 

768. 
Naval  station^  new,  xvi,  863. 
Navy  of  the  United  States,  xiii, 

787  ;  xiv,  805,  809 ;  xvi,  543. 
Nazorencs,  xiii,  584. 
Neal,  John  R,,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Nebraska,  xiii,  585;  xiv,  579;  xv, 

582 ;  xvi,  558. 
Nebraska  City,  bridge  at,  xiii,  298. 
Nebula  in  Orion,  xiv,  50 ;  in  An- 
dromeda, xiv,  51 ;  XV,  42. 
Nebulas,  xvi,  53. 
Nebular  line,  xvi,  51. 
Needham,  £.  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Negus  Johannis  killed,  xiv,  1. 
Noilson,  Joseph,  sketch,  xiii,  647. 
Nelson,  H.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  644. 
Neptune,  xiv,  46. 
Neruda,  Johann,  obit,  xvi,  680. 
Nervous  system,  the,  xiii,  689 ;  xiv, 

703 ;  XV,  720  ;  xvi,  738. 
Netherlands,  xiii,  587 ;  xiv,  581 ; 

XV,  586  ;  xvi,  562. 
Nevada,  xiii,  590;   xiv,  584;  xv, 

590 ;  xvi,  565. 
Nevin,  A.,  obit,  xv,  656. 
Newark,  O.,  xv,  188. 
New  Britain,  xiv,  154. 
Newbrough,  John  B.,  writes  Oohs- 

pe,  xvi,  602. 
New  Brunswick,  xiii,  592 ;  xiv,  586 ; 

XV,  592  ;  xvi,  566. 
Newburgh,  xiv,  155. 
Newburyport,  Mass.,  xvi,  161. 
New  Caledonia,  xv,  385. 
Newfoundland,  xv,  593;  map  of, 

XV,  594 ;  xvi,  567. 
New  Glasgow,  N.  S.,  xv,  138. 
New  Guinea,  xiv,  57. 
New  Hampshire,  xiii,  593 ;  xiv,  587 

XV,  597  ;  xvi,  570. 
N  ew  Hebrides,  the,  xiii,  62. 


884 


INDEX. 


New  Jersey,  xiii,  595;  xiv,  590; 

XV,  601 ;  xvi,  572. 
New  Jerusalem  Church,  xili,  599 ; 

XV,  605. 
New  London,  Conn.,  xvi,  162. 
Newman,  J.  11.,  sketch  and  port, 

XV,  605. 
New  Mexico,  xiii,  600;  xiv,  594; 

XV,  608 ;  xvi,  575. 
New  Orleans,  xiii,  168 ;  massacre  in, 

xvi,  883. 
Newport,  R.  I.,  xvi,  168. 
New  South  Wales,  xiv,  53 ;  xv,  46 ; 

xvi,  61. 
Newton,  Mass.,  xv,  188. 
New  York  city,  xiii,  610 ;  xiv,  601 ; 

XV,  615 ;  xvi,  585. 
New   York  State,  xiii,  601;   xiv, 

595 ;  XV,  611 ;  xvi,  577. 
New  Westminster,  xvi,  164. 
New  Zealand,  xiv,  608 ;  xv,  49 ;  xvi, 

64. 
Ngamiland,  xv,  97 ;  xvi,  104. 
Nicaragua,  xiii,  618;  xiv,  609;  .xv, 

623  ;  canal,  xiii,  614 ;  xiv,  610 ; 

XV,  623 ;  xvi,  594. 
Nicholas,  Grand-Duke,  obit.,  xvi, 

680. 
Nioholls,  F.    T.  nominated,   xiii, 

501. 
Nichols,  J.  E.,  sketch,  xiii,  647. 
Nickel,  XV,  527. 
Nicolai,  Baron,  obit,  xvi,  680. 
Nihilists,  oonspiracioH  of,  xiv,  753 ; 

expelled  from  Switzerland,  7  87. 
Nitric-acid  vapor,  combustion  in, 

xiv,  134. 
Nixon,  John  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  642. 
Noble,  B.  G.,  obit,  xv,  656. 
Noble,  John  W.,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  804. 
Noble,  Samuel,  sketch,  xiii,  647. 
Noire,  Ludwig,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 
Noland  defalcation,  xv,  563;   xvi, 

535. 
Norman,  Helen,  obit,  xvi,  644. 
Normanby,  Marquis,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Nopquay,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 
Norris,  A.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  647. 
North  Bay,  Ontario,  xvi,  164. 
North  Carolina,  xiii,  617  ;  xiv,  611 ; 

XV,  628  ;  xvi,  595. 
North  Dakota,  xiv,  612;  xv,  625; 

xvi,  597. 
North,  M.,  obit,  xv,  685. 
Norton,  C.  B.,  obit,  xvi,  644. 
Norton,  G.  S.,  obit,  xvi,  045. 
Norton,  G.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  648. 
Norway,  xiii,  756;  xiv,  785;  xvi, 

808. 
Norwich,  xiv,  155. 
Nova  Scotia,  xiii,  619;  xiv,  615; 

XV,  629 ;  xvi,  600. 
Noyes,  E.  F.,  obit,  xv,  657. 
Nubar  Pasha,  xiii,  291. 
Nussbaum,  J.  N.,  obit,  xv,  685. 


Nutrition,  xiii,  694 ;  xiv,  707. 
Nutting,  N.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  643. 
Nyassaland,  xv,  264. 

Oahspe,  xvi,  602. 
Oakley,  L.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  647. 
O'Beime,  R.  F.,  obit,  xvi,  645. 
Obituaries,    American,   xiii,    621 ; 

xiv,  616;    XV,  681;    xvi,  603; 

foreign,  xiii,  659;  xiv,  654;  xv, 

672 ;  xvi,  663. 
Observatories,  new,  xiii,  48. 
O'Connor,  J.,  obit,  xv,  657. 
O'Connor,  William  D.,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiv,  643. 
Ogden,  xiii,  169. 
Ohio,  xiii,  669 ;  xiv,  672 ;  xv,  693 ; 

xvi,  690. 
Oklahoma,  xiv,  675 ;  xv,  696 ;  xvi, 

693. 
Olean,  N.  Y.,  xv,  139. 
Olin,  Milo,  sketch,  xiv,  643. 
Oliphant,  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  666. 
Olmstead,  J.  W.,  obit,  xvi,  645. 
Olympia,  Wash.,  xvi,  164. 
Oneonta,  N.  Y.,  xv,  189. 
Ontario,  Province  of,  xiii,  671 ;  xiv, 

077 ;  XV,  698 ;  map  of,  xv,  698 ; 

xvi,  695. 
Operas.    See  Musio. 
Opium  growing,  legislation  of,  xv, 

116. 
Oraksai,  Gen.,  xiii,  6. 
Orange  Free  State,  xiv,  108 ;  xv,  98. 
Orange  inoorx>oration,  xv,  268. 
Ordnance,   small-arms.     See   Ri- 
fles. 
Oregon,  xiii,  672 ;  xiv,  678 ;  xv,  698 ; 

xvi,  696. 
O'Reilly,  J.  B.,  obit,  xv,  657. 
Organ,  C.  P.,  nominated,  xiii,  849. 
Original-Package   Law,    xv,   287, 

470,  700. 
Orleans,  Duke  of,  imprisoned,  xv, 

329. 
Osgood,  C,  ob'it,  XV,  657. 
Otero,  M.  S.,  nominated,  xiii,  601. 
Ottawa,  view  of,  xv,  260. 
Ottumwa,  Iowa,  xv,  189. 
Ouray,  Col.,  xv,  140. 
Ouseley,  F.  A.  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 
Owen,  R.,  obit,  xv,  657. 
Oxygen  in  the  sun,  xv,  89. 
Oyster  survey,  xiii,  618;  industry, 

xiv,  532 ;  xvi,  495. 

Pacific  Islanders,  armed,  xiii,  64. 
Packer,  J.  B.,  obit,  xvi,  645. 
Paddock,  B.  H.,  obit,  xvi,  645. 
Pail,  attachment  for  a,  xvi,  707. 
Paine,  Ira,  sketch,  xiv,  643. 
Paine,  W.  II.,  obit,  xv,  657. 
Painting.    See  Fmx  Arts. 
Palestine  Exploration,  xiii,  81. 
Paley,  F.  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  667. 
Palgrave,  W.  G.,  sketch,  xiii,  667. 


Palizzi,  Joseph,  sketch,  xiii,  667. 

Pallen,  M.  A.,  obit,  xv,  658. 

Palloti,  L.,  obit,  xv,  686. 

Palmer,  C,  obit,  xiii,  64a 

Palmer,  P.  S.,  obit,  xv,  658. 

Palouse  City,  Wash.,  xvi,  165. 

Panama  Canal,  the,  xiii,  177,  351 : 
xiv,  165, 221 ;  xv,  151 ;  xvi,  17«. 

Panitza  conspiracy,  xv,  82. 

Papal  question,  the,  xiv,  469. 

Papal  rescript,  the,  xiii,  894. 

Paparrigopulos,  Constantine,  obit, 
xvi,  680. 

Paphos,  temple  at,  xiii,  27. 

Parachute,  xvi,  76. 

Paraguay,  xiii,  678;  xiv,  680;  ex- 
ploration in,  xiv,  868 ;  xv,  701 ; 
xvi,  699. 

Parallax,  stellar,  xiv,  49. 

Paris  Exposition,  xiv,  680. 

Parker,  A.  J.,  obit,  xv,  658. 

Parker,  Joel,  sketch,  xiii,  648. 

Parker,  Peter,  sketch,  xiii,  648. 

Parker,  W.  K.,  obit,  xv,  686. 

Parkersburg,  W.  Va,  xvi,  165. 

Parliament  House,  Toronto,  xiv. 
277. 

Pamell,  Charles  S.,  obit  and  port, 
xvi,  681. 

Pamell  commission,  xiv,  895 ;  xv, 
397. 

Parrish,  J.,  obit,  xvi,  645. 

Parton,  James,  obit  and  port,  xvi, 
646. 

Pasi,  Count,  obit,  xv,  686. 

Patent  Ollice,  centennial  celebra- 
tion, xvi,  708. 

Patents,  xiii,  674;  xvi,  699. 

Patrick,  M.  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  648. 

Patriotic  League,  xv,  70S. 

Patriotic  Order,  xv,  708. 

Patrons  of  Husbandry,  xiii,  242^ 

Patterson,  T.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  643. 

Patti,  Carlotta,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 

Pattison,  Thomas,  obit,  xvi,  646. 

Patton,  Alfred  S.,  sketch,  xiiu  64K 

Patton,  W.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  644. 

Paul,  J.  H.,  nominated,  xiii,  559. 

Pauper  immigration,  xiii,  424. 

Pauperism  and  crime,  xvi,  842. 

Paynter,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  658. 

Peabody,  Elixabeth  P.,  xiii,  11. 

Peace  Congress,  xvi,  389. 

Peacock,  Sir  B.,  obit,  xv,  686. 

Pea-nut  oil,  xiv,  138. 

Pcanton,  John  J.,  sketch,  xiii,  648. 

Peasant  insurrection,  xiii,  721. 

Peattield,  James,  sketch,  xiv,  644. 

Pecci,  G.,  obit,  xv,  686. 

Peculiar  people,  xiii,  676. 

Pedro  II,  sketch  and  port,  xiv, 
684 ;  obit,  xvi,  682. 

Pcixotto,  B.  F.,  obit,  xv,  658. 

Pellegrini,  Carlo,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 

Pendleton,  Georjee  U.,  sketch  and 
port,  xiv,  644b 


INDEX; 


885 


)*^ne,  Henri  do,  sketch,  ziii,  667. 
Pennsylvania,  xili,  676 ;  xiv,  C86 ; 

XV,  703 ;  xvi,  714. 
PensacoUt,  xiv,  155. 
Pension  bill,  dependent,  xv,  234. 
I'ensions,  United  States,  xiii,  234, 

772;  xiv,   217,  805;  xv,   820; 

Confederate,  xiii,  618,748 ;  xiv, 

612,827,772;  xv,  865, 625;  xvi, 

532! 
Pepper,  G.  8.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Percy,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 
Perkins,  O.  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  648. 
Perry,  Edward  £.,  sketch,  xiv,  644. 
Perry,  Horace  J.,  obit.,  xvi,  646. 
Perry,  8.  J.,  obit,  xv,  686. 
Penua,  xiii,  678;  relies  from,  xiv, 

22 ;  XV,  706 ;  xvi,  717. 
Peni,  xiii,  679;  xiv,  690;  xv,  707; 

xvi,  719. 
Peruzzi,  Ubaldino,  obit,  xvi,  683. 
Peters,  C.  IL  F.,  obit  and  port,  xv^ 

659. 
Peters,  Karl,  sketch,  xiv,  667. 
Petersburg,  Va.,  xvi,  165» 
Petrie  Point,  view  of,  xv,  596. 
Petroleum,  xiii,  680. 
Pettenkofen,  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  668. 
Pfaff,  C.  I.,  obit,  XV,  660. 
Pharmacy,  xiii,  687. 
I^helan,  James,  obit,  xvi,  646. 
Phelps,  A.,  obit,  xv,  660. 
Phelps,  6.  M.)  sketch,  xiii,  648. 
Phenix  or  Phcenix,  xiv,  156. 
Philadelphia's   now   charter,  xiv, 

689. 
I'hilippine  Islands,  xiv,  776. 
Philippovitch,  Baron,  sketch,  xiv, 

668. 
Philleo,  P.  C,  obit  and  port,  xv, 

660. 
Phillips,  G.  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  G4rL 
Phillips,  Isaac, sketch,  xiv,  644. 
PhUlipe,  R II.,  obit,  xv,  6G0. 
Phonograph,  xv,  708. 
Phormium  hemp,  xiii,  248. 
Phosphate,  xiv,  772;   discovered, 

xiv,  326 ;  of  lime,  xiv,  15 ;  xv, 

819,  778. 
l*hotographio  camera,  xvi,  710. 
l*hotography,     astronomical,   xiii, 

49;  xiv,  43;  celestial,  xvi,  51; 

recent  progress  in,  xvi,  720. 
Physics,  progress  of,  in  recent  years, 

xiv,  691 ;  in  1890,  xv,  710  j  chem- 
ical, XV,  99 ;  in  1891,  xvi,  726. 
Physiology,  xiii,  689 ;  xiv,  703 ;  xv, 

720;  xvi,  734. 
Piatt,  Donn,  obit,  xvi,  646. 
Pickering,  C.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  649. 
Picture  galleries.    See  Fine  Arts. 
Pierce,  Bradford,  sketch,  xiv,  644. 
Pierrepont,    11.    E.,   sketch,   xiii, 

649. 
Piereol,  8.  II.,  nominated,  xiii,  841. 
Pierson,  11.  K.,  obit,  xv,  600. 


Pig  iron,  production  in  Alabama, 
XV,  5. 

Pike,  Albert,  obit  and  port,  xvi, 
647. 

Pike  County  disorders,  xiii,  463. 

Pile,  William  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  644. 

Pilgrim    Fathers,   monuments  to, 
xiv,  323 ;  homes  of  the,  xv,321. 

Pilot-chart,  xiii,  59. 

Pine,  white,  xvi,  530. 

Pineo,  Peter,  obit,  xvi,  647. 

Pincton,  Charles  A.,  obit,  xvi,  647. 

Pinkney,  Howard,  sketch,  xiii,  649. 

Pinnez,  E,,  obit,  xv,  686. 

Pishin,  annexation  of,  xiii,  7. 

Pitkin,  Perley  P.,  obit,  xvi,  647. 

Pittsflold,xv,141. 

Plainfiold,  xv,  141. 

Plonchon,  J.  £.,  sketch,  xiii,  667. 

Planetary  tables,  xiv,  46. 

Plante,  Gaston,  sketch,  xiv,  668. 

I^lants,  chemistry  of,  xiii,  146. 

Plateea,  relics  at,  xvi,  18. 

Plumb,  Preston  B.,  obit,  xvi,  647. 

Plumflold,  xiii,  11. 

l*lumptrc,  Edward  H.,  obit,  xvi, 
68. 

inunkett,  T.  O.  W.,  sketch,  xiv, 

668. 
Poillon,  Richard,  obit,  xvi,  648. 
Poisons,  xiii,  695 ;  xiv,  710 ;  xv,  728. 
I'olak,  Edward,  obit,  xvi,  683. 
Polaris,  xiii,  57. 

PoUakolf,  Samuel,  sketch,  xiii,  667. 

Political  conventions,  national.  See 

article  United  States  in  voL 

xiii.    See  also  the  articles  on 

States  of  tlie  Union. 

Polk  homestead,  view  of, xvi,  648. 

Polk,  Sarah  C,  obit  and  port,  xvi, 

648. 
Pollock,  J.,  obit,  XV,  660. 
Pomeroy,  Samuel  C,  obit,  xvi,  048. 
Pondicherry,  xv,  334. 
Pondoland,  xvi,  102. 
Pontmartin,  Count,  obit,  xv,  680. 
Pope,  John  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  668. 
Poppy  oil,  xiii,  145. 
Portal,  Mr.,  his  mission,  xiii,  2,  8. 
Port  Arthur,  xiii,  170. 
Porter,  David  Dixon,  sketch  and 

port,  xvi,  743. 
Porter,  Elbert  S.,  sketch,  .xiii,  649. 
Porter,  James,  sketch,  xiii,  049. 
Port  Huron,  Mich.,  xvi,  166. 
Porto  Rico,  xiii,  840 ;  xiv,  824. 
I*ortraits,  ancient,  xiii,  29 ;  crayon, 

XV,  729. 
Ports,  DOW,  xiii,  257. 
Portsmouth,  N.  II.,  xvi,  167. 
Port  Townscnd,  Wash.,  xvi,  167. 
Portugal,  xiii,  696;  xiv,  710;  por- 
traits of  king  and  queen,  xiv, 
711 ;  XV,  787 ;  xvi,  749. 
Position  Under,  xv,  581. 
Postal  Congress,  xvi,  09. 


Postal  Convention,  xiv,  98. 
Postal  subsidy,  xvi,  226. 
Potocki,  Count,  sketch,  xiv,  668. 
Potter,  Edward  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  645. 
Potter,  Piatt,  obit,  xvi,  648. 
Pottle,  Emory  B.,  obit,  xvi,  648. 
Potts,  F.  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  649. 
Poussin,  Nicholas,  xiii,  260. 
Pouyer-Quertier,  A.  T.,  obit,  xvi, 

684. 
Powder,  smokeless,  xiv,  742,  743. 
Powell,    D.    F.,   nominated,   xiii, 

846. 
Powell,  J.  W.,  address,  xiii,  44. 
Powers,  H.  N.,  obit,  xv,  001. 
Praeger,  Ferdinand,  obit,  xvi,  684. 
Pratt,  Charles,  obit  and  port,  xvi, 

649. 
Pratt,  Thomas  T.,  obit,  xvi,  649. 
Precious  metals,  xiii,  529 ;  xv,  152. 
Preece,  Mr.,  his  address,  xiii,  40. 
Presbyterians,  xiii,  097;   xiv,  712; 

XV,  740 ;  xvi,  753. 
Prescott,  Albert  B.,  port,  xvi,  33. 
Presidential  canvass,  the,  .\iii,7&l. 
Presidential  elections,  xiii,  709   ti 

seq. 
President's  message,  xv,  171 ;  xvi, 

201. 
Presscns^,  Edmond  D.,  obit,  xvi, 

684. 
Preston,  Thomas  S.,  obit,  xvi,  CCO. 
Pretis-Cagnodo,  Baron,  obit,   xv, 

687. 
Price,  Bonamy,  sketch,  xiii,  607. 
Prime,  Edward  D.  G.,  obit,  xvi, 

650. 
Prince  Edward    Island,  l*rovincc 

of,  xiii,  70J  ;  xvi,  762. 
Prindle,  E.  H.,  obit,  xv,  001. 
Printing-office,  United  States  Gov- 
ernment, xiii,  380. 
Prjevalsky,  N.  M.,  obit,  xiii,  0C7. 
Proctor,  Redfield,  sketch  and  port, 

xiv,  802. 
Proctor,  Richard  Anthony,  sketch 

and  portrait,  xiii,  707. 
Prohibition.    See  the  articles  on 

States  of  the  Union. 
Projectiles,  xiii,  795. 
Propagation  of  the  Gospel,  Society 

for,  xiv,  10. 
I*ropeller,  elliptic,  xvi,  701. 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the 
United  States,  xiii,  708 ;    xiv, 
720 ;  XV,  749 ;  xvi,  762. 
Providence,  xiii,  170. 
I*rovo,  xiv,  157. 
Public  buildings,  xvi,  234. 
Public  lands,  xiii,  460. 
Pueblo,  Col.,  xvi,  100. 
Puerto  Rico,  xvi,  243. 
Pulsifer,  Royal  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  049. 
Punishment  of  crime,  congress  on, 

xvi,  810. 
Putnam  statue,  the,  xiii,  2^0. 


886 


INDEX. 


Putnam,  William  L.,  nominated^ 

xiii,  510. 
Pyramids,  Egyptian,  xiv,  24. 

Quackcnbush,  S.  P.,  obit.,  xv,  661. 
Quebec,  Province  of,  xiii,  710 ;  xiv, 

723;  xvi,765. 
Queensland,  xiv,  55;  zy,  47;  xvi, 

62. 
Qucsada,  Marshal,  sketch,  xiv,  668. 
Qucsnoville,  6.  A.,  xiv,  669. 
Questel,  C.  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 
Quick,  Robert  H.,  obit,  xvi,  684. 
Quimby,  E.  T.,  obit,  xv,  661. 
Quinby,  Isaac  F.,  obit  and  port, 

xvi,  650. 
Quincy,  111.,  xiii,  170. 
Quincy,  Mass.,  xv,  142. 
Quinton,  James  W.,  obit,  xvi,  684. 

Rabbit  pest,  the,  xiii,  61. 

Radfoixi,  W.,  obit,  xv,  661. 

Rafferty,  Thomas,  sketch,  xiii,  650. 

Raft,  lumber,  xiii,  305. 

Ragazzi,  Dr.,  his  mission,  xiii,  S. 

Railroads  financially  considered, 
xiii,  326. 

Rfulroads,  taxation  of,  xiii,  261. 

Railway,  submerged,  xv,  286. 

Raimondi,  A.,  obit,  xv,  687. 

Rain,  artificial,  xvi,  765. 

Rainfall,  xiii,  535;  xiv,  546;  xv, 
535. 

Raleigh,  xiii,  171. 

Rambaut,  T.,  obit,  xv,  661. 

Randall,  Samuel  J.,  sketch  and 
portrait,  xv,  751. 

Range  finder,  xv,  580. 

Rao,  Sir  Madhava,  obit,  xvi,  684. 

Rapid  transit,  xvi,  591. 

Rath  bone,  J.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  645. 

Rawle,  W.  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  645. 

Rawlins,  Wyo.,  xv,  142. 

Ray,  John,  sketch,  xiii,  650. 

Raymond,  R.  R.,  obit,  xiii,  650. 

Reavis,  Logan  U.,  sketch,  xiv,  645. 

Reciprocity,  xiii,  278 ;  xiv,  278 ;  xv, 
202  et  8fq. ;  xvi,  94,  244 ;  rejec- 
tion of,  xvi,  856 ;  treaties,  xvi, 
882. 

Redfleld,  J.  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  650. 

Redpath,  James,  obit,  xvi,  651. 

Redwitz,  0»kar,  obit,  xvi,  685. 

Reed,  Thomas  B.,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  724. 

Reeve,  I.  V.  D.,  obit,  xv,  662. 

Reformed  Churches,  xiii,  711 ;  xiv, 
725 ;  XV,  752  ;  xvi,  767. 

Reformed  Episcopal  church,  xvi, 
769. 

Register,  C.  E.,  nominated,  xiii, 
265. 

Registry  laws,  xiv,  826. 

Regla  Falls,  Mexico,  xvi,  521. 

Reichenbach,  H.  G.,  sketch,  xiv, 
669. 


Rein-grip,  xvi,  706. 
Reinke,  A.  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  645. 
Relics,  domestic,  xiv,  27. 
Religion,  statistics  of,  xvi,  843. 
Reno,  Marcus  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  645. 
Reno,  Nev.,  xvi,  168. 
Reporting-maohine,  xv,  818. 
Repeold^s    method    of    recording 

transits,  xiii,  47. 
Reredos  in  St  Paul's,  xiv,  12;  xvi, 

11. 
Reservations  of  public  lands,  xiii, 

471. 
Resisting  medium,  xiii,  56. 
Respighi,  Lorenzo,  sketch,  xiv,  669. 
Respiration,  xiii,  692 ;  xiv,  705 ;  xv, 

723. 
Respiratory  organs,  xiii,  753. 
Reuss,  Eduard,  obit,  xvi,  685. 
Revenue  reform,  xiii,  194. 
Rhode  Island,  xiii,  713 ;  xiv,  731 ; 

XV,  754 ;  xvi,  769. 
Rhodes,  J.  N.,  obit,  xv,  662. 
Ribot,  Augustin  T.,  obit,  xvi,  685. 
Rice,  C.  A.  Thomdike,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiv,  645. 
Rico,  Edmund,  sketch,  xiv,  646. 
Rice,  Harvey,  obit,  xvi,  651. 
Rice,  S.  J.,  obit,  xv,  662. 
Richardson,  Charles  A.,  obit,  xvi, 

651. 
Richardson,  John  P.,  renominated, 

xiii,  742. 
Richmond,  Ind.,  xv,  142. 
Richthofen,  Baron,  obit,  xiii,  668. 
Ricord,  Philippe,  sketch,  xiv,  646. 
RiddlebeTger,  II.  II.,  obit,  xv,  662. 
Riding.    See  Horsemanship. 
Rifles,  military,  xiv,  784. 
Riker,  James,  sketch,  xiv,  646. 
Riley,  C.  V.,  his  address,  xiii,  44. 
Riley,  Henry  H.,  sketch,  xiii,  650. 
Riot  in  coke  region,  xvi,  717. 
Riots,  anti-Christian,  xvi,  189 ;  anti- 
Jewish,  xvi,  349;  labor,  xiii, 

747 ;  religious,  xvi,  873. 
Ritschl,  Albrecht,  sketch,  xiv,  669. 
Ritter,  Frederic  L.,  obit,  xvi,  652. 
Robinson,  John,  sketch,  xiii,  650. 
Robinson,  Lucius,  obit,  xvi,  652. 
Robinson,  Moncure,  obit,  xvi,  652. 
Rock-cut  tombs,  xiii,  27,  81. 
Roekford,  HI.,  x-v,  143. 
Rock  Island,  III.,  xv,  143. 
Rockwell,  Julius,  sketch,  xiii,  650. 
Rodney,  C,  monument,  xiv,  265. 
Roe,  E.  P.,  obit  and  port,  xiii,  651. 
Rogers,  J.  E.  T.,  obit,  xv,  687. 
Rogers,  William  B.,  port,  xv,  576. 
Rollins,  E.  11.,  obit,  xiv,  647. 
Rollins,  James  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  651. 
Roloson,  J.  W.,  obit,  xv,  662. 
Roman  baths,  xiii,  24. 
Roman  Catholic  Church,  xiii,  716 ; 

xiv,  747 ;  xv,  756 ;  xvi,  771. 
Roman  question,  the,  xvi,  888. 


Roman  wall,  xiii,  24. 

Borne,  xiv,  157 ;  discoverieB  in,  xiv, 
19. 

Roome,  C,  obit,  xv,  662. 

Rope.    See  Cokdaob. 

Ropes,  Ripley,  obit,  xv,  662. 

Rope-clamp,  xvi,  708. 

Rope- walks,  xiii,  248  et  »eq. 

Rosa,  Carl  A.  6.,  sketch,  xiv,  669. 

Rose,  Sir  John,  sketch,  xiii,  66S. 

Rosebery,  Countess,  obit,  xv,  687. 

Rosecrans,  Oen.  William  S.,  retire- 
ment of,  xiv,  222. 

Ross,  L.  S.,  renominated,  xiii,  767. 

Rotelli,  Luigi,  obit,  xvi,  685. 

Rouckendorf,  William,  obit,  xvi, 
652. 

Roumania,  xiii,  718;  xiv,  749;  xv, 
769;  xvi,  775. 

Rousseau,  Emile,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 

Routledge,  Geoige,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiii,  722. 

Rowan  County  disordeni,  xiii,  463. 

Rowan,  S.  C,  obit  and  port^  xv,  663. 

Rowe,  George  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  647. 

Royce,  Homer  £.,  obit,  xvi,  658. 

Rudolf,  Archduke,  sketch,  xiv,  750. 

Rumpff,  Karl,  sketch,  jdv,  669. 

Russell,  W.  £.,  nominated,  xiii,  5:20. 

Rusk,  Jeremiah  M.,  sketch  and 
portrait,  xiv,  804. 

Russia,  xiu,  728 ;  xiv,  750 ;  xv,  761 ; 
xvi,  778. 

Russo- Afghan  boundary,  xiii,  7. 

Ruthind,  C.  C.  J.  M.,  obit,  xiii,  ii&^. 

Sabbath  Union,  American,  xv,  767. 

Sabin,  C.  B.,  obit,  xv,  663. 

SackvUle- West,  xiii,  269. 

Safli,  A.,  obit,  xv,  6S7. 

Safford,  Mary  J.,  obit,  xvi,  65S. 

Sagallo  incident,  the,  xiv,  2. 

Saganeiti,  battle  at,  xiii,  4. 

Saginaw,  xv,  144. 

St  Cloud,  XV,  144. 

St  Elias,  Mount,  attempt  to  as- 
cend, xiv,  862. 

St  Helena,  xvi,  845. 

St  John,  Charles,  obit,  xvi,  653. 

St  John,  D.  B.,  obit,  xv,  663. 

St  Lawrence  canals,  xiii,  2S4. 

St  Louis,  xiv,  567. 

St  Mary's  Falls  Canal,  xiv,  7M. 

Salamanca,  Gen.,  obit,  xv,  688. 

Salem,  Ore.,  xvi  169. 

Salctta,  Gen.,  xiii,  8. 

Salmon  fishery,  xiii,  672. 

Salomon,  L.  E.  F.,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 

Salt  Lake  City,  xiv,  158. 

Salt,  new  fields  of,  x\^  767. 

Salt,  W.  P.,  obit,  XV,  668. 

Saltus,  Francis  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  647. 

Salty  kofi',  Michael,  sketch,  xiv,  ri69. 

Salvador,  xiii,  729;  xiv,  756;  xv, 
768 ;  war  agvinst,  xv,  410 ;  xvi, 
785. 


INDEX. 


887 


/^ 


^: 


*^ 


'^ 


^qv.  Thomas,  xiii,  8. 

^4in  A.,  sketch,  xiii,  652. 
"4.  Christian  Aasocia- 


♦ 


^ 


N 


I,  xiii,  884 
map  of,  xiv, 


4b 


'> 


-f  ■*. 


■I 


<,. 


# 

■C68. 


-t,  XV,  690. 
<>bit.,  XV,  690. 
385. 
^cial,  xiii,  690 ;  xvi,  740. 
«tutbreak  in,  xiii,  253. 
^' Pinto,  his    expedition,  xv, 
/'266. 
oervia,  xiii,  788 ;  xfv,  760;  xv,  769 ; 

V\  .  /  xvi,  788. 

*  .        Servian  frontier,  the,  xiii,  114 

Seton,  Catharine,  obit.,  xvi,  656. 
Settle,  Thomas,  sketch,  xiii,  652. 
Seventh-Day  Baptist  Church,  xiii, 

741 ;  xiv,  68. 
Sewall,  Samuel  £.,  sketch,  xiii,  652. 
Seward,  Sara  C,  obit.,  xvi,  655. 
,  tek   A.,  obit,  xvi,     Seymour,  Truman,  obit.,  xvi,  655. 

Shan  States,  the,  xiv,  429. 
.rton20t  obit,  xvi,  658.  Sharp,  Martin,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 

,/»',  J.  Y.,  obit,  and  port.,     Shaw,  B.  F.,  obit,  xv,  665. 
i,  664.  Shaw,  J.  6.,  obit,  xv,  665. 

•cinck,  B.  C,  obit  and  port,  xv,     Shepard,  C.  A.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  648. 


,V40. 

r 

,»ft,  xiii,  736, 
^,ov,  280. 
/!;' obit,  xvi,  668. 


Sheridan,  M.  M.,  sketch,  xiii,  652. 
Sheridan,    P.    U.,  death    of,  xiii, 

652. 
Sherman,  Tex.,  xvi,  169. 
Sherman,  William  T.,  sketch  and 

port,  xvi,  791. 
Sherwood,  J.  M.,  obit,  xv,  665. 


664. 
Scherer,  Edmond,  sketch,  xiv,  669. 
Schleyer,  Father,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Schliemann,  H.,  obit,  xv,  688. 
Schmidt,  Friedrich,  obit,  xvi,  685. 
Schmidt,  H.  I.,  sketch,  xiv,  647. 
Schmitz,  L.,  obit,  xv,  690. 
Schniucker,B.M.,  sketch,  xiii,  651.     Shillaber,  B.  P.,  obit  and  port, 
Schofield,  John  McAllister,  sketch  xv,  665. 

and  portrait,  xiii,  787.  Shinar,  king  of,  xiv,  23. 

School-books.    See  Tbachbbs^  As-     Ship-building,  xiii,  610. 

BociATioNs.  Ship  channel  in  Lake  St  Peter, 

School  question,  the,  xvi,  775.  xiii,  288. 

Schoonmaker,  C.  M.,  obit,  xiv,  647.     Shipman,  V.  J.,  nominated,  xiii, 
Schulto,  Jaekson  S.,  obit,  xvi,  654.  341. 

Schuyler,  E.,  obit,  xv,  665.  Shipping,  American,  xvi,  198. 

Schuyler,  G.  L.,  obit,  xv,  666.  Ship  railway,  xiv,  615. 

Schwarzburg  -  Sondcrehausen, 

Prince,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 
Schwenkfelders,  xvi,  788. 
Scolield,  Glenni  W.,  obit,  xvi,  664. 


Ships,  separable,  xv,  282. 
Shoa,  Italian  mission  to,  xiv,  2. 
Sholes,  C.  L.,  obit,  xv,  666. 
Shot-guns,  XV,  772. 


Scotland,  Church  of,  xiii,  703 ;  xiv,     Shreveport,  xiv,  169. 


718. 
Scott,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  647. 
Scott,  William  L.,  obit,  xvi,  654. 
Scotti,  J.,  obit,  XV,  665. 
Scoville,  Jonathan,  obit,  xvi,  664. 
Scrip,  land,  xiii,  472. 
Sculptures,  early  Christian,  xiii,  31. 
Scythian  king,  tomb  of,  xiii,  34. 
Seal  question,  the,  xvi,  634. 
Searle,  Henry  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 
Searlcs,  Mary  F.  S.,  obit,  xvi,  654. 
Seattle,  xiv,  823. 
Seawell,  W.,  obit,  xiii,  661. 


Shurtleff,  Stephen  C,  nominated, 

xiii,  834. 
Shuvaloff,  Count,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 
Sibi,  annexation  of,  xiii,  7. 
Sibley,  Henry  H.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 
Sibley,  Hiram,  sketch,  xiii,  652. 
Sickel,  H.  G.,  obit,xv,  666 
Sicyon,  excavations  in,  xiii,  26. 
Sight,  Bufflngton's,  xiv,  739. 
Silchester,  discoveries  at,  xvi,  15, 
Sikkim,   war   in,   xiii,   484;   xiv, 

428 ;  XV,  436. 
Silk-worm  gut,  xiv,  762. 


Silver,  xiii,  527 ;  xvi,  609 ;  coinage, 

590;  chloride,    150;   xiv,    80, 

409,418,542;  xv,  529. 
Silver  bill,  xv,  232. 
Simonides,  obit,  xv,  690. 
Simor,  Johonn,  obit,  xvi,  685. 
Simpson,  Edward,  sketch,  xiii,  652. 
Singleton,  O.  R.,  sketch,  xiv,  648. 
Siout,  tombs  at,  xiii,  81. 
Sioux  City,  xiv,  159. 
Sioux  Falls,  S.  Dak.,  xv,  146. 
Sioux  reservation,  xiv,  249. 
Sippara,  temple  at,  xiii,  33. 
Sisal  hemp,  xiii,  248. 
Sitting  Bull,  obit,  xv,  666. 
Slave  ports,  reconquest  of,  xv,  270. 
Slavery,  xiv,  282.    See  also  Anti- 

Slavery. 
Sliver,  W.  A.,  obit,  xiii,  653. 
Small-pox,  xiii,  317. 
Smith,  F.  H.,  obit,  xv,  666. 
Smith,  Henry  H.,  obit,  xv,  666. 
Smith,  John  G.,  obit,  xvi,  655. 
Smith,  Thomas  L.,  obit,  xvi,  655. 
Smith,  William  H.,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Smith,  W.  N.  II.,  obit,  xiv,  648. 
Smyth,  Sir  W.  W.,  obit,  xv,  690. 
Snead,  T.  L.,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Snohomish,  Wash.,  xvi,  170. 
Snow- plows,  rotary,  xvi,  711. 
Socialist  Congress,  xvi,  829. 
Social  statistics  of  cities,  xvi,  843. 
Solar  physics,  xiii,  56;  s>stem  mo> 

tion  in  space,  xiv,  44. 
Soldiers*  homes,  xiii,  658,  686 ;  xiv, 

766. 
Soldiers*   orphans*    schools,    xiii, 

677. 
Solomon,  M.,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Somaliland,  xv,  270,  458. 
Sorel,   Canada,  incorporated  as  a 

city,  xiv,  723. 
Soudan,  fighting  in  the,  xiii,  298 ; 

events  in  the,  xiv,  686;   xv, 

279. 
Sound,  xiv,  692 ;  xvi,  727. 
South  African  Republic,  xiv,  108 ; 

XV,  94. 
South    American    Congress,    xiii, 

829. 
South  Australia,  xiv,  66 ;  xv,  48. 
South  Bend,  Ind.,  xv,  146. 
South  Carolina,  xiii,  742 ;  xiv,  771 ; 

xv,  776 ;  xvi,  797. 
South  Dakota,  xiv,  778 ;  xv,  779 ; 

xvi,  799. 
South  Omaha,  Neb.,  xvi,  170. 
South  Pittsburg,  xiv,  160. 
Souvenir  spoons,  xvi,  802. 
Sovereigns  of  Industry,  xiii,  242. 
Spain,  xiii,  744 ;  xiv,  775 ;  xv,  783 ; 

xvi,  803. 
Spanish  possessions  in  Africa,  xvi, 

806. 
Spear,  Samuel  T.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 
Special  legislation,  xiv,  373  et  »«q. 


888 


INDEX. 


Specie  movement,  xiv,  175;  sv, 

161. 
Spectroscopy,  xiti,  56. 
Spectrum  analysiet,  xvi,  51. 
Speer,  R.  M.,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Spimier,  F.  £.,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Spinola,  Francis  B.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 
Spofford,  K.  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  653. 
Spokane  Falls,  xiv,  160. 
Spoon-holders,  xvi,  708. 
Sprague,  Wash.,  xvi,  170. 
Springer,  Anton,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Springfield,  111.,  xvi,  171. 
Springfield,  Mass.,  xv,  146. 
Springfield,  Mo.,  xv,  146. 
Springfield,  O.,  xv,  146. 
Squier,  Ephraim   6.,  sketch   and 

portrait,  xiii,  663. 
Stamford,  Conn.,  xvi,  171. 
Stanley,  Henry  M.,  explorations  in 

Africa,  xiv,  347  €t  teq, ;  sketch 

and  portrait,  777. 
Stanley,  of  Preston,  Lord,  sketch 

and  portrait,  xiii,  275. 
Staples,   Hamilton   B.,  obit,  xvi, 

656. 
Stark,  John,  statue  of,  xv,  599. 
Starkweather,  J.  C,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Starr,  Samuel  H.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 
StaiM.    See  Astronomical  Pboo- 

BBSS  AND  Discovery. 
States,  new,  xiv,  193 ;  xv,  285. 
Statuary.    See  Finb  Abts. 
Staunton,  E.  1.,  obit,  xiv,  648. 
Steamer  lines,  new,  xiii,  85,  105, 

176,  255,  415,  549,  832. 
Steamships,  new,  xiii,  807 ;  dimen- 
sions, 807 ;  speed,  xv,  787. 
Steams,  J.  F.,  sketch,  xiv,  648. 
Steams,  Silas,  sketch,  xiii,  658. 
Stedman,  C,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Steel,  XV,  525. 

Steel,  Sir  John,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Stoinway,  T.,  sketch,  xiv,  648. 
Stola  of  Fassillcr,  xiii,  33. 
Stenograph,  the,  xv,  816. 
Stevens,  E.  L.,  obit,  xv,  667. 
Stevenson,  James,  sketch,  xiii,  658. 
Stewart,  Georjye  W.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 
Stock  market,  xiii,  328  *,   xiv,  314 ; 

XV,  308. 
Stokes,  J.  H.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Stone,  J.  A.  B.,  sketch,  xiii,  654. 
Storer,  David  H.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 
Stonn,  Theodor,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Storm  Apron,  xvi,  709. 
Storms,  xiii,  533 ;  xiv,  546 ;  xv,  505. 
Stoughton,  W.  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  654. 
Stoyanoflf,  Z.,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 
Struts  settlements,  xiv,  399;   xv, 

404 ;  xvi,  843. 
Stratton,  J.  L.  N.,  obit,  xiv,  648. 
Strawbridge,  J.  D.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Strikes,  xiv,  877,  390. 
Strikes  in  France,  xiii,  349. 
Strong,  William  £.,  obit,  xvi,  656. 


Strother,   David    Hunter,   sketch 

and  portrait,  3nii,  654 
Stuart,  Alexander  11.  H.,  obit,  xvi, 

656. 
Stuart,  Q.  H.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Stuart,  Mary  M.,obit,  xvi,  657. 
Sturgis,  S.  D.,  sketch,  xiv,  648. 
Sturtevant,  B.  F.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Submarine  gun,  xvi,  558. 
Substances,   new,   xiii,  139;   xiv, 

125 ;  XV,  102 ;  xvi.  111. 
Subways  for  wires,  xiii,  811. 
Suez  Canal,  xiii,  289 ;  xiv,  285 ;  xv, 

277. 
Sugar,  xiii,  500 ;  bounties  on,  898 ; 

convention,  xiv,  896. 
Sugar  and  wine  exhibition,  xiv,  82. 
Sullivan,  Barry,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Sulu  Archipelago,  the,  xiii,  748. 
Summerside,  xiv,  161. 
Sunapee  Lake,  xiv,  590. 
Sun,  the,  xiii,  53 ;  spots  on,  xv,  89. 
Sunday  legislation,  xiii,  748. 
Sunn  hemp,  xiii,  248. 
Superior,  Wis.,  xv,  147. 
Sui^gery,  xiii,  752. 
Surinam,  xvi,  564. 
Surveys  of  public  lands,  xiii,  467. 
Sutherland,  John,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Sverdrup,  John,  xiii,  757. 
Swamp-land  decision,  xiii,  499. 
Swaziland,  xiv,  107. 
Sweating -sickness,  xiii,  818. 
Sweating-system,  the,  xiii,  891. 
Sweden   and    Nom^'ay,   xiii,  754; 

xiv,  788 ;  xv,  789 ;  xvi,  806. 
Sweden boi^ans.    See  Nbw  Jbbu- 

SALBM  ChUBCH. 

Swedish  quarto  -  millennial,   xiii, 

606. 
Sweitzer,  J.  B.,  obit,  xiii,  654. 
Swett,  Leonard,  obit,  xiv,  648. 
Swift,  John  F.,  obit,  xvi,  657. 
Swinburne,  John,  obit,  xiv,  649. 
Swinging  ship'K  berths,  xvi,  709. 
Switzerland,  xiii,  757;  xiv,  766;  xv, 

791 ;  xvi,  810. 
Switzerland  settlement,  the,  xv,  94. 
Syrian  inscriptions,  xiv,  28. 

Tacoma,  Wash.,  xiv,  161. 
Taft,  Alphonso,  obit,  xvi,  657. 
Taft,  R.  C,  nominated,  xiii,  715. 
Talcott,  Alvan,  obit,  xvi,  657. 
Talmage,  Goyn,  obit,  xvi,  657. 
Tamasese,  King,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Tamberlik,  E.,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 
Tanagra,  discoveries  at,  xiii,  27. 
Tarbox,  I.  N.,  sketch,  xiii,  654. 
Tarjret,  deflecting,  xiv,  812. 
Tariff,  Chilian,  xiv,  79, 186;  extra, 

in  Brazil,  82. 
Tasmania,  xiii,  67 ;  xiv,  57 ;  xvi,  64 
Tate,  R.,  defalcation,  xiii,  462. 
Taubcrt,  Wilhelm,  obit,  xvi,  686. 
Taulbee,  W.  P.,  obit,  xv,  668. 


Taunt,  Emory  H.,  obit,  xvi,  657. 
Tavemier,  Jules,  sketch,  xiv,  649. 
Tax,  direct,  refunding  of,  xiv,  203. 
Taylor,  Alfred,  obit,  xvi,  65& 
Taylor,  Alva  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  649. 
Taylor,  David,  obit,  xv•^  658. 
Taylor,  Frederick,  sketch,  xiv,  670. 
Taylor,  Isaac  £.,  sketch,  xiv,  649. 
Taylor,  John  O.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Taylor,  Julius  S.,  obit,  xvi,  658. 
Taylor,   Robert   L^  renomiDated. 

xiii,  768. 
Taylor,  W.  R.,  sketch,  xiv,  649. 
TchemichefTski,  N.  G.,  sketch,  xiv. 

670. 
Teachers*  Association,  xiii,  760. 
Tehuantepec  Ship  Railway,  xiii, 

649. 
Telescopes,  xvi,  65. 
Tempel,  W.  E.,  obit,  xiv,  671. 
Temperance  instruction  in  public 

schools,  xvi,  814 
Temperance  map,  xvi,  815. 
Temperance    Society,  Church    of 

England,  xiii,  14 
Temperature,  xiii,  631 ;  xiv,  546. 
Tennessee,  xiii,  768;  xiv,  788;  xv, 

794;  xvi,  61& 
Terry,  Alfred  H.,  sketch  and  port, 

XV,  796. 
Terry,  David  S.,  obit,  xiv,  649. 
Terry,  William,  obit,  adii,  655. 
Terziani,  Eugenio,  obit,  xiv,  671. 
Texarkana,  xvi,  172. 
Texas,  xiii,  764;  xiv,  790;  xv,  797  ; 

xvi,  822. 
Textile  fiber,  new,  xiii,  258. 
Thatcher,  James  K.,  obit,  xvi,  65^. 
Thaumegaa,  ruins  of,  xiv,  28. 
Theresa,  Empress,  obit,  xiv,  671. 
Th^rese,  Sister,  obit,  xvi,  6b7. 
Thieblin,  N.  L.,  sketch,  xiii,  655. 
Thomas,  P.  F.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Thompson,  C.  G.,  sketch,  xiii,  655. 
Thompson,  J.,  obit.,  xv,  668^ 
Thompson,  John,  obit,  xvi,  658. 
Thomson,  W.,  obit,  xv,  690. 
ThorabuTgh,  J.  M.,  obit,  xv,  668. 
Thunder-storms,  xiii,  684 
Thurman,  S.  R.,  nominated,  832. 
Ticino,  revolution  in,  xv,  793  ;  r^ 

volt  in,  xvi,  813. 
Tiflany,  J.  C,  nominated,  xiii,  6i>l. 
Titftn,  Ohio,  xvi,  172, 
Tilden,  Prof.,  his  address,  xiii,  45. 
Tilton,  John  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  655. 
Timlow,  G.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  650. 
Tin,  xiii,  526 ;  xvi,  610 ;  discoveries 

of,  XV,  801. 
Tintinnabulom  found  in  Peru,  xiiu 

24 
Tintometer,  xvi,  710. 
Tirard  ministry,  fall  of,  xiii,  345; 

xiv,  834 
Tithe  agitation,  xiii,  892 ;  xiv,  891. 
Todd,  Lemuel,  obit,  xvi,  653. 


INDEX. 


889 


Tokar,  occnpation  of,  xvi,  278. 
Tollemache,  Baron,  obit,  xv,  691. 
Tolstoi,  Count  Dimitri  Andreivich, 

sketchy  xiv,  671. 
Tommasi,  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Tonga  Islands,  monument  in,  ziv, 

29. 
Tooting  case,  the,  xiii,  187. 
Torpedo  boats,  xiii,  798 
Torpedoes,  xiii,  796 ;  xiv,  812 ;  xvi, 

552 ;  nets,  xvi,  558 ;  boats,  xvi, 

558. 
Toargee,  Eben,  obit,  xvi,  658, 
Tower,  xiu,  172. 

Townahend,  R.  W.,  obit,  xiv,  650. 
Tracy,  Benjamin  F.,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiv,  803. 
Transcaspian    Railway,   xiii,  809; 

xiv,  5. 
Transportation  statistics,  xvi,  847. 
Trask,  £.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Treat,  C.  H.,  nominated,  xiii,  264. 
Treaties,  new,  xiii,  259,  287,  547, 

674,  680,  759. 
Tresch,  J.  F.  J.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Trimble,  Isaac  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  655. 
Trimble,  Joseph  McD.,  obit,  xvi, 

659. 
Trinidad,  xiii,  839;  xiv,  408;  xiv, 

864. 
Triple  alliance,  the,  xiii,  69. 
Tripp,  Alonzo,  obit,  xvi,  659. 
Troglodytes,  caves  of,  xiii,  88. 
Troltsch,  A.,  obit,  xv,  691. 
Trout,  new  species  of,  xiv,  792. 
Trust,  xiv,  793. 

Tryon,  G.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  655. 
Tseng,  Marquis,  obit,  xv,  691. 
Tuberculous  diseases,  Koch^s  rem- 
edy for,  XV,  802. 
Tucker,  Henry  II.,  sketch,  xiv,  650. 
Tucker,  N.  B.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Tuckermau,  i:$.  P.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Tufls,  Gardiner,  obit,  xvi,  659. 
Tuigg,  John,  sketch,  xiv,  650. 
TuUoch,  Principal,  quoted,  xiii,  7. 
Tun,  Prince,  sketch,  xiv,  672. 
Tunis,  xiii,  353 ;  xiv,  843 ;  xvi,  314. 
Tunkors,  xiii,  77 ;  xiv,  69. 
Tunnel  drainage,  xiv,  558. 
Tupper,  M.  F.,  obit,  xiv,  672. 
Turkey,  xiii,  767;  xiv,  797;   xv, 

803 ;  xvi,  825. 
Turkistan,  revolution  in,  xiv,  5. 
Turner,  J.  E.,  obit,  xiv,  650. 
Tumey,  Jacob,  obit,  xvi,  659. 
Tuson,  R.  v.,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Tweedy,  John,  obit,  xvi,  659. 
Twin  screw,  xiii,  308. 
Two  Harbors,  xiii,  173. 
Tyler,  Julia  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  650. 
Tyler,  Tex.,  xvi,  173. 
Type-writere,  xv,  807. 

Uganda,  xvi,  264. 

Ulbach,  Louis,  sketch,  xiv,  672. 


Underwood,  A.  B.,  obit,  xiii,  655. 
Underwood,  J.  W.  H.,  obit,  xiii, 

656. 
Unitarians,  xiii,  769 ;  xiv,  801 ;  xvi, 

829. 
United  Brethren   in   Christ,  xiii, 

770 ;  xiv,  800. 
United  States,  xiii,  771 ;  xiv,  801 ; 

XV,  818. 
United  States  census,  xv,  821. 
United  States,  finances  of  the,  xiii, 

782 ;  xiv,  806 ;  xv,  838 ;  xvi,  880. 
United  States  navy,  xiii,  787 ;  xiv, 

809. 
United  States,  Presidential  elec- 
tions in,  xiii,  799. 
Univentalists,  xiii,  828;  xiv,  815; 

xvi,  85L 
Uranus,  xiv,  46. 

Urmston,  Capt,  killed,  xiii,  436. 
Uruguay,  xiii,  829;  xiv,  815;  xv, 

841 ;  xvi,  851. 
Usher,  James  M.,  obit,  xvi,  659. 
Usher,  John   P.,  obit  and  port, 

xiv,  651. 
Utah,  xiii,  830;  xiv,  816;  xv,  841; 

xvi,  852. 
Utes,  the,  xiii,  180. 

Vail,  Thomas  H.,  sketch,  xiv,  651. 
Vallejo,  M.  G.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Valoueff,  Count,  obit,  xv,  691. 
Van  Buren,  D.  T.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Van  Cleve,  Horatio  P.,  obit,  xvi, 

659. 
Vancouver,  xiii,  174. 
Van  Dyke,  Henry  J.,  xvi,  659. 
Vanilla,  xiii,  548. 
Van  Lennep,  H.  J,,  obit,  xiv,  651. 
Van  Vorst,  H.  C,  sketch,  xiv,  651. 
Van  Wickle,  S.,  sketch,  xiii,  656. 
Vaphio,  tomb  at,  xvi,  19. 
Vaasar,  John  G.,  sketch,  xiii,  656. 
Vela,  Vincenzo,  obit,  xvi,  687. 
Venezuela,  xiii,  832 ;  xiv,  818 ;  xv, 

848;  xvi,  855. 
Vermont,  xiii,  833 ;  xiv,  818 ;  xv, 

844;  xvi,  856. 
V<5ron,  Eugene,  sketch,  xiv,  672. 
Veterinary  surgeon's  table,  xvi,  706. 
Vibbard,  Chauncey,  obit,  xvi,  659. 
Victoria,  city,  xiii,  174;  Victoria, 

colony  of,  xiv,  54 ;  xv,  47 ;  xvi, 

62. 
Vienna,  riots  in,  xiv,  61. 
Vigono,  CoL,  xiii,  3. 
Villages,  ancient,  xiv,  25. 
Vinton,  F.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Virginia,  xiii,  835;   xiv,   819;  xv, 

846 ;  xvi,  859. 
Viticulture,  xiii,  37, 105,  830. 
Vitu,  Augu.ste,  obit,  xvi,  687. 
Vogdes,  Israel,  sketch,  xiv,  651. 
Volcanoes,  xiv,  659. 
Voorhees,  Charles  S.,  nominated, 

xiii,  838. 


Waoo,  Tex.,  xvi,  178. 

Wadhams,  Edgar  P.,  obit,  xvi,  660. 

Wadleigh,  Bainbridge,  obit,  xvi, 

660. 
Wadleigh,  L.  F.,  obit,  xiii,  656. 
Wages  in  Japan,  xiii,  453. 
Waite,  M.  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  836. 
Wakeman,  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  651. 
Wales.    See  Great  Britaik. 
Walker,  David  S.,  obit,  xvi,  660. 
Walker,  George,  sketch,  xiii,  656, 
Walker,  James,  sketch,  xiv,  651. 
Walker,  James  P.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Walker,    W.  T.,  nominated,  xiii, 

619. 
Wallace,  G.  D.,  obit,  xv,  669. 
Wallace,  Sir  R.,  obit,  xv,  691. 
Wallack,  John  Lester,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiii,  656. 
Walla  Walla,  xiv,  162. 
Walling,  George  W.,obit,  xvi,  660. 
Walsh,  J.  U.,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Waltham,  Mass.,  x>'i,  173. 
Walton,  E.  P.,  obit.,  xv,  669. 
Wauamaker,  J.,  sketch,  xiv,  803. 
War  College,  xiv,  814. 
Waring,  Edward  J.,  obit,  687,  xvi. 
Warmoth,  Henry   C,  nominated, 

xiii,  501. 
Warren,  Sir  C,  resigns,  xiii,  391. 
Warren,  William,  sketch,  xiii,  657. 
Warsberg,  A.,  sketch,  xiv,  672, 
Washburn,  C.  A.,  obit,  xiv,  651. 
Washington  centennial,  xiv,  604. 
Woshington  (State),  xiv,  821 ;  xv, 

850 ;  xvi,  861. 
Woshington  Territor)',  xiii,  337. 
Watorbury,  Conn.,  xvi,  174. 
Water-gate  and  dam,  illustration, 

xiv,  463. 
Waterman,  Robert   W.,  obit,  xvi, 

660. 
Water,  synthesis  of,  xiii,  145. 
Watertown,  Dakota,  xiv,  162. 
Watertown,  N.  Y.,  xv,  149. 
Water  works,  xiv,  290. 
Watkins,  W.  B.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
Watson,  S.  W.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
Watson,  L.  F.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
Watterson,  Harvey  M.,  obit,  xvi, 

660. 
Watts,  Frederick,  sketch,  xiv,  652. 
Waud,  Alfred  R.,  obit,  xvi,  661. 
Wave  motors,  xiv,  296. 
Weber,  Gcorg,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Weber,  Wilhelm  E.,  obit.,  xvi,  687. 
Webster,  A.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
Wehl,  F.,  obit,  xv,  692. 
Weir,  R.  W.,  obit  and  port.,  xiv, 

652. 
Weiss,  Jean  J.,  obit,  xvi,  687. 
Weisse,  John  A,,  sketch,  xiii,  657. 
Welch,  A.  S.,  obit,  xiv,  652. 
Welch,  Philip  H.,  obit.,  xiv,  652. 
Welch,  R.  B.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
Welles,  E.  R.,  sketch,  xiii,  668. 


890 


INDEX. 


Wells,  C.  H.,  obit,  xiii,  657. 
Welsh    CalvLnUtic    Methodist 

Church,  XV,  748. 
Wentworth,  J.,  obit,  and  x>ort.,  xili, 

658. 
Wessells,  II.  W.,  obit,  xiv,  662. 
Wetttcott,  T.,  obit,  xiii,  668. 
Western  Australia,  xiv,  56 ;  xv,  48. 
West  Indies,  xiii,  889;  xiv,  824; 

xvi,  863. 
West,  T.  S.,  sketch,  xiv,  682. 
West  Virginia,  xiii,  840 ;  xiv,  824; 

XV,  852 ;  xvi,  866. 
Wetherspoon,  W.   W.,  obit,  xiii, 

659. 
Wharton,  Francis,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 
Wheat-growers^   Convention,  xiv, 

567. 
Wheeler,  N.  W.,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 
Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  xvi,  175. 
Whlchcote,  George,  obit,  xvi,  688. 
White  Cape,  xui,  441,  670. 
White,  G.  B.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
White,  J.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
White,  Sir  W.  A.,  obit,  xvi,  688. 
Whiteley,  R.  11.,  obit,  xv,  670. 
Whitthomo,  Washington  C,  obit, 

xvi,  661. 
Wickersham,  James  P.,  obit,  xvi, 

661. 
Wickes,  Stephen,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 
Wickhom,  Joseph  D.,  obit,  xvi, 

661. 
Wieetling,  G.  B.,  obit,  xvi,  661. 
Wigginton,  P.  D.,  obit,  xv,  671. 
Wight,  O.  W.,  sketch,  xiii,  658. 
Windlasses,  ships^  xvi,  712. 
Windward  Islands,  xvi,  868. 
Wilber,  David,  obit,  xv,  671. 
Wilcox,  C.  M.,obit.,  xv,  671. 
Wild,  Augustus,  obit,  xvi,  661. 
Wiley,  John,  obit,  xvi,  661. 
Wilhelm  I,  Emperor  of  Germany, 

sketch,  xiii,  842. 
Wilhelm  II,  Emperor  of  Germany, 

sketch  and  portrait,  xiii,  845 ; 

xvi,  828. 
Wilkeson,  Samuel,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 
Willem  in.  King,  obit,  xv,692. 
Williamson,  I.  V.,  sketch,  xiv,  653. 
WilUamsport,  Pa.,  xv,  149. 


Willson,  D.,  nominated,  xiii,  569. 

Wills,  William  G.,  obit,  xvi,  688. 

Wilmington,  election  in,  xiii,  264. 

Wilson,  A.  B.,  obit,  xiii,  658. 

Wilson,  Col.,  his  address,  xiii,  46. 

Wilson,  Daniel,  case  of,  xiii,  850. 

Wilson,  E.  M.,  nominated,  xiii, 
559;  obit,  XV,  671. 

Wilson,  Ephraim  K.,  obit,  xvi, 
661. 

Winonts,  G.  E.,  obit,  xv.,  671. 

Winch,  rope-maker^s,  xiii,  249. 

Winchell,  Alexander,  obit,  xvi, 
662. 

Windom,  William,  sketch  and  por- 
trait, xiv,  802 ;  obit  and  port, 
xvif  662. 

Winds,  xiii,  537 ;  xiv,  549 ;  xv,  587. 

Windthorst,  Ludwig,  obit  and 
port,  xvi,  688. 

Windward  Islands,  xiv,  408. 

Wing,  Conway  P.,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 

Wingficld,  Lewis,  obit,  xvi,  689. 

Winnipeg,  xiii,  174 ;  city  hall  at, 
xvi,  479. 

Winona,  xv,  149, 

Wisconsin,  xiii,  845 ;  xiv,  826 ;  xv, 
864 ;  xvi,  866. 

Wissmann  expedition,  the,  xiv,  830. 

Wister,  Casper,  sketch,  xiii,  658. 

Witherspoon,  Andrew  J.,  obit, 
xvi,  662. 

Witu,  XV,  270. 

Wolff,  Albert,  obit,  xvi,  689. 

Wolff,  Sir  H.  D.,  xiii,  679. 

Woman  suffrage,  xiii,  520,  88a 

Woman^s  Christian  Temperance 
Union,  xv,  857. 

Wood,  B.  B.,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 

Wood,  Daniel  P.,  obit,  xvi,  662. 

Wood,  J.  G.,  sketch,  xiv,  672. 

Woods,  G.  L.,  obit,  xv,  671. 

W^oodruff  defalcation,  xvi,  82. 

Wool,  mineral,  xvi,  528. 

Woolsey,  T.  D.,  sketch,  xiv,  658. 

World's  Columbian  Exposition, 
xvi,  836. 

World's  Fair  Convention,  in  Ala- 
bama, xvi,  7;  in  Arkansas,  xvi, 
82;  in  Florida,  xvi,  808;  in 
Kansas,  xvi,  403. 


Worthen,  Amos   H.,  sketch  and 

portrait,  xiii,  658. 
Wright,  H.  G.,  xiu,  11. 
Wright,  John  G.,  obit,  xv,  671. 
Wroblewsky,  8.,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Wyckoff,  W.  C,  sketch,  xiii,  659. 
Wyllis,  Sir  William,  obit,  xvi,  6S$. 
Wyoming  (Territory  and  Stat«-i, 

xiii,  847  ;  xiv,  828 ;  with  map, 

XV,  860 ;  xvi,  868. 

Xylophone,  xvi,  870, 

Yangtse,  navigation  of,  xiii,  155; 
XV,  115. 

Yard,  Edward  M.,  sketch,  xiv,  654. 

Yarmouth,  xiv,  163. 

Yeast-cake,  xvi,  707. 

Yellow  fever,  xiii,  9,  814,  340,  503. 

Yonkers,  xiv,  162. 

Yoshida,  Kyonari,  obit,  xvi,  6?9. 

Young,  Alexander,  obit,  xvi,  662. 

Young,  A.  H.,  obit,  xv,  671. 

Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion, xiii,  849 ;  xvi,  870. 

Young,  Thomas  L.,  sketch,  liii, 
659. 

Youngstown,  O.,  xv,  150. 

Yruga,  Carlos  de,  Spanish  minister, 
recalled,  xiii,  269. 

Zabriskie,  Francis  N.,  obit,  xvi, 

662. 
Z^ewski,  Lieut,  obit,  xvi,  690: 

his  expedition,  267. 
Zambesia,  British,  xvi,  104. 
Zanesville,  Ohio,  xv,  150. 
Zanxibar,  xiii,  850 ;  xiv,  8v0 ;  xvi, 

264. 
Zerega,  Augusta,  sketeh,  xiii,  659. 
Zeuner,  K.,  obit,  xv,  692. 
Zillox,  J.,  obit,  XV,  672. 
Zimbabye,  ruins  at,  xvi,  23. 
Zinc,  xiv,  541. 
Zither,  xiv,  883. 
Zodiacal  light  xv,  40. 
Zuckcrtort,  J.  II.,  sketch,  xiii,  669. 
Zulla,  Italian  protectorate  of,  xiii, 

5,452. 
Zuluhmd,  xiii,  125;  xiv,  105;  xv, 

95. 


END  OP  VOLUME  XVI. 


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