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B U L L E T 1 N

OF THE

* «• mKon,i Mirt,um

UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

VOL. X XIII,

1 9 O 3 .

Part I_

GEORGE M. BOWERS, Commissioner.

Issued July 29, 1905.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1 9 0 5.

h'Jo* :

H3 J&L

J cl

f/s/rti

THE AQUATIC RESOURCES OF THE HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS.

DAVID STARR JORDAN

AND

BARTON WARREN EVER MANN.

Part I.— THE SHORE FISHES.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

COLORED PLATES.

PLATE I.

Facing page.

Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 2'.) inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE II.

Synodus varius (Laeepede) .

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 10 inches long, collected at the Hawaiian Islands by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

PLATE III.

Parexoccetus brachypterus (Solander) . ,r>74

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE IV.

Holotrachys lima (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE V.

Myripristis murdjan (Forskal) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 8 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE VI.

Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50629, K.S.N.M., a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Hilo
by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE VII.

Flammeo scythrops Jordan & Evermann — : . . . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 5063 . I .S.N.M., a specimen 9.25 inches long, collected at
Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE VIII.

Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal) . . - . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 15 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Holocentrus leo Cuvier & Valenciennes on the plate.

PLATE IX.

Holocentrus xantherythrus Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50635, U.S.N.M.a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Honolulu
by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

PLATE X.

Facing page.

Holocentrus diadema (Lacepede) . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen G.l inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XI.

Holocentrus ensifer Jordan <k Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in
1901; not the type, as labeled.

PLATE XII.

Caranx speciosus (Forskal) . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 1G inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XIII.

Amia menesema (Jenkins) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

Apogon menesemus Jenkins on the plate.

PLATE XIV.

Pikea aurora Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50675, U.S.N.M., a specimen 6.2 inches long, collected at Hilo
by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XV.

Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins) . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen S inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.
Anthias fuscipinnis Jenkins on the plate.

PLATE XVI.

Apsilus brighami (Seale) . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 10 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XVII.

Etelis marshi ( Jenkins) . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 13 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Eteliscus marshi Jenkins on the plate.

PLATE XVIII.

Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50662, U.S.N.M., a specimen 12.5 inches long, collected at Hilo
by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XIX.

Erythrichthys schlegeli Giinther . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 12 inches long, collected at Hilo bv Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XX.

Sectator azureus Jordan A Evermann . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50664, U.S.N.M., a specimen 15.25 inches long, collected at Heeia,

Oahu Island, by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XXI.

Pseudupeneus chrysonemus Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. 11. Baldwin from the type, No. 50666, U.s.X.M..a specimen 6.75 inches long, collected at Hilo
by Jordan atjd Evermann in 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

VII

PLATE XXII.

Facing page.

Pseudupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 12 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XXIII.

Lepidaplois strophodes Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XXIV.

Lepidaplois albotaeniatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 8.3 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Lepidaplois bilunulatus (Lacepcde) on the plate.

PLATE XXV.

Verriculus sanguineus Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50677, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.5 inches long, collected at Hilo
by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XXVI.

Stethojulis albovitta a (Kolreuter) . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen 4.6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XXVII.

Julis pulcherrima (Gunther) . 574

Painting by (’. B. Hudson from a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XXVIII.

Julis flavovittata Bennett . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen 2 inches long, collected at Laysan Island by the Albatross in 1902.

PLATE XXIX.

Julis eydouxi Cuvier & Valenciennes . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 11.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and JjJver-
mann in 1901.

PLATE XXX.

Julis greenovii Bennett . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen 3.5 inches long, collected at Samoa by Jordan and Kellogg in 1902.

PLATE XXXI.

Coris venusta Vail lant & Sauvage . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in
1901. Hemicoris venusta (Vail lant & Sauvage) on the plate.

PLATE XXXII.

Coris ballieui Vail lant & Sauvage . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 10 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Hemicoris tallieui (Vaillant ifc Sauvage) on the plate.

PLATE XXXIII.

Cheilio inermis(F6rskal) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 10 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

VIII

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES KISH COMMISSION.

PLATE XXXIV.

Facing page.

Thalassoma fuscum (Lac^pede) . . . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Thalassoma purpureum (Forskitl) on the plate.

PLATE XXXV.

Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy & Gaimard) . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 6.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XXXVI.

Gomphosus tricolor Quo y & Gaimard . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen s inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in
. 1901.

PLATE XXXVII.

Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins . . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.1 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in
1901.

PLATE XXXVIII.

Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in
1901.

PLATE XXXIX.

Hemipteronotus baldwini Jordan & Evermann . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50644 U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at Hono¬
lulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XL.

Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 6.2 inches long, collected at. Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in

1901.

PLATE XLI.

Novaculichthys kallosoma ( Bleeker) . 574

Pairing by Kako Morita from a specimen 2.4 inches long, collected at Samoa by Jordan and Kellogg in

1902.

PLATE XLIL

Iniistius pavoninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 13 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE X LIII.

Callyodon lauia (Jordan & Evermann) . . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50648, I'.S.N.M., a specimen 14 inches long, collected at Hilo
by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XLI V.

Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen 15 inches long, collected ;it the Hawaiian Islands by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

PLATE XLV.

Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann . . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a. specimen 6.2 indie-; long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

LIST OB' ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE XL VI.

Facing page.

Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet) . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen 5.6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XL VII.

Chaetodon setifer (Bloch) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE XLVIII.

Chcetodon miliaris (Quoy & Gaimard) . 574

Painting by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 4.2 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in
1901.

PLATE XLIX.

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE L.

Chaetodon unimaculatiis Bloch . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

PLATE LI.

Chaetodon fremblii Bennett . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 6.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in
1901.

PLATE LII.

Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen Cinches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in
1901.

PLATE LI 1 1.

Chaetodon ornatissimus Solander . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LIV.

Chaetodon lunula (Lacepede) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LV.

Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus) . r . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 6.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Heniochus macrolepidotus (Lin ngeus) on the plate.

PLATE LVI.

Holacanthus bispinosus Gunther . 574

Painting by Kako Morita from a specimen collected at Samoa by Jordan and Kellogg in 1902.

PLATE LVI I.

Zanclus canescens (Linnaeus) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LVI II.

Hepatus achilles (Shaw) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 8.4 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

PLATE LIX.

Facing page.

Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.3 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LX.

Callicanthus lituratus (Forster) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 11 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in
1901. Aca^thurus unicornis (Forsk&l) on the plate.

PLATE LX I.

Balistes vidua Solander . . . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen S.75 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in
1901.

PLATE LXII.

Balistapus aculeatus (Linnaeus) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LXIII.

Balistapus rectangulus (Bloch & Schneider) . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 7.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LX IV.

Melichthys radula (Solander) . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LX V.

Stephanolepis spilosomus (Lay & Bennett) . . . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.4 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LX VI.

Tetraodon hispidus Linnseus . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LX VII.

Paracirrhites forsteri ( Blech & Schneider) . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimeu 7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LX VI 1 1.

Paracirrhites cinctus (Gunther) . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 3.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LXIX.

Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 4.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

PLATE LXX.

Cirrhites marmoratus (Lacepcde) . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE LXXI.

Facing page.

Scorpsenopsis cacopsis .Jenkins . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 12 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Everma.in
in 1901.

PLATE LXXII.

Scopaena ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage . 574

Painting by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 3.3 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901. Sebastapistes ballieui (Vaillant & Sauvage) on the plate.

PLATE LXXII I.

Dendrochirus barberi Steindachner . . . . 574

Painting by C. B. Hudson from the type of I), hudsoni Jordan & Evermann, a specimen 4 inches long, col¬
lected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

Map of the Hawaiian Islands . 574

BLACK A XI) WHITE PLATES.

PL 1. Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard . 38

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from a specimen 31 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

2. Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Evermann . 39

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50612, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 27 .5 inches long, col¬
lected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

3. Fig. 1. Carcharias insularum Snyder . 40

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 50859, U.S.N.M., a specimen 84 inches long, collected
at Station 3815, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island, by the Albatross in 1902.

3. Fig. 2. Carcharias nesiotes Snyder . 40

Drawing by YV. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50860, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 60 inches long, collected
at French Frigate Shoals by the Albatross in 1902.

4. Fig. 1. Dasyatis hawaiensis Jenkins . 48

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, a specimen 6.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P.

Jenkins in 1889.

4. Fig. 2. Dasyatis sciera Jenkins . ■ . 48

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, a specimen 41 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P.

Jenkins in 1889.

5. Fig. 1. Veternio verrens Snyder . 80

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50862, l'.S.N.M.,a specimen 11 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

5. Fig. 2. Sphagebranchus flavicaudus Snyder . 80

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50863, U.S.N.M., a specimen 13 inches long, collected
at Station 3874, between Maui and Lanai islands, by the Albatross in 1902.

6. Microdonophis fowled Jordan & Evermann . 82

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50613, U.S.N.M., a specimen 23 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

7. Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan & Snyder. . . . 84

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 51399. U.S.N.M., a specimen 20 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by E. L. Berndt in 1902.

8. Fig. 1. Callechelys luteus Snyder . 86

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50864, U.S.N.M.,a specimen 31.5 inches long, collected
at Station 3821, off southern coast of Molokai, by the Albatross in 1902.

8. Fig. 2. Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder . 86

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50865, I'.S.N.M., a specimen 12 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

XII BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES EISH COMMISSION*

Facing page.

PL 9. Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann . 88

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from the type, No. 50614, U.S.N.M., a specimen 19 inches long, collected
at Kailua by Goldsborough and Sindo in 1901.

10. Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup . 90

Drawing by Sekko Shimado from a specimen 53 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

11. Enchelynassa vinolentus (Jordan & Evermann) . 91

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50615, U.S.N.M., a specimen 29 inches long, collected
at Kailua by Goldsborough and Sindo in 1901.

12. Gymnothorax laysanus (Steindachner) . 94

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

13. Fig. 1. Gymnothorax waialuae Snyder . 98

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No, 50870, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4 inches long, collected
at Waialuae, Oahu Island, by the Albatross in 1902.

13. Fig. 2. Europterygius leucurus Snyder . 98

Drawing by R. L. Hudson from the type, No. 50871, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected
i> t Station 3874, between Maui and Lanai islands, by the Albatross in 1902.

14. Fig. 1. Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder . 98

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50868, U.S.N.M., a specimen 26.5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

14. Fig. 2. Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder . 98

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50869, U.S.N.M., a specimen 36 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

15. Fig. 1. Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder . 98

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50866, U.S.N.M., a specimen 29 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

15. Fig. 2. Gymnothorax berndti Snyder . . 98

Drawing by R. L. Hudson from the type, No. 50867, U.S.N.M., a specimen 35 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

IB. Gymnothorax undulatus (Lacepede) . 98

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 35 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

17. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus (Riippell) . 98

Drawing by ('. B. Hudson from a specimen 23 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901. Type of Gymnothorax thalassopterus Jenkins.

IS. Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann . 102

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50618, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

ID. Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl ) . 104

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from a specimen 27.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

20. Echidna zebra (Shaw) . 106

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from a specimen collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

21. Echidna zonophsea Jordan & Evermann . 109

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from the type, No. 50621, U.S.N.M., a specimen 21 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

22. Scuticaria tigrina ( Lesson) . 112

Drawing by ('. B. Hudson from a specimen 10 inches long collected at the Hawaiian Islands by
Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XIII

Facing page.

PI. 23. Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann . 119

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50626, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 6 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

24. Exonautes gilberti Snyder . . 134

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type. No. 50872, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10.2 inches long, col
lected between Stations 3799 and 3800 by Albatross in 1902.

25. Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins . . . 136

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50713, U.S.N.M., a specimen 13.5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

26. Myripristis symme.ricLS Jordan & Evermann . 151

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50632, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.5 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

27. Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann . 154

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50631, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1902.

28. Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann . 165

Drawing byC. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50637, U.S.N.M., a specimen 6.25 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

29. Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . . . 178

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 17 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

30. Decapterus sanctae-helenae (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . . 136

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type of I>. canon aides Jenkins, No. 5 846, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9
inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. A. B. Wood in 1899.

31. Carangus elacate Jordan & Evermann . 190

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50638. U.S.N.M., a specimen 27 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

32. Carangus helvolus (Forster) . 196

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 15 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross
in 1902.

33. Fig. 1. Carangus cheilio Snyder . 196

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50873, U.S.N.M., a specimen 28.5 inches long, col¬
lected at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

33. Fig. 2. Carangoides ajax Snyder . 200

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50874, U.S.N.M., a specimen 39 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

34. Fig. 1. Collybus drachme Snyder . 203

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50875. U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.5 inches long, collected
at Station 1176, offNiihau Island, by the Albatross in 1902.

34. Fig. 2. Amia erythrinus (Snyder) . 203

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50876, U.S.N.M., a specimen 1.9 inches long, collected
in Puako Bay, Hawaii, by the Albatross in 1902.

35. Mionorus waikiki (Jordan & Evermann) . 1 . 210

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type. No. 50640, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 2.2 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

36. Amia snyderi (Jordan & Evermann) . 214

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type. No. 50640, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

37. Ariomma lurida Jordan & Snyder . 218

Drawing by VV. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 51400, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by E. L. Berndt in 1902.

F. C. B. 1903— i I

XIV

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Facing page.

PI. 38. Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann . 242

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50662, U.S.N.M., a specimen 12.5 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

39. Upeneus arge Jordan & Evermann . 264

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. .50667, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

40. Abudefduf sindonis (Jordan & Evermann) . 272

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50669, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.75 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

41. Thalassoma aneitense (( limther) . .* . 304

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross
in 1902.

42. Fig. 1. Cirrhilabrus jordani Snyder . 316

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50876, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.15 inches long, collected
at Station 3876, between Maui and Lanai islands, by the Albatross in 1902.

42. Fig. 2. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder . 316

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50879, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10 inches long, collected
in Puako Bay, Hawaii, by the Albatross in 1902.

43. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan & Evermann . 317

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. .50678, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.25 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

44. Callyodon dubius (Bennett) . 350

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 6.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross
in 1902.

45. Callyodon bennetti (Cuvier &. Valenciennes) . 352

Drawing by Kako Morita from a specimen 5.16 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. D.

Wood in 1898.

46. Fig. 1. Chsetodon corallicola Snyder . . . 374

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50880, LT.S.N.M.,a specimen 2.6 inches long, collected
at Station 4032, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island, by the Albatross in 1902.

46. Fig. 2. Holacanthus fisheri Snyder . 374

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 50881, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3 inches long, collected
at Station 4032, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island, by the Albatross in 1902.

47. Hepatus umbra (Jenkins) . . . 387

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, a specimen 7.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jor¬
dan and Evermann in 1901.

48. Stephanolepis pricei Snyder . 421

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50882, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.5 inches long, collected
at Station 4021, vicinity of Kaui Island, by the Albatross in 1902.

49. Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann . 425

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50820, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

50. Canthigaster psegma (Jordan & Evermann) . 434

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50885, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.75 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

51. Ostracion oahuensis Jordan & Evermann . 443

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50668, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.6 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

52. Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder . 444

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 8440, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 4 inches long,
collected off Laysan Island by Max Schlemnier in 1902.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XV

Facing page.

PI. 53. Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder . 414

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type. No. 8440, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 4.15 inches
long, collected at Laysan Island by Max Schlemmer in 1902.

54. Cheilodactylus vittatus Garrett . 447

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. Julius
Rosenstern.

55. Merinthe macrocephalus (Sauvage) . 461

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from a specimen 10.75 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

56. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa (Bloch & Schneider) . 468

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross
in 1902. Type of Scorpxnop'sis catocala Jordan it Evermann.

57. Gobiomorphus eugenius (Jordan & Evermann) . 483

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50674, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

58. Gnatholepis knighti Jordan & Evermann . 488

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50653, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.25 inches long,
collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

59. Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan & Evermann . 482

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50654, N.S.N.M., a specimen 1.1 inches long, col¬
lected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

60. Vitraria clarescens Jordan & Evermann . 486

Drawing by C. B. Hudson from the type, No. 50655, U.S.N.M., a specimen 12 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

61. Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan & Evermann . 505

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50656, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.6 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan arid Evermann in 1901.

62. Engyprosopon arenicola Jordan & Evermann . 515

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50658, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.5 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

63. Antennarius laysanius Jordan <fe Snyder . 520

Drawing by Sekko Shimada from the type, No. 8439, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 4 inches long,
collected off Laysan Island by Max Schlemmer in 1903.

64. Antennarius drombus Jordan & Evermann . 521

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50659, U.S.N.M., a specimen 1.5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu bv Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

65. Fig. 1. Antennarius nexilis Snyder . 522

Drawing by Kako Morita from the type, No. 50883, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4.1 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

65. Fig. 2. Antennarius duescus Snyder . 522

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50884, U.S.N.M., a specimen 1.6 inches long, collected
at Station 3872 by the Albatross in 1902.

TEXT FIGURES.

Page.

1. Amphioxides pelagicus (Gunther) . 33

After Gunther, Zool. Challenger, Report Pelagic Fishes, pi. vi, fig. B.

2. Galeus japonicus (Miiller & Henle) . . 36

After Muller and Henle, Plagiostomen, pi. 22.

3. Prionace glauca (Linnoeus) . . 37

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. iv, fig. 16,

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

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4. Alopias vulpes (Gmelin) . 42

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. vi, fig. 20.

5. Isuropsis glauca (Miiller & Henle) . 43

After Muller and Henle, Plagiostomen, pi. 29.

6. Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder . 45

Drawing from the type. No. 7184, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 28.5 inches long, collected at Misaki.

Japan, by Jordan and Snyder in 1900.

7. Stoasodon narinari (Euphrasen) . 49

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. xv.

8. Elops saurus (Li nine us) . 54

After Jordan and Evermann. Fishes North and Middle America, pi. lxvii, fig. 178.

9. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus) . 55

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. lxviii, fig. 179.

10. Chanos chanos (Forskal) . 57

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by E. L. Berndt
in 1902.

11. Etrumeus micropus (Schlegel) . 59

After Schlegel, Fauna Japonica. Poiss.. pi. 107, fig. 2.

12. Anchovia purpurea (Fowler) . 60

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 3 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

13. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster) . 62

After Jordan and Evermann. Fishes North and Middle America, pi. Lxxxvili, fig. 235.

14. Synodus varius ( Lacepede) . . . 64

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

15. Rhinoscopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann . 68

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from the type, No. 50622, U.S.N.M., a specimen 1.3 inches long, collected
at 137° 35' west, 10° 57' north by the Albatross in 1899.

16. Congrellus bowersi Jenkins . 77

Drawing by \Y. S. Atkinson from the type, a specimen 10 inches long, collected at Honolulu by
O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

17. Congrellus aequoreus (Gilbert & Cramer) . 78

After Gilbert and Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, pi. xxxvii; from the type, No. 47696,
U.S.N.M.

18. Microdonophis macgregori Jenkins . 83

Drawing by \V. 8. Atkinson from the type, a specimen 10.2 inches long, collected at Lahaina by Jordan
and Evermann in 1901.

19. Myrichthys stypurus (Smith & Swain) . 85

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, a specimen 24.25 inches long, collected at Johnston Island by
the captain of a vessel belonging to the North Pacific Guano Company, in 1880.

20. Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann . 88

Drawing by W. 8. Atkinson from a specimen 8 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in
1889. Type of Murxna lampra Jenkins.

21. Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann . 89

Drawing by W. 8. Atkinson from the type of M. kauila Jenkins, No. 50684, a specimen 13 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

22. Gymnothorax laysanus (Steindachner) . 93

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7 inches long obtained at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XVII

Page.

23. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins . . 95

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50679, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

24. Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins . . . 95

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50843, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1891

25. Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins . 96

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 50681. I'.S.N.M , a specimen 6.13 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

26. Gymnothorax goldsboroughi Jordan & Evermann . 100

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 5U617, U.S.N.M., a specimen 21 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

27. Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker) . . 101

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of G. leucacme Jenkins, No. 50682, U.S.N.M., a specimen 21
inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

28. Gymnothorax steindachneri Jordan & Evermann . 102

After Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, pi. vi. fig. 3.

29. Echidna psalion Jenkins . 107

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50685, U.S.N.M., a specimen 13 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1896.

30. Echidna obscura Jenkins . 107

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. .50686, I'.S.N.M , a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

31. Echidna zonata Fowler . 108

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of K. vhicta Jenkins No. 50687, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 13.5
inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

32. Echidna leihala Jenkins . 110

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50844, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 17 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

33. Uropterygius maimoratus ( Lacepede) . Ill

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth.. IV. pi. xi, fig. 2.

34. Aulostomus valentini ( Bleeker) . . 115

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, pi. 123, figs. B and < .

35. Solenostomus cyanopterus Bleeker . 118

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen about 6 inches long, an adult female, collected at Boshu
(Awa), Japan, by Dr. Kishinouye. about the year 1900.

36. Hippocampus fisheri Jordan A Evermann . 120

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50625, l/.S.N.M., a specimen 2.6 inches long, collected at
Kailua by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

37. Doryrhamphus pleurotaenia (Gunther) . 121

After Gunther, Zool. Challenger, Kept. Shore Fishes, pi. 26, fig. D.

38. Belone platyura Bennett . 123

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 15 inches long, collected at Kailua by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

39. Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel) . 124

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, pi. 258, fig. 3.

40. Athlennes hians (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 125

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 30 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

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41. Hyporhamphus pacificus (Steinilachner) . 12/

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 10 inches long, collected at Kailua by Goldsborough and
Sindo in 1901.

42. Hemiramphus depauperatus Lav & Bennett .

Drawing by A. H Baldwin from a specimen 14.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

43. Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier) . 129

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from aspecimen 17.5 inches long^collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever-
man n in 1901.

44. Evolantia microptera (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 131

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in
1889.

45. Exoccetus volitans Linnaeus . 135

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxvm, fig. 318.

4fi. Cypsilurus simus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . . 135

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 15 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

47. Atherina insularum Jordan & Evermann . 138

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50819, U.S.N.M., a specimen ‘1:1b inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

48. Mugil cephalus Linmeus . . - . 140

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxxvi, tig. 343.

49. Chsenomugil chaptalii (Eydoux & Souleyet) . 141

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9.7 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

50. Sphyraena snodgrassi Jenkins . . 142

Drawing by \Y. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 49693, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10.1 inches long to base of
caudal ..collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

51. Sphyrtena helleri Jenkins . 143

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 49692, U.S.N.M., a specimen 15 inches long; collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

52. Ostichthys pillwaxii (Steindachner) . 148

After Steindachner, Ichtli. Beitriige, XVI, taf. 1.

53. Myripristis sealei Jenkins . 152

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50708, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at
Honolulu bv O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

54. Myripristis berndti Jordan & Evermann . 153

Drawing byChloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50627, U.S.N.M., aspecimen 8.25 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

55. Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann . 154

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50631, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

56. Flammeo sammara ( Forskal) . 156

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

57. Flammeo scythrops Jordan & Evermann . . 157

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50633, U. S. N. M.,a specimen 9.25 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

58. Holocentrus microstomus Gunther . 160

After Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, IV. taf. 61, fig. B.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XIX

Page.

59. Holocentrus erytnraeus Gunther . 162

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee. IV. taf. 63. fig. B.

GO. Holocentrus punctatissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes . 163

After Gunther, Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1871, pi. 60.

61. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus . 168

After Cuvier, fig. 226, Histoire des Poissons.

62. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn . 170

After. Jordan and Evermann. Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxxxm, fig. 364.

63. Auxis thazard (Lacepede) . . 171

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxxxm, fig. 365.

G4. Gymnosarda pelamis (Linnaeus) . . 172

Drawing from a specimen 16.65 inches long.

65. Gymnosarda alletterata (Rafinesque) . 173

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxxxiv, fig. 366.

66. Germ o germ o (Lacepede) . 174

After Sell lege 1. Fauna Japon., Poiss., pi. 50.

67. Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco . 177

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5 feet long, collected at Honolulu by E. L. Berndt in 1902.

68. Naucrates ductor ( Linnaeus) . 182

After Jordan and Evermann. Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxxxix, fig. 379.

69. Seriola purpurascens Schlegel . 183

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, taf. 90, fig. A.

70. Seriola sparna Jenkins . 185

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50845, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9 inches long collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

71. Trachurops crumenophthalma ( Bloch) . 187

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxli, fig. 385.

72. Carangus ignobilis (Forskal) . . 189

Drawing by \V. S. Atkinson, from type of Carangus hippoides Jenkins, a specimen 9.25 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

73. Carangus melampygus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 193

After Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, taf. 86.

74. Carangus rhabdotus Jenkins . 194

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50711, F.S.N.M., a specimen 5.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1896.

75. Carangus politus Jenkins . . 195

Drawing by \V. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50709, I’.S.N.M., a specimen 8 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

76. Carangus affinis ( Riippell) . 195

Drawing by \V. S. Atkinson from a Specimen 14 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in
1889.

77. Carangoides ferdau (Forskal) . 198

78. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch) . 201

Drawing by H. L. Todd from a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected at Woods Hole. Mass., by V. N.
Edwards in 1884.

79. Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus . 204

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cxlix. fig. 402.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Page.

80. Coryphaena equisetus Linna'US . 205

Alter Gunther, Fische der Siidsee. V, taf. 93, fig. A

81. Kulia taeniura (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 209

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, taf. 19. fig. C.

82. Foa brachygramma (Jenkins) . 211

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50699, r.S.N.M., a specimen 1.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

83. Amia maculifera (Garrett) . 212

Drawing by A. II. Baldwin from a specimen 5.2 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

84. Amia evermanni (Jordan & Snyder) . 218

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 51487, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.5 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by E. L. Berndt. in 1904.

85. Amia snyderi (Jordan & Evermann) . 214

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, taf. 19, tig. A.

86. Amia menesema (Jenkins) . 210

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50700, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Snyder in 1900.

87. Synagrops argyrea (Gilbert & Cramer) . . 218

After Gilbert and Cramer, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus., xix, 1897, pi. 39, fig. 3.

88. Cephalopholis argus (Bloch & Schneider) . 222

After Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, I, taf. 4, fig. A.

89. Epinephelus quernus Seale . 223

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 15.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever-
marn in 1901.

90. Epinephelus quernus Seale (young) . 224

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

91. Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins) . .. 225

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 49095, r.S.N.M.. a specimen 8.65 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898.

92. Pseudanthias kelloggi (Jordan & Evermann) . 227

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50642, U. S. N. M., a specimen 7.75 inches long, collected
off Kailua by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

93. Priacanthus alalua Jordan & Evermann . 229

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50643, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.25 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

94. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede) . 230

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Kailua by Goldsborough and
Sindo in 1901.

95. Priacanthus meeki Jenkins . 231

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50847, r.S.N.M., a specimen 12 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1X98.

96. Aphareus flavivultus Jenkii is . 235

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 49691, U.S.N.M., a specimen 12 inches long, collected at
Kailua by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

97. Bowersia violescens Jordan & Evermann . 237

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the typ^, No. 50660, U.S.N.M., a specimen 24 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

98. Bowersia ulaula Jordan & Evermann . 238

Drawing bv A. H. Baldwin from the type. No. 50661. U.S.N.M . a specimen 14.25 inches long, collected
at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI

Page.

99. Aprion virescens Cuvier & Valenciennes . . 239

After Bleeker, Atlas, VII, pi. 293, fig. 3.

100. Etelis marsbi (Jenkins) . 241

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50714, U.S.N.M.. a specimen 15 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898.

101. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal) . 243

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VIII, pi. 299, tig. 1.

102. Erythrichthys schlegelii Gunther . 245

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 13.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

103. Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal) . 250

Drawing by A. H, Baldwin from a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

104. Mulloides flammeus Jordan & Evermann . 252

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50665, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at
Kailua by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

105. Mulloides samoensis Gunther . 253

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, taf. 43, fig. B.

106. Pseudupeneus chryserydros (Lacepede) . 255

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

107. Pseudupeneus bifasciatus (Lac^pede) . 259

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, taf. 44, tig. A.

108. Pseudupeneus pleurostigma (Bennett) . 260

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

109. Pseudupeneus fraterculus (Cuvier it Valenciennes) . 261

After Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, pi. 5, fig. 4.

110. Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins . . 262

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50705, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10.6 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

111. Pseudupeneus preorbitalis (Smith & Swain) . 264

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 29662, U.S.N.M., a specimen 14.75 inches long, collected
at Johnston Island by the captain of a vessel belonging to North Pacific Guano Company, in 1880.

112. Dascyllus albisella Gill . . 267

After Bleeker, Atlas, IX, taf. 409, fig. 8.

113. Chromis elaphrus Jenkins . . f- 268

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50703, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

114. Chromis ovalis (Steindachner) . 269

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Chromis velox Jenkins, No. 49698, U.S.N.M., a specimen 6
inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. I). Wood in 1898.

115. Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann . 271

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Eupomaceiitrus marginatus Jenkins, No. 49700, U.S.N.M., a
specimen 4.6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

116. Abudefduf abdominalis (Quoy & Gaimard) . 273

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, taf. 126, fig. A.

117. Abudefduf sordidus ( Forskal ) . 274

After Riippell, Atlas Reis. Nord. Af., PI. VIII, fig. 1.

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

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118. Malacanthus parvipinnis Vaillant & Sail V age . 276

After Gunther, Fische tier Siidsee, V, taf. 98, tig. B.

119. Lepidaplois modestus (Garrett) . 279

After Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, taf. 199, tig. B.

120. Verreo oxycephalus (Bleeker) . . . 282

After Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., XXIV, p. 620, fig. 3.

121. Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy &. Gaimard) . 283

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, taf. 136, fig. 6.

122. Halichceres lao Jenkins. . . 286

Drawing by Anna L. Brown from the type, No. 6132, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils., a specimen 4 inches long, col¬
lected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

123. Halichceres ornatissimus (Garrett) . 287

Drawing by Anna L. Brown from the type of 1 Ialtc/iarcs ividescc?is Jenkins, No. 6131, L. S. Jr. Univ.

Mus., a specimen 5.65 inches long, collected at Honolulu by (). P. Jenkins in 1889.

124. Macropharyngodon geoffroy (Quoy & Gaimard) . 288

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of .1/. aquUplo Jenkins, No. 1 130, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a speci¬
men 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by (). P. Jenkins in 1889.

125. Gomphosus varius Lacepede . 289

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7.2 inches long, collected at Kailua by Jordan and Ever-
mann in 1901.

126. Anampses cuvier Quoy & Gaimard . 292

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Ever
man n in 1901.

127. Anampses evermanni Jenkins . 293

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 6136, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 12 inches long, col¬
lected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

128. Thalassoma ballieui ( Vaillant & Sauvage) . . . 298

After Gunther, Zool. Challenger, Rept. Shore Fishes, pi. 26, fig. A.

129. Thalassoma umb.ostigma ( Ri'ippell) . 301

After Bleeker. Atlas, 1, taf. 34, fig. 2.

130. Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy &. Gaimard) . . . 302

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of T. pyrrhovinctum Jenkins, No. 6138, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a
specimen 6.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

131. Julis lepomis ( JenkiiiH) . 307

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 12141, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 18 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

132. Coris rosea Vaillant & Sail v age . 311

Drawing from a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898. Type of
Hem icon's keleipionis Jenkins.

133. Coris venusta Vaillant A* Sau v age . 312

Drawing by Anna L. Brown from the type of llemicoris remedial Jenkins, No. 6133, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.,
a specimen 5 65 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

134. Coris aygula Lacepede . . 314

After Jordan and Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, page 642, fig. 9.

135. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins . 318

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 6122, L. 8. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 4.6 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by A. B. Wood in 1899.

136. Cheilinus hexagonatus Gunther . 319

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the typeof C. zomirus Jenkins, No. 6184, L.S. Jr. Univ. Mus., aspecimen
10 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XXIII

Page.

137. Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins . 323

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 6029, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 6 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898.

137a. Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins . . . 324

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of .V. entargyreus Jenkins, No. 5984, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a
specimen 5.4 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. I). Wood in 1898.

138. Novaculichthys taeniourus (Lacepede) . 325

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever-
mann in 1901.

139. Iniistius pavoninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 329

Drawing by Anna L. Brown from the type /. leucozonm Jenkins, No. 6137, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen
5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

140. Iniistius niger (Steindachner) . 331

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of I. verater Jenkins, No. 5990, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a speci¬
men 6 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898.

141. Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins . 333

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 6135, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 5.5 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by (). P. Jenkins in 1889.

142. Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan & Evermann . 337

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50646, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

143. Calotomus irradians Jenkins . 339

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 12142, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 16 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

144. Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins . 340

Drawing by W . S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50849, U.S.N.M., a specimen 14 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1896.

145. Calotomus snyderi Jenkins . 342

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50850, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

148. Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins . . . . 344

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50851, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.75 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

147. Scaridea balia Jenkins . 345

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50852, U.S.N.M., a specimen 10 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by the Albatross in 1896.

148. Callyodon miniatus (Jenkins) . 347

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 12144, L. S., Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 19.5 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

149. Callyodon perspicillatus (Steindachner) . 348

After Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss Wien, XLI, pi. iv, fig. 1.

150. Callyodon borborus (Jordan & Evermann) . 349

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50649, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.75 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

151. Callyodon brunneus (Jenkins) . 350

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 6139, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 9.2 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

152. Callyodon ahula (Jenkins) . 351

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 6142, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., aspecimen 8.7 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

XXIV

BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Page.

Callyodon paluca (Jenkins) . 352

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 6141, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils., a specimen 7.25 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

154. Callyodon gilberti (Jenkins) . 354

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 6140, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a specimen 11.3 inches long,
collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

155. Callyodon bataviensis (Bleeker) . 357

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., I, taf. 12, tig. 3.

156. Callyodon erythrodon (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 357

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., I, taf. 15, tig. 4.

157. Pseudoscarus troschelii Bleeker . 358

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., I. taf. 7, fig. 2.

158. Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins . 359

Drawing by W.S. Atkinson from the type, No. 12143, lT.S.N.M.,a specimen 2s inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

159. Chaetodon lineolatus Cuvier & Valenciennes . 366

Alter Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, taf. 34, lig. A.

160. Chaetodon lunula (Lacepede) . 367

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 1.4 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever-
mann in 1901 .

161. Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch . 369

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of C sphenospilus Jenkins, No. 49765, U.S.N.M., a specimen
4 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

162. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes . 370

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, taf. xxxiv, tig. B.

163. Chaetodon miliaris Quoy & Gaimard . 371

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of ('. mantelliger Jenkins, No. 4J699, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4
inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

164. Holacanthus arcuatus Gray . 378

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, taf. xxxii, tig. C.

165. Holacanthus bicolor (Bloch ) . 381

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, taf. 39, tig. B.

166. Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch & Schneider) . 385

167. Hepatus leucopareius (Jenkins) . 386

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50712, U.S.N.M., a specimen 7.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

168. Hepatus guntheri (Jenkins) . - . 388

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50842, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.6 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

169. Hepatus dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 390

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, iv, taf. 72.

170. Hepatus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider) . 392

After Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, IV, taf. 69, tig. A.

171. Hepatus atramen.atus (Jordan & Evermann) . 393

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50673, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

172. Hepatus sandvicensis (Streets) . . . . 394

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.25 inches long, collected at Kailua by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XXV

Page.

173. Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch) . . 396

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.1 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

174. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & Gaimard) . 399

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, IV, taf. LXXIX, fig. B.

175. Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins . 400

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50707, U.S.N.M., a specimen 8.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

176. Acanthurus brevirostris (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 401

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, IV, taf. 79, fig. A.

177. Callicanthus lituratus (Forster) . 404

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, taf. 82.

178. Callicanthus metoposophron Jenkins . 406

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50706, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.25 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

179. Balistes nycteris (Jordan & Evermann) . 408

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50821, r.S.N.M . a specimen 6.25 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

180. Balistes bursa Lacepede . 410

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V. pi. 223, fig. 3.

LSI. Balistes capistratus Shaw . - . 412

After Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V, pi. 223, fig. 2.

182. Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard ) . 416

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7.8 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

183. Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quov & Gaimard) . 419

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 7.8 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Ever¬
mann in 1901.

184. Osbeckia scripta (Osbeck) . 422

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cclx, fig. 637.

•185. Alutera monoceros (Osbeck) . 423

After Hugh M. Smith, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XVIII, 1898, pi. 64.

186 Tetraodon lacrymatus (Cuvier) . 429

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Oroides latifrons Jenkins, No 49696, U.S.N.M., a specimen
8.9 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

187. Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins) . 431

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 19703, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

188. Canthigaster oahuensis (Jenkins) . 432

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50690, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

189. Canthigaster cinctus (Solander) . 433

Drawing by Kako Morita from a specimen 3.75 inches long, collected at Honolulu by the Albatross in
1902.

190. Canthigaster epilamprus (Jenkins) . 434

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50853, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3.5 inches long, collected
near Kihei, Maui, by Richard C. McGregor in 1900.

191. Canthigaster bitaeniatus (Jenkins) . . — 435

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 49702, r.S.N.M.. a specimen 2.6 inches long, collected flt
Honolulu by Dr. T. D. Wood in 1898.

XXVI

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Page.

192. Diodon hystrix Linnaeus . 437

After Jordan and Evermann, Fishes North and Middle America, pi. cclxvi, fig. 647.

193. Diodon nudifrons Jenkins . 438

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50854, t'.S.N.M . a specimen 21 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

194. Ranzania makua Jenkins . 440

After Jenkins; from a colored drawing by Anna L. Brown from the type, No. 12605, L. S. Jr. Uijiv.

Mus., a specimen 24 inches long, collected by Hiel Kapu in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, in 1892.

195. Ostracion sebae Bleeker . 442

Drawing bv W. S. Atkinson from the type of 0. camurum Jenkins, No. 43697, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.3
inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

196. Lactoria galeodon Jenkins . 445

Drawing by YY. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 50717, U.S.N.M,, a specimen 1.3 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

197. Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins . . . 448

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50702, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by (). P. Jenkins in 1889.

198. Caracanthus maculatus (Gray) . 453

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 1.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

199. Sebastapistes corallicola Jenkins . 457

Drawing by \Y. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50691, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

200. Sebastapistes coniorta Jenkins . . 459

Drawing by W. s. Atkinson from the type, No. 50693, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

201. Sebastapistes galactacme Jenkins . 460

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50692, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2.6 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

202. Sebastopsis kelloggi Jenkins . . . 462

Drawing by YY. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50694, U.S.N.M., a specimen 2 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

203. Pterois sphex Jordan & Evermann . 464

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50650, U.S.N.M., a specimen 6 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

204. Dendrochirus chloreus Jenkins . 466

Drawing by YY. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50701, U.S.N.M., a specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. I*. Jenkins in 1889.

205. Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins . 467

Drawing by YY. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 49690, U.S.N.M., a specimen 14 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

205a. Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins . 468

Drawing by YY. S. Atkinson. Dorsal view of above specimen.

206. Scorpaenopsis gibbosa (Bloch & Schneider) . 469

After Gunther, Fische der Stidsee, III, tuf. 53.

207. Iracundus signifer Jordan' & Evermann . 470

Drawing by Chloe Lesley Starks from the type, No. 50886, U.S.N.M., a specimen 4.2 inches long, collected
at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

208. Cephalacanthus orien alis (Cuvier <& Valenciennes) . 473

Drawing by A. H. B aid win from a specimen 11.7 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

XXVII

Page.

209. Osurus schauinslandi (Steindachner) . 475

After Steindachner. Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, pi. hi. tig. 5.

209a. Osurus schauinslandi (Steindachner) . . . 475

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Parapercis pterostigma Jenkins, No. 49701, U.S.N M a
specimen 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by I»r. T. D. Wood in 1S98.

210. Eleotris sandwicensis Vaillant & Sauvage . 480

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5.5 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

211. Eviota epiphanes Jenkins . 482

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50720, U.S.N. M., a specimen 0.6 inch long, collected at
Honlulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

212. Mapo fuscus (Riippell) . 484

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4 inches long, collected at Kailua by Jordan end Ever¬
mann in 1901.

213. Gobiichthys lonchotus (Jenkins) . 485

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50698, U.S.N. M., a specimen 4.3 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

214. Chlamydes laticeps Jenkins . 487

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No 50716, U.S.N. M., a specimen 1.5 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

215. Kelloggella oligolepis (Jenkins) . . 488

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type. No. 50715, U.S.N.M., a specimen 1.2 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

218. Sicydium stimpsoni Gill . 490

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 5 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and
Evermann in 1901.

217. Sicydium albotaeniatum Gunther . 491

After Gunther, Fische der Siid.see, II, taf. 110, fig. D.

218. Awaous genivittatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . 492

After Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VI, taf. 110, fig. C.

219. Enneapterygius atriceps (Jenkins) . . 496

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type, No. 50719, U.S.N. M., a specimen 1 inch long, collected at
Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

220. Alticus marmoratus (Bennett) . 498

After Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, VI, taf. 116, fig. B.

221. Alticus gibbifrons (Quov & Gaimard) . 499

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Salarias rutilus Jenkins, No. 50695, U.S.N. M., a specimen 2.5
inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

221a. Alticus gibbifrons (Quoy & Gaimard) . 500

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Salarias saltans Jenkins, No. 50696, U.S.N. M., a specimen
3.2 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins.

222. Enchelyurus ater (Gunther) . 500

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of Aspidontus brtinnculus Jenkins, No. 5071$, U.S.N. M., a
specimen 1.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

223. Salarias zebra Vaillant & Sauvage . 501

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from a specimen 4.2 inches long, collected at Hilo by Jordan and Evermann
in 1901.

223a. Salarias zebra Vaillant & Sauvage . 502

Drawing by W. S. Atkinson from the type of S. cypho Jenkins, No. 50697, U.S.N. M., a specimen 4 inches
long, collected at Honolulu by O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

XXVIII

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Page.

224. Exallias brevis (Kner) . 503

After Gunther, Fischeder Siidsee. IV, taf. 118, fig. C.

225. Brotula marginalis Jenkins . . . 507

Drawing by W. 8. Atkinson from the type, No. 49694, U.S.N.M., a specimen 9.6 inches long, collected at
Honolulu by A. B. Wood in 1899.

226. Pelecanichthys crumenalis Gilbert & Cramer . 511

After Gilbert and Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, pi. xlvii, from the type, No. 48738, U.S.N.M., a
specimen 10 inches long, collected by the Albatross in 1891.

227. Engyprosopon hawaiiensis Jordan & Evermann . 515

Drawing by A. H. Baldwin from the type, No. 50657, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3 inches long, collected at
Hilo by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

228. Antennarius leprosus (Eydonx & Souleyet) . 519

Drawing from a specimen 4 inches long, collected at Honolulu by Jordan and Evermann in 1901.

229. Malthopsis mitriger Gilbert & Cramer . . . 524

After Gilbert and Cramer, from the type, No. 47700, U.S.N.M., a specimen 3 inches long, collected by
the Albatross in 1891.

I. THE SHORE FISHES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,
WITH A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE
FISH FAUNA.

By DAVID STARR JORDAN and BARTON WARREN EVERMANN.

I. THE SHORE FISHES OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,
WITH A GENERAL ACCOUNT OF
THE FISH FAUNA.

By DAVID STARR JORDAN and BARTON WARREN EVERMANN.

HISTORICAL REVIEW.

EARLIER INVESTIGATIONS.

That group of mid-Pacific islands now known as the Hawaiian Islands was dis¬
covered January 18, 1778, by Capt. James Cook, when on his third voyage around
the world in the years 1 776—1 77'.*, and was called by him the Sandwich Islands, in
honor of his friend and patron, the Earl of Sandwich. Captain Cook's ship, the
Resolution , left the islands on February 2, but returned, and Mowee (Maui) was dis¬
covered November 26. 1778, and Owyhee (Hawaii) four days afterwards. The vessel
then spent seven weeks cruising about and examining the coasts of the islands, and
on .January 17. 1779, anchored in the harbor of Karakakooa (Kealakekua), where she
remained until February 4. Leaving on that date, she put back again on account of
a storm on the 11th, and on February 14 Captain Cook was killed by the natives.

I n the “ Narrative” of Captain Cook's voyages occasional brief references to fishes
are found, but they contain very little of value or interest, and there is nothing to
indicate any effort to preserve and carry home collections from the different islands
visited.

Captain Cook was accompanied" on his first voyage, however, by Joseph Banks
and Dr. Daniel Solander, who evidently preserved a few fishes which were afterwards
deposited in the “Museum of Banks." Among these was a specimen of a clnetodont
which Banks himself obtained at the Society Islands. Another specimen of the same
species was obtained at the Sandwich Islands by some member of Captain Cook's third
voyage and found its way into the same museum. These two specimens were described
in 1782 by Broussonet in his “ Ichthyologia " as Chsetodon longirostrix, a perfectly good
species, which Jordan and McGregor made the type of their new genus Forcipiger in
1898. Forcipiger ■ long Irostris (Broussonet) is therefore the first species of fish ever
recorded from the Hawaiian Islands.

So far as we have been -able to determine, the first actual collection of fishes
made at the Hawaiian Islands was that obtained by the royal French corvette Franlr

“Captain Cook was accompanied on his first voyage by '“Joseph Banks, esq. (later Sir Joseph
Banks, hart, ) and Doctor Solander, who, in the prime of life, and the first of them at great expense to
himself, quitted all the gratifications of polished society and engaged in a very tedious, fatiguing, and
hazardous navigation, with the laudable views of acquiring knowledge in general, of promoting natural
knowledge in particular, and of contributing something to the improvement and happiness of the rude
inhabitants of the earth.”

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

in 1819. The l ran '<■ left Toulon, France, September 17, 1817, on a voyage around
the world, under the command of M. Louis de Freycinet. Among those on board
who merit mention in this connection were M. Jean ltene Constant Quoy, surgeon-
general of the expedition; M. Joseph Paul Gaimard, second surgeon; M. Charles
Beaupre Gaudichaud, pharmacist of the third class; M. Dominique Francois Jean
Arago, draftsman; M. Louis Isidore Duperrey, midshipman; and M. Charles Bon¬
net, mate. The Uran>< arrived at Owhyhee (Hawaii) August 15, 1819, and later
visited Maui, Oahu, and perhaps other islands of the group. Whether the corvette
Phyxicienne. which accompanied the TJranie on the voyage round the world, visited
the Hawaiian Islands is not evident from the narrative. It appears, however, that
the officers of the V ran it took the more active interest in making scientific observa¬
tions and collections.

In the Zoology of the voyage of the Vranie and Physicienne Messrs. Quoy and
Gaimard published (1824) an account of the collections obtained. The fishes were
collected chiefly in the Pacific and Indian oceans, and the total number of species
recorded is 112, of which 22 were from the Hawaiian Islands. Of these 22 species,
21 were described as new. In the following list the type locality in each case is the
“Sandwich Islands" unless otherwise stated. Species described as new are indicated
by italics.

Fishes recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Quoy and Gaimard.

Nominal species.

Tetraodon lacrymatiis _

Ba listes angulos us .

Balistes sandwich ini sis. . .

Saurus variegatus .

Saurus gracilis .

Sala rias gibbifron s .

.lul is gaimard a .

Julis balleatns .

Julis duperrey .

J ulis geoffroy .

Julis axillaris .

Cheilio auratus .

Anampses curin' <' .

Cheilinus sinuosus .

Gomphosus tricolor « .

Gomphosus pectoralis _

Xyriehthys led use .

Mullus multi fasciat us _

Chaetodon m Maris .

( 'htetodou lunulatus .

G 1 y phi sod on abdom in < dis
Pomaeentrus nigricans. . .

Page.

Plate and figure.

204

210

214

223

224

PI. 48, fig. 3 .

253

265

267

268

270

PI. 56, fig. 3 .

272

274

276

278

280

282

2S4

PI. 65, fig. 1 .

330

PI. 59' fig. 1 .

380

381

PI. 62, fig. 6 .

390

399

Present identification.

Tetraodon lacrymatiis.
Canthidermis maculatus.
Cantherines sandwichiensis.
Synodus varius.

Saurida gracilis.

Alticus gibbifrons.

Julis gaimard.

Stethojulis albovittata.
Thalassoma duperrey.
Macropharyngt >don geoffroy.
Stethojulis axillaris.

Cheilio inermis.

Anampses cuvier.

Cheilinus trilobatus.
Gomphosus tricolor.
Gomphosus varius.

Cymolutes lecluse.
Pseudupeneus multifasciatus.
Chsetodon miliaris.

Chaetodon lunula.

Abudefduf abdominalis.
Pomaeentrus jenkinsi.

« Type locality, Maui.

The voyage of II. M. S. Blonde to the Sandwich Islands was made in the years
1S24-25. under the command of Capt. the Right Hon. Lord Byron, for the purpose
of conveying to the islands the bodies of King Kamehameha 1 1 and his Queen, both of
whom had died within a week (the queen on July 8, the king on July 14, 1824), while
on a visit to England. The Blond , sailed from Spithead on September 29, and on May
3, 1825, came in sight of the island of Hawaii. After a stay of about ten weeks at
the islands, during which Hilo. Honolulu, and various other places were visited, the
vessel left for home July 18.

During tin' time spent at Honolulu some collecting was done by John Trembly,
esq., R. N., who accompanied the expedition. The fishes obtained were presented

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

to the Zoological Society of London and were described by Edward Turner Bennett
(1828) in the Zoological Journal. Eleven species are recorded from the Hawaiian
Islands, all of them being described as new.

Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by II. M. S. Blonde in 1825.

Nominal species.

Length
of type,
in inches.

Tage.

Present identification.

Blennius sordidus .

Blennius sordidus.

Blennius marmoratus .

Altieus marmoratus.

•lulis flavo-vittatus .

3.5

Julis flavovittatus.

Julis Green ovii .

Julis greenovii.

Seams dubius .

4.5

Callyodon dubius.

CirrhP,es maculosus .

3.5

Cirrhitus marmoratus.

Cirrhites fasciatus .

Paracirrhites cinctus.

Seorptena asperella .

Sebastapistes asperella.

Acanthurus flavescens .

Zebrasoma flavescens.

Acanthurus strigosus .

ctenochsetus strigosus.

Chsetodon Fremblii .

Chsetodon fremblii.

In Zoological Miscellany, 1831-1842, John Edward Gray described three new
species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands, basing the descriptions upon specimens
in the British Museum. The species are as follows:

Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands described by John Edward Gray.

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

Chietodon quadrimaculatus.

Cuvier and Valenciennes in their Histoire Naturelles des Poissons, Volumes
I-XXII, 1828-1849, record 18 species from the Hawaiian Islands, 13 of which are
described as new. Their specimens were from the collections made by the Uranic.
The list is as follows:

Nominal species.

Volume.

Page.

Year.

Present identification.

1828

Cephalopholis argus.

Pseudupeneus bi fasciatus.
Pseudupeneus multi fasciatus.

III

468

1829

III

468

1829

VII

102

1831

1835

208

Hepatus matoides.

229

1835

259

1835

XIII

455

1839

Julis eydouxii.

XIV

1839

XIV

1839

Iniistius pavoninus.

XIV

1839

XIV

270

1839

Callyodon bennetti.

XIV

283

1839

XIV

295

1839

XVIII

437

1846

XIX

105

1846

Cypsiluras simus.

Chanos chanos.

Chanos cyprineUa .

XIX

198

1846

« Quoted from Quoy and Gaimard, who recorded it from Guam only. ^Onarourow (Honolulu).

The next collection of fishes made at the Hawaiian Islands was obtained by
H. M. S. Blossom during her voyage to the Pacific Ocean and Bering Straits in
1825-1828, in command of Capt. Frederick William Beech®, R. N., F. R. S., etc.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

There were on board Lieut. Edward Belcher, Surg. Alexander Collie, and George
T. Lay, naturalist. The Blossom, left England May 19, I 825. for the Pacific by way
of Cape Horn, and arrived at Woahoo (Oahu), Sandwich Islands, May 19, 1826.
She left llonoruru (Honolulu) May 31 for Oneehow (Niihau). where she arrived the
next day, remaining at these places only long enough to restock with water and
provisions and to trade with the natives. She sailed on June 2 for the north,
leaving Mr. Lay, however, at Honolulu, where he remained until the return of the
vessel January 26, 1827. On March 4, 1827, the Blossom took final leave of the
Hawaiian Islands.

During this voyage natural history observations were made by Mr. Lay and Dr.
Collie, the latter performing the duties of naturalist during tin* illness of Mr. Lay.
Lieutenant Belcher rendered valuable assistance in caring for the collections. Dur¬
ing Mr. Lay’s sojourn of a little less than a year at Honolulu, he was ill much of
the time, and his observations and notes are therefore not as full as he doubtless
otherwise would have made them. It is stated, however, that many species of fishes
were observed at Oahu, and that Dr. Collie “here continued his experiments on the
Juvcn ti, and extended his anatomical observations to a fish which is kept and reared
in the Taro ponds, and esteemed very highly by the natives, especially the belly
part, soaked in salt and water and eaten raw. Its native name is Ava, and it seems
tc be nearly allied to, if not identical with, the Butlrinus glosspdonta Cuv.”° Mr.
Lay lisi. 1 many species at Honolulu, and has left a number of notes, some of which
arc very intt L'~ Ti most of them, however, are general, and the species referred
to are not identifiable.

The fishes collected during the voyage of the Blossom were reported on by Lay
and Bennett in the “Zoology of Captain Becchey’s Voyage.” (Lay and Bennett
1839.) The total number of species recorded is 26, only 4 of which are credited to
the Hawaiian Islands. These are from Oahu and all are described as new. The
drawings illustrating the report are by William Smyth, mate, and Richard Belcher.

Following is the list of species:

Nominal species.

Page.

Plate and figure.

Present identification.

PI. XVIII, fig. 2 .

Novaculichthys taeniurus.
Hemirhamphus depaupcratus.
Leiuranus semicinetus.

H em i r h am p h us depa upera tux .

Ophisurus xemicinctus .

PI. XX, fig. 4 .

Monacanthus spilosoma .

PI. XXII, fig. 1 .

Stephanolepis spilosom us.

The French corvette Bonitt visited the Hawaiian Islands and collected fishes there
in 1837. The vessel was under command of L. Vail Ian t, with M. Kydoux, surgeon-
major; L. Souleyet, assistant surgeon, and Henri Marie Ducrotay do Blaanville were
intrusted with directing the work in zoology and reporting thereon. M. Souleyet,
as assistant to M. Eydoux, assisted also in zoology, and when, near the termination
of the voyage, M. Eydoux accepted- a position as physician at Martinique, Souleyet
continued the work and duties previously performed by M. Eydoux.. M. Gaudi-
ehaud (pharma fien-professeur) joined the expedition for researches in natural history,

Evidently the awa, Chanos chanos.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

(

and M. Henri Gervais, aid-naturalist to M. de Blainville, assisted Souleyet in the
determinations and descriptions of the mammals and birds.

The Bonite left Toulon February 6, 1836, to carry French consular agents to
Chile, the Philippines, and elsewhere, and arrived at the bay of Karakakooa,
Hawaii, October 1, 1837. She remained until October 6, and then proceeded
to Honolulu, where she arrived October 8 and remained until November 24, when
sue sailed for Manila. During the time spent among the Hawaiian Islands 15
species of hshes were collected, 9 of which were described as new by Evdoux and
Souleyet (1842) in the zoology of the voyage of the Bonite.

Fishes collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the French corvette Bonite in 1831.

Nominal species.

( ’hsetodon miliaris

Caranx pinnulatus .

Caranx stellatus .

Acanthurus humeralis

Mugil chaptalii .

Mugil cepnalotus . .

Gobius stamineus .

Chironectes reticulatus
Chironectes leprosus . . .

Scarus formosus .

Chanos cyprinella .

Saurus limbatus .

Conger marffinatus -

Mursena valenciennii . .
Tetraodon stellatus —

Vol.

Page.

Plate and figure.

Present identification.

163

PI. 2, fig. 2 .

Chsetodon miliaris.

165

PI. 3, fig. 1 .

Decap t e rus sanctse-h e 1 eiue .

167

PI. 3, fig. 2 .

Carangus melampygus.

169

PI. 2, fig. 3 .

Hepatus olivaceus.

171

PI. 4. fig. 1 .

Chaenomugil chaptalii.

175

PI. 4, fig. 4 .

Mugil cephalus.

179

PI. 5, fig. 5 .

Awaous stamineus.

186

pi. a, fig. 2 .

Antennarius bigibbus.

187

PI. 5, fig. 3 .

Antennarius leprosus.

191

PI. 6, fig. 3 .

Callvodon formosus.

196

PI. 7. fig. 1 .

Chanos chanos.

199

Traehinocephalus myops.

201

PI. 9. fig. 1 .

Leptocephalus marginal us.

207

PI. 8, fig. 1 .

< i v mn of hora x u ndu lat us.

212

PI. 10, fig. 2 .

Tetraodon hispidus (?).

In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History at the meeting of
October 25, 1858, Agassiz established the new genus (ioninhatix for a new skate from
the Hawaiian Islands, which he called Gon-idnxtix meleagriKM= Stoamdon nan nan).

In the various volumes of Gunther’s Catalogue of Fishes in the British Museum
(Volumes I-VHI, 1859-1870) 45 species are recorded from the Hawaiian Islands, as
follows:

Fishes in the British Museum recorded from the Hawaiian Islands.

Nominal species.

Volume.

Page.

Present identification.

119

Cephalopholis argus.

Chfetodon quadrimaculatus.

Chtetodon fremblii.

Chsetodon humeralis."

436

Carangus melampygus.

493

III

Sicydium stimpsoni.

Lentipes concolor.

Antennarius leprosus.

Antennarius bigibbus.

III

194

III

199

III

220

III

226

Hvpsoblennius brevipinnis.

III

248

III

327

Hepatus sandvicensis.

III

34‘2

III

342

III

346

Hepatus dussumieri.

Dascvllus albisella.

Pomacentrus jenkinsi.

Abudefduf abdominalis.

a Both valid species, but they came from the coast of Mexicc

b Hilo. Hawaii.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fishes in the British Museum recorded from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued.

Nominal species.

Volume.

Page.

Present identification.

105

Lepidaplois albotatniatiu

Cheilinus bimaculatus.

Anampses cuvier.

Macropharyngodon geofiroyii.
Iniistius pavoninus.

Gomphosus tricolor.

Jul is gaimard.

Jill is greenovii.

131

136

145

175

194

200

204

205

207

Gymolutes lecluse.

Callyodon dubius.

Saurida gracilis.

Belone platyura.

399

236

280

VIII

110

Gymnothorax undulatus.
Eurymyctera acutirostris.

VIII

219

VIII

227

Melichthys radula.

Stephanolepis spilosomus.

Diodon holacanthus.

VIII

243

VIII

307

In 1860 Dr. Theo. Gill, in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, described
2 new species from the Hawaiian Islands, from specimens collected by William
Stimpson in a fresh water stream at Hilo:

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

101

Sicydium stimpsoni.

Lentipes concolor.

102

In the same volume Dr. Charles C. Abbott described 4 new species from the
Hawaiian Islands, the specimens having been collected by Dr. J. K. Townsend, who
presented them to the museum of the Philadelphia Academy:

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

476

M y rich t hys magn i ficus.
Eurymyctera acutirostris.

G ymnt >t borax undu lat us.

G y m nothora x eurostus.

476

477

478

Three species from the Hawaiian Islands, one of them being described as new,
were recorded by Doctor Gill in 1862 in the same Proceedings, from specimens
collected by Rev. W. H. Pease:

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

107

122

Paracirrhites arcatus.

Pa rac i rrhites ci nctus .

Cirrhitus marmoratus.

In his catalogue of fishes of Lower California (1862), in a foot-note on page 149,
Dr. Gill describes Dascyllus albisella from specimens collected by Rev. W. H. Pease
at the Sandwich Islands.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Andrew Garrett, in the Proceedings of the California Academy for 1863,
described 3 new species from the Hawaiian Islands, as follows:

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

Antennarius leprosus.
Chsetodon punctatofasciatus.

The next yea r. in the same Proceedings, Mr. Garrett described 5 additional
species:

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

103

Cheilodactylus vittatus.

105

Sebastopsis parvipinnis.
Lepidaplois modestus.
Antennarius commersoni.

107

Several collections, made at various times by different individuals in the Lesser
Antilles, were reported upon by Dr. Edward D. Cope (1870), and scattered through
this paper, in footnotes, arc descriptions of many species from different parts of
the world. Two of them were collected about 1835 by Dr. John K. Townsend at
the Sandwich Islands, and one, Tetrodon florealis (Spheroide# florealid),vn& described
as new. Cantherines mndvicensis also is recorded from this place.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1871, page 663,
Dr. Albert Gunther records Peristetkus engyceras ( - Pcrlstcd ion tmjyceras) from
tlie Hawaiian Islands.

Gunther’s ** Fischc der Siidsee,” the most important of the earlier papers on the
fish fauna of the Hawaiian Islands, was published in 1873-1881.“ Although never
completed, it contains descriptions or mention of no fewer than 139 species of fishes,
78 of which are credited to the Hawaiian Islands. In the following tabular state¬
ment are given the name and our identification of each species recorded in this
work by Gunther from the Hawaiian Islands, with page and plate reference. New
genera and new species are indicated by italics.

“According to tlie Zoological Record, the dates upon which the various parts of this work appeared
are as follows:

Band I.

Heft I, pp. 1-24, Pis. I-XX . 1873

Hefts II and III, pp. 25-96, Pis. XXI-LX . 1874

Heft IV, pp. 97-128, Pis. LXI-LXXXIII . 1875

Band It.

Heft V, pp. 129-168, Pis. LXXXIV-C . . . 1876

Heft VI, pp. 169-216, Pis. CI-CXIX . 1877

Heft VII, pp. 217-256, Pis. CXX-CXL . 1881

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands recorded, in G anther’s Fische der Siidsee.

Nominal species.

Page. Plate and figure. Present identification.

Apogon frenatus .

Apogon maculiferus . .

Doles marginatus . .

( ’luetodon setifer . .

Chaetodon ornatissimus .

Chaetodon fremblii .

Chaetodon humeralisc . .

Chaetodon lunula .

Chaetodon multicinctns . .

Chaetodon lineolatus . .

Chaetodon miliaris . .

Chaetodon strigatus . .

( 'helmo longirostris . .

Holacanthus areuatus . .

Holacanthus bispinosus . .

Holacanthus bicolor .

llpeneus trifasciatus . .

Sphaerodon grandoculis .

I'mielepterus fuscus .

Cirrhitus forsteri .

Cirrhitus maculatus .

Cirrhitus cinctus . .

Chilodactylus vittatus . .

Scorpaena parvipinnis .

Scorpaena cookii .

Scorpaena asperella . .

Taenianotus garretti . .

Micropus unipinna . .

M ieropus maculatus .

Myripristis murdjan .

Myripristis ( Holotrachys) lima.

H olocen tru m d i ad cm a .

Holocentrum microstoma .

Holocentrum erythraeum . .

Gempylus serpens . .

Acanthurus triostegus .

Acanthurus guttatus . .

Acanthurus nigros .

Acanthurus dussumieri . .

Acanthurus olivaceus . .

Acanthurus strigosus . .

Acanthurus flavescens . .

Naseus unicornis . .

Naseus lituratus .

Caranx sanctae-helenae .

Caranx crumenophthalmus . ..

Caranx ferdau .

Caranx gallus .

Caranx ciliaris . .

Seriola dumerilii .

Zancluscornutus . .

Coryphaena equisetis . .

Malacanthus ncedtii .

Antennariuscommersonii .

Antennarius bigibbus .

Dactylopterus orientalis .

Gobius geni vittatus .

Gobius albopunctatus .

Sicydium stimpsoni" . .

Sicydium albotxniatwn . .

Len tipes con color a .

Blennius sordidus . .

Blennius brevipinnisc .

Sal arias marmoratus .

Salarias gibbifrons .

Mugil dobula . .

Aulostoma chinense . .

Glyphidodon saxatilis .

Dascyllus trimaculatus .

Dascyllus albisella .

Cossyphis bilunulatus .

Cossyphis modest us b . .

Labroides dimidiatUs .

Chilinus bimaculatus b .

Anampses cuvieri .

Anampses godejfroi/i .

Stethojulis axiilans .

Stethojulis albovittata .

20
24
36

40
42

51
51
59

68
69
71

99
106
108

109

110
112
113
116
116
118
124

130

131

134

135

136
142
147
160
163
165

169

170
172
183

183

184

193

194

205

214

221

229

236

240

241
243
246

251

252
254
256

XIX, A

XX, C .

XXVI, B
XXX, B .
XXIX, B

XXXIII ...
XXXIV, B
XXXIV, A
XXXV, A .

XXXII, c .

LVI, C .

XXXIX, B ....
XLI V, B and C

XLIX, A ....

LI. A .

LI I. A and B

LI, B .

LI I, D .

LV .

LVI I, C.

LX I and LX 1 1
LXIII, A .

LX IV, B..
LXIII, B .
LX VIII, B

LX IX, A

LXXII

LX XIX, B and C

LX XVI .

LXXVIII .

LX XXI I .

LX XX VI I and LX XX VI 1 1 ..

LXXXIX .

XC. A .

XCII .

XCIII. A .

XCVIII, B .

Cl 1 1. B; CVI, B .

CV. B .

CX,C.
CX, A

CX , 1)

CXIII, D

CXVI, B .

CXIV, C .

CXX. A .

CXXIII, B and C
CXX VI. .

(XXX .

CXXIX.B .

( XXXVI, A

CXL .

(’XXXVI, C
CXLI, B ....

Amia snyderi.

Amia maculifera.

Kuhlia malo.

Chaetodon setifer.

Chaetodon ornatissimus.
Chaetodon fremblii.

Chaetodon humeralis.c
Chaetodon lunula.

Chaetodon punctatofasciatus.
Chaetodon lineolatus.

Chaetodon miliaris.

M ic roc a nt h us strigat us.
Foreipiger longirostris.

H olacan th us a rcuatus.

H olacan t h us bispi nosus.
Holacanthus bicolor.
Pseudupeneusoiultifasciatus.
Monotaxis grandoculis.
Kyphosus fuscus.

Pa racirr bites forsteri.

Cirrhitus marmoratus.
Paracirrhites cinctus.
Cheilodactylus vittatus.

Sebast opsis pa r v i pi n n is.
Sebastopsis cacopsis.
Sebastapistes asperella.
Taenianotus garretti.
Caracanthus unipinna.
Caracanthus maculatus.
Myripristis murdjan.
Holotrachys lima.

Holocentrus diadema.
Holocentrus microstomus.
Holocentrus erythraeus.
Gempylus serpens.

Hepatus sandvicensis.

Hepatus guttatus.

Hepatus elongatus.

Hepatus dussumieri.

Hepatus olivaceus.
Ctenochaetus strigosus.
Zebra’soma flavescens.
Acanthurus unicornis.
Callicanthus lituratus.
Decapterus pinnulatus.
Trachurops crumenophthalma.
Carangoides ferdau.

Alectis ciliaris.

Seriola purpurascens.

Zanclus canescens.

Coryphaena equisetis.
Malacanthus parvipinnis.
Antennarius commersonii.
Antennarius bigibbus.
Cephalacanthus orientalis.
Avvaous genivittatus.

Mapo fuscus.

Sicydium stimpsoni.

Sicydium albotaeniatum.

Len tipes concolor.

Blennius sordidus.
Hypsoblennius brevipinnis.c
Alticus marmoratus.

A lticus gibbifrons.

Mugil cephalus.

A u lostom us va len t i n i .

A bud e f d u f a b d om i n a 1 is.
Dascyllus albisella.

Dascyllus albisella.

Lepidaplois albotaeniatus.
Lepidaplois modestus.
Labroides dimidiatus.
Cheilinus bimaculatus.
Anampses cuvier.

Anampses godeffroyi.
Stethojulis axillaris.

Stethojulis albovittata.

« Hilo, Hawaii.

b Honolulu.

^ Not from Hawaii but from Mexico.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Iii 1875 Vaillant and Sauvage published descriptions of 19 species of fishes from
the Hawaiian Islands which they regarded as new. The specimens upon which the
descriptions were based formed a portion of a collection comprising 180 species,
obtained, presumably at Honolulu, by M. Ballieu, at that time French consul to the
Hawaiian Islands. The descriptions are, for the most part, unsatisfactory, and cer¬
tain identification of several of the species seems impossible. Of the 19 species
described from the Hawaiian Islands 3 are credited to Sauvage, the others to Valliant
and Sauvage.

Fishes described from the Hawaiian Islands by Vaillant and Sauvage in 1875.

Scorptena ballieui .

Cottus fllamentosws .

Gly phisodon imparipenn is .

Gobius homocyanu8 .

Eleotris sundmcensis .

Salarias zebra .

Mugil triehilus .

Congrogadus maryinatus .

Brotula multicirrata .

Acanth u rus viryatus .

Malaeanthus parvipinuix .

Novacula (Novacula) microlepis.

Julis ballieui . .

Coris (Hemicoris) venusta . .

Coris (Hemicoris) ball ni .

Coris ( Hemicoris) rost i .

Tetraodon (Anosmius) janlhinus.
Tetraodon (Anosmius) coronatus.
Pcecilophis tritor . .

Nominal species.

Page.

Present identification.

278

279
I 279

280
280
281
281
282
282
283

283

284

284
I 285

285
236

| 286
! 286
287

Sebastapistes ballieui.
Gymnocanthus intermedius. «
Abudefduf imparipenn is.
Mapo fuscus.

Eleotris sandwicensis.
Scartichthys zebra.
Chtenomugil chaptali.
Congrogadus marginatus.
Brotula multicirrata.
Zebrasoma flavescens.
Malaeanthus parvipinnis.
Cymolutes leeluse.
Thalassoma ballieui.

Coris venusta.

Coris ballieui.

Coris rosea.

Canthigaster janthinus.
Canthigaster valentini.
Echidna leihala.

« A Japanese species not seen in Hawaii.

The V. S. S. Portsmouth, Commander Joseph S. Skerrett commanding, while
engaged in a survey of the islands of the North Pacific Ocean, visited the Hawaiian
and Fanning islands in 1873-74, and considerable collections of fishes were made by
the medical officers on board- — Surg. William II. Jones, U. S. Navy, and Passed
Asst. Surg. Thomas H. Streets, U. S. Navy. These collections were reported
upon by Dr. Streets (Streets, 1877), who states that the fish fauna of Honolulu
Harbor is very well represented in the collection, but that inadequate means for the
preservation of specimens while at the Fanning Islands prevented the making of
extensive collections at that group. Thirty -six species are recorded from the
Fanning group and 38 from the Hawaiian Islands, nearly all from the harbor at
Honolulu or at other places on Oahu Island. Of these 38 species one (Acanthv rus
trios teg us sandvicemis) is described as a new subspecies.

Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by V. S. S. Portsmouth in 1873-74 ■

Nominal species.

Page.

Locality.

Present identification.

Tetraodon hispidus.

Melichthys radula.

. do .

Platophrys pantherinus.

Fresh water streams, Oahu. . .

Asterropteryx semipunetatus.
Sicydium stimpsoni.

Fresh water streams, Oahu. . .

Gnatholepis knighti.

Mapo fuscus.

Sebastapistes gibbosa.
Pseudocheilinus octotwniu.

Pseudocheilinus hexatsenia .

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by U. S. S. Portsmouth in 1878-74 — Continued.

Nominal species.

Page.

Stethojulis axillaris .

Cheilio inermis .

Julis melanoptera .

Glyphidodon saxatilis .

Aeanthurus triostegus, var. sandvia nsis

Acant-hurus bloehi .

Naseus unicornis .

Traehurops raauritianus .

Carangus melampygus .

Carangus chrysos — : .

Chorinemus sanctipetri .

Upenens trifasciatus .

Fpeneoides yittatus .

Moronopsis marginatus .

Apogon auritus .

Priacanthus carolinus .

Cirrhites forsteri .

Mugil cephalotus .

Aulostoma chineuse .

Fistularia serrata .

Belone plaiyura .

Exoccetus speculiger .

Exoccetus brachypterus .

Saurida nebulosa .

Albula conorhvnchus .

Munena undulata .

66
66

67
6S

68
6S

69
TO

71
71
71

74 I

74 !

75 '
75 * 1

76
76

Locality.

Present identification.

Honolulu. Oahu.

_ do .

- do .

Honolulu Harbor, Oahu .

_ do . .

Honolulu, Oahu .

Honolulu Harbor, Oahu .

Honolulu, Oahu .

_ do .

- do .

_ do .

. do .

Waialua, Oahu .

Honolulu, Oahu .

Honolulu Harbor .

Honolulu, Oahu .

Honolulu Harbor .

Honolulu, Oahu .

Honolulu Harbor .

. do .

Hawaiian Islands .

. do . .

Honolulu, Oahu .

. do .

Coral reefs, Honolulu. Oahu..

Stethojulis axillaris.

Cheilio inermis.

Thalassoma duperrey.
Abudefduf abdominalis.
Hepatus sandvicensis.
Hepatus guntheri.
Aeanthurus unicornis.
Traehurops cnimenopthalma.
Carangus melampygus.
Carangus erysos.
Scomberoides sancti-petri.
Pseud upeneus multifasciatus.
I'peneus arge.

Kuhlia malo.

Foa brachygramma.
Priacanthus cruentatus.
Paracirrhites forsteri.

Mugil cephalus.

Aulostomus valentini.
Fistularia serrata.

Belone platyum.

Exoccetus volitans.
Parexocoetus brachypterus.
Saurida gracilis.

Albula vulpes.

Gymnothorax undulatus.

Steindackner (1S76) in his Icktkyologische Beitrage (V) records as new two species
from the Hawaiian Islands, J foronojtsis argenteus var. sandvicensis (— Kuhlia maid),
and Ajerlon micr<>d«n ( = Apsilus mu-radon). Three years later (1879) the same author,
in his "■ Uber einige Scariden a us Poly nesien." describes Scants ( Searm)persjncU-latm
(= Callyodon p< rspieillatus) from the same islands.

The Challenger, during her memorable voyage, stayed a fortnight at Honolulu
and live days at Hilo, at which places 27 species of fishes were secured. These were
recorded by Dr. Gunther (1880), in liis report on the shore fishes of the voyage
of the Challenger. The list is as follows:

Fishes collected at the Haicaiian Islands by H. M. S. Challenger.

Nominal species.

Zyga?na malleus .

Pules marginatus .

Scorpasna nuchalis .

Cirrhites arcatus .

Cirrhitichthys maculatus .

Caranx crumenopthalmus _

Caranx hippos .

Aeanthurus bloehi .

Cpeneus trifasciatus .

Polynemus sexfilis .

Gobius stamineus .

Gobius sandvicensis .

Eleotris fusca .

Sicydium nigrescent .

Len tipes coricolor .

Lentipes seminudus .

Mugil dobula . . .

Dascyllus albisella .

J ulis* obscura .

Rhomboidichthyspantherinus

Chanos salmoneus .

Albula conorhvnchus . I

Mura?na Jiavo-marginata .

Muraena’(?) sp. . . .' .

Doryicht h vs plcu rotxn m .

Balistes biiniva .

Volume. Page.

I.pt. VI...

I.pt. VI

I.pt. VI...

Plate and figure. Locality. Present identification.

. Honolulu .

. HiloandHon-

I olulu.

. Honolulu .

. ' . do .

. do .

. Hilo .

. Honolulu .

. do .

. Hilo .

. Honolulu .

. 1 . do .

. do .

XXVI, C . do .

. Hawaii .

. Honolulu .

. Hilo .

. Honolulu .

XXVI. figs. A and B . do .

. do .

. Hilo .

. Honolulu .

. do .

XXVI. fig. D . do .

. do .

Sphyrna zygtena.

Kuhlia malo.

Sebastapistes nuchalis.
Paracirrhites arcatus.

Cirrhitus marmoratus.
Traehurops cnimenopthalma.
Carangus forsteri.

Hepatus guntheri.
Pseudupeneus multifasciatus.
Polydactylus sexfilis.

A waous stamineus.

Mapo fuscus.

Eleotris sand wicensis.
Sicydium stimpsoni.

Lentipes concolor.

Lentipes seminudus.

Mugil cephalus.

Dascyllus albisella.

Thalassoma ballieui.
Platophrys panthennus.
Chanos chanos.

Albula vulpes.

Gvmnothorax flavimarginatus.

(?)

Doryrhamphus pleurotfenia.
Melichthys radii la.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Steindachner, in 1878, described one new species, Myxus (Kromyxus) sclateri
( = 'C/t;ehom,ugil chapiali) from the Hawaiian Islands, and Garman (1880) described
Tri/gov lata (=Dasyafts lata) from the same place, the specimen having been col¬
lected by Andrew Garrett. Two years later Smith and Swain (1882) published in
the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum a report on a collection of tishes from
Johnston Island. This collection was made in 1880 by the captain of a vessel belong¬
ing to the North Pacific Guano Company at the instance of Dr. Jordan, who
supplied the vessel with a can . of alcohol for preserving the specimens. The collec¬
tion contained 27 nominal species, 5 of which were described as new by Smith and
Swain. The list is as follows:

Fishes collected at Johnston Island by a vessel of the Xorth Pacific Guano Company in 1880.

Nominal species.

Page. Present identification.

Ophichthys (Pisodontophis) sti/purus

Gymnomursena tignini .

Aulostomus chinensis .

Polynemus knru .

Scombroides sancti-petri .

Caranx gymnostethoides . .

Holocentrus leo .

Holocentrus erythrams .

Kuhlia tseniuni .

Upeneus crassilabris .

Upeneus velifer .

Upeneus (Mulloides) vanicolensis ...

Upeneus ( Mulloides) prcorbitalis .

Chilinus digrammus .

Scarus perspieillatus .

Julis verticnlis .

.1 ulis clepsyd rails .

Harpe bilunulata .

Chaetodon setifer .

Acanthurus triostegus .

Na«eus lituratus .

Balistes aculeatus .

Balistes buniva .

Ostracion punctatum .

Tetrodon meleagris .

Diodon hystrix .

Platophrys mancus .

120

121

122

124

125

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

Myrichtliys stypurus.
Scuticaria tigrina.

Aulostomus valent ini.

Poly dart y lus sex filis.

Scorn ben tides sancti-petri.
Carangoides gymnostethoides.
Holocentrus spinifer.
Holocentrus erythneus.
Kuhlia taeniura.

Pseud upeneus c rassi 1 ahri s .
Pseudupeneus multifasciatus.
Mulloides vanicolensis.
Mulloides prcorbitalis.
Gheilinus hexagon at us.
Callyodon perspieillatus.
Thaiassoma ballieui.
Thalassoma duperrev.
Lepidaplois albotaeniatus.
Chadodon setifer.

Hepatus sandvicensis.

! Callicanthus lituratus.

Balistapus aculeatus.

, Melichthys radula.

| Ostracion lentiginosum.
Tetraodon lacrymatus.

Diodon hystrix.

Platophrys mancus.

Steindachner, in 1887. raised to specific rank Uforonopdi* argentem mndvicensi*
(— Kuhlia rnalo ), from these islands; and in 1893 he described .1 fgritpristis pilhra.cii
from Honolulu. Jenkins (1895), in the Proceedings of the California Academy,
described as new Rumania nialuu , from a specimen forwarded to Stanford Univer¬
sity by Mr. Charles R. Wilson, of Honolulu, the fish having been captured at Pearl
Harbor January 25, 1N92. by Mr. Hiel Kapu.

The next important contribution to our knowledge of the ichthyology of the
Hawaiian Islands is the paper by Gilbert and Cramer (1897). While engaged in
surveying a cable route between California and Honolulu in December, 1891, the
AXbatro** made eight hauls with tie1 beam trawl in Kaiwi Channel. Of the 28 species
(by error given as 26 in the introduction to the report), 23 were thought to lie new by
Gilbert and Cramer. Three new genera also were based upon this collection.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fishes collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the Albatross in 1891.

Nominal species.

Promyllantor alcocki .

Congermursena xqitorea _

Chlorophthalraus proridens

Diaphus urolavnpus .

Diaphus ch rysorh yn ch us .

M yctophum fibulatum .

Dasyscopelus pristUepis .

N eoscopelus macrolepidot us .

Argyripnus ephippiatus .

Polyipnus spinosus .

Melanostoma argyreum . . .

Sternoptyx diaphana .

Sc orpae n a re mi per a .

Peristedion hians .

Cedorhynchus parallelus. . .

(Aelortiynchus gladius _

(Jcelocephalus acipen, serin ns

Macrourus ectenes .

Macrourus propinqnus _

Macrourus holocenti'us _

Macrourus gibber .

H ymenocephalus antrmus . . .

T rachonurus sent ipellis .

(’halinura ctenomelas .

( )ptonurus athei'odon

Malacocephalus lauvis .

Pelecanichthys crumenatis

Malthopsis mitriger

Page.

Present identification.

47724 Promyllantor alcocki.

476% ) Congrellus aequoreus.

I J77ic; Chlorophthalmus proridens.

Diaphus urolampus.

Diaphus chrysorhynchus.

Myctoplium fibulatum.
Dasyscopelus pristilepis.

Neoscopelus alcocki.
Argyripuus ephippiatus.
Polyipnus nuttingii.
Synagrops argyrea.
Sternoptyx diaphana.
Setarches remiger.

Peristedion hians.

Ccelorhynchus parallelus.
Ccelorhynchus gladius.
Mateocephalus acipenserinus.
Macrourus ectenes.

Macrourus propinquus.
Macrourus holocentrus.
Macrourus gibber.

H ymenocephalus antrseus. '

Trachonurus sentipellis.
47704 Chalinura ctenomelas.

Opt on unis atherodon.

Malacocephalus lievis.

| 48738 Pelecanichthys crumenalis.
47700 ; Malthopsis mitriger.

In 1896 ;ind 1897 Dr. Schauinsland, director of the Bremen Museum, during- a
voyage in the Pacific Ocean, made collections of fishes at various places. He
obtained about 160 species, 1 17 of which were from the Hawaiian Islands* (Oahu and
Laysan). the collections were reported upon by Dr. Franz Steindachner (1900),
who described 9 of the species from the Hawaiian Islands as new.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by T)r. Sehauimland in 1896 and 1S97.

Nominal species.

Kuhlia malo .

Priacanthushamrur .

Apogon (Pristiapogon) frenatus .

Apogon maculiferus .

A prion virescens .

Mulloides ptliigeri .

Mulloides erythrinus .

Mulloides auriflamma .

Parupeneus cyclostomus .

Parupenens pleurostigma .

Parupeneus aispilurus .

Parupeneus trifasciatus .

Upeneoides taeniopterus .

Sphaerodon grandoculis .

Chaetodon auriga .

Chaetodon fremblii .

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus .

Chaetodon lunula .

Chaetodon lineolatus .

Chaetodon miliaris .

Chelmo (Forcipiger) longirostris .

Zanclus cornutus .

Pimelepterus fuscus .

Cirrhites ( Amblycirrhites) arcatus .

Cirrhites forsteri .

Cirrhites (Cirrhitichthys) maculatus ...

Cirrhites cinctus . . . . .

Chilodactylus vittatus .

Scorpaena gibbosa .

Holoeentrum argenteum .

Holocentrum diadema .

M.vripristis murdjan .

Myripristis (Holotrachis) lima .

Polynemus sexfilis .

Acanthurus dussumieri .

Acanthurus flavescens .

Acanthurus olivaceus .

Acanthurus lineolatus .

Acanthurus triostegus .

Acan t h u rus achilles .

Acanthurus bipunctatus .

Acanthurus (Hurpurus) liypselopterus. .

Acanthurus (Ctenodon) strigosus .

Naseus unicornis .

Naseus litturatus .

Caranx i Hypocaranx) speciosus .

Caranx ignobilis .

( ’aranx (Solar i a Hi n is .

Caranx crumenophthalmus .

Caranx ferdau .

Decapterus sanctae-helense .

Chonnemus moadetta .

Chorinemus sancti-petri .

Percis schauinxlandii .

Malacanthus hcedtii .

Antennarius commersonii .

Dactylopterus orientalis .

Salarias edentulus .

Sphyraena agam .

My xus pacijicus . . .

Mugil dobula .

Aulostoma chinense .

Heliastes ovalis .

Glyphidodon saxatilis .

Glyphidodon (Paraglyphidodon) melas.

Dascyllus trimaculatus .

Harpe bilunulata .

Chilmus radiatus .

Chilinus bimaculatus .

Stethojulis albovittata .

Novacula vanicolensis .

Novacula (Iniistius) pavo .

Novacula (Iniistius) nigra .

Novacula (Iniistius) tetrazona .

,i ulis duperrei .

Julia umbrostigma .

Julis purpureus .

Julia ruppellii .

Julis obscura .

Gomphosus tricolor .

Gomphosus variua .

Chilio inermis .

Cons multicolor .

Coris pulcherrima .

Page.

Plate and
figure.

Locality.

483

484
484
484

484

485
485

485
48G

486
486

486

487

488

489
489
489
489
489
489

489

490
490
490
490

490

491

492
492
492
492

492

493

Laysanand Honolulu

111,4...

Laysan and Honolulu

Honolulu and Laysan

. do .

Honolulu and Laysan

. do .

493

494
494

494

495
495
495
495
495

. do .

Honoluluand Laysan.

IV, 1 . . .

Honolulu and Laysan.

Oahu. Pearl Harbor..
Honoluluand Laysan .

495

496

497

498

. do .

...do ...

Ill, 5 ...

....do .

499

500

501

502
502
502

502

503

504
504
504

504

505

Laysan .

Honolulu and Laysan

. do .

iv/i .

. do .

....do .

505

506
506
506
506
506

506

507
507
507
507

. .1.. .

Honolulu and Laysan
. do . '.....

Honolulu and Laysan

...do .

V, 2 .

Honolulu and Laysan
Honolulu .

Present identification.

Kuhlia malo.

Priacanthus meeki.

Amia snyderi.

Amia maculifera.

Amia virescens.

Mulloides pflugeri.

Mulloides erythrinus.

Mulloides auriflamma.
Pseudupeneus chryserydros.
Pseudupeneus pleurostigma.
Pseudupeneus fraterculus.
Pseudupeneus multifasciatus.
Upeneus taeniopterus.

Monotaxis grandoculis.
Chaetodon setifer.

Chaetodon fremblii.

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus.
Chaetodon lunula.

Chaetodon lineolatus.

Chaetodon miliaris.

Forcipiger longirostris.

Zanclus eanescens.

Kvphosus fuscus.

Paracirrhites arcatus.
Paracirrhites forsteri.

Cirrhitus marmoratus.
Paracirrhites cinctus.

Chilodac tylus vi tt atus.
Scorpaenopsis gibbosa.

H olocen t r us sc y t h rops.
Holocentrus diadema.
Myripristis murdjan.
Holotrachys lima.

Polydactylus sexfilis.

Hepatus dussumieri.

Zebrasoma flavescens.

Hepatus olivaceus.

Hepatus atramentatus.

Hepatus sandvicensis.

Hepatus achilles.

Hepatus elongatus.

Zebrasoma veliferum.
Ctenochsetus strigosus.
Acanthurus unicornis.
Callicanthus lituratus.

Caranx speciosus.

Carangus ignobilis.

Carangus affinis.

T ra c h u rops cr um enop h th al ma.
Carangoiaes ferdau.

Decapterus pinnulatus.
Scomberoides tolooparah.
Scomberoides sancti-petri.
Osurus schauinslandi.
Malacanthus parvipinnis.
Antennarius commersonii.
Cephalacanthus orientalis.
Salarias edentulus.

Sphyraena commersonii.

My xus pacificus.

Mugil cephalus.

Aulostomus valentini.

Chromis ovalis.

A bud e f d u f a bd ominal is.
Abudefduf sordidus.

Dascyllus albisella.

Lepidaplois albotaniatus.
Cheilinus diagrammus.
Cheilinus bimaculatus.
Stethojulis albovittata.

N ovacul i ch th y s tten i u rus.
Iniistius pavoiiinus.

Iniistius niger.

Iniistius pavoninus.

T ha lassoma d u perrey .
Thalassoma umbrostigma.
Thalassoma purpureum.
Thalassoma fuscum.
Thalassoma ballieui.
Gomphosus tricolor.

Gomphosus varius.

Cheilio inermis.

Coris venusta.

Julis pulcherrima.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fishes obtained at the Hawaiian Islands by Dr. Schauinsland in 1896 and 1897 — Continued.

Nominal species.

Page.

Plate and
figure.

Locality.

Present identification.

< 'oris aryenteo- striata .

(’oris schauinsland ii .

Pseud oscarus trosehelii .

Pseudoscarus bataviensis .

Pseudoscarus sumbawensis .

Callyodon genistratus .

Callyodon spinidens .

Platophrys pavo .

Platophrys pantherinus .

H em i r ha m pirns pacific us .

Belone annulata . .

Belone platyura .

Exoccetus brachypterus .

Exoccetus bahiensis .

Exoccetus neglectus .

Synodus varius .

Albula glossodonta .

El ops saurus .

Chanos chanos .

(longer marginatus .

Mimena flavimarginata .

Murtena laysana .

Balistes vidua .

Balistes aculeatus .

Balistes rectangulus .

Balistes (Melanichthys) buniva _

Balistes (Para balistes) ringens .

Balistes (Linrus) aureolus .

Monacanthus spilosoma .

Monacanthus pardalis .

Ostracion punctatus .

Ostracion diaphanus .

Tetrodon margaritatus .

Tetrodon caudofasciatus .

Diodon maeulatus .

Carcharias (Prionodon) gangeticus

Galeus vulgaris .

Aetobatis narinari .

507

508

III, 1 ...
V, 1 .

Honolulu .

....do .

508

509
509

509

510

511

512
512
512
512

513

514
514
514

Lay sail .

Honolulu .

Laysan .

Honolulu .

Laysan .

Honolulu .

. do .

Laysan .

Honolulu .

Laysan .

Honolulu and Laysan

Honolulu .

. do .

Honolulu and Laysan

Honolulu . .

. do .

I Laysan .

515

510

517

518
518

518

519
519
519

VI, 1,2..

Ill, 3.

Laysan .

Honolulu .

Laysan .

Honolulu .

Honoluluand Laysan.

Laysan . . .

. do .

_ do .

Honolulu .

. do .

Laysan and Hawaii...

Laysan .

_ do . 1 .

_ do .

(’oris rosea.

(’oris ballieui.

Callyodon troscheli.
Callyodon bataviensis.
Callyodon cry throdon.
Cryptotom us sp.

Cryptotomus sp.

Platophrys sp.

Platophrys pantherinus.
Hyporhamphus paci ficus.
Tylosurus giganteus.

Belone platyura.

Parexoccetus brachypterus.
Cypsilurus bahiensis.
Cypsilurus simus.

Synodus varius.

Albula vulpes.

Elops saurus.

Chanos chanos.

Leptocephalus marginatus.

Gy m nothorax steindachneri,
part.

Gymnothorax laysan us.
Balistes vidua.

Balistapus aculeatus.
Balistapus rectangulus.
Melichthys radula.
Melichthys radula.
Canthidermis aureolus.
Stephanolepis spilosomus.
Cantherines sandwichiensis.
Ostracion lentiginosum.
Lactoria galeodon.
Canthigaster jactator.
Canthigaster bitaniatus.
Diodon holacanthus.
Carcharias nesiotes.

Galeus japonicus.

Stoasodon narinari.

A number of fishes wore obtained by the distinguished ornithologists, Dr. John
K. Townsend and Mr. Thomas Nuttall, during a trip to the Hawaiian Islands in 1835,
and by Dr. Townsend alone in 1836. Later, Dr. William II. Jones. U. S. Navy,
collected some specimens, and later still (October and November, 1893) Dr. Benja¬
min Sharp made a small collection at Honolulu. All of these collections found their
way to the Philadelphia Academy and were reported upon by Mr. Henry W. Fowler
(1900). Of a total of 101 species, 0 were regarded as new and 8 were too badly
preserved for positive identification. The list is as follows:

Fishes recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Henry IF. Fowler in 1900.

Nominal species.

Page.

Plate and
figure.

Present, identification.

494

XVIII, 3..
XVIII, 1. .

Myrichthys magnificus.
Gymnothorax eurostus.
Eurymyctera acutirostris.
Gymnothorax undulatus.
Gymnothorax undulatus.
Gymnothorax laysan us.

494

XVIII 5

XVIII, 6..

494

XVIII, 1..

XVIII, 2..

496

Elops saurus.

Anchovia purpurea.

Synodus varius.

497

XIX, 1

497

XIX, 2....

498

Centrobranchus chaerocephalus.
Hemiramphus depauperatus.
Parexoccetus brachypterus.

499

XIX, 3 . ..

500

Aulostomus ehinensis .

500

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Fishes recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Henri/ IF. Fowler in 1900 — Continued.

Nominal species.

Mugil kelaartii .

Sphyraena commersonii .

Polydactylus pfeifferi .

Myfipristis murdjan .

Ilolocenteus diadema .

Holocentrus diploxiphus .

Trachurops crumenophthalmus

Caranx latns .

Kulia malo .

Epinephelus fuscoguttatus .

Aprion microlepis .

Sparosomns unicolor .

Cirrhites forsteri .

Tetradrachmum trimaculatum .

Eupomacentrus nigricans .

Abudefduf sordidus .

Abudefduf sexfasciatus .

Abudefduf limbatus .

Anampses cieruleopunctatus -

Anampses cuvieri .

Stethojulis albovittata .

Stethojulis axillaris .

Macropharyngodon geoffroyi. . .

Hemipteronotus copci .

Thalassoma aneitensis .

Thalassoma hebraica .

Thalassoma purpurea .

Gomphosus tricolor .

Gomphosus varius .

Coris gaimardi .

Coris aygula .

Coris flavovittata .

Cheilio inermis .

Scartichtbys auritus .

Cryptotomus sand wicensis .

Scarus oviceps .

Forcipiger longirostris .

Chaetodon miliaris .

Chaetodon setifer .

Chaetodon biocellatus .

Chaetodon unimaculatus .

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus ....

Chaetodon omatissimus .

Chaetodon tau-nigrum .

Zanclus cornutus .

Monoceros unicornis .

Teuthis triostegus .

Teuthis guttatus .

Teuthis annularis .

Teuthis achilles .

Balistapus bursa .

Balistapus rectangulus .

Canthidermis oculatus .

Cantherines sandwichiensis —

Monacanthus spilosoma .

Spheroides florealis .

Ranzania makua .

Sebastopsis guamensis .

Sebasta pistes strongia .

Scorpaenopsis diabolus .

Caracanthus maculatus .

Cephalacanthus orientals .

Eleotris fnscus .

Gobius albopunctatus .

Gobius papuensis .

Awaous genivittatus .

Awaous crassilabris .

Remora albescens .

Petroskirtes iilamentosus . .

Salarias edentulus .

Salarias gibbifrons .

Salarias variolosus .

Salarias brevis .

Brotula townsendi .

Antennarius commersonii .

Page.

Plate and
figure.

Present identification.

500

Mugil cephalus.

Sphyraena commersonii.
Polydactylus sexfilis.

501

Holocentrus diploxiphus.
Trachurops crumenophthaln
Carangus forsteri.

501

502

Epinephelus quernus.
Apsilus microdon.

Monotaxis grandoculis?

502

503

Dascyllus albisella
Pomacentrus jenkinsi.

503

504

A bud ef duf im i >ari pi nnis.«
Anampses cuvier.

506

508

Stethojulis albovittata.
Stethojulis axillaris.
Macropharyngodon geoffroy
Hemipteronotus copei.

508

510

XX, 1 .

510

Thalassoma duperrey.
Thalassoma purpureum.
Gomphosus tricolor.
Gomphosus varius.

Julis gaimard.

Coris aygula.rt
.Julis eydouxii.

510

5)0

510

511

Scartichthys sauritus.a

512

'Callyodon oviceps/*
Forcipiger longirostris.

512

Chaetodon quadrimaculatus.
Chaetodon omatissimus.

513

Zanclus canescens.

513

Hepatus sandvicensis.
Hepatus guttatus.

Hepatus matoides.

Hepatus achilles.

513

514

Balistapus rectangulus.
Canthidermis angulosus.

514

XX, 4 .

Spheroides florealis.

Sebastopsis kelloggi.

Sebasta pistes gibbosa.
Scorpaenopsis gibbosa.

515

XX, 5 .

Cepha lacant bus orien talis.

517

Mapo fuscus.

517

Awaous genivittatus.

Petroscirtes sp.«

517

518

Alticus gibbifrons.

518

519

XX, 3 .

Brotula multicirrata.
Antennarius commersonii.

a Probably not Hawaiian.
F. C. B. 1903—2

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

By far the most important studies of the fishes of the Hawaiian Islands that had
been made previous to the present investigations were those carried on by Dr. Oliver
Peebles Jenkins. In the summer of 1889, Dr. Jenkins, then professor of biology in
De Pauw University, now professor of physiology in Stanford University, fitted out
an expedition to make collections of the fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. He was
accompanied by Mr. George C. Price, now associate professor of zoology in Stanford
University, and Mr. Oscar Vaught, then students of l)e Pauw University. The
expenses of the expedition were shared by De Pauw University, Indiana University,
and Dr. Jenkins himself, the former institution paying the major part. Several
weeks were spent at Honolulu by I>r. Jenkins and his students, and a brief trip was
made to Hilo. The collection obtained was vastly larger than any previously made,
and contained no fewer than 140 genera and 238 species, of which 7 genera and 78
species have been described by Dr. Jenkins as new. While engaged in studying his
own large collection, several smaller lots of Hawaiian fishes came into Doctor Jenkins's
hands, viz: Sixteen species of shore fishes obtained at Honolulu by the U. S. Fish
Commission Steamer Albatross in 1891 while making the Hawaiian cable survey; 18
species secured by Dr. Jordan at Honolulu in 1896, when the Albatross stopped at
that place while on the fur-seal investigation; a small collection made at Honolulu in
1898 by Dr. Thomas I). Wood, then of Stanford University; another small collection
obtained by Dr. Wood in 1899; a single example of Ransania mahua sent to Stan¬
ford University by Mr. C. B. Wilson, of Honolulu; a few species obtained at Hono¬
lulu by Dr. Jordan and Mr. John O. Snyder when returning from their expedition to
Japan in 1900; and lastly, a small collection made in 1900 at various places among
the Hawaiian Islands by Mr. Richard C. McGregor. These, added to the collections
made by Dr. Jenkins, make a total of 147 genera and 254 species, of which 7 genera
and 94 species were thought by Dr. Jenkins to be new. Besides the 94 species
regarded as new, 62 other species were for the first time recorded from the Hawaiian
Islands, making a total of 155 species added to the fish fauna, which up to that time
consisted of but 99 known species. Four papers have resulted from Dr. Jenkins’s
studies of these collections — three preliminary (1895, 1900, and 1901), and a final
paper (1903), giving a full account of all the species represented. Following is a
list of the new species and new genera described in these various papers:

New specie* of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands , in various collections, reported on by Dr. 0. 1\ Jenkins.

Nominal species.

Page and figure.

Type number.

1895.

L. S. Jr. V. M.

1900.

40, fig. 1 .

0130 .

47, fig. 2 .

0131 .

48, fig. 3 .

0132 .

48’ fig. 4 . . .

12141 . . .

49, fig. 5 . .

0133...,

51, fig. 6 ...

51, tig. 7 .

0138 .

52, fig. 8 .

0029 .

53, fig. 9 .

5984 .

53, fig. 10 .

0135 .

54, fig. 11 .

0137 .

5990 .

50, tig. 13 .

0134...

57, fig. 11 .

6136 .

58, fig. 15 .

12142 .

Hearns brunneus .

59, fig. Hi .

6139 .

Presen t Men tificati on .

Ranzania makua.

Macroplmryngodon geoffroy.
Halichceres ornatissimus.
Halichceres lao.

Jill is lepomis.

Coris venusta.

( 'oris rosea.

Thalassoma duperrey.

N o vacul i c h t h y s w< >< >d i .

Do.

Hemipteronotus urabrilatns.
Iniistius pavoninus.

Iniistius niger.

Chei linns hexagonatus.
Anarapses evennanni.
Calotomus irradians.
Callyodon brunneus.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

New species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands, in various collections, etc. — Continued.

Normal species.

Page and figure. Type number.

Present identification.

1900.

L. S. Jr. U. M.

Scams gilberti .

Searus paluca .

Scar us a hula .

Searus miniatus .

Pseudoscams jordani .

Pseudoeheilinus octotaenia .

1901.

Sphyrsena helleri .

Sphyrsena snodgrassi .

Anthias fuscipinnis .

Aphareus flavivultus .

Eupomacentrus marginatus .

Chromis velox .

Chaetodon mantelliger .

Chaetodon sphenospilus .

Ostracion camurum .

Ovoides latifrons .

Tropidich thys jacta tor .

Eumycterias bitaeniatus .

Scorpienopsis cacopsis .

Parapercis pterostigma .

Brotula margiualis .

59, fig. 17
GO, fig. IS

61, fig. 19

62, fig. 20

63, fig. 21

64, fig. 22

387, fig. 1

388, fig. 2 .

389, fig. 3 .

390, fig. 4 .

391, fig. 5 .

393, fig. 6 .

394, fig. 7 .

395, fig. 8 .

396, fig. 9 .

398, fig. 10 .

399, fig. 11 .

400, fig. 12 .

401, figs. 13 and 14 .

402, fig. 15 .

403, fig. 16 .

I 6140 .

6141 .

6142 .

1 12144 .

12143 .

6122 .

U. S. N. M.

49692 .

49693 .

49695 .

49691 .

49700 .

49698 .

I 49699 .

| 49705 .

. 49697 .

I 49696 .

| 49703 .

49702 .

49690 .

49701 .

19694 .

Callyodon gilberti.
Callyodon paluca.
Callyodon ahula.

Callyodon miniatus.
Callyodon jordani.
Pseudoeheilinus octotania.

Sphyrsena helleri.
Sphyrsena commersonii.
Pseudanthias fuseipinnis.
A p h a reus fl a v i v u 1 1 u s .
Pomaeentrus jenkinsi.
Chromis ovalis.

Chaetodon miliaris.
Clisetodon unimaculatus.
Ostracion sebae.
Tetraodon lacrymatus.
Canthigaster jacta tor.
Canthigaster bitseniatus.
Scorpaenopsis cacopsis.
Osurus schauinslandii.
Brotula margiualis.

1903.

Dasyatis hawaiensis .

Dasyatis sciera .

Congrellus bowersi .

Microdonophis maegregori .

Muraena lampra .

Muraena kauila .

Gymnothorax leucostictus . .

Gymnorhorax graeilicauda .

Gymnothorax tlialassopterus . .

420, PI. I .

421, PI. I .

422, fig. 1 .

422, fig. 2 .

423, fig. 3 .

424, fig. 4 .

425, fig. 5 .

426, fig. 6 .

427, PI. II

50689 .

50721 .

50680 .

50684 .

50681 .

50679 .

50619 .

Dasyatis hawaiiensis.

Dasyatis sciera.

Congrellus bowersi.
Microdonophis maegregori.
Muraena kailuse.

Muraena kailuse.
Gymnothorax leucostictus.
Gymnothorax graeilicauda.
Gymnothorax flavimargina-
tus.

Gymnothorax leucacme .

Gymnothorax ereodes .

Echidna leihala .

Echidna vincta .

Echidna obscura .

Echidna psalion .

Cypsilurus atrisignis .

Myripristis sealei .

Seriola sparna .

Decapterus canonoides .

Carangus hippoides .

Carangus rhabdotus .

Carangus politus .

Fowleria brachygrammus .

Apogon menesemus .

Priacanthus meeki .

Eteliscus marshi .

Pseudupeneus porphyreus .

Chromis elaphrus .

Calotomus cyclurus .

Calotomus snyderi .

Scaridea zonarcha .

Scaridea balia .

Teuthis leucopareius .

Teuthis umbra .

Teuthis giintheri .

Acantburus incipiens .

Cal li can thus metoposophron .

Tropidich thys oahuensis .

Tropidichthys epilamprus .

Lactoria galeodon .

Diodon nudifrons .

Cirrhitoidea bimacula .

Sebastopsis kelloggi .

Sebastapistcs corallicola .

Sebastapistes coniorta .

Sebastapistcs galactacma .

Dendrochirus chloreus .

Eviota epiphanes .

Chlamydes laticeps .

Gobionellus lonchotus .

Enypnias oligolepis .

Tripterygion atriceps .

Salarias cypho .

Salarias saltans .

Salarias rutilus .

Aspidontus brunneolus .

427, fig. 7 . . .

428, fig. 8 . . .

428, fig. 9 . . .

429, fig. 10 . .

430, fig. 11 ..

431, fig. 12 ..

436, Pi. Ill .

439, fig. 13 . .

442, fig. 14 . .

442, PI. IV..

443, fig. 15 . .

444, fig. 16 ..

445, fig. 17 . .

447, fig. 18..

449, fig. 19 . .

450, fig. 20 . .

452, fig. 21 .

454, fig. 22 .

457, fig. 23 .

465, fig. 24 .

467, fig. 25 .

468, fig. 26 .

469, fig. 27 .

476, fig. 28 .

477 .

477, fig. 29 .

480, fig. 30 .

481, fig. 31 .

485, fig. 32 .

485, fig. 33 .

487, fig. 34 .

488, fig. 35 .

489, fig. 36 .

492, fig. 37 .

493, fig. 38 .

495, fig. 39 .

496, fig. 40 .

498, fig. 41 .

501, fig. 42 .

503, fig. 43 .

503, fig. 44 .

504, fig. 45 .

505, fig. 46 .

506, fig. 47 .

508, fig. 48 .

509, fig. 49 .

510, fig. 50 .

50682 . !

50843 .

50844 . |

50687 . 1

50686 .

50685 .

50713 . |

50708 . 1

50845 .

50846 .

50710 .

50711 .

50709 .

50699 .

50700 . J

50847 .

50714 .

50705 .

50703 .

50849 .

50850 .

50851 .

50852 .

50712 .

50841 . .

50842 .

50707 .

50706 .

50690 .

50853 .

50717 .

50854 .

50702 .

50694 .

50691 .

50693 .

50692 .

50701 .

50720 .

50716 .

50698 .

50715 .

50719 .

50697 .

50696 .

50695 .

50718 .

Gymnothorax petelli.
Gymnothorax ereodes.
Echidna leihala.

Echidna zonata.

Echidna obscura.

Echidna psalion.

Cypsilurus atrisignis.
Myripristis sealei.

Seriola sparna.

Decapterus pinnulatus.
Carangus ignobilis.

Carangus rhabdotus.
Carangus politus.

Foa brachygramma.

Amia menesemus.
Priacanthus meeki.

Etelis marshi.

Pseudupeneus porphyreus.
Chromis elaphrus.

Calotomus cyclurus.
Calotomus snyderi.

Scaridea zonarcha.

Scaridea balia.

Hepatus leucopareius.
Hepatus umbra.

Hepatus guntheri.
Acantburus incipiens.
Callieanthus metoposophron.
Canthigaster oahuensis.
Canthigaster epi lamprus.
Lactoria galeodon.

Diodon nudifrons.
Cirrhitoidea bimacula.
Sebastopsis kelloggi.
Sebastapistes corallicola.
Sebastapistes coniorta.
Sebastapistes galactacma.
Dendrochirus chloreus.
Eviota epiphanes.

Chlamydes laticeps.
Oxyurichthys lonchotus.
Enypnias oligolepis.
Enneapterygius atriceps.
Scartiehthys zebra.

Alticus gibbifrons.

Alticus gibbifrons.
Enchelyurus ater.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

In 1901 Mr. Alvin Seale, curator of fishes in the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum,
at Honolulu, published a short paper on Hawaiian lishes. This paper contains
descriptions of 7 species, 6 of which were regarded as new. The list follows:

Nominal species.

Page.

Figure.

Type

number,

Bishop

Museum.

Identification.

481

Epincphelus quernus.
Novaculichthys woodi.
Apsilus brighami.

611

625

664

Scorp.i nopsis cacopsis.
Stephanolepis n lbopunc
tatus.

Thalassoma purpureum.

667

681

INVESTIGATIONS BY THE U. S. FISH COMMISSION IN 1901-2.

The foregoing is a brief summary of the ichthyological work that had been done
on the Hawaiian fauna previous to 1901. In that year the U. S. Fish Commission
undertook a somewhat comprehensive investigation and study of the aquatic resources
of the Islands. The plan adopted contemplated field investigations extending over
two seasons, the first (1901) to be devoted to the shore fishes and the fresh- water
species, and the second (1902) to be given primarily to the deeper water fauna.

The general direction of all the investigations was placed in the hands of the
present writers, and the first field party arrived at Honolulu June 5, 1901. This
party consisted of Dr. David Starr Jordan, president of Stanford University; Dr.
Barton Warren Evermann, ichthyologist of the U. S. Fish Commission; Mr. Edmund
L. Goldsborough and Mr. John N. Cobb, of the U. S. Fish Commission; Mr. Albertus
H. Baldwin and Capt. Charles B. Hudson, artists; Mr. Michitaro Sindo, of. Stanford
University; Master Knight Starr Jordan, volunteer assistant, and Dr. William H.
Ashmead, of the U. S. National Museum. Mr. Cobb was assigned to the study of
the statistics and methods of the fisheries; Messrs. Baldwin and Hudson gave their
time to securing paintings in life colors of such species as could be obtained and kept
alive in aquariums long enough to be painted. Dr. Ashmead directed his efforts to
making collections of insects in the interest of the U. S. National Museum. On July
17 Dr. O. P. Jenkins joined the party at Honolulu and remained until September.

Most of the collecting was done at Honolulu, though visits were made to Hilo.
Lahaina (Maui Island), Kailua, Molokai, and other places. The excellent market at
Honolulu, through the market inspector, Mr. E. Louis Berndt, furnished the richest
and largest part of the collection, while great numbers of specimens were obtained
by ourselves in shallow water and on the coral reefs about Honolulu and Waikiki;
also at Moana Lua, Waianae, Waialua, Waimea, and Heeia. Kailua and Honuapo,
Hawaii, which were visited by Messrs. Jordan, Goldsborough, and Sindo, also
afforded excellent collecting.

In March, 1902, the Fish Commission steamer Albatross was sent to the Hawaiian
Islands to continue the investigations by paying special attention to the deeper-water
fauna. The vessel was in command of Capt. Chauncey Thomas, U. S. Navy, and the
scientific staff consisted of Dr. Charles H. Gilbert, Stanford University; Dr. Charles

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

C. Nutting, University of Iowa; Mr. Fred. M. Chamberlain, assistant naturalist,
and Mr. A. B. Alexander, fishery expert, steamer Albatross; Prof. John O. Snyder
and Mr. Walter K. Fisher, Stanford University. The Albatross devoted the entire
spring and summer to the investigations, running many lines of dredgings, develop¬
ing fishing banks about the islands, and collecting in favorable localities, including
Laysan, Bird, and Necker islands, some 800 miles to the northwest. The vessel
returned to San Francisco September 1.

The collections made during the investigations carried on during these two sea¬
sons are doubtless the largest and most important ever made in the Pacific. They
embrace many thousand specimens of fishes and even greater numbers of crustaceans,
mollusks, and other invertebrates. The various groups have been assigned to special¬
ists for study, and a number of reports have already been received. The early pub¬
lication of all in the Bulletin of this Commission is contemplated. Those so far issued
include a general report by the present writers (1902), a statistical report by John N.
Cobb (1902), two papers giving descriptions of new genera and species (1903) by the
present writers, a report on the shore fishes collected by the Albatross , by John O.
Snyder (1901), several papers on the birds of Laysan Island, by Walter K. Fisher
(1903) and Dr. C. C. Nutting (1903), and a short paper by Jordan and Snyder (1904)
on a small collection Sent in by Mr. Max Schlemmer, from Laysan Island; also a short
paper by Henry W. Fowler (1901), containing references to a number of Hawaiian
fishes and descriptions of a few species thought by him to be new.

The preparation of the final report on the immense collection of fishes has
involved an enormous amount of work, including a critical examination and study of
all literature pertaining directly or indirectly to the ichthyology of the Pacific.
Not only were the thousands of specimens of the Hawaiian collections examined
critically and the characters of eacli carefully determined and tabulated, but advantage
was taken of the possession of the very large collection of fishes made in Samoa in
1902 by Doctor Jordan. The study of that collection has thrown much light on
many questions previously obscure and has contributed greatly toward a proper
understanding of the Hawaiian fish-fauna. Similar use was made of the very exten¬
sive collections made by Jordan and Snyder in Japan in 1900.

In the examination of the specimens and in various matters connected with the
preparation of this report, the writers have been assisted greatly by Messrs. Edmund
Lee Goldsborough and Clarence Hamilton Kennedy of the United States Bureau of
Fisheries, and by Mr. Henry Weed Fowler of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences.
Mr. Fowler and Mr. Goldsborough spent several months at,. Stanford University
making comparative measurements of specimens. Mr. Kennedy and Mr. Golds¬
borough rendered valuable assistance in verifying descriptions and references in
synonymy. Dr. William Converse Kendall and Mr. Thomas E. B. Pope of the
Bureau of Fisheries also assisted in the verification of descriptions and the prepara¬
tion of tables. To all these gentlemen we take pleasure in expressing our indebted¬
ness. And we wish again to express our deep obligations to Mr. E. Louis Berndt,
the efficient inspector of the fish market at Honolulu, for his keen interest in our
work. His knowledge of the fishes of the region enabled him to add many species
to our collections which we otherwise would not have secured.

22 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Iii the first, paper published by the present writers in 1903 are given descriptions
of 57 new species and (! new genera, as follows:

Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands previoajly described by the present writers.

Carcharias phorcys.

Anthias kelloggi.

Seams jenkinsi.

Microdonophis fowled.

Apt )gon i c h th ys waikiki.

Scarus lauia.

Mursena kailuse.

Apogon snyderi.

Scar us borborus.

Gymnothorax vinolentus ( -Knchely-

Fowlcria, new genus.

Teuthis atramentatus.

nassa vinolentus) .

Priacanthus alalaua.

Pachynathus nycteris.

Gymnothorax steindachneri.

Bowersia, new genus.

Lagocep halus ocea n i c us.

Gymnothorax goldsboroughi.

Bowersia violcscens.

Ostracion oahuensis.

Gymnothorax hilonis.

Bowersia ulaula.

Pterois splicx.

Echidna zonophpea.

Etelis evurus.

Scorpsenopsis catocala.

Rhinoscopelus oeeanicus.

Sectator aziireus.

Dendrochirus liudsoni.

Hippocampus fisheri.

Mulloides llammeus.

Quisquilius, new genus.

Hippocampus hilonis.

Pseud upeneus chrysonemus.

Quisquilius eugenius.

Atherina insularum.

Upe neus arge.

Gnatholepis knighti.

Myripristis berndti.

Abudefduf sindonis.

Gobiopterus farcimen.

Myripristis chryscres.

Pomacentrus jenkinsi.

Vitraria, new genus.

M y ripristis argy romus.

Lepidaplois strophode.s.

Vitraria clarescens.

Myripristis symmetricus.

Verriculus, new genus.

Osurus, new genus.

Flammeo scythrops.

Vcrriculus sanguineus.

Jordanicus umbratilis.

Holocentrus xantherythrus.

Pseud och eilinus e van id us.

Engyprosopon hawaiiensis.

Holocentrus ensifer.

Hemipteronotus baldwini.

Engyprosopon arenicola.

Carangus elacate.

1‘ikea aurora.

Xyrichthys niveilatus.

An ten na rius d rom bus.

In a paper by Jordan and Fowler on Japanese fishes (1902) the present writers
describe as new Autigonia steindacluu ri , basing the description on specimens taken
at Hilo, Hawaii.

In 1903 (.Iordan and Kvermann 1903a) one new genus ( Iracundus ) and two new
species ( Trojndickthys psegnm and Iracundus signifer) were described.

Snyder (1904) gives a list of 227 shore species obtained by the Albatross among
the Hawaiian Islands during the investigations of 1902. Of these, 25 species and 2
genera were thought by him to be new. The new names are as follows:

Veternio, new genus ol Leptocephalidce. Gvmnothorax berndti.

Collybus, new genus of Bramidse.
Carcharias insularum.

Carcharias n estates.

Veternio verrens.
Spbagebranchus flavicaudus.
Callechelys luteus.

Moringua hawaiiensis.
Gymnothorax nuttingi.

G y m no t h orax m uc i f e r .
Gymnothorax xanthostomus.
Gymnothorax waialme.

U rop tery gius 1 eueu rus.
Exonautesgilberti.

Carangus cheilio.
Carangoides ajax.

Collybus drachme.

Apogon erythrinus.
Cirrhilabrus jordani.
Pseudojulis cerasina.
Hemipteronotus jenkinsi.
Ch ae tod i > n co ra 1 1 i co 1 a .
Holacanthus lisheri.
Stephanolepis pricei.
Antennarius nexilis.
Antennarius dueseus.

A short paper by Jordan and Snyder (1904) lists the specimens received from
Mr. Max Schlemmcr, Mr. E. L. Berndt, and Mr. II. W. Ilenshaw, recording 37
species, of which 4 ( Brachysomophis henshawi , Ariomma lurida , Icictoria schletnmeri ,
and Antennarius laysan i as) are described as new. In a later paper the same authors
describe, also as new, Am la evermanni , from Honolulu.

In a paper by Fowler (1904) are recorded 3 species of fishes collected by Dr.
J. K. Townsend at the Hawaiian Islands many years ago and now contained in the
Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, one of them ( Holocentrus graeilispinis) being
described as new. Mention is also made of a number of other Hawaiian species,
examples of which were donated to the Philadelphia Academy by the Fish Commis¬
sion, all duplicate specimens of species upon which the present writers had not yet
reported.

FISHES OF HAM' AIIAN ISLANDS.

LIST OF SPECIES OF FISHES DESCRIBED AN NEW FROM THE HAWAIIAN INLANDS.

Iii the present report on the fishes of the Hawaiian Islands we have included
not only the Hawaiian Islands proper, but Laysan and the other small islands known
as the Leeward Islands, which extend some sou miles northwestward from the main
group; we also include Johnston Island, lying about the same distance southwest
from Hawaii. The region thus limited constitutes a definite faunistic unit, the
species being largely distinct from those of the South Seas.

Following is a list in chronologic order of all the nominal species of fishes that have
been described from the Hawaiian Islands. In this tabular statement are given
(1) the name under which each species was described and the authority for it, (2) the
present identification. (3) the type locality, and (1) the year when the description was
published. Names not now tenable are in italics. From this table it appears that
a total of 355 species have been described from Hawaiian type localities. Of this
number 78 are now regarded as synonyms, which leaves 277 tenable species orig¬
inally described from the Hawaiian Islands. Adding to these 168 species known
to occur at those islands, but originally described from elsewhere, a total of 447
species is obtained, constituting the known fish-fauna of that group, exclusive of the
deep-sea fishes described by Doctor Gilbert in Section ii of this work.

Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian Islands.

Nominal species.

Present identification.

Chsetodon longirostris Broussonet .

Salarias gibbifrons Quoy & Gaimard .

Tetraodon lacrymatus Quoy & Gaimard .

Balistes sandwichensis Quoy & Gaimard — •. . . .

Chsetodon miliaris Quoy A: Gaimard .

Xyrichthys lecluse Quoy A: Gaimard .

Cheilinus sinuosus Quoy & Gaimard .

Julis gaimard Quoy As Gaimard .

Julis duperrey Quoy & Gaimard .

Anampses cuvier Quoy & Gaimard .

Gomphosus tricolor Quoy & Gaimard .

Gomphosus pectoral is Quov & Gaimard .

Julis geoffroy Quoy & Gaimard .

Julis oalteatus Quoy & Gaimard .

Julis axillaris Quoy & Gaimard . .

Mullus multifasciatus Quoy & Gaimard .

Saurus varieaatus Quoy & Gaimard .

Saurus gracilis Quoy & Gaimard .

Chsetodon lunulatiis Quoy & Gaimard .

Balistes angglosus Quoy & Gaimard .

Glyphisodon abdominalis Quoy A: Gaimard .

Pomacentrus nigricans Quoy & Gaimard .

Acanthurus flavescens Bennett .

Acanthurus strigosus Bennett .

Blennius marmoratus Bennett .

Blennius sordidus Bennett .

Cirrhites/asciatws Bennett .

Scams dubius Bennett .

Scorpsena asperella Bennett .

Serranus myriastcr Cuvier & Valenciennes .

Cirrhites maculosus Bennett .

Julis flavovittatus Bennett .

Julis greenovii Bennett .

Chsetodon fremblii Bennett .

Chsetodon ornatus Gray .

Chsetodon quadrimaculatus Gray .

Holocanthus areuatus Gray .

Acanthurus nigroris Cuvier <k Valenciennes -

Callyodon sandvicensis Cuvier A: Valenciennes .
Xyrichthys pavoninus Cuvier & Valenciennes.. I

Scarus bennetti Cuvier A: Valenciennes .

Julis eydouxii Cuvier A: Valenciennes .

Scarus formosus Cuvier A: Valenciennes .

Xyrichthys microlepidotus Cuvier Aj Valenci¬
ennes.

Forcipiger longirostris .

Entomacrodus gibbifrons _

Tetraodon lacrymatus .

Cantherines sandwichensis . .

Chsetodon miliaris .

Cymolutes lecluse .

Cheilinus trilobatus .

Julis gaimard .

Thalassoma duperrey .

Anampses cuvier .

Gomphosus tricolor .

Gomphosus varius .

Macropharyngodon geoffroy .

Stethojulis albovittata .

Stethojulis axillaris .

Pseudupeneus multifasciatus

Synod us varius .

Saurida gracilis .

Chsetodon lunula .

Canthidermisangulosus .

Abudefduf abdominalis .

Pomacentrus jenkinsi .

Zebrasoma flavescens .

Ctenochsetus strigosus .

Alticus marmoratus .

Blennius sordidus .

Paracirrhites cinctus .

Callyodon dubius .

Sebastapistes asperella .

Cephalopholis argus .

Cirrhitus marmoratus .

Julis flavovittata .

Julis greenovii .

Chsetodon fremblii .

Chsetodon ornatissimus .

Chsetodon quadrimaculatus. .

Holocanthus areuatus .

Hepatus elongatus .

Calotomus sandvicensis .

Iniistius pavoninus .

Callyodon bennetti .

Julis eydouxii .

Callyodon formosus .

Cymolutes lecluse .

Type locality.

Year.

Sandwich Islands

. do .

Hawaii .

Sandwich Islands

. do .

Maui .

. do .

Maui: Hawaii ....

. do .

Hawaiian Islands

Oahu; Maui .

Maui .

Sandwich Islands

. do .

Oahu .

Honolulu .

Oahu .

Sandwich Islands

Oahu .

. do .

Sandwich Islands

. do .

_ do . .

_ do .

_ do . .

_ do .

Owhyee (Hawaii).

1782

1824

1828

1829

1831

1835

1839

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian IskmM— Continued.

Nominal species.

Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuvier A Valenciennes.
Monacanthus spilosoma Lay A Bennett .

Ophisurus semicinctus Lay A Bennett .

Hemiramphus depauperatus Lay A Bennett . .!

Julis bifer Lay A Bennett . ' .

Caranx pinnulatus Eydoux A Souleyet _

Caranx stellalus Eydoux A Souleyet . . ” ”

Mugil chaptali Eydoux A Souleyet .

Gobius stamineus Eydoux A Souleyet .

Chironectes reticulatus Eydoux & Souleyet .

Chironectes leprosus Eydoux A Souleyet .

Mursena valencievnii Eydoux A Souleyet .

Saurus limbatus Eydoux & Souleyet . * .

Conger marginatus Valenciennes .

Chanos cyprinella Cuvier A Valenciennes .

Belone carinata Cuvier & Valenciennes .

Exoccetus simus Cuvier & Valenciennes .

Salenostomus cyanopterum Bleeker« .

Goniobatus meleagris Agassiz .

Cirrhites cinctus Gunther .

Sicydium stimpsoni Gill . : .

Sicyogaster concolor Gill .

Pisoodonophis magnifica Abbott .

Morten a acutirostris Abbott .

Thyrsoidea kaupii Abbott .

Thyrsoidea eurosta Abbott .

Cirrhites alternatus Gill .

Dascy 1 lus albisel J aGill .

Julis ornatissimus Garrett .

Cheetodon multicinctus Garrett . .

Cheilodactylus vittatus Garrett .

Apogon maculiferus Garrett .

Scorpeena parvipinnis Garrett .

Crenilabrus modestus Garrett .

Exoccetus rostratus Gunther .

Chironectes rubrofuscus Garrett .

Chironectes niger Garrett .

Diodon maculatus Gunther .

Peristedion engyeeros Giinther .

Tetrodon florealis Cope .

Tsenianotusgarretti Giinther .

Scorpsena ballieui Sauvage .

Cot t u s filamentosus Sau vage .

Gobius homocyanus Vaillant A Sauvage .

Eleotris sandwicensis Vaillant & Sauvage .

Salarias zebra Vaillant A Sauvage . .

Congrogadus marginatus Vaillant A Sauvage . . .

Acanthurus virgutus Vaillant A Sauvage .

Malacanthus parvipinnis Vaillant A Sauvage . ..

Julis ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage . . . .

Coris venusta Vaillant A Sauvage .

Coris ballieui Vaillant A Sauvage .

Coris (Hemicoris) rosea Vaillant & Sauvage .

Tetraodon (Anosmius) janthinus Vaillant A
Sauvage.

Tetraodon (Anosmius) cornatus Vaillant A Sau¬
vage.

Pcecilophis tritor Vaillant A Sauvage .

Glyphisodon imparipennis Sauvage .

Mugil trichilus Vaillant A Sauvage .

Brotula multicirrata Vaillant A Sauvage .

Novacula (Novacula) microlepis Vaillant A
Sauvage.

Aprion microdon Steindachner .

Moronopsis argenteus, var. sandvicensis Stein¬
dachner.

Acanthurus triostegus,var. sand vicensis Giinther

Sicydium alboteeniatum Gunther .

My xus (Neomyxus) sclatcri Steindachner .

Scarus (Scarus) perspicillatus Steindachner .

Doryichthys pleurottenia Giinther .

Lentipes seminudus Giinther .

Gobius sandvicensis Giinther .

Julis obscura Giinther .

Sicydium nigrescens Giinther .

Trygon lata Garman .

Anampses godeffroyi Giinther .

Julis clepsydralis Smith & Swain .

Julis verticcilis Smith A Swain .

Present identification.

Type locality.

Year.

- Cheilinus bimaculatus .

.[ Stephanolepis spilosomus .

- Leiuranus semicinctus .

. Hemiramphus depauperatus _

. Novaculichthys teeniurus .

. Decapterus pinnulatus .

. Carangus melampygus .

. Cluenomugil chaptali .

. Awaous stamineus .

. Antennarius bigibbus .

. Antennarius leprosus .

. Gymnothorax undulatus .

. Trachinocephalus myops .

. Leptocephalus marginatus .

. Chanos chanos .

. Belone platyura .

. Cypsilurus simus .

. Solenostomus cyanopterus .

. Stoasodon narinari .

. Paracirrhites cinctus .

. Sicydium stimpsoni .

. Lentipes concolor .

. Myrichthys magnificus .

. Eurymyctera acutirostris .

. Gymnothorax undulatus .

. Gymnothorax eurostus .

. Cirrhitus marmoratus .

. Dascyllusalbisella .

Halichoeres ornatissimus .

. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus .

Cheilodactylus vittatus .

Amiamaculifera .

Sebastopsis parvipinnis .

Lepidaplois modestus .

Evolantia rostra ta .

Antennarius rubrofuscus .

Antennarius commersoni .

Diodon holacanthus .

Peristedion engyeeros .

Spheroides florealis .

Ttenianotus garretti . .

Sebastapistes ballieui . • .

Gvmnocanthus intemedius b .

Mapo soporator .

Eleotris sandwichensis . .

Alticus zebra .

Congrogadus marginat s .

Zebrasoma flavescens .

Malacanthus parvipinnis .

Thalassoma ballieui .

Coris venusta .

Coris ballieui .

Coris rosea .

Canthigaster janthinus .

Canthigaster valentini .

Echidna leihala .

Abudefduf imparipennis .

Chtenomugil chaptali .

Brotula multicirrata .

Cymolutes led use .

Apsilus microdon .

Kuhlia malo . *”

Hepatus sandvicensis . . . .7 .

Sicydium albotaeniatus .

Chtenomugil chaptali .

Callyodon perspicillatus .

Doryrhamphus pleurotccnia .

Lentipes seminudus .

Mapo fuscus .

Thalassoma ballieui .

Sicydium stimpsoni .

Dasyatis lata .

Anampses godeffroyi .

Thalassoma duperrey .

Thalassoma ballieui. .

. Onarourou (Honolulu) _

. Hawaiian Islands about
Oahu.

. Oahu .

. do .

Hawaiian Islands .

. do .

Sandwich Islands . . . .

. do .

. do . ’’

. do .

] Hawaii .

Sandwich Islands . .*!

Honolulu .

Hawaiian Islands .

. do .

Hawaii .

Hawaiian Islands .

Sandwich Islands .

Hilo, Hawaii .

. do .

Hawaiian Islands . ”

. do .

. do . ;;;;;;

. do .

Sandwich Islands .

. do .

. do . ”

Hawaiian Islands . . .

. do . ;;

. do .

Sandwich Islands .

. do . . .

. do .

. do . ;;;;

. do .

. do . ’’’

Hawaiian Islands .

Sandwich Islands .

. do .

. do . ;;;

. do .

. do . ;;;■

. do .

. do . .

. do .

_ do .

.‘....do .

. do .

. do . ;;;;

. do .

Honolulu Harbor, Oahu _

Sandwich Islands .

Hawaiian Islands .

Sandwich Islands .

Off Honolulu .

Honolulu . .

. do . ’’

. do .

Hawaii . ] ’

Sandwich Islands .

. do .

Johnston Island .

_ do . ;

1839

3841

1841

1846

1854

1858

1860

3860

1860

1862

1863

1864
1864
1864
1864
1866
1868
1868

1870

1871
1871

1874

1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875
1875

1875

1876

1877

1878

1879
1S80

1880
1880
1880
1880
1880
1881
1882
1S82

« It is doubtful if this species really came from Hawaii.

, M Japanese species never seen at Hawaii. Chxt.odon humeraUs Gunther, Blcnnius brevipinnis Gunther (=Hvnsnblenvi>/<
brevipinnis) , and Anas dasycephalus Gunther are Mexican species wrongly credited to Hawaii by Dr. Giinther. ^

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued.

Nominal species.

Present identification.

Ophichthys stypurus Smith & Swain . Myrichthys stypurus .

Upeneus preorbitalis Smith & Swain . Pseudupeneus preorhital is .

Upeneus vclifer Smith & Swain . Pseudupeneus multifasciatus .

Moronopsis sandviccnsis Steindac liner . Kuhlia malo .

Branchiostoma pelagicum Gunther . Amphioxides pelagicus .

Mvri prist is pillwaxi Steindachner . Ostichthys pilhvaxi .

Ranzania makua Jenkins . Ranzania makua .

Melanostoma argyreum Gilbert it Cramer .

Malthopsis mitriger Gilbert it Cramer .

Pelecanichthys cruinenalis Gilbert & Cramer . . .

Peristedion hians Gilbert it Cramer .

Congermuroena ;equorea Gilbert «t Cramer .

Promyllantor alcocki Gilbert & Cramer .

Chloropthalmus proridens Gilbert & Cramer —

Diaphus urolampus Gilbert it Cramer .

Diaphus chrysorhvnchus Gilbert it Cramer .

Myctophum fibulatum Gilbert it Cramer .

Dasyscopelus pristilepis Gilbert it Cramer .

Argyripnus ephippiatus Gilbert ct Cramer .

Scorptena remigera Gilbert ct Cramer .

Ccelorhynchus gladius Gilbert ct Cramer .

Cceloceplialus aeipenserinus Gilbert ct Cramer . .

Macrourus ectenes Gilbert ct Cramer .

Macrourus propinquus Gilbert ct Cramer .

Macrourus holocentrus Gilbert ct Cramer .

Macrourus gibber Gilbert ct Cramer . ^

Hymenocephalus antrseus Gilbert ct Cramer -

Trachonurus sentipellis Gilbert ct Cramer .

Chalinura etenomelas Gilbert it Cramer .

Optonurus atherodon Gilbert ct Cramer .

Brotula tovmsendi Fowler .

Percis sehauinslandi Steindachner . !

Mulloides pfliigeri Steindachner .

My xus pacifieus Steindachner .

Ileliastes ovalis Steindachner .

Novacula ( Iniistius) nigra Steindachner .

Coris argeiitco-striatus Steindachner .

Coris schaitinslandii Steindachner .

Ilemirhamphus pacifieus Steindachner .

Murcena laysana Steindachner .

Lycodontis parvibrancfiicilis Fowler .

Echidna zonata Fowler .

Stolephorus purpureus Fowler .

Synodus sharpi Fowler .

Hemipteronotus copei Fowler .

Macropharyngodon aquilolo Jenkins . .

Halichceres i ridcxcens Jenkins .

llaliehceres lao Jenkins .

('oris lepomis Jenkins . .

Hemicoris remedins Jenkins .

Hemicorix keleipionis Jenkins . .

Thalassoma pyrrhovivcium Jenkins .

Novaeulichthys woodi Jenkins . .

Novaeulichthys entargyreus Jenkins .

Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins .

Iniistius leucozonus Jenkins .

Iniistius vernier Jenkins .

Cheilinus zonurus Jenkins .

Anampses evermanni Jenkins .

Calotomus irradians Jenkins .

Scarus brunneus Jenkins .

Searus gilberti Jenkins .

Scarus paluca Jenkins .

Scarus ahula Jenkins .

Scarus miniatus Jenkins .

Pseudosearus jordani Jenkins .

Pseudocheilinus oetotamia Jenkins .

Sphyrsena helleri Jenkins .

Sphvraena snodgrassi Jenkins .

Anthias fuscipinnis Jenkins . . .

Synagrops argyrea .

Malthopsis mitrigera .

Pelecanichthys crumenalis .

Peristedion hians .

Congrellus aequoreus .

Promyllantor alcocki .

Chloropthalmus proridens .

Diaphus urolampus .

Diaphus chrysorhynchus .

Myctophum fibulatum .

Dasyscopelus pristilepis .

Argyripnus ephippiatus .

Setarches remiger .

Ccelorhynchus gladius .

Mateocephalus aeipenserinus .

Macrourus ectenes . *

Macrourus propinquus .

Macrourus holocentrus .

Macrourus gibber .

1 1 y menoceplialus antraeus .

Trachonurus sentipellis .

Chalinura etenomelas .

Optonurus atherodon .

I Brotula multicirrata .

| Osurus sehauinslandi .

I Mulloides pflugeri .

[ My xus pacifieus .

Chromis ovalis .

Iniistius niger .

Coris rosea .

Coris ballieui .

Hyporhampluis pacifieus .

Gymnothorax laysanus .

Gymnotborax laysanus .

Echidna zonata .

Anchovia purpurea .

Synodus varius . .

Hemipteronotus copei .

Macropharyngodon geoflfroy .

Halichceres omatissimus .

Halichceres lao .

Julis lepomis .

Coris venusta .

Coris rosea .

Thalassoma duperrey .

Novaeulichthys woodi .

Novacul ich t h y s wood i .

Hemipteronotus umbrilatus .

Iniistius pavoninus .

Iniistius niger .

Cheilinus hexagonatus .

Anampses evermanni .

Calotomus irradians .

Callyodon brunneus .

Callyodon gilberti . . .

Callyodon paluca .

Callyodon ahula .

Callyodon miniatus .

Callyodon jordani .

Pseudocheilinus octo taenia .

Sphynena helleri .

Sphyrsena commersonii .

Pseudanthias fuscipinnis .

Type locality. Year.

Johnston Island .

_ do .

Sandwich Islands .

Lat. 23° 3' N . Long. 156° 6' W .

Honolulu .

Pearl Harbor, near Hono¬
lulu.

Albatross stations 3172 and
3476.

A 1 ba t ross stations 3467, 3472,
and 3476.

Albatross stations 3472 and
3476.

Albatrossstations3470, 3472,
and 3476.

Albatross station 3474 .

Albatross station 3472 .

Albatross stations 3475 and
3476.

Albatross stations 3467 and
3472.

Albatross station 286 (sur¬
face tow net).

Albatross station 3467 .

Albatross station 286 (sur¬
face tow net).

Albatross station 3472 .

Albatross station 3476 .

Albatross station 3472 .

Albatross station 3470 and
3476.

Albatross station 3473 .

Albatross station 3173 and
3475.

Albatross stations 3171 and
3475.

. do .

Albatross stations34G7, 3470,

3471, and 3476.

Albatross station 3474 .

Albatross stations 3470 and

3472.

Albatross stations 3470, 3471,
3474, 3475, and 3476.

Sandwich Islands .

Honolulu .

. do .

Lay san .

Honolulu .

. do .

Lay san .

Lay san Island .

Sandwich Islands .

. do .

Oahu .

Honolulu .

. do .

1SS2

1882

1893

1895

1897

1900

19(H)

1900

19(H)

1900

1901
1901
1901

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION

2fi

( 'omph tc list of / is/irs described as new from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued.

Nominal species.

Present identification.

Type locality. Year.

Aphareus flavivultus Jenkins .

Eupomacentrus marginatus Jenkins .

Ohromis velox Jenkins .

Chsetodon mantelliger Jenkins .

Chsetodon sphenospilus Jenkins .

Ostracion camurnm Jenkins . .

Ovoides latifrons Jenkins .

Tropidichthys jactator Jenkins .

Eumycterias bitseniatus Jenkins .

Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins .

Parapercis pterostigma Jen kins .

Brotula marginalis Jenkins .

Epinephelus quernus Seale .

Novaculichthys tattoo Seale .

Serranus brighumi Seale .

Balistes fuscolineatus Seale .

Monacanthus albopunctatus Seale .

Thalassoma berendti Seale .

Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann . . .

Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Evermann .

Mivrodonophis fowleri Jordan & Evermann _

Munena kailiue Jordan & Evermann .

Gymnothorax vinolentus Jordan & Evermann ..
Gy m not borax steindachneri Jordan A Evermann
( ; ymnothorax goldsboroughi Jordan & Evermann

Gymnothorax nilpnis Jordan it Evermann .

Echidna zonophaea Jordan it Evermann .

Khinoscopelus oceanicus Jordan <& Evermann ..

Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann .

Hippocampus hilonis Jordan it Evermann .

Atherina insularum Jordan it Evermann .

Myri prist is bcrndti Jordan it Evermann .

Myripristis chry seres Jordan & Evermann .

Myripristis argyromus Jordan A Evermann .

M yripristis symmetricus Jordan it Evermann . . .

Klammep scythrops Jordan it Evermann .

llolocentrusxantherythrusJordan it Evermann.

Holocentrus ensifcr Jordan it Evermann .

Carangus elecate Jordan it Evermann .

I’ikea aurora Jordan it Evermann .

Anthias kelloggi Jordan it Evermann .

Apogonichthys waikiki Jordan it Evermann _

Apogon snyderi Jordan it Evermann .

Priacanthus alalaua Jordan it Evermann .

Bowersia violescens Jordan it Evermann .

Bowersia ulaulaJorda.n & Evermann .

Ktelis evurus Jordan it Evermann .

Sectator azureus Jordan it Evermann .

Mulloides flarameus Jordan it Evermann .

Pseud upeneuschrysonem us Jordan it Evermann

1'peneus arge Jordan it Evermann .

Glyphisodon sindonis Jordan it Evermann .

Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan it Evermann .

Lepidaplois strophodes Jordan & Evermann _

Verriculus sanguineus Jordan it Evermann .

Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan it Evermann .
Hcmipteronotus baldwini Jordan it Evermann .

Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan it Evermann .

Scarus jenkinsi Jordan it Evermann .

Seams lauia Jordan it Evermann .

Scarus barborus Jordan it Evermann .

Teuthis atrimentatus Jordan it Evermann .

Pachynathus nveteris Jordan it Evermann. . . .
Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan it Evermann . . .

( Istracion oahuensis Jordan it Evermann .

Pteroissphex Jordan it Evermann .

Scorpaenopsis catocala Jordan it Evermann .

Dendrochirus hudsoni Jordan it Evermann .

Quisquilius eugenius Jordan it Evermann .

Gnatholepis knighti Jordan it Evermann .

Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan it Evermann .

Vitraria clarescens Jordan & Evermann .

Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan it Evermann . '

Engyprosopon liawaiiensis Jordan it Evermann. I
Engyprosopon arenicola Jordan it Evermann...

Antennarius drombus Jordan it Evermann .

Tropidichthys psegma Jordan it Evermann .

Iracundus sigmfer Jordan it Evermann .

Dasyatis hawaiiensis Jenkins . I

Dasyatis sciera Jenkins .

Congrellus bovversi Jenkins .

Microdonophis maegregori Jenkins .

Mursena lampra Jenkins . I

Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins . 1

Aphareus flavivultus .

Pomacentrus jenkinsi .

< 'hromis ovalis .

Chsetodon miliaris .

Chsetodon unimaculatus _

Ostracion sebse .

Tetraodon lacrymatus .

Canthigaster jactator .

Canthigaster bitseniatus .

Scorpeenopsis cacopsis .

Osurus schauinslandii .

Brotula marginalis .

Epinephelus quernus .

Novaculichthys vvoodi .

Apsilus brighami .

Balistes fuscolineatus .

Cantherines albopunctatus. .

Thalassoma purpureum .

Antigonia steindachneri ....

Carcharias phorcys .

Microdonophis fowleri .

Mursena kail use .

E nchel y nassa v i n olen t us _

Gymnothorax steindachneri
Gymnothorax goldsboroughi

Gymnothorax hilonis .

Echidna zonophsea .

Khinoscopelus oceanicus _

Hippocampus fisheri .

Hippocampus hilonis .

Atherina insularum .

Myripristis berndti .

Myripristis chryseres .

Myripristis argyromus . .

Myripristis symmetricus .

Flammeo scythrops .

Holocentrus xantherythrus . .

Holocentrus ensifer .". .

Carangus elecate .

Pikea aurora .

Pseudanthias kelloggi .

Mionorus waikiki... .

A mia snyderi .

Priacanthus alalaua .

Bowersia violescens .

Bowersia ulaula .

Etelis evurus .

Sectator azureus .

Mulloides flammeus .

Pseudupeneus chrysonemus. .

Upeneus arge .

Abudefduf sindonis .

Pomacentrus jenkinsi .

Lepidaplois strophodes .

Verriculus sanguineus .

Pseudocheilinus evanidus. . . .
Hemipteronotus baldwini.. .

Xyrichthys niveilatus .

Callyodon jenkinsi .

Callyodon iauia .

Callyodon borborus .

Hepatusatramentatus .

Balistes nycteris .

Lagocephalus oceanicus .

Ostracion oahuensis .

Pterois sphex .

Scorpeenopsis gibbosa .

Dendrochirus barberi .

Gobiomorphus eugenius .

Gnatholepis knighti .

Gobiopterus farcimen .

Vitraria clarescens .

.Tordanicus umbratilis .

Engyprosopon hawaiiensis.. .

Engyprosopon arenicola .

Antennarius drombus .

Canthigaster psegma .

Iracundus signifer .

Dasyatis hawaiiensis .

Dasyatis sciera .

Congrellus bovversi . .

Microdonophis maegregori . . .

Mursena kailuee .

Mureena kailuse .

Gymnothorax leucostictus . . .

Honolulu .

- do .

_ do .

. do .

_ do .

- do .

_ do .

. do .

_ do .

- do .

_ do .

. do .

Kailua .

....do .

_ do .

Kailua, Hawaii .

_ do .

Honolulu .

- do .

Hilo .

Honolulu .

137° 35' W.. 10° 57' N.
Kailua .

1901

1903

Honolulu .

_ do .

Hilo .

....do .

_ do .

Honolulu .

_ do .

....do .

_ do .

Hilo .

Kailua .

Waikiki, Oahu Island
Honolulu .

1903

. do .

Hilo .

. do .

Heeia, Oahu..

Kailua .

Hilo .

Honolulu .

. do .

Hilo .

. do . .

Honolulu .

. do .

. do . .

Hilo .

Honolulu .

. do .

Waikiki, Oahu.

. do .

Hilo .

_ do .

. do .

_ do .

Waikiki .

Honolulu .

_ do .

....do .

_ do .

Laliaina, Maui

Honolulu .

_ do .

1903

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Complete list of fishes described as new from the Hawaiian Islands — Continued.

Nominal .species.

Present identification. Type locality. i Year.

Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins .

Gymnothorax tlialassoptcrus Jenkins .

Gymnothorax leucacme Jenkins .

Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins .

Echidna leihala Jenkins .

Echidna viiicta Jenkins .

Echidna obscura Jenkins .

Echidna psalion Jenkins .

Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins .

Myripristis sealei Jenkins .

Seriola sparna Jenkins .

Decapterus canonoides Jenkins .

Carangus hippoides Jenkins .

Carangus rhabdotus Jenkins .

Carangus politus Jenkins .

Fowleria Drachygrammus Jenkins .

Apogon menesemus Jenkins .

Priacanthus meeki Jenkins .

Eteliscus marshi Jenkins .

Pseudupeneus porphyreus Jenkins .

Chromis elaphrus Jenkins .

Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins .

Calotomus snyderi Jenkins .

Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins .

Scaridea balia Jenkins .

Teuthis leucopareius Jenkins . .

Teuthis umbra Jenkins .

Teuthis guntheri Jenkins .

Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins .

Callicanthus metoposophron Jenkins .

Tropidichthys oahuensis Jenkins .

Tropidichthys epilamprus Jenkins .

Lactoria gal codon Jenkins .

Piodon nudifrons Jenkins .

Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins .

Sebastopsis kelloggi Jenkins .

Sebastapistes corallicola Jenkins .

Sebastapistes coniorta Jenkins .

Sebastapistes galactaema Jenkins .

Dend roc h inis cliloreus Jenkins .

Eviota epiphanes Jenkins . .

Chlamydes laticeps Jenkins .

Gobioriellus loncnot us Jenkins .

Enypnias oligolepisJenkins .

Triptervgion atriceps Jenkins .

Salarias cypho Jenkins .

Salarias saltans Jenkins .

Salarias rutilus Jenkins .

Aspidontus brunneolus Jenkins .

Centrobranchus chcerocephalus Fowler .

Carcharias insularum Snyder .

Carcharias nesiotes Snyder .

Veternio verrens Snyder .

Sphagebranchus flavicaudus Snyder .

Callechelys luteus Snyder .

Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder .

Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder .

Gymnothorax berndti Snyder . .

Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder .

Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder .

Gymnothorax waialuie Snyder .

Uropterygius leucurus Snyder .

Exonautes gilberti Snyder .

Carangus elieilio Snyder .

Carangoides ajax Snyder .

Collybus dracnme Snyder .

Apogon erythrinus Snyder .

Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder . ! .

Cirrhilabrus jordani Snyder .

HemipteronotusyenArmsi Snyder .

Cluetodon corallicola Snyder .

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder .

Stephanolepis pricei Snyder .

Antennarius nexilis Snyder .

Antennarius duescus Snyder .

Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan & Snyder _

Ariomma lurida Jordan & Snyder .

Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder .

Antennarius laysanius Jordan & Snyder .

Holocenthrus (/racilispinis Fowler .

Apogon evermanni Jordan & Snyder .

Gymnothorax gracilicauda _

Gymnothorax flavimarginat-us .

Gymnothorax leucacme .

Gymnothorax ercodes .

Echidna leihala .

Echidna zonata .

Echidna obscura .

Echidna psalion . .

Cypsilurus atrisignis .

Myripristis sealei .

Seriola sparna .

Decapterus pinnulatus .

Carangus ignobilis .

Carangus rhabdotus .

Carangus politus .

Foa brachygramma .

Amia menesemus .

Priacanthus meeki .

Etelis marshi .

Pseudupeneus porphyreus .

Chromis elaphrus . . . .

Calotomus cyclurus .

Calotomus snyderi .

Scaridea zonarcha .

Scaridea balia .

Hepatus leucopareius .

Hepatus umbra .

Hepatus guntheri .

Acanthurus incipiens .

Callicanthus metoposophron. . .

Canthigaster oahuensis .

Canthigaster epilamprus .

Lactoria galeodon .

Diodon nudifrons .

Cirrhitoidea bi macula .

Sebastopsis kelloggi .

Sebastapistes corallicola .

Sebastapistes coniorta .

Sebastapistes galactaema .

Dendrochirus chloreus .

Eviota epiphanes .

Chlamydes laticeps .

Gobiichthysloncnotus .

Kelloggella oligolepis .

Enneapterygius atriceps .

Alticus zebra .

Alticus gibbifrons .

Enchelyurus ater .

Centrobranchus choeroceplialus
Carcharias insularum .

Carcharias nesiotes .

Veternio verrens .

Sphagebranchus flavicaudus. . .

Callechelys luteus .

Moringua hawaiiensis .

Gymnothorax nuttingi .

Gymnothorax berndti .

Gymnothorax mucifer .

G y m n o t li ora x x an t hostom us _

Gymnothorax waialuae .

Uropterygius leucurus .

Exonautes gilberti .

Carangus cheilio .

Carangoides ajax .

Collybus drachme .

Amia erythrinus .

Pseudojulis cerasina . .

Cirrhilabrus jordani .

Hemipteronotus baldwini . .

Chfetodon corallicola . .

Holacanthus fisheri . .

Stephanolepis pricei .

Antennarius nexilis . .

Antennarius duescus .

Brachysomophis henshawi . .

Ariomma lurida .

Lactoria schlemmeri .

Antennarius laysanius .

Holocentrus diploxiphus .

Amia evermanni .

Honolulu .

. do .

. do . I

_ do .

. do . I

Kihei. Maui .

Honolulu .

. do .

. do . I

. do .

- do .

. do .

_ do . |

_ do . I

. do .

Sandwich Islands . I

OIT Diamond Head (4032), |
Oahu Island.

French Frigate Shoals . J

Honolulu . 1

Albatross station 3871 . ;

Albatross station 3821 ..... J

Honolulu .

_ do . .

_ do .

Waialua Bay. Oahu .

Albatross station 3871 .

Between stations 3799 and
3800.

Honolulu .

- do .

Albatross station 4170 . .

Puako Bay, Hawaii .

Honolulu .

Albatross station 3876 .

Puako Bay, Ha waii .

A 1 bat ross station 4032 , Oa h u .
Albatross station 4032. oil'
Diamond Head, Oahu.

Albatross station 4021 .

Honolulu .

Albatross station 3872 .

Honolulu .

- do .

Laysan Island .

_ do .

Honolulu .

_ do .

1903

1904
1904

1904

1901

1904

1901

1904

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

In the following bibliography are brought together in chronologic sequence the
titles of all publications containing descriptions of Hawaiian fishes or mention of
fishes from those islands. We have included also the titles of certain papers dealing
with groups other than fishes, in order that the record of the investigations carried
on by the Fish Commission among the Hawaiian Islands may be complete.

1768-1779. Kippis, A. A Narrative of the Voyages around the World, performed by Captain James Cook.

First Voyage, 1768-1771; Second Voyage, 1772-1775; Third Voyage, 1776-1779; in 2 volumes.
1782. Broussonet, Pierre Marie Auguste. Iehthyologia sistens Piscium descriptiones et ieones,
London, 1782. Decas I; no pagination.

1824. Quoy, Jean Rene Constant et Gai.mard, Paul. Voyage autour du Monde, entrepris par
Ordre du Roi, execute stir les corvettes de S. M. l’Uranie et la Physicienne pendant les annees
1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820, par M. Louis De Freycinet, Commandant de 1’ Expedition; Zoologie
par MM. Quoy et Gaimard, Medecins de 1’ Expedition, pp. VIII+712; Chapter VIII, Fishes,
pp. 183-401. Paris, 1824.

1828. Bennett, E. T. On some Fishes from the Sandwich Islands. ^Zoological Journal, Vol. IV,

April, 1828, to May, 1829 (No. XIII, April-Julv, 1828), pp. 31-42.

1829. Cuvier, M. le B.ou et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Troisieme, pp.

XXIV+368, pis. 41-71. Paris, 1829.

1830. Cuvier, M. le B.ou et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Cimjuieme, pp.

XXIV + 374, pis. 100 to 140. Paris, 1830.

1831. Cuvier, M. le B.on et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Septi&me, pp.

XXVIII + 399, pis. 170 to 208. Paris, 1831.

1835. Cuvier, M. le B. 0,1 et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Dixieme, pp.
XIX + 360, pis. 280 to 306. Paris, 1835.

1839. Cuvier, M. le B.on et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Quatorzieme,
lip. XX + 346, pis. 389 to 420. Paris, 1839.

1846. Cuvier, 31. le B.™ et Valenciennes, M. Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, Tome Dix-Huitieme,
pp. XVIII + 380, pis. 520 to 553. Paris, 1846.

1831. Gray, John Edward. Descriptions of three new species of fish from the Sandwich Islands, in
the British Museum. < Zoological Miscellany, 1831-1842, p. 33.

1839. Lay, G. T., and Bennett, E. T. The Zoology of Captain Beechev’s Voyage; compiled from the
collections and notes made by Captain Beechey, the officers, and naturalist of the expedition
during a voyage to the Pacific and Bering Straits, performed in His Majesty’s ship Blossom,
under the command of Capt. F. W. Beechey, R. N., F. R. S., etc., in the years 1825, 1826,
1827, and 1828. Pp. I to XII -j- 1 to 180, colored plates I to XLV. Mammalia, by John Rich¬
ardson; Ornithology, hy N. A. Vigors; Fishes '(pp. 41 to 75, pis. XV to XXIII), by G. T. Lay
and E. T. Bennett. London, 1839.

1841-1852. Eydoux, M., et Souleyet, L. Voyage autour du Monde, execute pendant les annees 1S36 et
1837 sur la Corvette la Bonite, Commandite par Capt. L. Vaillant; Zoologie par MM. Eydoux
et Souleyet. Tome I, pp. 1-106, 1841; pp. 107-328, 1842. Tome II, pp. 1-664, 1852. Text, 2
vols., 8 vo.; Atlas, folio; Paris, 1841-1852.

1858. Agassiz, Louis. Proc. Boston Soc. Xat. Hist., VI, 1856-1859, p. 385.

1859-1870. Gunther, Albert. Catalogue of the Fishes in the Collections of the British Museum;
Vol. I, pp. XXXII+524, 1859; Vol. II, pp. XXII +548, 1860; Vol. Ill, pp. XXVI 586,
1861; Vol. IV, pp. XXII+534, 1862; Vol. V, pp. XXII+455, 1864; Vol. VI, pp. XV+368,
1866; Vol. VII, pp. XX+512, 1868; and Vol. VIII, pp. XXV+549, 1870.

1860. Gill, Theo. Conspectus Piscium in Expeditione ad Oceanum Pacificum Septent rionalem,
C. Ringold et J. Rodgers ducibus, a Gulielmo Stimpson collectorum. Sicydianse. < Proc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1860, pp. 100-102.

1860. Abbott, Charles C. Description of new species of Apodal Fishes in the Museum of the Academy
of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. <Proc. Ac'. Xat, Sci. Phila. 1860, pp. 475-479.

1862. Gill, Tiieo. Synopsis of the family of Cirrhitoids. <Troe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, pp. 102-124-
1862. Gill, Theo. Catalogue of the Fishes of Lower California in the Smithsonian Institution, col¬
lected by Mr. J. Xantus. <+’roc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1862, pp. 140-151.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

' 1863. Garrett, Andrew. Descriptions of New Species of Fishes. <Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sei., Ill,
1863-1868, pp. 63-66.

.1864. Garrett, Andrew. Descriptions of New Species of Fishes. <Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sei.. Ill,
1863-1868, pp. 103—107.

1871. Cope, Edward D. Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Lesser Antilles. <Trans. Amer.
Philos. Soc., XIV, new series, 1871, pp. 445-483.

1871. Gunther, Dr. Albert. Report on several Collections of Fishes recently obtained for the British
Museum. < Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1871, pp. 652-675.

1873-1881. Gunther, Albert C. L. G. Die Fische der Siidsee. <Joum. des Museum Godeffroy,
Band I, 1873-1875; Band II, 1876—1881 ; s. 1-256, taf. I-CXL. Hamburg, 1873-1881.

1875. Yaillant, L., and Salvage, H. E. Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de poissons des lies

Sandwich. < Revue et Magazin de Zoologie pure et appliquee, 3C serie, t.. 3°, 1875, pp. 278-287.

1876. Steindachner, Franz. Tiber einige neue oder seltene Fiscliarten aus dem atlantischen, indischen

und stillen Ocean; Ichth. Beitriige (v), Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXXIV, 1876, s. 155-191.

1877. Streets, Tiros. H. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands

and Lower California, made in connection with the United States North Pacific Expedition,
1873-1875. <Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, pp. 1 to 172 (Ichthyology, pp. 43 to 102), 1877.

1878. Steindachner, Franz. Ichthyologische Beitriige (VII). <8itz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXXYIII,

Abth. I, 1878, s. 377-400.

1878. Day, Francis. The Fishes of India; being a Natural History of the Fishes known to inhabit

the Seas and Fresh Waters of India, Burma, and Ceylon. Vol. I, Text, including Supple¬
ment, pp. I to XX+1 to 816; Vol. II, Atlas, containing 198 plates. London: Printed for the
Author, 1878-88.

1879. Steindachner, Franz. Tiber einige neue und seltene Fiscliarten atis den K. K. Zoologischen

Museen zu Wien, Stuttgart und Warscbau; Ill. liber einige Seariden aus Polvnesien, s. 16-
20, taf. 4, fig. 1, 1879. <Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Bd. LXI, 1879, s. 1-52, taf. 1-9.

1880. Gunther, Albert. Report on the Shore Fishes procured during the voyage of II. M. S. Chal¬

lenger in the years 1873-1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of II. M. S.
Challenger during the years 1873-76; Zoology, Vol. I, Part VI, pp. 1 to 82, Pis. I to XXX 1 1. 1880.
1880. Garman, Samuel. New species of Selachians in the Museum Collection. <Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool., VI, pp. 167—172, 1880. '

1882. Smith, Rosa, and Swain, Joseph. Notes on a collection of fishes from Johnston Island, includ¬
ing descriptions of five new species. <CProc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882 (July 8), pp. 119-143.
1885. Jordan, David S., and Meek, Seth E. A Review of the American Species of Flying Fishes
(Exoccetus). <Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, 1885, pp. 44-67.

1887. Steindachner, Franz. Ichthyologische Beitrage (XIV). <Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, Bd. XGVI,
1887, Abth. I, s. 56-68.

1889. Gunther, Albert. Report on the Pelagic Fishes collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the

years 1S73-76. ^Report of the Scientific Results of II. M. S. Challenger, 1873-76. Zoology,
Vol. XXXI, Part LXXYIII, pp. 1 to 47, pis. 1 to 6.

1890. Wetmore, Charles H. Concerning Hawaiian Fishes. <Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for

1890, pp. 90-97.

1893. Steindachner, Franz. Ichthyologische Beitrage (XVI). <3§itzb. Ak. AViss. Wien, Bd. CII,
Abth. I, 1893, s. 215-243, taf.' 1.

1895. Jenkins, Oliver P. Description of a new species of Ranzania from the Hawaiian Islands.

<Proc. Cal. Ac. Sei., Ser. 2, Vol. V, 1895 (October 31), pp. 779-784, colored frontispiece.
1895. Bodlenger, George Albert. Catalogue of the Pereiform Fishes in the British Museum.
Second Edition. Volume I, containing the Centrarchidae, Percidie, and Serranidte (part),
pp. I to XIX -f 1 to 391, pis. I-XV. London, 1895.

1897. Gilbert, Charles Henry, and Cramer, Frank. Report on the Fishes dredged in deep water
near the Hawaiian Islands, with Descriptions and Figures of twenty-three New Species.
<Troc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897 (February 5), pp. 403—435, pis. XXXVI-XLVIII.

1900. Steindachner, Franz. Fische aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1-39, pis. I-VI, 1900. <T)enks.

Math.-Nat. K. K. AViss. Wien, Bd. LXX, 1900, s. 483-521, taf. I-VI.

1900. Fowler, Henry W. Contributions to the Ichthyology of the Tropical Pacific. <4 Tor. Ac.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, pp. 493-528.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1900. Jenkins, Oliver P. Descriptions of new species of Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands, belonging

to the Families of LabricUe and Scaridse. <Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XIX, 1899
(August 30, 1900), pp. 45-65, figs. 1-22.

1901. Seale, A. New Hawaiian Fishes. Occasional papers of the Bernice Paualii Bishop Museum of

Polynesian Ethnology and Natural History, Vol. I, No. 4, 1-15, 1901.

1901. Jenkins, Oliver P. Descriptions of fifteen New Species of Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands.

<Bull. II. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), pp. 387-404, figs. 1-16.

1902. Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren. Preliminary Report on the Investiga¬

tions of the Fishes and Fisheries of the. Hawaiian Islands. House Doc. No. 249, 57th Congress,
1st session, pp. 1-33, January. 1902.

1902. Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren. Preliminary Report on an Invesitga-
t.ion of the Fishes and Fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. Report 1T. S. Fish ( 'ommission. Part
XXVII, 1901 (1902), pp. 353-499, pis. 21-27.

1902. Jordan, David Starr, and Fowler, Henry W. A Review of the Chsetodontida; and related
families of Fishes found in the waters of Japan. <Proc. TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXV, 1903
(Sept. 30, 1902), pp. 513-563.

1902. Cobb, John N. Commercial Fisheries of the Hawaiian Islands. <Rept. U. S. Fish Commission,

Part XXVII, 1901 (1902), pp. 381-499, pis. 21-27.

1903. Fisher, Walter K. A New Procelsterna from the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Group. Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVI, 1903, pp. 559-563.

1903. Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren. Descriptions of New Genera and
Species of Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. <Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII,
1902 (April 11, 1903), pp. 161-208.

1903a. Jordan, 1 >avid Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren. Descriptions of a New Genus and two
New Species of Fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. <(Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII,
1902 (July 9, 1903) , pp. 209 and 210.

1903. Jenkins, Oliver P. Report on Collections of Fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with
Descriptions of New Species. Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII, 1902 (September
23, 1903), pp. 417-511, pis. I-IV and figs. 1-50.

1903. Fisher, Walter K. Birds of Laysan and the Leeward Islands, Hawaiian Group. <Bnll.

U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXIII, Part ii, 1903, pp. 1-39, pis. 1-10, 5 text figures.

1903. True, Frederick W. Notes on a Porpoise of the Genus Prodelphinus from the Hawaiian
Islands. < Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXIII, Part ii, 1903, pp. 41-45, pis. 1-2.

1903. Nutting, Ci C. The Bird Rookeries of the Island of Laysan. < Pop. Sci. Month., August,
1903, pp. 321-332, 20 text figures.

1903. Richardson, Harriet. Isopods collected at the Hawaiian Islands by the United States Fish
Commission steamer Albatross. <Bull. IT. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXIII, Part ii, 1903
(Sept. 17), pp. 47-54, 8 text figures.

1903. Fowler, Henry W. New and Little Known Mugilidre and Sphynenidae. <Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1903, pp. 743-752, with 2 figures.

1903. Fowler, Henry W. Description of a New Lantern Fish. V Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903,
pp. 754—755.

1903. Fisher, Walter K. Notes on the Birds peculiar to Laysan Island, Hawaiian Group. < The

Auk, Vol. XX, Oct., 1903, pp. 384-397, pis. XIT-XVI.

1904. Fisher, Walter K. On the Habits of the Laysan Albatross. The Auk, Vol. XXI, Jan., 1904,

pp. 8-20, pis. II— VII.

1904. Snyder, John Otterbejn. A Catalogue of the Shore Fishes collected by the steamer Albatross
about the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. < Bull. II. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XXII, 1902 (Jan.

19, 1904), pp. 513-538, pis. 1—13.

1904. Fowler, Henry W. New, Little Known, and Typical Berycoid Fishes. <Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1904 (April 7), pp. 222-238.

1904. Jordan, David Starii, and Snyder, John Otterbein. Notes on Collections of Fishes from Oahu
Island and Laysan Island, Hawaii, with Descriptions of four New Species. < Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVII, 1904, pp. 939-948.

1904. Jordan, David Starr, and Snyder, John Otterbein. Description of a new species of fish
( Apogon evermanni) from the Hawaiian Islands, with notes on other species. <Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, i904 (Oct. 6), pp. 123-126.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF SHORE FISHES.

INTRODUCTION.

In the following' pages we have attempted to present with sufficient completeness
and detail a statement of our present knowledge of the fish-fauna of t lie Hawaiian
Islands. Iveys and descriptions are given by means of which all the species of shore
fishes known from the islands may be identified. All the species of deep-water fishes
are described by Dr. Charles II. Gilbert in Section II of this volume. As some fam¬
ilies contain both shore and deep-water species, all the families are described in the
present part. The keys for the identification of the species are necessarily to some
extent artificial, but characters of real taxomomie significance are made use of in
most instances. The keys are dichotomously arranged, that is, if the statements
under a given letter do not apply to the specimen in hand, those under the multiple
or double of that letter will be true.

The synonymy given includes all Hawaiian references which we have been able
to find and references to all other faunal works of importance mentioning Hawaiian
species. The type locality is given as a part of each original reference and is printed
in heavy-faced type. All locality references not type localities are printed in ordinary
type and inclosed in parentheses.

The name of the authority for the specific name, in accordance with the rule of
the American Ornithologists’ Union, is not preceded by a comma, but the name of an
author quoting a scientific name is separated from the specific name by a comma. In
sequence and arrangement of species we follow with some modifications our Fishes
of North and Middle America. The common or local Hawaiian names which we
have been able to identify with particular species are printed in italics and inclosed
in quotation marks. For the verification of the spelling of these names we are
indebted to the kindly interest and assistance of Mr. W. E. Salford, of the Bureau of
Plant Industry. U. S. Department of Agriculture. But few English names of fishes
have, as yet, come into use in Hawaii, and they are practically limited to species of
wide distribution.

Special attention is called to the illustrations in this volume. The colored
paintings, representing 73 species, were made by Mr. Albertus II. Baldwin (51), Capt.
Charles Bradford Hudson (12), and Mr. Kako Morita (10). Messrs. Baldwin and
Hudson painted from life, the specimen in each case having been placed alive in a
specially constructed aquarium and the work completed before the colors materially
changed. Those by Mr. Baldwin were done in water colors, those by Capt. Hudson
in oil. The paintings by Mr. Morita are from life color sketches made by Dr. Jordan
at Samoa or by Mr. Walter K. Fisher at Laysan Island in 1902. The black and white
drawings were made by Messrs. Baldwin, Hudson, William Sacketon Atkinson,
Robert Logan Hudson, and Sekko Shimada, and Mrs. Chloe Lesley Starks. About
50 of the text figures are from photographs of illustrations which have appeared in
previous publications, chiefly in Gunther’s Fische dor Siidsee or in Steindachner’s
Fische aus dem Stillen Ocean. For the map of the Hawaiian Islands accompanying
this report we are indebted to the General Land Office, Department of the Interior.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

CHARACTER OF THE HAWAIIAN FISH FAUNA.

The fish fauna of the shores of the Hawaiian Islands is frankly and entirely
tropical, all the species belonging to genera characteristic of the tropical Pacific; but
while the families and genera are those of the South Seas, the species are in a large
degree distinct from the species of Samoa and Tahiti. This fact is evidently con¬
nected with the relative isolation of this group as compared with Polynesia, which
is connected with the East Indies by an almost continuous chain of islands and atolls.

It is perhaps true that the isolation of Hawaii is due in part to the direction of
the marine currents. These do not much influence free-swimming fishes like the
mackerels, but they may serve to transport young fishes from one place to another.
It is known that the young of shore fishes are often borne out to deep water, so that
each island becomes the center of a “sphere of influence ” so far as its species are con¬
cerned. Many young fishes are borne along in the Gulf Stream of our Atlantic coast
and in the corresponding Kuro Shiwo of Japan. It is likely that the currents of the
eastern central Pacific have a similar influence.

One of these currents, originating to the northward of the Philippines, passes
eastward between Melanesia and Micronesia, thence along the north shores of Fiji,
Tonga, Samoa, and Tahiti. Approaching the shores of America, it turns to the
northward, touching the Revillagigedo and other offshore islands, leaving there a few
Polynesian species, then returns westward via Hawaii toward the shores of Japan.
This current may help to give the Polynesian Islands their identical fauna. Since
it is inadequate to carry these species to Hawaii, the long separation of these latter
islands has given them a fauna practically distinct, although made up entirely of
tropical elements. What these elements are is shown in the following table:

Total number of species of shore fishes found in Hawaii . 441

Number of species confined to Hawaii . 232

Number of species common to Hawaii and Polynesia (Samoa, Tahiti, Fiji) . 142

Number of species common to Hawaii and Japan . 53

Number of species common to Hawaii and Mexico . 34

ANALYSIS OF THE CLASSES OF FISH-LIKE VERTEBRATES.®

a. Acraniata: Anterior end of the central nervous axis not dilated into a brain and not surrounded by a protective capsule
or skull.

/». Notochord perfect, persistent, extending throughout the body, included in a membranous sheath, as is the cord-like
nervous axis above it; body elongate, lanceolate, not worm-like, nor enveloped in a tunic; walls of the body
with muscular myotonies; middle line of body with rudimentary tins; no proboscis; the month slit-like, fringed
with cirri; heart a longitudinal tubular vessel giving off branchial tubes which unite in an aorta; gill-slits
inclosed externally by a fold in the integument, which incloses a chamber (atrium), which opens below; vent

remote from mouth . Leptocardii, I.

an. Oraniata: Anterior end of nervous axis dilated into a brain, which is contained within a protective capsule, the
skull; notochord not continued forward beyond the pituitary body ; heart developed and divided at least into
two parts.

c. Skull well developed and with jaws; shoulder-girdle and pelvis more or less developed; nostrils not median; gills
not purse-shaped; limbs, if present, developed as rayed tins, never with lingers and toes like those of the higher
vertebrates; gills persistent through life . Pisces, II.

Class I. LEPTOCAEDII.-The Canoelets.

Skeleton membrano-cartilaginous; notochord persistent and extending to the anterior end of the
head, inclosed in a membranous sheath as is the cord-like axis above it; heart a longitudinal tubular
vessel giving off branchial vessels which unite in an aorta; end of the nervous axis not dilated into a
brain, and not surrounded by a protective capsule or skull ; blood colorless; respiratory cavity confluent

a In this, ns well as in all other analytic keys in this work, only the Hawaiian fish-fauna is considered.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

with the cavity of the abdomen; gill-slits in great number, the water being expelled through an
abdominal pore in front of the vent; jaws none, the mouth a longitudinal fissure with cirri on each
side; body lanceolate in form, more or less fish-like, ami not enveloped in a tunic; dorsal fin present,
low; anal fin usually more or less developed.

Small marine animals, highly interesting to the zoologist as exhibiting the lowest degree of devel¬
opment of the vertebrate type. The class includes but the single order, Ampliio.ci or Cirrostomi.

Order A. AMPHIOXI. The Cirrostomes.

This order is equivalent to the family Sranchiostomida .

Famih I. II RANCH IOSTOM IDT. -The Lancelets.

Body elongate, lanceolate, compressed, naked, colorless; fins represented by a low fold extending
along back, with usually a rudimentary fold below, which passes by the vent to the abdominal pore;
mouth inferior, appearing as a longitudinal fissure, surrounded by conspicuous, rather stiff cirri; eye
rudimentary; liver reduced to a blind sac of the simple intestine.

Small, translucent creatures, found embedded in sand on warm coasts throughout the world.
Eight species are now recognized, referable to two or three genera, all very similar in appearance and
habits. Only one genus represented in the Hawaiian fauna.

Genus 1. AMPHIOXIDES Gill

“ Branch iostomids with bilateral (?) gonads, no rayed sympodium (?), low dorsal fin, expanded
caudal membranes, am 1 oral cirri aborted (?).” (Gill.)

As the species on which this genus is based really lacks oral tentacles, it should stand as a distinct
genus. To say that this trait is due to its pelagic habit, as Tattersall suggests, is not to discredit its
generic value.

Amphioxides Gill, Genera of Branchiostomidse, Am. Nat., vol. xxix. May, 1895, 45S (petapicum).

1. Amphioxides pelagicus (Gunther). Fig. 1.

Buccal tentacles absent;" gonads not fully developed, extending from the first to the twenty-sixth
myocomma and forming 2 series in the middle; atrial cavity extending somewhat behind the sup¬
posed position of the atrial pore; anterior end of the notochord enveloped in a very strong sheath;

the posterior (J mm.) not covered by the myocommas, which lean off abruptly, and extending right
to the hind margin of the caudal fin; eye distinct; nerve-cord with minute pigment-spoti arranged
intracentrally with regard to the myocommas; dorsal fin-rays low, but very distinct, about five to
each myocomma; dorsal fin-fringe becoming distinct about the twenty-seventh myocomma, gradually
becoming somewhat higher behind, its rise more abrupt where it passes into the caudal fin, which is
paddle-shaped and bilaterally symmetrical with regard to the notochord; lower half of caudal passing
uninterruptedly into the ventral, in which no rays are developed, this fin seeming, to be continued
forward as a low fringe for some distance beyond the supposed position of the atrial pore; nearly the
whole of this fringe showing a minute vertical striation, especially in its higher portions; myocommas
27, of which 15 belong to the tail; how many should be attributed to the portion between vent and
atrial pore is uncertain on account of the difficulty in ascertaining the position of the latter. This
pore could r.ot be made out, and its position is supposed to be opposite to the thirty-sixth myocomma
only from analogy or comparison with other species, and from a slight contraction of the muscular
layer at this point.

n This can not be due to tile age of the individual, as they are clearly developed in specimens of Branchiostmna bet-
clwri (?) of only half the size of this specimen.

F. C. B. 1903—3

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

One specimen 2 inches long was taken by the Challenger on July 26, 1875, in latitude 23° 3' N.,
longitude 156° 6' W., a few degrees north of Honolulu. (Gunther.) Other specimens were secured
by the Albatross in 1902. The species is supposed to differ from other lancelets in living toward the
surface in deep water instead of burying itself in the sand at small depths. There is considerable doubt
as to this, however, and as to some of the characters ascribed to the species.

Branchiostoma pelagicum Gunther, Pelagic Fishes, Challenger Rept., Zoology, XXXI, part II, 43, pi. VI, tig. B, 1888
(1889), lat. 230 3' N., long. 156° 6' W.

Amphioxides pdagirus, Gill, Am. Nat., vol. xxix. May, 1895, 458 (after Gunther).

Glass II. PISCES. The Fishes.

The Pisces, or fishes, may be defined as cold-blooded vertebrates adapted for life in the water,
breathing bv means of gills which are attached to bony or cartilaginous gill-arches, the gills persistent
throughout life; having the skull well developed and provided with a lower jaw; the limbs present
and developed as fins, rarely wanting through atrophy; shoulder-girdle present, furcula-shaped,
curved forward below, rarely obsolete or represented by cartilage; pelvic bones present; exoskeleton
developed as scales, bony plates, or horny appendages, or sometimes entirely wanting; and with the
median line of the body provided with one or more tins composed of cartilaginous rays connected by
membrane, the fins rarely atrophied.

SUBCLASSES OF PISCES REPRESENTED IN HAWAIIAN WATERS.

a. Skull without system of membrane bones (opercles, etc.).

b. Suspensorium of the mandible present; gills not free, being attached by the outer margin to the skin; eggs few and
large, impregnated and sometimes developed internally, covered with a thick leathery skin when developed
externally; embryo with deciduous external gills; no membrane bones about the head; upper jaw formed of
palatine and pterygoid elements without maxillary or premaxillary; skeleton cartilaginous; skull without
sutures; tail heterocereal; ventral tins abdominal; male with large intromittent organs or claskers attached to
the ventral fins, these complex in structure in existing species; shoulder-girdle not attached to the skull; skin
naked or covered with small rough scales, spines, or bony bucklers; no air-bladder; arterial bulb with 3 series of
valves; optic nerves with a chiasma; cerebral hemispheres united; gill-openings slit-like, 5 to 7 in number; jaw

distinct from the skull, joined to it by suspensory bones; teeth distinct; (Sharks and Skates) . Selachii, p. : 4

bb. Suspensorium of the mandible wanting; no maxillary arch; ventral tins with elaspers; gill-opening single, leading
to 4 gill-slits; jaws coalescent with the skull; teeth united in the form of bony plates; l Chvmscras) .

Holocephali , p. 51.

aa. Skull with a well-developed system of membrane bones (opercles, suborbital ring, etc.); gills free, attached to the
gill-arches by their bases only; gill-opening single on each side; eggs comparatively small and numerous; no
elaspers; a maxillary arch; cerebral hemispheres not united; (True Fishes) . Tcleostomi, p. 52.

Si_it>ela.ss SELACHII. — The Sharks ciiiul Skates.

This group includes among recent fishes, the sharks and rays, marine fishes, mostly of large size,
abounding in all seas.

ORDERS OF SELACHII REPRESENTED IN HAWAIIAN WATERS.

a. Gill-openings 5; vertebral column well segmented, each segment forming a neural arch and one centrum.

It. Vertebne each with the internal calcareous lamellae radiating from the central ring; anal tin present.

Aster ospondyli, B, p. 34.

bb. Vertebrae with the internal calcareous lamellae not radiating, but arranged in one or more concentric circles or series
around the central ring; no anal tin; palato-quad rate arch not articulated to the skull.

c. Gill-openings lateral; dorsal fins 2 . Tectospondyli, C, p. 44.

cc. Gilkopenings ventral; dorsal fins small and posterior, or wanting; body and pectorai fins forming a depressed disk.

Batoidei, D, p. 4G.

Order B. ASTE ROSPON D Y LI .

The essential character of this order is the structure of the vertebrae. The calcareous lamella-
within each vertebra radiate from the central ring. The group contains the great body of living
sharks, including all of those with 5 gill-openings, 2 dorsals, and an anal tin.

Suborder GALEI. — THE TRUE SHARKS.

Asterospondylous sharks with the palato-quadrate apparatus not articulated with the skull; gill-
openings always 5 and always lateral; dorsal fins 2, well developed, each without spines. This suborder
contains most of the living sharks.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

In the following key we give only those families known to be represented in Hawaiian waters:

a. First dorsal fin over or behind the ventrals; spiracles present; no nictitating membrane . II. ScyUiorhinidx , p. 35.

an. First dorsal fin inserted more or less in advance of the ventrals.

b. Caudal fin not lunate, its upper lobe two or more times the length of the lower, with a notch below toward its tip;
sides of tail not keeled.

c. Tail moderately developed, forming less than one-third the total length; eyes with nictitating membrane.

d. Dorsal fins without spines.

e. Head normally formed . III. Carchariidx, p. 35.

ee. Head hammer-shaped or kidney-shaped by the extension of its sides . IV. Sphymidae, p. 41.

cc. Tail exceedingly long, forming about one-half the total length; eyes without nictitating membrane.

V. Alopiidx, p. 42.

bb. Caudal fin lunate; caudal peduncle with a keel on each side; last gill-opening entirely in front of pectorals; teeth
large and sharp; size large . VI. Iximnidx, p. 43.

Family II. SCYLLIORHINID£. The Cat Sharks.

Dorsal fins 2, botli rather small, without spines, the first more or less behind ventrals; anal fin
present, usually before the second dorsal; caudal fin rather long, usually with a basal lobe; tail not
keeled, and not bent upward. Spiracles present; no nictitating membrane; gill-openings small, the
last one above the root of the pectorals. Mouth usually broad, with small teeth, several series being
in junction; teeth each with a median cusp and 1 to 4 small cusps on each side; nostrils near mouth,
sometimes confluent with it, sometimes provided with cirri. Mucous pores about head numerous,
especially on lower side of snout. Egg eases large, quadrate, with prehensile tubes at angles.

Genus 2. CATULUS Smith.

As here understood, this genus is very close to the European genus Scylliorhinus, from which it is
distinguished by the separate nasal valves. Gill has further divided the group into Catuhis, having
the nasal valves provided with lobes or grooves, Holselurus having the nasal valves simple, and Cepha-
loscyllium, which has a very broad head and the stomach inflatable. The latter group, with possibly
Halidurus, is perhaps generically distinct. Catuhis differs from Pristiurus in having the scales on the
upper edge of the tail not much, if at all, enlarged and usually not differentiated from the others. The
prickles on the body are usually much coarser in Catuhis than in Scylliorkinus or Pristiurus. Species
numerous, usually in rather deep water. The single species known from Hawaiian waters is described
in Section II of this volume.

Catulus Andrew Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1837, 85 ( Canicula ).

Porodemui Smith, 1. c. ( africanus ).

Holselurus Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1861. 407 ( burgeri ).

Family III. CARCHARIID^. — The Typical Sharks; Manos.

Sharks with 2 dorsal fins, the first short and high, entirely before the ventrals, the second
comparatively small, opposite the anal; no spines; gill-openings moderate, the last above the base of
the pectoral; tail more or less bent upward from base of caudal fin; sides of tail not keeled; eyes with
nictitating membranes; head not hammer-shaped, the snout being longitudinally produced, as- usual
among sharks; spiracles small or obsolete. Ovoviviparous.

A large family found in all seas. The species are often closely related and difficult of determination.
a. Carclmriinae: Spiracles present; teeth more or less depressed, with entire or serrate sharp edges.

b. Root of tail without pit; caudal fin with a single notch . . . Galens, p. 35

bb. Root of tail with conspicuous pit above; caudal fin with a double notch . Galeocerdo, p. 36

aa. Spiracles obsolete; lower teeth narrower than the upper.

c. First dorsal fin inserted posteriorly, nearer ventrals than pectorals . Prionace, p. 37

cc. First dorsal inserted anteriorly, nearer pectorals than ventrals.
d. Teeth all serrate more or less, entire in the very young . Carcharias, p. 38

Genus 3. GALEUS Rafinesque.

First dorsal opposite the space between the pectorals and ventrals; mouth crescent-shaped with
teeth alike in both jaws, oblique, notched and serrated; spiracles present, small; nictitating membrane
present; no pit at base of caudal; caudal fin with a single notch. Tropical seas.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Galeus Rafinesque, Caratteri Alcuni Nuovi Generi, 13, 1810; in part ( galeus , etc., although that species is not explicitly
mentioned, the first species mentioned being a species of Pristiurus, P. melasloums).

Galeovhinus Blainville, Bull. Sci. 1'iiilom. 1816, 121 ({/aleus).

Galeus Cuvier, RCgne Animal. Ed. I, 127, 1817 (galeus).

JSugaleus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 148 ((/aleus).

2. Galeus japonicus Muller & Henle. Fig. 2.

Spiracles small; a short, labial fold on each jaw; second dorsal fin not much smaller than the first,
and slightly in advance of the anal; length of caudal fin rather less than distance between the 2
dorsals (M filler & Henle).

This species was not obtained by us, the only Hawaiian reference being that of Dr. Steindachner,
based upon a single specimen more than 5 feet long, from Laysan. It is more likely to he the Japanese

species, Galeus japonicus, than the Californian, Galeus zgoplervs. Neither of these differs much from
the European Galeus galeus.

Galeus japonicus Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 68, pi. 22, 1841, Japan; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 380, 1870 (copied); Bleeker,
Nat. Verb. Kon. Ak. Amsterdam, XVIII, 1879, 3 (name only); Jordan A Fowler, Proc. 1'. S. Nat, Mils., XXVI, 1903,
611 (Onomichi, Hiroshima, and Nagasaki, Japan).

Galeus vulgaris, Steindachner, Denks, Ak. Wiss. Wien 1900, 519 (Laysan); not of Cuvier.

Genus 4. GALEOCERDO Muller & Henle.

Month crescent-shaped; teeth alike in both jaws, large, oblique, coarsely serrated on both margins,
with a deep notch on outer margin; spiracles present; caudal fin with a double notch; a pit on the tail
above and below at base of caudal fin; first dorsal opposite the space between pectorals and ventrals.

Large sharks found in most warm seas. Only one species known from Hawaiian or American waters.
Galeocerdo M filler & Henle, Plagiostomen, 59, 1S38 ( tigriuus ).

Borcogaleus Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. X. Y., VII, 1861. 411 (arcttcus).

3. Galeocerdo tigrinus Muller & Henle. Tiger Shark.

Head 7.25 in length; depth about 10; snout 3.33 in head; interorbital space 1.33; width of mouth
at corners about 1.6; eye 5.66 in the interorbital space; space between nostrils 2.

Body elongate, tapering to caudal; head very much broader than deep, depressed; eyes small,
lateral, nearer snout than gill-opening; snout broad, short, rounded; mouth very broad, rounded;
teeth numerous, rather large, compressed, with several basal cusps, and with edges more or less ser¬
rated ; a labial fold at corners of mouth ; nostrils large, inferior, about midway between tip of snout and
eye; interorbital space very broad, flat; spiracles very small, behind eye; gill-openings large, poste¬
riorly above base of pectoral. Body very finely roughened. First dorsal beginning about first fourth
of interspace between origin of pectoral and that of ventral; second dorsal small, a little nearer origin
of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal small, beginning behind origin of second dorsal; pectoral rather
long; ventrals very much nearer anal than pectorals; caudal very long, lower lobe produced; caudal
pfeduncle rather short.

Color brown above, whitish or pale below, upper surface with blackish markings, mostly in the
form of dark crossbars.

This shark is known from the East Indies northward to Japan, whence Gunther recorded a small
example. Jordan and Snyder also record it from Japan, having examined the dried skin of a young

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

male from Nagasaki. A good specimen was sent to us from Honolulu by Mr. K. L. Berndt. The
species differs from G. maculatus of the Atlantic in having dark cross-bands instead of da.k brown
spots on the upper surface.

Galeoccrdo tigrinm Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 59, 1838, Pondicherry; Gunther, Cat., VII t, 378, 1870 (Japan); Dumeril,
Elasmobranches, I, 393, 1870 (Pondicherry); Jordan A Fowler, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 012 (Nagasaki);
Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., XXVII, 1904. 940 (Oahu).

Galeoccrdo rayncri Macdonald A Barron, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1N68, 368, pi. 32, Australia.

Genus 5. PRIONACE Cantor. Blue Sharks.

Large sharks with the body and head slender; no spiracles; the teeth in both jaws strongly
serrated in the adult, those in the upper jaw broad, those below narrower, straight, and claviform;
first dorsal large, inserted midway between axils of pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal much
smaller, usually not larger than anal; embryo not attached to the uterus by a placenta. Species
rather few; large, slender, swift, voracious sharks of the warm seas. The groups called Prionace,
Ilypoprion, Aprionodon, and Scvliodon are usually placed as subgenera under Carcharhinus or Carcharim,
as the group has been commonly called. Their retention as distinct genera is apparently justified on
the ground of convenience.

Prionodon Miiller A Henle, Plagiostomen, 35, 1841 {glaucus, etc.); name preoccupied.

Prionace Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 399, 1850; substitute for Prionodon.

Cynocephalus (Klein) Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1861, 400 ( glaucus ).

4. Prionace glauca (Linnteus). Fig. 3.

Snout very long; nostrils rather nearer to mouth than to extremity of snout; no labial fold except
a groove at angle of mouth; teeth of upper jaw oblique, scarcely constricted near base; lower teeth
slender, triangular in young examples, lanceolate, with a broad base, in old ones; pectoral fin long,
falciform, extending to dorsal, which is nearer ventrals than root of pectorals. Color light bluish
gray above, paler below.

A large shark of the warm seas, occasionally taken in Europe and on the coasts of Japan and Cali¬
fornia. A mounted specimen from off Misaki is in the Imperial Museum of Tokyo, and in the

Imperial University is a photograph of a large specimen secured at the same place. A female, taken
with a hand line at Albatross Station 3801, 28° 31/ N., 141° 47' W., contained 47 embryos, each meas¬
uring 15.3 inches in length. The following measurements of the adult were taken: Tip of snout to
end of caudal lobe 274 cm., to dorsal fin HO; to eye 23; to first gill-opening 55; to pectoral 65; length
of gill-area 18; height of first gill-slit 5; of second and third 7.5; of fourth 7; of fifth 5; length of pec¬
toral 62; base of pectoral 23; free edge of pectoral 56; axil to ventral 77; anterior margin of ventral
17.5; free margin of ventral 20.5; base of ventral 16.5; axil of ventral to front of anal 24; base of anal
13.5; anterior margin of anal 17; anal to caudal pit 22; base of dorsal 23; anterior margin of dorsal
30.5; free edge of dorsal 28; posterior edge of first dorsal to second dorsal 63.5; base of second dorsal
13; front margin of second dorsal 13.5; posterior end of second dorsal to caudal pit 21.5; upper lobe of
caudal 58.5; spread of caudal 67; lower caudal lobe 37; girth at front of ventral 76; girth at front of
pectorals 91.

Whether this species is really identical with tire European P. glauca is uncertain.

Squatus glaucus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 235, 1758, seas of Europe.

Carcharias glaucus, Gunther, Cat., VIII, ,364, 1870 (England; St. Helena; Pondicherry; and Port Arthur, Australia).
Prionace glauca, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 33, 1S96 (San Francisco; Monterey); Jordan &
Fowler, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1903, 613 (Misaki); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901 1,
515 (Albatross Station 3801).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genas 6. CARCHARIAS Rafinesque.

Body rather robust, the head broad and depressed; mouth inferior, with the teeth in both jaws
strongly serrated in the adult, less so or entire in the young, those in the upper jaw broad or narrow,
those below narrow, straight, and nearly erect; no spiracles; first dorsal large, placed not far. behind
pectoral; pectoral falcate; second dorsal small. Embryos attached by placenta to the uterus. Species
very numerous and difficult of separation. Voracious sharks of the warm seas.

Carcharias Rafinesque, Caratteri Aleuni Nuovi Generi, 10. 1810 (in intention).

Carcharhinus Blainville, Journ. Phys. 1816, 264 ( commcrsoni ) ; a name based on LacOpede’s figure of "Squalus carcharias; ” it
apparently represents Carcharhinus lamia.

Carcharias Cuvier, Rtigne Animal, Ed. 1, 125, 1817 ( carcharias ).

Eidamia Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1861, 401 [lamia).

Platypodon Gill, }. c., 401 ( menisorrah ).

Tsogomphodvn Gill, 1. c., 401 ( oxyrhynchus ).

Lamiopsis Gill, 1. c., 401 ( temmincki ).

a. Tips of fins abruptly jet black.

b. Head very broad and depressed; snout very broad, rounded, and appearing pointed when viewed laterally.

mdanaplerus, p. 38.

bb. Head elongate, somewhat narrow and depressed; snout long and narrowly pointed when viewed from above.

phorcys , p. 39.

aa. Tips of fins merely dusky.

c. Snout less than one-third distance to first gill-opening . insular urn, p. 40.

cc. Snout exceeding one-third distance to first gill-opening . nesiotcs, p. 40.

5. Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard. Plate 1.

Head about 5.85 in length; depth about 7.67; width of head 1.25 in its length; depth of head nearly
2; snout about 3 in head; interorbital space 1.5; space between tip of snout and front of mouth 2.6;
width of mouth 2; eye 5 in interorbital space; internasal space 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3;
caudal 3.5 in body; pectoral 5.5.

Body elongate, rather robust, the trunk and tail compressed; head very broad and depressed;
snout very broad, rounded, appearing pointed when viewed laterally; eyes small, their posterior
margins about midway between tip of snout and first gill-opening; nictitating membrane well devel¬
oped; mouth large, very convex, so that the anterior margin of the mandible is below front rim of
orbit; teeth in upper jaw broad, compressed, sharply pointed, the edges serrate anil with 4 or 5 basal
cusps behind; teeth in mandible rather long, pointed, the compressed edges smooth, without any
serratures; nostril with a small flap, inferior, about midway in length of snout; interorbital space very
broad, more or less convex, especially in the center, behind which the top of the head rises more or less
gradually to back of neck; gill-openings of moderate length, close together, the posterior above base
of pectoral; peritoneum silvery.

Body very finely roughened when stroked forward; first dorsal with its length about equal to
depth of body, its origin midway between that of the second dorsal and tip of snout; origin of
second dorsal nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; anal similar to second dorsal, and below
it, the origins of the 2 fins at the same point; caudal rather long, with a notch near its tip; length
of lower lobe 2.2 in entire length of fin; pectoral large, margin of fin nearly straight or only very
slightly concave; ventrals small, their origin a little nearer origin of first dorsal than that of second,
or nearly midway between; back in front of first dorsal slightly keeled, and between first and second
dorsals with a shallow groove; base of caudal, above and below, with pit. Another example, a female,
gave the following measurements, recorded in centimeters: Total length 156; tip of snout to dorsal 52;
to eye 12.8; to first gill-opening 30.5; to pectoral 36.2; length of gill-area 7.7; height of first, second,
third, and fourth gill-slits 6.3; fifth 5.6; anterior margin of pectoral 28; base of pectoral 10.8; posterior
margin of pectoral 27.3; axil of pectoral to ventral 36.8; anterior margin of ventral 12; free margin
of ventral 10; base of ventral 10; axil of ventral to front of anal 13.3; base of anal 8.3; anterior
margin of anal 10; base of anal to caudal pit 9; base of dorsal 11; anterior margin of dorsal 19.5; free
edge of dorsal 15.3; distance between dorsals 38; base of second dorsal 7.6; second dorsal to caudal
pit 10; upper lobe of caudal 38; spread of caudal 35.5; lower lobe of caudal 19; width of mouth 17;
preoral length of snout 9.5; girth behind pectorals 63.5; girth at front of ventrals 53.

Bull. U. S.FC. 1903. Plate

Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard .

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903.

Carcharias phorcvs Jordan & Evermann. Type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Color in life (field No. 03535), upper parts of body and head light brown, lower parts white; fins
tipped with black; upper and lower borders of caudal also black. Another example, 4.5 feet long and
similarly marked, was seen in the market of Honolulu.

Color in alcohol, pale brown above, the lower portions white; a brown longitudinal band along
side from below front of first dorsal backward over base of ventral; upper surface of pectorals and
ventrals brown like the back; upper extremity of dorsal, broadly and abruptly blotched with black;
margins of caudal narrowly black, the greater part or outer half of the lower lobe black; outer
portion of anal black; lower tip of pectoral blackish, the upper edge or marginal portion also blackish
or dusky, and the lower tip of ventrals broadly blackish. Description from a male 31 inches long
taken at Honolulu.

This shark is a common form throughout Polynesia. We have a number of examples from
Honolulu, three of which were collected in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins. The species was also found at
Samoa by Jordan and Kellogg. It. may be known at once by the inky black tips to its fins.

Carcharias melanopterus Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de 1’tJranie, Zool., 194, pi. 43, figs. 1 and 2, 1824, Vaigiou Island;

Gunther, Cat., VIII, 369, 1870 (South Africa; Amboyna); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 94, 1877 (Christmas and

Washington islands); Snyder, Bull. IT. S. Fish Commission, XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 513 (Honolulu).

Carcharias ( Prionodon ) melanopterus, Muller & Henle, Plagiost., 43, pi. 19, fig. 5, 1841 (teeth); Steindachner, Denks. Ak.

Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 519 (South Seas).

Carcharias ( Prionace ) melanopterus , Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 400, 1850 (Straits of Malacca); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei.

Phila. 1901. 325 (Thornton Island).

f Carcharias (Prionodon) hcnlei Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., IV, 507, 1853. Batavia.
f Carcharias ( Prionodon ) brachyrhynchos Bleeker, Enum. Sp. Arch. Ind., 206, 1859. East Indies.

6. Carcharias phorcys Jordan & Evermann. Plate 2.

Head 4.8 in length; depth 6.5; width of head 1.75 in its length; depth of head 1.8; snout about
2.2 in head; interorbital space 2.2; space between tip of snout and front of mouth 2.5; width of
mouth 2.5; eye 6 in interobital space; internasal space 1.8; least depth of caudal peduncle a little over
4.8; caudal 3.5 in body; pectoral 5.75.

Body elongate, rather robust, the tail compressed; head elongate, somewhat narrow and depressed,
snout long and narrowly pointed when viewed above, the tip rounded; eyes small, their posterior
margins about midway between tip of snout and first gill-opening; nictitating membrane well devel¬
oped; mouth large, very convex, the. anterior margin of mandible below front rim of orbit; teeth in
upper jaw narrow, with broad basis, not notched, compressed, serrate, and with four or five basal
cusps behind; teeth in mandible father long, pointed, not serrate, the edges smooth; nostril without
flap, inferior, and nearer eye than tip of snout; interorbital space broad and convex; upper profile of
head rising gradually in a nearly straight line to back of head; gill-opening of moderate length, poste¬
rior, over base of pectoral; peritoneum white or pale; body very finely roughened when stroked for-
. ward; height of first dorsal less than depth of body, its origin a little nearer tip of snout than origin of
second dorsal; origin of second dorsal nearer origin of first dorsal than tip of caudal; fin small,
about over anal, so that origins of the 2 fins are opposite; caudal long, with a notch at its tip, deep,
the lower lobe 2.25 in length of fin; pectoral with margin slightly concave; ventrals small, their origins
a little nearer base of lower caudal lobe than origin of the pectoral; back convexly ridged, broader
between the dorsals; base^of caudal with a pit above and below.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, the lower parts pale or whitish with a brown streak the color of the
back along side from gill-opening to over origin of ventral; tips of dorsals, edge of caudal, and tip of
pectoral blackish.

This description from an example 27.5 inches long, field No. 03747, taken at Honolulu. Type,
No. 50612, U. S. Nat. Mus. We have 4 other examples also from Honolulu, one a foetus, besides
2 from the same locality collected by Dr. Jenkins in 1889. Specimens were also secured by the
Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu and at Hanalei Bay, Kauai.

Carcharias phorcys Jordan <k Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 163, Honolulu; Snyder, Bull. U. S.

Fish Comm. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 513 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

7. Carcharias insularum Snyder. Plate 3, fig. 1.

Head, measured to last gill-opening, 3.1 in length (tip of snout to caudal pit); depth at front of
pectorals 6.1; at front of ventrals 6.7; snout 3 in head; interorbital width 2; pectoral 4 in length;
upper lobe of caudal 2.7.

Mouth semicircular, its width equal to distance between tip of snout and posterior border of eye,
distance between edge of mouth and tip of snout 1.7 times width of mouth, or a little more than
distance between nostrils; upper teeth serrated from base to tips, the lower ones smooth on base,
upper parts weakly serrated; teeth of upper jaw a little broader at base than they are high, the cutting
edges of median ones straight; lateral teeth with edges slightly concave, concavity of outer edges
deepening somewhat as they approach corners of mouth; teeth not pointing outward in either jaw,
those of lower jaw much more slender than those above, the bases somewhat wider than height of
teeth; cutting edges concave; 30 rows on each jaw, teeth of the 2 median rows minute or absent.
Tip of pectoral fin acutely rounded; first dorsal broadly rounded; second dorsal slightly smaller than
anal; caudal very large, underside of upper lobe with a deep notch; free edges of dorsals, pectorals,
and ventrals concave; claspers of male 1.5 times as long as ventral fin is high.

In life, bluish slate-color, somewhat lighter below; first dorsal broadly tipped with lighter color;
second dorsal, pectorals, ventrals, and caudal with slightly darker tips. In alcohol the fins and upper
parts of the body are rather indistinctly spotted with a darker shade than that of body; spots of body
somewhat larger than eye, the spaces between them somewhat wider than diameter of spots; spots on
fins smaller and more closely crowded.

The following measurements were taken before the specimen, a male, was preserved: Total
length 213 cm.; tip of snout to dorsal 71; to eye 17.8; to first gill-opening 40.5; to pectoral 48; length
of gill-area 10; height of first gill-slit 7.5; of second .8.2; of third 8.8; of fourth 8.2; of fifth 5.7; length
of pectoral 39; base of pectoral 14; free edge of pectoral 37; axil of pectoral to ventral 47; anterior
margin of ventral 14; free margin of ventral 12; base of ventral 12.7; axil of ventral to front of anal
17.8; base of anal 9; anterior margin of anal 12.7; anal to caudal pit 8.2; base of dorsal 21; anterior
margin of dorsal 32; free edge of dorsal 23.5; first to second dorsal 47; base of second dorsal 6.3;
front margin of second dorsal 9; second dorsal to caudal pit 12.7; upper lobe of caudal 59.5; lower
lobe of caudal 30; spread of caudal 61 ; girth at front of ventrals 66; girth at front of pectorals 78.5.

Seven young were obtained from a large female of this species taken at station 4111, between
Molokai and Oahu, each measuring 61 cm. in length. Color bluish; pectorals, second dorsal, anal,
and lower caudal lobe broadly tipped with black; ventral surface of body and paired fins, except the
terminal dark areas, yellowish; tip of first dorsal yellowish. The head measured to last gill-opening
2.9 in length; depth at front of pectorals 5.5; depth of caudal peduncle 5.5 in head; snout 3; interorbital
width 2.1. Curve of mouth elongate instead of circular, as in adult, its width being an eye’s diameter
less than distance between tip of snout and anterior border of orbit. Distance between edge of mouth
and tip of snout 1.1 times width of mouth. Height of dorsal 6.25 in length of head and body; length
of pectoral 3.4; upper lobe of caudal 2.7. Dorsal and pectorals broadly rounded.

This shark appears to be closely related to Carcharias lamia Itafinesque, of the Atlantic. Not
common about the Hawaiian Islands.

. Carcharias insularum Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), .11:1, pi. 1, fig. 1, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island
(Type, No. 50859, U. S. N. M.).

8. Carcharias nesiotes Snyder. Plate 3, fig. 2.

Head, measured to last gill-opening, 3.1 in length (tip of snout to caudal pit); depth at front of
pectorals 5.5; at front of ventrals 6.25; snout 3.1 in head; interorbital width 2.4; pectoral 3.7 in
length; upper lobe of caudal 2.8. Mouth elliptical, not semicircular in shape, width equal to dis¬
tance from tip of snout to posterior edge of orbit; width of space between tip of snout and anterior
edge of mouth equal to distance between outer edges of nostrils, 3.9 in head; teeth of upper jaw
strongly serrated, those near center of jaw symmetrical in shape, the width at base equal to or a little
greater than height; laterally the outer edges of teeth grow concave, then notched; inner edges
becoming convex, teeth pointing away from symphysis; teeth of lower jaw narrow, with wide bases,
their edges smooth or very slightly serrated, symmetrical in shape on both middle and lateral parts
of jaws. Pectorals pointed at tips when depressed, reaching as far back as posterior part of first

. CARCHARIAS NESIOTES SNYDER.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 3

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

dorsal, the free edge concave; first dorsal bluntly pointed; second dorsal and anal equal in size, edge
of anal deeply notched; edge of upper caudal lobe notched, distance from notch to tip of lobe
4.54 in length of lobe.

Color bluish gray above, the fins growing darker toward the tips; ventral surface lighter.

The following are the measurements of a male taken at station 3902, off the northern coast of
Molokai: Total length 224 cm.; tip of snout to dorsal 71; to eye 17.8; to gill-opening 44; to pectoral
54; length of gill-area 13.5; height of first gill-slit 6.5; of second 7; of third and fourth 6.5; of fifth
5.8; anterior margin of pectoral 49; base of pectoral 14; posterior margin of pectoral 42; axil of pec¬
toral to ventral 49.5; anterior margin of ventral 12.8; free margin of ventral 12.8; base of ventrals 10.8;
axil of ventral to front of anal 19; base of anal 8.3; anterior margin of anal 12; anal to caudal pit 13.4;
base of first dorsal 19.7; anterior margin of first dorsal 30.5; free edge of dorsal 26; distance between
dorsals 58; base of second dorsal 7; second dorsal to caudal pit 19; upper lobe of caudal 61; spread
of caudal 66; lower caudal lobe.29; width of mouth 20.5; preoral length of snout 15.

Type, No. 50860, U.8. Nat. Mus., a female about 4.86 feet long, taken at French Frigate Shoals.
A smaller example, also a female, from Laysan Island, does not differ from the type, except that it is
darker in color, the under parts being quite dusky. Cotype, No. 12790, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., a
female 32 inches long (No. 03741), and the heads of 2 larger examples were obtained at Honolulu.

A large and voracious shark seen everywhere about the islands. Compared with Carcharias
japonicui of Japan, it is more robust in form, having a shorter and broader head.

Carcharias (Pnonodon) garigeticus, Steindachner, Denies. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 519 and 521 (Laysan Island.)
Carcharias nesiotes Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 514, pi. 1, fig. 2, French Frigate Shoals.

Family IV. SPHYRXID.F.

General characteristics of the Carchariidx, but the head singularly formed, kidney-shaped or
“hammer”-shaped, from the extension of its sides, the nostrils being anterior and the eyes on the
sides of the “hammer”; mouth crescent-shaped under the “hammer”; teeth of both jaws similar,
oblique, each with a notch on the outside near the base; no spiracles; last gill-opening over the
pectoral, first dorsal and pectorals large, the dorsal nearer pectorals than ventrals; second dorsal and
anal small; a pit at the root of the caudal; caudal fin with a single notch toward its tip, its lower lobe
developed. One genus with 5 species, inhabiting most warm seas. Large sharks, known at Olice by
the singular form of the head, which is not quite the same in any two species.

Genus 7. SPHYRNA Rafinesque.

Characters of the genus included above. In the form of the head there is a perfect gradation among
the species from the narrow hammer of 8. blochii , with the lobes three times as long as broad and
deeply grooved along the anterior edge, to the kidney-shaped head of S. tiburo, in which the anterior
grooves are obsolete.

S phyma Rafinesque, Indice d'lttiol. Sicilians, 60, 1810 (zygxna).

Ccstrorhivus Blainville. Journ Phys. 1816, 264 ( zygxna ).

Zygxna Cuvier, RCgne Animal, Ed. I, 127, 1817 (zygxna)] name preoccupied.

Plalijsijuulus Swain.son Classn. Anim., II, 318, 1839 (“tiburo" etudes).

Rcnkeps Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, 412 (tiburo).

Cestracwn (Klein: pre-Linnsean) Gill, 1. c., 403 ( zygxna ).

Eusphyrna Gill, 1. c., 412 (blochii).

9. Sphyrna zygaena (Linmeus). Hammer-headed Shark; “Manokihikihi.”

Head truly hammer-shaped; width of head about twice its length; length of hinder margin of
hammer nearly equal to its width near the eve; nostril close to eye, prolonged into a groove which
runs along nearly the whole front margin of head; first dorsal large; second quite small, smaller than
anal; pectoral rather large. Color gray. A large voracious shark reaching a length of 15 feet or more,
found in all warm seas; occasionally on our coasts from Cape Cod and Point Concepcion, southward.

A number of examples of this species were obtained at Honolulu, and it was taken by the Albatross
at Station 3844, off the southern coast of Molokai. Dr. Jenkins also brought 13 examples from
Honolulu in 1889, the largest measuring 20.5 inches. The species is also common in the South Seas
and in Japan.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Squalus zygoma Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 234, 1758, Europe; America.

Sphyma zygsena, Rafinesque, Indice d’lttiol. Sic., 46, 1810 (Messina); Muller Henle, Plagiostomen, 51. 1841 (Brazil;
India) ; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 45, 18%; Evermann & Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico,
63, 1900, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 420 (Honolulu); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 515 (Molokai).

Sq-u alus malleus Risso, Ichth. Nice, 34, 1810, Nice.

Zygmna malleus, Shaw, Nat. Miscell., pi. 267,18 - , - ; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 381, 1870 (Totoya, Fiji Islands); Gunther,

Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I. Part VI, 59, 1880 (Reefs at Honolulu).

Zygxiia leu'ini Lord in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, X, 640, pi. 50, 1834, New Holland.

Zygxna subarcuata Storer, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Ill, 1848, 70. Cape Cod.

Cestracion zygsena, Dum6ril, Elasmobr., II, 382, 1865 (Mediterranean; coasts of North and South America; Australia; Japan).

Family V. ALOPIIDtE. — Thresher Sharks.

Body moderately elongate, the snout rather short; mouth crescent-shaped; teeth equal in both
jaws, moderate sized, flat, triangular, not serrated; the third tooth of the upper jaw on each side
much smaller than the others; gill-openings moderate, the last one above. the root of the pectorals; no
nictitating membrane; spiracles just behind eye, minute or absent; first dorsal large, midway between
pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal very small; caudal fin exceedingly long, about as long
as rest of body, a pit at its root, a- notch on the upper lobe near its tip; lower lobe moderately
developed; no caudal keel; ventrals rather large; pectorals very large, falcate. A single species,
reaching a large size, inhabiting most seas, known at once by the great length of the tail.

Genus 8. ALOPIAS Rafinesque.

The characters of this genus are included with those of the family.

Alopias Rafinesque, Caratteri <ii Alcuni Generi, 12, is 10 ( :narrourus ridpcs) .

Alopecias Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 74, 1841; amended orthography.

10. Alopias vulpes (Gmelin). Fig. 4.

Body fusiform, cylindrical, thickest before dorsal fin; back regularly arched from above pectorals
to end of snout, and gradually decreasing in size posteriorly to caudal. Head short, bluntly conical;

924-22

snout blunt; eye rather large; mouth horseshoe-shaped; teeth about third or fourth tooth on

either side of center of upper jaw smaller than others; spiracles very small or wanting; last gill-
openings above or slightly in front of pectorals.

Body more or less roughened. First dorsal high, triangular, somewhat higher than its base is

long, slightly slender toward its summit, superior angle rounded; second dorsal similar in shape, but
much smaller; anal small, placed behind second dorsal, which it resembles; pectorals long, wide,
emarginate, with small process behind; ventrals wider than high, nearest first dorsal; caudal nearly
as long or longer than body, composed of 3 distinct lobes, one small, triangular, at under side of
tip, a second long and low, extending along upper side of tail, and a third short and broad, at lower
base of tail.

Color, slate-blue above, beneath soiled white, marked with obsolete bluish spots; pupil a longi¬
tudinal slit, edged with golden.

Length, 12 feet.

One large specimen received from the Honolulu market through Mr. Berndt.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

A large shark, abounding in all warm seas, common on the east coast of Japan. It was seen by
Dr. Jordan at Misak i, Nagasaki, Tokyo, and Yokohama. No one lias yet compared specimens of the
Japanese fish with those from California or the Mediterranean, and the species may prove different.
Squalus vulpcs Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1496, 1788, Mediterranean; after Pennant.

Squaltis vulpinus Bonnaterre, Tableau Encycl. Ichthy., 9, 1788, Mediterranean; after Pennant.

Alopias macrourus Rafinesque, Caratteri di Alcuni Generi, 12, 1810, Sicily.

Sq nalits alopecias Gronow, Cat. Fishes, 7, 1854, Mediterranean.

Carcharias vulpcs, De Kay, New York Fauna, IV, Fishes, 348, pi. LXI, lig. 199, 1842.

Alopias vulpcs , Dumtfril, Elasmobr., I, 421, 1865; Day, Fishes of India, Supplement, sio, 1888; Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis.

27, 1883; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 45, 1896.

Alopecias vulpcs, Giinther, Cat., VIII, 393, 1870.

Family VI. LAMXID.F. The Mackerel Sharks.

Sharks of large size, with the body stout, the mouth wide with large teeth, and the tail slender;
the caudal fin lunate, the 2 lobes being not very unequal, the upper lobe strongly bent upward;
caudal peduncle with a strong keel on each side; gill-openings wide, all in front of the pectoral, entirely
lateral, not extending under the throat; first dorsal large; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; second
dorsal and anal very small; a pit at the root of the caudal; spiracles minute or absent. Genera 3,
species 6 or more; besides numerous fossil species. In this family the dentition, as well as the muscu¬
lar system, reaches its highest degree of specialization.

a. LamnUe : Teeth slender and sharp, with entire edges . Isuropsis , p. —

aa. Carcharodontinse: Teeth with serrated edges, compressed, and triangular in form, without basal eusp. . Carckarodon, p. —

Genus 9. ISUROPSIS Gill.

Snout rather long and pointed; the body formed much like that of a tunny or mackerel; first dor¬
sal large, inserted entirely behind pectorals, nearly midway between pectorals and ventrals; pectorals
large; second dorsal and anal very small; caudal peduncle slender; teeth long, lanceolate, with sharp
entire cutting edges and no basal cusps.

Isuropsis Gill, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, 1861, 398 (ylaucus).

11. Isuropsis g'lauca (Muller & Henle). Fig. 5.

Snout long, pointed; teeth in 4 rows, very long, flexuous, without denticles at base; spiracles very
small; first dorsal inserted well backward, midway between pectoral and ventral, scarcely longer than
high, its upper angle rounded.

Color, dark blue, white below.

Coasts of Japan and southward, rather common about Nagasaki. Many jaws and a stuffed foetus

Fig. 5. — Isuropsis glauca (Muller & Henle); after Muller and Henle.

are in possession of Mr. Yahiro at Nagasaki. A specimen 7 feet long was taken by Jordan and Snyder
at Matsushima, of which the head was preserved. Many teeth and jaws of specimens from Honolulu
are in possession of Mr. E. L. Berndt, of Honolulu.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Oxyrhina glauca Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 69. PI. XXIX, 1841, Nagasaki (erroneously stated to be from Java);

Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 302, 1850 (Nagasaki); DumOril, Elasmobranches, 409, 1870; after Muller A Henle.
Lanina ylauca, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 391, 1870 (Cape Seas; St. Helena).

Genus 10. CARCHARODON Smith. The Man-eater Sharks.

General character of Isuropsis and Lamna, but with a different dentition, the teeth being large,
flat, erect, regularly triangular, their edges serrated; first dorsal moderate, nearly midway between
pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal verv small; pectorals large; ventrals moderate; caudal
'peduncle rather stout; spiracles minute or absent. Sharks of very large size; the strongest and most
voracious of all fishes; pelagic, found in most warm seas.

Carcharodon Andrew Smith, Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), II, 37, January, 1838. (No type mentioned.)

12. Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus). “ Niuki.”

Body stout; depth about 5.5 in total length; mouth very large; each jaw with 5 rows of large,

24 .

triangular, serrated teeth, those in lower jaw narrower, about in each row; first dorsal somewhat

behind pectorals; caudal fin large and strong. Color leaden gray; tips and edges of pectorals black.
One of the largest of sharks, reaching a length of 30 feet; found in all temperate and tropical seas, and
occasionally taken both in the Atlantic and Pacific. One caught near Socjuel, California, was about 30
feet long and had a young sea lion, weighing about 100 pounds, in its stomach. (Jordan and
Evermann. )

-V large pair of jaws is preserved in the museum of the Imperial University at Tokyo, from a speci¬
men taken somewhere off the east coast of Hondo, near Misaki. This constitutes the only record of
the species from Japan. It was not seen by us in Hawaii, but we have unquestionable information of
its occurrence off the coast of Puna, south of Hilo, whither it was attracted by the body of a dead horse.
There are other statements of its frequent visits to Hawaii.

Lamia Rondelet, Hist. Poiss., 390, 1554, Nice, Marseilles; good figure.

Squalus carcharias Lin mens, Syst Nat., Ed. X, 235, 1758, Europe; after Artedi; not of most later authors.

Carcharias vcrus Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Ill, 240, 1830. name on plate only.

Carcharodon smithi Bonaparte, Selach. Tab. Anal., 9, 1838; after Smith.

Carcharodon, rondchti Muller A Henle, Plagiostomen, 70, 1811, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; after Rondelet.
Carcharodon capensis Smith, Zool. S. Africa, III, pi. iv, 1842, Cape of Good Hope.

Carcharias atwoodi Storer, Proc. Host. Soe. Nut. Hist., Ill, 1848, 72, Provincetown, Massachusetts.

Carcharodon rondelet i, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 392, 1870.

Carcharodon carcharias, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 875, 1883; Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 1,50, 1896.

Order C. TECTOSPONDYLI.

Calcareous lamellae arranged in one or more concentric series or rings about a central axis in each
vertebra; spiracles present; anal fin wanting; dorsal fins 2, with or without spine. As here under¬
stood, the order Tectospondyli includes the sharks of the groups called Cyclospondi/li and Tectospondyli
by Hasse. The vertebrae in the rays show a similar structure, and it is probably from sharks of this
group that the rays are descended.

Family VII. SQUALID,®.- The Dog Sharks.

Body' more or less elongate; head depressed; eyes lateral, without nictitating membrane; mouth
inferior, rather large, arched, a deep groove on each side; teeth compressed, variously formed; nostrils
inferior, separate; spiracles rather large; gill-openings moderate, all in front of the pectoral fins;
dorsal fins 2, each armed with a spine; the first dorsal in front of the ventrals; anal fin wanting; caudal
fin with the lower lobe small or obsolete; ventral fins inserted posteriorly, not much before second
dorsal. Oviparous.

Genera 6 or more; species about 15. Rather small sharks, chiefly of the Atlantic. These sharks
represent a comparatively primitive type, apparently not descended from any other existing Squall

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

a. Upper teeth simple, without smaller cusps at base.

h. Teeth alike in both jaws, subquadrate, each with a nearly horizontal cutting edge and a point directed backward,

Squalus, p. 45.

aa. Upper teeth each with 1 or 2 small cusp»at base on each side.

c. Teeth unequal, the upper erect and tricuspid, the lower oblique . Etmopterus, p. 46.

cc. Teeth equal, very small, and pointed . . . . . Centroscyllium, p. 46.

Genus 11. SftUALUS (Artedi) Linnaeus.

Body rather slender; mouth little arched, with a long, straight, deep, oblique groove on each side;
no labial fold; teeth rather small, all simple, equal in the 2 jaws, their points so much turned aside
that the inner margin forms the cutting edge; spiracles rather wide, just behind the eye; tins moder¬
ately developed, the first dorsal larger than the second, much in advance of the ventral fins, which
are behind the middle of the body although in advance of the second dorsal; dorsal spines strong, not
grooved, tail scarcely bent upward. Small sharks abounding in the temperate seas; 4 or 5 species known.

Squalus (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 233, 1758 (includes all sharks).

Sijwilus Rafinesque, Caratteri, 13, 1810 ( acanthias and uyato).

Acanllutrhinus Blainville, Journ. Phys. 1816, 263 ( acanthias ).

Acanthias Risso, Europ. Merid., Ill, 131, 1826 ( acanthias ).

Entoxychirus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1862, 406 {uyato).

13. Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder. “ Mono.” Fig. 6.

We have 4 foetal examples (No. 03752) of a species of this genus, obtained at Kailua, Hawaii,
August, 1901. They were brought to us by a fisherman after having been removed from the body of
the parent fish, which we did not see; this example was about 3 feet long. The species was said by the
fisherman to be common in that region. The foetuses each measured about 4.25 inches in total length,
and may be described as follows:

Head 3.5 in length; depth 12; eye 3; snout 3.5. Body slender; head broad, depressed; mouth

between posterior edges of eyes, its width equal to half its distance from tip of snout; snout broad,
obtusely pointed; interorbital space nearly fiat, its width equal to diameter of eye; origin of first
dorsal fin nearer tip of snout than base of caudal fin; body entirely smooth, asperities scarcely, if at
all, perceptible.

Color in alcohol, yellowish white; upper parts dusky or brownish; dorsal fins pale at base, black
on distal part; caudal black, tips of lobes white.

Adult examples were taken by the Albatross and recorded by Professor Snyder, who is unable to
separate the species from Squuhts mitsukurii of Japan. The latter is thus described by Snyder:

Head, measured to last gill-opening, 3.9 in length (snout to caudal pit); measured to first gill¬
opening 4.5; width of head 2 in its length to last gill-opening; snout 2.4 in head measured to first
gill-opening; interorbital space 2.4; height of first dorsal fin 2; second dorsal 3.4.

Teeth in both jaw's similar, except that the lower ones are ■slightly larger than those above;
placed in 3 closely apposed row's, pointing away from middle of jaw; outer edge with a deep
notch, inner serving as cutting edge; distance between mouth and tip of snout 2 in length of head to
first gill-opening; width of mouth 3.4; length of fold at corner of mouth equal to distance between
nostrils; distance between nostril and tip of snout 3.9 in head; between nostril and middle of
mouth equal to distance between nostril and tip of snout; distance between spiracles 2.3 in head;
(ength of gill-area 4.5; diameter of eye 5.

Length of exposed portion of first dorsal spine equaling distance from tip of spine to tip of fin;
height of spine equaling base of fin; second spine 0.75 as high as fin; distance between dorsals 3.66

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

times length of snout; pectoral, when depressed, reaching to a vertical through posterior edge of base
of dorsal, the tip bluntly pointed; edges of pectoral and first dorsal concave, that of second dorsal
emaiginate; edge of ventrals straight; distance from anterior edge of anal opening to tip of depressed
ventral 2.4 in head; upper caudal lobe 3.7 in its length; a low lateral keel on caudal peduncle.

Color, dark slaty blue above, lighter below.

Some of the specimens examined have the head slightly narrower than examples of the same
species from Japan, while others are like them in every particular.

Squaltix mUsukurii Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. ,8. Nat. Mils,, XXVI, 1003 (Mar. 30), 029, fig. 3, Misaki (Type, No. 7184,
Stanford Univ.); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 515 (Albatross Station 4085, oft north
coast of Maui).

Genus 12. ETMOPTERUS Rafinesque.

Mouth little arched; teeth of lower jaw with the point so much turned aside that the inner
margin of the tooth forms the cutting edge; upper teeth erect, each with a long pointed cusp and one
or two smaller ones on each side; spiracles wide.

Of the 2 known species one occurs in Hawaiian waters. It is described in Section II of this work.

Etmopterus Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 14, 1810 ( aculcatm ).

Spinax Cuvier, Regm* Animal, Ed. 1, 129, 1817 (acanthias and spinax) .

Spinax Midler & Henle, Plagiostomen, 8(1, 1838 (sjtinax).

Acanthidium Lowe, Proe. Zool. Soc. London 1839, 91 ( pusillum ).

Genus 13. CENTROSCYLLIUM Muller & Henle.

Teeth equal in both jaws, very small, straight, pointed, each with 1 or 2 smaller cusps on each
side at base; mouth crescent-shaped, with a straight, oblique groove at its angle; spiracles moderate;
gill-openings rather narrow; dorsal fins small, each with a strong spine; the second dorsal entirely
behind the ventrals. One species in the Arctic Seas and another recently discovered by the Albatross
off Kauai. The latter is described in Section II.

Ccntroscy ilium Muller &. Henle, Plagiostomen, 191, 1838 ( fabncii ).

Order D. BATOIDEI. The Rays.

Gill-openings 5, slit-like and inferior; spiracles present; no anal tin; dorsal fins, if present,
inserted on the tail; body typically disk-like, broad and flat, the margin of the disk being formed by
the expanded pectorals; tail comparatively slender, the caudal fin small or wanting; vertebra1
cyclospondylous. With the exception of the Rajidse , most or all of the rays are ovovivi parous.

a. Pectoral fins uninterrupted, confluent around the snout; teeth small . Dasyatidse, p. 16

an. Pectoral fins interrupted, one portion forming detached appendages, or “cephalic fins,” on the snout.

b. Teeth very large, flat, tesselated, few in number . . Aetobatidx , p. 48

bb. Teeth very small, flat, or tubercular, numerous; cephalic tins conspicuous, resembling horns; size enormous.

Mobulidx, p. 50

Family VIII. DASYATID4J. — The Sting Rays.

Disk usually more or less broad than long; pectoral fins uninterruptedly confluent in front,
forming the tip of the snout; tail variously formed, usually whip-like, sometimes short and stout,
sometimes bearing a single dorsal* or caudal fin, but never with 2 dorsals; usually one or more vertical
folds of skin on the tail, rarely a lateral fold; tail generally armed with a large, sharp, retrorselv
serrate spine on its upper surface toward the. base; 2 or 3 spines occasionally present; ventral fins
not emarginate; skin smooth or variously prickly or spinous, roughest in the adult; no differentiated
spines on the pectorals in the males, the sexes similar; mouth rather small; teeth small, paved,
usually more or less pointed or tubercular; nostrils close together, nasal valves forming a rectangular
flap, which is joined to the upper jaw by a narrow frenum; spiracles large, placed close behind the
eyes; skull not elevated, the eyes and spiracles superior. Ovoviviparous. Genera about 10; species

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

50. Found in most warm seas, some of them in the fresh waters of the northern parts of South
America. The large, jagged spine on the muscular tail is capable of inflicting a severe and even
dangerous wound.

Only the genus Dasyatis is thus far known to be represented in Hawaiian waters.

Genus 14. DASYATIS Rafinesque.

Disk oval, flat, with rounded angles; tail very long and slender, whip-like without fin, but often
with one or 2 vertical membranous folds; a strong serrated spine toward the base of the tail; skin
more or less spinous or prickly, rarely smooth; teeth small, paved; a few papilke usually present in
the mouth behind the lower jaw. Species about 30. Sting rays of large size, abundant in warm seas.
Many of the spinous species are nearly or quite smooth when young, becoming rough with age.

Dasyatis Rafinesque, Caratteri di AlcuniNuoviGen., 16, 1810 ( uj/ paxtinaca: Dasybatus Klein, 1712); Jordan &. Evermann,
Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 82, 1896 [pastinaca) .

Ur axis Rafinesque, indice d’Ittiol. Sieil., 61, 1810 [ujus).

Trigonobatus Blainville, Journ. Phys. 1816, 261 (vulgaris).

Trygon Adamson in Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, 136, 1817 ( pastinaca ).

Himantura Miiller & Henle, Wiegmann’s Archiv 1837, 400 ( uarnals ).

Hemitrygon Muller A Henle, Mag. Nat. Hist., II, 1838, 90 ( bennetti ).

Pastinaca Swainson, Class. Anim., Vol. II, 319, 1839 ( olivacea ).

Anacanthus Ehrenberg in Swainson, 1. c., 320 [orbicularis) .

Pastinaca Cuvier in De Kay, New York Fauna, Fish., 373, 1842 [ha stata).

Dasibatis Garman in Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 65, 1883 ( pastinaca ); corrected orthography.

a. Tail with a keel or wing-like expansion below only; adult with stout bucklers on back and tail; tail rough.

b. Tail not more than twice length o£ disk; body and tail without large tubercles . xciera, p. 47

bb. Tail more than twice length of body; body and tail with some large tubercles . lata, p. 47

aa. Tail with a narrow keel or wing-like expansion above, and a wider one below . hawaiiensis, p. 48

14. Dasyatis sciera Jenkins. Plate 4, fig. 2.

Snout about 4 in length to base of tail; eye a little over 3 in interorbital width, which is 1.3 in
snout or twice width of mouth; internasal width 1.4 in snout.

Body very rhomboid, the width of the disk being much greater than its length, greatest width
somewhat in front of center of length ; head very broad, the anterior margins of the disk nearly straight,
very slightly undulated; snout broad and obtuse; eye small; mouth small, only slightly undulated;
posterior margins of disk very slightly rounded; teeth small, in about 26 very oblique series in the
upper jaw; upper buccal flap with a broad fringe; floor of mouth with 4 median short tentacles and
each side with 2 smaller ones; nostrils large, the border of the broad nasal flap with a fine fringe;
interorbital space more or less flattened and concave in the middle; gill-openings of about equal length,
the fourth level with the greatest width of the fish ; body more or less smooth, except the upper surface
of the tail, which is covered with many asperities; many pores below; tail a little less than twice
length of disk and with a narrow cutaneous fold beneath, beginning under insertion of dorsal.

The above description is from the type, a specimen about 41 inches in total length (to base of
tail 12.63 inches, length of tail 28 inches), collected at Honolulu by I)r. O. P. Jenkins in 1889.

Of this species we know but few examples. One is described above, and another was also taken
at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins. In the latter the tail has been severed from the body. In all essential
characters it agrees with the type. This species was also recorded by Snyder.

Dasyatis sciera Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 421, pi. I, Honolulu; Snyder, 1. e. (Jan. 19, 1904) ,
515 (Honolulu).

15. Dasyatis lata (Garman).

Disk quadrangular, one-fourth wider than long; anterior margins nearly straight, forming a very
blunt angle at the snout, rounded near the outer extremities, convex posteriorly; inner margins
straight a portion of their length; ventrals truncate, rounded; snout produced, forming a rounded
prominence in front of the margins of the disk ; length from forehead less than width of head; a line
joining the wider portions of disk passes nearer to the head than to the shoulders; tail more than

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

twice as long as body, subcvlindrical, without a trace of keel above, roughened with small tubercles,
with an irregular series of broad-based conical tubercles on each sifle; a long narrow cutaneous
expansion below has its origin opposite the beginning of the spine, and terminates in a keel which
continues to the extremity; a pair of large, compressed, erect tubercles immediately in front of caudal
spine, and a single one over the middle of the pelvic arch; these suggest a continuous series in larger
specimens; 3 larger elongated tubercles with points directed backward — similar to those of haslala —
occupv the middle of the shoulder-girdle; mouth curved, 6 (5-6?) papilhe at the bottom; 2 of these
are in the middle in front where usually there is but one.

Color light olive, probably greenish in life, white below. Distinguished from Dasyatis centrum by
the prominent snout, the shape of the tubercles on the middle of the back, and the narrowness of the
posterior portion of the disk.

Length of body 16, length of tail 35.3, and width of pectorals 20.5 inches. Collected at the
Hawaiian Islands by Andrew Garrett. (Carman. )

Tnjgon lata Barnaul, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VI, October, 1880, 170, Hawaiian Islands.

Dasibatis lata, Jordan & Gilbert, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 16, 67, 1883 (after Carman).

16. Dasyatis hawaiensis Jenkins. Plated, tig. 1.

Snout 4.5 to base of tail; eye about 3.67 in interorbital space; interorbital space broader than
length of shout; width of mouth 2.3 in interorbital space; internasal space 2 in head.

Body more or less circular, the width of the disk a little greater than its length anil its greatest
width a little in advance of the center of its length; head very broad, the anterior margins of the disk
very slightly undulated; snout very broad, only slightly pointed; eye small; month very small, very
slightly undulate; teeth very small, in about 30 very oblique series in the upper jaw; upper buccal
flap with a broad fringe; floor of mouth with 5 tentacles; nostrils large, the border of the broad nasal
flap with a fine fringe; interorbital space broad, more or less flattened; gill-openings of about equal
length, the fifth about level with the greatest width of the fish; body more or less smooth; tail without
any asperities; caudal spine broad, flattened, the sides strongly serrate; pores more or less obsolete;
tail about 1.67 longer than disk and with a somewhat broad cutaneous fold both above and below, the
latter beginning below base of dorsal spine; pectorals rounded obtusely; ventrals very broad, (lie
width of their bases a little less than their height or length.

C.dor in alcohol, dark brown above with the edges of the disk pale, or dull, and the lower surface
creamy white with margins of the disk soiled or dirty brown; posterior margins of pectorals and
ventrals with their edges below very narrowly w hite.

The specimen upon w hich this description is based was obtained at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins.
It has a total length of 16.5 inches (5.87 inches to base of tail; tail 10.63 inches) and is the only
example of the species thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands. It is allied to Dasyatis dipterura
Jordan A Gilbert, from San Diego Bay.

fiasi/atis hawdimsis Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 120, pi. I. Honolulu.

Family IX. AETOBATI D,€. — The Eagle Rays.

Disk broad; pectoral fins not continued to end of snout, but ceasing on sides of head and reappear¬
ing in front of snout as one or 2 fleshy protuberances (cephalic fins), which are supported by fin
rays; tail very long, slender, and whip-like, with a single dorsal fin near its root, behind which is
usually a strong, retrorsely serrated spine; nasal valves forming a rectangular flap, with the posterior
margin free, attached by a frenuni to the upper jaw; skull less depressed than usual among rays, its
surface raised so that the eyes and spiracles are lateral in position; teeth hexangular, large, flat, tessel¬
lated, the middle ones usually broader than the others; skin smooth; no differentiated spines on the
pectorals in the males, the sexes being similar;- ventrals not emarginate. Genera 3; species about 20.
Large sting-rays inhabiting warm seas, feeding chiefly on mollusks, which t hey crush with their large
grinding teeth. Ovoviviparous.

DASYAT13 HAWAIENSIS JENKINS, NEW SPECIES. TYPE. 2. DASYATIS SCIERA JENKINS, NEW SPECIES. TYPE.

Bull. U. S F. C. 1903

Plate 4.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

GENUS 15. STOASODON Cantor.

General form of Aetobatis. Muzzle entire; teeth flat, broad, forming a single series corresponding
to the middle series in Myliobatis, there being no small lateral teeth; upper dental lamina straight,
lower curved, the latter projecting beyond the upper; free border of the nasal valve deeply emarginate;
skin smooth. Tropical seas.

Aetobatus Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, S8, 1896 ( narinari ; not of Blainville, 1816, which equals
Myliobatis Cuvier, 1817.)

Aetobatis Muller & Henle, Plagiostomen, 179, 1841 (narinari); first restriction; not of Blainville, 1828.

Stoasodon Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 434, 1850 (nar inari); substitute for Adnbatis: restricted to aquila.

Goniobatis Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., VI, 1858 (October 25), 385 (flagellum).

17. Stoasodon narinari (Eu phrasen ). Spotted Sting- Ray; “ IRliim&nu.” Fig. 7.

Disk nearly or quite twice as broad as long; tail very long, about 2.5 times length of disk; snout
7 in length of disk; distance from snout to eye 10 in width of disk; width of mouth 10 in length of
disk; a long furrow in middle of interorbital space, deepest in front; spiracles obliquely placed.

Color in life (No. 03387) mostly bluish gray above, edges of fins slightly darker; back covered
with bluish white spots, smallest at edges of fins and largest in middle of back; belly and under part
of head white.

General color of whole upper surface (taken from another example) light chocolate-brown, every¬
where covered with roundish or oblong pearly or bluish spots or blotches, largest about size of eye,

F. C. B. 1933—4

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

smallest less than half as large; under surface milky white except margin of snout, which is dark
gray; tail uniform chocolate-brown; iris yellowish gray.

This large ray, common in most tropical seas, was obtained by us at Honolulu and Hilo, and one
example has been recorded by Steindachner from Laysan.

Raja narinari Euphrasen, Vet. Ak. Nya. Handl., XI, 1790, 217, Brazil; after narinari of Marcgrave.

Raja flagellum. Bloch &. Schneider, Svst. Ich., 361, pi. 73, 1801, Coromandel.

Raja guttata Shaw, General Zoology, V, 28f>, pi. 142, 1804, Madagascar.

Raja quinqueaculeata Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de 1’lJranie, Zook, 200, pi. 43, fig. 3, 1824, Guam.

Myliobatis ceitnikce Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fisch., 70, pi. 19, fig. 3, 183, 1835 (teeth), Red Sea.

Aetobatis iudiea Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 321, 1839; after Russell, no locality.

Myliobat is narinari, Cuvier, Kegnc Animal, Ed. I, 137,1817 (both hemispheres).

Aetobatis narinari, Muller A Henle, Plagiostomen, 179, 1841; Jordan A Evermaun, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 1,88,1896;
Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 519 (Laysan); Evermann A Marsh, Fishes Porto Rico, 07, tigs. 4
and 5, 1900; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 421 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. oit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 515 (Honolulu).

Aetobatis flagellum, Muller & Henle, op. oit., 180.

Mgliobatis macroptera McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1840, GO, pi. 2, fig. 1, Bay of Bengal.

Stoasodon narinari. Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 434, 1850 (Sea of riming; Malayan Peninsula; Singapore).

Goniobatis flagellum , Agassiz, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1858 (Oct. 25), 385.

Goniobatis meleagris Agassiz, op. fit., 385, Hawaiian Islands.

Aetobatis latieeps Gill, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, 1861, 137. San Francisco, California.

Aetobatis meleagris, Gill, op. oit., 138 (Sandwich Islands). (Coll. Wilkes Ex pi. Exped.)

Aetobatis latirustr is Dumeril, Arch. Mus. Paris, X, 1861, 242, pi. 20, East Coast Africa.

Family X. M0BUUILE.

Rays of enormous size, with the disk broader than long and the pectoral fins not continued on
the sides of the head, the anterior or cephalic portion being separate, developed as 2 long horn-like
or ear-like appendages; month wide, terminal or inferior; teeth very small, flat or tubercular, in many
series, those of the upper jaw sometimes wanting; eyes lateral; nostrils widely separated, their valves
united, forming a flap as wide as the cleft of the mouth; tail long and slender, whip-like, with a
single dorsal fin at its base and with or without a serrated spine; ventral fins not emarginate; skin more
or less rough; males without differentiated spines on the pectorals, the sexes similar. Ovoviviparous.
Genera 2, species about 7. Largest of all rays and among the largest of all fishes; found in the tropical
seas.

Genus 16. MOBULA'' Rafinesque.

Head free from pectoral fin, truncated in front, with the cephalic fin on each side developed as a
straight horn-like appendage pointing forward; nostrils widely separated; mouth inferior, wide; teeth
in both jaws very small, flat or tubercular, in many series; tail very slender, with a dorsal fin
between the ventrals; the serrated spine present or absent. Species about 5; in the tropical seas,
reaching an enormous size and therefore not well known.

The family name Mint idle must give way to Mobididiv, inasmuch as the same name is used for the
group of insects typified by the genus Mantis.

Cephaloptcrus Dumeril in Risso, Ichthyol. Nice, 14, 1810 (giorna edentula)', not of Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809, a genus of birds.
Mobutu Rafinesque, Indice d’lttiol. Sicil., 61, 1810 ( auriculata=edcntula ).

Apterurus Rafinesque, op. cit., 62 (fabroni— edentula).

Dicei'obat us Blainville, Journ. de Phys. 181G, 262 (mobular= edentula) .

Ceph.alopte.ra Dumeril in Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, 2, 138, 1817 (giorna).

Pteroccphala Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fish., II, 321, 1S39 (giorna).

18. Mobula japonica (Muller & Henle). “ Hihim&nu.”

On August 16, 1901 . some fragments of 2 large sea-devils were found in the' I Ionolulu market. The
individuals had been cut up and many of the pieces sold. The left cephalic fin of one was secured
(No. 03556). Its length from tip to eye is 1 foot, and the eye is 1.25 inches in diameter; distance from

a The name Aodon , accepted for this genus by Jordan A: Evermann, was originally based on a shark of the Red Sea.
Aodon massua, said to have microscopic serrated teeth and very large pectoral fins. It may belong to the Scylliorhinidas,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

eye to nasal opening 7 inches. From other pieces seen it appears that the color on the dorsal surface
was a light, gray; ventral surface whitish; skin very rough; mouth evidently inferior.

These fragments are not sufficient for definite identification. They resemble ifobula japonica (Mul¬
ler & Henle), a species known from Japan, a fcetus of which was obtained by Dr. Jordan at Misaki.
M. tenkee (Russell) has been recorded from the East Indies, Coromandel coast, etc. ; and M. kuhlii
(Muller & Henle"} from the Indian Ocean. Our species is probably identical with M. japonica , but of
this we can not be sure. It is called “ Hfhimanu” by the local fishermen, a name which they apply
also to Stoasodon narinari.

Oei>halopkra japonica Muller Henle, Plagiostomen, 185, 1811, Japan; Selilegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 310, 1850 (Japan).
DicerolkUi8 japonica, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 496, 1870 (after M tiller A llenle); Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Ron. Ak. Amsterdam, XVIII,
1879 (name only).

Subclass |jOL( 1CEPHALI. — 'Tlatj Chimaeras.

Skeleton cartilaginous. Gill-cavity with 4 clefts within, but having only one. external opening,
which is covered by a fold of skin. No spiracles; mouth inferior; jaws with teeth, confluent into
bony plates; upper jaw, palate, and hyomandibuiar eoalescent with the skull; intestine with a spiral
valve; pectoral fins normally developed, placed low; ventral fins abdominal, with Gaspers in the
male; derivative radii sessile on the sides of the basal bones of the limbs; skin scaleless, its muciferous
system well developed. This group contains a single order, Chim;croidei.

Order E. CHIM^EROIDEI. — The Chimaeroids.

Characters of the order included above. The group contains one existing family, Chimseridae.

Family XI. CHIMTKIDT. -The Chimaeras.

Body elongate, rather robust anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Head compressed; mouth small,
inferior, the upper lip deeply notched; nostrils confluent with the mouth, Separated by a narrow
isthmus; jaws with the teeth confluent into 4 bony laminse above and 2 below; no spiracles; pec¬
toral fins free, placed low; ventral fins abdominal, many-rayed, provided in the male with claspers;
dorsal fin usually divided, anteriorly with a very strong spine which is grooved behind; caudal fin
low, fold-like; skin naked, rarely somewhat prickly; lateral line present, usually with numerous
branches anteriorly; 3 free gills and 2 half gills, 1 on each side; isthmus moderate; gillrakers small.
Oviparous, the egg cases long, elliptical, with silky filaments. Genera 4; species about 7. Fishes of
singular appearance, found chiefly in the seas of the cold regions. Numerous extinct genera are also
referred to this family.

Genus 17. CHIM7ERA Linnaeus. Elephant Fishes.

Head somewhat compressed, the snout bluntish, protruding, fleshy, not armed at tip with an
appendage; eyes very large, lateral; teeth rather strong; lips thickish, the lower with a frenum;
lateral line simple on the body, but forking anteriorly, forming several series of mucous tubes on the
head; male with a club-shaped cartilaginous hook on the head above the snout; this hook is curved
forward and downward, and is armed at its tip with decurved spines; its tip fitting into a depression
in front of the eyes; females without this appendage; gill-opening small; pectorals moderate; ventrals
rather large, with large bifid claspers in the male; male also with rough appendages at the base of
ventrals, protruding from a sheath of skin; first dorsal triangular, preceded by a strong spine, which
is grooved behind and serrated on its edges; second dorsal and caudal fins low, often more or less
notched; tail extending in the line of the axis of the body, more or less produced in a filament at, tip.
Skin smooth. Fishes of singular appearance; mostly of the northern seas; not valued for food. The
single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II of this work.

Chimxra Linnteus, Syst. Nat.. Eel. X, 230, 1758 (movalrnm).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Subclass TELE OST O M I . — The True Fishes.

Skeleton usually bony, sometimes cartilaginous; skull with sutures; membrane bones (opercle,
preoperele, etc.) present; gill-openings a single slit on each side; gills with their outer edges free, their
bases attached to bony arches, normally 4 pairs of these, the fifth pair being typically modified into tooth¬
bearing lower pharyngeals; median and paired fins developed, the latter with distinct rays; ova small;
no c.laspers; heart developed, divided into an auricle, ventricle, and arterial bulb; lungs imperfectly
developed or degraded to form a swim-bladder, or entirely absent.

Omitting orders not yet known to be represented in Hawaiian waters we have the following
analysis of —

ORDERS OF TRUE FISHES.

a. Body eel-shaped, provided with very many (100 to 125) vertebra-; scales minute or wanting; no ventral fins; gill-
openings restricted; gill-arches 4 pairs, the hindmost being modified as pharyngeal bones; palato-
pterygoid arch present; premaxillaries atrophied; maxillaries lateral, more or less confluent with the

palatines; shoulder-girdle not attached to skull . . . Apodcs, p. 73

aa. Body not truly eel-shaped; the vertebrae usually in moderate or rather large number (14 to 150); ventral fins usually
present; gill-openings typically ample; premaxillary always present, and maxillary usually so; shoulder-
girdle near the cranium, usually but not always attached to it; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid well
developed, not coalescent.

I). Gill-arches with the bones reduced in number; air-bladder without duct; ventrals abdominal or subabdominal, if
present ; no mesocoracoid.

c. Gills pectinate; gill-openings large; dorsal and ventral usually with spines . Hemibranchii, p. 114

cc. Gills tufted; gill-openings very small; opercle a simple plate; skin with bony plates . Lophobranchii, p. 117

bb. Gill-arches normal.

d. Ventrals abdominal; pectoral fins inserted low; fins without spines.
c. Air-bladder, if present, with pneumatic duct; lower pharyngeals separate; anterior vertebra not modified;

mesocoracoid typically present . Isospondyli, p. 52

ee. Air-bladder without pneumatic duct; lower pharyngeals fully united . Synentoynathi, p. 121

dd. Ventral fins usually anterior in position; spines usually present in the fins; pectoral fins not on the plane of the
abdomen; parietal bones usually separated by the supraoccipital. (Spiny-rayed fishes chiefly.)

/. Pectoral fins not pediculate, the gill-openings in front of them . Acanthopteri, p. 137

ff. Pectoral fins pediculate, the basal bones reduced in number and elongate; gills in the axils of the pectorals.

Pcdiculati , p. 510

Order F. ISOSPONDYLI. — The Isospondylous Fishes.

Soft-rayed fishes with the anterior vertebras simple, unmodified, and without auditory ossicles;
symplectic present; no interclavicles; opercular bones distinct; pharyngeal hones simple above and
below, the lower not falciform; mesocoracoid arch always well developed, as in the Qstariophysi and
the Ganoidei, forming a bridge from the hypercoracoid to the hypocoracoid; bones of jaws developed,
the maxillary broad, always distinct from premaxillary and forming part of margin of upper jaw; no
barbels; shoulder-girdle well developed and connected with the cranium by a bony post-temporal;
gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; air-bladder, if present, with a pneumatic duct; dorsal and anal fins
without true spines; ventral fins abdominal, sometimes wanting; scales usually cycloid, sometimes
ctenoid, occasionally wanting; no developed photophores; adipose fin present or absent; a large group
comprising most of the marine soft-rayed fishes, excepting those found in the deep sea, these com¬
posing the degenerate group called Iniomi. Some of the forms, as Elopidse, Albulidse, etc., show
analogies with the ganoid allies of the Cycloganoidei. This indicates the descent, of the Isospondyli
from a ganoid stock, Amioidei, and from this order or its ancestors doubtless all the bony fishes have
sprung.

FAMILIES OF ISOSPONDYLI.

I. Isospondyli: Mesocoracoid arch developed, the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium perfect.
a. Dorsal fin inserted more or less before anal (rarely slightly behind it); shore fishes or river fishes, usually silvery in
coloration and with the skeleton firm; gular plate present, between branches of lower jaw; mouth large;

teeth present, all pointed; axillary scales and sheaths large . Elopidse, p. 53

aa. Gular plate none.
b. Lateral line well developed.

c. Teeth present; no accessory branchial organ; mouth small, horizontal . Albulid:r, p. 54

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

cr. Teeth none; an accessory branchial organ behind the gill-cavity . Chan-id# , p. 56

bb. Lateral line wanting; no gular plate.

d. Mouth moderate, terminal, the maxillary of about 3 pieces; stomach not gizzard-like . Clupcidx, p. 58

dd. Mouth subinferior, very large, below a tapering pig-like snout; maxillary very long . Engraulidx, p. 59

II. Jniomi : Mesocoracoid, usually abortive or obsolete, the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium imperfect.

a. Post-temporal connected with back of cranium near sides; no photophores or barbel; adipose fin present; body not
very elongate; anal distinct; scales-present.

b. Maxillary very narrow, rudimentary or obsolete; hypocoracoids not divergent; pseudobranchiae present.

Synodontidx, p. 61

bb. Maxillary well developed, dilated behind; pseudobranchiae present; pectorals normal . Aulopidx, p. 66

aa. Post-temporal impinging upon occiput.

c. Vertebrae and neural spines normal, not projecting from the flesh in front of the dorsal fin; photophores present;
barbel wanting.

d. Premaxillaries forming entire margin of upper jaw; body scaly; opercles complete . Myctophidx, p. 67

dd. Premaxillaries not forming the whole margin of upper jaw, the maxillary entering into it; body naked; oper¬
cular apparatus incomplete . Mauroliddx , p. 70

cc. Vertebrae or neural spines projecting through skin of back in front of dorsal fin; body short, deep, compressed;

photophores present; mouth obliquely cleft or subvertical . Stemoptychidx, p. 72

Family XII. ELOPID/E. — The Tarpons.

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with silvery cycloid scales; head naked; mouth
broad, terminal, the lower jaw prominent; premaxillaries not protractile, short, the maxillaries form¬
ing the lateral margins of the upper jaw; maxillary composed of about 3 pieces, extending back¬
ward beyond the eye; an elongate bony plate between the branches of the lower jaw (analogous to
the gular plate in Amid); bands of villiform teeth in each jaw and on vomer, palatines, pterygoids,
tongue, and base of skull; no large teeth; eye large, with an adipose eyelid; opercular bones thin,
with expanded membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital collar; gill-membranes entirely separate,
free from the isthmus; branchiostegals numerous (29 to 35); gillrakers long and slender, pseudo-
branchire present or absent; bell)' not keeled nor serrated, rather broad and covered with ordinary
scales; lateral line present; dorsal fin inserted over or slightly behind ventrals; caudal fin forked; no
adipose fin; dorsal and anal depressible into a sheath of scales; pectorals and ventrals each with a
long accessory scale; parietal bones meeting along top of head; pyloric CEeea numerous. Genera 3,
species about 5, forming 2 well-marked subfamilies, both widely distributed in the tropical seas. The
species are not much valued as food, the flesh being dry and bony.

Genus 18. ELOPS Linnaeus. The Tenpounders.

Body elongate, covered with thin, small, silvery scales; dorsal fin slightly behind ventrals, its
last rays short, the fin depressible into a sheath of scales; anal fin smaller, similarly depressible;
pectorals and ventrals moderate, each with a long accessory scale; opercular bones thin, with
expanded, membranaceous borders; a scaly occipital collar; lateral line straight, its tubes simple;
pseudobranch ire present, large; vertebrae 43 -(-29=72. Large fishes of the open seas, remarkable for
the development of scaly sheaths. The young are ribbon-shaped and elongate, passing through a
series of changes like those seen in Albula.

Elops I.innicils, Sysl . Xat., Ed. XII, 518, 1 7 (ill (munis).

Muiiilnmorus Lacdpfcde, Hist, Xat. Poiss., V. 398, 1803 (anna-carolina) .

Trichonotus Rafiuesque, Analyse de Nature, 8S, 1815 ( amia-carolina ; substitute for Mugilomorus , considered objectionable.)

19. Elops saurus Linnaeus. Fig. 8.

Head 3.75; depth about 5; D. 25 (counting rudiments, of which there are 7); A. 16; I’. 18; V. 15;
vertebrae 47 + 19 = 66; scales 14-96-17, counting to middle of belly; eye nearly 5 in head, or 1 in snout
or interorbital space; mouth a little over 1.75 in head; pectoral 1.75; ventral a little more than pec¬
toral, less than 2; least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head.

Body elongate, compressed; head compressed, elongate, pointed; snout short, pointed, more or less
rounded above; eye rather large, with broad adipose eyelid covering a good portion; maxillary very
long, expanded backward beyond the eye, and with several longitudinal ridges; teeth in broad patches
or bands in the jaws, also along edge of maxillary, and on the vomer and palatines; tongue large

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

rather long, free in front; nostrils close together; interorbitul space flattened and with a couple of
ridges; gill-openings large; gillrakers 8 + 15, long, the outer portion more or less slightly expanded or
enlarged; pseudobranch i;e numerous and rather short; intestine straight, without any convolutions;
peritoneum silvery; scales small, of even size; basis of dorsal and anal with broad scaly sheaths; pec¬
toral with scaly flap more than half length of head; ventral flap scaly, more than half length of fin;
lateral line continuous, superior at first' and then running midway along side of caudal peduncle; origin
of dorsal nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, slightly behind base of ventrals, the anterior rays
elevated; origin of anal a little behind tip of dorsal, the anterior rays longest; caudal deeply forked,
the lobes pointed; pectoral rather short, reaching scarcely halfway to origin of ventrals; ventrals a
little shorter than pectorals, reaching more than halfway to anal; caudal peduncle rather long,
compressed.

This is one of the greatest of game fishes, in the estimation of anglers who have had the good
fortune to fish for it on the coast of Florida, and will doubtless prove one of the most interesting, of
Hawaiian fishes to sportsmen who visit those islands.

This description is from a specimen (No. 04982), 11 inches long, from Honolulu. We have
examined many examples, some of them taken by Ur. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and others
dredged in the same locality in November, 1896, by the Albatross. Jordan and Snyder obtained it in
the same locality in 1900.

Fig. S. — Elops murus Linnaeus; alter Jordan and Evermann.

Elops saurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 51S, 1766, Carolina; Gunther, Cat., VII, 170, 1868 ( Cuba; Jamaica; St. Croix; South
America; Cape of Good Hope; Zanzibar; Djidda; Pinang: China) ; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Arner.,
I, IK), 1896; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 513 (Hbttoltd'fc; Fowler, i’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila.
1900, 496 (Hawaiian Islands); Evermann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 81, fig. 11. 1900: Jordan A Lvcrmann, Am.
Food and Game Fishes, 86, figure, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept.. 23, 1903), 132 (Honolulu),
and of most authors.

Argentina Carolina Linnasus, Syst. Nat. , Ed. XII, 519, 1766, Carolina (on the liar eng as minor bahamensis of Catesby).
Argentina machnata Forskal, Deser. Anim., 68, 1775, Djidda, Arabia.

.Hut/ilomorus anna- Carolina Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 398, 1803, South Carolina.

Elops inn-mis Mitcbill, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y.. 1, 1815, 445, New York.

Elops indicus Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 292, 1839 (after Inagow of Russell, Fishes of Vizagapatam, 11,63, iig. 179, 1803,
nonbinomial ), Vizagapatam.

Elops rapensis Smith, Zool. S. Africa, pi. 7, 1845, Cape of Good Hope.

Elops jmi-purasccus Richardson, Ichth. China, 311, 1846, China.

Family XIII. ALBl’Ll D.4t. - The Bonefishes or Ladvflshes.

Body rather elongate, little compressed, covered with rather small, brilliantly silvery scales;
head naked; snout conic, subquadrangular, shaped like the snout of a pig, and overlapping the small,
inferior, horizontal mouth; maxillary rather strong, short, with a distinct supplemental bone, slipping
under the membranous edge of the very broad preorbital; premaxillaries short, not protractile; lateral
margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillaries; both jaws, vomer, and palatines with bands of villiform
teeth; broad patches of coarse, blunt, paved teeth on the tongue behind and on the sphenoid and
pterygoid bones; eye large, median in head, with a bony ridge above it, and almost covered with an
annular adipose eyelid; opercle moderate, firm; preoperele with a broad, flat, membranaceous edge,
which extends backward over the base of opercle; pseadobranchi* present; gillrakers short, tubercle¬
like; gill-membranes entirely separate, free from the isthmus; hranchiostegals about 14; a fold
of skin across gill-membranes anteriorly, its posterior free edge crenate; no gular plate; lateral line

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

present; belly not carinate, flattish, covered with ordinary scales; dorsal fin moderate, in front of
ventrals, its membranes scaly; no adipose fin; anal very small; caudal widely forked; pyloric c’oeoa
numerous; parietal bones meeting along top of head; vertebras numerous, 42 -f- 28=70. A single
species known, found in all warm seas.

In this, and probably in related families, the young pass through a metamorphosis analogous to
that seen in the Conger Eels; they are fora time elongate, band-shaped, with very small head and
loose, transparent tissues; from this condition they become gradually shorter and more compact,
shrinking from 3 or 3.5 inches in length to 2 inches. According to Dr. Gilbert, this process, like
that seen in various eels, is a normal one, through which all individuals pass. In the Gulf of Cali¬
fornia, where these fishes abound, these band-shaped young are often thrown by the waves on the
beach in great masses.

Genus 19. ALBULA ( Gronow I Bloch & Schneider. The Bonefishes.

The characters of this genus are included above. Only one species known.

Conorlii/ncns Nozeman, Act. Select., Ill, 382, 1757 (nonbinomial).

Allmla Gronow, Zoophyl., 102, 1703 (nonbinomial).

Albula Bloch it Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 132, 1801 (conorht/)icu8=viUpcs) .

Butyrina? Lacepede, Hist. Nut. Poiss., V, 15, 1803 (bn na >>a —vidpi i ) .

Qlomodus Cuvier in Agassiz, Spix Pise. Brasil., 18, 1820 (forshali vulpes).

20. Albula vulpes (Linnaeus). Bonejhsli; “ Oio.” Fig. 9.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 5; D. 15; A. 8; scales 9-71-7; upper lobe of caudal the longer; a
broad band of peculiar, elongate, membranaceous scales along middle line of back; accessory ventral
scale large.

Brilliantly silvery; olivaceous above; back and sides with faint streaks along the rows of scales;
fins plain; axils dusky. Length 18 inches to 3 feet. Tropical seas, on sandy coasts, almost universally
distributed and generally abundant. A beautiful and active fish, in most places little valued as food,
but in some regions, as Key West, highly appreciated. Highly esteemed as a game fish.

Fig. 9. — Albula vulpes (Linnams); after Jordan and Evermann.

We have a number of specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, all of which have the streaks on the
back and upper surface dark and well defined. We have also examined specimens taken at Honolulu
by Dr. Wood, and others from the same locality by Jordan and Snyder.

Esox vulpes Linnaeus, Syst. Nut., Ed. X, 313, 1758, Bahamas (based oil the bonefish, Vulpes bahamaisis of Cfttesby).
Argentina glo880donla Forskiil, Descript. Animal., 68, 1775, Djidda, Arabia.

.s y nod un ar yen tern Bloeh & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 398, 1801, Asia.

Clupea brasilicusis Bloch A Schneider, op. cit., 427, Brazil.

Albula conorhynchus Bloeh & Schneider, op. cit., 432, Antilles (after Gronow); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 76, 1877
(Honolulu); Gunther, Rep. Shore Fish., Challenger, Zool., I, part VI, 61, 1880 (Hilo).

Albula pltnnieri Bloch & Schneider, op. cit., pi. 86, Antilles.

Amin immaculata Bloeh & Schneider, op. cit., 451. South America; after Macabe of Parra.

Ruty rinus banana Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V. 46, 1803, lie de France.

Argentina sphynena Lacepede, op. cit., V. 366, 1803, Mediterranean.

Clupea microccphala Lac^pOde, op. cit., 426, Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Glossodus forskalu Agassiz, Spix Pise. Brasil., 49, tab. XXII, fig. 2, and tab. XXIV, iig. 2, 1.S29, Bahia.

Engraulis bahicnsis Agassiz, op. cit., 49, pi. 21, fig. 2, Bahia.

Bulirinus glossodonlus, Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fish., SO, pi. 20, fig. 3, 1835.

Etops ( Butirinm ) glossodontus , Swainson, (’lass. Fish., II, 292, 1839; no description.

Esox argcnteus, Forster in Lichtenstein, Descript. Animal., 19(3, 1814 (Tahiti).

Albula macroccphala Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 324, 1846. San Domingo; Martinique.

Albula parrx Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 339. Bahia, Rio Janeiro, Martinique.

Albula goreensis Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 342, Goree.

Albida bananus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 345 (lie de France).

Albula neoguinaica Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 350, New Guinea.

Albula seminuda Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 351, New Guinea.

Albula erythrocheilos Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 352, Friendly Islands.

Albula forsteri Cuvier A Valenciennes, 1. c., 354, Tahiti.

Albula rostrata Gronow in Gray, Cat. Fish. Coll. Gronow. 189, 1854. American and Indian oceans and Mediterranean Sea.
Conorhynchu8 glossodon, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, S2, pi. 270, fig. 1, 1870-72 (Java, Madura, Balis, Sumatra, Pinang, Bangha,
Biliton, Celebes, Obi-major, Amboyna, Saparua, Ceram, New Guinea).

Albula glossodonta, Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. Bat. Ges. Wien, 1871, 602 ^Red Sea); Steindachner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
LXX, 1900, 513 (Honolulu).

Albula vulpcs, Jordan A Gilbert, Synopsis, 258, 1883; Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 411, 1896; Evcr-
mann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 82, fig. 12, 1900; Jordan A Evermann, Am. Food and Game Fishes, 88, figure,
1902; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 432 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904),
521 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai).

Family XIV. CHANID/E.- The Milk-fishes.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small, firm, adherent scales; lateral line distinct; abdomen
broad and flatfish; snout depressed; mouth small, anterior, the lower jaw with a small symphyseal
tubercle; no teeth; premaxillary joined to upper anterior edge of maxillary; eye with an adipose
eyelid; gill-membranes broadly united, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals 4; pseudobranchise
well developed; an accessory branchial organ in a cavity behind the gill-cavity; dorsal fin opposite
the ventrals; anal fin shorter than the dorsal; mucous membrane of oesophagus raised into a spiral
fold; intestine with many convolutions; vertebra; about 45. Coloration silvery. Large fishes of the
warmer parts of the Pacific. One genus and 3 species known.

Genus 20. CHANOS Lacepede.

Characters of the genus included above.

Chanos LactlpMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 395, 1803 ( arabicus ).

Lutoileira (Kvihl) Riippell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afrika, 17, 1828 (rhnnns).

Ptycholepis Gray, Dieftenbaeh's Travels in New Zealand, II, 218, about 1843 (salmoneus).

21. Chanos chanos (Forskal). Fig. 10.

Milk fish; “Awa;” “A wa-awa; ’ ’ ‘ ‘Awa kalamoku; ” “ Puawa. ’ ’

Head 4.4 in length; depth 4; D. ii, 12; A. ir, 9; scales 12-86-14; vertebra; 19 + 26 = 45; eye 3.5
in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 4.3; pectoral 1.6; ventral 1.8; caudal .3 longer than head; dorsal 1.25
in head; B. 4.

Aspect of a large cyprinoid. Body elliptical, moderately compressed; caudal peduncle slender,
head pointed, rounded above; eye and side of head covered by a large, transparent, imperforate,
adipose eyelid; mouth small, terminal, toothless, transverse, lower jaw included; maxillary broad,
slipping under the adipose preorbital, without supplemental bone; opercle truncate behind; pseudo¬
branchiae very large; gillrakers fine and flexible, very close set, rather long; bones of gillrakers flexible;
gill-arches all connected by membrane; lateral line well developed; scales firm, cycloid, with strongly
marked longitudinal strife; scales rather large, hard, firm, enameled, becoming bony when dry, used
by the Indians for ornamental work ; dorsal inserted somewhat nearer snout than base of caudal, before
ventrals, its first ray falcate, its last produced in a short filament, longer than pupil; base of fin with
a large scaly sheath; pectoral and ventral each with scaly axillary appendage; anal similar to dorsal,
but ipuch smaller; pectorals and ventrals rather small; caudal very long, forked to the base, its lobes
subequal, straight; base of fin with small scale; ventrals somewhat falcate.

Color in life of example from Moanalua. silvery, bluish olive above; upper fins dirty whitish;
lower fins soiled cream color; lower lobe of caudal with some yellowish.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Color in alcohol, greenish above, the sides brilliantly silvery, fins more or less darkened; inside
of ventrals and pectorals blackish.

Length 2 to 5 feet. Pacific and Indian oceans, on sandy shores, north to the Hawaiian Islands,
where it is abundant. Our specimens from Honolulu are all under a foot in length.

We have recently received from Mr. Berndt a singular-looking specimen extraordinarily short
and deep. It is apparently a dwarf or hunchback example of this species. It has a much shorter
and deeper head and body than the species usually possesses and the scales are narrower, but in other
respects it differs but slightly from the ordinary type. Head 3.4; depth 2.5; depth of caudal peduncle
7.5; length of caudal 1.8; pectoral 4; ventral 5; eye 3 in head; interorbital width 2.33; snout 3.5;
1). 12; A. 9; scales 76, 26, 21 in front of dorsal.

The awa is one of the most important food fishes of the Hawaiian Islands. It occurs about the
various islands, but is most abundant around Honolulu. It is, next to the mullet (Ama ama), the
most common species frequenting the artificial ponds, into which it runs with the mullet and with

Fig. 10.— Chanos chanos (Forsk&l).

the tide and is restrained in the same way. It is held in esteem as a food fish, but we know nothing of
its game qualities. Like the mullet, it is known by different names at different ages. The young are
called “puawa;” those of medium size “awa awa;” those of ordinary commercial size “awa;” while
very large individuals are “awa kalamoku.”

Mugll chanos Forskal, Descript. Animal.. 74, 1775, Red Sea at Djidda, Arabia.

Chanos arabicus Lacep^de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 396, 1803, Arabia.

Lutodcira chanos, Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise ini Nordl. Africa, is, pi. 5, fig. 1, 1828.

Cyprinus pala Cuvier, R£gne Animal. Ed. 2, II, 22, 1829; after Russell.

Cyprinus tolo Cuvier, op. cit., 222; after Russell.

Leuciscus zcylonicus Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1832, 184, Ceylon.

Chanos mento Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 194, 1846, lie de France.

Chanos chloroptcrus Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 195, Madepolam.

Chanos muchalis Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 196, Vizagapatam.

Chanos oricntalis Kiihl in Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 197. Red Sea.

Chanos cyprineUa Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 198, Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands.

Chanos sahnoneus Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., 201, 1846, between New Caledonia and Norfolk Island; Gunther, Rep.

Shore Fish., Ghall., Zook, I. part VI, 61. 1880 (Honolulu).

Leuciscus ( Ptycholepis ) sahnoneus, Gray, in Dieffenbach Trav. New Zeal., II, 218.

Butirinus argentcus Jerdon, Madras Journ. Lit. Sci., XV, 1849, 343, Madras.

Butirinus maderaspatensis Jerdon, op. cit., 344, Madras.

Chanos indicus Bleeker, Enum. Pise. Arch. Ind., 160, 1859, East Indies.

Chanos chanos, Klunzinger, Verb. Bat. Zool. Gen. Wien, 1871, 605; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Arncr., T,
414, 1896; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,514 (Honolulu); Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII.
1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 432 (Honolulu); Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, 1904 (Oct.), 123 (Honolulu).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Family XV. CLUPEID/E. The Herrings.

Body oblong or elongate, more or less compressed, covered with cycloid or pectinated scales; belly
sometimes rounded, sometimes compressed, in which case it is often armed with bony serratures; head
naked, usually compressed; mouth rather large, terminal, the jaws about equal; maxillaries forming
the lateral margins of upper jaw, each composed of about 3 pieces; premaxillaries not protractile;
teeth mostly small, often feeble or wanting, variously arranged; adipose eyelid presenter absent; gill-
rakers long and slender; gill-membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; no gular plate; gills 4,
a slit behind the fourth; branchiostegals usually few (6 to 15); posterior lower part of opercular region
often with an angular emargination, the tips of the larger branchiostegals being abruptly truncate;
pseudobranchne present; no lateral line; dorsal fin median or somewhat posterior, rarely wanting; no
adipose fin; ventrals moderate or small (rarely wanting); anal usually rather long; caudal fin forked;
vertebra; 40 to 56. Genera about 30; species 150; inhabiting all seas, and usually swimming in immense
schools; many species ascend fresh waters, and some remain there permanently. The northern and
fresh- water species, as in many other families, differ from the tropical forms in having a larger num¬
ber of vertebral segments.

Genus 21. ETRDMEUS Bleeker.

Body elongate, subcyliiwlrieal or somewhat compressed; abdomen rounded, not. compressed or
serrated; snout pointed; adipose eyelid covering the eye wholly without pupillary slit; mouth
terminal, of moderate width, formed as in Clupea, but the maxillary more slender; teeth moderate, in
patches on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; gill-membranes separate, with numerous fine
branchiostegals; pseudobranchise well developed ; pyloric appendages numerous; scales cycloid, entire,
and very deciduous; pectoral and ventral fins shielded; no lateral line; dorsal fin rather long, of IS
to 20 rays, placed entirely in advance of ventrals; anal fin low, of moderate length; caudal deeply
forked; the scales of the breast more or less adherent, dilated and forming a membranous ventral Hap
which covers the closed pectoral fins, leaving only the dorsal edges and the extreme tips of the fins
visible; axillary scales very large, that of pectoral extending nearly to its tip, that of ventral reaching
slightly farther than tip of tin; lateral scales extending continuously on center of caudal fin almost
to margin of middle rays.

Etrame.ua Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXV, 48, 1853 (micropus).

Perkinsia Rosa Smith Eigenmann, Amer. Nat., February, 1891, 153 ( othono])8 ).

22. Etrumeus micropus (Schlegel). “ Mukiawa." Fig. II.

I lead 4.5 in length; depth 5.5; I'. 20; A. 11; I’. 16; V. 9; scales about 52; eye 3 in head; snout 3.5;
mandible 2; interorbital space 4.3; maxillary 3; width of head 2 in its length; F. 1.5 in head; V. 2.67;
least depth of caudal peduncle 3.67 in head.

Body elongate, subeylindrieal, somewhat compressed; head elongate, compressed, pointed; snout
long, pointed, flattened above, the sides somewhat compressed; eye large, covered by the thick adipose
eyelid; mouth small, terminal, the mandible very slightly projecting when the mouth is closed; teeth
in fine villiform bands on vomer and palatines, those in jaws minute; maxillary slipping under the
preorbital ridge and extending posteriorily a little beyond the anterior edge of eye; nostrils together
on upper side of snout, much nearer its tip than anterior edge of eye; interorbital space and top
of head flattened and with ridges forming an elongated W; preopercle with radiating branching
mucous canals giving a striated appearance; opercles more or less smooth; gill-openings large, mem¬
branes free from isthmus; gillrakers long, slender, and fine; gill-filaments longer, fine, and the pseudo¬
branchiae also long; peritoneum pale or silvery; scales all more or less deciduous, mostly falling off in
alcoholic specimens, rather large, cycloid, those between the pectorals and ventrals forming a thin
broad flap; both pectorals and ventrals with long pointed scaly flaps but little shorter than the fins
themselves; origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than base of caudal by 1.3 eye diameters; anal fin very
small, its origin about midway between origin of ventrals and base of caudal; caudal rather small,
deeply emarginate; pectorals rather short, about 2.5 in space to ventrals; ventrals small, behind tip of
depressed dorsal, and 2 in space to origin of anal; caudal peduncle compressed.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Color in life (No. 03222), steel-olive above, side slightly yellowish, belly silvery; centers of scales
above with a diamond-shaped darker olive blotch, there forming lines along the rows of scales; tip of
snout dusky; lins pale, not yellowish; base of pectoral a little dusky; some dusky shading on caudal;
ventrals pale.

Color in alcohol, brown above, the lower surface of body silvery white; dorsal, caudal, and basal
portion of pectoral dusky, portions of the latter, together with the other fins, pale or whitish; each
scale on back with a dark brownish spot; tips of snout and mandible dusky brown.

This description from an example from Honolulu, about 9.25 inches long. Our numerous speci¬

mens, all from Honolulu, range in length from 3.75 to 9.25 inches. Upon comparing them with
Japanese examples, we are unable to detect any specific differences. We have also examined speci¬
mens dredged by the Albatross off Honolulu in November, 1896, others taken by Dr. Jenkins at
Honolulu, 1889, and still others by Doctor Wood.

Clupe.a inicropus Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Poiss.. 236, pi. 107, fig-. 2, 1846, Japan.

Etrumeus micropus, Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXV, 1853, 48 (Japan); Gunther, Cat., VII, 467, 1868 (Japan); Jenkins, Bull.

IT. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 432 (Honolulu); Snyder, 1. c. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu).
Perkinsia othonops Rosa Smith Eigenmann, Amor. Nat., 1891, 153, San Diego, California.

Family XVI. ENGRAULID/E. — The Anchovies.

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with thin cycloid scales; head compressed; mouth
extremely large, more or less oblique, usually overlapped by a pointed, compressed, pig-like snout;
gape very wide, the maxillary very long and slender, formed of about 3 pieces, extending backward
far behind the eye, in some species behind t lie head; premaxillaries not protractile, very small, firmly
joined to the maxillaries; teeth usually small, sometimes obsolete, usually fine and even, in a single
row in each jaw; canines sometimes present; eye large, well forward, without adipose eyelid; pre-
orbital narrow; opercles thin and membranaceous; gillrakers long and slender; branch iostegals slender,
7 to 14 in number; gill-membranes separate or joined, free from isthmus; pseudobranch ias present; no
lateral line; belly rounded or weakly serrate; fins various, the dorsal usually short and median; no
adipose fin; caudal forked. Small carnivorous shore fishes, usually swimming in large schools on
sandy shores; abundant in all warln seas, occasionally entering rivers. This group is often regarded
as a subfamily under the Clupeidx , from which it differs in no character of high importance.

A large family of about SO species, only one of which is thus far known from the Hawaiian
Islands.

Genus 22. ANCH0VIA Jordan & Evermann.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with rather large, thin, deciduous scales; belly rounded or
weakly compressed; snout conical, compressed, projecting beyond the very large mouth; maxillary
narrow, little movable, usually formed of 3 pieces, extending backward far behind the eye, to the
base of mandible or beyond, not beyond gill-opening; premaxillaries very small; teeth small, sub¬
equal, present at all ages, usually on the jaws, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; anal fin moderate

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

free from caudal (its rays 12 to 40); no pectoral filaments; dorsal inserted about midway of body, pos¬
terior to ventrals; pectorals and centrals each with a large axillary scale; adipose eyelid obsolete;
vertebras about 40 (40-42) in species examined; flesh rather pale and dry, more or less translucent;
bones firm; pseudobranchise present; branchiostegals 9 to 14; gill rakers long and slender; gill-mem¬
branes separate, free from the narrow isthmus. Species about 50; small, carnivorous shore fishes,
swimming in large schools on sandy shores of all warm seas, occasionally entering rivers. Most of
them are marked by a broad, distinct, silvery band.

Ftolephorus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., Ill, 1865, 303 ( japonicus ; not of I.aeepedc, whose Stolephorux japanicut, after Hout-
tuyn, belongs to Bleeker’s genus Spratelloiflcs).

Anchovia Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, i 10, 18% (October 3) (macrolcpidota).

23. Anchovia purpurea (Fowler). “Xchu.” Fig. 12.

Head 2.67 in length; depth 5.67; D. 13; A. 17; P. 13; V. 7; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.67; maxillary
1.25; pectoral 1.88; ventral 2.75.

Body elongate, compressed; head elongate, laterally compressed and pointed; snout short,
rounded at tip; eyes lateral, anterior to center of head, greater than snout; mouth large, the long
maxillary produced backward beyond the posterior margin of eye but falling some distance short of
gill-opening, the pig-like snout projecting well beyond the tip of mandible; teeth in the jaws small,
fine, extending all along the lower edge of the maxillary; nostrils close together, about midway in
snout; interorbital space a little convex ; gill-openings large, the isthmus long and narrow, forming a
narrow keel in front; gillrakers about 18 + 28, very long, slender, pointed, the longest nearly ecjual to

eye; gill-filaments rather shorter than the. gillrakers; pseudobranchise moderately large; intestine
short and straight; peritoneum black; scales large, cycloid, deciduous, falling off in preserved exam¬
ples; pectorals with scaly flaps; origin of dorsal a little nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, and a
little behind origin of ventral; origin of anal behind base of last dorsal ray, the first rays of fin
encroaching but little upon tip of depressed dorsal; base of ana'l 1.67 in head; caudal deeply emargi-
nate; pectoral short, about equal to snout and eye; ventrals a little in advance of dorsal and reaching
a little more than half way to anal; caudal peduncle rather long, compressed, its least depth a little
over 3 in head.

In alcoholic specimens there is a broad silvery longitudinal band from head to base of caudal,
rather broader posteriorly; head silvery; dorsal and caudal marked with fine narrow wavy series of
pale brownish dots forming cross-bars. This description from an example 2.5 inches long, taken in
the market at Honolulu.

We have large series of this species from Honolulu and Hilo, at each of which places it is very
abundant. Dr. Jenkins obtained a number of examples at Honolulu in 1889. It was also dredged
by the Albatross in that vicinity in 1896, and a number of examples were obtained at Kailua, December
31, 1899, by Mr. Richard C. McGregor. The types are 2 specimens (Nos. 23329 and 23330, Mus.
Phila. Acad.) each about 2.4 inches long, collected by Dr. Wm. H. Jones.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

This species is well marked and has a broader silvery lateral band than either Anchovia com-
mersoniana or Anchovia ischana. While the anal rays agree with the latter, the fin of commersoniana is
still longer. The insertion of the anal fin also is more in advance in both ischana and commersoniana.
Htolcphorus purpureas Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 497, PI. XIX, fig. 1. Sandwich Islands.

Anchovia purpurea, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 432 (Honolulu; Synder, 1. e. (Jan. 19, 1904),
521 (Honolulu).

Suborder INIOMI. — The Lantern Fishes. *

Soft-rayed fishes with the anterior vertebrae simple, unmodified, and without auditory ossicles;
symplcctic present; no interclavicles; opercular apparatus sometimes incomplete; pharyngeal hones
unmodified; gill-openings ample; mesocoracoid arch wanting or atrophied; bones of jaws variously
developed, the maxillary sometimes cognate with the premaxillary; shoulder-girdle with its post¬
temporal not normally connected with the skull, but touching it at or near the nape; gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth; air-bladder, if present, with a duct; dorsal and anal fins without true spines;
ventral fins, if present, abdominal; scales mostly cycloid, often wanting; adipose fin present or absent;
skeleton mostly very weakly ossified; photopliores present in most species.

Marine fishes, mostly inhabiting the oceanic abysses, closely allied to the typical Isospondyli, but
lacking the mesocoracoid and having the connection of the shoulder-girdle with the cranium
imperfect. In the character of the mesocoracoid, most of these fishes agree with the eels and with the
Haplomi and the spinv-rayed fishes. These latter have the post-temporal differently attached. This
suborder is a provisional one, and its members may be reunited with the Isospondyli or otherwise
distributed when the osteology of the different families is known. Boulenger relegates those which,
like Synodus, lack the mesocoracoid to the Haplomi. These lack also the orbitosphenoid, characters
of the Isospondyli and the Berycoidei.

Of the 18 families of this order as here defined, only 5 have representatives in the Hawaiian fauna

Family XVII. SYN0D0NTID/E. — The Lizard-fishes.

Body oblong or elongate, little compressed, covered with cycloid scales, rarely naked ; mouth very
wide, entire margin of upper jaw formed by the long, slender premaxillaries, the latter mostly rudi¬
mentary or obsolete, never widened at tip; teeth mostly cardiform on both jaws, tongue, and palatines;
canines rarely present; large teeth usually depressible; no barbels; opercular bones usually thin, but
complete; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus; branchiostegals usually numerous; pseudo-
branchiae present; gillrakers tubercular or obsolete; no orbitosphenoid or mesocoracoid; lateral line
present; adipose fin present, rarely obsolete; dorsal fin short, of soft rays only; pectorals and ventrals
present; anal fin moderate or long; caudal forked; skeleton rather well ossified; air-bladder small or
wanting; intestinal canal short; sides sometimes with phosphorescent spots or photophores; eggs
inclosed in the sacs of ovary and extruded through an oviduct. Genera about 10, species about 40,
mostly inhabiting shore waters, some of them descending to the depths.

Three genera and about 4 species known from Hawaiian waters.

a. Vent slightly nearer base of caudal than axil of pectoral; head short, hlunt, compressed . Trachinocephaim, p. 61

an. Vent much nearer base of caujjal than base of ventrals; head depressed, with flat, triangular snout.

b. Teeth on the palatines in a single band on each side . Synodus , p. 63

bb. Teeth on the palatines in a double band on each side . Saurida, p. 65

Genus 23. TRACHINOCEPHALUS Gill.

This genus is closely related to Synodus, from which it differs chiefly in form and in the relative
development of the fins. Body stout; head short, blunt, compressed, its form much as in the genus
Tracliinus; vent well forward, very slightly nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals, under tip of
last dorsal ray; teeth as in Synodus, but slender, smaller, and closely set; lower jaw projecting. A
single species is known, widely diffused in the tropical seas.

Trachinoc.cphalue Gill, Cat. Fish. Eastern Coast N. Amer., 53, 1861 (myope)-, name only; first defined by Jordan & Gilbert
Synopsis, 2S1, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

24. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster). “Kawelea;” “Welea." Fig. LI.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 5; D. 13; A. 16; P. 12; V. 8; scales 4-55-5; width of head only a very
little less than twice its length; depth of head 1.6 in its length; snout 1.5 in eye; eye 3 in maxillary;
maxillary 1.85 in head; interorbital space 1 in snout, 1.5 in eye; pectoral 2.25 in head; ventral 1; base
of anal 3.67 in body; length. of depressed dorsal 3.75.

Body elongate, compressed, deepest forward or about the neck, gradually tapering backward with
a hfhg tail; head large, elongate, deep, compressed laterally, the upper profile, very blunt, gibbous in
front; the lower profile a rather long shallow convex curve from tip of snout to below pectoral; snout
very short, blunt, obtuse; eye small, its posterior rim nearly midway in space between tip of snout and
end of maxillary, the latter considered in the vertical until level with tip of snout; mouth cleft very
large and oblique, the maxillary long, with its posterior portion gradually constricted until it is much
narrower than at middle of its length; mandible very large, the rami broad and powerful; lips broad,
thin; teeth in jaws sharp, more or less unequal, in double series; in upper jaw the outer series more
or less concealed by the broad lips; in the lower jaw those in inner series the larger; no vomerine
teeth; those on palatines in a single series; tongue a triangular ridge, free in front, with a triangular
patch of depressible teeth above, and with a single median series extending backward over the basi-
branchials; nostrils close together on the sides of snout, the anterior with a ciliated flap; interorbital
space deeply concave, each of the supraorbital ridges raised in front; top of head more or less rugose,

also the posterior lower border of orbit; gill-openings large, the membranes free from isthmus; no
gillrakers, the inner surface of the branchial arches covered with minute asperities; gill-filaments
short; no pseudobranchise; peritoneum silvery; scales large, cycloid, 6 rows on cheek, a number along
edge of preopercle and on opercle; occiput scaly, rest of head bare; scales between ventrals forming a
broad scaly flap; scale at axil of pectoral somewhat pointed; ventrals with a scaly flap 2.5 in length of
fin; lateral line slightly deeurved at first and then straight alongside to base of caudal; origin of dorsal
nearer tip of snout than origin of adipose fin by an eye diameter; length of last dorsal ray half the
length of first developed ray and when depressed the tip of first developed ray reaching 0.75 length
of depressed fin; adipose dorsal nearer tip of last depressed dorsal than base of caudal; origin of anal
midway between axil of pectoral and base of caudal, and behind base of last dorsal ray; caudal deeply
forked; pectoral small, tip not reaching origin of dorsal; ventrals very long, reaching origin of anal,
inserted a little before tips of pectorals.

Color in life (No. 03233), pale grayish, silvery below; side of back with 3 wavy stripes of dull
yellow, each edged with darker olive, the uppermost most wavy, joining its fellow across the back in
about 12 irregular crossbars of dirty yellow, edged with darker, the interspaces pearly-bluish; below
the lowest yellow streak are 2 very' faint similar streaks lost in the white color of the side; head with
streaks continued from the sides but fainter; top of head mottled sand-color; an oblique jet-black
spot on the scapular region; dorsal with 2 faint cross-streaks of light yellow and 2 of pearly-blue,
besides 2 or 3 dark dots; caudal faint yellowish ; lower fins whitish; the ventrals creamy.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

t>3

This description from a large example (No. 03599), 8.75 inches long, taken at Hilo. Many speci¬
mens were obtained from Hilo and Honolulu. We can not separate T. limbalus from T. trachmus of
Japan or 7. mtjops of the Atlantic. Probably all constitute a single species.

Sulmo myops Forster in Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 421, 1801, St. Helena.

Osmn‘lis l£mlli$C(ltU£ Lueepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 230, 1808, Martinique; after Plilmier.

Suurns trim cat at Aftassiz, Pise. Brasil., 82, tab. XLY, 1820, Brazil.

Saurtts myo))S, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. II, 268, 1829 (after Forster); Gunther, Cat., V, 398, 1864 (Cuba, Jamaica, Japan,
Amboyna, Pinang, Mauritius, Port Jackson).

Saunisli/nbatus Eydotix A Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Poiss., 199, 1811, Hawaii.

Sanrus Irachinus Schlcgel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 231, pi. 106, fig. 2, 1842. Japan.

Sniirns hrci'iinstris Poey, Memorias, II, 305, I860, Cuba.

Synodus myops, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, 153; pi. 278, fig. 3, 1S70-1S72 (Sumatra, Pinang, Bangka, Bali, Celebes, Batjan,
Amboyna, Ceram).

Tracin' nocephalus myops, Jordan, Proc. IJ. S. Nat. Mus., XIII. 1890, 314: Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer.,
I, 533, 1896; Evermann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 91, 1900; Jenkins, Bull. IT, S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept.
23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai).

Genus 24. SYNODUS ( Gronow I Bloch & Schneider.

First, superior pharyngeal cartilaginous; second without teeth; third and fourth separate, with
teeth; lower pharyngeals separate; body elongate, subterete; head depressed; snout triangular, rather
pointed; interorbital region transversely concave; mouth very wide; premaxillaries not protractile,
very long and strong, more than half length of head,; maxiliaries closely connected with premaxil¬
laries, very small or obsolete; premaxillaries with 1 or 2 series of large, compressed, knife-shaped
teeth, the inner and larger depressible; palatine teeth similar, smaller, in a single broad band; lower
jaw with a band of rather large teeth, the inner and larger ones depressible; a patch of strong, depres¬
sible teeth on tongue in front, a long row1 along the hyoid bone; jaw's nearly equal in front; eye rather
large, anterior; supraorbital forming a projection above the eye; pseudobranchim well developed;
gillrakers very small, spine-like; gill-membranes slightly connected; top of head naked; cheeks and
opercles scaled like body; body covered with rather small, adherent, cycloid scales; lateral line
present; no luminous spots; dorsal fin short, rather anterior; pectorals moderate, inserted high; cen¬
trals anterior, not far behind pectorals, large, the inner rays longer than the outer; ana! short; caudal
narrow, forked ; vent posterior, much nearer base of caudal than base of ventrals; branehiostegals 12
to 16; stomach with a long, blind sac and many pyloric cceca; skeleton rather firm. Species numer¬
ous. Voracious fishes of moderate size, inhabiting sandy bottoms at no great depth, in most warm
seas.

Two species known from the Hawaiian Islands, the one here described and a deep-water form
( Synodus kaianus), described in Section II.

Synodus Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 396, 1801 (synodus).

Tirus Rafinesque, Caratteri, 56, 1810 ( mamiorntiis ).

Snurits Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, 169, 1817 ( saurus ).

Laurida Swainson, Class. Animal,, II, 287, 1839 ( mcditerranca = mums),

a. Body elongate, not especially slender: jaws about equal, snout not protruding beyond mandible . varius, p. 63.

oa. Body very slender; snout protruding beyond the mandible . kdiamts, in Section II.

25. Synodus varius (Lacepede). “ Hide.” Plate II and Fig 14.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 6; D. 13; A. 8; P. 13; V. 8; scales 5-65-11; width of head 1.67 in its
length; depth of head 1.8 in its length; snout 4.75 in head; maxillary 1.6; interorbital space 7; eye
1.5 in snout, 4.25 in maxillary; interorbital space 1.75 in snout; pectoral 2; ventral 1; base of anal 3;
length of depressed dorsal 1.17.

Body elongate, rounded, the back and ventral surface depressed; head large, elongate, broadly
depressed, pointed, w ith the eyes impinging upon upper profile, and the lower profile from tip of man¬
dible shallowly convex; snout rather long, depressed, sharply pointed; eye well anterior, though the
posterior rim is not midway in space between tip of snout and end of maxillary, the latter considered
in the vertical until level with tip of snout; mouth-cleft very large, oblique, the maxillary long, w ith ils
greatest width a little anterior to the middle of its length; mandible very large and powerful; jaws

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

about equal in the closed mouth; symphysis pointed; lips thin and broad; teeth in jaws sharp, depres-
sible, directed forward, in 2 irregular series, those forming the outer series in upper jaw more or less
concealed by the broad lip, so that only the tips of these larger ones are seen when the mouth is
closed; teeth on vomer and palatines depressible, sharp; in a narrow band on each side of the latter;
tongue and basi-branchials with a band of depressible teeth, forming a triangular patch of large ones
on the former; tongue rather sharply pointed, a little free in front; nostrils on the sides of snout, each
pair close together, nearer front margin of eye than tip of snout, the anterior pair with an elevated
fleshy rim which ends in a fleshy point; interorbital space concave, a bony ridge rather prominent in
front of each eye; top of head all more or less roughened, also the space behind eye; gill-opening
large, the narrow membrane free from isthmus; gill rakers developed as small sharp asperities on the
inner surface of branchial arches; gill-filaments short; pseudobranch i;e small; peritoneum silvery;
scales large, cycloid, 6 rows on cheek; a series of enlarged scales along the margin of preopercle;
occiput and sides of head seal}7, the rest bare; scales between ventrals forming a broad flap; no scaly
flap at base of pectoral; a small short scaly flap at base of ventral; lateral line nearly straight to base
of caudal; origin of dorsal midway between tip of snout and origin of adipose dorsal; last dorsal ray a
trifle over half length of longest ray of fin, tip of latter reaching a little over two-thirds length of fin
when depressed; origin of adipose doisal about midway between tip of last dorsal ray and base of
caudal; anal small, its origin well in front of that of adipose fin and about midway between tip of
ventral and base of caudal; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral small, not reaching
origin of dorsal; origin of ventrals about midway in length of pectoral.

Color when fresh (field No. 03430) ground white; a series of light reddish-brown quadrate spots
along side, the markings over the back darker reddish brown; an indistinct bluish longitudinal band
showing through just above the lateral row of quadrate spots along the side; a reddish spot on the
upper angle of gill-opening; dorsal crossed by light-brown lines transverse to the fin rays; pectoral
also crossed by narrow light-brown lines; ventral with (1 orange-colored crossbars.

We have two other examples, the first of which (No. 03236) was light gray when fresh, with dark
markings all olive, washed with brownish red; belly white; upper fins pale, with narrow crossbands
of white dots; lower fins white. The other specimen (No. 03010) when (resh had the back flesh
color, with about 6 reddish-brown lines made up of dark borders to the scales; side w ith a narrow
pale-yellow line, below this a fainter one; lower side and belly white; dorsal fin pale, with small white
specks; other fins all pale; iris green.

Another example (No. 03011) in life was pate grayish on back and sides, crossed by 5 or 6
broad greenish-red bars or saddles, red at lower ends; belly white; head marbled with brown, orange,
and white; lower jaw white, with some pale brown; fins all pale; iris orange and yellow.

in life another example (No. 03235) v7as rose red, with dark-brown streaks and marks; lower
parts silvery, with bars of salmon-color; side of head with salmon-colored bars below, especially distinct
on lower jaw arid breast; dorsal and caudal with bars of fine white specks.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

(55

Color in spirits, pale brown, darker above, the edge of each scale dark brown, crossed by 5 broad
cross-bands, between which are as many similar cross-bands of lighter shade; 3 broad cross-hands
across the mandible.

This description from an example (No. 03817), 10.2 inches long, taken at Hilo. Our numerous
specimens range in length from 2 to 10 inches. An unusually large specimen recently received from
Mr. Berndt, at Honolulu, measures 13.75 inches.

We have many specimens from Hilo and Honolulu.

In some cases the dark mottlings are of the deepest scarlet, others brick red, while those found
on sandy shores are olive-green. The species is found in 2 colors, red and green, on the coasts of
Japan, as in Hawaii.

Sabno varius LacGp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 224, pi. 3, fig. 3, 1803, lie de France.

Sauru$ variegalus Quoy & Gaimartl, Voy. Frame, Poiss., 223, pi. 48, lig. 3, 1824, Maui.

Saurus varius, Gunther, Cat., V, 395, 18114 (part).

Synodus varius, Steindachner, Peaks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 513 (Honolulu; Laysan); Jenkins, Bull. II. S. Fish
Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23i 1903), 433 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu); Jordan &
Snyder, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mils., XXVIII, 1904 (Get.), 125 (Honolulu.)

Synndm sharpi Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 497, pi. XIX, tig. 2, Hawaiian Islands. (Types, Nos. 1G0S4 and
16080, Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila.)

Syvodus variegalus, Seale, Occas. Papers Bishop Mus., I, part 4, 63, 1901 (Guam).

Genus 25. SAURIDA Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body snbcylindrieal, rather elongate; tail tapering; head oblong, depressed; snout rather short,
pointed; eye moderate; mouth cleft very wide; intermaxillary very long, styliform, tapering; maxil¬
lary thin, long, closely adherent to intermaxillary; teeth cardiform, those in the inner series being
the longest, slender, depressible both downward and inward, and present in the jaws, on tongue, and
on palatine hones, the latter forming a double band on each side, the inner hand being much shorter
than the outer; gill-opening very wide, gill-membranes not attached to isthmus; branehiostegals
numerous; dorsal fin nearly in the middle of length of body, with 13 or fewer rays; adipose tin small;
anal short; caudal forked; pectoral short or of moderate length; ventral 9-rayed, the inner rays not
much longer than tire outer ones, and inserted before the dorsal, not far from the pectorals. Species
few, in the tropical seas of the East Indies, China, Australia, and the Western Pacific.

Saurida Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XXII, 499, 1849 ( lumbil ).

26. Saurida gracilis (Quoy & (iaimard). “Ulde.”

Head 4.5 in length; depth 6.5; D. 11; A. 10; P. 19; V. 9; scales 4-52-5; width of head 1.5 in its
length; depth of head 1.67 in its length; snout 4.5 in head; maxillary 1.6; interorbital space 4.5; eye
1.25 in snout, 4 in maxillary; interorbital space 1 in snout; pectoral 1.3; base of anal 2.5; length of
depressed dorsal only slightly less than the length of head.

Body elongate, rounded, the back and ventral surfaces depressed; head small, elongated, broadly
depressed, pointed, the eyes impinging slightly upon the upper profile, the lower profile from tip of
mandible slightly convex; snout rather long, depressed, flattened, very broad at. front of eve, where it
is about 0.4 broader than long; eye well anterior, about midway in the space between tip of snout and
end of maxillary, the latter considered in the vertical until level with tip of snout; mouth cleft large,
oblique, becoming narrow toward its posterior extremity; mandible large, powerful, the jaws equal
when mouth is closed; teeth in jaws unequal, those forming an inner series the larger, the lips very
narrow, so that most, all the teeth are visible when mouth is closed; palatines with 2 bands of teeth,
most of them depressible, some of those in front enlarged, the inner band short; tongue very small,
rounded, without any teeth, free in front; a median series of fine teeth along the basibranchials; nos¬
trils small, close together on sides of snout, nearer tip of latter than anterior margin of eye, anterior
pair with a small fleshy flap; interorbital space broad, somewhat concave but flattened in the middle;
a depressed bony ridge rather prominent above each eye in front; top of head roughened on each side
of occiput; gill-openings large, the narrow membrane free from the narrow compressed isthmus; gill-
rakers as minute asperities; gill-filaments rather short; pseudobranchiie moderately large; peritoneum
pale; scales large, cycloid, about 4 rows on cheek; opercles and occiput scaly, rest of head bare; origin
of dorsal midway between tip of snout and posterior margin of adipose fin; last dorse' ray about three-

F. r. B. 1903—5

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

sevenths length of longest ray of fin, tip of latter reaching as far posteriorly as tip of the former when
fin is depressed; origin of adipose dorsal midway between tip of depressed dorsal and base of caudal;
origin of anal nearer base of caudal than tip of ventral, the greater part of its base anterior to adipose
dorsal; caudal deeply emarginate, the lobes pointed; pectoral small, falling from origin of dorsal;
ventrals large, inserted below last third of pectoral and reaching about three-sevenths of the space to
origin of anal.

Color in alcohol, dull or muddy brown above, marked with about 6 or more deep-brown saddles
or broad cross-bands, the spaces between with deep-brown blotches; similar blotches also along the
side; dorsal, caudal, and pectoral dull brownish, with blackish brown crossbars, the last 3 broad and
very distinct; lower surface of body dull silvery white, with a very dull yellowish green tint; ventrals
very light yellowish green. This description from an example 8.5 inches long, from Hilo.

We have a number of examples from Hilo and Honolulu, many of the small ones deeply colored.
This species common on sandy shores at moderate depths.

Saurus gracilis Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. <le l'Uranie. Zool., 224, 1824, Sandwich Islands.

Saurus Jerox Eydoux 6s Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, l'oiss., 197, pi. 7, fitf. 3, 1811, no locality.

Saurida nebulosa Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. XXII, 504, pi. 648, 1849, lie de France; Gunther, Cat., V, 399,
1864 (Madagascar; Amboyna; Sandwich Islands); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 76, 1877 (Honolulu).
Saurida tiimbil, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 498 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Bloch.

Saurida gracilis, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu); Snyder, 1. c. (Jan. 19, 1904),
521 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai).

Family XV111. — AUL0PID£.

Allied to the Synodonlidse, but with the maxillary separate, well developed and dilated behind;
hypocoracoids extended downward as in many spiny-rayed fishes; gillrakers mostly long and slender,
needle-shaped; eyes normal, large or small; no luminous spots; jaws without fang-like teeth; dorsal
fin moderate, nearly median in position; body elongate; pectorals present, normal in form and position;
adipose fin normally present; pseudobranchiae present. This family, as here understood, includes
some half-dozen species, fishes of moderate depths, chiefly of the Atlantic. Only one species known
from the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus 26. CHLOROPHTHALMUS Bonaparte.

Head elongate; body subterete, covered with moderate-sized, adherent, pectinate or ctenoid scales,
which are arranged in straight, parallel, oblique lines; mouth rather large; maxillary well developed,
dilated behind, reaching to beyond front of orbit; lower jaw projecting; teeth very small, sharp on
jaws, vomer, and palatines, usually minute teeth on tongue; eye very large; dorsal short, inserted
before middle of length of body; adipose fin small; anal short; caudal forked; pectorals and ventrals
well developed, the ventrals inserted under dorsal and not far behind pectorals, none of the rays form¬
ing exserted filaments; gill-openings wide; branchiostegals 10; pseudobranchiae well developed; gill¬
rakers needle-shaped, rather numerous; color silvery, with darker markings. Deep seas.

Of 4 known species only one, C. proridens, occurs in Hawaiian waters. (See Section II.)

ChlOropftthalmus Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, fasc. XXVIII, Pesei, 1810 (ayassizii) .

Hyphalonedrus Goode, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, 183 ( clialybelns ).

Family XIX. BATH#TEROID£.

Characters of the family included below' in those of its single genns.

Genus 27. BATHYPTEROIS Gunther.

Shape of body like that of Au/opus. Head of moderate size, depressed in front, with the snout
projecting, the large mandible very prominent beyond upper jaw. Cleft of mouth wide; maxillary
much developed, very movable, much dilated behind. Teeth in narrow villiform bands in the jaws;
on each side of the broad vomer a small patch of similar teeth; none on palatines or tongue; eye very
small; scales cycloid, adherent, of moderate size; rays of pectoral much elongate, some of the upper
being separate from the rest and forming a distinct division; ventrals abdominal, 8-rayed, with the

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

< >7

outer rays prolonged; dorsal fin inserted at middle of body or absent; anal short; caudal forked; gill-
openings very wide; gill-lamina well developed, separate from each other; gillrakers long; pseudo¬
branch iae none. Deep-sea fishes.

Uathypierois Gunther, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1S78, 5th series II, 183 (lonrjifilis) .

SynaptcretMvs Goode & Bean, Oceanic Iehth., 64, 1896 ( quadrifilis ).

The single Hawaiian species of this family is fully described in Section II.

Family XX. MYCTOPHI I >di. — The Lantern Fishes.

Body oblong or moderately elongate, more or less compressed, covered with scales which are
usually cycloid, but sometimes ctenoid; mouth wide; entire margin of upper jaw formed by the long
and slender premax i 1 laries, closely adherent to which are the slender maxillaries; teeth various,
mostly villiform, in bands in the jaws, also on the pterygoids, palatines, anti tongue, and on the vomer
in adults; no barbels; gill-membranes separate, free; brancliiostegals 8 to 10; pseudobranchise well
developed; gillrakers long and slender; lateral line usually present; scales prominent and often
enlarged; cheeks and opercles scaly; adipose fin present; dorsal fin short, median, of soft rays; pecto¬
rals and ventrals present; anal fin moderate; caudal forked; air-bladder small; intestinal canal short;
luminous spots or photophores more or less regularly placed along sides of body; larger luminous
glands often present on head or on caudal peduncle.

Species about 100. Small fishes, very widely distributed in the open sea. They live away from
the shores, ordinarily at a considerable depth, coming to the surface at night or in stormy weather,
descending by day.

a. Dorsal fin long, ending not much, if any, before front of anal fin.
b. Caudal photophores 4 or 3, never 2; dorsal lilt not much longer than anal ; body deep or slender, not much contracted
behind; caudal peduncle robust; edge of preoperele more or less oblique.

r. Head with large luminous glands before or below the eye . Diaphus , p. 67.

cc. Head without large luminous glands . Nannobrachium, p. 67.

bb. Caudal photophores 2, never 3 or 4; dorsal fin notably shorter than anal, its rays 9 to 14; anal rays 16 to 20; body
deep anteriorly; caudal peduncle slender, edge of preoperele nearly vertical; pectorals long, placed high;
no luminous glands on head; eye large.

d. Scales cycloid; maxillary scarcely enlarged at tip; last rays of dorsal not behind first of anal.
e. Snout prominent, projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; scales of lateral line more or less enlarged; caudal
peduncle very slender; usually a luminous gland on its upper surface.

/. Lateral line well developed . J Ihinoscopelus, p. 68.

ff. Lateral line none . Centrobranchus, p. 69.

ee. Snout little prominent, scarcely projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; scales of lateral line usually not enlarged;

no luminous glands on upper edge of tail; moderately elongate . Myctophum, p. 69.

dd. Scales ctenoid, firm; tail with a luminous gland above . Dasyscopelu s, p. 69.

aa. Dorsal and anal short, similar, far apart . Neoscopclus, p. 69.

Genus 28. DIAPHUS Eigenmann & Eigenmann.

This genus is closely related to _ Ethoprora , its chief character being the division of all or nearly all
of the photophores by a horizontal cross-septum of black pigment, giving them the form of the flreek
letter #, theta. This septum is readily injured or destroyed in badly preserved specimens, and per¬
haps all species called j, Ethoprora have it. Of the 5 known species 3 have been taken in Hawaiian
waters, and are described in Section II.

Diaphus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d series, III, 1890, 3 (theta).

? .Ethoprora Goode & Bean, Oceanic Icthth., 86, 1896 (metopoclampa) .

? Collett ia Goode A Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 83, 1896 (rafinesquei)

Genus 29. NANNOBRACHIUM Gunther.

This genus is closely allied to Lampanyclm , from which it differs chiefly in the small pectorals.
Caudal peduncle with luminous blotches above and below; photophores small, arranged as in
Lampanyctus; scales of lateral line enlarged in all species, so far as known; last ray of dorsal more or
less behind front of anal. Several species, only one Hawaiian ( Nannobrachium nigrum) described
in Section II.

Nannobrachium Gunther, Deep-sea Fishes Challenger, 199, 1887 [nigrum).

Stenobrachius Eigenmann & Eigenmann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci.. ill, 1890, 5 (leucopsanan) .

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

(>8

Genus 30. RHINOSCOPELIJS Lntken.

Body oblong, slender, compressed, with slender and elongate caudal peduncle covered with smooth,
stiff scales, those in the lateral line much larger than the others; head compressed; cleft of mouth
very wide; jaws about equal; snout projecting beyond tip of lower jaw; premaxillary long and slender;
maxillary well developed, reaching nearly or quite to angle of preopercle, without considerable poste¬
rior dilation; teeth in villiform bands in the jaws, on the palatines, pterygoids, and tongue; eye mod¬
erate, its diameter less than one-third length of head; gillrakers very long and slender; dorsal tin
premedian; pectoral large; adipose dorsal small; anal tin larger than dorsal; pectoral narrow, elon¬
gate; precaudals 2; supraanals about 18, in 2 groups, the break being over middle of the long anal tin
and at end of first third of the series, approximately; anterolaterals 1 or 2; mediolaterals 2 or 3. Spe¬
cies few, mostly of the Atlantic.

Alysia Lowe, Proc, Zool. Sue. London 1849, 14 ( loricata=coccoi ): name preoccupied.

Hhiuoscopelus Liilken, Vid. Selsk. Natur. Copenhagen, VII, 1892, 237 ( coccoi ).

27. Rhinoseopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 15.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 4.1; eye 2.5 in head; snout very short, about f>; interorbital 3.5; I).
about 12; A. about 18; scales 2-35-3.

Body strongly compressed, particularly posteriorly, where it tapers into the long, slender caudal
peduncle; bead exceeding depth of body; month large, somewhat oblique, the jaws equal, the maxil¬
lary reaching beyond the orbit, its posterior end club-shaped; eye large; anterior profile rather evenly

Fig. 15.— Rhinoseopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann; Irom the type.

convex from tip of snout to nape; teeth difficult to make out, hut a single row of minute ones can he
seen on the edgeof each jaw, the exterior granular orshort; the villiform stripe, if it exists, being invisible
even with the aid of a good lens; teeth on vomer and edges of palatines more distinct than those on
jaws, forming a broader line as if there were 2 or more rows; no granular patches visible on disk of
palatine bone; an elevated acute mesial line separating one nasal prominence from the other; inter
orbital space convex, rounded; preopercle nearly vertical, sloping slightly backward from above
downward; scales large, undulated and very irregularly and sparingly toothed or eremite, and having
about 3 basal furrows; scales of lateral line conspicuous and more persistent; 7 photophores along base
of anal, 5 along lower edge of caudal peduncle, 2 at base of caudal, 1 on middle of side above last anal
photophore, I on each side of belly between ventrals and origin of anal fin, 5 between base of ventral
and gill-opening, 1 on side above base of ventral, a row of 3 upward and backward from front of anal,
1 above and 1 below base of pectoral, and 1 on lower anterior portion of opercle; origin of dorsal
somewhat behind base of ventrals, the posterior rays, together with those of anal, divided] to the base;
no spine at base of caudal.

Color in alcohol, uniform brownish, the scales, especially on middle of side, metallic steel blue;
top of head brownish; side of head bluish; photophores black with silvery center; fins dusky whitish.

During the Agassiz South Pacific expedition of 1 he Albatross in 1899-1900, 2 examples of this
species were taken in the surface tow net at. 8 p. m., September 8, 1899, at latitude 10° 57/N., longi¬
tude 137° 35' YV., southeast of the Hawaiian Islands. These are apparently distinct from R. coruscans,
the type of which came from between St. Helena and Ascension islands, and other specimens from

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

between Australia and New Zealand. They are near R. antlreir Liitken, from which they seem to
differ in the blunter snout, the more slender tail, and in having the postero-Iateral photophore .some¬
what before the adipose fin.

Type, No. 50622, U. S. N. M. (field No. 05805), 1.3 inches long, collected by the Albatross at. 8
p. m., September 8, 1S99, at the surface at 137° 35' W., 10° 57' N. ; cotype, No. 2736, U. S. F. C., same
size, collected at same time and place.

Rhinoscopelus oceanic us Jordan A Evermatm, Bull. O. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190:2 ( Apr. It, 1903), 168, near Hawaiian Islands.

Genus 31. CENTROBRANCHUS Fowler.

This genus is close to Rhinoscopelus, from which it seems to differ in the character of the gillrakers,
which are short sparse clusters of asperities on the first arch. Two species known, both fr< >m 1 lawaiian
waters. (See Section II.)

Centrobranchus Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903 (Jail. 13, 1901). 754 (c/iarocephalm).

28. Centrobranchus choerocephalus Fowler.

This species, fully described in Section II of this work, was based by Mr. Fowler on 4 specimens
in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, which were originally identified by Mr. Fowler with
Rhinoscopelus coruscans (Richardson), and later thought by us to be identical with the specimen which
we described as It. oceanicus. Upon a reexamination of his specimens Mr. Fowler finds them to
represent a distinct genus as indicated above.

Centrobranchus choerocephalus Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903 (Nov.), 751, near Sandwich Islands. (Type, No. 7973,
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. Coll. Dr. Win, H. Jones.)

Rhinoscopelus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1993 (Apr. 11. 1903), 11® (only the reference
to Dr. Jones’s specimens).

Genus 32. MYCT0PHUM Rafinesque.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with cycloid scales, those in the lateral line not much enlarged;
caudal peduncle rather slender; head short, compressed, with limb of preopercle nearly vertical;
mouth large; jaws about equal; premaxillaries long and slender; maxillaries well developed; snout
more or less blunt and declivous; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, palatines, pterygoids, and tongue;
eye large, gillrakers long apd slender; air-bladder small; dorsal fin entirely in front of anal, overlap¬
ping it little or not at all; ventral* 8-rayed, under or but slightly in front of first dorsal rays; pectorals
well developed; soft dorsal slender; precaudal photophores 2; supraanals in 2 groups, with 1 or 2 pos-
tero-laterals above the interval between them. Species rather numerous, widely distributed, 4 known
from Hawaiian waters, and described in Section II.

Myclophum Rafinesque, Indice d'Ittiologia Siciliauu, 56, 1S10 ( punctatnm ).

Scopelus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. II, 169, 1817 ( humboUUi ).

Nyctoplius Cocco, Giorn. Sicil., 44, 1829 (amended orthography of Myi1.ophu.in).

Genus 33. DASYSCOPELUS Gunther.

Dorsal and anal fins touching the same vertical, but not overlapping; scales hard, persistent, ctenoid,
those of lateral line much enlarged; anal terminating below adipose dorsal; body elevated, somewhat
compressed; caudal peduncle rather slender; luminous scales on the back of caudal peduncle; arrange¬
ment of photophores much as in Myclophum. Species few, remarkable for the firm, rough scales.
Two species known from the Hawaiian Islands (I), spinosus and D. prislilepis ) described in Section II.
Basyscopelus Gunther, Cat., V, 405, 1864 ( asper ).

Genus 34. NE0SC0PELUS Johnson.

Body oblong, compressed; mouth-cleft not extending beyond eye, the upper borders formed
entirely of the premaxillary; the maxillary dilated below and furnished with a small supplementary
piece; seombinate bands of teeth in both jaws, on palatine bones, and on vomer, also scombinate

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

patches of teeth on the entopterygoids; body covered with large, caducous scales; first dorsal placed
over the abdominal ventral fins; pectoral fins long, their inferior rays not thicker than the rest.
(Goode & Bean.)

Xeoteopelm Johnson, Proe. Zool. Soe. London 1863, 44 ( maerokpidotus ).

29. Neoscopelus alcocki Jordan & Starks.

Head 3 in length; depth 4; D 13; A. 12; scales 4-33-4; eye 5 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 2.

Body rather robust, subfusiform; head rather pointed in profile, broad and somewhat depressed
above; mouth large, oblique, maxillary extending to below posterior margin of orbit, not dilated
behind, posterior border truncate; teeth small, in villiform bands; eye moderate, cheek broad, not
oblique in position; scales large, entire, firm, roughened on the surface, nearly all fallen in specimen
examined; lateral line well developed; luminous spots large, in about 6 rows on breast, about 14 in a
lengthwise series from isthmus to ventrals, then a median and 2 lateral rows, to opposite front of
anal, 10 spots in outer row, the posterior one smaller; an oblong circle of 10 small photophores about
the vent; a row of 15 small photophores, continuous with inner lateral row before vent, from opposite
vent to base of caudal, most of the median members of this series double; there is also an inner series
of minute white dots along base of anal rays; a median row of small photophores behind anal below
caudal peduncle. Dorsal rather large, inserted before ventral, its longest rays about half head; longest
anal ray 2.4 in head; caudal well forked; pectoral long, 1.1 in head; ventral long, 1.75; gillrakers long
and slender, 3+12 in number.

Color, pale or brownish above, belly black; a dusky shade at base of caudal and pectoral; inside of
mouth black; luminous spots pale, with a dark ring.

This species is very close to Neoscopelus macrolepidolvs of the Atlantic. The sole important differ¬
ence apparently lies in the arrangement of the photophores on the posterior part of body. In the
figures (Nos. 108 and 109) given by Goode & Bean (Oceanic Ichthyology), the arrangement is quite
unlike that seen in the Japanese fish; the two lateral rows of spots found on the abdomen are repre¬
sented as continuous to the base of caudal. In the Japanese fish the outer row is not continued behind
the front of anal. The inner lateral series is continued, the spots becoming smaller. There is a ring
of little spots about the vent, and a series of little dots along base of anal.

The species abundant about Hawaii, called Neoscopelus macrolepidotus by Gilbert & Cramer, seems
to be the same as the Japanese fish.

Neoscopelus macrolcpidolus, Gilbert & Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., XIX, 1897 (Feb. 5), 414 (near Honolulu); not of Johnson.
Neoscopelus alcocki Jordan & Starks, Bull. U. S. Fish Conun., XXII, 1902 (August 13. 1904), 580, pi. 2, figs. 1 and 2,
Albatross Station 3709, Suruga Bay, Japan, in 173 to 260 fathoms. (Type, No. 51477, U. S. Nat. Mus.)

Family XXI. MAUR0L1CII>.£.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, scaleless; barbels none; margin of upper jaw formed by
the maxillary and premaxillary, both of which are provided with teeth; opercular apparatus incom¬
plete; gill-opening very wide, the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of
lower jaw; pseudobranch ite present; air-bladder none; adipose fin rudimentary; series of luminous
photophores present along the lower side of head, tail, and body; a single dorsal fin without spines.
(Goode & Bean.) Genera 4 or 5, with some 8 or 10 species. Deep-sea fishes, represented in the
Hawaiian Islands by a single known species.

Genus 35. ARGYRIPNBS Gilbert & Cramer.

Body much compressed, oblong or elongate, passing gradually into the slender tail, covered with
very thin, flexible, cycloid, deciduous scales; head longer than deep, without spines, its bones thin
and flexible; maxillary sickle-shaped, with spatulate supplemental bone; eye large; dorsal fin on
middle of back, without anterior spinous dilatation; a large (double) luminous organ on preopercle
and series of equidistant organs on branchiostegals, isthmus, breast, abdomen, and lower part of side;
a continuous series from above base of ventral fin to about end of anterior third of base of anal fin;
a closely set series of 5 spots above middle of anal fin, and another series of 15 beginning above hinder
end of anal and extending to anterior rudimentary rays of caudal. The single species of this genus
( Argyripnus ephippialus) is fully described in Section II.

Argyripnus Gilbert & Cramer, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 414, 1897 (February 5, 1897) ( ephippialus ).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Genus 36. ARGYROPELECUS Cocco.

Body much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into the short tail; no scales, the skin
covered with silvery pigment; series of luminous spots along the lower side of head, body, and tail;
head large, compressed and elevated, the bones thin but ossified; cleft of mouth wide, vertical, the
lower jaw prominent; margin of upper jaw formed by the maxillary and premaxillary, both of which
have a sharp edge beset with minute teeth; lower jaw and palatine bones with a series of small curved
teeth; eyes large, very close together, lateral but directed upward; angle of preopercle with a spine
usually directed downward; pectorals well developed; veil trals very small; humeral arch and pubic
bones prolonged into flat-pointed processes, which project in the median line of the belly; a series of
imbricated scales from the humeral bone to the pubic spine, forming a ventral serrature; dorsal fin
short, median, preceded by a serrated, osseous ridge, consisting of several neural spines prolonged
beyond the muscles; adipose fin rudimentary; anal fin short; caudal forked; gill-opening very wide,
the outer branchial arch extending forward to behind the symphysis of the lower jaw and beset with
very long gillrakers; branchiostegals 9, the arch near lower jaw and parallel with it; pseudobranchise
and air-bladder present; 4 pyloric coeea. Small pelagic fishes found in most seas, coming to the
surface at night, descending into deep water by day.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Aryyropelccus Cocco, Giorn, Sci. Sicil., fase. 77, 146, 1829 ( hemigyvmus ).

Plmrothyris Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 64, 1861 ( olfersi ).

Family XXII. CHAULIODONTID2E.

Body more or less elongate, covered with thin caducous scales, or sometimes naked; photophores
present; mouth large, the teeth irregular in size; maxillary entering margin; no pseudobranchke;
interopercle rudimentary; gill-openings wide; dorsal and anal moderate or large. Deep-sea fishes of
rather small size but voracious habits. Some 7 genera and about 20 species known.

Genus 37. CYCLOTHONE Goode & Bean.

Body elongated, somewhat compressed, apparently devoid of scales; lower parts with inconspicu¬
ous series of luminous spots, with the latter arranged approximately as in Gonostoma, but usually much
less conspicuous; head conical, compressed; cleft of mouth very wide, oblique, extending behind the
eye; lower jaw strongly projecting; maxillary long and slender, sickle-shaped, somewhat dilated pos¬
teriorly, but covering only an inconsiderable portion of the cheek; upper jaw with a single series of
needle-like teeth, some of which are enlarged; lower jaw with similar teeth, and in some species with
a few canines in front; teeth on vomer sometimes in patches, sometimes reduced to a single pair of
fangs; palatine and pterygoid teeth present or absent; eye moderate, not conspicuous; gill-opening
very wide, the membranes free from isthmus; gillrakers numerous, long and slender; pseudobranchke
none; no air-bladder; dorsal and anal moderate, opposite, the latter much the longer; adipose fin
sometimes present. The 3 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described in Section II.

Oyclotlione Goode & Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., x, No. 5, 221, 1883 ( lusca ).

Sir/mops Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1883, 256 ( stigmaticus ).

Family XXI II. ASTRONESTH I D.-E.

Stomatoid fishes, with adipose dorsal present, and with scaleless body; dorsal fin inserted behind
vent, but in front of anal. A single genus with few species; fishes of the deep sea.

Genus 38, ASTRONESTHES Richardson.

Body rather elongate, compressed, scaleless; head compressed; snout of moderate length; mouth
wide; lower jaw prominent; teeth pointed, unequal; upper jaw with 4 long, curved canines, front of
lower with 2; maxillary teeth fine, subequal; palatines with a single series of small pointed teeth, simi¬
lar to those on tongue; eye moderate, not longer than snout; throat with a long fleshy barbel; dorsal
fin rather long, inserted entirely in front of anal behind ventrals, adipose fin present; caudal forked;

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

paired fins long; 'gillrakers minute; no pseudobranchiae; no air-bladder; sides and belly with very
many small luminous spots; a small luminous patch below eye. Small fishes of the deep sea, remark¬
able for their strong teeth, the lower jaw much stronger than in Malacosteus. The single Hawaiian
species is fully described in Section II.

Family XXIV. STOMIATIILE.

Body elongate, tapering, naked or covered with very thin and deciduous scales; head oblong;
snout short and rounded; eyes large and far forward; opercular apparatus imperfectly developed;
mouth enormous, with deep lateral cleft; lateral margin of upper jaw formed by maxillary and pro¬
vided with teeth along the edges; teeth usually strong, unequal, some of them often fang-like or
barbed; gill-membranes not joined, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals numerous (12 to 17); a
long barbel at throat; no pseudobranchise; dorsal fin short, median or posterior, without spines; anal
free, far behind and small; caudal distinct; pectorals low down on the scapular arch and narrow;
ventrals inserted far backward; stomach ccecal, and pyloric appendages absent; sides with phospho¬
rescent spots; skeleton feebly ossified; eggs extruded through oviducts. Deep-sea fishes of extremely
voracious habits.

The single Hawaiian genus and species of this family are fully described in Section II.

Family XXV. PARALEP1DID/E.

Body elongate, somewhat compressed, formed much as in a barracuda, covered with cycloid scales
of moderate or rather large size; head long, usually scaly on the sides; mouth very large; lower jaw
projecting; premaxillary not protractile, very long and slender, forming the entire margin of upper
jaw ; maxillary long and slender, closely adherent to premaxillary; teeth rather strong, pointed, in
single series on the jaws and palatines; some of them on lower jaw and palatines sometimes very long
and fang-like, and most of them freely depressible; opercular bones thin; pseudobranch ire present;
gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchiostegals about 7; gillrakers short, sharp, spine¬
like; eye large; lateral line present, its scales usually enlarged; dorsal fin short and small, behind the
middle of the body, nearly or quite over the ventrals; adipose fin present; anal fin low, rather long;
caudal fin short, narrow, forked; pectorals rather small, placed low; pyloric creca none; no air-bladder;
phosphorescent spots few or none. Voracious fishes of the open seas or the deep seas.

The single Hawaiian genus and species of this family are fully described in Section II.

Family XXVI. STERNOPTYCH I I).E.

Fishes “ with compressed, ventradiform body, carinated contour, deeply and obliquely cleft and
subvertical mouth, whose upper margin is constituted by the supramaxillaries as well as the intermax-
illaries; branehiostegal arch near and parallel with lower jaw, scapular with an inferior projection,
and with one or more of the neural spines abnormally developed, and projecting above the back in
advance of the dorsal fin.” (Gill. )

Genera 2, species about 10; deep-sea fishes, rising toward the surface at night or in stormy
weather.

a. Body covered with large, very thin, deciduous scales; no anterior spinous dilatation of the dorsal fin . Polyipnus, p. 72

aa. Body mostly scaleless, covered with a silvery pigment; dorsal fin of a triangular bony lamella, very thiu in front, but
strengthened along its hind margin, followed by several rays . Sternoptyx, p. 73

Genus 39. POLYIPNUS Gunther.

This genus differs from Sternoptyx in having the body covered with large, very thin, and deciduous
scales, and in lacking the anterior spinous dilatation of the dorsal fin. Three species known.

Only one species of this genus known from the Hawaiian Islands. (See Section II. )

Polyipnus Gunther, Rept. Deep-Sea Fishes, Challenger, XXII, 170, 1887 ( spinosus ).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Genus 40. STERNOPTYX Hermann.

Body much elevated and compressed, passing abruptly into a short and compressed tail, the angle
made by the hind margin of the trunk and the lower edge of the tail being filled up by a broad fold
of the integument, of peculiar transparent appearance, resembling thin cartilage; this fold bears the
anal fin and is supported by interhsemal rays; head short, compressed, deep, with extremely short
snout and a wide, subvertical mouth; eyes large, lateral; margin of upper jaw formed by maxillary
and intermaxillary, the latter being very short, and each of these bones having a sharp edge which is
armed with a series of very small teeth, somewhat unequal in size; lower jaw with a similar dentition;
vomer and palatines toothless; bones of the head firm, some of them terminating in short spines,
namely the angle of the preopercle, the postero-inferior angle of the mandible, and the symphysis of
the humeral bones; gill-opening very wide, the gill-membrane being attached to the isthmus; gills 4,
the branchial arches long, not angularly bent, the branchial slits being closed by a membrane in their
upper portion; a few of the gillrakers are prolonged, needle-shaped and widely set, the others being
quite rudimentary; pseudobranehke present; greater portion of body scaleless, covered with a silvery
pigment; a luminous organ occupies the inner side of the opercle close to its lower end, another is
placed at the anterior end of the ceratohyal, and finally a very large glandular mass is lodged on the
upper edge of the anterior end of the clavicle; a series of luminous spots runs along the lower edge of
the abdomen and is separated from the series of the other side by a cartilaginous fold occupying the
median line of the abdomen; another series runs on each side of the isthmus, a row of 3 above and
behind the root of the centrals, and another row of 3 above the vent; the luminous organs on the
lower part of tail consist anteriorly of a row of 4, of which the first is prolonged toward the back as a
narrow band, terminating about the middle of the depth of the body in a globular black spot with a
white center; posteriorly in front of the caudal rays there is- another row' of 4 small spots; the dorsal
fin occupies the middle of the back and consists of a triangular bony lamella, very thin in front, but
strengthened along its hind margin, and followed by several rays; adipose fin absent, or represented
by a very low membranous fringe of the dorsal margin of the tail; the anal fin is incompletely devel¬
oped, extending from the vent to the root of the caudal fin, its rays being rudimentary, widely set,
and scarcely free; caudal fin broad and forked; pectorals well developed, close to the lower profile;
ventrals small, the pelvic bone with a bifid spine in front pointing forward. (Gunther.)

The single Hawaiian species {Sleriioply.r diaphana ) is described in Section II.

Steriioplyx Hermann, Naturforscher, XVI, 8,1781 {diaphana).

Order G. APO DES.— The Eels.

Teleost fishes, with the premaxillaries atrophied or lost, the maxillaries lateral, and the body
anguilliform and destitute of ventral fins; the most striking feature is the absence of premaxillaries,
taken in connection with the elongate form and the little development of the scapular arch, which is
not attached to the cranium. Other characters, not confined to the .1 podes, are the following: The
absence of the symplectic bone; the reduction of the opercular apparatus and of the palato-pterygoid
arch; the absence of ventral fins; the absence of the mesocoracoid or prsecoracoid arch; the reduction
or total absence of the scales; there are no spines in the fins; the gill-openings are comparatively small;
there are no pseudobranchiae; the vertebrae are in large number and none of them specially modified;
the tail is isocercal — that is, with the caudal vertebrae remaining in a straight line to its extremity, as
in the embryos of most fishes, and in the Anacanthini.

We begin our discussion of the eels with the forms which seem nearest to the primitive stock from
which the members of the group have descended. It is evident that among the eels the forms of
simplest structure, Sphayebranchus, etc., are not in any sense primitive forms, but the results of a long-
continued and progressive degeneration, so far as the fins and mouth parts are concerned. The A podes
are probably descended from soft-rayed fishes, and their divergence from typical forms is in most
respects a retrogression.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

FAMILIES OF HAWAIIAN APODES.

a. Enchelycepkali: Gill-openings well developed, leading to large interbranchial slits; tongue present; opercle and
branchial bones well developed; scapular arch present.

b. Body covered with linear, imbedded scales . Synaphobranchidce, p. 74

bb. Scales wholly wanting; eggs, so far as known, of moderate size, much as in ordinary fishes.

c. Tip of tail with a more or less distinct fin, the dorsal and anal fins confluent around it; coloration always plain,
brownish, blackish, or silvery, the fins often black-margined; posterior nostril without tube, situated
entirely above the upper lip: tongue broad, largely free anteriorly and on sides; pectorals well developed.

Leptocephalidic, p. 74

cr. Tip of tail without rays, projecting beyond the dorsal and anal fins (not filiform); posterior nostril on the edge of
upper lip; anterior nostril near tip of snout, usually in a small tube; tongue usually adnate to the floor of

mouth; coloration frequently variegated . Ophichthyidx , p. 80

an. Colocephali: Gill-openings small, roundish, leading to restricted interbranchial slits; tongue wanting; pectoral fin
(typically) wanting; opercle feebly developed; fourth gill-arch modified, strengthened, and supporting
pharyngeal jaws.

d. Scapular arch obsolete or represented by cartilage; heart not far back; pectorals wanting; skin thick; coloration
often variegated.. . Murxnidx , p. 87

Family XXVII. SYNAPHOBRANCHI !)<■£.

This group consists of deep-sea eels, differing from the Anguillidse in having the gill-opening
externally confluent into a single slit. The following diagnosis is given by Dr. Gill:

“Enchelycephalous Apodals with conic, pointed head, moderate opercular apparatus, lateral
maxillines, cardiform teeth, distinct tongue, inferior branchial apertures discharging by a common
aperture, continuous vertical fins, pectorals well developed, scaly skin, and nearly perfect branchial
skeleton.”

Body eel-shaped, covered with linear, imbedded scales placed at right angles, as in Anguilla.
Lateral line present; head long and pointed, the snout produced; mouth very long, the eye being
over the middle of its cleft; jaws about equal; teeth small, sharp, in a broad band in each jaw,
becoming a single series anteriorly; those of inner series in upper jaw and of outer series in mandible
somewhat enlarged; vomerine teeth in a narrow band anteriorly; gill-openings inferior, horizontal,
close together, convergent forward, somewhat confluent at the surface, but separated by a considerable
isthmus within; branchiostegals peculiarly formed, in moderate number (about 15), attached to the
sides of the compressed ceratohyal and epihyal, slender, abbreviated, and moderately bowed, not
being curved up above the opercle; tongue long, free only at the sides; nostrils large, the anterior
with a short tube, the posterior before the lower part of the eye; pectoral well developed; dorsal low,
beginning behind vent; anal longer than dorsal, rather high, its rays slender, branched, not embedded
in the skin; vertical fins confluent around the tail; vent near the anterior fourth of body; muscular
and osseous systems well developed; stomach very distensible. Deep-sea fishes.

Genas 41. SYNAPHOBRANCHTJS Johnson.

Dorsal beginning behind vent. This genus contains 2 or 3 species, deep-sea fishes from the
Atlantic and Pacific.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section 11.

Syriaphobi'anchus Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1862, 169 (kaupii).

Family XXVIII. IEPT0CEPH A LI DAJ. — The Conger Eels.

This family includes those eels which are scaleless and have the tongue largely free in front; the
body moderately elongate; the end of the tail surrounded by a fin; the posterior nostril remote from
the upper lip and near front of eye; and the pectoral fins well developed; lower jaw more or less
included; teeth on sides forming a cutting edge; lateral line well developed. All the species are
plainly colored, grayish or dusky above, silvery below. Species found in most warm seas, usually at
moderate depth. Most of them undergo a metamorphosis, the young being loosely organized and
transparent, band-shaped, and with very small head. The body grows smaller with age owing to the
compacting of the tissues. The two genera found in the Hawaiian Islands are not well separated and
should perhaps be considered as one.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

a,. Insertion of dorsal behind middle of pectoral.

ft. Gape of mouth scarcely reaching orbit . Promytlantor, p. 75

bb. Gape of mouth reaching at least to below middle of eye . Leplocephalus, p. 75

aa. Insertion of dorsal before middle of pectoral.

c. Teeth present on jaws and vomer . Congrellus, p. 76

cc. No teeth on jaws or vomer . Veteniio, p. 78

Genus 42. PROMYLLANTOR Alcock.

Body stout, with the muscular and osseous systems well developed, and the tail about as long
as the trunk; eye rather small, cleft of mouth narrow, not extending behind middle of eye; villiform
teeth, in broad bands in jaws, and in a broad, confluent patch on palate; nostrils lateral; tongue
free; gill-openings widely separate; 4 gills with wide clefts; no scales; muciferous cavities of head
well developed; the dorsal begins some distance behind the occiput; pectoral and vertical fins well
developed, the latter confluent. Allied to Congennurxna. (Alcock). This genus differs from Lepto-
cephalus in the dentition and in the posterior position of the nostrils. Deep-sea fishes of the Arabian
seas and about the Hawaiian Islands.

The single Hawaiian species (P. alcocki) is fully described in Section II.

Promyllantor Alcock. Ann. Mag. Nat, Hist., October, 1890, 6th series, No. 6, 310 ( purpureus ),

Genus 43. LEPTOCEPHALUS Scopoli. The Conger Eels.

Body formed as in Anguilla; the skin scaleless; head depressed above, anteriorly pointed; lateral
line present; mouth wide, its cleft extending at least to below middle of eye; teeth in outer series in
each jaw equal and close-set, forming a cutting edge; no canines; band of vomerine teeth short;
tongue anteriorly free; vertical fins well developed, confluent around tail; pectoral fins well developed;
dorsal beginning close behind pectorals; gill-openings rather large, low; eyes well developed; posterior
nostril near eye; anterior near tip of snout, with a short tube; lower jaw not projecting; skeleton
differing in numerous respects from that of Anguilla; vertebrae about 56 + 100. In most warm seas.
This genus contains the well known and widely distributed conger eel and 3 or 4 closely related
species. The earliest generic name used for members of the group is Leplocephalus, based on a curious,
elongate, transparent, band-like creature with minute head and very small mouth, found in the waters
of Europe, and known as Leplocephalus morrissi. This has been shown by Gill, Gunther and Facciola
to be the young and larval form of Leptocephalas conger. A number of genera and species of the sup¬
posed family of Leptocephalidx have been described, but there is no doubt that all of them are larva;,
some of eels, as Conger, Congermurana, Oxystomm, and Nettastoma, others of isospondylous fishes, as
Albula, Elops, Alepocephalus, Stomias, etc. (Gunther, Cat., VIII, 136.) It is thought by Dr. Gunther
that the leptocephalid forms are probably “individuals arrested in the development at a very
early period of their life, yet continuing to grow to a certain size, without corresponding develop¬
ment of their internal organs, and perishing without having attained the characters of the perfect
animal.” The recent observations of Dr. Gilbert on the iarvte of Albula , Elops, and Conger, however,
seem to point to the conclusion that these curious forms are normal young, and that the individuals
grow smaller in size for a time with increased age, otving to the increasing compactness of the tissues.

Inasmuch as the name Leplocephalus has been associated for more than a century with larval forms,
it is a decided inconvenience to accord to it precedence as a generic name over Conger. The strict law
of priority, however, demands its retention, and the tendency among systematic zoologists is to
recognize as few exceptions as may be to this rule. The unfamiliar names O.vyurus and Helmictis are
both earlier than Conger.

(a) Larval forms.

Leplocephalus Scopoli, Int. Hist. Nat., 1777, 453 (morrissi).

Oxyurus Rafinesque, Caratteri, 19, 1810 ( vermiformis ).

Helmictis Rafinesque. Indice d'lttiologia Siciliana, 62. 1810 (punctatm).

Helmichlhys Costa. Fauna Napoli, Pesca, 1854 ( diaphanus ).

t Leptocephaliclithys Bleeker, Act. Sbc. Sci. Ind. Nederl., I. Manado, 69. June, 1856 ( hgpselosoma ).
f LHaphanichthys Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Wiss. Berl. 1864, 339 (brcvicaudus).

7fi

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

(6) Adult forms.

Echclm Rafinesque, Caratteri, etc., 63, 1810 (in part; includes species of Conger, Ophismna, and My me ; restricted by Bleeker
to Myrus).

Conger Cuvier, Regne Animal (2d ed. MeMurtries’s), II, 257, 1831 (conger).

Ariosoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, I, 220, 1838 (no type mentioned; diagnosis worthless).

Ophimma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class'll Fishes, II, 331, 1839 (acuta). Substitute for Ariosoma; not Ophisomns Swainson,
Nat. Hist. Class’n Fishes, II, 277, 1839, - Pholis Scapoli.

Congrus Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 107, 1844 (conger).

GnaXhophis Kaup, Aale Fische Hamburg Mus., 7, in Abhand. Natur. Verein Hamburg, IV, 1858-1866.

30. Leptocephalus marginatus (Valenciennes). “Puhi uha.”

Head 2 in trunk; head and trunk about 1.67 in tail; eye 2 in snout, 1.67 in interorbital space;
snout about 3.75 in head; interorbital space a little over 5; mouth about 2.3; pectoral 2.67.

Body more or less rounded, the tail posteriorly tapering and compressed; head rather long,
depressed, and pointed; snout pointed, depressed above, and projecting beyond the mandible; eye
small, anterior; mouth rather large, extending posteriorly slightly beyond eye; lips thick, fleshy, and
broad; teeth blunt, rather short, more or less cylindrical, a patch on vomer and front of mouth above,
a small patch on each side of the symphysis of mandible, those along the jaws forming a cutting edge;
tongue large, thick, and free in front; anterior nostrils in short tubes near tip of snout, the posterior
situated very near upper front margin of eye; interorbital space elevated eonvexlyand flattened in the
middle; sides of head rather swollen; gill-openings rather large; peritoneum silvery:; skin perfectly
smooth; head with a number of mucous pores; lateral line well developed and continuous, the pores
about 120; origin of dorsal beginning over the first third of pectoral, its height greater than that of
anal; margin of caudal rounded, its length about equal to snout and half of eye; pectoral more or less
rounded, the rays just above the middle the longest. In life the young has traces of obscure crossbars.

Color in alcohol, dark lucid brown above and on the vertical fins, which are margined with black;
lower surface of body pale or whitish, more or less soiled with pale brown; a dark blackish brown
streak from lower margin of eye above and behind the corner of mouth; pectorals brown, their lower
margins whitish, the upper portions of their extremities with a black blotch, which is always distinct.

The above description is based on a specimen 39 inches long (No. 03759) from Hilo. Three other
specimens (Nos. 03758, 03359, and 03760), 30, 24, and 30 inches long, respectively, are in the collec¬
tions from Hilo, and 2 specimens (Nos. 03713 and 03727), 24 and 38 inches long, respectively, were
obtained at Kailua. Young individuals have traces of obscure cross-bands. An example from Hilo
showed the pectoral in life with a large blotch, edged with white. In the collection made by l)r.
Jenkins are! specimens, 19 to 25 inches long. We have one larva, probably of this or some species of
Leptocephalus, obtained at Hilo. It is about 2 inches long, and can not be certainly identified.

The species is rather abundant about lava rocks, and is common at Samoa. The native Hawaiian
name, puhi uha, signifies slippery eel.

Conycr muni hiatus Valenciennes, Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 201, |»1. 9, fig. 1, 1841, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Shore Fishes,
Challenger, Zool.. 1, part VI, Gl. 1880 (Reefs at Honolulu); Stcindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 514
(Laysan).

Conger altipinnis Kaup, Wiegm. Arch., XXII, 1856, 72, Bourbon.

Conge r noordz i ek i Bleeker, Act. Sue. Sei. Ind. Neerl.. Amboyna. II, 1857, 86, East Indies.

Leptocephalus marg hiatus, Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 421 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit.
(Jan. 19, 1904), 515 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai).

Genus 44/ CONGRELLUS Ogilby.

Dorsal fin inserted more anteriorly than in Leptocephalus , over the gill-opening or anterior part
of pectoral; head with mueiferous cavities, more or less conspicuous; mouth rather small; teeth all
pointed; body more robust than in Leptocephalus , the tail not much, if any, longer than rest of body,
its tip white in Japanese species; dorsal and anal edged with black. The genus is not very different
from Leptocephalus , the species megastpmus being almost exactly intermediate.

Congrellus Ogilby in Jordan & Evermann. Fishes North and Mid. Amer., Ill, 2801, 1S98 (November 26) (halearica).

a. Snout not longer than eye, rounded, projecting slightly beyond tip of lower jaw; lips thick; gill-openings less than

eye; origin of dorsal in front of base of pectoral . . . • . bou'ersi, p. 77

an. Snout longer than eye, flat, projecting considerably beyond tip of lower jaw; lips thin; gill-openings a little greater
than eye; origin of dorsal slightly behind base of pectoral . sequoreus , p. 77

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

I I

31. Congrellus bowersi Jenkins. Fig. 16.

Head 1.6 in trunk; head and trunk a little shorter than tail; width of head 2.5 in its length;
snout 4.5 in head; eye 4.25; interorbital space 6; pectoral "3. 4; pores about 147 in lateral line.

Body rather short, compressed, the tail tapering posteriorly; head elongate, rounded, conically
pointed in front; snout a trifle less than eye, rounded, elongate, with its tip bluntly pointed;
eyes very large, high in front of head; mouth large, the snout protruding slightly beyond tip of
mandible, corner of mouth nearly under middle of eye; lips rather thick, fleshy lobes on either side
of each jaw; teeth all tine and rather numerous in jaws and on vomer; anterior nostrils in short tubes
at tip of snout, the posterior on sides of snout nearer front of eye than tip of snout; interorbital space
flattened and with a median ridge; head without swollen appearance; gill-openings about two-thirds
eye; peritoneum silvery, with small gray dots; skin smooth; head with a number of mucous pores, a
large one just behind the anterior nostril; origin of dorsal at about the last sixth of the space between

posterior margin of eye and origin of pectoral; caudal small, or the marginal fin around the end of tail
very narrow; pectoral rather short and rounded.

Color in alcohol, Iwown, slightly darker above and somewhat clouded on head, where 2 dark
brown crossbars are formed; fins all pale brown; edges of dorsal, caudal, and anal narrowly edged
with black, especially distinct posteriorly. Color in life (No. 03419), body translucent, colorless;
snout dusky; a dusky band through eye and over head; a dusky transverse band across nape and half
way down on side; a dusky saddle in front of dorsal; a narrow dark margin on dorsal and anal.

This description is based primarily upon a specimen (No. 04923) 14.5 inches long, obtained at
Hilo. One other specimen (No. 04922) 11 inches long was taken at Hilo; four examples ( Nos. 03419,
04919, 04920, and 04921), each about 11 inches long, at Honolulu. The collection obtained by Dr.
Jenkins at Honolulu contains eight examples, ranging in length from 8 to 11 inches.

Congrellus bowersi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 422, fig. I, Honolulu; Snyder, op. eit. (Jan.

19, 1904), 515 (Honolulu).

32. Congrellus aequoreus (Gilbert A Cramer). Fig. 17.

Head 6.5 to 6.8; depth 15 to IS; head and trunk much shorter than tail, about 1.6 in latter;
pectoral rays 14 or 15.

Body slender, compressed; head as deep as wide, tapering forward to a flat snout; snout 3.5 to
3.8 in head, slightly more than twice as long as eye, and projecting two-thirds the diameter of eye
beyond tip of lower jaw; eyes somewhat elliptical, their upper margins near dorsal profile; angle of
mouth reaching middle of orbit; lips thin; maxillary teeth close-set in a broad villi form band, the

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

outer teeth longer than the inner, the vomerine teeth much larger, forming a broad transverse patch
in advance of maxillary teeth, with a very few small teeth on the shaft; mandibular teeth in a narrow
eardiform band anteriorly, diminishing much in size toward angle of mouth; anterior nostril a broad,
short tube situated on the antero-lateral part of snout, a little nearer mouth than dorsal profile; poste¬
rior nostril a large, elliptical opening in front of upper third of eye, less than its own diameter from
eye; interorbital space about equal to long diameter of eye; gill-openings t)ir apart, their width a little
greater than diameter of eye, the distance between them about 5 in head; gills 4, no rakers; tongue
free; peritoneum silvery, speckled, or brownish; intestine black; pores of snout arranged as follows:
A small pair under tip of snout just in front of anterior teeth, a large one' in front of, a second above,
and a third immediately behind the anterior nostril, 4 others along the side of upper jaw, and one
behind angle of mouth; a row of about 10 pores on each ramus of mandible, beginning at tip of lower
jaw and extending beyond its posterior angle; lateral line above middle of body anteriorly; dorsal fin
beginning slightly behind base, of pectoral, its distance from occiput equaling distance of latter from
center of eye; pectoral small, pointed and equal to snout.

Color in alcohol, brown, head and back dusky; a large, dark, opercular spot, another small one
above each eye, and a dark streak on snout in front of eye; side of tail with coarse black specks, much

Fig. 17. — Congreltus sequoreus (Gilbert & Cramer); from the type.

more numerous in one of the specimens than in the other, and mainly collected into 2 lengthwise
lines running parallel with the bases of the dorsal and anal; the other specimen is almost plain; mar¬
ginal portions of dorsal and anal fins dusky, becoming black posteriorly, and the basal portions light;
inside of mouth a little dusky (Gilbert & Cramer).

This species is known from two specimens, 16.25 and 18.5 inches long, respectively, dredged by the
Albatross, December 6, 1891, between Molokai and Lanai in 375 fathoms, and several others dredged
by the Albatross in 1902.

Congennurxna irquorea Gilbert A Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.. XIX. 1896 (Feb. 5, 1S97), 405, p!. XXXVII (misprinted
t injitotra on plate). Albatross station 3474. Lat. N. 210 12', Long. W. 1570 38' 30", ill 375 fathoms. (Type, No.
47696, U. S. Nat. Mus.)

Genus 45. VETERNIO Snyder.

Body without scales; lateral line present; tail much longer than head and trunk; head long,
snout, pointed; lower jaw much shorter than upper. No teeth; vomer, maxillaries, and mandible
with broad, smooth, hard areas; tongue free; nostrils not tubular, the anterior ones near tip of snout,
with narrow rims; posterior ones oblong, near the eyes; gill-openings separate, with broad, lunate
slits; fins well developed, dorsal inserted above base of pectorals. Color uniform.

The absence of teeth serves to distinguish Vstemio from closely related genera.

Vclcrnio Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 516 (venens).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

33. Veternio verrens Snyder. Plate 5, fig. 1.

Head, from tip of snout to upper edge of gill-opening, 0.64 of trunk; depth 0.42 of head; eye 0.13;
snout 0.26; length of pectoral 0.36.

Head very long and pointed, upper profile sloping gently from tip of snout to occiput; interorbital
space flat, its width 0.16 of head; snout slender, projecting beyond lower jaw a distance equal to 0.5 of
diameter of eye; cleft of mouth somewhat oblique, extending beyond eye a distance equal to 0.3 of
pupil; no teeth, the vomer, maxillaries, and mandible with broad, flat, smooth surfaces; tongue free,
tip rounded; lips thin, simple; anterior nostrils at end of snout, with low rims and posterior flaps;
posterior nostrils close to upper anterior part of eye, without rims, rounded oval in shape; a pair of
large mucous tubes at tip of snout, a tube immediately behind anterior nostril and one on each side
of snout just above the latter; gill-openings lunate, their width about 0.15 of length of head; lateral
line somewhat above middle of body anteriorly, gradually extending downward and reaching middle
of body a short distance beyond the vent. Pectoral inserted just below middle of body, obtusely
pointed, upper rays longest, lower border convex; dorsal inserted above middle of base of pectoral,
height of fin at a point above tip of pectoral equal to vertical diameter of eye, at a point twice the
length of head behind the vent, the length of rays equals length of snout; 65 rays between its insertion
and a vertical through the anal opening; anal inserted immediately behind vent, its height equal to 0.5
the length of snout. Color plain, fins edged with black.

Color in spirits brown, darker above than below; pectorals brownish, growing black toward tips;
dorsal brownish, shading into black along edge; anal bordered with black, the band about half as
wide as pupil and sharply defined.

A single mutilated specimen (type, No. 50862, U. S. Nat. Mus.) from the Honolulu market
measures 10.63 inches from snout to vent. The tail was severed 12.6 inches behind the vent.

Veternio verrens Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190-2 (Jan. 19, 1904), 516, pi. 2, fig. 3, Honolulu.

Family XXIX. XETTASTOMIIDE.

Eels without pectoral fins, with the tongue not free, the posterior nostrils remote from the lip, the
gill-openings small, separate, and subinferior, the vent remote from the head, the tail ending in a
slender tip or filamant, the dorsal and anal fins moderately developed, and the jaws produced, slender,
and straight, the upper the longer, and both, as also the vomer, armed with bands of sharp, close-set,
recurved, subequal teeth. This family contains a few species of deep-sea eels, closely allied to the
Murxnesocidx in technical characters, but more resembling the Nemichthyidx in appearance, form of
the head, and in dentition. Deep-sea fishes with fragile bodies and thin skin charged with black pig¬
ment. A single Hawaiian genus and species, described in Section II.

Family XXX. XEMICHTHVID/E.- The Snipe Eels.

Body excessively slender, not strongly compressed, deepest near the middle, tapering backward
to the tail, which usually ends in a long and slender filament, and forward to a very long and slender
neck, which is abruptly enlarged at the occipital region; no scales; lateral line represented by one or
more rows of pores; head resembling that of Tylosurus; the head proper, small, short, and rather
broad, with flat top and vertical sides; nostrils large, close together in front of the eye, without tube
or flap; jaws excessively prolonged, almost needle-like, the upper the longer and somewhat recurved;
teeth in both jaws small, very numerous, close-set, retrorse; gill-openings rather large, running down¬
ward and forward, separated by a narrow isthmus or partly confluent; pectorals well developed; anal
fin higher than dorsal, beginning near the vent, becoming obsolete on the caudal filament; dorsal
beginning close behind occiput, its anterior rays soft, succeeded by a long series of very low, simple,
spine-like rays, which are slightly connected by membrane, their height rather less than the length
of the interspaces; on the tail these spines again give place to soft rays; the soft rays of the fins are
connected by thin membranes instead of being imbedded in thick skin, as in eels generally. Color
translucent, the lower parts dark, the back pale; stomach not distensible; muscular and osseus systems
well developed; abdominal cavity extending far behind the vent. The species are little known and
their anatomy has not been studied; they are certainly eels, and their nearest relation seems to be
with the Nettastoinidse.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 46. SERRIVOMER Gill & Ryder.

Nemicht.hyids with the head behind eyes of an elongated parallelogramic form, with moderately
attenuated jaws; branchiostegal membranes confluent at posterior margin, but with the branchial
aperture limited by an isthmus except at the margin, and with lancet-shaped vomerine teeth in a
crowded (sometimes doubled) row. A single Hawaiian species. (See Section II.)

.S crrivomer Gill & Ryder, l'roc. U. S. Nat. M us. 1883, 260 ( beani ).

Family XXXI. OPHICHTHYID/E. — The Snake Eels.

This family includes those scaleless enchelyeephalous eels with end of the tail projecting beyond
dorsal and anal tins; without rudiment of a caudal fin; with anterior nostrils placed in upper lip,
opening downward; gill-openings not. confluent; tongue more or less fully adnate to floor of mouth.
The species are, for the most part, moderate or small in size, and they are very abundant in the tropical
seas, especially about coral reefs. -The eggs are numerous, of moderate size, similar to those of
ordinary fishes. Genera about 12; species nearly 100. Many of the species are singularly colored, the
bands or spots heightening the analogy between them and the serpents.

Only 8 species of this large family are thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands.

a. Body without traces of fins anywhere . . Sphagebranchus, p. 80

aa. Body with distinct dorsal and anal fins.

h. Vomerine teeth, none . .- . . . ..Lciuranus, p. 81

bb. Vomerine-teeth present.

c. Pectorals present.

d. Teeth sharp, pointed, some of them often canine or fang-like.

e. Dorsal inserted over or before gill-opening: caniiiesjsmall . Microdonophis, p. 82

ec. Dorsal behind gill-opening; lips fringed; canines large . Brachysomophis , p. 83

dxl. Teeth blunt, mostly granular or molar . . Myrichthys , p. 84

cc. Pectorals wanting . Caltechdys, p. 85

Genus 47. SPHAGEBRANCHUS Bloch.

This genus contains several little-known species of small eels, remarkable for showing no trace of
fins in the adult stage. The snout projects beyond the small mouth, giving a shark-like profile, and
tlie small teeth are mostly uniserial. The gill-slits are inferior and converging. The name Sphaye-
branchux was based on a species which evidently belongs to the genus. It has therefore clear priority
over fchthyapus and Apterichthys.

This genus is the most simple in structure among the Ophichlhyukv , as Ophichthux is probably the
most specialized. The loss of fins is doubtless due to degeneration, but Sphagebranehui seems nearer
the primitive type than Bmchysomophis or Ophichthus.

Sphagebranchus 'Bloch, Ichthyologic, XII, 79, pi. 419, fig. 2, 1797 {rostral us).

i \rcilia Lacepcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 135. 1800 {brandcricum — circus) ; not Curilia L., a genus of Batrachia.

Aptcriclitliys De la Roche, Ann. Mus. Nat. H i-t . Paris, XIII. 325, 1809 {circus).

Itramlrri us Kalinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 93, 1815 {circus).

Ichthyopus Brisout de Barneville, Revue Zoologique, 219, 1847 {acutiroslris).

Ophisurapus ICaup, Apodesj 29, 1856 {gracilis).

34. Sphagebranchus flavicaudus Snyder. Plate 5, fig. 2.

Head, measured to upper edge of gill-opening, 18 in length, 9.5 in trunk including head, 8.3 in
tail; depth 3.9 in head; snout 5.5. Snout long, slender, and sharp, projecting beyond upper jaw, tip
of latter reaching beyond eye a distance equal to diameter of pupil; eye midway between tip of snout
and angle of mouth, its diameter contained 3 times in length of snout; anterior nostril with a short
tube on ventral side of snout a little nearer its tip than to border of eye; posterior nostril without
tube, placed below anterior margin of eye; upper lip with a fold extending from nostril to angle of
mouth; teeth of jaws in a single series; a group of 4 canines at end of upper jaw, ail being beyond
end of lower jaw when it is closed; a few sharp teeth on anterior part of vomer; gill-openings inferior,
converging, the distance between them about equal to diameter of eye; width of gill-opening 7.9 in
head; no fins; tail pointed.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 5

1 VETERNIO VERRENS SNYDER.

2. SPHAGEBRANCHUS FLAVICAUDUS SNYDER.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Color in alcohol, pale olive, the tail nearly white.

The description is from the type, No. 50863, U. S. Nat. Mus., 14.45 inches long. Two examples
from off the northeast coast of Hawaii. One from station 4055, depth 50 to 60 fathoms (cotype, 7509,
L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.), measures 9.6 inches. The head 17 in length, 10 in head and trunk. In life it
was pinkish anteriorly, the posterior third tinged with lemon-yellow. The other specimen, from sta¬
tion 4061, depth 24 to 83 fathoms, measures 8.66 inches; head 15.4 in length, 8.3 in head and trunk.
In life the color was light orange, fading to lemon-yellow posteriorly; an indistinct, light, median,
dorsal stripe extending from occiput to tip of tail; ventral surface slightly tinged with purple, the tint
extending about twice the length of head beyond anal opening; side of head with 2 white spots, the
anterior one just behind eyes, the posterior one indistinctly connected over the occiput with its fellow
on opposite side.

Sphagebranchus f.avintudus Snyder, Bull, r S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 016, pi. 2. fig. 1. Albatross Station
3874, between Mauai and Lanai, in 21 to 28 fathoms.

Genus 48. LEIURANUS Bleeker.

Body cylindrical; mouth small, below the sharp, projecting snout;, teeth pointed, of moderate
size, uniserial in jaws; no teeth on vomer; eye small; pectoral small; dorsal and anal low, the former
beginning nearly above gill-opening.

Small eels, having the bright colors of Chlevastes, but in technical respects nearer Ophichthus,
distinguished by the absence of vomerine teeth.

Leiuranus Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen. Marten., XXV, 24, 36, 1853 ( lacepedii=scniicinctus ).

Stethopterus Bleeker, op. cit., 21, 1853 ( vimiitcus=scmicinctus ).

35. Leiuranus semicinctus (Lay & Bennett).

Head 6.25 in trunk; tail a little longer than trunk without head; eye about 2 in snout, 1.67 in
interorbital space; snout about 6 in head; interorbital space 7.3; mouth from tip of snout 3.5; pectoral
about 7.

Body more or less rounded and rather slender, the tail tapering posteriorly to a conical horny
point; head pointed, rather thick and swollen; snout short, depressed, flattened, and shark-like in
appearance, with the edges more or less thin; eyes small, and placed wholly before the corners of
mouth; teeth in jaws in a single series, pointed, and hooked backward; no vomerine teeth; tongue
adnate to floor of mouth, small; mandible small, its tip, when mouth is closed, very much nearer
anterior margin of eye than tip of snout; anterior nostrils in small tubes, inferior, on lower surface of
snout and opening downward; posterior nostrils large, in the lips, and opening downward; interorbital
space very slightly convex, nearly flat; skin smooth; the head about the branchial region more or
less wrinkled; head w ith a few mucous pores, those in the lateral series from head about 147; origin
of dorsal about over middle of pectoral; dorsal and anal low; pectoral small and short.

Color in alcohol, whitish, with 24 deep brown broad cross-blotches, the first 2 on top of head
much narrower than the others, those on trunk becoming narrower, most of them anteriorly not
meeting below, and those on tail meeting more or less perfectly below; tips of snout and tail white.

This species was not obtained by us in Hawaii, but it has been recorded from those islands by
Lay and Bennett, by Fowler, and by Snyder. The above description is based upon a specimen ( No. 6642,
Stanford University Museum) 17.5 inches long, obtained bv Jordan and Snyder at Yaeyama, Ishigaka
Islands, in the southern Riu Kiu Archipelago. It was also found by Jordan and Kellogg at Samoa.
Ophisurus semiriitclus Lay & Bennett, Zool. Capt. Beecliey’s Voyage, 66, pi. XX, tig. 4, 1839. Oahu.

Opliisarus (SphagebranChus) vimineus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, 107, pi. LII, figs. 16-20, 1843, China.

Ophisurus vimineus Richardson, Ichth. China, 314, 1846, China (Coll. Sir Edward Belcher).

Stethopterus vimineus , Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen.. XXV. 24, 18.33 (Sibogha; Sumatra).

Leiuranus lacepcdii Bleeker, op. cit., 36, 1853, Sibogha; Sumatra.

Leiuranus colubrinus Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 2, 1856, Java: Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., IV, 42, pi. IX, fig. 1, part. 1864 (East
Indies).

Ophisurus multizonus Cuvier in Kaup, 1. c. (name only), China, Mauritius, and Malayan Archipelago.

Liuranus semicinctus , Gunther, Cat., VIII, 51, 1870 (East Indies; Fiji Islands; China).

Leiuranus semicinctus, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 491 (Hawaiian Islands); Jordan A Snyder, Proc. U. s. Nat.
Mus., XXIII, 1901. 866 (Yaeyama, Ishigaka Islands, Japan); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19.
1904), 516 (Honolulu).

F. C. B. 1903—6

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 49. MICRODONOPHIS Kaup.

Body more or less rounded; head and trunk much longer than tail, which is more or less rounded
and pointed; head rounded; snout pointed and projecting; teeth large and somewhat canine-like, in
one row on vomer; nostrils anterior, each in a small tube, the posterior pair opening in the lips down¬
ward; pores of lateral line continuous; dorsal beginning over gill-opening or origin of pectoral; pec¬
toral short. Coloration variegated with rather large dark spots, those on the head small, absent in
M. macgregori. Only two species known from Hawaii.

Microdonophis Kaup, Apodal Fishes, G, 1856 (alUpinnis).

a. Origin of dorsal slightly in advance of gill-opening or base of pectoral; anterior nostrils in short fleshy tubes on tip of
snout. Color white, rendered somewhat shaded on upper portions by very minute points of gray; hack and upper

surface with numerous round brown spots and about 17 indistinct transverse dark brown bands . .fowlcri, p. 82

aa. Origin of dorsal farther in advance of base of pectoral, midway in length of head; anterior nostrils in conspicuous
tubes on lower surface of snout in front. Color brownish olive, the lower surface light yellowish washed with
silvery; upper surface of body dark, covered with minute blackish dots . macgregori, p. 82

38. Microdonophis fowleri .Jordan & Evermann. Plate 6.

Head about 4.8 in trunk, measured from gill-opening to vent; tail shorter than head and trunk by
the length of the former; eye nearly 1.8 in snout or 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6 in head; inter¬
orbital space about 8.75; mouth 2.75; pectoral a little over 4.25 in head.

Body elongate, cylindrical, the tail tapering gradually to a conical horny point; head cylindrical
and pointed; snout moderately long and pointed, slightly flattened above, projecting over and beyond
the mandible; eye elongate, small, anterior and superior, about midway in length of mouth; mouth
rather large; lips somewhat fringed; teeth large and canine-like in front of jaws, and on vomer in a
single row: tongue small, adnate to floor of mouth; anterior nostrils in short tubes near tip of snout,
the posterior with broad flaps on the lips and opening downward; interorbital space concave, each
supraocular ridge slightly elevated; peritoneum silvery; skin perfectly smooth; head with mucous
pores, a series of which encircle the head above and about midway in its length; lateral line well
developed, the pores about 140; origin of dorsal slightly in advance of gill-opening or base of pectoral;
pectoral small, the rays just above the middle the longest, the fin rounded; dorsal fin long and low,
its height about equal to length of snout; anal similar to dorsal, its height a trifle less.

General color, when fresh, white, rendered somewhat shaded on upper portions by very minute
points (seen only with a good lens) of gray; back and upper surface with numerous round brown
spots and about 17 indistinct transverse dark brown cross-bands which do not extend over the dorsal;
interspaces between spots on head yellow; pectoral bright lemon-yellow; end of tail for about 1 inch
from point bright yellow; spots on margin of dorsal brown, with yellow borders; a hand of yellow'
from under one eye backward, upward, across top of head, and down under the other eye; a
transverse series of pores with black margins encircles head above and about midway in its length, a
similar series over head along margin of mouth, then up, back of eye, over head; pores of lateral line
without black margins.

Three specimens of this species are now known, the type (No. 50613, U. S. Nat. Mus.), a speci¬
men 23 inches long, obtained hv us in the Honolulu market, another example obtained by the Alba¬
tross in the Honolulu market, and a third specimen recently received from Mr. E. L. Berndt.

Microdonophis fowlcri Jordan it Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 164, Honolulu; Snyder,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 516 (Honolulu).

37. Microdonophis macgregori Jenkins. Fig. 18.

Head 4.8 in trunk; head and trunk 1.75 in tail; eye 2 in snout, a little over one in interorbital
space; snout 5.2 in head; mouth from tip of snout 3; pectoral 3.5.

Body more or less rounded, rather slender, the tail tapering posteriorly to a conical horny point;
head elongate, pointed, somewhat compressed; snout small, well produced beyond mandible, pointed,
and. conical; eye small, much nearer corner of mouth than tip of snout or midway between fip of
mandible and corner of mouth; mandible broad; lip of upper jaw with a fringe of short fleshy barbels;
teeth sharp, pointed, in a single series on vomer and in jaws; nostrils anteriorly in conspicuous fleshy

£061 O J S n ling

Microdonophis fowleri Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

tubes on lower surface of Snout in front; interorbital space a little more than the eye and convex; gill-
openings low, the space between rather broad; skin smooth; head with many mucous pores;. lateral
line well developed; origin of dorsal midway in length of head; dorsal and anal low; pectoral rather

small.

Color in alcohol, brownish olive; lower surface light yellowish washed with silvery; upper sur¬
face of body dark, being, covered with minute blackish dots.

This species is probably the type of a new genus, Jenkrnsiella, characterized by the fringe of short

- -

Fio. 18. — Microdonophis mar<jrrgori Jenkins; from the type.

fleshy barbels on upper lip. The only known specimen is an example 10.5 inches long obtained by
Mr. Richard C. McGregor, February 1, 1900, at Lahaina, Maui; type, No. 50721, U. S. Nat. Mus.
.Microdonophis macgregori Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 422, fig. 2, Lahaina, Maui.

Genus 50. BRACHYS0M0PHIS Kaup.

This genus differs from Mystriophix chiefly in the presence of a conspicuous fringe of papillae on
the lips. The vomerine teeth are canine. Species chiefly East Indian; one recently described from
the Hawaiian Islands.

Brarhysomophis Kaup. Apodes, 9, 1856 ( horridus ).

38. Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan <fc Snyder. Plate 7.

Head measured to gill-opening, 7.5 in total length, 3.8 in length to vent; depth 2.5 in head; eye
1.5 in snout; snout 10 in head.

Body cylindrical, the head greatly depressed, swollen laterally in the region of the occiput, nar¬
rowing anteriorly to the pointed snout; a conspicuous transverse depression in the postorbital region;
interorbital space concave, its width equal to length of snout; a slight supraorbital crest ending in a
prominent wart-like protuberance behind eye; nostrils with minute tubes, the anterior located midway
between tip of snout and eye, the posterior on lip between eye and anterior nostril; mouth large,
length of cleft 2.9 in head; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper; outer edge of lips with a row of
rather course papillse; teeth of upper jaw in 2 rows, the outer ones small and close-set, the inner ones
larger; vomer with a single row of 5 or 6 widely spaced canines, the anterior of which is about equal
in length to diameter of eye, the others growing successively smaller; tip of jaw with 3 minute teeth
separated from the lateral rows by a wide space; lower jaw with a single row of widely spaced fang-like
teeth; teeth all sharply pointed, many of those in each jaw depressible; no tongue; gill-openings below
middle of body, their length equal to width of space between them, or to distance between tip of snout
and posterior border of eye; one-fourth of base of pectoral above gill-opening; length of pectoral equal
to distance between tip of snout and center of pupil; dorsal inserted behind gill-opening a distance
contained 2 times in space between gill-opening and pupil; height of tin a short distance behind its
origin about equal to diameter of pupil, slighly higher in region above vent; origin of anal just behind

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

vent; height of fin equal to that of dorsal; both dorsal and anal become low on posterior part of tail;
the membranes growing thick, passing into slight ridges and finally disappearing near tip of tail.

A row of large mucous tubes passing over head in the depression behind eye; 6 conspicuous tubes
on top of head, 4 being on the interorbital region, 2 on the snout; 4 tubes on upper lip; anterior ends
of lateral lines connected by a curved row of tubes passing over occiput; about 125 tubes in lateral
line, the posterior ones very small.

Color gray, with a yellowish tint; a few brownish-black spots about as large as pupil thinly scat¬
tered above the lateral line, the mucous pores on anterior part of body edged with blackish; dorsal
brownish black, with a broad marginal band of white, posterior part of fin without dark color; anal
immaculate.

One specimen 20 inches long, type, No. 51309, I ". S. Nat. Mus., Honolulu. Collector, Mr. K. L.
Berndt. Named for Henry W. llensbaw, the well-known naturalist, now resident at Hilo, Hawaii, to
whom we; are indebted for several rare specimens.

The large Japanese eel described by Schlegel as Oph'isurus pnrphyrean has the lips fringed and should
be referred to lirachysomopMs instead of Mystriophis. It may stand as Braekyaomophis })orphyreus.
Jlrachysimophis hcnsham Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 1904, 940, Honolulu.

Genus 51. MYRICHTHYS Girard.

Teeth mostly blunt and molar; pectoral fins small; dorsal beginning on the head before gill¬
opening; otherwise essentially as in Ophichthus. Coloration variegated. Species numerous, found in
most tropical seas, one known from the Hawaiian Islands, another from Johnston Island.

Ophimrus Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 334, 1839 (not of Lac5pe<le Ophichthus ).

Myrichthys Girard, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 58 ( tiffrinus ),

a. Pectoral rounded; spots large, in 2 longitudinal series, 1 series above lateral line, the other on lateral line, the spots

of the 2 series alternating with each other . , . . magnified s, p. 84

aa. Pectoral lunate; spots in 4 longitudinal series, 1 series above, 1 on, and 2 below lateral line . stypurus, p. 84

39. Myrichthys magnificus (Abbott).

Body cylindrical, tapering very gradually to tail, which terminates in a conico-acute horny point;
head small, facial outline with an oblique curvature; snout rather obtuse, with upper jaw extending
much beyond the lower, making the nasal teeth visible when mouth is closed; teeth all very small,
conical, acute, 6 standing irregularly on disk of nasal bone; teeth upon palate, vomer, and mandible
biserial, and placed very close to each other; dorsal inserted at the occiput, terminating before it
reaches the horny extremity of tail; anal coterminal with dorsal; pectoral small, circular, with 20
rays.

Color in alcohol, pink, darkest upon back; color nearly lost upon belly, which is nearly white;
at base of anterior nasal tubes 2 very small dark chocolate-brown semicircular spots, and behind
these, anterior to orbits, 2 similar markings, lint larger anil deeper in color; commencing at the inser¬
tion of dorsal are 2 series of spots of chocolate-color, separated only by that fin, and, if viewed from
above, having the appearance of transverse bands, though they are not directly opposite in every case;
upon the sides is a single series of spots of the tints of the dorsal markings, two-thirds the width of
side, measuring from base of dorsal to center of belly; upon the belly are 3 rows of small circular
spots which are very irregular as to position.

This description, modified from Dr. ('. C. Abbott, is based upon 2 specimens, the larger having a
total length of 19 inches (8 inches from snout to anus, or 1.5 to gill-opening), collected in the Hawaiian
Islands by Dr. J. K. Townsend in 1835. The species was not obtained by us.

Pi snarl on ojihis magnified Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1860, 476, Hawaiian Islands; Giinther, (’at., VIII, 55, 1S70 (after
Abbott) .

Myrichthys magnified}?;, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 494, pi. XVIII, fig. 3 (from Abbott’s type).

40. Myrichthys stypurus (Smith & Swain). Fig. 10.

Head 5.3 in trunk; bead and trunk together slightly longer than tail, exceeding the latter by
length of snout; snout blunt, 5.5 in head; eye 2.5 in snout, 3 in interorbital space; gape of mouth
moderate, extending beyond eye, 3.5 in head; anterior nasal tubes turned downward, conspicuous;
posterior nostrils large; teeth in lower jaw less blunt than in M. j>j slums Jordan Gilbert, in 2

Bull. U. S.F.C. 1903

Brachysomophis henshawi Jordan & Snyder. Type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

series in front, becoming 3 posteriorly; 2 rows (the outer row being larger) of bluntish, conical teeth
on each side of upper jaw, preceded by a patch of 8 on extremity of nasal bone; smaller teeth on
vomer in a band of 2 series; dorsal and anal tins rather high, the highest part of dorsal exceeding
length of snout; dorsal beginning at nape, at a distance from snout equal to half of length of head;
pectoral short, 1.5 in its base, 1.75 in snout, its free margin lunate; gill-opening oblique, its width
equaling base of pectoral and 1.75 in isthmus; end of tail rather blunt and little compressed.

Ground color, in spirits, light olivaceous; round brown spots in 4 series on side, extending on
dorsal but becoming fainter on fin; second series on lateral line, the spots of third mostly smaller;
spots of different series sometimes alternating regularly, sometimes without definite order; diameter
of most of spots in upper 2 series exceeding snout; a fourth series of much smaller spots (not half the

Fig. 19. — Myrichthys stypurus (Smith & Swain); from the type.

diameter of largest ones) along side of belly, almost disappearing on tail; small, irregular, more or
less confluent spots on uppe'r half of dorsal, the fin narrowly margined with whitish; anal plain, light
olivaceous; pectoral with 1 or 2 small, obscure, brown spots.

One fine specimen (No. 26817, IT. S. Nat. Mus.), 24.25 inches in length, was taken at Johnston
Island, about 700 miles southwest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the spring of 1880, by the captain of a
vessel belonging to the North Pacific < luano Company.

Ophichlhys xtypunts Smith A Swain, Pror. I . S. Nat.. Mus., V. 1*20, July 8, 18.82. Johnston Island. *

Genus 52. CALLECHELYS Kaup.

Short oval head; straight depressed snout, and very depressed mandible; fore nostril tube
dependent, the hinder one situated under the eye and furnished with a small flap, no pectorals;
highly developed dorsal; less expanded anal; only a solitary nasal tooth, which is large, elongated,
blunt, and inclined backward; 8 teeth implanted in the elliptical palatine bone, short, slender, and
curved; about 10 vomerines, of which the 6 anterior ones are stouter, and are arranged in two rows;
24 teeth stand on the entire border of the mandible. (Kaup.) This genus contains one American,
three East Indian, and one. Hawaiian species, which agree in the elongate, compressed body, absence
of pectoral fins, and the anterior insertion of the dorsal. In other respects Callechelys is close to
Ophichlhus.

Callechelys Kaup, Apodes, 28, 1856 (guichenoti i .

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

41. Callechelys luteus Snyder. Plate 8, tig. 1.

Head, measured to upper edge of gill-opening, 1(1.6 in length, 10.5 in head and trunk, 6.7 in
tail; snout 7.1 in head; cleft of mouth 3.4. Body extremely long and slender, tapering gradually
from head to tail; depth at gill-opening 2.7 in head; width of body 1.4 in, depth; gill-pouches
greatly expanded, making head deeper and broader than body; snout sharp, projecting two-thirds of
its length beyond lower jaw; eye midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; tongue small,
free on sides and at tip; teeth on jaws and vomer projecting backward, movable though not depress-
ible; 3 large canines just posterior to nostril tubes, the median one being anterior to tip of lower jaw;
2 short rows of teeth on vomer, a single row on maxillaries and on lower jaw; anterior nostril with
a tube equal in length to diameter of eye, inferior in position, halfway between tip of snout and end
of closed lower jaw; posterior nostrils on lip, below the eye, provided with an anterior, valve-like flap;
gill-openings slit-like, inferior, distance between lower edges of openings equal to half the length of
snout; width of gill-opening equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior border of eye. Dorsal
inserted on occiput above angle of mouth; height at a point above gill-slit equal to distance between
lip of snout and posterior border of eye, above anal opening equal to width of gill-slit; fin not reach¬
ing tip of tail; membrane thin, the rays being distinctly visible; anal inserted immediately behind
vent, its height equal to half the width of gill-opening; tip of tail sharp, there being no caudal tin;
pectorals absent.

Color in alcohol, white, rather finely blotched with brownish black, the spots not so numerous on
ventral surface as elsewhere; fins colored like body. In life, the upper parts, including dorsal fin, are
white, mottled with black and lemon-yellow; under parts white, rather sparsely mottled with black,
except on throat, where the spots are numerous.

One example, 22.3 inches long, caught while swimming about the ship at night, attracted by the
lights.

Type, No. 50864, U. S. Nat. Mus., southern coast of Molokai.

Callechelt/s lateus Snyder, Hull. U. S, Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Tail. 19, 1904), 517, pi. 3, fig. 5, Albatross Station 3821, near
the southern coast of Molokai.

Family XXXI I. MOKINGUID.-E.

Body cylindrical, more or less slender, the tail much shorter than rest of body, usually bhmtish,
with a fin at the top. Posterior nostrils in front of the small eye; mouth small; teeth small, uniserial;
gill-openings rather narrow, inferior; heart placed far behind the gills; pectorals small or wanting;
dorsal fin low, mostly confined to the tail. Small eels of the tropical seas, often very slender or
worm-like, and noted for the extreme shortness of the tail. The genera are closely related and 2 of
them, Moringua ( = RaUabdura=Stilbiscus ) and AphlhahnichlUys, are found in the West Indies as well as
in the East*

Genua 53. MORINGUA Gray.

Characters included with those of the family.

Moringua Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool., II, fig. 1 (linearis),

Stilbiscus Jordan & Bollman, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus, 1888, 541 ( edviardsi ).

42. Moringua hawaiiensis Snyder. Plate 8, fig. 2.

Head, measured to gill-opening, 15.4 in length; tail 3.3; depth 4.16 in head. Body cylindrical
and extremely elongate, the tail tapering to a sharp point; snout pointed, its length 6.7 in head;
lower jaw projecting beyond upper a distance equal to diameter of pupil; cleft of mouth extending
beyond eye a distance equal to pupil; teeth on jaws and vomer sharp, long, and fang-like anteriorly;
tongue adnate to floor of mouth; eye very small, the diameter equal to about 5 in snout ; gill-opening
a vertical slit, equal to 1.7 in length of snout ; lateral line slightly arched above branchial chamber,
discontinued about a head’s length from tip of tail; number of pores 113. Pectorals present, minute,
the rays easily distinguishable; the base equal to half the gill-opening, length a little less than
diameter of pupil; dorsal and anal fins scarcely developed, indicated by slight ridges commencing

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 8

1. CALLECHELYS LUTEUS SNYDER.

2. MORINGUA HAWAIIENSIS SNYDER.

A. HOEN A CO., LITH.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

about a head’s length behind anal opening, growing larger and more distinct in region where lateral
line ceases; caudal tin distinct, pointed, its length equal to width of interorbital space.

Color in alcohol pale brown, no spots or bars.

One specimen, 12.6 inches long, from Honolulu reef. Type, No. 50865, V. S. Nat. Mus.

Closely related to M. javanicus of the East Indies, but differing from that species as described in
having pectoral fins with distinct rays, longer head, and longer tail.

Moringua haivaiiensis Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Jan. 19, 1904), .'>17, pi. 3, fig. 6, Honolulu.

Family XXXIII. MUR.-EXID.-E.— ' The Morays.

The Mursenidse represent the most degenerate type of eels so far as the skeleton is concerned, and
they are doubtless the farthest removed from the more typical fishes from which the eels have
descended. The essential characters of the family are thus stated by Dr. Gill:

‘ ‘ Colocephalous Apodals with conic head, fully developed opercular apparatus, long and wide
ethmoid, posterior maxillines, paueiserial teeth, roundish, lateral branchial apertures, diversiform
vertical fins, pectoral fins (typically) suppressed, scaleless skin, restricted interbranchial slits and
very imperfect branchial skeleton, with the fourth branchial arch modified, strengthened, and sup¬
porting pharyngeal jaws.”

The morays may be readily distinguished from other eels by their small round gill-openings and by
the absence of pectorals. The body and fins are covered by a thick, leathery skin, the occipital region
is elevated through the development of the strong muscles which move the lower jaw, and the jaws
are usually narrow and armed with knife-like or else molar teeth. These eels inhabit tropical and
subtropical waters, being especially abundant in crevices about coral reefs. Many of the species reach
a large size and all are voracious. and pugnacious. The coloration is usually strongly marked, the
color-cells being highly specialized. We exclude from the Munenidie the genus Myroconyer, from St.
Helena, which has pectoral fins and is probably the type of a distant family. The remaining species
are referable to 10 or 12 genera, most of which are found in America. About 120 species are known.
The Mursenidx without fins are the simplest in structure, but their characters are those of degradation,
and they are farther from the primitive stock than such genera as Muriena or Enclielycore.

a. Vertical tins well developed, dorsal beginning on head.

b. Posterior nostrils tubular: 2 pairs of nasal barbels present . . Muraena , p. 87

bb. Posterior nostrils not tubular, sometimes with a raised border.

c. Anterior nostril very large, as large as eye, with dilated border suggesting t lie nostril of a horse. . Enchrlynassa, p. 90

cc. Anterior nostril not so large.
d. Teeth mostly acute.

e. Posterior nostrils with inconspicuous rims or none; snout moderate . Gymnothorax, p. 91

ee. Posterior nostrils with conspicuous funnel-form border; snout very long and pointed . Eurymyctera, p. 105

dd. Teeth mostly blunt or molar . . Echidna, p. 105

aa. Vertical fins rudimentary, confined to end of tail.

/. Only anterior nostrils tubular; tail about as long as trunk . Uropterygius, p. Ill

//. Both anterior and posterior nostrils tubular; tail much shorter than trunk . Scuticaria, p. 112

Genus 54. MUR2ENA Linnaeus.

This genus, as now restricted, contains some 10 species, found in tropical seas, distinguished from
Gymnothorax and from the rest of the family by the presence of 2 pairs of nasal barbels. The name
Muriena, originally applied to all eels, should be restricted to the group typified by Muriena helena.
It was first limited by Thunberg & Aid, in 178t>, to the eels without pectoral tins, those with such fins
being set off as Ophichthus. The nominal species of the following key are doubtless color variations of
a single species.

Munena Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 244, 1758 ( helena , etc., after Muriena Artedi, (Jen. Pise., 23, 1738, in part, including all
eels, and Mursena Klein, Hist. Nat. Pise., 28, 1742. in part, including all eels without pectoral fins); Thunberg A
Ahl, De Muriena et Ophichtho, 6, 1789 (restricted to helena, etc., including species without pectoral fins); (Jiinther,
and of authors generally (not of Bleeker).

Murxnophis Lacepf*de. Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 630. 1803 ( helena, etc.)

I.imamurxna Kaup, Cat. Apodes, 95, 1856 (guttata).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

a. Color, brown, with conspicuous white spots intermingled with black and brown spots; a row of white spots crossing
the ventral line.

b. The white spots in three longitudinal rows, the brown spots irregularly scattered . lampra , p. 89

bb. The white spots smaller, forming more or less distinct vertical rows; dark brown spots in 2 longitudinal rows.

kauila, p. 90

aa. Color, brown, with fine yellow and blackish spots and reticulating lines . kailuse , p. 88

43. Muraena kailuae Jordan & Evermann. Plate 9 anil Figs. 20 and 21. .

“Paid on ; “ Puhi kauila.''

Head 7 in total length; depth 1 1.5; eye 14 in head; snout 0; interorbital 12; gape 2.75.

Body short, stout, and moderately compressed; distance from tip of snout to vent less than that from
vent to tip of tail by a distance equal to two-thirds length of head; head very small and pointed; snout
long, quadrate, the jaws equal, the lower curved so that the mouth does not completely close; lips
thin, the teeth showing; each side of upper jaw with a single series of unequal,. sharpish canine-like
teeth, inside of which is a single depressible fang-like tooth near middle of side; front of median line
with 2 long, sharp, fang-like, depressible teeth; shaft of vomer with a single series of short, movable
teeth; each side of lower jaw with a single series of unequal, sharp canines, those in front largest; eye
small, midway between angle of mouth, and tip of snout; anterior nostrils each in a pointed filament
whose length is about half that of eye, situated at tip of snout just above lip; posterior nostrils each

Fig. 20. — Murxna kailux Jordan W Evermann. Type of .1/. lampra Jenkins.

with a long filament, equal to snout in length, and situated just above anterior edge of eye; inter-
orbital space very narrow and flat; gill-opening small, nearly circular; dorsal fin very low anteriorly,
increasing much in height on tail; anal low.

Ground color in life, dark brow'n, with fine yellow and blackish spots and reticulating lines, the
yellow predominating on anterior part of body; end of tail dark purplish brown; edge of dorsal and
anal dull dark red, with short pale bands bordered with darker and "with small pale spots interspersed;
ground color of cheek and throat yellow, with pale spots bordered with black; jaw orange red, with
pale black-edged bars; tips of jaws bright coral red; tips of nostril filaments bright red.

Color in alcohol, body with a ground color of light grayish brown, marked w ith line whitish lines
or specks, and profusely covered with numerous small, round, white spots, each ocellated with black;
among these are scattered larger black spots and blotches; white spots smallest on back and largest on
belly, where some are as large as eye; a broad, dark brown bar over nape, extending on side to level of
eye; top of head and snout with fine white spots; side of snout with a Well-defined vertical white liar
about midway between eye and tip; a short white line downward to mouth from front of eye, and a
similar longer one downward and backward from posterior lower angle of eye; lower jaw crossed bv
3 V-shaped white bars opening forward and bordered by darker; tip of jaw w ith 2 oblique white bars

Muraena kailu/e Jordan & Evermann. type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

separated by a narrow brown line; last V-shaped white bar extending across angle of mouth and form¬
ing a large white area at base of upper jaw, behind which the angle of the mouth is dark brown; inside
of mouth mottled brown and white; nasal filaments mottled with brown ami white; throat light brown,
with large white spots, some of which unite to form oblong spots or lines; gill-opening not surrounded
by dark; anal fin dark brown, crossed by about 28 short white bars; posterior portion of tail crossed
by about 12 distinct but somewhat irregular vertical white bars, which extend upon dorsal and anal
fins; tip of tail brownish black, with 1 or 2 whitish specks.

We have examined the following specimens of this form: The type, from Kailua, Hawaii; a
specimen sent from Laysan Island by Mr. Max Schlemmer; one from Honolulu, sent by Mr. K. L.
Berndt; one collected by the Albatross at Honolulu, and another at station 3881, in Napili Harbor,
Maui.

This species is subject to great variations, especially in color. The form described by Jenkins
as Mursena lampra has been described as follows:

Head 3.25 in trunk; head and trunk 2.25 in tail; eye 1.67 in snout; interorbital space 1.5 in eye;
snout about 5.3 in head; mouth about 2.2.

Body rather short, deep, compressed, the tail tapering posteriorly; head elongate, deep, com¬
pressed; snout long, conical, pointed, tip rounded, not produced; eyes lateral, much nearer corners of

Fig. 21. — Mursena Jcailuat Jordan & Evermann. Type of M. kauila Jenkins.

mouth than tip of snout ; jaws rather large, equal, mouth not completely closing, so that some of the
teeth are always more or less visible; teeth in jaws varying, some of them more or less fang-like, in 2
series in upper jaw posteriorly, the inner enlarged and (Impressible; vomer with 2 large depressible
fangs in front, followed by a median series of small teeth; nostrils all in tubes, the posterior pair about
as long as eye; interorbital space very narrow; gill-openings small, about midway in depth of body;
head with a number of pores; origin of dorsal about over last, third of space between corner of mouth
and gill-opening, the fin rather high, decreasing posteriori}-; anal similar to dorsal; caudal small and
confluent with dorsal and anal.

Color in life, very bright, the groundwork of light brown, with conspicuous white spots inter¬
mingled with black and brown spots; 3 longitudinal rows of white spots on body, one row on outer
margin of dorsal and a row of large white spots or blotches across the ventral surface, largest between
head and anal fin; black as well as brown spots small, irregularly placed, but generally following the
line of rows of white spots; very brilliant red on snout and jaws; no dark margin to gill-opening.

The above description is based upon the type (No. 50080, l\ S. Nat. Mus. ), a specimen 7.75 inches
long, collected in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins from the coral reef in front of Honolulu. Another example
(No. 03709), 19 inches long, was obtained for us at Kailua, Hawaii, by Mr. Goldsborough.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The form called Mursena lcauiltt by Jenkins is described as follows:

Head 7.3; depth 16; tail a little longer than head and trunk; snout 4 in nead; eye 1.5 in snout;
interorbital 2.25; mouth 2 in head.

Body elongate, compressed; tail tapering posteriorly; head elongate, pointed, sides swollen a little
above behind eyes; snout long, slightly convex in profile; mouth large; jaw arched, not completely
closing, upper slightly the longer; teeth uniserial in jaws, compressed, with long canines with inter¬
vening smaller teeth; 2 large depressible canines on vomer; 3 or 4 large depressible canines below eye,
forming an inner series on each side of upper jaw; lips thin, not concealing teeth when mouth is
closed; eye about midway in length of mouth; nostrils in long tubes, the posterior larger, equal to
eye; interorbital space flattened; gill-opening small, 0.75 in eye; roof of mouth with a single median
series of small teeth beginning below front margin of eye and running back well beyond its poste¬
rior margin; dorsal beginning nearly midway between corner of mouth and gill-opening; caudal small,
rounded.

Color in life, light brown, with 2 longitudinal rows of dark brown spots about the diameter of
snout gradually fading into one row on the posterior portion of the tail; many clear white spots as
large, or larger than pupil, over head, body, fins, and tail, many of the spots forming more or less
distinct vertical rows over fins and dorsal portions, some confluent on throat and belly, each one
surrounded by a dark-brown margin; about 30 white spots crossing the ventral line; nasal tubes bright-
red; bright red bars on snout and lower jaw, and bright red undulations posterior to angle of mouth.

Color in alcohol, brown, with the white and dark brown spots distinct; white spots edged with
dark brown; bright red undulations posterior to angle of mouth fading out.

A single specimen, the type, No. 50684, U. S. Nat, Mus. (original No. 304), 13 inches long, taken
)>v Dr. Jenkins from the coral rocks on the reef at Honolulu in 1889. The Albatross also obtained an
example at station 3881, Napili Harbor, Maui, in 1902.

Muni' nil kailuu Jordan A Kvermann, Bull. r. S. Kish Comm. 1902 (Apr. 11, 19031, 105, Kailua, Hawaii (type, No. 50014
K. S. Nat. Mus. ); Snyder, op. fit., 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu; Albatross station 3881, Napili Harbor, Maui).
Munena lampra Jenkins, Bull. U. ft. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 413, fig. 3, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50680,
U. S. Nat. Mus.)

.1 [urxna kauila Jenkins, Bull. r. ft. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 424, fig. 4. Honolulu.

Genus 55. ENCHELYNASSA Kaup.

Fore nostril funnel-shaped and capable of being shut up by a valvular elongation of its hinder
border. Hinder nostril nearly as big as the eye, with a raised border. Rictus of the jaws open in
the middle. Nasal bone reaching as far back as the middle of eye, armed with 27 teeth on its
circumference, a pairless one in the middle and 5 longer ones, between the second and third of which
stand 3 or 4 small ones, between the third and fourth 4 small ones, and between the fourth and fifth 1
small one. Palatines 16, whereof the second, onward to the sixth, are supported bAre and behind
by small teeth; on the inner row there are 9 longer acicular teeth. On the mesial line 3. On the
vomerine no more than 2 small conical tooth lets visible. Mandibulars, 22 smaller ones in the outer,
and 6 to 8 longer in the inner row, approximated to the symphysis. The eyes are situated above the
middle of the jaws. There are 4 pores on-the upper jaw and mandible difficult to find in the porous
skin. ( Kaup.)

This genus is distinguished from Gymnothora r by the enlarged and dilated posterior nostril, which
suggests the nostril of a horse. The teeth are very numerous, some of them being long and sharp, as
in the Japanese genus .Emarhi. These are morays of huge size, found in the Pacific, perhaps all
belonging to one species; but if so, the variation in the number of teeth is considerable.

a. Snout long, 5.5 in head; eye 3 in snout . bleekeri, p. 90

aa. Snout shorter, 6.5 in head; eye 2 in snout . vinolentus, p. 91

Enchetynassa Kaup, Weigmann's Arehiv 1855, 213 {bleekeri); Kaup, Apodes, 72, ls50.

44. Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup. Plate 10.

Head, measured to gill-opening, 7.1 in the length; depth 9; snout 5.5 in head; eye3 in snout; inter-
orbital space 1.5; cleft of mouth 1.75 in head; origin of dorsal on a vertical passing midway between
angle of mouth and gill-opening; height of fin about equal to length of snout, the membrane very thick

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate io

EnCHELYNASSA BLEEKERI KAUP.

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903

Gymnothorax vinolentus Jordan & Evermann. Type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

and fleshy; anal arising immediately behind vent, its height equal to one-half the length of snout;
both dorsal and anal continuous with the very short caudal; tail slightly longer than head and body;
anterior nostril located at a point one-third the distance between tip of snout and border of eye, the
edge with a low, thickened rim and a posterior flap edged with tentacles; posterior nostril situated on
dorsal side of snout midway between anterior nostril and eye, the opening oval, surrounded by a
broad, thin membrane; teeth lanceolate-canines, the lateral notches not evident on some of the smaller
ones; those of upper jaw in 2 rows, the inner ones larger, their length about equal to two-thirds the
diameter of eye; a row of 4 or 5 long teeth on vomer, followed by a short row of small teeth; anterior
vomerine teeth and those of inner series of jaw depressible; teeth of lower jaw in 2 series, the inner
row having 4 or 5 large, depressible ones; width of gill-opening equal to or slightly more than half the
length of snout.

Color in alcohol, brownish, with a few small, darker spots scattered over the body.

A very large example, 52 inches long, apparently identical with the scantily described Enchelynassa
bleekeri of Kaup, was obtained at Honolulu. Another, equally large, was taken at Samoa in 1902.
Enchelynassa bleekeri Kaup, in Wiegmann’s Archiv 1835, 214, taf. 10, fig. 3; Kaup, Apodes, 7*2, fig. 55, 1850, locality unknown.

45. Enchelynassa vinolentus (.Ionian & Evermann Plate II."

Head 2.67 in trunk; head and trunk a little shorter than tail; eye 2 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital
space; snout 6.5 in head; mouth about 2.

Body compressed, rather deep; head compressed, pointed, more or less swollen on top; snout
long, pointed, bent over at tip; eye small, much nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth; mandible
long, projecting beyond tip of snout and bent up, the mouth not closing so that on ly the tips of the jaws
meet; lips rather thin, not concealing the teeth; teeth biserial, of more or less irregular size, those in
inner series much larger and also depressible like the few large vomerine fangs; anterior nostrils in
rather large tubes, situated 0.67 of an eye diameter from tip of snout, and the posterior nostrils at some
little distance above and anterior to front margin of eye, with their rims somewhat expanded and
flattened down ; interorbital space convex; gill-opening about 0.75 of an eye diameter; body more or
less smooth and with thick, tough skin; head with a number of pores; origin of dorsal well before
gill-opening, or about last third or fourth of space between corner of mouth and the latter; marginal
tin around end of tail rather narrow.

Color in alcohol, deep purplish brown, marked all over with very small indistinct darker spots so
that it appears almost uniform.

The collections contain a single specimen, type, No. 50615, U. S. Nat. Mus. (original No. 03726),
29 inches long, obtained by Messrs. Goldsborough and Sindo at Kailua, Hawaii. The species may be
identical with Enchelymimi bleekeri Kaup, but its larger teeth, distinct nasal flap, and higher dorsal and
anal tins seem to indicate its distinctness,

Gymnothorax vinoleiUus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 165, Kailua, Hawaii.

1 Murama canina Quoy A Claimant, Yoy. Urauie, 247, 1824, Rawak and Waigiou Islands.

Genus 56. GYMN0TH0RAX Bloch & Schneider! The Morays. “Puhi.”

This genus, as here understood, comprises the great bulk of the Mursenidie, including nearly all
the species with sharp teeth, the body normally formed, only the anterior nostrils tubular, and the
dorsal tin beginning on the head. Priodonophis, with serrated teeth, has been recognized as a distinct
genus by Bleeker, but the character in question disappears by degrees and seems not to be suitable for
generic distinction. The morays of this genus are everywhere abundant in the tropical seas, where
some of them reach a great size. They are the most active and voracious of the eels, often showing
much pugnacity. Most of them live in shallow water about rocks or reefs.

Gi/mnothora.i Bloch, Ichthyologist, XII, 71, 1797 ( reticulatis ).

Li/eo’tout’S McClelland. Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., V, 1844, 174 ( literata—tile ).

Thxrodnnti * McClelland, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., V, 1844, 174 ( n tirulata -test-data).

TSidera Kaup, Cat. Apodes, 70, 1856 (vomerine teeth molar) (pfeifferi).

Polyuranodon Kaup, 1. c., 96, 1856 (kuhli }>oliju.rnnodon) .

uPlate labeled Gymnothorax vinolentus.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Tii’iiiophU Kaup, Neuc Aiilahnliche Fische des Hamburger Museums Nachtrag 1, 1859, in Abhand. Naturwissenschaft, IV,
1858-1866 ( westphali ' -funebris).

Priodonophis Kaup, 1. c., 22, 1859 ( occllatus ).

Neomurxna Girard, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Fish., 76, 1859 ( nigromarglnata—oeeUatus ).

Pseudomunma Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1862, 167 ( nmderensis ).

a. Vomer with teeth.

I>. Vomerine teeth sharp and pointed.

c. Teeth in more than 1 series in one or both jaws.

d. Teeth biserial in each jaw.

e. Jaws not completely closing, the teeth not concealed by the lips.

/. Jaws about equal . eurostus, p. 92

ee. Jaws completely closing, the teeth concealed by the lips.

g. Eye comparatively small, 2.67 in snout . laysanus, p. 92

gg. Eye larger, 1.67 in snout . meleagris, p. 91

dd. Teeth in unequal number of series in upper and lower jaw.
h. Vomer with large depressible fangs in front.

i. Vomer without teeth excepting the fangs; teeth biserial in upper jaw and uniserial in lower.

grurilicauda, p. 94

//. Vomer with a series of about 6 smaller teeth on shaft besides the fangs in front; teeth biserial
anteriorly and triserial posteriorly in upper jaw: biserial anteriorly and uniserial poste¬

riorly in lower . ercodes, p. 95

hh. Vomer without large fangs.

j. Teeth of lower jaw uniserial; vomer with a single median series of small teeth . leucostidus , p. 96

jj. Teeth of lower jaw biserial: vomer with 3 short sharp teeth . waialux, p. 97

cc. Teeth uniserial in each jaw.

/,. Vomerine teeth not large and fang-like.

I. Vomer with a row of small sharp teeth; jaws equal . mucifer, p. 97

II. Vomer with only 5 small teeth; lower jaw somewhat projecting . bemdti , p. 98

kk. Vomerine teeth large and fang-like, depressible.

m. Vomer with numerous teeth.

n. Vomerine teeth not forming a fork in front . undulatus, p. 98

nn. Vomerine teeth forming a fork in front . .flavimarginatus, p. 99

vim . Vomer with but few large fang-like depressible teeth.

o. Vomer with but 1 fang . . goldsboroughi, p. 100

on. Vomer with but 2 or 3 fangs . . . pdellt, p. 100

lb. Vomerine teeth short and blunt, or rounded.

p. Anterior nostril in a long tube, about 2 in eye.

q. Tail pointed, moderately slender; month not completely closing . s Irindachneri, p. 101

qq. Tail blunt; mouth completely closing.

r. Eye large, 1.16 in snout . hilonis, p. 102

rr. Eye small, 2.5 in snout . nuttingi, p. 103

pp. Anteror nostril in short tube, more than 2 in eye . pidux, p. 103

aa. Vomer toothless . xanthostovnus, p. 104

46. Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott).

Head large, depressed; the facial outline very slightly oblique; eye large, circular, slightly behind
extremity of snout, and 1.5 diameters distant; jaws of equal length, rather slender, the lower with a
slight upward curve at its extremity making the large mandibular teeth partially visible when mouth
is closed; nasal teeth 10, biserial, the inner row twice as large as the outer, conical, acute, and with a
deckled inward inclination; palatine teeth, 28 in the outer row, 9 in the inner, the former short, very
much compressed, acute and with an inward inclination; the inner series widely set, of various
lengths, and more than twice as large as those of outer row, a gape in the series beginning posteriorly
opposite posterior margin of orbit and ceasing opposite anterior edge of orbit; vomerine teeth 12, 9 of
which are in a direct line, the remaining 3 concurrent with the central 3 of the series; lower jaw armed
with a complement of 24 compressed, acute teeth having a decidedly inward inclination, the posterior
12 of these closely set in an unbroken series, and the anterior 12 arranged in pairs, except at the
extremity of the jaw where they form 2 square patches of 4 teeth; fold of skin enveloping dorsal tin
very thick, and arising behind occiput nearly perpendicularly; tin of uniform height for two-thirds its
length, thence slowly decreasing to its termination.

Color in alcohol head and body uniform reddish brown, nearly black upon the under surface of
tail; body everywhere minutely spotted and reticulated with pale yellowish. (Abbott.)

This species is known only from Abbott’s type (No. 984, Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.), a specimen collected

FISHES OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

in 1835 by Dr. .T. K. Townsend in the Hawaiian Islands, measuring 13.5 inches in length, and 1.5
inches from tip of snout to gill-opening, or 6 inches to anus.

Thyrsoidea eurosta Abbott, Proc. Ac. N;it. Sci. Phila. I860, 478, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 94, 1870 (no
description).

Lycodontis eurosta, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 494, pi. XVIII, fi^. 4 < Abbott’s type).

47. Gymnothorax laysanus (Steindachner). Elate 12 and Fig. 22.

Head 2.3 in trunk; tail longer than head by the length of the latter without eye and snout; eye
1.67 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6 in head; interorbital space 7; mouth 2 and an eye
diameter in head.

Body rather deep and compressed; tail tapering at its extremity to a rather sharp point; head
pointed and compressed; snout pointed, the tip rounded; eye rather small, much nearer corner of
mouth than tip of snout; mouth horizontal and jaws equal; teeth in jaws biserial, the inner series the
larger and depressible; vomerine teeth pointed and in a single series; each jaw with some enlarged
canines in front, which are depressible; anterior nostril in small tube at tip of snout; posterior nostril
over front of eye above; gill-openings smaller than eye; body more or less smooth; head with few
pores; origin of dorsal a little nearer corner of mouth than gill-opening; fin around end of tail more
or less pointed.

Color in alcohol, dark brown above; belly and lower surface pale; everywhere reticulated, speckled
or mottled with darker, or blackish brown on upper portions. The above description is from a speci-

Fig. 22 . — Gymimlhorax laysanus (Steindachner).

men (No. 04913) 10 inches long, from Honolulu. The species shows considerable variation in color
and other characters with age.

Color in life (No. 03357), brown, profusely covered with rather large roundish black spots,
interspersed among which are more numerous and much smaller white specks, these more or less
uniformly distributed over the body and fins; edges of dorsal and anal tins darker; tip of caudal
narrowly edged with white.

The young may be described as follows, from a specimen 4.5 inches long (No. 04916), taken on
the reef at Honolulu, August 15, 1901.

Head 2 in trunk; head and trunk about 1.3 in tail; eye about 1.5 in snout, 1 in interorbital space;
snout 5 in head; mouth 2 and a little less than an eye diameter in head.

Body elongate and compressed; head moderately compressed laterally, pointed; neck swollen
and a little thicker than body; snout short, bluntly rounded, rather deep; eye small, anterior, about
midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth large, jaws nearly equal, or snout only
very slightly protruding and when closed the lips entirely concealing the teeth; teeth in 2 rows along

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

edges of upper jaw extending posteriorly to eve at least; teetli in mandible in a single series, very unequal
and anteriorly from the symphysis about 4 enlarged canines forming a short inner series; vomer with
2 large fangs, the posterior the larger; anterior nostril in a short fleshy tube; interorbital space rather
flat; gill-openings small; body smooth, a few longitudinal wrinkles about branchial region of head;
head with a number of pores, especially along upper jaw; origin of dorsal well anterior to gill-opening;
dorsal and anal each rather high; caudal ending in a rounded point.

Color in alcohol, dark brown, variegated with 4 rows of longitudinal whitish spots, the third or
series next to lowest not continued to end of tail; a number of similar whitish spots on the vertical
fins, head, and belly; many blackish blotches of similar size between the white spots on body; edge
of caudal very narrowly white.

Of this species, which is abundant in the Hawaiian Islands, we have a more or less complete
series of specimens, from the young parvibranckialis to the adult laysanus. Our collection contains a
total of more than 30 specimens, ranging in length from 4.5 to 13.5 inches, ami representing the
following localities: Honolulu; Waikiki Reef, Honolulu; Cocoa nut Island, Hilo; and Hilo.

Mur; nm laysana Steindachner, Anzeiger Peaks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XVI, June 27, 1900, 177, Laysan Island (coll. Dr,
Sehaiunsland, 1896-97): Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I.XX, 515, pi. VI, lie. 1, 1900, (Laysan).

LycodontU parribranchia/is Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900 (Nov. 6, 1900), 494, pi. XVIII, tig. 1, Hawaiian Islands.
Gymnothorax laysanus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 28, 1903), 425 (Honolulu); Snyder, 1. e. (Jan. 19,
1904), 518 (Honolulu: Hilo).

48. Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw).

Head 2.3 in trunk; tail exceeding head and trunk by length of mouth; eye 2.67 in snout or 2 in
interorbital space; snout 5.5 in head; interorbital space 7.25; mouth 2.25.

Body rather deep and compressed; tail tapering posteriorly; head compressed, pointed; snout
rather long and pointed, the tip obtusely rounded; eye small, about midway between tip of snout and
corner of mouth; mouth rather large; jaws about equal, closing, the thick tough lips concealing the
teeth; teeth strong and sharp, those in anterior part of jaws enlarged and canine-like, the vomerine
in a single series; nostrils in small tubes at tip of snout, the posterior pair above and anterior to eye;
interorbital space convex; gill-opening large, eye about 1.4 in its length; skin smooth and thick; a
few pores on head; origin of dorsal about midway between corner of mouth and gill-opening; caudal
small and roundly pointed.

Color in alcohol, dark brown, variegated all over by very numerous small round whitish spots
with borders darker brown than the body color, those on fins very small; tip of tail narrowly edged
with white.

This description is based upon a specimen (No. 03391) 32 inches long, from Honolulu. Another
small example (No. 03716), from the same locality, is dark brown with a slightly purplish tint; the
general color between the white spots is more or less mottled with darker. In life the color (No.
03391) is olive-brown, mottled with darker, scarcely paler below or darker on fins; body covered
everywhere with punctated spots of yellowish and yellowish white, each of them darker edged; tip
of tail white; no margin on fins; angle of mouth uncolored; gill-opening dusky; vent dusky.

This species is apparently not common in the Hawaiian Islands. It was not found by Doctor Jenkins,
and only 2 examples were secured by us.

Murzena meleagris Shaw, Nat. Mist*., pi. 220, 1809, Brazil?

Thyrsoidea chlorostigma Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 89, 185(5, Seychelles.

Thy rsoidea meleagris, Kaup, op. cit., 91, 1856 (after Richardson).

Gymnothorax meleagris , Bleeker, Fauna Madagascar, pi. IV, I'oiss., 73, 1874 (Mauritius; Arch. Seychelles); Snyder, Bull.

U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Tan. 19, 1901), 518 (Honolulu).

49. Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins. Fig. 23.

Head 2.75 in trunk; head and trunk 1.3 in tail; eye 1.5 in snout, one in interorbital space; snout
5.5 in head; interorbital space about 9; mouth 2.5.

Body compressed, rather deep; tail long and tapering to narrow tip; head elongate, compressed,
little swollen above, blunt in front; snout rather long, compressed, convex above, tip blunt; eye mod¬
erate, a little nearer corner of mouth than tip of snout; mouth rather large, horizontal, jaws equal,
not completely closing; teeth large, powerful, biserial in upper jaw, uniserial in mandible; inner series

Bull U.S.FC. 1903

Gymnothorax laysanus ( Stei n dach n er).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

in upper jaw larger than those of outer series, 4 in number; vomer with 2 large depressible fangs in
front, otherwise edentulous; anterior nostrils in short tubes near tip of snout, posterior pair without
tubes, just above eyes; interorbital space narrow, convex; gill-openings small; skin rather thin; origin
of dorsal a little nearer gill-opening than corner of mouth; caudal very small and roundly pointed.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, more or less uniform, marked with irregularly formed light brown
spots arranged in about 40 or more ill-defined transverse bars; these bands not extending on belly or

Fig. 23. — Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins; from the type.

ventral surface of trunk, or even upon anal fin, though they are all somewhat distinct on the dorsal
fin; corner of mouth brown. This may be the young of (!. steindachneri.

This description from an example 8.25 inches long, taken at Honolulu in 1889, by Dr. Jenkins.
The species is known to us only from the Hawaiian Islands and from 2 examples, the type described
above and another obtained by the Albatross off Molokai.

Gymnothorax gracilicauda Jenkins, Bull. I . s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 426, fip. 6. Honolulu; Snyder, 1. «•.
(Jail. 19, 1901), 51# (Albatross station 3834, southern coast of Molokai).

50. Gymnothorax ercodes Jenkins. Fig. 24.

Head 6.6 in total length, or 3 in distance from tip of snout t < * vent; depth 12; snout 6.6; eye 1.3;
gape 2.6; tip of snout to vent 1.35 in tail; interorbital width slightly greater than eye, or nearly equal
to snout.

Body moderately elongate and much compressed; tail more compressed and pointed; mouth

Fig. 24. — Gymnothorax cr code x Jenkins; from the type.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

rather large, gape reaching beyond eye a distance equal to length of snout; lower jaw scarcely the
shorter, not much curved; teeth all pointed, in 2 series anteriorly and 3 series posteriorly in upper
jaw, lower jaw with teeth in 2 series anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly in a single series; 2 large
sharp-pointed depressible teeth on anterior part of vomer, followed by a series of about 6 smaller
teeth on the shaft; anterior nostril in a short tube whose length is one-fourth diameter of eye,
situated near tip of snout just above lip; posterior nostril without tube, situated above margin of eye
just in front of vertical through middle of eye; gill-slit moderate, its length 1.5 in eye; origin of dorsal
slightly in front of gill-opening, height of tin 3.5 in head; anal similar, but lower.

Color in alcohol, body and fins light brown on a whitish background, the brown arranged in a
somewhat regular network, giving the appearance of rows of indistinct whitish spots surrounded by
polygonal brownish interspaces, which are most distinct on tail; no white border to the tins or tip of
tail, and no dark area around gill-opening.

The only specimen known is the type, No. 50843, U. S. Nat. Mus. (original number 2354), a
specimen 8.5 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1891. ,

(.iymnothorax crcode* Jenkins, Hull. 1T. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 428, fitf. 8, Honolulu.

51. Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins. Fig. 25.

Head 2.3 in trunk; head and trunk less than length of tail by a space a trifle greater than length of
latter; eye about 2 in snout, 1 in interorbital space; snout 5.5 in head; mouth 2.3.

Body deep, compressed; tail tapering gradually posteriorly where it is greatly compressed; head
compressed, sides above slightly swollen; snout elongate, though rather short, blunt, rounded, not
projecting beyond mandible; jaws even; eye small, covered with the skin of head, a little nearer corner
of mouth than tip of snout; mouth horizontal, the rather thin lips more or less concealing teeth; teeth

rather large, sharp, in several series, or in a broad patch on each side of upper jaw, uniserial in
mandible; large canines in front of both jaws, vomer with a single median series of small ones; anterior
nostrils in short fleshy tubes near tip of snout; interorbital space narrow and con vex ly elevated; gill-
openings small, a little below middle of its depth and about, equal to eye; pores of body small; origin
of dorsal a little before corner of month, fin rather high, and together with anal, which is more or less
similar, continent with small caudal.

Color in life, dark brown; head, body, fins, and tail covered with numerous distinct white spots,
larger than eye on the trunk, smaller elsewhere; tip of tail white; margin or gill-opening brownish-
black. The two specimens examined, taken by I)r. Jenkins at Honolulu, are each about 6.5 inches
long, and do not differ in coloration.

The species is distinguished from G. meleagri « by the more anterior insertion of the dorsal, and
the larger and fewer white spots, which are larger on the trunk than elsewhere.

Gymnothorax leucostictus Jenkins, Bull. r. s. Kish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Sept. 22, 1903), 425, lig. 5, Honolulu. (Type, No. re nisi,
U. S. Nat. Mus.)

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

52. Gymnothorax waialuae Snyder. Plate 13, fig. 1.

Head, measured to gill-opening, 8 in length; depth 2 in head; tail 1.9 in length; snout 5 in
head; cleft of mouth 2.5 in head. Body compressed, the width in middle of trunk equal to half the
depth; interorbital space slightly convex; jaws equal; cleft of mouth extending beyond eye a distance
equal to longitudinal diameter of eye; width of suborbital space equal to vertical diameter of eye;
gill-opening an oblique slit equal to vertical diameter of eye; teeth in jaws mostly long, sharp, and
depressible, the 2 in anterior median part of upper jaw longest, those below eye in 2 series, the outer
ones short and close set; 3 short, sharp teeth on vomer; anterior nostril tubes near tip of snout, their
height equal to diameter of eye; posterior nostrils without rims, located above and a little anterior to
eyes; dorsal inserted on head anterior to gill-opening; tin highest posteriorly, its height behind middle
of tail equal to longitudinal diameter of eye; anal inserted immediately behind the vent, about half
as high as dorsal; caudal slightly longer than height of dorsal.

Color in alcohol, white tinged with yellow, with 20 black bands, nearly all encircling the body
and extending on fins; tip of snout white, tip of tail black; the first black band covering snout, except
the tip between the nostrils, extends backward beyond eye, and sends a line dow nward to corner of
mouth, where it meets a round, black blotch; chin and throat white; sides of lower jaw black; a white
space between eye and corner of mouth; the second band passes over occiput, not complete below;
third band incomplete, passing over back between gill-openings, a dusky prolongation passing down¬
ward behind gill-opening; other bands complete, anterior ones broader above than below, posterior
ones of about equal width throughout; a narrow, dusky stripe extends forward along lower surface
from vent to a point a little anterior to gill-openings.

This species closely resembles ( • ■ petelli, the young of which it may prove to he. The species
differ in color and in dentition. The light spaces on the body of G. petelli are reddish brown; on the
anal fin they are white, on the dorsal reddish brown bordered with white near edge of fin; caudal
usually tipped with white; snout reddish brown; teeth in a single series, those of the jaws not depres¬
sible, except 2 or 3 on anterior median portion of upper jaw.

A single specimen, 4.2 inches long, from a small tide pool in the reef at Waialua Bay, Oahu.

(< tjmnnthnrax miialux Snyder, Bull. It. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 520, pi. ti, fig. 11, Waialua Bay, Oahu.

(Type, No. 50870, U. S. Nat. Jins.)

53. Gymnothorax mucifer Snyder. Plate 14, fig. 1.

Head, measured to gill-opening, 3.3 in length; depth 2.25 in head; snout 5; cleft of mouth 2.3.
Snout rather slender and pointed, jaws equal, closing completely; teeth in one series, slender, lance¬
like with slight constrictions near base, their edges smooth; 3 depressible median canines in upper
jaw, the longest (posterior) one equal in length to diameter of eye; a row of small, sharp teeth on the
vomer; eye midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; width of space between eyes 2 in snout;
gill-opening a narrow slit equal to diameter of eye, located on a level with upper lip; nostril tubes 2
in eye; posterior nostrils with scarcely perceptible rims, located above and just anterior to eye;
origin of dorsal anterior to gill-opening a distance equal to space between tip of snout and posterior
border of eye; height of fin above gill-opening equal to diameter of eye, about 1.33 times as high near
middle of tail, the membrane not very fleshy; anal inserted immediately behind vent, appearing for
much of the length like a thickened fold of the skin.

Color in alcohol, rich dark brown with flakes of white, which are gathered in clouds and more or
less definite vertical bars; the flakes scattered rather evenly on head, scarcely perceptible on lower
jaw and snout; throat and belly lighter than other parts, the white and brown being about equal ;
dorsal growing darker toward the edge, where it is nearly black, with white flakes like those of the
body arranged in oblique bars; anal edged with white; corner of mouth dark; no spot at gill-opening.

The species is represented by a single example, type, No. 50868, U. S. Nat, Mus., from the 1 lonoluln
market. It measures 13.5 inches from tip of snout to vent. The tail, which has been injured, meas¬
ures 14.75 inches in length.

(lymnothorax mucifer Snyder. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm, XXII, 1902 (Jan. 39, 1904), 519, pi. 5, fig. 9, Honolulu.

F. C. B. 1903—7

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

54. Gymnothorax berndti Snyder. Plate 15, fig. 2. •

Head, measured to gill-opening, 6.7 in length, 3.8 in tail; depth 1.8 in head; snout 5; cleft of
mouth 2. Profile, a gently sloping straight line between tip of snout and posterior part of interorbital
space, whence it abruptly curves upward over the greatly swollen occipital region; snout slender
and pointed; lower jaw projecting slightly beyond upper; mouth closing completely; teeth in a single
series in each jaw, large, smooth-edged, close set, firmly embedded, the anterior ones somewhat longer
than the others; median canines absent; 5 small teeth on the vomer; nostril tubes equal in height
to diameter of pupil; posterior nostrils without rims, located above and just posterior to border of
eye; orbit round; width of space between eyes equal to half the distance between tip of snout and
center of pupil; gill-opening located on a level with eye, the slit equal in width to diameter of eye;
origin of dorsal on a vertical midway between gill-opening and corner of mouth, fin membrane thick
and fleshy; height of fin near middle of tail equal to half the length of snout; anal inserted imme¬
diately behind vent, appearing as a ridge of skin, the highest part about 1.7 in eye; length of caudal
equal to vertical diameter of eye.

Color gray, with fine brown reticulations over which is a coarse network of brown bands.

Color in alcohol, white, tinged with brown, more clear along the upper lip, on lower jaw, and on
belly; finely clouded and reticulated with brown, except on jaws and anal fin, all overlaid with a
brown-colored, coarse network of rather broad bands, the meshes becoming finer on head and broken
up into elongate, crooked spots on jaws; gill-opening brown; dorsal with oblique bars which connect
with reticulations of body; anal blackish brown, with a broad, white border.

This description is of the type, No. 50867, U. S. Nat. Mus., an example 37 inches long, obtained
in the Honolulu market through the kindness of Mr. E. Louis Berndt. Two other specimens of about
the same size were likewise obtained. One has the fine reticulations less distinct than those of the
type and the bands of the coarse ones a little narrower, about equal to width of pupil. The snout
measures 4.2 in head; jaws equal. The other, a female, 31 inches long (cotype, No. 12791, L. S. Jr.
Univ. Mus.), when compared with the type, has a more slender head, the occipital region being less
swollen. The color is similar, except that the bands of the large reticulations are narrower and the
dorsal is conspicuously, though narrowly, edged with white. There are 2 large, depressible fangs in
the anterior median portion of the upper jaw.

<!. berndti may be distinguished from all other Hawaiian eels by the broad brown reticulations on
the body. Named for Mr. E. Louis Berndt, the efficient inspector of fisheries at Honolulu.

Qymnatharax Hfrndtt Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 518, pi. 4, tig. 8, Honolulu.

55. Gymnothorax undulatus ( Laeepede). “ I’uki laumili.” Plate 16.

Head 2 in trunk; head and trunk a little shorter than tail; eye 2.3 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital
space; snout 5.67 in head; mouth 2 and an eye diameter in head.

Body compressed; tail tapering gradually, greatly compressed posteriorly; head compressed and
swollen; snout elongate, the tip bluntly pointed and not projecting beyond mandible; jaws even; eye
rather small, superior and nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth; mouth horizontal, closing,
the thick lips completely concealing teeth; teeth large, uniserial, many of them more or less canine¬
like, those along the sides directed backward; vomerine teeth in a single series, large, fang-like
depressible; anterior nostrils in short fleshy tubes, the posterior pair directly above eyes in front,
interorbital space convex, the forehead rising rather abruptly behind; gill-openings a little shorter
than eye; skin very rough, with many fine wrinkles; branchial region of head with many rather deep
longitudinal folds or wrinkles; dorsal beginning much nearer corner of mouth than gill-opening;
caudal roundly pointed.

Color in alcohol, deep purple, brown or blackish, speckled, spotted and reticulated with whitish;
often very variable.

Here described from an example (No. 04802) 35 inches long, from Honolulu. This is one of the
most abundant eels occurring among the Hawaiian Islands and is also very numerous at Samoa. Our
collection contains more than 40 specimens, all from Honolulu except one dredged by the Albatross
at station 3824, off the southern coast of Molokai, in 222 to 498 fathoms. The specimens range in
length from 10 to 36 inches, the majority of them exceeding 20 inches.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 13

1 GYMNOTHORAX WAIALUAE SNYDER.

2. UROPTERYGIUS LEUCURUS SNYDER.

A. HOEN & CO., UTH.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 14

1 . GYMNOTHORAX MUCIFER SNYDER

2. GYMNOTHORAX XANTHOSTOMUS SNYDER

A. HOEN A CO., LITH.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 15

I - H

1. GYMNOTHORAX NUTTINGI SNYDER.

2. GYMNOTHORAX BERNDTI SNYDER.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH.

Bull U. S.F.C. 1903

Gym NOTH OR AX UNDULATUS ( LACEPE.DE)

GVMNOTHORAX FLAVIM ARGIN ATUS (RUPPELL). TYPE OF G. THALASSOPTERUS JENKINS.

Buil. U. S. F. C. 1903.

Plate 1 7.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

This species is very savage and voracious. In the stomach of one example (No. 04813, from
1 Ionolulu) a Teutliis 7.88 inches long was found, though the eel measured only 30 inches in total length.
Another eel about 22 inches in length had swallowed a large goatlish which, though more or less
macerated, was as long, if not much longer, than the Teulhis mentioned.

Murxnophis undvlata Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, <529. 64i. 1803, South Seas.

Murxna marmnruta Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Uranie, 247, 1824. Waigiu, Rawak.

Murxna mlmciennei Eydoux & Souieyet, Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 207, pi. 8, fig. 1, 1812, Sandwich Islands.

Murxna cancellata Richardson, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, Fish., 87, pi. 46, fig. 1-5, 1817, Western Australia; Sumatra.

Murxna blochii Bleeker, Verb. Batav: Genoot., XXV, 49, 1853, Sibogha; Sumatra.

Murxna ayaesizi Blacker, Nat. Tydsch. Ned.Ind., VII r, 45S, 1855, Cocos Islands.

Thyrsoidea cancellata, Katip, Cat. Apod. Fish., 7C, fig. 59, 1856; after Richardson.

Gymnothorax cancellable, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., IV, 93, tab. 176, fig. 3, tab. 177, fig. 2. and tab. 183, fig. 1, 1.864 (Bencoolen;

Priaman; Sumatra; Batii; Singapore; Nova-Selma; Cocos Islands; Amboyna).

Gymnothorax ayassizi, Bleeker, op. cit.. It', 95, tab. 185, fig. 2, 1864-65 (Nova-Selma; Cocos Islands; Amboyna).

Gymnothorax blochi, Bleeker, op. cit,. IV, 102, tab. 180, fig. 2, 1864-65 (Sibogha; Sumatra).

Thyrsoidea kaupii Abbott, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1860, 477. Hawaiian Islands.

Murxna nubila, Gunther, Fish. Zanzibar, 127, 1866;. not of Richardson.

Murxna undulata, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 110, 1S70 (Zanzibar; Cocos Islands; East Indies; and Hawaiian Islands); Streets,
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., Nos. 7. 77, 1877 (Honolulu).

Lycodontis kaupi, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 494, pi. XVIII. fig. 6 (Abbott’s type).

Lycodonlispgeudothyrsmdea, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 494 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Bleeker.

Gymnothorax undulati/s, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 426 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit.
(Jan. 19, 1901), 518 (Honolulu; Albatross Station 3824, ofl the southern coast of Molokai).

56. Gymnothorax flavimarginatus ( Ruppcll . Plate 17.

Head 2.8 in trunk; head and trunk shorter than tail; eye 2.25 in snout, about 2 in interorbital
space; snout 5.75 in head.

Body compressed, tail tapering toa point; head compressed, bluntly rounded in front; snout rather
elongate, pointed, rounded above, tip blunt; eye small, a little nearer tip of snout than corner of
mouth; mouth closing, jaws about even; teeth covered with thick skin of lips; teeth in jaws in asingle
series, some of them canine-like anteriorly, those on vomer large, fang-like, and depressible; anterior
nostrils in short tubes at tip of snout, posterior pair above and over eyes; interorbital space convex;
gill-opening a little longer than eye; skin smooth, and a number of pores on head; no lateral line; origin
of dorsal about midway between posterior margin of eye and gill-opening; caudal small, forming a
rounded point.

Color in alcohol, dark brown; head in front and fins dusky or blackish; body everywhere mottled
and blotched with deep brown; gill-openings blackish; posterior edges of dorsal, anal, and tip of
caudal very narrowly margined with whitish; belly and throat pale.

Color in life (No. 0354S), very dark brown, nearly black; light interspaces smoky-yellow; outer
margin of vertical fins lemon-yellow, below which the color is bright green, gradually losing itself in
dark brown. Color in life of another example (No. 03375), 3 feet long, body and fins mottled yellow¬
ish and brown, brown forming irregular granular spots of various sizes, but all less than pupil; fins a
little darker, no pale edges; gill-opening and angle of mouth black; throat streaks brownish and spots
on jaws smaller.

This description is based upon the type of G. tlicilassopterus, No. 50619, U. S. Nat. Mus., a speci¬
men 23 inches long, from Honolulu, which seems to lie identical with this species.

Our collection contains 17 fine examples of this species, all from Honolulu, and ranging in length
from 8 to 36 inches. A specimen was obtained in 1889 by Doctor Jenkins and others were secured by
the Albatross in 1902. One small example was obtained by us at Coeoanut Island, at Hilo, also several
young from the reef at Waikiki. Others have been recently received from Mr. Berndt, at Honolulu.

Murxna jlavimarginala Riippell, Fisehe des rothen Meeres, 119, taf. 30. fig. 3, 1828, Red Sea.

Murxna flavomarginata, Gunther, Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool.. I, Part VI, 61. I860 (Honolulu).

Gymnothorax Jlavimarginatus, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., IV, 95. pi. 176, fig. 2, and pi. 178, fig. 3. 1864-65 (part).

Gymnothorax thalassopterus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXIX, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 427, pi. 2, Honolulu; Snyder,
op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu).

100

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES KISH COMMISSION.

57. Gymnothorax goldsboroughi Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 26.

Head nearly 3 in trunk (exclusive of head and tail), or 9 in total length; head and trunk about
1.5 in tail; eye 1.75 in snout, 1.2 in interorbital space; snout 5 in head; interorbital space 7.5; mouth 2.

Body rather compressed, the tail gradually tapering narrowly behind; head compressed, swollen
above; snout pointed, the tip blunt and the sides compressed; eye rather small, a trifle nearer tip of
snout than corner of mouth; mouth large, snout slightly projecting beyond mandible; lips rather fleshy
and concealing the teeth when the mouth is closed; teeth in a single series in jaws, anteriorly large
and canine-like, and the vomer with a single large, depressible fang; anterior nostrils at tip of snout in
small tubes; posterior nostrils directly above eye in front; interorbital space more or less flattened
like top of snout; gill-opening about equal to eye; skin smooth; head with a numbemf mucous pores;
origin of dorsal a little nearer corner of mouth than gill-opening; caudal small.

Color in alcohol, brown, covered all over body except anal fin with round or roundish white spots,
those on anterior part of body small, very small anil numerous on head, becoming larger on trunk,

Flo. 'jr,. — Gymvolhorax ynldsbordughi Jordan & Evermann; from the type.

and finally increasing very much in size on tail where they are scattered and rather far apart; reticu¬
lations around the light, spots blackish brown upon posterior part of dorsal fin, same color as base of
anal; margins of anal and dorsal fins whitish; gill-opening and anus bordered with blackish brown.
General color of body in life, brown, rather pale olivaceous anteriorly, and covered all over with small
white spots which are close-set and small on head where the dark color forms a network; spots sparse
and irregular on posterior parts, and also much larger; vent and gill-opening dusky; dorsal colored
like the body, with a broad white edge, growing broader behind; anal dark brown, unspotted, and
with a broad pale border.

This species is known from the type, a specimen 21 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu, and
another example from Honolulu recorded by Mr. Snyder.

GymnotJiOrnx gnldshorovjjhi. Jordan it Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 1(>7, Honolulu. (Type,
No. 50017, II. S. Nat. Mus.); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu.)

58. Gymnothorax petelli (Bleeker). Fig. 27.

Head 2.88 in trunk; tail a little longer than head and trunk; eye 2 in snout, 1.3 in interorbital
space; snout 5.25 in head; interorbital space 8.5; mouth from tip of mandible 2.25.

Body rather deep and compressed; head compressed, branchial region and top of head swollen;
snout rather short and pointed; eye small, a little nearer angle of mouth than tip of snout; mouth

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

101

large, the mandible projecting well beyond snout, the jaws closing; lips rather thick and fleshy, con¬
cealing the teeth; teeth compressed, sharply pointed, in a single series in jaws, some of those in
anterior part of jaws canine-like; vomerine teeth developed as 2 or .'1 large depressible fangs on anterior
part of roof of mouth; anterior nostrils in small tubes at tip of snout, posterior nostrils above anterior
margins of eyes; interorbital space convex ly flattened; gill-opening rather large, about equal to eye;
skin smooth, tough, with some longitudinal wrinkles upon lower surface of head; a number of pores
on head; lateral line complete; origin of dorsal midway between corner of mouth and gill-opening;
caudal small, roundly pointed.

Color in life, dull reddish brown, marked above and on side with a number of slightly darker fine
lines; about 22 vertical crossbars of deep rich brown as broad as space between them, and even still
broader on posterior portion of tail; belly and lower surface of head light, though the broad dark
vertical bands on sides meet, being narrowly constricted in the center, the edges at these [daces
white; wrinkles on throat with dark lines; edge of dorsal flu blackish and white alternately, the dark
bands forming a black margin on each side of which is a white spot, between which and the succeed¬
ing white spot is a blackish blotch, though only upon the edges of fin; anal similar, but with the white

Fig. 27. — Gyvmothomx pctelli ( Bleeker ' . Type of G. Icucacmc J eukins.

tracts predominating and without any of the general body color. When fresh the specimen showed
a bright chrome-yellow area from near end of snout backward between eyes, over top of head, to and
encroaching on first brown band. Smaller examples do not show this yellow.

The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03513) 28 inches long, from Honolulu, from
which locality we have several other examples. The .specimens vary some in respect to the bands
meeting on the belly, in many cases only the posterior ones being joined. Two examples obtained at
Honolulu in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins have the white tracts on the edge of the anal very distinct.

Specimens were also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902. The 7 specimens which we
have examined, all from Honolulu, range in length from 20 to 30 inches. The species is common at
Samoa.

Murzeno. pelelli Bleeker, Nat. T. Ned. Ind., XI, 1856, 81, Java.

GymnoUionix leitcacme Jenkins, Bull. l\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Sept. 23, 190-1), 427, fig. 7, Honolulu. (Type, No. '>0082,
U. S Nat. Mus.); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu).

59. Gymnotkorax steindachneri Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 28.

Head 7.3 in length; depth 9.5; eye 9.5 in head; snout 5; interorbital 7.2; gape 2; distance from
tip of snout to vent less than distance from vent to tip of tail by more than half length of head.

Body moderately long and slender, much compressed; head small; snout small and pointed, the
anterior dorsal profile concave above the eyes; the nape and sides of head much swollen; gape long,
extending far behind eye; lower jaw shorter than the upper, curved so that the month does not quite
completely close; lips moderately thick, entirely covering the teeth in the closed mouth; eye small,
about midway between tip of snout and angle of mouth; teeth on sides of upper jaw in a single series,
rather close-set, short, compressed, triangular canines, those in front scarcely enlarged; vomer with a
single row of bluntly rounded teeth; each side of lower jaw with a single series of rather strong, back-

1(12

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

wardly directed canines, the anterior ones somewhat enlarged, those on tip of jaw movable; anterior
nostril in a long tube, its length about half diameter, of eye, situated near tip of snout just above lip;
posterior nostril without tube, just above anterior edge of eye; pores on sides of jaws inconspicuous,
Origin of dorsal fin about midway between gill-opening and angle of mouth, its height about equal to
length of snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, but much lower; tail moderately slender and pointed; a series
of inconspicuous pores along middle of side; gill-opening a long oval slit exceeding diameter of orbit.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish, sprinkled with ragged or dendritic brown spots formed
more or less into irregular vertical blotches or crossbands; margins of fins narrowly creamy white or
yellowish, that of the anal much wider; corner of mouth and space about gill-opening deep blackish-
brown; about 5 longitudinal blackish-brown grooves on lower side of head; under side of lower jaw
with 2 blackish longitudinal lines which meet at an acute angle under chin; throat and belly creamy
white, with few scattered brownish .markings; sides and top of head whitish, with small, sparingly
scattered, irregular brownish spots most numerous around and between the eyes.

This species is related to G. kidako (Schlegel), from which it differs much in coloration, being
much paler and less reticulated, the angle of the mouth with more black, the gill-opening surrounded

Fig. 28. — Gymnothorax steindachncri Jordan & Evermann; after Steindacliner.

by a broad black area (nearly or quite absent in kidako), and the white border to the dorsal fin much
more distinct.

The specimens from Laysan, which Dr. Steindachner identified with Murima flavimarginata
Riippell, and of which be gives a good figure, evidently belong to this species. As suspected by Dr.
Steindachner, the species is quite different from G. flavimarginatus, of which we have examined several
specimens from Pedang, on the west coast of Sumatra, from Samoa, and from Hawaii.

This description is based upon a specimen (No. 03775) 2 feet long, from Honolulu. (Type, No.
50616, 1'. 8. Nat. Mias.) The species is known from the 2 specimens which Dr. Steindachner had
from Laysan, 8 obtained by Jenkins in 1889 at Honolulu, 1 by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1891, 3
secured by us at Honolulu in 1901, at least 1 recorded by Mr. Snyder from Honolulu in 1902, and
others recently sent us from Plonolulu by Mr. Berndt.

Murxna flavomarginata var., Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 514, pi. VI. fig. 3 (Laysan) . not of Ruppell.
Gymnothorax steindachm ri Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 106, Honolulu; Jenkins,
op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 426 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu).

60. Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann. Plate 18.

Head S.2 in length; depth 16; eye 7 in head; snout 6; interorbital 6; gape 2.4; distance from tip
of snout to vent 1.2 in distance from vent to tip of tail.

Body rather short, moderately compressed, the tail more compressed and bluntly pointed; head
short, the nape swollen; interorbital space broad; a distinct median groove from near tip of snout to
origin of dorsal; angle of mouth posterior to eye a distance equal to eye’s diameter; lower jaw but
slightly curved, shorter than the upper; front of upper jaw with 3 short, bluntly pointed, movable
teeth; side of upper jaw with a single series of short, pointed canines directed backward; shaft of
vomer with short, blunt teeth; lower jaw on each side with a single series of rather long, pointed
canines, longest in front and curved backward; anterior nostril in a long tube, about 2 in eye, near tip
of snout just above lip; posterior nostril small, round, without tube, situated just above anterior part

Bull.U. S.F.C. 1903 Plate 18

Gymnothorax hilonis Jordan & Evermann. Type. JUuusbien»co.uthn.v

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

103

of eye; gill-opening small, its direction obliquely forward toward nape; a series of 4 pores on each side
of upper jaw; similar pores on lower jaw. Origin of dorsal tin on nape midway between gill-opening
and middle of eye; dorsal fin well developed, its greatest height somewhat exceeding length of snout;
anal similar to dorsal, but lower.

Color in alcohol, rich velvety black above, paler below where it is marbled and reticulated with
narrow white lines; series of pores on side of upper jaw and those on tip of lower, white; cheek with
a few' irregular white spots; gill-opening whitish; side of body anteriorly with some small white
specks and irregular whitish markings; lower jaw with larger, oblong, white cross-lines; dorsal tin rich
brownish black, the edge posteriorly with a narrow, irregular, white border, sometimes interrupted
by black; anal brown, with a narrow w hite edge from which extend narrow intrusions of white,
some reaching base of fin; end of tail with a few’ small white spots, the tip narrowly white.

The only known example of this species is the type, No. 50618, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 04902),
a specimen 9.5 inches long, obtained at Hilo, Haw'aii.

Gymnolhorax kilvnis Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Apr. II, 1903), 107, Hilo.

61. Gymnothorax nuttingi Snyder. Plate 15, tig. 1.

Head, measured from tip of snout to gill-opening, 6.9 in length, 8.6 in head and trunk, 3.3 in tail;
depth 2 in head; cleft of mouth 2.2; snout 5.2. Snout rounded, jaws equal, closing completely; lips
very thick; teeth in a single series, firmly embedded, close-set, largest belowT middle of snout, growing
• gradually smaller posteriorly, basal halves with finely serrated edges; no median fangs; vomer with
very short, blunt teeth; eye on a vertical passing midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth;
distance between eyes 1.35 in snout; anterior nostril tube 2 in eye; posterior nostril located above
and just anterior to margin of eye, its opening with a low rim; gill-opening a narrow slit equal to
vertical diameter of eye, situated on a level with pupil; origin of dorsal on a vertical anterior to
gill-opening a distance equal to length of snout, the membrane fleshy, though not greatly thickened;
height in region of vent equal to length of snout; anal inserted immediately behind vent, its height
near middle of tail equal to diameter of orbit; tail not slender and pointed, but rather stubby, the dor¬
sal, caudal, and anal forming a bluntly rounded terminal fin.

Color in spirits brown, covered with white spots, those on head minute and close together,
scarcely discernible on snout and end of lower jaw; spots on the body larger and more elongate,
growing round on tail, where their diameter is about equal to half that of pupil ; gill-opening and corner
of mouth brown; dorsal spotted like tail, the spots on edge of fin elongate, narrow, and dose together,
coalescing posteriorly to form a white border; anal spotted, with a white border.

The species is represented by a single individual 31 inches long, obtained in the Honolulu market.

Of the spotted Hawaiian eels this species can only be confused with Gymnolhorax goldsboroughi,
which may be distinguished at a glance by its slender, pointed tail, the larger, circular spots, and dark
throat-patch, which are its most striking characters.

Gymnolhorax nuttingi Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 51S, pi. 4, fig. 7, Honolulu. (Type, No.

50SG6, U. S. Nut. Mus.)

62. Gymnothorax pictus ( Ahl). “Pulii kapa’a.” Plate 19.

Head 2.75 in trunk; head and trunk about equal to tail; eye a little over 2 in snout, 1.3 in
interorbital space; mouth 3; snout 5.5 in head; interorbital space 9.5.

Body rather thick, roundly compressed; tail tapering rather thickly posteriorly; head compressed,
somewhat swollen above, pointed in front; snout rather long and pointed, tip somewhat blunt; eye
small, about midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth large, horizontal, closing,
teeth concealed by the thick lips, snout projecting slightly beyond mandible; teeth powerful, in a
single series in jaw's, directed backward; teeth on vomer rounded; anterior nostrils in short tubes;
posterior nostrils above eye in front; interorbital space convex; skin tough, thick, a number of pores
on head; no lateral line; origin of dorsal in last fifth of space betw’een corner of mouth and gill-opening;
dorsal rather high; caudal short and rounded.

Color in life (No. 03394), light olive dusted with black, the spots forming marblings posteriorly;
no black on gill-opening; no dark or light edge on dorsal fin; a slight pale margin on anal; belly pale;
no black at angle of mouth.

104

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in alcohol, deep brown above, everywhere clouded and mottled with darker-, also marked
with very line pale broken reticulations, and sides with rather large blotches of deep brown; lower
surface of body soiled whitish; gill-openings pale.

This description is based chiefly upon an example (No. 03724), 28 inches long, from Kailua,
Hawaii. Our collection contains 8 fine specimens (Nos. 03710, 03711, 03717, 03720, 03721, 03722, 03724,
and 03725) from the same place, and one (No. 03394) irom Honolulu. Other specimens were obtained
by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu and Puako Bay, Hawaii.

Length 2 to 4 feet; our specimens range from 22 to 40 inches. This species is subject to consider¬
able variation, the form with coarser and darker markings being the M. dclera of Richardson.

Muricua pirla Ahl, De Murama et Ophichto, Dissert., HI, S, pi. 2, fig. 2, 1789, East Indies.

Gymnothorax p ictus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 529, 1801 (after Ahl); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902
(Jan. 19, 1904), 518 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii).

Murxnophis panllierina Laccpcde, Hist. Nat, Poiss., V, 628, 641, 613, 1803. no locality given.

Murxna varicr/ata Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 246, pi. 52, iig. 1, 1824, Guam.

Murxna sidcrea Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Fish., 85, 1846, Australia.

Murxna pjeifferi Bleekcr, Nat. Tyds. Nederl. Ind., V, 1853, 173, Macassar; Ceram.

Sidcra p/ciffcri, Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 70, 1856 (Ceram, Macassar, Celebes).

.Sidcm paniherina, Kaup, Cat, Apod. Fish., 71, 1856 (Australia, New Guinea).

Gymnothorax pantherinus, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 1, 152, 1863 (Batjan).

63. Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder. Plate 14, fig. 2.

Head, measured to gill-opening 8 in length, 4.5 in tail; depth 1.46 in head; snout 5; cleft of
mouth 1.6. Snout acutely rounded, lower jaw projecting slightly; profile from tip of snout to inter¬
orbital area convex and gently rising, that of occipital region rising abruptly, nuchal muscles well
developed; diameter of eye 2.5 in snout; width of space between eyes 1.3 in snout; mouth closing
completely, the cleft extending about one-third its length beyond posterior margin of orbit; teeth of
jaws in a single series, close set and firmly imbedded; those at symphysis small; lateral ones large
anteriorly, growing gradually smaller posteriorly, the basal two-thirds of their edges denticulate; a
median, depressible canine near tip of upper jaw; vomer without teeth; anterior nostril tube equal in
length to diameter of pupil; posterior nostril with a minute rim; gill-opening oval, the diameter equal
to 1.5 times that of eye, the lower margin on a level with mouth. Origin of dorsal on a vertical pass¬
ing midway between corner of mouth and anterior edge of gill-opening, membrane fleshy; height of
fin near vent, 1.33 in snout; anal inserted immediately behind t lie vent, where it is but a low ridge of
skin, much higher and less fleshy posteriorly, height near its middle portion equal to half the length
of snout; caudal slightly longer than diameter of eye.

Color in life, yellowish olive on anterior third, becoming a rich brown posteriorly; head and
body covered with conspicuous, light, ocellated spots, the light part of which is clearly defined, the
dark part more intense next the white, growing diffuse without; spots on head very small, 0.1 to 0.2
diameter of eye, placed from 1 to 3 times their width from each other, their centers tinged with
yellow; behind the gill-opening the spots grow rapidly larger for a short distance, then very gradually
increase in size to the tail, where they are nearly as large as the eye and 1 to 2 or 3 times their
diameter apart; posteriorly and on the fins the spots are pure white or cream colored; operdes with a
brownish black margin; mouth, within and at corners, bright lemon-yellow.

The color in alcohol differs but little from that of the living example.

Described from the type, No. 50869, U. S. Nat. Mus., 35.83 inches long, obtained in the Honolulu
market. Two other examples were obtained from the same place; one agreeing closely with the type,
except that the lower jaw projects beyond the upper a distance equal to the diameter of the eye. The
belly is without spots. The other (cotype, No. 12792, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.) has the body very thick
and robust, nuchal region greatly enlarged; head 7.46 in length, 4.35 in tail; depth 1.67 in head.

This species may be known from all other Hawaiian eels by the yellow mouth and the very large,
dark-bordered, white spots in few rows.

Gymnothorax xanthostomus Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 clan. 19, 1904), 519, pi. 5, fig. 10, Honolulu.

Plate 19

Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

105

Genus 57. EURYMYCTERA Kaup.

The tube of the anterior nostril stretches considerably beyond the lips, and its tip is dilated above
and below; posterior nostril surrounded by a funnel-formed border, and situated before the eye.

This genus differs from Gymnolhora.x in the slender, acuminate snout.

Eurymyctera Kaup. Apodes, 72, 1850 (crudelis).

64. Eurymyctera acutirostris (Abbott).

Head much compressed, the facial outline moderately oblique; eye large, circular, equal to 0.2 of
length of side of head, measuring from angle of jaws; jaws greatly attenuated, very slender, the
lower somewhat the smaller and with a gentle upward curve at its extremity; teeth uniserial,
compressed, very acute, the palatines, vomerines, and mandibulars all inwardly directed; the palatine
teeth 13, of a uniform size, the series commencing below center of orbit and terminating shortly
anteriorly to angle of jaws; 12 compressed acute teeth upon vomer in a direct line, the anterior tooth
much the largest; mandible with 26 teeth upon each side, the anterior 4 of each side being nearly
3 times the others in size, more widely set, the posterior pair with a single, compressed, very small
tooth between them; nasal teeth 14, widely set and from 3 to 5 minute teeth between each pair; 3
teeth placed upon mesial line, the second one very slender and the longest tooth in mouth; the third
twice as great in circumference, and but little shorter than tile second tooth; orbits one diameter
distant, and the distance from upper edge of orbit to facial outline equal to distance between lower
margin of orbit and free edge of upper lip; gill-opening rather small and oblique; pores upon snout
and lateral line not visible; fold of skin enveloping dorsal fin unusually thin and arising within a
short distance of occiput, with a slope of about forty-live degrees; gill-opening situated as far
posteriorly to commencement of dorsal as that is posterior to angle of jaws; dorsal fin equal in width
to 0.88 width of body, with no perceptible decrease until it approaches posterior eighth of body, when
it decreases rapidly and at its termination is only equal to one-seventh of width of fin upon back.

Ground color in alcohol, dark hair-brown, nearly black upon occiput and cheek, and along base of
dorsal fin; head, body, and both fins irregularly reticulated with narrow bands of white, varying in
width and becoming yellow on posterior fifth of dorsal fin, and upon that portion of body, but in a
less degree; 3 broken lines of black extending along body from angle of jaws to gill-opening; iris chrome
yellow.

This species is known only from Abbott’s type (No. 998, Mils. Phila. Acad.) collected in the
Hawaiian Islands in 1835 by Dr. J. K. Townsend.

Mursena acutirostris Abbott, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. I860, 176. Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 127, 1870; after
Abbott.

I/ycodonlis acutirostris, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1930, 491, PI. XVIII, tig. 5; from Abbott’s type.

Genus 58. ECHIDNA Forster.

The name Echidna was suggested for these eels long before its application by Cuvier to a genus of
Australian monotremes (properly called Tachyglossus), and includes some 12 or 15 species, most of
them belonging to the western Pacific. They represent the highest degree of specialization among
the morays, as Uropterygius represents the extreme degradation. The genus is well marked, distin¬
guished from the other morays by the blunt teeth. It is represented in Hawaiian waters by 7 nominal
species.

Echidna Forster, Enchiridion, 31, 1778 ( varicgata ).

Gymnomunsna Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, G48, 1803 (doliata — mannorata).

Gymnopsis Rafinesque, Analyse Nature, 1S15, 93 (doliata).

Pcscilophis Kaup, Apodes, 98, 1856 (catcnatus) .

a. Vertical fins low, almost obsolete; body encircled by alternating light and dark rings, 30 to 100 in number. . zebra, p. 106
aa. Vertical fins well developed; body rings, when present, broader, 20 to 30 in number.

b. Jaws completely closing; body color-rings narrower than eye.

c. Upper jaw with 1 series of teeth on sides; body with about 27 narrow brown bands alternating with

wider light bands; corner of mouth brown without distinct black spot . psalion, p. 106

cc. Upper jaw with 2 series of teeth on sides; body with about 23 dark bands, indistinct on middle part

of body; corner of mouth with a distinct black spot . obscura, p. 107

106

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

bb. Jaws not completely closing; body color-rings wider than eye.

d. Lower jaw with not more than 2 series of teeth on sides; body with alternating light and dark rings,
the latter 25 in number.

e. Upper jaw with 2 series of teeth on sides; body with reddish brown rings completely encircling

it . zonata, p. 108

ec. Upper jaw with 1 series of teeth on sides; body not completely encircled by the broad, dark brown

cross-bands . zonophxa, p. 109

dd. Lower jaw with more than 2 series of teeth on sides; body without alternating light and dark
rings, except sometimes near the end of tail.

/. Teeth on sides of lower jaw apparently in 3 series; color in life uniform yellowish brown; no

reticulated dark blotches on sides . ..leihala, p. 109

ff. Teeth on sides of lower jaw apparently in 4 series; body with from 20 to 25 more or less reticu¬
lated blotches on the side, sometimes solid and band-like near tail . nebulosa, p. 110

65. Echidna zebra (Shaw). Plate 20.

Head 5.2 in trunk; tail a little over 2 in head and trunk; eye 1.8 in snout, 2 in interorbital
space; snout 7.3 in head; mouth, from tip of snout, 2.75.

Body rather deep and compressed; head deep, compressed, and swollen; eye small, anterior,
midway between tip of snout and corner of mouth; mouth large, somewhat undulate; snout projecting
well beyond tip of mandible; lips thick and fleshy; teeth all broad, smooth, and molar-like; anterior
nostrils in fleshy tubes, the posterior pair with their rims slightly elevated, each situated above anterior
margin of eye; interorbital space elevated, convex, and as the upper profile of head is concave above
the eyes the forehead rises somewhat abruptly behind; gill-openings small; skin smooth, very tough
and thick; no lateral line; pectoral fins obsolete; dorsal beginning behind gill-opening; tail deep,
strongly compressed posteriorly; caudal with its margin bluntly rounded. The vertical tins in our
specimens are rather low, almost obsolete, and not nearly so well defined as shown in Bleeker’s plate.

Color in alcohol, deep or dark brown, encircled more or less completely over the body by numerous
narrow white cross-bars with blackish margins, which fadeaway into the brown bands between; all of
the bands or rings are not complete, though they are very seldom forked or broken up into small bars.

Color in life (No. 03543) dark reddish-brown, the dark stripes along or bordering each white band
or ring darker brown than the general body color. Another specimen (No. 02994) rich, purplish
brown throughout, crossed by about 69 pale yellowish rings, each about one-twelfth of an inch in
width, or less than half the eye. Most of these rings are complete or nearly so, some fragmentary, others
broken up into spots, soon fadingjnto whitish, and bounded by darker than the general color.

The above description is based chiefly upon No. 03543, a specimen 31 inches long, obtained at
Honolulu. The collection contains also a specimen (No. 02994) 26 inches long from the same place,
and one (No. 03712) from Kailua. Hawaii. Another was obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in
1902. This species was not obtained by Hr. Jenkins, and does not appear to be abundant among the
Hawaiian Islands, but it is very abundant at Samoa.

Gymnothorax zebra Shaw. Natural. Miscell., IX. plate 322, 1797, American seas.

Gymnothorax zebra, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 628, 1801; after Shaw.

Gymnomursena doliata LacepOde, Hist. Nat Poiss., V, 648, 649, pi. 19, fig. 4, 1803, near the coast of New Britain.

Murxna zebra, Cuvier, ROgne Animal, Ed. I, 234, 1817.

Murxna molendinaris Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, I, 1833, 32, Mauritius. .

Gymnnmurzmafasciata Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish., 103, fig. 69, 1S56, Muscat; on type of it. molentlinam of Bennett.

Echidna zebra, Bleeker, Atlas, Ichth.. IV, 81, pi. 171, fig. 1, 1864-65 (Sumatra; Kajeli, Buro; Amboynu; Timor); Snyder,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 520 (Honolulu).

66. Echidna psalion Jenkins. Fig. 29.

Head 7.25 in body, or 3.4 in distance from tip of snout to vent; depth 13; snout 5.5; eye slightly
less than snout and slightly nearer tip of snout than angle of mouth; gape 2.5 in head; tip of snout to
vent 1.2 in tail; interorbital about equal to eye.

Bodv moderately elongate, compressed posteriorly; tail slender, pointed; gill-opening very small,
inconspicuous; anterior nostril tubular, about 2 in eye, near tip of snout, well above the lip; posterior
nostril without tube, oval, above eye just anterior to its middle; a series of pores along upper lip and
a series on each side of lower jaw; upper jaw with a single series of blunt, conic teeth in front, those
on sides smaller and in a single series; roof of mouth with 2 series of large molars; vomer in front with

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 20

Echidna zebra (Shaw).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

107

a tingle series of about 3 strong, bluntly conical, dcpressible teeth; lower jaw with 2 series of blunt,
conic teeth, the inner the larger; origin of dorsal in front of gill-opening a distance equal to one-fourth
the head.

Color in alcohol, a series of 27 narrow brown bands alternating with wider light bands, the nar¬
rowest bands mostly somewhat narrower than eye, the broader ones mostly twice eye; a series of

narrow parallel brown longitudinal lines on side of head in front of gill-opening; the anterior brown
band running through eye, the second around head posterior to gape; angle of mouth brown.

Only one specimen, type, No. 506S5, U. S. Nat. Mug. (original No. 2355), 13 inches long, obtained
by the Albatross in 1896 at Honolulu.

Echidna psation Jenkins, Hull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 431, fig. 12, Honolulu.

67. Echidna obscura Jenkins. Fig. 30.

Head 8.3 in total length; depth 17; eye 9.5 in head; snout 5.75; interorbital 5.75; gape 2.8; dis¬
tance from tip of snout to vent slightly less than from vent to tip of tail.

Fig. 30. — Echidna obscura Jenkins; from the type.

Body moderately' elongate, rather deep and somewhat compressed; head narrow, somewhat
swollen above; mouth large, the gape extending more than an eve’s diameter beyond eye; lower jaw
shorterthan upper and somewhat curved; ey'e about midway between tip of snout and angleof mouth;

108

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

interorbital equals snout; origin of dorsal in front of gill-opening a distance equal to length of mouth;
dorsal fin somewhat higher than anal, its height greater than length of snout; tail compressed and
moderately slender; a few short conical teeth in anterior parts of each jaw; 2 series of conical teeth in
each side of upper jaw; roof of mouth paved with molars, in 2 rows anteriorly, in 4 posteriorly;
molars in 2 series in each side of lower jaw; gill-opening small, narrow, length less than diameter
of eye; anterior nostril tubular, near tip of snout, considerably above margin of mouth; posterior
nostril round and inconspicuous, near middle of upper margin of eye.

Color in alcohol, dark brownish with about 23 dark cross-bands mostly as broad as depth of body,
indistinct on middle part of body, but quite distinct anteriorly and on tail; alternating with them are
white ones which are narrower than eye and which extend on anal and dorsal fins; the edges of the
bands jagged, the white bands widening toward the belly; extreme tip of tail brown (in the cotypes
the tip is narrowly edged with white); side of lower jaw brown, angle of mouth black with white
spot in front on lower jaw; gill-opening without dark border. The 2 cotypes show some differences
in color. In the larger example (No. 2351) , 16.5 inches long, the body is more uniformly dark brown
and the light cross-bands are very indistinct except on tail; in the other cotvpe (No. 2353), 9.5 inches
in length, the white cross-bands are very distinct, all completely encircling the body except 3 or 4
anterior to vent.

The species was not taken by us. Three specimens were obtained by Dr. Jenkins in 1889, the
type, No. 50686, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 2352), a specimen 12.5 inches long, collected at Honolulu;
cotypes, No. 7725, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. (field No. 2351) , a specimen 16.5 inches long; and No. 2754,
U. S. Fish Commission (field No. 2353), a specimen 9.5 inches long, both from Honolulu.

Echidna obscura Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 430, fig 11, Honolulu.

68. Echidna zonata Fowler. Fig. 31.

Head 7.2 in total length, or 3.75 in distance from tip of snout to vent; vent about midway between
tip of snout and tip of tail; depth about 2.2 in head; eye 10 in head, 1.6 in snout, or 1 in interorbital
space; length of mouth 2.7 in head.

Body moderately elongate, compressed; tail strongly compressed and pointed; head swollen;
mouth moderate, gape reaching beyond eye a distance equal to length of snout; lower jaw shorter

Fig. 31.— Echidna zonata Fowler. Type of E. viucta Jenkins.

than upper, curved so that the mouth does not dose completely; teeth bluntly conic, in a single series
in front in upper jaw, in 2 series laterally; teeth on vomer bluntly conic, in a single series of 3 teeth,
depressible anteriorly, in a double series of molar teeth posteriorly, about 7 teeth in each series; lower
jaw with a double series of bluntly conic teeth on each side, and a median series of similar teeth.

Color in life, body crossed by 25 (by error 24 in drawing) broad reddish-brown nonreticulating
bands, the width of those at middle of body exceeding snout and eye; the bands completely encircling
the body, and separated by somewhat narrower light bands; tip of snout yellowish white; the first
dark band through eye broadening on interorbital space; second dark band crossing side of head and

Plate 21

b-L

Echidna zonoph/ea Jordan & Evermann. Type-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

109

very broad on nuchal region; tip of tail narrowly white. In some of the cotypes, the dark cross-bands
tend to break up below and form reticulations.

This species is not rare about Honolulu among the coral rocks. It apparently does not reach a
large size, the examples in hand ranging from 15 inches down to 6 inches in length.

Echidna vincla Jenkins (type, No. 50(187, U. S. Nat. Mus., a specimen 13.5 inches long, obtained at
Honolulu. Cotypes, No. 7402, L. S. Jr. Unix. Mus., 15 inches long; No. 2753, U. S. F. C.; No. 2753,
Field Museum), appears to be identical with this species. Specimens were also obtained by the
Albatross at Honolulu in 1902.

Echidna zonata Fowler, Tree. Ac. Nat. Sri. I’hila. 1900 (New. 6), 495, pi. XVIII. fig. 9. Honolulu. (Type, No. 1G1M.

1‘liiia. Ac.)

Ech id ita jinl/pona, Fowler, op. cit. 49(1 (Honolulu); not of Richardson,

Echidna rinrta Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 429, fig. 10, Honolulu; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.

19, 1904), 521 (Honolulu).

69. Echidna zonophaea Jordan A Evermann. Plate 21.

Head 3 in trunk, or 6.5 in total; tail longer than head and trunk by a little more than the snout;
eye 2 in snout, 1.5 in interorbital space; snout 6; interorbital space 7.75; mouth 2.8.

Body compressed, the tail tapering rather narrowly posteriorly; head deep and compressed,
pointed in front; snout rather long and pointed, the tip obtusely rounded and projecting considerably
beyond the mandible; eye rather small, midway between tip of mandible and corner o'f mouth;
mandible arched below so that only the anterior teeth touch the front of the jaw above, though the
thick fleshy lips conceal them all; teeth molar, those in front of jaws pointed; anterior nostrils in
short tubes, the posterior pair above the eye with a slightly elevated margin; interorbital space
convex; top of head more or less swollen or convex in profile; gill-opening 1.67 in eye; skin smooth;
head with a few pores; origin of dorsal beginning at last fourth of space between corner of mouth and
gill-opening; caudal small.

Color in alcohol, grayish white, the body and tail crossed by about 25 broad rich-brown bands,
extending upon the dorsal and anal fins; dark bands anteriorly broadest above and not meeting
across belly, their width about equal to the distance from tip of snout to middle of eye; first brown
band through eye, second across nape, the fourth across gill-opening; gray bands of ground color
anteriorly broad and widening much upon belly; posteriorly the gray bands are narrower and better
defined, especially on the fins, their width scarcely greater than half that of the brown bands; tip of
tail very narrowly white; body anteriorly, especially within the gray bands, profusely covered with
numerous small, roundish, black specks, less numerous and more scattered posteriorly; no black
spots on head; angle of mouth black, with a small white blotch immediately in front on lower jaw,
continued across under jaw as a broad whitish band; side, of head with about 4 or 5 narrow blackish
lines between mouth and gill-opening; region of gill-opening marbled with dark brown and whitish,
the opening dark. One example (No. 03545) had much yellow on the head and between the brown
zones. This species is known from the type and 3 cotypes, all obtained by us at Honolulu.

Echidna zcmophica Jordan & Everinann, Ball. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 107, Honolulu (Type, No.

50621, Uf S. Nat. Mus).

70. Echidna leihala Jenkins. Fig. 32.

Head 7 in total length; depth 2.1 in head; tip of snout to angle of mouth 2.5 in head; eye 10 in
head; interorbital 8.5; gill-opening a very small narrow slit, 3 in eye, with no distinguishing color
marking; origin of dorsal well in advance of gill-opening, 3 in head; jaws curving away from each
other, closing only at tip; a few sharp fixed teeth in anterior portions of jaws, the remaining all blunt;
teeth in anterior portion of upjjer jaw sharp, in a single series; in the posterior portion a double series
of blunt teeth, between which the roof of the mouth is crowded with blunt teeth, becoming as many
as 6 series posteriorly; teeth in lower jaw in 2 series anteriorly, becoming blunt posteriorly and
apparently in 3 series; anterior nostril tubular, near tip of snout above margin of lip; posterior
nostril smooth, near the middle of the upper margin of the eye.

Color in life, uniform yellowish brown, not lighter on the belly, being distributed over the whole
body in tine granular markings; no transverse bands appearing in life, but evidence of bands,

110

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

especially toward tip of tail, appears some hours after death. (The figure shows alcoholic specimen. )
Snout white, angles of mouth brown; iris yellow; no other conspicuous markings. (Jenkins.)

Dr. Jenkins obtained 3 specimens in 18S9, as follows: The type, 17 inches in length, No. 50844,
U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 283), Honolulu; and cotypes, No. 7783, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. (field No.

Fig, 32. — Echidna leihnla Jenkins; from the type.

2368), 15.5 inches long; and No. 2752, lT. S. Fish Commission (field No. 2369), 12 inches long, all from
the reef in front of Honolulu.

It is possible that this species and zona hi, zonophim, ohscura, and psalion are all color variations of
one for which the earliest name is Echidna tritor.

Echidna Icihala Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 428, fig. 9, Honolulu.
i Pcccildphu tritnra Vaillant Snuvage, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 3d series, III, 287, ] s7f>, Hawaiian Islands.

71. Echidna nebulosa (Ahl) . “Puhi kapa.” Plate I .

Head 3.25 in trunk; tail shorter than head and trunk by a little more than snout and eye; eye
2.5 in snout and a little over 2 in interorbital space; snout 5.5; interorbital space 6.5; mouth 2.2.

Body compressed; tail tapering gradually ; head large, thick, compressed, swollen above, so that
the upper profile is convex from eyes; snout deep, compressed, rounded, the extremity blunt; eye
small, high, nearer tip of snout than corner of mouth; mouth horizontal; jaws nearly equal; teeth in
anterior part of jaws conical, those posterior molar-like; anterior nostrils in small tubes, posterior
pair above the eyes anteriorly; interorbital space convex; gill-opening a little larger than eye; skin
smooth and tough, with some pores on head; origin of dorsal about midway between posterior edge
of eye and gill-opening; tip of tail rounded.

Color, in alcohol, whitish, finely spotted and speckled with blackish brown, crossed by about 27
cross-bands formed of deep blackish-brown reticulations, each divided so as to form 2 lateral series;
spots on lower surface of body more or less solid, and the ground color with fewer small spots
between; tip of snout and caudal white. This description from a specimen (No. 03774) 29 inches
long, taken at Honolulu.

The puhi h&pa is “a kind of eel that makes havoc among all kind%of fish. Hence Kamehameha
(King of Hawaii) was called ‘Puhi kapa’ because ‘victorious over all.’”

a “Tail of same length as body. Branchial opening of same size as eye, surrounded by a black spot more or less
distinct. Intermaxillary teeth in a single row in front, in two rows behind, conical and quite short; maxillary teeth
shorter, in two rows; the three anterior vomerine teeth weak, of same size as the intermaxillary teeth, a large vomerine
plate composed of rounded teeth as those of Daurades, small, numerous, in two rows in front, in six rows in the middle.
Anterior mandibulary teeth pointed, in two rows; posterior teeth conical, arranged in three series. Anterior
nostril tubes very short. Angle of mouth black; some horizontal black lines under the throat. Honolulu.” (Vaillant &,
Sauvage.) This brief description is not full enough for certain identification. The species may be identical with
E. Icihala Jenkins.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

Ill

In life the irregular (lark areas are dark brown, with chrome-yellow spots, the bars between these
dark areas gray and brown; anterior tubular nostril orange; iris orange. An example from Hilo, gray
with black spots and bands almost meeting on the belly, and quite meeting on the tail; spots of deep
yellow in the black spots, those of belly edged with yellow; anterior nostril orange; snout and chin
livid brownish; vent deep yellow, border of fins grayish white, like tip of tail.

The natives sav that tins eel goes ashore in the grass, wriggling quickly to the water again when
disturbed. They also claim that it is savage and will bite.

We have a number of specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua. Dr. Jenkins obtained one
from Honolulu, in 1889, which we have examined, and the A lha tross obtained one at Honolulu in 1902.
The species is very common at Samoa.

Mamma nebnlosa Ahl, De Muraena et Ophichtho, Thumb. Dissert., Ill, 5, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1789, East Indies.

({ymnothorax nebuloaus, Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 528, 1801; after Ahl.

Gymnothorax echidna Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 526, 1801, Huahia; Tahiti.

Murxna aphis Riippell, Atlas zu der Reise im Nordl. Afrika, 110, taf. 29, fig. 2, 182s, Red Sea.

Thxrodontis ophis, McClelland, Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist., V, 1844, 217.

Echidna variegata Forster in Lichtenstein, Descript. Animal., 181, 1844, seas Huahainam; Bolam-Bolam; Tonga-Tabu.
Mur send variegata, Richardson, Voy. Ereb. & Terror, Fish., 94, pi. 47, figs. 1-5 and 11-16, 1846 (Indian Ocean: Chinese Sea;
coasts of Australia).

Pcecilophis variegata, Kaup, Cat. Apod. Fish. Brit. Mus., 9.8, tab. 13, fig. 67, 1856; after Richardson.

Mumma nebulosa , Gunther. Cat., VIII, 130, 1870 (Port Natal; Zanzibar; Madagascar; Seychelles; India; Moluccas; Amboyna;
Macassar; Siam; China Seas: Fiji; Trinity Bay; Australia).

Echidna nebulosa, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 429 (Honolulu); Snyder, <>p. cit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 520 (Honolulu).

Genus 59. UR0PTERYGIUS Riippell.

This genus contains most of those morays with fins altogether wanting, or developed only at the
tip of tail; teeth small, pointed, subequal, the mouth of moderate size, and only the anterior nostrils
provided with a tube. The typical species have the tail about as long as the rest of tin* body.

Gymnam,uncna Laccpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 648, 1803 (doliata=viarmorata)\ restricted first by Kuup in 1856 to doliata,
which is an Echidna,

lchthyophis Lesson, Voy. dc la Coquille, II, 131, 1830 ( panthcrinus marmoratus ); not of Fitzinger 1829, a genus of reptiles.
Uroplcrygius Riippell, Neue Wirb., Fische, 83, 1838 ( concolor ).

Scidica Jordan it Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 403, 1.896 ( neclnrus ).

a. Posterior nostril with elevated rim; jaws equal; no dorsal fin evident . marmoratus, p. Ill

an. Posterior nostril without rim; jaws unequal; dorsal fin evident on tail . leucnrus , p. 112

72. Uropterygius marmoratus (Laccpede). Fig. 33.

Head 2.25 in trunk; tail longer than head and trunk by 11 little less than half of head; eye 2.3 in
snout, 2 in interorbital space; snout 5.67 in head; interorbital space 7.5; mouth 2.5.

Body compressed; tail tapering gradually behind to a rather thick point; head rather large,
compressed, obtusely pointed; snout long, pointed, the tip blunt; eye small, a little nearer tip of snout
than corner of mouth ; mouth with thick lips concealing the teeth; teeth large and sharp pointed,
biserial in the jaws, the outer series much smaller and more numerous than the inner, which are

112

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISII COMMISSION.

depressible; vomerine teeth in a single median series; anterior nostrils in short tube, the posterior
pair with elevated rims; interorbital space elevated; no fins, except an obsolete-raved development
around end of tail.

Color in alcohol, dark blackish brown above, paler beneath, marked all over with indistinct
blackish reticulations; chin pale brown, somewhat soiled.

One adult (No. 03730) 11 inches long was obtained by Mr. (joldshorough at Kailua, Hawaii, and
about a score of young individuals 1.3 to 4.73 inches long were dredged or taken in the tangles by the
Albatross off the south coast of Molokai and between Maui and Lanai in 31 to 46 fathoms. In life the
young are dark brown, the throat and lower jaw much lighter, almost white in some specimens, there
being no dark markings as in the adult. The mucous pores on the head are white.

Gymnomurxna marmorata Laecpede, Hist. Nut. Poiss., Y, G48, 050, 1803, coast of New Britain.

Jchthyoph is panther in ns Lesson, Voy Coq., Poiss., II, 131, 1S2G-1830, Oualan, Caroline Islands.

J Munma inicropterus Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 298, 1852, Wahai, southern Ceram.

' Vrnplcryyius xanthoptrrud Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., XIX, 350, 1859, Patjitan, southeast Java.
fGynmoumrnma xanthoplcrus Bleeker, Atlas, IV, 11 1, pi. 20, lig. 4, 18(14.
fGymnnniurnma inicropterus, Bleeker, op. eit., 115, pi. 20, tig. 2, 180-1.

?Gyi)inomur:nia macrokerphaUis Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., 11,5-1, 1805, Amboyna.

Cropteryyins mnrntomlus, Snyder, Bull. IT. K. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 521 (Albatross Stations 3847, 3850,
3872, 3870).

73. TJropteryg-ius leucurus Snyder. Plate 13, fig. 2.

Head, measured to gill-opening, 8.3 in length; tail 1.9; depth 2.6 in head; snout 5; cleft of mouth
2.9; lower jaw shorter than upper, tip extending to base of nostril tubes; teeth of jaws in 2 series,
outer ones small and close set, inner ones fang-like and widely spaced; a median, depressible fang in
upper jaw; a single row of sharp teeth on vomer; anterior nostrils with tubes equal in length to
diameter of eye; posterior nostrils without rims, located above eyes; eye located above middle of
cleft of mouth; gill-opening a horizontal slit equal to diameter of eye. The dorsal fin becomes evident
at a point about half the length of head from tip of tail, being represented anteriorly by a mere fold
of the skin which extends to occiput; caudal pointed; a mere trace of an anal which joins the caudal.

Color brown, finely spotted above with white; ventrally the Spots become elongate and unite,
also increasing in size until on the belly the color is white with fine reticulations of brown; upper
parts with figures formed by the union of elongate spots; end of snout, upper lip, lower jaw, and
throat white; fin around end of tail white.

This species resembles the young of V. inarmoratus. It differs in color, that form being neither
spotted nor otherwise figured with white. The jaws of 17. marrnoratus are equal, and no dorsal fin is
evident on the tail.

One specimen, 4.3 inches long, was taken in 28 fathoms of water, station 3874, between Maui and
Lanai. Type, No. 50871, U. S. Nat. Mus.

I'ropOri/'/ills l run mis Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Jim. 19, 1904), .V21. pi. 0, tier . 12, Albatross Station 3874,
between Maui and Lanai.

Genus 60. SCUTICARIA Jordan & Snyder.

This genus differs from Uropltrygius in having the posterior nostrils in tubes.

j \fur;t‘Holjlcnna Kaup, Cat, Apod. Fish., 97, 1S5G (tif/nna): not of Lacepcde, 1803, which is Mi/xine.

Scrtlraria .Iordan A Snyder, Prop. IT. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, 8811 ( tigrina ).

74. Scuticaria tigrina (Lesson). Plate 22.

Head 6.4 in trunk; tail a little over 2 in head and trunk; eye 2.8 in snout, 2.5 in interorbital
space; snout a litt le over 7 in head; mouth a little over 3.

Body very elongate, round; tail compressed, tapering a little posteriorly to a very blunt and
rounded tip; head round, blunt in front; snout round and blunt; eye very small, nearer tip of snout
than corner of mouth; mouth nearly horizontal, jaws even; lips thick and tough; teeth all sharp-
pointed, 2 series in upper jaw of which the inner are the larger; mandible with a short double series
in front, those on vomer in a single series; anterior nostrils in short tubes nearer tip of snout, and
posterior also in short tubes above anterior margins of eyes; interorbital space elevated and convex;
gill-opening equal to eye; skin thick and tough, with a few mucous pores on head; no fins.

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903

SCUTICARIA TIGRINA ( LESSON ).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

113

Color in alcohol, pale reddish brown, marked everywhere with numerous blotches of blackish
brown edged with a paler brown than the general body-color; between the large dark blotches many
small spots similarly edged; snout and mandible mottled with dark brown.

Here described from a specimen (No. 04815) 42 inches long, taken at Honolulu. We have
also a specimen (No. 04831) 40 inches long, from the same place, and 3 others (Nos. 03706, 03718, and
03719), 48, 35, and 35 inches long, respectively, from Kailua, Hawaii.

IchthyophU tigrinus Lesson, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, IV. 399, 1829. Borabora, Society Islands.

Murirnoblcnna ticjrina, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neeil., II, 1857, 93.

Ciymnomurxna tigrbia, Bleeker, Atlas. Ichth., IV. 113, pi. 165. 3. 186-1 i Prigi, Java; Nova Selma; Cocos Island: Amboy mi;

Celebes; Timor); Kner, Reise Novara, I, 387, 1867 (Tahiti); Gunther, Cat., VIII, 133, 1870 (Mauritius: Zanzibar;
East Indies; India); Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 121 (Johnston Island).

Order H LYOPOM1.

This group, which contains the single family of Halosauridx, is thus defined by Gill:

Scapular arch constituted by proscapular, postero-temporal and post-temporal, the post-temporal
discrete from side of cranium and impinging on supraoccipital; hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid
lamellar; a foramen in upper margin of hypocoracoid; mesocoraeoid absent; actifiosts normal; cranium
with the condyle confined to basioccipital; opercular apparatus characteristic, the preopercle entirely
detached from the suspensorium (rudimentary and connected only with the lower jaw); operculum
normally connected, subopercle enlarged and partly usurping the usual position of the preopercle, in
company with the suborbital chain which is extended backward to the opercular margin; bones of
jaws, palatines, and pterygoid complete and normal; anterior vertebrae separate; ventrals abnormal.

Family XXXIV. HALOSAURIDX.

Body elongate, compressed anteriorly, tapering into a very long and slender tail, which becomes
compressed and narrowed into a sort of filament; abdomen rounded; scales rather small, cycloid,
deciduous; sides of head scaly; lateral line present, running along the side of the belly, its scales in
the known species enlarged, each in a pouch of black skin with a luminous organ at its base; no
barbels; head subconical, depressed anteriorly, the flattened snout projecting beyond the mouth;
mouth inferior, horizontal, of moderate size, its anterior margin formed by the premaxillaries, its
lateral margin by the maxillaries, which are of moderate width; teeth small, in villiform bands, on
the jaws, the rudimentary palatines and pterygoids, none on vomer and tongue; eye rather large;
facial bones with large muciferous cavities; opercular apparatus peculiar, the preopercle entirely
detached from suspensorium, rudimentary and connected only with lower jaw; opercle normally
connected; subopercle enlarged and partly usurping the usual position of the preopercle, in company
with the suborbital chain, which is extended backward to the opercular margin; bones of head
unarmed; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise none; gillrakers short; gill-membranes
separate from the isthmus; branchiostegals numerous (about 14); dorsal fin short, rathe/ high,
inserted behind ventrals and before vent; no adipose fin; no caudal fin; anal fin extremely long,
extending from vent to tip of tail (its rays about 200 in number) ; ventrals moderate, not very far
back; pectorals rather long, narrow, inserted high; no axillary scales; shoulder-girdle weak, its
uppermost bone (supraclavicle or post- temporal) touching the cranium at the nuchal region, but not
connected with it laterally; air-bladder large, simple; stomach ccecal; pyloric coeca in moderate
number; intestines short; ovaries not closed; vertebrae very many, 60 ; x. Fishes of the deep sea.

Genus 61. ALDROVANDIA Goode & Bean.

Ventrals normal; no second dorsal fin; vertex scaleless; scales of lateral line enlarged, provided
with photophores; head with pointed snout and prominent lateral ridges; anal moderate, high, its
height one-third to one-fourth that of dorsal. The 3 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described
in Section II.

Aldrovandia Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 132, 1896 ( rostrata ).

Ha losouropsis Collett, Poiss. Hirondelle, 146, pi. V, tig. 23. 1896 ( macrochir ).

F. C. B. 1903— S

114

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Order 1. HEMIBRANCHII. The Hemibranehs.

Interclavicles developed; gills pectinate; post-temporal simple, not furcate; supraelavicle quite
small; superior pharyngeal bones reduced in number, the bones of the gill-arches also reduced except
in Gasterosteidir; inferior pharyngeals present, not united; ventral fins abdominal or subabdominal,
joined to the intraclavicle or else detached from it through partial atrophy of the shoulder-girdle;
mouth bounded above by premaxillaries only; shoulder-girdle simple in structure; basis of cranium
simple and without tube; 4 anterior vertebra; more or less elongate; snout usually more or less pro¬
duced, the small mouth at its end. A small group, well distinguished from the Pe.rcesoces and other
Teleocepliali, from ancestors of which it is probably descended, differing in the presence of the inter¬
clavicles and in the reduction of the shoulder-girdle and other structures. Its relations to the
Lophobranchii are close, the characters of the latter being largely extremes of the same mollifications.

FAMILIES OF HEMIBRANCHII.

a. Only one dorsal fin.

b. Dorsal preceded by 8 to 12 free spines .

bb. Dorsal without spines and not followed by finlets .

aa. Dorsal fins 2, the anterior of spines only, the posterior of soft rays

Family XXXV. AULOSTOMIDAi.- The Trumpet-Fishes.

Body compressed, elongate, covered with small ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous; head long;
mouth small, at the end of a long, compressed tube; lower jaw prominent, with a barbel at the sym¬
physis; premaxillary feeble, not protractile; maxillary broad, triangular, with a supplemental bone;
teeth minute, in bands, on lower jaw and vomer; branchiostegals 4; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
pseudobranchise well developed; gill rakers obsolete; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus;
air-bladder large; spinous dorsal present, of 8-12 very slender free spines; soft dorsal and anal rather
Jong similiar, posterior, with 23 to 28 rays each; caudal small, rhombic, the middle rays longest, but
not produced into a filament; ventral 8 abdominal, of G rays, all articulated; pectorals broad, rounded,
the space in front, of them scaly; first 4 vertebra elongated; 2 pyloric caeca. A single genus,' with 2
species, found in tropical seas.

Genus 62. AULOSTOMUS Lacepede-

Characters of the genus included above.

Aulostomus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 357, 1803 ( chinensis ).

Aulostovia Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, 320, 1850; changed spelling.

Polypterichthys Klceker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., IV, 1853, 008 ( valcntini = chinensis).

Solenostomus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, cd. Gray, 140, 1854 {chinensis).

. Aulostomidx, p. 114

. FistulariidR', p. 115

. M aero rh amph osidse , p>. 117

75. Aulostomus valentini (Bleeker). “ Nunu” Fig. 34.

Head 3; depth 3.75 in snout; snout 1.5; eye 8 in snout; maxillary 4 in snout; mandible 2.65 in
snout; D. xi-27; A. 26; seales.about 19-250-20.

Body elongate, compressed, Covered with small ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous, slightly
arched over base of pectoral; head long; eye moderate, posterior; mouth small, oblique, at the end of
a long compressed tube; lower jaw prominent, hooked and with a barbel at the symphysis; premaxil¬
lary slender; maxillary broad; minute teeth on lower jaw, vomer, and palatines; dorsal similar to anal,
both posterior, dorsal directly over anal, their posterior bases arching and nearly meeting on the long
slender caudal, peduncle.

Color in alcohol, brown with about 14. lighter colored cross-bands, about as wide as eye, extending
around the body; base of dorsal and anal black; a black spot on upper anterior half of caudal, and
one usually present on lower rays; a similar spot on base of each ventral; first rays of dorsal black;
fins otherwise pale yellowish; a black spot on middle of maxillary; sometimes a series of 2 to 5 or 6
small black spots on median line of belly in front of anal; sometimes other black spots on belly.

The above description chiefly from a specimen (No. 03327) 19.5 incheg long, from Honolulu.
Other examples somewhat smaller are darker in coloration, some of them uniform chocolate-brown

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

115

without cross-bars except on caudal peduncle and between dorsal and anal fin, where there are light
bars which tend to break up into white spots. The caudal usually has the 2 black spots, though the
lower one is often absent.

The color of this species seems subject to great variation. Garrett, in Fisehe der Siidsee, figured 2
forms, one a uniform lemon-yellow and another light brown with 5 or 6 rosy-brown longitudinal stripes
each less than pupil in width; a narrow line of same color on caudal peduncle with a broader crossbar
at each end and one at its middle; head pale rosy with 3 deeper rosy oblique bars on snout; fins all
pale rosy; middle caudal rays scarcely rosy; a black spot on maxillary, one on base of ventral and 2

Fig. 31. — Aitlostomus vaicntini (Bleeker); after Gunther.

on caudal fin. In the yellow figure there is a black spot on maxillary and one on upper caudal rays,
but none below nor on ventral.

This species is fairly abundant at Honolulu, where specimens were obtained by Jenkins in 1889,
by the Albatross in 18911 and 1902, by Wood in 1898, and by us in 1901. The Albatross obtained it also
at Laysan, and it occurs at Johnston Island.

Polyptericlilh yi vaicntini Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., TV. 1853, 608. Ternate.

Aulostoma cliinense, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 74, 1877 ( Honolulu i ; Gunther. Fisehe der Siidsee. VII, 221, pi. 123,
figs, band c, 1881 (Hawaiian, Society, Pomotu islands; Aneityum); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. VViss. Wien, i , X X .
1900, 502 (Honolulu; Laysan).

Aulostomus ckinensis, Smith A Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 121 (Johnston Island); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei.

Phila. 1900, 500 (Oahu); not Fistularia chincnsis of Linna-us, which is based on the American species.

Anlostomus vaicntini, Jenkins, Bull. IT. 8. Fisli Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 437 (Honolulu); Snyder, Bull, U. S. Fish
Coram., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island).

Family XXXVI. FISTULARIIU.-K. — 1'he Cornet-Fishes.

Body extremely elongate, much depressed, broader than deep; scaleless but with bony plates on
various parts of the body, mostly covered by the skin; bead very long, the anterior bones of the skull
much produced, forming a long tube, which terminates in the narrow mouth; this tube formed by the
symplectic, proethmoid, metapterygoid, quadrate, palatines, vomer, and mesethmoid; both jaws, and
usually the vomer and palatines also, with minute teeth; membrane uniting the bones of the tube
below, very lax, so that the tube is capable of much dilation; post-temporal coossified with the
cranium; branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate, free from
the isthmus; gillrakers obsolete; basibranchial elements wanting; pseudobranch ife present ; air-bladder
large; spinous dorsal entirely absent; soft dorsal short, posterior, somewhat elevated; anal fin opposite
and similar to soft dorsal; caudal fin forked, the middle rays produced into a long filament; pectorals
small, with a broad base, preceded by a smooth area as in GaslerostekUe; pectoral ossicles 3; inter¬
clavicles greatly lengthened; supraclavicles very small; ventral fins very small, wide apart, abdominal
(through partial atrophy of the girdle, by which they lose connection with the interclavicles), far in
advance of the dorsal, composed of 6 soft rays; pyloric coeca few; intestine short; vertebrae verv
numerous (4+44 to 49+28 to 33); the first 4 vertebrae very long. Fishes of the tropical seas, related
to the sticklebacks in structure, hut with prolonged snout and different ventral fins. A single genus,
with few species.

11(»

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 63. FISTULARIA LinnEeus.

Characters of the genus included with those of the family.

Fistularia Linnaeus, Syst. Xat.. Ed. X. 312. 1 758 (tnbacarin).

Cannorhynchus Cantor. Malayan Fishes, 211, 1850 ( tabacaria ); Fistnlaria being preoccupied by Fistularia Donati, 1750, apre-
LinriEean genus of Polyps.

Flayellaria Gronow, Cat. Fishes, eel. Cray, 1411, 1854 (fistula.)' is - tahaca.ria) .

it. The long plates of posterior portion of lateral line unarmed . ' . petimba, p. llli

« a. The long plates of lateral line each armed with a compressed spine directed backward . serrata, p. 1 16

76. Fistularia petimba Lacdpede.

Head 2.65 in length; depth 13 in head; eye 10 in head; snout 3.5 in body; interorbital 10; man¬
dible 4.5 in snout; D. 14 (14 to 17); A. 14 or 15.

Interorbital space" slightly concave with a strong median ridge and fainter lateral ones, diverging
both anteriorly and posteriorly; a rosette of short, diverging lines upon top of snout at about, one-ninth
distance from eye; 2 ridges on upper surface of snout nearest together mesial lv, then diverging slightly,
inclosing a central ridge and coining together again at tip of snout; lateral ridges finely serrate,
anteriorly smooth; other ridges smooth, the lower lateral ridge serrate posteriorly, not showing from
above; serrations on posterior rim of orbit above and on lateral occipital ridges; body much depressed,
entirely smooth; depth one-half width; lateral line along middle of side, ascending, the lines from
the 2 sides coming near together on back behind pectorals for a distance about eqnal to postorbital
portion of head; lateral line on large specimens armed posteriorly with a series of embedded keels,
which become smaller anteriorly, entirely disappearing somewhat in advance of dorsal; in small
examples this keeled portion is asperate; distance of origin of dorsal fin from base of caudal about half
length of snout; height of dorsal about twice eye; anal opposite dorsal and similar to it; caudal lobes
smaller than dorsal; caudal filament 1.5 in snout; ventrals short, equal to eye.

Color in alcohol, brown above, lighter below; fins pale.

The above description chiefly from a specimen (No. 03584) 42 inches long, from Honolulu. We
have also from Honolulu 2 examples (Nos. 02945 and 03131 ) 39 and 37 inches long, respectively; 98
examples 6 to 17.5 inches long, from Hilo, and 1 specimen 19 inches long from Kailua; specimensfrom
Japan and Samoa, and numerous specimens obtained by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu, Hilo,
Necker Island, and Hanalei Bay, Kauai. We have examined 13 examples collected in 1889 by Dr.
Jenkins at Honolulu, 20 small specimens' obtained by the Albatross November 8, 1899, in the harbor
of Papeete, Tahiti, and a large example from the Philippines. Snyder mentions finding skeletons of
this fish at Necker Island, where the fish had been carried ashore by birds.

Fistularia pi fimhtl- Lacepedc, Hist. Nat. Poi.xs., V, 349, 1803, New Britain, Isle of Reunion, equatorial Pacific; Jenkins,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 437 (Honolulu; Tahiti), Snyder, 1. e. (January 19, 1904), 523
(Honolulu: Hilo; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Necker Island).

Fistularia tlrpri ssa Gunther, Report shore Fishes, Challenger, 09, pi. 32. lig. 1>, 1880, Sulu Archipelago (others from Natal:
Zanzibar, Amboyna; China; New Guinea; New South Wales, Fiji Islands; and California): Jordan & Evermann,
Fishes North & Mid. Amer., I, 757, 1890; Seale, Oecas. Papers Bishop Mus., I, No. 3, 64, 1901 (Guam).

77. Fistularia serrata Cuvier.

Head 3.6 in length; I). 13 to 15; A. 14 or 15; V. 6; branchiostegals 7.

The tube into which the head is produced is exceedingly long, the part of the head situated behind
the orbit being contained 6.5 times in its length; it is distinctly serrated on the outer edge, as high as
broad near its base, and somewhat compressed in its anterior portion; a vertical cut across its middle
would be hexagonal. The cleft, of the mouth is horizontal, extending nearly as far backward as the
maxillary. Lower jaw prominent; intermaxillary styliform, not protractile; jaws and palatines armed
with a series of small teeth; vomerine teeth rudimentary, if present.

The upper surface of the tube is covered with a very thin skin; the middle is much more elevated
than the lateral portions, at least on the basal half of the tube, and is formed by crenulated ridges, the
outer of which arise from the anterior angle of the orbit, first convergent, and then keeping a parallel
direction. The lateral edge of the tube is very distinctly serrated and provided with rather prominent
spines posteriorly. The eye is elongate ovate, much longer than high, its horizontal diameter one-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

117

half of its distance from the base of the pectoral fin; it is protected by prominent angles of the frontal
bones anteriorly and posteriorly; the bony ridge between the orbits is concave and narrow, its width
being less than the vertical diameter of the eye; crown of head rather convex, with slight crenulated
striae; nostrils close together, one before the other, in front of the anterior angle of orbit on side of
head; opercle not quite twice as long as high, and covered with a thick membrane which is prolonged
beyond margin of bone and fixed to base of pectoral; gill-opening wide, but not extending upward
beyond base of pectoral; 6 slender branchiostegals; shields of anterior portion of trunk are the follow¬
ing: 1, a narrow strip along the median line; 2, a pair of broader ones occupying the sides of the back;
3, a narrow one on each side; 4, the pubic bones on the belly.

Body depressed, nearly twice as broad as high; naked, without dermal ossifications; lateral line
marked by pores and small narrow bony shields, sunk in the skin anteriorly, becoming broader on
the tail, and armed with a compressed spine directed backward; spines forming a kind of serrature.

Base of pectoral fin obliquely curved; fin somewhat longer than the orbit and rounded ; a small
foramen posteriorly in its axil; ventral fins widely apart, their distance from the pectoral 2/7 of that
from the caudal; ventrals much shorter than pectoral and composed of 6 soft rays; a series of feeble spines
embedded in the skin along median line of back and of abdomen; these spines do not belong to the
endoskeleton for if the skin is removed these spines follow, and are easily detached from its outer
surface. (Gunther.)

Color in life, upper parts dark drab; lower, white; tips of dorsal, anal, and lobes of caudal rosy
with dusky shades; pectoral transparent. Fifteen specimens were taken at Honolulu. (Jenkins.)

Not obtained by us in 1901 nor by the Albatross in 1902.

Fistutaria serrata Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, II, 319, 1817, America (after Blocli); Gunther, Cat,, III, 533, 1861 (China;

East Indies): Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils , No, 7, 71, 1877 (Honolulu): Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 390, 1883;

Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 137 (Honolulu).

Fistutaria immandata Cuvier, Rignc Animal, Ed. I, 349, 1817, seas of the Indies (after Commerson and John White.)
Fistularia commersoni Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 112, 1837, Red Sea; no definite locality given,

Cannvrhynch as immaculatus, Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 211, 1850, (Sea of I’inang),

Fistularia petimba, Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVI, 1902, 67 (Japan); not of LaeOpede.

Family XXXVII. M ACRO RH AMPH0S 1 I I.Ji.

Body compressed, oblong, or elevated, covered with small, rough scales; no lateral line; some
bony strips on side of back, and on margin of thorax and abdomen, the former sometimes confluent
into a shield; bones of skull much prolonged anteriorly, forming a long tube which bears the short
jaws at the end; no teeth; gill-openings wide; branchiostegals 4; branchihvals and pharyngeals mostly
present, the fourth superior branehihyal and the first and fourth superior pharyngeals only wanting;
2 dorsal fins, the first of 4 to 7 spines, the second of which is very long and strong; soft dorsal and
anal moderate; ventral fins small, abdominal, of 1 spine and 5 soft rays; pectorals short: caudal fin
emarginate, its middle rays not produced; air-bladder large; pseudobranchiae present; gills 4, a slit
behind the fourth; vertebras about 24. the 4 anterior ones much lengthened; no pyloric coeca;
intestinal canal short.

Genus 64. MACRORHAMPHOSUS Lace'pede.

Body oblong, graduating into the caudal peduncle; back straight; dorsal spines about 7; charac¬
ters otherwise included above. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in
Section II.

Mwrorha mp horus Lac6p{l(le, Hist, Nat. Poiss., V, 136, 1803 (rornutus scoloptuc).

Centriscus Cuvier, Rggne Anim., Ed. I. II. 350, 1817 ( scolopax ; not Centriscus L. i.

Macro; real ti us Gn mow, Cat. Fishes, 147. 1854 ( scolopax ).

Orthichthys Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 234 ( velitaris ).

Order J. LOPHO BRANCH II.

Gills tufted, notlaminated, eomposedof small rounded lobes attached to the gill-arches; interclavicles
well developed; scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal; superior branchihyals and
pharyngeals, and basal branchihyals wanting or not ossified; mouth very small, bounded above by the

118

BULLETIN <>F THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

premaxill uies; post-temporal simple, coossified with the cranium; basis of cranium simple; pectoral
fins with elevated bases; anterior vertebrae modified, the diapophyses much expanded; air-bladder
simple, without air-duct; snout produced, bearing the small, toothless mouth at the end; gill-covers
reduced to a large simple plate; skin with bony plates; muscular system little developed; the Synt/na-
thuhr have neither spinous dorsal nor ventral tins; the Solenostom.Ulx of the Indian Ocean, constituting
the suborder Solenostomi, have all the fins well developed,

FAMILIES OF LOl’HOBRANCHII.

a. Spinous and soft dorsal present: ventral fins present; gill-openings wide . Solenostomi&k, p. US

aa. Spinous dorsal fin wanting; no ventral fins; gill-openings narrow . Syngnathidar, p. 119

Family XXXVI II. SOLENOSTOMlDiE.

Body compressed; tail very short; snout long, compressed, all parts covered with thin skin,
below which is the dermal skeleton with star-like ossifications; spinous dorsal short; soft dorsal and
anal long, with elevated base; caudal long; ventrals close together, inserted opposite spinous dorsal,
each of 7 rays; the fins free in the male, in the female adnate to the body, forming a large pouch for
the reception of the eggs; branch iostegals 4, very thin; intestinal canal simple. Singular fishes of the
East Indies, constituting 1 genus.

Genus 65. SOLENOSTOMUS Lacdpede.

Characters of the genus included above.

Solenostomus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 360, 1803 {paradoxus).

78. Solenostomus cyanopterus Bleeker. Fig. 35.

Head 2.2 in length; depth 5; D. v-20; P. 27; V. 7; A. 19; CJ 15; depth of snout at middle 4.5
in its length; eye 6.25 in snout; dorsal spines 2 in head; ventral equal to snout or a little mere; caudal
a little shorter than head; caudal peduncle shorter than base of second dorsal.

Color pink, with small black dots like ink specks scattered over head and upper part of body;
eye red; fins pale, the spinous dorsal with 2 long black ocelli (said to be dark blue in life) on mem¬

branes of first and second spines; besides black dots, caudal with small inky spots like those on body,
but more elongate, several of them drawn out into lines. The above description is taken from Jordan
and Snyder’s Japanese specimen. The only Hawaiian reference is that given by Bleeker. It, is doubtful
if the species really occurs in these islands.

Splenostomus paradoxus, Bleeker, Nut. Tyds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 1S52, SOS (Hawaii and Ceram); Kaup, Lophobranehiates, 1856,
2 (lie de France, India, New Guinea); not of Pallas.

Solenostomus ci/anopterum Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, is; >4, 507, Hawaii and Ceram; Gunther, Fishes of Zanzibar,
137, pi. XX, figs. 2, 3, 1866 (Zanzibar); Gunther, Cat. Fish., VIII, 1870, 151 (Zanzibar. Ceram, China); Dumgril,
Hist. Poiss., J 1 , 1870, -497 (New Guinea); Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902 (Sept. 27, 1901), 4,
pi. 3 (Boshu (Awa) Japan).

Plate 23

Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann. type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

119

Family XXXIX. SYXT.XATH ID F. -The Pipe-Fishes.

Body elongate, usually slender, covered with bony plates which are firmly connected, forming a
bony carapace; head slender, the snout long, tube-like, bearing the short toothless jaws at the end;
gill-opening reduced to a small aperture behind the upper part of the opercle; tail long, prehensile or
not, usually provided with a small caudal fin; male fishes with an egg-pouch usually placed on the
under side of the tail, sometimes on the abdomen, commonly formed of 2 folds of skin which meet
on the median line; the eggs are received into this pouch and retained until some time after hatching,
when the pouch opens, permitting the young to escape; dorsal fin single, nearly median, of soft rays
only; pectorals small or wanting; ventrals none; anal fin minute, usually present. Genera about 15;
species 150. Small fishes, found in all warm seas, sometimes entering fresh waters.

a. Hippocampinx: Tail prehensile; caudal tin small; head placed at a large angle with axis of body. . . Hippocampus , p. 119
aa. Syngnathinx: Tail not prehensile, usually with a caudal fin; axis of head usually in line with axis ol' body.

b. Egg -pouch of male on body; dorsal with 25 rays; rings 184-14 . Doryrhamphus , p. 120

bb. Egg-pouch of male on tail; dorsal with 22 rays; rings 16+36 . Ichthyocampus, p. 121

Genus 66. HIPPOCAMPUS Rafmesque. The Sea-Horses.

Body strongly compressed, the belly gibbous, tapering abruptly to a long, quadrangular, prehen¬
sile tail; head with a distinct curved neck, placed nearly at a right angle with the direction of the
body, surmounted by a compressed occipital crest, on the top of which is an angular, star-shaped
coronet; top and sides of the head with spines; physiognomy remarkably horse-like, like that of a
conventional “knight” at chess; body and tail covered with bony plates, forming rings, those on the
body each with 6 spines or tubercles, those of the tail with 4; pectoral fins present, short and broad; anal
minute, usually present; dorsal fin moderate, opposite the vent; egg-pouch in male a sac. at base of
the tail, terminating near the vent. Species numerous, in all warm seas. These fishes attach them¬
selves by their tails to seaweed and other floating substances, and are often carried to great distances
by currents.

Hippocampus Kafinesque, Indice d’lttiologia Siciliana, 37, 1810 (heptagonus ^hippocampus).

Hippocampus Leach, Zoo!. Misc., 103, 1814 ( hippocampus ).

a. Eye small, 4 in snout; a short keel in front of coronet . hilonis, p. 119

aa. Eye larger, 2.8 in snout; no keel before coronet . fishcri, p. 119

79. Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann. Plate 23.

Eye about 4 in snout; snout 2 in head; D. 16, on 3 rings; rings 12+ 35. Tail a little longer than
head and trunk; trunk rather deep, compressed, its width 2 in depth; eye small, equal to interorbital
width, which is concave, broader posteriorly; gill-opening high, rather large; spines on head and body
very blunt, rounded or obsolete, though forming knobs of more or less equal size along tail; coronet
with rounded knobs, before which is a short keel or trenchant ridge; base of dorsal about 1.35 in snout.

Color in alcohol, dark or blackish brown, more or less uniform.

This species is known to us only from the example described above. It is closely related to the
Japanese Hippocampus aterrimus Jordan & Snyder, but on comparison with the type of that species,
was found to differ in the presence of the keel on the top of the head and in other minor characters.
It is also close to H. ringens.

Hippocampus hilonis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903) , 169. Hilo. (Type, No. 50626,
U. S. Nat. Mus. Coll. A. M. Wilson.)

80. Hippocampus fisheri Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 36.

Eye 2.8 in snout; snout 2 in head; D. 18, on 4 rings; A. 4; P. 15; rings 12+34.

Tail longer than head and trunk; trunk rather deep, compressed, its width 1.7 in depth; eye
small, equal to interorbital width ; interorbital space concave ; gill-opening small, high; spines on head
and body rather high, sharp; 2 rings on trunk between each pair of larger spines; tail with 3 rings
between each pair of larger spines; coronet well developed, with 5 spines; spines over eye blunt; base
of dorsal about equal to snout; anal small, long; pectoral broad, rays rather long.

120

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life, trunk below middle row of rings yellowish golden, above middle row blackish brown
on orange ground; knobs orange; lower portion of knobs on 8 to II rings spotted with dark brown;
side and top of tail same as back of trunk; ventral side pale dirty orange; head, crown and snout dirty
dark brown; an orange band across snout and one before eyes; pale brownish golden over gills; chin
orange; iris yellowish golden with 8 reddish streaks radiating from pupil; fins pale; a red spot before
each eye at each side of preorbital spine.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, upper surface with dark brown marblings; side with small roundish
dark spots.

The above description is from the type, No. 50625, 1\ S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 03835), a specimen
2.6 inches long, obtained at Kailua, Hawaii, where the species was new to the natives. We have 5

Fig. 36. — Hippocampus fishcri. Jordan & Evermann: from the typo.

other examples, each about 3 inches long, taken from the stomach of a dolphin ( Coryphxna sp.) which
was captured at Hilo, July 18, 1901.

When fresh, No. 03507, a male, was pink or pale cardinal along and near the keels; plates on back
and above middle row of knobs on side mottled blackish on pale red ground; plates below middle row
of knobs and on belly porcelain white; egg-pouch uniform pale cardinal-red, paler than rest of body;
tail same pink or pale cardinal, mottled with blackish blotches; top of head ;pid crown blackish on
pale red; cheek, jaw, and snout pink. Some examples had ventral side of tail and portion behind
fourth prominent spine of tail uniform pale cardinal-red.

Hippocampus flslwri Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 169, Kailua, Hawaii.

Genus 67. DORYRHAMPHUS Kaup.

This genus differs from Sipliostoma chiefly in the position of the egg-pouch of the male, which is
under the abdomen instead of the tail. The angles of the body are strongly ridged. Tail shorter than
body. Tropical seas.

Doryrhamphus Kaup, Lophobranchii, 54, 1856 ( excisus ).

Chceroichthys Kaup, op. cit., 55 (valencienni) .

Doryichthys Kaup, op. cit., 56 ( bilincatus ).

Microphis Kaup, op. cit., 63 (cuncalus) .

Belonichthys Peters, Reise Nach Mosambique, IV, Flusstische, 109, taf. '20, tig. 5, 1868 (zambezetms) .

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

121

81. Doryrhamphus pleurotsenia (Gunther). Fig. 37.

D. 25; osseous rings 184-14; edge of each ring terminating in a slightly prominent spine; lateral
line continuous, passing into the lower caudal edge; snout with denticulated ridges; operculum with
a slightly oblique raised line, below which are several other radiating keels; snout shorter than
remaining portion of head; interorbital space concave, the supraorbital ridge being raised butscarcelv
serrated; vent behind middle of dorsal tin, equidistant from root of pectoral and snout; distance of
snout from vent 1.16 inches; distance of vent from end of caudal 0.75 inch. Color light grayish, with
a brownish-black band from snout along the middle of body and caudal tin. Off Honolulu, 18 fathoms.
(Gunther.) A specimen was obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1902.

Flo. 37. — Doryrhamythus plrurnts’nia (Gunther): after Giinther.

Our single specimen of this species was lost. The color note taken in the field is as follows: Color
in life (No. 03553) with a reddish-brown lateral band from tip of snout through eye to base of caudal,
other parts of body olivaceous brown; white band on top of snout from tip to forehead; 2 red spots
on each side of snout a. short distance behind the angles of mouth; pectoral, dorsal, and anal transparent ;
caudal brilliantly colored, dusky orange with brown, margin lemon-yellow.

Doryiohthysplmrotsmia Gunther, Challenger Kept., Zool., f, part YI, Shore Fishes, 62, pi. XXVI, fig. D, 1879 (1880), oft
Honolulu; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

Genus 68. ICHTHYOCAMPTIS Kaup.

Head short, with a shorter, compressed, sharp-ridged snout; orbits slightly projecting; operculum
round, swollen, higher than broad, and grained like the head; tail almost as thick as the body and .sud¬
denly pointed at the’setting on of the very rudimentary caudal fin; anus situated under the beginning
of the dorsal fin; the edges of the concave back coalesce with those of the tail into one line which runs
without interruption to the caudal fin; egg-pouch of male under the tail. A single species of this genus
is known from the Hawaiian Islands, (See Section II.)

Ichthyocampus Kaup, Wieg. Archly, XIX, 1853, 231 (Syngiiathus carce); Kaup, Cat. Lophobranchii, 29, 1856.

Order K. SYNENTOGNATHI. — The Synentognathous

Fishes.

Lower pharyngeal bones fully united; second and third superior pharyngeals variously enlarged,
not articulated to the cranium, sending processes forward, the fourth small or fused with the third;
vertebrae numerous (45 to 70), the abdominal ones much more numerous than the caudal; ventral
fins abdominal, without spine, the rays more than 5; scapula suspended to cranium by a post¬
temporal bone, which is slender and furcate; articular bone of lower jaw with a small supplemental
bone perhaps corresponding to the eoronoid hone; parietal hones much produced, well separated by
the supraoccipital ; supraclavicle not distinct; no interclavicles; no mesocoraeoid; maxillary very
close to premaxillary and sometimes firmly joined to it, the suture always distinct; basis of cranium
double in front, but without muscular tube; no adipose fin; fins without spines; lateral line concur¬
rent with the belly, peculiar in structure; air-bladder usually large, without pneumatic duct; intes¬
tinal tract simple, without pyloric caeca. This order is allied to the Haplomi on the one hand and to the
Percesoces on the other, and like these groups, it marks the transition from the soft-rayed to the spinv-
rayed fishes. In their anatomical characters the Synentognalhi most resemble the latter, but there are
never spines in the fins, and the lower pharyngeals are united. The group is divisible into 4 closely
related families, which have usually been regarded as subfamilies of one family, Exoccetidsc or
Scomberesocidse.

122 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

a. Third superior pharyngeal on each side scarcely enlarged, not longer than its anterior process, and armed with compar¬
atively few (about 15) pointed teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal distinct on each side; lower pharyngeals united
into a small linear plate, armed with small teeth; vertebra with zygapophyses; both jaws produced in a long beak
in the adult (the upper short in the young); teeth in jaws strong, unequal; maxillaries firmly appressed to the
premaxillaries; a distinct suture along the boundary; coronoid bone (attached to the articular) -evident. Species

carnivorous . Beldnidse, p. 122

an. Third superior pharyngeal greatly enlarged, covered with bluntish, tricuspid teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal
wanting or fused with the third; lower pharyngeals large, fused into a thick triangular bone with transversely
concave surface, covered with blunt tricuspid teeth; teeth in jaws always small conic or tricuspid; maxillary
close to premaxillary, but not suturally joined to it. there being some open space between; coronoid bone present,
but small; no canine teeth; no zygapophyses to the vertebra.
h. Third superior pharyngeal solidly joined with its fellow to form an ovoid plate, which sends 2 processes forward; cleft
of mouth narrow; lower jaw usually produced; teeth of jaws tricuspid; herbivorous species. . . Ilemiramphidx, p. 126
bb. Third superior pharyngeal more or less closely appressed, but not united; dorsal and anal without finlets; pectoral
tins more or less produced, forming an organ of flight; species at least partly carnivorous . Exocoetidir, p. 130

Family XL. BEL0NID.€. — The Needle-fishes.

Body elongate, very slender, ^compressed or not, covered with small, thin scales; lateral line very
low, running as a fold along side of belly; both jaws produced in a beak, the lower jaw the longer,
very much the longer in the young, which resemble Hcmirarnphus; maxillaries grown fast to premax¬
illaries; each jaw with a band of small, sharp teeth, besides a series of longer, wide-set, sharp, conical
teeth; no finlets; dorsal fin opposite anal, both fins rather long; air-bladder present; lower pharyngeals
united to form a long, slender, narrow plate, with flat surface covered with small, pointed teeth;
upper pharyngeals distinct, the third pair little enlarged, each with some 15 moderate, unequal,
pointed teeth ( Tyhjsarus marinus), fourth pair well developed, with similar teeth, but without anterior
processes; vertebra numerous, with zygapophyses; ovary single. Voracious, carnivorous fishes, bear¬
ing a superficial resemblance to the gar-pikes; found in all warm seas, sometimes entering rivers.
Genera 4; species about 50, the majority of them American. Their habits are ordinarily much like
those of the pike, but when startled they swim along the surface with extraordinary rapidity, often
leaping above the water for short distances. When thus leaping the large species of the Tropics are
sources of danger to incautious fishermen, sometimes piercing the naked abdomqps of the savages.
Most of them are good food-fishes, but the green color of the bones of the larger species often causes
them to be avoided for no good reason.

a. Gillrakers present . Belone. p. 122

aw. Gillrakers none.

h. Body subterete or slightly compressed; its breadth more than two-thirds its greatest depth . Tylosurus, p. 123

bb. Body much compressed, its breadth not half its greatest depth . Athlennes, p. 125

Genus 69, BELONE Cuvier.

This genus differs from Tylosurus in the possession of gillrakers, and is confined to the Old World
and the islands of the Pacific.

Jldone Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1, II, 185, 1.817 (belone).

82. Belone platyura Bennett. Pig. 38.

Head (tip of mandible slightly damaged) about 1.88 in trunk; depth in trunk a little over 16; D.
13; A. 19; P. 12; V. 6; scales about 177 or more to base of caudal; greatest width, of head equal to its
depth; upper jaw aditt-le over 1.5 in head; eye 2 in postocular part of head, 1.25 in interorbital space;
pectoral about 4.3 in space between tip of snout and opercle; ventral 6.5.

Body elongate, depressed on the back and upper surface and also below, the sides rounded; head
long, broadened and flattened above, somewhat constrained below; eye rather large and a trifle
longer than deep; jaws very long and slender, the upper much shorter than the lower, and the groove
of maxillary extending well beyond anterior margin of eye; teeth in mandible not extending beyond
tip of upper jaw, and with a median asperous ridge; no vomerine teeth; tongue small, bluntly pointed,
a rather thin fleshy flap a little free in front; nasal cavity large and close to upper surface of eye;
interorbital space broad and flattened; gill-openings large, the isthmus very narrow, long, and slender:
gillrakers rather large, in moderate number; no pseudobranchise; peritoneum gray, or marked with
numerous dark dots.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

128

Scales moderately large and narrowly imbricated, those on middle of back enlarged; no fin flaps;
scales on cheeks, opercles and a number of small ones on top of head; lateral line running low or
along the ventral part of the body, and posteriorly below keel on side of caudal peduncle; origin of
dorsal a little nearer that of ventral than base of caudal and well behind anal; anterior dorsal rays
longest, the posterior or last rays also elongated, longer than middle ones but not as long as the
anterior; anal with anterior rays longest; caudal deeply emarginafe, the rays strong, the lower lobe
the longer, and the entire length of the tin a little more than that of pectoral; pectoral with rays all
more or less firm and strengthened, the uppermost enlarged; ventrals rather short and placed a little
nearer base of pectoral than base of caudal; caudal peduncle very broad and depressed, its greatest
width twice its least depth, and with a sharp keel along each side.

Fig. 38. — Belone platyura Bennett.

Color in alcohol, deep blue-black above, sharply defined along the sides from the silvery white of
the lower surface; pectoral, ventrals, and anal all more or less grayish. In the young there is a black
lateral band and the dorsal is high.

This description is from an example (No. 04992) 14 inches long, taken at Kailua. We have a
number of examples taken at Honolulu and Ivailua. Several were obtained by Dr. Jenkins at
Honolulu in 1889, and others by the Albatross in 1902. The species also occurs in Samoa.

Belone platyurus Bennett, Proc. Comm. Zool. Soc. London. 1830, 168, Mauritius; Jenkins. Bull. U. - Fish Comm., XXII, 1902
(Sept, 23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu).

Belone platura, Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fiseh . , 1837, 73, pi. 20, fig. 1 (Red Sea); Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., XVIII, 451, 1846 (Massawali); Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., II, 85, 1.S57; Gunther, Cat.. VI, 237, .181,6
(Red Sea, Mauritius, Amboyna); Streets, Bull. S. Nat, Mus., No. 7, 75, 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks.
Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX, 1900, 30(Luysan); Snyder, Bull. I-, s. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 521 (Honolulu).
Belone carinata Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist Nat. Poiss., XVIII, 437, 1846, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat., VI, 236, 1866
(copied).

Mastacemhdus plat unis. Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Dierk., Ill, 1866, 234 (Singapore; Amboyna).

Genus 70. TYLOSURUS Cocco.

Body elongate, very slender, not much compressed; both jaws prolonged into a beak, the lower
jaw somewhat the longer, much the longer in young fishes, the very young resembling Herniramphus;
each jaw armed with a band of small, sharp teeth, beside which is a series of longer, wide-set, sharp,
conical, unequal teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; scales small, thin; lateral line running along
side of belly, becoming median on t He tail, no finlets, dorsal fin more or less elevated anteriorly; caudal
fin short, unequally lunated or forked; pectorals moderate; ventrals small, the latter inserted behind
the middle of body; gillrakers obsolete; bones usually more or less green; size comparatively large.
Species numerous. Voracious fishes, chiefly American, one species crossing to Europe; some of them
entering rivers.

Only one species is known to occur in the Hawaiian Islands.

Tylo&urus Cocco, Lettere in Giornale Sci. Sicilia, XVII, 18, 1829 ( cantraini=impenalis=acus ).

124

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

83. Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel). “Ahadha;” “Amu-” Fig. 39.

Heart a little over 2 in trunk; depth 9.5 in trunk; I>. 24; A. 22; P. 14; V. 6; scales about 370 or
more to base of caudal; depth of head a little more than its greatest width; eye about 2.13 in post-
ocular part of head, 1.3 in interorbital space; pectoral about 3.5 in space between tip of snout and
opercle; ventral 3.85.

Bod}' elongate, more or less rounded, the sides a little compressed; head long, flattened above,
the sides compressed, somewhat constricted below; eye moderate, a little longer than deep; jaws long,
strong, and rather powerful, the lower a triflt»t,he longer; groove of maxillary extending posteriorly
for nearly half the eye diameter; teeth developed as large canines in both jaws, and with villiform
bands along the edges; also a median roughened ridge on the mandible; no vomerine teeth; tongue small,
blunt, little free in front, and fleshy; nasal cavity large, close to upper margin of eye and with a thick
fleshy flap over the. nostril; interorbital space broad, slightly convex; top of head with bony striae;
gill-openings large, the isthmus very narrow, long and thin; no gillrakers; no pseudobranchise; peri¬
toneum gray; scales very small, narrowly imbricated, very much smaller on back than elsewhere; no
fin flaps; cheek scaled, a few scales on top of head, but opercles bare; lateral line running interiorly
along side and up on side of caudal peduncle; origin of dorsal nearer that of ventral than base of caudal
by about length of pectoral, the origin of anal only slightly in advance; anterior dorsal rays elongate,
those forming posterior half of tin rather long, but shorter than the former; anterior anal rays form¬
ing a rather long lobe; caudal rays strong, deeply emarginate, lower lobe the longer, length of tin
about 2.3 in entire length of head; pectoral rather small, upper ray enlarged; ventrals inserted nearer
base of pectoral than base of caudal by a space equal to that between middle of eye and posterior mar¬
gin of opercle; least width of caudal peduncle only a trifle more than its least depth, the keel along
side more or less obsolete.

Fig. 39. — Tylosurus giganteus (Schlegel); after Blocker.

Color in alcohol more or less silvery white below, the upper surface greenish brown; fins tinted
with yellowish about their bases.

This description taken from an example (No. 05006) 18 inches long obtained at Honolulu. We
have others taken at Honolulu, one by Dr. Jenkins in 1889. In an example from Hilo the color
markings are better preserved. It has a dark or blackish lateral band from over pectoral to near base
of caudal, the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral are more or less blackish, and the margin of the preopercle
is broadly marked with blackish brown.

This fish reaches a rather large size, one of our numerous examples being 40 inches long. It is a
food-fish of considerable importance, living in the open sea.

Hr! mu gigantea Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss. , 245, 1846, Nagasaki, Japan.

Bekmc annulala Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist, Nat, Poiss.. XVIII, 447, pi. 550, 1846, Celebes, Tongatabu, Seychelles, Pondi¬
cherry; Gunther, cat., VI, 240, 1866 (Pinang, China, Formosa, Gilolo); Steiridachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX,
1900, 512 (Honolulu; Samoa).

Itdonc mclanugus Bleeker, Verh.Bat. Genoot.., XXII. 1849, 11. Madura, Madura.

Bdone cylindrica Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Genoot., XXIV. 1852, 13. Bijd, Soend.

Martacembdus Chorum Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., ITT, 1866, 227, East Indies.

Mastacembdus annulatus, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., VI, 48, pi. 258, fig. 3, 1869-71 (Java, Madura, Bawean, Cocos Island, Sumatra,
Singapore, Pinang, Bangka, Celebes, Batjan, Ternate, Amboyna).

Tylosurus annulatus, Seale, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus., I, 64, 1901 (Guam).

Tylosurus giganteus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 433 (Honolulu).

KISHKS OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

125

Genus 71. ATHLENNES Jordan & Fordice.

This genus is close to Tylonuru a, differing chiefly in the greatly compressed, almost ribbon-shaped
body. The single species is American and Pacific.

Atlilenncs Jordan & Fordicc, Proe. r. S. Nat. Mils. 1886, 312 {Ilians).

84. Athlennes hians (Cuvier A Valenciennes). “Ahadha.” Fig. 40.

Head (tip of beak broken) 2.6 in trunk; depth 9 in trunk; D. 25; A. 26; P. 12; V. 6; scales about
520 iu a lateral series to base of caudal; depth of head about twice its width; eye about 2 in postocular
part of head, 1 and a trifle over in interorbital space; pectoral 3.3 in head; ventral a little over 4.

Body very elongate, narrowly compressed, the sides flattened; head flattened on top, the sides
strongly compressed and the under surface narrowly constricted; eye rather large, much longer than
deep; jaws long, the upper strongly arched upward at the base, so that the mouth can not be closed,
the mandible very broad and deep at the base; groove of maxillary extending to below middle of eye
at least; many large canines in each jaw, and the floor of the mandible with a median asperous ridge;
no vomerine teeth; tongue well developed, rather small, and free in front; nasal cavity large, near

upper margin of eye, and with a thick fleshy flap over the nostril; interorbital space broad, flattened;
top of head with a few bony strise; gill-opening large, the isthmus a thin frenum; no gill rakers; no
pseudobranch i;e.

Scales very minute and narrowly imbricated; top of head and a large patch on cheeks scaled,
otherwise naked; no fin flaps; lateral line running along the ventral surface of body, al o along the
lower side of caudal peduncle to base of caudal; origin of dorsal a little nearer base of ventral than,
that of caudal, and the anterior rays very long and forming a falcate lobe; anal similar to dorsal, the
anterior rays long and forming a long falcate lobe, the origin of the fin only a trifle in advance of that
of the dorsal; caudal small, the rays rigid, strong, the edge emarginate, and the lower lobe the longer;
pectoral with the uppermost ray enlarged; ventrals inserted a trifle nearer anterior margin of nasal
cavity than base of caudal; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width two-thirds its least depth, and
no keel along sides.

Color in alcohol, brown above, the lowrer portions, including the sides, silvery white, and the fins
all more or less brownish; 3 large blackish blotches sometimes present on back below dorsal.

This description taken from an example (No. 03561) 30 inches long obtained at Honolulu in 1889
by Dr. Jenkins. We have also 2 others collected by him at Honolulu and 5 large examples col¬
lected by ourselves from the same locality. The species is recorded by Steindachner from Acapulco.
Our specimens range in length from 29 to 40 inches.

1 2(

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

This fish was common in the Honolulu market, where it is regarded as a good food-fish. We have
thus far failed to find any difference between the Pacific species and the common Athlenneshians of the
West Indies.

Jielone hums Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss;, XVIII, 432, 1846, Havana, Bahia ; Gunther, Cat., VI, 1866, 248 (copied);

Steindachner, Ichth. Beitr., Ill, 64, 1875 (Acapulco).

Ti/losurus hians, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 373, 901, 1883.

Athlenncs hians, Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., I, 718, 1896; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902
(Sept. 23, 1903). 433 (Honolulu); Snyder, op.cit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 521 (Lahaina, Maui).

Family XL1. HEM1RAMPH I D,£. — The Balaos.

Body elongate, more or less compressed, covered with large cycloid scales; upper jaw short, lower
jaw variable, sometimes much produced, the toothed portion at base fitting against the toothed pre-
maxillaries; teeth equal, mostly small and tricuspid; maxillaries ankylosed to premaxillaries; gill-
rakers long; caudal fin rounded or forked; if forked, the lower lobe the longer; anal fin modified in
the viviparous species (Zenarchopterus) , unmodified in the others and usually similar to the dorsal; no
fin lets; air-bladder large, sometimes cellular; third upper pharyngeal on each side much enlarged,
solidly united with its fellow to form an oval plate, with slightly convex surface and covered with
blunt tricuspid teeth; this is about as large as the united lower pharyngeals and fits into the con¬
cavity' of the latter; fourth upper pharyngeal wanting or grown fast to the third; lower pharyngeal
large, thick, triangular, with concave surface; vertebras about 50. Probably not separable from the
Exoccetuhe.

Herbivorous fishes of the warm seas; mostly shore species, a few pelagic. They feed chiefly on
green algae, and, like the related forms, swim at the surface, occasionally leaping into the air. Size
rather small, about a foot in length. Genera about 7; species about 75.

a. Body moderately compressed; pectoral moderate. Shore fislies.
h. Ventrals inserted anteriorly, far in advance of dorsal; air-bladder simple; sides of body more

or less convex . Hyparhamphus, p. 128

bb. Ventrals inserted posteriorly, not far before dorsal; air-bladder cellular; sides of body nearly

vertical and parallel . . Hewiramphus , p. 127

an. Body very slender and compressed, more or less band-like; pectoral fin very long, ventral very

short, inserted posteriorly. Pelagic species . Euleptnrliamphns, p. 128

Genus 72. HYPORHAMPHUS Gill. The Halfbeaks.

Body elongate, moderately' compressed, the sides of body not vertical, but more or less convex,
the dorsal outline parallel with that of the belly. Upper jaw short; lower jaw prolonged into a slender
beak, bordered with membrane, this beak shorter in the young; premaxillaries forming a triangular
plate, the teeth of which fit against the toothed portion of the mandible; maxillaries joined to premax¬
illaries; teeth feeble, mostly tricuspid; gillrakers rather long; head covered with large shield like
scales; scales deciduous; caudal fin more or less forked, the lower lobe the longer; no (inlets; dorsal
and anal similar, opposite each other, not modified in the males; last ray' of dorsal usually short; ven¬
trals small, inserted well forward, nearly midway between opercle and base of caudal. Air-bladder
large, simple, not cellular. Young with the lower jaw short. Sides in our species with a distinct
silvery band, as in Atherina. Oviparous. Species numerous in all warm seas, going in large schools, but
usually remaining near shore, feeding chiefly on green algse. Size comparatively small.

One species known from Hawaiian waters.

Hyporhamphus Gill, l'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1859, 131 (tricuspidatas = uni/asriatus).

85. Hyporhamphus pacificus (Steindachner). Fig. 41.

Head (from tip of snout) 4.6 in trunk; depth 9.5 in trunk; D. 15; A. 18; P. 12; V. 6; scales about
64 in a lateral series; width of 'head about 1.5 in its depth; snout 2.67 in head; e.ye 4.25, 1.5 in
postocular part, of head, about 1.67 in snout, and 1 in interorbital space; pectoral 1.5 in head;
ventral 2.67.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, the back rounded rather broadly; head flattened above,
the sides compressed, and the lower surface narrowly constricted; snout a trifle over 4 in space

FI8HES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

127

between front margin of eye and tip of beak; eye moderate, a trifle longer than deep; mouth a little
less than eye; teeth in small villi form bands in jaws; no teeth on roof of mouth; tongue more or less
rounded, rather thick and little free around edges; nasal cavity level with the upper part of eye
in front and with a small fleshy flap over nostril; interorbital space flattened, and posteriorly the
top of the head slightly convex; gill-opening with a long, thin, narrow and sharp-edged isthmus;
gillrakers numerous, thin, sharp-pointed; no pseudobran eh i;e; scales rather large, very deciduous,
and the sides of the head more or less scaly; no scaly fin flaps; lateral line running low along the
side to base of caudal; origin of dorsal nearer that of ventral than base of caudal by a space equal to
postocular part, of head, and about opposite that of anal; anterior dorsal rays the longest; anal more
or less similar to dorsal; caudal well forked, the lower lobe the longer, and the length of the fin a
little less than head measured to tip of snout; ventrals small, inserted a little posterior to middle of
space between base of pectoral and that of caudal by a space about equal to width of head; caudal
peduncle compressed, its least width 2 in its least depth.

ptttflft

Fig. -11. — Hyporhamphus pacificus (Steindachner).

Color in alcohol, dull brown above, and as the scales have all more or less fallen, the edges of the
pockets are narrowly blackish; side with a slaty and a silvery lateral band, both together running to
caudal; lower surface of body silvery; all the fins more or less tinged with gray; beak blackish.

This description from an example (No. 03562) 10 inches long, taken at Kailua, from which place
the collection contains 69 examples, ranging in length from 3 to 10 inches. The usual length seems to
be 8 to 10 inches. The species was not seen at Honolulu. Two specimens in the Museum of the
Philadelphia Academy (Nos. 7507 and 23338), both young, collected “near the Sandwich Islands” by
Hr. Wm. H. Jones, doubtless belong to this species.

Hyporhamphus sp., Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 498, near the Hawaiian Islands (young).

Hemirhamphus pacifisms Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, all, Laysan Island.

Hyporhamphus pacificus, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Laysan Island).

Genus 73. HEMIRAMPHUS Cuvier.

Body more robust than in Hyporhamphus and different in form, the sides being compressed and
nearly vertical and parallel; head and jaws as in Hyporhamphus. Dorsal longer than anal fin and
inserted farther forward, its last ray more or less produced in American species; ventral fins small and
inserted well backward, much nearer base of caudal than gill-opening; air-bladder cellular, with many
partitions (in II. hrovmi). Species probably numerous, but most of them have not been examined as
to the characters which separate the genus from Hyporhamphus.

Only one species known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Hemi-Ramphus Cuvier. Regne Animal, Ed. I, II, 186, 1817 (brasiluwis^broumi).

86. Hemiramphus depauperatus Lay & Bennett. “Mr'rmr’e;” “ Iheihe .” Fig. 42.

Head (from tip of snout) 4.3 in trunk; depth about 6.1 in trunk; D. 14; A. 13; P. 11; V. 6; scales
about 60 in a lateral series to base of caudal; width of head about 1.5 in its depth; snout 3 in head;
eye 4 in head, 1.4 in snout, 1.6 in postocular portion of head, about one in interorbital space; pectoral
less than head by about 0.5 eye diameter; ventral 2 in head.

Body moderately elongate, rather thick, the sides compressed and flattened; head compressed,
more or less flattened and rounded above, the lower surface not constricted narrowly; snout about 4.6
in space between front margin of eye and tip of beak; eye moderately large, longer than deep; mouth
about 1.75 in eye; teeth in small villi form bands in the jaws; no teeth on roof of mouth; tongue more
or less rounded, thick, and a little free around the edges; nasal cavity moderately large above and in

128

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

front of eye, and with a thick flap over nostril; interorbital space flattened, the top of the head convex
posteriorly; gill-opening large, with a long, thin, narrow sharp-edged isthmus; gillrakers rather long,
thin, pointed, and numerous; no pseudobranchhe; peritoneum dark brown; scales rather large, very
deciduous and narrowly imbricated, especially along the sides; no scaly flaps at bases of pectorals or
ventrals; a number of small scales on the basal portions of the anterior dorsal rays. Lateral line running
low along the, side to base of caudal; origin of dorsal well before that of anal and about the last fourth
of the space between front margin of eye and base of caudal; dorsal with anterior rays longest; anal
similar to dorsal, its base 1.5 in that of the latter; caudal forked, the lower lobe much longer and
stronger than the upper; pectoral long, the upper ray enlarged and longest; ventrals rather short, the
rays all strong, flattened, and the inner ones much the longer, the margin of the fin concave, ending in
sharp points; caudal peduncle compressed, its least width 2 in its least depth.

Color in alcohol, more or less deep silvery, dull bluish black on the back, and as the scales have all

more or less fallen, the edges of the pockets are blackish; sides and lower portions silvery white; tins
all more or less gray, the dorsal and caudal deeper; top of the head and beak blackish.

This description is from a specimen 14 inches long (No. 03564). We have many specimens, vary¬
ing in length from 13.5 to 15.5 inches. All were taken at Honolulu, some in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins,
who considers the species identical with H. brasiliensis. It maybe distinguished from the latter, how¬
ever, by its longer pectoral fin.

? Esox maxilla iiijcri.ore produda Browne, Hist. Jamaica, 443, 1756, Jamaica.

? Esox brasilimsis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X', 314, 1758, Jamaica; after Browne; the Timucu of Marcgrave wrongly
included in the synonymy; Bloch, Ichth., 391, 1801, corrected synonymy and description.

? Ucrnirhamphns marg hiatus Le Sueur, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila., II, 1823, 135, Lesser Antilles; not of Forskul.
Hemiramphus d< paupcratus Lay it Bennett, Zool. Beechey’s Voyage, 66, 1839, Oahu; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila.
1900, 199, PI. XIX, fig. 3 (Hawaiian Islands); Snyder, Bull. lT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Hono¬
lulu; Albatross Station 3834).

f llemirhamphusbrnu'ni Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., XIX, 13, 1846, Guadaloupe; Martinique,
f Hnnirliamphus pleii Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1. c., 19, Martinique; San Domingo; Gunther, Cat., VI, 369, 1866; Meek A
Goss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1884, 225.

? Macrognathus brevirostris Gronow, Cat., 148, 1854, Jamaica; after Browne.

? Ih m i rhamphus Jilamentosus Poey, Memorins, II, 297, 1861, Cuba.

? Jlcmirhamphus brasiltcnsis, Gunther, Cat., VI, 270, 1866; Jordan Gilbert, Synopsis, 224, 1883.

Hemiramphus brasilicnsis, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu).

• Genus 74. EULEPTORHAMPHUS Gill.

This genus consists of pelagic species related to Heiniramphus, the body much more slender and
greatly compressed, and the pectorals very long, approaching those of thefiying-lishes; air-bladder not
described, probably cellular.

Two or 3 species known, 1 from the Hawaiian Islands.

Euleptorhavijyhus Gill, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1859, 151 {brevoorli = velox).

87. Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier) . “Jheihe.” Fig. 43.

Head (from tip of snout) 6 in trunk; depth 10.75 in trunk; D. 24; A. 23; I*. 9; V. 0; scales about
105, according to the pockets; width of head about 1.25 in its depth; snout about 3.17 in head; eyeabout
3.17 in head, 1.17 in postocular part of head, a little greater than width of interorbital space; pectoral
1.0 in head to end of broken beak; ventral 3 in head (from tip of snout).

Body very long, greatly compressed, the sides flattened, and the middle of the back with a sub-
carinate ridge; head compressed, flattened on top and the lower surface narrowly constricted; snout

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

12t>

about 8 in- beak (broken at tip), to front margin of eye; eye rounded, as deep as long; mouth 2 in eye;
teeth in small villiform bands in the jaws and on the vomer; tongue rather thick, flattened, fleshy;
ami a little free in front and around the edges; nasal cavity somewhat small, above the eye in front,
and with a well developed fleshy flap; interorbital space broad and flattened and the top of the head
posteriorly convex; gill-opening large, the isthmus a rather long thin narrow frenum; gillrakers short,
moderately numerous, rather weak, and pointed; no pseudobranchiae; scales rather small, very decidu¬
ous, the head naked; no scaly fin flaps; lateral line running low along the side; origin of the dorsal
about the last third in the space between the front of the nasal cavity and the base of the caudal and
well in_advance of the anal; dorsal ray's long; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer;
anal long, the rays also long; pectoral very long, and reaching for more than two-thirds the distance to
ventrals, the rays all strong and the upper enlarged; ventral very small, only a little posterior to the
center of the space between the bases of pectoral and caudal; caudal peduncle with its least width 2 in
its least depth.

Color in life (No. 02993) pale bluish silvery above; scales on back with darker edges; lower side
and bell}’ silvery; top of head dark bluish, side silvery; bill bluish black; fins pale bluish, anal white;
upper lobe of caudal with a diffuse curved black band parallel with the edge.

Color in alcohol, more or less silver}-, dull brown above, and as the scales have all more or less
fallen, the edges of the pockets are narrowly blackish; side with a slaty silvery lateral band to caudal;
all the fins more or less dull olivaceous gray, the anal and ventrals whitish; beak blackish.

This description from an example (No. 03193) 17 inches long, taken at Honolulu, where we
obtained many others. We have also examined a number of examples collected by I»r. O. P. Jenkins
at Honolulu in 1889. Our specimens range in length from 16 to 18 inches.

ffemiramphus longirostris Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 235, 1S29, Pondicherry (after Kuddera of Russell); Cuvier &
Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 52, 1846 (Pondicherry).

Hemiramphus macrorhynchus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX. 1846, 55. pi. 556, open sea, 1770 E., 70 S.
linn irhampux lorujirostris, Gunther, Cat., VI, 276, 1866 (copied); Day, Fishes of India, 513. 1877 (Coromandel, coast of
India).

Hemirhamphus macrorhynchus, Gunther, Cat., VI, 276, 1866 (copied).

Euleptorhamphus longirostris, Putnam, Proe. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. 1870, 239: Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902
(Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 522 (Honolulu).

F. C. B. 1903—9

130

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Famil) XLII. EXOCIETI ll.-E. Flying-fishes.

Bodj^ oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, which are rather deciduous; lateral line
running very low, along the side of the belly; head more or less scaly with vertical sides; mouth
moderate, terminal, the jaws not prolonged into a beak; premaxillaries not protractile, hinged at base
mesially; margin of the upper jaw chiefly formed by the premaxillaries, the short maxillaries enter¬
ing the lateral margin; maxillary free from the premaxillary, its edge slipping under the front of the
preorbital; dentition various, the teeth small and weak; dorsal fin without spines, inserted on the
posterior part of the body, opposite the anal anil more or less similar to it; ventrals abdominal, of
several soft rays, inserted posteriorly; pectoral fin inserted high, used as an organ of flight; shoulder-
girdle and pectoral muscles very strong; caudal fin forked, the lower lobe the longer; no finlets; vent
close in front of anal; nostrils large, double, near the eye; lower pharyngeals enlarged and fully united,
forming a large, transversely concave plate, covered with large, close-set, blunt, tricuspid teeth; third
upper pharyngeal greatly enlarged, not united with its fellow, both covered with large, blunt, tricuspid
teeth; fourth superior pharyngeal wanting in the adult (probably co-ossified with the third) — these
characters verified on Exoccetw calif ornicus — vertebra' without zygapophyses; gill-membranes not united,
free from the isthmus; pseudobranchiae hidden, glandular; gillrakers various; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; air-bladder very large, not cellular so far as known, and extending far backward among the
hsemopophyses of the caudal vertebrae; vertebrae about 50; intestinal canal simple, without cieca.
Carnivorous or herbivorous fishes. Genera 6 or 8; species about 65; abounding in all warm seas, mostly
pelagic, swimming near the surface, and skipping or sailing through the air, sometimes for consider¬
able distances.

a. Pectoral fins moderate, not reaching beyond middle of dorsal fin; dorsal more or less elevated; anal long, its base

scarcely shorter than dorsal.

/>. Pectoral not reaching the ventrals . Evolantia, p. 130

bb. Pectoral reaching beyond ventrals to dorsal or for the first third of its length . . . . Pprcxoccetus, p. 131

aa. Pectoral fins very long, their tips usually reaching to base of caudal; lower jaw little prominent, snout short,

c. Ventral fins inserted anteriorly, much nearer tip of snout than base of caudal, not used as organs of flight, their
tips not reaching nearly to front of dorsal; anal fin long, its base nearly equal to that of dorsal . .Exoccctus p. 132
re. Ventral fins inserted posteriorly, more or less near base of caudal than tip of snout, used as organs of flight, and
their tips reaching past middle of base of anal.

d. Anal fin long, equal to dorsal fin . Exonautes, p. 133

del. Anal fin short, not equal to dorsal fin . Cypsilurns, p. 131

Genus 75. EVOLANTIA Snodgrass &. Heller.

This genus differs from other genera of flying-fishes chiefly in the short pectoral, which does not
reach the ventrals; no teeth on roof of mouth; ventrals small, midway between pectorals and base of
caudal.

Evolantia Snodgrass & Heller, Fishes of the Galapagos Islands, in Proc. Wash. Ac. Sei., V, 1903 (Sept. 12), 1S9 ( microptera ).

88. Evolantia microptera (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ .Unlolo." Fig. 44.

Head 4.25 in length; depth 6; D. 13; A. 15; P. 12; V. 6; scales to base of caudal about 45; about
10 scales in a transverse series to middle of belly; width of head less than its depth and about 2 in
its length; snout 4 in head, eye 3.5, 1.5 in postocular part of head, I in interorbital space; ventral 2.3
in head; base of dorsal 1.3; pectoral 2.75 in body.

Body elongate, compressed; head elongate, pointed in front, the upper profile more or less convex;
snout rather short, pointed, and rounded; eve anterior, well behind center of length of head, and the
bony rim behind slightly keeled out ward; mouth small, superior, the mandible projecting well beyond
the snout; teeth in jaws minute, none on roof of mouth; tongue rounded, and free around the edges;
nasal cavity moderately small, above eye in front, and with a thick, fleshy flap; interorbital space
broad, very slightly concave; gillrakers slender, pointed, rather numerous, and much shorter than the
long gill-filaments; peritoneum brown; scales cycloid; lateral line running along the lower part of
side; origin of dorsal apparently nearer tip of caudal (damaged) than base of pectoral, and well in
advance of the anal; dorsal high, the median ridge elevated; anal high, the anterior rays elevated ;
caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe the longer; pectoral moderately long, not reaching the origin of

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

131

ventrals; ventrals small, about midway between origin of pectoral and base of caudal, and not reaching
anus; caudal peduncle moderately deep and compressed.

Color in alcohol, brown above, whitish beneath, washed with silvery; along the side a broad,
leaden silvery longitudinal band; pectoral gray-brown, edged with whitish; dorsal and caudal dark,
the anal and ventrals whitish.

This description from an example 7.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins.
We have a number of others 6 to 7 inches in length from the same place.

This species does not appear to reach a greater length than about 8 inches.

Emccetus micropterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 127, 1S46, pi. .703, Port King George, New Holland;
Carteret, New Ireland; Buru; Malabar; Bleeker, Ad. Soc. Sci. Indo-Neerl., I, 1850, 03: Gunther, Cat., VI, 279, 1800
(Amboyna).

Cypsilurus micropterus, Bleeker, Nederl. Tydseh. Dierk., III. 12S, 1865 (Amboyna).

Evolnntia microptera, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu).

Genus 76. PAREXOCCETIJS Bleeker.

Body moderately elongate, elliptical in cross-section; snout short; lower jaw not produced; roof
of mouth (vomer, palatines, and pterygoids) fully provided with teeth; pectoral fins moderate, not
reaching beyond middle of dorsal; ventrals long, inserted behind middle of body; anal fin about as
long as dorsal; dorsal high. Small flying-fishes of the tropical coasts widely distributed.
garexocatus Bleeker, Nederl. Tydseh. Dierk., Ill, 1865, 126 ( mento ).

a. Head about 4 in length; D. 9; A. 10 . rostratus , p. 131

aa. Head shorter, 4.67 in length; D. 13; A. 14 . brachypterus, p. 131

89. Parexocoetus rostratus (Gunther).

Head a little more than 4 in length; depth 5.5; D. 9; A. 10; scales in lateral line 40; 24 scales
between occiput and dorsal fin, and 8 longitudinal series between the origins of dorsal and anal;
depth of head equaling distance between extremity of snout and center of eye; eye 4.3 in head, less
than width of interorbital space, which is flat.

Snout much produced, its length a little more than that of postorbital part of head; mouth cleft
directed upward, subvertical; dorsal beginning scarcely in advance of anal, elevated, its anterior rays
when depressed extending to caudal; anal fin low; lower caudal lobe not much shorter than the head;
pectoral reaching to dorsal, its length less than one-half the total body length (without caudal); ven¬
tral extending to vent. Dorsal black, with the last ray white; pectoral black, with the upper and lower
rays white; ventral and anal whitish. Length (1.5 inches. Hawaiian Islands. (Gunther).

Known only from the type, which is in the British Museum.

Ezoccetus rostratus Gunther, Cat., VI, 2S0, 1866, Hawaiian Islands.

90. Parexoccetus brachypterus (Solander). “J falolo;” “ PuhikVi." Plate III.

Head 4.67 in length; depth 5; D. 13; A. 14; P. 12; V. 6; scales 42 to base of caudal; 8 scales in a
transverse series to middle of belly; greatest width of head 1.3 in its depth; snout 4 in head; eye 3,
about 1.25 in postocular part of head, 1 in interorbital space; ventral 1.2; depressed dorsal 2.75 in body;
pectoral 1.88.

Body elongate, spindle-shaped and laterally compressed; head elongate, compressed, pointed;

132

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

snout short, blunt; eye moderately large, impinging upon the upper profile; maxillary small, reach¬
ing to the anterior margin of the eye; teeth small, villose, the mandible projecting and pointed; nasal
cavity small, and with a small fleshy flap over nostril; interorbital space broad and flattened; gillrakers
fine, slender, and rather numerous; peritoneum pale or grayish, with rather dark dots or spots; scales
large, cycloid; lateral line running low along the lower part of side and also lower portion of caudal
peduncle to base of caudal fin; dorsal very long, the median rays the longest, the edge of the fin
rounded and when depressed reaching angle in emargination of caudal fin; origin of dorsal a little in
advance of that of anal, or about midway between base of pectoral and tip of upper caudal lobe; anal
rather low, the rays not prolonged; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much longer than the upper;
pectoral very long, reaching the first third of base of dorsal; vent.rals long, reaching below second and
third anal rays.

Color when fresh (No. 03418) with the upper portion of body dark ultramarine blue, the lower
surface silvery white; dorsal blue, except a large blackish blotch on the upper marginal portion; pos¬
terior half of caudal blue; pectoral transparent with a rosy tinge; margin of ventral red, or the color
on the first, second, third, and fourth rays rosy above.

This description from an example (No. 03418) 6.5 inches long from Honolulu.

Our collections from Honolulu contain 29 examples of this species (7 of them numbered 02953 to
02958, and 03418), and 2 specimens obtained at Hilo. Dr. Jenkins obtained 8 specimens at Honolulu
in 1889; 2 of these are numbered 150 and 211; 2 other examples (No. 6010) were obtained by Dr.
Wood. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at station 3829 off the southern coast of Molokai.

These numerous specimens are almost uniformly 7 inches in total length, which seems to be about
the maximum size of this species.

This flying fish is apparently the most abundant species among the Hawaiian Islands. Early in
June numerous schools were seen near and in the harbor of Honolulu, and it continued a common fish
in the Honolulu market during the summer.

Kxocaiiif bracluipterus Solander in Richardson, Ichth. China, 265, 1816, Otaheite; Giinther, Cat., VI, 280, 1866 (China Seas);
Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 75, 1877 (Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, Denkx. Ak. Wiws. Wien, LXX, 1900,
512 (Honolulu and Laysan).

Exoccetus hillianus, Gosse, Nat, Sojourn in Jamaica, II, 11, PI. I, fig. 1, 1851 (Jamaica): Liitken, Vid. Medd. Natur. Foren.,
397, 1876 (Atlantic; Antilles; Honolulu).

Parexoccdus mesogaster, Jordan A Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1885, 47 (Hawaiian Islands); Jordan & Kvermann, Fishes
North & Mid. Amer, I, 728, 1896; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 500 (Hawaiian Islands); (probably not
Exoccctusmesogaster of Bloch.).

Parexoccdus brachytrrus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 435 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 522 (off southern coast of Molokai).

Genus 77. EX0CCETUS Linnaeus.

This genus is characterized mainly by the short .vent.rals which are anteriorly placed and terminate
in advance of the anal fin, not being used as organs of flight; pectoral fins very long; no teeth on
palate. Open seas.

Exoccetus Linnseus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 316, 1758 ( volitans ).

llalocypstius Weinland, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1858, 385 ( mesngaster=evolans=volitans ).

91. Exocoetus volitans Linmeus. “Malolo.” Fig. 45.

Head 4.25 in length, depth 4.88; D. 12; A. 12; P. 15; V. 6; scales about 42 to base of caudal, 10
scales in a transverse series; head a little deeper than wide; snout 4,5 in head; eye 3.67, 1.67 in post-
ocular part of head, 1.3 in interorbital space; ventral 1.75 in head; base of dorsal 1.2; base of anal 1:2.

Body elongate, the sides compressed and flattened; head subconic, blunt; snout very obtuse, short,
rounded; eye anterior, the posterior margin about the middle of the head ; mouth very oblique, superior,
the maxillary not reaching the eye, the mandible projecting and the jaws forming a thin, horny, cutting
edge; small teeth on vomer; tongue flattened, moderately broad, rounded and free; nasal cavity
moderate, above the eye in front, and with a small thick flap; interorbital space broad, only very
slightly convex; gillrakers slender, rather numerous and notquite half the eye; peritoneum pale; scales
large, cycloid, head scaled; lateral line running low and stopping short behind anal tin; origin of dorsal
nearer base of pectoral than tip of upper caudal lobe, and a trifle behind origin of anal; anterior dorsal

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

133

rays elevated and the fin similar to anal; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much the longer;
pectoral very long, the second ray divided, the second and third the longer, and extending to base of
caudal; origin of ventral almost midway between tip of snout and middle of base of anal; caudal
peduncle rather deep and compressed.

Color above, brown, the lower surface whitish, washed with silvery; pectorals dark brown with
pale edges; dorsal and caudal more or less grayish; ventrals and anal whitish.

Here described from an example t> inches long, taken at latitude 28° 03' 42" N. , longitude 143°
10/05"W., by the Albatross, December 21, 1891. We also have another example, a little larger, with the
same data, and Dr. Jenkins obtained a small one at Honolulu, in 1889. None was seen by us in 1901.

Fig. 45. — Exocoetus volitans Linnaeus; after Jordan and Evermann.

An example came aboard the Albatross at night at about 24° X. and 151° W., and another at station
3808, near Oahu, during the investigations of 1902.

Exococtus volitans Linmeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 316, 1758, locality not known (after Balk, who copied from Artedi); Jordan it
Evermann, Fish. North it Mid. Amer., Ill, 2835, 1898; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 500 (Hawaiian Islands);
Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 435 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 522
(Albatross stations 3804, 3805, and 3808).

Exoccetus evolans Linnaius, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 521, 1766 “in Oceano Hispanico” (after Gronow); Gunther, Cat.., VI, 282,
1866 (Mediterranean; Demerara; between Zanzibar and Seychelles; Java; India; China seas; north coast of Aus¬
tralia); Liitken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 1876, 102, 395.

Exocostus splcndcns Abel, Narr. Voyage China, 4, 1818, China (vide Valenciennes).

Exoccdus georgianus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIX, 136, 1846, 5° N., 92° W.; Gunther, Cat., VI, 279, 1866
(copied); Liitken, Vid. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 101, 394, 1876 (young examples with barbel).

fExoco'tus monocirrhus Richardson, Ichth. China, 265, 1846, China; Gunther, Cat., VI, 279, 1866 (Sea of China).

Exoccdus chilmsis Abbott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1860, 472, Chile.

Exoccdus obtusirostris Gunther, Cat., VI, 283, 1866, Cape de Verde Islands; India; New Orleans.

Exoco't as speculiger. Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 7, 75, 1877 (Hawaiian Islands).

Halocypselus evolans, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 377, 1883; Jordan & Meek, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1885, 49; Jordan it Ever¬
mann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 730, 1896.

Halocypselus obtusirostris, Jordan it Gilbert, Synopsis, 378, 1883.

Genus 78. EXONAUTES Jordan & Evermann.

Exonautes differs from Cypsilurus in the longer anal, which is as long as the dorsal and with about
as many rays.

Exonautes Jordan & Evermann, Check-list of North American Fishes, 322, 1895 (exsilicns).

134

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

92. Exonautes gilberti Snyder. Plate 24.

Head, to end of opercular flap, 4.6 in length; depth 7; width of body at base of pectorals 7; depth
of caudal peduncle 3.6 in head; eye 3; snout 3.6; interorbital space 2.6; 1). 10; A. 10; scales in lateral
series beginning above base of pectoral 48; between occiput and base of dorsal 32; between lateral
line and dorsal 6.

As indicated by the above measurements of the body, this is one of the most slender of the flying
fishes. Body quadrangular in section; back broader than belly, convex; some of the median scales of
back with low keels; interorbital space concave; snout a little shorter than diameter of eye; lower jaw
slightly projecting beyond upper; maxillary extending to posterior border of nostril. No teeth on
tongue or roof of mouth, those on jaws scarcely perceptible; gillrakers on first arch 25, long and
slender; lateral line disappearing near end of anal fin.

The pectoral fin extends to within about an eye’s diameter of base of caudal; has 18 rays, first and
second simple; second a third of its length longer than first, which is 3.81 times diameter of eye;
third ray divided near tip of first; tip of tin formed by branches of fourth ray, those of fifth being
slightly shorter; second ray of dorsal fin longest, 2 in head; base of fin equal to 2 times diameter
of eye; anal inserted the width of a scale posterior to dorsal, its base shorter than that of dorsal by
an amount equal to the space between 2 rays; height of first and second rays about equal to that of
fourth dorsal; ventrals inserted midway between base of caudal and a point anterior to the edge of
operele, a distance equal to diameter of pupil; extending posteriorly a little beyond the base of anal,
not beyond tip of last ray when depressed; upper lobe of caudal pointed, its length 3 times the width
of the interorbital space; lower lobe an eye’s diameter longer.

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, silvery below; pectoral without spots, dusky, the free edge
with a white area as wide as pupil, proximal to which is a blackish band two-thirds as wide as the eye;
upper or anterior edge of fin light, an indistinct dark area extending along the first to fourth rays;
lower or posterior edge of fin along the last 4 rays white; middle rays of ventrals dusky, the fin
indistinctly bordered with white; free edge of caudal bordered with white; dorsal dusky; anal white.

In life, steel-blue above, silvery below.

This species is apparently related to Exonautes rondeletii (Cuv. & Val. ) of the Atlantic. The type
(No. 50872, U. S. N. M.) is the only specimen known. It is 10.43 inches long (snout to end of lower
caudal lobe). It came aboard the Albatross at night near 28° 30' N. and 140° W.

Exonautes gilberti Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 522, pi. 7, tig. 13, northeast of Honolulu
between Albatross stations 3799 and 3800.

Genus 79. CYPSILURUS Swainson.

Body elongate, broad above, somewhat compressed; head short, blunt, narrowed below; mouth
small; jaws very short, about equal; chin without barbel; maxillaries not joined to the premaxillaries;
teeth very feeble or wanting; eyes large; gillrakers moderate; scales large, deciduous; no finlets;
dorsal fin short, opposite anal, which is considerably shorter than dorsal; caudal widely forked, the
lower lobe the longer; pectoral fins very long, reaching past the beginning of anal, and serving as
organs of flight, their great size enabling the fishes to sustain themselves in the air for some time;
ventral fins large, posteriorly inserted, also used as organs of flight ; air-bladder very large; no pyloric
coeca. Species numerous, in all warm seas, living mostly in the open water and swimming in large
schools. The species are largely cosmopolitan, differing from Exonautes in the much shorter anal.
Cypsilurus Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 296, 1839 (nuttalli).

a. Dorsal 12; anal S; scales 43; dorsal plain . -. . . simus, p. 134

aa. Dorsal 14; anal 11; scales SO; dorsal black above . bahiensis , p. 136

aaa. Dorsal 16; anal 10; scales 60; dorsal with a large dark spot . atrisignis, p. 136

93. Cypsilurus simus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Malolo." Fig. 46.

Head 4 in length; depth 4.67; I). 12; A. 8; P. 15; V. 6; scales 43 to base of caudal; 12 scales in a
transverse series to middle of belly; greatest width of head about 1.2 in its depth; snout 4.67 in head;
eye 3.2, 1.3 in postocular part of head, 1.4 in interorbital space; depth of caudal peduncle about 3 in
head; base of dorsal 5 in body; base of anal 3 in head; ventral about 3.6 in body.

EXONAUTES GILBERTI SNYDER.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1 903

PLATE 24

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

135

Bo«1y elongate, the sides compressed and flat! ad subcon ic, the sides constricted below;

snoot blunt, roundel and sh**rt: ( impinging upon the upper profile of the head, and a'-

its ] eter - margin a little behind the center of its length; mouth nearly terminal, small, oblique, the
small maxillary reaching about below nasal cavity, the mandible included: teeth minute in jaws, none
on vomer or palatines; tongue smooth, not broad, rounded and free in front: nasal cavity small, near
front of eye above, and with a well developed fleshy date interorbital space broad, concave in the
middle: about 13 gillrakers developed, the longest nearly a third the length of the eye. compressed
and pointed; peritoneum pale: scales rather large, cycloid, and each with several stria*, at least on
line running along the lower fern of the body, tailing short of base of caudal by
several scales, behind anal fin: origin of dorsal a little nearer bas ral than tip of upper candal

lobe and a little in advance of anus: anal originating below middle of dorsal, similar to dorsal with
the anterior rays elevated; candal deeply forked, the lower lota* much the longer: pectoral very long,
falling a little short of base of candal; ventrals nearer base of candal than base of pectoral, and reach¬
ing lack nearly to the posterior lose- * i anal: caudal peduncle rather deep, much compressed.

Flo. 46. — i Cuvier A Valenciennes -

Color in life i No. 03431 with top of head and upper parts of body reddish purple, lower parts white:
membranes of pectoral covered with numerous minute black dots, upper side : ra - rolish: outer
edge of soft dorsal black: ventrals and anal colorless- One specimen No. 03434 has a large Mack
area on dorsal fin. the fin itself bright: top of head and body bine, ends silvery: belly white: caudal
dusky: no spots on pectoral, upper surface bright purple: ventrals transparent. Other specimens
were dark blue above, silvery below with blue reflections; pectoral purple. One ( No. 03542 from
Honolulu had very large black spots on pectoral.

Color in alcohol, brownish above; the lower surface whitish washed w-ith silvery: dorsal, caudal,
and pectorals brownish: ventrals and anal whitish. Color in life, dark blue above, silvery below
with blue reflections; pectoral purplish, usually with many large* round black spots.

This description from an example No. 02tHo 12 inches long, taken at Honolulu. Of this spvc.es
we have 21 examples taken at Honolulu, and we have examined 15 examples taken at the same place
by Dr. Jenkins in 1SS9. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu: Waimea and Hana-
maula Raw Kauai: and Napili. Molokai. The maximum length of this species is about 14 inches. This
is the common flying fish seen in thousands in the sea about Honolulu.

£- . • • ■ - Cuvier 3: Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. XIX. 105. is» Hawaiian Islands.

Emetrluf a rpfcrtas Sleeker. Ned. Tydsch. Kert, III. ICvv 112. Sumatra: Steindsehner. Penks. Ak. Wfes Wien. LXX. 1980,
512 (.Honolulu).

. fiaius. Jenkins. Bull. r. S. Fish iVimiw XXII. 1902 [Sept. 3S, 190S), 435 (Honolulu): Snyder. op. dl
1904 . 522 Honolulu: Kauai: Molokai c

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

136

94. Cypsilurus bahiensis (Kanzani).

Head 4.67 in length; depth 4.75; I). 14; A. 9 or 10; P. 15; V. 6; scales to base of caudal 50, -14-
snout 3.5 in head; eye 4, 1.8 in postocular part of head, 1.5 in interorbital space; base of dorsal 5.5 in
body; base of anal 9; length of ventral 4.

Body elongate, the sides compressed and flattened; head elongate, subconic; snout moderately
elongate, flattened above, and somewhat obtuse; eye anterior, the posterior margin a little behind
center of length of head, and the eyelid somewhat adipose in front above; mouth oblique, equal to
eve, the maxillary reaching below nasal cavity; teeth small and sharp in the jaws, none on vomer and
palatines; tongue rather small, elongate, somewhat narrow, rounded and free in front; nasal small,
above and in front of eye, and with a shallow groove leading down in front of the eye, the nasal
flap thick; interorbital space broad, flattened, or only slightly concave, like the top of the head in
front; gill rakers in moderate number, rather short, less than the gill-filaments in length; peritoneum
white; scales large, cycloid; head scaled; lateral line running along the lower part of side, stopping
behind the anal a few scales before base of caudal; origin of dorsal nearer base of pectoral than tip of
upper caudal lobe, before the anus, nearer origin of anal than base of ventrals, the anterior rays elon¬
gated; anal similar to dorsal, the anterior rays the longer; caudal deeply forked, the lower lobe much
the longer; pectoral very long, reaching within a very short distance of the base of caudal; ventral!
long, reaching well beyond first anal rays; caudal peduncle deep and compressed.

Color in alcohol, brown above, the sides and lower surface white, washed with silvery; pectorals
deep brown, more or less margined with white; dorsal with a large black blotch, otherwise pale brown;
caudal pale brownish; anal and ventrals whitish.

Described from a gravid female (No. 03567) 19 inches long, taken at Hilo in July. We have
another example from Hilo and 8 from Honolulu, 3 of the latter taken by Dr. Jenkins in 1889 and
1 by Dr. Wood. The species is readily recognized in life when skimming over the waves by its
reddish-brown pectorals. It is common in the sea about Honolulu, but less abundant than C. simus.

Exwidus btMentis Ranzani. Xov. Comm. Ac. Sei. Inst. Bonpn.,V, 1S42, 32G.pl.38, Bahia; Gunther, Cat., VI, 2113, 1866; Poey,
Synopsis, 384 and 385, 186S: Liitken, Via. Medd. Naturh. Foren., 402, 1S76; Jordan & Evermann. Fishes North and
Mid. Amor., I, 739, 1S9G; Stcindachner, Decks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX.,1900, 512 (Honolulu).

Cypsilurus bakhmtit, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amor., Ill, 2836, 1898; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 436 (Honolulu).

95. Cypsilurus atrisignis Jenkins. Plate 25.

Head 4.3 in length; depth 5.5; I*. 15; A. 10; P. 14; lateral line about 60; scales before dorsal fin
34; scales between origin of dorsal and lateral line 9.

Body elongate, broad dorsally, narrow ventrally, broadest just in front of base of pectorals, where
it is nearly as broad as the depth; top of posterior portion of head broad, narrowing toward tip of
snout, somewhat concave between the eyes; interorbital space equaling distance from posterior margin
of eye to margin of opercle; eye large, its center anterior to center of head; snout less than eye, some¬
what pointed, lower jaw slightly projecting; maxillary included and falling considerably short of
anterior margin of eye; pectoral reaching tip of last dorsal ray; ventral reaching to one-third the base
of anal, its origin half way between eye and base of caudal; origin of dorsal much in advance of vent,
its distance from first caudal ray 1.4 times head, the longest ray, the anterior one, about 2 in head;
lower lobe of caudal the longer.

Color in alcohol, dark purple above, light below; dorsal fin with black spot about 0.7 diameter of
eye between the eighth and eleventh spines; caudal and ventrals colorless, unmarked; ventrals white,
without spots; pectoral rays and membranes very dark purple above, the rays light below, the mem¬
branes with black spots on anterior and posterior portions.

One specimen (No. 197), 13.5 inches in length, was taken by Dr. Jenkins in 1889 at Honolulu.
Type, No. 50713, U. S. N. M. Another is in the museum of Stanford University, taken by Mr. A. P.
Lundin, at Kusai (Strong Island), one of the Carolines.

Cupsilurus atrisiynh Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 436, pi. 3, Honolulu. (Type, No.
50713, U. S. N. M., Coll. O. P. Jenkins.)

CYPSILURUS ATRISIGNIS JENKINS.

Bui:, u. S. F. C. 1903.

Plate 25,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

137

Order L. ACANTHOFTERI. — The Spiny-rayed Fishes.

Anterior vertebra unmodified and without ossicula auditus; no mesocoracoid and no interclavicles
(so far as known); border of mouth formed by premaxillary; maxillary normally distinct from it
and always present, but sometimes coossified with it; gills laminated; shoulder-girdle attached to the
skull by a post-temporal, which is normally furcate and usually not coossified with the skull; hyper¬
coracoid and hypocoracoid distinct, ossified, the former usually perforate; pharyngeals well devel¬
oped, the lower rarely united, the third upper pharyngeal largest, the fourth often wanting; pectoral
actinosts. always present, opercular apparatus complete; gill-openings in advance of the pectorals;
pectoral fins above the plane of the abdomen; ventral fins more or less anterior, normally attached
by the pelvis to the shoulder-girdle, typically with 1 spine and 5 rays, these sometimes wanting,
sometimes without spine or with many rays, or otherwise modified; anterior rays of dorsal and anal
typically simple or spinous, but all the fin rays often articulate; air-bladder typically without duct in
the adult; scales various, typically ctenoid; lateral line usually running high. To this group are
referable the great body of existing marine fishes.

Suborder PERCESOCES.

Ventral fins abdominal, i, 5; branchial arches well developed, the bones all present except the
fourth superior branchihyal; third superior pharyngeal much enlarged; lower pharyngeals distinct;
scales cycloid ; pectorals elevated, about on a level with the upper posterior angle of opercle; spinous
dorsal usually present.

a. Lateral line wanting; teeth small or wanting: gillrakers present, long and slender.
b. Anal with only 1 or no anal spine, weak; tirst. dorsal with 3 to S slender, flexible spines; head elongate; vertebrae

more than 35; stomach not gizzard-like; intestine short . Athcrinidx. p. 137

bb. Anal with 2 or 3 spines, stouter; first dorsal with 4 stiff spines; head short and broad: vertebra fewer than 35, about

24; stomach gizzard-like; intestine long . Miujili’l.c, p. 138

an. Lateral line present, teeth very strong, unequal; gillrakers very short or obsolete . Sphyrxnidx, p. 141

Family XLIII. ATHERINIDtE. — The Silversides.

Body rather elongate, somewhat compressed, covered with scales of moderate or small size, which
are usually, but not always, cycloid; no lateral line; some scales often with rudimentary mucous tubes;
cleft of mouth moderate; teeth small, on jaws and sometimes on vomer and palatines, rarely want¬
ing; premaxiliaries protractile or not; opercular bones without spines orserrature; gill-openings wide,
the gill-membranes not connected, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudo-
branchite present; gillrakers usually long and slender; branchiostegals 5 or 6; dorsal fins 2, well sepa¬
rated, the first of 3 to 8 slender flexible spines, the second of soft rays; anal with a weak spine, similar
to the soft dorsal, but usually larger; ventral fins small, abdominal, not far back, of 1 small spine and
5 soft rays; pectorals moderate, inserted high; air-bladder present; no pyloric cceca; vertebra numer¬
ous, usually about 23 .-23=46; third and fourth superior pharyngeals coossified, with teeth. Carniv¬
orous fishes, mostly of small size, living in great schools near the shore in temperate and tropical
seas; a few species in fresh water. All the species have a silvery band along the side, this sometimes
underlaid by black pigment. Genera about 15, species 60. All that are large enough highly valued
as food, hence the common name of “fishes of the king,” Pescados del Rey, or Pesce Re, or Peixe Rey.

Only one genus of silversides is known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Genas 80. ATHERINA (Artedi) Linnaeus. The Friars.

Body oblong, compressed; mouth large, terminal, oblique; jaws about equal, their edges nearly
straight; maxillary extending to front of eye; premaxiliaries narrow posteriorly, strongly protractile;
villiform teeth in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Species numerous, mostly European.

Atherina (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 315, 1758 ( hepsetus ).
cm hr as Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, 1836 (no type indicated).

138

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

96. Atherina insularum Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 47.

Head 4 in length ; depth 4.75; eye3inhead; snout 4; interorbital 2.8; maxillary 2.5; mandible 2.2;
D. vi-i, 11; A. 17; scales 46, 6 rows from anterior base of anal upward and forward to spinous dorsal.

Body oblong, compressed; head triangular, the sides compressed, top fiat; mouth large, oblique,
maxillary reaching front of pupil, lower jaw included; teeth in rather broad villiform bands on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; interorbital space very broad and flat; snout broad, truncate; origin of spinous
dorsal slightly posterior to vertical at vent, slightly nearer tip of snout than base of caudal; longest
dorsal spine about 2.4 in head, reaching nearly to vertical at front of anal; distance between spinous
and soft dorsals equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; edge of soft dorsal concave,
anterior rays somewhat produced, their length 1.9 in head; last dorsal ray about one-half longer than
one preceding; base of soft dorsal 1.8 in head; origin of anal considerably in advance of that of soft
dorsal, the fins similar, anterior rays about 1.7 in head, base of anal 1.3in head; caudal widely forked,
the lobes equal; ventral short, barely reaching vent; pectoral short, broad, and slightly falcate, its
length about 1.4 in head; scales large, thin, and deep, 19 in front of spinous dorsal, 6 rows between
the dorsals and 9 on median line of caudal peduncle.

Color when fresh, clear olive-green with darker edges to scales; lateral stripe steel-blue above,
fading into the silvery belly; fins uncolored.

Color in alcohol, olivaceous above, silvery on sides and below; scales of back and upper part of
side with numerous small round coffee-brown specks, disposed chiefly on the edges, median line of

back with a darkish stripe; middle of side with a broad silvery band, plumbeous above, especially
anteriorly, more silvery below; top of head and snout with numerous dark brownish or black specks;
side of head silvery, opercle somewhat dusky, sides and tip of lower jaw dusky; dorsals and caudal
somewhat dusky, other fins pale; pectoral without dark tip.

This small fish is common inside the reef in shallow bays everywhere in the Hawaiian Islands.
Many individuals were seen off the wharf at Lahaina on Maui. Our collections of 1901 contain 20
specimens from Kailua, from 1.5 to 3.5 inches long; 43 from Hilo, 1.5 to 2.25 inches long; and 1 from
Honolulu, 2.25 inches in length. Numerous specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in
1902, one of which is taken as our type and three others as cotypes.

Type, No. 50819, U. S. N. M., 4.25 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. Cotypes,
No. 2741, U. 8. F. C., 3.9 inches long; No. 2302, Am. Mus. Nat, Hist,, 3.9 inches long; and No. 4063,
Field Col. Mus., 3.5 inches long, all collected at Honolulu by the Albatross.

A thcrinu insidamm Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903) , 170, Honolulu (Kailua; Hilo),
Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 437 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Laysan Island, Albatross
stations 3834, 3860, 3870, and 3905).

Family XLIV. MFC, I LI !>.£.— The Mullets.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, covered with rather large cycloid scales; no lateral line, but
the furrows often deepened on the middle of each scale so as to form lateral streaks; mouth small, the
jaws with small teeth, or none, the teeth various in form; premaxillari.es protractile; gill-openings

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

139

wide, the membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branehiostegals 5 or 6, giltrakers long and
slender; gills 4, a slit, behind fourth; pseudobranehhu large; 2 short dorsal fins, well separated, the
anterior with 4 stiff spines, the last one of which is much shorter than the others; second dorsal longer
than the first, similar to anal; anal spines 2 or 3, graduated; ventral fins abdominal, not far back,
composed of 1 spine and 5 rays; caudal forked; air-bladder large, simple; intestinal canal long;
peritoneum usually black: vertebrae; 24. Genera 8 or 10, species about 100, inhabiting the fresh waters
and coasts of warm regions, feeding on organic matter contained in mud. “In the genus Mugil , a con¬
siderable indigestible portion of the latter is swallowed, and in order to prevent larger bodies from
passing into the stomach or substances from passing through the gill-openings, these fishes have the
organs of the pharynx modified into a filtering apparatus. They hike in a quantity of sand or mnd,
and, after having worked it for some time between the pharyngeal hones, they eject the roughest
and indigestible portion of it. The upper pharyngeals have a rather irregular form; they are slightly
arched, the convexity being directed toward the pharyngeal cavity, tapering anteriorly and broad¬
ening posteriorly. They are coated with a thick soft membrane, which reaches far beyond the margin
of the bone, and is studded all over with minute horny cilia. Each branchial arch is provided with
a series of long gillrakers, which are laterally bent downward, each series closely fitting to the sides
of the adjoining arch; together they constitute a sieve admirably adapted to permit a transit for the
water, retaining at the same time every solid substance in the cavity of the pharynx.” (Gunther.)
a. Jaws without true teeth; anal spines 3.

h. Orbit with a well-developed adipose eyelid covering part of the iris; cilia slender, in one or few series; cleft of

mouth chiefly anterior . Mugil, p. 139

bb. Orbit without distinct adipose eyelid; cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow, the upper very thick and very

protractile; cilia broad, in many series, pavement-like . Cluvnomugil , p. 140

an. Small teeth in 1 or 2 series in the upper jaw, and sometimes in the lower and on the palate; no adipose eyelid; anal
spines 3 . Myxus, p. 141

Genus 81. MUGIL lArtedi) Linnaeus.

Body oblong, somewhat compressed, covered with large scales; head large, convex, sealed above
and on sides; mouth small, subinferior, the lower jaw angulated; jaws with one or a few series of
short, flexible, ciliiform teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; eye large, with a large adipose eyelid,
which is little developed in the young; stomach muscular, like the gizzard of a fowl. Species very
numerous, living on mud and running in great schools along the shores and in brackish lagoons of all
warm regions.

Mugil (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 310, 175S (ccpkalus).

97. Mugil cephalus Linmeus. “ Ama-ama Mullet. Fig. 48.

Head 4 in length; depth 4.2; snout 4.2 in head; eye 3.9; D. iv-i, 8; A. in, 8; scales 40,-13, trans¬
verse series conn ted from anus upward and backward to soft dorsal; dorsal spine 1.75 in head; soft
dorsal 1.6 in head; anterior base of spinous dorsal midway between end of snout and base of caudal.

Body, oblong, rather robust, slightly compressed; head subconic; lower jaw slightly included;
maxillary hidden; no teeth, except a single row of very small teeth in outer fleshy part of upper jaw;
jaw narrow, the distance from the symphysis to posterior edge of lip being equal to greatest width
of mouth; eye anterior, moderate, the adipose lid covering entire eye except pupil; head scaly; soft
dorsal and anal almost naked; soft dorsal concave; anal similar to dorsal but not so concave; caudal
deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the longer; pectoral not quite reaching to spinous dorsal.

Color in life, -from a 10.5-inch specimen (No. 02995) taken at Honolulu, bluish gray, white below;
cheek dusky; spinous dorsal and pectoral dusky; caudal pale, finely dusted with dark specks, edges
dark; anal sparsely dusted; ventrals white.

Ten specimens from Honolulu, from 1.5 to 10.5 inches long, and 3 specimens, 3.75 to 4.75 inches
long, from Kailua. We have also examined a number of specimens collected by Dr. Jenkins at Hono¬
lulu in 1889 and 1 specimen 10 inches long collected by R. C. McGregor on Molokai in March, 1900.

This species of mullet, the ama nma of the natives, is perhaps the most abundant and important
food-fish of the Hawaiian Islands. It is the species which has received most attention from the natives
in the way of protection and cultivation. The mullet ponds have been an institution of importance

140

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION,

ever since the days of the earliest kings. A full discussion of this subject is given elsewhere in this
report.

We are unable to find any difference between the Hawaiian ama ama and the striped mullets of
the United States, Japan, Chile, or the Mediterranean. If different from any of these it is distinct
from all and should receive a new name.

Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 316, 1758, European Ocean (based on Artedi); Jordan & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 1884,263; Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North and Mid. Amer., I, 811, 1896; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII,
1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu).

Mugil dlbnla Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, 520, 1766, Charleston, S. C. (Coll. Dr. Carden); Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 403,
1883; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Waimea, Huleia, and Hanapepe rivers, Kauai,
Honolulu; Station 3844 off southern coast of Molokai).

Mugil tang Bloch, Ichthyologia, XI, 134, pi. 395, 1797, Guinea, Tranquebar.

Mugil plumicri Bloch, op. cit., 136, pi. 396, 1797, St. Vincent, W. I. (on a drawing by Plumicr).

Mugil ocur Forskal, Red Sea.

Mugil ecphalotus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 98, 1836, Pondicherry.

Mugil lincatus Mitchill in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 96, 1836, New York.

Mugil raminclsbergii Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, Ichth., 20, 1845, Peru.

Mugil bcrlandicri Girard, U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv., 20, pi. 10, figs. 1 to 4, 1859, St. Josephs Island, Indianola; Brazos
Santiago; Brazos; Galveston; all on the coast of Texas (coll. Wurclemann, Clark, and Kennedy).

Mugil mcxicanus Steindaehner, Ichth. Beitrage, III, 58, pi. VIII, 1875, Acapulco (no adipose eyelid shown on plate).

Mugil ccphalotus Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I, 175, pi. 4, 1841, Sandwich Islands; Streets, Bull. IT. s. Nat. Mils., No.
7,73, 1877 (Honolulu).

Mugil cephalus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI, 19, 1836 (Mediterranean).

Mugil guentkcn. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 169 (western coastof Central America); not of Steindaehner.

Mugil dobula, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VI, 214, plate CXX, fig. a, 1877 ( Hawaiian Islands); Gunther, Shore Fishes, Chal¬
lenger, 61, 1880 (Hilo, Hawaii); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 501 (Honolulu); not of Gunther,
Cat., Ill, 420, 1861, a species from rivers of western Australia.

Mugil kelaartii , Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 500; ibid, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1903, 743 (Sandwich Islands); not
of Gunther.

Genus 82. CH.7EN0MUGIL Gill.

Cleft of mouth lateral; lower jaw narrow; dentiform cilia in very many series, broad, flat, and
somewhat paved; upper lip very thick; no adipose eyelid. Small mullets of the tropical shores.
Chsenomugil Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 3.69 (proboscideus) .

98. Chaenomugil chaptalii (Eydoux & Souleyet) “ Uouda .” Fig. 41).

Head 4 in length; depth 3.9; snout 3.75 in head; eye 3.4; D. iv-i, 9; A. in, 10; scales 43,-13.

Body robust, more compressed posteriorly; head moderate; snout suhconic, rather pointed; mouth
slightly oblique, its cleft deeper than long; maxillary entirely hidden; front part of upper lip very
thick; lower margin of each lip covered with rather strong papilla* or weak pectinate teeth; lower jaw
included, rather narrow; no teeth evident; eye large, anterior; interorbital space convex, 2 in head;
first dorsal spine 2 in head; soft dorsal and anal slightly convex; caudal forked, lower lobe the longer
and heavier; ventrals truncate; pectoral falcate, 1.3 in head.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

141

Color in alcohol, dull olivaceous above with silvery reflections gradually fading into lighter and
becoming white on belly; top of head and snout brown; indications of bitiwn on opercles; dorsal,
caudal, and pectorals dusky, pectorals the darkest; other tins pale.

Eight specimens 1 to 9.2 inches long from Honolulu; 33 from 1.2 to 6.5 inches long from Hilo, and
18 specimens from 2 to 4.5 inches long from Kailua. We have also examined several specimens taken
by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889.

Fig. 49. — C/ucnomugil chaplain (Eydoux it Souleyet).

Mugil chaplain Eydoux & Souleyet, Voyage Bonite, Zool., I, 171, pi. 4, tig. 1, 1841, Hawaiian Islands.

Myxus ( Neomyxit.it ) srlatcri Steindachner, Iehth. Beitrage, VII, in Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXXVII, 1S7S, 3s4, Kingsmill and
Hawaiian islands.

Chxnomugil chaptali Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (September 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu).

Genus 83. MYXUS Gunther.

Cleft of mouth extending on sides of snout, but not to orbit. Small teeth in a single series in
upper jaw, and sometimes in lower and on palate. Upper lip not particularly thick; anterior margin
of mandible sharp. Anal spines 3.

My xus Giinther, Cat., Ill, 460, 1861 (elongatus).

Ncomyxus Steindachner, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wein 1878,77, 384 (srlatcri).

99. Myxus pacificus Steindachner.

Head about 4 in length; depth nearly 4; snout 4 in head; I), iv-i, 8; A. hi, 8; scales 39 or
40,-13.5, about 24 scales before the dorsal; head moderately small, the greatest depth about 1.4 in
length; greatest breadth between opercles about 1.6 in length of head; upper profile very slightly
curved to origin of second dorsal, then falling suddenly the length of the base of this fin; eye with well
developed lids; upper lip moderately small; mouth cleft a little longer than broad; preorbital with
the lower and posterior edge serrate; between the jaws a band of small movable teeth, those of the outer
row larger than those of inner; origin of first dorsal a trifle nearer base of caudal than tip of snout,
the first dorsal moderately strong, a little more than 1.65 length of head; caudal a little longer than
head, length of its middle rays about 1.6 times length of head; ventral flap shorter than half length of
fin; a dark band along upper edge of pectoral. Length, 5.85 inches. Laysan. (Steindachner. ) This
species is known from Dr. Steindachner’s description only.

Myxus pacificus Steindachner, Denies. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 500, Laysan.

Family XLV. SPHYR£N1D£.- The Barracudas.

Body elongate, subterete, covered with small cycloid scales; head very long, pointed, pike-like,
scaly above and on sides; mouth horizontal, large; jaws elongate, the lower considerably projecting;
upper jaw non protractile, its border formed by the premax diaries, behind which are the broad max-
diaries; large sharp teeth of unequal size on both jaws and palatines, none on the vomer; usually a
very strong, sharp canine near tip of lower jaw; opercular bones without spines or serratures; gill-

142

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

openings wide, the gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus; gillrakers very short or obsolete;
branchiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise well developed; air-bladder large,
bifurcate anteriorly; many pyloric cceca; lateral line well developed, straight; pectoral tins short, placed
in or below line of axis of body; ventrals i, 5, abdominal, in advance of middle of body; first dorsal
over ventrals, of 5 rather stout spines; second dorsal remote from first dorsal, similar to anal and oppo¬
site to it; caudal tin forked; vertebne 24; first superior pharyngeal not present; second, third, and
fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate. A single genus of about 20 species; carniv¬
orous, pike-like fishes, often of large size, active and voracious, inhabiting warm seas, many of them
highly valued as food.

Genus 84. SPHYILffiNA (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider.

Characters of the genus included above.

Sphyru-na (Artedi) Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ic.hth., 109, 1H01 (sphyrama).

Sphxrina Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 175, 1839 ( europ,va=sphyr.rna ).

c. Scales rather large, 11-85-9 . snodgrassi , p. 142

an. Scales smaller, 14-135-15 . hcllcri , p 143

100. Sphyraena snodgrassi Jenkins. “K&ku.” Fig. 50.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 6.5; eye 7.3 in head; snout 2.1 ; I).v-i, 9; A, i, 9; scales 11-85-9; longest
dorsal spine 3.1 in head, ray 2.5 in head; anal 2.4; ventral 3.2; pectoral 2.9; interorbital 4.7, nearly twice
vertical diameter of eye; maxillary 2.2. Body and head regularly fusiform; lower jaw projecting

beyond upper a distance equal to
two-thirds diameter of pupil, tip
blunt, not terminated by fleshy
appendages; eye slightly ovate,
larger and anterior; interorbital
space flat; maxillary reaching
front of eye; suborbital scaled;
about 18 rows of vertical scales
from eye to edge of preoperCle, <8
rows on opercle, those of opercle
enlarged, rest of head naked;
opercle without spines, but with 1
or 2 blunt flexible points; each
side of upper jaw with 2 long,
sharp, canine teeth in front and 5 or 6 nearly as large but broader teeth, growing gradually smaller
posteriorly; lower jaw with 2 large anterior median teeth similar to anterior teeth in upper jaw- and
back of them a single series of about 15 smaller teeth on each jaw; second and third dorsal spines the
longest; caudal forked, lobes equal; anal fin slightly behind soft dorsal, the 2 similar in form; lateral
line slightly decurved on body before second dorsal, posterior part straight.

Color in life, dark olive-brown above; side silvery; about 20 very faint short blackish bars just
above lateral line, their depth about 4 rows of scales, the bars rather wider than the silvery inter¬
spaces; membraneous edge of opercle jet black; first dorsal blackish, second with a jet-black Central
blotch, the tips white; caudal black with white tips; anal like the second dorsal, the blackish blotch
fainter; pectoral dusky at base; ventrals white; young with 13 dark crossbars.

Description from a specimen 17 inches long. We have 5 specimens 13 to 18 inches long from
Honolulu, one 8.25 inches long from Hilo, 6 about 5 inches long from Waialua, and one very large
example (No. 04515), 33 inches long, from Honolulu. Specimens 4 to 6 feet in length were seen in
the market at Honolulu. This is a large voracious species of wide range, entering the open sea.

Sphynma cummrrsonU, Fowler, Pros. Ac. Nat. Set. Pliila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

143

tSphyrasnd tiussumicri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Sat. Poiss., VII. 508, 1831 Red Sea, lie de France, Bourbon.

Sphyrnma modgrassi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (1901 1, 388, lit;. 2, Honolulu (coll. Drs. O. P. Jenkins and
T. I>. Wood. Type, No. 49093, U. S. Nat, Mus.).

Sphyrxna agarn, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 500, 1900 (Honolulu); not of Riippell.

101. Sphyrsena helleri Jenkins. “ Kawalea. ” Fig. 51.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 7.8; eye 6.1 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.1 ; interorbital 6, slightly
greater than vertical diameter of eye; D. v-i, 9; A. i, 8; scales 11-135-15; 13 rows of scales on prc-
opercle, 14 on opercle; longest dorsal spine 3.8 in head; ray 4.5; longest anal ray 3.8; pectoral 3.6;
ventral 3.6.

Body long and slender, the head tapering, the snout long, the lower jaw projecting nearly the
width of pupil beyond upper, terminating in a fleshy appendage; eye large, posterior; maxillary not
reaching eye, being separated from it by

a distance about equal to diameter of ffT\

eye; opercle without spines; 2 sharp /// f \

canine-like teeth hooked backward, the
second the larger, on the front row of
upper jaw, back of these on each jaw
5 or 6 similar teeth bent inward; 2
large close-set teeth like those in upper
jaw, in median part of lower jaw; back
of these on each side a row of 15 to 18
smaller teeth; distances between occiput
and first dorsal fin, first dorsal and sec¬
ond dorsal, and second dorsal and last vertebra equal, and each equal to distance from tip of snout to
posterior margin of eye; insertion of ventrals below front of first dorsal fin, two-thirds of eye behind
tip of pectoral; caudal deeply forked; anterior hase of anal on line with that of dorsal.

Color in alcohol, brown above, with bluish silvery reflections, becoming lighter below, white on
belly and lower part of side; spinous dorsal color of back; soft dorsal pale, caudal dusky; anal and
ventral pale; pectoral dusky.

Six specimens from Honolulu 13 to 26 inches long, and 2 from Hilo 24 inches long. This fish is
very abundant in the mullet ponds, where it is destructive to the mullet. It reaches but a small size,
and is rarely found except near shore.

Sphyrxna helleri Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XIX, 1899 (1901 ) 3S7, lie, 1, Honolulu (coll. Hr. Jenkins. Type, No. 49692,
U. S. Nat. Mus.); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 438 (Honolulu).

Suborder H YPOSTOMIDES.

Characters included with those of the following family:

Family XLV1. PEG AS I D£.

Body entirely covered with bony plates, ankvlosed on the trunk and movable on the tail;
barbels none; the margin of the upper jaw formed) by the iutermaxillaries and their cutaneous
prolongation, which extends downward to the extremity of the maxillaries; gill-cover formed by a
large plate, homologous to the opercle, preopercle and subopercle; interopercle a long fine hone,
hidden below the gill-plate; one rudimentary branchiostegal; the gill-plate united with the isthmus
by a narrow membrane; gill-opening narrow in front of base of pectoral fin; gills 4, lamellated; pseudo-
branchiae and air-bladder absent; one short dorsal and anal fin, opposite to each other; ventral fins
present; ovarian sacs closed.

Genus 85. PEGASUS Linnaens.

This genus contains those species of Pegasidx which have the tail short and not attenuate and
compressed toward the tip, and in which the pectoral rays are all slender and simple, none of them
spine-like. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described by Dr. Gilbert in Section II.

Pegasus Linmcus, Syst. Nat., XII. 418, 1766 ( volans ).

Zalises Jordan & Snyder, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 2 ( rlraconis ).

144

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Suborder RHEGNOPTERI.

Aetinosts of pectoral fin of 3 forms, 2 of them normal, supporting the pectoral fin, one of them
longitudinal, without rays, and the fourth a plate on the coracoid, supporting 3 to 10 free and separate
rays or feelers; post-temporal and shoulder-girdle normal; vertebrae 10 + 14 = 24; 2 separate dorsal
fins, the first of a few spines; pseudobranchiae concealed; ventrals subabdominal, behind pectorals.
One family, Polynemidiv, of uncertain origin and affinities.

Family XLV1I. POLYNEMID.F. — The Threadfins.

Body oblong, compressed, and covered with rather large, loosely inserted, ctenoid scales; lateral
line continuous, continued on the tail, usually forked, with a branch on each lobe; head entirely scaly,
snout more or less conical, projecting over the mouth, which is rather large, inferior, with lateral
cleft; premaxillary protractile, its basal process vertical; maxillary without supplemental bone,
extending much beyond the eye, which is anterior, lateral, rather large, with a well-developed adipose
eyelid; villiform teeth on jaw's, palatines and sometimes on vomer; pseudobranchise concealed;
hranchiostegals 7; gill-membranes separate and free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
2 separate dorsals, somewhat remote from each other, the first of 8 feeble but rather high spines, the
first and last spines very short, the third longest; the second dorsal of soft rays only, equal to first in
height, but with base somewhat longer; anal fin either similar to or much longer than soft dorsal;
caudal fin rather long, widely forked; second dorsal, anal and caudal fins more or less covered with
small scales; the first 3 or 4 dorsal spines winged; ventrals i, 5, abdominal, but not far removed from
pectorals; pectoral fins moderate, placed low, in 2 parts, the lower and anterior portion of several fili¬
form articulated appendages free from each other, used as organs of touch. In the young, the dorsal,
caudal, and pectoral fins are dusky, the anal and ventral fins white; all the fins grow darker with age,
the pectorals usually becoming black, the opercle blackish. Bones of the skull with a well devel¬
oped mueiferous system as in Sckmukr. Basis eranii double, with muscular tube; post-temporal bifur¬
cate; hypercoracoid with median foramen; superior pharyngeal bones 4; pectoral aetinosts divided, 2
of them normal, supporting the pectoral fin, 1 longitudinal without rays, and 1 a plate on the coracoid,
supporting the pectoral filaments; stomach caecal with many pyloric appendages; air-bladder various,
sometimes wanting; vertebrae 10 ; 14=24. Genera 4, species about 25, inhabiting sandy shores of
tropical seas, and sometimes entering rivers. .Most of them are valued as food-fishes, their flesh being
like that of the (jc.umuhr. The relations of this peculiar family appear to be with the Sciacnidx on the
one hand, and with the Mugilidx on the other, but all these resemblances may be superficial.

Genus 86. POLYDACTYLUS Lacepede.

Anal fin not much longer than soft dorsal, of about 13 or 14 rays; vomer with teeth; free filaments
of pectorals mostly shorter than body; teeth in villiform bands on both jaws, vomer, palatines, and
pterygoids; preopercle sharply serrated on its posterior margin, its angle with a scaly flap; scales rather
small, finely ctenoid; first dorsal with 7 or 8 feeble, rather high spines, the first and last short; soft
dorsal and anal fins about equal; pectoral filaments 3 to 9; pyloric cueca in great number. Species
numerous, in warm seas.

Pbl/ldaclylus l.acepude, Hist. Nat. I'oiss. , VIII. 181, 1832 (plumicri—virginicus).

Polynemus Gunther, Cat., II, 319, 1860 ( microstoma ); not of Linnaeus.

102. Polydactylus sexfilis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Moi;” “ Moi-lii

Head 3.3 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4 in head; snout 5.5; maxillary 2.2; interorbital 3.6; preorbital
2.75 in eye; I*, vim, 13; A. in, 11; scales 8-66-12; third dorsal spine longest, 1.4 in head; ray 1.4;
longest anal 1.6; 6 pectoral filaments, longest 3.1 in body; pectoral ray 1.5 in head; ventral 2.1 ; caudal
peduncle 2; distance from anterior base of soft dorsal to upper edge of gill-opening equal to distance
from same base to base of caudal fin; this last distance equals distance from posterior base of soft dorsal
to fork of caudal fin; distance between anterior bases of dorsals equaling distance from anterior base
of spinous dorsal to posterior edge of eye; base of soft dorsal slightly greater than base of anal.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

145

Body rather deep, compressed, back slightly arched, anterior profile from snout to tip of first
dorsal when depressed evenly arched; head moderate, snout conic, projecting almost its entire length
beyond month, which is large, inferior, with lateral cleft; premaxillary protractile, maxillary without
supplemental bone, extending for nearly half its length beyond eye; teeth in villiform band on jaws,
vomer, palatine, and posterior end of tongue; the tongue free for a distance equal to two-thirds of orbit,
not quite rounded in front, its straight front edge nearly equal to orbit, the front portion rather thin,
becoming thick and heavy posteriorly; eye large, anterior, lateral, with a well-developed eyelid; gill-
membranes free from isthmus; gillrakers 16- 13, long and slender, longest equal to diameter of pupil;
preopercle serrated on its posterior margin, not serrated at angle; first dorsal falcate; second deeply
forked; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the larger and longer and slightly longer than head;
anal similar to soft dorsal but not so deeply forked; scales moderate, finely ctenoid on entire body and
head; lateral line straight on body, slightly deeurved on base of caudal, extending to tip just below
angle.

Color in alcohol, yellowish white with silvery reflections, becoming lighter, almost white on belly;
upper edge of spinous dorsal dark; soft dorsal tipped with dark; tips of caudal lobes dark; anal with
light brown on lower half, upper part paler; ventrals pale with small plumbeous spots; pectorals dark
bluish on outer third, rest dusky pale. The color in alcohol of the young examples, 2 to 4 inches
long, is quite different from the larger examples. The young are brown above lateral line with 3
broad bands of darker, the first, band extending over head and to spinous dorsal, second wedge-shaped,
extending from anterior base of spinous dorsal to and including about half of soft dorsal, the rest of
soft dorsal pale; third band extending from posterior base of soft dorsal to base of caudal; between
these bars below lateral line, silvery white; posterior half of anal and ventral white; pectoral pale;
spinous dorsal dark; caudal lobes dark ; a light band across base of caudal.

Six specimens 9 to 11 inches long from Honolulu and 25 specimens 3 to 4.6 inches long from Hilo.
We have also examined a specimen 9 inches long taken by Dr. Jenkins in 1889 and a similar speci¬
men obtained by the Albatross in 189], both from Honolulu. The species is known also from Johnston
Island.

Polyiirmux scxfilis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 515, 1831, Isle of France; (iiinthcr, Shore Fishes, Challen¬
ger, 59,1880 (Hilo, Hawaii »; Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX, 492, 1900 (Honolulu); Jenkins, Hull. 1'. S.
Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sejit. 23, 1903), 439 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. '(Jan. 19, 1904 i, 523 (Honolulu)

Trichidion scxjilis, Bleeker, Poiss. Madagascar, 79, 1874 (Mauritius).

Polynenius he.ranemus, Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 33, 1850 (Sea of Pinang); not of Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Polj/daclylus p/eifferi, Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Bleeker.

Pohjncmus kuru. Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 122 (Johnston Island); not of Bleeker.

Suborder BERYCOIDEI. — The Beryeoid Fishes.

Body naked or variously scaly, the scales sometimes highly specialized; dorsal fin with few or
many spines, ventral fins thoracic or subabdominal, each with 1 spine and usually 7 soft rays, the num¬
ber of soft rays varying from 5 to 10; in one family (Monocentridse) the spine is greatly enlarged and
the number of rays reduced; head with conspicuous mucous cavities; air-bladder in some species
retaining its duet through life (a character verified only in Bery.r) ; vertebras in species examined 24
to 30; shoulder-girdle and pharyngeals normal; no suborbital stay, orbitosphenoid bone always present.
A varied group allied to the Percoidei and Scombroidri , but characterized as a whole by the retention
of the archaic characters of the persistent air-duct and the increased number of ventral rays. In the
deep-sea forms the spinous dorsal is scarcely developed and the scales are usually either cycloid or
wanting. In the species of tropical shores the spinous armature of tins and scales is better developed
than in most, of the percomorphous fishes. The group is a very old one in geologic time, the allies of
Beryj ■ being among the earliest spiny-rayed fishes known. All are marine fishes, inhabiting the
tropical shores or the abysses of the ocean.

Family XLYIII.- BERYCID^.

Body' oblong or ovate, compressed, covered, with ctenoid or cycloid, foliate or granular scales;
head with large mucifercus cavities, covered by thin skin; eye lateral, usually large; mouth wide,
oblique; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary rather large, usually with a supplemental bone; subor¬
bitals narrow, not sheathing the cheeks; bands of villiform teeth on jaws, and usually on vomer and
• F. C. B. 1903— 10

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

140

palatines; canines sometimes present; opercular bones usually spinous; branchiostegals 7 or 8; gill-
membranes separate, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiae present;
gillrakers moderate; cheeks and opercles scaly; no barbels; dorsal fin continuous, with 2 to 8 weak
spines; anal with 2 to 4 spines; ventral fins thoracic, mostly i, 7, the number of rays usually greater
than i, 5; caudal fin usually forked; pyloric coeca numerous. Fishes mostly of the deep seas; general
color, red or black.

Genus 87. MELAMPHAES Gunther.

Head large and thick, with nearly all the superficial bones modified into wide muciferous chan¬
nels; cleft, of mouth of moderate width, obliquely descending backward, with the jaws nearly
equal in front; eye small; a narrow band of villiform teeth in each jaw; palate toothless; eight
branchiostegals; pseudobranch i:e present; no barbels; opercles not armed; scales large, cycloid, rather
irregularly arranged; one dorsal; ventrals with 7 rays; caudal forked; anal spines very feeble. The
single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

MUopias Lowe, Proe. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1843, 90 ( typldops ); name preoccupied in entomology.

Mdampbars Gunther, Cat., V, 433, 1864 ( Metopias typhlops ),

Genus 88 CAULOLEPIS Gill.

Contour laterally oval or broad pyriform, the body compressed, covered with small, pedunculated
leaf-like scales; forehead abruptly declivous; eye small; a pair of very long pointed teeth in front of
upper jaw, closing in front of lower; a similar pair of still longer pointed teeth in the lower, received
in fovete of tin- palate; on the sides of each jaw 2 long teeth, terminating in bulbous tips; a row of
minute teeth on the posterior half of the supramax diaries; palate toothless. The single Hawaiian
species ( Caulolepis longidens) of this genus is described in Section II.

Caumtpis Gill, Forest and Stream, XXI, Aug. 30, 1883, and in Proe. V. S. Nat. Mils., VI, 1884, 258 {longidens).

Family XLIX. H0L0CENTRID4J. — The Squirrel-Fishes.

Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with very strongly ctenoid or spinous
scales; head with large muciferous cavities; eye lateral, very large; preorbital very narrow; mouth
moderate, oblique; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary very large, with supplemental bone: bands
of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; opercular bones and membrane bones of head gen¬
erally serrated or spinesCent along the edges; branchiostegals 8; gill-membranes separate, free from
isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind fourth; pseudobranchise present; gillrakers moderate; no barbels; sides
of head scaly; lateral line present; dorsal fin very long, deeply divided, with about 11 strong spines
depressible in a scaly groove; anal with 4 spines, the third longest and strongest; ventrals thoracic,
with 1 spine and 7 rays; caudal deeply forked, with sharp rudimentary rays or fulcra at the base;
vertebra; about 27; pyloric coeca 8 to 25; air-bladder large, sometimes connected with the organ of
hearing. General color red. Young with snout sharp and produced (constituting the nominal
genera Rhynehiehthys, Hhdmphobery i:, and Rhinoberyx, based on peculiarities of immature examples).
Genera about 7; species about. 70; gaily colored inhabitants of the tropical seas, abounding about
coral reefs.

a. Preopercle without a conspicuous spine at its angle.

b. Scales with rather rough surface.

c. Scales small, about 40 to 45 in the lateral line; lower jaw projecting anil fitting in a deep

notch in the upper jaw . Holotrachys, p. 147

cc. Seales large, about 29 in the lateral line: opercular spine usually elongate and rough-edged . Osticlithys, p. 147

bb. Scales with comparatively smooth surface . Myripristis, p. 149

an. Preopercle with a conspicuous spine at its angle.

d. Mouth very large; chin much projecting; lower jaw considerably more than one-half

length of head . ! . Flamyieo, p. 155

dd. Mouth moderate: lower jaw slightly projecting or included, its length less than one-half

length of head. . Holocentrus , p. 158

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

147

Genus 89. HOLOTRACHYS Gunther.

This genus is close to Myripristis, from which it differs in the small, very rough scales and in the
projecting lower jaw, which fits in a deep notch in the upper jaw.

Holotrachys Gunther, Fisclie der Siidsee, I, 93, PI. LXIII, tig. A. 1874 {lima).

Harpage De Vis, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 1884, 447 {rosea).

103. Holotrachys lima (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Plate IV.

Head 2.6 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.5 in head (4.3 in an example 6 inches long); snout 5.5; inter-
orbital 5.5; maxillary 1.65; P. xii, 15; longest dorsal spine 2.4 in head; A. iv, 11; longest anal spine
3.1; scales 5-42 (40 to 42)-8.

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal outline evenly arched from tip of snout to base of soft caudal;
ventral outline almost straight; head subconic, compressed; mouth large, nearly horizontal; jaws
equal, a knob at tip of lower fitting into a depression in upper, the bony portion of preorbital slightly
overhanging lip; blunt, conic, pavement-like teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue broad, free
anteriorly, rounded and rather thin on anterior and thin portion; eye high, anterior; maxillary long,
reaching beyond eye, its broadest part nearly equaling diameter of eye; gillrakers 11+8, longest half
diameter of eye, finely serrate; fourth and fifth dorsal spines longest; soft dorsal rays of nearly equal
length; caudal slightly forked; soft anal rounded; posterior edges of pectoral and ventral nearly equal;
lateral line slightly arched anteriorly, thence obliquely downward to middle of caudal peduncle, across
the middle of which it extends to base of caudal fin; edges of scales very rough, each scale with many
rather long sharp spines, these longer on scales on posterior part of body.

Color in life (No. 03164) upper parts of head and body bright rock-candy red, becoming paler on
side; under parts pale rosy white, edges of scales darkest, forming red lines; membranes of spinous
dorsal blood-red, the spines white; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal bright red; anal spines white; pectoral
and centrals paler rosy; iris blood-red, with yellow blotches.

Color in alcohol, grayish-yellow, fins all pale.

This species is a very common market fish at Honolulu and Hilo, and was also obtained by us at
Kailua, by the Albatross at Honolulu and Laysan Island, and by Doctor Jordan at Samoa, where it
was found to be a common fish. Our numerous specimens range in length from 4 to 7.5 inches. H.
rosea from the South Sea Islands is probably II. lima.

Myripristis lima Cuvier A Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 493, 1831, lie de France: Gunther, Cat., I. 28, 18.79 (copied).
Myripristis humilis Kner & Steindachner, Stiz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LIV, 1866, 357, pi. 1, fig. 1, Samoa.

Myripristis (Holotrachys) lima, Gunther, Fisclie der Siidsee, III. 93. pi. 03, fig. A. 1874 (Mauritius; Kingsinill: Samoa: Society:
Hawaiian Islands).

Myripristis (Hololrachis) lima, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 492, 1900 ( Honolulu).

Holotrachys lima, Jenkins, Bull. II. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 439 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19.
1904); 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island).

Genus 90. OSTICHTHYS (Langsdorf) Jordan & Evermann.

This genns is closely related to Myripristis, differing especially in the very rough surface of the
large scales. The opercular spine is usually elongate and rough edged. Holotrachys, another genus
with similarly rough scales, differs from Oslichthys in having the scales very much smaller, about
40 to 45 in tire lateral line, instead of 29 as in Oslichthys.

Oslichthys Langsdorf MS., Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 173, 1S29 ( japonicUS ): name only, passing reference.
Oslichthys Jordan A Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer, I, 846, 1896 ( japonicus ).

104. Ostichthys pillwaxii (Steindachner). Fig. 52.

Head 2.45 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.75; maxillary 1.9; interorbital 7.3;
I), xn, 14, A. iv, 11; scales 4-29-6; Hr. 7; gillrakers short, blunt, about 7+5.

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal outline somewhat more arched than ventral, in a long, low
curve from nape to origin of soft dorsal, thence descending abruptly to caudal peduncle; ventral out¬
line straighten base of anal abruptly ascending to caudal peduncle; head very large and rugose,
mouth very large, the maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; supplemental maxillary very broad;

14*

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

t.ip of maxillary (with supplemental bone) 1.25 in eye; jaws about equal, the lower fitting in a deep
notch in the upper; jaws, vomer, and palatines with broad bands of villiform teeth; eye large, high
up, far above axis of body; interorbital space narrow, more than 2 in eye; bones of head rough every¬
where; interorbital with 4 low rough ridges; prenasals rough, ending in 3 blunt, more or less serrated
points; preorbital, postocular, preopercle, subopercle, and ope role all strongly toothed, no enlarged spine
at angle of preopercle; nape rugose, with ridges radiating posteriorly; bones of mandible rough; edge
of each branchiostegal rough; opercle with a moderately stout spine above, its surface rugose; caudal
peduncle short and slender, its length about equal to diameter of eye, its least width 2.5 in its least
depth, which is 1.4 in eye; origin of spinous dorsal about equidistant between tip of snout and base of
first dorsal ray, almost directly over base of pectoral; dorsal spines strong, folding well in a groove,
the fourth longest, about 2.6 in head; base of soft dorsal very oblique, 3 in head, the longest ray
slightly longer than base; first anal spine very short, the third longest and strongest, its length 3.25
in head, base of anal oblique like that of soft dorsal, 2.5 in head, longest anal ray equaling that of
soft dorsal; caudal forked, the longest rays about 2.1 in head; centrals short, reaching about two-lifths
the distance to vent, their length about 2.25 in head; pectoral coterminous with centrals, its length 2

Fig. 52. — OsticUthyz pillwarii (Steindaehner): after Stotnflachner.

in head; scales very large, firm and very spinigerous, each scale with about 16 to 22 very sharp, short
spines, each of which is continued as a ridge on the surface of the scale; lateral line following curva¬
ture of back; nape and breast with strong scales; cheeks scaled, rest of head naked; base of pectoral
with smaller scales; a sheath of small triangular scales at base of soft dorsal and anal; membranes
of caudal fin with small, spinescent scales.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish with orange, silvery, brassy, and rosy reflections; back along
spinous dorsal orange; nape rosy red; back and side with traces of about 3 or 4 rosy streaks; under
parts white, with some rosy; branchiostegals orange at base.

The color in life was doubtless deep red or rosy.

This species differs from Holotrachys Inna chiefly in the much larger scales and the more numerous
spines on the scales; also in the larger eye and in having but I enlarged spine instead of 2 at the
upper edge of the opercle; the mandible and maxillary are less rough.

The above description is based upon No. 05500, a specimen 12 inches long, obtained in the
Honolulu market by Mr. E. Louis Berndt, through whose kindness it came into our possession. No
other specimens have been seen by us.

Mi/ripristis pilluHixii Steindaeliner, Beitriigc, XVI, in Sit/,. Ak. Wiss. Wien, CII, abt. I, 1.S93, 215, PI. 1. Honolulu.

FISHES OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

14 V)

Genus 91. MYKIPRISTIS Cuvier.

This genus is closely related to Hulocenlrm, differing externally chiefly in the absence of the large
spine at the angle of the preopercle. The air-bladder is divided into 2 parts by a transverse constric¬
tion, the anterior part extending to the otocrane. The plyorie circa are rather few (9).

Species numerous in the tropical seas; gaily colored inhabitants of reefs and rock pools.

Mi/ripristis Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. II. 150, 1820 (jacobus).

Myriopristis Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philn. 1808, 87: amended spelling.
llhamphobcryx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1803, 87 (pwcilopus) .

a. Scales large, 34 or more in the lateral line.

b. Edge of operele blackish.

c. Dorsal rays 16 or 17; scales 40 to 43 . muttiradialus, p. 149

cc. Dorsal rays 14 or 15; scales larger, 34 to 36.

d. Fins golden in life; scales 34; D. x-i, 14; A. iv, 12 . . .- . chrysem, p. 150

dd. Fins red in life; scales 36; D. x-i, 15; A. iv, 14 . symmclrinis, p. 151

bb. Edge of operele pale: scales 35 to 38 . scalci, p. 151

aa. Scales smaller, fewer than 34 in the lateral line. ^

e. Edge of operele black; axil black; scales fewer than 33.

/. Scales 30; vertical fins with first rays white . murdjan , p. 152

if. Scales 32; vertical fins without white rays . berndti , p. 153

cc. Edge of operele silvery or pale; axil merely dusky; scales 33 . argyromus, p. 154

105. Myripristis multiradiatus Giinther.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.3; eye 2 in head; snout 7; maxillary 1.9; mandible 1.9; interorbital 3.9;
D. x or xi-i, 16 or 17; A. iv, 15; scales 4—10 to 43-5.

Body short, deep, and compressed; dorsal outline evenly convex from tip of snout to origin of
soft dorsal; ventral outline nearly equally convex, somewhat, flattened under ventrals; head short,
snout blunt; mouth small, the jaws equal, the maxillary reaching posterior line of pupil, triangular,
the posterior side concave, the end nearly straight, the anterior edge with a few blunt teeth at the
angle; mandible smooth, without knob at tip; no distinct notch in tip of upper jaw; eye moderate,
somewhat greater than postocuiar part of head; interorbital space nearly Hat, the 2 median ridges
convex, close together in front, then diverging, then coming nearly together on the nape; outside of
these on the nape on each side, 4 short diverging strife; suborbital rim finely serrate on both edges;
edges of opercular bones all serrate, the seme strongest at the angles; the teeth on jaws small, in
narrow villiform bands. Scales comparatively small, much deeper than long, the edges striate and
finely dentate; humeral scale small; lateral line gently arched. Origin of spinous dorsal slightly
posterior to base of pectoral, the spines slender, the first 1.8, the second about 1.2 in eye, the cithers
increasing to the fourth, the last very short; interval between dorsals very short; anterior dorsal rays
slightly produced, their length about 2 in head, the edge of the fin somew hat concave, the last rays
about 2.5 in first; anal similar to Soft dorsal, the anterior rays rather longer than those of dorsal, anal
spines graduated, the first very small, the second somew hat larger, the third considerably longer and
stronger, its length about 1.3 in eye; fourth anal spine still a little longer than the third but more
slender; caudal fin widely forked, the lobes equal, their length about 1.2 in head; pectoral slender,
Its length equal to that of caudal lobes, its tip reaching beyond those of ventrals; ventrals short, the
spine slender, its length equal to diameter of orbit, the longest rays about equal to snout and orbit.

Color of a nearly fresh specimen (No. 03163) 6.5 inches long, top of head and upper part of side
rich rosy red; lower parts and side below lateral line pale rosy with silvery reflection; jaws rich rosy;
cheeks and opercles rosy and whitish; upper half of edge of operele rusty reddish brown, this
extending to shoulder-girdle; axil of pectoral dark reddish; spinous dorsal pale ro3y, anterior
membrane and outer part of others orange; soft dorsal pale rosy, first raj' white, outer half of next 6
or 7 rays rich rosy red; caudal rich rosy red, edges paler; anal spines wdiite, the soft part same color
as caudal; pectoral pale rosy; ventrals very pale rosy, the spine and its membrane white, the second
membrane deeper rosy; iris clouded red above, pale, yellow below

Another example (No. 03480) was red in life, though paler than M. murdjan; side coppery
silvery; black opercular bar covering axil; first dorsal rosy, distal half yellowish orange; soft dorsal,
anal, and caudal deep cherry red, the edge scarce!}' paler; pectoral and ventral pink, a little darker on
first rays, also on anal rays behind last spine; iris red.

150

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in alcohol, rather uniform yellowish silvery, most yellow above, most silvery below lateral
line and on belly; upper edge of operele black; cheek and opercle silvery; axil of pectoral dusky;
fins all pale yellowish white; upper edge of eye dusky, the rest whitish and golden; side below lateral
line with about 5 broad lighter horizontal stripes showing plainly only in certain lights.

There is some variation in the number of rays in the dorsal, there being usually 17, but sometimes
16, and more rarely 18. The scales in the lateral line vary from 40 to 43.

This species was originally described by I )< fetor Gunther from a small example, 6 inches long, from
the island of Vavau, of the Tonga or Friendly Group. It seems to bean abundant fish among the
Hawaiian Islands and at Samoa. Five specimens were obtained by I)r. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889,
one by Dr. Wood in 1896, a fine series was taken by us at Honolulu and Hilo, and it was obtained by
the Albatross at Laysan Island. Our numerous specimens range in length from 3.8 to 7.5 inches.

Mi/ripi'i*!/* vudtirnrUalm Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, I, 93, 1874, Vavau. one of the Friendly Islands; Jenkins, Bull. U. S.

Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 439 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Laysan Island).

106. Myripristis chry seres Jordan & Evermann. “ I’auu.” Plate VI.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.5; eye 2.4 in head; snout 5.5; maxillary 1.9; mandible 1.8; inter¬
orbital 5; D. x-i, 14; A. iv, 12; scales 4-34-6.

Body short, stout, and compressed; dorsal profile evenly convex from tip of snout to origin of soft,
dorsal; ventral outline nearly straight to origin of anal, whose base is equally oblique with that of
soft dorsal; caudal peduncle short but slender and not greatly compressed, its length from base of last
dorsal ray to first short spinous caudal ray 1.3 in eye, its least width about 3 in its least depth, which is
1.8 in eye; head heavy, short; mouth moderately large, the gape in closed mouth reaching vertical of
middle of eye; maxillary very broad, triangular, reaching nearly to vertical of posterior line of eye,
with a broad, curved supplemental border; surface of maxillary roughly striated, anterior edge near
the angle strongly dentate; lower jaw strong, somewhat projecting, the tip with 2 rounded, rough
prominences fitting into a distinct notch in upper jaw; teeth short, in narrow villiform hands in jaws
and on palatines, a small patch on vomer, none on tongue; eye very large, orbit exceeding postocular
part of head; lower edge of eye on level with axis of body; snout short, 2 in orbit; interorbital space
nearly flat, strongly rugose; 2 long ridges from preorbitals to nape; outside of these a short ridge
beginning above front of pupil, extending backwark, and branching upon nape; supraocular ridge
spineseent posteriorly; suborbital narrow, strongly dentate below, upper edge in front somewhat
roughened; opercular bones all strongly toothed; opercular spine short and obscure (stronger in most
of the cotypes) ; dorsal spines slender, fifth longest and strongest, its length 2.5 in head; first dorsal
spine somewhat posterior to base of pectoral, its length 2 in eye, spines gradually shorter from fifth;
space between dorsals very short, about equal to length of tenth spine; dorsal rays long, length of
longest a little greater than orbit, last equal to pupil; first anal spine very short, second short and
triangular, its length about 1.5 in pupil; third anal spine long, strong, and straight, longer than fourth,
its length equal to diameter of orbit; fourth anal spine slender, its length 1.3 in orbit; anal rays longer
than those of dorsal; caudal widely forked, lobes equal, their length 1.5 in head; pectoral long and
narrow, its length 1.4 in head, the tip reaching past tips of ventrals; ventrals slender, pointed, nearly
reaching vent and nearly as long as pectoral.

Scales smaller than in M. murdjan, number in lateral line 34 in type, 35 to 38 in some of the
cotypes; scales strongly dentate, and striate near the edges; a strongly dentate humeral scale.

Color in life, bright scarlet, centers of the scales paler; a blackish-red bar behind and on edge of
opercle, continued as red (not black) into the axil; first dorsal golden, with red basal blotches on
membranes; second dorsal golden, with crimson at base, spine and first ray white; caudal golden, first
ray white above and below; anal golden, the spines and first ray white; all the vertical fins narrowly
edged with red; ventrals mostly pink, with golden wash on first rays; pectoral plain crimson; axil
light red.

Color in alcohol, yellowish or orange white, the edges of the scales paler; some of the scales with
small brownish dustings on the edges; edge of opercle black; opercle and cheek somewhat silvery;
fins all pale yellowish, without dark edges. In some individuals the general color is more silvery, and
in one example (No. 04860) the axil of the pectoral is somewhat dusky. In life the color is more
scarlet than in M. -murdjan and the fins yellow, not red as in the latter and all other Hawaiian species.

Plate 2 6

NviMa3A^^Jvayop snomiuwwAS sus

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

151

Myripristis chryseres is close to .!/. murdjan, from which it differs in the smaller scales, larger eye,
less black in the axil, and the absence of black edges to the dorsal and anal fins as in the life colors
already noted, the yellow fins being the most conspicuous character in life. It reaches a length of 9
or 10 inches and appears to be moderately abundant at Honolulu and Hilo.

Type, No. 50629, U. S. N. M. (field No. 03463), a specimen 8 inches long, obtained at Hilo, Hawaii.

Our collections contain 17 excellent specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, ranging in length from
4 to 9.5 inches.

Myriprislis chryscrcs Jordan & Evermann, Bull. 1*. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11. 1903), 171, Hilo.

107. Myripristis symmetricus Jordan & Evermann. Plate 26.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.4; eve 2.2 in head; snout 5; interorbital 3.8; D. x-i, 15; A. iv, 14;
P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-36-6.

Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth about midway between origin of centrals and anal;
upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head compressed, as long as deep, its width 1.7 in its length;
snout short, broad, blunt, and steep; upper profile of head straight from above. nostril to occiput; eye
very large, high, hardly impinging upon the upper profile of head, its diameter greater than postocular
region; mouth very large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting and reaching posteriorly to below
posterior rim of pupil; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 2.35 in eye; several enlarged blunt
teeth on outer front edges of mandible; teeth in jaws, on voiyer, and palatines very fine, in bands;
tongue thick, pointed, free; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary
smooth; lips rather thick and fleshy; nostrils close together, posterior very large, close to front rim of
orbit; bones of head all finely serrate; opercle with well-developed spine; gill-opening large, filaments
large; gillrakers long, fine, the longest longer than longest gill-filament; pseudobranchise very large; dor¬
sal spines slender, sharp, first 2.75 in head, second 2.1, third 2, fourth 1.9, tenth 6, and last 3.6; soft
dorsal with anterior rays elevated, produced into a point which projects beyond tip of posterior rays
when fin is depressed, first ray 1.4 in head, third 1.35, and last 3.75; anal spines graduated to last,
third enlarged, 2.5 in head, fourth 2.9; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, anterior rays produced, first 1.4,
third 1.3, and last 4.6; caudal elongate, deeply forked, the lobes pointed, 1.2 in head, and reaching
slightly behind tips of ventrals; ventrals sharp-pointed, 1.4 in head, spine 2.2; caudal peduncle
elongate, compressed, its length 1.8 and its depth 3.2; scales large, finely ctenoid, deep on middle of
side; lateral line running obliquely back, slightly curved at first, and posteriorly along upper side of
caudal peduncle; 4 rudimentary, slender, sharp-pointed, graduated rays along upper and lower edges
of caudal; scales narrowly imbricated along middle of side.

Color in alcohol, pale straw-color; fins paler, except the anterior dorsal and anal rays, which are
grayish; margin of opercle above blackish; axil of pectoral black.

This species was found both at Honolulu and Hilo, but does not appear to be common at either
place. Our 4 specimens each about 5 inches long.

Myripristis symmetricus Jordan *£ Evermaun. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11. 1903), 173, Hilo.

108. Myripristis sealei Jenkins. Fig. 53.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 2.5 in head; snout 5; maxillary 1.8; interorbital 4; IX x-i,
15; A. iv, 13; P. i, 15; V. i, 7; scales 4-37-8.

Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth at about tip of pectoral; upper and lower
profiles about evenly convex; head compressed, rather elongate, a little longer than deep, its width
1.8 in its length; snout short, broad, blunt, convex, steep; upper profile of head nearly' straight from
above nostril to occiput; eye large, high, hardly impinging upon the upper profile of head, about
equal to postocular part; mouth large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting, reaching below posterior
rim of pupil; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 1.7 in eye; teeth sharp, minute, not enlarged
on edges of jaws; teeth in jaws and on vomer and palatines in bands; tongue elongate, rounded, free;
suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary smooth; lips rather thick,
fleshy; nostrils close together, posterior very large, close to front rim of orbit; bones on head all finely
serrate; opercle with Well-developed spine; gill-opening large, filaments large; gillrakers long, fine,
longest longer than longest gill-filaments; pseudobranchiae very large, free for distal half; dorsal

152

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

spines slender, sharp, first 3.2, second 2, third 1.9, tenth 4.6, last 3.3 in head; anterior dorsal rays
elongate, bluntly pointed, second ray 1.7, last 5.5; .third anal spine large, 2.5 in head; soft anal similar
to soft dorsal, second ray 1.7, last 6.4; caudal elongate, forked, the lobes pointed; pectoral small,
pointed, 1.5; ventral 1.5, spine 2.25; scales large, finely ctenoid; lateral line slightly convex, running

Fig. 53. — Myripristis sralei Jenkins; from tlm type.

down obliquely to base of caudal along upper side of caudal peduncle; 4 slender, sharp-pointed
graduated rays above and below.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, or brownish white, fins pale or whitish; no black or brown on
edges of gill-opening or in axil of pectoral.

This species is known only from the type and 11 other examples collected by Dr. Jenkins at
Honolulu in 1889, ranging in length from 2.2 to 5.25 inches.

Myripristis scale i. Jenkins. Bull. l\S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 439, tig. 13, Honolulu.

109. Myripristis murdjan (Forskal). “ U’u." Plate V.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.3; eye 2.4 in head; snout 4.7; maxillary 1.75; interorbital 4.9;
D. x-i, 14; A. iv, 13; P. I, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-28 to 30-7.

Body elongate, rather deep, compressed, its greatest depth about base of ventral; head rather large,
its depth about, equal to its length; snout blunt, obtuse, broad, its upper profile convex, beyond which
the upper profile of the head is nearly straight from above the nostril to occiput; eye very large, high,
hardly impinging upon the upper profile of head, and its diameter nearly equal to postocular part of
head; mouth very large, oblique; mandible slightly projecting, and maxillary not reaching posteriorly
to below posterior margin of eye; distal expanded extremity of maxillary 1.65 in eye; several enlarged
and blunt teeth on the outer front edges of jaws; teeth tine, in broad bands in jaws, on vomer, and
palatines; tongue rather thick, pointed, free; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior
margin of maxillary with blunt denticulations; lips rather thick and fleshy; nostrils very close
together, the posterior very large, close to front rim of orbit; bones on head all finely serrate; opercle
with well-developed spine; gill-opening large, filaments large; gillrakers long, fine, the longest longer
than longest gill-filaments; pseudobranchiae very large, 'longer than gill-filaments; dorsal spines rather
slender, first spine 3.5 in head, second 2.8, third 2.25, tenth 6.8, and eleventh 4; anterior dorsal rays
the highest, base of fin 2.3 in head; origin of soft anal behind soft dorsal, base of fin 2.5 in head, ante¬
rior rays highest; third anal spine enlarged, equal to fourth, which is slender; caudal rather small,
forked; pectoral small; ventral reaching two-thirds distance to anus, 1.7 in head; ventral spine slender,
2.2 in head; caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 2.3 in head and its depth 3.6; scales

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

158

large, ctenoid, deep on middle of side, lateral line obliquely curved at first, then running obliquely
down to base of caudal, also running obliquely along upper side of caudal peduncle; 4 rudimentary
caudal rays above and below, slender, sharp pointed, and graduated.

Color in life, red, the center of each scale pale; a black bar across opercular region down to axil
of pectoral; first dorsal with pink spines, membranes of basal half translucent pearly, of upper half
orange-yellow; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal crimson, the first rays white in each case; pectoral red, its
axil blackish blood-red. Another example (No. 03487) was deep brick-red in life; the opercular
blotch very plain, including axil; first dorsal orange, whitish at base; lobes of second dorsal, anal, and
caudal largely black; soft anal, caudal, and ventral with first ray white; iris red.

In alcohol, pale straw-color, fins plain and paler; upper margin of operele and axil of pectoral
blackish.

Described from an example (03464) taken at Honolulu.

This species is the common U’u of Hawaii, a food-fish always in the markets, taken in rocky places
with the hook. The natives have a curious method of fishing for it. A live individual of the same or
a closely related species is attached to a line and dropped in the water in front of the rocks inhabited
by the U’u, where, with fins spread, it arouses the enmity of its rivals, who at. once attack it. They
are then drawn upward in a net, and one of them takes the place of the first decoy.

Our collections contain 25 specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua, ranging from 4 to 11.25
inches in length. Specimens were also secured by the Albatross at Laysan. The species is abundant
at Samoa.

Seisena murdjan Forskal, Descript. Animal., 48, 1775, Djidda, Red Sea.

Perea murdjan, Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 8(5, 1801 (Arabian Seas).

Myripristis murdjan, Riippell, Fisehe Roth. Meer., 86, pi. 23, tig. 2, 1828; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, 92, Pis. LX I and
LXII, 1874 (Hawaiian Islands), (not Intermedia and adjusta); Steindachncr, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900.492
(Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 501 (Honolulu); Seale, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mils., I. 67,
1901 (Guam); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 440 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 523 (Laysan Island).

Myripristis melanophrys Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 207, 1839; founded on Ruppell’s figure.

110. Myripristis berndti Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 54.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.4; eye 2.7 in head; snout 4.7; maxillary 1.7; interorbital 4.9; D. x-i,
16; A. iv, 14; P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-32-7.

Fig. 54. — Myripristis hentdti Jordan Evermann; from the type.

Body elongate, deep, compressed, its greatest depth at base of ventral; head large, compressed, its
depth less than its length; snout short, blunt, convex, its width about twice its length; upper profile
of head straight from above nostril to occiput; eye large, high, its diameter a little less than posterior

154

BULLETIN OF TIIE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

part of head- and its upper rim hardly impinging upon upper profile of head; mouth very large,
oblique; mandible slightly projecting, the maxillary not reaching posterior margin of eye; distal
expanded extremity of maxillary 1.7 in eye; several enlarged, blunt teeth on outer front edges of jaw
and sides of mandible; teeth in jaws fine, in broad bands, also on vomer and palatines; tongue thick,
pointed, and free in front; suborbital rim narrow, finely serrate; lower posterior margin of maxillary
with blunt denticulations; lips gather thick and fleshy; nostrils close together, posterior very large,
close to front rim of orbit; bones of head all finely serrate; operele with well-developed spine; gill¬
opening large, filaments rather large; gillrakers long, fine, the longest longer than longest gill-filaments;
pseudobranchise very large, outer portions free for half their length; dorsal spines slender, first 3.4 in
head, second 2.6, third 2.2, fourth 2.2, tenth 6.4, and last 3.5; anterior dorsal rays elevated, produced
into a point, first 1.8, second 1.7, and last 8; first and second anal spines short, third 2.6, and fourth
2.8; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, anterior ray 1.75, third 1.8, and last 6; caudal forked, lobes pointed,
1.2; pectoral rather small, pointed, 1.4; ventral 1.6, reaching 0.65 distance to anus; caudal peduncle
elongate, compressed, 2.2 in head, its depth 3.25; scales large, ctenoid, deep; lateral line slightly
arched, running obliquely down on side along upper part of caudal peduncle; 4 rudimentary caudal
rays above and below, slender, sharp pointed, and graduated.

Color in life (03370), deep red, with silvery luster; no stripes on side, a blood-red band across
gill-opening and base of pectoral; fins deep red, without white edgings, distal half of spinous dorsal
shading into orange.

Color in alcohol, pale straw-color, fins plain and paler; upper margin of operele blackish, and axil
of pectoral black; anterior margins of soft dorsal and anal whitish.

Described from one of 16 excellent specimens 7 to 9 inches long, obtained at Honolulu. It was
not seen at Hilo.

Myriprislis berndti Jordan & Evermann, Hull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 170, Honolulu (Type, No. 50627
U. S. N. M.); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

111. Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann. Plate 27 and Fig. 55.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.75; eye 2.4 in head; snout 5; maxillary 1.8; mandible 1.6; interor¬
bital 3.75; D. x-i, 15; A. iv, 13; scales 4-33-5.

Body rather long ami compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines about equally and evenly convex

from snout to origin of anal and soft dorsal fins; head rather large but short; mouth moderate, max¬
illary reaching vertical at posterior edge of pupil, the exposed portion broad, triangular, the upper
edge concave, the end rounded, and the anterior edge with short blunt teeth, strongest at angle; tip of

Fig. 55 . — Myripristis ai'fPjromu* J ordan & Evermann; from the type.

B u 1 1. U. S. F.C. 1903 Plate 27

Myripristis argyromus Jordan & Evermann, Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

155

upper jaw with a shallow notch roughened at its outer edges; jaws equal, lower fitting into the notch
of upper and with 2 patches of strong blunt tooth-like tubercles at its tip; eye large, its middle above
level of tip of upper jaw; interorbital space wide and slightly convex; 2 low, nearly parallel median
ridges from tip of snout to nape, diverging slightly at their middle, another low ridge from above orbit
backward to nape, and another backward around orbit; ridges on nape divergent; suborbital narrow,
dentate on both edges; opercular bones all striate, and dentate at the edges; opercle with a short, flat,
triangular spine; scales large, rough, striate near the edges, which are finely toothed; a series of 4 or
5 large modified scales across nape, and a series of triangular scales along bases of dorsal and anal;
about 10 scales in front of dorsal; origin of dorsal about over lower base of pectoral; dorsal spines
slender, the first 3.2 in head, third and fourth longest, about equal to orbit; interval between dorsals
very short; anterior dorsal rays somewhat produced, their length equal to snout and eye; edge of fin
concave, last rays nearly 3, or equal to pupil; anal spines graduated, the first very small, second short
but stout, third much longer and stoutest, its length 1.3 in eye, fourth still longer and more slender;
anterior anal rays produced, their length about equal to that of longest dorsal rays, free edge of fin
concave; caudal evenly forked, the lobes equal to length of head; pectoral long ami pointed, reaching
beyond tips of ventrals, about 1.3 in head; ventrals shorter, 1.6 in head, their tips equally distant
between their bases and that of first anal ray.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish-white, brightest above, more silvery' on side and belly; opercular
bones with fine round brownish specks; edge of opercle not black, scarcely dusky; axil dusky inside
but not showing above fin; fins pale yellowish-white without any dark on edges.

Type, No. 50631, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04829), a fine specimen 9.5 inches long, obtained by us at
Hilo, Hawaii.

M. argyromus is related to M. berndti, but is distinguished by the more slender body, the absence
of black on the opercle, and the paler axil. It does not appear to be abundant and is represented in
our collections by only 8 specimens, ranging in length from 6.5 to 9 inches. All but the type are from
Honolulu.

ilyriprietis argyromus Jordan A: Evermanu, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 179, Hilo.

Genus 92. FLAMMEO Jordan & Evermann.

This genus is distinguished by the very large mouth and projecting chin. The lower jaw is con¬
siderably more than half length of head, and the chin projects beyond upper jaw. In the species
properly referable to Ilolocentrus, the lower jaw is slightly projecting or included and its length is less
than one-half the head. Renewed comparison of the varied forms seems to show that Flammeo should
be regarded as a subgenus of Ilolocentrus.

Flammeo Jordan A Evermanu, Fishes North and Mid. Arner., Ill, 2871, 1898 ( nmrianus ).

a. Color in life, dull crimson brown or maroon, side with 10 more or less distinct dark stripes; in alcohol,

silvery with distinct dark stripes . sammara, p. 155

an. Color in life, red, paler on sides, side with 10 to 12 narrow yellow stripes; in alcohol, pale, without stripes .

scythrops, p. 157

112. Flammeo sammara (Forskal). Fig. 56.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 3.25; eye 3.75 in head (3 to 3.75); snout 4.5; interorbital 4.2; maxillary
2.6; D. xi, .12, longest dorsal spine 2.2 in head, ray 2.2; A. iv, 8, longest spine 1.6 in head; pectoral
ray 2; ventral ray 1.9; scales 4-38 to 44-6; opercular spines 2, about equal, rather short; preopercular
spine short.

Body oblong, compressed, very spindle-shaped in large examples; dorsal outline arched from tip
of snout to caudal peduncle; ventral outline less arched than dorsal, not so marked in small examples;
head subconic, compressed; mouth large, nearly horizontal; lower jaw prominent, produced, its pro¬
duced tip forming a straight line with anterior part of head; each jaw, vomer, and palatines with
blunt, or slightly conic, close-set, rather pavement-like teeth, 1 on tongue; tongue king, narrow,
rounded, the long, narrow anterior part and sides, free; maxillary extending to anterior edge of pupil
in large examples, nearly to posterior edge in small ones; eye high, anterior; interorbital flat; first
dorsal spine two-thirds second, the third the longest, tapering evenly from it to the last, which is one-
half the first; third soft dorsal longest; caudal evenly forked; fourth anal spine three-fourths of third,
the latter sheathed, its upper part almost hidden in the latter when fin is depressed.

156

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in alcohol, dull silvery, with bluish reflections, darker above; each scale, with many dark
punctulations, these more numerous and distinct in the posterior center of each scale, and forming
longitudinal stripes along each row of scales; upper portion of membrane before third dorsal spine
black, making a black blotch on fin; other fins pale.

Color in life, dull crimson brown or maroon; sidessilvery, faint dark stripes and dots along rowsof
scales; lateral band in a distinct maroon stripe; sides of head much dotted; eye silvery with a streak
of red anteriorly; spinous dorsal translucent, the base and tip opaque white, the outlines irregular, a
large blood-red blotch on anterior 3 spines and membranes; soft dorsal maroon in front and at base,
t he rest pale golden; caudal maroon on each lobe, the middle dull orange; anal pale yellowish, mem¬
branes of first spines maroon; pectoral light red; ventrals pure white.

The above description from specimen 03374, 10.75 inches long, from Honolulu, where the species
is rather common in the market.

Another example (No. 03407) had general color silvery in life, lake red on back, and with deeper
streak along lateral line; eye silvery, with streak of red anteriorly; belly pale yellowish white; 2 par¬
allel lines of dark spots on anterior 15 scales of the first 2 rows above lateral line; anterior edge
of spinous dorsal white, tapering to a point posteriorly and below a transparent bar in which spines
are tinged with lake-red; a series of milk-white spots at base of spinous dorsal just behind each spine,

FIG. 56. — Flammco sammar a (Forskal).

the first the highest and extending in front of jet black ocellus edged with lake-red which extends
over first 3 spines; first 3 rays of soft dorsal lake-red, then tinged with yellow over fourth and fifth,
and the rest of the fin more or less transparent; a pale yellow line on soft dorsal along upper edge and
base of fin, the former growing narrower posteriorly, fourth anal spine and first ray lake-red, rest
of fin like soft dorsal; caudal with outer rays lake-red, last outside ray above and below white, center
colorless, edge pale yellow; pectoral with pale-red tinge on rays; ventral colorless.

Our collections contain 8 specimens taken by us at Honolulu in 1901, 4 secured bv Dr. Jenkins at
the same place in 1889, 1 by Dr. Wood in 1898, 4 by the Albatross at the island of Makemo in 1899, and
many others obtained by Dr. Jordan at Samoa in 1902. The Albatross obtained specimens at Hono¬
lulu and Laysan in 1902. The species has been recorded from Guam by Mr. Seale, and it is common
at Samoa.

Scixna sammara Forskal, Descr. Animal., 48, 1775, Djidda; Schneider, Syst. Ichtli., 89, 1801 (after Forskal).

Labr)is imtjulosrs I,ac6p’i)de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 430, pi. 22, fig. 1, 1801, no locality.

Holocentrus xammara, Ruppell, Atlas, zu der Reise im Nordl. Afrika, 85, pi. 22, fig. 3. 1828.

Holocentrumsamnara, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. 1 1 1.216. 1829 (Sea of the Indies); Gunther, Fische der Stidsee,
100, 1875 (Society and Paumotu islands).

Holocentrum christianum Ehrenberg in Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. nr, 219, 1829, Cosseir.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

157

Holocentrus/uscostriat ux Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, I, No. 3, 69, 1901, Guam.
lloloceiitrumtahiticum Kner, Novara Fische, III, 9, pi. 16, fig. 2. 1869, Tahiti.

Flammi’o scmmara, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 440 < Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island).

Holocent.hi'us thomtonensix Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1904, 231, Thornton Island; young.

113. Flammeo scythrops Jordan & Evermann. Plate VII and Fig. 57.

Head (measured to end of flap) 2.75 in length; depth 3; eye 3 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.1 ;
mandible 1.8; interorbital 5; I>. xi, 13; A. iv, 9; scales 5-18-7, 5 rows on cheek; Br. 7.

Body oblong, rather slender; dorsal outline gently and rather evenly curved from tip of snout to
origin of soft dorsal, more nearly straight from tip of snout to nape; ventral outline less convex; head
long; snout long and pointed; maxillary broad, with a strong supplemental bone whose lower edge
forms a broad angle; end of maxillary slightly concave; lower jaw long, much projecting, tip promi¬
nent; mouth large, not greatly oblique; maxillary nearly reaching vertical at posterior line of pupil;
lips broad, rounded, and soft; eye large, lower edge of pupil on axis of body; interorbital space with a
broad, shallow groove between low ridges, 1 on each side; space between ridge and eye with short,
curved ridges; nape on each side with a grouj> of 8 or 10 short, sharp ridges, diverging backward and

Fig. 57. — Flammeo seylhrops Jordan & Evermann; from the type.

ending in short, sharp spines; posterior part of supraocular with a patch of short spines; suborital
dentate on its lower edge; preorbital with 2 blunt prominences in front, a strong, recurved spine below,
ridges and spines on its upper surface; opercular bones all strongly striate, the stria? ending in short
spines; entire surface of interopercle striate; opercle with 2 strong spines, the lower the stronger, its
length 1.6 in orbit; preopercle with a very strong spine at angle, its length nearly equaling diameter
of orbit, its surface striate, and its base with a series of small spines; undersurface of dentary somewhat
roughened; surface of articular bone much rougher; jaws each with a broad baud of villiform teeth,
the outer series on upper jaw stronger; a narrow series on each palatine and a patch on vomer; scales
moderate, the surfaces usually nearly smooth, the edges finely toothed; a series ot strongly striate
scales across nape, and a strong, striated plate at shoulder; lateral line well developed, little arc bed,
with about 45 pores; bases of soft dorsal and anal eacli with series of modified triangular scales; caudal
with small scales on base and fine scales on membranes, extending well toward tips of outer rays;
origin of spinous dorsal in advance of base of pectoral or over middle of upper opercular spine; dorsal
spines in a broad, deep groove, moderately strong, middle one longest, 2.3 in head, first a little shorter
than snout, tenth more than half eye; dorsal rays longer than spines, longest 2.2 in head; first anal
spine very short, second about 3 times as long; third anal spine very long and strong, but little curved,

158

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

reaching past base of anal, its length 1.5 in head; fourth anal spine shorter and more slender, its
length 2.25 in head and equaling longest anal rays; last anal ray much shorter, L6 in eye; pectoral
long and slender, 1.2 in head, the tip nearly reaching vent; ventrals shorter, equal to snout and eye;
caudal forked, the lobes equal, not strongly divergent, their length about equaling that of third anal
spine; rudimentary caudal spines 5 above, 4 below, strong and sharp.

Color in life, head red above, paler on sides, nearly white below; tips of jaws rich red; side of
body with about 10 or 12 narrow yellow stripes separated by red or rosy stripes of about same width,
those below paler and somewhat purplish; under parts purplish or pinkish white; the stripes begin¬
ning at edge of opercle and ceasing at base of caudal peduncle, which is rich red above, becoming
paler on side and below; membranes between the first and third dorsal spines rich blood-red, those
between other spines white at base, each with distal portion lemon-yellow in front and red behind,
last 2 or 3 membranes with little or no yellow; dorsal spines pale rosy, nearly white; soft dorsal, anal,
pectoral, and ventral with rays rosy, membranes pale; ventral with a little yellow at base; anal spines
somewhat dusky; caudal rich blood-red, paler distally; eye red, a narrow yellow ring around pupil.
Another example (No. 03041), much faded, was bright red; stripes on side equally bright golden; fins
red; edges of dorsal membranes pale; no markings evident on fins.

Color in life of another example. (No. 03451), side with 10 or 11 longitudinal golden or yellow
bands; Spinous dorsal more or less white; membranes between first and third dorsal spines more or
less deep Vermillion, except the upper marginal portion behind second spine, which is white; a red
blotch along margin of membranes just before each of the other dorsal spines.

Color of another specimen (No. 03490) when fresh, violet-rose with 10 stripes of bright golden on
side; dorsal red, mottled with golden, the first 2 spines deep red; soft, dorsal and other tins rather
light red without edgings, and scarcely darker behind third anal spine; pectoral and ventrals pink; a
red dash across cheek, space above and below whitish; temporal region deep red; iris red. All these
colors fade in alcohol and the fish becomes a pale yellowish white, the longitudinal lines on side show¬
ing faintly as duller and brighter stripes of yellowish white; fins all whitish or yellowish white,
membranes of spinous dorsal whiter.

The above description from the type, No. 50633, U.S.N.M. (field No. 034S8), a specimen 9 inches
long, obtained by us at Honolulu. An examination of our large series of cotypes shows but slight
variations, the characters appearing quite stable. In some examples the upper opercular spine is the
larger, in others the two are equal; in 2 examples we find 3 opercular spines each.

This species has several times been called Iluloceutrum argenteum. The species described under
that name by Quoy and Gaimard from New Guinea resembles this in the slender body and general
coloration, but differs in having the lower jaw included, eye much smaller, mouth smaller, and the
preopercular spine weaker. It was intended for Holocentrus lacteoguttatus of the East Indies, a species
wrongly called punch ttissimus by Meeker.

This is one of the most abundant species in the markets at Honolulu and Hilo. It reaches a
length of 8 to 10 inches. Our 30 specimens range in length from 5 to 10 inches.

Holocentrum argenteum, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 492 (Honolulu and Laysan); not of Cuvier A
Valenciennes.

Fta'inmen scytl/rops Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 174, Honolulu.

Genus 93. HOLOCENTRUS Scopoli. “Alalhi.”

Body oblong, moderately compressed, the ventral outline nearly straight, the back a little elevated,
the tail very slender; head compressed, narrowed forward; opercle with a strong spine above, below
which the edge is sharply serrated; a strong spine at angle of preopercle; orbital ring, preorbital,
preopercle, interopercle, subopercle, occiput, and shoulder-girdle with their edges sharply serrate;
mouth small, terminal, the lower jaw projecting in the adult; in the young (which constitute the
supposed genera lihynchichthys and Iihinoberyx) the snout is much produced; maxillary broad, striate,
with a supplemental bone; eye excessively large; scales moderate, closely imbricated, the posterior
margin strongly spinous; lateral line continuous; dorsal deeply emarginate, the spines usually 11,
depressible in a groove; soft dorsal short and high; anal with 4 spines, the first and second quite small,
the third very long and strong, the fourth smaller; caudal widely forked; both lobes with the
rudimentary rays spinelike; ventrals large, i, 7, the spine very strong. Species numerous, remarkable
for the development of sharp spines almost everywhere on the surface, of the body.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

159

Holocentrus Bloch, Ichthyol., VII. 46. 1767 (sogo).

llolocenthrus Scopoli, lilt. Hist. Nat., 149. 1778 (rostral us i .■ misprint for Holocentrus.

Rhynchichthys Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss.. VII. 503, 1831 (pdamidis; young).

Rhinoberyx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237 (brack i/rhynchus; young).

Sargocentron Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1904, 230 (Ico).

Holoccnlrum of authors generally.

a. Two opercular spines.

b. Head 3 or more in length (3 to 3.25).

c. Eye rather large, 2.75 to 2.9 in head.

d. Axil of pectoral grayish; spinous dorsal mainly black; head 3.25; depth 2.75; dorsal rays 13;

anal rays 9; scales 4—18-8 . diadema, p. 159

dd. Axil of pectoral brown; spinous dorsal mainly pale; head 3; depth 3: dorsal rays 14; anal

rays 10; scales 4—17-7 . microstomus, p. 160

cc. Eye rather small, 3.4 to 4.7 in head.

e. Mouth rather large, maxillary reaching beyond posterior margin of pupil . spinifer, p. 161

ce. Mouth rather small, maxillary reaching about to front margin of pupil.

/. Eye comparatively small, 4.5 in head; dorsal bright red; side with longitudinal violet bands.. .erythr&u$,\>. 161
//. Eye comparatively large, 3.4 in head; side with alternating longitudinal red and white

bands; dorsal pale, with large red spots near edge . punctatissimus, p. 162

66. Head less than 3 in length (2.8) . xanthenythrus, p. 164

aa. One opercular spine . . . . ensifer, p. 165

114. Holocentrus diadema Lacepede. “Alaihi kalaloa.” Plate X.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.75; eye 2.9 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 3.1: interorbital 4.5; II.
xi, 13; A. iv, 9; P. i. 13; V. i, 7; scales 4 — 17—7.

Body elongate, deep, compressed, greatest depth about midway between origin of ventral and
anal; upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head compressed, longer than deep, its width half its
length; snout short, broad, blunt, steep; upper profile of head slightly convex, eye very large, imping¬
ing upon upper profile, anterior, the posterior margin of pupil a little before middle of bead, and its
diameter a little less than postocular region; mouth small, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching a little
beyond front rim of orbit, but not to pupil, small and its distal expanded extremity 1.6 in pupil; teeth
in jaws, on vomer and palatines, pointed, crowded, small; tongue pointed, free; suborbital rim nar¬
row, finely serrate; lips thick, fleshy; nostrils close together, anterior very large, close to eye; bones
on head all finely serrate, the opercle with 2 well-developed spines, the upper the larger; preoperele
with a strong spine reaching beyond gill-opening; gill-opening large, filaments rather long, gill rakers
compressed, short, in moderate number; pseudobranchise large; dorsal spines sharp, pointed, first 3.5
in head, second 2.2, third 1.8, fourth 1.6, eleventh 4.2; anterior dorsal rays produced, pointed, third

l. 6 in head, last 5; third anal spine enlarged 1.3, fourth 2; anal similar to soft dorsal, first ray longest,
1.5, last 4.5; caudal rather small, deeply forked; pectoral 1.7; ventral 1.1; caudle peduncle elongate,
compressed, its length 1.8, depth 3.8.

Color when fresh, side and upper parts rosy, deep or dark red in life; about 11 very distinct
horizontal white lines, the upper narrower and somewhat rosy, these separating a corresponding
number of rosy lines; head with 3 oblique white stripes on cheek, interspaces rosy; spinous dorsal
deep blood-red, fading to blackish; a narrow white stripe near the base, ending at the fifth spine; a
similar less regular stripe from ninth spine to end of fin above middle of spine, each spine tipped with
white; soft dorsal light rosy, first ray deep red; caudal light rosy, upper and lower margins deep red
with a very narrow white edge; anal light rosy, membrane from third spine to first, soft ray deep
blood red; pectoral pale rosy, without dark spot at base; ventral spine and first ray white, the second
ray and membrane deep red, rest of fin light rosy; iris red.

Color in alcohol, pale silvery brown or whitish, each scale on hack sprinkled with many fine dark
brown dots; side with 8 narrow white longitudinal lines; inside of pectoral grayish; spinous dorsal
black, except upper extremities of membranes between each 2 spines; a narrow line on lower part, of
fin running as far as sixth spine, and another running from seventh spine on upper part to end of fin;
membrane between third anal spine and first soft ray at first whitish and then blackish; ventrals
whitish.

Described from an example(No. 03162) taken at Honolulu. This is a small species, very abundant
along the shores of the Hawaiian Islands; also abundant at Samoa. Our collection contains one example
from Hilo and 22 from Honolulu. Dr. Jenkins records 11 specimens obtained by him at Honolulu in

160

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1889. The A Ibatross secured specimens at Honolulu, Laysan Island, and at station 3834, on the southern
coast of Molokai, in 8 fathoms. Our specimens range from 4 to 6.5 inches in length.

Holocentrus diadema LaccpMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 335, 372, 374, pi. 32, tig. 3, 1802, South Seas; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei.
Phila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 440 (Honolulu);
Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu; Laysan Island; Albatross Station 3834).

Perea pulcliella Bennett, Zool. Joum., Ill, 377, pi. 9, fig. 3, 1827, Sumatra.

Holoeentrum diadema, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 213, 1829 (lie de France; Timor; Borabora; Society
Islands); Gunther. Fischc der Siidsee, 97, 1873 (Samoa; Tahiti; Tonga; Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, Denks.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 492, 1900 (Honolulu; Laysan).

115. Holocentrus microstomus Gunther. Fig. 58.

Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 2.75 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.7; interorbital 5; D. xi, 14;
A. iv, 10; P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 4-48-8.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about ventral fin, upper and lower profiles evenly
convex; head compressed, longer than deep, and pointed, its width a little less than half its length;
upper profile of head slightly convex; eye very large, impinging upon upper profile, the posterior
margin of pupil nearly midway in length of head, and a little less than postocular reg on; mouth

Fin. 58. — Holocentrus microstnmus Gunther; after Gilnther.

small, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching a little beyond anterior margin of pupil, small, its distal
expanded extremity 1.25 in pupil; teeth minute, crowded; tongue pointed, free; , suborbital rim very
narrow, finely serrate; lips thick, fleshy; nostrils close together, anterior very large, close to eye;
bones on head all finely serrate, the opercle with two well-developed spines, the upper the longer;
preopercle with a strong spine reaching beyond gill-opening; gill-opening large, filaments rather long,
gillrakers compressed, short, in moderate number; pseudobranchiie large; dorsal spines sharp, pointed,
first 3 in head, second 2.3, third 2, eleventh 6; anterior dorsal rays elongate, fourth 2 in head, last 5;
soft anal similar to soft dorsal, last ray 5; caudal small, forked, lobes pointed; pectoral small, 1.6 in
head; ventral reaching three-fohrths distance to anus, fin 1.4 in head, spine 2; caudal peduncle
elongate, its length 1.19, its depth 3.9.

Color in alcohol (No. 03486) pale silvery brown or whitish, side with 9 or 10 narrow white longi¬
tudinal lines; axil of pectoral brown; spinous dorsal pale, with a broad blackish band from middle of
membrane between first 2 spines, edged above and below with whitish in front; fins pale or whitish.

Described from an example (No. 04263) taken at Honolulu.

We have examined 2 other specimens obtained at Honolulu by Dr. Wood and recorded by Dr.
Jenkins. They range from 5.5 to 6.2 inches in length. The species is common at Samoa.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

161

Jlolocentrum microstoma Gunther, Cat., I, 34, 1859. Amboyna; Gunther, Fischc <h*r Siidsee, IV, 98, 1875 (Amboy na; Samoa;

Tonga; Society; Hawaiian; Kingsmill; Hervey, and Paumotu islands).

Holocentms microstoma, Seale, Occas. Pap. Bishop Mus., I, No. 3, 70, 1901 (Guam).

Holocentrus microstomus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 410 (Honolulu).

116. Holocentrus spinifer (Forskal). Plate VIII.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.4; eye 4.7 in head; snout 3.4; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2; interorbital
6.4; I), xi, 16; A. iv, 11; P. i, 14; V. i, 7; scales 5-46-8.

Body rather elongate, deep, compressed, back elevated; head moderate, compressed, pointed,
upper profile straight from tip of snout to occiput; snout long, pointed, its upper profile straight; lower
profile of head nearly straight; eye small, high, its posterior margin about midway in length of head;
mouth large, oblique, the mandible slightly projecting; maxillary broad distally, its width at that point
1.5 in eye; lips large, thick, papillose; teeth fine, in broad bands in jaws; tongue elongate, pointed,
free in front; postorbital very narrow, preorbital broad with 2 strong spines, 3 small serrations in
between; nasal bone with strong spine in front; bones on head all more or less serrate; margin of
preopercle coarsely serrate, ending in a long strong spine below, reaching well beyond gill-opening and
furnished with a thin flap; opercle with 2 strong spines, upper longer; nasal aperture very large and
deep, with a small aperture in front; interorbital space flattened, rather narrow; gill-opening large, gill-
rakers rather small, short, few in number; gill-filaments and pseudobranchiae moderately long; anterior
dorsal spines longest, first 2.9 in head, second 2.1, third 2, last 8.5; anterior rays longest, first ray 2.7,
second 1.9, third 1.8, last 5; third anal spine very large, strong, 2 in head, third 2.35; soft anal similar
to soft dorsal, first ray 1.8, third 2, last 6.5; caudal rather small, lobes broad, rounded, pointed; caudal
peduncle compressed, elongate, its length 1.8, depth 3; pectoral rather small, 1.5 in head, pointed; ven¬
tral long, pointed 1.5, spine 2.3; rudimentary caudal spines 4, graduated, sharp pointed.

Color in life, bright red, each scale with central area of pearly gray with red; spinous dorsal rich
vermilion, tinged with yellow; other fins yellowish red; caudal bordered posteriorly with yellow;
3 large scales behind eye and narrow area behind these dark red; axil of pectoral, and spot on under
face of base of pectoral dark red.

Color in alcohol, yellowish white; spinous dorsal yellowish; other fins pale.

We have 2 specimens of this species (No. 02554, 9.75 inches long, and No. 03437, 15 inches long),
both from Honolulu. It is common at Samoa.

Seitena spinifer a Forskal, Descr. Anim., 49, 1775, Red Sea.

Jlolocentrum leo Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 204, 1829, Society Islands; Waigiou; Moluccas; Seychelles;
Lesson, Voyage Coquille, XII, 222, 1830 (South Sea; Borabora; Waigiou j; Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. II, 150, pi. 14
tig. 1. 1829; Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VII, 1854, 355 (Cocos Islands) ; Quoy cfc Guimard, Voyage Astrolabe, Poiss.,
678, pi. 14, tig. 3, 1834 (Vanikoro); Bleeker; Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., VI, 1859, 2 Enumeratio.

Jlolocentrum spiniferum, Gunther, Cat., I, 39, 1859 (Louisiade Archipelago, part); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, 94, 1874
(Vavau; New Hebrides; Solomon Islands; in part).

Jlolocentrus leo, Smith & Swain, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 125 (Johnston Island); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII,
1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Hawaiian Islands).

Holocentrus spinifer, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1899, 483 (Thornton Island); not Holoceutrum spiniferum of Cuvier A
Valenciennes and of Sauvage, which is If. caudimaeulatus.

117. Holocentrus erythraeus < iiinther. Fig. 59.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.7; eye 4.5 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.2; mandible 1.8; interorbital
5; D. xi-16; A. iv, 10; P. i, 13; V. i, 7; scales 4-48-7.

Body elongate, compressed, deep, greatest depth about middle of belly,; head compressed, pointed,
upper and lower profiles straight; snout short, pointed; eye small, high, its posterior margin well
before middle of length of head, not impinging upon upper profile; mouth rather large, oblique,
mandible slightly projecting; maxillary broadly expanded distally, 1.4 in eye, reaching beyond pos¬
terior margin of pupil; supplemental maxillary large, teeth minute, crowded, in bands in jaws; lips
thick, fleshy, papillose; suborbital ridge rather narrow, with 2 very strong short spines; 2 short nasal
spines; posterior nasal cavity very large; interorbital space broad, flattened; margin of preopercle
finely serrate, with a long pointed spine below; opercle with 2 spines, upper larger but not much
longer; gill-opening large, filaments coarse, and pseudobranchke rather long; gillrakers rather short,
thick, compressed, not as long as filaments, and in moderate number; dorsal spines rather low, first

F.C. B. 1903—11

1(52 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

4.2 in head, third 2.9, and last 4.6; anterior dorsal rays elevated, third longest, 1.5 in head, last 6;
third anal spine enlarged, 1.8, fourth 2.2; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, first ray 1.7, last 5.25; caudal
rather small, forked; pectoral pointed, 1.4; ventral sharp pointed, 1.4; spine slender, 2.5; caudal
peduncle compressed, its length 1.8, its depth 3.2.

Color in life, very deep red, golden shades along rows of scales below, alternating with brighter
shades of vivid violet; some faint dark spots on anterior part of body, in axil, and one on base of
pectoral, these small, round spots larger than nostril; tins deep red without edge; a row of whitish
spots on membrane of first dorsal; third anal spine white; ventral spine clear violet.

Another example (No. 03471) was brilliant red in life, with violet shades along the rows of scales;
fins scarlet or crimson, nearly plain; no dark marks anywhere.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or brownish white, side with about 10 broad longitudinal bands.

This very handsome species resembles Jf. Here Lesson — II. piecUopterut Bleeker, from the South
Seas, differing principally in the fewer scales and single series of pale spots on the spinous dorsal.

Fid. 59. — HnlocentruR en/thrams Gunther; after Gunther.

Described from an example (No. 04962) taken at. Honolulu. We have 6 specimens 7.6 to 13.5
inches long, from Honolulu and Kailua. The species was obtained at Honolulu, also by the Albatross,
and we have one specimen from Samoa.

Holocentrum erythnenm Gunther, Cat., I, .'12, 1859, Sea of San Cristoval, Solomon Islands; Gunther, Fische tier Sudsee, IV,
99, p!. 63, fig. B, 1875 (Solomon, New Hebrides, K ingsmil I Society, Panmotn, and Hawaiian islands); Smith .V
Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. M us., V, 1882, 127 (Johnston Island).

Holo'crntrus erlithrseus, Jenkins, Bull. r. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 141 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit, (Jan.
19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

118. Holocentrus punctatissimus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Fig. 60.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3; eye 3.4 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.7; interorbital 3.6; D. xr, 14;
A. iv, 9; P. i, 14; V. i., 7; scales 4-47-7.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about tip of ventral spine, upper and lower profiles
nearly evenly convex; head elongate, compressed, depth 1.25 in its length, width 2; eye rather small,
well anterior, and impinging a little on upper profile; shout blunt, oblique; mouth rather small,
oblique; maxillary reaching posteriorly behind front margin of pupil, its distal expanded extremity
2.6 in eye; supplemental maxillary large; lips thick, fleshy; teeth in jaws, and on vomer and palatines
minute, in broad bands; tongue elongate, pointed, free in front; nostrils close together, posterior one
a small cavity; lower margin of preorbital serrate; suborbital rim narrow, also finely serrate; bones of
head all more or less finely serrate; margin of preopercle below with a large dagger-shaped spine
reaching well beyond gill-opening; margin of opercle above with two nearly equal, rathershort spines;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 163

interorbital space broad, flattened; a small, fleshy axillary flap; gill-opening large, filaments moderately
long; gillrakers much shorter than filaments, compressed, few in number; pseudobranchiae large;,
spinous dorsal long, spines very sharp, first 3 in head, second 2.1, third 1.8, last 7.5; anterior dorsal
rays longest, second ray 1.7, last 5.5; anal with third spine longest, reaching beyond tip of anterior
rays, 1.5 in head, fourth spine 2.25; soft anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal small, forked, lobes pointed;
caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 1.6, depth 3.7; pectoral 1.25; ventral pointed, 1.4,
spine 2.

Color in life, upper part of side bright rosy' red with a silvery gleam, deeper and lighter lines
alternating; lower two-thirds of side with alternating lines of silvery white and very pale rosy; belly
plain white; top of head and nape rich rosy, snout paler; humeral region rich rosy; body at base
of soft dorsal rich rosy; side of head silvery white, an obscure rosy line across cheek from lower level of

Fig. CO. — Holocentrus punctatissimus Cuvier A Valenciennes; after .Gunther.

eye; spinous dorsal silvery white, with a large blood-red blotch on distal part of each membrane
becoming smaller posteriorly; similar but smaller and paler spots on bases of fourth to ninth mem¬
branes; spines all white, soft dorsal and pectoral very pale rosy; caudal pale rosy; anal white except
first and second rays, which are pale rosy; ventral white; iris yellowish silvery. Another example
(No. 03202) was rosy when fresh, with silvery below; about 9 faint white streaks along side; a deep
blood-red blotch on opercle behind eye, spinous dorsal with a row of faint white spots on the
membranes, these near the base of the first 2 spines, toward the tips of the others; no white shade on
back of tail; no shade on anal; fins all pale, probably light red in life.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown or brownish White, more or less brassy; fins all pale. Young
individuals are rather dark brown, with dark brown longitudinal bands; spots on spinous dorsal black
brown; many show a pale area on middle of back like that in Gunther’s figure.

Described from an example (No. 02982) taken at Honolulu. A small species, and one of the most
common fishes among the Hawaiian Islands. Common also at Samoa. Our collections contain no

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1(54

fewer than 60 specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua, ranging in length from 2.25 to 11 inches.
Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii; and Laysan Island.

lloloccntrwn punctatissimum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. . Ill, 215, 1829, Strong Island, Carolines.

Holocentrmn (Ujtloxiplius Gunther, Pro, . Zool. Soc. Loncl. 1871, 660, pi. 80 (2figs.), Samoa; Gunther, Fische tier Siidsee, tv,
97, 1875 (Marshall, Samoa, Tahiti, and Paumotu islands; Aneityum).

Holocenthms gladispinis Fowler, Pror. Ac. Nat. Soi. Phila. 1901, 225, fig. 1, Tahiti.
lioloccnthrus graciU$pinis Fowler, Proto At*. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1904, 228, fig. 2, Honolulu.

Holocentrus diploxlphus, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 501 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comnt.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), -141 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii;
Laysan Island).

119. Holocentrus xantherythrus Jordan & Evermann. “Alaihi.” Plate IX.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 3; eye 3 in head; snout 4; maxillary 2.7; interorbital 5; D. xi-14;
A. iv, 10; scales 4—47-8.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about base of ventral; upper profile steep; lower
profile nearly horizontal; head compressed, its depth about 1.2 in length, width 2.25; eye large, high,
impinging upon upper profile in front, anterior, its diameter a little less than postocular region; snout
short, pointed, its upper profile obliquely straight ; jaws rather large, subequal; maxillary reaching beyond
front margin of pupil or to first third of eye, its distal expanded extremity 2.7 in eye; supplemental
maxillary large; lips rather thick, fleshy; teeth small, short, in rather broad hands in jaws and on
vomer and palatines; tongue elongate, pointed, free in front; nostrils close together, posterior, a deep
cavity in front of middle of eye; interorbital space broad, very slightly concave; preorbital with a
large spine in front, its margins serrate; suborbital narrow, with finely serrate margin; preoperele
with a large dagger-like spine at lower angle; opercle with 2 similar spines on upper margin, upper
one much the larger; bones of head with serrate margins; gill-opening rather large, filaments and
pseudobranchise well developed; gillrakers short, compressed, few, and much shorter than longest
filaments; fleshy axillary flap small; dorsal spines sharp-pointed, first 3.2 in head, second 2.8, third
1.9, last 7; anterior dorsal rays high, second 2.4 in head, third 2.2, last 6.5; third anal spine Very
large, not reaching beyond soft rays, 1.7 in head, fourth 2.25; anterior anal rays longest, first 1.75 in
head, second 1.9, last 6; caudal rather small, deeply forked; pectoral small, 1.6 in head; ventral
sharp-pointed, 1.4, spine 2; caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 2.1 in head, depth 4;
scales rather large, ctenoid; lateral line nearly straight, running obliquely down along upper side of
caudal peduncle.

Color in life (No. 02989), bright red, belly more or less silvery; about 10 narrow longitudinal
silvery stripes, uppermost pinkish; side of head silvery with pinkish shades; a white stripe from
preorbital to base of preopereular spine; spinous dorsal deep red without streaks or black marking, a
white spot behind first and second spines at base, tips of third to seventh spines whitish; soft dorsal,
anal, caudal, and pectoral plain pink; anal with membrane of third spine and first soft ray deep red;
ventral pink, spine and first soft ray white, second ray deep red anteriorly, posteriorly whitish. One
example (No. 03161) was rose-red when fresh, with about 10 very faint light rosy streaks along rows
of scales, these much less distinct than in other species; cheek rosy with 1 broad oblique white band;
dorsal plain red, the membranes fading to white, no light stripes on dark areas; other fins plain light
red; membrane of fourth anal spine not darker; iris pink. Another example (field No. 03467) was
deep crimson when fresh, with 10 narrow, sharply defined, white stripes along rows of scales; an
oblique white stripe below eye from snout to base of preopereular spine; dorsal clear deep red; clouded
with darker; soft dorsal, caudal, and anal light bright red; membrane between third and fourth anal
spines blood red; pectoral deep red; ventrals red, spines white, their membranes blood red.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or brownish white, washed more or less with silvery or brassy
white; side with 9 or 10 longitudinal white stripes; fins pale.

This species is related to Holocentrus ensifer, differing mainly in the presence of 2 well-developed
spines on the upper margin of the opercle. It is one of the most abundant of the family in Hawaiian
waters.

We have 40 specimens from Honolulu and Kailua, ranging in length from 3.75 to 6.5 inches.
Examples were also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu.

Holocentrus mnOierythnis Jordan & Evermann. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 175. Honolulu:
Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903

Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

165

120. Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann. Plates XI and 28.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.7; eye 3 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 2.25; Interorbital 5; 1). xi, 15;
A. iv, 11; P. i, 14; V. i, 8; scales 4-47-8.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth at ventral fins; upper profile decidedly more convex
than lower; head compressed, much longer than deep, pointed, its width a little more than half its
length, eye moderate, about 1.2 in postocular part of head, and slightly impinging upon upper profile;
snout pointed; mouth moderate, oblique; maxillary broad, with large supplemental- bone, distally
equal to half diameter of eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth minute, in broad bands in jaws, and on vomer
and palatines; tongue pointed, free in front; nostrils close together, posterior one a large cavity with
several small spines projecting over; preorbital with 2 large strong spines and about 6 strong serrations
on its margin; suborbital rim narrow; bones of head all more or less finelv serrate, the opercle above
and preopercle below each with a long, strong, dagger-like spine; interorbital space broad, very
slightly concave; a fleshy axillary flap; gill-opening large, filaments moderately long, much longer
than gillrakers, which are compressed and not very numerous; pseudobranch ia- large; spinous dorsal
long, membrane between spines not much incised, first 2.2, second 2.1, third 2, last 4.2; anterior dorsal
lays longest, fourth 1.8, last / .5; third anal spine largest, 1.75, fourth 2.3; soft anal similar to soft
dorsal, third spine not reaching beyond rays; caudal rather small, forked; pectoral 1.3; ventral 1.4,
spine 2; caudal peduncle compressed, its length 2.2, depth 4; scales rather large, ctenoid; lateral line
arched a little at first and running down obliquely on upper side of caudal peduncle.

Color in life, bright red; side with about S yellow longitudinal bands; spinous dorsal vermilion
tinged with yellow; soft dorsal rosy with front margin white and behind this above, red; anal whitish
with red between third spine and first ray; caudal red, margined above and along the emargination
with whitish; pectoral whitish with red lines; ventral rosy with front margin white. One example
(field No. 03454) in life had yellow and red longitudinal bands above and yellow' and white below;
spinous dorsal vermilion, other fins red with white borders. One (field No. 03472) was brilliant scar¬
let red w ith 11 golden streaks along rows of scales, upper 4 broadest, and third and fourth most dis¬
tinct and oblique; a w'hite or golden streak across cheek; fins plain scarlet without dark patches.
Another, when fresh (field No. 03494), was bright red verging to scarlet; side red, with 4 golden
stripes along back and 6 silver stripes below these, golden and silver, very bright; head crimson; a
white band on cheek; spinous dorsal deep scarlet with crimson edge; soft dorsal light crimson with a
white, then a dark crimson edge; caudal blood red, edged above and below with white, posterior part
of fin abruptly pale; anal with pale spines, then blood red, then pinkish; ventral with white spine,
then dark red, then pink; pectoral light red, axil deep red.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or brownish white, the longitudinal bands on sides, together with
scales on cheeks and opercle, silvery; tins pale.

-This species w as obtained by us at Honolulu and Kailua, and ap(>ears to be common at the former
place.

The 9 specimens we have examined are ti to 9.75 inches long.

Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann, Bull. f. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr, 11. 1903), 170. Honolulu.

Family L. POLYMIXIIDtE. — The Barbados.

Body rather elongated and compressed; scales not serrated; lateral line continuous with back;
head compressed and with a declined profile; preopercle serrated; mouth with a lateral and nearly
horizontal cleft; teeth villiform, on both jaws and on palate; branchiostegal apertures large, the gill-
membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchioetegals 4; dorsal moderately elongated, with
several spines, increasing backward; anal opposite tile posterior portion of dorsal, armed with 3 or 4
spines; pectoral with branched rays; ventral fins thoracic, each with a spine and 6 or 7 rays. Vertebra
in increased number (29). The family is distinguished by the combination of chin barbels, increased
number of rays, and small number of branehiostegals. The increased number of ventral rays and the
structure of the fins seem to point to berveoid rather than percoid affinities. Mr. Starks has shown
that the structure of the barbels is quite unlike that seen in the M ullidtc, notwithstanding the strong
external resemblance.

A single genus, with 1 to 3 species, inhabiting rather deep waters in the tropical Atlantic and
Pacific.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

166

Genus 94. POLYMIXIA Lowe. Barbudo.

Characters of the genus included above. The species are fully described in Section II.
Polymixia Lowe, Trans. Cambr. Phil. Soc. 1838, 198 ( nobilis ).

Nemobrama Valenciennes, Berher-Webb & Berthelot, Ieh. lies Canar., 40, 1844 (nvlibli).

Dinemvs Poey, Memories, II, HiO, 1800 (venustvs).

Suborder SELENICHTHYES.

This group is especially characterized by the presence of 14 to 17 rays in the ventral tins. The
long dorsal is made of soft, rays only, and the hypocoracoid bone is greatly dilated. It is probably
allied to the group of Scombroidei.

One family, the Lampridse.

Family 1.1. LAMPRIDSE. — The Mariposas.

Body ovate, comoressed and elevated,, covered with minute, cycloid scales; head small, rather
pointed; mouth small, terminal, without teeth in the adult, its angle with slits in the skin to permit
motion of jaws, as in the tunnies; premaxillaries protractile; opercular hones entire; dorsal fin single,
very long, elevated, and falcate in front, without distinct spines; anal long and low, not at all falcate;
both fins depressible in a groove; ventral fins thoracic, but behind the pectorals, attached to a very
long pubic bone, composed of 14 to 17 soft rays; pectoral fins large, falcate, their bases horizontal;
caudal fin moderately forked, its peduncle short and slender, without keel; a pit at base of caudal,
above and below, as in certain sharks; lateral line present, much arched in front; branchiostegals 6;
gill-membranes free from isthmus; esophagus not armed with spinous teeth; air-bladder ,arge, bifur¬
cate behind; pyloric appendages very numerous; vertebra- 45; hypocoracoid very much dilated, as in
Bratna, the entire shoulder-girdle very heavy; the pubic bone much longer than in Bnmui. Fishes of
large size and gorgeous coloration, inhabiting the open seas, the flesh firm and rich. A single genus
with probably but one species. It resembles the tunnies in the character of the flesh, but the form is
very different, and the character of the anal fin separates it widely from all mackerel-like fishes.

Genus 95. LAMPRIS Retzius. Mariposas.

Characters of the genus included above. The single species is cosmopolitan, most beautifully
colored, and unsurpassed as food, the flesh rich, firm, and delicate.

Lampris Retzius, K. Vet. Ac. Nya Handlingar, XX, 1799, 97 ( yutlatm ).

Ch rysotos us Laef-pM c , Hist. Nat. Poiss., It'. 586, 1802 (luna=guttatns).

121. Lampris regius ( Bonnaterre ) .

Head 3.25 in length; depth 1.75; D. 53 to 55; A. 38 to 41; V. 14 to 17; vertebras 23 + 22=45.

Body short and very deep, sides much compressed; mouth toothless; longest dorsal ray shorter
than pectorals, which are nearly as long as head; anal very low in front, a little higher behind.

Color a rich brocade of silver and lilac, rosy on belly; everywhere with round silvery spots; head,
opercles, and back with ultramarine tints; jaws and fins vermilion; flesh red, of varying shades.

Skeleton strong and firm. Length 3 to 6 feet. Open waters of the Atlantic and Pacific; frequently
taken off the coasts of Europe; not rare off Madeira; occasionally taken off Newfoundland, Maine, and
Cuba; also at Monterey and other places in California, and in Japan. Mr. Berndt sends a photograph
of a specimen of this species, weighing 1 76 pounds, taken off Honolulu. One of the choicest of fishes,
the flesh rich, firm, and of delicate flavor.

Zeus regius Bonnaterre, Eneycl. Ichth., 72, pi. 39, 178$, Torbay, England; after Opali of Pennent.

Zeus guttatus Briinnich, Danske Selskr., Ill, 398, 1788, Elsinore, Denmark.

Zeus luna Gmelin, Syst. Nat., III. 1225, 1789. Normandy; after Poisson du Lune, Du Hamel, Des Peche.s, III, 74.

Lampris luna, Gunther, Cat.. II. 416, 1860; Day. Fish. Great Britain, 118.

Lampris regius, Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 223, 1896.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

167

Group SCOMBROIDEI. — -The Maekerel-like Fishes.

Body variously formed, usually adapted for rapid swimming; the scales usually small and cycloid
or wanting, sometimes transformed into rough or bony plates, but rarely ctenoid; lateral line various,
usually undulate or with an anterior arch and a posterior straight part, at least not regularly arched;
sometimes wanting; flesh in typical forms, firm, oily, and reddish in color, but in some cases pale and
soft; caudal peduncle almost always slender and strong, the caudal fin, if present, more or less deeply
forked, except in certain deep-sea forms and in aberrant families, the structure typically adapted for
swift propulsion; dorsal fin usually long, the spinous portion generally shorter than the soft part,
sometimes absent; the spines seldom very strong, sometimes not differentiated from the soft rays;
anal fin always more or less similar to soft dorsal; ventrals thoracic, subjugular, or subabdominal,
usually with one slender spine and 5 rays, sometimes many-rayed, sometimes rudimentary or wholly
wanting; branchiostegals few, usually 7; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gillrakers various; gill-mem¬
branes usually separate, sometimes joined together, rarely attached to the isthmus; mouth and
dentition various; skeleton firm or variously soft, the structure as in spinous-raved fishes generally;
the shoulder-girdle attached to the; cranium by a distinctly forked post-temporal, which is not adnate
to the cranium; no orbitosphenoid ; vertebra; varying from 24 to more than 100, the high numbers
found in pelagic species; intestinal canal short. This group of mackerel-like fishes is not capable of
exact definition, its deviations from the ordinary type of spiny-rayed fishes being various and in
various directions, so that no set of diagnostic characters will cover them. The group is not a
suborder, as the term is generally understood; it is incapable of simple definition, and in its
divergence some members approach to other groups more nearly than to typical or even extreme
members of their own. The group is, however, a somewhat natural one, as by the common consent
of ichthyologists its different types have always been kept near each other in the system of classi¬
fication.

a. Ventral tins with fewer than 8 soft rays, usually I, 5, sometimes wanting.

b. Bones of snout and upper jaw prolonged into a distinct sword; vertebne about 21; ventrals and teeth

wanting in the adult; scales obsolete . Xiphiidse , p. 167

bb. Bones of snout not prolonged in a sword.

c. Body fusiform or band-shaped, with many vertebrae (30 to 120), small or minute scales and dis-
tinetly forked caudal on a slender peduncle (the fin sometimes wanting); dorsal and
anal long, the spinous part of dorsal well developed.

d. Caudal fin present.

e. Soft dorsal and anal distinct from spinous part, the anterior rays forming a more or less
distinct lobe; body moderately elongate, fusiform; caudal peduncle with a distinct

keel; finlets always present; ventrals I, 5 . Scombridse, p. 168

ee. Soft dorsal and anal more or less continuous with spinous dorsal, their anterior rays not

forming a distinct lobe; ventrals rudimentary . Lepidopidse, p. 176

cc. Body and fins various, not showing the combination noted under c.

/. Vertebne 10 + 12 to 15 = 22 to 25; dorsal spines not long and filamentous; anal with 2 free

spines in young . Caraiigidx, p. 179

//. Vertebne 30 or more (in excess of 10 + 14); dorsal fin with a distinct spinous part; spinous
dorsal little developed, of 3 or 4 weak and slender spines continuous with the soft rays;

dorsal fin beginning behind the head; body ovate; scales firm, not very small . Bramidse, p. 202

///. Vertebree 30 or more (in excess of 10 + 14); dorsal fin without spinous part, all the rays
branched and articulate; dorsal beginning as a crest on the head; body oblong; scales
very small . Coryptusnidx, p. 203

Family LI I. XIPHIID.4L — The Swordfishes,

Fishes of great size, with the body elongate, naked, the young covered with rough granulations;
upper jaw very much prolonged, forming a “sword,” which is flattened horizontally and composed of
the consolidated vomer, ethmoid, and premaxillaries; teeth wanting in the adult, present in the young;
dorsal fin long, usually divided in the adult, continuous in the young, without differentiated spinous
part, each part composed of soft rays, the posterior portion much smaller than the anterior and placed
on the tail, resembling the second dorsal of a shark; fin rays enveloped in the skin; anal fin divided
in the adult; caudal peduncle slender, with a strong median keel; caudal fin widely forked in the
adult; ventral fins entirely wanting; no pelvic arch; gills of peculiar structure, the lamina; of each

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

168

arch joined into one plate by reticulations; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate,
free from the isthmus; pseudobranchise present; branehiostegals 7; air-bladder present, simple, large;
pyloric cceea very numerous; intestinal canal long, with many folds; vertebrae short, 14 | 12 = 26 in
number, the neural and hseinal spines normal; ribs very few. One species, an enormous fish of the
open sea, rivaling the largest sharks in size and of immense strength of muscle. Very young or larval
individuals differ much from the adults; the fins are high, both jaws are prolonged into a beak, and
the head is armed with long spines.

Genus 96. XIPHIAS Linnaeus. Swordfishes.

Teeth and ventral fins lacking; body somewhat compressed; dorsal fins 2, the anterior beginning
opposite the. gill-openings, falcate and elevated, its height rather less than that of the body; second
dorsal very small, on the tail, opposite the small second anal. In the young, teeth are present and
the 2 dorsal fins are connected, the fin being elevated as in Istiophorus. First anal similar to first dor¬
sal, but smaller, less falcate, and far behind it; pectoral fins moderate, falcate; skin naked, more or
less rough, especially in the young, which have rudimentary scales; sword flattened and trenchant;
caudal keel single; intestines long, sinuous; air-bladder simple; pelvic arch obsolete. Fishes of great
size, reaching a weight of 300 to 400 pounds, the flesh red and rich in flavor, highly valued as food.
Xiphias Linnaeus; Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 24S, 1758 ( gladius ).

1122. Xiphias gladius Linnaeus. Fig. 61. “ A’u.”

Head about 2.25 in length; depth about 5.5; snout 3 in length; D. 40-4; A. 18-14; vertebra'
14+12; cleft of mouth extending beyond eye. Color dark metallic purplish above, dusky below;
“sword” almost black above, below lighter; fins dark, with silvery sheen.

Atlantic Ocean, on both coasts; most abundant between Cuba and Cape Breton; not rare off Cape

Cod and the Newfoundland Banks; rather common in southern Europe; also found in the Pacific,
occasionally taken about the Santa Barbara Islands, but not elsewhere recorded from the eastern
Pacific. The object of extensive fisheries in the Atlantic. A single specimen was seen by us at Hilo.
Others were seen by Air. Snyder at Honolulu.

Xiphias gladius Linnseus, Syst, Nat., Ed. X, 248, 1758, Europe (after Xiphias, of Artedi); Bloch, Ichthyologia, III, 23, pi. 76,
1786: Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII. 255, 1831; Gunther, Cat., II, 511, 1860; Storer, Fishes Mass., 72.
1853; .Iordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 420, 1883; Snyder, Bull. t\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523
(Honolulu).

Xiphias rondeleti Leach, in Wern. Mem.. II, 58, pi. 2, fig. 1, 1818, Frith of Forth.

Family LI 1 1. SCOMBRID.F. The Mackerels.

Body elongate, fusiform, not much compressed, covered with minute cycloid scales, the scales
anteriorly sometimes forming a corselet; lateral line present, its course undulate; head pointed
anteriorly, subconic; mouth rather large, with lateral cleft; premaxillary not protractile; maxillary
without supplemental bone; jaws with sharp teeth, large or small; vomer and palatines toothed or
not; preopercle entire; operele unarmed; in the very young the preopercle is armed with radiating

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

169

spines, which are later absorbed and lost; gill-openings very wide, the membranes not united, free
from the isthmus; gillrakers usually long; pseudobranchiie present, large; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; branchiostegals 7; dorsal fins 2, the first of rather weak spines, depressible in a groove, the
second similar to the anal; the elevated anterior lobe always distinct; anal spines weak; last rays of
dorsal and anal detached and separate, forming in each case a series of finlets; caudal peduncle
extremely slender, keeled, the caudal lobes abruptly diverging, falcate, the. fin adapted for rapid
motion; ventral fins well developed, thoracic, i, 5; vertebra? in greater number than in Carangidu',
the number ranging from 31 to 66; first upper pharyngeal present without teeth, third and fourth
coossified, with teeth; lower pharvngeals separate; stomach sac-shaped; pyloric cceca numerous; air-
bladder small, sometimes absent. Coloration metallic, often brilliant, the prevailing shade steel-blue.
Genera about 12; species about 60. Fishes of the high seas, many of them cosmopolitan, and all hav¬
ing a wide range; most of them are valued as food-fishes, the flesh being firm and oily, but sometimes
coarse.

a. Caudal peduncle without median keel on each side . Scomber, p. 169

an. Caudal peduncle with a median keel on each side: a small keel above and one below this.
h. Dorsal spines 10 to 16; gills normal, the laminae not forming a network,

c. Body scaleless; excepting about the lateral line and corselet.

d. Dorsals well separated, the interspace more than half head . Aiuia, p. 170

dd. Dorsals contiguous, the interspace more than 5 in head . G ymnosarda, p. 171

cc. Body wholly covered with small scales, those on the corselet and lateral line sometimes larger.

e. Vomer and palatines with villiform or sand-like teeth; body robust, not compressed; verte¬
brae 39 to 41 . Germo, p. 174

ec. Vomer toothless; palatines with a single row of rather strong, conical teeth; body elongate,

slightly compressed; vertebra? 60 to 54 . Sarda, p. 176

bb. Dorsal spines about 25; gills with the lamina? forming a network . Acanthucybium, p. 176

Genus 97. SCOMBER Linnaeus. The Mackerels. “ Opelu.”

Body fusiform, rather elongate, somewhat compressed; caudal peduncle slender, without median
keel, but with 2 small keels on each side; mouth wide, with a single row of rather small, slender teeth
in each jaw and on the vomer and palatines; maxillary slipping under the broad preorbital, a fleshy
lohe on each side of lower jaw near its junction with maxillary; scales very small, not forming a corse¬
let; first dorsal of 9 to 12 feeble spines, separated from the second by an interspace greater than the
base of the fin; second dorsal small, followed by 5 to 9 detached finlets; anal similar to second dorsal,
with similar finlets; pectorals and ventrals small, the former placed high, on the level of the eyes;
caudal fin small, widely forked; pyloric appendages exceedingly numerous; air-bladder small or want¬
ing; vertebra; normally formed, 14 17=31; gillrakers long and slender. Species few, widely distri¬

buted, usually swimming in large schools; carnivorous and migratory; everywhere highly valued for
food.

Scomber Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 297, 1758 (scombrus) .

Cordylus Gronow, Cat., 163, 1S54 (scombrus).

Pueumatophorus Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882 (Apr. 25, 1883). 593 ( pneuniatophorus ).

123. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn. “ Opelu palahu;” Chub Mackerel. Fig. 62.

Head 3.9 in length; depth 5; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3. 1; maxillary 2.9; mandibl 2; interorbital
4.5; D. ix-i, 12-v; A. i-i, 11— v; scales 16-210-34 ; gillrakers 13+20, with long, slender, sparse teeth
on anterior edge, the longest gillraker 1.4 in eye.

Body slender, not compressed, the dorsal outline gently elevated; caudal peduncle not compressed
and not keeled; head long; snout very long and pointed, the outline from tip to nape straight ; mouth
large, slightly oblique, the jaws subequal; maxillary reaching near anterior edge of pupil; a single row
of small teeth of uniform size in each jaw; similar teeth on vomer and palatines; no teeth on tongue;
eye large, strongly adipose; preopercle broad; no blunt teeth or spines on shoulder-girdle; scales very
small, covering entire body, deciduous, not forming a corselet; top of bead with a large, translucent
area; no groove connecting dorsals; first dorsal higher than long; origin of anal slightly behind that of
soft dorsal; pectoral short, not reaching tips of ventrals, 2.3 in head; ventrals 2.6 in head.

Color in alcohol, bluish above, with about 30 wavy, darker blue streaks which reach just below

170

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

lateral line, these somewhat reticulated and inclosing paler areas; middle and lower part of side paler,
with small dark spots; belly pale, with small round dark spots; axil dark.

Color in life (No. 035116), upper half of head and body blue, with brilliant silvery and blue reflec¬
tions; lower half white, with metallic reflections; back and upper part of side with more than 30
transverse zigzag dark bauds; lower half covered with numerous inconspicuous roundish and oval

Fig. 62. — Scomber japonicus Houttuyn; after Jordan and Evermann.

dusky spots; spinous dorsal transparent; soft dorsal slightly dusky; anal whitish; ventrals white, with
reddish base; pectoral dusky; caudal dusky, with the edge yellowish.

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04022) 15.75 inches long, taken at Hilo.
One other was obtained at Hilo. The collection contains 2 examples obtained at Honolulu August S
and 13, and another was seen in the Honolulu market August 13.

This mackerel is not often seen among the Hawaiian Islands. The only specimens known from
there are those here noted. It is apparently identical with the chub mackerel of the Atlantic anil
with the common Japanese s aba.

Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, Verhand. Holt. Maatsch. Haarl., XX, 1782, 331, Japan; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and
Game Fishes, 276, 1902, with figure; Jordan A Snyder Proc. tJ. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901, 745, 747.

Scomber aiiratus Houttuyn, 1. <•., 333, Japan.

Scomber colim Gmelin, Kyst. Nnl., 1329, 1788, Sardinia; Dresslar & Fesler, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., VII, 1887, 432, PI. II,
Jordan ck Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 866, PI. CXXXIII, fig. 364, 1S96.

Scomber lacertus Walbaum, Art. Pise,., 209, 1792, Sardinia.

Scomber jmeumatophorns he la ltoche, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist. Paris, XIII, 1809, 315 and 334, Balearic Islands.

Scomber macmphthalmiix Rafinesque, Indiee, 15, 1810, Palermo.

Scomber grez Mitchill, Trans. Lit. and Philos, Soe. N. V. 1815, 422, New York.

Scomber maculatm Couch, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V, 1832, 22, England.

Scomber undulalus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 409, 1839, Sicily.

Scomber (iracUte Swainson, op. cit., II, 410, 1S39. Sicily.

Scomber dieyo Ayres, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1856, 101, Santa Barbara.

Scomber dekayi Storer, Hist. Fishes Mass., 130, pi. 11. fig. 1, 1S53, Massachusetts coast.

Genus 98. AUXIS Cuvier. The Frigate Mackerels.

Body oblong, plump, mostly naked posteriorly, anteriorly covered with small scales, those of the
pectoral region enlarged, forming a corselet; snout very short, conical, scarcely compressed; mouth
rather small, the jaws equal; teeth very small, mostly in a single series, on the jaws only; tail very
slender, depressed, with a rather large keel on each side; flrst dorsal short, separated from the second
by a considerable interspace; second dorsal and anal small, each with 7 or 8 finlets; pectorals and ven¬
trals small; no air-bladder; branchiostegals 7 ; pyloric coeca dendritical; gillrakers very long and slender,
numerous; vertebrae 39 in number, peculiarly modified, essentially as in Gymnosarda. One species,
pelagic, widely distributed.

Aurcis Cuvier, Rogue Animal, Ed. 2, Vol. II, 199, 1829 (rocha —t. hazard) .

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

171

124. Auxis thazard (Lac^pcde). Frigate Mackerel. Fig. 63.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 4.75; eye 5 in head; snout 4.1; interorbital 4.2; maxillary 3; D. x-12-vm;
A. 13— vi i ; gill rakers 30 10, serrate, longest nearly equal to eye.

Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at caudal peduncle; least .depth of latter
1.3 in least width, strongly keeled; head long, subconic; snout pointed; jaws equal; small teeth in a
single series in each jaw; tongue long, rounded, free, a thin flap on each upper side, narrowing poste¬
riorly and giving a trough-like appearance; maxillary reaching below anterior edge of pupil, slipping
under preorbital for nearly its entire length; eye moderate, high, anterior; interorbital flat; operele
very broad; tins small; dorsal spines rather stiff, longest equal to snout and eye; soft dorsal very
low, its longest ray about equal to eye; caudal crescent-shaped, lobes equal; longest anal ray equaling
base of fin, its origin under posterior base of soft dorsal; pectoral short, reaching slightly beyond

ventrals, past middle of first dorsal, longest ray 2.5 in head, its upper base on a line with upper edge
of pupil; ventrals 2.6 in head, base under upper base of pectoral; scales of corselet and along anterior
dorsal region comparatively large.

Color in alcohol, blackish blue above, lighter below, becoming silvery on belly; color of fins same
as adjacent body color.

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04021) 10.5 inches king, from Ililo.
We have a specimen (No. 04027) 14.5 inches long, from Honolulu, and have examined one obtained
by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu. The species was found abundant at Hilo. It, is taken with the trolling
hook in the open sea, and is one of the best game fishes of the islands.

Scomber thazard Lucepede, Hist, Nat. Poiss., Ill, 9, 1801, between 6 and 7 S. lat., on coast of New Guinea.

Scomber rochci Risso, Ichth. Nice, 165, 1810, Nice.

Scomber bis it* Rafinesque, Caratteri, 45, 1810, Palermo.

Thynntis rochcanus Risso, Eur. Merid., Ill, 417, 1827, Nice.

Auxis vulgaris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 139, 1831, Mediterranean.

Auxis tape inosom a Bleeker, Fauna Japan, in Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 408, Nagasaki.

A uxis thynnoides Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VIII, 301, 1855, Ternute, V, Ternate.

Jims thazard , Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., 867, fig. 365, PI. CXXXIII, 1896; Jordan & Evermann, Amer.
Food and Game Fishes, 277, 1902, with figure; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441
(Honolulu).

Genus 99. GYMNOSARDA Gill. The Little Tunnies.

This genus differs from Thunnus (1) in the absence of teeth on the vomer; (2) in the complete
absence of scales outside of the corselet, while in Thunnus of the same size the skin is covered with
small scales; the limits of the corselet in the tunny and albicore are obscure, so that it can not properly
be said to be a distinct character in those species; and (3) in an important osteological character,
namely, the peculiar development, in the form of a network or trellis, of a portion of the abdominal
part of the backbone, between the vertebrae proper and the hsemapophyses; vertebrae 38. Species of
smaller size than the tunnies, also pelagic and of little value as food.

Gymnosarda Grill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 125 (unicolor).

Thynnus Lutken, Spolia Atlantica, 460, 1880 (pclamys): not of Cuvier & Valenciennes.

172

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION.

Thynnichthys Giglioli, Catal. Pesci Italiana, ‘25, 1880 ( thunnina ); not Thynnichttiy's Bleeker, a genus of Cyprinidse.
Euthynnus Liitkeu MS. (in Jit. Feb.. 1881). Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 429, 1883 (thunnina).

a. Lateral line with a decided curve below second dorsal: 4 lengthwise stripes on sides of body below

lateral line . :..pclaniis , p. 172

a a. Lateral line without distinct curve: no stripes below lateral line . alletterata, p. 173

125. Gymnosarda pelamis (Linnaeus). “Aku;” a Ocean Bonito. Fig. 64.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 4; D. xv-12-vm; A. ii, 12-vii.

Body oblong, robust; lateral line making a decided curve immediately beneath the second dorsal;
corselet strongly developed, covering the entire space between the diagonals connecting the posterior
extremity of the spinous dorsal and the base of the pectorals; posterior margin of preopercle about 1.5
in inferior margin; pectorals reach vertical from tenth dorsal spine.

Back bluish; belly silvery; 4 brownish stripes on each side of belly, parallel wdth the lower curve
of body; no spots below' pectorals.

Warm seas; pelagic; not very common, north to Cape Cod and Bermudas on the Atlantic coast of
America; once recorded from California.

A specimen (No. 04439) 32 inches long, from Honolulu, is described as follows:

Head 3.3 in length; depth 4.4; eye 7.75 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 2.7; mandible 2.3; gape,2.7;
interorbital 3.6; D. xvi-12+8; A. ii, 12+7.

Body rather short, stout, not compressed; head and caudal peduncle uniformly pointed; head
rather large, long, conic; snout small, sharply conic; mouth moderate, the jaws subequal; maxillary
reaching middle of pupil, slipping under preorbital, width at tip 1.7 in eye, lower edge convex, fitting
into a concavity in mandible; teeth small in both jaw's, none on vomer or palatine; short, sharp teeth
on base of tongue; interorbital space broadly convex; eye rather small in anterior half of head; opercle
and preopercle with fine but soft serrations; caudal peduncle short, depressed, and strongly keeled;
origin of spinous dorsal slightly behind base of pectoral, the anterior spines produced, 2 in head, the
fin folding in a groove; distance between dorsal fins very short, not exceeding diameter of eye; anterior
dorsal ray produced, 3.1 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under last dorsal ray, its anterior
rays produced, equaling those of dorsal; caudal extremely broadly forked, the lobes small, scarcely
exceeding snout and eye in length; pectoral moderately long, pointed, 1.9 in head; ventrals shorter,
2.75 in head; corselet well developed; a large naked area on side anterior to line connecting origin of
soft dorsal to tip of pectoral; lateral line with an irregular arch above the pectoral, thence descending
in an irregular wavy line to keel of caudal peduncle.

U In ancient tradition the ‘■Aku” and th e“Opelu" (mackerel) accompanied Pili on his voyage to Hawaii. “ Aku ” '
helped to paddle the canoe, and “ Opelu " calmed the winds when too strong.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

173

Color in alcohol, bluish black above, pale on sides, whitish below, lower part of side with 4 broad
bluish-black lines, broadest posteriorly and separated by broad silvery bands, which are broadest
anteriorly.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04439) 32 inches long, obtained in the market
at Honolulu. We have another specimen (No. 04440), 27 inches long, from the same place, and also
the head (No. 04018) of a large example seen at Hilo. In the collection made by Dr. Jenkins is a
specimen ( No. 798), 14 inches long, which does not agree fully with current descriptions of this species.
It has 6 narrow brown lines along lower part of side instead of 4, and there is a narrow row of blunt
tubercular teeth on each palatine bone.

This species is pelagic and occurs in all warm seas, being abundant about Hawaii in summer. It
has been found on the Atlantic coast of America as far north as Cape Cod, and it is frequent about the
Bermudas. It has been recorded from the coast of southern California.

Scomber prfamix Linnams. Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 297, 1 7.7S, “in pelago inter Tropicos."

Scomber pelamidcs Laccpvilc, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 14. 1802; after Linnreus.

Thynnus pelamys, Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 113, 1831; after Linntcus.

Gymnoaarda pelamis, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 808, 1890 (Oct. 3); Jordan A Evennann, American
Food and Game Fishes, 278, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. t*. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 411 (Honolulu).

126. Gymnosarda alletterata (Rafinesque) . “ Knwakawa;” Little Tunny; Bonito. Fig. 65.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.9; eye 5.4 in head; snout 3.3; interorbital 3.75; maxillary 2.3; D.
xv-12-viii; A. 13-7; gill rakers 22 - 9, serrate, longest nearly equal to eve.

Body robust, scarcely compressed, abruptly contracted at caudal peduncle, least depth of latter 1.3
in least width, strongly keeled; head long, subconic; snout pointed; jaws subequal, lower slightly the
shorter; teeth on both jaws and palatine arch, the latter very minute; those on jaws small, sharp,

Fig. On. — G t/mnosarda alletterata (Rafinesque): after Jordan and Evermann.

conic, wide set; tongue long, rounded, free, a thin flap on each upper side narrowing posteriorly,
giving a trough-like appearance; maxillary reaching center of pupil, slipping under the preorbital for
nearly its entire length; eye moderate, high, anterior; interorbital rounded, wide; opercle broad; fins
small; dorsal spines stiff, longest equal to snout and eye; soft dorsal very low, its longest ray not quite
equal to its base; caudal crescent-shaped, lobes equal; base of anal tin equal to longest ray, its origin
under posterior base of soft dorsal; pectoral short, reaching slightly beyond ventrals past middle of
first dorsal, longest ray 2.4 in head, its upper base on a line with middle of pupil; ventrals 3 in head,
base behind upper edge of pectoral; scales of corselet and anterior dorsal region comparatively large.

Color in alcohol, blackish blue above, lighter below, becoming silvery on belly; back with about
12 oblique, wavy, dark streaks, separated by bluish silvery interspaces; side with 10 to 13 darker
bands; several black blotches size of pupil or slightly larger on side between ventrals and pectoral;
fins color of body.

The above description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 04019), 10.5 inches long, from Hilo. We
have one other specimen (No. 04020), 10 inches long, from Hilo, and one (No. 04025), 17.75 inches
long, from Honolulu. In the larger examples the spots on the side between the ventral and pectoral
are fewer — only 2 or 3 in number.

174

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

This species is common in the markets at Honolulu and Hilo in the summer, being taken with
the hook in the open sea.

Scomber (inatlripunctatus Geoffrey St. Hilaire, Descr. Egypt. Poiss., pi. 24, tig. 5, 331. about 1814. Red Sea.

Scomber alleltcratus Uafmesque, Caratteri, 46, 1810, Palermo.

Thynnus leachianus Risso, Eur. Merid., II, 414, 1826, Nice.

Tliynnus thunnina Cuvier& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 104, 1831, Mediterranean.

Thynnus braeUiams Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit. , VIII, 110, 1831, Brazil.

Thynnus brevipinnis Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., VIII, 112, 1831, Mediterranean.

Gymnomrda allcterata Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. A trier. , 869, tig. 366, I’l. CXXXIV, 1896; Jordan & Evermann,
Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 278, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. 1'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu).

Genus 100. GERMO Jordan. The Albacores.

Pectoral fins very long, saber-shaped, their length in the adult about two-fifths the length of the
body. Otherwise essentially as in Thiininis, to which this genus is vert- closely related. Size large,
but much less than that of the species of Tliunnus.

Orcynus Cuvier, Rcgne Animal, Ed. 1, II, 314, 1817 (alalonyn) ; not Orcynus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, which
is equivalent to Scombroides.

Germo Jordan, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1888, ISO ( alalonya ).

127. Germo germo (Lacfipede). “Alii;" Albacore. Fig. 66.

Plead 3.6 in length; depth 3.9; eye 5.7 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.5; mandible
2.2; gape 2.7; I>. xiv-ii, 124-8; A. li, 12-(-7.

Body short, stout, fusiform, scarcely compressed, dorsal and ventral profiles curving gradually,
body deepest at the middle; head moderate, sharply conic; snout short, pointed, the jaws subequal;
maxillary reaching below middle of pupil, slipping under the thin preorbital; teeth on jaws in a single

row, small and bluntly conic, villiform patch on vomer, none on palatines; eye large, in anterior half
of head; opereles smooth, skin of preopercular edge finely denticulate, as is also the upper edge of
opercle; caudal peduncle slender, short, depressed, least depth not exceeding half diameter of eye, the
least width 1.5 in eye; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral, the first spine 2.5
in head, the fin folding completely in a groove; soft dorsal and anal similar, rays elevated, each about
3 in head; caudal very broadly forked, each lobe about 1.3 in head; pectoral long, slender, reaching
origin of anal, inserted below line of eye, the length equaling that of head; ventral* short, fitting into
a depression, their length 2.7 in head; scales small, cycloid, covering entire body, somewhat larger
along back; corselet distinct, scales on it large, coarsely ctenoid.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

175

Color in life of a specimen (No. 03455), 17 inches long, from Honolulu, dark above, with steel-blue
reflections; silvery below; very faint light bands, every other one a solid band separated by rows of
spots curving downward and backward from pectoral region to ventral line; some very faint indica¬
tions of similar narrow' bands behind pectoral, vertical above, curved backward below; soft dorsal and
anal and dorsal ami anal finlets bright lemon-yellow; caudal dusky white with yellow border; ventrals
white on under surface, black above, a small black spot on base of each; pectoral very dark-blue above,
black on surface next body, silvery grayish blue on opposite surface; no dark bands or spots on body.

Color in alcohol, brownish black above, paler on the sides, bluish-white below; fins all dusky;
pectoral almost black.

The albaeore is known from all related species by the bright yellow color of the finlets. It reaches
a large size and is occasionally taken on the hook in the open sea and brought into the markets of
Honolulu and Hilo. Itis less common about the Hawaiian Islands, however, than in southern Japan.
The Japanese shibi (gerrno sibi) is apparently the same fish.

Scomber gcnno Lae6p6.de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II, 598, and III. 1, 1802, 170 S. latitude and 103° W. longitude.

Thynnus sibi Schlegel, Fauna Japon., Poiss., 97, pi. 50, 1844, Nagasaki, Japan.

Germo sibi , Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 {.Ian. 19, 1904), 520 (Honolulu).

Genus 101. SARDA Cuvier.

Body rather elongate, covered with small scales, those of the pectoral region forming a corselet;
caudal peduncle slender, strongly keeled; head large, pointed, compressed; mouth large; teeth in jaws
rather strong, conical, slightly compressed; similar teeth on the palatines, but none on the vomer;
maxillary not concealed by preorbital; gillrakers long and strong; first, dorsal long and rather low, of
18 to 22 rather stout spines, which are gradually shortened behind; interval between the last spine
and the second dorsal slv *t; second dorsal small, followed by 8 or 9 finlets; anal fin similar, usually
with one fewer finlets; paired tins small; pectorals placed below the level of the pupil; no air-bladder;
pyloric coeca very numerous, dendritical; vertebne. normally formed, 50 to 54 in number. Fishes of
rather large size, of metallic coloration. Two species known, one from the Hawaiian Islands.

Sarda Cuvier, R6gne Anim., Ed. 2, II, 199. 1829 ( pelamys=sarda ).

Pelamys Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 149, 1831 ( sarda ); not Pelamys of Damlin, a genus of snakes.

128. Sarda chilensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). California Bonito.

Head 3.75; depth 4.75; D. xviii-i, 12-vm; A. n, 11-vi. Head pointed, conical, naked; maxillary
not reach URg^eye; teeth strong, curved, about 40 in each jaw; pectoral placed just below tin; level of
pupil, scarcely half as long as head; gilli-akers long, strong, hi or 17 below angle; .corselet moderately
developed; lateral line undulating, making a sharp curve below soft dorsal. Dark metallic blue; sides
dusky; several blackish stripes running obliquely upward and backward from the pectoral region to
the upper edge of the tail, these variable in number and direction. Length 2 to 3 feet; weight 16
pounds. San Francisco to Patagonia and Japan; abundant northward in summer; very similar to the
Atlantic bonito, Sttrda sarda, but with the spinous dorsal always shorter, its flesh similarly coarse,
dark fed, and oily.

A specimen about 2 feet long recently received from Honolulu belongs without doubt to this species.
Head 3.5 in length; maxillary extending to a vertical through posterior edge of orbit; 6 dark oblique
stripes on body, the uppermost and lower ones being indistinct; dorsal with 18 spines. This is the
first record from Hawaii. It tends to add further probability to the supposition that Sarda lineolata
Girard, from California, and Sarda orientals!) (Schlegel), from Japan, are fully identical with Sarda
chilensis , as was indicated by us in our Fishes of North and Middle America.

Pelamys chilensis Cuvier *& Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 163, 1831, Valparaiso, Chile; (lunther, Cat., II, 868, i860.
Pdamys oriental is Teniminck & Selilegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 99, pi. 52, 1850. Japan.

Pelamys lineolata Girard, Pac. R. R. Sun ., X, 106, 1858, San Diego, Cal.

Sarda chilensis, Jordan & Everniann, Fishes North & Mid. Amer.. I, 872, 1896.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

17G

Genus 102. ACANTHOCYBIUM Gill. The Petos.

Body elongate, fusiform; head very long, slender, and pointed, the mandible being longer than
upper jaw; jaws forming a sort of beak; cleft of mouth extending to below eye; posterior part of
maxillary covered by the preorbital; both jaws armed with a close series of trenchant teeth, ovate or
truncate, their edges finely serrate; villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; gills as in Xiphias, their
Laminae forming a network; scales small, scarcely forming a corselet, those along the base of dorsal
enlarged and lanceolate; keel strong; caudal spinous; dorsal very long, its spines about 25 in number.
One species, a very large makerel-like fish, widely distributed; especially abundant about the Florida
Straits. This remarkable genus marks a long step from Scomberomorus toward the type of swordfishes.
Acanthocybium Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 125 ( sara— solandri ).

129. Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier & Valenciennes), “ Ono.”

Head 4; depth 6.5; eye 5 in snout; gape more than half length of head; premaxillaries in front
prolonged in a sort of beak, which is nearly half length of snout; teeth somewhat irregular, the
posterior much the largest, all strong, serrated, about 50 in each jaw. Dorsal spines mostly subequal;
lateral line descending abruptly under sixteenth dorsal spine, the highest, behind middle of fin, 5.6C
in head; dorsal and anal lobes low; caudal lobes short, very abruptly spreading, their length about
two-thirds head; pectoral 2.25 in head; corselet small.

Color steel-blue; dark above, paler below; no distinct markings; young faintly barred; fins colored
like the body.

This fish is not abundant, but a single specimen, 48 inches long, was seen by Doctor Jenkins in
1889, in Honolulu, and Mr. Snyder obtained it there in 1902.

The Ono was said by the ancient Ilawaiians to be the parent of the Opelu (mackerel).

Cybiiim solandri Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 192. 1831, open sea of the Pacific, exact locality unknown.
Cybium sara Lay & Bennett, Beechey’s Voyage, Zool., 63, pi. 20, fig. 2, 1849, Loo Choo.

Cybium petus Poey, Memories, II, 234, pi. 16, fig. 1, 1.860, Habana.

? Acanthocybium petus Poey, Synopsis, 363, 1868 (Cuba).

Cybium nerany Doderlein, Giorn. de Sc. Nat., Ed. Econ., VIII, 1872, Palermo.

Aeanthocybiunc solandri, Jordan, Proc. U. S. Nat. M us, 1884, 119; Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., 876, 1896;
Jordan & Evermann, Atner. Food and Game Fishes, 288, 1902; Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept.
23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

Family L1Y. LEP1D0P1 1)JE. — The Escolars.

Mackerel-like fishes with the body rather elongate, more or less compressed, covered with minute
scales; lateral line various, sometimes obsolete, sometimes with a dorsal branch; head large, com¬
pressed, with very strong teeth, usually compressed, some of the anterior canine-like; lower jaw pro¬
jecting; gill-openings wide, the membranes not united, free from isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind fourth;
opercles in adult unarmed; in young, the preopercle with radiating spines as usual in scombroid fishes;
dorsal fin long, a notch separating the weak spines from the soft part, which always forms a distinct
lobe anteriorly, similar in form to the anal fin; f inlets often present; caudal peduncle slender, usually
not keeled, the fin moderate in size, always forked; ventrals small, often reduced to a single spine;
vertebra? numerous, 32 to 53 in number; pyloric ececa rather few; air-bladder usually present. Colora¬
tion metallic, usually brilliant. Genera about 6; species about 12. Fishes of the high seas, widely
distributed and descending to considerable depths; usually breeding about rocky islands; most of
them used as food. The Lepidopidtr are closely allied to the Scombridie, from which they diverge in
the direction of the Trichiuritl tr. The successive steps are indicated by the progressive elongation of
the body, the progressive reduction of the ventrals and vertical fins, and on the other hand by the
progressive elongation of the lower jaw and the specialization of the dentition. Dr. Liitken calls
attention to the fact that the Lepidopidie possess a system of dermal or subcutaneous ribs, composed of
slender bony filaments, close-set, directed backward and upward, and backward and downward from
the median line. This character has been verified in Thyr sites, Xealotux, and Oempylus.

a. Body moderately elongate, the dorsal spines fewer than 30, the finlets usually few.

h, Ventrals well developed, their rays I, 5 . . . RuvettUS , p. 177

Ur Ventral tins each reduced to a single spine . Promethichthys, p. 178

me Body greatly elongate, the dorsal tin with about 30 spines, the spinous part continuous with tin* soft part; dorsal and
anal finlets 6; dentition strong; ventrals I, 5, very small . . . Lcmnisoma, p. 179

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

177

Genus 103. RUVETTUS Cocco.

Body fusiform, moderately elongate, the skin covered with bony tubercles remote from each other
and obliquely placed; mouth large, with strong teeth, some of the anterior in each jaw canine-like;
lateral line obscure, little developed; abdomen keeled; tail not keeled; dorsals near together, well
differentiated; dorsal and anal each with 2 fin lets; ventral rays i, 5. Color black. One species.
A large, deep-water fish, generally valued as food in the Tropics.

Ruvettus Cocco, Giorn. Sci. Sicilia, XI, II, 2, 1829 (prctiosus).

Acaiithodcrma Oantrainc. Mem. Ac. Sri. Belles-Lettres, Bruxelles, X, 1835 (tcmmincki).

Aplurus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond.. II, 1811, ISO (simplex).

130. Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco. “ Wnlu.” Fig. 67.

Head 4.15 in length; depth 5.4; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.6; maxillary 1.9; gape 2.16; interorbital
2.25; D. xiii tl, 15— n ; A. 10-n; V. i, 5; P. 13; C. ix, 9 j 9, vm; prickles in about 85, — 38 series.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines very gently elevated, body
deepest under middle of pectoral fin, the outline tapering regularly to caudal; head rather large, conic;
snout long and pointed; mouth large, somewhat oblique, maxillary reaching posterior line of orbit, its
greatest width nearly 2 tn eye, the gape reaching anterior third of pupil; lower jaw long, slightly pro¬
jecting, its sides forming an acute angle; teeth strong, canine-like, a single row in each jaw and on each
palatine; about 5 large, backwardiy directed canines on the vomer; teeth of .jaws larger on sides
than at tips; eye large, entirely above axis of body, chiefly in anterior half of head; interorbital space
broad and flat; anterior nostril nearly round, the opening directed forward, midway between tip of

snout and middle of pupil; posterior nostril a long, vertical slit, opening backward, its length 1.5 in
pupil; gill rakers short, but strong, sparsely placed; opercular margin soft, the spine obscure; belly
with a low, broad keel; caudal peduncle nearly round, its least depth equal to its least width or about
2 in snout; fins small, origin of spinous dorsal over edge of opercle, its distance from snout equal to
half of head; spinous dorsal low, the spines slender, folding in a groove; distance between dorsals
short, 1.5 in eye; origin of soft dorsal anterior to that of anal, anterior rays elevated, their length
equal to snout, the last ray scarcely greater than pupil; distance between base of last dorsal ray and
first ray of dorsal finlet 1.4 in eye; length of second ray of dorsal finlet 2.2 in snout; distance from base
of dorsal finlet to caudal 1.6 in snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat posterior, its
anterior rays elevated and about equal to those of dorsal, base of fin somewhat shorter than that of
soft dorsal, length of last anal ray equal to that of last dorsal ray; anal finlet with 2 rays and entirely
similar to dorsal finlet; caudal large, broadly forked, a number of supporting spines along each edge,
the lobes 1.6 in head; pectoral short, 2 in head; ventral shorter than pectoral, 3 in head; skin covered
with small, irregular, somewhat embedded, cycloid scales, among which are rows of glossy forked
prickles, arranged somewhat definitely in rows, each with 2 sharp points and 2 or 3 roots; scales of
head very small, densely covering top of head, cheeks, and operoles, the head everywhere, except tip
of snout, rough to the touch; body with numerous small but conspicuous pores, usually at bases of
the prickles.

Color in alcohol, dark, dirty brown, the prickles showing as lighter yellowish silvery lines; fins
mostly dark.

F. C. B. 1903—12

178

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

We have one large example of this species, No. 04314. It, has a total length of 4 feet G inches,
measured from tip of snout to tips of middle caudal rays, and weighs, after evisceration and having
been in alcohol several months, 40 pounds. This specimen agrees with current descriptions except
that the dorsal and anal spines and rays are somewhat fewer. It was sent us by Mr. E. L. Berndt,
inspector of the Honolulu market, and furnishes the first record of the occurrence of this species in
the Pacific.

Puvettus pretiosus Cocco, Giorn. di Seienzc per la Sicilia, XLII, 21, 1829, Messina; Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 1%, 1896;
Jordan & Evernmnn, Fishes North and Mid. Amer.. 1,879, 1890; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes,
289, 1902; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

Tetragonurns simplex Lowe, Proc. Zool. Roc. Lond. 1833, 143, Madeira.

Porcius temmivkii Cunt mine, Giorn. Sri. ct Litt., Pisa, 1833; vide Poey.

Arantlindcrma tcmminkii Cantraine, Nouv. Mem. Ac. Sci. Belles-Lettres, Bruxelles, X, 6, PI. I, 1837 (Jan. 17, 1835), Sicily.
Thyrsiies ae.anthnderma Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1839, 78, Madeira.

Itavdtus tcmminkii , Valenciennes, Poiss., in Webb & Berthelot Nat. Hist. Canary Islands, II, 52, PI. II, 1837-44.

Aplurns simplex, Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., II, 1841, 180.

Thyrsiies scliolaris Poey, Memories, T, 372, pi. 32, fin. 1, 1851, Havana.

ThyrsUes pretiosus, Gunther, Cat., IT, 351, 1800 (Mediterranean).

Genus 104. PROMETHICHTHYS Gill. Conejos.

Body elongate, slender, fusiform; mouth large, with 2 strong canines in front, of each jaw;
spinous dorsal long, contiguous to the soft, which is rather high; 2 finlets above and 2 below;
pectorals comparatively low; caudal without keel; ventrals represented by a pair of minute spines;
no dagger-shaped spine behind vent. Preopercle unarmed except, in young. Lateral line descending
in an oblique line, undulating below- the front of the spinous dorsal. Scales very minute, smooth.
Voracious fishes of the open .seas, reaching a moderate size.

Prometheus Quoy & Guimard, MS.

Prometheus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond., II, 1841, 184 ( atlanticus ); name preoccupied.
fDierotus Gunther, Cat., II, 349,1860 (nrmatus).

Promethichthys Gill, Mem. Nat, Ac. Sci., VI, 115, 123, 1893 ( atlanticus ; substitute for Prometheus of Lowe).

131. Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Plate 29.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 7.8; eye 5 in head; snout. 2.6; interorbital 6.1, in eye 1.3; maxillary
2.2; D. xix— i, 19— ii; A. n, 17-n.

Body subfusiform, elongate, low, uniform, compressed, slender; head long, compressed; snout
long, lower jaw the longer, rounded, with 2 long, sharp, canine teeth in front, slipping outside
upper jaw; teeth on both jaws, vomer, palatines and tongue, the latter small and villiform as are those
on the palatines, those on vomer 6, long and fang-like; rather blunt, wide-set, conic teeth in jaws;
tongue thick, rather pointed, free for a short distance; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil;
mandible reaching vertical slightly beyond posterior edge of pupil; eye large, median; interorbital
concave with a deep groove, pointed posteriorly; middle dorsal spines highest, about 3.2 in head, last
spine over vent; caudal forked; anal and soft dorsal similar, highest anteriorly; dorsal and anal finlets
2 each; ventrals each composed of a single spine about as long as eye, the base slightly anterior to base of
pectoral; pectoral 2 in head; scales small, thin, cycloid, deciduous; lateral line straight to under fourth
dorsal spine, thence abruptly downward and backward, reaching a line on middle base of pectoral at
the tip of pectoral, thence straight to fork of caudal fin, running on lower side of caudal peduncle and
rising slightly on posterior portion of peduncle.

Color in alcohol, uniform blackish brown; head black; fins all dark, dorsal membranes black.
The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04215) 16 inches long, obtained at Honolulu.
Three other examples were obtained at. Honolulu (Nos. 04213, 14 inches; 04214, 15 inches; and
04216, 8.5 inches). We are unable to discover any differences between these and Japanese specimens
with which we have compared them.

Gempylus prometheus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I'niss., VIII, 213, 1831, St. Helena; Valenciennes, Ichth. lies
Canaries, 51, PI, XL, 1836-1844 (Canary Islands).

Gempylus solandri Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 215, 1831, New Holland.

Prometheus ntlantirus Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., II, 1841, 181, Madeira; Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 3S39, 78; Lowe,
Fishes of Madeira, 1, 141, pi. 20, 1SI3; Gill, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1862, 12G; Poey, Synopsis, II, 364, 1868 (Cuba);
Poey, Enumemtio Piseium Cubensium, 73, 1875.

dum. u.o.r.L, iyuo Plate 29

Prom ethichthys prometheus 'Cuvier & Valenciennes).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

17'.)

Thyrsitcs promethean, Gunther, Cat., II, 351, 1860 (Madeira); Gunther, Challenger Kep. XXII, 268. 1887, and XXXI, 7, 1889
(north of Hawaiian Islands); Goode, Amur. Journ. Sci. Arts, XIV, 291, 1877 (Bermuda).

Promethickthys promcthens, Gill, Mem. Nat. Ac. Sri., VT, 1893, 115: Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichthyology. 200, 1S96; Jordan &
Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer.. I, 882, 1896.

Genus 105. LEMNISOMA Lesson. Snake Mackerels.

Body very elongate, compressed and band-shaped, approaching the form of Lepidopus; head
long, pointed anteriorly, the lower jaw projecting, the anterior teeth in upper jaw very long, canine¬
like; scales minute or obsolete; spinous dorsal very long, of about 30 spines; soft dorsal low, but
with a distinct lobe, similar to anal, and each followed by 5 to 7 finlets; ventrals I, 5, but extremely
minute; caudal fin rathersmall, well forked; lateral line single, arched anteriorly; vertebra* 28+25=53;
air-bladder present. The young have the “ Dicrotus" form, with large head, spinous ventrals, and
spinigerous preopercle. Deep sea.

Lemnisoma Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Poissons, 160, 1S30 ( thyrsitoidcs ).

Gempylus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist Nat. Poiss., VIII, 207, 1831 (serpens).

Zifphothyca Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 239, 1839 (coluber).

132. Lemnisoma thyrsitoides Lesson. “HatUiuli puhi.”

Head 5.25 in length; depth 17; D. xxx-i, 13-v; A. ii-i, 11-vn; V. i, 5; vertebra* 28 + 25=53;
eye 7 in head; maxillary nearly reaching front of pupil; each jaw with a series of compressed triangu¬
lar, trenchant teeth; about 6 long canines in front of upper jaw, some of these with an emargination, as
in Sphyrrrna; palatines with a row of small teeth, none on vomer; usually a single canine at tip of
lower jaw; lateral line st raight except anteriorly ; dorsal spines slender; soft dorsal and anal small, with
numerous finlets; pectoral pointed, rather long; ventrals minute.

Color dark metallic blue. Flesh firm. Deep seas; a rare fish, widely distributed, reaching a
length of 3 feet or more.

A painting of this species made in Hilo by Andrew Garrett is preserved by Dr. Francis Wetmore,
resident in Hilo. The specimen came from Puna to the south of Hilo. D. xxix-ii-vir; caudal forked;
ventral very short; dorsal divided. There is also a painting in the collection of Mrs. ,T. B. Dillingham,
in Honolulu, called “ Hauliuli Puhi.”

Lemnisoma thyrsitoides Lesson, Voyage Coquille, II, 160, 1S30, South Pacific, near Paumotu Islands, lat. 170 S-, long. 1080 E.
Gempylus serpens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, ‘207, 1831, Martinique; Gunther, Siidsee, 10G, pi. 68, tig. B.,
. 1875 (Sandwich Islands).

Gempylus coluber Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. fit., 211, Otaite.

Gempylus ophidianus Poey, Memorias, II, 246, tab. 18, fig. 1, 1861, Cuba.

Family LY. CARANGIDJE. — The Patnpanos.

Body more or less compressed and often elevated, sometimes naked, or more usually covered witli
small, thin, cycloid scales; head compressed, the occipital keel prominent, usually trenchant; mouth
of varying size, the dentition various, the teeth generally small; premaxillaries usually protractile;
maxillary with or without a supplemental bone; preopercle usually entire in the adult, in the very
young armed with 3 or more spines; lateral line complete, anteriorly arched, the posterior part
straight, sometimes armed with bony plates; dorsal fins more or less separated, the spinous part rather
weak, the spines usually depressible in a groove; anal fin long, similar to the soft dorsal, always pre¬
ceded by 2 stiff spines, usually separate, but in the young often more or less connected with the fin or
with each other; these sometimes disappear with old age, and sometimes the spinous dorsal also van¬
ishes; often a procumbent spine before the dorsal fin; ventral tins thoracic, well developed, i, 5; caudal
peduncle very slender, the fin widely forked; pectoral fins narrow; gill-openings very wide, the mem¬
branes usually not united, free from the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the last; gillrakers usually long;
branch iostegals commonly 7; air-bladder present, often bifurcate behind; pseudobranchiae large,
present in all our genera, sometimes disappearing with age; oesophagus unarmed; pyloric coeca gen¬
erally numerous; vertebrae fewer than in the Scombridse, usually 10+ 14 = 24 in number; first superior
pharyngeal without teeth; second, third, and fourth separate, with teeth; lower pharyngeals separate.

Coloration generally metallic and silvery or golden. Genera 29, species about 200, abounding

ISO

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

in warm seas, often moving northward in summer, like the Seombridir. They swim swiftly, often
with the dorsal fin above the surface of the water. Most of the species are widely distributed, and
nearly all are valued as food.

a. Premaxillaries not protractile . - . Scombenridw, p. 180

an. Premaxillaries protractile.

I). Anal tin much shorter than the soft dorsal, its base not longer than the abdomen.

c. Dorsal and anal fins without finlets.

d. Dorsal spines I or 5, the connecting membrane disappearing with age . Xaucrates , p. 181

dd. Dorsal spines about 7, the connecting membrane persistent . Seriola, p. 182

re. Dorsal and anal fins each with a two-raved detached finlet . Eiai/atis, p. 185

bb. Anal fin about as long as soft dorsal, its base longer than abdomen.

e. Dorsal and anal fins each with a single detached finlet . Decapterux, p. 18(1

ee. Dorsal and anal fins without finlets.

/. Shoulder-girdle with a deep cross furrow at its junction with the isthmus, above which is a fleshv projec¬
tion: body elongate . Tiurhii nips, p. 187

ff. Shoulder-girdle normal, its surface even: body deeper.

p. Teeth of jaws not forming villiform bands, but variously in one or more series . Caraiipns. p. 188

gg. Teeth of jaws, if present, forming villiform bands.

h. No teeth on vomer or palatines; teeth of jaws wanting in adults, sometimes appearing in young .

Caranx, p. 197

fih. Teeth present on vomer and palatines; teeth of jaws of adults present, persistent,

t. Body oblong, not much elevated; none of the dorsal rays filamentous . Carailgoides, p. i98

it. Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compressed; first rays of dorsal more or less filamentous - Aleclis. p. 200

Genus 106. SCOMBEROIDES Lacepede.

Body compressed, oblong or lanceolate; caudal peduncle slender, not keeled; head short, com¬
pressed, acute; occipital keel sharp; mouth rather large, with small, sharp teeth in bands on jaws,
tongue, vomer, palatines, and pterygoids; jaws about equal, the upper not protractile, except in the
very young, in which it is movable as in other Curangiihr; maxillary very narrow, with a supplemental
hone; gillrakers rather long; scales rather narrow, but more or less normally developed, embedded in
the skin at different angles; lateral line unarmed; dorsal spines rather strong, 7 in number, nearly
free in the adult; second dorsal very long, its posterior rays penciliated and nearly or quite discon¬
nected, forming finlets; anal rather longer than soft dorsal, much larger than the abdomen, its last
rays forming similar linlets; anal spines strong; ventral fins depressible in a groove; pectoral fins very
short. Species few.

Scombcroides Lacgpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 192, 1801 (Coryphxna scombbroides).

Chitrinrm us Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 367, 1831 ( eommersonianus ).

a. Body deep, fusiform, depth 3.5 in length . . : . tolooparah, p. 180

an. Body more slender, depth 4.3 in length . sancti-petri , p. 181

133. Scomberoides tolooparah (Riippell). “Lae."

Head 4.25; depth 3.5; eye 4; snout 3.5; interorbital 3.75; maxillary 1.9; D. vii-i, 19; A. ii-i, 18.

Body fusiform, compressed; head moderate; snout rather narrow, pointed; jaws subequal, lower
the longer and prominent; mouth slightly oblique, rather large; edge of upper lip on a line with
upper edge of pupil; small hands of setiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those on lower
jaw slightly larger and in 2 rows, not handed anteriorly, those in upper jaw similar hut smaller, in
1 row, handed anteriorly; maxillary reaching slightly past posterior edge of pupil; eye slightly above
median line, anterior, not quite as long as snout; dorsal spines broad, flat, low, longest about equal to
eye, tip of last spine reaching origin of soft dorsal; longest soft dorsal ray 2 in head; caudal deeply
forked, lobes equal; anal similar to soft dorsal, its first ray under origin of soft dorsal, longest ray 2.4
in head; tip of ventral reaching vent, and equal to tip of pectoral, 2.2 in head; pectoral 2 in head, its
anterior base slightly in ad vance of base of ventral; lateral line slightly arched above pectoral fin,
descending to line under base of soft dorsal, thence straight to base of caudal.

Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, white silvery below; 8 or 10 spots about size of pupil,
extending on either side of lateral line to middle of soft dorsal; a dark blotch on upper anterior soft
dorsal, similar spots on each dorsal ray; caudal dusky, other fins pale; no spots on anal.

The above description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 02927 ) 8 inches long from Honolulu.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

181

This fish appears to he fairly common. We obtained it at Honolulu, Hilo, and Waialua. It was
obtained at Honolulu also by Jenkins, Wood, and Jordan and Snyder.

Our numerous specimens are 1 to 10.25 inches long.

Lirhia tulao-parah Ruppell, Atlas zu cter Reise im Nordl. Afrika, 1)1. 1828, Massowah; not Toloo parah Russell, Fish. Yi/;t
gapatam, II, 29, plate 137, 1803, which is nonbinomial.

Chorincmus moadettu Ehreaberg in Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., VIII, 382, 1831, Massuah, coast of Abys¬
sinia, Red Sea, Trincomali, Ceylon (not Riippell, Klunzinger, Day, Peters); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wis-
Wien, LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu).

< 'horinemus mauritianus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. . 1' 1 1 1 . 382, 1831. Isle of France, Mahe, Vanicolo, Celebes.
Chorincmus tolooparah Ruppell, Neue Wirhelthiere, Fiscli., 45, 1837.

? Chori iicmus sanctipetri Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Genoot., XXI V, 1852, 45 (not of Cuvier Valeueieunes, Riippell, Klunzinger);

Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, V, 138, 187G (part) .

Chorincmus toloo Riippell, Verzeich. M us, Senckenberg, Sammlungen 12. 1852.

Chorincmus tot Riippell, Verzeich. Mbs. Senckenberg, 12, 1852.

Chorincmus toloo, Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. hot,, Ges. Wien, 1870, 447 (not tnlooparah Russell, not Chorincmm toloo Cuvier
X Valenciennes, Bleeker, and Day).

Scomberoifles tala, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 441 (Honolulu).

134. Scomber.oides sancti-petri (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 4.3; depth 4.3; eye 4.3; snout 3.(5; interorbital 3.4; maxillary 2; 1). vii-i, 20; A. ii-i, IS.
Body lanceolate, slender, and compressed; head moderate, profile slightly depressed over eyes;
snout rather narrow, pointed; jaws subequal, lower being slightly the longer and prominent; mouth
moderate, slightly oblique; small bands of setiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those in
lower jaw slightly larger and in 2 rows, banded anteriorly; in upper jaw similar but smaller teeth, in
1 row, banded anteriorly; maxillary reaching posterior edge of orbit; eye slightly above median line,
anterior, not quite so large as snout; dorsal spines broad, flat, low, longest not quite equal to eye, tip
of last spine, when depressed, reaching origin of soft dorsal; longest soft dorsal ray 2.3 in head; caudal
deeply forked, lobes equal; anal similar to soft dorsal, its first ray under origin of latter, longest ray
2.(55 in head; pectoral reaching tip of ventrals, 2 in head; centrals 2.25 in head, base slightly behind
upper anterior base of pectoral, tips reaching vent.

Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, white silvery below; 3 or 4 spots slightly larger than pupil
below the lateral line anteriorly, 7 or 8 similar spots above this line extending farther posteriorly; a
large black blotch on anterior upper part of soft dorsal, a similar smaller spot on each fallowing ray;
anal pale; a spot the size of pupil on middle of second and third rays; ventrals pale; pectorals dark,
pale at tips.

The above description based on a specimen (No. 04033), 1(5.25 inches long, from Honolulu.

This species does not appear to be common. It was obtained by Streets, also by Gunther,
St -indachner; Jordan and Snyder, and by the . llbalnm, but was not seen by Jenkins or Wood. < )nly
one example was secured by us.

Jordan and Snyder obtained one specimen, 7.5 inches long, in 1000 at Honolulu.

Chorincmus sancti-petri Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI II. 379, plate 230. is;>l, Malabar; Gunther, Fische tier
Siidsee, V, 138. 1S70 (Kingsmill, Samoa, Society, Hawaiian Islands); Streets. Bull. IT. S. Nat. Mils., No. 7, 70, 1S77
(Honolulu); Steindachne'r, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 1% (Honolulu).

Scombroides sancti-petri. Smith & Swain, Proe. IT. S. Nat. Mils., V, 1882, 124 (Johnston Island).

Seomberoidcs sancti-petri, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Sept. 23, 1903), 142 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

Genus 107. NAUCRATES Rafinesque. The Pilot Fishes.

This genus differs from Seriola only in the reduction of the spinous dorsal to a few (4 or 5) low,
unconnected spines. The young, called Nauclcrus ami Xystophorus, have the spines of t lie dorsals
connected by membrane, and a more or less distinct strong spine at the angle of the opercle. A single
pelagic; species, widely distributed in the open seas.

Centronotus LacepOde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 311. 1802 {conductor ductor); not Ccntronotus Bloch & Schneider, 1801, which
equals Pholis.

Naucrates Rafinesque, Caratteri, 44, 1810 ( conductor ).

Pompilus Minding. Lehrb. Nat. Fische, 108, 1832 (ductor).

Nauclcrus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 247, 1833 (compressus = young).

Xystophorus Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 52, 1814 (very young).

182

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

135. Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus). Pilot-fish; Romero; “Annexation-fish.” Fig. 68.

Head 4 in length; depth 4; eye 5 in head; snout 3.5; 11. iv-i, 26; A. ii-i, 16.

Body rather elongate, little compressed; snout rather blunt; mouth terminal, oblique, small;
maxillary scarcely reaching orbit; caudal keel large, fleshy; pectoral short and broad; ventrals rather
large.

Bluish, with 5 to 7 broad, dark vertical bars, extending on the fins.

Length 2 feet. A pelagic fish, found in all warm seas; occasional on our Atlantic coast from Cape
Cod to the West Indies.

The earliest evidence we have of the occurrence of this fish among the Hawaiian Islands is that
furnished by a painting made by Mrs. .1. B. Dillingham from a specimen obtained by her in the

Fig. 68. — Naucrates iluctor (Lmuxus); after Jordan and Evermann.

Honolulu market. The painting was examined by us and is undoubtedly of this species, which is
locally known as “annexation fish,” having appeared at the date of the annexation of Hawaii to the
jurisdiction of the United States. A specimen in good condition, collected by Dr. Julius llosenstein,
is in the museum of the California Academy of Sciences at San Francisco.

Gastcrosteus ductor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 295, 1758, “in Pelago.”

Gastcrosteus antecessor Daldorf, Skriv. Nat. Selskab. Kjob., II, 155, 1800.

Scomber ki dr ruteri. Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth.,570, 1801. locality not given.

Centronotus conductor Lactfpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 311, 1801.

Naucrates fanfar us Itafinesque, Caratteri, 41, 1810, Sicily.

Naucrates iudicus Lesson, Voyage Goquille, 157, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1830, India.

Naucrates noveboracensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VIII, 325, 1831, New York.

Scrinla dussumicri Cuvier &. Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 217, 1833, Gulf of Bengal.

Scriola succincta Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 218, 1833, between Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena.

Nauclcms comprcssus Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 249, pi. 263, 1833, Molucca.

Naadcrus abbrcvititus Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 251, 1833, Indian Ocean.

Nauclcrus brachyccn.tr ns Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 253, 1833, Indian Ocean, Moluccas.

Nauderus annularis Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit.. IX, 254, 1833, between the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena.
Nauderwtieticums Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 255, 1833, between the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena.
Naucrates cyanophrys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 412, 1839, Palermo, Nice.

Naucrates serratus Swainson, op. cit ., 413, 1839 (on Scomber ductor Bloch).

Xystopliorus sp., Richardson, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 52, pi. 30, lig. 22, 1844 (young).

Tht/nnus pompilus Gronovv in Gray, Cat. Fishes, 123, 1S54, Mediterranean Sea, Spain, America.

% Naucrates ductor , Gunther, Cat., II, 371, 1860 (Polperro, Falmouth, Madeira, Cape Seas, south Pacific, northwest coast of
America); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amcr., I, 900, pi. 139, fig. 379, 1896; ibid., Amer. Food and Game
Fishes, 298, with figure, 1902.

Genus 108. SERIOLA Cuvier. The Amber-Fishes.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, not elevated; occiput and breast not trenchant; head usually
more or less conical, not very blunt; mouth comparatively large, with broad bands of villiform teeth
on jaws, tongue, vomer and palatines; a broad, strong supplemental maxillary bone; premaxillaries
protractile; scales small, lateral line scarcely arched, a keel on the caudal peduncle, not armed with
bony plates; sides of head with small scales; first dorsal with about 7 low spines, connected by
membrane; second dorsal very long, elevated in front; anal similar to the soft dorsal, but not nearly
so long, shorter than the abdomen, preceded by 2 very small free spines, which disappear in old

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

1S3

fishes; no finlets; ventral fins very long; pectorals short and broad; gillrakers moderate. Species of
moderate or large size, often gracefully colored; most of them valued as food-fishes.

Scriola Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 205, 1829 ((luma' ill) .

Micropteryx Agassiz, Pise. Brasil., 101, taf. LiX, 1829 (cosmopolUa)', substitute for Scriola, used iu botany; not Micropterix
Hubiier, 1816, a genus of insects.

Zonicltthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 218, 1820 ( fasciatus ).

lUdatraclus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 442 (duuu rili) ; substitute for Scriula, used in botany.

Lepidomcgas Thominot, Bull. Sci. Philom. Paris (7), IV, 178, 1880 (muellcri).

a. No scales on opercle; anterior dorsal rays somewhat elevated, the longest about 2.5 in head; gillrakers on lower arch

few, about 13 . purpurascens, p. 183

aa. Upper part of opercle densely scaled; anterior dorsal rays scarcely elevated, 3.7 in head; gillrakers more numerous,
about 22 on lower arch . sparim, p. 184

136. Seriola purpurascens Schlegel. “I'&akahala;” “ Kahdla.” Fig. 69.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 4; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.9; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.4, reaching
middle of pupil; mandible 2; gape 2.6; D. vi-i, 30; A. i, 19; scales about 175.

Body long and slender, the back scarcely elevated; head large, not much compressed; mouth
large, jaws equal and covered with broad bands of strong, villiform teeth; vomer, palatines, roof of

Fig. 69. — Seriola purpurascens Schlegel: after Gunther.

mouth and tongue with similar teeth ; eye moderate, high up, in middle of head; interorbital space
strongly convex; maxillary very broad at tip, its width equaling eye, the supplemental bone very
broad; body from origin of anal fin tapering slowly to the short caudal peduncle, whose least depth is
equal to eye and whose width is somewhat greater; origin of spinous dorsal over middle of pectoral;
spines small and weak, longest somewhat greater than eye, the last obscure; anterior dorsal rays
somewhat produced, their length 2.4 in the head and somewhat exceeding that of longest anal rays;
caudal widely forked; pectoral short, its length equaling distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil,
its origin somewhat anterior to base of ventrals; ventrals somewhat longer than pectoral, their lengtii
equal to snout and eye; scales very small, cycloid; lateral line well developed, nearly straight, curved
slightly upward over tip of pectoral, broadly and shallowly decurved under first third.

Color in life, upper part of body, head, and tail light brown, with scales at certain angles showing
bluish; lower parts lighter to whitish; a lemon-yellow band from upper articulation of maxillary
through lower two-thirds of eye and along whole length of body as wide as pupil, becoming narrower
and losing itself on caudal peduncle; iris edged with yellow; edge of caudal fin edged with lemon-
yellow; pectoral and anal suffused with yellow; soft dorsal light brown with show of yellow on
posterior portions, more marked on outer ends of rays; spinous dorsal lemon-yellow on ground of
light brown; ventrals white on lower surface, somewhat dusky on upper surface. A specimen 4 inches
long from Hilo had in life a golden stripe from head to tail.

184

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in spirits, dull olivaceous white above, paler on sides, under parts dirty whitish; tins all
dusky white.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 03410), 31 inches Ions, from Honolulu market,
where several other large examples were seen July LS. A smaller specimen (No. 03304), 8 inches long,
may he described as follow's:

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.3; eye 5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.3; I). viii-j,
31; A. ii— i, 20; gillrakers 13 + 4, serrate, longest three-fourths diameter of eye.

Body rather fusiform, compressed; head a fourth longer than deep; mouth rather large; snout
rounded; jaws subequal, the lower prominent and slightly the longer; broad bands of villiform teeth
on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; tongue broad, rounded, thin, and free for most of its length;
maxillary broad, 0.8 diameter of eye, reaching to center of pupil; eye just above median line, ante¬
rior; interorbital broad and very convex; dorsal spines short and weak, connected by membrane and
folding in a groove; soft dorsal long and low1, highest anteriorly, the longest ray about 2.5 in head;
caudal forked, lobes moderate, equal to distance from snout to edge of preopercle; anal similar to
soft dorsal, the spines very short and blunt, the longest rays equal to snout; origin of anal under
lirst third of soft dorsal; ventral 2.1 in head; pectoral broad, falcate, short, 2.4 in head, its lower base
slightly in advance of base of ventral; lateral line arched anteriorly, no caudal keel; scales small,
none on operele, snout, and top of head.

Color in life, golden olivaceous on back, golden on side below lateral line and on belly; 2 short
darkish postocular lines; dorsal and anal rich orange, the dorsal with narrow bluish edge; caudal dirty
yellow; pectoral pale yellow; ventrals yellow, the rays whitish; iris whitisli and brown. Color in
alcohol, grayish olivaceous above, becoming silvery white below; dorsal edged with dark; other fins
pale.

Another example had head 3.7; depth 3.75; maxillary broad, 2.2 to front of pupil; D. i, 29; A. i,
20; color when fresh, olive with a golden stripe from head to tail. We have examined a score of
examples at Honolulu, 4 to 31 inches long. This species has hitherto been known only from Japan.

Seriolapurpurasccna Sclilegel, Fauna Japonica. Poiss., 1 IS, PI. LXI. 1842, seas of Japan: Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 271,1840
(after Schlegel) (Sea of Japan); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Honolulu).

St'riola auruvittata Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 115, I’l. LXII, fig. 1, 1812, Japan; Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 271, 1859
(Canton).

Scriola quinqueradiata Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 115, PI. LXII, fig. 2, 1842, Nagasaki, Japan; Richardson, Ichth.
Chin., 272, 1846 (China).

Scriola dumerilii, Gunther, Cat., II, 462, 1860 (China, part); Gunther, Fisohe der Sudsee, V, 136, taf. XC, Fig. A, 1876
(Hawaiian Islands, part); Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meercs, I, 103, 1884 (Red Sea, part).

137. Seriola sparna Jenkins. “Kaluila opio.” Fig. 70.

Head 3.7 in length; depth 3.7; eye 5.2 in head; snout3.2; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 3.5; D.vi-32;
A. ii, 20; scales about 220.

Body rather long, fusiform, not much compressed, the back greatly elevated, the ventral outline
little convex; head rather long, conic; snout long, gently curved; mouth large, little oblique, the jaws
equal; maxillary reaching front of pupil, its posterior margin oblique, its width nearly equaling vertical
diameter of eye; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and tongue; eye small, anterior, in axis of
body; adipose eyelid moderately developed, especially behind; interorbital space broad, strongly
convex, the nape slightly keeled; least depth of caudal peduncle less than its least width; preopercle
entire; gillrakers longer than diameter of pupil, 22 on lower arm of first arch; spinous dorsal low, the
rays short and weak, the second spine 6.3 in head, the first scarcely more than one-third the second,
the others regularly decreasing in length, the fifth shorter than the first; soft dorsal low, the first rays
scarcely elevated, their length 3.7 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, but much shorter, its first rays
1.25 in snout; caudal deeply forked, the lobes slender, about equal, 1.3 in head; pectoral short, about
2 in head; ventrals short, 2 in head, reaching less than halfway to vent; body covered with very
small scales; cheek, preopercle and upper part of operele densely scaled, rest of head naked; breast
scaled; lateral line nearly straight, slight arch above pectoral; scutes scarcely developed, perceptible
only on the caudal peduncle, where they are very weak.

Color in alcohol, pale brownish or purplish above with silvery reflections, lower part of side and
under parts yellowish silvery. Recently seen in the Waikiki aquarium.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

185

The above description is based upon tiie type, 10.5 inches long, the only example known, obtained
by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1S89.

Scriola s]Mma Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm, XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 412, fig. 14, Honolulu; type, No. 50S45, U. S. N. M.
(field No. 712), coll. O. P. Jenkins.

Genus 109. ELAGATIS Bennett. The Runners.

Body long and slender; second dorsal and anal long, each with one detached finlet, composed of
2 rays, behind the rest of the tin; otherwise essentially as in Scriola. One species, pelagic.

Elagatis Bennett, Narrative Whaling Voyage, II, 283, 1840 ( bipinnuUUus ).

Sn ioliclitln/s Blocker, Natuurk. Tydschr. Neederl. Ind., VI, 196, 1854 (bipmnukitus).

Vccaplus Poey, Memories, II, 391, lsoi ( pinnulatus ).

138. Elagatis bipinnulatus (Quoy & Gaimard).

Head 4. 3 in length; deptli5.5; eye 7.3 in head; snout 2.6; D. vi-i, 25 -(- 2; A. i, 18 + 2; interorbital
2.9; maxillary 3.1; mandible 2.5; scales about 100.

Body oblong, pointed, the back little elevated; head moderately long and pointed; snout Ion®,
conic, the jaws subequal; maxillary broad, triangular, its greatest width 2 in its length; supplemental
maxillary long and narrow, slipping under the thin preorbital; teeth in broad villiform patches on
jaws, vomer, and palatines, tongue naked; eye small, somewhat anterior; interorbital space broad, con¬
vex; preopercloand operele ent ire; gillrakers about all below the angle, cephalic ones gradually shorter,
longest about 1.5 in eye; fins moderate; origin of spinous dorsal over tips of pectorals, the rays weak
and short, folded somewhat in a groove, the longest 2 in snout, the fin not connected to soft dorsal;
soft dorsal long and low, anterior rays elevated, longest 2.9 in head, last ray equal to eye; last ray of
dorsal finlet produced, its length 3.6 in head; distance between dorsal finlet and base of last dorsal
ray I in eye; distance from last ray of dorsal finlet to base of caudal lobe 3.6 in head; origin of anal
under about the fifteenth dorsal ray, the fin very low, anterior rays slightly elevated, the longest! in
head; detached anal spines obsolete; caudal very deeply forked, lobes long and slender, their length
equaling distance from snout to first third of pectoral; pectoral short, scarcely falcate, 2 in head; cen¬
trals about equal to pectoral; scales small, numerous, cycloid; head naked, except cheek and postocular
region; scales on cheek in about 7 series; scales on nape and antedorsal region smaller than elsewhere;
lateral line well developed, continuous, forming a very low keel on last part of caudal peduncle.

Color in alcohol, dark blue or leaden above, becoming paler and yellowish below; under parts
dirty white; fins dusky, yellowish, or olivaceous. In life 2 conspicuous blue bands on side of body,
the upper beginning at orbit and passing to dorsal margin of caudal peduncle, its width about equal to
that of eye, the other beginning at snout and passing along the lower margin of orbit across operele
and above pectoral fin to the caudal; caudal yellowish with a darker margin; centrals and pectoral
yellowish with some blue.

186

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04446) 3 feet long obtained in Honolulu market,
which is the only record of the species in these islands. It reaches a length of 3 feet and is found in
all tropical seas, on the Atlantic coast straying as far north as Long Island. It was obtained by Poey
at Havana and was originally described from the Keeling Islands.

srrinla Mpinnulata Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Uranie, I, 363, pi. 61, fig. 3, 1824, Isles of Papous, or the archipelago between
New Guinea and Celebes.

Elagatis bipinniilatus, Bennett, Whaling Voy., II, 283, 1840 (Pacific Ocean; Indian Arch.); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North
& Mid. Amer., I, 906, 1896.

Scriolichthys b ip innulatus, Blocker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 196 (Batavia).

Scriola pinnulata Poey, Memorias, II, 233, I860, Habana.

Striolichthys lincolalus Day, Proc. Zool. Soe. Loud. 1867, 559, Madras.

Elagatis p innulatus, Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 446, 1883.

Genus 110. DECAPTERUS Bleeker. The Mackerel Scads.

Body elongate, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform; head short, pointed; mouth rather
small; jaws about equal, the dentition feeble; maxillary rather broad, with a supplementary bone;
premaxillaries protractile; scales moderate, enlarged for the whole length of the lateral line, but
spinous and bony posteriorly only; second dorsal and anal each with a single detached finlet.; free
anal spines very strong; first dorsal well developed, persistent; pectorals comparatively short; abdo¬
men rather shorter than anal fin; gillrakers long and slender. Species numerous. Only one known
from the Hawaiian Islands.

Decapterus Bleeker, Natuurk. Tydsebr., VIIT, -117, 1855 ( kurra ).

Eustomatodus Gill, I’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 201 (kurroides).

(rymnepigritithus Gill, op. cit., 261 ( macrosoma ).

Evcpigymnus Gill, op. cit., 261 ( hypodus ).

139. Decapterus pinnulatus ( Eydoux A Souleyet). “Opi'lu." Plate 30.

Head 3.9 in length; depth 5.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3; interorbital 4; maxillary 3.4; mandible 2.5;
I), vm— i, 32-1 ; A. i-28-i; scutes 25; scales 116.

Body oblong, little compressed, almost perfectly fusiform; head moderate, pointed; mouth rather
small, slightly oblique; jaws equal; a few very small teeth on palatines and tongue, no others evident;
tongue long, narrow, rounded, free for almost entire length; eye slightly above axis, anterior; adipose
eyelid covering nearly entire eye; interorbital wide, slightly convex; longest dorsal spine 2.2 in head,
longest ray 3, origin of soft dorsal just over vent; caudal forked, lobes moderate; anal similar to soft
dorsal, its longest ray 3.5 in head; ventrals 2.8 in head; pectoral scarcely falcate, 1.65 in head, base
anterior to base of ventrals; lateral line nearly straight from origin to interdorsal space, thence gently
descending until over about fifth anal ray, whence it continues straight to caudal fin; scales deciduous,
enlarged for whole length of lateral line, minute on nape and forward to interorbital space; small
embedded! scales on cheek, operc.le, preopercle and preorbital, rest of head naked.

Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, lighter below, becoming white on belly; dorsal fins and
caudal with dark punctulations, other fins pale; upper edge of operele with a black spot; base of
pectoral dusky.

The above description is based on a specimen (No. 03306) 12 inches long from Honolulu. It
seems to be a common fish at times at Honolulu, where it is highly prized by the natives as food. It
was first noticed by Eydoux and Souleyet. Jenkins’s specimens were taken by Dr. Wood and Mr.
McGregor. The identification of this species with Decaplerus sanclse-helerue and Decapterus maruadsi as
Steindachner has indicated, is apparently not correct. Our species is quite distinct in color in that it
has no yellow or golden stripe or, in fact, no yellow anywhere.

Caranx piimulatus Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool., 1, 165, pi. 3, fig. 1, 1841, Hawaiian Islands.

Dci.apt.crus sancta’-helenx. Steindachner, Denks. Ak, Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu).

Decapterus canonoidcs Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 442, pi. 4, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50846,
U. S. N. M.; field No. 2737; coll. Dr. Wood).

Plate 30.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

187

Genus 111. TRACHTJROPS Gill. The Big-eyed Scads.

This genus is close to Carangus, differing in the more elongate form, and especially in the structure
of the shoulder-girdle, which has a deep cross furrow at its junction with the isthmus, with a fleshy
projection above the furrow. Species few. Found in all warm seas.

One species known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Trachurops Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 18ti'2, .131 ( crumcnophthalmus ).

140. Trachurops crumenophthalma ( Bloch) . “A bile;” “ ffatalalu.” Fig. 71.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 3.5; eye 3.2 in head; snout 3.3; maxillary 2.3; interorbital 4.5; I). vii-i,
26; A. n— x, 22; scutes 35.

Body oblong-elongate, little compressed, the back not much elevated; head long, rather pointed,
the lower jaw somewhat projecting, maxillary reaching middle of pupil, slipping under the preorbital,
exposed portion triangular, posterior portion somewhat wavy; eye very large, longer than the snout
and greater than the interorbital width; adipose eyelid strongly developed; mouth moderate, some¬
what oblique; a single series of small teeth in each jaw, very wfik teeth on vomer and palatines; a
small patch of teeth on tongue; shoulder-girdle near isthmus with a fleshy projection, in front of
which is a deep cross furrow; an angle at lower posterior portion of opercular region as in Clupca;
dorsal spines moderate, their length 2 in head, the tin folding in a groove; dorsal rays low, scaled at
base, folding in a groove; anal low, resembling soft dorsal, longest rays 2.(1 in head; free anal spines
strong, their length 2 in eye; caudal* small, forked, the lobes equal, 1.6 in head; pectoral moderately

Fig. 71. — Traclmrops crumenophthalma (Bloch); after Jordan and Evermann.

long and falcate, 1.25 in head; ventrals barely reaching vent, 2 in head; scales small; lateral line
nearly straight, the scutes little developed except on caudal peduncle; cheeks and breast scaly.

Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, paler below, with brassy reflections, under parts white;
dorsal and caudal fins somewhat dusky; other fins pale.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 02924) 12 inches long from Honolulu.

An abundant and well-known species, next to the ulna and the amanmu the most important food
fish of Honolulu. It was obtained in 1889 by Dr. Jenkins, and has been recorded from the
Hawaiian Islands by Gunther, Steindachner, Fowler, and Snyder. Numerous specimens were obtained
by us at Honolulu, Kailua, Hilo, Hoopuloa, and Hanalei Bay, Kauai, varying in length from 5 to
12.25 inches.

The synonymy of this species is open to some question. Our specimens probably correspond to
Trachurops torva Jenyns, described from Tahiti.

Scomber cnunenopthalmus Bloch, Iehthyologia, pi. 343, 1793, Acara, in Guinea.

Scomber plum ieri Bloch, Iehthyologia, X, 07, pi. 344. 1797, Antilles.

Scomber balantiophthalmus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 29, 1801, Guinea.

Caranx daubentoni Laeepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 58, 1801, no locality.

Caranx mauntiunua Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranic, Zool., 359, 1824, Mauritius.

Caranx macrophthalmus, Riippell, Atl. Reis. Nord. Ai\, 97, pi. 25, fig. 4, 1828, (Red Sea); Agassiz, Spix, Pise. Bras., 107, pi. 56a,
fig. 1, 1829 (Brazil).

188

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION

Carmix plumicri, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.. Nat. l’oiss., IX, 65, 1833.

Caranx torvus Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 69, pi. XV, 1841, Tahiti.

Sdar torvus, Bleeker, Verh. Batavia Genoot., XXIV, 1852, 51, (Batavia).

Trachurops brachychirus Gill, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 261, Cape San Lucas, Lower California.

Trachurops crunicnophthalmus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 432 (Beesley Point, New Jersey! ; Jordan Evermann,
Fish. North A Mid. Amer., I, 911, l’l. CXLI, fig-. 385, 1896 (Cape San Lucas, Mazatlan, Aeapuleo, Panama); Fowler,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 501 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23,
1903), 443 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai).

Trachurops jflumieri, Poey, Enuni. Pise. Cubens., 78, 1875.

Caranx c runic, no pthalmus, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, 131, 1876 (Cape tie Verde Islands, west coast of Africa, St. Helena,
West Indies, Mexico, Bay of Panama, Hawaiian Islands, South Seas, East Indies, Seychelles, Red Sea); Gunther,
Rept. Shore Fish., Challenger, Zool., I. Part VI, 59, 1880 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX,
1900, 495 (Honolulu).

Trachurops ma ur Manus, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 68, 1877 (Honolulu).

Caranx (Sclar) macrophthalmus , Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meeres, I, 97, 1884 (Red Sea).

Genus 112. CARANGUS Griffith. The Cavallas.

“ Papiopio” small size; “ Pa'upa'u” medium size; “ Ulua ,” large size.

Body ovate or oblong, compressed, the back sometimes considerably elevated, sometimes little
arched; head moderate or rather large, more or less compressed; mouth moderate or large, oblique;
maxillary broad, with a well-developed supplemental bone extending to below eye; premax diaries pro¬
tractile; teeth developed in 1 or few series, unequal, or at least not in villiform bands; villiform teeth
usually present on vomer, palatines, and tongue, wanting or deciduous in some species; gill rakers long;
eye large, with an adipose eyelid; dorsal spines rather low, connected; second dorsal long, usually
elevated in front, both fins depressible in a groove; anal tin similar to second dorsal and nearly
as long, preceded by 2 rather strong spines, its base longer than the abdomen; caudal tin strongly
forked, the peduncle very slender; ventral fins moderate; pectorals falcate; no tinlets; preopercle entire
in the adult, serrate in the young, usually with a membranaceous border. Species very numerous in
all warm seas, most of them valued for food.

About 9 species of this genus are now known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Carangus Griffith in Cuvier, Animal King., X, Pisces, 355, 1834 ( carangus ).

a. Teeth on vomer and palatines, small and villiform.
h. Soft dorsal high; spinous dorsal rather low; scutes of straight portion of lateral line fewer than 40.

c. Scutes in straight portion of lateral line fewer than 30 (27 or 28).

d. Body short, stout, depth 3 in length to base of caudal; dorsal vm-i, 21; anal ii-i, 19 . ignobilis, p. 188

dd. Body more slender, depth 3.4; dorsal vii-i, 19; anal ii-i, 16 . elacatc, p. 190

cc. Scutes in straight part of lateral line more than 30 (32 to 35).

e. Opercular spot present; anal pale, not black, dusky or tipped with black . marginatus, p 191

cc. No opercular spot; anal black, dusky or tipped with black.

/. Scutes in straight portion of lateral line 35; anal rays 18 or 19.

g. Dorsal spines comparatively long, longest 2.8 in head; body sometimes with transverse dusky

'bands . forstcri , p. 191

gg. Dorsal spines rather low, longest 4.3 in head; body without transverse dusky bands . nulampygus , p 192

ff. Scutes in straight portion of lateral line 32; anal rays 16 . rhabdotus. p. 193

bb. Soft dorsal rather low; dorsal spines comparatively long; scutes of straight portion of lateral line 40 or more.

h. Body with dusky transverse bands; anal dusky; scutes 40 . politus , p. 194

hh. Body without transverse dusky bands; anal pale; scutes 43 . a (finis, p. 195

aa. No teeth on vomer or palatines.

i. Lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper; dorsal v-i, 28; scutes in straight portion of lateral

line 35 . hclvolus, p. 196

ii. Lower jaw not projecting beyond the upper; dorsal vm-i, 24; scutes about 38 . chcilio, p. 196

141. Carangus ignobilis (Forskal). “ Pauu’n.” Fig. 72

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.1; preorbital
4.8; D. vn i— i, 21; A. ii-i, 19; scutes 27.

Body short, stout, and compressed; head short and heavy; snout short and blunt, the anterior
profile rising abruptly to nape, the dorsal outline strongly elevated from tip of snout to origin of
spinous dorsal; ventral outline relatively straight; portion of body covered by soft dorsal and anal
fins tapering rapidly to the short caudal peduncle, which is much depressed, its least depth about 2 in

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

189

its least width; mouth large, nearly horizontal, the jaws equal; moderately strong, canine-like teeth
in a single row in each jaw, sparsely set, especially on upper jaw, a patch of villiform teeth on vomer;
palatines and tongue with granular or villiform teeth; maxillary reaching vertical at posterior edge of
orbit; supplemental maxillary well developed and slipping under the broad preorbital; eye moderate,
about 1.5 in interorbital; adipose eyelid strongly developed posteriorly; interorbital and nape strongly
keeled; tins moderate, origin of spinous dorsal somewhat behind base of pectoral, the spines folding
in a groove, the longest 3 in head; anterior dorsal rays produced, their length 1.8 in head, equal to
that of longest anal rays; caudal widely forked; pectoral ray very long and falcate, tip reaching about to
base of seventh anal ray, the length 2.8 in body and equaling base of soft dorsal; ventrals short, reaching
vent, 2.1 in head; scales rather large, covering entire body, entire cheek, and upper part, of opercle
with fine series, rest of head and nape naked; breast naked, except a small central patch of scales;
lateral line with a strong regular arch above pectoral fin joining the straight part over origin of anal,
chord of arch part, slightly shorter than length of straight part; scutes well developed on entire
straight portion.

Color in alcohol, greenish olivaceous above, becoming paler on the sides and below; head green-

Wmm

^V,v,y 1

mil*

mmi

■ Fig. 72. — Car mu/us ignobilis (Forskal) ; from the* type of C. hippoides Jenkins.

ish, silvery on cheek, lower jaw paler, the head with a yellowish or brassy tinge; axil black; no spot
on opercle; dorsals, anal, and caudal dusky; more or less yellow in life; soft dorsal and anal each with
a narrow, pale border; edge of free portion of caudal paler, upper part of caudal peduncle dusky;
pectoral and ventrals somewhat dusky; no spot on lower pectoral rays.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 04448) 22 inches long, from Honolulu. A
much smaller example (No. 02918) 8 inches long, from Honolulu, may be described as follows:

Head 3.2 in length; depth, 2.4; eye 3.fi iii head; snout 3.4; maxillary 2.25; interorbital 4;
I), vm-i, 20; A. n-t, 17; scutes about 30.

Body short and deep, greatly compressed, the back strongly elevated, the dorsal profile strongly
and regularly convex from tip of snout to origin of spinous dorsal; outline from origin of anal to snout
nearlv straight; head as long as deep; snout short, very steep, bluntly rounded; jaws subequal, the
lower heavy; bands of villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those on jaws in a single row,
small, sharp, conic, and wide-set; tongue rather thick, rounded, and free for most of its length; max¬
illary reaching to posterior border of pupil; eve anterior, somewhat above axis of body; interorbital

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

190

trenchant; spinous dorsal low and weak, 2.5 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of
snout and fork of caudal, longest ray 1.5 in head; caudal deeply forked; longest anal rav 1.65 in head,
origin of fin under about seventh soft dorsal ray; ventrals short, reaching past vent, 2.1 in head;
pectoral long and falcate, reaching beyond arch of lateral line, slight!)' longer than base of anal; arch
of lateral line dropping rather suddenly from under last dorsal spine to the straight part under third
soft dorsal ray, chord of arch 1.4 in straight part; scutes on entire straight part; breast naked except
a small patch of scales near center; cheek, postocular region, and upper part of opercle scaled, rest of
head naked, body completely scaled; dorsal and anal fins scarcely sheathed.

Color in life, very pale olive, side white: head greenish; no opercular spot; no spot on pectoral;
base of pectoral dark; both dorsals edged with blackish; upper lobe of caudal blackish, especially the
edge, lower lobe bright yellow; anal bright, light yellow, the edge whitish; ventrals whitish with
yellowish streaks along the rays; pectoral pale, the axil blackish.

Color in alcohol, slaty silvery, becoming lighter below, almost white on belly; spinous dorsal
dusky; soft dorsal pale, edged with dark, other fins pale, inner axil of pectoral black.

This species is related to Carangus hippos of the Atlantic, with which it agrees in the small patch
of scales on the otherwise naked breast, the character of the lateral line, and the teeth. It is,
however, a much deeper fish, the snout is shorter, the anterior profile rises more abruptly, and there
is no black spot either on the opercle or on lower rays of the pectoral. The yellow color of the anal
fin seems to be constant and diagnostic, especially in the young. The species is common at I lonolulu,
from which place we have examined 13 specimens 2.5 to 22 inches in length.

Scomber ignobilis Forskal, Rescript. Animal., 55, 1775, Red Sea.

Scomber Sansun Fbrskkl, Descript. Animal., 56. 1775, Red Sea.

Caranx sansun, Rvippell, Atlas zu dcr Reis. Nordl. Af., 101, 1828 (Red Sea); Riippell, None Wirbelthiere, 1838, 48, pi. 13, fig. 3
(Red Sea); Gunther, Cat., II, 447, 1860 (Mauritius, India); Klunzinger, Verh. Zool. But, Ges. Wien, 1871, 466 (Red
Sea); Day, Fishes of India, II, 216, Pi. L, fig. 5, 1876 (Madras).

Caranx sem Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 105, 1833, Pondicherry.

Caranx lessonii Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist, Nat. Poiss., IX, 113, 1833, New Holland.

Cnranx belcngcrii Cuvier A' Valenciennes, op. eit, 116, 1833, Malabar.

Carangus sansun . Bleeber. Fauna de Madag., 1874, 99, (Mauritius).

Caranx ignobilis, Kluipanger, Sitz. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I , X X X , Abt, I, 1879, 377 (Port Darwin and Clevelands Bay, Australia);
Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Mecres, 18, S4, 100 (Red Sea); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 495, 1900
(Honolulu and Laysan).

Carangus hippoidcs Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 443, fig. 15, Honolulu. Type, No. 50710
U. S. N. M. (field No. 749); coll. O. P. Jenkins.

142. Carangus elacate Jordan & Evermann. Plate 31.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.4; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.8; interorbital 3.8 in snout; maxillary
2.1; preorbital 8.5; mandible 1.9; D. vii-i, 19; A. ii-i, 16; scutes 28.

Body slender, compressed, not greatly elevated; snout rather short, profile ascending to nape in a
gentle curve, slightly trenchant; mouth large, slightly oblique; lower jaw somewhat projecting; max¬
illary reaching posterior edge of orbit, its width at tip 1.5 in orbit; supplemental maxillary well
developed, its width 3.25 in entire width; gape reaching vertical of posterior edge of pupil; villiform
teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, those on jaws in a single row, small and somewhat canine¬
like; eye large, anterior; adipose eyelid strongly developed behind; supraocular region with 2 ridges,
extending to humeral region, the lower the stronger; posterior half of body, beginning at origin of
soft dorsal, long and gently tapering to caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle much depressed, its least
depth scarcely half its least width; distance from base of last dorsal ray to origin of caudal fin equal
to snout and pupil; fins small; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral by a distance
equal to eye; longest dorsal spine slightly greater than snout; anterior rays of soft dorsal somewhat
produced, about 1.8 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under eighth soft dorsal ray, anterior
ray produced, but scarcely equaling longest soft dorsal rays; caudal widely forked, lobes apparently
equal; pectoral long and falcate, reaching past origin ofnnal, exceeding head in length by 0.65 diam¬
eter of eye; ventrals short, 2.4 in head; scales rather large, a low sheath at base of soft dorsal and anal
anteriorly; breast entirely scaled; lateral line strongly arched above pectoral, joining straight portion
under sixth dorsal ray, chord of arched portion 1.6 in straight part.

Color in alcohol, rusty olivaceous above, paler on side below lateral line; belly white; top of head
dark olive, side and lower jaw lighter, with strong brassy tinge on postocular and on lower portions

Bull. U.S.FC. 1903

Carangus elacate Jordan & tvERMANN. Type ,«u»sBIE«>co.um

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

101

of opercle; lower jaw profusely covered with line brown points; a black spot at upper end of opercular
opening; axil black; vertical fins all more or less dark; produced part of soft dorsal almost black, low
part of soft dorsal black at base, then lighter, narrowly tipped with dark; anal dark brown, with a
subterminal stripe of yellowish white along edge of fin; pectoral and ventrals pale.

The above description based upon the type, No. 50638, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04452), a large
example, 27 inches long, from Honolulu. This species somewhat resembles Carangus marginatus , from
which it differs in the much more slender body, larger eye, and dark anal fin. The type is the only
example obtained.

(ftrangus rlacate Jordan & Evennann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm . XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 177, Honolulu.

143. Carangus marginatus (Gill). “ Ulua.”

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.8; eye 4 in head; snout 3.75; interorbital 4; maxillary 2; I), vm-i,
22; A. ii— t, 16; scutes about 34.

Body oblong, compressed, dorsal outline evenly arched to nape, rather steep thence to tip of snout;
head slightly longer than deep; snout bluntly pointed; mouth moderate, slightly oblique, lower jaw
prominent, slightly produced; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines and tongue, a single row of small,
wide-set, sharp, conic teeth in each jaw; tongue rounded, rather thick, free for most of its length;
maxillary reaching to posterior edge of pupil, its width 1.25 in eve, sheathed by preorbital for the
greater part of its length; eye anterior, pupil above axis; interorbital slightly trenchant; dorsal spines
weak, longest 2.75 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and fork of caudal,
longest soft dorsal 1.75 in head, 2 in base of fin; caudal deeply forked, anal similar to soft dorsal;
ventrals reaching just beyond vent, 2.35 in head; pectoral long and falcate, reaching considerably
beyond end of arch, slightly longer than head, equal to base of soft dorsal; arch of lateral line nearly
straight to under sixth dorsal spine, then descending rather abruptly to straight part under about the
fifth dorsal ray, making rather a sharp angle, arch 1.35 in straight part; scaleson entire body, cheeks,
and upper parts of opercle; breast scaly; scaly sheath of fins not greatly developed.

Color in alcohol, grayish silvery, with slight bluish reflection above, becoming light, below and
white on belly; spinous dorsal dusky, the produced part of soft, dorsal black, rest of fin edged with
dark; caudal edged with dark; anal pale, a row of about 10 spots at its base, these seeming to be pro¬
duced by the bone showing through the membrane; other fins pale, the pectoral with a black spot at
its axil; a small black spot on opercle at upper part of gill-opening.

The above description based on a specimen (No. 04052) 11.25 inches long from Honolulu. We
have examined 7 others from Honolulu, 8 to 11.25 inches long. Comparison with specimens from
Panama fails to show any differences.

Caranx marginatus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 18G3, 166, Panama; Jordan A Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer.,
I, 922, 1896; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 306, 1902.

Carangus marginatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 444 (Honolulu).

144. Carangus forsteri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . “ Ulua

Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 5.5 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 3.8; maxillary 2.6; D. vit-l,
23; A. ii— i. If); scutes about 35.

Body oblong, greatly compressed, dorsal outline arched, steeper anteriorly, straight from nape to
tip of snout; ventral outline curved from caudal peduncle to origin of anal, straight thence to tip of
snout; head subconic, longer than deep, greatly compressed; snout bluntly pointed, lower jaw slightly
produced; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; small villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue, a
single row of larger, wide-set conic teeth on each jaw; tongue rounded, thin, free for most of its length;
maxillary broad, its widtli 1.2 in eye, reaching anterior edge of pupil, and slipping under preorbital
for most of its length; interorbital very convex, trenchant; dorsal spines slender and weak, longest
2.8 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and fork of caudal, just over second
anal spine; longest dorsal ray 1.6 in head, 2 in its base; caudal deeply forked; longest anal ray 1.8 in
head; ventral short, reaching past vent, 2.5 in head; pectoral long, falcate, 1.1 in head, reaching con¬
siderably beyond arch of lateral line; lateral line arched to under fifth dorsal ray, chord of arched
part greater than head, 1.3 in straight part; scutes on entire straight portion, obscure anteriorly; entire
body scaly; breast not naked.

192

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life, of specimen (No. 02998) from Honolulu, pale bluish above, changing to silvery white
on side and belly; dorsals, anal, and caudal dusky; pectoral rich lemon-yellow, iris yellowish white.
Color of another specimen when fresh (No. 03450), silvery with golden reflections; 5 transverse dark
bands on side, one over caudal peduncle, about as wide as length of snout, and distinct above lateral
line; an indistinct dark band over head through eye; fins colorless.

Color in alcohol, light grayish silvery with bluish reflections above, paler below, becoming white
on belly; dorsal spines pale, produced part of soft dorsal dark, edge of rest of fin dark; caudal edged
with dark; the produced part of anal dark; ventrals and pectorals pale; no dark opercular spot; axil
dusky but not showing above fin.

This species may be known in life by the dusky anal and yellow pectoral. In C. ignobilis the
yellow is brightest on the anal fin. The above description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 0404(1) 1 1
inches long, from Honolulu. The collection contains numerous specimens from Honolulu.

The most, important food-fish of the South Seas, abundant in the markets, and unsurpassed as the
basis of fish-chowder. It is of wide distribution, being found throughout the tropical Pacific. A
closely related species, Curnngus lulus, abundant in the West Indies, occurs as far north on the Atlantic
coast as Virginia and has been doubtfully recorded from the Pacific coast of Mexico. This species
needs close comparison with the present one. The earlier name probably belonging here is Carcmgus
forsteri. Carnn.r heberi is figured as colored differently from any species known to us. It most resem¬
bles Carangus margmatus.

The large scries of specimens in our collections, ranging from 2 inches to nearly a foot in length,
enables us to study very satisfactorily the variation in the species. Most of the young show evidences
of broad dark bluish cross-bars, though some show them scarcely at all, the color being plain silvery.
While the breast is always scaled, the scales are often so embedded and obscure, as to be easily over¬
looked. A series of 51 specimens examined, 2.4 to 11.25 inches in length, from Honolulu, Hilo,
Waialna, Hanalei Bay, and Puako Bay.

? Scomber hrberi Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, 20, j>1. 20, 1820, Ceylon.

Caranx forshri Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX. 107, 1822, Isle of France, Malabar, Celebes, New Guinea,
New Ireland, Vanicoro, East Indies.

" Caranx permit Cuvier Valenciennes, op eit., 112, 1833, Vanicoro, Amboyna, Java, Malabar, East Indies.

Caranx para pistes Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, 13<>, 1*41, Northern Australia, Torres Straits.

Caranx hippos, Giinther, Cat., II, 449, 1800 (St. Vincent, Jamaica, Puerto Cabello, South America, Madagascar, Port Natal,
China, Amoy, Tanna, Ceylon, Pinang, Port Essington), not Scomber hippos L.; Giinther, Fischo der Siidsee, V, 131,
taf. LXXXIV, 187(» (Samoa, Tanna); Gunther, Kept. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I, Part. VI, 59, 1880 (Hilo).
Caranx latus, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hihi. 1900, 501 (Honolulu) (not of Agassiz); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 444 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 523 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Puako Bay,
Hawaii).

145. Carang-us melampygus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Ornilit;” “ Omilimilu.” Fig. 73.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.8; eve 6.5 in head; snout 2.4; interorbital 3.8; maxillary 2.4; man¬
dible 2; gape 2.8; preorbital 4.5; I), vii-i, 24; A. n— i, 18; scutes 35.

Body short, deeply compressed, t lie badk much elevated; head rather short, the snout short and
blunt; mouth moderate, little oblique; teeth small, sparse, in a single rdw in each jaw; jaws subequal;
maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil, triangular, its width at end 9.2 in its length, its edge slipping
under the preorbital; interorbital narrow and very convex; the anterior profile very trenchant; eye
moderate, in middle of head, entirely above axis of body, the adipose eyelid well developed posteriorly;
ventral outline nearly straight from tip of jaw to origin of anal, thence ascending obliquely to caudal
tin; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral, the spines weak and short, folding into a
groove, the longest 4.3 in head; distance between dorsals equal to eye, anterior dorsal rays elevated,
their length somewhat greater than snout and eye, 1.8 in head; anal spines short and blunt; origin of
anal posterior to that of soft dorsal, the anterior rays elevated, their length 2 in head; soft dorsal and
anal each anteriorly slipping into a scaly sheath; caudal widely forked, the lower lobe somewhat the
longer, 1.4 in head; pectoral very long ami falcate, its tip reaching base of about fourth anal ray, its
length 2.75 in body; ventrals short, 3.25 in pectoral or 2.6 in head; scales small, closely but irregularly
imbricated; lateral line beginning at upper end of opercular opening, continuing nearly straight to
under fourth dorsal spine, where it begins t < > curve gently downward until orgin of soft dorsal, where

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

193

the downward curve is more abrupt; scutes of lateral line beginning under about the eighth or tenth
dorsal ray and increasing in size to the fourth from last.

Color in life, general ground-color silvery, dusky above, lighter below; upper parts with numer¬
ous small black spots, intermingled with numerous bright dark-blue spots; interspaces with more or
less golden reflections; golden band along the scutes; soft dorsal, anal and a narrow area along their
bases bright ultramarine; indistinctly, outlined areas of same color on side of head about the eye; pec¬
toral and caudal dusky, with golden reflections; ventral? dusky with dark blue; no opercular spot;
base of pectoral not dark.

Color in alcohol, dirty white above and on sides, profusely covered with small irregular darker
spots and blotches, these also upon top of head and opercles; lower part of sides and under parts dirty
yellowish white; fins all dusky, soft dorsal and anal almost black, white, tipped.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 03412) 24 inches long, obtained in the Hono-

Fru. 73. — Carangus melampyr/us (Cuvier & Valenciennes): after Gunther.

lulu market, July 18. Two other examples 15 and 24 inches in length were obtained by us at the same
place. The species was also obtained by Streets and by the Ronite. It is more common in Samoa,
where it is known as mahntli, and as a food-fish it is superior even to the ulna.

Caranx In^ampygus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX. 1 10, 1833, Waigiou, Rauwak, Buru, Vanicoro, Mauri¬
tius; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1'. 133. tat'. I, XXX VI. lsyr, (Celebes. Zanzibar. Mauritius. Seychelles); Jordan A
Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Araer., I, 925, 1.3% (Socorro Island. Revillagigedo group); Jordan A Evermann.
Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 307, 1902.

Caranx hixnntlwptrrus Ruppell, Neuo Wirbelthiere, Fisrh., 49, pi. I I fig. 2. 183.3, Red Sea.

Caranx sUUatus Eydoux A Souleyet, Vov. Bonite, Poiss., 167, t’l. III. tig. 2. 1811, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, ('at.. 11,436,
1800 (Sandwich Islands).

Carangus nidampygus, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mils.. No. 7, 69, 1877 (Honolulu).

146. Carangus rhabdotus Jenkins. Fig. 74.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.6; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.1; interorbital 3.3; D.
viir-i, 20; A. ii-i, 16; scutes 32.

Body oblong, elliptical, compressed; dorsal outline evenly arched, ventral outline slightly
straig liter than dorsal outline; head compressed, its depth equal to length; snout bluntly rounded,
lower jaw slightly produced; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; villiform teeth on vomer, palatines,
and tongue, and a single row of small, conic teeth on each jaw; maxillary reaching to posterior edge
of pupil, its greatest width about 0.75 in eye; center of eye slightly above axis of body, anterior;
interorbital space convex; fins moderate; longest dorsal spine 2.5 in head; soft dorsal slightly concave,
longest ray 1.75 in head; caudal forked, lobes moderate; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals short,
2.2 in head; pectoral long, falcate, reaching slightly beyond arch of lateral line, equal to head; body
completely scaled; bases of soft dorsal and anal with low sheath of scales; cheek and upper part of

F. C. B. two:? — 13

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

184

opercle scaled, rest of head naked; breast scaled ; lateral line strongly arched above the pectoral, the
arch joining the straight portion under fifth dorsal ray, the chord of the arch equaling length of head
or 1.5 in straight portion; scutes rather strong, the largest 0.65 diameter of eye in width.

Color in alcohol, bright silvery, darker above, with 5 indistinct vertical bands nearly as wide as
eye on upper three-fourths of body, a sixth band less distinct on caudal peduncle; no opercular spot;
fins plain, except the elevated portions of soft dorsal and anal, which are tipped with black.

.’Ms®

» » >VV' >

Atr : 1 1 T Y ) , )Vi i .i mi h ',J, '.V

?»vv.v*vX ‘ ^ ’ /’I v,’*. " "

Fig. 74. — Caranr/us rhahdotus Jenkins; from the type.

This description is based upon the type (No. 50711, I’. S. N. M. ), a specimen 5.5 inches long,
obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1896. Another small example was obtained at the same
time. This species was not seen by us at Honolulu. It resembles a species found in the estuaries of
Samoa.

f Caran.r scxfasciut.us Quay & Gaimarri, Zool. Voy. Frame, 358, pi. f»5, fig. 4, 1821, Papous Islands.

Camvyun rhabdotus Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1002 (Sept. 23. 1903), 444, tig. 16, Honolulu.

147. Carangus politus Jenkins. “ Maka;” “Makati..” Fig. 75.

Head Tin length; depth 3; eye 4.1 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 3.2; maxillary 3; IX vnt-i,
24; A. ii— i, 19; scutes 40.

Body oblong, compressed, dorsal and ventral outline about equal; head subconic, longer than
deep, compressed; snout bluntly pointed; lower jaw produced; small villiform teeth on vomer,
palatines, and tongue, a single row of small canine-like teeth in each jaw, those in lower jaw almost
obsolete; maxillary short, rather narrow, reaching anterior margin of eye; eye slightly above axis of
body1, anterior; interorbital moderately trenchant; fins moderate, longest dorsal spine 2 in head;
caudal forked, lobes not greatly produced; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals reaching just past vent,
2.3 in head; pectoral long and falcate, tip not quite reaching to straight portion of lateral line,
slightly longer than head, not quite equal to base of anal; arch of lateral line rather long, reaching to
below eighth dorsal ray, and about equal to straight part; scutes on entire straight portion of lateral
line.

Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous above, lighter below, becoming white on lower sides and
belly; 9 indistinct vertical dark bands on upper two-thirds of scales of body; fins all dusky; opercular
spot present.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

195

The above description, based upon the type (original No. 100), a specimen 8 inches long, obtained
by Doctor Jenkins, at Honolulu, 1889. Another example, No. 327, 5 inches long, is in the saint'
collection, and these agree very closely with specimens from the Philippines, which are determined as
Car a ng us hasselti . ( 'a rang ns politus is probably a synonym of the latter species.

•' A, Vtl ’U’t •

Fig. 75. — Car an (jus politus Jenkins; from the type.

f Sdar hasselti Bleekcr, Ycrh. Bat. Gen.. XXIV, 53. 1X52, Moluccas.

? Caranx hasselti i, Gunther, Cat., IT. 430,1860 (Moluccas; Amboyna).

Caranfjus politus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 115, fi#. 17. Honolulu (type, No. 50709.
U. S. Nat. Mus.)

148. Carangus affinis (Riippell). “ Amnka “PAakah&Ui.” Fig. 70.

Head 3.9 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4.1 in head; snout 3.0; interorbital 3.(5; maxillary 3; 1). vii-i,
23; A. ii— i, 20; scutes 43.

Fig. 7(5. — Carangus affinis (Riippell).

Body fusiform, dorsal and ventral outlines about the same; head longer than deep; snout conic,
its tip on a line with middle of eye; upper jaw bluntly rounded; lower jaw produced, rather pointed;
series of small teet h on vomer, palatines, and tongue, a single row of minute canine-like teeth in each jaw;
tongue rounded, thin, and moderately wide, free for most of its length; maxillary reaching anterior

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

19<>

edge of orbit.; dorsal spines weak and thin, longest 2.1 in head; soft, dorsal sheathed, its longest ray 2.2
in head, its origin midway between tip of snout and last scute and directly over second anal spine;
caudal forked; anal similar to soft dorsal and similarly sheathed, its longest ray 2.2 in head, spines
very short, less than eye; ventrals short, just reaching posterior edge of vent, 2.1 in head; pectoral
long, narrow, falcate, nearly reaching straight part of lateral line, its length 1.2 times the length of the
head; lateral line with a long curve, whose chord nearly equals the straight part, the lateral line
becoming straight under about the tenth soft dorsal ray; scutes on the entire straight part of the lateral
line; in some examples a trace of a second lateral line under soft dorsal tin, continuing to posterior
edge of dorsal spine.

Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, becoming white silvery below lateral line; dorsal and caudal
dusky, other fins pale, axil of pectoral black, a black spot on upper posterior edge of opercle, covering
upper end of shoulder-girdle, slightly larger than pupil.

The above description from a specimen (No. 04030), 8.75 indies long, from Honolulu, w here
numerous examples were taken, 7.5 to 8.75 inches long. We identify these with Caranx affinis of
Ruppell, with which they seem to agree in all essential respects. It is a deeper fish than hxixxelti,
with lighter fins, and doubtless represents the same species which Steindaehner had from Honolulu.
Caranx afUnix Ruppeli, N eue Wirbelthiere. Fisch., 49. PI. XIV, liio 1, 1835 (March, 1838), Red Sea.

Caranx ( Silar ) a. (Unix, Klunzinger, Fisehe des rothen Meeres, II. 19, 1879 (Rcil'Sea); Steindaehner, Denks. Alt. Wiss. Wien,
LXX, 1900, 495 (Honolulu).

Oimii'iiu affinis, Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fisli Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23,1903), 110 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (.Ian, 19,
1901), 523 (Honolulu).

149. Carangus helvolus (Forster). Plate 32.

Dorsal v, 28; A. i, 22; head, including opercular flap, 3.3 in length to base of caudal fin;
depth 2.5; snout 2.9 in head; lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper; maxillary 2.5, reaching
to a vertical through anterior edge of pupil; eye 4.3, a horizontal from tip of snout passing through
center of pupil; width of interorbital space 2.9. No teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue, those of
jaws in a single series. Tongue dead white in color; roof of mouth similar, becoming abruptly 1 flue-
black posteriorly, the white extending backward as a V-shaped prolongation; the membranous flap
white on the part touched by tongue, black on sides; lower jaw below tongue dark, the flap white
beneath tongue, dark on sides. Head with scales behind the eye and on the cheeks; a narrow, naked
space on the occiput, extending backward to spinous dorsal; breast naked; plates in straight portion
of lateral line 35, each plate with a keel forming a sharp ridge.

The locality from which Forster obtained tins species is not known;' but as he visited the Society
Islands with Captain Cook on his second voyage, it is possible that, his specimen came from that
region. An example 15 inches long, obtained by the Albatross in the Honolulu market in 1902, agrees
perfectly with the description of this species.

Seamier helvolus Forster, Doscr. Anim., 414. 115, 1775 (Lichtenstein ed., 1814), probably Society Islands.'

Caranx helvolus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Reiss., IX, 101. 1833.

Carani/us helvolus, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 524 (Honolulu).

150. Carangus cheilio Snyder. Plate 33, fig. 1.

Head, measured to end of opercular flap, 3 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.9; depth of
caudal peduncle 6.7 in head; diameter of eye 7.1; width of interorbital space 3.3; length of snout
2.3; maxillary 2.9; pectoral fin 1.1; ventrals 2.5; height of first dorsal ray 3.1; anal ray 3.4; length
of upper lobe of caudal 1.2; D. viii-i, 24; A. ii, 21; scales in lateral series about 116; between lateral
line and spinous dorsal, counting upward and forward, about 23; plates in straight portion of lateral
line about 38. Snout pointed, anterior contour of head somewhat concave in the region of inter¬
orbital area. Lower jaw slightly shorter than upper; maxillary not reaching a vertical through anterior
edge of orbit by a distance about equal to diameter of pupil; lips very thick, the width of upper
near its middle equal to half diameter of eye; teeth short and blunt, in a single series on the jaws,
none on vomer and palatines; a few very short teeth on tongue; gillrakers 7+25, the longest equal
in length to diameter of iris.

Bull U.S.F.C. 1903.

Carangus helvolus i Forster).

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 33

1. CARANGUS CHEIL10 SNYDER.

2. CARANGOIDES AJAX SNYDER.

A. HOEN A CO., LITH.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

197

Scales on occiput, interorbital area, cheek, and upper parts of opercles; other parts of head naked;
body, including breast and a sheath along base of dorsal and of anal, with small scales; scales of pos¬
terior part of body with minute ones along their edges; no scales on membranes of tins; lateral line
a little more curved than contour of back, the straight part beginning below tenth articulated ray.
Plates highest and broadest near middle of caudal peduncle, their width at that point equal to half the
width of maxillary at posterior part. First dorsal spine short and closely adnate to second; second
spine longest, 3 in head; rayed portion of fin with a scaled sheath along its base, the height of anterior
part of which is equal to diameter of pupil; posteriorly the sheath gradually grows lower, disappear¬
ing near end of fin; anal spines thick and strong, their height a little less than diameter of pupil;
base of fin with a sheath similar to that of dorsal. Caudal deeply forked, the lobes sharply pointed;
pectoral falcate, sharply pointed; ventrals not reaching anal opening.

Color silvery, a little darker above than below; upper edge of opercular flap with a dark spot
about half the size of pupil; axil dusky.

This species was based on a single specimen 30.3 inches long obtained by the Albatross in 1002 in
the Honolulu market.

Car ant] us cheilio Snyder, Hull. 11. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (.Ian. 19, 1904), .924, pi. s, lig. 14. Honolulu (type. No. 50873,
U. S. N. M.).

Genus 113. CARANX Commerson) Lacepede.

This genus differs from Carangus mainly in the dentition, the teeth being very small, granular,
and entirely lost with age; maxillary broad; body compressed; the tins without filaments.

Only one species known from Hawaii.

Caranx Couimorson MS. ( 8}>ccittsiis ).

Caranx Laccptsle, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 57, 1802 (tracjnu'us, spcciosus, carangus , ruber, etc.).

Gnatlianodon Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 30,72, 1852 (speciosus).

Caranx Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pbila. 1802, 433 (spcciosus).

Hypocaranx Klunzinger, Fisehe des rothen Meeres, 92,96, 18S4 (sjteciOSlis) .

151. Caranx speciosus (Fnrskal). “ IJaopuo;” “ Vina I'aud.” Plate XII.

Head 3.25; depth 2.14; eye 5; snout 2.5; maxillary 2.75; I ). vi-i, 20; A. i, 10; scutes weak, about 15.

Body broadly ovate, strongly compressed; back considerably elevated, the ventral outline less
curved; caudal peduncle short; dorsal and ventral outlines approaching it at about equal angles; head
rather small, short; snoutshort, the profile ascending rather abruptly; nape trenchant; mouth moder¬
ate, slightly oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary reaching anterior border of pupil, its edge
slipping under preorbital for its entire length; suborbital broad, about 2 in snout; mouth entirely
toothless, tongue with small villiform teeth; interorbital space strongly convex; eye small, slightly
above axis of body, slightly anterior; gill rakers moderate, about half diameter of eye, stout and blunt,
about 20 below angle; dorsal spines weak, short, longest 3.2 in head; origin of soft dorsal midway
between tip of snout and base of caudal; caudal deeply forked; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin
under seventh soft dorsal ray; ventrals short, reaching beyond vent, 2.5 in head; pectoral long and fal¬
cate, reaching beyond arch, its length equal to base of anal; arch of lateral line equal to straight part
(in smaller examples the arch is less, sometimes 1.25 in straight part); cheek and upper parts of oper-
cle seal}', breast scaly, no scales on snout and upper part of head.

Color in life, light dusky above with silvery and blue reflections, becoming white on belly; ante¬
rior part of belly and sides of face yellow; indistinct yellow blushes on other parts of body; yellow
line on body at base of anal; 8 or 9 indistinct transverse bands on body; margin of caudal yellow;
anterior anal yellow, bright toward tip of longest rays; ventrals white; pectoral translucent; dorsals
dusky; irregular, blackish spots on back below base of soft dorsal.

Color in alcohol, dusky grayish, lighter below; soft dorsal brownish olivaceous, other fins slightly
lighter, no bands evident on body, though these show in small examples.

The above description from a specimen (No. 03523) 18 inches long, from Honolulu, where the fish
was also obtained by the Albatross in 1902. Our collections contain an excellent series of this species,
the specimens ranging from 8.5 to 20 inches in length.

Scomber speciosus Forskiil, Descript. Animal., XII, 54, 1775, Djidda.

Scomber rim Forskiil, op. cit. ( -Scombei' speciosus Forskiil ). Australia; Polynesia, etc.

198

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION

Caranx spcciosus, Laccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 72, 1802; Jordan it Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 308, 1902;
Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 117 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan 19, 1904), 525
(Honolulu).

Caranx pctaurista Geoffrey Saint- Hilaire, Descript. Egypte, pi. 23, fig. 1. 1809.

Caranx poloosoo Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Ichth., pi. 58, figs. 1 and 5, 1814 (called Caranx speciosits in the text,
13G), Australia.

Gnathanodon spcciosus, Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1851, 72; Jordan it Evermann, Fish. North it Mid. Amer., I, 928,
189G.

Caranx ruppdlii Gunther, Cat., II, 445, 1860, Red Sea.

Caranx panamcns is Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1863, 1GG, Panama (Coll. Captain Dow)..

Caranx (Hi/pocaranx) spcciosus, Klunzinger, Fische des rothen M ceres. I. 96, 1884 (Red Sea); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss.
Wien, LXX. 1900, 495 (Pearl Harbor, Oahu).

Genus 114. CARANGOIDES Bleeker.

Teeth persistent, all small, in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; lateral line
scarcely arched in front; body oblong, not much elevated; otherwise essentially as in Caranx.
Tropical seas.

Carangoides Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 27, 59, 1852 (plagiotxnia; teeth equal, several series in both jaws and on
palate and tongue).

a. Anal with numerous rays. 25 or 26.

b. Scutes about 30 . . ferdau , p. 198

bb. Scutes about 25 . . . g i/mnostcthoidcs , p. 199

aa. Anal with fewer rays, about 16 . 1 . ajax, p. 200

152. Carangoides ferdau (Forskal). “ Oniilu.” Fig. 77.

IIead3.6in length; depth 2.7; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.5; I>. vi-i, 29;
A. ii— i, 25; scutes about 30.

Body elongate, elliptical, compressed, dorsal outline evenly arched, steep from above eye to tip of
snout; head as deep as long; snout short, blunt, depressed in front of eye, steep anteriorly; mouth

Fig. 77. — Carangoides ferdau (Forskal).

moderate, slightly oblique; teeth small, villiform on vomer, palatines, tongue, and jaws, those in jaws
the larger and arranged in bands; tongue rounded, thin, and free for t lie most of its length; maxillary
rather broad, its greatest width 2 in eye, extending to anterior edge of pupil; eye anterior, slightly

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

199

above axis; interorbital very convex, the nape trenchant; spinous dorsal short, weak, and low;
6 or 7 rays of soft dorsal elevated anteriorly, the longest ray about 2 in base of fin, other rays even,
slightly less than eye; origin of soft dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of caudal; caudal
deeply forked, lobes equal; anal similar to soft dorsal, longest ray about 2 in its base; ventrals short,
reaching past vent, 2.5 in head; pectoral long, falcate, equal to base of anal, the head contained 1.3
in pectoral, its lower base just anterior to base of ventrals; lateral line with a long, low arch, extending
nearly to tip of pectoral.

Color in life, silvery, with dark-blue reflections over upper portions of back and head, several
small lemon-colored spots with dusky centers on side, the number and position varying in different
specimens, generally a group under curve of lateral line and one near beginning of straight portion;
soft dorsal and anal blue, lower portion of these tins golden with blue outer margin; ventrals white
with bluish shade, pectoral transparent, with golden shade; caudal bluish and golden with dusky
margin.

Color in alcohol, purplish blue, lighter on sides and below, anterior portion of anal and soft dorsal
dusky; pectorals pale; side with a few indistinct dark spots, usually below lateral line and posterior
to middle of pectoral.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 03413} 14 inches long, obtained in the market
at Honolulu, July 19. Several other specimens were obtained at Honolulu and one is in the collection
from Kailua. The fish is rather common about Hawaii, and equally so in Samoa.

Scomber ferdau, I'orskal, Descript. Animal., 55, 1775, Red Sea.

Cara nx bajad Ruppt-Il, Atl. Reis. Nordl. At.. 98, pi. 25, fig. 5, 152.5. Red Sea.

Carangoides in migymnostethus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen.. XXIV, 1852, ill, Batavia.

CarangoidttgfulvOQidtatus Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, 89, Batavia.

Caranx Venator Playfair, Proe. Zool. Soc. London 1S67, 859, fig. 2; no locality, probably Seychelles.

Caranx ferdau , Kluhzinger, Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1871, i 02 { Red Sea) (not of Riippell); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, I.
taf. 77'and 78, 134, 1870 (Red Sea, Tahiti, Seychelles, Bonin Islands); Day, Fishes of India, II, 217, 1S76; Steindach-
ner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I.X X, 1900, 495 (Honolulu).

Caranx ( Carangoides) Jerdau, Kluiizinger, Fisehe des rothen M ceres. [, 99, 1S84 (Red Sea).

Carangoides ferdau , Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 440 (Honolulu).

153. Carangoides gymnostethoides Bleeker.

Head 3.3 (4) in length; depth 3 (3.6); D. vii-i, 31; A. is-i, 26.

Body elliptical, compressed; profile convex from snout to nostril, thence regularly arched to
caudal; ventral outline less convex, being almost straight from head to anal; head longer than deep;
snout rather blunt, 3 in head; mouth low, somewhat oblique; maxillary 2.3 in head, extending opposite
front of pupil; lower jaw little produced; teeth in villiform bands on jaws, vomer, palatines, and a
patch on the tongue; eye large, 1.5 in snout, 4.4 in head; adipose eyelid little developed; cheeks and
temporal regions with line scales, head otherwise naked; scales rather small, those below pectoral
smaller; a naked Area on breast not widening forward from base of ventrals as much as in C. ortho-
grammus Jordan & Gilbert; lateral line but little curved, arched above pectorals, and gradually
becoming straight at their tips; greatest depth of arch about equal to pupil, the arched part of the line
longer than the straight, plates developed only in the posterior half of the straight part; the plates
small with low keels, their spines little prominent; 25 developed plates, including small ones;
spinous dorsal rather weak, the highest spine 1.75 in snout (these spines probably varying according to
the age); soft dorsal long and low, with slender rays; a well-developed scaly basal sheath anteriorly;
the first articulate ray is 1.75 in base of fin and 1.25 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; first free anal
spine nearly obsolete, second small; caudal lobes moderate, equal, 1.2 in head, their length much
less than the depth from tip to tip; pectorals falcate, their tips slender, reaching tenth ray of anal,
their length 2.5 in body (from snout to base of caudal fin); ventrals 2.6 in head.

Color, in spirits, nearly plain olive, about as in C. orthogmmmus. This species is recorded from
Johnston Island by Smith & Swain. We have not seen it from elsewhere.

Carangoides gymnostethoides Bleeker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV. 1852, 61; Bleeker, Xai. Tyils. Xed. Ind.t I, 364, Batavia;
Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. Arehip. Indie., 69, 1859 (Java).

Caranx gymnostethoides, Gunther, Cat., II, 431, 1860 (Sea of Batavia); Smith & Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mils., V, 1882, 125
(Johnston Island).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

200

154. Carangoides ajax Snyder. Plate 33, fig. 2.

Head measured to end of opercular flap, 3.6 in length to base of caudal; depth 2.7; depth of
caudal peduncle 7.7 in head; diameter of eye 5; width of interorbital space 3.5; length of snout 2.3;
maxillary 2.3, 1). 19; A. 16; plates in straight portion of lateral line about 32.

Anterior profile elevated, the contour rising abruptly to a point above posterior margin of orbit;
lower jaw slightly longer than upper; cleft of mouth almost horizontal, maxilliary reaching a vertical
passing through center of pupil; width of suborbital area I in head. Teeth villiform, in bands on
jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; gillrakers on lower limb of first arch II, the longest equal in
length to width of posterior part of maxillary.

Head naked, except a small area behind and below eye, where there are small, deeply embedded
scales; body mostly naked, there being an irregularly outlined area along lateral line with small,
embedded scales; lateral line much more arched than dorsal contour, the highest point of curve just
anterior to insertion of dorsal, the straight part beginning below base of twelfth dorsal ray; 3 or i
posterior plates large, their length about half the depth of caudal peduncle; other plates growing
smaller anteriorly, almost disappearing before curved portion of lateral line is reached; spinous
dorsal not present; anal spines absent; anterior rays of both fins elevated, their height about 2.5 in
head; caudal deeply forked, lobes of equal length, 1.2 in head; pectoral falcate, 1.1 in head; ventrals
short, pointed, 2.3 in head.

Color silvery, darker above, indistinctly marbled with dusky along the back; base of pectoral
colored on posterior side, upper half brownish black, lower dead white; dorsal fin with a dusky
margin.

One specimen 38 inches long, from the market at Honolulu. Type, No. 50871, U. S. Nat. Mu's.

Carangoides ajax Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1 902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 594, pi. S, iig. 15, Honolulu.

Genus 115. ALECTIS Rafinesque. The Thread-Fishes.

Body rhomboid, deep, strongly compressed, more or less completely covered with minute embed¬
ded scales, sometimes apparently naked; scutes on the straight portion of the lateral line enlarged,
bony, and spinous, as in Carangnx, but much less developed; mouth moderate, with bands of villiform
teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue; first dorsal fin little developed, the spines short and
rudimentary, mostly disappearing with age; soft dorsal and anal similar to each other; the first 5 or 6
rays of each fin elongate and filiform in the young, becoming shorter with age; ventral fins elongate
in young, short in the adult; pectorals falcate; no liillets; caudal peduncle narrow, the caudal widely
forked; gillrakers moderate, stout. This genus is not essentially different from Carangm, the great
change in form arising from no important modification of the skeleton. The changes due to age are
surprisingly great, as Dr. Lutkcn has shown, the characters of the nominal genera being chiefly
stages in the growth of individuals. The young individuals are almost orbicular in form, with the
filaments excessively long. Tropical seas.

Gatin* I.acepede, Ilist, Nat. Poiss. , IV, 5S3. 1802 (rtresceu* ciliari*)-, name preoccupied in ornithology.

Alectis Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, si, 1815 (substitute for Gatin*, preoccupied).

Blcpharis Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 1. II, 322, 1817 (ciliari*) ; name preoccupied.

Scyris Cuvier, Regne. Animal, Fd. 2, II, 209, 1829 ( indica ).

Gallichthy* Cuvier A: Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 108, 1833 (gallas)-, substitute lor Gallus, preoccupied.
Blepharichthys Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1301, appendix, 30 ( ciliari* ); substitute for Blcpharis, preoccupied.

155. Alectis ciliaris (Bloch). “ (Jim kikikiki." Fig. 78.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 1.9; eye 3.8 in head; snout 2.7; preorbital 3.6; interorbital 3.5; maxil¬
lary 2.5; gape 3.1; mandible 2; D. i, 22; A. ii, 17; scutes 18.

Body oval, much compressed, highest between the elevated bases of dorsal and anal; snout very
short, the profile ascending abruptly in a straight line to front of eye, thence in a sharp curve to nape,
from which point it is nearly straight to origin of dorsal fin; interorbital narrow and very trenchant;
preorbital very deep; mouth moderate, very low, little oblique in adult, very oblique in’ young; the
jaws equal; chin prominent; maxillary rather narrow, reaching vertical of anterior edge of pupil;
teeth on jaws, vomer, tongue, and palatines in villiform bands; eye large, above axis of body, the adipose
eyelid well developed before and behind; spinous dorsal obscure, the spines scarcely perceptible in

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

'201

adult; first rays of dorsal and anal filamentous, exceedingly long, in the young much longer than body,
becoming somewhat shorter with age; lateral line with a wide arch, its summit under origin of dorsal,
the chord of the curved portion about equal to straight part; scutes not strong, weak in the young;
sheath of dorsal and anal fins little developed; veutrals moderate, about 2 in head; pectoral long,
falcate, its length exceeding that of head, its tip reaching vertical of tenth anal ray.

Color in alcohol, bluish above, silvery on sides and below; head and middle of side with some
yellow: a large dark blotch on opercle, a black blotch on orbit above; fins all pale, a large black blotch
on base of the fourth to eighth dorsal rays, a smaller one on third and fourth anal rays; first 2 or 3
produced dorsal filaments pale, next 3 or 4 black for most of their length; ventrals dusky. The above
description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 4039) 15 inches long from Honolulu.

A specimen 4.6 inches long, also from Honolulu, had in life 3 curved transverse bands on side of
body, convex anteriorly, 1 on caudal peduncle, an indistinct trace of another in front of the 3, the
most distinct one extending from just behind dorsal angle of body to just behind ventral angle; the
next from about middle of soft dorsal to middle of soft anal; these 3 bands somewhat dusky above and
showing very distinct when held at certain angles, but less so when held at others; black spot near

Fig. 78. — Alec t is ciliaris (Bloch).

base on highest portion of dorsal; ventrals dusky for two-thirds their length; upper margin of opercle
black; anterior dorsal and anal filaments white, the next ones black.

This interesting and beautiful fish is of wide distribution, being found on both coasts of tropical
America, ranging northward to Cape Cod and Mazatlan. It is generally common southward, especially
about Cuba and the Florida Keys. The many nominal species have been reduced by Liitken to 3 or
4 — gallus and ciliaris of the East Indies, alexandritms of North Africa, and erinUm of America. We
have not examined the East Indian forms, but we see no reason for doubting that ciliaris is the young
of gallus, as has been supposed by I>r. Day and others. The name gallus was, however, originally
applied by Linnxus to Selene vomer. Our young examples of crinilus, moreover, agree fully with the
figures of ciliaris. We think it therefore extremely probable that all the nominal species of this type
are forms of Aledis ciliaris. As has been shown by Liitken ( Spolia Atlantica, 197), the nominal genera
Scyris, Blejiliaris, and Gallichthys, are simply stages in the development of individuals, the characters
assigned to these genera changing with age.

The species seems to be not uncommon among the Hawaiian Islands. It. was obtained by Dr.
Jenkins in 18S9, and our collection contains a fine series of examples, ranging in length from 4 to 15.5
inches. The Albatross obtained specimens at Honolulu and at Hapalei Bay, Kauai.

202

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Zeusgallus Bloch, lehth., VI, 29, pi. CXCII.fig. 1, 1788; not of Linnseus, locality not given.

Zeus ciliaris Bloch, lehth., VI, 27, pi. 191, 1788, East Indies.

Scomber filamcntosus Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, III, 1797, 30, Sumatra.

(i alius virescens Laccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 583, 1802, locality not given; after Linnaeus.

Scyris indica Riippell, All. Fische, Fische des rothen. M ceres, 128, taf. 33, fig. 1. 1828, Djetta; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist,
Nat. Poiss., IX, 115, pi. 252, 1833 (Pondicherry and Java); Riippell, Neue Wirbelt., Fische, 51, 1838; Richardson,
/ lehth. China, 270, 1810 (Canton).

Blepharis fasciatus Riippell, Atl. Reis. Nordl. Af., 129, pi. 33, fig. 2, 1828.

Gallichthys chcvola Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 175, 1833; after Russell.

Gallichthys major Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX, 108, pi. 254, 1833 India; Richardson, lehth. China, 271,
1840 (China Seas); Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 130, 1850 (Sea of Pinang, Singapore).

Scyris ruppellii Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 251, 1839, locality not given.

Scyris indicus , Cantor, Cat. Malayan Fishes, 134, 1850 (Sea of Pinang).

Car angoides blepharis Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, 67, Batavia.

< 'aranyo ides gallichthys Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 1852, 08, East Indies.

Caranx gall us, Gunther, Cat., II, 455, 1800 (Malay Peninsula, China, Java); Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, V, 135, 1870 (Hawa¬
iian and Society islands); Day, Fishes of India, II, 224, PI. LI, fig. 3, 1870.

Caranx ciliaris, Gunther, Cat., II, 454, 1800 (Amboyna; India); Gdnther, Fische der Sudsee, V, 135, pi. 89, 1870 (Pelew,
Kingsmill, Sandwich, and Solomon islands).

Scyris gali us, Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meeres, I, 101, 1884.

Scyris ciliaris, Klunzinger, 1. c. (Red Sea).

Alcctis ciliaris , Jordan «fc Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amcr., I, 931, 1896; Jordan A Evermann, Amer. Food and Game
Fishes, 308, 1902; Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1902, 338 (Kerum, Formosa); Jenkins, Bull.
U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 447 ( Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 525 (Honolulu; Hanalci
Bay, Kauai).

Family LVI. BRAMIDtE. — The Pomfrets.

Body oblong, more or less elevated, strongly compressed, covered with firm adherent scales, large
or small; scales firm, cycloid, lobate, or emarginate, or with a median ridge or spine, this character
found in the young of all species but disappearing with age in some of them. Mouth moderate, very
oblique, maxillary broad and scaly, premaxillary protractile; jaws with bands of slender teeth; vomer
and palatine teeth present or absent; preopercle entire or serrulate, serrate or spinous in the young;
opercles well developed; dorsal and anal fins long, similar to each other, each with 3 or 4 anterior
rays short and simple, developed as spines, the remaining rays all articulated; soft dorsal and anal
scaly or with a sheath of scales; ventrals small, below the pectoral; axillary scale well developed, the
rays 1, 5; pectoral long; caudal peduncle slender, the fin lunate or forked, sometimes widely so;
branohiostegais 7; pseudobranchiie present; pyloric caeca few; air-bladder present or absent; supraoc-
cipital crest large and high, extending forward to the snout; vertebra1 numerous (1(1 I 23=39 in Brama
rail); skeleton firm; shoukler-girdle thick and heavy, the hypocoracoid especially large and much
dilated, entering the ventral outline, excluding the pubic bones from contact with the shoulder-girdle;
pubic bones short, and small; nenrals and interneurals small and slender. Fishes of the open sea,
widely distributed and often inhabiting considerable depths, subject to great changes with age.

Genus 116. COLLYBUS Snyder.

Body deep, ovate, greatly compressed; teeth in narrow bands, about 2 or 3 rows on jaws, none on
vomer or palatines; 2 small fangs on each side of lower jaw near tip; teeth all small, weak, sharply
pointed; gillrakers long and slender; pseudobranchiie large; pyloric ececa 4, 2 of them about equal in
length to diameter of pupil, the others nearly as long as stomach; vertebra; 38; mouth very oblique,
nearly vertical; operele, suboperele, interopercle, and preopercle smooth; scales short, very broad
(vertically), the upper and lower edges sharply pointed, strongly ctenoid, each scale with a median,
thickened, vertical ridge having a conspicuous tubercle in the center; number of scales in a lateral row
between operele and base of caudal about 50; no lateral line; dorsal inserted on a vertical passing just
behind base of ventral, rays 34, the anterior 3 or 4 without articulations; anal 30, a row of scales along
base of fin; caudal deeply forked; ventral inserted on a vertical through posterior half of base of
pectoral.

Color silvery, dusky on head and back.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 34

1.COLLYBUS DRACHME SNYDER.

2. APOGON ERYTHRINUS SNYDER

A. HOEN & CO., UTH.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

203

The genus CoUybus differs from Tunnies in not having teeth on the vomer and palatine bones, in
having the caudal deeply cleft, the ventrals inserted posterior to the middle of the bases of pectorals,
and in not having the opercular bones denticulated.

Collybus Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 525 ( drackmc ).

156. CoUybus drachme Snyder. Plate 34, fig. 1.

Head, measured to. end of opercular flap, 3.3 in length (snout to base of caudal) ; depth 1.7; depth
of caudal peduncle 3.6 in head; eye 2.8; snout 4.9; maxillary 2.2; interorbital space 3.3; D. 34; A. 30;
scales in lateral series 51, — 19.

Body greatly compressed, its width at the widest part equal to length of maxillary; upper contour
rather evenly curved from snout, to caudal peduncle; lower contour much more convex, the base of
anal not curved; mouth nearly vertical; lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond upper, posterior edge
of maxillary reaching a vertical through anterior edge of pupil; teeth small, weak, sharply pointed,
in narrow bands (2 or 3 rows) on jaws; 2 larger, fang-like teeth on each side of tip of lower jaw; no
teeth on vomer and palatines; pseudobranchiae large, the filaments equal in length to twice diameter
of pupil; gillrakers 4+10, slender, long, and sharply pointed; edges of operele, interoperele, sub-
opercle, and preopercle smooth ; lower jaw, snout, and interorbital area naked; other parts of head,
including the maxillary and the body, closely scaled; scales strongly ctenoid, the ridges with minute
tubercles; each scale with a high vertical ridge, on the middle of which is a prominent knob; the
ridges of the scales hidden by the overlapping softer parts, the knobs projecting, lying in longitudinal
rows; scales short, but very broad vertically, the upper and lower edges sharply pointed; scales of
head, at base of pectoral and along the back much smaller than the others; no evident lateral line.

Dorsal inserted on a vertical passing behind base of pectoral a distance equal to diameter of pupil,
rays 34, the anterior 3 or 4 without articulations; fin elevated anteriorly, the longest ray 1.4 in head;
posterior rays 3.6. Anal rays, except first 1 or 2, articulated; length of anterior rays 3.6 of head; caudal
deeply forked; pectoral pointed 3.2 of the length; ventrals inserted on a vertical passing through pos¬
terior half of base of pectoral.

Color bright silvery, dusky on upper part of head and along back; a silvery spot about the size of
pupil at insertion of dorsal; upper and lower rays of caudal dusky; central part yellowish white;
anterior rays of dorsal dusky.

The type, No. 50875, U. S. Nat. Mus., is a specimen 6 inches long, from station 4176, off Xiihau,
evidently near the surface. Other examples, among which are cotypes, 7737 L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.,
were obtained from the stomach of a Coryphirna at Honolulu. Small squids and fishes were taken
from the stomach of the specimen here described. A specimen seen in the Bishop Museum.

Collybus drachme Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 525, pi 9, lig. 10, Albatross Station, 4176, olT
Niihau.

Family LVII. CORYPH^NIDJE. — The Dolphins.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with small cycloid scales; cleft of the mouth wide, oblique,
the lower jaw projecting; cardiform teeth in the jaws and on the vomer and palatines; a patch of villi-
form teeth on tongue; no teeth in esophagus; opercular bones entire; skull with a crest which is much
more elevated in adult than in young; a single, many-rayed dorsal fin, not greatly elevated, extending
from nape nearly to caudal fin; anal similar, but shorter, each without distinct spines; pectoral very
short and small; ventrals well developed, thoracic, i, 5, partly received into a groove in the abdomen;
caudal fin widely forked; lateral line present; gill-membranes free from isthmus; branchiostegals 7; no
pseudobranehke; no air-bladder; pyloric appendages very numerous; vertebrae about 30. A single
genus with probably but 2 species. Very large fishes inhabiting the high seas in warm regions, noted
for their brilliant and changeable colors.

Genus 117. CORYPHiENA Linnaeus.

Characters of the genus included above. The species are not well known, having been unduly
multiplied by authors. According to Dr. Liitken they are probably' reducible to 2; both known to
occur among the Hawaiian Islands.

BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

204

Corijpka”i at Linnseus Syst. Nat., E<1. X, 'Jill . 1753 ( hippurus ).

Oaranxuntorus LacCpede, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., Ill, S2, 1302 (puUtt/iats).

Lcpimphis Rafinesque, Caratteri, 33, 1310 (/dppuroidis).

Lnmpugus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., IX, 317, 1333 ( pelar/icus ; young).

n. Dorsal rays 55 to 05; anal 20 to 30; adult with the front greatly elevated, forming a high crest . flippant*, p. 204

an. Dorsal rays 51 to 55; anal 21 to 20; profile of adult male not very steep and not very different from that of female.

equisctis , p. 205

157. Coryphaena hippurus Linnseus. Common Dolphin. u Mahihi;” “ ifahimiihi.” Fig. 79.

Head 4.35 in length; depth 5; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3; interorbital' 3; maxillary 2.1; D. 57; A. 27.

Body long and slender, deepest anteriorly; anterior profile in adult, male nearly vertical; maxillary
reaching posterior edge of pupil; mouth large, horizontal; hands of teeth on jaws, vomer, tongue, anti
palatines, the teeth all recurved, those in outer row larger, being wide-set, sharp, anti conic; tongue
rounded, free; eye low, anterior; a horizontal groove from eye to nostril; origin of dorsal over middle
of eye in adult male, its tips extending to rudimentary rays of caudal, the twelfth or thirteenth ray
being the highest; origin of anal nearer posterior edge, of eye titan base of caudal; ventrals inserted
slightly behind upper base of pectoral, 1.25 in head; pectoral 1.35.

Color in alcohol, bluish silvery above, lighter below, becoming white on belly; the sides, chiefly
below lateral line, with many dark spots about size of pupil, these most numerous anteriorly; dorsal

fin dull purplish black; other fins color of corresponding parts of body except ventrals, which are dull
purplish black on inner side; anal dull purplish on outer edge; peritoneum grayish black.

This description is from a specimen (No. 04450) 29.5 inches long, front Honolulu. Numerous
other examples were seen by ns and several were preserved. One from Hilo, when fresh, had the
lower half of body yellowish; blue spots under pectorals; jet black spots all over the rest of the lower
side, upper portion bluish with dark spots on silvery bluish ground; dorsal fin bright ultramarine,
blue; belly light; anal tinged with blue. The color of this fish in life is indescribably beautiful, but
it undergoes very rapid changes while dying. After death only faint indications of the former colors
remain. Our several specimens are 29 to 46 inches in length, from the largest of which the following
measurements were secured:

Inches.

Length of fish to end of cleft of caudal fin . 46

Root of caudal to end of cleft . . . . . . 4.25

Body exclusive of head . . . 33.25

Trunk . 13.5

Height of dorsal . . . . . 8.0

Height of anal . - . 5.25

Height of ventral . 7.75

Height of pectoral . 7.5

Depth of body at vent . 8.0

Caudal peduncle . 2.5

Cortjphxna hippurus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 2(51, 1758, open seas; Gunther, Cat., II, 105, 1800; Gunther, Fische der
Siidsee, V, 140, 1876 (Indian Ocean); Jordan X Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amor., I, 952, pi. 149, fig. 402, 1896;
ibid, Amur. Food and Game Fishes, 324, with tig., 1902; Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903),
417 (Honolulu.)

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

205

Scomber pelagicus Linna-us, Syst. Nat., Ed. X. 299, 175S, no locality given.

Coryphasna fasdolatus Pallas, Spicil. Zool., VIII, pi. 3, tig- 2, 1772. Amboyna. *

Coryphivna chrysurus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. III. ISO, 1800. Pacific Ocean.

Coryphivna imperial is Rafinesque, Caratteri, 33. 1810, Sicily.

Lcpimphis hippuroidrs Rafinesque, Caratteri, 31, 1810, Palermo.

Coryphivna iinmaculata Agassiz in Spix, Pise. liras.. II T, pi. 56, 1829, Atlantic, off Brazil.

Coryphivna margravii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IX. 391, 1833, America.

Coryphxna siierii Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX. 302, 1833, Philadelphia
Coryphn na dorado Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 303, 1833. Brazil.

Coryjihirna dolfyn Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 305. 1833, Antilles.

Coryphnmarirguta Cuvier «fc Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 308, 1833. Martinique.

Coryphivna arr/y runts Cuvier tfc Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 314, 1833, sea of Coromandel.

Coryphirna via m ingii Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 315, 1833, seas of India.

CorypJiiena scombcroidrs Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., IX. 315, 1833, South Sea.

Lamp it gus sic ulus Cuvier A Valenciennes, op. cit., IX, 323, 1833, Sicily.

Coryphivna japonica SHilegel, Fauna Japon., Poiss., 120, pi. 61. is 15. Japan.

158. Coryphsena equisetis Linnteus. Small Dolphin. Fig. SO.

Head 4.2 to4.6 in length; depth 3.6 to 4; D. 51 to 55; A. 24 to 26; vertebne 33; profile of head convex,
hut not nearly v Ttical,even in the adult ; maxillary reaching front of pupil, 3.8 to 4.S in head; insertion
of dorsal behind eye; pectorals equal to half length of head; maxillary reaching middle of eye; profile
of snout becoming nearly vertical with age; front of anal under middle of body. Colors brilliant in
life, changing suddenly at death ; brownish olive above, white or golden below, with bright-blue spots,
which are largest on the back and head, forming bands on snout; dorsal purplish blue, with paler

oblique lines, other fins tinged with blue; caudal yellow; inspirits pale, with blackish spots on the
lower parts.

“ Male with the front elevated, forming a crest, which projects a little beyond the upper jaw;
female with blue spots along each side of tail, regularly arranged.” (Poey.) Length 30 inches.
Open Atlantic; rare in the West Indies; not recorded from coast of the United States.

Recorded by Bennett from the vicinity of Laysan (latitude 27° X., longitude 166° W.) and by
Gunther from between Tahiti and the Hawaiian Islands.

We are not sure that the specimens recorded by Bennett and by Gunther were not the common
species, C. hippurus, but the few dorsal rays in Gunther’s figure and his positive identification indicate
that this species as well as the other occurs there. The position of the origin of the dorsal fin, how¬
ever, is not, as Gunther has thought, an important character, as it varies greatly with age, being much
more anterior in the young than in the adult.

This species was not seen by us among the Hawaiian Islands.

Cvri/pluena e.qu O' I.inmeus, Syst.Xil! .. Ed. X, 261, 1758 (misprinted cquiselui, high seas; Gunther, Cat., It. 107, 1860 (Atlantic);
Gunther. Fische derSudsee, V, 147, pi 93, Pig. A, 1S76 ( between Tahiti and Hawaiian Islands); .Iordan & Evermann,
Pishes North and Mid. Amer., I, 953, 1896; Jordan A Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 325, 1902.

Coryphxna sociahs Bennett. Narrative Whaling Voyage, II. 271, 1810, latitude 270 N., longitude 166" W

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

206

Group PERCOIDEA. — The Pereh-like Fishes.

A group of fishes of diverse habits and forms, but on the whole representing better than any other
the typical AcanthopUrygian fish. The group is incapable of concise definition, or, in general, of any
definition at all; still, most of its members are definitely related to each other, and bear in one way
or another a resemblance to the typical form, the perch, or more strictly to its marine relatives, the
sea basses or Serranuhr. The following analysis gives most of the common characters of the group:

Body usually oblong, covered with scales, which are typically ctenoid, not smooth nor spinous,
and of moderate size; lateral line typically present and concurrent with the back; head usually com¬
pressed laterally, and with the cheeks and opercles scaly; mouth variable, usually terminal and with
lateral cleft, the teeth variable, hut typically pointed, arranged in bands on the jaws, vomer, and
palatine bones; gillrakers usually sharp, stoutish, armed with teeth; lower pharyngeal* almost always
separate, usually armed with cardiform teeth; third upper pharyngeal moderately enlarged, elongate,
not articulated to the cranium, the fourth typically present; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-
membranes free from the isthmus, and usually not connected with each other; pseudobranchim typically
well developed; branchiostegals few, usually 6 or 7; no orhitosphenoid; no bony stay connecting the
suborbital chain to the preopercle; opercular bones all well developed, normal in position, the preopercle
typically serrate; no cranial spines; dorsal fin variously developed, but always with some spines in
front, these typically stiff and pungent; anal fin typically short, usually with 3 spines, sometimes
with a larger number, sometimes with none; caudal fin variable, usually lunate; pectoral fins well
developed, inserted high; ventral fins always present, thoracic, separate, almost always with 1 spine
and 5 rays; air-bladder usually present, without air-duct in the adult, simple, and generally adherent
to the walls of the abdomen; stomach cceeal, with pyloric appendages, the intestines short in most
species, long in the herbivorous forms; vertebral column well developed, none of the vertebra- especi¬
ally modified, the number 10 [-14, except in certain extra-tropical and fresh- water forms, which retain
the primitive higher numbers; shoulder-girdle normally developed, the post-temporal bifurcate,
attached to the skull, but not coossified with it; none of the epipleural bones attached to the center of
the vertebra-; coracoids normal, the hypercoracoid always with a median foramen, the basal bones
of the pectoral (actinosts or pterygials) normally developed, 3 or 4 in number, hourglass-shaped,
longer than broad; premaxillary forming the border of mouth, usually protractile; bones of the man¬
dible distinct. Species very numerous, found in all seas except those of the Arctic regions. Many
species inhabit fresh waters, especially in North America and Europe. These fresh-water forms are
apparently nearer the primitive stock than the marine species are. The Elcmomida:, Cenlrarchidre,
and Percichv are the most primitive, and apparently form, with the PercopsuLv and Aphredoderid; e, an
almost continuous series. This series, however, we are compelled to break in a linear arrangement
for the purpose of bringing in other series of transitional forms, which culminate in Berycoids and the
Scomhroids.

KEY TO FAMILIES OF PERCOIDEA.

a. Maxillary not sheathed by the preorbital or only partially covered by the edge of the latter; ventral with its accessory
scale very small or wanting; opcrele usually ending in a spine.

b. Precaudal vertebra with transverse processes from the third or fourth to the last: ribs all but the last lto 1, sessile,
inserted on the centra behind the transverse processes; pseudobranchite large; dorsal spines about 10.

Kuhllidx. p. 207

bb. Precaudal vertebra- anteriorly without transverse processes; all or most of the ribs inserted on the transverse
processes when these are developed.

c. Anal spines 2, rarely 3; vertebra- ‘24 or 25; dorsal fin divided . Apoganichth’iidx , p. 209

cc. Anal spines 3, never 2 nor 1; dorsal fin continuous or divided; vertebrae 24 to 35.

d. Anal lin shorter than dorsal; head not everywhere covered with rough scales; postocular part of head not short¬

ened . Serranidic, p. 219

dd. Anal fin scarcely shorter than dorsal and similar to it; head and body everywhere covered with rough scales;

body deep, compressed . Priucanthida s, p. 227

da. Maxillary slipping for most of its length under the edge of the preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath;
ventrals with an accessory scale; opcrele without spines.

e. Carnivorous species; teeth in jaws not all incisor-like?

/. Spines of premaxillary not greatly produced, not extending backward to the occiput; mouth moderately
protractile.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

207

(j. Vomer with teeth . Lutianidx , p. 232

OH- Vomer without teeth; palatines and tongue toothless: anterior teeth conical, or else more or less incisor-like;

preorpercle entire . Sparkin', p. 242

//. Spines of premaxillary extending backward to the occiput, so that the mouth is excessively protractile: lower

pharyngeals well separated . Mxnidtc , p. 244

cc. Herbivorous species: anterior teeth in jaws incisor-like; no molars or canines . Kyphosukv, p. 246

Family LVIII. KUHUID.C

Body oblong, strongly compressed; scales large, ciliated; lateral line complete, the tubes straight
and occupying the anterior half of the exposed surface of the scale; mouth large, protractile; maxillary
exposed, without supplemental bone; teeth in jaws in villiform bands; teeth on vomer, palatines,
entopterygoids, and ectopterygoids; tongue smooth; head partly naked; preorbital and preopercle
denticulate; opercle with 2 spines; gill-membranes separate; <> branehiostesals; pseudobraneliifc large;
gill rakers long and slender; dorsal tins connected at the base, with x, 9 to 13 rays, the spinous portion
longer than the soft; anal as much developed as the soft dorsal, with in, 10 to 12 rays; dorsal and
anal lius fitting in a well-developed sheath; caudal emarginate, pectoral obtusely pointed, with 14 or
15 rays, upper the longest; ventrals behind base of pectoral, close together, with a strong spine; poste¬
rior processes of the premaxi I lanes not extending to the frontals; supraoecipital bone extending for¬
ward to between the post-frontal processes, its crest not extending on the upper surface of the cranium;
parietals short, without crest; precaudal vertebra; with transverse processes behind the fourth; ribs all
but the last 2 to 4 sessile, inserted on the centrum behind the transverse processes. (Boulenger.)
Vertebra* 25 (10 or 11 j 14 or 15). One genus with 7 or 8 species inhabiting the Pacific Ocean, espe¬
cially fresh and brackish waters of East Africa, the islands of the Indian and Pacific oceans, and north
Australia.

Genas 118. KGHLIA Gill.

Body oblong, much compressed; head compressed; mouth short, oblique; maxillary without sup¬
plemental bone; lower jaw projecting; no canines; teeth subequal; preorbital sharply serrate; angle
of preopercle without strong spine; gillrakers slender; pseudobranch he large; scales large, not very
rough; lateral line distinctly arched in front; top of head naked; dorsal fin deeply notched, but not
divided to base, with 10 slender spines; caudal lunate; anal spines graduated, the fin short. Colora¬
tion bright silvery. This genus contains 2 groups of species, one strictly marine, the other ascend¬
ing the rivers. The Hawaiian species, found in estuaries, is intermediate.

KiiKlia Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 48 (cilia fa).

Moronopsis Gill. op. cit. 1803, 82 (marginatus) .

Paradulcs Blocker. Nederl. Tijdsehr. Dierkunde, 1, 257, 1803 ( marginatum = afflatus).

159. Kuhlia malo (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Ahdlehdle.”

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.6; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4; interorbital 3.3; maxillary 3; mandible
2.3; D. ix-i, 11; A. in, 11; scales 7-52-12; gillrakers 25 to 28.

Body oblong, strongly compressed, upper profile of head nearly straight; caudal peduncle com¬
pressed, its depth equal to length; head longer than deep; snout short, rather blunt; mouth oblique,
lower jaw projecting; teeth minute, in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue rather bluntly
pointed, free anteriorly; maxillary reaching slightly beyond front margin of eye; eye very large,
irregularly circular, its pupil slightly above axis of body, anterior; interorbital convex; 2 small, flat
opercular spines, the lower the larger; origin of dorsal fin about over that of ventrals, behind that of
pectoral, longest dorsal spine (fifth) 1.6 in head, longer than anterior soft rays; base of soft dorsal
less than that of anal; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed; anal spines graduated to the last, which
is the longest, but shorter than the anterior or longest soft rays, longest spine 2.5 in head, longest ray
2.1 in head; ventrals reaching three-fourths distance to vent, 1.8 in head; pectoral 1.5 in head, not
reaching as far as ventrals; scales ctenoid, 4 rows on cheek, those along bases of vertical fins very
small; top of head naked, about 12 scales before dorsal; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal out¬
line; caudal peduncle compressed, the least width 5 in least depth.

208

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

(lolor in life, bright silvery, bluish on hack; fins dull whitish, the first dorsal and caudal narrowly
edged w ith black; ventrals pure w hite; upper fms a little darker than lower; iris reddish silvery.

Young examples, when fresh, with top of head steel whitish with steel black reticulations and
marblings which end in 2 dark stripes along side of back close to dorsal ; soft dorsal with an inter-
maginal stripe of dusky; caudal pale, margined with dusky all round, the hulk of the fin white.

Color in alcohol, bluish brown above, more hr less dusky, especially on top of head; lower
surface of body white, washed with silvery; vertical tins dusky, the margins of caudal and dorsals
blackish; margin of anal pale; pectoral dusky, with a median yellowish spot, axil dusky; ventrals
whitish; inside of gill-opening and axil of pectoral dusky.

This beautiful fish was quite common in the streams and brackish water on the islands of Oahu
and Hawaii. Numerous specimens are in the collections from Honolulu, Moanalua, Heeia, Waialua,
Hilo, and Kailua, and numbers were obtained also by I>r. Jenkins and by the Albatross at Puako
Bay, Hawaii; Hanalei Bay, Iluleia River, and Waiinea River, Kauai; Lavsan Island; and at Station
3844 on the southern coast, of Molokai.

The species attains a length of 8 to 10 inches, though most of the examples seen were smaller; a very
attractive little lish, possessing many of the habits of our sunfishes and basses, dwelling by preference
in the running fresh-water streams, where it may he found in numbers in the deeper pools’, It is a
good food-fish, takes the hook readily, and possesses game qualities of no mean order. As a pan-fish
it ranks with our species of Lepomis and Eupomotis. The species is of very wide distribution, having
been recorded from South Africa, the East Indies, Australia, many of the islands of the South Pacific,
the Hawaiian Islands, and many other localities.

Pules •maifriCnvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 179, 1831, Matavia River, Tahiti.

Pulex main Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, 22(1, pi. 52, 1831, Tahiti.

Dulex lennscas Jenyns, Zool. Voy. Beagle, 17, 1842, Tahiti.

Pairs margin atus, Gunther, Fische der Slid. see, 24, 1873 (Sumatra, Java, Amboyna, Fiji, Society Islands, Bonham Islands,
Gilbert Islands, Hawaiian Islands): Gunther, Rep. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I, part VI, 59, 1880 (Hilo,
Honolulu).

Moronopsix argnitens var. sandrieemis Steindacliner, Beitriige, V, in Sit zb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LX XIV, 1870, 205, Sandwich
Islands.

Morgnopsix marghiatnx, Streets, Bull. U. S. N. M., No. 7. 71, 1877 (Waialua, Oahu).

■’ Ihilrx luimilix I)e Vis, Prop. Linn. Soe. N. S. Wales, IX. 1884, 390, Queensland, Australia.

Moron apsis sandvirmsis Steindacliner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XOVI, 1887, 50, (Sandwich Islands).

ICuhlia main, Boulenger, Cat., I. 40, 1895 (South Africa; Mauritius; Rodriguez: Fiji Islands; Vi ti Levu, Tahiti; Hawaiian
Islands; Hilo); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900. 485 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat.Sci. Phila.
1900, 502 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept,. 23, 1903), 4 17 '.Honolulu); Snyder,
op. c*it. (Jan. 19. 1904). 526 (Hawaiian Islands; Laysan Island).

160. Kuhlia taeniura (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Fig. *81.

I), x, 9 to 11; A. iii, 10 or 11; scales 5-50 to 55-13 or 14; depth 2.75 to 3 in total length; head
3.5 to 3.00; snout 0.00 diameter of eye, which is 2.00 to 3.25 times in length of head, and equals inter¬
orbital width; lower jaw projecting; maxillary extending to below anterior border or anterior third of
eye, the width of its distal extremity 0.25 to 0.33 diameter of eye; cheeks and opercles with large ctenoid
scab’s; angle and lower border of preoperele finely denticulated; lower opercular spine strong; 25 or
20 gill rakers on lower part of anterior arch; dorsal originating just behind vertical of axilla; fifth or
fourth and fifth spines longest, 0.0 to 0.60 length of head, longer than anterior soft rays; tenth spine
longer than ninth, as long as third or a little shorter; pectoral 0.00 length of head; ventral a little
shorter, reaching anus, or not quite so far; anal as long as or slightly longer than its distance from
caudal; third spine a little longer than second, as long as tenth dorsal; caudal deeply forked, middle
rays 0.33 to 0.4 length of outer. Silvery bluish gray on back; top of soft dorsal blackish; caudal with
5 black hands, one along the middle rays, and two pairs converging posteriorly.

This species, common among lava rocks in the south seas, was obtained in 1881 on Johnston
Island, south of Hawaii, and recorded by Smith & Swain. It is common at Samoa.

!:niiuru:< Cuvier W Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 11 1, 1S29, Java; Hleeker York. Batav. Gem, XXII, 1849, Pere.,
49 (Pagotang); Gunther. Cat., I, 267, 1859; Kner, Novara, Fische, 47, 1865.

Perea argentea, Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, pi. XXII, 1880.

Du/i s bnrmtli. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ae. 1855. 482 (Mozambique); Gunther, Cat., I, 270. 1859^

Dvlrs aiTienlnis, Klunzi tiger, Verb. zool. hot. Ges. Wien, XX. 1870. 730; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 25, [4. XIX, lig. C, 1873;
Day, Fish. Inch, 67, pi. XVIII, lig. 2, 1875, and Fauna Inch, Fish. I, 504, 1889.

FISHES OF HAWAHAN ISLANDS.

209

Uforonopsis tseniurus, Blceker, Arch. Xeerl., VII, 1872, 371 (Java Sumatra i; Atlas Ichth., VII, 119, pi. CCCXLV, fig. 5, 1876
(Java; Sumatra; Buro).

Par adults txniunis, Bleekcr, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk.. IV. 1873, 139.

Ixiihlin txninrn. Smith & Swain, Proc. I'. S. X. M.. V, 188.’. 128 i Johnston Island: Java; Chinese Sea; Sumatra
Moronopsis argenleus. Klunzinger, Fische des roth. Meer., 25. 1884.

Knhlia arge Jordan it Bollman. Proc. l\ S. Nat 'Ins.. XII. 1889, 159, Chatham Island, Galapagos Archipelago; Jor¬
dan & Eigenmann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., VIII, 1888 (1890), 419.

Family LIX. Apognnichthyid®. The Cardinal Fishes.

Body oblong or elongate, sometimes compressed and elevated, covered with rather large scales,
which are striated and ctenoid, or sometimes cycloid; cheeks scaly, lateral line continuous; cleft of
month wide, oblique; villiform teeth on jaws and vomer and sometimes on palatines; canines some¬
times present ( teeth wanting in Hrephoxtomn) ; preoperele with a double ridge, its edge entire or slightly
serrated; opercular spine little developed; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pseudo-
branchiae present; branchiostegals 6 or 7; dorsal fins well separated, the first with tt to 9 rather strong
spines; no dorsal sheath or furrow; anal tin short, usually with 2 spines, sometimes with 3 or 4; ventral
fins thoracic, i, 5, without axillary scale. Small fishes of the Tropics, especially abundant in the East
Indies, some of them in fresh waters, most of them in rather deep waters. Color often bright red.
Genera about 15; species about 130.

The family is represented in Japan by at least 8 species, and notwithstanding their small size they
have great importance as food-fishes. In the Hawaiian Islands we know 9 species, all of them small
and only 2 of any importance for food. These fishes are most abundant among the coral rocks about
tropical islands. Many of our most interesting specimens obtained at Honolulu were secured by
breaking apart masses of dead coral, in the interstices of which ,they take refuge.

a. Canine teeth none; teeth all minute or villiform.

Ii. Preoperele with margins entire.
c. Teeth on vomer and palatines.

d. Lateral line complete and well developed . Mionortui, p. 210

dd. Lateral line incomplete, ceasing under origin of soft dorsal . Foa, p. 210

cc. No teetli on vomer or palatines . . Arionuua , p. 217

bh. Preoperele with at least posterior margin serrate, especially in the young . -1 mia, p. 211

aa. Canine teeth present in l'ront ol jaws . Synagrops, p. 21s

F. C. B. 1903— H

210 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 119. MIONORUS Krefift.

This genus differs from Amia only in having the preoper.de entire at aii ages and the lateral
line complete. The typical species (lunatm) has the body very deep and compressed and the dorsal
spines elevated. Scales large (20 to 26) and weakly ctenoid; dorsal spines 7 in typical species, the soft
dorsal and anal with 9 to 1 2 rays.

Small fishes, similar in habits to the species of Amia, Foa, and Apogonichthys, found in tropical
seas in sandy bays or among corals. Several species known.

Mionoru s KrefTt, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lund. 1867, 942 ( lunatus ).

161. Mionorus waikiki (Jordan & Everniann).

Plate 35. «

Head 2.4 in length; depth 3; eye 3.2 in bead; snout 4.6; interorbital 6; maxillary 2; D. vn-i,

A. ii, 7 ; scales 2-24-5. .

Body short, stout, and impressed; dorsal outline strongly arched from tip of snout to posterior
base of soft dorsal; ventral outline comparatively straight from tip of mandible to origin of anal; vent
immediately in front of origin of anal; caudal peduncle deep and compressed; head rather large;
mouth large, slightly oblique, jaws equal, maxillary reaching posterior edge of pupil; eye rather small,
slightly above axis of body; interorbital space narrow, little convex; opercular and preorbital bones
entire- a band of small villiform teeth in each jaw, and on vomer and palatines; tins moderate, origin
of spinous dorsal nearer base of last soft ray than tip of snout; first dorsal spine very short second
about half length of third, which is equal to eye and snout; base of soft dorsal equal to depth o
caudal peduncle; longest dorsal rays 2.25 in head; caudal rounded, its length 1.75 in head; origin of
anal slightly posterior to that of soft dorsal, its longest rays 2.4 in head; pectoral slender, reaching
past origin of anal, its length 1.5 in head; ventrals short, barely reaching origin ot anal, their length
nearly 2 in head; scales large, weakly ctenoid, firm, and somewhat deeper than long- lateral line
strongly developed, following outline of back until under last dorsal ray, where it curves downward,
following middle line of caudal peduncle to base of caudal fin.

Color in alcohol, head and body rather dark brownish, a lighter crossband around body at nape
and across opercles; another light band surrounding body between the 2 dorsal fins; 3 dark -brown
lines radiating from the eye, the first downward across cheek to tip of maxillary, the second backward
across cheek toward base of pectoral, the third upward and backward to origin of lateral line, spinous
dorsal blackish, especially on last spine; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal dusky, narrowly edged with
white; pectoral pale, crossed by about 6 obscure brownish crossbars; ventrals black or very dark

brown, the outer rays somewhat paler.

The above description is based upon the type, No. 50639, l . S. N. M. (held i-o. - ), a specimen
1.5 inches long, obtained from the coral rocks in front of \\ aikiki, near Honolulu, August 22, UU-

This species is related to M. alutus of the coast of Florida, from which it differs markedly in color
and in the more slender body. Only one specimen was obtained by us. Other specimens were
obtained by the Albatross at Stations 3872 and 3876, between Maui and Lanai, in 28 to 43 fathoms.

Apngonichthi/s vaikiki Jordan & Evermann. Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Apr. 11. 1903). 179, Waikiki, Oahu Island:

Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Hawaiian Islands).

Genus 120. FOA Jordan & Everniann, new genus.

Foa Jordan & Everniann. new genus (. Fowleria lirachy grammus).

This genus differs from Amia only in the character of the lateral line, which is developed only
on the anterior part of the body. The preopergk as m Mionorus, is without serration.

Several species occur in crevices of coral rock in the South Seas. All of them are of very small
size and some are brightly colored, several of them with a conspicuous black ear-spot. This genus
differs from Apogonichthys in having palatine teeth. Fo is the Samoan name for fishes of this family.

Fail'll rid Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Apr. 11. 1903), IS . .

a Apogonichthys v aikiki on plnle.

pori rv-rpminfl

APOGONICHTHYS WAIKIKI JORDAN & EVERMANN. TYPE.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

211

162. Foa brachyg-ramma (Jenkins). Fig. S2.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.2; interorbital 4; maxillary 2; D. vii-i, 9;
A. ii, 8; scales 2-22-3.

Body short, deep, and compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines symmetrical; head rather large,
conic; mouth large, moderately oblique, jaws equal; maxillary reaching posterior border of pupil; eye
large, slightly above axis of body; caudal peduncle compressed, twice as deep as thick; nape some¬
what elevated, the profile slightly concave above and back of the eyes; opercles and preorbital entire,
without teeth; minute villiform teeth ou jaws, vomer, and palatines, none on tongue; vent imme¬
diately in front of origin of anal fin; scales large, weakly ctenoid, moderately firm, deeper than long;
2 scales in front of dorsal; lateral line incomplete, beginning at upper edge of gill-opening and ceasing
under front of soft dorsal, number of pores about 10; pores rudimentary or absent altogether on pos¬
terior half of side; fins rather large; first dorsal spine very short, its base midway between tip of snout
and base of last soft ray; longest dorsal spine about 2 in head; soft dorsal well separated from the
spinous part, its rays about 1.9 in head; caudal rounded, its length 1.7 in head; anal immediately
under soft dorsal, its rays 1.9 in head; pectorals small, equal to snout and eye; ventrals short, not
reaching anal, a little shorter than pectoral.

Fig. 82. — Foa brarhtjijramma (Jenkins); from the type.

Color in life, plain; pectoral, light rosy; dorsal, caudal, and anal yellow; ventrals dusky.

Color in alcohol, rusty yellowish brown, opercles and side with more distinct brownish blotches;
spinous dorsal dark; ventrals dark; other tins pale.

This species resembles Apogonkhlhys auriCus of Cuvier & Valenciennes, which is the type of
Apogonichthys. A. aurilus has, however, a large black opercular spot bordered by a pale line, and
the fins mottled and barred. Dr. Streets records it from Honolulu, which is doubtless an error.

Foa brachi/i/rainma reaches a length of about 2 inches. Three specimens were obtained by us from
among coral rocks near the Moana Hotel at Waikiki and another at Hilo. A single specimen, the
type of the species, was obtained hv Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and others by the Albatross
at Honolulu, at stations 3847 and 3849 on the southern coast of Molokai, and at stations 3872, 3873,
3875, and 3876, between Maui and Lanai, in 23 to 73 fathoms.

Apogon anrilws, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7. 72, 1877 (Honolulu); not of Cuvier Valenciennes.

Fotvlcria brackygrammus Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1002 (Sept. 23. 1903), 417. tig. 18, Honolulu; Snyder, op. cit.
(Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Hawaiian Islands).

Genus 121. AMIA Gronow.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large, ctenoid scales; lateral line continuous, with 20 to
30 scales; head large; mouth wide, oblique, the maxillary extending to below middle of the large eye;
villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and usually oil palatines; no canine teeth ; preopercle with a double

212

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

ridge, the edge somewhat serrate, at least in the. young, becoming entire with age in some species;
operele with a spine behind; gill rakers rather long; dorsal spines 6 or 7, strong; second dorsal remote,
short; anal with 1’ spines and S or 9 soft rays, the second much the longer, the soft part similar to the
soft dorsal; pectorals and ventral* moderate; vertebrae 11+11=25. Warm seas; the species numerous.

The species are much alike in form, but differ greatly in markings, the ground color being usually
bright red or reddish silvery. The principal groups differ in number of dorsal spines and in the form
of the caudal. Most of the Pacific species belong to the subgenus Ostorhinchus, while all the Atlantic
species belong in the subgenus Apngon.

Art'i'i Gronow. Zoophyl., 80, 1763 (mo/.ii.cccnrir); Gill, 1'roc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Pliila. 1862, 237 ( imberbis ).

Apopon Lacepcde. Hist. Nat. I’oisa., III. til, 1801 (ruber — imberbis).

Ostorhinehur I/iccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 21. 1802 ( fleuricu , a species from the South Seas with 8 dorsal spines and a
dark cros -hand at base of caudal).

Monoprion Potty, Mctmorias. II. 123, 1856-58 (nuiculatur) .

Pristiapopon Klunzinger, Synopsis, Fische des rothen Meeres, in Verhand. Gczclls. Wien, I, 715, 1870 ( Jrenatus ).
a. Preopcrcle sharply serrate on posterior margin only, the anterior edges smooth or merely roughish.

;>. Body with 6 or 7 longitudinal rows of black spots forming distinct lines. . . maculifera, p. 212

hh. Body with 5 indistinct dark bands, none reaching the ventral surface . evermanni, p. 213

an. Preopercle sharply serrate on both margins; body without distinct rows of spots,
c. Second dorsal spine not the longest; color not bright reddish.

d. Caudal fin without black crescent . snyderi, p. 214

dd. A broad black crescent on base of caudal fin, the horns extending to tips of outer rays . menesema, p. 215

cc. Second dorsal spine longest; color of body bright reddish . erythrina, p. 217

163. Amia maculifera (Garrett). Fig. 83.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4.2; maxillary 2; interorbital 4; mandible
1.6; D. vn (-viii)-i, 9; A. n, 8; scales 3-24-5; gillrakers about 6 + 15, long and compressed, filaments
short, the longest smaller than the longest gillrakers.

Body short, deep, and moderately compressed, the greatest depth less than length of head; caudal
peduncle rather deep, its least depth 2.5 in head; head pointed, longer than deep, eye and postocular

Fin. 83. — Amia 'maculifera (Garrett).

part equal to its depth; eye very large, anterior, much greater than snoul ; interorbitnl flat with a low
median ridge; upper rim of orbit not projecting above the profile of head; snout pointed; jaws sub¬
equal; maxillary extending nearly to posterior margin of pupil; teeth villiform, in bands on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; tongue small, rounded, thin, and free; mouth large, oblique; bones of the bead
cavernous; posterior margin of preopercle and edge of suborbital finely serrate; anterior margin of
preopercle simply rough; origin of spinous dorsal over base of pectoral, third spine enlarged, 2.4 in

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

213

head; origin of soft dorsal slightly anterior to origin of anal, longest ray 1.7 in head; caudal deeply
emarginate; longest anal spine 3 in head, longest ray 1.75 in head; pectoral long, reaching to above
base of second anal ray, longest ray 1.6 in head; ventrals reaching nearly to origin of anal, 1.75 in
head; scales large, finely ctenoid, deciduous, 4 in front of dorsal.

Color in life of an example (No. 5163) 5.6 inches long, body very pale purplish gray; belly pale
orange; head dusky reddish orange, with purplish tinge; 6 or 7 rows of pale black spots longi¬
tudinally on body, the upper one over a part of lateral line; spinous dorsal orange-red, with rosy
tinge, second spine delicate purple; second dorsal same color as first; caudal same color as dorsal,
except its upper and lower edges blackish and its tip somewhat blackish; anal bright orange with
reddish shade, tip blackish; ventrals same as anal, but brighter and the tips blackish; pectoral same
as dorsal, but uniformly paler; posterior third of iris bright yellow, with greenish reflections mottled
with blackish-violet marks.

Color in alcohol, light brownish, paler below, side with a series of about 8 horizontal lines made
up of a series of rather large, distinct dark-brown spots on the centers of the scales; the line immedi¬
ately above lateral line and the third one below it most distinct; in some cases the spots coalesce,
forming continuous lines; top of head dusky i ilivaceous; cheek, opercles, and lower jaw densely covered
with fine brown punetulations, some of those on preopercle slightly larger and blacker; an obscure
dark bar from eye to gill-opening; breast pale, with a few obscure brownish punetulations; base of
pectoral dusky; a large black blotch at base of caudal peduncle; dorsals and caudal somewhat dusky,
other fins pale.

This species attains a length of about 6 inches and appears to be common among the Hawaiian
Islands. Our collections contain numerous specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, and the Albatross
secured it at Station 3875, between Maui and Lanai in 34 to 65 fathoms.

Apogon maculi/cru8 Garrett. Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sri.. Ill, 1SG3, 10A, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, I, 20,
pi. XX life C, 1873 (Hawaiian Islands;; Steindachner. Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 484 (Laysan); Jenkins,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 448 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Albatross
Station 3875, between Maui and Lanai).

164. Amia evermamti (Jordan & Snyder). Fig. 84.

Head, exclusive of opercular flap, 2,7 in length; depth 3.2; depth of caudal peduncle 2.7 in head;
eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 1.87; interorbital space 6.25; I), vi, i-9; A. 1 1, 8; pores in lateral
line 25; Br. 7.

Head conspicuously large; snout pointed; mouth large, the maxillary extending to a point mid¬
way between pupil and posterior margin of orbit; interorbital space concave, viewed either from the
side or from before, its width equal to that of posterior edge of maxillary; edge of suborbital and lower
edge of preopercle witn large, thin, membranous flaps; anterior edge of preopercle smooth; upper part

214

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

of posterior edge finely serrated. Teeth villiform, in broad bands on the jaws, a V-shaped patch on
I lie vomer, ami in narrow bands on the palatines; gill rakers 5 -f 16, the length of the longest contained
3 times in longitudinal diameter of eye; pseudobranchke present.

Head naked, except on interoperele, preoperele, and upper part of opercle, where there are a few
large smooth scales; scales of body ctenoid, the number in a longitudinal series immediately above
the lateral line 54, between lateral line and spinous dorsal 3, between lateral line and anal 15; lateral
line complete, its curve closely following that of dorsal contour of body, located on middle of caudal
peduncle posteriorly. Third and fourth dorsal spines longest, 2.7 in head; first and sixth of equal
lengt h, half as long as the third; a slight space between dorsals, the spines when depressed just reaching
base of second dorsal; spine of second dorsal measuring 3.16 in head; longest ray 1.87; distance
between soft dorsal and base of caudal equal to width of space between anterior margin of eye and
posterior edge of opercle; first anal spine minute, the second 3.5 in length of head; longest ray 2;
ventral reaching a point, midway between anal opening and base of anal fin; pectoral fin rather
pointed, its tip reaching a vertical through middle of anal; caudal forked.

In alcohol the color is very light (in life probably red), the body with 5 rather indistinct dark
bands, none of which reaches the ventral surface; the first on nape, second triangular in shape,
extending from base of spinous dorsal to near middle of body, third passing from base of second dorsal
to a point near base of anal, the fourth located just behind the second dorsal, fifth at. base of caudal;
a narrow, dusky band passing from tip of snout to eye; a similar band from posterior margin of eye
to edge of opercle.

A single specimen about 5.6 inches long from the market, at Honolulu. The condition of the
tissues indicates that the example came from deep water. Type, No. 51 87, U. S. N. M., collector
K. 1 .. Berndt.

Aynyou crermanui .Iordan A Snyder, Pror. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. XXVIII, 1904 (Oct. 6), 123, Honolulu.

165. Amia snyderi (Jordan & Kvermann). Plate 36 " and Fig. 85.

Head 2.7 in length; depth 3. 1 ; eye 3.7 in head; snout 3.7 ; interorbital 4.5; maxillary 2.2; mandible
2; gape 3; D. vii-i, 9; A. n, 8; C. 17; P. 10; scales 2-25-5; Br. 6.

Body short and stout, moderately compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally

curved; head rather large, conic; snout
conic, the anterior profile very slightly
curved from tip of snout to origin of
spinous dorsal; mouth oblique, jaws sub¬
equal, the lower slightly included; max¬
illary long, reaching not quite to posterior
edge of pupil, its width at tip 2 in eye,
supplemental bone well developed; inter-
orbital space rather broad, slightly con¬
vex, preorbital narrow, least width 3 in
eye; teeth on vomer and jaws, the latter
in villiform bands, none on palatines;
gillrakers slender, 10 on lower limb of
first arch; caudal peduncle compressed
and deep, the least width about 4 in its
depth; scales large, deep, closely imbri¬
cated, strongly ctenoid and loose; lateral
line beginning at upper end of gill-opening, nearly straight to base of caudal fin, 4 scales in front of
spinous dorsal; nape with a striated shield; edge of opercle thin and smooth; both margins of pre¬
operele and edge of interoperele serrate; teeth strongest at angles; a series of moderately strong teeth
along lower edge of orbit ; origin of spinous dorsal nearer snout than base of last dorsal ray; first dorsal
spine very short, fourth longest, about 2 in head, second 2 in tire fourth, seventh 2 in second; first soft
rays longest, 1.8 in head; caudal deeply emarginate, longest, rays about 1.6 in head; anal similar to
soft dorsal, somewhat, smaller, its origin under last rays of soft dorsal; ventrals pointed, scarcely
reaching vent, 1.9 in head; pectoral reaching vertical at. vent, 1.7 in lietfd.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish brown, darkest above; a darker brownish band extending from

Fig. 85. — Amia snyderi (Jordan A Evermann); after G'inther.

Apogon syndcri on plate.

Plate 36

Apogon snyder i Jo r dan & Evermann type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

215

upper edge of operele along side, just above lateral line, to posterior edge of soft dorsal; another
broader, more distinct brown band from tip of snout through eye and along middle of side to base of
caudal fin, covering lateral line on caudal peduncle; caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin with a
broad dusky crossbar, usually darkest on upper half, sometimes obscure, sometimes with a darker
blotch or spot in the upper portion; upper parts of head covered with fine dark brown punctulations;
lower jaw similar, but somewhat paler; membranes of anterior 2 or 3 dorsal spines black, others
finely punctulate; soft dorsal pale at base, above which is a broad indistinct dark crossband, the
color confined chiefly to the interorbital membranes, this color extending to near tip of last rays; outer
part of soft dorsal pale; anal similar to soft dorsal, the black bar narrower and nearer base of fin, rest
of fin white; caudal dusky on membranes of outer 1 or 2 rays, the fin otherwise white, with a few fine
punctulations on the interradial membranes; ventrals pale; distal parts of the first and second rays
and their connecting membrane black; pectoral pale, axil and base of pectoral somewhat dusky.

Color in life (field No. 198, (). P. J. ), pale red; 2 longitudinal pearly lines on body; first dorsal
with a dusky olivaceous anterior border; white lines along fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh spines, the
membranes olivaceous; second dorsal with many white and some olivaceous spots; anal with a dusky
line along base, the distal part red; base of caudal dusky, rest of fin pale red; ventral with a white
spot near tip; pectoral pink; iris yellow.

Another example (field No. 03499) was coppery brown when fresh, with trace of dusky band along
side; a faint black bar at base of caudal, forming a black spot above end of lateral line; some dusky on
operele; first dorsal dusky; second dorsal brownish red with some dark; anal same with a basal flesh-
colored bar below it; caudal reddish brown; ventrals same, with first ray pinkish and dusky behind
it; some dusky on operele.

This species reaches a length of about 6. inches. It was obtained by Garrett in the Hawaiian,
Society, and Paumotu islands. Our collections contain numerous specimens from Honolulu and Hilo.
We have examined also 12 specimens in the collection made by Dr. 0. P. Jenkins.

The species closely resembles Amia menesenta, from which it differs chiefly in coloration; the
black caudal crescent, which is such an excellent distinguishing mark in A menesema, is wholly absent
in this species; moreover, the 2 silvery lateral bands, which become dark brown in spirits, are not
found in .1. menesema; and the black on the anal and soft dorsal is less conspicuous in . I . myderi.

A fairly good figure of this specis is given by Gunther in Fische der Siidsee, under the erroneous
name of Amia frenata. The species belongs to the subgenus Prixliaprjgon of Ivlunzinger, having both
limbs of the preoperde serrate.

Our collections contain many specimens from Honolulu and Hilo, ranging in length from 3 to 5.5
inches.

Apogon frn/alu*. Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 1, 19, taf. 19, lig. A, 1873 (Hawaiian, Society, and Paumotu islands); Stein-
dachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 484 (Honolulu); not Apogon frenafnn Valenciennes, Nouv. Ann. Mus.
Hist, Nat.. 1832, 57, pi. 4, lig. 4; nor of Klunzinger.

Apogon snydefi Jordan A Evermanu, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), ISO, Honolulu; JeDkins, op. cit-
(Sept. 23, 1903), 418 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 526 (Hawaiian and Laysan islands).

166. Amia menesema (Jenkins). “ VpapAlu.” Plate XIII and Fig. 86.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.8; eye 3. 75 in head; snout 3.9; maxilla ry 1,9; interorbital 4; mandible
1.75; D. vii-i, 9; A. it, 8; scales 2-25-5.

Body' short, deep, moderately compressed, greatest depth less than length of head; caudal pedun¬
cle rather deep, its least depth 2.3 in head; head subconic, longer than deep, its depth slightly greater
than eye and postocular part of head; snout bluntly rounded; jaws equal; month large, slightly
oblique; bands of small villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue rather thick, narrowly
pointed, free; maxillary reaching posterior margin of pupil, which is above axis of body, anterior;
interorbital very slightly convex; longest dorsal spine 2.2 in head; preoperde sharply serrate on ante¬
rior as well as posterior margin; longest dorsal ray' 1.8; caudal deeply emarginate; anal similar to soft
dorsal, longest ray 1.8 in head; ventrals reaching nearly to anterior base of anal, 1.8 in head; pectoral
reaching to origin of anal, 1.6 in head; scales large, weakly ctenoid, deciduous; lateral line complete,
concurrent with dorsal outline.

Color in life, coppery purple, dull and clouded with grayish; sides and belly with bluish luster;
first dorsal dull reddish, with membrane of first two spines jet black; second dorsal dirty pink, with a

216

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

blackish bar near base, the tip blackish; anal same as soft dorsal; caudal dirty pink, with a broad
blackish stripe along middle of each lobe, extending forward on median line of caudal peduncle above
and below, these connected by a stripe; a curved black crossbar parallel with edge of fin; pectoral
bright pink; ventral* pale pink, with black tips; body unmarked except si dusky shade across caudal
peduncle connecting bases of the 2 caudal stripes.

Color of another specimen (No. 03439), when fresh, coppery, with blue and silvery reflection over
body and head; fins, except the black areas, rosy.

Color in alcohol, light brown, becoming paler below and dusky grayish on belly; first 2 or 3
dorsal spines and their connecting membranes black, rest of fin pale with very light brown specks;
soft dorsal and anal white, each with a broad, jet-black bar extending across the rays, the anterior
end on lower fourth of rays, the bar gradually rising until on the last rays it is near their tip; caudal
pale with a broad jet-black crescent across its base and extending to tips of tin on the 2 or 3 outer rays
but one. Ihe outer ray being white; between this crescent and caudal peduncle a lighter area, the color
of the bar, confined chiefly to the membranes; rest of fin white, with obscure dusky specks; ventrals

Fig. SII. — Amia vintt:;:.: mu (Jenkins); from t lie type.

pale, with a few obscure dusky specks, tips of the longest 2 rays dark; pectoral pale, with obscure
darkish punctulations; no trace of any streaks or bars on side of dark spot on caudal peduncle.

The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 02919) 6.25 inches long, from
Honolulu.

This species is closely related to A. smjderi, from which it differs, however, in the smaller eye and
the entire absence of the dark lateral stripe and the presence of a black crescent on the caudal tin;
the black bar on the soft dorsal and anal is in each case farther up on the fin than it is in A. snyderi.
This species reaches a length of at least 7 inches and appears to be abundant among the Hawaiian
Islands. Besides the numerous specimens in our own collection from Honolulu, llilo, and Kailua,
we have, examined 11 examples obtained by Dr. Jenkins and others collected by the Albatross at
Laysan Island and on the southern coast of Molokai. We have also a specimen from Papeete, Tahiti.

Apnynn ilScnesemus Jenkins. Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., X XII, 1902 (Sept. 22, 1903), 448, fiir. 19, Honolulu (Type, No. 50700,
TJ. S. Nat. Mus., Coll. 0. P. Jenkins); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 520 (Laysan Island; Honolulu; Albatrossstation
3834).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

217

167. Amia erythrina (Snyder 1. Plate 34, fig. 2."

Head, including opercular Ha]), 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; depth of caudal peduncle 6; eye 2.7
in head; snout 4.9; maxillary 2.2; D. vi, i, 9; A. n, 8; P. 14; scales 3-26-7, 5 in front of dorsal; width
of body at pectorals about half the depth; caudal peduncle slender; distance between last anal ray
and base of caudal 3.12 in length.

Head short, snout blunt and rounded, lower jaw included; interorbital space flat, with a slight
median elevation, width equal to diameter of eve; mouth oblique, the maxillary extending to the
posterior border of eye, the expanded portion with a slightly convex posterior border; both margins of
preopeicle weakly serrated; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the latter covering a small anterior
area of bones; gillrakers on vertical limb of arch mere papillae, except along slender one at angle;
those on horizontal limb long and slender near the angle, gradually reduced in length to near middle
of limb, where they are short and rudimentary;- scales weakly ctenoid; cheeks and opercles with scales;
first dorsal spine short and weak; second very strong, its length 1.67 in head, when depressed reaching
base of second dorsal rav; remaining spines graduated in length to the last, which is about 3.3 in
second; spine of soft dorsal very slender, equal in length to fourth spine of first dorsal; longest rays
1.58 in head; anal rays about equal in length to those of dorsal; caudal 0.3 of the length, its margin
with a deep notch; pectoral 4.5 in length, ventrals 4.5.

Color reddish orange, scales edged wit h a narrow band of a somewhat deeper hue; occiput and a
spot on opercle dusky ; a small black spot at origin of spinous dorsal; minute dark specks on nape,
along base of dorsals, at base of caudal, on breast and on opercles; fins immaculate.

Distinguished from the other Hawaiian species by the bright reddish color, the absence of large
spots or bars on the body and fins, and by having the second dorsal spine largest.

Type, No. 50S76, U. S. N. M . . Puako Bay, Hawaii. Length 1.4 inches. Other specimens,
among which are cotypes, No. 7733, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus., are from Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai;
and Laysan Island. The species was also abtained in Samoa.

Apogon ergt/trinus Snyder. Bull. V. S. Fish < mini XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), .20. pi. 9, tig. 17. Puako Bay, Hawaii.

Genus 122. ARIOMMA Jordan & Snyder.

Body not greatly compressed; head large; caudal peduncle slender, cylindrical; eyes large, with
thin adipose lids; mouth small, the maxillary Short, broad, rounded posteriorly; teeth on jaws, none
on vomer and palatines; pseudobranchise present; preopercle smooth; head and body with scales,
about 55 in lateral series; soft dorsal and anal elongate.

Only one species known.

Ariomnia Jordan A Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 1904, 942 ( lurkla ).

168. Ariomma lurida Jordan & Snyder. Plate 37.

Head 2.9 in length; depth 4; eye 3 in head; snout 3.3; interorbital width 4; depth of caudal
peduncle 7; D. x, 17; A. 15; P. 20; scales in lateral series 55 or more.

Width of body a little greater than half its greatest depth; caudal peduncle cylindrical and mark¬
edly slender; interorbital space slightly convex; eye extremely large, with thin, transparent adipose
lids, the posterior extending to edge of pupil, the anterior not more than one-fifth as wide; nostrils
near tip of snout; lower jaw projecting a little beyond the upper; length of maxillary equal to inter-
orbital width; jaws each with a single row of slender, minute teeth, those on lower jaw curved back¬
ward; no teeth on vomer or -palatines; pseudobranchiie large; gillrakers on first arch 9 f 19, those near
the angle long and slender, the others growing successively shorter toward either end of arch; pre-
operele entire; scales probably between 55 and 65 in a lateral series, probably present on head, includ¬
ing upper part of snout and cheeks, scale-pits being present on occiput and below eye; lateral line
probably developed, its anterior end below base of dorsal a distance equal to diameter of pupil; origin
of dorsal above base of pectoral; soft dorsal and anal coterminous, the length of caudal peduncle
measured to bases of upper and hover rays equal to length of maxillary; ventrals inserted on a ver¬
tical through second or third dorsal spine; caudal fin probably concave or forked. Whether the

Apogon erythrinus on plate.

218

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

- *• ** . . . ^

... SSTS.7S ST ”**" . - * * «* - J

Ariomma lunda Jordan & Snyder. Proc. U. s. Nat. Mu,.. XXVII, 1904, <U3, Honolulu.

Genus 123. SYNAGROPS Gunther.

Scal^^^,S^r dee.idUous scales, about 35 „ lateral Hue;

strong canines in front; small or villiform teeth on v ’ Ja" fe "j 1 a luni1 ut' ulhform teeth and with
duced and with soft serrations; dorsal rays in, in- -inal' n”-^ “ t"^ 1,reop®rcle with its angle pro-
°ne Sped6S known from 'vator in Japmi a’nd one Dorn the Man 11?"

“rtl^T KemniSS “ Ja4 !* * “* | -• VViss. won. XLVIII, 1884

Hi/ttagwps Gil n ther, Chti&nger, Rep,., XXII, 10. 1S.S7 Uaponicm).

169. Synag-rops arg-yrea (Hilbert A Cramer). Fig. H7.

Head 2.88; depth 3.75; D. xr-i 9- a ,, 7. i> ,r _ ,
tail); 2 scales in a transverse series between lateral line •mb t ^ 28 t0 29 ^ 2 °r 3 on

base of pectorals nearly 2 in the depth- Iea*t denth f i \ / ^i11 ^ c <>r,sal tin>* width body at

greatest ,5 „ th'« Sail* .rf' or«. 3 t, £ T . '

** “ . . . . . tip ..I rnm ... f? T“ 'pi“

snout to origin of anal a little more than 1 5- from root "of , i 1,1 body; from “P of

dorsal 5.5; base of second dorsal 8.3; distant ^ “** °f

Fin. 87. Synagrops argyrea (Gilbert & Cramer); from the type.

snouCabot^on^leve!1 witMow^^margin^'^pimil' trb*w£ '"T™ 7T*’ 11,1 °f

projecting, entering the steep profile- "max ill-nw win • •• i **• jaws equal or the lower vcrj^lighUy
beyond center of eye, much expanded behin I tl . '! " ** 8 the mlddle’ caching to or a little

enlarged into a lobe- small teeth* in I -m 1 ‘ le em emarginate, lower posterior angle somewhat

of band of small tekh near^terio^XTl V°mer’ a ^ eanine ^oth h^ide
them; each ramus of lower iaw with 9 • sacIa Pfemax diary, tip of lower jaw fitting between

side of tip of lower jaw just ou rtSSS Z?* , "* *»*"■ 2 very close together at each

and behind this 7 neariv e juid Z Sr'' f"' l"* M &* °f

largest, or as lar^e as those^behind* H^m^'ir^^foutside'oMhi^of ^anhiles^very few idnumber

Ariomma lurida Jordan & Evermann. Type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

219

in lower jaw; canines sometimes as few as 5 in number on each side; posterior nares narrow, vertical
slits close in front of rim of orbit, and on a level with upper rim of pupil; anterior nares small, circular,
and the. distance between posterior and anterior nares 5 in orbit; interorbital space convex, its width a
little less than orbit, divided into areas by a series of low, thin ridges, one of these, quite as long as
snout, extending forward along median line of occiput to about the vertical from posterior margin of
orbit; on each side of this, a little behind its anterior end, begins a curved ridge which runs forward
and outward to about the vertical from the hinder edge of the pupil, and thence forward and inward
to the median line between the anterior nares, these symmetrical ridges forming a pear-shaped figure
with its pointed end directed forward; on each side, at the greatest convexity of the above ridges, at
the vertical of the posterior margin of the pupil, begins another ridge which runs straight forward and
outward close to tiie antero-dorsal margin of the orbit, then curves inward and forward inside of the
nares to a point in advance of the anterior nares and not far from the middle one; suborbital ring narrow;
posterior edge of preopercle nearly vertical and straight, directed a little downward and backward and
very slightly curved backward near its posterior end, producing a prominent rounded angle, both edges
closely serrated, the serrations strongest, almost in the form of small spines, at the angle and at the ridge
of the opercle forming a rounded and obtuse lint marked angle, with inferior edge serrated; opercle
with slightly diverging ridges, the lower nearly horizontal and a little more strongly developed than
the upper, both ending in small spines; gillrakers 13 on the anterior limb of first arch, the longest
about 3 in eye; peritoneum black; scales large, thin, cycloid, very deciduous; interorbital space, snout,
and lower jaw, and apparently the maxillary and opercles, scaleless; cheek with large, thin, embedded
scales; second dorsal, anal, and caudal scaly on their basal parts; lateral line high up and continued on
to basal past of dorsal fin; origin of first d< irsal fin over root of pectoral, its third spine probably longest,
at least half as long as head, the spines slender and weak; origin of second dorsal a little in front of
origin of anal, the rays heavy; first spine of anal short, the second longer, 1.5 in orbit, the soft rays
thick; caudal deeply forked, the longest rays at least half length of head, and (the ends of the rays
of second dorsal, of anal, and caudal all injured); upper end of root of pectoral about on a level with
lower edge of pupil, the width of the base less than half orbit, the longest rays (injured at tips) at
least two-ninths of Ixmy length; root of ventrals under root of pectoral; ventral spine with its outer
edge densely serrate, the soft rays more than half as long as head.

Color in alcohol, though the scales are nearly all off,' the back and upper part of side light
brownish, with black lines at the edge of the fallen scales; top of head and snout dusky; sides of head
and lower three-fifths of trunk and tail silvery; first dorsal fin blackish in the distal half, the other
fins a little dusky; mouth cavity not dark, the gill-cavity a little dusky.

A second, smaller specimen differs from the type in having only 5 instead of 9 canines in each
lower jaw, its depth a little greater, orbit larger, gillrakers a little shorter. Aside from some very
slight differences in flic proportions, it agrees in even minutest details with the type.

Length 3.75 and 5.5 inches. Described from examples dredged at stations 3472 and 3476, in 295
and 298 fathoms, by the Albatross in 1891 off the Hawaiian Islands'. (Gilbert and Cramer.)

This species is said to lie close to Sgnai/rops japonica of Steindachner and I fdderlein, differing from
it, among other characters, in the serrated ventral spine, large number of canine teeth, greater length of
second anal spine, in the color, the relative development of the 2 opercular ridges, and the absence
of black color in the mouth cavity.

Melanostoma argyreuni Gilbert & Cramer, I'roc. l\ s. Nat. Mus., XIX. 18%, lit',. PI. XXXIX, fig. 3, Albatross stations 3472
and 3476, off the Hawaiian Islands, in 275 and 2g8 fathoms. (Type. No. 47732 U.S.X.M.)

Family LX. SFKIvWIDH. The Sen Hasses.

Body obloug, more or less compressed, covered with adherent scales of moderate or small size
which are usually but not always ctenoid; dorsal and ventral outlines usually not perfectly correspond¬
ing; mouth moderate or large, not very oblique, the premaxillary protractile and the broad maxillary
usually not slipping for its whole length into a sheath formed by the preorbital, which is usually
narrow; supplemental maxillary present or absent; teeth all conical or pointed, in bands, present on
jaws, vomer, and palatines; gillrakers long or short, usually stiff, armed with teeth; gills 4, a long slit
behind the fourth; pseudobranch ias present, large; lower pharyngeals rather narrow, with pointed
teeth, separate (except in Centrogenys) ; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; branchioste-

220

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

gals normally 7 (occasionally 6) ; cheeks and opercles always scaly; preopercle with its margin more or
less serrate, rarely entire; the opercles usually ending in 1 or - flat, spine-like points; nostrils double;
lateral line single, not extending on the caudal tin; skull without cranial spines, and usually with¬
out well-developed cavernous structure; no suborbital stay; post-temporal normal; second suborbital
with an internal lamina supporting the globe of the eye; entopterygoid present; all or most of
the ribs inserted on the transverse processes when these are developed; anterior vertebra; without
transverse processes; dorsal spines usually stiff, 2 to 15 in number; soft dorsal with 10 to lit) rays; anal
fin rather short, its soft rays 7 to 12, its spines, if present, always 3, in certain genera ( Grammistime ,
Rypticmw) altogether wanting; ventrals thoracic, usually i, 5 (i, 1, in Plesiopinu) normally developed,
without distinct axillary scale; pectoral well developed, the rays branched, with narrow base; caudal
peduncle stout, the tin variously formed; vertebra’ typically 10 + 14 = 24, the number sometimes
increased, never more than 25; air-bladder present, usually small and adherent to the wall of the
abdomen; stomach ciecal, with few or many pyloric appendages; intestines short, as is usual in car¬
nivorous fishes. Genera GO to 70; species about 400. Carnivorous fishes, chiefly marine, and found in
all warm seas; several genera found in fresh waters. As here understood, the , Sefnmii.hr comprise the
most of the family of /VrciV/.r as understood by < liinther and others, exclusive of tin se with imperfect
pseudobranchia*, those with 1 or 2 anal spines, those with the number of vertebrae increased, those in
which the whole length of the maxillary slips under the preorbital, and those With the anal tin many-
rayed and the cranium shortened behind. As here understood, the Serranidse are essentially equiva¬
lent to the 8errtmhi:r and (Immmittintr of Boitlenger's Catalogue. Even after these eliminations, the
family is considerably varied. Of the many recognized genera, only 3 are known to have representa¬
tives among the Hawaiian Islands.

<t. Maxillary with a distinct supplemental bone; inner teeth of jaws depressible or hinged.

6. Dorsal spines not more than 9.

c. Dorsal spines vm, the tin divided . . . Pikea, p. 220

CC. Dorsal spines . . CephalupUbm p. 221

l>b. Dorsal spines xi, rarely x . Epinephzlun, p. 2-2

aa. Maxillary without supplemental bone; inner teeth of jaws not depressible or hinged.

a. Patch of fine teeth on tongue; angle of preopercle salient with enlarged teeth; maxillary completely scaled; third

dorsal spine longest, considerably produced . . . Odonta/ithiaa, p. 225

dd. No teetli on tongue; angle of preopercle rounded, without enlarged teeth; only upper half of maxillary sealed;
third dorsal spine not the longest and not produced . Pscudanthias p. 226

Genus 124. PIKEA Steindachner.

Body elongate, the caudal peduncle robust; mouth moderate, t lie lower jaw projecting; maxillaries
scaly; teeth small, uniform, the inner depressible; preopercle finely serrate; operele with 3 flat spines;
numerous pores on bead; scales large; lateral line with a Strong upward curve, as in Anthim; dorsal
spines moderate, 8 in number, the third highest, the fin deeply notched; soft dorsal and anal short;
caudal short, lunate; pectoral long," falcate; vertebra 10- 14. Few species known, mostly from deep
water; only one thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Pikea Steindachner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXXI, 1S74, :175 (hinulata).

170. Pikea aurora Jordan & Evermann. Plate XIV.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 4; interorbital 6.2; maxillary 2.25; D. vm,
13; A. m, 8; scales 5-55-22; Hr. 7; gillrakers short and rather weak, about 9 + 5.

Body moderately stout, the back slightly elevated, head rather long and pointed; snout depressed,
the anterior profile nearly straight from tip of snout to occiput,; mouth large, maxillary reaching
posterior margin of pupil, supplemental bone developed, the tip broad, 1.5 in orbit; mouth some¬
what oblique, the lower jaw strongly projecting; teeth in broad villiform bands on jaws, vomer, and
palatines; tongue naked; eye moderate, high up, chiefly above axis of body; anterior nostril in a short
tube, at 4 edge of prenasal; posterior nostril small, round, near upper anterior edge of orbit; edge of
preopercle slightly dentate, especially on lower arm; operele ending in a broad flap with a weak, flat
spine; pseudobranchiie rather small; interorbital low, very little convex; caudal peduncle stout, com¬
pressed, and very deep, the depth equaling snout and eye; fins rather small; origin of dorsal posterior to
that of pectoral, slightly nearer base of last ray than tip of snout; dorsal spines low and weak, the third

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

221

longest, 3.6 in head; soft portion of dorsal somewhat elevated and pointed, with longest ray 1.9 in head;
anal similar to soft dorsal but smaller and somewhat posterior, fifth ray 2 in head; caudal truncate or
slightly lunate; centrals short, not nearly reaching vent, their length 1.75 in head; pectoral rather long
and slender, reaching origin of anal, its length about 1.1 in head; scales rather small, finely ciliate,
somewhat loose; entire head, except interorbital, snout, and under parts, scaled; lateral line well devel¬
oped, complete, with a strong arch above the pectoral and distinctly declined under last dorsal raw

Color in life (field No. 03342), top of head, upper half of anterior part of body, and whole posterior
half of body pal© rosy; lower part of head and lower parts of anterior half of body white with faint
rosy wash; top of head and back in front of dorsal vertnieulated with greenish yellow lines; middle
portion of upper jaw yellow with a broad sulphur-yellow stripe from it to eye, then back of eye to
opercular opening; a narrow sulphur stripe on posterior edge of maxillary and continued interruptedly
downward and backward across cheek to opcrcle; a few small yellow spots across cheek between
the two stripe©; tip of lower jaw yellow; yellow of back in about 6 indefinite lines; dorsal pale rosy,
spinous part greenish yellow at base, this extending toward tip posteriorly and forming a submarginal
yellow stripe on soft, part, narrowly bordered above by rosy; rest of tin rosy; caudal dark rosy, paler
toward tip, then with blackish red edge, a greenish yellow stripe along upper and lower margins nar¬
rowly edged with rosy; anal yellow anteriorly, rest of fin pale rosy; pectoral and ventrals pale rosy;
yellow of lower jaw bounded by rosy, rest of jaw and chin whitish; some examples w ith posterior
half of side with scattered small greenish yellow' spots, these extending on caudal; eye with a broad
brown bar through the middle, white above and below.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish white, lighter below'; body, especially posteriorly, caudal, and soft
dorsal with numerous small distinct brown spots; head pale, a white line extending along upper
edge of maxillary and across cheek to opercular opening, a similar but less distinct white line from eve
to upper edge of gill-opening; between these 2 a few white specks; alTthe fins, except caudal and soft
dorsal, plain yellowish white.

Four specimens of this interesting and handsome species were obtained by ns, 2 at. Honolulu
and 2 at Hilo. Four others are in the collection made at Honolulu in 1898 by I)r. Wood, where it
was also obtained by the Albatross iri*1902.

Pilot tunulata, Steindnchner, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, LXX, 1. 375, 1871. and Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XLVII, 1883, pi. VI, fig. 2;

not Gri/strs tnnulatus Guichenot, in Mallard. App. c. 1, Reunion, 1882, Indian Ocean.

Pikm aurora Jordan & Kvermann. Bull. I". S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 176, Hilo; Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept.
23, 1903), 119 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

Genus 125. CEPHALOPHOLIS Bloch & Schneider.

This genus is close to Epinephelus, from which it is distinguished mainly by the presence of 9
instead of 11 (or rarely 10) dorsal spines.

CephalophOlis Bloch A Schneider, Syst , Ichth., 311, 1801 (argue-

Bodianus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I, II. 276, 1817. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 237 (restricted to guttatus, etc.);
not ol Bloch.

f.'riphzltui Sivainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Fishes, II. 202, 1839 (phxlrm).

Enncacentrns Gill, 1. c.. 1865, 105 (oualatibi =julrus) .

Menephorus Poey, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y , X,, 1,869, 50 ( dubius ) .

171. CephalophOlis argus Bloch & Schneider. Fig. 88.

Head 2.75 to 3.25; depth 2.75 to 3; D. ix, 15 or 16; A. in, 9; scales 9 or 10-100-33, 50 to 55 pores.

Body moderately elongate, the head rather pointed; mouth large, the lower jaw strongly projecting;
maxillary extending considerably beyond eye, its tip rather wider than eye, its length 2 in head;
preopercle very finely serrate, the serrie scarcely enlarged on the rounded angle; middle opercular
spine never lower than upper, lower not so far back as upper; opercular flap pointed; scales of head
cycloid, scales of body strongly ciliated; snout and maxillary scaly; teeth in broad bands, canines
moderate; gill-rakers 8 or 9, besides rudiments below angle of arch, nearly a- long as gill-fringes;
third and fourth dorsal spines longest, about 3.5 in head, much shorter than soft ravs; pectoral 1.8 in
head; ventral 2.25, not reaching vent; second and third anal spines . subequal, shorter than soft rays-
caudal rounded.

222

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color dark purplish brown, paler posteriorly, with very faint paler and darker cross shades toward
the tail; head, body, and tins covered with small blue spots ringed with black; anteriorly the spots
form rows running backward and upward; below they form irregular longitudinal lines; spinous dorsal
edged with bright orange; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal edged with whitish.

This species is common about the coral reefs in the south seas. It is recorded from Hawaii by
Quoy and Gaimard, but no later observer has found it about these islands. Our description is taken
from specimens from Samoa.

Bodiianus guttatus, Bloch, Ausl. Fische, IV, 36, PI. OCX XIV, 1790; not of Linnets.

Ceplialopholic nrflits Bloch A- .Schneider. Syst.. Ichth. ail, 1801, India.

Scrranus arpus. Cuvier A Valenciennes, His. Nat. Poiss., It, 300, 1828, Gunther, Cat.. 1, 115, 1859 (East Indies); Peters, Mon.
Berl. Ac. 1.865, 103.

Scrranus un/ridster Cuvierd: Valenciennes, op. rit., 305, Sandwich Islands; Ruppell, Atlas Fische roth. Meer., 107, PI. X X \ II,
lift. I. 1828; Lesson, Vov. (Ipijnllle, Zool., 231, PI. XXXVII, 1828 (Indian Ocean; Bora bom I. Quoy & Gaimard, Voy.
Astrolabe, Poiss., 053, PI. I II, tig. 1, 1833 (New Guinea ); Kielmrdson, Rep. Ichth. China, 233, 1840, in Kepi. 15th meeting
British Assoc. Adv. Sei., 1845 (Sandwich Islands, Polynesia; New Guinea; Australia; China and Red Sea).

Scrranus uuttalus, Gunther. Cal.. 1, 119, 1859; Kner, Novara, Fische, 22, 1805; Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XX.
' 1870,080; Gunther. Fische dor Sudsee, 5, PI. IV, 1873,; .Marleay, Proe. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., V, 1880, 315 (North coast of
Australia); Klunzinger, Fische roth. Meer., 3, 1884.

Epinephelns (lUttatus, Bleaker, Nederl. Tijdsehr. Dierk., I, 1803, 232 (Isle Termite) .

Epinephelits ctrgn*. Bleeker, Verb. Akad. Amst., XIV, No. 2, 1871, .87 (East Indian Archipelago): Atlas Ichth., VII, 43, PI.
CCOXLII, fig. 3, 1870; Stuivage, Hist. Madam, Poiss., in Grandidiers Hist. Phys. Nat. et Polit. Madagascar, XVI,
1891, 54.

Scrranus guttata*. Day, Fish. Ind., 24, Pi. VI, tig. 3, 1875, and Fauna hid.. Fish., I, 457, 1889, part.
f Scrranus pcrpultatus De Vis, Proe. Linn. Soe. X. S. \V.. VIII, 4883, 445, New Hebrides.

Epinephelns miniatus, Sauvage, op. cit., 52, part.

Genus 126. EPINEPHELUS Bloch. The Groupers.

Body stout, compressed, covered with small, ctenoid scales, which are often somewhat embedded
in the skin; scales of lateral line triangular, cycloid; soft parts of vertical fins generally more or less
scaly; cranium narrow above; parietal crests not produced on frontals, which are without transverse
ridge posterially; frontals with a process or knob on each side behind interorbital area; premaxillary
processes fitting into a notch or cavity on anterior end of frontals; preopercle moderately serrate
behind, its lower limb entire, without distinct antrorse spine; opercle with two strong spines; nostrils
well separated; mouth large, maxillary large, with a well-developed supplemental bone, its surface
usually with small scales; canine teeth few, large, in the front of the jaws; enlarged teeth of inner
series of each jaw depressible; gillrakers short and rather few; dorsal spines usually 11, rarely 10, not
filamentous, the last ones somewhat shorter than middle ones; anal spines 3, the second usually the
larger; the number of soft rays 7 to 9; caudal fin rounded or lunate; pyloric cceea few; (usually 10 to 20) ;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

223

pectoral rounded, shortish, nearly symmetrical, of 15 to 20 rays; Ventrals moderate, inserted below
pectoral, close together, each with a strong spine. Species very numerous, most of them of large size,
abounding in all the tropical seas, where they are valuable food-fishes. This is the largest and most
important genus of the Serranida, and its species are most widely distributed.

Only one species known to occur among the Hawaiian Islands.

Epinephelus Bloch, Ichthyologia, 1793 ( marginalis , brunncus , mcrra, ruber, etc.; restricted to marffinatis by authors).

Cerna Boiiaparte, Intr. Classe Pesci, Fauna Italiea, III, pt. 1. 1833 (yigas(inaza).

Cynichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class. Fishes, II, 201, 1839 (tlaeu purpurat-us) ,

Cromileptcs Swainson, 1. c. (<//</ as, etc.).

H i/port hod us G ill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1861, 237 (Jlavicauda=nivealus) .

Srhislorus Gill, 1. c. ( mystacinus ).

Labroperca Gill, op. cit., 1863, so ( labri/onnis ).

Mrrus Poey, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. V., X, 1871, 39 (gii/as).

PriacaidliiclUhys Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud, lstis, 193 ( maderaspatcnsis ; young).

Homalogrystes Alley ne & McCleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, I, 1876, 268, PI, VI, tig. 3 ( gunt fieri ).

H yposcrranus Klunzinger, Fisehe des rothen M ceres, 3, 1881 (morrhiui).

172. Epinephelus quernus Seale. “ Hupu’u p&’u." Figs. 8!) and 90 (juy).;

Head 2.4 in length; depth 2.6; eye 7 in head: snout 3.6; maxillary 2; interorbital 4.65; D. xi,
15; A. hi, 9; about 130 scales in lateral line.

Body short, deep, and moderately compressed, hack considerably elevated, the curve from tip of
snout to caudal peduncle being quite uniform, somewhat more abrupt at origin of spinous dorsal; head
large; snout moderate, pointed; mouth large at an angle of about 45°, the lower jaw slightly pro¬
jecting, the tip rounded; maxillary strong, reaching posterior edge of orbit; supplemental bone

present, width of tip about equaling diameter of eye; teeth in cardiform bands in jaws and on vomer
and palatines, the outer row on jaws somewhat enlarged and canine-like, depressible, especially
the inner series, 2 or more larger canines near tip of each jaw; tongue without teeth; eye small, in
anterior half of head, and entirely above axis of body; interorbital space convex, rather broad, about
half greater than eye; nostrils close together, the posterior the larger, vertically ovoid; preoperde ser¬
rate, strongest at. the angle; opercle with a long, pointed soft flap and 3 flat spines, the middle the
largest, closer to the lower than to the upper, lower edge of opercle serrate brauehii istegals 7 ; gill rakers
short and stout, very blunt on short arm, 7 t 16, pseudo branch iie well developed; tongue long and

224

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

pointed, spoon-shaped, free along the. sides and fora distance at tip greater than orbit; fins large;
origin of dorsal from tip of snout about equaling length of head; dorsal spines strong, fourth and fifth
longest, 2.6 in head; last dorsal spine slightly longer than snout, soft, portion of dorsal somewhat ele¬
vated, rounded, the longest rays equaling snout and eye; caudal slightly rounded, the rays 1.9 in
head; first anal spine short, second strong, third longest, about equaling snout; soft portion of anal
rounded, the longest ray 2.25 in head; ventrals scarcely reaching vent, IT1 in head; pectoral broad,
rounded, fan-shaped, about reaching vertical at vent, length of fin 1.75 in head; scales very small,
and finely ctenoid; lateral line following curve of back, pores small; nape, opercles, and cheek
denselv covered with fine scales, ant rior portion of interorbital and snout naked.

Color in life, nearly uniform dark-purplish brown, the tins darker on distal portions, the belly also
darker; a dark shade above maxillary; irregular pearly white spots on side, arranged partly in vertical
rows, the largest less than pupil, the smallest mere dots; head, nape, and whole dorsal fin more or less
spotted; caudal broadly, soft dorsal and anal narrowly, edged with whitish; ventrals black; pectorals
plain brown. In old examples the white spots become diffuse and disappear, the body becoming
leather color, with paler blotches.

Color in alcohol, rich dark brown on head and body, sparsely covered with bluish white spots
and specks; similar spots on spinous dorsal; anal and spinous dorsal narrowly edged with dirty white;

caudal darkest distall y , with a broad, pale border; ventrals blue-black; pectoral smoky, paler on distal
portion.

This species is rather scarce in the Hawaiian markets, where very large examples, 2 to 3 feet long,
are occasionally seen. Our collection contains 4 specimens, none of them full grown, from one of
which — No. 03381, 151 inches long— our life-color notes were made. This was obtained in the Hono¬
lulu market June 1(1, 1901, at which time 2 other specimens were obtained by us. We have 1 from
Kailua, and there are 2 specimens in the collection rtf Dr. Jenkins obtained by Dr. Wood in 1898.
The single specimen obtained bv Mr. Alvin Seale, and upon which his description of the species is
based', was secured by him August 9, 1901. The species was also obtained by the Albatross at
Honolulu. Our specimens range in length from 3.75 to 16.5 inches.

There is a. specimen of K/iini'jihelus in the Philadelphia Academy (No. 13463, Coll. Dr. J. K.
Townsend) that is probably this species. It was wrongly identified with fuscoguttatus (Forskal) by
Mr. Fowler.

Fig. 90. — Epinejihdvs qiternus Scale; from the young.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 225

EpineplielusfuscoguUalus, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phi la. 1900, 502 (Honolulu); not of Forskiil.

Epinephclus qucrmis Settle, Occasional Papers, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Vol. I, No. 1, 1901, with plate, Honolulu
(Type, No. 481, B. P. B. M., Coll. A. Seale); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XX 11. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 149 (Hono¬
lulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

Genus 127. ODONTANTHIAS Bleeker.

Body strongly compressed; scales rather large, ciliated, smooth; lateral line complete, the tubes
straight and extending along nearly the entire scale; mouth rather large, protractile; maxillary
exposed; jaws with villiform teeth and curved canines; large, elongate patches of teeth on vomer,
palatines, and tongue; head scaly, including the maxillary; preoperele serrated, without antrorse teeth
on the lower border; operele with 3 spines; gill-membranes separate; 7 branchiostegals; pseudo-
branchije present; gill rakers very long and slender; a single dorsal fin with x. 13 rays, the spinous
portion a little longer than the soft; anal short, with iii, 7 rays; caudal emarginate; pectoral obtuse-
pointed, subsv mmetrical, rays 17; ventrals below pectorals, close together, each with a strong spine.
Odontant hius Bleeker, Nederl. Tijdsclir. Dierk., IV, 1S72, 235 ( Anthios horhon ius) .

173. Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins). Plate XV ami fig. 91.

Depth 2.0 in length; head 2.S; I>. x, 17; A. m, 7; scales, 4-47-15; P. 1.31 in head; V. about
equal to head; eye 4 in head; interorbital slightly wider than eye; maxillary reaching to below middle
of eye; narrowest part of preorbital a little less than 2 in eye; branchiostegals 7; gill rakers on lower
arm of first branchial arch 34.

Fig. 91. — Odontanthias fuscipinnis (Jenkins). Type of Anikins fuscipinnis Jenkins.

Mouth very oblique, lower jaw somewhat projecting, just, entering profile; upper profile of head
reentrant before the nostrils, thence to nape steep and almost straight, in one specimen rather promi¬
nently convex before t lie eyes; strongly bulging at nape in front of dorsal spines; profile of hack straight
from front of first dorsal to anterior rays of soft dorsal, from here descending to caudal peduncle, the
upper edge of which is on a level with tip of snout; ventral profile less convex and less angular than
upper; operele with 2 Hat spines, the upper the larger; lower part of edge of operele serrated; angle

F.G.B. 1903—15

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

226

of preopercle with 1 or 2 small spines; both vertical and horizontal margins of preopercle serrated;
preorbital entire, edge of suborbital hidden by scales; teeth in sides of jaw minute, in villifonu bands;

2 small canines in front of upper jaw, 2 to 6 in front of lower jaw; first dorsal spine short, less than
eye; second more than twice as long as first; third nearly twice second, prominently longer than the
succeeding spines; fourth spine 1.66 in the third; spines from fourth to tenth decreasing regularly in
length, tenth 1.25 in fourth; soft dorsal somewhat rounded, longest rays equal to fifth spine; first anal
spine a little shorter than first dorsal; third anal spine equal to second dorsal, slender and a little
longer than second anal spine; soft anal short, medium rays longest, a little longer than longest rays
of soft dorsal; caudal rather large, deeply forked, longest rays equal to length of head, longer than
longest dorsal spine, lower lobe a little smaller than upper; ventrals longer than pectorals, about
equal to head, acute, second ray longest; pectorals pointed, median rays longest; all parts of the head
and body except the preorbital and jaws scaled; scales ctenoid anil ciliated; lateral line strongly
arched anteriorly, beginning above upper end of gill-cleft, on eighth scale below the dorsal spines, the
highest paft on the fourth row from the back and on the twentieth from the ventral median line.

Color when fresh (No. 03461) orange-red, side and back nearly bright golden; tail and breast
shaded pink; a golden stripe from eye to tip of snout, bordered all around by crimson, the crimson
lines meeting across snout; lower lip crimson; chin golden; dorsal spines golden, their bases olive, the
membranes mostly crimson; distal half of soft dorsal golden; a crimson stripe along base of dorsal,
same shade covering most of lower half of fin except as replaced by dark olive-green, which forms a
stripe above the crimson stripe and irregular blotches above that, leaving 2 irregular rounded spots
of the crimson ground color within the green; an olive-green cross blotch at base of tail; caudal golden
at tip, middle pink, outer rays bright crimson, basal half of fin mostly scarlet, the orange and red
irregularly placed; pectoral shaded in gold and orange; ventrals and anal same, spines pinkish; iris
golden, ringed by purple.

Color in alcohol, plain reddish yellow (red in life), dusky on scaly part of base of soft dorsal and
of posterior part of spinous dorsal and about base of caudal. Color in life pale orange-red, the dark
areas clear olive-green.

This species was obtained at Honolulu (Jenkins, Wood, Jordan and Evermann, and the Albatross),
llilo, and Kailua. It is taken in rather deep water, and is at times common in the Hilo market. Our
numerous specimens are 7.5 to 9.5 inches in length.

Anttiius fuscijiinnis Jenkins, Bull. t'. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1x99 (June x. 1901). .1x9, fig. 3, Honolulu (Type, No. 49G95, U. S,
Nat. Mus., Coll. O. 1‘. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 450 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. eit.
(Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

Genus 128. PSEUDANTHIAS Bleeker.

Scales small; jaws scaled; lateral line sharply angulated at base of caudal peduncle; no teeth on
tongue.

Pfriulrmtli iuA Bieekrr, Poiss, Reunion et Madagascar, in Ned. Tijds. liiork., IV, 1873, 94 (plcrtrolamia) .

174. Pseudanthias kelloggi (Jordan & Evermann). Fig. 92.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.6; maxillary 2; interorbital 5.4; P. xi, 15;
A. in, 7; P. 15; scales 4-36-10; gillrakers 16-j-4.

Body short, deep, anil compressed; dorsal outline greatly arched, profile from origin of spinous
dorsal to tip of snout nearly straight, being gently concave over interorbital space; ventral outline
nearly straight.; caudal peduncle compressed, its greatest depth 3 in head; head longer than deep;
snout, bluntly pointed, lower jaw prominent, slightly the longer; mouth large, nearly horizontal; a
narrow band of small, sharp, conic teeth on palatines, a small patch on vomer, a band of cardiform
teeth on upper jaw, a narrower band in lower jaw; several large canine teeth in each jaw anteriorly,

3 of these close together on middle of each side of lower jaw, these hooked backward; 6 or 8 large
pores on lower side of mandible and several on upper part of snout; maxillary reaching to posterior
edge of orbit, its greatest width 1.5 in eye; edge of preopercle above angle and edge of opercle below
the upper middle of base of pectoral denticulate; 2 broad opercular spines, the upper the larger; eye
anterior, its lower edge on line with upper base of pectoral; fins large, the second soft dorsal ray and

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

227

upper rays of upper caudal lobe being produced each as a filament, the dorsal filament being produced
half its length beyond rest of fin; dorsal spines stout and strong, the first spine 2.3 in third, the filth
being the highest, 2.5 in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.15 in head; base of soft dorsal 2.3 in head, its
fourth ray 3.5 in head, the last ray 1.4 in fourth; caudal truncate, the lower rays produced slightly as
a filament, but not nearly so long as the upper lobe; second anal spine longest, 2.5 in head; second
soft ray longest, 2 in head; pectoral very long and large, reaching to origin of soft anal, the eighth
and ninth rays from above the longest, 1.4 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid, in regular series; entire
body and head scaled; basil portion of all fins except spinous dorsal with small scales; lateral line

Fig. 92. — Pscudavlhin :■ i.Ionlnn A: ICverroftnn) ; from the typo.

strongly convex, not concurrent with the dorsal profile, becoming straight on middle of caudal
peduncle; one row of scales behind tip of last dorsal ray.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, the fins lighter; in life, red.

Only 3 specimens were obtained, all having been taken with the hook in deep water off Kailua,
in southwestern Hawaii. They range in length from 7.75 to 8.5 inches. The species is allied to
Pxeudanthias japan icus (Steindachner <k Ddderlein).

/Lvthias keUoggi Jordan A Evermann, Bull. r. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Apr. 11, 1903), 179, of! Kailua, Hawaii. (Type,
No. 50642, IT. S. N. M.)

Famih LXI. PR1 ACAXTH I D.-E. -The Catalufas.

Body oblong or ovate, compressed, covered with small, firm, rough scales; all parts of the body
and head, even the snout and max diaries, being densely scaly, each scale with a more or less developed
plate on its posterior border, most developed in the young; head deep; mouth large, very oblique,
the lower jaw prominent; villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatine; none on the tongue; pre-
maxillaries protractile; maxillary broad, without supplemental bone, not slipping under the very
narrow preorbital, which is usually serrate; no suborbital stay; eye very large, forming about one-
half length of side of head; posterior nostril long, slit-like, close to eye; preopercle more or less
serrated, one or more strong spines at its angle; opercle very short, ending behind in 2 or 3 points;
no barbels; gill -membranes separate, free from isthmus; pseudobranchiic very large, extending along
whole length of opercle; postorbital part of head very short, the opercle small; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth; gillrakers long; branch iostegals 6; lateral line continuous, not extending on caudal; dorsal
fin continuous; x, 1) to 15, the spines depressible in a groove; anal ii, 9 to 15; soft part long, similar

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

2 2 8

to soft dorsal, spines strong, ven train very large, thoracic, i, 5, close together, in advance of base of
pectoral, joined to belly by a membrane which incloses a groove; no axillary process; spine strong;
pectoral small, pointed, not symmetrical, of 19 or 20 rays, the upper longest; caudal fin truncate or
lunate; spines of fins generally rough, with small seme; air-bladder large; pyloric cffica few ; verte¬
bra? in reduced number, 9 or 10 f 13 = 22 or 23, the first vertebra being very small or absent; trans¬
verse process beginning on seventh (sixth ) vertebra, the last 2 precaudal bridged across; ribs attached
to the transverse processes; epipleurals absent on last 3 precaudal vertebra; supraoecipital crest very
low, continued forward to over front of orbit, w here it is joined by the parietal crests; processes of
premaxillaries moderate. Carnivorous fishes of the tropical seas, chiefly in deep waters; mostly rose-
colored in life. The family is a sharply defined group, not close to any other, but the affinities on the
whole seem to be nearest to the NVrrmbd.r and their tropical allies, t ienera 2, species about 10.

Only 1 genus, with 3 species, know'll from the Ilawaiin Islands.

Genus 129. PRI ACANTHUS Cuvier.

Scales’ very small, SO to 100 in the lateral line; body obffiig, more than twice as long as deep;
preopercle with a spine at angle; interorbital area externally transversely convex, the cranium itsell
transversely concave, the elevation being formed of flesh; a conspicuous 'foramen in the interorbital
area; lateral line extending upward and backward from upper angle of gill-opening toward second
dorsal spine, below which it changes its course, following outline of back to end of dorsal fin, thence
direct to middle of caudal; anal tin rather long, its rays about m, 14; dorsal rays about x, 13.
Species rather numerous in the tropical seas; 3 known from Hawaii.

Priacailthus Cuvier, R£gne Animal. Ed. 1. II, 281. 1817 (mnrnijthUilmm).

a. Scales relatively large, 85 to 90 in lateral line . . . . . alalaua. p. 228

ft«. Seales small, 100 or more in lateral line.

b. Scales about 1 1-100-52; head about 3 in length h> base of caudal; interorbital comparatively wide, 3.4 in eye; gill rakers

about 20 below angle . . . . . . . . . . crucntcUus, p. 229

bb. Scales smaller, about 12-115-45; head shorter, about 3.4 in length to base of caudal; interorbital narrow, about 4 in
eye; gillrakers about 27 below angle . wceki. p. 231

175. Priacanthus alalaua Jordan & Evermann. “Alalaua;” “ Alahmmi Fig, 93.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.65; eye 2.4 in head ; snout 3.6; maxillary 2; interorbital 3.8; I ). \,14;
A. hi, 15; scales 13-85 to 90-45, 70 pores; Br. 6; gillrakers about 22 on lower arm.

Body short, deep, compressed, ovate; tipper profile of head nearly straight; snout, very blunt;
mandible prominent, produced; month very oblique; teeth small, sharp, in bands on jaws, vomer, and
palatines; tongue rounded, free in front; maxillary reaching almost to front margin of pupil, its greatest
width 2 iu eye; edge of preopercle finely serrate, with a sharp, flat, serrated spine directed backward
at angle; margins of interopercle, subopercle, and opercle entire; opercle with an obscure flat spine;
interorbital space slightly convex; eye very large, its lower edge a little above base of pectoral and in
line with axis of body; nostrils small, close together, the anterior with elevated rim; posterior nostril
oblong, with broad flap; gillrakers rather slender, about 22 on longer arm of first, arch, longest about
3 in eye; origin of spinous dorsal over upper base of pectoral; dorsal spines rather uniform, the
longest about equal to orbit; soft portion of dorsal somewhat elevated, rounded, fourth ray 1.7 in
head; anal spines rather stronger than those of dorsal, third the longest, 1.1 in orbit; soft portion of
anal similar to that of soft dorsal, rays of about equal length; caudal truncate, the middle rays slightly
greater than orbit; pectoral short, bluntly pointed, not reaching tip of ventral, length 1.4 in head;
ventrals longer, just reaching base of second anal spine, their length 1.2 in bead; ventral spine about
1.25 in longest ray, or 1.7 in bead; scales small, firm, and rugose, those of lateral line somewhat
enlarged; entire head, as well as body, densely scaled; lateral line rising abruptly for 6 or 7 pores
from gill-opening, thence concurrent with back to caudal peduncle.

■Color in life, silvery, light olive above, somewhat flushed with red in irregular blotches; chin red;
spinous dorsal olive-yellowish, especially on edge; ventrals black, rays whitish; fins unspotted.
Young of 4 inches in length are dirty gray, browner above, with no trace of red in life; some brown
spots along lateral line; fins dusky, anal and ventral darkest; iris a little brownish-red.

Color in alcohol, plain yellowish-white; spinous dorsal and anal somewhat dusky; ventral mem-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

229

brands black, the rays white, other tins pale yellowish-white. In some examples the color is much
more flushed with red, especially above; the red paler and more evanescent than in the other species;
fins red, unspotted; the spinous dorsal edged w ith golden; upper lip golden; ventral membrane black,
pectoral pale.

There seems to be but little variation in this species; the younger individuals appear to be more
brightly colored or with more evident wash of red than was shown in the type. We have 3 speei-

Fjg. 93. — Pnacan/hiis alalaua Jordan A: Evermh.nn: from the type.

mens, 6 to 8.25 inches long, from Honolulu; specimens were also secured by the . [ l ha trow at Honolulu
and at Lay sail Island.

Priacanthus alalaua Jordan A Evermann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i Apr. II, 1903), 181, Honolulu; Snyder, op.
eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu; Laysan Island).

l^S. Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepede). ‘M unr<>," adult ; “Alalaua ” young; “ Redfish,” Fig. 0-4.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.6; eye 2.4 in head; snout .'5.4; maxillary 2; interorbital 3.4; I>. x, 13;
A. ii, 14; scales 11-100-53, about 80 pores; gill rakers about 20 below angle.

Body oblong, deep, compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines evenly and similarly curved; head
about as long as deep, subconic, compressed; snout bluntly pointed; lower jaw very prominent, strong
and projecting; mouth moderate, oblique; bands of small, villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and pala¬
tines; gillrakers rather long and slender, about 1.5 in pupil, about 20 below angle; tongue broad,
rounded and free; maxillary extending to anterior edge of pupil, its greatest width slightly more than
2 in eye; interorbital convex; eye large, its lower edge on a line with axis of body; fins moderate;
origin of spinous dorsal over upper base of pectoral, the spines rather short, stout, and blunt, their
anterior side rugose; last spine 1< ingest, 2. 3 in head ; soft dorsal rounded, longest ray 1.75 in head ; caudal
truncate; base of anal 2.75 in body, anterior edge of spines rugose; longest spine 2.6 in head, longest
ray 1.9 in head; anterior edge of ventral spine rugose, its length 1.75 in head, longest ray slightly
longer than spine, reaching to first anal spine; pectoral short, broad, longest ray 1.9 in head, not
reaching as far posteriorly as the centrals; scales small, very rough, the exposed portion triangular,
with a re-entrant angle on anterior side, the posterior edges strongly toothed; lateral line complete,
rising abruptly for 4 pores from gill-opening, then turning sharply, following approximately thecurva-
ture of the back, a little more distant under soft dorsal, turning in a broad angle at base of caudal
peduncle, along the middle of which it follows to base of caudal; preorbital toothed or rugose on both

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

2.‘S0

edges ; preopercle strongly toothed, with a strong rugose toothed sharp or blunt spine at the angle, this
spine varying much in different individuals; lower edge of opercle toothed.

Another example was bright red in life, mottled with silvery white; dark red color forming about
6 vertical bars on side of back alternating with fainter bars; dorsal and caudal rosy, spotted with blood
red, spots small, smallest and most distinct on caudal; pectoral and ventrals rosy; iris without dark
spots or dark shading; ins and jaws deep red. In some examples the dark spots are large.

Color in alcohol, plain yellowish white, dusky above, silvery below, fins all yellowish white;
spinous dorsal somewhat dusky; soft dorsal, anal and caudal with numerous small dark (blood red)
spots on the membranes, their edges narrowly black.

The above description taken chiefly from a specimen (No. 03166) 10.5 inches long from Honolulu.

Color in life (note by Ilr. Jenkins), head and body made up of mottlings of bright red and white;
iris white with bright red blotches; dorsal mottled with red and white and covered on posterior por-
tion with more or less distinct red; anal similar in color to dorsal; caudal red with rows of distinct
darker red spots on membranes; pectoral pale red; ventral white, with red mottlings; inside of mouth
white, with bright red blotches.

Color in life (Porto Rican specimens), body silvery, washed with rosy; back with 5 or 6 saddle-
like blotches extending on side to below lateral line; under parts rosy; vertical fins with pale bases,
brighter distally; caudal black -edged; pectoral and ventral rosy, the ventrals black-tipped.

Fig. 91. — Pricicanthus crucntatus (Lac*6pede).

AVe have compared our numerous specimens with others from the Galapagos and West Indies and
can detect no differences. The Pacific species, 1‘. carolinus, can not be distinguished from the West
Indian species, I', eruentatus.

This is a species of wide distribution, having been recorded from St. Helena and the Canaries, the
West Indies, the Galapagos, and the Hawaiian Islands. In the West Indies it is known as ojon, ojudo,
and catalufa. Among the English-speaking people it is called big-eye. Streets says of the young:

“ During the month of September, 1873, an immense shoal of the young of this species entered
the harbor of Honolulu. The largest of them did not exceed 31 inches in length. This shoaling, we
were told, has occurred a number of times, but at uncertain intervals. The coming of the ‘red-fish,’
as they are called, foreshadows in the. minds of the simple natives the sickness and death of some
member of the royal family; and, on account of the pliant disposition of the Kanakas, the prophecy
is usually fulfilled. But the fish are by no means unwelcome visitants to the common people, who
are busy catching them night and day as long as they remain. They are dried and eaten without
cooking.”

This fish seems to be very abundant among the Hawaiian Islands and is represented in our col¬
lections by a fine series of 33 specimens, ranging in length from 4 to 11.75 inches; of these, 7 were

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

231

Collected by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1S89. Specimens were obtained by us at Honolulu, Ililo,
Napoopoo, and Kailua, but none was obtained by the Albatross.

Labrus crucntatus Lacdpectc, Hist. Nut. I’oiss., Ill, 522. I, sol . Martinique.

Priarantkm apcdtait as Desmarest, Prom. Dec. Ichtyol., 9, pi. 1, 1823. Havana.

Pnacantb.us carolinus Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Poiss., 224, 1826, Caroline Islands; Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat.
Poiss., Ill, 105, 1829 (Qualand or Strong Island, Caroline Islands); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 72, 1877
(Honolulu).

Priaeanthus schlcgdi Hilgendorf, Sitzgber. Ges. Naturh. 1879, 79, Japan.

Priaeanthus erucntatus, Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North & Mid. Amer., I, 1238, 1896; Jenkins, Bull. 1". S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 190-2 (Sept, 23, 1903), 450 (Honolulu).

177. Priaeanthus meeki Jenkins. “ ('hi Ian an.” Fig. 95.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.8; eye 2.3 in head; snout 3.6; interorbital 4; maxillary 2; mandible
I.S; I). \, 14; A. hi, 15; scales 12-11.') — 15; gillrakers 2 27.

Body oblong, compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; head large, snout
blunt, the anterior profile straight from tip of snout to nape; mouth large, very oblique, the lower
jaw projecting, its anterior edge in line with profile from snout to nape; maxillary reaching anterior
edge of pupil, its tip broad, nearly half eye; teetli on jaws, vomer and palatines in strong villiform
bands, many of those on jaw somewhat enlarged; gillrakers rather long, about 2 in eye, their number

Flu. 95. — Priaeanthus mo i:i Jenkins; from the type.

about 2 j-27; eye very large, its lower edge slightly below axis of body; interorbital space moderate,
convex; opercle with a weak fiat spine; preopercle serrate, without spine, weak and obscure except in
young, where it is better developed; preorbital rough-edged; fins rather large, origin of spinous dorsal
over base of pectoral; longest dorsal spine about 1.6 in head, soft portion of dorsal rounded, longest
ray 1.5 in head; longest anal spine 1.8 in head, anal high, longest ray 1.3 in iiead; caudal rather
deeply lunate, outer rays nearly equal to head, the middle ray 1.5 in the outer, upper lobe somewhat
the longer; pectorals short, not reaching tips of ventrals, 1.5 in head; ventrals long, pointed, reaching
base of third anal spine, 1 in head; scales small and rough, the free portion narrowly lunate, concave
anteriorly, the posterior edge roughened; lateral line rising in a regular curve from gill-opening to
about the tenth pore, then following contour of back to base of caudal.

Color in life, deep red, darker than any other species of Priaeanthus, without trace of dark cross-
bands or round rosy spots; a row of about 15 roundish dusky spots, very faint along lateral line; fins
deep red, unspotted, tlie dorsal and anal edged with dusky; caudal mesially dusky edged ; ventrals
with black membranes, pectoral paler rosy; inside of mouth deep orange red.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

232

Color in alcohol, dusky silvery, darkest above, palest on belly; head dusky, snout and lower jaw
blotched and spotted with darker; dorsal and anal fins pale, with dusky or black on some of the
membranes and narrowly edged with black, in some specimens the black very marked; caudal pale,
edged with black; ventrals black at tips; pectorals pale. Smaller examples 4 to 5 inches long are, in
spirits, much darker, being dark brow n covered with darker coffee-colored specks; all the fins except
pectorals black.

The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03396) 11.75 inches long, from
Honolulu.

This species seems to be close to Priacanthus hamruhr, from which it differs chiefly in the greater
depth of the body, the color, and much greater length of the dorsal and anal rays, and in the smaller
scales, in current descriptions of 1‘. hamruhr, the depth of the body is said to be nearly equal to the
length of the head; in our specimens it greatly exceeds the length of the head.

This species appears to be an important food-fish at. Honolulu and is fairly abundant. Our collec¬
tions contain an excellent series of 9 specimens from Honolulu and 6 from Hilo. We have also exam¬
ined the type, taken at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins, and the 2 cotypes, collected also at Honolulu by Dr.
Wood. These specimens range from 4 to 12.5 inches in length.

Priancanthus hamruhr, Steindac.hner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 1st (Honolulu; Laysan): not of Forskiil, whose
species has scales 75 to SO.

Priacanthus merki Jenkins. Bull. 1'. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 2(1, 190(1), 150, fig. 20. Honolulu. (Type, No. 50817,
U. S. N. M.; coll. O. ?. Jenkins.)

Family LXII. 1. 11 I ANI H E. — The Snappers.

Body oblong or more or less elevated, covered with moderate-sized adherent scales, which are more
or less ‘strongly ctenoid or almost cycloid; lateral line, well developed, concurrent with the back, not
extending on the caudal tin; head large, the crests on the skull usually largely developed; no suhorl lital
stay; mouth moderate or large, usually terminal, low and horizontal; premaxillaries moderately pro¬
tractile, their spines not extending to the occiput; maxillary long, without supplemental bone, for
most of its length slipping under the edge of the preorbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath,
its form essentially as in the Scrranuh-; teeth various, unequal and sharp, never incisor-like, some of
them sometimes molar; vomer and palatines usually with villiform teeth, these sometimes molar,
sometimes very small, sometimes wanting; lower pliaryngeals separate; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
pseudobranchnc large; gillrakers moderate or long, slender; gill-membranes separate, free from the
isthmus; preopercle serrate or entire; opercles without spines; sides of head usually scaly; dorsal fin
single, continuous, or deeply notched, sometimes divided into 2 fins, the spines usually st l ong, depress-
ible in a groove, the spines hetcracantlious- that is, alternating, tin.' one stronger on the right side, the
other on the left, the spines 10 to 12 in number; anal fin similar to soft dorsal and with 3 spines;
ventral fins thoracic, the rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage at base; caudal fin
usually more or less concave behind; air-bladder present, usually simple; intestinal canal short.; pyloric
cceca few; vertebrae usually 10 , 14=24; no distinct tubercles from the cranium for the articulation of
the epipharyngeal bones; enlarged apophyses for the articulation of palatine and preorbital bones;
anterior 4 vertebrae without parapophyses. This family comprises about 20 genera and some 250
species, chiefly inhabiting the shores of warm regions. All of them are valued as food, and all are
active, carnivorous and voracious. The group is closely related to the Srrranidx on the one hand, and
to the Ihnmdidir on the other.

Of the many genera of this family only 6 are known to have representatives in Hawaiian w aters.

a. Interorbital not (lilt nor separated from the occipital region, the median and lateral crests proenrrent on it, and the
iron till narrowed forward.
h. Teeth on tongue minute or entirely absent.

c. Teeth on palatines, vomer, and jaws, tile outer series on the jaws enlarged and canine-like; preopercle somewhat

serrate . Apsilus, p. 238

cc. No teeth on palatines, vomer, or tongue, those on jaws not enlarged nor canine-like; preopercle entire.

Apharcus, p, 235

hh. Teeth on tongue strong, as well as on palatines and vomer and both jaws, those on latter somewhat enlarged and

canine-like . . liowcrsia, p. 23ti

no. Interorbital flat, separated by a transverse line of demarcation from the occipital region, by which the median as
well as the lateral crests are limited; frontals wide in front.

d, Dorsal fin continuous . . . . . . Aprion , p. 238

dd. Dorsal tin divided, the spinous portion separated from the rays by a deep notch . Etelis, p. 240

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

233

Genus 130. APSILUS Cuvier & Valenciennes. The Arnillos.

Body rather short and stout; teeth on palatines, vomer and jaws in villiform bands, those in outer
series on both jaws enlarged and canine-like; no teeth on tongue, or very minute if present ; last ray
of dorsal and anal much or little produced; preopercle somewhat serrate; interorbital not flat; dorsal
fin continuous; branchiostegals 7.

This genus has essentially the cranial structures of Rhomboplites, with the scaleless fins, peculiar
squamation, and dentition of Aprwn. The prefrontals have the posterior areas solid and somewhat
tumid; the dorsal fin is short and scaleless.

Apsilus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., VI, 518, 1830 (fit-sens).

Troptd/nhis Gill in Poey, Synopsis, 296, 1868 ( anilUo=tlcntalus ).

a. Body short and stout, the depth 3 in length: scales about 67 . briffhami , p. 233

aa. Body more slender, the depth about 3.5 in length; scales larger, about 61 . microdon, p. 234

178. Apsilus brighami (Seale). “ Ukikiti;” Kali-kali Plate XVI.

Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 4 in head; snout 2.75; maxillary 2.3; mandible 2; interorbital 4. 1 ;
preorbital 6.75; scales 7-67-15; D. x, 11; A. hi, 8; Br. 7; gillrakers short and broad, ll-j 4, those, on
shorter arm very blunt except lower one, longest a little greater than pupil.

Body rather short, stout, and moderately compressed; head large, bluntly conic; snout rather
long, bluntly pointed; mouth large, slightly oblique; maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; lower
jaw slightly the shorter; teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines in villiform bands, those in outer series
on jaws enlarged and canine-like, the anterior ones largest; tip of maxillary greater than pupil,
slipping under the rather broad preorbital; eye moderate, entirely above axis of body; interorbital
smooth, convex; opercle ending in 2 flat, weak spines; preopercle serrate; preorbital smooth; caudal
peduncle deep, compressed, its least width half its depth, which is equal to snout; (ins rather large;
origin of dorsal over base of pectoral, midway between tip of snout and base of fifth dorsal ray, first,
dorsal spine short, about 1.6 in second, fourth and fifth spines longest, a little greater than snout, last
dorsal spine slightly shorter than second; last dorsal ray somewhat produced, about 2.25 in head, or a
third longer than first ray; first anal spine short, about 1.9 in eye, or 2 in second anal; third anal
Spine slightly greater than eye; last anal ray equal to last dorsal; caudal moderately forked, lobes
about equal, their length 1.25 in head; pectoral rather long, slightly falcate, the tip reaching origin of
anal, the length nearly equaling that of head ; ventrals long and pointed, reaching slightly past vent,
their length 1.4 in head; scales rather small, firm, the lateral line well developed; cheek and opercles
scaled; a row of modified plate-like scales from humeral plate to nape, in front of which is a patch of
ordinary scales; soft dorsal and anal without scales; caudal finely scaled.

Color in life, (from No. 03735), upper half of body with 4 broad yellow bands, last one extending
to base of caudal, between these are 3 light red bands nearly as broad as the yellow ones; lower half
of body yellow, the edge of scales here tinged with red; head and snout bright golden-red; opercles
light red; jaw reddish; upper lip golden reddish, lower reddish; dorsal bright yellow, same as yellow
bands on body; margin of soft dorsal tipped with reddish; caudal yellow, with reddish tinge, end
yellow, upper and lower edges reddish; anal membrane faint golden red, rays faint red; ventrals pale,
tinged with red; pectoral membrane pale, rays light yellow; axil golden reddish.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish white, pale below, head slightly dusky, fins all pale yellowish
white, tips of ventrals slightly dusky.

The life color of the type specimen, as given by Air. Seale, was as follows: Ground color, pinkish
white; 3 distinct wide yellow bands, as wide as interspaces, extending obliquely' downward and
backward on side of body, the first from the nape to a little posterior of axis of pectoral, the second
from third to sixth dorsal spines ending above and anterior to vent on a line with lower base of pectoral,
the third from eighth dorsal spiine to third dorsal ray ending above and on a line with the fifth to
eighth anal rays, behind this last band, above the lateral line, a wash of yellowish reaching to base of
caudal; dorsal fin cadmium-yellow; caudal fin yellow, the upper lobe with pink tint; pectoral pinkish;
ventrals and anal white; side of head and jaws with a few deeper splotches of pinkish, iris whitish,
the pupil deep blue. In spirits the yellow bands fade so that the interspaces show more distinctly
than the bands, the color becomes also a deeper pinkish, the fins whitish.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

234

The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04110) 15 inches long, obtained by us
in Honolulu in the early part of August, 1901 ; 2 other specimens were obtained by Messrs. Goldsborough
and Sindo at Kailua, August 10. A single specimen was obtained by Dr. Jenkins in 1889, and another
by the Albatross in 1902.

The specimen described by Mr. Seale was obtained by him in Honolulu in October, 1901. The
species is a typical Apsilus. Mr. Seale’s error in placing it in the family Srrr.dnidx instead of Lutianidx
was apparently due to his misinterp-etation of the relation of the maxillary to the preorbital. The
maxillary is well covered by the preorbital.

This species does not seem to be abundant, but is a good food-fish. It reaches a length of about

1.5 feet, and is an inhabitant of the deeper waters, 2 of the specimens that we have examined having
the stomachs everted.

Serranus UrUjhanil Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop* Museum, I, No. 4, 7, lyoi, Honolulu. (Type, No. (>25, B. P. B. M.,
Coll. A. Seale.)

Apsilus hri.ghami, Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. '23, 1903), 452 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 527 (Honolulu).

179. Apsilus microdon (Steindachner). “ Opakajfaka."

Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2.1; preorbital
8; interorbital 3.1; Br. 7; gillrakers about 16 -( 5; 1). x, 11; A. in, 8; scales 8-61-14.

Body moderately short, stout, and compressed; head large, longer than deep; snout bluntly
conic; mouth rather large, slightly oblique, the maxillary reaching pupil, slipping for its entire length
under the rather broad preorbital, its width at tip equal to diameter of pupil, jaws equal; bands of
villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, the outer series on jaws scarcely enlarged, scarcely
canine-like, except a pair on front of upper jaw; no teeth on tongue; opercle ending in 2 flat, weak
spines, the space between them deeply emarginate; preopercle somewhat serrate; eye moderate, its
lower edge in line with axis of body; interorbital slightly convex, very broad; caudal peduncle short,
its length from base of last dorsal ray to first supporting caudal rays 2.3 in head, its least width about

2.5 in its least depth, which is slightly greater than eye, or 3.6 in head; dorsal fin beginning over base
of pectoral, its origin midway between tip of snout and base of fifth ray, distance from origin of dorsal
to base of first supporting caudal rays twice length of head; first, dorsal spine very short, about 1.7 in
pupil, or 3.25 in second spine; fifth dorsal spine longest, about equal to snout; last dorsal ray
produced, its length 1.5 times that of preceding ray; origin of anal under base of fourth dorsal ray;
first anal spine short, its length about half that of second, anal spines all weak, the third longest, its
length slightly less than diameter of eye; produced anal ray similar to that of dorsal; caudal deeply
forked, the -lobes about equaling length of head; centrals moderate, not reaching vent, their length

1.6 in head; pectoral somewhat longer, its tip reaching slightly past tips of centrals, its length 1.25 in
head; scales rather small, firm, deeper than -long; lateral line well developed, beginning at base of
humeral plate and following contour of back to base of caudal; cheek and opercles scaled; a series of
modified scales from bony opercular scale to nape, in front of which is a patch of normal scales.

Color in life (No. 03008), back and upper part of side violet brown, with bright reflections; lower-
part of side and belly silvery; faint brassy stripes separated by obscure bluish ones along middle of
side; head color of back; cheek and suborbital silvery, with dusky wash; dorsal purplish, with 3 series
of large yellow blotches forming 3 lines; caudal dusky and greenish, the middle rays yellowish;
pectoral, anal, and ventrals white; iris greenish yellow.

Color in spirits, dusky or olivaceous brown above, paler on sides and below; belly somewhat
dusky; each scale on back and upper part of side with a chocolate-brown triangular area, these forming
indistinct longitudinal lines; membrane of dorsal fin dusky purplish, all other fins pale.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 6081) 10 inches long, collected at Honolulu
by Dr. Wood. We have 10 specimens from Honolulu, 1 from Hilo, and 1 from Kailua. Dr.
Jenkins had 2 specimens obtained at Honolulu by Dr. Wood, and the species was also found by the
Albatross ai Honolulu. It is known only from the Hawaiian Islands, where it is a common food-fish
in the markets, reaching a length of 2 feet.

Apr ion microdon Steindaehner, Sitzr. Ak. YViss. Wien, LXX1V, abt. I, 1S7(>, 158, Sandwich Islands.

Apsilus microdon, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Honolulu).

Platyinius microdon, Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 527 (Honolulu).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

235

Genus 131. APHAREUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body Ion;; and slender; vomer, palatines, and tongue without teeth; teeth in each jaw in a narrow,
villiform band, none enlarged or ranine-like; last dorsal and anal rays much produced; preoperclc
entire; interorbital convex; dorsal tin not notched; branchiostegals 7.

This genus is related to Apaihvt, from which it differs chiefly in the dentition.

.lpSoreas Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., VI, 485, ! sal (c,rr nl/scut.'

180. Aphareus flavivultus Jenkins. Fig. 96.

Head 3.3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 4.4 in head; snout 3.1; maxillary 1.9; mandible 1.65; inter¬
orbital 3.2; preorbital 6.5; Br. 7; gillrakers 16 5; D. x, 11; A. in, 8; scales 9-72-17.

Body long and slender, considerably compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines beautifully
curved from tip of snout to caudal peduncle, greatest depth at the origin of dorsal fin ; head rather long,
conic; snout long; mouth very large, somewhat oblique, the maxillary slipping for its entire length
and most of its width under the broad preorbital, reaching posterior border of pupil; lower jaw long
and strong, its tip projecting and entering into anterior profile; vomer, palatines, and tongue toothless;
teeth in jaws in a narrow, villiform band, none enlarged; eye moderate, its lower border in line with
axis of body; operde smooth, without developed spines; preopercle not dentate, only slightly

crenulate; caudal peduncle long, its length from base of last dorsal ray to base of first supporting
caudal rays equal to snout and eye, its least width about 2.5 in its least depth, which is slightly less
than snout; fins small, the dorsal continuous, its origin slightly behind base of pectoral and equidistant
between tip of snout and base of seventh soft ray; third dorsal spine longest, slightly greater than
snout; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 2.4 times that of preceding ray; anal similar to soft
dorsal, its origin under base of about fourth dorsal ray; third anal spine longest, slender, its length 3.8
in head; last anal ray much produced, its length equal to that of last dorsal ray; caudal widely forked,
the lower lobe slightly the longer, its length somewhat greater than that of head; ventrals rather
pointed, not nearly reaching vent, about 1.75 in head; pectoral long, somewhat falcate, upper rays
produced, about 1.2 in head; scales small, moderately firm, covering entire body, nape, cheek, and
opercles; a modified humeral scale from which a line of modified scales extends to occiput, in front of
which is a patch of ordinary scales; scales on cheek in 6 rows, those on opercle in 9 rows; lateral line
beginning at lower edge of humeral scale, very slightly arched, following closely curvature of back to
base of middle caudal ray; soft dorsal and anal naked; caudal with fine scales.

Color in life, dirty violet, edges of scales brownish; lower side and under parts somewhat paler;
head dirty violet or purplish; dorsal brownish red at base, yellowish olive and rosy on outer half;
caudal greenish olive, edged with reddish purple; anal white at base, somewhat dusky, a large brassy

236

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

yellow blotch on anterior part of fin, posteriorly dirty rosy; ventrals purplish and greenish yellow;
pectoral pale rosy; iris yellowish rosy white.

This species is not common among the Hawaiian Islands, only 1 1 specimens having .been obtained
in that region by collectors. It differs front Aphareus fiircatus in form and otherwise.

According to Dr. Jenkins, the color of the top of the head was very distinct in life in the
examples obtained by him in 1889. None of our specimens showed any yellow on the face. An
examination of Dr. Jenkins’s specimens shows that this color has entirely faded, so that no
character remains by which his specimens can he distinguished from ours.

Besides the 5 specimens front Honolulu and Kona, Hawaii, in Dr. Jenkins’s collection, we have
2 from I Ionolulu, 2 from Kailua, and 1 from Hilo. One was also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu.
The species is known only from the Hawaiian Islands.

Length 4.5 to 15 inches.

Apkarcus Jlariimltus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June ,8, 1901), 390, fit;. 4, Honolulu. (Type, No. 49691,
U.S.N.M., Coll. O. P. Jenkins); Jenkins op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Kona, Hawaii); Snyder, op. cit.
(Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

Aphareus furcctiits, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Honolulu).

Genus 132. BOWERSIA Jordan & Evermanu.

Body long, rather slender and moderately compressed; top of head evenly rounded, the supra-
occipital crest extending forward on cranium; jaws equal,, lower not projecting; bands of villiform
teeth on both jaws, the outer series somewhat enlarged and canine-like; villiform teeth on vomer,
palatines, and tongue; maxillary slipping for its entire length under the rather broad proorbital; eye
large; opercle entire, ending in 2 flat, obscure spines, the space between them deeply emarginate,
but filled by soft membrane; preoperele scarcely dentate; dorsal fin continuous, the last ray produced,
nearly twice length of preceding one.

This genus is related to Apsilus, with which it agrees in the presence of villiform teeth on the
vomer and palatines, but from which it differs in having well-developed teeth on the tongue, and in
the produced last dorsal and anal ray. Two species are known.

“ We take much pleasure in naming this new genus for the Hon. George M. Bowers, United States
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, in recognition of his active and intelligent interest in promoting
scientific work, especially the investigation of the aquatic resources of the Hawaiian Islands.”

Bowersia Jordan X Evermann, Ball. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. tl, 1303), 182 ( rinlcsccnr).

a. Scales rather large, about 60 in lateral line; preorbital broad, 7.75 in head . riolcscrns, p. 236

aa. Scales smaller, about 68 in lateral line; preorbital narrow, 10 in head . -.ulaula, p. 237

181. Bowersia violescens Jordan & F.vermann. “ Opgikapaka.” Fig. 97.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4.4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.6; mandible 2; interorbital
3; preorbital 7.75; scales 8-60-15; D. x, 10; A. hi, 8; Br. 7; gillrakers 5-j-14.

Body long, rather slender, moderately compressed, tapering gradually into the rather long caudal
peduncle; head large, longer than deep; snout moderate, rather bluntly conic; mouth large, maxillary
reaching anterior third of pupil, slipping for its entire length under the thin edge of the rather broad
preorbital, the width of its tip 2 in eye; mandible strong, but not projecting; broad bands of villiform
teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue, the outer series in the jaws slightly enlarged and canine¬
like; eye large, its lower edge in line with axis of body; interorbital broad, gently convex; anterior
profile but slightly curved from tip of snout to nape, thence more strongly arched to origin of dorsal,
descending in a long, low curve to caudal peduncle; ventral outline but slightly convex; caudal
peduncle rather long, 2 in head, its least width about 1.6 in its least depth, which is 1.8 in its length,
measured from base of last dorsal ray to base of supporting caudal rays; gill rakers few, rather strong
and short, the longest about 2.6 in eye; opercle smooth, ending in 2 flat, obscure spines (more strongly
developed in each of the cotypes); preoperele obscurely serrate at the angle (more distinctly so in the
cotypes); fins moderately developed, the dorsal fin continuous, without notch, its origin over base of
pectoral and equally distant from tip of snout and base of fourth ray, length of entire base of fin and
to tip of last ray twice length of head; first dorsal spine moderately short, closely bound to the second,
whose length exceeds it by about one-half; seventh dorsal spine longest, its length equal to that of

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 237

snout; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 1.7 times that of the preceding; anal similar to soft
dorsal, its origin under base of third or fourth dorsal ray; first anal spine very short, third longest and
strongest, its length equaling diameter of eye; last anal ray produced, its length equaling that of produced
dorsal ray; caudal rather widely forked, lobes about equal, their length, measured from base of first
supporting ray, equaling head; ventrals pointed, their tips not reaching vent, length 1.4 in head; pec¬
toral long, slightly falcate, the tip about reaching tips of ventrals, its length about 1.2 in head; scales
large, deeper than long and rather loose; cheek and opercles scaled, 5 rows on cheek; a large bony
humeral scale, from which extends to nape a series of somewhat modified scales, in front of which is
a patch of ordinary scales; lateral line complete and well developed, beginning at lower edge of
humeral scale and following curvature of back to base of middle caudal rays; the pores little or not
at all branched.

Color in life (field No. 03404), light rosy olive, with violet shades, pale below; center of each scale
of back shining violet; dorsal reddish flesh-color, its base anteriorly yellowish olive; caudal flesh-color,
rosy along the edges; anal similar, its edge light lavender gray; ventrals pale, shaded with light
orange; pectoral flesh-color, violaceous at base; snout violet, iris light yellow. A flesh-colored vio-

Fig. 97. — Bowersia violesceus Jordan & Evermann; from the type.

laceous fish without color markings anywhere. Another specimen (field No. 03417) freshly dead, had
the body, head, and caudal light rosy; ventrals white; outer margin of spinous dorsal golden, the
membranes with irregular golden areas; pectoral and anal not distinctly colored; iris yellow.

Color in alcohol of type (field No. 03018), above dusky silvery, bases of scales brown; sides and
under parts silvery, with pale greenish -yellow tinge; top of head somewhat olivaceous, sides rusty
silvery; axil of pectoral dusky; tins all pale or yellowish-white.

This species reaches a length of about 2 feet and is an important food-fish.

Our 4 specimens, all from Hololulu, are each about 2 feet in length.

; Bowersia violeseens Jordan it Evermann, Bull. l\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 183, Honolulu.

182. Bowersia ulaula Jordan & Evermann. “ Ulaula “ Kod’e.” Fig. 98.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.8; eye 3.8 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.9; mandible 2.4; inter¬
orbital 3.6; preorbital 10; scales 8-68-14; D. x, 11; A. hi, 8; Br. 7; gill rakers 21 5.

Body long and slender, the dorsal outline in a low, gentle curve from tip of snout to base of caudal,
the ventral outline but gently convex; head moderate, bluntly conic; snout rather short; mouth mod¬
erate, somewhat oblique, the jaws equal; maxillary moderate, slipping for its entire length under the
narrow, thin preorbital, its width at tip 2.8 in eye; bands of villiform teeth on vomer, palatines, tongue
and jaws, those of outer series in the latter scarcely enlarged; opercle ending in 2 obscure, fiat spines,

238 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

tin1 space between them deeply emarginate but filled by membrane; preopercle rather distinctly ser¬
rate, the teeth very short; eye rather large, its lower border in line with axis of body; preorbital very
narrow, much narrower than in ]>. riole&cens; interorbital space narrower than in the preceding species,
slightly convex; caudal peduncle long, its length from base of last dorsal raj- to first supporting rays
of caudal 1.7 in head, its least width about 2.1 in its least depth, which is 2.1 in its length; gillrakers
rather numerous, close-set, the longest about 2.2 in eye; fins moderately developed, the dorsal contin¬
uous, without notch, its origin slightly behind base of pectoral and equally distant between tip of snout
and base of fifth or sixth dorsal ray; head 2 in distance from origin of anal to middle of last dorsal ray;
first dorsal spine rather short, about 1.9 in length of second; fifth dorsal spine longest, its length equal
to distance from tip of snout to pupil; last dorsal ray produced, its length about 1.8 times that of the
preceding; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin under base of third dorsal ray; first anal spine very
short, the third longest, its length 1.2 in diameter of eye; soft anal similar to soft dorsal, the last ray
produced and of equal length with that of dorsal; caudal densely scaled and widely forked, lobes equal,
their length, measured from base of first supporting rays equaling that of head; ventrals not pointed,
their tips not reaching vent, their length 1.6 in head; pectoral long, slightly falcate, its tip reaching
vent and much beyond that of ventral, its length equaling that of head; scales rather small, closely
imbricated, deeper than long, their edges finely ciliated; cheek and operates scaled, 6 rows on cheek;
a large bony humeral scale from which extends a series of modified scales to nape, and in front of
which is a patch of ordinary scales; lateral line complete and well developed, beginning at lower edge
of humeral scale and following contour of back to base of middle caudal rays, the tubes little branched.

Color in alcohol, brownish or purplish olivaceous above, paler on side; under parts nearly plain
white; each scale of back and upper part of side with a darker brown spot, these forming indistinct
rows, about 6 above lateral line; side below lateral line with less distinct horizontal lines; upper parts
of head olivaceous brown, lower parts paler, spines of dorsal fin purplish, the membranes white,
purplish at tips; soft dorsal with rays whitish, membranes purplish; caudal slightly dusky, other fins
plain whitish.

This species is related to B. vinhtscena, from which it differs chiefly in the shorter snout, larger eye,
shorter maxillary, shorter mandible, narrower interorbital space, decidedly smaller scales, more
numerous gillrakers, and more posterior insertion of dorsal fin. Only one specimen known, type
No. 50661, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04104), 14.25 inches long, from Hilo, Hawaii Island.

Bmucrsia ulaula Jordan & Evermami, Bull. U. S. Full Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 1S3, Hilo.

Genus 133. APKION Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body oblong or elongate, compressed; scales large; mouth rather small; villiform teeth on
vomer, palatines and jaws, outer series on jaws somewhat enlarged and canine-like; no teeth on
tongue; preopercle entire; interorbital flat; last ray of dorsal and anal somewhat produced; dorsal

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

239

continuous, not notched; skull essentially as in Etelis, the flat interorbital area separated from the
occipital by a transverse line of demarcation by which the median as well as the lateral crests are
limited; frontals wide in front, and not cavernous; supraorbital margin crenate; periotic region
much swollen outward and with the bones thin and polished; frontals behind with funnel-shaped
foramina; preorbital moderate.

Aprion has essentially the form of Lutianus with the skull of Eleiix. The single American
species (.1. maerophthalmus) belongs to the subgenus Cluetoptems, which agrees with A. rinscens in
the form of the skull, differing chiefly in the specific characters of deeper body, weaker teeth, and
narrower preorbital. Species few; only one known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Ap-rion Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. POiss., VI, 5 1:1. 1830 ( vircsccns ).

Cfcl’tnptcrus Terminek Schlegel, Fauna Japoniea, Poiss . 7S, ] - u ( dvbius ).

Pri$tii>oinoiflcsB leelcer, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 1852, 57 1 ( tijpus ).

PI at pin inn Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. S'-i. Phila. 1802,237 ( mra.r niannpht ha! tn an
Sparapsis Kncr, Fiselic Mus. GodclYroy, 302, 1868 (dnnfjntus).

183. Aprion virescens Cuvier A Valenciennes. “ f7,».” Fig. 99.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 4.1; eye 5.4 in head; snout2.2; maxillary 2.45; mandible 2; preorbital 4.8;
interorbital 3; Br. 7; I), x, 11; A. n or iii, 8; scales 8-49-13.

Body long, slender, and moderately compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines gently curved; head
large, much larger than deep: snout long and bluntly conic: mouth large, somewhat oblique, the
maxillary reaching orbit, slipping for its entire length under the broad preorbital, its width at tip
about 1.75 in eye; jaws co-tern li nous, the lower projecting somewhat in the young; eye rather high
up, considerably above the axis of the body; interorbital space broad and flat; opercle ending in one

Fig. 99. — Aprion virescens Cuvier & Valenciennes; after Blceker.

broad, flat, obscure spine; preoperele smooth; caudal peduncle long, its length slightly greater than
that, of snout, its least width about, 1.75 in its least depth, which is 4 in head; dorsal fin continuous,
not greatly notched, its origin behind base of pectoral, and midway between tip of snout and base of
third dorsal ray: distance from origin of dorsal to base of first supporting caudal rays twice length of
head; first dorsal rav short and slender, its length not exceeding diameter of pupil, fourth or fifth
dorsal ray longest, about 3 in head, last dorsal ray produced, about one-third longer than preceding;
first anal spine small, obscure, or entirely absent in large examples; third anal spine weak, its length
less than diameter of eye; soft portion of anal similiar to that of dorsal: caudal widely forked, the
lower lobe sometimes the longer, its length a little shorter than that of head; centrals short, reaching
Scarcely half way to origin of anal, 1.9 in head; pectoral very short and broad, the length about 2.75
in head; scales loose, large, somewhat deeper than long; lateral line fully developed and concurrent
with the hack; cheek and opereles scaled, 5 rows on cheek; anal and soft dorsal naked; caudal scaled.

Color in life (No. 03411), uniform light gray, the upper parts tinged with blue, which, on top
of head to snout and about eye, becomes distinct dark blue, without distinct outline, gradually dis¬
appearing toward lower parts; lower parts much lighter, becoming almost white on ventral line; 3

240

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

indistinct dusky spots on membranes of dorsal between seventh and tenth spines (one between each
two); no other distinct markings on dorsal, but a tinge of yellow over the whole; ventral rays white,
membranes yellow; anal whitish; caudal unmarked.

Color in alcohol of some specimens, dusky-bluish above and on sides, whitish below; head with
some purplish; spinous dorsal with the membrane dusky at tips, 3 black spots on membranes between
seventh and tenth spines; soft dorsal, caudal and anal dusky, ventrals white, dusky at tips; pectoral
dusky.

This fish is common about Honolulu, being brought into the market almost every day. It is one
of the best of food-fishes. The above description, based chiefly upon (No. 03411 ) a specimen 2 feet
long, obtained in the -Honolulu market. We have 17 excellent, specimens from Honolulu, Hilo, and
Kailua, and others were obtained at Honolulu by Hr. Jenkins and the Albatross. This species is
known not only from the Hawaiian Islands, but also from the Society Islands, Macassar, Celebes,
Termite, and Amboyna. Length 7 to 24 inches.

Aprion > inert n Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VI, 544, pi. 16S, 1830, Seychelles: Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, I.
16, 1873 (Society and Hawaiian Islands); Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 484 (Honolulu):
Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 452 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit, (Jan. 19, 1904). 527
(Honolulu).

Mtsopriou nrirrochir Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., I', 1853, 332, Amboyna.

Lvtjami * nticrockir, Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Dterk., I, 1863, 233.

Sparopeis cloilfiatHs Kner, sitzl). Ak. Wiss. Wien, LV11I, Part I, 1868, 303, pi. 3, fig;. 6, Fiji Islands.

Chpioptrrusmjcrochir, Bleeker, Varsl. Kon. Ak. Wet., HI, 1869, 85 (Ternate and Amboyna).

Aprion (Apr/on) virescens, Bleeker, Atlas, VII, 77, pi. 293, lig. 3, 1876 (Macassar, Celebes, Ternate, Amboyna).

Genus 134. ETELIS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body elongate, covered with large scales; eye very large; preopercle ending in 2 short, flat lobes,
hardly points; preorbital very narrow; mouth moderate, the lower jaw projecting; canines in upper
jaw only, villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; no teeth on tongue or pterygoids; gillrakers long
and slender; dorsal fin deeply notched, rather short, its spines 10 in number, its soft rays not scaly;
caudal very deeply forked; head naked above, skull with the interorbital area flat, separated from the
occipital area by a transverse line, limiting the median and lateral crests also; frontals wide in front,
not cavernous, simply normally perforate; supraorbital margins crenate; periotic region little convex,
and with the bones thick, unpolished; prefrontals behind, with funnel-shaped foramina; caudal deeply
forked; dorsal spines 10, the last shortest, the membrane falling far short of the ray following. In
spite of the difference in the form of its dorsal, the relations of Etelis with Aprion are very close. The
skulls in the 2 are almost, identical, as has already been noticed by Poey and Gill.

Etelis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. If, 127. Is2s ( carhnneulus , a Japanese species); Gill. Proc. Ae. Nat. Sei.
phila. 1862, 447 ( carbuneulus ).

E/astonni Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 168, 202, 1839 (oru/a'm).
irespcrantluas Lowe, Fishes of Madeira, 14, 1813 ( ociilatus ).

Macrops Pumeril, Ichthyologic Analytique, 279. 1856 (ocnlafyts).

a. Eye small, 4 in head; caudal lobes not much produced, about equal in length, not longer than head; gillrakers

3+9 . inarx/li, p. 240

aa. Eye comparatively large, 3 in head; caudal lobes much produced, the upper longer than head; gillrakers
G 4- 15 . evurus , 1>. 242

184. Etelis marshi (Jenkins). “Vlaiila.” Plate XVII and Pig. 100.

Head 3 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4 in head; snout 3.4; preorbital 7; maxillary 2; mandible 1.8;
interorbital 3.9; H. x, 11; A. in, 8; scales (i-5 1-1 1 ; Br. 7; gillrakers 3+9.

Body rather long, tapering, moderately compressed; the dorsal and ventral outlines gently convex;
head rather large, bluntly pointed; snout bluntly pointed, slightly greater than eye; jaws subequal, the
lower slightly projecting, its tip entering into the anterior rounded profile; maxillary long, reaching
past middle of orbit, its width at tip equal to vertical diameter of pupil; mouth rather large, somewhat
oblique; teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines, those on jaws in villiform bands; an outer series of
enlarged, sparse-set canines in each jaw, the one in front on each side longest, those of upper jaw
somewhat stronger than those in the lower; tongue without teeth; eye large, its horizontal diameter
slightly the greater; interorbital space flat, with a broad median groove, the ridges on each side some-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

241

what roughened; preorbital thin, its edge smooth; opercle ending in 2 broad flat, spines; preopercle
finely dentate, teeth strongest at the angle, but no spines especially enlarged; gillrakers few, moderate
in length, the longest about 3 in eye, the number about 3 9; fins moderately developed; dorsal fin
deeply notched, almost divided into 2 fins; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral, its
distance from tip of snout equal to distance to base of fifth dorsal ray; first dorsal spine short, about
equal to diameter of pupil, third and fourth dorsal spines longest, about 2.4 in head, ninth dorsal spine
short, about 2 in second; dorsal rays subequal, the last about 1.25 in third dorsal spine; origin of anal
under about fourth dorsal ray; first anal spine very short, third longest, about 1.75 in third dorsal
spine; last anal ray about equal to last one of dorsal; caudal rather widely forked, the lobes about
equal, their length equal to distance from tip of snout to edge of preopercle, their outer rays not espe¬
cially produced; ventrals rather short, reaching but slightly more than half distance to origin of anal,
their length about 2 in head; pectoral longer, the upper-rays somewhat produced, the fin slightly
falcate, the length 1.2 in head; scales moderately large, firm, deeper than long; cheek and opercle
scaled, the former with 6 rows; a large modified humeral scale; lateral line beginning at humeral scale
and following contour of back, ceasing at base of caudal.

Color in life, rose-red, not quite so brilliant as in Eti’ti* evurus; a golden stripe along lateral line,
mouth not red inside; axil deep red; belly silvery, but less abruptly so than in emms and some¬
what shaded with rose; tins rose-colored, the first dorsal and caudal brightest, ventrals and anal almost

Fig. 100. — Etch's marsht (Jenkins). Type of Eteliacus marshi Jenkins.

white; a faint whitish stripe along side below golden one. Another specimen (No. 03378), 2 feet long,
from Honolulu, nearly fresh, was very bright red, silvery below, the center of each scale on back golden,
these forming streaks; lateral line golden; upper fins bright red; lower fins pale red.

Color in spirits, light dusky, yellowish above, paler on the sides, w hitish below; top of head dusky
yellowish; fins all uniform whitish.

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04148) 16.75 inches long, from Hilo.

This species reaches a length of at least 2 feet, and is a common and important food-fish both at
Honolulu and Hilo. The spawning time seems to be in the middle of the summer, several of the
examples obtained by us in July being full of ripe spawn. It is close to E. evurus from w hich it differs,
however, in the smaller eye, much stronger teeth, somewhat shorter body, and in not having the
caudal lobes markedly produced. It is rather common in deep water, especially off Hilo. The type
(No. 50714, V. 8. \ . M.) was obtained by Dr. Wood at Honolulu. Our collection contains! specimens
from Honolulu, 9 from Hilo, and 1 from Kailua, ranging from 10 to 26 inches long,

Eteliicus marshi Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 452, tig. 21, Honolulu.

F. C. B. 190:4-16

242

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

185. Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann. “ Vlaula Plates XVIII and 38.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.6; eye 3 in head; snout 3.9; maxillary 2.2; interorbital 3.6; D. x, 11;
A. hi, 8; scales 5-50-11; Br. 6; gillrakers 15 + 6, longest about 2 in eye.

Body rather long, tapering, moderately compressed; dot-sal outline slightly convex, ventral out¬
line nearly straight; head considerably longer than deep, compressed, subconic, snout bluntly pointed,
less than eye, equal to portion of eye anterior to posterior edge of pupil; mouth large, oblique; small
bands of villifonn teeth on vomer, palatines, and anterior part, of each jaw; a single row of small
wide-set, slender canine; teeth on the outer edge of each jaw, those in upper jaw slightly larger and
more wide-set ; a single larger canine tooth on the side of each jaw in front, those in the upper jaw
the larger; maxillary extending to middle of pupil; eye very large, its lower edge slightly below axis
of body; preopercle finely serrate; operele with 2 broad, flat spines, not produced, the upper rather
obscure; fins moderately developed; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral, its
distance from tip of snout equaling that to base of sixth dorsal ray; dorsal fin deeply notched, almost
divided; first dorsal spine short, its length hut slightly greater than diameter of pupil; third dorsal
Spine longest, 2.1 in head; ninth spine short, its length 2.75 in third; soft dorsal not elevated, the rays
about equal, the last 1.75 in third spine; anal similar to soft dorsal, the first spine very short, the third
about 1.8 in third dorsal spine, last anal ray about equal to last dorsal ray; caudal deeply notched, the
lobes much produced, the upper the longer, its rays greatly exceeding length of head, or about 2.4 in
body; centrals long, but not reaching vent by a distance equaling half diamater of pupil, their length
1 .5 in head; pectoral long, reaching vent, the upper rays somewhat produced, their length 1 .2 in head;
scales moderate, firm, covering body, nape, opercles, and breast; a large humeral scale; lateral line
beginning at lower edge of humeral scale and following contour of back to base of caudal fin.

Color in life, of a specimen (field No. 03481) 14 inches long, brilliant, rose-red, the side from level
of eye abruptly silver, with rosy shades; snout, jaws, eye, and inside of mouth red; fins all rose-color,
the dorsal and caudal bright; ventrals and anal pale, the former washed with red on center; axil pale
pink; pectoral pale rosy.

Color in alcohol, uniform yellowish white, paler below; fins all pale yellowish white, the caudal
lobes somewhat dark.

This species is related to Etelis oeulatus of the West Indies, from which it differs in the somewhat
larger scales, much longer caudal lobes (9.5 times length of middle rays instead of 4 times, as in
E. oeulatus), and larger eye. From E. carbunculus Cuvier & Valenciennes, from Isle of France, it seems
to differ in the coloration, and in having only 16 instead of 20 scales in a transverse series. It. is one of
the handsomest of all Hawaiian fishes, thus far known only from Hilo, Hawaii, in the market of
which we obtained 13 fine examples, and from Honolulu, where it was obtained by the Albatross.

Length 11 to 16.5 inches.

Etelis evurus Jordan ,V Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Coram., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 184, Hilo; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. ly,
1904), 527 (Honolulu).

Family LX III. SPA RIDE. — The Porgies.

Body oblong or more or less elevated, covered with rather large, adherent scales, which are never
truly ctenoid; lateral line well developed, concurrent with the back, not extending on caudal fin;
head large, the crests on the skull usually largely developed; no suborbital stay; mouth small, ter¬
minal, low, and horizontal; premaxillaries little protractile; maxillary short, peculiar in form and in
articulation, without supplemental bone, for most of its length slipping under the edge of the pre¬
orbital, which forms a more or less distinct sheath; preorbital usually broad; teeth strong, those in
front of jaws conical, incisor-like or molar; lateral teeth of jaws always blunt and molar; no teeth on
vomer or palatines; posterior nostril largest, usually more or less oblong or slit-like; lower pharyngeals
separate; gills 4, a large slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchiai large; gillrakers moderate; gill-mem¬
branes separate, free from the isthmus; preopercle entire or serrulate; operele without spines; sides of
head usually scaly; dorsal fin single, continuous, or deeply notched, the spines usually strong,
depressible in a groove; spines heteracanthous, that is, alternating, the one stronger on the right side,
the other on the left, the spines 10 to 13 in number; anal fin rather short, similar to the soft dorsal,
and with 3 spines; ventral fins thoracic, the rays i, 5, with a more or less distinct scale-like appendage

Bull, U. S F.C 1903

Etelis evurus Jordan & Evermann type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

243

at base; caudal fin usually more or less concave behind; air-bladder present, usually simple; pyloric
ececa few; vertebrae usually 10 • 14=21; intestinal canal short.

Carnivorous shore-fishes of the tropical seas, especially abundant in the Mediterranean, Red Sea,
and West Indies. Genera about 12, species about. 90, most of them much valued as food.

Only one species thus far known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Genus 135. MONOTAXIS Bennett.

Jaws each with several conical, canine-like teeth in front, and with a single series of molars on
the sides; cheek scaly; dorsal fin with 10 spines, depressible in a groove; anal spines 3; scales
moderate; branchiostegals 6; pyloric appendages few. Species few.

Monotaxis Bennett, Life of Raffles, 688. 1830 (indim).

Sphxrodon Rvippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische. 112, \S38(grandoculis).

186. Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskal). ” .1 fa;” “ Mamamii.” Fig. 101.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.5; eye 4 in head; shout 2.2; preorbital 3. 1 ; interorbital 2.75; D. x, 11;
A. m, 10; scales li-46-12.

Body oblong, deep, compressed, back not much elevated; profile from nape to tip of snout nearly
straight, being steeper from the prominence in front of eye to tip of snout; head slightly deeper than

Fig. 101. — Monotaxis grandoculis (Forskkl); after Bleeker.

long, compressed; snout bluntly rounded; mouth large, horizontal; jaws equal, maxillary entirely
concealed except for its lower edge; teeth large, wide, and irregularly set, conic teeth in anterior part
of each jaw, lateral teeth on each jaw large and molar; preorbital very broad; preopercle entire; eve
anterior, high, upper edge of pupil on line with lateral line; dorsal fin continuous, its origin slightly
in advance of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout equal to its distance from base of ventrals, longest
spine 2.1 in head, first spine short and weak, .6 height of second; soft dorsal rounded, rays much longer
than spines, longest 1.75 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, longest spine 2.5 in head, ray 1.75; caudal
broad and strong, rather deeply forked, its lobes short and strong; pectoral broadly falcate, its tip
reaching as far as those of ventrals, nearly 1 in head; ventrals falcate, reaching past vent, nearly to
base of anal, 1.2 in head; scales rather large, much deeper than long, cycloid; top of head, snout,
mandible and cheek naked; 3 rows of large scales on upper and G on lower part of preopercle, 6 rows
on opercle; soft dorsal and anal moderately sheathed; a single row of small scales on eaoh caudal ray,
extending nearly to tip; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline.

244

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life, scales below lateral line pale silvery with a purplish tinge; margin of scales on middle
of body and on the upper part of opercle greenish yellow, those on hack darker, with margin blackish
yellow; belly pale, margin of scales on belly darkish; a blackish band on nape; head and snout pur¬
plish gray; cheek with a dark dirty purplish blotch tinged with yellow; lips darkish yellow; inside of
mouth reddish, spinous dorsal pale purplish silvery, margin of the membranes with a wide deep
cardinal stripe; soft dorsal blackish claret, rays paler; caudal dirty claret, somewhat paler than soft
dorsal, rays paler, margin reddish; anal same as soft dorsal, spines dark reddish, black blotches at
root of third to sixth membrane inclusive; pectoral pale reddish, axil black; ventrals very pale pur¬
plish, tips darkish; iris silvery-yellow, the upper border blackish silvery, this border with a deep
cardinal border ventrally; root of pieudobranchise purple.

A smaller example (No. 03241), 9 inches long, from Honolulu, showed the following colors in life:
Olive-gray, silvery below, each scale above with a bluish white center; traces of 4 narrow, whitish,
yellowish cross-bars on back; one at nape, one under first dorsal spines, one under last dorsal spines,
and one under last dorsal rays; head paler and more yellowish; a black spot on upper part of eye;
inside of jaws bright red; spinous dorsal dirty gray, the pale band of back extending on it; soft dorsal
with a large black central blotch, the last rays reddish white; caudal reddish gray, the rays mostly
grayish, the membranes deep red; anal gray, blackish mesially, the rays tipped with dirty red;
ventrals whitish, tipped with dirty red; pectoral light rusty red, the color fading on lower rays;
a small black axillary spot with yellowish shade below it. Smaller examples show yellowish on fins
and head rather than red; a dusky bar on cheek below eye; pale bars more distinct, the interspaces
more clearly black.

Color in alcohol, grayish brown above, lighter below, margin of scales darker; top of head and
cheek darker brown; a black blotch on upper edge of the yellow iris; spinous dorsal pale brown with
a darker blotch on the anterior part of. each membrane; membrane of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal
dark; pectoral pale, black at axis; ventrals pale, tipped with dark brownish.

The above description based chiefly upon (No. 04140), a specimen 20.5 inches long from Hoopuloa,
Hawaii.

Our collection contains 22 specimens 5 to 20 inches long, the localities represented being Hon¬
olulu, and Kailua and Hoopuloa, Hawaii.

This fish reaches a length of about 22 inches. It is fairly abundant and highly prized as a food-
fish, always commanding a high price. It has a very wide distribution among the Pacific islands.

Sdsaia grandomlU Forskkl, Descript. Animal., 53, 1775, Djidda.

Lethrinus latidens Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Vi, 310. 1.330. New Guinea.

Monotaxis indica Bennett, Life ni Baffles. Cat. Fish. Sumatra, 033, 1830, Sumatra.

Pagrus heterodon Bleeker, Bijdr. Ichth. Halmahera, Nat. Ned. Ind., VI, 51. 1854, Sindangole.

Spluerodon latidens, Kner, Novara, 83, pi. 4, fig. 1, 1865 (Australia).

3 phxrodon grandocutis, Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, IT, 67, 1874 (Sandwich Islands).

Monotaxis grandoculis, Bleeker, Atlas, VIII, 105, pi. 299, fig. 1, 1876 (Sumatra, Batu, Celebes, Halmahera, Obimajor,
Amboyna).

Sphxrodon heterodon, Bleeker, Atlas, VIII, pi. 299, 1876 (name on plate).

Sparisomus unicolor, Fowler, Proe. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 602 ( Honolulu); not of Quoy & Gaimard.

Monotaxis grandoculis, Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 453 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19.
1901), 527 (Honolulu).

Family LX1V. M/ENID.4L — The Picarels.

Body oblong or elongate, covered with moderate or small ciliated scales; mouth moderate or small,
extremely protractile, ttie spines of the premaxillaries extending backward to the occiput; teetli small
or wanting, all pointed; no incisors or molars; dorsal continuous or divided, the spines very slender;
preoperele entire; intestine short, with few pyloric oceca. Carnivorous shore-fishes, chiefly of the Old
World. In the form of the mouth they present analogies to the Gerridse, in other regards they closely
resemble the Hxmulidx. Genera 4 or 5; species about 25.

Genus 136. ERYTHRICHTHYS Temminck & Schlegel.

Body elongate; caudal peduncle long; snout rather sharply conic; mouth very protractile, the
processes of the intermaxillaries extending to occiput; dorsal litis 2, scarcely, if at all, connected, the
spines all slender and feeble; no detached dorsal spines; caudal widely forked, the lobes long and

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

245

pointed; no teeth on jaws, vomer or palatines; lower pharvngeals separated from each other, and like
the upper ones, armed with eardiform teeth; preoperele entire; scales rather small, ciliated; bran-
chiostegals, 7; pseudobrancbise present.

This genus is distinct from Emmelichthyg, differing chiefly in having no detached dorsal spines.
Erythridithys Teraminck & Schlegel, Fauna Jappnica, Poiss., 117, 1815 (&ctile</dii) .

187. Erythrichthys schlegelii Gunther. Plate XIX and Fig. 102.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 4; eye 3.4 in head; snout 3.6; maxillary 2; mandible 2; preorbital 7;
interorbital 3.75; D. x-t, 11;' A. in, 10; scales 10-75-17; Br. 7; gill rakers 24 f 6, the longest about 2
in eye.

Body long and slender, deepest at vertical of pectoral, thence gradually tapering to the long caudal
peduncle, not much compressed, the back not much elevated; head moderate, conic; snout rather sharply
conic; mouth . rather large, somewhat oblique, the maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; vomer
palatines, tongue, and jaws toothless, the latter sometimes with a few very small villous teeth; premaxil-
laries greatly protractile; lower jaw projecting, its tip rounded, entering into dorsal profile; eye very
large, its center scarcely above axis of body; interorbital broad and convex; preorbital very narrow-
opercle smooth, 2 weak flat spines on its upper portion, the bony portion between these deeply emar-
ginate; preoperele slightly crenate or fluted, not serrate, the angle rather broadly rounded; origin of
spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of ventrals, a little nearer tip of snout than base of last dorsal
ray; dorsal spines all slender, the first short, about 2.5 in second; third longest, about 2 in head, the

tenth shortest, rather remote from the ninth but connected with it by a membrane, scarcely or not at
all connected with the eleventh, which is somewhat longer, 1.6 in eye; soft dorsal with a scaly-sheathed
base, the rays approximately equal, 1.1 in eye; anal similar to soft dorsal, the first spine short, about
2.5 in second, the third longest, about equal to eye, second anal ray slightly longer; caudal widely forked,
lobes equal, long and pointed, about equaling head; ventrals short, reaching about two-fifths distance
to vent, their length a little shorter than snout and eye; pectoral short, not reaching tips of ventrals,
the length 1 .6 in head; scales small, very finely ctenoid, deeper than long, firm, covering base of caudal
and forming a scaly sheath at base of anal and dorsal fins; head completely scaled, 6 rows of scales on
maxillary; mandibles scaled.

Color in life of an example (No. 03491) from Hilo, pinkish olive, pinkish silvery below; back
with golden luster; faint yellowish cross-bands spreading from lateral line, these being muscle marks;
faint darker streaks above middle of side; head orange-red, yellowish on side, red below; jaws red;
sheath of scales of dorsal salmon-color; dorsal translucent, the spinous part orange-tinted, the rest
light crimson; lower fins red; pupil orange within, silvery without; middle of side distinctly yellowish,
the general effect orange.

246

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish orange, deepest above and on head; under parts whitish; faint
brownish or orange streaks along the rows of scales; fins all whitish, tinged with orange.

This species reaches a length of something more than a foot. It does not appear to be very
common, as our collection contains only 5 specimens, all from deep water off Hilo. It was described
originally from Japan.

Erythrichthys sp? Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., VII IX, 117, pi. 63, fig. 1. 1845, Japan.

Erythrichthys schlrydii Gunther, Cat., I, 395, 1859, Japanese Seas.

Emmclichthys schlcgclii, Bleeker, Enumr. Poiss., Japan, Nat. Verb. Kon. Ak., XVIII, 8, 1879 (name only).

Family LXY. KYPHOSI D4L The Rudder Fishes.

Herbivorous fishes with incisor teeth only in the front of the jaws; body oblong or elevated, with
moderate or small scales, ctenoid or not; mouth moderate, with incisor-like teeth in the front of each
jaw; no molars; teeth on vomer and palatines present or absent; premaxillaries moderately protractile;
preorbital rather narrow, sheathing the maxillary; gill rakers moderate; pseudobranchim well developed;
opercles entire; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus;
dorsal fin continuous or divided, with 10 to 15 rather strong spines, the soft dorsal naked or scaly;
anal with M spines; ventrals thoracic, the rays i, 5, an accessory scale at base; caudal lunate or forked;
pectoral. fin with all its rays branched; intestinal canal elongate, with a few or many pyloric cceca; air-
bladder usually with 2 posterior horns; vertebra' in ordinary or slightly increased number, 24 to 28;
post-temporal of normal percoid form, the stout forks not adnate to the cranium. Herbivorous shore
fishes, feeding largely on green or olive algte; chiefly of the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific Ocean;
most of them valued as food. Genera 20, species about 70.

a. Incisor teeth well developed, each with a conspicuous horizontal process or root; caudal fin moderate, about as long as
head, the outer rays not 3 times as long as middle rays; junction of gill-membranes forming an

angle . Kyphosus . p. 246

na. Incisor teeth small, with conspicuous roots; caudal much longer than head, the lobes falcate, the outer 3 times length
of middle rays: gill-membranes not forming an angle at junction . . . Scctator p. 248

Genus 137. KYPHOSUS Lacepede. The Chopas.

Body elongate-ovate, regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; head short, with blunt snout;
eye large; mouth small, horizontal; maxillary barely reaching front of eye; each jaw with a single
series of rather narrow obtusely lanceolate incisors, implanted with compressed conspicuous roots pos¬
teriorly; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth; fine teeth on vomer, palatines, and tongue;
branchiostegals, 7 : gillrakers long; preopercle obsoletely serrate; preorbital narrow, covering but little
of the maxillary; squamation very complete, the space between and about the eyes being the. only
naked part; scales smallish, thick, ctenoid, 60 to 70 in the lateral line, which is continuous; similar
scales entirely covering the soft parts of the vertical fins, and extending up on the paired fins; dorsal
fin low, with about 11 spines, which are depressible in a groove of scales, the fin continuous but the
last spines low, so that a depression occurs between the 2 parts of the fin, the bases of the spinous
and soft parts about equal; soft dorsal rather low in front, not falcate, pointed behind; pectoral fins
small, ventrals well behind them; intestinal canal long; pyloric cceca very numerous; vertebra? 9 or
10 -15 or 16=25. This genus contains some 10 species, chiefly confined to the Pacific Ocean, and most
of them valued as food; 2 species found in the West Indies. Two species known from the Hawaiian
Islands.

Kyphosus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poi.ss.. III. 114, 1802 (higibbus - -fuscus) .

Pimelepterus Lacdptde, op. eit . , IV, 429, 1802 ( bosqui=scctatrix ).

Vursuarius I.aeepede, op. eit., V, 4.82, 1803 ( nigrescens=fuscus ).

X fitter Lacepede, op. eit., Y. 484. 1803 {fuscus).

Halcima Bowdidh, Excursion Madeira, 238, fig. 37, 1825 ( aurata ).

? Opislhistius Gill, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862. 245 {tuhmcl).

a. Caudal peduncle short, 2.5 in head; body deep, the depth 2.15 in length; scales 10-72-17 . sandwiccnsis, p. 247

aa. Caudal peduncle longer, 1.8 in head; body more slender, the depth 2.4 in length; scales 12-82-21 . .fuscus, p. 248

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

247

188. Kyphosus sandwicensis (Sauvage). “ Ncnue pain.”

Head 3.75 in length; depth 2.15; eye 4.3 in head; snout 2.9; maxillary 3.25; interorbital 2.3;
D. xi, 12; A. hi, 11; scales 10-72-17.

Body elongate-ovate, regularly elliptical, moderately compressed; dorsal outline evenly curved,
nearly^ uniform from origin of dorsal to tip of snout, a slight depression over eyes, thence steeper to
tip of snout; head deeper than long, compressed; snout bluntly rounded; jaws equal, the upper lip
very broad, maxillary slipping under preorbital for most of its length, not quite reaching eye; a single
row of moderately broad and strong incisor teeth on each jaw, their roots with verv conspicuous back¬
ward parallel prolongation; behind these a narrow band of villiform teeth, similar villiform teeth on
vomer and palatines; tongue very inconspicuous; eye entirely above axis of pectoral, anterior, with a
prominence on snout above and in front of it; preorbital entire; interorbital broad and convex; caudal
peduncle short, its length 2.5 in head; origin of dorsal slightly behind origin of ventral*; distance from
origin of dorsal to tip of snout slightly less than depth; dorsal spines moderately strong, longest spine
much higher than soft dorsal, 1.9 in head; first spine half as long as second; caudal broad, not deeply-
forked, its upper lobes slightly the longer, the length, measured from base of first, supporting ray to
tip, slightly longer than head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its base equal to that of soft dorsal, each
about 1.2 in head; pectoral broadly falcate, 1.5 in head, not reaching nearly as far as ventrals; ventrals
resembling pectoral, slightly longer, 1.35 in head; scales moderate, ctenoid, larger on the sides of body,
deeper than long, entire body and head scaled, except snout from upper front of eye to tip, scales on
head small, small scales on entire soft dorsal, anal, and caudal, and most of pectoral and ventrals;
lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline.

Color in life (No. 05044, paper tag 3510), 23 inches long, body above lateral line silvery' blue,
with 5 or 6 greenish-yellow stripes which diffuse at the region of nape imparting to the back
a greenish reflection; below the lateral line 10 greenish-yellow stripes along the intersection of
scales on pale silvery-blue ground; margin of scales blackish; belly' pale silvery blue; throat slightly'
reddish; head and top of nape dark-bluish emerald green, margin of scales blackish; a blue bar across
occiput; snout blackish blue; cheek pale silvery blue; a golden-brown bar from angle of mouth toward
angle of preopercle, another but wider bar of same color posteriorly from eye; anterior edge of operele
golden brown, a greenish-brown blotch on upper corner, a dark blotch on middle, posterior edge dark,
dirty golden brown; anterior edge of shoulder-girdle and axis of pectoral darkish golden brown; iris
silvery, anterior and posterior edges golden brown, upper edge dark blue, lower edge pale silvery blue;
spinous dorsal dark ashy gray, the spines dirty greenish yellow, margin blackish; soft dorsal darkish;
caudal dark gray', edges blackish, base and root with silvery reflections; anal silvery, margin darkish;
ventrals pale, darkish silvery-, margin blackish, inner side with dark brownish streak along the rays;
pectoral silvery, margin pale, upper edge blackish, inner side burnt ochre or blackish brown.

Color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous becoming lighter below, the posterior edge of each scale
being darker; dorsal slightly darker than the body, edge darker; caudal and anal similar to dorsal;
pectoral palish brown; ventrals brownish, tips darker on lower side, the front of rays scaled, the scales
being white, speckled with brown.

The above description based chiefly- upon a specimen (No. 03012) 17.5 inches long, from Honolulu,
where we obtained 5 specimens 11 to 23 inches long. The species was also taken by the Albatross at
Laysan Island. It attains a length of 1 to 2 feet and is a good food-fish.

On comparison of our specimens with Kyphosus degam from Mazatlan, we find very little differ¬
ence, and we adopt Kyphosus saitdiricenxis as a distinct species only- provisionally.

? Pimelepterus elegrims Peters. Berliner Monatsberichte, K. Preuas., A k . Wiss., 707. 1869, Mazatlan.

Pimelepterus sandwiansis Sauvage, Bull. Sue. Philom., IIT-IY, 1878-80 (July, 1880). Honolulu.

Kypliosus elegans, Evermann & Jenkins, Proc. U. S, Nat. Mus. 1891,155 (Guaymas); .Jordan A Evermann, Fish. North &
Mid. Amer. If, 1887, 1898; Jordan & Evermann, Amer. Food and Game Fishes, 453, 1903; Jenkins, Bull. 1'. s.
Fish Comm.. XXXI, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 453 (Honolulu) ; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904),
527 (Laysan Island).

248

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

189. Kyphosus fuscus (Lacepcdc). “ Mannloa “Name.”

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.4; eye 4 in head; snout 3.1; maxillary 3.5; interorbital 2.6; D. xi,
12; A. in, 11 ; scales 12-82-21, about 70 in series just below lateral line.

Body oblong, deep, compressed, dorsal outline more convex than ventral, the latter being nearly
straight from origin of anal to before base of ventrals; dorsal outline from origin of dorsal to tip of
snout nearly evenly arched, becoming slightly steeper over snout, the prominence in front of eye not
very evident; head deeper than long, compressed, much broader through the middle; snout very
short, bluntly conic; mouth small, horizontal, upper jaw slightly the longer, maxillary reaching
slightly beyond anterior edge of eye; a single row of moderately broad and strong incisor teeth on each
jaw, their roots with very conspicuous backward parallel prolongations; no villiform teeth back of
these evident; bands of villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; eye entirely above axis of pectoral,
anterior; preopercle entire; interorbital broad and convex; caudal peduncle 1.8 in head; origin of
dorsal slightly in advance of origin of ventrals; distance of origin of dorsal from tip of snout equal to
depth of body; dorsal spines moderately strong, longest spines much higher than soft dorsal, 2.2 in
head, first spine two-thirds as high as second; caudal broad, not deeply forked, its lobes broad and
equal, their length, measured from the first supporting ray to tip, slightly longer than head; anal
similar to soft dorsal, its base equal to that of soft dorsal, about 1.25 in head; pectoral rather broadly
rounded, 1.6 in head, not reaching ventrals; ventrals not reaching vent, shaped like pectoral, 1.6 in
head; scales rather small, weakly ctenoid, much deeper than long, larger on side of body; entire body
and snout scaled, except anterior part of snout; scales on head small, small scales on entire soft dorsal,
anal and caudal fins and most of pectoral and ventrals, a large humeral scale on which is a patch of
smaller scales; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline.

Color in alcohol, grayish 'brown, with bluish silvery reflections, becoming lighter below, almost
white on belly, narrow, dark bands on the side between the rows of scales, a narrow silvery band
under eye; snout dark brown, membrane of spinous dorsal with some brownish; soft dorsal, anal and
pectoral color of body ; Caudal brownish olivaceous, tips lighter; ventral membranes purplish brown,
rays lighter.

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04480) 8.75 inches long, from Honolulu.
This fish reaches about a foot in length and is valued as a food-fish. It was obtained only at Honolulu,
whence we have 4 good specimens 5 to 9 inches long.

Xyster fuscus LaettpMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 484, 1803, Red Sea.

Pimelepterus fuscus, Gunther, Cat., I, 498, 1859 (Red Sea); Steindaehner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien, i.xx, 1900, 489 (Honolulu
and Laysan).

Genus 138. SECTATOR Jordan & Fesler.

This genus is very close to Kyphosus, from which it differs in its smaller incisor teeth, which have
very inconspicuous roots, and in the deeply forked caudal.

( )nly 2 species known — fiectalor ocyurus from Panama and S. om« from < >ahu.

Sectator Jordan A Fesler, Review Spnroid Fishes, Kept. U. S. Kish Comm. 1889-1891 (1893), 534 (ocyurus).

190. Sectator azureus Jordan & Evermann. Plate XX.

Head 4 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 3.65; maxillary 4; interorbital 2.4; I), xi, 15;
A. hi, 13; scales 14-81-20.

Body elongate, ovoid, greatest depth about at tip of pectoral; head slightly longer than deep;
compressed; snout very bluntly convex; jaws about equal, maxillary not reaching front of eye; mouth
small, horizontal; teeth very small, compressed, in a single series in each jaw; minute villiform teeth
on vomer, palatines and tongue; tongue broad, rounded and free in front; preopercle entire, posterior
edge very oblique; lower edge of eye on a line with upper base of pectoral, posterior margin well in
front of middle of head; interorbital broad, strongly convex, a deep groove in front of eye to nostril;
caudal peduncle rather long, 1.9 in head; origin of spinous dorsal slightly in front of base of ventrals,
well behind pectoral, its distance from tip of snout slightly greater than depth of body; longest dorsal
spine 3 in head, last dorsal ray elongate, being one-fourth longer than other rays, its length 3.4 in head;
third anal spine longest, 4.9 in head; firstanal ray longest, 3.4 in head; base of anal 1.8 in base of dorsal;
caudal deeply forked, lower lobe the longer, 3.5 in body; pectoral short, slightly longer than ventrals,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

249

1.8 in head, the spine more than half length of longest ray; scales cycloid, present on head except on
jaws and in front of eye, very minute'on all the fins except vontrals; lateral line concurrent with dorsal
outline; peritoneum dark gray.

Color in life, dark steel-blue, becoming paler below; a definite deep blue stripe from snout below
eye widening on opercle, and thence straight to center of base of caudal; below it a narrow bright
golden stripe from angle of mouth to lower part of caudal, and then a fainter blue stripe below this;
a blue stripe from eye to upper part of gill-opening, interspace golden shaded with green; a deep blue
stripe, not sharply defined, from upper part of eye along each side of back to base of upper caudal
lobe; upper fins dusky golden or olivaceous; ventrals yellow; anal and lower lobe of caudal dirty
golden; pectoral translucent.

Color in alcohol, deep steel-gray, brown above, each scale with a very pale spot, the edge pale,
lower surface whitish silvery; a pale, streak of gray behind eye to edge of opercle; dorsal fin gray-
brown like the back; caudal and pectoral whitish; inside of ventrals dusky orange; ventrals and anal
dusky; inside of pectoral blackish brown.

Type, No. 50664, U. S. Nat. Mus. (field No. 03363), a specimen 15.25 inches long, taken off the
shore near Ileeia, Oahu Island.

This species must be very rare, being unknown to the fishermen and only the single specimen
having been obtained by us.

Sectalor ttzurcus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11. 1908), is;., Heeia, Oahu Island.

Family LXVI. MULLID.F.- The Surmullets.

Body elongate, slightly compressed, covered with large scales which are usually slightly ctenoid;
lateral line continuous, the pores often branched; large scales on the head; upper profile of head more
or less parabolic; mouth small, low, subterminal; teeth mostly small, variously placed; no canines,
incisors, nor molars; premaxillaries somewhat protractile; maxillaries thin, nearly as broad at base as
at tip, without supplemental bone, partly hidden by the broad preorbital; preopercle entire or slightly
serrate; opercle unarmed or with a single spine; eye moderate, placed high; branchiostegals 4; pseu¬
dobranchiae present; 2 long, unbranched barbels at the throat, attached just behind the symphysis of
the lower jaw; dorsal fins 2, remote from each other, both short, the first of 6 to 8 rather high spines,
which are depressible in a groove; anal short, similar to the soft dorsal, with 1 or 2 small spines;
ventrals thoracic i, 5; air-bladder usually present, simple; vertebral • 9+14=23; stomach si phonal;
pyloric cceca about 20. Species about 40, referable to 5 closely related genera, found in all tropical
seas, some species straying northward. Many of the species are highly valued as food, especially
the European Melius barbatui and Mullus surmuletus.

a. Xo teeth on vomer and palatines.

b. Teeth of jaws small, subequal, in several series or narrow villi form bands . . . . Mulloides , p. 249

bb. Teeth of the jaws rather strong, unequal, in 1 or 2 series . Pseudupeueus, p. 254

aa. Teeth on vomer and palatines, and in both jaws . Upeneus , p. 264

Genus 139. MULLOIDES Bleeker.

This genus differs from Upeneus only in the dentition, the teeth in both jaws being in narrow
villiform bands, none on vomer or palatines. Species numerous, chiefly of the Pacific Ocean.

Mulloides Bleeker, Percoiden, Sept.. 1848, in Yerh. Bat. Gen., XXII. 1349 ( flavolircatus ).

Mulloides Bleeker. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., HI. 697, 1652 ( Jtavolincatus ).

a. Scales in lateral line 40 or more (40 to 43).

6. Eye comparatively large, 3.33 to 3.5 in head.

c. Eye 3.5 in head; scales 40, no yellow lines on head . auriflamma, p. 250

cc. Eye 3.33 In head; scales 42 or 43; yellow lines on head . .snjfhrinus, p. 251

bb. Eye smaller, 4 to 6 in head.

d. Eye very small, 6 in head; snout rather long, 1.9 in head . .pjtugeri, p. 251

dd. Eye larger, 4.3 in head; snout shorter, 2.25 in head . Ilarn mats, p. 251

aa. Scales in lateral line fewer than 40 (31 to 37).

e. Body comparatively slender, depth about 4 in length, head 3.5: scales 35 . samoensis, p. 253

cc. Body deeper, depth about 3 in length; head longer, 3 in length; scales 31 . oanicolcnsis, p. 254

250

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

191. Mulloides auriflamma (Forskal). “I Vcke;’’ “Weke ula.” Fig. 103.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.6; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.1; interorbital 3; maxillary 3; shortest
distance between maxillary and eye 1.67 in longitudinal diameter of eye; D. vil-9, longest dorsal spine
1.4 in head; A. 7, longest anal ray 2 in head; scales 3-40-6, 42 pores; gill rakers 24 + 8, the longest 2.5
in eye, serrate, those on longer limb becoming short and blunt.

Body oblong, compressed, deepest through anterior base of spinous dorsal ; head moderate, com¬
pressed, its upper profile not straight, the line being slightly concave above eyes, the part anterior to nos¬
trils rat her steep; snout blunt; lower jaw slightly included; month rather small but oblique; tongue short,
rounded anteriorly, not broad, thick, nor free anteriorly; teeth in a villiform band in each jaw;
maxillary 1.3 in snoilt, not quite reaching anterior edge of orbit, rather large, covered anteriorly
by a sheath; eye moderate, high, median; adipose eyelid slight, not nearly halfway to pupil ante¬
riorly ; barbels reaching to pi isterior edge of preoperele; pseudi >hranchiae well developed ; spinous dorsal
high, its posterior edge nearly truncate, its base equal to longest spine, distance from anterior base to
tip of snout equaling distance from anterior base across body to anterior base of anal; soft dorsal
slightly concave; caudal deeply forked; anal similar to soft dorsal, inserted slightly behind it; ventrals

reaching slightly beyond pectoral, the rays equal in length, and equal to longest dorsal spine; lateral
line concurrent with the back; scales large, slightly ctenoid; entire body and head scaly.

Color in life, upper half of head, nape and back rosy red, richest on head; lower half of head
white with very light rosy wash; side with a pale yellow band a scale wide, from eye to base of caudal,
most distinct anteriorly; lower two-thirds of side white, with a light rosy wash; fins all pale rosy,
except pectoral, which has a slight lemon-yellow wash; iris white with narrow inner rosy ring. Color
in alcohol, dusky gray, tins all pale, except slight indications of black on upper posterior edge of
dorsal spines. This description based chiefly on No. 02986, an example 8.5 inches long, from
Honolulu.

Another specimen, No. 03479, from Hilo, had in life back violet red with some slight yellowish
edging to scales; a broad yellow stripe from eye to base of caudal; a yellow streak horizontally below
eye; lower part of side pale rosy; barbels white; tins all light orange, rosy and golden shaded, without
marking; first dorsal darkest; iris red.

The collection contains 8 other examples from Honolulu and 4 from Hilo. We have also examined
a specimen 10 inches long, collected by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu, and others obtained at that place
by the Allialross.

This fish is rather common in the market of Honolulu, being taken inside the reef. The 28
specimens we have are 3.25 to 14 inches long.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

251

Mulhis auri.flamma Forsk&l, Descript. Animal., 30, 1775. Djidda, Arabia.

MuUm jlavolineatus Lac6p£de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 106, 1801, lie de France.

Muflus aureoviitatuB Shaw, General Zool., IV, 618, 1805. Indian Seas.

Upeneus flavolineatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 456, 1829 (lie de France, Bourbon. Bouron. Borabora,
Massuah).

Upeneus zeylonicus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 459, 1829, Trinquemalo, Ceylon.

Upeneus auriflamma, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111, 461, 1829 (Red Sea).

IIypcneu8 flavolineatus, Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish.. 36, 1850 (Sea of Pinang).

.1/ uUoides flavolineatus, Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., Ill, 1852, 697 (Wahia).

Mulloides zeylonicus, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., VI, 1859, 8.

Mulloides a unflamm a, Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1870, 742; Steindachner. Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,
485 (Laysan; Honolulu); Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 454 (Honolulu); Snyder, op.
cit. ( Jan. 19. 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

192. Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.75; eye 3.33 in head; scales 42 or 43; eye large, .66 of snout, equaling
the length of postorbital part of head and somewhat more than the width of interorbital; barbel
reaching to under posterior edge of preopercle; first and second dorsal spines of equal length, flexible,
.75 as high as head. Color in life, deep rose-red, back darker; a broad golden band from eye along
middle of body to caudal; oblique yellow lines; fins scarlet to orange-red. Recorded from Laysan
Island by Steindachner; not seen by us.

Mulloides ruber, "Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 1870, 743 (Red Sea); not of I.aCftpede
? Mulloides flavolineatus, Kner, Reis. Novara, Zool. in Zoologischer, I. 1869, 69 (Australia); not of Laeept-de.

Mulloides erythrinus Klunzinger, Fische des rothen Meeres, I, 50, 1881, Red Sea, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien,
LXX, 1900, 485 (Laysan).

193. Mulloides pflugeri Steindachner.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 3,6; eye 6 in head; snout 1.9; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 2.9; preor¬
bital 3.8; D. vii-i, 8; A. i, 6; scales 3-40-7.

Body moderately slender, not greatly arched; Jiead large; snout long, slightly deeurved; mouth
moderate, slightly convex; maxillary not reaching front of orbit; teeth on jaws in villiform bands,
none on palatines; eye small, high up; interorbital space broad, convex; preorbital oblique; scales
deeper than long, moderately firm; lateral line following contour of back, the pores with few
branches; origin of spinous dorsal posterior to base of pectoral, length of longest dorsal ray 1.6 in
head; base of spinous dorsal 1.25 in longest ray, and slightly greater than interdorsal space, the latter
being equal to base of soft dorsal.

Color in life, body, head, and barbels uniform bright red; dorsals, centrals, and pectoral red,
with tinge of yellow; caudal red but with yellow predominating; no yellow lateral band and no blue
spot on side below spinous dorsal. Color in spirits, uniform dusky olivaceous and yellowish, with
blotehings of rosy on head and lower part of side.

This species does not appear to he common, as only 2 examples were secured by us, No. 03529,
23 inches long, on August 4, 1901, and No. 04113, 21 inches long, both from the market at Honolulu.

These specimens seem close to what we have called 31. samoemis, but differ in having 40 instead
of 35 scales in tire lateral line, and in the uniform red coloration, there being no evidence of a yellowish
lateral band as in the other species. These specimens can not be .1/. sameensis because of the absence
of a black lateral spot. They do not seem to bed/, preorbilalis because of the smaller scales and
different coloration. They are not .17. ruber ( erythrinus ) as described by Gunther in Fische der Siidsee,
because of the much larger eye and the presence of yellow bands in the latter species, which is also
said to have no .yellow on the fins.

Mulloides pflugeri Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 485, plate 3, fig. 4. Honolulu.

194. Mulloides flammeus Jordan & Evermann. “1 Veke ula ula.” Fig. 104.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 4; eye 4.3 in head; snout 2.25; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.6; mandible
2.1; shortest distance from eye to upper edge of maxillary 1 in eye; D. vii-9, longest dorsal spine 1.75
in head, longest dorsal ray 2.6; A. 7, longest ray 2.7; scales 3—41-6; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.4.

2 5 2

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Body oblong, not much compressed; head heavy, broad, the interorbital space broad and slightly
convex ; snout rather long and pointed, not abruptly decurved; mouth rather large, somewhat oblique,
the lower jaw but slightly included; maxillary broad, slipping for most of its length under the thin
preorbital, its tip not reaching orbit by diameter of pupil; eye rather large, high, slightly posterior;
gillrakers 18 -f 7, the longest about 2 in eye, serrate; opercular spine obscure in adult, more plainly
developed in the young; origin of dorsal a little nearer posterior base of soft dorsal than tip of snout;
distance between dorsals considerably less than snout, about 2.6 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal,
its origin somewhat more posterior; ventrals rather long, reaching slightly beyond tip of pectoral;
caudal deeply forked, the lobes equal, about 1.2 in head.

Color in life (field No. 03459), bright rose-red, with 5 broad crossbands of darker clear rose,
which vanishes very soon after death; a very faint yellow lateral streak, with yellow shades on scales
below; lower side of head rose, snout and lips very red; 2 wavy golden streaks from below eye to
angle of mouth, lower conspicuous; first dorsal clear red; second dorsal deep red on the lower half,
fading above; caudal deep red at base, fading outward; anal pink, pectoral light yellow; ventral
creamy red; barbels red, paler toward tip; iris silvery.

A color note on specimens bearing field Nos. 03054 and 03055 says that they were rosy in life.

Color in alcohol, pale dirty olivaceous above, yellowish white on sides and belly; head yellowish
olive above, pale on cheek and below; a yellowish band from snout under eye; fins all colorless, the

Fn . 104. — MullindcK Jlammcm Jordan & Evermann; from the type.

spinous dorsal slightly dusky, all with slight yellowish tinge; ventrals with the middle membranes
blackish. Smaller examples show considerable rosy' on the sides, indicating that the fish in life was
probably red or rosy iii color.

This species somewhat resembles Mulloicles auriflamma, from which it differs in the smaller eye,
larger, more oblique mouth, longer maxillary, the longer less decurved, more pointed snout, and fewer
gillrakers. It bears some resemblance to M. pfltigeri, but has the eye larger and the snout longer and
more pointed. Compared with M. samoensix, it has a much larger and more oblique mouth, and a
considerably longer maxillary, as well as a different coloration. It does not agree with any of the
plates of Day, Gunther, or Bleeker, nor with any current descriptions. In life its banded coloration
gives it a very handsome appearance. It is found in deeper water than most of the other species. ^
.17. flammeus seems to be fairly abundant, and is represented in our collections by 9 specimens from
Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua, ranging from 6 to 1 1.25 inches long.

Mulloidcs flammem Jordan & Evermann, Bull. I'. S, Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 180, Kailua; Snyder, op. ('.it.

(Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (1‘uako Bay, Hawaii).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

253

195. Mulloides samoensis Gunther. “II 'eke; ' ’ “II rehe a’a.” Fig. 105.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 4; eye 4 in head; snout 2.35; interorbital 3.2; maxillary 3.4, shortest
distance between maxillary and edge of eye 1.25 or less in eye; D. vn-9, longest spine 1.5 in head;
A. 7, longest ray 2.5 in head; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.6; scales 3-35-6, 37 pores; gillrakers 18 7.

Body oblong, compressed, deepest through anterior base of spinous dorsal; head moderate,
compressed, the profile evenly arched from anterior base of spinous dorsal to tip of snout; snout bluntly
pointed; lower jaw included; mouth small, slightly oblique; tongue short, rounded anteriorly, not
broad or thick and not free anteriorly; teeth in a villiform band in each jaw, no teeth on vomer or
palatines; maxillary short, 1.5 in snout, maxillary broad, slipping under a sheath for more than half
its length; eye moderate, high, slightly posterior, adipose lid somewhat developed; barbels reach¬
ing gill-opening, 1.5 in head; pseudobranchiae well developed; longest gillrakers nearly equal to
diameter of pupil, finely serrate, the last 5 or G on longer limb very blunt and short; spinous dorsal
high, posterior edge nearly truncate, its base equal to highest spine; origin of spinous dorsal midway
between tip of snout and origin of anal measured across body; distance between dorsals 1.25 in
snout or slightly less than base of soft dorsal; dorsal slightly concave; caudal deeply forked; anal
similar to soft dorsal, inserted slightly behind it; ventrals reaching slightly beyond pectorals, the rays
equal in length, these slightly less than longest spinous dorsal; lateral line concurrent with dorsal
outline; scales large, finely ctenoid; entire body and head scaly.

Color in alcohol, above bluish-olivaceous, the sides becoming yellowish white; borders of the
scales dusky; under parts white, a yellowish line under eye; preopercular edge vellowish; an obscure
darkish blotch sometimes pjesenf on middle of side under spinous dorsal; fins all pale, colorless.

Color in life (No. 02987), back greenish olive; middle of side with a broad (one scale) pale yel¬
low band from eye to caudal peduncle, where it gradually fades out; cheek with 2 or 3 faint yellow
lines; side below yellow band white with 2 very faint yellow lines, belly white; fins all whitish, the
spinous dorsal yellow on anterior part; soft dorsal and caudal washed with yellow.

A young example from Hilo had body greenish olive, with a. broad golden stripe which is blackish
in life; a quadrate black spot under first dorsal; lower fins and barbels white like belly; upper fins
pale olive; no trace of red on body in life.

This species is very abundant inside the reefs of Oahu, and in bays between the rocky promontories
about Hilo, being often taken for bait, but it is known only from the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa.
Our collections contain a fine series of 152 specimens, from 3 to 13 inches long.

MuUoidet, mmocnfii* Gunther, Fiscbe der Siidsee, III. 57. pi. 13. fig. H, 1 874 Apia: Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm, XXII.

1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 453 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

254

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

196. Mulloides vanicolensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3.8 (4.75) in length; depth 4.33 (5.25); D. viii-i, 8; A. n, 6; scales 2.5-36-6.

Body rather slender; ventral outline almost as much curved as dorsal; profile gently and nearly
evenly curved from snout to first dorsal fin; caudal peduncle tapering evenly from dorsal and anal to
the caudal fin. and nearly equaling length of head, its least depth 2.33 in its length; snout
short, bluntish, 2.75 in head; mouth small, maxillary reaching posterior nostril, 2.8 in head; the
bands of villiform teeth very narrow; in front 2 series in each jaw, on the sides only one; eye large,
1.25 in snout, 3.5 in head; interorbital space moderately convex, 3 in head; upright limb of preo-
percle straight; opercular spine small; gillrakers slender, 2.5 in maxillary, 7 in head, about 25 on
lower limb of arch; barbels 1.66 in head, extending beyond posterior margin of eye; scales moderate,
ctenoid; preorbital smooth; dorsal fins moderate; spines of first dorsal rather weak, depressible into
a groove; first spine very minute, second and third longest, 1.33 in head, those following evenly
decreasing in height to the eighth spine, which is 3 in head; first ray of second dorsal fin unbranched,
showing no articulations, having the appearance of a true spine, slightly shorter than last soft ray, 4
in head; second articulate ray contained 1.8 times in the highest dorsal spine; caudal well forked, its
longest rays 1.25 in head; anal with 2 spines, the first of which is very minute, otherwise similar to
soft dorsal, though a very little higher; pectorals 1.6 in head; ventrals 1.33 in head; air-bladder mod¬
erate; peritoneum black.

Color in spirits, grayish green above lateral line, lighter below, with yellow metallic luster;
minute black punctulations on scales above lateral line, none below.

Upeneus •vanicolensis Cuvier it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 521, 18:11. Vanicolo: Smith & Swain, Proe. IT. S. Nat.
Mils., V, 1882, 131 (Johnston Island).

Mulloides vanicolensis, Bleeker, Nat.Tijds. Ned. I ml., I V, 1853, 601 (Termite); Gunther, Cat., I, 404, 1859 (seas of Termite and
Vanicolo.'; Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. A rehip. Indie., 39, 1859 (name only); Bleeker, Conspect. Spec. Pise., 6 ( Hal-
maliera, Ternate, Arcliip. Molucca; name only); Bleeker, Revision Mulloides, 14, 1874 (Ternate; Sangir).

Genus 140. PSEUDUPENEUS Bleeker. The Goat-Fishes.

Body oblong, compressed; mouth moderate, nearly horizontal, low, the jaws subequal; eye large,
high, posterior; opercle short, deep, with a posterior spine; . both jaws with rather strong unequal
teeth, in 1 or 2 series in each jaw; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lips well developed; the bone which
forms a hook over the maxillary less developed than in Mul/us; interorbital space concave and narrow;
opercle ending in 1 spine; barbels nearly as long as head; scales very large, somewhat ctenoid;
lateral line continuous, its tubes ramifying on each scale; head covered with large scales; first, dorsal
with about 7 spines; anal with 2, the first very short; caudal fin forked. Species numerous in the
tropical seas.

P&eudupeneus Bleeker, Poiss. Cotede Guinea, Jan., 1862, in Verb. Hollandsch. Maats. Wet. llaar., XVIII, 56, 1863 (prayensis).
Parupeneus Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dicrk.. I, 1863, 234 ( Upeneus barberinus ); Bleeker, Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet., XV, 1875,
Revision Mulloides, 17 ( barberinus ).

Upeneus Bleeker, first restricted to bifasciatus; not of Cuvier.

MuUhypencus Poey, Synopsis. IT, 307, 1868 ( maculatus ).

Brachymullus Bleeker, Arebiv Neerl., XI, 333, 1875 ( tetraspilm ).

a. Eye small, 6 or more in head.

b. Body long, tapering, back considerably elevated, without alternating bands of pale rosy and darker red; pectoral

purplish red or dull rosy . chryserydros, p.^55

bb. Body rather short and deep, much compressed, with alternating band! of pale rosy and darker red; pectorals

yellow . multifasciatus, p. 256

aa. Eye larger, less than 6 in head.

c. Eye moderate, 5 or more in head.

d. Barbels long, reaching to or beyond gill-openings.

e. Body slender, not greatly compressed, depth about 3.4; barbels golden . chrysonemus , p. 258

e< . Body short and stout, considerably compressed, depth about 3; barbels blackish . bifasciatus, p. 258

dd. Barbels not reaching gill-openings.

/. Body robust, depth about 3.66 in total length.

!/. Head comparatively short, about 3.35 in length to base of caudal; scales 31 . crassilabris, p. 259

gg. Head longer, 3 in length to base of caudal; scales 28 . pleurostigma, p. 260

ff. Body rather slender, 4.75 to 5 in total length . fraterculus , p. 261

cc. Eye less than 5 in head.

h. Body rather short and stout, depth about 3.5 in length to base of caudal; eye 4.7 in head . .porphyrefop,. p. 262

hh. Body rather slender, about 4.33 in length to base of caudal; eye larger, 3.5 in head . preorbitalis, p. 263

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

255

197. Pseudupeneus chryserydros (Lacepede). “Mmmo kea.” Fig. 106.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.7; eye 6.5 in head, in snout 3.5; snout 1.9; interorbital 3.5; maxillary
2.4, maxillary to eye 4.3, or 1.75 times eye; D. vm-9; A. 7; scales 3-30-6; longest dorsal spine 1.5 in
head, longest ray 2.6; longest anal ray 2.3; pectoral 1.5; ventral 1.4; distance between dorsals 4.4
in head or 2 in base of spinous dorsal or 1.9 in that of soft dorsal.

Body long, tapering posteriorly; back considerably elevated, the profile rising in a straight line
from snout to occiput, thence gently curved to origin of spinous dorsal, from which point it descends
in an approximately straight line to caudal peduncle; ventral outline nearly straight, the axis of the
body much below median line; head rather large, compressed; interorbital space moderately broad,
very convex; snout long and bluntly pointed; mouth very low, moderate in size, somewhat oblique;
lower jaw slightly included; maxillary very broad at tip, the upper edge curved upward; eye small, in
posterior half of head; teeth on both jaws, rather large, none on vomer or palatines; barbels long,
nearly equaling head and just reaching base of centrals; fins moderate, origin of spinous dorsal a little
nearer posterior base of soft dorsal than tip of snout; distance between origins of dorsals equal to dis¬
tance from snout to edge of preopercle; caudal moderately forked, lobes equal, length slightly less than
distance between origins of dorsals; gillrakers 20 7, serrate, longest two-thirds diameter of eye, last

few on each limb short and blunt, merely rudiments; scales large, linn, deeper than broad, the mar-

Fig. lOfi. — Pst titlupeneus chryserydros (Lac6p£de).

gins finely toothed; lateral line following curve of back, the pores each with 3 to 6 branches; 3 scales
between dorsal tins, 3 rows on cheek; a series of long mucous canals extending downward from eye
and forward across snout to maxillary, these profusely branched anteriorly. The above description
based chiefly on a Specimen (No. 03850) 12 inches long, from Honolulu.

Color in life (No. 02920) dark leaden purple shaded with red on side; nape yellowish; a large
conspicuous orange-yellow blotch on caudal peduncle above; violet stripes radiating from eye, with
orange and olive-yellow interspaces; cheek with bluish and yellowish stripes, iris red with yellow
ring; barbels grayish, dusky at base, the tips yellow; fins all blue-black; soft dorsal and anal with
sky-blue streaks between rays, then turning obliquely upward and backward, olive shades between
the blue streaks; first dorsal blackish blue, wit h violet between the rays; pectoral blackish at the base,
the tip purplish-red; ventrals blue-black, paler than caudal. Specimen No. 03425 was in life very dark
brown; each scale dark blue at base, gold en on posterior portion; blue lines radiating from eye, with
golden interspaces; side of head with blue and golden lines; dorsals and ventrals very dark, with
golden markings on membranes; pectoral light rosy; anal crossed by golden bands parallel with body;
caudal nearly black, an orange saddle on upper side of caudal peduncle.

256

BULLETIN <>E THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

No. 03356 (somewhat faded), from Honolulu, 7 inches long, in life was purplish olivaceous; upper
parts darker, lower parts palest; 2 short blue lines above eye, 3 paler blue ones extending backward
from eye to posterior edge of opercle, 3 similar lines extending forward from eye, the lower one longest,
all these separated by brassy yellow lines of similar width and length, a brassy yellow line from upper
end of premaxillary to'lower edge of eye, where it is slightly interrupted by blue, then continuing
across opercle; below this a broader bluish stripe, below which is another brassy yellow one, followed
by an indistinct blue stripe and that by a faint yellow one on middle of cheek; tip of premaxillary
brassy; side above lateral line with 2 series of small blue spots; below lateral line 2 or 3 indistinct
series of yellowish spots, these plainest above pectoral; rich reddish orange saddle on anterior portion
of caudal peduncle reaching lateral line on each side, the lower series of blue spots faintly evident
through its base; opercle mixed purplish, brassy, bluish, and brownish, ■edge bluish below, brownish
above; spinous dorsal with rays purplish, membranes pale dusky; soft dorsal dark purplish at base,
the outer third with about 5 curved narrow brassy lines, separated by similar purplish ones; caudal
dark purplish; anal pale purplish with about 4 greenish yellow stripes; pectoral dull rosy; ventrals
with rays pale purplish or bluish, membranes slightly yellowish; barbels grayish, tips yellow; iris
yellow. A specimen (No. 03466) from I-Iilo had in life the ground-color purplish rose inclining to red
rather than to tire usual livid purplish lead-color; about !) faint violet crimson streaks along the rows
of scales, these streaks separated by orange radiating from eye; barbels flesh-color, then livid bluish,
then whitish; back of tail bright golden shaded with orange; dorsal livid purplish, rays violet; second
dorsal blackish purple at base with oblique stripes of golden olive on violet above; caudal dirty violet,
the membranes olive, the rays violet; anal pale violet with oblique streaks of golden olive; ventrals
light violet and olive; pectoral reddish flesh-color, a curved darker bar at base; iris red. Another
large specimen from Ililo in life was very bright violet gray blue; the caudal brilliant blackish violet.

Color in spirits (No. 3850), dirty white or light olivaceous on back and upper part of side; lower
part of side and belly clearer white; head rusty, evidence of a dark bar across caudal peduncle and
one under soft dorsal; top of caudal peduncle with a large white area; spinous dorsal, pectoral and
ventrals, uniform pale; soft dorsal pale, crossed by about 5 narrow oblique darker bands; anal similar,
the markings more obscure; caudal somewhat yellowish.

Color in spirits of another example (No. 02920), head and body rather uniform olivaceous brown,
darkest on back, palest on belly; tip of snout dark, cheeks somewhat lighter; caudal peduncle ante¬
riorly with a large white saddle; dorsal, caudal, and anal tins all blue-black; ventrals somewhat paler;
pectorals pale.

Our collection contains 18 specimens of this species 3 to 15 inches long, and we have examined 6
specimens collected by Dr. Jenkins and I)r. Wood. This species is generally abundant in the markets,
where its livid purplish colors contrast strongly with those of the other species.

Mullus chn/scrydros Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 406, 1801, lie de France.

? Srhrnd ciliatd Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 308, 1802, no locality.

? Mullus radiatus Shaw, General Zool., 618, 1803, after M. chryseredrofi Indian seas.

I'pcnms chrysrn/dros. Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 470, 1829 (lie de France; Hawaiian Islands; Bourbon;

Coromandel) .

Upnneus iminuciUalus Bennett, Proc. Committee Zool. Soe. London for 1830, 60, Mauritius.

I'pcneus lutcus Guerin-Meneville, Ieonog. Regne Animal, IV, pi. 10. tig. 4, 1830-1844.

! 'pninuijo.‘!P'i'phahi8 Bleeker, Act. Soe. Sei. Ind. Neerh, I, 4856, 45, Manado; Gunther, Cat., I, 409, 1859 (Seaof Manado.)
Mullus oxyccphulus , Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 41, 1866 (Zanzibar; Mauritius; Sea of Manado).

Upeneus chryscrythrus, Gunther, Fisehe de.r Siidsee, III, 60, pi. 45, fig. A, 1875 (Polynesia).

Parupeneus cydostdiuvs, Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wi<.n, LUX, 1900, 486 (Honolulu); not of Lacepede.

Pseudnpcntus rhrysrrydros, Jenkins, Bull. XJ. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 454 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit.

(Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

198. Pseudupeneus multifasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard). “Moano.” Plate X XII.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.5; eye 6.25 in head; snout 1.8; interorbital 3.75; maxillary 2.4,
maxillary to eye 4.4; D. vm-9; A. 7; scales 3-29-5.

Body rather short and deep, much compressed; the hack little elevated, the ventral outline com¬
paratively straight; head rather large; snout, long and projecting; mouth large, slightly oblique, lower
jaw included; maxillary very broad at tip; teeth rather large, wide-set in a single row in each jaw,
none on vomer or palatines; eye small, in posterior half of head; barbels long, reaching nearly to

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

257

base cf ventrals, 1.25 in head; interorbital space high and very convex; opercular spine small, flat;
tins large, interspace between dorsals .3 greater than diameter of eye; origin of spinous dorsal nearer
last dorsal ray than snout by a distance eipial to two-thirds diameter of eye; longest dorsal spine 1.4
in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.5 in longest ray : third dorsal raj' 2 in longest spine; last dorsal ray
much produced, nearly reaching base of caudal, 1.3 in longest dorsal spine; caudal peduncle rather
short, scarcely exceeding snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat posterior, its third ray
2 in longest dorsal spine, last anal ray produced, its length half greater than that of third ray; caudal
moderately forked, the lobes a little greater than longest dorsal spine; pectoral short, about 1.5 in
head, not reaching tips of ventrals; ventrals longer, 1.2 in head, their tips not reaching origin of anal
by a distance slightly greater than diameter of eye; scales large, not very firm, the edges finely and
obscurely ctenoid, lateral line parallel with t he back, the pores not numerously branched, the branches
numbering 5 to 8.

Color in life, body with alternating bands of pale rosy red and darker red; the snout and head to
beyond eye smoky red, then a broad dark red band covering body from eye to origin of spinons dorsal,
this with some black blotches, 3 or 4 in front of dorsal, one on humeral region, and one on salient
angle of opercle, a pale red hand as broad as base of spinous dorsal around the body under the base of
spinous dorsal, behind this a double dark red band around body from last dorsal spine to eighth dorsal
ray, this band with much black above, but scarcely any below lateral line; next a pale hand around
anterior end of caudal peduncle and under last dorsal ray, followed by a dark band around middle of
caudal peduncle; posterior part of caudal peduncle with a pale ring; spinous dorsal rosy at, base, black
on distal portion, a little yellowish in center; soft dorsal greenish yellow at base, the outer three-fourths
blackish, with 5 or 0 narrow pink lines parallel with the border; anal similar, the pink lines brighter
and separated by olivaceous lines; pectoral always yellow, rosy on base and in axil; ventrals rosy
with cross lines of whitish, the anterior border blackish; caudal dull rosy, edges black.

Other examples from Hilo were, in life, deep rose red, the old ones becoming darker or dark pur¬
plish cherry-red; dark hands of black with red over the black; pale band under first dorsal whitish
and shaded with golden; the one under soft dorsal similar but fainter; scales of all upper parts veined
with deeper red, first some bright red shaded with orange; second dorsal black, the rays red with
longitudinal red streaks above; anal blackish above with longitudinal streaks above and irregular
broad lines of violet; caudal violet red, the outer ray violet black with a slight pale edging; pectoral
golden crimson at base; ventrals dark red, with wavy streaks of olive and violet; barbels pink with
cream colored tips; iris scarlet; young with the tips of barbels bright yellow.

No. 02988, a young individual 6.5 inches long, differs markedly in color. It showed in life a general
color of dirty white with scarcely a trace of rosy; body with 6 half-bars of black, the first across nape
and down to lower edge of eye on each side; the second at origin of dorsal and down to base of pectoral ;
the third indistinct from under spinous dorsal to pectoral; fourth across back between dorsals and
reaching two-thirds down side; the next from anterior half of soft dorsal; the last and blackest across
caudal peduncle and down side; none of these makes a complete ring; tins resembling those of adult
in color, but paler; iris pinkish.

The above description based upon a specimen (No. 02985) 10.25 inches long, from Honolulu.
Some of the specimens are shorter and deeper. The species is one of the most abundant of the
Hawaiian fishes, always found in the markets and conspicuous for its bright color. Our collections
contain 85 specimens, ranging in length from 4.5 to 10.25 inches, from Honolulu, Hilo, Kailua, Laysan
Island, and Puako Bay, Hawaii.

Midins muUifagcialus Quoy A Guimard, Voy. Frame, Zool., 330, pi. 59, tig. 1, 1824, Oahu: Maui.

Upencus trifasciatug, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 46S, 1829 (Sandwich and Caroline islands); Streets, Bull.

F.S. Nat. Mus., No. 7. 71, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther, Kepi. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zool., I, part VI, 59, 1880

(Honolulu); not of Lacepede.

Upauus velifcr Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 130, Johnston Island.

Parupcnewi trifasciatus, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 486 (Honolulu; Laysan).

Pseudupincus mutli/asciatus, Jenkins, Bull. II. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 456 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit.

(Jau. 19, 1904), 527 (Puako Bay, Hawaii; Laysan).

F. C. B. 1903—17

258

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

199. Pseudupeneus chrysonemus Jordan & Evermann. Plate XXI.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.4; eye 5.3 in head; snout 1.7; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.3; D.
viii-9; A. i, 7; scales 3-30-7.

Body slender, not greatly compressed, the back gently and rather uniformly elevated from tip of
snout to dorsal; ventral outline slightly convex; head moderate; snout long, bluntly pointed; mouth
moderate, slightly oblique, the lower jaw included; maxillary broad at tip, falling short of vertical of
orbit by diameter of pupil; interorbital space convex; eye small, in posterior half of head; teeth rather
large, in a single band in each jaw; barbels long, 1.2 in head, reaching nearly to base of ventrals;
opercular spine small; fins rather large; third dorsal spine longest, 1.5 in head, or equal to distance
from tip of snout to middle of pupil, third ray longest, 3.2 in head; base of spinous dorsal 1.4 in third
spine; base of soft dorsal 1.4 in longest spine; origin of spinous dorsal nearer last dorsal ray than tip of
snout by longitudinal diameter of pupil; distance between dorsals 1.5 in eye; length of caudal peduncle
1.5 in head; pectoral long, pointed, slightly falcate, 1.4; ventrals slightly longer, 1.3; last anal ray 2.9,
equal to base of tin; caudal shallowly forked, lobes 1.3 in head, middle rays 2.75 in upper lobe; scales
finely ctenoid and obscurely dendritic; lateral line concurrent with the back, the pores with few
branches, the number usually not exceeding 5 or 6; 2 scales between the dorsals, 8 on dorsal side of
caudal peduncle; peritoneum somewhat silvery.

Color when fresh, deep scarlet red, especially a shade from snout through eye toward tail; first
dorsal plain scarlet, second paler golden with oblique stripes of scarlet and yellow edge; caudal orange,
reddish at base, yellowish at tip; anal like second dorsal; pectoral pale orange; ventrals deep red;
barbels bright yellow; iris red. In life, a pale streak backward from eye to middle of side parallel
with back; side with 2 blotches of deep red; a row of dark spots along bases of both dorsals; young of
3 inches, from the rock pools, in life, dark olive-green above with a dark olive streak along lateral line
and 3 dark shades -under first dorsal, second dorsal, and back of caudal peduncle; tip of first dorsal
cherrv-red, edged with white; second dorsal and caudal translucent, scarcely reddish; ventrals and
anal bright cherry-red, former mesially dusky; barbels golden.

Color in alcohol, pale yellowish; each scale below dorsal with brownish edgings, generally most
distinct in young and often entirely disappearing with age; a series of smaller obscure spots along
median line from operclc to tip of pectoral; sides and under parts with faint traces of rosy.

This species may be known by the series of dusky blotches along each side of the dorsal fin and
by the simple structure of the lateral line. In life it is at once known by its golden barbels.

The above description based upon a specimen (field No. 03929) 8 inches long, obtained at
Honolulu, in 1898, by I)r. Wood. We have examined 4 other specimens of approximately the same
size obtained at the same time, and numerous examples collected by us at Honolulu and Hilo, which
range in length from 4 to 8.5 inches.

Pseudupeneus chrysonanus Jordan & Evermann. Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 186, Hilo; Jenkins,
op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 451 (Honolulu).

200. Pseudupeneus bifasciatus (Lact-pede). ‘ Munu.” Fig. 107.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3; eye 5 in head; snout 1.9; interorbital 3.25; maxillary 2.5; D. viri-8;
A. 7; scales 3-31-6; gill rakers 29 -f- 8, serrate, longest 1.5 in eye, no blunt rudiments, but all fairly
well developed.

Body short, stout, considerably compressed, back elevated; profile concave before the eye, strongly
arched thence to spinous dorsal; ventral profile comparatively straight; head moderate, much com¬
pressed; snout moderate, somew hat projecting, bluntly rounded; mouth low, nearly horizontal, lower
jaw included; maxillary very broad at tip, not reaching orbit; eye small, high up, in posterior part of
head; interorbital very convex; teeth rather large, unequal, in a single series, in each jaw, none on
vomer or palatines; cheek deep; opercular spine moderate, Hat; barbels moderate, reaching gill¬
opening, a little shorter than snout; fins rather large; spinous dorsal slightly. nearer last dorsal ray
than tip of snout; longest dorsal spine 1.5 in head, slightly greater than snout and pupil; base of
spinous dorsal 1.2 in longest spines; longest dorsal ray 1.65 in longest dorsal spine, or 1.25 in base of
soft dorsal; interspace between dorsals greater than eye or 2.6 in longest dorsal spine; length of caudal
peduncle equal to longest dorsal spine; origin of anal slightly posterior to that of soft dorsal, its longest
ray about equal to that of soft dorsal, its base 1.6 in that of soft dorsal; caudal broad, not deeply forked,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

259

its lobes 1.6 in head; pectoral rather short, equaling longest dorsal spine; ventrals considerably longer,
1.2 in head; scales large, moderately firm, slightly rivulate, the edges weakly ctenoid; pores of lateral
line profusely branched, the branches usually about 10 to 12 in number, fewer posteriorly, the number
as low as 5 or 6.

Color in alcohol, rusty black; body crossed by 2 broad dark bars, the first under anterior half of
spinous dorsal, second under posterior half of soft dorsal, each of these bars about equal to snout and
eye in width and separated by a broader pale interspace; head dark; caudal peduncle pale; vertical
fins dark; the spinous dorsal darkest on its anterior portion; Soft dorsal and anal dark, crossed by
numerous narrow wavy pale streaks; caudal yellowish white, dark edged; ventrals pale, dark on inner
surface and on edge; pectoral pale; in larger specimens the caudal fin shows somewhat the markings,
of soft dorsal and anal.

A large specimen, No. 03465, 12 inches long, from llilo, had in life body purplish cherry-red, rather
dull and dusky', with obscure dark cross bands (one at nape, one under first dorsal, one under front of
second, one under last rayrs, and one at base of tail); snout darker than body; barbels blackish; no

Fig. 107. — Pseudupcneus bifasciatns i Uici'-pcde); after Gunther.

golden or clear red anywhere; first dorsal deep dull red; second red olive, mottled and streaked with
crimson, edge blackish; caudal deep dull red, finely spotted with crimson, edge blackish with a faint
pale edging; anal like soft dorsal; ventrals purplish black, with pale edge; pectoral light purplish red;
iris red.

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03911) 11 inches long, from Honolulu.
This is an excellent food-fish of fine, delicate flesh. The collection contains other specimens from
Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua.

Mullusbifasciatus Lac6pfcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 404, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1801, no locality.

Mulluii trifasdatus Lac6p&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 404, pi. 15, fig. 1, 1801, Pacific Ocean.

tJpeiieus bifasciatus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 46S, 1829 (Bourbon, Hawaiian, and Caroline islands).
Pseudupcncus bi/asciatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 156 (Honolulu).

201. Pseudupeneus crassilabris (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3 (3.66) in length; depth 3 (3.66); D. vnr-9; A. i, 7; scales 2-31-6.

Body oblong, compressed, robust; head and anterior part of body heavy; profile concave from
snout to a point midway between the nostrils, thence regularly curved to first dorsal; snout
long, blunt, 1.66 in length of head; ventral outline little curved; caudal peduncle two-thirds length
of head, its least depth almost twice in its length; mouth moderate, little oblique, the lower jaw

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

260

included; maxillary 2.33 in head, terminating between the nostrils; strong, blunt, but conical teeth
in one series in each jaw, the teeth more or less widely separated; eye 2.75 in snout and 5 in
head; interorbital space very convex, 3.06 in head; preopercle with upright limb slanting obliquely
forwards; opercular spine strong; gillrakers 2 in eye, 4.5 in maxillary, about 28 on lower limb of
arch; barbels two-thirds length of head, reaching- posterior margin of suboperele; scales large,
ctenoid; dorsal fins well developed, third and fourth spines longest, 1.33 in head, twice the height
of soft dorsal, the last rays of which are scarcely longer than the first; soft dorsal two-thirds as high as
long, its length 2 in head; caudal moderate, well forked, upper lobe more rounding, 1.37 in head;
anal differs from soft dorsal in having Its first branched ra'ys one-fourth longer than the last, the
unbranched ray also slightly exceeding the last ray; the greatest height of the fin 2.6 in head;
the membrane of the first soft ray envelops a small spine, which, being thus covered, might
easily be overlooked; the first articulate ray of anal, as in soft dorsal, not branched; ventral fins
large, 1.33 in head, about reaching tip of pectoral; air-bladder large.

Color in spirits, olivaceous, lighter below, the fish as a whole having a smutty appearance;
exposed part of each scale punetulate with brown; first dorsal and caudal dusky; base of soft dorsal
dusky, upper half irregularly light and dark; anal with irregular dusky bars; soft dorsal, caudal, and
anal tipped with black; centrals yellowish, spine and connecting membrane smutty; pectorals yellow,
their base, the preorbital, and upper part of head purple; barbels very dark; branehiostegal membrane
purple; peritoneum light. Known from Johnston Island, but not found among the Hawaiian Islands.

rpcncus crassilabrin Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 5*23,1831, New Guinea; Bleeker, Eiium. Spec. Pise.
A rehip. Iridic., 38, 1859 (name only); Giinther, Cat., I, 111, 1859 (taken from Cuvier & Valenciennes); Bleeker,
Fischfauna Neuc-Guinea, 8 (name only) in Ac. Soc. Sc. Indo. Neer., VI, 1859; Smith & Swain, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus.,
V, 1882, 129 (Johnston Island).

Paru pencils crassilabris, Bleeker, Quatrieme Mem. Famine Iehthyologique Nouvelle Guinee; Bleeker, Revision Mulloides,
in Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet, XV, 1875, 33 (from Cuvier & Valenciennes) (New Guinea).

202. Pseuclupeneus pleurostigrna (Bennett). Fig. 108.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 3.6; eye 5 in head; snout 1.9; interorbital 3.6; maxillary 2.65;
D. viii-9; A. 7; scales 3-28-5.

Body oblong, compressed, profile evenly arched from origin of spinous dorsal to tip of snout,
except a slight depression on snout; snout bluntly rounded, lower jaw included; mouth moderate,
horizontal; a single row of wide-set, small, conic teeth in each jaw, none on vomer or palatines;
maxillary not reaching vertical from eye by a distance equal to three-fourths diameter of eye; barbels

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

261

reselling slightly beyond posterior edge of preopercle; longest dorsal spine 1.3 in head or from poste¬
rior base of spinous to posterior base of soft dorsal, last soft dorsal ray equal to second, each 2.5 in
head; distance between dorsals equal to 3 rows of scales or one-fourth of head; second anal ray equal
to last, each equal to base; origin of soft dorsal slightly in advance of anal, tips of last rays of each
extending to same line posteriorly, the spinous dorsal extending nearly an eye diameter beyond tip of
pectoral; pectoral not reaching quite as far posteriorly as ventrals, which are 1.2 in head; pectoral 1.3;
caudal peduncle 1.3, its least depth 2.7; scales large, finely and distinctly ctenoid and strongly rivu-
late; lateral line parallel with back, pores usually with 8 to 12 branches anteriorly, fewer posteriorly.

Color in life, dirty whitish, darkest on back; scales narrowly edged with yellowish olive; under
parts white, with slight rosy wash; head obscure rosy, snout and maxillary clearer rosy; side with
some olive; a large black blotch on lateral line just under and behind last dorsal spine; spinous dorsal
greenish on membranes, the spines rosy; soft dorsal greenish, with a few small dark spots crossed by
about 7 narrow pale streaks; caudal pale yellowish, edge of lower lobe red; anal pale with 3 pale yel¬
lowish green streaks; pectoral pale; ventrals pale rosy.

A fresh specimen from 1 1 do had the body bright rose-red with a little yellow shading, more crimson
on opercle; a black spot on side opposite space between dorsals, behind this spot a large paler oblong
area of pink; first dorsal red, with yellow olive on membranes; second with basal half blood red (black
washed with red), above this 5 oblique violet lines alternating with olive-yellow; caudal with outer
rays crimson, the fin mottled red and reddish olive; anal with 4 oblique violet stripes alternating with
golden; pectoral light reddish; ventral deeper red; barbels white; iris scarlet.

Color in alcohol, side and upper parts dull plumbeous, an irregular broad pale bar across side
under anterior portion of soft dorsal, this usually appearing as a large white blotch; abroad darker
area under posterior portion of soft dorsal; a large black spot, 2 or 3 scales in diameter, on lateral line
under last dorsal spines; under parts yellowish white; dorsal, caudal, anal, pectoral, and ventrals pale
yellowish white; the caudal and spinous dorsal somewhat dusky; soft dorsal black at base, paler on
distal portion, the color made up of a number of closely placed black bars, obscure at. the base.

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 02984) 10.25 inches lohg, from Honolulu.

We have 27 specimens 5 to 1 1.25 inches long, from Honolulu and Hilo.

I'penevsplenroxUtima Bennett, Prop. Committee Zool. Soe. London for 1830, 59, Mauritius.

Vpateiic brandeggii Bleeker, Naturh. Tijds. Ned. Ind., II, 1851, 230, Banda Neira.

Mullus plcurostit/ma, Playfair. Fishes of Zanzibar. 40, 1866 (Zanzibar; Mauritius).

Parupeneug plrurostiipna, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. \V iss. Wien. LXX, 1900, 486 (Laysan).

Pseudupeneug plrurostiyma, Jenkins, Bull. 0. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 456 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit.

(Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

203. Pseudupeneus fraterculus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Fig. 109.

Head 3.75 to 4 in total; depth 4.75 to 5; eye 5 in head, 1.35 to 1.5 in interorbital portion of head,
2.35 to 2.5 from end of snout, 1.25 in interorbital space; !>. viu-9; A. i, 7; scales 2 or 3-31-7.

Flu. 109 .—Pseud upturns fraterculus (Cuvier & Valenciennes); after Playfair.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

2(52

Snout pointed, compressed, maxillary reaching rather more than halfway below front edge of
orbit; barbels reaching below hind margin of preopercle; interorbital width slightly convex; opercular
spine of moderate strengt h; fourth dorsal spine rather the longest, equal to three-fourths the height of
body below it; .‘1 rows of scales between 2 dorsals; front portion of second dorsal equal to two-thirds
height of first dorsal; pectoral as long as head, anterior to hind edge of orbit, anal commencing slightly
Behind origin of second dorsal; caudal deeply forked, lobes pointed; scales on snout and head, includ¬
ing most of preorbital bone, and uncovered portion with some rather large pores.

Color reddish, the edges of the scales slightly darkest; a broad purplish band, having a light
silvery edge, passes from in front of eye to snout; 2 more narrow silvery lines, formed of short oblong
spots, proceed from hind edge of orbit for a short distance; 2 rows above lateral line, and generally 3
below, have a golden yellow spot in the center of each scale; a light golden band over free portion of
tail; first dorsal marbled with brown, second with 4 and the anal with 3 reddish bauds; caudal
reticulated with light-gray markings. Length 8.5 inches. (Day.)

This species is recorded from Honolulu by Steindaehner. It was not recognized by us.

I '/inirtisfrafrrru/us Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., VII. 524, 1831, Seychelles.

Mitllus dispilurus Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 41, pi. 5, tig. 3. 18011, Zanzibar,

Muling plcnrotievia Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 41, pi. 5, tig, 4, 1800, Zanzibar.

Vpimeus spUurus , Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot, Ges. Wien, 1870, 747; not of Bleaker.

Vpencus <UspUuru.fi, Day. Fishes of India, I, 12o, pi. 31, fig. 3, 1878.

ParUjpmiMs notospilus Klunzinger. Fischedes rothen Meeres, 51. pi. 5. fig. 3, 1884.

Pdrupeneus dispilurus, Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. VViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 480 (Honolulu).

204. Pseudupeneus porphyreus .lenkins. “ Kumu.’’ Fig. 110.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.5; eye 4.7 in itead, slightly nearer tip of snout than edge of opercle;
snout 2.2; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.6; orbit to maxillary equal to eye; D. vm-9; A. 7; scales
3-31-5.

Body rather short, stout and somewhat compressed, the back gently elevated, the ventral outline
comparatively straight; profile from snout to eye very slightly concave, thence gently convex to origin

of spinous dorsal; head moderate; snout moderate, blunt at tip; mouth small, low and horizontal;
maxillary somewhat curved upward at extremity; lower jaw included; no teeth on vomer or palatines,
those on jaws moderate, in a single row; eye moderate, slightly anterior; caudal peduncle somewhat
compressed, the least depth 2.5 in head; fins moderate; longest dorsal spine equal to snout and pupil,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

263

the longest ray slightly shorter than snout; origin of spinous dorsal exactly midway between tip of
snout and base of last soft dorsal ray; base of spinous dorsal slightly less than longest spine or equal to
distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; base of soft dorsal equal to longest dorsal ray; space
between dorsals less than half longest dorsal spine, or 3.6 in head; length of caudal peduncle equal to
snout and eye; pectoral slightly greater than snout and eye, about 1.4 in head ; ventral pointed, slightly
longer than pectoral, not reaching anal opening, about 1.25 in head; anal somewhat posterior to soft
dorsal, its base 1.25 in its longest ray, which is 2.6 in head; caudal moderately forked, the lobes equal,
and equal to eye and snout; scales large, firm, very finely ctenoid; most of the scales obscurely
dendritic; lateral line concurrent with the back, the pores very profusely and widely branched, the
number of branches usually about 10 to 12, sometimes as few as 6 or 7; two and a half scales between
dorsal fins and 7 on dorsal edge of caudal peduncle; suborbital and side of snout with numerous
branched pores; peritoneum pale; gillrakers 25 ( 7, serrate, the longest about 2.2 in eye.

Another specimen (No. 03851), 14.5 inches long, gives the following description:

Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.4; eye 4.6 in head; snout 2.3; interorbital 3.5; maxillary 2.45, maxil¬
lary to eye 4 in head or 1.25 times eye; D. vui-9; A. 7; scales 3-30-6; longest dorsal spine 2 in head,
longest ray 2,25; longest anal ray 2.3; pectoral 1.65; ventral 1.65.

Body stout, back elevated anteriorly, sloping gradually posteriorly to caudal peduncle; anterior
profile slightly concave between snout and eye, convex from eye to origin of dorsal; ventral outline
nearly straight; head large; interorbital broad, convex; snout long, somewhat projecting, blunt at
tip; mouth low, nearly horizontal; lower jaw short, decidedly included; maxillary somewhat expanded
at tip, not quite reaching vertical of orbit; teeth strong, in a single series in each jaw, none on vomer
or palatines; eye large, in posterior half of head; barbels short, not reaching vertical of preopercular
edge, 2.5 in head; preopercular spine broad, flat, not strong; caudal peduncle somewhat compressed,
slender, its least depth 2.8 in head; fins moderate; origin of spinous dorsal midway between snout and
posterior base of soft dorsal; interspace between dorsals slightly greater than eye, 1.75 in base of
spinous dorsal, nearly 2 in base of soft dorsal; anal similar to soft dorsal, its origin somewhat posterior
to that of the latter, its base a little more than 3 in head; caudal not widely forked, lobes somewhat
rounded, about 1.8 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid, some of them faintly dendritic, 2.5 scales
between dorsals and 3 rows on cheek; lateral line concurrent with the back, the pores profusely
branched.

Color in life (No. 02983), rich rosy on back and top of head, paler on side; about 5 rather distinct
lines, made up of broken marks along center of scales; lower part of side and underparts whitish, with
slight rosy wash; edges of scales on upper half of body yellowish olive; opereles rosy; fins all rosy,
the dorsal and anal brightest, outer edge of ventral white; lips white; iris silvery, rosy above.

A fresh example from Hilo had body very bright rose-red; back olive; a whitish streak from eye
backward to front of second dorsal; a broader pinkish white band from tip of snout, below eye to
below middle of spinous dorsal; a faint darker red cross shade below spinous dorsal; another narrower
one between dorsals and a broad one under second dorsal, most distinct under its posterior part; a
blackish shade on caudal peduncle, before which is a quadrate blotch of pinkish white. The most
distinct marks are the olive of back and its 2 pale streaks and the pink and olive on tail; fins all
c*ear red; the dorsals paler edged; ventrals and anal broadly pale edged; barbels white; iris silvery.

Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish white, pale olivaceous on back, head with some traces of orange;
fins all uniform white or whitish, probably yellowish in life; anterior upper part of caudal peduncle
with a large whitish blotch.

This species is abundant at Honolulu and Hilo, whence we have 38 specimens 5 to 14.5 inches
long. It is one of the best food-fishes, ranking with the surmullet of Europe.

Pseudupeneus porpliyreus Jenkins, Bull. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 454, tig. 22, Honolulu (Type, No.

50705, l1. S. N. M.; coll. O. P. Jenkins): Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai: Honolulu).

205. Pseudupeneus preorbitalis (Smith A Swain). Fig. 111.

Head 3.4 (4.16) in length; depth 4.16 (5.12); D. vin-9; A. i, 7; scales 2-37-5.

Body more slender than in Mull.oides vanicoletms (Cuvier & Valenciennes); ventral outline almost
straight, dorsal outline well curved; profile from snout to dorsal regularly curved; caudal peduncle 1.33
in head, its least height 3.25 in head; mouth nearly horizontal, maxillary 3 in head, terminating behind

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FTSH COMMISSION.

2(14

anterior nostril; lower jaw produced; the band of villiform teeth moderate in both jaws, in a patch in
front, narrowing posteriorly; eye moderate, 2.5 in snout, 4.33 in head; interorbital space slightly
concave, 4.25 in head; preorbital very deep, 2.25 in head; gillrakers short and rather slender, 4.5 in
maxillary; 19 on lower limb of arch; barbels 1.5 in, head, reaching posterior margin of preopercle;
scales large, ctenoid; dorsal fins medium; spinous dorsal depressible into a groove, first spine rudimen¬
tary, scarcely perceptible, second and third spines longest, 1.66 in head, eighth spine 4 in second;
first ray of soft dorsal unbranched but evidently articulate, shorter than the first branched ray, which
is 2.33 in head, the rays thence about regularly decreasing in height; caudal well forked, its longest

Fig. 111. — PRrudnjieneitx prcnrbitalis (Smith A Swain); from the type.

rays 1.33 in head ; anal similar to soft dorsal, its spine very minute and first, ray unbranched but plainly
articulate; ventrals 2 in head; pectorals 1.66 in head; air-bladder moderate.

Color in spirits, nearly uniform yellowish; snout dusky, fins plain; peritoneum dark.

Known only from Johnston Island.

Upeneus preorbitalis Smith .V Swain, Proc. r. S. Nat. Mus.. V. 1882, 132. Johnston Island. (Type, No. 29662, U. S. N. M.)

Genus 141. UPENEUS Cuvier.

This genus differs from Mulloides and Pseud upeneus in having teeth in both jaws and on the vomer
and palatines.

I'pcnrus Cuvier, R&gne Animal, ed. 2, II. 157, 1829 [rittutus).

Upenoidrs Bleeker, Verli. Hat. Hen., XXII. 1849, Percoides, 64 ( frivillatus ).

a. Head long, 3.75 in length; barbel reaching anterior edge of orbit; dorsal vm-9; anal n, 6; scales 40 . arge, p. 264

on. Head shorter, 5 in length; barbel reaching first third of orbit; dorsal vm-i, 7; anal 7; scales 38 . . .^.teniopltrus, p. 265

206. Upeneus arge Jordan & Evermann. “ llVite.” or “ Wehe Pi&o;” “Weke pak&la.” Plate 39.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 4.1; eye 5 in head; snout 2.25; interorbital 3; maxillary 2.3; shortest
distance between maxillary and eye 1.25 in longitudinal diameter of eye; D. vm-9, second spine 1.5
in head; A. it, 6, longest anal ray 1.9 in head; pectoral 1.5; ventrals 1.45; scales 3-40-7.

Body oblong, compressed, deepest through the anterior base of the spinous dorsal; head moder¬
ate, compressed, profile arched from origin of the spinous dorsal to tip of snout, steepest on snout;
snout bluntly rounded; lower jaw included; mouth moderate, slightly oblique; tongue short, rounded
anteriorly, not, broad nor thick, and not free; teeth in villiform bands on each jaw and on vomer and
palatines; maxillary moderate, reaching anterior edge of eye, moderately broad and sheathed for
more than half of its length; eye rather small, high, median, adipose eyelid well developed; barbels not

Bull U.S.F.C. 1903 Plate 39

Upeneus arge Jordan & Evermann. Type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

2 (if)

reaching edge of gill-opening; pseudobranchiae well developed; gillrakers 16+6, finely serrate, last 5
or 6 on longer limb very blunt and short, pupil of eye contained 1.5 in longest; spinous dorsal 1.5 in
depth, first 2 spines even, longer than the others and longer than base; distance from snout to origin
of spinous dorsal one-third distance from snout to last scale on caudal; distance between dorsals
slightly less than base of soft dorsal; soft dorsal slightly concave; caudal deeply forked, upper lobe
longer; anal similar to soft dorsal, inserted slightly behind the latter; ventrals reaching slightly
beyond pectoral, rays of pectoral slightly the longer; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline; scales
large, finely ctenoid; entire body and head scaly.

Color in life, pale green, changing to white below; edges of scales on back and down to lateral
line purplish brown, giving the appearance of 3 rather distinct stripes of purplish brown, with green¬
ish centers on the scales; side with 2 broad yellow stripes, the upper beginning on operele at level of
eye and running to caudal just above lateral line, which it crosses under soft dorsal; second beginning
on base of pectoral and running to base of caudal just below lateral line, this stripe less distinct and
narrowing posteriorly; operele bright rosy; top of head dusky; cheek white with some rosy; lower
jaw white; barbels yellow; dorsal fins pale, each crossed by 2 or 3 brownish rosy bars; caudal white,
upper lobe with 4 broad brownish red bars running downward and backward, 1 at base narrow; lower
lobe with similar but much broader black liars running upward and backward, 2 of them more distinct
than the others, 2 longish dark spots on inner rays; anal, ventrals, and pectoral pale, ventrals rather
pale yellowish; iris yellowish, pink above.

Color in alcohol, above bluish olivaceous, the side becoming lighter, almost white on belly;
borders of scales dusky; first dorsal spine with 3 or 4 dark spots, and the upper posterior edge of
membranes with dark spots; soft dorsal with 3 dark spots on anterior edge and similar spots on
upper part of fin; caudal fin with dark bands, upper lobe with about 6, those on lower lobe 4, much
broader, other fins pale.

This species resembles Upeneus villains (Forskal), described from Djidda, Arabia, but the latter
has the belly abruptly deep yellow in life. It is an abundant and important food-fish at Honolulu,
where we obtained 10 specimens and where 4 others were collected by Dr. Jenkins in 1889. It is
equally common at Ililo and in Pearl Harbor, living in shallow water along quiet shores.

Our specimens are .8 to 12.5 inches long.

I pnieokles vitlalus. Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 71, 1877 i Honolulu); not of Forskal.

I'peneus arge Jordan it Evermann, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i April 11, 1903), 187. Honolulu; Jenkins, op. cit.

(Sept. 23, 1903), 456 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

207. Upeneus taeniopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes. “ HW.v.”

Head 6 in total length; depth 5; eye 5 in head, 1.65 in shout, 1.5 in interorbital space; D. vh-i,
7; A. 7; scales 3-38-7.

Interorbital space flat, a very slight rise from snout to base of first dorsal, a slight swelling over
the snout in front of eye; barbels reaching to first third of orbit; teeth villiform in jaws, vomer, and
palatines; first spine of dorsal fin the highest, and equal to two-thirds height of body, the second verv
nearly as long; 6 rows of scales between bases of dorsal fins; pectoral equal in length to first dorsa[
spine; caudal deeply forked; tubes of lateral line very arborescent posteriorly; air-bladder large;
branchiostegals 4; pyloric eoeca 2.

Color, back reddish, becoming white on the abdomen; a large reddish spot said to have existed
on the free portion of tail, but not now apparent; first dorsal fin with 3 brownish longitudinal
bands, second dorsal likewise banded; caudal with 6 oblique streaks across either lobe. Length 12
inches. (Day.)

The above description was taken from Cuvier and Valenciennes’s type in the Paris Museum.

We know of no record of this species from the Hawaiian Islands other than that of Steindachner.
who refers 2 examples, obtained at Honolulu, to this species. It was not seen by us and it is probable
that Upeneus arge lias been mistaken for it.

Upeneus tseniopterus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 451, 1829, coast of Trinquemalao, Ceylon.

Upeneoiclas Uenioplerus , Day, Fishes of India, 1, 122, 1875; Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900. 487 (Honolulu i.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

266

Family L.W 11. I’OMACEXTKI D.U.- The Demoiselles.

Rod v -short, deep, compressed, covered with ctenoid scales of varying size; lateral line wanting
posteriorly; month small, usually with rather strong teeth, either conic or incisor-like; vomer and
palatines toothless; nostril single on each side, nearly round; preoperele with its posterior edge largely
free, serrate, or entire; preorbital sheathing the small maxillary; dorsal fin single, with numerous
strong spines, the spinous portion longer than the soft, which is similar to the soft anal, both fins scaly
at base; anal spines 2; ventral fins thoracic, i, 5, the anterior rays longest, usually filamentous; a scaly
appendage at base of ventral; lower pharyngeals fully united; branchiostegals 5 to 7; gills 3.5, the slit
behind the last gill very small or obsolete; gillrakers rather long and slender; no labyrinthiform
appendage; air-bladder and pseudobranchiae present, well developed; pyloric cceca 2 or 3; gill-
membranes free from the isthmus; vertebra1 12 ) 14=2(1. Fishes of the tropical seas, similar in mode
of life to the Clr.clodonthhc, feeding on small marine animals and plants in the coral reefs. Most of
them are too small to be used as food. They are very active in file, and the coloration is usually
brilliant, sometimes changing much with age. The family shows strong affinities with the Labridu ■ in
gill-structures and pharyngeals. In other respects it approaches the Kypltosidte, while the unique
character of the simple nostril is shared with the Cirhlkhv only, from ancestors of which group the
Pomacentrid ;e are probably descended.

a. Teeth conical, or villifonn, not compressed.

b. Body deep; outer series of teeth conical and sharp; preoperele finely. serrate . Dascyllus, p. 2H6

bb. Body oblong: outer series of teeth bluntish: preoperele entire . Chromis, p. 267

aa. Teeth not conical or villiform, somewhat compressed.

c. Preoperele and preorbital serrate; teeth truncate or rounded . .Pomacetntrus, p. 270

cc. Preoperele and preorbital entire; teeth usually more or less emarginate . Abud’-fdvf. p. 271

Genus 142. DASCYLLUS Cuvier.

Preoperele and sometimes preorbital serrated; teeth small, villifonn, in a narrow band, with an
outer series of somewhat larger ones; dorsal fin with 12 or 13 spines, anal with 2; scales of moderate size,
in fewer than 30 transverse series; lateral line ceasing below the soft dorsal fin; branchiostegals 5;
gills 3.5; pseudnbranchue present; air-bladder large; pyloric appendages 2 or 3. Coral reefs of the
Pacific.

Dascyllus Cuvier, ltcgnc Animal, Ed. II, 91. 1S29 (anutuus): not DascUlns Latreille, Coleqptera, 1796.

Tetradmchmum Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fishes, 241, 1850 ( aruamis ); substitute for Dascyllus, regarded as preoccupied.

208. Dascyllus albisella Gill. Fig. 112.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 1.5; eve 2.3 in head; snout 3.35; maxillary 3; interorbital 2.75; IX
xii, 16; A. it, 15; scales 6-27-12.

Body deep, short, greatest depth over base of pectoral; head much deeper than long, the anterior
profile nearly vertical; snout short, vertical; mouth small, oblique; jaws subequal, protruding very
little beyond anterior profile of head; teeth in jaws with an enlarged outer series, conic, pointed;
behind these several series of small teeth in each jaw; maxillary small, reaching little beyond anterior
margin of orbit; interorbital width broad, convex; nostril circular, small; margins of preoperele
and preorbital finely serrate; second dorsal spine longest, 1.4 in head; base of soft dorsal 2 in spinous
dorsal, fourth ray longest, 1.2 in head; second anal spine 1.35 in head; seventh anal ray longest, 1.2 in
head; caudal slightly emarginate, lobes rounded and upper longer than lower; pectoral pointed, upper
rays longest, 2.1 in base of dorsal; ventrals large, pointed, 2.6 in body; caudal peduncle deep, 1.65 in
head; scales large, ctenoid. The above description chiefly from an example (No. 543), obtained at
Honolulu in 1889, by Dr. Jenkins.

Color in life (Nos. 03445 and 03549), each scale with a blackish border and whitish base, .except
in the white area in middle of dorsal part of body, where dark borders of each scale are almost absent;
nuchal spot blue when present; all fins dark, almost black, except ( lie whitish scales on dorsal fin.

One example (No. 03355) shows general color whitish, blue darkest on head and breast; scales
enveloping bases of dorsal and anal whitish blue; snout and anterior part of head dark brownish blue;
dorsal pale bluish, blackish toward tip; caudal, anal, and ventrals bluish black; pectoral pale blue;
iris bluish brown.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

267

Color in alcohol, uniform brown, margin of each scale with darker; a large white blotch on
middle of back above; lips, margins of vertical fins, base of pectoral above, and ventrals, dusky
blackish. Young examples are very deep brownish black with pearly white blotch extending down
on side of body pronounced, the pectoral pale, and soft dorsal whitish above. Some also show margins
of anal and caudal whitish and a white nuchal spot.

Our collections contain 40 specimens ranging in length from less than half an inch to 4.75 inches,
all from Honolulu except one, which was collected at Waikiki Beach. This pretty little fish is rather
common in crevices of the coral reefs. Apparently the 1 lawaiian species, albiwlla, is different from the
common tnmaculalus of the South Seas.

Dascyllus albisella Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1 still, 149. Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Shore Fishes-, Challenger, Zool., 1,
part vi. 61, 1879 (1880) < Honolulu) ; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, 236, 1S81 (Honolulu); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 457 (Honolulu); Snyder, op eit. (Jan. 19, 1904). 527 (Honolulu; Albatross Sta¬
tion 3968).

Dascyllus IrimaculatuH, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, IV, 13, 1875 (Sandwich Islands t. Gunther, Fische der Sud see, VII, 236,
1881 (Society, Kingsmill, Pelevv, Yap, Loisiade, New Hebrides, and Sandwich Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, LXX, 503, 1900 (Honolulu); not of Riippell.

Tetradrachmum trimaculatum, Bleeker, Atlas, IX. taf. 409, fig. 8, 1879; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1900, 503 (Sandwich
Islands).

Genus 143. CHROMIS Cuvier.

Body oblong or ovate, the depth t wo-fifths to two-thirds the length of body without caudal; pre-
opercle entire, or nearly so; lateral line wanting on tail; mouth small; teeth conical, in 2 or more
series, the outer series enlarged and blunt; scales rather large, 24 to 30 in a longitudinal series; sub-

268 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

orbital and lower jaw scaly; dorsal fin with 12 to 14 spines and 9 to 14 soft rays; caudal more or less
forked, the lobes rounded or acute; branchiostegals normally 5; pyloric cceca 2; gillrakers long and
slender. Tropical seas; species numerous, varying considerably in form, perhaps divisible into smaller
genera.

Chromis Cuvier, Memoires du Mus, d'Hist. Nat., Paris. I, IS] a, 353 ( chromis ).

Helmses Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 1830, 195 ( insolatus'),

Furcaria Poey, Memnrias Cuba, II, 194, I860 ( panda ).

Jlc/iastcs Giiiitber. Cat.. IV, 00, 1802 (chromis)-, corrected spelling.

Ayresia Cooper, I'roo. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1863, 73 (punctipinn-is).

a. Opercle ending in '2 small fiat spines, the upper obscure; body short obvate; dorsal spines xii . clapkrus, p. 268

an. Opercle without spine; body oblong ovate; dorsal spines xiv . uvalis, p. 269

209. Chromis elaphrus Jenkins. Fig. 113.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.25; eye 3 in head; snout 3.75-; maxillary 3.75; interorbital 2.5; D.
xii, 15 or Hi; A. ii, 12; 1’. 18; scales 4-27-9, 20 pores.

Body short, deep, ovate and compressed, the dorsal outline of body more convex than ventral
outline; snout short and bluntly conic; anterior outline a little more convex in interorbital region
than on nape; caudal peduncle about 2 in bead; snout shorter than eye; suborbital, preopercle, and
opercle entire, the preopercle somewhat crenulate; opercle ending in 2 small flat spines, the upper

Fig. 113. — Chromis daphrus Jenkins; from the type.

obscure; teeth conic, close-set in a single series in each jaw; third dorsal spine longest, 1.8 in head;
soft dorsal somewhat, higher than spinous portion, slightly rounded, longest rays about 1.7; anal
rounded, similar to soft dorsal, 1.4; caudal deeply emarginate, the upper lobe slightly the longer,
about equaling head; ventrals nearly reaching vent, 1.3; pectoral broad, rather truncate, 1.3; scales
large regular, slightly ctenoid, densely covering entire body and head except snout anterior to nostril
and tip of lower jaw; lateral line well developed, beginning at upper edge of gill-opening, gently
arched, following contour of back to within 3 scales of base of last dorsal ray, where it ceases; bases
of all the fins scaled, those on spinous dorsal largest.

Color in alcohol, brown above and on top of head, paler below; opercle dusky; fins all plain or
dusky, without markings; no black spot or blotch upon anterior portion of spinous dorsal, and none
at base of pectoral.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 209

The above description based chiefly upon a specimen 2.25 inches long from Hilo, where several
specimens were obtained in Heiishaw’s pool, in lava rocks 2 miles to the southward of Hilo. The
species seems to be fairly common, though it was obtained by us only at Hilo, where we secured 9
specimens. Nine specimens, including the type, were obtained by Dr. Jenkins from among the
coral rocks at Honolulu in 1889. This is one of the most agile of fishes.

Chromis elaphrus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 157, fig. 23, Honolulu. (Type, No. 50703,
U. S. N. M .. Coll. O. P. Jenkins.)

210. Chromis ovalis (Steindachner). Fig. 114.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.3; eye 3.2 in head; snout 4.2; maxillary 3; interorbital 3; D. xiv, 11 ;
A. ii, 13; scales 3-28-8.

Body oblong-ovate, deepest through base of ventrals, compressed; dorsal outline steepest from origin
of dorsal fin to tip of snout, slightly concave over interorbital region; head deeper than long, com¬
pressed; snout subconic; lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching anterior edge of eye; mouth
small, nearly horizontal; a single row of small distinct conic teeth in each jaw, 1 or 2 short indistinct
rows back of the outer row in the anterior part of iaws; opercle and preopercle entire, no opercular

Fig. lit. — Chromis oralis (Steindachner). Type of C. vrlnx Jenkins.

spine; eye anterior, its lower edge on line with upper base of pectoral; interorbital slightly convex,
almost flat in some examples; fins rather large, origin of dorsal slightly anterior to origin of pectoral,
fourth to eighth spines about equal and the longest 1.85 in head; first spine slightly shorter than last;
middle rays of dorsal longest, 1.8, the soft part being rounded; anal rays nearly all equal, the last 2 or 3
slightly the shorter, longest 1.9; second spine rather stout and strong, 2; first spine very short; caudal
deeply forked, upper lobe slightly the longer, longest ray about 3 in body; ventrals reaching vent,
1.25 in head; pectoral large, pointed, upper rays longest, 3 in body; scales large, very finely ctenoid,
covering entire body and head except lips, small scales at bases of all the fins, those on soft dorsal and
anal and caudal small and covering most of the fin; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline, on first
20 rows of scales, then dropping 3 rows and very obscurely extending on middle of caudal peduncle
to base of dorsal fin.

Color in alcohol, brownish or dusky olive above, below silvery yellowish; base of pectoral black,
color not extending to axil; about 8 indistinct longitudinal dusky streaks along side of body below
dorsal region, following rows of scales; membranes of spinous dorsal black; soft anal and dorsal dusky;
caudal dusky brown.

270

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

We have seen only 4 specimens, all from Honolulu, 3 obtained by Dr. Jenkins and one by Dr.
Wood. Each is 6 inches long.

Hcliastes oralis stcindic-hner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LX X, 1900, 502, Honolulu.

< 'Ini on is relax Jenkins, Bull. I S. Kish Comm., XIX. 1899 I June 8, 1901), 398, fig. 6, Honolulu. ( Type. No. 19098. I*. S. N . M . .
Coll. O. P. Jenkins.)

Chromis ovalis, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), '158 (Honolulu).

Genus 144. P0MACENTRUS Lacepede.

Body ovate, or oblong, compressed, the profile steep, usually rounded; head moderate, nearly as
deep as long, the snout scaly, the lower jaw scaly or naked; mouth quite small, terminal, the jaws
equal; each jaw armed with 1 or 2 close-set series of compressed, immovable teeth, which are truncate
or rounded at tip, sometimes a few small teeth behind these; gill rakers long; preopercle more or less
serrate; preorbital serrate; scales large, strongly ctenoid, the lateral line running parallel with the hack
to near end of dorsal fin, at which point it ceases; dorsal tin continuous, with 12 or 13 low stout spines;
membrane of spinous dorsal usually not deeply incised nor lolled, the soft part more or less elevated,
its last rays gradually shortened; lower limb of preopercle usually more or less scaly; preorbital
narrow, without deep notch; anal fin similar to soft dorsal, with 2 spines, of which the second is much
the larger; soft rays 12 to Hi; dorsal spines with a sheath of large scales, the membranes of both dorsal
and anal covered high up with small scales; caudal fin more or less forked, the lobes rounded; lower
pharyngeals triangular; branchiostegals 5 or ti. Species numerous in the tropical seas; extremely
variable in form and color, the brilliant coloration apparently dependent on surroundings.

.Pomarentrus LacCpMe, Hist. Nat, I'oiss., IV, 508, 1802 (parn)\ teeth biserial, soft dorsal short, often elevated; caudal deeply-
forked, teeth truncate.

Pristotis Riippell, Neue Wirbeltliiere, Fischc, 128, 1S38 (cyanoitAgma) .

Psmdopnmaixntrus Bleeker, Verb. Hull. M»ats. Weten., II, 187V, 40 (WtoraU«>; teeth rounded; preorbital notched; caudal
lunate.

Pampomaci-nlrus Blocker, Nat. Verb. Hull. Maats. Weten., II, 1877, 05 ( polynema ); teeth uniserial; lower jaw scaly; snout
scaly; spinous dorsal with membrane incised and lobed.

Amblypomua'ntrus Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Holl. Mauls. Weten., II, 1877, 68 (bpevicepe) ; snout and lower jaw naked.
Eupomacentms Bleeker, Nat. Verb. Holl. Maats. Weten., II, 1877, 73 ( lividm ); snout scaly; lower jaw naked; membranes
of spinous dorsal not notched; teeth uniserial.

Brackypninaceritius Bleeker, Nat. Verb.. Holl. Maats. Weten., II, 1877, 73 Wbifateiatouy, as above; membrane of spinous
dorsal deeply notched.

211. Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 115.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.3 in head; snout 4; maxillary 3.2; interorbital 2.75; D. xrn,
Id: A. ii, 13; scales 4-29-1 1 ; Br. 4.

Body ovate, deep, compressed, dorsal outline rather steep, evenly curved from tip of snout to soft
dorsal, following edge of scales on spinous dorsal; head deeper than long, compressed, subconic; snout
bluntly conic, jaws equal; maxillary reaching anterior edge of eye; mouth small, horizontal; a single
row of close-set, incisor teeth in each jaw; posterior edge of preopercle roughly serrate; opercle ending
in 2 short fiat spines, the upper very obscure; interorbital wide, strongly convex; fins rather large;
origin of dorsal over ventral, origin of each equally distant from tip of snout; first 2 or 3 dorsal spines
shorter than others; others about of equal length, shorter than the longest dorsal rays, the median rays
being longest, 1.5 in head; caudal forked, lobes rounded, upper the longer; anal rounded, longest ray
1.5 in head, second spine rather stout and strong, 2.2 in head; ventrals long, reaching vent, 1.1 in head;
pectoral broad, upper rays the longer, 1.2 in head; scales large, finely ctenoid; body and head, except
lower jaw and snout, scaled, scales on top of head small; bases of all the fins except ventrals well
covered with fine scales, those on spinous dorsal larger; lateral line concurrent with dorsal outline to a
line under base of third or fourth dorsal ray, where it drops 3 rows of scales to middle of caudal
peduncle, thence continuing to base of caudal fin, the detached portion little developed.

Color in life, ground dark drab; central portion of scales olivaceous, each one with black on lower
part of posterior edge forming vertical hands on body; axil black; outer border of dorsal fin, above
scaled part, black: pectoral dusky olivaceous, black at base; ventral and anal black; caudal dusky
with posterior border lighter; iris bright yellow.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

271

Color in alcohol, <lark brown, edges of scales darker; a dark stripe on upper edge of membranes
of spinous dorsal, broadest and most distinct, anteriorly ; rest of dorsal, and caudal and pectoral dark
brownish; ventrals and anal dark, almost black; a black blotch at upper base of pectoral, continuous
with the black axil.

This is a very abundant species among the Hawaiian Islands. Numerous specimens were obtained
at Honolulu in 1889 by Hr. Jenkins, and others by Dr. Wood in 1898 and Dr. Jordan in 1900. Our
own collections, made in 1901, contain numerous specimens, the localities represented being Honolulu,

Fig. 115. — Pomacentrus jenkinsi Jordan A Evermann. Type of Eupomacentrus margin at us Jenkins.

Hilo, and Kailua, and specimens were taken by the Albatross in 1902 at many different places among
the Hawaiian Islands.

The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (field No. 04526) 4.8 inches long, obtained
by us at Honolulu. The length varies from 3.75 to 5.25 inches.

Pomacentrus nigricans, Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage lTranie, Zool., 399, 1824 i, Sandwich Islands, not of Laec'*pede); Cuvier A
Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., v, 425, 1830; Gunther, Cat., IV, 34. 1862 (Sandwich Islands); not Hotocentrus nigri¬
cans Laecpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 332 and 367, 1803, locality unknown, collected by Commerson.

Eupomacentrus marginatus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm, for 1899 (June 8, 1901), 391, tig. 5, Honolulu. (Type, No. 49700
U. S. N. M., Coll. O. I’. Jenkins); not Pomaccntrus marginal us Riippell.

Eupomacentrus nigrican§, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 503 (Honolulu).

Pomaccntrus jenkinsi Jordan A, Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xxn, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 189, Honolulu; Snyder, 1. e.,
(Jan. 19, 1901), 527 (Hawaiian Islands; Laysan Island).

Genus 145. ABUDEFDUF Forskal.

Body deep, compressed, covered with large ctenoid scales; snout without scales; preopercle and
preorbital entire, the lower limb of preopercle scaleless; 3 to 4 rows of scales between lateral line and
dorsal; teeth compressed, fixed, more or less distinctly emarginate, in one series in each jaw, those
below occupying most of the free edge of the jaw; jaws subequal. Dorsal usually with 13 spines, the
last slightly shorter than the medium ones; branchiostegals 5 or 6; pyloric eteca 3; lower pharyngeal-
triangular. Species numerous, often brightly colored, found about coral reefs in the tropical seas.
We exclude from this genus all species with rounded, biserial teeth.

9-j-Q BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

\bitdefdttf Fnrskal, Derr. Anim., etc., 59, 1775 ( $ordi.dus ).

IthlphisudoH Laoipcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 542, 1*0! ( mouchana).

SiimMa Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, 63. 1842 t imbncatus) ; dorsal spines 12; snout seal) .

Fuirhislnduaii'M f’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 145 (declii’i/rons).

Ha,n,dWhi,Mon Meeker, Hull. Maatseh. Wetens.. II. 1877, 91 {ldaghn,ctopony. lower pharyngeal* quadrate.

AmbbjgbjpHdodon Bleeker, op. cit., 92 (o.rtw); scales above lateral lmes m 1 or - rows.

Uluphidodon, corrected spelling.

a. Teeth scarcely compressed. sindonis p . 272

b. Dorsal xn, 19; anal n, lo — .

aa. Teeth considerably compressed.

c. Eye eomparativ ely large, less than 4 in head. . abdominalis. p. 272

Dorsal Mil, 14, spines shorter than solt rays; a >.«•• . . . imparl, >a,nis. p.274

dd. Dorsal xn, W, the spines as long as solt rays, anal II, 11 . „r,Udut d "74

cc. Eye comparatively small, more than 1 in head (4.6) .

212. Abudefduf sindonis (Jordan & Evermann) . 1’late 40."

Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.4 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 3.4; interorbital 2.8; D.
mi, 19; A. n, 15; scales 4-28-9, 22 pores.

Body short and deep, dorsal outline evenly arched from tip of snout to soft dorsal, head deeper
than lone compressed; snout short and conic; mouth small, horizontal, lower jaw slightly shorter;
maxillary reaching to anterior edge of orbit; a single row of small, rather blunt, slightly compressed
teeth on each jaw; preopercle entire, opercle ending in 2 small Hat spines, upper very small and
oi)SCure- eye anterior, high, its lower edge above upper base ol pectoral; interorbital broad, steep, and
convex-’ fins laro-e, origin of dorsal over base of ventrals, its distance from tip of snout equal to dis¬
tance from base of last ray to tip of upper caudal lobe; spines strong and long, first 0.7 ot tourth, which
is 1 9 in head and of same length as following spines; middle dorsal rays produced, longest ray 1.2o m
head- anal similar to soft dorsal, longest ray 1.25 in head, second spine longest 2 in head; caudal
forked upper lobe the longer; ventrals reaching past vent, outer rays longest, about equa to head;
pectoral broad, upper rays longest, equal to head; scales large, ctenoid, covering entire body and
head except lower jaw and snout anterior to eye; lower limb of preopercle scaled; large scales cover¬
ing nearly all of dorsal spines, smaller scales covering as much of soft dorsal and anal and nearly all
of caudal ■ very minute scales on base of pectoral, none on rays of ventrals; lateral line concurrent with
dorsal outline, on 22 scales, ending 3 rows of scales short of posterior base, of dorsal, then dropping
3 rows of scales and continuing obscurely on middle of caudal peduncle to base of caudal fan.

Color in alcohol, uniform very dark brown, nearly black; 2 narrow wavy bands of white on side,
first beginning about under fourth dorsal spine and extending under about middle ol pectoral, thence
curving slightly backward toward vent, rather indistinct below pectoral; second band beginning under
last dorsal spine and lirst ray, extending toward middle of anal, rather obscure indistinct for 2 lor 3
scales before reaching anal; fins all black, pectoral slighty lighter than others; a large black ocellated
spot with a narrow white border on back and lower part of soft dorsal, larger than eye, just back of

h<St The above description based on the type, No. 50669, U. S. N. M. (field No. 04524), a specimen 3.75
inches long, from Honolulu. One other specimen obtained and taken as a cotype, No. 2,2, , bureau of
Fisheries reserve series (field No. 03732). It is 2.75 inches long, and was taken at Kailua where the
species was first discovered by Mr. Michitgro Sindo, for whom it is named.

This species agrees with typical Abudefduf in all respects except that none of the teeth appears
to be emarginate. It agrees with Chrysiptem in five entire preopercle and preorbital and naked snout,
but differs from the type of that genus in having the teeth in a single series.

GWbjk L Ami. Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., xxn, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 188, Honolulu.

213. Abudefduf abdominalis (Quoy & Gaimard). “3 faomao.’ Fig. 116.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2; eye 3.75 in head; snout 3.4; maxillary 3.5; interorbital 2.8; D. XIII,

14; A. li, 14; scales 5-30-11. ....... .

Body oblomr, deep, compressed, much longer in adult than in young; head small, its depth equal
to its length; upper profile concave over eyes; snout short, obtuse, rounded; mouth small, oblique,

Glyphisoclon sindonis on plate.

PLATE 40

Glyphisodon sindonis Jordan & Evermann Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

273

jaws equal; lips fleshy; teeth in jaws small, uniserial, compressed, incisor-like, their margins notched;
no teeth on vomer, palatines, or tongue; tongue elongate, pointed, free in front; eye anterior, superior,
less than snout; preopercle oblique, its margin smooth; interorbital width broad, convex; nostril
small, circular; third dorsal spine 2 in head; longest dorsal ray 1.4; fourth anal ray 1.5; pectoral
long, pointed, 3.1 in body; ventrals pointed 3.6, the spine 1.4 in first ray; scales large, rounded,
ctenoid; lateral line arched, not continued beyond soft dorsal; tubes of lateral line arborescent; no
scales on snout, in front of eye, or on lips and chin; scales on infraorbital, vertical lins, and base of
pectoral minute.

Color in life (No. 3007), body, pale brassy green, with 5 narrow bluish black vertical bars, the
first from front of dorsal to base of pectoral, the second from third to fifth dorsal spines to beneath
middle of pectoral, the third from eighth or ninth spine toward origin of anal; the fourth from last
spines to middle of anal and the last, which is faint, from last dorsal rays across caudal peduncle; head
dusky; belly white; black spot on base of pectoral above, axil black;- dorsal brassy, mottled with

dark, the edge of membrane black, the projecting spines white; black blotch on base of last dorsal
rays; caudal and anal dusky yellowish; ventrals white, dusky at tips; pectoral pale yellowish; breast
dusky; iris silvery, black above and below. Another example was steel-blue when fresh, olive-green
on back with 4 broad cross bars; spinous dorsal, base of soft dorsal, caudal and base of anal black; a
black spot at base of pectoral; ventral black; soft dorsal, caudal and anal pale, except base.

Color in alcohol, purplish brown above; side below lateral line with dull light green longitudinal
bands; lower surface of body whitish; 5 blackish vertical bands on side of back, indistinct on tower
half of body, and extending up on fin; first band begins at origin of spinous dorsal, second at fourth
and fifth dorsal spines, third at ninth and tenth spines, and fourth at last dorsal spine and first 2 rays;
dark brown blotch on caudal peduncle above; a deep black blotch on basal portion of posterior rays
of soft dorsal and anal; vertical fins dusky grayish; pectoral and ventrals grayish, the -latter with
whitish streaks between rays; blackish spots at base of median caudal rays.

Described from an example (No. 4488), from Honolulu.

This species is close to Aburlrfihif saxatilis of India, from which it is distinguished by the large
black spots at bases of posterior dorsal and anal rays, and the fourth blackish vertical bar beginning at

F. <\ B. 190:1 — Is

274

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

last dorsal spine and first 2 or 3 soft rays. The Atlantic form, Abudefduf marginatw, is distinguished
by the shorter, more orbicular body and the absence of black blotches on soft dorsal and anal.

We have examined 55 specimens of this species, all from Honolulu except 1 from Hilo and 4 from
Kailua. They range in length from 3.4 to 9 inches. Specimens were also found by the Albatron* at
numerous places among the Hawaiian Islands.

Chijthisodnn ahilomLna/is Quoy A Gaimard, Voy. I'ranie, Zool., 390, 1824, Sandwich Islands; Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist.
Nat. Poiss., V, -157, 1.330 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 458 (Hon¬
olulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Hawaiian Islands and Laysan Island).

Oiyplddodon nrtrslinus, Gunther, Cat., IV, 38, 1802 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Cuvier A Valenciennes.

Glyphidodon saxatitis, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Jlus, No. 7, 0G, 1.877 (Honolulu) ; not of Linnaeus; Gunther. Fisehe dor Slid
see, VII, 229, pi. 12G, 1881 (Hawaiian Islands; Tahiti); steindaehner, Honks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 502 (Hon¬
olulu; Laysan).

Abudefduf sc.rfasciatus, Fowlor, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 504 (Hawaiian Islands); not of La oOpi-dc

214. Abudefduf imparipennis (Sauvage).

Head 4 in total length; depth 3; eye 3.5 in head; I). xii, 16; A. n, 11; scales 2-28-8.

Head longer than high; interorbital equaling snout, which equals orbit; infraorbital almost as
long as preorbitai; teeth long and compressed; scales of head extending on snout nearly to tip; caudal
scarcely forked, a little shorter than head; second dorsal spine as long as soft rays. Honolulu.

Not seen by us; known only from the description by Sauvage.

G/yphisodon imparipennis Sauvage in Vaillant A Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool., III. 1875, 279. Honolulu.

215. Abudefduf sordidus (Forskal). “ Kupipi.” Fig. 117.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 1.75; eye 4.6 in head; snout 2.8; maxillary 3.2; interorbital 2.5; D.
x [II, 16; A. ii, 15; scales 6-29-12.

Body short, deep, compressed, back rather trenchant in front; head small, deep; snout round, blunt,
a little longer than eye, mouth small, slightly oblique, the jaws equal; lips fleshy; teeth compressed,
uniserial in jaws; eye small, anterior and superior; preopercle very oblique, its margin entire; inter-
orbital width broad, strongly convex; nostril small, circular, in front of middle of eve; longest dorsal
spine 2 in head; longest dorsal ray 1.5; second anal spine 2.1; longest anal ray 1.4; caudal broad,
forked, lobes rounded; pectoral 1 in head; centrals 1.2, reaching origin of anal; caudal peduncle
broad, 1.75 in head; scales large, ctenoid, except those on 11ns which are very small; snout, preorbital,
and jaws naked.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

275

Color io alcohol, dull brown, a little darker on back; side with (> broad dark brown vertical bands,
deepen back; scales over and behind eve, a row over nape with black centers; a black spot on caudal
peduncle above, at base of last dorsal rays; vertical fins blackish; pectoral pale brown; ventrals blackish.
Described from an example (No. 04511) taken at Honolulu.

This species is easily distinguished by the presence of the black spot, on caudal peduncle, which is
present at all ages. The young have also a black spot at base of pectoral.

We have examined 39 specimens of this common species, 6 collected by us at Kailua, 5 at Ililo,
10 at Waianae, 1 at Moanalua, and Sat Honolulu; 1 obtained by McGregor at Lahaina, Maui, and
8 by I)r. Jenkins at Honolulu. Specimens were also collected by the Albatross at Honolulu; Puako
Bay, Hawaii; Napili Bay, Molokai; Necker Island, and Laysan Island. Our examples are one-half
to 8.25 inches long.

Chsetodon sordid us Forsk&l, Descript. Animal., 62, 1775. Djidda, Red Sea.

Glyphisodon sordid us , Riippell. Atl. Reis. Nord. Af.. 34, PI. VIII, tig. 1, 1828; Jenkins, Bull. 17. S. Fish Comin., XXII, 1902
(Sept. 23, 1903), 458 (Honolulu: Lahaina, Maui): Snyder, op. oit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Hawaiian Islands, Laysan
Island).

Glyphisodon (jiga8 Lienard, Dix. Rapp. Hist. Nap. Maur., 35. 1840, Mauritius.

( 1 li/phisodon n of at us Day, Proe. Zool. Soc. London 1869, 521, Andaman Islands.

Glyph isodon sordid us, Gunther, Fisc lie der Siidsee, VII, 231, 1881 (Red Sea, east coast of Africa, East Indian Archipelago,
. Tahiti, Raiatea, Samoa, and Bonham Island).

Abudcfduf sordidus, Fowler, I’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 504 (Hawaiian Islands).

Glyphidodon ( Paraglyph i dodon ) viclas, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 502 (Laysan): not of Kulil A van
Hassel?

Family LXYIII. MALACAXTH ID.-E. The Blanquillos.

Body more or less elongate, fusiform, or compressed; head subcorneal, the anterior profile usually
convex; suborbital without bony stay; the bones not greatly developed; cranial bones not cavernous;
opercular bones mostly unarmed; mouth rather terminal, little oblique; teeth rather strong; no teeth
on vomer or palatines; premaxillary usually with a blunt posterior canine, somewhat as in the
Labridx; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary without supplemental bone, not slipping under the
edge of the preorbital; gills 4, a long slit behind the fourth; pseudobranchise well developed; gill-
membran.es separate, or more or less united, often adherent to the isthmus; lower pharyngeals sepa¬
rate; scales small, ctenoid; lateral line present, complete, more or less concurrent w ith the back; dorsal
fin long and low, usually continuous, the spinous portion always much less developed than the soft
portion, but never obsolete; anal fin very long, its spines feeble and few; caudal fin forked; tail diphy-
cercal; ventrals thoracic or subjugular, t, 5, close together; pectoral fins not very broad, the rays all
branched; vertebne in normal or slightly increased number (24 to 30); pyloric cceca few or none.
Fishes of the temperate and tropical seas, some of them reaching a large size.

Genus 146. MAI ACANTHUS Cuvier.

Body elongate, slightly compressed; cleft of mouth horizontal, with the jaws equal; eyes lateral;
scales very small, minutely ciliated; one continuous dorsal, with the first 4 to 6 rays not articulated;
dorsal and anal very long; pectoral rays all branched; jaws with vilMform teeth; an outer series of
stronger teeth, some of them canine-like, and with a canine at the posterior extremity of the inter¬
maxillary; no teeth on the palate; preopercle entire; opercle with a spine; gill rakers little developed;
vertebra- in small number, 10 -j- 14 = 24.

Malacanthus Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. 2, II, 264, 1829 (plumicri).

216. Malacanthus parvipinnis Vaillant & Sauvage. “ Makti’a.” Fig. 1 1 S.

Head 5 in length; depth 0.8; snout 3 in head; eye 4.7; interorbital 2.9; maxillary 2.6; D. v, 57;
A. 53; 1’. 10; V. i, 4; scales 8-175-24.

Body very elongate, compressed, greatest depth about, middle of belly; head elongate, compressed,
its depth 1.7, width 2; upper profile of head evenly convex ; snout elongate, convex, rather blunt ; jaws
nearly equal, rather large; mouth large, slightly inclined, end of maxillary reaching almost to front
of pupil; eye small, high, posterior margin of pupil nearly midway in length of head; nostrils formed
as horizontal slits in a groove in front- of middle of eye, well separated, the anterior placed in about last

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

276

third of snout; interorbital space very broad, convex; lips rather broad, fleshy; teeth sharp pointed,
somewhat unequal, in broad hands in jaws; opercle with a large strong spine with a fleshy flap; gill¬
opening rather large, the isthmus broad, gill-membrane forming a broad' fold across; scales very
small, ctenoid, those in the lateral line very small, and with posterior margin deeply scalloped; head
naked except on postocular region, occiput, cheek, and opercle, which are covered with small finely
ctenoid scales; dorsal very long, of more or less uniform height; dorsal spines short, flexible; rays flexi¬
ble, seventh 2.5; anal long, similar to dorsal, twelfth ray 2.5; the fin beginning at tip of pectoral; pec¬
toral broad, 1.35 in head; ventrals small, close together, 2.5; caudal expanded, truncate, 1.(5; caudal
peduncle short, compressed, its depth 3.75; lateral line slightly irregular, superior at first, then run¬
ning down on middle of side of trunk at its last third.

Color in life of a specimen 12 inches long, from Honolulu, light olive green; belly silvery; side
with about 20 faint short hands of the back color; dorsal flesh-color, a little rosy, a narrow edge of
yellow; caudal lobes gray; iris deep blue, a little golden above.

Color in alcohol, pale brown on upper surface and. forming about 20 pale slightly inclined cross
bars. along side, fading out in the pale color beneath; side and lower surface very pale straw-color
washed with silvery; fins, with the exception of caudal, pale straw-color; caudal pale straw-color,

Fig. 118.— Malncmtthus-^arvijjhmi.'i Vaillant & Sauvage; after Gunther.

middle rays whitish, 2 jet-black horizontal bands beginning on the upper and lower rudimentary
caudal rays and running to edge of fin; a spot on lower part of iris.

Described from an example (No. 04128) taken at Honolulu.

We have from Honolulu 20 examples 7.25 to 11.75 inches long and 1 from Hilo 8.75 inches long.
Specimens were obtained bv Dr. Wood at Honolulu and by the Albatross at Honolulu and at
Lahaina, Maui.

Malaeanthvs pairlpimns Vaillant. A Sauvage; Rev. Mag. Zook (3), III, 1875, 283, Sandwich Islands; Jenkins, Bull. U. 8.
Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 499 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu, Lahaina,
Maui).

Malacanthus Imil/ii, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, 160, taf. XCVIII. tig. B, 1876 (Tahiti. Yap, and Sandwich islands).
Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 497 (Honolulu); not of Bleeker.

Suborder PHARYNGOGNATHI.— The Labroid Fishes.

Lower pharyngeals fully united; nostrils double; gills 3.5, with no slit behind the last; ventral tins
thoracic, each with 1 spine and 5 rays; dorsal and anal spines not very strong; scales weakly ctenoid
or cycloid; in other respects essentially as in the Percuiclra. Species mostly of the tropical shores;
most of them large fishes of strong dentition and bright colors.

a. Lower pharyngeals T-shaped or Y-shaped, their teeth conical or tubercular; teeth in jaws usually not confluent. Species

carnivorous; the sexes often dissimilar . Lai)Hda\ p. 277

an. Lower pharnvgeals more or less spoon -shaped or basin-shaped, their teeth broadest transversely and truncate,
arranged in mosaic; teeth in jaws more or less perfectly confluent, forming a sort of beak; anal spines 2; dorsnl
spines 9; scales very large, 22 to 25 in lateral line; vertebra 10 or 11 + 11 = 24 or 25. Species herbivorous; the sexes
colored alike . Scaridse , p. 338

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

\i i

Family LXIX. LAB RULE. — The Wrasse-Fishes.

Body oblong or elongate, covered with cycloid scales, lateral line well developed, continuous or
interrupted, often angularly bent; mouth moderate, terminal; premaxillaries protractile; maxillaries
without supplemental bone, slipping under membranaceous edge of the preorbital; anterior teeth in
jaws usually very strong and canine-like; teeth of jaws separate or soldered together at base, not
forming a continuous plate; no teeth on vomer or palatines; lower pharyngeals completely united into
one bone, without median suture, this bone T-shaped or Y-shaped, its teeth conical or tubercular; lips
thick, longitudinally plicate; nostrils round, with 2 openings on each side; dorsal tin continuous, the
spinous portion usually long, its spines rather slender, to 20 in number; anal similar to soft dorsal,
with 2 to 6 spines; ventrals thoracic, i, 5, inserted below the pectorals or slightly in advance of them;
branchiostegals 5 or 6; pseudobranchia; well developed; gills 3J, the slit behind the last arch small or
obsolete; gill-membranes somewhat connected, sometimes joined to the narrow isthmus; air-bladder
absent; no pyloric cceca. Species chiefly of the tropical seas, living among rocks, coral reefs, or kelp.
Many of them are brilliantly colored, and some are valued as food-fishes. Most of them feed upon
mollusks, the dentition being adapted for crushing shells.

a. Lateral line continuous.

b. Scales nit her large, not more than 40 in lengthwise series.

c. Posterior canines present.

d. Head with scales; dorsal spines xir.
c. Teeth of jaws in single series.

/. Preoperele usually finely serrate; caudal lunate. . . . . Ltpidnplois. p. 27S

ff. Preoperele entire; caudal rounded . I ’erriculus, p. 280

cc. Teeth of jaws in 2 series . Ycrrcd, p. 281

dd. Head scaleless; dorsal spines ix.

g. Body oblong, not deep.

h. Canines in front of upper jaw very small, close set; those of lower jaw forming a cutting edge.

SteUiojulis, p. 283

fdi. Canines in front of jaws strong, not forming a cutting edge . Halichfjsres , p. 285

gg. Body rather short and deep . Macrapha njngodon , p. 288

cc. Posterior canines not present.

i. Snout much produced . Goniphosus, p. 289

ii. Snout not much produced.

j. Dorsal spines ix.

k. Body rather deep . - . Anampaca, p. 291

kk. Body elongate . /’. sv udojulis, p. 294

jj. Dorsal spines vm . Thalassomu , j>. 295

bb. Scales smaller, more than 40 in lengthwise scries.

1. Posterior canines present.

m. Scales small, more than 70 in lengthwise scries . . Julia, p. 304

mm. Scales larger, 50 to 60 in lengthwise series . . Coris, p. 310

U. Posterior canines not present . Cheilio, p. 314

(«i. Lateral line interrupted.

>/. First 2 dorsal spines not conspicuously removed from the third.

o. Scales large, about 20 to 30 in lengthwise series.

p. Preoperele serrate; dorsal spines xi . Cirrhilabrus, p. 315

pp. Preoperele entire; dorsal spines ix (rarely x).

q. Teeth in jaws in one series.

r. Canines of upper jaw bent outward and backward . Pseud oc/uil in u$, p. 316

it. Canines not bent outward and backward . . Cheilinus, p. 319

qq. Teeth in jaws in many series . Voraculic/dhys, p. 322

oo. Scales small, more than 70 in lengthwise series . . Cgmolutcs, p. 327

nn. First 2 dorsal spines more or less conspicuously removed from the third.

s. Two anterior spines of dorsal separate from others and placed as a separate tin on

nape . Iniislius , p. 328

88. Two anterior spines of dorsal removed,* but not wholly detached, there being more
or less of membranous connection.

t. Cheeks with small scales . Ilcmiplcronvtus, p. 33 :

it. Cheeks scaleless . Xyrichlhys , p. 33 i

278

BULLETIN <IF THE UNITED STATES KISH COMMISSION.

Genus 147. LEPIDAPLOIS Gill.

Body compressed, oblojlg, covered with large scales, 30 to 35 in the lateral line; Snout pointed;
mouth large, the lateral teeth in both jaws in a single series coalescent at base; 4 canine teeth in front
and a posterior canine tooth; cheeks and operdes with imbricated scales; dorsal and anal scaly at base;
lateral line not interrupted; preopercle usually finely serrated; soft dorsal and anal not falcate ante¬
riorly; caudal tin lunate. Dorsal rays usually xu, 10; anal rays hi, 12. Tropical parts of the western
Pacific from Hawaii through Polynesia to Japan and Africa.

Lrpidaploix Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 140 ( axillaris ).
a. Eye small, about 6 in head.

b. Maxillary reaching front margin of eye; caudal truncate . . - . albotmiiatus, p. 278

bit. Maxillary reaching middle of eye; outer caudal rays prolonged . mxlestm, p. 279

an. Eye larger. 4.65; in head . ntTOphod.es, p. 280

217. Lepidaplois albotaeniatus ( Cuvier A Valenciennes). “A’ltwa.” Plate XXIV."

Head 2.!) in length; depth 2.9; snout 3 in head; eye ti; mouth 3; interorbital 3.5; I>. mi, 10; A. in,
12; scales 8-34-13.

Body oblong, compressed; head longer than deep, upper and lower profiles evenly weakly convex;
snout rather long, pointed, rounded above; jaws produced, pointed, about equal; mouth rather large,
maxillary reaching front of eye; teeth strong, conic; 4 large canines in front of each jaw, the outer on
each side of mandible enlarged; lips rather thin, fleshy; eye moderately large, its posterior margin
about middle of length of head; posterior margin of preopercle finely serrated; interorbital width broad,
convex; nostrils in front of eye, anterior in short fleshy tube; last dorsal spine 2.7 in head; seventh
dorsal ray 2.25; third anal spine 2.5; fifth anal ray longest, 2.2; dorsal and anal rather broad, rounded;
caudal truncate, broad at base; pectoral small, 1.7 in head; centrals pointed, 1.5; caudal peduncle
broad, Compressed, 1.75; scales large, thin, small upon back in front of dorsal fin and along base of
dorsal and anal; scales smaller on chest than on sides of body; interorbital width, snout, space in
front of eye, and mandibles without scales, head otherwise scaly; scales on cheeks very small; lateral
line concurrent with back and running posteriorly along middle of side of caudal peduncle. Described
chiefly from an example (No. 04288) from Hilo.

Color in life (No. 122 (l. I*. J.), pinkish shades on white ground-color; numerous horizontal
brown stripes crowded together along top of head and back; a brown stripe from angle of mouth to
angle of preopercle; chin and throat white, covered with red spots; colors of body posteriorly gradually
give way to yellow, which becomes bright yellow on caudal fin; a black blotch at base of posterior
part, of soft dorsal extending on caudal peduncle; a black spot nearly as large as eye on first dorsal
between first and third spines; iris black, with red inner margin; tips of dorsal spines yellow, the soft
dorsal and anal bright yellow; pectoral rosy; centrals white, with rosy and yellow shadings.

Specimen No. 02976 in life had upper half of head and anterior portion of upper part of side dull
rose; side mostly dirty yellowish, with about 10 pale bands made by pale areas on centers of scales;
caudal peduncle fading gradually into rosy anteriorly; a broad dark reddish band from snout through
eye to gill-opening, below this pale rosy, with small blotches of brown and pale red; a bluish wash from
angle of mouth to gill-opening; lower jaw and throat pale rosy; a large deep black blotch on side under
last dorsal rays, connecting with its fellow across caudal peduncle; spinous dorsal with rosy spines,
membranes bluish-black, and a large blue-black blotch on membrane between second and third spines;
soft dorsal bright yellow; caudal and anal bright yellow, the latter somewhat smoky anteriorly; pec¬
toral rosy; ventrals pale bluish, rosy on margin.

Specimen No. 02977 was in life dark purplish reel, becoming ashy below; upper parts of head rosy;
cheek ashy, washed with rosy; 2 or 3 obscure dark blotches on preorbital; a dark postocular bar ending
in a rather distinct. opercular spot; 2 or 3 black blotches at angle of preopercle; subopercle also with
several black blotches; lower jaw bluish gray, blotched with rosy and dusky; a very pale reddish
blotch under last rays of soft dorsal, in center of which is a black spot covering 1 scale; spinous dorsal
bluish gray, a large black blotch on membrane between second and third spines; soft dorsal pale red
with a yellow border, the last rays orange near tips, which are yellow, a more or less distinct patch of
pale pinkish brown below them; caudal pale rosy, membranes smoky blue, outer rays darker, and
with a narrow pale yellow border; anal very pale rosy, the border pale yellow, narrowly bordered with
bluish; pectoral rosy, base darkest; ventrals pale smoky bluish; iris red.

a Lepidoplois bilunulatus on plate.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

279

Another example in life was deep purple red, fading to livid purplish. Old examples were
distinctly striped, caudal dull purplish red, not yellow, besides pale blotch below dorsal.

Color in alcohol pale brown; back a little darker, lower surface whitish; head with dark-brown
lines above, lowest 2 broadest, running from snout to eye and back along side of head; streak from
corner of mouth and several spots at same place dark brown; narrow brown lines along back and
broader ones on side; a black blotch on spinous dorsal in front between second and third spines; a
large black blotch below last dorsal rays on back; fins all pale or whitish, except ventrals, which
are grayish in middle.

We have several small examples (the smallest 4.2 inches in length) which are marked exactly
like the adults.

This species is very common about Hawaii, appearing daily in the markets. Our collections
contain 33 examples (31 from Honolulu ami 2 from Ililo), 4.4 to 14 inches in length. Specimens
were obtained at Honolulu also by Dr. Jenkins, the Fur Seal Commission, and by the Albatross.

Cossi/phus aUiotamiatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. l’oiss., XIII, 111, 1839, Sandwich Islands; Giinther, Cat., IV,
105, 1862 (Sandwich Islands).

Cossup/ms bilumdatus, Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, 240, pi. CXXX, 1861 (Sandwich Islands); in part.

Labvoides dimidiatus, Giinther, Siidsee, 213, 1881 (Sandwich Islands).

Harpe bUunulata, Smith & Swain, Proe. U. S. Nat. M us., V, 1882, 137 (Johnston Island); Steindachner, Don ks, Ak. Wiss.
Wien, LXX. 1900, 503 (Honolulu).

Lcpidoplois'-' bilumdatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 158 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu).

218. Lepidaplois modestus (Garrett). Fig. 119.

Head nearly 4 in total length; depth 4; eye nearly 6 in head; scales ?-33-12; Br. fi; D. ,\n, 10;
A. in, 12; V. i, 5; I’. 17; C. 2, 1, B, 6, 1, 2. Head presents a slight concave depression above eyes;
preopercular serrations very small; eves subcircular; maxillary reaching to center of eye; scales of
lateral line slightly branched.

Dorsal fin extends over a base equal to half length of fish without caudal, base of soft portion

Fig. 119. — Lepidaplois modestus (Garrett); alter Guenther.

slightly less than one-third the fin; anal nearly half as long as dorsal, its posterior base slight! v
posterior to dorsal; ventrals nearly reaching anal; edges of caudal fin pointed and prolonged.

Color, purplish brown, passing into bluish gray beneath, and obsolete!)- lineated longitudinally
with darker; a large oblong pale diffuse spot beneath the posterior end of the dorsal fin, which is
directed obliquely downward and forward; irides silvery, tinged with yellow; dorsal fin pale grayish,
marked anteriorly with a large diffuse bluish-black spot, its soft portion tinged with reddish and
margined above with yellow; anal, ventral, and caudal bluish gray, the former posteriorly tinged
with faded red and edged with yellow; pectorals nearly colorless. (Garrett.)

Crenilabrus modestus Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., in, 1863-1868 (Jan., 1864), 106, Sandwich Islands.

Cossyphus modestus, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 241, taf. 129, fig. B. 1881 (Honolulu).

Misprinted Lepidoplois.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

280

219. Lepidaplois strophodes .Ionian & Kvermann. "A’awn." Plata XXIII

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.75; eye 4.65 in head; snout 3.25; mouth 3.1; interorbital 4; D. xn,
10; A. iii, 12; scales 7-34-13.

Body oblong, compressed; head longer than deep; upper and lower profiles evenly and slightly
convex; snout long, pointed, rounded above; jaws produced, pointed, about equal; mouth large,
maxillary reaching beyond front of eye; teeth strong, forming a sharp cutting edge on sides of jaws,
front of each jaw with 4 large canines; eye rather large, anterior, high in head; posterior margin of
preopercle very finely emarginate; interorbital space rather broad, convex; nostrils small, anterior in
short tube; dorsal spines pungent, longest 3 in head, last 3.5; third anal spine longest, 2.8; third anal
ray 1.9 in head; pectoral rounded, 1.7; ventrals pointed, 1.4; caudal broad at base, truncate; caudal
peduncle broad, compressed, its depth 2; scales large, thin, those on front of dorsal, along its base and
that of anal, small; lateral line concurrent with back, sloping down at caudal, then running straight
to its base.

Color in life, pale rosy white; upper parts of the snout., nape, and side to base of about ninth
dorsal spine, lemon-yellow, extending down on side to level of upper edge of pupil; side of head
very pale rosy, 2 irregular broken lines of wine-colored spots across snout and through eye to
posterior edge of operele, a similar row of 4 oblong spots from angle of mouth downward and
backward to edge of operele; cheek and side of lower jaw with numerous small irregularly placed
orange spots; side with about 16 brighter rosy longitudinal lines, those above less distinct on
account of the deeper rosy ground color, those below more distinct, the ground color being more
white; side between anal and soft dorsal fins with a broad sooty black spot extending irregularly
upon both fins and fading out upon body anteriorly, the posterior edge being nearly vertical and
well defined; caudal peduncle and base of the caudal fin whitish, with a slight tinge of rosy, a pale
rosy band separating this from the black lateral area; region in front and below the pectoral with
about 4 series of small reddish-brown spots; pectoral region and the under parts somewhat bluish;
dorsal fin rich lemon-yellow, the tips of the soft rays whitish, and a small, round, black spot on
middle of membrane of second spine; base of soft rays and last dorsal spines rosy from intrusion
of the rosy wash on side of body; last dorsal rays sooty black at the base from extension of the
Jrlack spot on the side; caudal pale lemon-yellow; anal pale rosy in center, lemon on spines and
along tip of fin, base of fin sooty black from intrusion of black spot on side of the body, the black
extending farthest down on the interradial membranes; pectoral very pale rosy; ventrals pale rosy,
the membranes bluish, the tip of second ray blackish.

Color in alcohol (field No. 1)4291), gray-brown, gradually darker posteriorly; space between soft
dorsal and anal abruptly black, the color extending forward in darker streaks along the rows of scales
and forming a large black blotch on soft dorsal and anal; top of head and space before dorsal abruptly
pale; posterior part of caudal peduncle also abruptly pale; a black blotch on dorsal lietween second
and third spines, not involving third and fourth, as in L. bilunulalus; dorsal and caudal otherwise
pale; a pale blotch at base of posterior dorsal rays; side with narrow dark brown longitudinal lines,
coalescing posteriorly with the black blotch; 2 narrow brown streaks from lip to front of eye, then
hack across side, of head above, edged with narrow, darker, wavy lines; a wavy streak from corner
of mouth toward base of pectoral; lower side of head with small brown spots or blotches; ventral fin
mostly dusky.

This species is very close to Li /lidaplois bilunulalus , differing chiefly in the dark zone on posterior
part of body and in the smaller size of the dorsal spot. Our specimens are all young, but we have the
young of L. bUunulatus scarcely larger and showing the markings of the adult.

Our collection contains 5 specimens 3.75 to 4.7 inches long, all from Honolulu.

L( pi dap lois « strophodes Jordan A: Kvormann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April II. 1903), 190, Honolulu. (Type,
No. 60672, U. S. N. M.)

Genus 148. VERRICULUS Jordan & Evermann.

Body elongate, subfusiform, compressed, with rather long pointed snout; mouth rather large, with
anterior canines strong, ] to ;t; posterior canines present; lateral teeth short, confluent in a serrated
cutting edge; cheeks and opercles scaly; preopercle entire, both limbs more or less scaly; scales mod-

By typographic error spelled Lepidoplois.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

28]

erate, about 40 in lateral line; lateral line continuous; D. xn, 10; A. iii, 10; dorsal spines low, pungent ;
soft dorsal and anal not elevated, their bases without scales; caudal siibtruneate; pectoral short. This
genus is allied to Verreo and Xesiohs. From its nearest relative, Xexioles, it differs in the presence of a
posterior canine tooth. The single species is brilliantly colored. •

Vcrricutux Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 191 (mniiuineus).

220. Verriculus sanguineus. Jordan A Evermann. Plate XXV.

Head 2.9 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3.1; mouth 2.8; interorbital 4.75; D. xn, 10;
A. in, 12; scales 5-40-13.

Body elongate, compressed oblong; head long, pointed, conic, its depth 1.7 in its length; eye
small, its posterior margin in middle of length of head; snout long, pointed, rounded; jaws produced,
equal; mouth large, nearly horizontal, corner reaching below front rim of eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth
strong, those on sides short, close-set, forming a sharp cutting edge on side of jaw; 5 canines in front
of upper jaw, 4 in front of lower, a posterior canine on each side of upper jaw; tongue long, pointed,
free in front; preopercle not serrate; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils small, anterior in short
tube; dorsal spines strong, sharp-pointed, longest in middle and posteriorly; last dorsal spine 4 in head;
anal spines strong, last spine longest, 3.75; seventh anal ray 3; caudal rounded; dorsal and anal fins
scaled at base; pectoral rounded, 1.9 in head; ventrals short, spine strong, pointed, two-thirds longest
ray, which is 2 in head; caudal peduncle broad, deep, 2.2 in head; scales small, thin, cycloid; head
with very small thin cycloid scales on occiput, cheek, greater part of opercle, behind eye, and on
opereles, otherwise naked; lateral line slightly curved in front, then obliquely down to base of caudal.

Color in life, deep red, edge, of upper jaw and lower lip golden; a long stripe below eye pure
golden; a long stripe from eye along back to base of caudal golden, with a red shade, a vertical black
bar edged with golden above, on opercular region; a long blackish area covering it from eye to above
pectoral, with some blackish before, behind, and above; a black spot at base of caudal; dorsal and
caudal golden, first dorsal edged with violet and with the lower half violet; anal entirely deep blood-
red; ventrals golden; pectoral reddish, golden at base.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown; a dusky baud from snout across back of head and on side,
fading out indistinctly posteriorly; a blackish spot at middle of base of caudal; opercle posteriorly
with black vertical blotch; fins all pale or light brown.

Described from the type, No. 50677, U. S. N. M. (field No. 03489), an example 7.5 im-lies long,
taken at Hilo with hook and line, in deep water with Etelis eviirus, Etelixrux marshi, Erythrichlhi/x
xcklegeli , Intit/onia xteindachneri, and AtUhias fuxcipmnix. < )nly the type thus far known.

1 r>ric>Uux saw/ii incus Jordan ,v Evermann, Bull. P. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 191. Hilo.

Genus 149. VEKREO Jordan & Snyder.

This genus differs from IjepidapUnt in having the teeth in 2 series, the outer ones canine-like,
growing smaller posteriorly, the inner ones coalesced into a narrow, blunt-edged plate; a large straight
posterior canine projecting forward from hinder part of upper jaw. Large fishes, similar in appear¬
ance to ix’pidaplois.

1 'rrn o Jordan & Snyder, IJroc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 619 (oxyccphalus) .

221. Verreo oxycephalus (Bleeker). Fig. 120.

Head 2.9 in length; depth 3.35; eye 7 in head; snout 2; mouth 3.75; interorbital 4.1; 1). xn, 11;
A. iii, 12; scales 6-35-13.

Body elongate, compressed, oblong; head elongate, compressed, pointed, its depth 1.5 in its length;
snout and jaws produced, pointed, the latter about equal; lips very thick, broad, fleshy, plicate;
maxillary not reaching anterior rim of orbit; nostrils small, close together, anterior in very short
tube; mouth rather large, nearly horizontal; teeth in 2 series in jaws, the outer canine-like growing
smaller posteriorly, the inner coalesced into a narrow blunt-edged plate; 2 enlarged canines in front
of each jaw, those in lower with 2 small teeth between them at symphysis; posterior margin of
preopercle very finely serrate; a posterior canine; interorbital width broad, slightly convex; gill¬
opening large; gillrakers short, thick, conic; dorsal spines strong, thick, pointed, the membranes

282

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

deeply incised between; seventh spine longest, 3.4 in head; seventh dorsal ray longest, 2.3; anal
spines stout, strong, third longest, 2.75; ninth anal ray longest, 3; pectoral rather short, broad,
rounded, 1.9; ventral spine strong, 3.4 in head, fin 2; depth of caudal peduncle 2.75; scales large,
thin, cycloid; lateral line concurrent with back, running along to base of caudal; head with small
scales on top, on cheeks, and on opereles, otherwise naked.

Color in life, 2 straight longitudinal stripes from eye, lower one continuous' to root of caudal,
but becoming somewhat faint at places, the upper breaking dp into 3 elongated blotches over the
lateral line; 5 red blotches on back, first 2 under spinous dorsal, third under anterior part of soft dor¬
sal, fourth at posterior end of soft dorsal, fifth forming a saddle above end of tail; ground color above
lateral line faintly pinkish; 4 faint reddish streaks from nape to caudal, the upper 2 running through
the red blotches on back; body below dirty white with a purplish tinge; 13 faint, dirty reddish-yellow
stripes from axil and throat to caudal, the uj permost running together at a point above vent, the 5
lowermost ones terminating at base of anal, fourth and fifth from above border red stripe; head and
snout faint reddish; a cluster of yellowish spots on a red ground on interorbital; a yellow patch on
each scale on head, except those on subopercle; cheek and jaw paler; frenum and throat faintly pur¬
plish; a jet-black blotch covering the lower half of sixth to ninth spinous dorsal membranes; a small
blotch at root of tenth spine; anterior half of soft dorsal yellow, reddish at root and tip, membrane of
posterior half pale, rays orange, lower half of last 4 red; caudal yellow, middle of membrane and rays

reddish orange, edges reddish, a red spot at upper and lower base, of tin; a small red blotch at ventral
side of tail, another above posterior end of anal; anal spines and membranes faintly purplish; soft
anal yellow, root and margin reddish, tip white, faint purplish streaks on membrane; ventral pale,
faintly tinged with purple, spine tinged with red; membrane of pectoral very faintly purplish, rays
faint orange, root reddish, axil faintly purplish, a reddish yellow bar at base of fin; the outer edge of
iris red, inner yellowish.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown with longitudinal pale lines; basal portion of dorsal tin from
sixth to tenth spines black.

Described from one example (No. 04134) from Kailua, which agrees fairly well with specimens
from Japan described and figured by Jordan and Snyder ( 1’roc. II. S. Nat. JMus. 1902, 019), and doubtless
belongs to the same species. The identity of the Australian jug-fish (Verrco uuimaculalm) with this
species is not proved, but it is not unlikely. Apparently the species is subject to considerable
variation in the number and position of the pinkish spots.

Cossjfojfhux nxycephalus Bleeker, Notices, Ichth. Vers. K. Ak. Weten. Natur. Amstcrcl.. XIV. 1862, 129, specimen in Museum
of Leyden, supposed to be from Japan; Giinther, Cat., IN’, 109, 1862 (Australia).
f Co&fyphus unimaculatus Maeleay, Fishes Australia, Proc. Linmean Soc. N. 8. Wales, VI, 77. 1881. Port Jackson.

Cossyphus unimaculatus, Steindachner & Dbderlein, Fische Japans, in Dunks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LIII, 1887. 271 (Tokyo);

Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 20, 1893 (Tokyo; perhaps not of Gunther).

Dia&todon unimaculatus, Jordan Snyder, Proe. V. S. Nat. Mus., XXIII, 1901 (December 10, 1900), 359 (Tokyo).

Verreo oxycephalus, Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 619, fig. 3 (Tokyo).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

283

Genus 150. STETHOJULIS Gunther.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, 25 to 30 in lateral line, those of the thorax
enlarged, larger than those of rest of body; head scaleless; lateral line not interrupted; mouth small;
canines small, close set, those of upper jaw very short, those of lower jaw forming a cutting edge; large
posterior canines present; tins low; D. i x, 11; A. in, 11, the spines short and pungent. Small fishes
of the coral reefs allied to H alichoeres, but the anterior canines much less developed and the posterior
canine wanting. Coloration always exquisite.

ShilwjuUs Gunther, Cut., It', 110, 18011 (strir/ircntcr).

a. Side without longitudinal stripes; olivaceous, thickly covered with small bright green dots . axillaris, p. 283

aa. Side With 4 longitudinal blue-red stripes; upper half of side grayish olive, lower half grayish white with purplish
wash . alboviltala, p. 284

222. Stethojulis axillaris (Quoy & Gaimard). “ Omaha.” Fig. 121.

Head 3 in length; depth 3.2; eye 5.4 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 5; interorbital 5; 1>. ix, 11:
A. in, 11; seales 3-26-8.

Body rather short, deep and moderately compressed; head longer than deep and pointed; snout
sharp pointed; jaws each with a series of elose-set bluntly conic teeth; no enlarged anterior canines,
posterior canine not developed in any specimen examined; preorbital oblique; opercle ending in a
broad thin flap; eye small, the lower edge of orbit in axis of body; dorsal and ventral outlines about
equally curved ; caudal peduncle moderate, its depth about 2.2 in head; fins moderate; dorsal spines
short, the rays slightly longer; caudal slightly rounded; ventrals short; pectoral longer, 1.5 in head;

Fig. 121. — Slrtliojulis axillaris (Quoy A Gaimaril); after Gunther.

scales large, those on breast and nape not reduced in size; head entirely naked; lateral line complete,
curving downward; 3 rows of scales under posterior portion of dorsal.

Color in life of example (No. 03441) taken in coral rocks, olive, with irregular white areas irregu¬
larly placed over body; dorsal and anal fins golden with series of pink dots on rays; on one side of caudal
peduncle 2, on other side 3 black spots; black spot with yellow margin at bases of last 2 rays of soft
dorsal, similar one in same position on anal; golden spot just above axil of pectoral; yellow from tip
of snout following horizontal straight line backward just below eve to preopercle; yellow below this
line to ventral aspect of head, fading to a light color in alcohol.

A young example 2.5 inches long when fresh, clear olive-green, sanded above with very faint gray
points; lower half of head from snout abruptly golden, the upper lip orange; axil orange; a black streak
across base of pectoral; 3 indigo-blue spots bordered with paler blue on caudal peduncle, the middle
one largest, the third not ocellate and above median line; dorsal orange, finely barred with darker and
with olive at base, its edge whitish; anal orange with whitish edge, obscurely green at base; a large
ocellus on last rays of dorsal and anal; caudal plain reddish; pectoral and ventrals greenish gray.

Example No. 3077, somewhat faded; back greenish brown with very line white sand-like specks;
head violet brown, dotted above; belly and lower half of side abruptly purplish red, with traces of 4
red streaks along rows of scales; 2 very small black ocelli surrounded with blue on tail, the second

284

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

larger, both on lateral line; a large yellowish white spot in axil of pectoral, base blackish; dorsal brown,
everywhere finely speckled, edge darker; caudal plain dusky; anal same color, yellowish at base; cen¬
trals dirty white; pectoral pale.

Another example, in life was olivaceous, thickly covered with very small bright green dots; throat
and belly greenish silvery; base and axil of pectoral with brown spot; a bright orange spot just above
pectoral, fading to white in alcohol; 2 or 3 small black spots on lateral line on posterior part of caudal
peduncle, the last, if present, on base of caudal fin; dorsal tin olivaceous, with brownish spots, a black
spot at the base of last 2 rays; anal olivaceous, the base green.

In alcohol the small green specks become white. In the very young there is a small black spot
on the last raj s of anal; spots on caudal peduncle almost invariably 3 or 4, the black dorsal spot
nearly always present; in examples a little larger the anal spot has disappeared and the number on
the caudal peduncle is reduced to 2, rarely 3; in still larger examples the spots on caudal peduncle are
reduced to 1 or 2; the anal spot is absent, and that on the dorsal is usually absent. In young examples
the yellow or white axillary spot is not evident. Our collection contains a good series of specimens
exhibiting these characters, and consists of a fine series of 64 specimens, one-half to 4.7 inches long, 18
from Hilo, the others from Honolulu. Of the latter, 3 were secured by Dr. Wood and 14 by Dr.
Jenkins. Specimens were also obtained by the . I /Wros* at Honolulu, Puako Bay and Hilo, Hawaii;
off the southern coast of Molokai at stations 3829, 3834, and 3837 in 20, 8, and 13 fathoms, respectively.
This species, originally described from Maui, is known also from Pelevv, Solomon, Fiji, Navigator,
Society, New Hebrides, Pdnape, and Bandao islands. Individuals were frequently attracted by an
electric light of the Albatross hung just below the surface of the water.

Julis axillaris Quny .V Gdimard, Voyage de l’Uranie, Zoo!., 272, 1824. Maui, Hawaiian Inlands.

Strlhoju/is axillaris. Streets, Bull. U. s. Nat. Mils., No. 7, 65, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, VII, 251, Tat.
cxxxvi, Fig. 0, 1881 (Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Fhila. 12.10, .508 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 459 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Hawaiian
Islands).

223. Stethojulis albovittata (Kbl renter). Plate XXVI.

Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 6 in head; snout 2.7; premaxillary 4; interorbital 4; D. ix, 11;
A. hi, 11; scales 4-27-9.

Body rather short, stout and moderately compressed; head longer than deep; snout moderately
long, conic; dorsal profile rising in a regular gentle curve from tip of snout to caudal peduncle; ven¬
tral outline somewhat less convex; mouth small, each jaw with a series of close-set, bluntly conic
teeth, decreasing regularly in size posteriorly; no canines; eye small, slightly anterior, lower border of
orbit in line with axis of body; interorbital space rather broad, gently convex; caudal peduncle not
deep, its depth equal to snout; lower posterior edge of operele very oblique, extending upward and
backward; opercular flap high, broadly rounded; scales large, those on breast and nape not reduced;
a series of smaller scales at base of dorsal and anal and on base of caudal; lateral line complete, follow¬
ing curvature of back to middle of soft dorsal, where it curves downward 3 scales and continues to base
of caudal; fins low, longest spines of dorsal about 2 in snout ; dorsal rays a little longer; anal similar to
soft dorsal; caudal slightly rounded; ventrals short, reaching halfway to origin of anal, their length
less than snout; pectoral longer, 1.4 in head, reaching base of anal.

Color in life, upper half of side grayish olive, lower grayish white with purplish wash; a purplish
blue-red line along body at base of dorsal, beginning on snout, curving downward to include upper
margin of eye, then upward to occiput, thence along base of dorsal to last dorsal ray; a similar line
front eye backward under lateral line to vertical from base of third dorsal spine; a third from snout
under eye to middle of base of caudal, curving upward over base of pectoral and then broadly down
on middle of side; a fourth beginning on lower jaw, curving upward across cheek, then running
upward and backward on shoulder-girdle, passing over base of pectoral, thence parallel with third line
to base of caudal; these lines at first bright purple-red but soon fading to white; dorsal pale orange,
slightly dusky along border; caudal orange, dusky at base and along margins; anal pale bluish;
pectoral pale yellow at base, dusky toward tip; ventrals smoky; iris yellow.

Color in alcohol* bluish purple above, paler below; a narrow white line from tip of snout to base
of caudal; below this a similar line beginning on lower jaw, curving upward across cheek to edge of
operele, then ascending margin of shoulder-girdle to base of pectoral, then across base of pectoral and

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

285

along, lower part .of side to lower base of caudal fin; a similar line backward from eye under lateral
line, ceasing above pectoral, another from forehead across upper edge of eye, crossing upward to nape,
thence along base of dorsal to caudal peduncle; side of head washed with bluish, the under pari with
bluish and Clnnese white; breast pale bluish with brighter bluish spots; tins all pale or dusky white.

Above description based upon a specimen (No. 05718) 4.6 inches long, obtained at Honolulu;
life color taken from specimen (No. 03031) 4.25 inches long, obtained at Honolulu, June 7. Our
collection contains one other specimen (No. 03231) 4.1 inches long, obtained at the same time and
place. In addition to these, we have examined 21 specimens collected by Dr. Jenkins, and others
obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu, where the fish appears to be common. The length varies from
4 to 5 inches.

Original type locality unknown. The species has been recorded from Maui and Honolulu.

Labrits albovillatus Kolreuter, Nov. Comm. Detrop., IX, 458; Bonnaterre, Ichthyol.. 10S, pi. 98, tig. 399, 1788. locality
unknown.

.Itilis built ulii . tpioy A I Illimani, Voyage de II railie, Zool.. 307, pi. .">( fig. 1, 1834. Maui, Hawaiian Islands.
Stelhojuliisalboxiltata, Gunther, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, lstil, 388; Gunther, F'ische dersiidsee, VII. 38., Taf. t xu, Fig. B.
1881 (Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, I>enks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 504 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila. 1900, 508 (Hawaiian Islands); Jenkins. Bull. U. s. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 459 (Hono
lulu): Snyder, op. fit. (Jan. 19, 1904) 528 (Honolulu).

Genus 151. HALICHCERES Ruppell.

Body oblong, compressed, not elevated, covered with large scales, 25 to 30 in the lateral line,
which is not interrupted, hut bent abruptly behind; scales on breast a little smaller; head scaleless,
compressed conic; preopercle entire; teeth large, 2 to 4 strong canines in front of each jaw, a posterior
canine tooth; lin rays usually D. i.v, 11; A. m, 11; tins low; caudal lunate, truncate or rounded;
ventrals inserted under axil of pectoral; gillrakers short and feeble; gill-membranes slightly joint d
to the narrow isthmus; no scaly sheath at base of dorsal; vertebral 10 + 15 = 25. Species
numerous, of rather small size and gay coloration, the typical species (with canines j) all belonging
to the East Indies and Polynesia, those with canines § (Ichtliy callus) being all American.

Halichivrcs Ruppell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 10, 17 1837 (bmaculatus) : not Halich&ms Nilsson, 1820, u genus of seals.
IrlU/iyctoUus Swoinson, Nat. Hist, Class. Fishes, II, 232, 1839 (I limidiatus ).

Chpsrttjulis Gill, Prov. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1802, 142 (substitute for Ilaliclueres, regarded as preoccupied).

Ptirajniis Bleeker, Enum. Poiss. de Japan, in Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet.. XVIII, 1879, 5 (if itiecilopierus ); no definition,

Indio Jordan & Everraanti, Cheek List Am. Fishes, 412, 1890 (nuliatiis) .

a. Side brick-red, with about 6 series of green spots; belly pale blue . . . lao, p. 285

aa Each scale with a dark red crescent spot, convex anteriorly, bordered posteriorly with blue . ornalissiintts p. 3s, ,

224. Halichceres lao Jenkins. “Lao.” Fig. 122.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 3.4; eye 5.5 in head; snout 3; preorbital 5; interorbital 4.25; D. ix, 12;
A. m, 12; scales 4-28-8.

Body short, slender and greatly compressed; dorsal outline rather straight from tip of snout to
occiput, thence gently arched in a long curve to base of caudal; ventral outline a longer lower curve;
head small, much longer than deep; snout long, sharply conic, jaws each with a pair of strong canine
teeth anteriorly, and a row of close-set shorter teeth on the sides; eye small, lower edge of orbit on
axis of body; interorbital convex, the nape trenchant; caudal peduncle moderately deep, 2 in head;
preorbital oblique; preopercle and opercle smooth, the latter ending in a long pointed flap ; scales
large, thin, their edges soft, surface delicately striate; scales on breast and nape much reduced; head
entirely naked; lateral line complete, following curvature of back for 20 scales, then descending 3 rows
and continuing to base of caudal; spinous dorsal low, its spines weak, about equal to snout, dorsal rays
somewhat longer and about equal to distance from tip of snout, to posterior edge of pupil; anal similar
to soft dorsal; caudal slightly rounded, the outer rays slightly produced; ventrals long, the outer rays
produced, reaching vent, 1.6 in head; pectoral small, slender, as long as ventrals.

Color of a fresh example, side brick -red, with about 6 series of green spots, the upper 3 brightest;
belly pale blue; the upper blue stripe continued anteriorly, running across humeral region and above
eye to just above nostril, a broad green stripe across operclesand below eye to mouth, this narrowly
bordered by blue, and on anterior part of opercle, broadening and running downward, somewhat

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISII COMMISSION.

28<i

yellowish and bordered by blue; opercular flap green, purplish above; an oblong triangular purple
area bordered anteriorly by blue, below opercular flap; a broad, oblong purple spot on lower part of
cheek from lower jaw to posterior edge of preopercle; a broad, brick-red stripe from eye to upper lip,
where it is broken by blue, then ending in a red spot on upper lip; above this is a narrow green
stripe, then a broader brick-red one, connecting with this a broad brick-red stripe running across head
and along side at base of dorsal; median line of head with a narrow green stripe, bluish on snout;
chin, throat and belly pale 1 due, some rosy at base of ventrals; a blood-red crescent in front of pectoral,
with a rosy wash in front and on side behind it; dorsal with a series of round bright green spots along
base; separated by reddish brown connecting with a broad median band of dark reddish brown, above
which is a narrow bright olive-green stripe, then a broader deep-red stripe, the extreme edge of the
fin whitish blue; a black or dusky spot on membrane between first and second spines, a similar but
larger black spot on membrane between second and third rays; anal brownish red at base, then a
narrower greenish-yellow band with zig-zag upper edge, next a broad brownish-red band narrowly
bordered with white; caudal brownish red, crossed by 3 irregular series of green spots, bordered by
blue, the posterior series yellowish green, bordered by bluish white, the fin tipped with bluish white;
pectoral pale rosy, greenish yellow at base; ventrals bright green, dusky on outer ray; iris pale blue.

Color in alcohol, pale dusky greenish, paler below, the green stripes on head faded to brownish
green, the purplish and red stripes now pale green : dorsal and anal purplish and bluish green; dark
spot on first dorsal membranes and a larger one between second and third rays; dark spot on last dor¬
sal rays obscure; base of caudal blue green, the tip whitish, with a thin subterrninat black line; a small
black post ocular spot.

The above description is based upon a single specimen (Xo. 03314) 5 inches long, obtained by us
at Honolulu, June 13. Two specimens were obtained by Dr. Jenkins, 3.8, and 4.25 inches long.

Halichwrcs lew Jenkins. Bull. U. K. Fish Comm., XIX. 1S99 (Aug. 30, 1900), 4 S, li^. 3, Honolulu (type. No. 6132, L. S. .Ir. Uuiv.

Mus., coll. O. P. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 460.

225. Halichoeres ornatissimus (Garrett). “ Ohun paaweln .” Fig. 123.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3. 1G; eye 5 in head; snout 3.2; preorbital 4.9; interorbital 4.1; D. ix,
12; A. in, 12 or 1 1 ; scales 4-27-8.

Body elliptical, compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved; head longer
than deep; mouth small, each jaw with 2 strong canines in front, followed by a series of smaller conic
teeth laterally; a strong posterior canine on each side in upper jaw ; eye small, its lower edge on axis
of body; opercular flap long and narrow!} rounded; caudal peduncle compressed; its depth at middle

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

287

2 in head; vertical fins high; dorsal spines about 2.5 in head, the rays a little longer, about 1.8 in
head; anal similar to soft dorsal but somewhat lower, the rays 2.4 in head; caudal slightly rounded,
the rays 1.5 in head; ventral long, t lie outer ray produced, nearly reaching origin of anal, 1.4 in head;
pectoral moderate, reaching vertical at vent, 1.4 in head; scales large, their edges soft, the surface
finely striate, scales of nape and breast much reduced; head naked; lateral line complete, following
contour of hack to line of fourth dorsal ray from last, where it curves downward 3 rows of scales and
continues to base of caudal; pores of lateral line with 3 to 7 or 8 branches.

Color in life, each scale with a dark red crescent spot, convex anteriorly, bordered posteriorly
with blue; head bright red, with a bright green stripe on median line from snout to base of caudal,
another of same color along upper margin of eye on to the body, where it continues more or less dis¬
tinctly just above lateral line about half length of body; a narrow green line from snout to middle of
anterior margin of eye; a bright green stripe from near angle of mouth along lower margin of lower
limb of preopercle and on subopercle and opercle, this green gradually shading into blue on throat and
belly; a black spot behind eye surrounded by bright green, with red spots in some specimens; dorsal
fin dark red, with a row of dark green oblong spots on proximal border, one spot on each interspinous

Fin. 123. — llalicluvrc* nmatissimus (Garrett). Type of If. iridescen# Jenkins.

membrane, a green longitudinal band on outer portion, with a very narrow outer margin of light blue;
a black spot on membrane between first and second spines; in one example a double blotch between
first and third soft rays, and a median row of green spots, the detail of markings of this fin varying in
each specimen examined; anal dark red with a green band along central portion, outer margin with
narrow blue line; caudal dark red, with across band of bluish green at the base, and 2 or 3 other
cross bands often broken up into spots of green with orange centers; ventrals blue with a dark line on
anterior portion; pectoral pale red, with base and axil bright green.

A very brilliant little fish taken from the coral reefs, apparently not very common. It was not
obtained by us and is known only from the 3 examples collected by Dr. Jenkins in 1889, the earlier
description of Garrett, and from examples taken at Honolulu by the Albatross. These specimens vary
in length from 5 to 6 inches.

Jitliti ttriwtisitiiiius Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci.. Ill, 1SG3, 63, Hawaii.

Hat i chirr* a iriilesmis Jenkins, Bull. !T. S. Fisll Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 47, fig. 2, Honolulu (type, No.6131, L. S
Jr. Unix. Mus., coll. O. 1*. Jenkins) : Jenkins, op. eit.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 460.

Halicha res ornatissim m, Snyder, op. cit.. XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu).

288

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 152 MACROPHARYNGODON Bleeker.

This genus is allied to Ilalirharca, differing in the deeper body and in the presence of hut few
large pharyngeal teeth. Coloration very brilliant and varied. Coral reefs of the Tropics.

Macrnpharyngodun Bleeker. (\msp. Gen. Labroids, in Verst. Kon. Ale. Wet.. XI It. 1862, 100, ‘iso (Julia groffvoyi): Bleeker.

Atlas, l, 129, 1862.

226. Macropharyngodon geoffroy (Quoy & Gaimard). “H'malrn nki-lolo.” Fig. 124.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.6; eye 4.6 in head; snout 3.1; preorbital 4.75; interorbital 4; [>. tv,
11; A . in, 11; scales 3—28—10.

Body short, deep and compressed; head short and blunt; snout short, conic; mouth small, hori¬
zontal, 4 front teeth in each jaw strong, the second on each sideof upper jaw turned backward; a prom¬
inent posterior canine on upper jaw near the angle, this sometimes duplicated; caudal peduncle deep,
2 in head; eye small, wholly above axis of body; interorbital space rounded ; opercular flap rather long
and rounded; fins well developed; origin of dorsal anterior to upper end of gill-opening, its distance
from tip of snout equal to length of head; dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length about 2.5 in head,
rays about equally high, outline of fin gently rounded; anal rounded, its origin under base of second

FfG. 124. — Mncrop/fari/iifiorirm qrnffroy (Quoy it Gaimarcl). Type < > f M. arjuilnlo Jenkins.

or third dorsal ray, its. height equaling that, of soft dorsal; caudal truncate or very slightly rounded;
outer rays of ventrals produced, reaching origin of anal, their length 1.4 in head; pectoral broad, the
upper rays somewhat lengthened, equal to length of ventrals; scales large and firm, the surfaces finely
striate; head entirely naked ; nape naked; scales of breast scarcely reduced; lateral line following curve
of back curving downward 5 rows of. scales under last, dorsal ray and continuing on 4 scales to base of
caudal, the tubes with 2 or 3 branches.

Color in life, olive, with broad stripes along the rows of scales, these made; up of a, large, bright
steel-blue spot on each scale and a black bar behind it, the spotssmaller, closer, and brighter on breast ;
head with many curved blue stripes, throat with similar ones; first 3 dorsal spines tipped with golden,
rest of dorsal, anal, caudal and ventrals golden olive with bluish-black edged ocelli; a narrow black
edge on dorsal, anal, and caudal, followed by a still narrower whitish one; pectoral light orange, its
base deep bluish.

Color in alcohol, grayish brown, sideof body with about 10 irregular pale stripes separated by
darker ones; cheek and operoles with narrow wavy brownish or bluish lines; breast and belly with

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

289

round bluish spots; dorsal brownish, with a median series of large round bluish spots, above which
is a similar series of smaller spots; base of membranes of anterior dorsal spines black, white at tip;
anal similar to soft dorsal, somewhat darker, a series of bint* spots along its base in addition to the
second series distal lv, edge of lin paler, narrowly tipped with dark; caudal grayish, with narrow,
vertical darker lines, the lin narrowly tipped with darker; ventrals whitish with 5 or 6 cross series of
bluish spots; pectoral pale.

We have examined 7 specimens of this species — one collected by us at Honolulu in 1901, 5 obtained
by Dr. Jenkins at tin* same place in 1889, and one sent us bv Mr. Berndt. They are 8.5 to 5.4 inches
in length and agree well with the original of M. geoffroy , which was described from Maui. Quoy &
Gaimard’s plate has the body and fins all blue; blue spots on all the (ins save pectoral; yellowish on
base of pectoral and tip of caudal; spots on ventrals distinct. The species is rare about the reefs. In
life it is Merv handsome.

Jul is gtoffroy Quoy & Gftimard, Voy. Frame, Zool., 270, pi. 5(J, tig. 3, 1824. Maui , Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Foiss.,
XIII, 479, 1X39 (Hawaiian Islands, Quoy A Gaimanl’s specimen); Bleekcr, Act. Soc. Sri. Indo-nederl., I, 1850, 58
(Mamuloen Makass).

.fulls meleogris Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., XIII, 4M. 1839. Ulea.

Macfoph anjngodmi gcoffroyi, Bleekcr, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1801, 412, and Atl. Ichth., 129, pi. 37, lig. 5, 1802; Jenkins, Bull. r. S.

Fish Cumin., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 400 (Honolulu).

Platyglossus geoffroy ii . Gunther, Cat., IV, 145, 1802 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Gunther's Sudsee.

Macropharyngodon aguiloto Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 I Aug. 30, 1900), 40, fig. l, Honolulu ( type. No. 0130.
L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils., coll. O. P. Jenkins).

Genus 153. GOMPHOSUS Lacepede.

Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with moderate-sized scales, 25 to, 30 in tin* lateral
line; lateral line not interrupted; head sealeless; snout abruptly produced, a long tube, which bears
the rather long jaws at the end; canines small; no posterior canine; gill -membrane attached to the
isthmus; D. vm, 13; A. in or 1 1, 11.

Small fishes of brilliant colors, allied to Tha/assniuu, but distinguished from all other Lubriihi by
the prolonged snout.

Goiuphosus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 100, 1802 (nrrulcus).

a. General body color brown, scales margined with darker -brown; vertical fins dark, the rays pale-tipped; caudal dark.

with pale border at end (in alcohol ); upper and lower rays of caudal little produced . ravins, p. 289

uu. General body color green and bluish, scales margined with blue, vertical fins pale; caudal pale, with upper and lower
rays dark, somewhat produced . . tricolor, p. 290

227. Gomphosus varius Lacepede. “ . I lilolo. ’ ’ Fig. 125.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 3.5; eye 10 in head; snout 1.8; mouth 4.5; interorbital 5.5; D. vm, 13;
A. ii, 11; scales 4-27-9.

Fig. 125. — Gomphosus varius Lacepede.

Body elongate, compressed, deepest about middle of pectoral; bead long, upper profile straight;
snout very long, upper jaw slightly the longer, and produced into a long beak, its depth equal to eye;
lips thick, fleshy; teeth strong, ends rounded, forming a cutting edge in sides of jaws; canines 2 in

F. C. B. 1903—19

290

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

front above, 4 on front of mandible, all conic; eye small, anterior margin behind middle of length
of head; margin of preopercle undulate; interorbital width broad, convex; nostrils small, posterior
nearly over front margin of eye; dorsal spines pungent, much lower than soft rays, the longest of
which is 3.75 in head; second anal spine longest, 3.6 in snout; longest anal ray 3.75 in head; caudal
obliquely truncate, the lowest rays the longest; pectoral 2 in head; ventrals small, 3.2; scales large,
cycloid; lateral line descending abruptly below posterior dorsal rays, tubes branched.

Color in alcohol, anterior half of body below white, shading into deep brown above pectoral; top
of head dusky; each scale on trunk with black median spot.; blackish streak in front of eye, 2 broken
blackish streaks from behind eye; dorsal, anal, and caudal blackish brown, former 2 tins narrowly
white, caudal broadly white; anal with median row of rounded pale spots; pectoral and ventrals pale
brownish, former with blackish spot at base above. Described from an example (No. 04276) taken at
Honolulu.

The species is rather common in the markets of Honolulu and Hilo, and is represented in our
collections by 27 specimens — 21 from Honolulu, 3 from Kailua, and 3 from Hilo. It is smaller than
G. tricolor, the length of our specimens ranging from 5 to 9.2 inches.

Gomphosus varius Lac£pMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111,104, pi. 5, fig. 2. 1801, Tahiti; Gunther, Cat., IV, 193, 1862 (Aneityum, Tahiti);
Ishikawa, Prel. Cat., 28, 1897 (Miyakoshima, Riukiu Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,
507 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 464 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 529 (Honolulu).

Gomphosus pectoralis Quay & Gnimard, Voyage de l'Uranie, Zool., 282, 1824, Maui, Hawaii; Day, Fish. Ind., 406, pi. 86, fig.

6, 1877 (Andamans); Bennett, Fish. Ceylon, 3, pi. in, 1830 (Ceylon; anal with a yellowish cross-band).

Gomphosus fuscus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 25, 1839. Maui; Brevoort. Exped. Japan, 272. 1856 i Lew
Chew).

Gomphosus mehmotus Bleeker, in Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind.. VIII, 1855, 457, Kokos, Atlas, I, 87, pi. xxi. fig. 3. 1862, Cocos;
Java; Gunther, Cat., IV, 193, 1862 (East Indies).

228. Gomphosus tricolor Quoy & Gaimard. “ Hinaled iiwi.” Plate XXXVI.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 3.8; eye 11 in head; snout 1.7; mouth 4.6; interorbital 6; D. vm, 13;
A. ii, 11; scales 4-27-9.

Body elongate, compressed, deepest, about base of pectoral; head long, upper profile straight;
snout very long, jaws equal, produced into a long beak, its depth equal to eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth
forming cutting edge in sides of jaws, 2 curved canines in front of upper jaw, 4 canines at front of
mandible; eye small, its anterior margin much nearer gill-opening than tip of snout; margin of pre¬
opercle undulate; interorbital width broad, convex; nostrils small, the posterior nearly over front rim
of orbit; dorsal spines pungent, the longest much shorter than longest ray, which is 4.8 in head; anal
spines pungent, second longest, 4.5 in snout; first anal ray 4.65 in head; caudal emarginate, lobes
pointed; pectoral 2.1 in head, reaching above origin of anal; ventrals short, 1.7 in pectoral, sharply
pointed; caudal peduncle deep, its depth 4 in head; scales large, cycloid; lateral line descending
abruptly below posterior dorsal rays, the tubes branched.

Color in life ( No. 03256), indigo-blue with a greenish shade becoming distinctly green on back and
belly; edge of each scale dull violet, the violet shades continuous on belly, but restricted on back to a
brownish-red spot on each side, the form and shade of violet markings varying considerably; head
green above, deep blue on cheeks and opercle, light, blue on jaws, indigo-blue at throat, otherwise
varying shades of greenish and dark purple; light-red streaks radiating from eve; a bright yellowish-
green bar behind gill-opening covering basal fourth of pectoral fin; a jet-black spot in this on base of
first rays of pectoral; dorsal reddish brown at base, then bright blue, the upper part golden green;
anal similar; caudal light bluish green, its scaly base dull violet; ventrals dull blue, other rays black;
pectoral golden green at base, otherwise pale violet washed with blackish above; iris green with a
scarlet ring. Another example was dark blue in life, with a golden-green patch behind pectoral; scales
of body each with a vertical bar of dull purplish red.

Color in alcohol, blackish shaded with deep blue-green; lips, dorsal, anal, median caudal rays,
and blotch above base of pectoral pale blue-green; pectoral blue-green basally; black spot at base of
upper caudal rays, outer portion of fin black.

Described from (No. 04192) an example from Iiilo. ( >ur collections contain 47 excellent speci¬
mens, varying in length from 5.75 to 12.5 inches — 39 from Honolulu, the others from Hilo. Of these,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

291

10 were collected by Dr. Jordan, 3 by the Albatross in 1896, and 4 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900.
Specimens were collected by the Albatross in 1902 at Honolulu and l’uako Bay, Hawaii.

This handsome species is common in the markets at Honolulu and Hilo, whither it is brought in
quantities from its native reefs.

Goinphosus tricolor Quoy & Guimard, Voyage de 1’lTranie, Zool., 280, pi. 55, fig. 2, 1824, Maui; Steindachner, Dents. At.
Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 506 (Honolulu); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phi la. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 464 (Honolulu i; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 529 (Honolulu;
Puako Bay, Hawaii).

Goinphosus cepedianus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, is, pi. 390, 1839, 1 Hawaiian and Caroline islands.
Goinphosus sandivicht usis, Gunther, Cat., IV. 194, 1862 (Sandwich Islands).

Genus 154. ANAMPSES Cuvier.

Body oblong, rather deep, compressed, covered with moderate or large scales (25 to 30 in the
lateral line, about 50 in subgenus A mpheces) lateral line continuous; head scaleless; preoperele entire;
teeth uniserial; 2 anterior canines in each jaw prominent, turned forward, compressed, with cutting
edges; no posterior canines; D. ix, 12; A. hi, 12. Species of rather large size and showy colors, of the
East Indies and Polynesia. The group is naturally divisible into 2 groups distinguished by the
size of the scales. The Japanese species constitute the subgenus or probably distinct genus Ampluns,
distinguished from Anampses by the small scales.

Anampses Cuvier, R£gne Auim., Ed. 1 1 , 259, 18-9 (Utrodnn; curia; the characters taken from the latter species; the
former perhaps a TiUipin. )

A mpheces Jordan & Snyder, Proc. V. s. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, 628 ( <jeo<jraphicus ).

a. Color in life, grayish olive, under parts brick red. About 13orl4 series of white spots and blotches forming siripcs from

head to tail . - . , . cuvier, p. 291

aa. Color in life, brownish red with more or less blue on each scale.

b. Each scale with a narrow, vertical blue line . evennanni, p. 293

bb. Bluish vertical lines on scales broader and more spot-like in the center, especially on caudal peduncle, where they
assume the form of oval spots. Side with about a dozen pale horizontal stripes, made up of the serii s of spots on
the rows of scales . godeffroiji, p. 294

229. Anampses cuvier Quoy & Gaimard. “Opule;” “ HUn." Fig. 126.

Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 8 in head; snout 3.1; preorbital 4.2; interorbital 4; I) ix, 12;
A. hi, 12, scales 4-28-9.

Body oblong, deep, and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex; head
short, snout obtusely conic, the anterior profile a little concave in front of eye; mouth small, 2 pairs
of flat projecting canines in the jaws anteriorly; eye small, entirely above axis of body; interorbital
high, convex, nape trenchant; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2 in head; tins moderate;
dorsal spines nearly as long as snout, rays somewhat longer, fully equaling snout; anal similar to soft
dorsal and equally high; caudal squarely truncate, rays 2 in head; ventrals short, not reaching vent,
2.4 in head; pectoral longer, 1.9 in head; scales large, deep, the edges soft; scales on nape and breast
much reduced; a row of small scales at base of dorsal and anal and some on base of caudal; lateral line
normal, following curvature of back until under base of third dorsal ray from last, where it curves
downward for 3 rows of scales and continues to base of caudal; head entirely naked.

Color in life, grayish olive, under parts brick-red; edges of scales somewhat darker; back along
base of dorsal fin with numerous, irregularly arranged, small round white spots; below these about 13
or 14 series of larger roundish white spots, with smaller white blotches between, forming stripes from
head to caudal, these most broken above, the lower 5 or 6 continuous white lines; among these spots are
a good many small yellowish or orange specks; the red below pectoral in 5 or 6 definite stripes; small
white specks along base of anal; upper half of head pale brownish, with numerous small round white
dots, a number of narrow pale blue wavy lines forward and downward from eye ami 1 or 2 short ones
back of it; lower parts of head bluish white with numerous small round red spots; breast, throat, and
lips reddish white, with a few red spots; snout above lip and preorbital region dusky; 2 small bluish
spots on side of caudal peduncle and a few smaller bluer ones on under edge; dorsal orange-red, most
pronounced in the outer band, mottled with darker and greenish elsewhere, crossed by about 6 narrow
irregular or broken greenish blue lines, the lower one broadest anteriorly, the 3 lower ones more or

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

292

less broken up into spots posteriorly, the tin with a broad rich blue border; anal rich blood-red, with
6 rich blue lines running full length p£ tin, the inner and outer ones broadest; caudal dusky orange in
center, the outer rays dark blood-red, the edge blackish, green toward tip, extreme tip of tin whitish;
pectoral orange oil upper half, the lower half pale; ventrals with the rays sky-blue, the membranes
blood-red; iris dull orange.

Color in alcohol, dark brownish; side with about 13 or 14 series of round bluish white spots on
the centers of the scales, coalescing in the lower 5 or fi rows so as to form more continuous lines; under
parts yellowish-white, with purplish-blue line; top ami sides of head to below level of eye profusely
covered with small roundish bluish-white specks; lower jaw and lower parts of cheek pale bluish with
numerous round pale orange spots; dorsal dusky olive, the spinous portion crossed by wavy lines of
blue-green, the soft portion covered with small bluish white specks, the border of the fin dark green;
anal yellowish and bluish-green crossed by 5 or (i wavy deep blue lines; anal dusky; pectoral plain

dusky yellowish, ventral rays indigo blue, the membranes yellowish white. Young examples, about
3 inches in length, show in alcohol, a large black spot more or less ocellated, on t lie last 4 rays of
dorsal fin.

This species is common about the reefs at Honolulu and is one of the most brilliantly marked of the
many bright-colored fishes seen among the Hawaiian Islands. Our collections contain 29 specimens,
all from Honolulu except 1, which is from Hilo. Of those from Honolulu, 8 were collected by Dr.
Jenkins, 2 by the Albatross in 1891 and 1 in 1896, and 1 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. It was also
obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902.

Our specimens are 3.2 to 11.5 inches long.

Anampsnt curit r Quoy & Guimard, Yoy. de rUranie, Zool., pi. .»r», fig. 1, 1824, de l’ile Mowi [Maui]; Jenkins, Hull.

U. 8, Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept.. 2:5, 1903), ■159 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu).
Anampses curin' i., Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss.. XIV, 11,18:59; Gunther, Cat., IV, 136, 1862 (Hawaiian Islands);
ibid., Fische der Sudsee, VII, 251, pi. 136, Mg. A, 1881 (Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Pliila. 1900
506 (Honolulu).

Ananipxcs carnleopundatus, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. l'hila. 1900, 506 (Hawaiian Islands); not of Cuvier & Yaleneieiino:
2 dried skins.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

293

230. Anampses evermanni Jenkins. “ Opulr laulL” Fig. 127.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.<>; eye 8 in head; snout 2.9; preorbital 4; interorbital 4; D. ix, 12;
A. in, 12; scales 4-27—10.

Body short, oval, deep, and compressed, deepest anteriorly ; anterior profile rather straight from
tip of snout to nape, thence in a long curve to caudal peduncle; ventral contour evenly curved from
tip of snout to origin of anal, thence in a long low curve to base of caudal peduncle; head short, nearly
as deep as long; snout short, evenly conic; mouth very small, in line with axis of body; jaws anteri¬
orly each with 2 prominent canines, flattened and curved forward, with cutting edges; eye small, above
axis of body; interorbital high, somewhat trenchant; caudal peduncle greatly compressed, its least
depth 2 in head; scales large, deep, the edges thin and soft; scales of breast and nape much reduced;
scales with a few thin s true or lines; lateral line following contour of back until under fourth dorsal
ray from last, where it curves downward 3 rows of scales and continues to base of caudal; a row of
small scales at base of dorsal and several series on base of caudal; head entirely naked; tins rather
large; origin of dorsal above upper end of gill-opening; longest dorsal spines shorter than snout, the
rays a little longer; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays about equally long; caudal truncate, about 2
in head; ventrals very short, 2.5 in head; pectoral longer, 1.7 in head.

Flu. 127. — Anampses ei'f’rmanni Jenkins; from the type.

Color in life, brownish red, with a narrow vertical blue line on each scale; snout blue; chin,
throat, and sides of head with blue reticulations; dorsal tin brownish red, the outer margin blue, the
fin with 7 or 8 longitudinal wavy blue lines and rows of dots, some running into each other and
making reticulations; ground-color of anal red, the outer margin blue, the flu with 4 or 5 distinct
longitudinal lines; ventral fin red with blue lines and dots and blue on anterior margin; pectoral
olive, anterior margin blue; caudal red with longitudinal blue lines.

Color in alcohol, bluish brown on head and body, lower jaw blue and green, the sides purplish,
breast and belly purplish and bluish; scales of side each with a narrow vertical pale bluish streak,
these forming irregular vertical bars; dorsal purplish, the edge bluish green, the membranes with
irregular pea-green lines and spots in about 5 series, these sometimes coalescing and reticulate; anal
purplish, the edge pea-green, the membranes crossed by 5 narrow blue-green lines, parallel and con¬
tinuous; caudal brownish at base, paler distally, the membranes with some greenish; ventrals dusky,
greenish on anterior margin; pectoral brownish white, dusky at base and anteriorly.

This species appears to be related to Anampses yodeffroyi Gunther, from which it differs markedly
in the coloration and in the larger scales, Gunther states that his specimen had 30 scales in the lateral

294

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

line, but his figure shows 37, and his species is described as bluish gray in color, whereas the present
one is brownish red. The markings on the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are also quite different.

This species was first described by Dr. Jenkins, from Honolulu, w here he obtained 4 specimens.
Another was obtained by the Albatross in 1896, 2 in 1891, and 1 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900. Others
were obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross in 1902. The specimens examined are 10.5 to 12.5 inches
long.

A beautiful and interesting species, moderately common about the coral reefs.

. I imnipxi s ( irnnamii Jenkins, Hull. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 57, lig. 14, Honolulu (typu, N<». 0136, L. S. Jr.
Univ. Mils,, coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid, XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 459 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904),
528 (Honolulu).

231. Anampses godeffroyi Gunther.

Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.6; eye 8 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 3.75; interorbital 3.75; D. ix,
12; A. Ill, 12; scales 4-27-10.

Body short, oval, deep, and much compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally curved;
head short, but longer than deep; mouth small, each jaw provided with 2 flat, projecting canines;
eye small, above axis of body; interorbital space rather narrow and very convex; caudal peduncle
deep, 2 in head; fins rather high, the soft portion of dorsal somewhat higher; caudal truncate, 1.9 in
head; venfrals short, not reaching vent, 2 in head; pectoral longer, nearly equal to distance from base
of ventrals to origin of anal; scales large, thin, much deeper than long, the edges soft; scales on breast
and nape much reduced; a row of small scales at base of dorsal and anal and several series on base of
caudal; head entirely naked; lateral line following curvature of back until under fourth dorsal ray
from last, where it curves downward 3 scales and then continues to base of caudal; pores of lateral
line little branched.

Color in life essentially that of A. erermanni, except that the bluish vertical lines on the scales are
broader and more spot-like in the center, especially on the caudal peduncle, w here they assume the
form of oval or roundish blue-green spots; side with about a dozen pale horizontal stripes, made up
of the series of spots on the rows of scales; anterior part of side under pectoral with 8 or 9 rather
distinct bluish horizontal lines composed of a series of spots on the row's of scales, the upper 3 or 4
extending from shoulder-girdle, curving upward and backward to base of pectoral; back along base
of dorsal with 3 or 4 irregular series of small bluish-white specks, these usually quite distinct; blue-
green stripes on anal broader, more wavy, and more oblique than in A. erermanni; dorsal spotted and
reticulated w ith bluish green.

This species is related to A. erermanni and .1. cuvier , differing from the former as already described,
and from the latter chiefly in the less Spotted coloration. It is possible that these specimens are
extreme forms of t he common species called Anampses evermanni and t hat the proper name of all is
Anampses godeffroyi.

We have 3 specimens of this species, 10.25 to 12 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu.

Anampses <jndcffroyi Gunther; Kische der Sudsee, Part vir, j>. 252, pi. r\ i„ 1881, Sandwich Islands; from a drawing by
Andrew Garrett, evidently incorrect.

Genus 155. PSEUDOJTJLIS Bleeker.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with large scales; lateral line continuous; each jaw with 2
strong canines in front, no trace of posterior canines; dorsal with 9 pungent spines, anal with 3.

General characters of Halichieres, from which genus Pseudojulis differs in the absence of posterior
canines and in having 3 anal spines. Species of small size occurring about rocky islands of the Pacific.
Only 1 species known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Pseudojulis Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 412 ( girardi ).

232. Pseudojulis cerasina Snyder.

Head, measured to end of opercular flap, 3.1 in length; depth 4.3; depth of caudal peduncle 8;
length of snout 2.8 in head; eye 5; interorbital space 5.26; D. ix, 11; A. in, 12; pores in lateral line 28;
scales in lateral series 26; between lateral line and dorsal fin 1 ; between lateral line and anal 7; body
notably long and slender, head conical, snout pointed; mouth very small, the cleft smaller than eye;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

295

2 canines in each jaw, the upper pair wide apart, allowing the lower ones to fit between them; canines
but little longer than the other teeth, which grow gradually smaller posteriorly; no posterior canines;
preopercle not serrated; head naked; scales of breast smaller than those of body; lateral line abruptly
bent downward below ninth dorsal ray; dorsal low, the longest (eighth) spine equal in length to
snout, the rays about a tenth longer; longest anal ray 3.1 in head; spines slender, the third with a
short cutaneous filament ; caudal slightly rounded, 1.51 in head; pectoral 2.1 in head; ventral pointed,
2 in head.

Color in spirits (perhaps somewhat similar in life), head pale orange, upper part of opercle with a
purple tint, the lower part silvery; nape purple; a narrow dorsal area, reddish orange fading ventrally
to light orange; a rather indefinitely outlined, broad, pinkish stripe from opercle to base of caudal;
lower part of body light orange; a reddish orange spot somewhat smaller than the pupil at lower edge
of base of pectoral; each scale row with a narrow line of a darker shade than the color area on which
it occurs; tins orange, the spinous dorsal suffused with red; scaled portion of caudal reddish orange.

One specimen, the type, measuring 3.5 -inches long, was collected at Honolulu by Mr. Berndt. No.
50877, U. S. Nat. Mus. No other specimens known.

Psetidrtjulis ccrasina Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 190*2 (Jan. 19, 1901), 528, Honolulu.

Genus 156. THALASSOMA Swainson.

Body oblong or elongate, moderately compressed, covered with large scales; lateral line continuous;
head scaleless; a slight sheath of scales along base of dorsal; no posterior canine; dorsal spines slender,
the number always 8; anal spines 3, the first very small; lower pharyngeals essentially as in Ha/ichceres.
Beautiful fishes of the coral reefs and warm currents, the coloration largely deep green or blue.

Thalassoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classif. Fishes, II, 221, 1839 (purpurea).

Chlorichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist, Classif. Fishes, II, 232. 1839 t bifasciatus ).

Jnlis Gunther, Cat,, IV, 179, 1862 ( pavo ); not of Cuvier, R6gne Anim., 1st ed., 261, 1317 ( julis ).

a. Caudal doubly lunate, its middle rays somewhat produced; eye small, 9 in head; color chiefly grass-green and blue,

a scarlet dash on cheek . purpweum, p. 295

oa. Caudal lunate; eye larger, 1.25 to 6.9 in head.
b. Canines present in front of lower jaw.

c. Two pairs of canines in front in lower jaw . ballieui, p. 297

cc. One pair of canines in front in lower jaw.

d. Length of dorsal spines less than length of snout (1.5 to 2 in snout); body without vertical bars.

e. Body short, moderately deep; interorbital space high; origin of dorsal over middle of base of pectoral; lateral
line nearly straight for 19 scales, or under .fourth dorsal spine from last, where it curves down 2 rows, contin¬
uing to base of caudal on median line of peduncle; red . 1 . .fit? cum, p. 299

ee. Body moderately long; interorbital rather long; origin of dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral; lateral
line parallel with dorsal outline to below fifth dorsal ray from last, where it curves down 3 scales, then

continues to base of caudal . umbrostigma, p. 300

dd. Dorsal spines equal to snout or longer; body with numerous vertical bars of green or orange.

f. Head entirely naked; longest dorsal spine about equaling snout in length . duperrey, p. 302

ff. A patch of 8 rather large scales on upper end of opercle; longest dorsal spine somewhat longer than

snout . lutmris, p. 303

bb. No canines present in either jaw . aneilense, p. 304

233. Thalassoma purpureum (Forskai).

“Olani;” “ Olale “Palaea” (very small); “Aweta” (small); “Hou” (large).

Head 3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 9 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 3.2; gape 3; interorbital 3.7;
D. vm, 12; A. in, 9; scales 3-29-10.

Body short and stout, heavy forward and not greatly compressed in the adult; head heavy, longer
than deep; snout short, bluntly conic; mouth small, slightly oblique, the gape not nearly reaching
anterior edge of orbit; jaws each with a pair of very strong blunt canines in front and a series of
shorter, dose-set conic teeth laterally; eye small, slightly anterior, high above axis of body; anterior
profile, in a gentle uniform curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; ventral outline similarly curved
from tip of lower jaw to edge of gill-opening; fins low; dorsal beginning over base of pectoral, its dis¬
tance from tip of snout equaling length of head, or 1.6 in base of dorsal; dorsal spines short and weak,
their length 5.5 in head; soft portion of dorsal slightly elevated, the rays 4.5 in head; anal similar to

BULLET* of the united states fish commission.

296

soft dorsal, its origin under base of third or fourth dorsal ray, its spines obscure, its rays equal to those
of dorsal; caudal short, doubly lunate, the outer rays slightly produced, their length equal to distance
from tip of snout to middle of pupil, or exceeding the shortest rays by an eye’s diameter; middle
caudal ray slightly longer than the next one on either side; ventrals short, reaching halfway to vent,
their length less than that of snout bv a pupil’s diameter; pectoral short, broad, rhombic, the upper
edge being longest, the free edge but little shorter, the upper rays longest, 1.6 in head, the lowermost
ray 3.5 in the upper; scales large, thin and leathery, those on breast considerably reduced; head
entirely naked; lateral line nearly straight from origin to vertical of last dorsal ray but 3, where it
curves downward and proceeds to the base of caudal on the third series below; pores of lateral line
beautifully and numerously branched, the branches ranging from 4 to 8 or 10 in number.

Color, nearly fresh, very brilliant, bright grass-green, the belly abruptly bright blue, top of head livid
purplish, lower part of head deep blue, cheeks and opercle green, edged with blue; salmon-scarlet dash
across cheek; blotches on side of back livid violet lavender; 2 stripes on side and some odd scales a
peculiar dull scarlet red, same as head markings; 2 similar stripes across base, or in front of pectoral,
the stripes edged with blue; dorsal lavender at base, the upper half blue; caudal blue, with lavender
streaks and blotches; anal like the dorsal, greenish at edge; ventrals plain blue; pectorals blue, black¬
ish above, the axil red; upper lip pale edged; lateral bands not serrated; no black dorsal spot.

Color of same specimen in spirits, pale bluish green; top of head and snout with a broad purplish
atea extending from nape over interorbital to near tip of snout, and extending down on side of snout
in an irregularly pointed angle to near gape, dull purplish; in front of this on snout, a narrow pea-
green stripe uniting on sides with the color of the cheeks; in front of this a narrow purplish line,
partly upon skin of premax diaries and extending on side to posterior angle of mouth, rest of skin of
premax diaries pea-green; under parts of head, lower jaw, and a broad band extending upward on the
cheek, narrowly enveloping the eye except for a narrow space on the supraorbital and extending in
a narrow point toward the occiput, pale pea-green; a large irregular yellowish-white marking from
eye broadening downward across cheek and opercle, bifurcating on opercle, the lower branch extending
downward to edge of subopercle, the other backward toward base of pectoral and terminating at edge
of opercle; above this the opercle and humeral region are unicolor with the cheek and lower parts of
head; edge of opercle above pectoral with a narrow dusky yellowish border, dark on anterior line;
upper part of side at base of dorsal with a narrow irregular green line, outside of which is a greenish-
purple line about 2 scales in width, extending from nape to posterior end of dorsal fin; side below
this pale bluish green with broad yellowish-white lines, the upper extending from above base of
pectoral to middle of base of caudal, the lower from lower base of pectoral along lower part of side, to
caudal, these 2 lines approximately parallel and 2 scales apart; a few odd scales of same color;
another line of same color from gill-opening under base of pectoral, terminating under tip of short
pectoral rays; a more narrow, but similar, bar across base of pectoral; breast and belly bluish green;
upper edge of caudal peduncle bluish purple; lower edge of caudal peduncle whitish; basal half of
dorsal fin pale slaty olive or bluish purple; lower edge of caudal peduncle whitish; basal half of dorsal
fin pale slaty olive or bluish purple; outer half of dorsal bright pea-green, the 2 colors separated by
a narrow wavy black line, the lower band increasing abruptly at last dorsal ray, about three-fourths
of which it covers; anal same color as dorsal; caudal irregularly bluish and greenish at base, the distal
portion dusky yellowish, a bluish mark extending to tip of fin on produced portion above and below;
edge of basal portion of outer ray, above and below, pale greenish; ventrals greenish white; pectoral
greenish yellow, darker above, especially on outer ray, which is purplish black; axil somewhat dusky.

The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03390) 16 inches long, obtained at Honolulu
July 8.

Another specimen (No. 03731) 16 inches long, obtained at Kailua August 5, was described as fol¬
lows, as it appeared in life after having been placed in a small pool: Two bright coral-red stripes on
body, one along middle of side, the other from lower base of pectoral to lower portion of caudal fin;
body below this line bright cobalt-blue; between the 2 stripes, green above and blue below, blend¬
ing in center, the upper edge of scales in middle of these stripes with a coral-red patch; back emerald
green, with 5 deep cardinal blotches on upper part of back, those nearest nape being largest, the size
diminishing posteriorly; nape and snout darkish cardinal red, the patch on snout expanding laterally
and forming a triangle in front of eye, the ventral angle of which terminates near posterior end of
gape; tip of snout blue, with a dark cardinal bar in middle; suborbital region blue, overlaid with

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

297

green; a short blue bar dorsally from eye; an irregular darkish cardinal patch downward and hack-
ward from eye across cheek and opercle; upper portion of opercle blue, middle of opercle green; jaws
and throat bluish green; rest of pectoral with a red bar; upper angular part of opercular flap red;
base of scales on back red; lower half of dorsal tin deep coral -red, upper half cobalt-blue; caudal blue,
with 8 stripes of darkish cardinal color, only outer 2 of which reach to the end of tin, the others extend¬
ing about two-thirds length of tin; margin of caudal tin greenish; anal same color as dorsal; centrals
blue; upper half of pectoral deep blue, the lower paler, edge darkish purple; axil coral-red; inner
part of lips deep cardinal-red; iris green, with red border. As this fish died the darkish cardinal-red
on head, snout, nape, back, and stripes on caudal tin became darkish brown and the bright coral-red
on body and fins bright brick-red; the green assumed a darker shade, and the blue faded noticeably.

( ienerally at death that indescribable luster of the fish entirely disappears.

Another specimen (No. 03460) 8 inches long, from Hilo, was in life clear green with various marks
of bright creamy red; head green with radiating red stripes of the same shade; tins also red and
green, the edge of dorsal and anal purplish black; a deep purple edge to the lower red band of dorsal
and upper of anal; caudal tipped with dull yellowish; throat verging on blue.

This latter specimen in spirits shows the dorsal and anal tins each with a broad dusky purplish
base, beyond which is a somewhat narrower bright bluish-green band, bordered distal ly by an equally
broad pale yellowish-white band, the fin in each case tipped with thin scallops of purplish, the bluish-
green line with a thin wavy black border proximally. While the color of the dorsal and anal tins in
this specimen differs considerably from that in our larger examples, it does not differ as greatly from
the smaller ones, and we hesitate to regard it as representing a different species.

Although the markings of this species are quite distinct and diagnostic, it has been frequently con¬
fused with related species, particularly with Thalassoma fuscuni. This is evidently the species described
by Forskal under the name Scarus purpureus, which was later described by Lesson and by Cuvier &
Valenciennes as Julis < /uadricolor , recently by Mr. Fowler as Thalassoma immanis , and still more
recently by Seale as Thalassoma berendti. blocker had 4 specimens which he identified as Julis <juad-
ricolor; one of these possessed irregular markings on the head and was doubtless T. purpureum. The
3 other specimens, without distinct markings on the head, and one of which he figured (PI. 34, fig. 3)
as Julis quadricolor , were doubtless what we have identified as T.fuscum. From T. fuscuni the present
species may be distinguished by the presence of broad, irregular markings on the head; the more dis¬
tinct wavy blue line separating the 2 coiors of the dorsal and anal, as seen in spirits, and the some¬
what longer, more pointed snout.

Two specimens of t his interesting species were obtained by Dr. Jenkins, 1 by the Albatross in 1896,
1 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900, and 7 by us in 1901. It was also obtained at Honolulu by the Alba¬
tross in 1902. Of the 7 specimens collected by us, 5 are from Honolulu and 1 each from Hilo and
Kailua, the length ranging from 8.5 to 16 inches. Not rare in Samoa.

Scarus -purpureus Forskal, Descript. Animal., 27, 177.7 , Red Sea, Djidda, Arabia.

Julis quadricolor Lesson, Voy. Ooquille, Zool., Ill, 139, pi.' 35, fig. 1, 1826-1830, Otaiti [Tahiti]; Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.

Nat. Poiss., XIII, 113, 1839 (Tahiti); Bleeker, Atlas, I, 93, 1862: not plate XXXIV, fig. 3, which is T. J'uscum.

Julis trilobata Gunther, Cat., IV, 187, 1862, in part (var. hi. Aneiteum ; China; Red Sea.

Thalassoma immanis Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila. 1899, 48.8, pi. XVIII, fig. 2, Caroline Islands.

Thalassoma purpurea, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands).

Julis purpureus, Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 506 (Honolulu and Laysan).

Thalassoma berendti a Scale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, I, No. 1. 15, fig. 7, 1901, Honolulu i Type, No. 681, B. P B.M.).
Tftdjhassoma puipureum, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. , XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 162 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.

19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu).

Thalassoma quadricolor, Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 162 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu).

234. Thalassoma ballieui ( Vaillant & Sauvage) . “ Hirmlea luahine.” Fig. 128.

Head 3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 6.9 in head; snout 2.4; preorbital 3.2; interorbital 4.6; I), vn,
13; A. ii, 11; scales 3-27-9.

Body long, moderately slender and compressed; head considerably longer than deep, the snout
long ami bluntly pointed; mouth moderate, horizontal, the gape not nearly reaching eye; jaws 'equal;
lips thick, the lower with a broad loose fold on each side; each jaw with a series of small conic canines

« Misprint for berndti.

298

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

on each side, a longer pair in front of upper jaw and 2 pairs in lower jaw; premaxillary broad and
oblique; interorbital moderate, high and convex; anterior profile gently curved from tip of snout to
origin of dorsal, thence in a low curve to caudal peduncle; ventral outline less convex than dorsal;
caudal peduncle very deep, nearly equal to one-half greatest depth of body; eye small, anterior, entirely
above axis of body; origin of dorsal fin over base of pectoral, the spines all low, their length about 4
in head; soft portion of dorsal slightly higher, the rays 3.25 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its
origin equally distant between tip of snout and tip of produced caudal rays; anal rays as high as those
of dorsal; caudal deep, short, the middle rays a little longer than length of snout, the outer rays pro¬
duced a distance a little greater than diameter of orbit; ventrals short, reaching only half the distance
to origin of anal, their length 2.4 in head; pectoral longer, 1.5 in head; scales large and thin, their
size quite uniform except on nape, where they are somewhat reduced; head entirely naked; lateral
line not strongly developed, the pores often branched, following contour of back until under base
of fourth dorsal ray from last, where it drops 2 rows and continues to base of caudal; base of caudal
with small scales.

Color in alcohol, dark, purplish brown, each scale on side with a narrow bluish-black vertical
stripe, these forming about 45 more or less distinct discontinuous vertical bars; head uniform purplish
or olivaceous, paler below and without markings; dorsal, anal, and ventrals purplish or bluish black,
the edges lighter; caudal bluish black, the base and produced rays darkest; in some specimens the
caudal is throughout uniform bluish black excepting a very narrow paler margin on middle rays, in
other cases only the base and produced rays are dark, all the rest of fin being light yellowish white or

dusky; pectoral uniform bluish black with lighter edge, or more or less yellowish white with dusky
at base or middle and dusky on inner side.

There is considerable variation in the extent of prolongation of the outer caudal rays; in the
smallest individual they are scarcely produced and the caudal is practically truncate. In the largest
individuals the outer rays are produced beyond the tips of inner rays a distance equal to half length
of latter. There is also considerable variation in the color of the caudal fin. In some of the larger
examples, probably old males, it is uniform bluish black, while in others the large lunate pale area
covers most of the fin. We are convinced, however, after an examination of a large series of excellent
specimens, that the specimen from Johnston Island described by Smith and Swain as .Mix verticalis
and Giinthertg Julis obscura are identical with Julis ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage.

This species is extremely abundant at Honolulu, where it is constantly seen in the market. Of
the (13 specimens examined by us, 19 were obtained at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins, 4 by the A/hatross
in 1S96, 5 by Jordan and Snyder in 1900, 32 by us at Honolulu, and 3 at Hilo. In 1902 th e-zilbatross
obtained specimens at Honolulu and Lavsan.

Julis ballieui Vaillant V Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool., Ill, 1875, 284. Sandwich Islands.

Julis obscura Gunther, Repl. Shore Fishes, Challenger, Zoo]., 1, l’ait VI. 61, pi. 2(1, figs. A. & B., 1880, Honolulu; Steindach
ner, Denks. Ak. Wiss, Wien, I , X X , 1900, 506 (Honolulu and Laysan).

■in! is verticalis Smith A Swain, Proc. C. S. Nat. Mus. 1882 (July 8), 135, Johnston Island.

Thalassoma obscurum , Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 463 (Honolulu).

Thalassoma ballieui, Snyder, Bull. D. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 529 (Honolulu).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

299

235. Thalassoma fuscum (Lacepede). “ Awela.” Plate XXXIV.®

Hoail 3.4 in length; depth 3.2; eye 6.8 in head; snout 3; preorbital 4.25; interorbital 3.25; D. vm,
13; A. hi, II; scales 4-27-8.

Body short, moderately deep and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex;
head short, slightly longer than deep; snout short and bluntly conic; mouth small, in line with axis
of body, little oblique, jaws equal; a pair of strong canines in front in each jaw, and a series of close-
set conic teeth on the sides; eye small, scarcely anterior; interorbital space high, broadly convex;
caudal peduncle deep, 1.8 in head; fins rather small, origin of dorsal over middle of base of pectoral,
its distance from tip of snout one-third distance to base of caudal tin; dorsal spines short, their length
5.2 in head; soft portion of dorsal somewhat higher, the longest rays about 2.9 in head; anal similar
to soft dorsal, the rays of about equal length, caudal somewhat lunate, the outer rays produced, their
length 1.9 in head or a fourth longer than middle rays; ventrals short, 2 in head or reaching halfwav
to origin of anal; pectoral longer, broad, 1.3 in head; scales large, thin, and firm, those on breast and
belly somewhat reduced; head wholly naked; lateral line nearly straight for 19 scales, or under the
fourth dorsal spine from last, where it curves downward 2 rows, continuing to base of caudal on median
line of peduncle.

Color in spirits of some specimens, head and nape dusky bluish above; cheek light brownish;
opercle blackish; under jaw and throat pale bluish; upper part of side dark brownish and bluish;
middle of side with a pale whitish band somewhat dusky, extending from opercular flap to base of
caudal; above and below this 2 broad bluish-green bands somewhat greater than a scale in width,
made up of oblong or quadrate vertical spots separated by intrusion of the central paler band, these
bluish-green areas suggesting the openings in the French harp; under part of side and belly colored
like the median line; dorsal bluish green at base, bordered above by a broad purplish band, beyond
which is a somewhat narrower blue-green band indistinctly bordered with paler; membranes among
first 3 dorsal spines blackish; anal similar to soft dorsal, the blue-green border somewhat wider; lines
separating the blue-green and purplish not blackish; ventrals pale at base, light, greenish on distal
portion; pectoral pale yellowish at base, dusky on outer half, the axil and upper margin black; head
without markings.

The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03526) 9.5 inches long obtained at Honolulu,
from which the accompanying colored plate was made.

Another specimen (No. 03021), 8 inches long, from Honolulu, had side with 3 broad pale brick-red
stripes separated by 3 bluish or yellowish-blue ones, these extending from opercle to caudal; upper
stripe about 3 scales wide, narrowly bordered above at base of dorsal by greenish blue, and crossed by
about 6 narrow vertical greenish or yellowish bars connecting with the first yellowish-blue stripe,
which is about one scale wide, begins at upper edge of opercle and ends at base of caudal, a narrow
saddle of same passing over caudal peduncle at posterior end of dorsal fin, third stripe brick red,
running from opercular flap to middle of base of caudal, fourth stripe like the second but better
defined, fifth like the first and third, the sixth along side of belly ill-defined, yellowish green; head
reddish olive, lower jaw and breast the same; opercular flap bluish olive; dorsal orange red at base,
then a narrow bright blue stripe, broadly edged with green on posterior two-thirds, the membranes
with faint yellow blotches; anal pale brick red at base, then a broad bright blue border, the outer half
of membranes between ninth and eleventh rays white; the last, ray brick red to tip, a little blue at
base and on tip; caudal dusky orange with reddish wash at base, greenish in center, the outer half
with alternating blue and orange lines, the blue lines more or less greenish at anterior end, upper and
lower margins bright blue, with some green; pectoral yellow at base, bluish dusky along anterior edge
and outer two-thirds; ventrals pale bluish; iris greenish brown.

A specimen (No. 05754) obtained at Ililo had the following colors when fresh:

Body darkish coral-red (modified brick-red); shoulder and belly light yellowish brown; back
claret, rather darkish; 2 longitudinal rows of elongated squares of bright emerald-green with cobalt-
blue border on body; the upper one beginning on fourth scale and terminating on the upper part of
caudal peduncle; the lower one beginning on seventh scale and terminating at base of caudal, where
the upper edge of the row touches the lateral line; from the upper row issue 5 green bars dorsally at
regular intervals, these connecting with the green stripe at base of dorsal; ventral side of tail sligbtlv

Thalassoma purpureum (Forsk&l) on the plate.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

300

greenish; nape greenish on claret ground; head greenish on dark dirty purple; cheek darkish brown,
angle of opercle blackish; chin pale reddish brown, throat same as belly; iris green; lips greenish
dark; dorsal light claret, margin cobalt- blue, the latter wider on soft dorsal; caudal emerald-green,
edges ami half of end cobalt-blue, half of membrane orange-brown; anal same as soft dorsal; centrals
pale cobalt-blue; proximal half of pectoral emerald-green, distal half deep Prussian blue, edge
Prussian 1)1 lie.

This same specimen, in spirits, is dusky purplish brown above and on upper part of sides, the
head most purplish; side with 3 irregular greenish lines; dorsal with purplish-black on the first 2
membranes, the. basal three-tifths of the fin dusky purplish, a few small bright blue spots on the base;
distal two-fifths of the fin bluish green bordered irregularly by pale yellowish white; anal similar to
soft dorsal, the blue-green border a little broader, the edge not paler; caudal with the rays dusky at
base, blue-green distally, the central membranes whitish, the outer ones more dusky, a dusky purplish
stripe extending to tip of outer rays both above and below, upper and lower edges of caudal bluish
green; pectoral blue-black, paler at base; centrals greenish white.

In young individuals the dorsal and anal are more decidedly tricolor, there being a broad blue-
green stripe through the middle, above a somewhat broader purplish proximal stripe, and below a
narrower but distinct, paler stripe, the rays tipped again with greenish blue; the median stripe on side
as well as the back more brownish.

This species may be readily distinguished from all others by the absence of distinct markings on
head and the presence on the side of 2 series of vertically oblong or quadrate bluish green areas bor¬
dered by whitish, suggesting the 2 rows of openings in the harmonica; aptly compared by Laeepede to
2 rows of Chinese characters. Of the 4 specimens possessed by Bleeker and which he identified as
Julix ijiiadricolor, 3 (including the one which he figured) evidently belonged to this species. They are
said to have had no markings on the head, and his figure (pi. 34, fig. 3) clearly shows the harmonica
markings. Other species have the unmarked head and still others may possess the peculiar body
markings, .but we know of none other possessing both.

This species is fairly common about the coral reefs of the Hawaiian Islands, and is not rare in
Samoa. Our collection contains a series of 16 specimens: 9 from I lonolulu, 3 from Kailua, and 1 each
from Honuapo and Ililo. In length they vary from 5.25 to 11.5 inches.

Labrtisf uncus Laeepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 437, 180], no locality.

Labrus Icilnbatdc Lacrpede, Hist. Nut. Poiss., Ill, 454 and 526, 1801, tropical Pacific.

Julix bicate.nal.us Bennett, Proe. Committee Zook So. Lund., 1831 , 1671 , Mauritius.

Julix trilobatux, Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 437, 1839 (He de France).

Julisfonnostis Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., Xlli, 439, 1839, lie de France.

Julistritobata , Gunther, Cat., iv, 187, 1862, in part, var. a (South Africa, Mauritius, Aneityum).

Julis quadricolor Bleeker. Atlas, i. 93, pi. 34, fig. 3, 1862 (in part, 3 of his 4 specimens, including the one figured), Java.

236. Thalassoma umbrostigma (Kiippell). Fig. 129.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 3.6; eye 6.6 in head; snout 2.8; preorbital 4; gape 3; interorbital 3.5;
D. viii, 13; A. in, 11; scales 4-27-8.

Body moderately long and compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines moderately convex; head
but slightly longer than deep; snout moderate, bluntly conic; preorbital oblique; jaws each with a pair
of stout canines in front and smaller close-set conic teeth laterally; eye small, slightly anterior, entirely
above axis of body; interorbital rather low, convex, the profile from tip of snout to nape evenly
convex; least depth of caudal peduncle slightly greater than half head; origin of dorsal slightly
posterior to base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout greater than head by diameter of orbit;
dorsal spines short, their length about 2 in snout; dorsal rays longer, 1.3 in snout; anal similar to
soft dorsal, of about equal height; caudal shallowly lunate, the outer rays but slightly longer than
middle one, which is equal to snout and eye; ventrals short, reaching somewhat more than half
distance to vent, length 2.4 in head; pectoral longer, reaching vertical at vent, its length 1.3 in head;
scales large, thin, but firm, those on breast somewhat reduced; head entirely naked; lateral line
parallel with dorsal outline to below fifth dorsal ray from lust, where it curves downward 3 scales and
then continues to base of caudal, the pores with 3 to 6 or 7 branches; small scales on base of caudal.

Color in life (No. 03022, 7 inches long, from Honolulu), side pale greenish with 3 irregular
broad rosy stripes, the upper one darkening into Indian red; median dorsal line at base of dorsal fin

FISHES OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

301

green, next a broad Indian red stripe, the edges of t lie scales red, the centers pale greenish, a few
smaller red specks; next a broad greenish stripe with greenish bars connecting with the median stripe
and with narrow rosy bars crossing it connecting the rosy stripes above and below; rosy stripes along
middle of side with 3 or 4 brownish blotches; the next stripe greenish, crossed by numerous narrow
rosy or purplish bars; next stripe rosy, narrower than the other 2; belly whitish, top and sides of
head greenish, vermieulated with rosy or purplish lines; humeral region with several roundish red
spots; base of dorsal greenish, and with Indian red from invasion of body-color; middle line of
dorsal rosy, with purple upper border, followed by a somewhat narrower yellow stripe, then a rosy or
orange stripe, followed by a narrow white border; anal with rosy hand at base, then agreen band with
bluish edges, then a broad pale rosy band with narrow white edge, the green band not on last 2
rays; caudal rays and membrane alternating greenish yellow and orange; pectoral dusky, greenish at
base, rosy in center; ventrals pale yellow; iris brownish.

The same specimen in spirits faded to a creamy white, with 5 irregular broken dusky cross-bars;
black spot on membrane of first 3 dorsal spines; soft dorsal and anal white with faint trace of greenish;
top of head and nape with faint traces of dark spots and lines.

Specimen No. 03240, from which the above general description was taken, is in alcohol dusky
greenish on back and top of head, the sides somewhat paler, under parts greenish white; side with
about 4 or 5 irregular broken, vertical cross-bars of dark brownish or black; membranes of first 3 dor¬
sal spines blue-black; base of dorsal narrowly pea-green, followed bv a broad greenish yellow band,

Fig. 129. — Tlialuit&amaumbrostiiima (Ruppell); after Bleeker.

bordered above by a narrower pea-green band, which is followed in turn by an irregular border of
pale yellowish and purplish; anal scallopv green at base, followed by a broad white band, beyond
which is a nearly equally broad blue-green band, which in turn is followed by a narrower yellowish
white stripe, the edge of the fin pale pea-green; caudal greenish, yellowish and creamy white, dusky
at base; ventrals pale creamy white; pectoral dusky yellowish at base, dusky at tip.

A smaller specimen (No. 05256), 6.25 inches long, agrees essentially with the larger ones, except
that the blue-green of the head is profusely covered with small round black or brownish spots and a
few lines or reticulations of the same color.' Another specimen (No. 05263) shows the dark spots on
the head very plainly, but ordinarily specimens of that size have those colors obscure or indistinct in
spirits. In all of our numerous examples the markings are quite distinct. The species is rather abun¬
dant about the coral reefs.

Dr. Jenkins obtained 11 specimens at Honolulu, and our own collection contains 10 specimens
from Honolulu, 8 from Kailua, and 2 from llilo. These range in length from 1.5 to 10.25 inches.

.hi! is umbrostiffma Ruppell, Neue Wirbe., Fische, 11, laf. 3, fig. 2, 1838, Mohila and Djetta; Bleeker, Atlas, I. 92. tuf. 34. fig.

2, 1862; Steindachner, Denks. Ak. YViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 506 (Honolulu and Laysan Island).

Thalassnma umbrostigma, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 463 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.

19, 1904), 529 (Laysan Island).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

302

237. Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy A' Gaimard). Plate XXXV and Fig. 130.

‘ ‘ II malm lau vili ; ’ ’ “ A ' alai.h i. ’ ’

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.4; eye 6 in head; snout 3; preorbital 4.5; interorbital 3.6; D. vn, 13;
A. ii, 11; scales 3-28-9.

Body rather slender, compressed, the dorsal and ventral outlines nearly equally and regularly
curved from tip of snout It* base of caudal peduncle; head rather small; longer than deep; mouth
small, horizontal, the gape scarcely exceeding orbit, in line with ax is of body; cheek oblique, not deep;
interorbital space high, convex; a pair of strong canines in front of each jaw, those above usually
stronger; a series of short, bluntly conic teeth on each side of jaws; tins low; origin of dorsal slightly
behind base of pectoral, its distance from snout 3.2 in head; dorsal tin continuous, the anterior spines
not detached nor elevated; longest dorsal spine about equal to snout, the rays equally long; anal sim¬
ilar to soft dorsal, their heights equal; caudal with the 3 or l outer rays produced, their length equal
to head or nearly twice that of middle rays; scales smooth and thin, of about uniform size; a row of
somewhat smaller scales sheathing bases of dorsal and anal and on base of caudal; produced caudal
rays with line scales at base; head entirely naked.

Fin. 130. -Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy & Gaimard). Type of T. pyrrhoriuehriu Jenkins.

Color in life of a nearly fresh specimen, 6.5 inches long, taken at Honolulu, June 15, side bright
green, with numerous (about 40). very narrow purplish-red vertical bars, the green interspaces about
twice as wide; abroad band of reddish-orange, in width from nape to third dorsal spine, extending
downward and backward on side behind the pectoral and widening out below, enveloping whole under
parts from gill-openings t « » origin of anal, this area somewhat paler below, purplish behind ventrals;
head rich bright blue, a small rusty-orange spot on upper edge of opercle; lips paler, lower jaw
greenish; dorsal green along base, then a narrow greenish-blue line, next a broad reddish-brown or
purplish-red band widening posteriorly, the tin narrowly bordered by pale blue; a jet-black spot with
blue border on second dorsal membrane, this sometimes extending to first and third membranes;
caudal blue, the produced rays reddish, a little greenish-blue on outer edge; anal greenish at base, rest
of tin purplish blue; pectoral pale blue, dusky at tip, deeper blue at base; axil blue and green.

A specimen (No. 02939) somewhat faded, had the head and body and tins deep violet; chin bluish;
a black spot on front of dorsal and a violet-black area on pectoral; area behind head violet-gray,
scarcely contrasting with body; caudal violet.

Another specimen had the head violet, blue on lower jaw; area behind head orange-brown; body
behind light green with a vertical orange-brown line on each scale; first dorsal spines violet with a
black spot; pectoral pale with black area and black axil; dorsal behind first spines orange-brown with
violet edge; caudal violet-gray, with the lobes bright orange-brown; anal violet-black.

Still another specimen (No* 03525) differed from typical examples in the entire absence of a paler
bar on body at pectoral region.

Color in alcohol, head dark bluish or bluish-black; abroad, pale, bluish-white band around body
under nape and first part, of spinous dorsal; rest of body dusky brown washed with bluish-green; dorsal
and anal greenish-blue; caudal dark with some bluish, in some cases with the distal portion, except
produced rays, almost white; pectoral pale on base, the outer half dark; belly pale; chin rich blue.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

303

The young have a black stripe, about as wide as the eye, extending from the snout to the upper
half of the base of caudal, where its end is slightly broadened and rounded. Below and parallel with
the dark stripe is a pinkish-white one of about equal width. Some specimens have a narrow, short,
indistinct, dusky stripe below the latter. With increasing age the stripes become indistinct and
disappear, the general color grows darker, while the broad, light band behind the head appears. The
caudal is at first rounded, later becoming concave, tbe upper and lower rays being much produced in
the adult.

This species is the most abundant of the labroids inhabiting Hawaiian waters. Numerous speci¬
mens were obtained by Dr. Jenkins, and a yet greater number is in the present collection obtained
by us at Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua; and by the Albatross at Honolulu, Laysan Island, station 3881
between Maui and Molokai, and at Puako Bay, Hawaii. The fish is not known to occur in Samoa.

JnliS duperrey Quoy it Gaimard, Voyage de l'Uranie, Zool., 268, pi. 56, fig. 2, 1824, Sandwich Islands.

Jvlis clepsydralis Smith & Swain, Procv I'. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 136, Johnston Island.

Thalassoma pyrrhovinclum Jenkins, Bull. IJ.S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 51, fig. 7, Honolulu. (Type, No. 6138
L. S. Jr. TJniv. Mus.; Coll. O. 1*. Jenkins.)

Julis dupern 7, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I. XX, 1900, 506 i Honolulu and Laysan ).

Thalassoma duperrey, Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 463 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. t it. i Jan.
19, 1904), 529 (Hawaiian Islands; Laysan Island).

238. Thalassoma lunaris (Linnaus .

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.7; eye 5 in head; snout 3.2; preorbital 4.8; interorbital 4; I), vm, 13;
A. ii, 12; scales 4-27-8.

Body greatly compressed, elongate; caudal peduncle deep; dorsal outline evenly curved; vertical
outline slightly less convex; head small, much longer than deep; snout rather long, conic; jaws each
with a pair of stout canines in front and a series of shorter canine-like teeth laterally, growing succes¬
sively shorter posteriorly ; no posterior canine; preorbital moderately deep, oblique; opercle and pre-
opercle smooth, the former ending in a broad low flap; scales large, thin, and leathery on edges, the
surface finely striate, tbe spaces between the stria1 with cross-markings, giving the appearance of being
covered with minute scales; scales On breast and nape somewhat reduced; a patch of 8 rather large
scales on upper end of opercle, rest of bead entirely naked; lateral line following curvature of back for
19 or 20 scales, then bending downward 2 rows and continuing to base of caudal ; pores with 3 to 6 or 7
branches; a low sheath of scales at base of dorsal and anal; small scales On base of caudal; tins mod¬
erate, origin of dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral; dorsal spines rather short, the longest
about equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil, dorsal rays slightly longer; anal similar
to soft dorsal; caudal lunate, the outer rays produced, their length nearly twice that of middle rays;
ventrals short, reaching half way to origin of anal; pectoral rather long; equal to distance from base
of ventrals to vent, or 1.4 in head.

Color in life, greenish, the body crossed by numerous narrow, vertical broken orange bands; side
of head and snout with 4 broad bright-green bands, separated bv golden interspaces; the first green
band extending from eye to upper end of gill-opening; the second from eve across cheek and opercle
to base of pectoral; the third from median line of mandible upward and backward across cheek to
edge of opercle; the fourth branching from this at its anterior end and extending backward to lower
edge of gill-opening; a pair of less distinct greenish lines on median line of throat; an orange band
across side of snout from mouth to eye, continued under eye with the third orange band; dorsal fin
with a yellow band distally, bounded below by a narrow blue line, beneath which is a broader orange
band; anal orange at base, bounded by a narrow blue line, beyond which the fin is greenish-yellow;
caudal yellow, the produced rays orange; pectoral dark blue, almost black distally, the base orange,
2 narrow blue stripes on breast below pectoral, separated by an orange interspace.

In alcohol these colors mostly disappear, the green stripes on the head becoming pale blue and
the orange interspaces purplish brown; dorsal pale distally, a faint median dark line beneath which
the color is pale yellowish; anal similar, the basal portion more greenish; pectoral with an oblong black
bar from middle of middle rays to tip of longest rays, rest of fin yellowish or dusky-white.

We identify with this species a single specimen (No. 03429) 0 inches long, obtained at Honolulu
July 20. It agrees well with Bleeker’s description and plate of Julis lunaris (90, pi. 33, lig. 5). Jordan
and Snyder had a specimen from Japan which they identified with Labrus lulescens Solander, and they
expressed the opinion that that species might be the same as Labrus lunaris Linnaeus. The original

304

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

description of L. lunaritt is not sufficiently full to enable ns to settle this question with certainty.
Jordan and Snyder expressly state that the head of their specimen was naked; onrs has a patch of
well-developed scales upon the upper limb of the opercle, which may indicate specific distinction.
Moreover, we are able to find but 2 anal spines, a character in which it differs from other species of
Thalassoma.

Labrus humris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 28:', 1758, India.

Labrus zcglonicus (Forster) Pennant. Indian Zoology, 56, pi. 16, 1790. Ceylon.

Labrus viridis Bloch, Ichth., VIII, 104, pi. 282, 1797. Japan.

J lilts lunaris, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 409, 1839 (Massuah; Siam; Ceylon; Otaiti; Java); Gunther,
Cat., IV, 180, 1862; Day, Fishes India, 403, pi. 86, fig. 1. 1877.
dulls meniscus Cuvier Valenciennes, op. cit., 415, Seychelles, Macao.

Jul is viridis, Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 420 (Bourbon Island).

Jul is mcrtensi Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 421, 1737, Ulea.

La.brus.lv tweens Solander Ms., Tahiti.

Julis lutescens, Bennett, Zool. Beeehev’s Voy. Blossom, Fishes, 65, pi. xix, fig. 2, 1839 (Tahiti, Riukiu: after Solander);

Brevoort, Exped. Japan, Fishes, 271, pi. vm, figs.:’ and 4, 1856 (Nafa, Okinawa Island).

Thalassoma lutescens, Jordan A: Snyder, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., XX IN', 1902, 647 (Riukiu Islands).

239. Thalassoma aneitense (Gunther). Plate 41.

Head 3.7 in length to base of caudal; depth 3.4; snout 3.8 in head; eye 5.3; interorbital space 4;
scales 26-1 1 ; I), vm, 13; A. n, 11.

Teeth in both jaws growing gradually shorter from before backward; no enlarged teeth or
canines; head smooth; scales smaller on breast and belly than on sides and back; lateral line extend¬
ing along fourth row of scales to below base of eleventh articulated ray, where it bends downward
across 3 rows of scales and passes along middle of caudal peduncle; first dorsal spine equal in length
to about two-tliirds diameter of orbit, the others successively longer, the last being l.fi times diameter
of orbit; articulated rays higher, about twice diameter of orbit; anal spines rather strong, the first,
equal in height to third dorsal spine, the second equal to last dorsal spine; dorsal and anal rays about
equal in height; pectoral 1.4 in head; caudal probably truncate; ventral 2 in head.

Color in spirits, pale brownish, the head dusky above; 2 dusky bars passing backward from eye,
the lower of which extends toward angle of opercle; a broad semicircular bar extending from chin
toward eye and bending downward toward lower edge of opercle; a smaller semicircular bar below
the latter; scales with small white spots; distal half of pectoral blackish, the color fading out toward
the lower edge; dorsal with a dark spot- about the si/e of pupil on membrane of second and third
spines. Known to us from the Hawaiian Islands by only one specimen, 5.2 inches long, obtained at
Honolulu bv Mr. Berndt.

Julis anciteusis Gunther, Cat.. IV, 183, 1862, Aneityum. (Coll. Maegillivray.)

Thalassoma aneitense, Jordan A: Snyder, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII. 1904, 943 (Honolulu).

Thalassoma aneitensis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands).

Genus 157. JULIS Cuvier.

This genus as here understood differs from Cor is chiefly in the more elongate body and especially
in the smaller scales, which are 75 to 95 in lateral series. In most species the anterior dorsal spines
are slender and prolonged. Brilliantly colored fishes of the coral reefs, some of the species burying
themselves in the sand. The name .Julis, originally based on the Girelle of the Mediterranean (Julis
julis), has been wrongly transferred to the genus Thalassomu by Bleeker and by Gunther.

Julis Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1st ed., I, 261, 1817 (julis).

a. First 2 dorsal spines longer than the others, the first 1.4 to 1.8 in head.

b. Scales in lengthwise series, fewer than 90 (76 to 82); posterior part of body with violet spots; no blackish vertical bars
on side behind pectoral.

c. Eye 8 in head; scales in lengthwise series 76; body color in life dark reddish brown; a deep green cross Mild from

dorsal to vent; middle line of throat whitish; posterior violet spots blue-edged . gaimard, p. 305

cc. Eye 7 in head; scales in lengthwise series 82; body color in life brownish orange or cinnamon-brown, no deep green
cross band from dorsal to vent, middle line of throat whitish; posterior violet spots larger than in gaimard*

and edged with dark violet . pulchcrrima. p 305

bb. Scales in lengthwise series 90 or more (92); posterior part of body without violet spots; about 8 blackish vertical
crossbars on side behind pectoral . . . leponiis, p. 306

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 4i

Thalassoma aneitense (Gunther).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

305

a a. First 2 dorsal spines shorter than the others, the first one 5 to *5.5 in head, about equal to eye.

d. Eye large, about 5 to 5.5 in head.

e. Body with longitudinal color bands: no black-bordered white areas on nose, nape,' side of back, or candal

peduncle . . flavnvUtata , p. 308

cc. Body without longitudinal bands; black-bordered white areas on nose, nape, s de of back, and base of dorsal,
and on top of caudal peduncle . greenoxdi, p. 308

dd. Eye small, about 8 in head: longitudinal color-bands present . eydouxii, p. 309

240. Julis gaimard Quoy & Gaimard. “Lolo.”

Head 3.3 in length; depth 3.4; eye 8 in head; snout 2.75; mouth 4; interorbital 4; D. ix, 12; A. irr,
12; scales 6-76-27.

Body oblong, elongate, deepest about origin of anal; head longer than deep, pointed; snout long,
profile above straight, pointed; mouth horizontal; jaws equal, produced, pointed; lips thick, fleshy;
teeth large, conic; upper jaw with 2. canines in front, mandible with 2 large canines fitting in
between, all projecting forward; eye small, anterior high, margin of preopercle nearly forming a right
angle; interorbital space convex, elevated; nostrils small, close, anterior in short fleshy tube; first 2
dorsal spines longest, anterior 1.5 in head; longest dorsal ray 2.2; caudal rounded; pectoral 1.4 in
head; ventrals long, pointed, 3.7 in body; scales small, thin, cycloid, extending well out on basal
portion of caudal; lateral line high along hack, falling below last dorsal rays to middle of side of caudal
peduncle, then straight.

Color in life (No. 252, O. P. Jenkins) bright red, bands on head and chin green; a greenish verti¬
cal band behind tip of pectoral; axil of pectoral dark blue with green and yellow border. Another
specimen was (No. 03477) reddish brown, rather dark; a deep green cross brand from dorsal to vent;
stripes on head clear green, the lowest from lower jaw to base of ventral interrupted in certain places;
middle line of chin and throat whitish; snout flesh-colored; axil of pectoral black, broadly edged with
green; posterior half of body with small blue-edged violet spots which grow larger and more crowded
behind, but are still smaller than in pulcherrima; dorsal scarlet, crimson at base with fine dots of violet
here and there, violet stripes above the last at edge, the middle one broadening and becoming green
anteriorly; caudal golden, orange below; anal dark crimson with a blue and violet line; small violet
dots below, and larger ones on orange distal part of fin; pectoral crimson, its tip orange; ventrals dull
orange, edged in front, with dark violet, the third (long) ray green.

Color in alcohol, dull purplish brown; head pale greenish brown, snout pale or dull brown; several
lines and spots down middle of forehead; a brown line from side of snout to eye, continued, broken
above, to origin of dorsal ; brown streak behind eye to corner of opercular flap; a dull blue-green streak
from upper lip toward eye, then down across opercle below; a deep blue band from mandible along
side of breast to base of ventral; chin to space between ventrals deep blue; round dark-edged blue
spots, small, very numerous on trunk, especially posteriorly; dorsal and anal bordered with gray
brown, with 3 narrow dark marginal lines parallel with edges of (ins; small spots on dark bases of each
dorsal and anal; a blue-green spot at base of each dorsal spine and most soft rays; caudal and pectoral
whitish or pale brown; ventrals broadly dusky on outer portion; axil of pectoral deep blue black,
edged with blue and blue green.

Described from an example (No. 625) taken at Honolulu by the Fur Seal Commission in 1896.

This species is common about the reefs of Honolulu, burying itself in the sand when at rest, with
only the snout and eyes visible. For this reason it is called lolo, lazy.

Three examples were obtained by Dr. Jenkins, 1 hv the Albatross in 1896, and 3 by us, 1 of them
from Hilo.

Julis gaimaui Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de l’Cranie, Zool., 265, pi. 54, fig. 1, 1824. Sandwich Islands; Jenkins, Bull. U. S.
Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 460 (Honolulu).

Com gnimardi, Gunther, Ann. .2 Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1861, 3S7; Gunther, Cat., IV, 200, 1862 (Sandwich Islands); Fowler,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands).

241. Julis pulcherrima (Gunther). “ Hinalea lol6. ” Plate XXVII.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 3.4; eye 7 in head; snout 3; mouth 4.4; interorbital 3.8; D. ix, 12;
A. in, 12; scales 6-82-25.

Body elongate, deepest about origin of anal; head longer than deep, pointed; snout long, pointed;
mouth horizontal, jaws produced, equal; lips thick, fleshy; teeth conic, directed forward; 2 large

F. C. B. 1903—20

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

HOC.

canines in front of upper jaw directed forward ; 2 large canines in front of mandible, directed forward,
fitting in between upper pair; eye small, anterior, high in head; margin of preopercle a thin fleshy
flap; interorbital width convex, elevated ; nostrils close together in front of eye, anterior in short fleshy
tube; first 2 dorsal spines elongate, first longest, 1.4 in head; longest dorsal ray 2; caudal rounded,
4.25 in body; pectoral 1.4 in head; centrals long, pointed, 3.75 in body; scales small, thin, cycloid,
extending well out over basal portion of caudal; lateral line high along back, falling below last dorsal
rays to middle of side of caudal peduncle, then straight.

Color in life (No. 03475) brownish orange, the posterior half shaded blackish violet, the anterior
half shaded on salmon; snout bright salmon, median line deep violet; line before eye and above,
extending in dots to front, of dorsal bright violet, the lines bordered with crimson, especially before eye;
a broader crimson band behind eye edged with paler; a curved band! below, similar; throatand middle
of breast violet black; axil of pectoral jet black with a crescent of bright green above; sides of body
with violet blue spots, each ringed with darker violet and about alike in size, these sparse on anterior
half, crowded behind; dorsal bright salmon-orange with violet-crimson edged spots, violet lines and
dashes, and steel-blue edges; caudal clear golden; anal salmon-orange, very bright blue-spots at base;
edge blue with black line, the middle stripe muddy blue; pectorals bright orange; ventnds orange,
edged with violet blue.

Color in life of another example (No. 03380), cinnamon-brown, rather darker posteriorly, bright
on head; middle line of throat and breast livid blue-brown, with a broad green-brown band on each
side; a curved brown band edged with red from angle of mouth to edge of subopercle, another from
eve to opercular flap; a dark blue-black streak from eye backward toward front of dorsal where it
breaks up into spots; a dark median stripe on front of head; side of body with round violet spots
edged with blue, much more numerous and brighter posteriorly ; tail golden yellow, unspotted; dorsal
orange-red, violet spots at base, then a violet line, then a shade of lighter orange with a blue-black
margin; a dusky blotch at base of first dorsal spine; anal colored like dorsal with a row of curved
violet streaks instead of the stripe; violet spots at base very distinct; pectoral red, fading to yellowish ;
axil of pectoral black with green edge; ventrals yellowish green, the long rays orange, spines violet.

Color in alcohol, didl purplish brown; head pale brown, snout very pale or whitish; several lines
and spots in single series down middle of forehead; a brown line from side of snout to eye, continued,
broken above, to origin of dorsal ; a brown streak behind eye to corner of opercular flap; a pale brown
streak from upper lip toward eye then down across opercle below; a brown band from mandible along
side of breast to base of ventral; chin to space between ventrals with blackish streak; round, dark-
edged blue spots on trunk, most numerous posteriorly and on tail; dorsal and anal whitish, margins
narrowly blackish with many dark-edged bluish spots, and dusky tinge basally; outer portions of
soft dorsal and anal each with a narrow dusky line parallel with margins of fins; caudal and pectoral
whitish, latter blackish inside at base; ventrals whitish with dusky edges.

Described from an example (No. 05345) from Honolulu. This species is abundant, found with
the preceding about the reefs at Honolulu and elsewhere among the Hawaiian Islands, specimens
having been obtained by about every collector who has visited those islands. The localities represented
in our very large series of specimens (45) are Honolulu, Hilo, and Kailua. These examples range in
length from 5.4 to 11.25 inches. Occasional in Samoa.

Jiilis formoxHS , Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., V, 1853, 169 (Macassar); not of Bennett.

('ni ts fni'innst/K. Bleeker, Atlas Ichthy., I, 99, pi. 19, fig. 3, 1862

Cnris puh'licrrima Gunther, Oat., IV, 200, 1862, Amboyna, Tahiti, Aneityum; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak, Wiss. Wien, LXX,
1900, 507 (Honolulu).

Julis imlrhcrrima, Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 460 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19.
1904), 528 (Honolulu).

242. Julis lepomis (Jenkins). “Ifilu lauwili;" “ Uhu Fig. 131.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 3.35; eye 8 in head; snout 2.9; mouth 4.5; interorbital 4; D. ix. 12;
A. nr, 12; scales 8-92-35.

Body ovoid, elongate, deepest about pectoral; head elongate, much longer than deep, the upper
profile convex, swollen in front of eye above; snout long; blunt, convex; mouth horizontal, small;
lips thick, fleshy, broad; teeth large, powerful, conic; 2 large canines in front of each jaw, the lower
fitting in between those above; eye small, well anterior, high in head; nostrils small, anterior in very

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

307

short tube; opercle with well-developed flap posteriorly; interorbital space high, convex; first 2 dorsal
spines elongate, flexible, the first longer, 1.8 in head; third anal spine longest, 4; longest anal ray 2.3;
caudal slightly rounded posteriorly; pectoral rather short, 1.5; ventral 1.7; scales-small, thin, those on
occiput very small, head otherwise naked; lateral line rather indistinct, running down on side of caudal
peduncle below posterior dorsal rays.

Color in life, green with blue shades; opercular spot deep blue, blackish before and behind; about
8 blackish vertical bars behind pectoral; back very green, middle and along lateral line tinged with
olive brown; head olive gray with spots and radiating lines of clear blue; throat and breast blue with
drab olive spots; fins greenish sky-blue marked with olive; pectoral olive tinged with bluish; ventrals
similar, more blue.

Another nearly fresh example (No. 03344 I with general color bright blue; side back of pectoral with
7 or 8 darker short cross-bars; head pale blue with numerous bluish-white spots about size of pupil;
opercular flap bright blue with pale margins, yellow posteriorly, brown in front; dorsal vermiculated
or blotched with olive, greenish, and bright blue; caudal dirty blue; anal with irregular spots and
blotches of bright blue separated by greenish-yellow; pectoral bluish-olive; ventrals pale olive; iris

Fig. 131. — hilis lepamis (Jenkins). Type ol Coris lepomis Jenkins. Figure not quite accurate in proportional

measurements.

yellowish. One example when fresh had the black opercular spot shaded with deep bluish, palest in
center; golden markings on head bright yellowish-brown.

Color in alcohol, dull purple brown; head and chest marked with broad pale short lines, spots,
and blotches; opercular flap blue-black behind; short blackish oblique lines on side beyond tip of
pectoral; vertical fins grayish, marked with pale bluish blotches and spots, most numerous on rayed
portions of fins; a large blackish blotch behind second and third dorsal spines; pectoral and ventral
grayish, the former variegated with indistinct lighter markings.

Described from an example (No. 04099) from Honolulu.

This is the largest and one of the handsomest of the many shore fishes of this group. It is often
seen in the markets of Honolulu. We have 11 examples from Honolulu and 1 from Hilo, ranging in
length from 13.75 to 18.75 inches.

Coris lepomis Jenkins. Bull. If. S. Fish Comm.. XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 48, fig. 4, Honolulu, ('type, No. 12141. L. s. Jr.
Univ. Mus.)

Julis lepomis Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 4G1 (Honolulu).

308

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

243. Julis flavovittata Bennett. Plate XXVIII.

Head, measured to end of opercular flap, 3.12 in length; depth 4; snout 3.3 in head; eye 5.5; D.
ix, 12; A. in, 12; scales 7-88-27.

Color in alcohol, white with black longitudinal stripes. A blackstripe, pointed anteriorly, broken
and irregular posteriorly, extends from middle of snout to end of dorsal; a second runs from tip of
snout through eye to base of caudal, where it is connected with the one on opposite side by a band
passing over the caudal peduncle; a third extends from lower jaw over base of pectoral to base of
caudal; a fourth passes from throat to end of anal; breast and belly dusky; dorsal black, edged with
white, a few white blotches along middle of fin; caudal white at base and on margin, middle of fin
with a black lunate band; anal black, bordered with white; pectorals white; ventrals dusky at base;
a posterior canine tooth present.

This species, described originally from the Hawaiian Islands, was not obtained by us, but 1 speci¬
men, 1.8 inches long, was taken by the Albatross ai Laysan Island.

Julis flavovittatus Bennett, Zool. Journ. Lend., IV, 36, 1829, Sandwich Islands.

Cnris flavovittata, Gunther, Cat., IV, 205, 1802 (Bennett’s type); Fowler. Prop. Ac. Nat. Sei.Phila. 1900, 511 (Sandwich Islands) .
Julis flavorittata, Snyder, Bull. C. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Laysan Island).

244. Julis greenovii Bennett. Plate XXX.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 3.7; eye 5 in head; snout 3,5; D. ix, 12; A. ii, 12; P. 12; V. i, 5; C. 14;
scales 6-78-21.

Body short , compressed, and fusiform; dorsal outline regularly and evenly arched from tip of snout
to origin of dorsal fin, thence very slightly convex to base of caudal ; ventral outline about evenly con¬
vex throughout; caudal peduncle compressed, the least depth less than snout, and eye; head small,
thin, and pointed; snout pointed; mouth small, nearly horizontal, the jaws equal; maxillary short, not
reaching orbit, its distal end wholly concealed under the broad, thin preorbital; upper jaw with a pair
of slender, projecting canines in front, and a series of short, close-set teeth on side, the anterior one
somewhat enlarged and canine-like; no canine at angle of mouth; teeth of lower jaw similar to those
of upper; eye small, wholly in anterior half of head; interorbital space moderately wide, convex; gill-
membranes united to the isthmus; opercle ending in a long thin flap. Origin of dorsal fin in vertical
at base of pectoral; dorsal fin low, the rays and spines of approximately equal length, the last spine
about 3.2 in head, the last ray about 3; caudal rounded, the middle rays about 1.7 in head; anal simi¬
lar to dorsal, its origin under base of first dorsal ray; pectoral about 1.7 in head; ventral pointed, its
length 1.6 in head. Scales very small and smooth; head entirely naked; lateral line strongly arched
above the pectoral, then closely following outline of back until under tenth dorsal ray, where it. bends
downward to median line of side and continues thence to base of caudal.

Color in life, rich blood-red, faintly tinged on lower parts of head, at base of pectoral, and slightly
on middle of side with yellowish or orange; top of snout with an ovate or oblong white area surrounded
by a narrow black border; a similar white saddle across nape at posterior border of eyes; a diamond-
shaped white spot on side and base of dorsal, extending upon lower part of fourth to sixth membranes
of spinous dorsal; another roundish white spot, on side, extending from just below lateral line upward
upon seventh and eighth interradial dorsal membranes, about one-half the spot being upon the fin;
a white saddle on middle of caudal peduncle: these 5 white spots each with a distinct black border,
the one on caudal peduncle not well defined; caudal peduncle with a large diffuse brownish-black area,
breaking up into small specks at the edges, especially anteriorly, and overlaid with small sky-blue
spots, largest and most distinct in the center and posteriorly; dorsal fin rich red, the spines with slight
yellow tinge, the rays bluish-white, a narrow black border full length of fin, slightly broader poste¬
riorly; a large oblong bluish-black spot, on last 2 dorsal membranes, the 2 white spots on side involv¬
ing lower portions of membranes between fourth and seventh spines and between seventh and ninth
rays; caudal fin brownish-yellow, lightest toward tip, reddish at base, and crossed near the middle by
2 series of oblong black spots on the membranes, those of the inner series the larger, the 2 series
parallel and curving distally; anal similar to dorsal, with a narrow black border, but without spots
anywhere; pectoral lemon-yellow, washed with reddish on basal portion; ventral yellowish, washed
with reddish on proximal portion, the outer two-fifths sky-blue, darkest at tip.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

309

In alcohol the bright colors all fade; general color grayish-yellow, darkest on nape; jaws and
lower parts of head pale; breast and isthmus dark; the -1 white saddles on back and spot on nose plain
white, each with black border; side of caudal peduncle rusty black, the blue faded; dorsal and anal
tins white, each with a narrow black border, the former with an oblong black spot on last 2 membranes;
caudal white, rusty at base, crossed near the middle by 2 parallel series of black spots, those of inner
series largest and practically continuous; pectoral and ventral s pale.

The above description is from a specimen (No. 2743) 3.5 inches long, taken in 1902 by Dr. Jordan
at Apia, Samoa. The colored painting by Kako Morita is from color notes and sketch from the live
fish by Dr. Jordan. The original type specimen came from Hawaii, but none has since been reported
from those islands.

Julis grcenonii Bennett, Zool. Journ. London, IV, 1S29, 37. Sandwich Islands.

Julis leucorhynchus Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., I, 18511. 57. Manado.

Coris ffrecnoughii, Gunther, Ann. & .Mag. Nat. Hist., VIII, lSGf, 3S7 (no locality); Gunther, Cat,. IV, 204, 1802 (Sandwich
Islands).

245. Julis eydouxii Cuvier & Valenciennes. “Jlilu.” Plate XXIX.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.2; eye 8.2 in head; snout 2.8; mouth 3.6; interorbit:'! 4.7; D. ix, 11;
A. tit, 12; scales 8-81-31.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth at beginning of anal; head elongate, pointed, its depth
1.4 in its length; upper profile of head slightly convex; snout compressed, 2.8 in head; mouth rather
long, horizontal, the corner slipping under preorbital sheath; lips thick, fleshy; teeth powerful, conic;
2 produced strong canines in front of each jaw, those on mandible largest and fitting in between upper
pair; jaws pointed and produced; eye small, anterior, high in head; preopercle with thin convex edge;
interorbital width eonvexly elevated; nostrils close together in front of eye, anterior in short, fleshy
tube; last dorsal spine 3.3 in head; longest dorsal ray 2.5; anal spines graduated to last, which is
longest; anal rays longer than spines, longest 2.4 in head; caudal broad, margin a little convex, 1.4 in
head; pectoral with upper rays longest, 1.6; ventral pointed, not reachinganus, 2; scales small, cycloid
rather thin; head, except on occiput, naked; small scales only on base of caudal, none on vertical fins;
lateral line high, concurrent with back till below last dorsal rays, then running clown and along middle
of side of caudal peduncle.

Color in life (No. 02964), upper half of side with a broad lake-purple stripe, divided for its anterior
two-thirds into 2 by a narrow pale lemon stripe, which begins on snout and extends across head just
above eye to beneath fifteenth dorsal ray; a narrow stripe of lake-purple at base of dorsal separated
from the broad stripe by a somewhat wider pale lemon stripe, which begins on nape just above posterior
rim of eye and unites with the yellow of caudal peduncle, the broad lake purple stripe narrowly bor¬
dered below by rose-pink, below which is a narrow yellowish-white line, narrowest and best defined
on cheek, broadest and most yellow on posterior third of body; lower half of side rose-pink, whitening
below and somewhat yellowish on caudal peduncle; a broad brick-red stripe from snout through eye
to upper edge of opercle; opercular flap light greenish anteriorly, then black, then pale on posterior
border; cheek and lower half of head reddish, mixed with lemon; dorsal black and brownish-red, with
narrow white border, and a series of large roundish chrome-yellow spots; a black ocellus on second
dorsal ray and its membrane; base of caudal yellowish-white, followed by a broad purplish-black
lunate bar, anteriorly with a yellowish streak and posteriorly by white, which is broadest at the outer
angles; anal lake-red with yellow spots at bases of spines; the last ray yellow, fin becoming blacker
toward edge and bordered narrowly with white; pectoral pale, slightly yellowish at base; ventrals
white, anteriorly edged with vermilion.

In another example (No. 05325) there is an indistinct brown band along middle of side from
pectoral to base of lower caudal rays.

Color in alcohol, pale brownish white; back with 3 blackish brown longitudinal bands, first
beginning on side of snout, narrow, running along base of dorsal, and continued as broad crescent
across caudal; above and behind eye it gives out a second band which joins the lowest near descent of
lateral line; lowest or third band broadest, beginning on side of snout, running through eve across
opercle above to base of upper caudal rays; black spot on opercular flap; dorsal and anal blackish
brown with narrow white edges, the former with median series of whitish spots; anal blackish brown
with median longitudinal dark band; pectorals and ventrals pale like belly.

310

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

This large and brilliant species, described originally from these islands, is very common in the
markets of Honolulu and Hilo, from which places we have numerous specimens 5.8 to 15.75 inches
long.

Julis cydoiuii Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. i'uiss., XIII. 155, 183'.), Sandwich Islands; Jenkins, Bull. 1. S. Fish Comm..
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 101 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 528 (Honolulu).

Genus 158. CORIS Lacepede.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate or small scales, 50 to 60 in the lateral line;
head scaleless; lateral line not interrupted; posterior canine tooth absent or not; dorsal ix, 12; anal hi,
12; anterior dorsal spines usually produced and flexible; caudal rounded,

Polynesia, the species few; deeply colored fishes of the coral reefs.

The genus Goris, as understood by Gunther, differs from JTuMchwre* in its small scales. It com¬
prises a great variety of forms, and is divisible into 6 well-marked genera or subgenera, as follows:

a. Scales in lateral line 50 to S5.

b. Posterior canine obsolete; head naked; caudal rounded; scales CO . Com. p. 310

bb. Posterior canine present.

c. Head with a patch of scales behind the eye; caudal rounded; scales 50 . Ophtlmlinolepis, p. 310

cc. Head entirely naked.

d. Caudal rounded or truncate.

e. Scales 55 to 05 . . . - . Ilemicoris, p. 310

cc. Scales 70 to 85 . Julis, p. 304

dd. Caudal forked, the lobes much produced in the adult; scales 73 . Pscudocoris, p. 310

aa. Scales in lateral line about 120; body oblong; head naked; no posterior canine . llologymnosus, p. 310

Of these groups we here recognize Corns, Julis, Oplhalmolepi * (Hueolata), and llologymnosus (fasci¬
al ns) as distinct genera. It is not unlikely that Psamcoris (heteroptera) is entitled to similar rank.

Coris LacOpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, III, 1801, 96 (aygula).

Ilemicoris Meeker, Consp. Gen. Labr. ill Versl. Kon. Akad. Wet., XIII, 1802, 99 ( llalichcercs variegatus)-, Meeker, I’rur. Zool.
Soc. London 1801, 410-413; Meeker, Atlas Iehthy., I, 105, 1802.

a. Scale 50 to 55, Colors Tiright,

b. First 2 anterior spines removed from and longer than the others; body deepest about over middle of pectoral.

c. First, dorsal spine considerably produced, its length much less than 2 in head; eye small, 6.4 in head . . .bidlimi, p. 310

cc. First dorsal spine not milch produced, considerably over 2 in head; eye larger, 5.4 in head . rosea, p. 311

bb. First 2 anterior .spines not removed from or longer than the others, rather shorter; body deepest about

over origin of anal . - . - . rcnusla, p. 312

an. Scales 60. Color chidfly blackish . oygtiia, p. 313

246. Coris ballieui Vaillant & Sauvage. Plate XXXII.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.4; eye 6.4 in head; snout 2.8; mouth 5; interorbital 5.2; I), ix, 12;
A. in, 12; scales 5-53-18.

Body elongate, oblong, deepest about middle of pectoral; head longer than deep, pointed; snout
long, pointed; mouth horizontal, upper jaw slightly produced; lips thick, fleshy; teeth strong, conic,
directed forward; 2 large canines in front of each jaw directed forward, those on mandible fitting in
between upper pair; eye rather large, posterior rim about middle of length of head; preopercular flap
thin; interorbital width elevated, convex; nostrils close together in front of eve, anterior in short
tube; first dorsal spine elongate, filamentous', 3.7 in body; longest dorsal ray 2.2 in head; third anal
spine longest, 4.3; longest anal ray 2.25; caudal rounded, 1.6; ventrals long, pointed, 1.7; scales rather
large, thin, cycloid; lateral line high along back, descending below last dorsal rays to middle of sides
of caudal peduncle.

Color in life (No. 03260) light olive-brown, with a silver streak on each row of scales, about 22 in
number, some scales with a light bluish-green central spot forming irregular stripes, the one above lat¬
eral line most distinct, the interspaces forming golden stripes; behind tip of pectoral about 5 short
vertical irregular bars of golden, alternating with violet, behind these faint violet stripes alternating
with 3 golden ones; base of anal violet; breast and belly white; head golden olive, with blue dashes
and stripes, 2 across lower jaw meeting to surround a white area, 2 behind these across pre- and sub-
operele; first dorsal spine dusky, a jet black blue-edged spot behind it; dorsals with 1 broad and 3
wavy narrow stripes of sky blue, with golden interspaces; caudal golden yellow, with 5 sky-blue wavy

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

311

crossbars; anal like dorsal, the bands interiorly parallel with the margin, posteriorly running upward
and backward; pectoral pale yellowish, the base dusky; centrals reddish, the outer ray dusky; iris
orange pink.

Color in alcohol, dull brown, side with narrow longitudinal dull purplish brown lines, broadest
on back; head brown with leaden streak from corner of mouth to eye, another from corner of mouth
back over preopercle; and still others below eye, on opercle, and mandible; vertical fins pale grayish,
dorsal with blackish spot at bases between first 2 spines; spinous dorsal gray with 3 narrow pale or
light gray lines on outer portion, below which are gray blotches and longitudinal streaks of gray; anal
gray with oblique whitish crossbars; caudal gray with darker blackish edged vertical cross bands;
pectoral and ventrals pale, the latter with dusky edges.

Described from an example (No. 05326) from Honolulu.

Rather common. Dr. Wood’s Honolulu collection contained I specimen, and wre obtained 13
at Honolulu and 3 at Hilo. The Albatross also secured specimens at Honolulu. The numerous speci¬
mens examined range in length from 6.5 to 11.5 inches.

Coris ballieui Vaillant & Saiiyage, Rev. Mag. Zool., Ill, 1.S75, 28.3. Sandwich Islands; not Julis ballicui Vaillant dc Sauvage.
Coris sc hauinslandii Steiiulachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX, 1900, 508, taf. V, fig. 1. Honolulu.
limit cor is baillieui, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1002 (Sept. 23, 1903), 101 (Honolulu).
llemicoris ballicui, Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 528 (Honolulu).

247. Coris rosea Vaillant A Sauvage. " Malamalama.” Fig. 132.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 2.75; eye 5.4 in head; snout 2.8; mouth 4.7; interorbital 4.6; D.
ix, 12; A. m, 12; scales 5-53-18.

Body elongate, oblong, deepest about middle of pectoral; head longer than deep, pointed; snout
long, pointed; mouth horizontal, jaws produced, equal; lips thick, fleshy; teeth conic, strong, directed

Fig. 132. — Coris rosea Vaillant A Sauvage. Type ol lit micoris kelcipionis. Figure not quite accurate in proportional

measurements.

forward; 2 large canines in front of upper jaw directed forward; 2 large canines in front of inaudible
directed forward, fitting in between upper pair; eye rather large, high, a little before middle of head;
preopereular flap rounded, the margin thin; interorbital width elevated, convex; nostrils close together,
anterior in short tube; first dorsal spine longest, 2.8 in head; longest dorsal rays about middle, 2.1;
third anal spine 3.7o, longest; middle anal rays longest, 2.3; caudal rounded, 1.6; pectoral pointed,
1.6; ventral pointed, 1.8; ventral spine weak, 2.3 in longest or first ray; scales rather large, thin,
cycloid; lateral line high along back, descending below posterior dorsal rays, then running along mid¬
dle of side of caudal peduncle.

Color in life (No. 03268), bright brownish pink, a large golden area above pectoral; side with about
24 curly white streaks running along rows of scales, these yellow in the golden area, the streaks above
lateral line most distinct; head golden olive, with vague bluish shades; upper part of opercle bright
yellow, bluish shades placed much as in C. ballieui; a bluish streak from eye to first dorsal spine; no
black spot on front of dorsal; iris red; dorsal with a row of bluish spots at base, a broad blue band just

312

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

below the middle, a narrow blue band above it, the fin otherwise golden; caudal golden with 3 narrow
pale bluish bands; anal violet at base, then golden, then a violet stripe, otherwise golden; behind mid¬
dle of anal violet streaks run obliquely; pectoral pale yellowish; ventrals reddish.

Another example (No. 03310) is richer red, the yellow or golden area above pectoral absent, the
curly white stripes most distinct on under part of side; only tips of first dorsal membrane black, edge
of fin with dashes of bluish purple.

Color in alcohol, dull brown, many narrow brown lines longitudinally along side; head uniform
dull brown with indistinct darker colored pattern shown in figure of C. bnllieui by Steindachner; fins
pale brown, marginal or outer portion of dorsal with 4 narrow pale, brown longitudinal lines; anal
uniform pale brown; caudal pale brown with 3 or 4 indistinct pale crossbars at base; pectorals and
and ventrals pale uniform brown.

Described from an example (No. 2552) taken at Honolulu.

This species is near Coris baUimi. It differs in having the' first dorsal spine short, the color paler,
and the marks on anal and caudal indistinct. Rather common at Honolulu.

We have 20 specimens, 17 from Honolulu and 3 from llilo, 6.5 to 10.4 inches long.

Coris ( Hemicoris ) rosea Vaillant A Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool, , III, 286, 1875, Sandwich Islands.

Coris anjentco-striatas Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 507, taf. Ill, fig. I, 1900, Honolulu.

Hemicoris keleipionis Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 51, fig. 6, Honolulu. (Type, No. 6019,
L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus.)

Hemicoi'is argeiitco-striatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 461 (Honolulu; Dr. Wood).
Hemicoris rosea, Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 528 (Honolulu).

248. Coris venusta Vaillant & Sauvage. l’late XXXI and Fig. 133.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 3.4; eye 5.7 in head; snout 3.2; mouth 5; interorbital 5; D. ix, 12; A.
nr, 12; scales 5-52-17.

Body elongate, compressed, deepest about origin of anal; head much longer than high, pointed;
snout long, jaws produced, equal; mouth small, horizontal; lips thick, fleshy; teeth strong, directed
forward; 2 canines in front of each jaw directed forward, the lower fitting in between upper; eyesmall,

Fig. 133. — Coris venusta Vaillant A Sauvage. Type of Ilcmieoris remedius Jenkins.

its posterior rim in center of length of head; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils small, anterior
in very short tube; posterior dorsal spines longest, last 2.8 in head; longest dorsal ray about 1.8; third
anal spine 3.2 in head; longest anal ray 2; pectoral 1.5; ventrals long, pointed, 1.2.

Described from an example (No. 4569) from Hilo.

Color in life, brown (No. 6133, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. ), dark above, light below; a bright red hand
from eye along lateral line to its downward bend; a bright red band from opercular flap extending

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

313

backward to tip of pectoral, from which it is broken up into a series of short oblique crossbars on every
alternate row of scales, becoming less distinct toward caudal peduncle; a bright red band curving
downward just below anterior portion of middle line of body, becoming indistinct about below verti¬
cal from twelfth dorsal spine; another bright red band from axil curving downward and extending
backward to about second anal ray ; a bright red band from angle of mouth curving upward to lower
margin of eye and down to edge of opercle just below flap; a bright red band from a short distance
behind symphysis curving upward over cheek and downward across middle of posterior margin of
opercle on to breast to a point just behind base of ventrals; a bright red band on each side of middle
line of throat; a short red bar at symphysis; a red spot just above and back of eye; anterior portion of
opercular flap scarlet, bordered posteriorly first with black then with bright yellow; spinous dorsal
with a longitudinal band of red on middle portion, which on soft portion is broken up into small wavy
lines and reticulations.

Another example (No. 03351) with greenish-olive side; a pink-red band along lateral line from
back of eye to middle of lengt h, then fading and running above lateral line to caudal peduncle; another
similar but broader band from gill-opening just above pectoral to middle of length, where it breaks up
into spots; between these 2 a series of 5 or 6 small red spots; a narrower red band from axil along lower
part of side; head greenish-olive, a broad bluish white bar from eye forward and downward to lip, a
similar one under eye forward across cheek and meeting its fellow on lower jaw; base of pectoral bluish
with reddish anterior border.

Color in alcohol (No. 04569) dark brown; a pale creamy band from eye along back, another from
corner of mouth, touching eye, back and down across opercle toward base of pectoral; side of head
below with convex creamy band running down on side of chest behind ventral; opercle with large
creamy blotch, angle of flap narrowly black; 4 pale creamy bands radiate from above base of pectoral
along side a short distance; vertical tins dark gray; spinous dorsal with median whitish longitudinal
line for short distance giving place posteriorily to dark; soft dorsal with dusky brown blotches and
marblings; anal with blotches at base, the marginal portion with narrow oblique blackish lines; caudal
with dusky crossbars; pectoral and ventrals plain pale brown.

In our smallest example (No. 404) from Honolulu, there is a black spot at bases of last 2 dorsal
rays.

This species is generally common on the coral reefs about Honolulu. It is a well-known fish and
was formerly supposed to have medicinal value. It bears much resemblance to Julis multicolor of
Kiippell, a species of still earlier date.

We have 36 excellent specimens -(including the 12 examples obtained by Dr. Jenkins), all from
Honolulu but 1, which is from Hilo. The Albatross also obtained it at Honolulu.

Coris vcmtsta Yililhmt A Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool.. Ill, 1875, 285, Hawaiian Islands.

? Coris multicolor Steindachner, Denks. Ak. VViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 507, pi. v, fig. 2 (Honolulu; I.ay-urn ; not of Riippell.
Hemicoris ranedius Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XIX, 1S99 (Aug. 30, 1900), 49, fig. 5, Honolulu (Type, No. (1133, L. S. Jr.

Univ. Mus.); Jenkins, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 401 (Honolulu).

Hemicoris venusta, Snyder, op. eit (Jan. 19, 1904), 528 (Honolulu).

249. Coris aygula Lacepede. Fig. 134.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 3; eyeTinhead; snout2.5; interorbital 3.65; depth of caudal peduncle
6; I), ix, 12; A. iii, 12; scales 5-451-24.

Body moderately compressed, dorsal contour ascending rapidly from tip of snout to insertion of
dorsal, ventral outline more gently and evenly curved; snout short, bluntly pointed; jaws equal,
lower lip thin, divided into 2 lateral pendant lobes; teeth closely opposed or coalesed at base, the
points distinct, in a single series; 2 strong blunt canines on tip of each jaw, 2 or 4 smaller teeth in a
row behind the canines; no posterior canines present; preopercle entire; opercle with a broad flap,
its length 5 in head; interorbital space convex; caudal peduncle deep; gillrakers on first arch 6 t 11,
moderately long, slender, pointed; pseudobranchiae large; dorsal spines long and slender, not pungent,
the longest 2.5 in head; longest dorsal ray 1.8; anal spines similar to those of dorsal, the rays equal to
those of dorsal in length, the membranes of both fins thick; outer rays of ventrals lengthened, the
fins reaching base of first anal ray; scales moderate, much reduced on nape and on pectoral region;
dorsal and anal fins without basal sheath; small scales extending far out on interradial membranes of
caudal; head naked; lateral line complete, abruptly bent downward below base of soft dorsal.

314

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life, deep green, the scales edged with brownish; a bluish-green vertical band behind end
of depressed pectoral; caudal with a wash of blue on posterior parts; dorsal and anal with golden
brown reticulations.

Color in alcohol, uniform blue-black, the stales with a somewhat lighter edge, the fins much
darker than the body.

This species, here described front a large example from Wakanoura, Japan, has been once recorded
from Hawaii by Mr. Fowler; a record open to doubt, however.

Fig. 134. — Coris uygula LacOpcde; after J ordan and Snyder.

Curia aygiita LacOp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III. 96, pi. 4. tig. 1, 1301, He de France; Gunther, Cat., IV, 1862, 201 (lied Sea;
India; Australia); Day, Fish. India, 408, 1877, (with a figure representing some species oi Jloloyyiirnosus ); Fowler,
I’roe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pltila. 1900, 510 (Sandwich Islands); Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 641,
iig. 9 (Wakanoura, Japan).

Cnris angulata LacepGde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 96, pi. tv, tig. 2, 1801, He de France (dorsal spines not produced).

Jails gibbifrons Quoy &. Guimard, Vov. Astrolabe, Poiss., 707, pi. xix, tig. 3. 1830, lie de France.

Julia coris Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 491, 1839, lie de France.

Genus 159. CHEILIO (Commerson) Lacepede.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with rather small scales, 45 to 50 in the lateral line; lateral
line continuous; cheeks scaleless; a few rudimentary scales on the opercle; teeth small, in one series;
no posterior canities; dorsal spines flexible; fins not produced; dorsal i.\, 13; anal tit, 11. Polynesia
to Africa; apparently a single species, varying much in color.

Cheilio (Commerson) Lacepede, Hist. Nat. I'oiss., IV, 432, 1802 ( auratus ).

Hcmiuti* Swainsip Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 228, 1839 ( vittutus ).

Eitpcmis Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, II, 232, 1839 ( fusiformis ).

250. Cheilio inermis (Forskal). “A'upoupou.” Plate XXXIII.

Head 2.8, in length; depth 4.6; eye9.6 in head; snout 2.25; maxillary 3; interorbital 5.6; I). i.\, 13;
A. ii, 12; scales 5-48-10.

Body very elongate, compressed, deepest at pectoral; upper profile of head concave, then convex
to occiput; mouth large, tipper jaw slightly projecting; snout and jaws produced; maxillary reaching
under posterior nostril; lips thick, fleshy; teeth strong, conic, interorbital width broad, convex;
nostrils small, close together, posterior a little less than eye diameter from front of eye; margin of
preopercle undulate; dorsal spines pungent, tips flexible, longest 3.8 in head; longest dorsal ray 3. 7;
longest anal ray 3.7; margin of caudal a little convex, 2 in head; pectoral small, 2.5; ventrals 4.25;
scales large, thin; lateral line almost straight to base of caudal, tubes very arborescent.

Color in life (No. 03244), olive-green, varying toward rusty red, each scale with a more or less
distinct curly blue spot, bluish shades predominating below; head with various streaks and reticula-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

315

tions of olive, brownish and pearly blue; middle of -side with a narrow dark streak which breaks up
posteriorly into a row of blackish spots; dorsal light orange, the color forming reticulations around
pearly spots; anal similar; caudal dirty, olive-gray; with a paler cross shade; pectoral and ventrals
colorless.

Three smaller examples (Nos. 03245, 03246, and 03247) have the ground color light olivaceous
orange rather than greenish, a dark lateral band much more distinct and traceable across eye to tip
of snout; dorsal plain translucent without trace of spots or reticulations; caudal dpll green, the dark
lateral band forming a dark mesial shade to its tip; anal and pectoral colorless; vent and anal spine
light blue; ventrals light blue, lower ray of pectoral blue; No. 03244 has a brown spot at axil, the
others reddish spots. Another (No. 03348) bright golden; snout orange; lateral stripe black, more or
less distinct; tins plain golden; a few pearly blue spots on scales of lower parts.

Example No. 03039 had a large black blotch on each side when fresh, and one taken at Honolulu
July 19, 1900, when fresh was bright lemon-yellow over whole of body and fins, with the usual row
of black spots.

Color in alcohol, uniform brown above, abdomen whitish; blackish blotch above tip of pectoral,
withseveral white scales; fins pale brown, dorsal and anal with pale oblique crossbars, caudal with
brown spots on membrane.

This species is subject to great variation in shade of color. It is common in the markets at Hilo
and Honolulu. Our collections contain 62 specimens from Honolulu (12 collected by Dr. Jenkins
and 1 by the Albatross in 1896) and 4 from Hilo. These are 1.8 to 16.5 inches long. Common at
Samoa.

Labrus biennis Forskal, Descript. Animal., 34, 1775, Red Sea.

Labrus hassck LacGpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 513, 1801; after Forskal. Arabian Sea.

Chcilio auratus Lacepede, op. eit., IV, 433, 1S02, lie de France; Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de P Prank*, Zool., 271. pi. LIV.

fig. 2, 1821 (Maui; Hawaii): Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 1837, 311 (lie tie France).

Chcilio fuscus Lacepede, op. eit., IV, 433, 1802, lie de France; Cuvier & Valenciennes, XIII, 1839, 349 (same type).

Labrus fusiform is Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, Fische, 7, pi. 1, fig. 4, 1838, Djidda, Massuak.

Hemiulis auratus, Swainson, Class. Fish., II, 228, 1839.

Eupanis fusifonnis, Swainson, op. eit.. II, 232, 1839.

Chcilio cyanochloris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIII, 340, 1839, lie de France.

Chcilio forskalii Cuvier A: Valenciennes, op. eit., XIII, 349, 1839, Red Sea.

Chcilio hemichrysos Cuvier A: Valenciennes, op. ci t . , XIII, 351, 1S39, Sandwich Islands.

Chcilio viridis Cuvier A: Valenciennes, op. eit., XIII, 352, 1839, Vanicolo.

Chcilio microstoma Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. eit., XIII, 353, 1839, India.

Chcilio ramosus Jcnyns, Voyage Beagle, Fish., 102, 1812, Japan.

Chcilio inennis, Richardson, Iehthy. China, 258, 1846 (Canton); Bleeker, Atlas, I. 82, 1862, pi. 31, fig 1 (Java, Bawain,
Sumatra, Celebes, Tonga, Termite, Amboyna, Banda, Ceram, Goram, Burn, Timor, Letti); Gunther, Cat., IV, 191,
1862 (Mozambique, Macassar, Amboyna, Philippines, Aneityum) ; Klunzinger, Verb. Zool. Bot. Gcs. Wien, XXI,
1871, 530 (Red Sea); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., No. 7, 65, 1877 (Honolulu); Day, Fish. India, 407, pi. 88, fig. 4, 1877
(Malay Archipelago); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900,511 (Sandwich Islands); Stcindaehner/Denks. Ak
Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 507 (Honolulu); Jordan & Evermann, I’roe. P. S. Nat. Mils., XXV. 1903, 355 (Formosa):
Jenkins, Bull. P. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 462 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 528
( Honolulu).

Chcilio auratus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Wiss., Berlin, 1855,453.

Chcilio bicolor Bianeoni, Mem. Ac. Soe. Bologn., VIII, 1S59, 46, pi. 25.

Genus 160. CIRRHILABRUS Schlegel.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales, 20 to 25 in the lateral line; lateral li.ie
interrupted; forehead not elevated nor trenchant; cheeks and opercles with imbricated scales; preo-
percle serrated; teeth in one series, with canines anteriorly; no posterior canine; D. xi; 9; A. m, 9;
ventrals much produced ( Cirrhilabrus ), or short ( Cheilinoides ).

Cirrhilabrus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 167, 1845 ( temmincki ).

Chcijinoidcs Bleeker, Natuurk. Nederl. Ind., II, 71, 1851 {cyanoplcura).

251. Cirrhilabrus jordani Snyder. Plate 42, tig. 1.

Head measured to end of opercular flap 2.8 in length; depth 3.45; depth of caudal peduncle 7;
length of snout 3.1 in head; eye 4; interorbital space 4.3; I), xi/8; A. in, 8; scales in lateral line
16-f-8; between lateral line and dorsal 1; between lateral line and anterior part of anal 5.

BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

316

Snout pointed; cleft of mouth 1.3 in eye; (I rather widely spaced canines in upper jaw; inner
pair projecting forward; the others, of which the outer pair are much the longer, curve outward
and backward; 2 small canines in lower jaw; no posterior canines; other teeth very small, sharp, and
closely apposed; preopercle with a finely serrated margin. Cheeks and opercles with scales; bases
of dorsal and anal, each with a row of long, pointed scales; 3 large scales covering the greater part of
basal half of caudal; dorsal and anal fins high; dorsal spines slender, the longest (posterior ones)
equal in length to twice diameter of eye, each with a fleshy, spine-like prolongation, a continuation
of the thickened membrane surrounding the spine, extending upward and backward and acting as a
support for the membrane which extends above spines; first ray equal in height to preceding, spine
and its thickened attachment, the following rays gradually growing shorter; anal spines with thick¬
ened membranous attachments similar to those of dorsal, the rays longer than the spines, their length
contained about 1.5 times in head; caudal rounded; ventrals sharply pointed, not greatly elongated,
reaching to vent when depressed; upper rays of pectoral longest.

Flesh color in alcohol, probably red in life; a pale purple stripe indistinctly outlined extending
along body between base of dorsal and lateral line; a few small white spots scattered along back above
lateral line; 3 distinct, narrow, light stripes along side of abdomen. Fins plain, probably yellow in
life; anal with a narrow dusky band on margin.

The specimen described is a male, type, No. 50878, U. S. Nat. Mus. , from Albatross station 3876,
between Maui and Lanai; depth 28 to 43 fathoms.

Other examples, females from the same locality, among them cotypes, No. 7728, Stanford Univer¬
sity, have the spinous dorsal lower than the rayed portion of the fin. The thickened portions of the
membrane are less developed. The anal has no dusky border.

The following measurements of the type and cotypes are given in hundredths of the length:

No. 1.

No. 2.

No. 3.

Length from tip of snout to base of caudal, in millimeters -

Length of head, including opercular Hap .

. 36

.33

Length of longest (11th) dorsal spine .

.16

.15

. 15

Length of longest (1st) dorsal ray .

.23

.18

Leng h of longest (3d) anal spine .

.13

. 1 .

Length of longest (4th) anal ray .

.25

.17

Length of caudal fin .

. 27

.26

.29

Length of pectoral fin .

. 22

.23

.24

Length of ventral fin .

.23

.21

Number of dorsal rays .

XI, 8

XI, 9

Number of anal ravs .

III, 8

III, 9

Number of scales in lateral line .

16 i 8

15 \ 7

16 + 8

This species belongs with Chetlinoides Bleeker, a section of the genus Cirrhilabi'us , having short
ventrals.

< 'irrh Uabrus jordani Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 529, pi. 10, fig. 18, Albatross Station 3876,
between Maui and Lanai.

Genus 161. PSEUDOCHEILINUS Bleeker.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large scales; lateral line interrupted; cheek with 2 series
of large scales; preopercle entire; teeth in a single series; the upper jaw with a pair of very large
canine teeth bent outward and backward; no posterior canine tooth; lower jaw not produced back¬
ward; 9 dorsal spines, subequal in length; 3 anal spines, the middle one the longest. Eve with the
cornea peculiarly modified.

Pscuclochc ilinus Bleeker, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 409 (Cheilinus hcxativnia).

a. Body comparatively slender, depth about 3.S in length; eye 4.5 in head; gape reaching anterior margin of orbit. Color
in life, body dull brick red; belly and base of anal pale purplish; about 7 longitudinal yellowish streaks along

. . evanidus, p. 317

art. Body deeper, depth about 3.2 in length; eye larger, 5 in head; gape not reaching anterior margin of orbit. Color in
life, brownish red, anterior half coppery, the posterior half grayish; side of body with 8 dark longitudinal stripes.

odotania, p. 317

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 42

1 CIRRHILABRUS JORDANI SNYDER.

2 HEMIPTERONOTUS JENKINSI SNYDER.

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 43

PSEUDOCHEILINUS EVAN I DU S JORDAN & EvERMANN. TYPE

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

817

252. Pseudocheilinus evanidus Jordan & Evermartn. Plate 43.

Head 3 in length; depth 3.8; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3; preorbital 6.2; interorbital 5.5; T>. ix, 11;
A. iii, 9; scales 2-25-6. •

Body short, deep and compressed; head long, conic; snout long, sharply conic; anterior profile
rising in a relatively straight line from tip of snout to nape, thence gently convex to base of caudal
peduncle; ventral outline less convex; mouth large, horizontal, below axis of body, gape reaching
anterior line of orbit; upper jaw with 3 pairs of anterior canines, outer strongest, curved outward and
backward; lower jaw with a single pair at tip, similar to inner above; jaws laterally with a single
series of smaller conic teeth; preorbital narrow, oblique; eye high up, its lower border on axis of
body; interorbital space rather broad and Hat; depth of caudal peduncle about 2 in head; scales large,
surfaces finely striate; head, nape, and breast with large scales; lateral line following contour of back
until under base of sixth dorsal ray, where it is interrupted, reappearing 2 rows farther down and
continuing on 6 or 7 scales to base of caudal fin; fins rather large; dorsal spines somewhat greater than
eye in length, spines with a sheath of large scales reaching nearly to their tips; soft dorsal and anal
with a lower sheath; soft dorsal elevated, rays equal to snout and eye; anal similar to soft dorsal,
second spine strongest, nearly as long as snout; anal rays somewhat longer, equaling those of soft
dorsal; caudal rounded, its length 1.3 in head, its base covered with very large, thin scales.

Color in life, according to Mr. Sindo, body dull brick-red; belly and base of anal pale purplish;
about 17 thin, thread-like longitudinal yellowish streaks along side anteriorly; dark greenish blotches
above eye and on snout; a bluish horizontal bar on cheek, below which is a yellow bar; median line
of throat and tip of snout brick-red; edges of operele and preopercle bright purple; a purple stripe
with reddish edges through middle of dorsal fin, below which the color is dull brick-red, like that of
body, and above which the spinous dorsal is orange-yellow, the margin of the membranes bright
cardinal-red; above the purple streak in the soft dorsal is a bright yellow streak, above which the fin is
cardinal-red, fading gradually upward; dorsal rays purplish; tip of soft dorsal somewhat red; caudal
rays purple, the membranes immediately next to the rays yellow, middle part dull brick-red; anal
same as caudal; ventrals pale purplish; pectoral pale; iris scarlet-red.

The same specimen after having been in spirits more than a year has the bod}' light brownish
blue; a pale streak along each row of scales, but no trace of the narrow yellowish streaks above noted;
top of head and upper part of cheek dusky blue; operele and edge of preopercle rich blue; dorsal,
anal, and caudal fins bright blue, the soft dorsal pale on the outer two-thirds, dorsal rays bright blue;
ventrals and pectoral light blue, latter darker blue at base. The color of this specimen in spirits is
wholly different, from that which it possessed in life, and it would be difficult to believe that such
changes had taken place except that the specimen was carefully tagged when the color note in life was
taken.

Since writing the above, we have noticed similar changes in the Samoan species, P. hcraticnia.
The blue shades are permanent in spirits, while the pink or crimson wash soon vanishes.

The 17 thread-like streaks, mentioned in Mr. Sindo’s field notes above, have vanished entirely in
the original type. A number of specimens taken at. Lay sail by the Albatross retain these marks, the
streaks being almost white, like white threads, covering most of the side anteriorly. This is a very
peculiar color mark, which should well distinguish the species in life.

A single specimen, type No. 50678, U. S. N. M. (field No. 05757), was taken bv Mr. Sindo in Ilen-
shaw’s pool near Hilo, a deep tide pool in the lava rocks.

PseuilticlKiUnus evanidus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. I \ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 192, Henshaw's
pool, near Hilo, Hawaii; Snyder, op. cit. (.Tan. 19, 1904 ) 530, (Albatross Stations 3873, 3876, and 4073, Hawaiian
islands).

Psendncheilinns hemtamia, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 63, 1877 (Honolulu) ; not of Bleeker.

253. Pseudocheilinus octotaenia Jenkins. “Aleilii lakea.” Plate XXXVII and Fig. 135.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.2; eye 5 in head; snout 2.7; preorbital 6.5; interorbital 5.75; D. ix,
10; A. ill, 9; scales 2-23-6.

Body moderately deep and compressed; head very long and pointed; snout long and pointed; the
lower jaw slightly the shorter; anterior profile from tip of snout to origin of dorsal straight, ascending
at an angle of about 35°; body deepest at origin of dorsal; mouth rather large, but narrow, nearly
horizontal, the gape reaching not quite to vertical of eye; lower jaw with 1 pair and the upper jaw

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

318

with .‘I pairs of enlarged canine-like teeth in front and a series of smaller close-set teeth laterally, the
canines sometimes not developed; premaxillaries strongly protractile; skin on lips at sides broad and
(lap-like; eye rather large, its lower edge on axis of body; scales large, smooth, firm, the surfaces very
finely striate; cheek and opercles scaled, 2 rows on cheek; lateral line following curvature of back to
scale under base of last dorsal ray, where it is broken, beginning again on scale in same series 2 rows
lower, or sometimes in same series 2 scales more anterior; fins rather large; dorsal beginning over
base of pectoral, membranes of spines extending beyond their sharp tips, longest dorsal spine about
equal to snout, last dorsal ray somewhat produced; anal similar to soft dorsal, the spines and rays
about equal to snout; caudal rounded, equal to snout and eye; ventral? short, equal to snout; pectoral
rounded equal to snout and pupil.

Color in life, brownish red, the anterior half coppery, the posterior half grayish; side of body
with 8 nearly black longitudinal stripes following along the rows of scales, narrower than the inter¬
spaces, broadest and most distinct posteriorly, the upper one fading under the dorsal, sometimes t races
of a faint ninth line; a faint median streak from nape to front of dorsal preceded by a distinct white
streak from vertex to tip of mouth; head vaguely mottled purplish and orange, the opercles largely
orange; spinous dorsal dull purplish at base, then dull blue, followed by dull yellow, t he fleshy tips
crimson; soft dorsal mostly orange yellow, reticulated with bluish, dull purplish at base with a dull
bluish streak above it; anal like soft dorsal; caudal bright orange-yellow; pectoral and ventrals dull
pink.

The same specimen in alcohol is pale brownish white, the longitudinal stripes black or dark
brown; head dusky yellowish; fins bluish and yellowish green; base of caudal most yellowish.

Another specimen (No. 03498) in life showed the body purple-lake or claret color, with 7 black
lines running laterally through the body; the second line from the. top runs over the upper lateral
line, and the posterior portion of the fourth line over the lower lateral line; head same color as t he
body, but without the black bars, except the occipital region, which has 4 thin black streaks which
are continuous with those of the body; cheek with yellow dots in irregular rows; several (about 5)
purple streaks radiate from eye, which may be continuous with the black bars on the body in living
examples; interorbital space and top of snout with rose-red streaks running along the median line;
lips bright rose-red, a yellowish red streak over eye; spinous dorsal with 3 purple and 2 yellow bars,
which are slightly wavy, alternating each other, ending on tip with a purple bar; the yellow prepon¬
derates in the soft dorsal, in which the purple bars are reduced to very thin streaks; rays purple ;
caudal fin bright yellow; anal same as the soft dorsal; pectorals and ventrals plain, pale claret.

The above description is based upon a specimen (No. 03238) obtained at Honolulu, June 1 1, 1901.
The species was found at Honolulu by Wood, Jordan and Snyder, by us, and by the Albatross, and by
us at Hilo. The 19 specimens examined are 3.6 to 5.2 inches long.

Pseudochdlinus octoUrnia Jenkins, Bull. IJ. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 04, fig. 22, Honolulu (type, No. (5122
Stanford Univ. Mus. Coll., Mr. Kaleipio); Jenkins, op. « it., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 4(54 (Honolulu); Snyder, op.
eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 530 (Honolulu).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

319

Genus 162. CHEILINUS Lacepede.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with large scales, 20 to 25 in lateral line; lateral line interrupted;
cheek with 2 series of large scales; opercles scaly; preopercle entire; teeth in 1 series, 2 canines in
front of each jaw, not bent backward nor outward; no posterior canine; lower jaw not produced back¬
ward; lips thick; dorsal spines subequal; D. ix, 10 (rarely x, 9); A. hi, S. \

Fishes of Polynesia and the East Indies, usually brightly colored, the shades chiefly red and green.

Cheilinus LaoOp&de, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., in, 529, 1801 (trilobatu*) .

Urichthys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, It, 224, 1839 (lunulatus).

Crnssilnbrus Swainson. op cit., 225 ( nndulalus ).

Thalliums Swainson, op. cit.. 230 (blochi-ehlorurus ) .

Oxychei, linns Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 143 ( arenalus ).

c i . Caudal rounded, upper and middle rays not produced . hexagon atm, p. 319

aa. Caudal with upper ajid middle rays produced.

b. Upper caudal ray usually longer than head; head about 3 in length; eye about 5 and snout about 3.25 in

head. Size small . bimaculatus, p. 320

bb. Upper caudal ray shorter than head; head about 2.6 in length: eye about G and snout about 2.7 in
head . trilobatus, p. 322

254. Cheilinus hexagonatus Gunther. “Poofi.” Fig. 136.

Head 2.4 in length; depth 2.75; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.4; maxillary 2.6; interorbital 4; 1). ix,
10; A. hi, 9; scales 3-24-6.

Body elongate, oblong, compressed, deepest about ventral fin; head elongate, its depth 1.4 in its
length; upper profile of head slightly convex to origin of dorsal; snout long pointed, rounded; mouth

large, oblique; jaws large, strong, lower slightly projecting; teeth in jaws forming sharp cutting edge
along sides, rather small, sharp pointed, compressed; 2 enlarged sharp canines in front of each jaw,
lower fitting in between upper; eye rather small, anterior; margin of preopercle undulate; interorbital
space convex; nostril in short tube in front of eye; last dorsal spine 3,75 in head; eighth dorsal ray 3;
third anal spine longest 3.4; sixth anal ray 2.6; caudal rounded; pectoral short, rounded, 2.25 in head ;
ventral short, rounded, 2.5; scales large, thin, cycloid; lateral line straight above, interrupted below
last dorsal rays, then beginning low and running straight out on base of caudal. Described from an
example (No. 04296) from Honolulu.

Color in life (No. 3506) dull drab above, each scale with a vertical bar of vermilion red; lower
surface rosy; markings on head cadmium with a ground-color of dull brownish, neutral tint; dorsal
with 3 longitudinal bars of cadmium, interspaces dull-greenish blue; anal Venetian red with a faint
yellow median longitudinal liar, more distinct anteriorly; caudal rays green, membranes yellow,
narrow, posterior border red; pectoral yellowish toward base, pink distally; ventrals rosy, with black

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

320

blotch on proximal half; a light pink zone around anterior portion of caudal peduncle, showing also
on posterior end of dorsal.

Color in life of example from Hilo, head livid violet brown, the varied marks orange, posteriorly
scarlet; body reddish brown, each scale with a bright red bar, redder in the young than in the adult;
caudal peduncle olivaceous, the fin in the adult with blue or olive rays, the tip red; bar across caudal
peduncle light pinkish; dorsal dull olive green or brown with orange marks or lines, the last rays
pinkish like the crossbar; anal rosy; ventrals rosy, with a red-black blotch on the inner side; pec¬
toral orange, scarlet at base; jaws and throat livid bluish. Smaller examples show no blue on caudal
rays. Young are very rosy. Bones and teeth bluish green.

Another example from Hilo had the anterior half of the body dull olive when fresh, posterior
becoming more reddish with varied marks of bright orange, those about eye yellow alternately
with livid blue; eye blue with yellow streaks; iris red; posterior part of dorsal and anal clear orange
pink; dorsal dusky, edged and mottled with reddish; anal with more red, shaded with dusky; caudal
light orange, barred and dotted with light olive and with 2 washes of black, 1 basal and terminal; a
black spot edged with bright yellow behind eye; another near middle of side not ocellate.

Color in alcohol, dull brown, darker on back; head grayish with narrow pale lines above; below
eye oblique pale lines running down across preopercle, subopercle, and interopercle, inclosed above
by narrow line beginning behind corner of mouth and running up below eye and across to axil of pec¬
toral; a pale vertical streak across caudal peduncle below basal portion of last dorsal rays; dorsal gray¬
ish with 2 narrow pale longitudinal streaks and base of last rays pale; anal pale, rays greenish,
posteriorly dusky on outer portion, a median pale longitudinal line; caudal greenish, edged above
and below' with brownish; pectoral and ventrals pale brownish, latter tinged with dull greenish,
basally blackish brown.

This species is very common about Hawaii, coming daily into the markets of Honolulu and Hilo,
from which places we have 26 specimens 5.5 to 10.25 inches long. Gunther records the species from
Yap Island, and the Alhntross obtained it at Honolulu and off Molokai. Known also from Johnston
Island.

ClieiUnus hexagonatus Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VII, 247, pi. 135, fig. B, 1881, Yap Island; Snyder. Bull. It s. Fish Coram.,
XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 530 (Honolulu and station 3834, off southern coast of Molokai). -

ChciUnus dif/ramma , Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 133 (Johnston Island); not of LacupCde.

Chcilhms znnvrus Jenkins, Bull. Tj. S. Fish. Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 56, lig. 13, Honolulu (type, No. 6134.
Stanford 1'niv. Coll. Dr. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 434 (Honolulu).'

255. Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Plate XXXVIII.

Head 3 ill length; depth 2.9; eye 5 in head; snout 3.25; preorbital 5.5; interorbital 4.5; D. ix,
10 or 11; A. in, 8 or 9; scales 2-22-6.

Body short and deep; dorsal profile evenly and gently curved from tip of snout to last, dorsal ray;
ventral outline somewhat less convex; iiead conic; snout moderate, bluntly pointed; month rather
large, slightly oblique; maxillary nearly reaching vertical of eye; each jaw with a pair of strong
canines in front, and a series of shorter teeth laterally; eye moderate, the lower edge on line of axis of
body; interorbital rather broad, moderately convex; fins high; origin of dorsal over gill-opening;
first dorsal spine short, the others longer, their length equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of
pupil; dorsal rays somewhat higher, their length 1.9 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its last rays
but one somewhat produced, making the fin pointed; caudal usually with the upper ami middle rays
greatly produced and filamentous, the produced rays usually consisting of 1 upper and 3 or 4 middle
rays; middle rays sometimes little produced; lower caudal rays usually not produced, the tip of the
fin forming a sharp angle; ventrals reaching two-thirds of way to origin of anal, their length 1.8 in
head; pectoral short, broad and rounded, the upper rays scarcely longer than the lower, 2 in head;
scales large, those on nape and breast not reduced; head covered with large scales; lateral line ceasing
at base of soft dorsal ray, beginning again 2 scales lower down and 1 to 3 scales anteriorly and con¬
tinuing to base of caudal. Description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03002) 5 inches long, from
Honolulu.

Color in life of a nearly fresh specimen, taken at Honolulu June 7, rosy or brick-red, greenish on
back, paler below; blackish blotches on caudal peduncle, a small black spot, on middle of side below
lateral line, below sixth dorsal spine; anterior part of side vermiculated with orange-red on borders of

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

321

scales, which are yellowish green; head and nape purplish, with narrow reddish orange or yellow
lines radiating from eye, those toward snout reddest, those backward more yellow; 2 greenish yellow
bars on opercle, which is yellowish green above and bluish below; dorsal pale, specked with olive or
brownish, edge of (in red; membrane of anterior ray with a blue spot bounded above by a similar
bright red border; last few dorsal rays pale, with rosy specks, yellowish toward tips; caudal mottled
greenish and reddish on basal half of rays, elsewhere mottled rosy, yellowish, greenish, and white,
the border narrowly blue; anal flesh-color at base, mottled reddish, grayish and greenish on distal
parts, the border blue; pectoral and ventrals pale rosy, the latter somewhat mottled with greenish,
reddish, and white; iris bluish olive, with radiating orange lines; tip of lower jaw dark bluish, paler
on the throat.

This same specimen, after having been in spirits one year, is dusky white, palest, below; the lines
and markings on the head have changed to pale sulphur-yellow, as likewise, the border to the scales
on anterior part of body; the dark greenish postocular spot has become dark brown, almost black,
and the green of the side pale; the black lateral spot persists; the blue spot on anterior portion of
dorsal has become black, and the red above it has faded to pale lemon. In some specimens the black
lateral spot is absent on one or both sides, while occasionally in other specimens it is duplicated and
appears as a double spot, on at least one side. Most specimens show in spirits traces of 4 or 5 broad
dark liars, and a dark blotch on basal part of Caudal fin.

Another specimen (No. 02350) in life was scarlet, a little olivaceous on back, the color deepest
behind opercular flap and produced bv a vertical spot on each scale; side of head green, with scarlet
line radiating from eye, irregular in position; a brown spot behind eye; a jet black round spot larger
than pupil below seventh scale of lateral line; a black ocellus behind middle of first dorsal spine, rest
of dorsal with red reticulations around pale spots; caudal and anal similar; soft fins whiter than
spinous portion; ventrals whitish, reticulated with red; pectoral pale with a red streak at base. An
example (No. 03343) 4.25 inches long, taken at Honolulu, June 14, when nearly fresh had the back
and upper parts of side and head brick-red, mottled with dark olive; 2 rows of scales below lateral
line with the entire margin orange-red; 3 or 4 faint round dusky spots above lateral line anteriorly; a
conspicuous black spot just below lateral line beneath fifth and sixth spines; caudal peduncle dusky
underlaid with rosy; snout and interorbital space with irregular greenish white lines; whiter lines
radiating forward and coppery ones backward from eye; a large brownish spot back of eye bounded
by coppery orange; opercle in front of pectoral greenish, with 2 obscure, coppery stripes; under parts
paler, the scales with pale orange centers; margin of lower jaw white, rest black; middle line of
throat black; dorsal blackish brown, the Sheathing scales dusky rosy; first ray blood-red on outer
two-thirds, followed by a black spot; margin of fin with a narrow white line, tips of the ray rosy,
posterior 6 or 7 rays yellow; caudal with upper half yellow with rosy splotches, median rays with a
large blackish blotch on basal half, outer half and lower part of fin greenish yellow; anal greenish
olive, posterior margin greenish yellow, with rosy splotches; pectoral pale rosy, yellow on base; ven¬
trals dusky anteriorly, paler on inner rays, crossed by about 4 rows of orange-red spots; iris olive with
spots and lines of orange.

This little fish is one of the most beautiful of the many brilliant fishes found among the Hawiian
Islands. The extreme delicacy and beauty of the markings are well shown in the exquisite painting
by Mr. Hudson which accompanies this report.

The vies was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands, being found among the coral rocks,
where it is apparently not uncommon. We have examined 40 specimens from Honolulu, and 1 from
Hilo, all of small size, rarely exceeding 5 inches in length. Other specimens were obtained by the
Albatross at Honolulu.

CheiUnus himaculatus Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., 14, 96, 1839, “ L'ile Onarourou” (Honolulu), Coll. JEydoux &
Souleyet; Gunther, Cat., IV, 131, 1862 (Hawaiian Islands); Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, VII, 246, 1881 (Honolulu);
Steindacliner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 504 (Honolulu): Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902
(Sept. 23. 1903), 464 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 530 (Honolulu).
t Cheilinus cemmams Bleeker, Nat. Tijd. Ned. Ind., 111,290, 1852, Ceram; Gunther, Cat., IV, 127, 1862 (Amboyim: Aneityum.)

F. C. B. 1903—21

322

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

256. Cheilinus trilobatus Lacepcde.

Head 2.6 in length; depth 2.6; eye 6 in head; snout 2.7; maxillary 3; preorbital 3.6; interorbital
3.6; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.2, least width 12; I), ix, 10; A. hi, 8; P. 11; V. i, 5; C. 12;
scales 2-20-5.

Body short, deep, and much compressed; back considerably elevated, the anterior profile rising
in a bold curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin; a slight depression on snout in front of eyes;
interorbital space rather wide and high; head rather small, compressed, its greatest width 2.3 in its
length; snout large and heavy; mouth moderate, little oblique, entirely below axis of body, the jaws
equal: each jaw with a pair of strong, curved canines in front, and a row of shorter conic teeth on
each side, these decreasing in size posteriorly; eye small, entirely above axis of body; proorbital deep;
lips thick and fleshy; opercle ending in a broad, short flap; caudal peduncle very deep and thin.
Scales large, thin and firm, covering body and entire head except snout, those oil head thickest ;
lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening and running in a nearly straight line to scale
beneath last dorsal ray, where it ceases but reappears 2 rows farther down and 3 scales farther forward,
thence continuing to base of caudal; pores of lateral line not much branched. Dorsal fin beginning
over base of pectoral, the spines weak and short, their length not much exceeding half length of snout;
soft dorsal pointed, the longest rays 1.5 in head; a sheath of large scales at base of dorsal; caudal tril¬
obate, the outer and middle rays produced, the longest rays about. 1.4 in head; anal similar to soft
dorsal, pointed, the longest rays 1.3 in head; anal spines graduated, the first very short, less than
orbit, the third about 3.5 in head; pectoral broad, truncate, its length 1.9 in head; ventrals very lung
and pointed, reaching base of first anal ray, their length about 1.25 in bead.

Color in life, olive gray ; a series of greenish-blue cross-streaks, very numerous and well defined,
pale cherry-red cross-shades between them; head with radiating streaks and spots of crimson; chin
dull; dorsal light olive with cherrv-red edge and intramarginal streak; soft rays mostly colorless; a
little dusky spot at base; caudal dusky, edged all around with pale, the tip and edge mostly red; anal
olive with green rays and 2 red marginal stripes; ventral with blue rays, an olive blotch and a pink
edge; pectoral yellow-olive, dark olive at base.

Color in alcohol, dark brown, blotched irregularly with darker; head with numerous short, narrow
pale streaks, some of them more or less wavy, those on opercles breaking up into round spots; dorsal
fin greenish olive, with pale border narrowly edged with darker; caudal dark greenish; anal dark
greenish, edge pale; pectoral pale; ventrals greenish-blue; iris green. Description of male (No. 04627,
10 inches long) from Pago Pago, Samoa.

A female example 6 inches long (from Pago Pago) differs from the male just described chiefly in
the more slender snout, less elevated back, rounded caudal, less pointed dorsal and anal, and much
shorter ventrals. The pale markings on the head are less distinct. The female and young with short
ventrals correspond to Cheilinus sinuoms described from Sandwich Islands by Quov and Guimard. We
have obtained many specimens of this species from Samoa, but saw none in Honolulu. The only
Hawaiian record is that of Quoy and Gaimard.

Cheilinus h-ilobatus Lacep&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 529, 1)27 , pi. 21. tig. 2, 1801, Indian Ocean near Mauritius.

CheiUnus sinuosus Quoy A Gaimard. Voy. Uranic, Poiss., 278, 1821, Sandwich Islands; young: Ruppell, Atlas Fisoh., 22, 1S2S;
Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. XIV, 79, 1839; Bleeker, Atlas, I. GO, pi. 27, tig. 2, 1862; Gunther, Cat., IV,
126, 1862; Klunzinger, Pixel). Roth. Meer. in Verhmid. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, XXI, 1871, 553.

Cheilinus rivulalus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, op. cit., 86.

Genus 163. NOVACULICHTHYS Bleeker.

Labroid fishes with oblong body; postocular region of head scaly; 27 or 28 scales in longitudinal
series; each jaw with many series of conspicuous crystalline teeth, the 2 anterior canines curved, no
angular teeth; dorsal fin and base of anal scaleless; the 2 anterior dorsal spines flexible, the following
7 pungent; anal spines 3; lateral line interrupted; lower pharvngeals with 4 or 5 series of teeth.

Novaculichthys Blocker, Consp. Gen. Ltibr. in Versl. Ron. Ale. Wet. XIII, 1862, 102 (txnioHrus): Bleeker, Proe. Zool. Soc.
Loud. 1861, 410-13; Bleeker. Atlas Iclith., 1, 113, 1862.

a. First 2 dorsal spines somewhat shorter than Hie ethers, never produced .

aa. First 2 dorsal spines not at alt shorter than the others, sometimes produced.

,wuodi , p. 323

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

3 2 3

b First 2 dorsal spines somewhat removed from the third, nnd the third and fourth somewhat farther apart than the
others; in males the first 2 prndueed to more than twice length of third; in life general body color above dull olive

brown with no dark cross-bars . - - - - . . Ucniouru s, p. 1125

bb. First 3 dorsal spines about equally spaced with the others; the (irst 2 greatly produced, more I lmn 3 times the length
of the third, and the liftli produced to about twice the length of the third; general body color green with dark
cross-bands . kallosomii, p. 327

257. Novaculichthya woodi Jenkins. Plate XI. and Figs. 137 and 137a.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3; eye 5.5 in head; snout 2.6; maxillary 3.6; interorbital 4.6; I >. ix,
12; A. m, 12; scales 3-27-7-24 pores; Br. 6.

Body oblong, elliptical, greatly compressed; dorsal outline but slightly more convex than ventral;
head longer than deep; snout rather short and pointed; lower jaw slightly the longer; mouth small,
slightly oblique, the maxillary not reaching vertical of eye by a distance equal to pupil; each jaw with
a pair of large curved canines in front and a scries of smaller conic teeth on the sides; anterior profile
gently and regularly curved from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; cheek moderately deep, oblique;
interorbital high, convex, somewhat trenchant; dorsal tin beginning over middle of opercle, the ante¬

rior spines not detached nor produced; spines all sharp, about equal in length, 3.6 in head; dorsal
rays somewhat longer, about 2.5 in head; anal spine short and sharp; anal rays about equal to those
of soft dorsal; caudal slightly rounded, its length 2 in head; ventrals with the spine sharp, a little
longer than diameter of eye, the first rat' filamentous, reaching somewhat beyond origin of anal, about
1.25 in head; pectoral moderate, barely reaching origin of anal, 1.5 in head; scales thin and firm;
lateral line following line of hack until under base of fourth dorsal ray from last, where it drops 2
rows of scales and continues to base of caudal; head entirely naked, breast nearly naked, only 2 or
3 small scales apparent. Description based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03483) 6.6 inches long
from 1 1 ilo.

Color in life, olivaceous above, rosy on nape, violaceous below, the general effect pale violet ; some
rosy shades on side; above pectoral yellowish white shaded with rosy; violet on lower side, gold-rosy
on side and bright rosy on nape; side of head livid violet.; 2 gray streaks across lower jaw, no distinct
marks on head, hut in fresher male specimens an ill-defined golden area behind head passing off into
rosy; spinous dorsal violet-blue, with round ink-like spots of indigo-blue; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal
bright salmon-red, unmarked; ventrals violet white; pectoral reddish, the axil scarlet with a violet
line; some dark red dots on caudal; pores of lateral line pale orange; iris bright crimson.

324

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Another specimen (No. 03496) obtained at Hilo, showed in life the following colors: Head and
caudal peduncle below lateral line pale bluish purple; back along spinous dorsal brownish yellow
overlaid with a grayish shade; a pale yellowish patch above axil of pectoral; an orange dot on each
scale of lateral line, margin of scale pale brownish; nape brown with slightly reddish tinge; belly with
9 or 10 whitish vertical streaks on the peritoneum, but discernible through the skin; membranes of
spinous dorsal purple, with a round, jet-black spot between each 2 spines, purple on edge; soft dorsal
delicate orange-red, the base with purplish shade, small black spots similar to those on spinous dorsal
on first 2 or 3 membranes of soft dorsal; caudal fin pale orange-red; the distal portion brighter; anal and
pectoral same ascaudal; ventrals palepurple; iris pinkish red. A nearly fresh specimen ( No. 02974 ) was
described as very pale rosy, with bluish and purplish irridescence, somewhat yellowish above pectoral; 2
rows of scales next to dorsal whitish; nape rosy; snout and cheek ashy yellowish; under parts whitish:
middle of side with a wedged-sliaped paler space ending in a blunt point on caudal peduncle; fins all
pale rosy, except spinous dorsal, which has a small bluish-black spot on each membrane; iris pink.
Still another specimen (No. 03456) was described as bluish on body with golden tinge; spinous dorsal
blue with a white spot on each membrane; soft dorsal and anal rosy; ventrals rosy except produced
ray, which is white; pectoral light rosy w ith slight dusky on upper 2 rays on proximal half; iris rosy.
An examination of this same specimen after it had been in alcohol more than 2 years shows the

spinous dorsal bluish dusky with one or more rather distinct whiter spots, these continuing on the mem¬
brane of 3 or 4 rays, rest of soft dorsal and all the other fins pale yellowish white; axil dusky.

An examination of a large series of specimens, including the types of .V. woodi and N. enlargyreus
and a careful study of Mr. Seale’s photograph and description of N. tattoo, shows that all constitute
bnt one species. The tattoo marks on the belly shown in Mr. Seale’s photograph and described by
Dr. Jenkins in his account of N. entargyreus show plainly in our alcoholic specimens Nos. 05757,
05434, and 05726, and the life color note taken by Mr. Sindo on specimen No. 03496 calls attention to
the same markings. In the majority of our specimens, including specimen No. 03496, these “ tattoo "
marks do not appear externally, as I)r. Jenkins has correctly stated, being upon the peritoneum
and not always showing through. Upon dissection, however, we find them present in all of the
numerous specimens examined by us. Dissection also show's them to be equally plain upon the cotype
of N. woodi.

We have examined 19 examples (3 collected by Dr. Jenkins, including the types of -V. woodi
and N. enlargyreus) , 7 from Hilo and 12 from Honolulu; these are 4.6 to 6.75 inches long. The species
is rather common about the coral reefs.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

325

Xovaculichthya woodi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 52, iig, 8, Honolulu (type, No. 6029, Siun-
lord Univ., Coll. Dr. Wood); Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 465 (Honolulu).
Nnvaculichlhys entargiireus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30. 1900), 53, fig. 9, Honolulu (type, No. 5984.
Stanford Univ., Coll. Dr. Wood).

NwacitiiCMhys tattoo Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, Vol. I, No. 4,5, fig. 2. 1901. Honolulu (type, No. 611, B. P. B. M..
Coll. A. Seale).

258. N o vaculich t hv s taeniourus (Lacepode). Fig. 138.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3; eye 7.5 in head; snout 2.9; maxillary 3.4; preorbital 4.6; interorbital
5.5; D. i.\, 12; A. hi, 12; scales 2-26-9.

Body rather long and greatly compressed; head rather long, longer than deep; snout long, low
and bluntly conic; anterior profile oblique, rising in a gently convex line from tip of snout to nape;
dorsal and ventral outlines in long, low curves; caudal peduncle very deep, 2 in head; mouth rather
large, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching anterior edge of pupil; jaws each with a pair of strong
curved canines in front, and a series of small, close-set conic teeth laterally, usually a second or third
pair of smaller canines toward the front; eye small, anterior, above axis of body; interorbital rather
broad, convex but not trenchant; opercles' smooth, their edges membranous, the opercle ending in a
long broad soft flap; dorsal fin continuous, first 2 spines not detached, the membrane between them
and the third not notched, these spines large but soft and flexible, not produced in the female, but
markedly produced in the male, their length being more than twice that, of third spine; origin of dorsal
fin over vertical from upper edge of preopercle, length of second dorsal spine equaling gape; other
dorsal spines somewhat stiffer and sharper, their length about equal to second; soft portion of dorsal
somewhat elevated, length of longest rays 2 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its rays somewhat

Fig. 138. — Novaculichthys txnvmrui (LacDpude).

longer, 1.8 in head; caudal broad, slightly convex, its length 2 in head; vent nils short, not reaching
vent by a distance slightly greatei than diameter of eye, their length 2.4 in head; pectoral broad, its
length slightly greater than half head; scales large, smooth, and thin; lateral line following second row
of scales from back, until under base of third dorsal ray from last, where it drops 3 rows of scales and
continues to base of caudal, there being 19 pores on the first part and 4 on the other; head entirely
naked, except a few very small obscure scales back of orbit.

Color in life, from a specimen (No. 03249) from Honolulu, dull olive brown; each scale, except on
belly, with a large vertical oblong spot of olive white; belly light dull red, each scale with a white
edge; scales of breast plain dirty olive; head olive, darker above, reddish on lips; 4 dark olive bands
radiating from eye, each edged with gray, the second and third confluent at base, the first and second
short, the third reaching edge of subopercle and the fourth nearly to edge of preopercle; membranes

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

326

of first 2 dorsal spines jet-black, with a golden spot below; rest of dorsal tin with alternations of oblique
bluish or grayish lines and rows of olive spots, these spots smaller and more reticulate near tip of tin;
anal similar, its edge dusky; caudal dark olive, with bluish reticulations, a broad band of dirty white
covering its basal two-fifths; pectoral faintly olivaceous, its inner base and a large axillary blotch jet-
black; ventral* reddish black, with a black spot in the axil; iris purple.

On specimen No. 03501 there was a bright yellow spot at base of pectoral; axil black, an irregu¬
larly curved black spot behind axil, concave anteriorly. Another specimen (No. 03502) differed
markedly from the preceding example, having the color in life dull slaty bluish, no orange or reddish
on belly; edges of scales on belly not white; no lines radiating from eye; no other markings on bead;
black and yellow on first 2 dorsal membranes; the black axillary spot large and united with the
curved black area at lower edge of pectoral. Another specimen, 8 inches long (No. 03393), taken
July 8, was blackish olive, nearly uniform, the scales of side with a pale olive-gray vertical bar; axil
jet-black, with a jet-black ocellus above, and bright yellow- on base of first pectoral ray; head mottled
olive, unmarked; dorsal dingy olive, with a large black ocellus behind second spine; soft dorsal vaguely
cross-spotted with dull bluish and dull golden-olive, its edge washed with red; anal mottled olive,
edged with blackish; caudal reddish olive, with a dull pink or flesh-colored crossbar, a dusky bar
behind; ventral* mottled black; pectoral dusky, its first ray reddish.

The same specimen in alcohol has the scales pale or dusky white, somewhat rosy, with broad
dark brown borders; axil of pectoral black, with a large bluish-black blotch above and a narrow blue-
black line below; membrane between first and second dorsal spines black, that between second
and third spines with a black spot below, which is a light, yellowish area, rest of dorsal fin pale
yellowish white, crossed by numerous series of irregular large brownish-purple spots, these
coalescing more or less posteriorly; edge of soft dorsal more or less purplish; anal similar to soft
dorsal, markings less distinct, edge darker; caudal with a broad yellowish white bar on its basal
two-fifths, the outer portion dusky olivaceous crossed by obscure vertical paler lines; 1 or 2 scales
on lateral line beneath first to third dorsal rays, sometimes with a blackish spot; head pale yellowish
white, a narrow dark line from eye downward and backward to near edge of preoperele; a similar
bar from posterior border of eye downward and backward toward edge of operele, slightly below
upper edge of pectoral; a third much shorter line from posterior border of eye, where it sometimes
coalesces with the second, upward and backward toward origin of lateral line; and a fourth, shorter
and less distinct, upward and backward from upper edge of orbit toward nape. In some specimens,
particularly the males, there are 2 narrow lines across interorbital space from eye to eye, 2 similar
ones downward from eye toward end of maxillary, and a fainter one forward from eye under nostril.
In some specimens, particularly the larger ones, the general color is darker and the oblong black
pectoral ocellus is more distinct.

The above description, except life-color notes, based upon (No. 05611) a specimen 10 inches long
from Honolulu. This species appears to be not uncommon at times among tin' Hawaiian Islands.
There was 1 specimen from Honolulu in the collection examined by Steindachner. It was not
obtained by Dr. Jenkins, but 2 specimens were obtained by Dr. Wood in 1898, and one male by
Jordan and Snyder in 1900. Abundant, in Samoa.

The young of this species have the first 2 dorsal spines elongate and more or less detached, as
usual in Xovaculichtliyx. Our collection contains 21 excellent specimens, only 3 of which are males.
Two examples were collected at Honolulu by Dr. Wood and 2 by Jordan and Snyder; of our speci¬
mens only 2 are from Ililo. Length, 5.4 to 10.2 inches.

J.abrus t remount* Laecpede Hist. Nat Poiss., til. 448, 518, 1801 . Tropical Pacific.

Spams hemtiplurrium Lacepede, op. fit., IV. 53. 1(50, 1802, locality not given.
dpamjSS&uhio* Lilcvpodc, op. Oil., 54, 1(50, 1802. locality not given.

Julis ranikomtsis Quoy & Guimard. Voy Astrolabe, Poiss., 701, pi. 20, fig. 1, 1833, Vanikoro.

Jnlisbifcr (young) Lay .V Bennett, Zool Beeehey's Voyage, 64, 1839, Oahu Island.

Novacrita ccphalof&nia Bleaker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. 1ml . VI, 1854, 333, Lurantuka.

Xovacula limit ii (young? Bleeker, Act. Soc Sc. 1ml, Necrl. 1, 1856, Vissch. Amboina, 59, Amboyna.

Xovacula /'tut tcob on*. Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Miss. Wien, l.XX, 1900, 504 (Honolulu).

XomcuUchthtjs hemisphterium, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 461 (Honolulu).

Novaculichthys txniourus. Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 530 (Honolulu).

FISHER OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

327

259. Novaculichthys kallosoma (Bleeker). Plate XLT.

Head measured to end of opercular flap 3 in length; depth 3; depth of caudal peduncle 6; snout 3.3
in head; eye 5: dorsal ix, 12; anal in, 12; scales 2-26-9. Color in life green, spotted with white and
banded with black.

Width of body 2.7 in head; snout not pointed, the profile convex from tip of snout to occiput;
interorbital area acutely rounded or angular, the distance between the eyes equal to their diameter;
maxillary extending to a vertical passing through anterior edge of pupil; each jaw with a pair of
canine teeth at the symphysis, the lower pair fitting between the upper teeth; head naked, except
a small space behind and below orbit, where there are 2 rows of minute scales, which do not
extend around the orbit but occupy only a space equal in length to diameter of eye, the center of the
scaled area being on a line between pupil and upper edge of base of pectoral; lateral line interrupted
on the twentieth scale, beginning again on the third scale below and extending to base of caudal; first
and second spines of dorsal greatly lengthened and very flexible, the first equal to the length of head,
the’ second 2.4 in length, these spines connected with each other and with the following ones, the
membrane between the first and second about equal in height to the eighth spine, that between
the second and third deeply scolloped; each spine with a narrow strip of membrane along the
posterior edge of the free part, the fifth longest of the remaining spines, its length 2.2 in head;
longest ray 1.6 in head; anal spines slender, graduated in length from first to third, the second 4.5 in
head; longest ray 1.7; caudal rounded, its length 1.2 in head; pectoral extending to a point above
origin of anal; second ray of ventral elongate; when depressed, reaching anal opening.

Color in alcohol, yellowish white; head with 9 black lines radiating from eye; an elongate white
spot on chill extending downward from corner of mouth, another on cheek below eye near angle of
preopercle, and a third below the latter in the branchiostegal region; body with 5 narrow dusky
bands, the first extending from origin of dorsal downward and backward across edge of opercular flap
and base of pectoral to base of ventral; the second passing downward from base of sixth dorsal spine,
widening and disappearing in region of pectoral ; the third extending between the third dorsal and the
third anal rays; the fourth between the eighth dorsal and eighth anal rays; the fifth, shaped like a
chevron, the point forward, is on the caudal peduncle; first and second spines with broad, dusky
bars, the fin with large dusky clouds, prolongations of the dark body bands; between the large spots
are smaller ones corresponding with vertical rows of irregular spots on the body; anal colored like the
dorsal; distal half of caudal rays dusky; pectoral white; ventrals dusky, the inner half of fin bordered
with w hite.

Described from a single specimen, 4.5 inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu, which
agrees with a specimen, bright green in life, collected by Dr. Jordan at Pago Pago, and with another
from the island of Negros, P. I.

Since the above was w ritten we have received from Mr. Berndt a second specimen, from Honolulu,
which is grass-green in color. Our plate is from the Pago Pago specimen, by Dr. Jordan, revised by
Kako Morita.

Novacula kallosoma Bleeker, Visch. Araboyna, 5, in Act. Soc. Sc. Indo. Neerl. VI II, Amboyna.

Novarulirlithijs kallosoma, Bleeker, Synon. I.ubr. in Yersl. Kcm. Ak. Wet., XIII. 1862, 293 (Amboyna); Atlas Icth. I, 145,

1862, tab. 31, fig. 3; Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Corain , XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), 530 (Honolulu ).

Genus 164. CYMOLUTES Gunther.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with small scales; snout rather elevated; head naked; lateral
line interrupted; no posterior canine tooth ; D. ix, 12-14; A. in, 12-14.

Ci/mrjlutes Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., V III, 1861, 387 ( prxtexlatus ).

260. Cymolutes lecluse (Quoy & Gaimard).

Head 3.35 in length; depth 3.65; eye 5.65 in head; snout 2: gape 4; interorbital 5.1; D. ix, 13;
A. m, 13; scales 7-79-23.

Body fusiform or wedge-shaped, tapering gradually from nape to caudal; head short; snout long
but decurved, the anterior profile in a regular bold curve from tip of snout to nape; mouth low, hori¬
zontal, the gape not nearly reaching vertical of eye; each jaw with a pair of strong canines in front and
a series of smaller conic teeth laterally, inside of which are shorter, bluntly conic teeth; eyes high up,

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

328

near the dorsal line and close together; cheek very deep; opereles with their edges smooth; opercle
with a broad, flexible flap; caudal peduncle moderately deep, 2.8 in head; scales small, densely cover¬
ing entire body, except a narrow naked area on breast and nape; head naked, but with a small patch
of 6 or 8 scales below the eye; lateral line running high, following contour of back until under fifth
dorsal spine from last, where it closes, reappearing again 5 scales below and continuing to base of caudal
fin, sometimes the last pore of first part bent down and the first of the last part bent upward; dorsal
fin beginning over middle of opercle, the spines soft and flexible, their length about 4.4 in head, dorsal
rays scarcely longer:; anal spine and rays similar to those of dorsal; caudal truncate; outer rays of N eu¬
trals slightly produced, their length 2 in head; pectoral rather short and broad, about 1.75 in head.

Color in life of a nearly fresh specimen (No. 03153) pale rosy white, with some yellowish; top of
head pale greenish; anterior pectoral region greenish; a small jet-black ocellated spot, with pale blue
border on upper part of side under about eighth dorsal spine; dorsal pale greenish, edged with pale
orange and blue, a narrow black line near tip of first membrane; caudal pale yellowish white; pectoral
and ventrals whitish; anal white; iris yellow surrounded by rosy.

Another specimen (No. 03408) had the belly pale bluish white, the general color of body very
pale olive-green; anal colorless; dorsal colorless except for a narrow pale red edge; a yellow ocher
spot .on opercular flap; a small dark spot on upper posterior part of the caudal peduncle; caudal
colorless, the anterior half tinged with pate yellow; other fins colorless; iris bright yellow surrounded
by a rim of lake-purple, a stripe along back for entire length, just above lateral line slightly paler and
more nearly color of belly. A live example (No. 03458), taken at Honolulu, July 27, had the general
color bluish white; edge of gill-opening and posterior part of opercle pale pinkish yellow ; a quadrate
area from gill-opening to vent and from ventral line of belly to level of lower border of eye.pure white;
an indistinct irregular band of pale pinkish yellow from below eye backward along upper border of
the quadrate white area; posterior half of side with about 13 transverse pale pinkish bars; a small round
black spot, with bright greenish blue border on side above tip of pectoral and just below lateral line;
anterior part of dorsal fin with a Y-shaped black line with greenish border; posterior part bordered
with pale pinkish yellow .

Color in alcohol, very pale yellowish or brownish white; side from above base of pectoral to ver¬
tical of origin of anal with a broad yellowish white area, the small black spot on side unchanged, as is
likewise the black on first dorsal membrane; black spot on side rarely absent and sometimes double;
occasionally an indistinct black spot on each side of upper posterior end of caudal peduncle.

The above general description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 03153) obtained' at Honolulu.
This species reaches a length of ti or 7 inches and is fairly abundant at Honolulu. We have examined
26 specimens (4.8 to 6.25 inches long), 1 from Hilo, the others from Honolulu.

Xyrichthys ledusc Quoy & Guimard, Voy. frame, Zool., 284, pi. 65, fig. ]. 1824, Hawaii.

Xyrichtlnis uilurolipidotus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 52, 1839, Owhyhee (Hawaii) (Coll. Quoy A
Guimard).

Cymolutes ledum, Gunther, Cat., IV, 207, 1862 ( Hawaiian Islands).

I'umolutef ledusr, Jenkins, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 465 (Honolulu); Snyder, op.cit. (Jan. 19, 1904),
531 (Honolulu).

Genus 165. INIISTIUS Gill.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with large thin scales, about 26 in the lateral line; head scale¬
less or nearly so; head short and deep, the upper and anterior outline compressed to a sharp edge;
profile almost vertical; eye small, placed high; D. ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12; first 2 dorsal spines detached
from the others and inserted on or close behind the occiput; lateral line interrupted, extending on the
second row of large scales below the dorsal sheath ; canines, 2 in front of each jaw; no posterior canines.

This genus contains some 5 or 6 species, chiefly of the western Pacific. They are similar in most
respects to the species of Xyrichthya, differing principally in having the 2 anterior spines of the dorsal
fin produced, separated from the others, and placed as a separate fin on the nape.

Jniisiius Gill, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 143 (pavo).

«. Body-color in lii'e olive green or gray, not black or brown: 3 more or less distinct cross-shades . pavoninus , p.329

art. Body-color in life black or brown; no crossbars . niger , p. 331

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

32V>

261. Iniistius pavoninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Plate XLII and Fig. 139.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.4; preorbital 2.3; interorbital
5; D. ii-vii, 12; A. m, 12; scales 3-27-9.

Body short, deep, and greatly compressed; head deeper than long; caudal peduncle very short
and deep, its length 3 in head, its depth 2.2; snout very short and blunt, the anterior profile almost
vertical from tip of jaws to front of eyes, thence, in a sharp curve to origiu of dorsal, from which line
the dorsal and ventral out lines are about equally curved to caudal peduncle; snout and anterior profile
very trenchant; mouth small, nearly horizontal, the maxillary reaching vertical of anterior edge of
orbit; mandible strong, the lower edge compressed and convex; a pair of strong curved canines on
front of each jaw, back of which are smaller teeth; each side of jaw with short conic teeth; preorbital
nearly vertical and very deep; interorbital high, very convex and very trenchant; preopercle and
opercle smooth, their edges thin and flexible; anterior 2 spines of dorsal detached, placed upon occiput
over posterior line of orbit, the first spine produced and filamentous, its length 1.9 in head, both spines
very soft and flexible, other dorsal spines rather short and flexible, their length less than gape of

Fro. 139. — Tuiisliiis pavoninus (Cuvier A Valenciennes). Type of /. kurozonns Jenkins. Tin* first anal ray in figure should

be a spine.

mouth; dorsal rays somewhat longer, 3.2 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays of about equal
length, about 2.6 in head; ventrals with outer ray produced, nearly reaching origin of anal, their
length 1.6 in head; pectoral short, reaching a vertical at vent, the length 1.7 in head; scales large,
smooth, thin, and adherent, those on breast slightly reduced; head naked, except sometimes a few
small scales below eye; lateral line ascending for 3 scales, then continuing approximately straight to
scale under last anal ray but 2, where it drops 3 rows and continues on 5 scales to base of caudal.

Color in life of a male (No. 03484) 14 inches long, olive green, with 3 dark cross-shades narrower
than the interspaces; first band with each scale below level of eye edged with bright blue, a black
crescent above, edged in front with light blue; in second band most of the scales below level of eye
edged with bright blue, 3 of them with black; in the third band some scales edged with pale blue;
first interspace with a quadrate sjfot of golden white; middle line of forehead, chin, and throat violet,
this color varying in shade and edged on each side with light orange; an oblique band on cheek anil
whole opercular region golden olive, with oblique violet lines and dots; first dorsal dull violet; second

330

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

dorsal dull olive, with lines and spots of violet blue, greenish blue distally; caudal dull olive, with
intramarginal band of sky blue; ventral pale, axil blackish violet; pectoral largely blackish; anal dull
olive, with bluish marks and an intramarginal sky-blue band; iris crimson.

Examples from Hilo had the pale lateral spot generally white tinged with golden, sometimes pure
white, sometimes pure rosy; some have an additional black spot edged with blue above front of anal.
A female has the same cross-bands, the first black spot similar, the white area shaded with both
yellowish and violet, the marks in the second band wanting, the least trace of markings on head
anteriorly, and fin side; fin markings similar, but all faint; iris dull crimson; intramarginal band on
caudal distinctly pale blue.

Two other specimens (Nos. 03000 and 03001) were described in life as pale olive gray, whitening
on side ami belly; side with -I broad darker bars, the first at base of pectoral, second between anterior
end of anal and middle of dorsal, third between posterior ends of dorsal and anal, and the fourth at
base of caudal fin, the third darkest; a black spot covering I scale under membrane between fourth
and fifth dorsal spine; this bordered, except behind, with blue; first and second series of scales below
dorsal with narrow blue lines; dorsals grayish, with numerous blue lines extending upward and for¬
ward, these separated by broader grayish brown lines; anal white with a narrow blue line near its
border, tipped with brown; caudal whitish, dark at tip; pectoral olive gray above, pale yellowish
below; ventrals white; iris pink. Another specimen (No. ,03025) was described as pale dusky white;
opercle with 2 darker bands, one downward from eye to subopercle, the other across operele, each
with some purple; side with a broad vertical dusky bar upward from front of anal, and 2 less distinct
ones farther back; edges of some scales pale yellow; a small black spot, bordered anteriorly with blue,
on second row of scales below fourth dorsal spine; dorsal pale bluish, crossed by numerous brownish
orange bars; caudal white, with 2 or 3 narrow faint yellow cross-bands, the tip black; pectoral white,
slightly dusky at base; 2 pale rosy blotches on belly at base of anal; ventrals white; iris purple.

Color in alcohol (No. 03534) pale, somewhat dusky; body crossed by 4 broad brownish vertical
bars, the first under proximal half of pectoral, the second upward from anterior anal rays, the third
between last dorsal and anal rays, fourth on distal half of caudal peduncle; humeral region, interspaces
between dark bars, lower parts of head and belly yellowish white, the space between lower half of
first, and second dark bars most, distinctly white; one scale above lateral line and under base of fourth
dorsal spine black, bordered on its base by light blue; dorsals dusky, almost black on edge, the
membranes vermie.ulated with dark and light; caudal smoky, the edge darker; anal dirty yellowish,
the edge with a narrow olivaceous border; ventrals pale; pectoral dusky, black within.

A young example from Hilo when fresh was violet olive, without red; 4 dark areas or bands,
with pale interspaces, that behind pectoral white; base of each scale light golden, its edge violet;
indigo black ocellus, edged before with violet blue; scales all over body showing shades of violet and
golden, faint; first dorsal dusky bluish; second dorsal violet and golden in oblique streaks; one blue-
black ocellus on dorsal edged with blue; caudal and anal faintly violaceous, the latter with a light
violet border and golden edge; pectoral yellowish; ventrals dusky, edged with yellowish and viola¬
ceous; eye with faint radiating streaks of violet and golden.

Smaller specimens in alcohol are considerably lighter; ridge of snout and nape bluish, cheek and
opercles brownish, with narrow wavv darker brown and bluish lines; dorsal fin paler, with -,yavy
purplish or bluish lines extending upward and forward, the margin somewhat dusky. In many oi
the smaller examples the black scale on the side is without the bluish anterior border. In some small
specimens, one or more scales toward the lower end of the second dark bar are darker, forming a more
or less distinct brown blotch; an occasional specimen is found with an extra black spot on side above
lateral line.

This species is the largest one of the genus found among the Hawaiian Islands and is one of the
most important, being a valued food-fish.

These specimens are certainly Xyrichthys pnroninux Cuvier & Valenciennes, as were also the speci¬
mens from Honolulu identified by Steindachner with Xyrichihys paro Cuvier & Valenciennes.
It is very doubtful whether the latter species is found among the Hawaiian Islands. The color
assigned to it by Cuvier and Valenciennes and by Bleeker does not apply to any of the numerous
specimens examined by us. The species described from Cape San Lucas by Hr. Hill as Ini-Mux
mundienrpus is evidently identical with this species. We have examined a total of 64 specimens, 56
from Honolulu, 7 from Hilo, and 1 from Kailua. The Albatross secured some also at Puako Bay.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

331

Xyrichthys pavoninus Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 63, 1839, Sandwich Islands. (From a drawing by
Webber, the artist of Cook’s third voyage.)

flniistiu. s mundicorpus (Jill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 145, Cape San Lucas moll. John Xantus): Jordan it Evermanti,
Fishes North it Mid. Amer., II. 1620, 1S9S.

Novacula (Iniistius) pavo, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 505 (Honolulu); not of Cuvier it Valenciennes,
nor of Bleeker.

Novacula pavo, Gunther, (’at., IV, 175, 1862 (Sandwich Islands).

Novacula (Iniistius) tetrazona , Steindachner, up. cit.; not of Bleeker.

Iniistius Irucozon us Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900). 54, fig. 11. Honolulu, young. (Type, No.

6137 Stanford Univ., coll. <>. P. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1893), 165 (Honolulu).

Iniistius pavonin us, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903) 465 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19.
1904), 531 (Honolulu: Puako Bay, Hawaii).

262. Iniistius nig-er (Steindachner). Fig. 140.

Mead 2.8 iii length; depth 2.5; eye 6 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.3; preorbital 2.65; interorbital
6; I). 1 1— vn, 12; A. in, 12; scales 3-28-10.

Body short, deep and greatly compressed; head as deep as long; snout very blunt, anterior profile
rising nearly vertically from tip to front of eye; dorsal and ventral outlines each in a long, low curve;

Fir;. 110. — Iniistius viper (Steindachner). Type of I. verater Jenkins.

caudal peduncle compressed very deep, depth 2.3 in head; preorbital very' deep, nearly vertical; mouth
small, nearly horizontal, t lie maxillary nearly reaching vertical of anterior edge of orbit, jaws each
with a pair of long curved canines anteriorly, and a series of small bluntly conic teeth, laterallv; eve
small, very high; interorbital space high and strongly cult rate; first 2 dorsal spines remote and entirely
detached from remainder of fin, placed upon occiput above posterior half of eye, the spines soft,
flexible and much produced, the length of the first equaling distance from tip of snout to edge of pre-
opercle, second shorter by a distance equal to gape of mouth, remaining dorsal spines slender and
flexible, their length about 2.7 in head; dorsal rays slightly longer, about 2.5 in head; anal similar to
soft dorsal, the rays about equally long; caudal gently rounded, the rays about 2.25 in head; outer
rays of ventrals produced, reaching vent 1.7 in head; pectoral broad, its length 2 in head; scales large,
thin, smooth, and adherent, those on breast somewhat reduced in size; lateral line rising 3 scales from
tipper end of gill-openihg, thence continued along second row of scab's to the scale beneath last dorsal
ray hut one, where it drops 3 rows to middle of side, continuing on 5 scales to base of caudal; head
entirely naked, excepting 1 or 2 small postocular scales.

332

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life (No. 03422) head and body nearly uniform black, underlaid by purplish on belly;
caudal black, the outer third white with rosy tinge; pectoral black at base, the outer two-thirds trans¬
parent; centrals black, with some purple; soft dorsal and anal nearly uniform black, the last rays of
each usually but not always tipped with white; no humeral spot.

Another specimen (No. 03423) was very dark brown; a black scale with blue border just above
lateral line and under tourth dorsal spine; belly showing some reddish purple; soft dorsal and anal
with minute spots and reticulations of dark blue, similar spots on caudal; centrals dusky red, with
blue markings, detached dorsal with olive and blue; sides of face with tinges of olive over the dark
background; pectoral pale on upper margin; indistinct dark olive area on body under and behind last
third of pectoral; tip of soft dorsal, anal and tip of caudal not pale; iris purple.

An example (No. 02940 ) 2 days in alcohol had the head and body uniform black throughout;
dorsal jet-black, narrowly tipped with white, the exposed tips of spines white; caudal with a broad
whitish tip. Another specimen (No. 03457) had the body and head and tins quite black without
other marking ot any kind; the light colored extremity of caudal was rosy toward the posterior border,
and the light tips of dorsal and anal showed some rosy tinge with a narrow bit of blue in the dorsal tip!

Color in alcohol, head and body uniform dark brownish black; distal third of caudal, tips of dorsal
and anal and most of pectoral plain yellowish white, the pectoral a little dusky, rest of fins rich blue-
black.

This species is thus far known only from Honolulu, and does not appear to be very abundant.
It was not obtained by Jenkin.4 in 1889, the 2 specimens described by him having been obtained
bv Wood in 1899.

Through an error, the figure given by Jenkins shows 10 dorsal spines instead of 7, as given in the
text. The figure given by Steindachner is also defective, showing only 6 instead of 7 dorsal spines,
and having the detached dorsal spines very much too short.

We have 19 specimens, including the type of /. vernier, ranging from 4.8 to 8 inches long.

Novacula ( IniiMus ) nigra Steindachner, Anzeiger fur Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1900, No. XVI, 176 (June 27. 1900), Hono¬
lulu; Denies. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 605, pi. IV, fig. 2, Honolulu; the type.

MIMha Jenkins. Bull. (\ s. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 55, fig. 12, Honolulu. [Type, No. 5990, Stan-

ford Uniw, coll. Dr. Wood).

Jnmtius niger, Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 165 (Honolulu!

Genus 166. HEMIPTERONOTUS Bleeker.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with scales of moderate size; head compressed, more or less
elevated and obtuse, with the upper profile generally more or less parabolic; cheek with small scales;
lateral line interrupted; no posterior canine tooth; D. ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12, the 2 anterior dorsal spines
separate from the others.

Hem.iptcronot.ui s Lacgp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 111,215.1801 ( quinquemaculatus ).

Hemipteronotv s Meeker, Proc. Zool. Sor. Pond. 1861, 414 ( Hemipteronotus quinquemaculatus): Bleeker, Versl. Kon. A k. Wet.,
XIII, 1862, 103 ( quinquemaculatus ).

a. No large dark area on the side, a narrow bluish band from lower anterior portion oi eye running downward to behind

corner of mouth, parallel with the other vertical lines from the eye and upper part of the head . copei p 352 '

aa. A large dark area on the side several scales wide and high.

b. Anal without distinct markings . .... , .

,, , , , , 6 . . nmbnlatus, p. 333

Anal with oblique color bars, with black spots only in the male.

c. Last rays of dorsal and intermembranes with large black spot . . . baldwini p 334

cc. Last rays and membrane without black spot . . jenicimi p 336

283. Hemipteronotus copei Fowler.

Head 3.85 in length; depth 3; eye6.25in head, equal to interorbital; D. ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12; scales
26 in lateral line.

Body elongate, much compressed, deepest in the pectoral region; head elevated, compressed, the
anterior profile very parabolic, though slightly convex; snout not produced; eye small, high, 3 in
space between its anterior margin and tip of upper jaw; interorbital convex; mouth narrow; teeth
strong, the outer lateral teeth larger than the others, except the canines, which are in 2 pairs on the
anterior portions of the jaw, those in lower closer together than those of upper jaw and fitting in

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

333

between the latter when the mouth is closed; gillrakers moderate; gggudobranchiie developed; head
naked except a series of 6 scales, which descends obliquely forward from the postorbital though not to
center of eye in the vertical, and 2 scales on upper margin of operele; origin of dorsal slightly pos¬
terior to median vertical keel of preopercle, the first 2 dorsal spines sharp, tip of first ending in a
short filament, and about the same height as spines which succeed them, the latter being rather strong,
firm, and not sharp; dorsal rays longer than the spines, the last ray, when depressed, reaching base of
caudal; caudal rounded; anal similar to dorsal, its origin under the first dorsal ray, third anal spine
longest; pectoral 1.75 in head, its origin below center of body and above origin of ventral; innermost
ventral ray joined to body by a membrane; tips of fins not reaching origin of anal, but extending
beyond tip of pectoral; lateral line concurrent with back, interrupted at the 21st scale.

General color dull brownish, the fins immaculate; a narrow bluish band from lower anterior por¬
tion of eye running downward to behind corner of mouth, parallel with this other vertical lines run¬
ning from eye to upper part of head, the one on preopercle broad; the opercles with narrow lines on
their posterior portion.

Oahu Island. This species in known to us only from Mr. Fowler’s description.

Hemipteronotus copei Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900 (Nov. 0, 1900), 508, pi. XX, tig. I, Oahu.

264. Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins. Fig. HI.

Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 5.1 in head; snout 2; maxillary 3.5; preorbital 2.7; inter¬
orbital 5; D. ii— vii, 12; A. in, 12; scales 3-27-9.

Body short, deep, greatly compressed; head as deep as long; snout very blunt, the anterior profile
rising nearly vertically from tip of snout to front of eye, where it makes a sharp curve to nape; body

Fig. 141. — Hemipteronotus umbrilatus Jenkins; from the type.

deepest at base of ventrals, thence tapering gradually to caudal peduncle; mouth horizontal, the jaws
equal, maxillary not. reaching vertical of anterior edge of orbit; small conic teeth on sides of jaws, a pair
of enlarged canines in each in front; preorbital nearly vertical and very deep; eye small, high up; pre¬
opercle smooth, operele ending in a broad soft flap; caudal peduncle deep, its least depth 2 in head;
origin of dorsal slightly behind posterior border of orbit; first 2 dorsal spines remote from but con¬
nected by low notched membrane with third spine, the detached spines soft and flexible, little pro¬
duced, their length equaling gape; remaining dorsal spines low, about equaling length of detached
portion; dorsal rays subequal, a little longer than spines, 2.75 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its
origin under base of fourth dorsal ray; caudal short, slightly convex, length 2 in head; outer ray of
ventral somewhat produced, not reaching vet.', its length 1.75 in head; pectoral somewhat longer
than ventrals, reaching vent, its length 1.4 in head; scales large, thin, and firm, those on breast some-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

334

what smaller than those on side; cheek with about 6 vertical rows of somewhat smaller scales, 2 scales
on upper end of opcrcle, rest of head naked; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening, curv¬
ing upward for 4 pores, thence following contour of back, until under base of last dorsal ray, where it
drops down for 2 scales and continues to base of caudal.

Color in life, light drab, the posterior portion of each scale white or whitish; a large dark-brown
blotch as large as head on middle portion of body, in which the posterior half of each scale is white;
first 2 dorsal spines dusky, no distinct markings on fins.

Another specimen ( No. 03027) was white, centers of scales anteriorly dusky, a large black blotch
on side above tip of pectoral, covering 23 to 25 scales; preocular part of head bluish black; dorsal,
anal, and ventrals white; caudal dusky white; pectoral white with slight yellowish shade. One
specimen (No. 03447) when fresh dead, was gray with bluish tinge on body and fins; small black spot
on tip of anterior dorsal; large black area on side of body 7 scales wide and about 7 scales deep; below
this an area of scales bluish with white margins, this extending a little farther backward than the
black area.

This species is sometimes very dark, almost black, as is shown by 3 specimens from Ililo, one
of which (No. 03478) was in life dirty olive, paler mesially, the head livid dusky, the anterior part of
body to tip of pectoral black; fins all mottled blackish, no markings; very faint paler lines below, and
a very faint shade of olive in places; no real markings, save the black anterior half of body. A
smaller specimen, probably a male, had lower half of black area to front of anal deep violet bine.

Color in alcohol, yellowish white, head, nape, and breast with bluish rosy wash; middle of side,
with a large brownish-black blotch, about 6 scales in length and 9 in depth, the distal portion of each
scale whitish; detached dorsal spines dark, rest of dorsal and anal pale, purplish and orange at base;
caudal dirty whitish distally, purplish at base; pectoral and ventrals pale yellowish white; eye with
a silvery ring around pupil, surrounded by light brassy, annexed by purplish blue.

This species is known only from the type and 15 other .specimens obtained at Hilo and Honolulu';
these are 4.75 to 8.75 inches in length.

Ifauiptcronotiis umbn'latus Ji'iikins. Bull. tT, S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. (10, 1900), 53, lig. 10, Honolulu (type, No. 6135,
Stanford Univ. Coll. Dr. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. oit. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 161 (Honolulu).

265. Hemipteronotus baldwini Jordan & Evermann. Plate XXXIX.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3; eye 5.75 in head; snout 1.75; maxillary 3; preorbital 2.2; inter-
orbital 4.8; D. ti-viu, 13; A. in, 13; scales 3-27-9.

Body moderately short and deep, greatly compressed; head slightly deeper than long; anterior
profile nearly vertical from mouth to front of eye, sharply cultratc; dorsal outline gently convex, sloping,
to the deep caudal peduncle; ventral outline less convex; caudal peduncle very narrow, the depth
2.25 in head; mouth small, horizontal, the maxillary nearly reaching vertical of orbit; the jaws equal,
each provided anteriorly with a pair of strong curved canines and laterally with a single row of short
close-set conic teeth; lower jaw strong, its outline very convex; preorbital nearly vertical and very
deep; preopercle and opercle smooth, with membranous edges, the latter produced somewhat in a
broad rounded flap; origin of dorsal but little posterior to orbit, far in advance of base of ventrals;
first 2 dorsal spines somewhat removed from third but connected to it hv a low membrane, their length
scarcely greater than the gape of mouth; remaining dorsal spines short and weak, scarcely equaling
gape; soft dorsal low, the rays slightly longer than the spines; anal similar to soft dorsal, rays some¬
what longer; caudal slightly convex, rays 2 in head; outer ray of each ventral somewhat produced,
not. reaching vent, the length about 1.9 in head; pectoral broad, the longest rays 1.7 in head; scales
large, thin, smooth, firmly attached, those on breast somewhat reduced; head naked, except about 4
series of small scales extending from eye downward to level of mouth; lateral line curving abruptly
upward from upper, end of gill-opening, following contour of back to the scale under third dorsal ray
from last, where it d rops 3 rows and continues to base of caudal, the pores simple, unbranched.

Description based upon the type, No. 50644, U. 8. Nat. Mus. (field No. 03414), a male example,
8.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu.

Color in life (field No. 03123) pale, yellowish white over head and body; a diffuse lemon-yellow
blotch under and above pectoral; a large brownish-black blotch on lateral line under, seventh to tenth
dorsal spines; dorsal fin vellowish-white, tip of detached part with a jet-black crescent (this marking
variable in position, sometimes being farther posterior), rest of fin faintly mottled with yellowish

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

335

anil olive, the latter in narrow oblique lines; caudal yellowish white; anal yellowish white, with
narrow, wavy, pale-blue lines, and a large jet-black spot bordered with blue on membrane of last 5
rays; iris whitish.

Another specimen, also a male (field No. 03371), was, in life, livid gray, each scale posteriorly
with a vertical spot of violet; anterior line of profile bright violet; a violet line downward from eye
with a whitish area behind it on cheek; an oblique violet line downward and backward from
opercular flap to behind axil; posterior to this a vague yellow area, behind which is an ovate white
spot, each scale around which has a vertical bar of bright violet; above this a large black blotch
washed with brick-red; dorsal bluish-gray, the rays posteriorly with an increasing amount of orange,
where the blue is reduced to oblique crossbands, an intermarginal line of violet, a small black spot on
last ray; membranes of second to fourth dorsal spines with a terminal black ocellus; anal pale golden,
with oblique bluish stripes, a large jet-black ocellus bordered with blue on last rays; caudal pale
orange, crossed by bluish lines; ventrals and pectoral pale.

Still another male example (field No. 03004) was described as follows: General color very pale,
smoky white, edges of scales pale bluish, beneath seventh to ninth dorsal spines a large blotch, brick-red
above, pale rosy below, all irregularly overlaid with black or brown; median line from tip of snout to
base of first dorsal spine bright blue; a narrow bright blue line downward from anterior part of eve
to angle of mouth; region above pectoral pale lemon-yellow, a short oblique pale blue line above base
of pectoral; dorsal pale flesh-color, with short vertical bluish lines, 3 jet-black spots at tips of first,
second, and fourth spines; anal pale yellowish, a black spot on distal half of last 3 rays; caudal pale,
with obscure bluish cross-lines; pectoral and ventrals white; iris yellowish, red at lower posterior angle.

A female (field No. 03372), 7.5 inches long, from Honolulu, which is taken as a cotype, differed
in life coloration from the male in lacking the black ocellus on the anal and in having more violet on
the white lateral spot, also more golden before it.; violet lines and spots obscure, but present; 3 to 8
small blackish points above lateral line behind black dorsal blotch; a small black ocellus on second to
third dorsal spines and one on seventh, these wanting in some females; fins otherwise colored as in the
males, but the blue fainter and the orange of dorsal brighter. Field No. 03005 differed in color from field
No. 03004 only in the absence of black on the dorsal and anal fins, the paler blue lines on head, the
paler caudal fin, and in having black spots on the back. Another female example (field No. 03271),
7.5 inches long, in life had the head and body smoky white; a large bluish white spot under tip of
pectoral; snout bluish around border and surrounded by a broad pale yellow space involving nearly all of
anterior half of side below level of eye; a large black spot under fifth to sixth dorsal spines, crossing
lateral line and penetrating yellow of side, nearly reaching white spot; back of this a series of about
a dozen small black specks, scattered along side above lateral line to near end of dorsal fin; median
line of snout and head blue; dorsal pale, with wavy yellow cross-lines, pinkish toward margin; caudal
pale; anal pale, with about a dozen pale yellow crossbars; pectoral and ventrals pale; iris yellow and
red*.

Color in alcohol, creamy yellowish white; head somewhat orange on cheek and opercles; faint
rosy lines downward from eye to mouth and on preopercle; median line of anterior profile bluish;
middle of back with a large black or brownish black blotch lying on lateral line, beneath which is a
large white blotch under and above pectoral fin; anterior part of spinous dorsal blackish at edge, the
color ocellated, rest of dorsal yellowish white with narrow purplish cross-lines; anal similar, with a
large jet-black spot on last 4 rays; caudal color of soft dorsal; pectoral and ventrals yellowish w hite.
One of the female cotypes (No. 03372) is pale olivaceous, the general color that of the male; dorsal
with black spots on membranes of second, third to fourth, and eighth spines, the latter ocellated; a
series of about a dozen small black spots back of the dorsal blotch on side above lateral line; no black
spot on anal.

The differences in coloration are very marked in the 2 sexes. The male, in all specimens exam¬
ined. has the jet-black spot upon the last rays of the anal, and this is not present in any of the females
examined. The female always has a series of small black specks on the side above lateral line poste¬
rior to the large lateral blotch. These markings, the small black spots on the side of the female and
the large jet-black spot on the anal of the male, would apparently always serve to distinguish the
sexes. The extent of variation in color among individuals of the same sex is indicated in the color
descriptions given above. We should have added that occasionally there is a small jet-black spot upon
the last rays of the dorsal.

336

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

This is one of the most abundant and beautiful fishes found among the Hawaiian Islands. It
appears to he related to II. melanopus of Bleeker, but differs from it markedly in the presence of the
large black lateral blotch and in the absence of the large red lateral blotch shown in Bleeker’ s figure.

• The collection contains 42 excellent specimens, 40 from Honolulu and 2 from Hilo, ranging in length
from 5.75 to 8.8 inches.

llemipterunoliis baldwini Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 192, Honolulu.

266. Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder. Plate 42, fig. 2.

Head, including opercular flap, 3.5 in length; depth 2.8; depth of caudal peduncle 2.2 in head;
eye 6; width of interorbital space 5; length of maxillary 3; I*, ix, 12; A. in, 12; lateral line 22+6.

Eye located 2.66 times its diameter above angle of month; mouth nearly horizontal, on a level
with upper edge of base of pectoral, the maxillary extending to a vertical through anterior edge of
orbit; lower jaw slightly longer than upper; lips with rather thin, fleshy folds; outer row of teeth
strong, conical, those on sides of jaws posterior to canines gradually decreasing in size from before
backward; canines curving outward and forward, the lower pair, which are slightly the larger, fitting
between the upper ones; inner teeth short and blunt, in narrow bands; psendobranchise present;
gillrakers on the first arch 6+11, short and sharply pointed; edge of preopercle smooth.

Head naked, except for a narrow, vertical, scaled area extending downward from eye to a hori¬
zontal passing along edge of flap of upper lip; first row with 7 scales, curving upward behind eye;
second row with 5, the third with 4; scales of breast about half as large as those on sides of body;
scales 2-27-9; lateral line curving upward over first 6 scales, then following the dorsal contour,
approaching the back near end of dorsal, discontinued after twenty-second scale, beginning again on
third scale below and passing along middle of caudal peduncle; first 2 dorsal spines somewhat closer
together than others, but not separated from them, the membrane being continuous; height of first
spine 2.6 in head, the second shorter; remaining spines 4 in head; height of rays 2.9; end of soft dorsal
when depressed just reaching base of caudal tin; anal spines small and slender, the rays equal in
height to those of the dorsal; base of anal and also the tips of the rays when depressed extending
farther posteriorly than corresponding parts of dorsal; caudal rounded, the basal fourth with scales,
the length 1.6 in head; pectoral 1.5; outer rays of ventral filamentous, just reaching vent.

Color in spirits, head plain, without spots, liars, or lines; a conspicuous black spot on back cover¬
ing 2 scales above sixteenth in lateral line, its distance behind the opercular flap equal to distance
between that point and tip of snout; a yellowish white spot on side of body, rather indistinctly out¬
lined, covering an area equal to width of 5 scales and height of 3 or 4, the spot partly covered by
pectoral when depressed; scales of body, except on breast, belly, and part covered by the large light
spot, each with a vertical pearly bar which grows wider on the ventral scales, covering over half the
scale in region above base of anal; soft dorsal and anal with oblique dark bars, those of the anal not so
broad as those of dorsal; caudal, pectorals, and ventrals plain.

This species is said to be readily distinguished from closely related Hawaiian forms by the great
depth of the body and by the small dark spot., the posterior location of which is notable, but it seems
to be a young female of II. baldwini.

Known only from the type, a specimen 1 incti long from Puako Bay, Hawaii.

Hemipteronotus jenkinsi Snyder, Bull. IT. S. Fisli Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), ; 30, pi. 10, fig. 19, Puako Bay, Hawaii
(type, No. 50879, U. S. N. M. Coll. Albatross).

Genus 167. XYRICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body short, deep, and very greatly compressed ; anterior dorsal outline parabolic and very t renchant ;
cheek scaleless; lateral line interrupted; first 2 dorsal spines removed but not detached from the third,
the membrane between the second and third being moderately notched.

Xi/richthijy Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., XIV, 33 1839 ( cultratus ).

Xyrichthys Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 143 ( mundiceps ).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

337

267. Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan A Evermahn. Fig. 142.

Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.4; eye 6.2 in head; snout 1.8; preorbital 2; maxillary 3; interorbital
4.7; I*, ii-vii, 12; A. in, 12; scales 3-28-8.

Body short, deep, and very greatly compressed; anterior profile nearly vertical from tip of upper
jaw to front of eye, thence in a parabolic curve to dorsal tin; anterior dorsal outline very trenchant;
body tapering rather evenly from head to caudal peduncle, which is greatly compressed and very
deep, depth at middle equaling preorbital; head short; snout very short and blunt; mouth small, hor¬
izontal, the maxillary nearly reaching anterior edge of orbit; jaws equal, each with a pair of strong
curved canines in front, and a single series of smaller, conic teeth laterally, the canines of lower jaw
most prominent and extending in front of upper jaw; eye small, high up; the interorbital space narrow
and trenchant; opercles smooth, without spines or serrations, ending in thin flexible edges; preorbital
vertical and very deep; origin of dorsal tin above posterior line of orbit, far in advance of base of cen¬
trals; first 2 dorsal spines somewhat removed but not detached from third, the membrane between
second and third spines moderately notched, length of second spine about 2.7 in head, remaining dorsal
spines subequal, weak, about equal to gape; dorsal rays low, the last few somewhat produced, their
length 3 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal short, slightly convex, rays about equal to preor-

Fig. 142. — Xyrichthys niveilatus Jordan & Kvermann: from the type.

bital; outer ray of ventral somewhat produced, not reaching vent, its length equaling depth of preorbital;
pectoral broad, its tip reaching vent, its length equaling distance from snout to edge of preoperde.

Scales large, thin, and with membranous edges, those on breast somewhat smaller; head entirely
naked, except for a few small scales below the eye; lateral line beginning at upper end of gill-opening
following closely' the curvature of back to the scale under the last, dorsal ray but 2, where it drops 3
scales and continues to base of caudal, the pores simple, rarely branched.

Color in life, grayish; each scale of posterior half of body with a large violet spot, more narrow
and brighter near middle of body, the edge of each scale broadly golden-olive; a large golden area,
anteriorly deep orange, above pectoral and on edge of opercle; behind this a large quadrate pure white
area extending to tip of pectoral; a few scales in golden area with bright violet markings; head shaded
with violet, a bright violet stripe downward from eye to behind angle of mouth; a lunate black area
shaded with red just below front of soft dorsal; spinous dorsal violet-gray; edged with reddish; soft
dorsal golden, with violet vermieulations at base, its edge orange; anal golden, with bluish vermicula-
tions; caudal similar, with the bluish markings; pectoral faintly reddish; ventrals dirty white.

One of the cotypes, a male (field No. 03373), agreed in life coloration with the type except that
behind the opercle is a golden area with the bright violet stripes across anterior basal part; behind

F. C. B. 1903—22

338

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

this a large milk-white patch beyond tip of pectoral; a violet border around the white, blackish above
the yellow.

Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish white, dusky above; head with some purplish reflections; a thin
purplish line downward from anterior edge of orbit to tip of maxillary, a similar but less distinct line,
from humeral region downward to subopercle; a yellowish white blotch on side above base of pectoral,
in the base of which are 11 or li small purplish spots; a large white area on middle of side under and
above tip of pectoral, separated from the yellowish blotch by purplish brown on 2 or 3 scales; a black
spot covering the larger part of 3 scales on side above lateral line under base of first 3 dorsal rays, back
at base of last dorsal rays somewhat dusky; anterior portion of dorsal tin dusky olivaceous, soft dorsal,
anal and caudal pale yellowish crossed by narrow, wavy, pale purplish lines; ventrals and pectoral
plain yellowish white.

A handsome fish, rather common about Honolulu. The type and 5 cotypes, all from Honolulu,
range from 6.5 to 9.75 inches in length.

Xyriclithys nieeUatus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Pish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11. 1903), 194, Honolulu (type, No.

50646, U. S. Nat, Mus.).

Family LXX. SCARlDdi.

Body oblong, moderately compressed, covered with large cycloid scales as in the Labrida:; mouth
moderate, terminal; teeth in the jaws more or less eoalescent, at least at the base; lower pharyngeals
much enlarged, united in a concave or spoon-shaped body; their teeth broadest transversely and truncate,
arranged in mosaic; dorsal continuous, its formula usually ix, 10; anal ii, 9; 23 to 25 scales in the
lateral line; vertebrae about 11+14=25; sexes similarly colored, and the coloration almost always
brilliant; fin rays essentially the same throughout the group, and the squamation varying little except
on the head.

Herbivorous fishes of the tropical seas, often of large size, especially abundant about coral reefs.
Little valued as food in America, the flesh being soft and pasty; but highly prized among the natives
of the Hawaiian Islands, especially when eaten raw. The species in the various genera are very
closely related, being distinguished chiefly by the coloration and the dentition, both series of charac¬
ters being highly specialized. .

Sparisomatinse:

a. Lower pharyngeal broader than long, flatfish or basin-shaped; gill membranes broadly joined to the isthmus, not
forming a fold cross it; lateral line subeontinuous; scales about head few and large, those on cheek in one row;
lower jaw projecting; teeth whitish or rosy.

b. Teeth in each jaw in 3 or 4 series, all imbricated in quincunx order on the dental plate, to which they are adnate

by the posterior face; cutting edge of each jaw formed by teeth.

c. Dorsal spines flexible; teeth more or less distinct, at least anteriorly . Calotomus, p. 338

cc. Dorsal spines stiff . Scaridea, p. 343

Scaring:

aa. Lower pharyngeal spoon-shaped, much longer than broad; teeth of jaws fully coalesced, each jaw divided by a
distinct median suture; gill-membranes forming a fold across the isthmus; dorsal spines flexible; lateral line
interrupted behind, beginning again lower down on the peduncle of the tail; scales about the head rather numer¬
ous, those on cheeks in two or more series.

d. Teeth pale, rosy or greenish . CaUyodon, p. 345

dd. Teeth deep blue . . Pseudoscarus, p. 358

Genus 168. CALOTOMUS Gilbert.

Teeth distinct, equal, imbricated in regular oblique rows in both jaws, wholly concealing the
dental plates, to the anterior edge of which they are affixed; cutting edge of each jaw formed by the
outer teeth, the dental plate not reaching the edge, and visible only from within; lips double for a
short distance only; scales of cheek in 1 row; lateral line continuous; base of dorsal and anal with
scaly sheaths; dorsal spines 9, soft and flexible; gill-membranes broadly joined to isthmus.

Large species of the Pacific, allied to Cn/ptotomus, but differing in the arrangement of tfie teeth.
Calotomus Gilbert, I'roc. U. S. Nat, Mus. 1890, 70 ( xenodon ).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

339

a. General color of body and fins blue; about 8 narrow white lines radiating from the eye . irradians, p. 339

mi. General color of body and fins grayish or brownish.

b. Spinous dorsal without black spot between first and second spines . cyclunis, p. 340

lib. Spinous dorsal with a distinct black spot between first and second spines,

c. Side somewhat mottled with lighter but without distinct spots or specks . . . sandvicensis, p. 341

nc. Side above lateral line with a series of about 5 roundish white spots as large as pupil; side below lateral line with
about 10 or 12 large round white spots; numerous smaller spots and irregular markings scattered among those.

sni/dtri, p. 342

268. Calotomus irradians Jenkins. Fig. 143.

Head 3.25 ill length; depth 2.5; eye 6.75 in head; snout 2.5; preorbital 3.5; interorbital 4; 1). ix,
10; A. in, 9; P. 12; scales 2-25-5.

Body short, deep and compressed; dorsal outline strongly arched from tip of snout to origin of
dorsal fin, slightly depressed in front of eyes, thence in a long, low curve to base of caudal peduncle;
ventral outline similarly convex; least depth of caudal peduncle 2 in head; head short and deep, a
little deeper than long; snout short, preorbital deep, not much oblique; mouth small, the gape not
nearly reaching front of orbit, scarcely oblique, lying in axis of body; lower jaw slightly included;
upper jaw with 3 series of strong imbricated but distinct teeth in front, the posterior 1 or 2 on each
side remote, recurved and canine-like; lower jaw in front with about 4 or 5 series of teeth similar

to those in upper jaw; upper lip double only on the sides covering about half the teeth, lower lip not
double; eye small, high up; interorbital rather narrow, convex.

Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length about 3.25 in head; soft dorsal somewhat higher, rays
about 2.3 in head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays equally high; caudal lunate, the lobes produced,
the upper one the longer, about 1.3 in head; in some examples the caudal is more nearly truncate;
ventrals short, their tips reaching scarcely halfway to origin of anal; pectoral broad, free edge slightly
convex, the fin reaching slightly beyond tips of ventrals, length about 1.5 in head.

Scales large, firm, the edges thin and flexible; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal fin; a
sheath of modified scales along base of dorsal, a similar but lower sheath along base of anal; a single
row of 5 large scales on cheek, 2 rows of large scales on opercle.

Color in life, body and fins blue; head, chin, and throat bright blue, marked with pink, in about
8 bands radiating from eye and a number of bands and irregular figures on snout, face and occiput, a
few small spots on chin; of the pink bands radiating from eye, 2 reach region of angle of mouth,
2 join the irregular markings on face and occiput, and 4 radiate over the region of cheek and
behind eye; a vertical bar of pink on each scale, in some regions partly concealed by overlapping

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

340

scales; vertical fins bright blue with reticulations and spots of pink; ventrals blue; pectorals blue, olive,
ami pink, sometimes spotted with olive-green and edged with white.

Color in spirits, pale yellowish or bluish-green, the bases of the scales darker, the edges bluish-
white; top of head dark, verniiculated with brownish and greenish; side of head light bluish-green,
about. 8 narrow white lines radiating from eye, one forward and downward toward snout, another to
angle of mouth, a third downward across preorbital and just above angle of mouth bending forward
and connecting with second, next downward and backward toward edge of preopercle, the next back¬
ward from eye and curved slightly upward and the remaining 3 upward and backward from eye;
side of nape and downward to opercle with a few small white spots; underparts of head rich bluish-
green; dorsal blotched and barred with whitish, green and blue; caudal with irregular crossbars of
whitish and bluish green, the outer rays green, the tip of the fin narrowly bordered with white; distal
end of caudal peduncle brighter green; anal purplish and greenish, with irregular reticulating white
areas near base; ventrals light dusky, scarcely barred; pectoral dusky greenish, darker at base and in
axil, paler on distal portion. In some examples the general color is considerably darker brownish
and the fins are much darker.

This species is known oidy from Honolulu, from which place we have examined 6 specimens 14
to 20 inches long.

ijtxlotomus irmtlians Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1X99 (Aug. 30, 19001,58, fig. 15, Honolulu (Type, No. 12142,
Stanford Univ. Coll. O. P. Jenkins); Jenkins, op. eit. , XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 467 (Honolulu).

269. Calotomus cyclurus Jenkins. Fig. 144.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.5; eye 5.7 in head; snout 2.2; interorbital 4.2; D. ix, II; A. l, 11;
scales 2-24-5.

Body somewhat elongate, compressed, dorsal outline rising in a gently sloping, nearly straight liue
to origin of dorsal, from this point descending in nearly a straight line to caudal peduncle; ventral

Fig. 144. — Calntoxuus ei/durus Jenkins: from the type.

outline about evenly convex; head a little longer than deep; snout long, bluntly conic; mouth
large, horizontal, about in the axis of body; lips thin, double for about two-thirds the side, the
lower double only a short distance; lower jaw just included; interorbital slightly convex, considerably
broader than eye; least height of caudal peduncle a little less than half head.

Dorsal spines flexible, rather high, nearly half head; soft dorsal 2 in head; anal similar but less
high, longest ray 2.3 in head; caudal rounded, no rays produced; ventrals 1.5 in head, reaching half¬
way to base of third soft anal ray; pectoral broad, its top reaching to or slightly past vertical through

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

341

tip of ventral, its length 1.4 in hearl (in the type there are 12 rays on right side and 9 on left, which is
doubtless a deformity); distal border convex (on left side); origins of dorsal, pectorals, and ventral
about in same vertical.

Scales large, firm, those on breast not reduced, those at base of dorsal hardly forming sheath, no
sheath at base of anal; large scales on upper and posterior portion of the opercle, 1 row of about
7 scales below and behind the edge, remainder of head naked; lateral line complete, portion to the
head parallel to the dorsal outline, straight portion beginning below base of fourth from last soft dorsal
ray; 2 or 3 supernumerary scales, with tubes, extending from upper portion on the row just above
straight portion, tubes much branched, the branching covering well the exposed portion of the
scale; teeth in anterior portion of jaws distinct, pointed, imbricated in several series; 2 posterior
canines; lateral teeth in upper jaw small, distinct, in a single series; lateral teeth in lower jaw large, in
a single series; 2 conical teeth within the outer teeth at symphysis of upper jaw, other small teeth
within the outer ones on sides of upper jaw.

Color in alcohol, head and body a uniform brown with some indications of dots of lighter on
some of the scales, and a wide margin on the posterior border, each scale showing paler than the base;
dorsal fin brown with faint traces of mottlings, no dark spot on anterior portion or darker margin;
anal darker brown with less evident mottlings, and no darker margin; caudal much paler than body,
upper and distal edges brown; ventral with indications of brown clouding; pectoral pale, without
markings except that the base is dark brown; no markings on head except, that top of head and
isthmus are darker than sides of head. Description is based on a single specimen 15 inches long to tip
of caudal, obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross, 1896.

This species appears to be similar to Scams spin Idem ( Callyodon waigiensis Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Hist. Nat. Ppiss., Vol. XIV), a small species first described, very imperfectly, from the island of
Waigiu. A specimen from this island lias been identified by Bleeker as Cuvier & Valenciennes’s
species, which he designates as Callyodon spinidens and of which he gives a full description and a
figure. The present species differs from Bleeker’ s description in the dorsal outline, in its greater depth,
much smaller eye, longer snout, and much longer ventral, in not having scales on the lower limb of the
opercle and in having the base of the anal dark. Dr. Bleeker had many (72) specimens, and found
C. spinidens of a limited range in distribution.

Honolulu; only the type known.

Calotomus niolurus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 165, fig. 21, Honolulu (Type, No. 50S49, r. s.

N. M. Coll. Albatross, 1896).

270. Calotomus sandvicensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Pbnuhuntiliu.”

Head 3.3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.4 in head; snout 2.5; preorbital 4; interorbital 4; D. x, 11;
A. ii, 9; scales 2-24-5.

Body short, deep and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex, dorsal rising
in a gentle curve from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, then in a long lower curve to base of Caudal
peduncle; head rather short; snout short, bluntly conic; mouth small, in axis of body, the lower jaw
slightly included, each jaw provided anteriorly with about 3 irregular series of distinct imbricated
incisor-like teeth; upper jaw with 2 strong baekwardly directed canines on the side, lower jaw with
a single series of small close-set teeth on the side; eye small, high up, the preorbital rather wide;
interorbital high, convex; caudal peduncle moderately deep, about 2 in head.

Scales very large and thin; lateral line with a slight jog under base of last dorsal ray, the pores
numerously branched; a single -row of 4 scales on cheek, and 4 scales on anterior portion of opercle.

Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length scarcely equaling that of snout; last dorsal rays some¬
what elevated, their length nearly half that of head; anal similar to soft dorsal, its rays equally long;
caudal somewhat lunate, the upper lobe usually the longer, about 1.2 in head; ventrals short, reaching
half way to origin of anal; pectoral broad, the free edge convex, the upper rays about 1.4 in head.
Description based chiefly upon specimen No. 05646.

Color in life (No. 03368), mottled gray and brown, scarcely reddish below; spinous dorsal with a
black spot on membrane between first and second spines, a faint reddish stripe along base, and another
along edge of dorsal fin; soft dorsal with pale reticulations around faint dark spots; caudal still more
faintly mottled and with white edge, a blackish line before it; anal mottled brown with reddish shade
at base and tip; pectoral yellowish, the base dusky; ventrals mottled dusky gray.

342

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED SLATES FISH COMMISSION.

Another specimen (No. 03452) had, in life, the general color brown and olive with reddish along
ventral portions of body and head; each scale with a group of irregularly-shaped gray dots; dorsal
more olive, with reticulations of gray; black dorsal spot faint or obsolete; large dark blotch over distal
half of last 5 rays of soft dorsal interrupted by gray spots; caudal reddish olive, crossed by irregular
bands of gray; anal with reddish dark mottlings at base, with gray markings; ventrals reddish with
gray markings; pectoral membranes transparent, the rays reddish olive; head colored like the body;
under surface of pectoral at base black.

Color in alcohol (No. 03368) dull grayish or olivaceous on head and body, somewhat mottled with
paler and darker brown, under parts grayish; side without distinct spots or specks; dorsal and anal
blackish, with faint marblings of lighter; caudal obscurely barred with light and darker, the edge
narrowly white; pectoral blackish at base, distally pale; ventrals dusky.

The numerous examples show considerable variation in color in spirits, chiefly with reference to
the marbling of the dorsal and caudal fins. In many examples the mottling of these fins is quite dis¬
tinct, while in others it is scarcely evident; some examples show all gradations between these two.
The sides of body and head also are variously mottled gray. In some examples the hotly is very dark
brown, the vertical fins almost black, and the pectoral black on its basal half.

The originial description of Callyodon saudvicensis by Cuvier and Valenciennes, as well as a rede¬
scription by Valenciennes, is very incomplete, and except for the agreement in locality we would
hesitate to consider ours the same species. This fact, however, makes the identification entirely
reasonable.

The species is very common in the market at Honolulu, from which place we have 24 specimens.
We have none from Hilo, but have 3 from Kailua. The length ranges from 5 to 14.75 inches.

Callyodon sandvicensis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. N'at. Poiss., XT V, 295, 1839, Sandwich Islands (Coll. Quoy & Gaimard);
Guichenot, Cat. Scarifies, 62, 1865, in Mem. Soc. Imp. Sei. Cherbourg. XI (a redescription of type); Giinther, Cat.,
IV, 213, 1862 (footnote).

Cryptotomus sandwicensis, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 512 (Hawaiian Islands).

Calotomus saudvicensis, Jenkins. Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 467 (Honolulu).

271. Calotomus snyderi Jenkins. Fig. 145.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 2.6; eye 5.6 in head; snout 2.8; preorbital 4.7; interorbital 4; D. ix,
10; A. in, 10; P. 12; scales 2-25-6.

Body short, deep, and much compressed; dorsal outline rather straight from tip of snout to nape,
from which point it is gently convex to origin of dorsal, thence in a long, low curve to base of caudal

Fig. 145. — Calotomus snyderi Jenkins: from the type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

343

peduncle; ventral outline rather evenly convex; head short, as deep as long; snout bluntly conic, lower
jaw slightly included; mouth small, in axis of body; teeth in front of each jaw free, convex, incisor¬
like, in 2 or 3 rows; upper jaw with 2 moderately strong, recurved canines, inside and posterior to
which is a row of close-set smaller teeth; side of lower jaw with overlapping series of rounded incisor¬
like teeth; preorbital oblique, moderately deep; eye small, high up; interorbital broad, low, convex;
caudal peduncle 2 in head.

Scales large, thin, adherent, the free edges membranous; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal;
cheek with a single row of 4 scales; opercle with 2 rows of large scales, 3 scales on the lower limb;
lateral line complete, decurved under base of last dorsal ray, where there is usually one or more
supernumerary pores; pores of lateral line numerously and widely branched, the branches varying
from 4 or 5 to 12 or more.

Dorsal spines soft and flexible, the longest about equaling snout; soft dorsal somewhat elevated,
the longest rays equaling distance from tip of snout to pupil; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal some¬
what lunate, the upper lobe the longer, about 1.8 in head; ventral short, reaching barely half way to
origin of anal; pectoral broad, reaching past tips of ventrals, its length 1.3 in head.

Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish brown on head and body, marbled with light and darker; side
above lateral line with a series of about 5 roundish white spots as large as pupil, and numerous smaller
irregular, less distinct white spots; side below lateral line with about 10 or 12 large rounded white
spots and numerous small white specks and irregular markings, these especially distinct in pectoral
region; head with similar white specks and markings; dorsal fin brown with irregular paler spots;
membrane between first and! second dorsal spines black; soft dorsal with a large brownish black spot
at base of last 5 or 6 rays; anal similar to soft dorsal, blotches not so distinct; a series of black blotches
at bases of rays, the one on last ray larger than others, covering base of last membrane; ventrals
brownish, dusky at tip, a paler interspace; pectoral duSky, dark at base and in axil, pale on tip.

The only specimen known is the type No. 50850, 10.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu in 1889.

Calotomns snyderi Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 467, fig. 25, Honolulu (Type, No. 50850,
U. S. Nat. Mus., field No. 1369).

Genns 169. SCARIDEA Jenkins.

Jaws subequal, the lower barely included; gill-membranes broadly joined to the isthmus, and not
forming a fold across it; upper lip double for only about half its length; lateral line continuous- 1
row of scales on the cheek; teeth white, distinct in anterior portion of each jaw, in more than 1
series irregularly imbricated; lateral teeth in upper jaw small, in a single series, the tips free, the
bases coalesced; lateral teeth in lower jaw large, distinct, but close-set, in a single series; posterior
canines present ; dorsal spines pungent.

This genus is related to Calotomns in the character of the teeth, but differs from it in having stiff,
pungent dorsal spines, in this agreeing with Sparisoma. From Scarichthys Bleeker it differs in having
pungent spines, in having the upper lip double for only a portion of its length, and in the distinct,
teeth. From Callyodonliclilhys Bleeker it is distinguished by the included lower jaw and the distinct
teeth in upper jaw. Two species known.

Scat-idea Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 468 (zonarcha).

a. Anal and caudal mottled; head comparatively long, 3 in length; eye large, 3.7 in head . zonarcha. p. 343

aa. Anal and caudal without mottling; head shorter, 3.25 in length; eye smaller, 5 in head . halt a. p. 344

272. Scat-idea zonarcha Jenkins. Fig. 146.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.7 in head; snout 2.6; mandible 3.7; interorbital 5; preorbital
5.6; D. ix, 9; A. ii, 9; P. 12; scales 2-24—5, 19 tubes before the bend.

Body compressed, the dorsal outline more convex than the ventral, the highest portion at third
dorsal spine; head nearly as deep as long; month horizontal, in axis of body; lips thin, the upper
double for only a part of its length, the lower double for only a short distance; lips covering only
bases of teeth; eye moderate, its lower border above axis of body; interorbital somewhat narrower
than eye, slightly convex; caudal peduncle 2.6 in head.

Jaws subequal, the lower slightly included; teeth white, distinct on anterior portion of each jaw
and in more than 1 series, irregularly imbricated; lateral teeth in upper jaw small, in a single series,

844

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

outer extremities free, the bases coalesced; lateral teeth in lower jaw large, distinct, in a single series,
crowded at base; 2 posterior teeth on one and one on the other side of upper jaw canine-like and
turned backward.

Dorsal spines pungent, about 2.1 in head; soft dorsal slightly higher; anal similar to soft dorsal,
but lower; caudal truncate or slightly rounded; pectoral 1.6 in head; reaching slightly beyond tips of
centrals; origins of dorsal, pectoral, and ventrals in same vertical line.

Scales large, firm, thin, those on nape and breast not reduced; 3 scales on median line in front of
dorsal; 1 row of 3 scales on cheek; large scales on upper and posterior part of opercle, 1 scale showing
on lower limb; rest of head naked; a sheath of scales at base of dorsal, none at base of anal; lateral
line complete, the tubes much branched.

Color in alcohol, general ground-color of body and tins, except pectoral, light brown, with
numerous scattered darker reddish brown spots, of indistinct outline, about size of pupil, these spots

on body corresponding with the rows of scales, and showing within their area small lighter specks;
dorsal light brown with about 2 or 3 cross series of large darker brown spots, edge of fin
blackish; anal and caudal similar to dorsal; ventrals mottled but lighter; pectoral pale, dusky at base.

Known only from 3 specimens obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu, in 1889, the length of these
being from 4 to 5.75 inches.

Scaridea zonarcha Jenkins, Bull. T". S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1003), 468, Honolulu (type, No. 50851, U. S. N. M.).

273. Scaridea balia Jenkins. Fig. 147.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.4; eye 5 in head; snout 2.9; preorbital 4; interorbital 4.3; scales
2-24-5; D. ix, 10; A. it, 9; P. 12.

Body short, deep, and compressed; dorsal outline regularly and evenly arched from tip of snout
to caudal peduncle, somewhat straighter from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, there being no angle
at the last-mentioned point; ventral outline evenly convex; head short and deep; snout short; mouth
moderate, about horizontal, in line with axis of body, the gape reaching past vertical from nostril;
lower jaw included, each jaw with 2 irregular rows of teeth; teeth in anterior portion of each jaw
distinct, imbricated in 2 irregular series; upper jaw with 2 posterior canines directed backward, lateral
teeth of upper jaw distinct, small, and in a single series; each side of lower jaw with about 5 distinct
blunt incisor-like teeth in a single series; no teeth inside of front series of upper jaw; preorbital and
interorbital rather narrow, the latter little convex, somewhat concave anteriorly; dorsal spines stiff
and pungent, length of longest about equal to snout; soft dorsal somewhat elevated, longest ray 2.1 in
head; anal similar to soft dorsal, slightly lower; caudal rounded, 1.6 in head; ventrals short, their

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

345

tips reaching scarcely half way to origin of anal; pectoral short, free edge rounded, its length a little
greater than that of ventrals.

Scales large; lateral line continuous from upper end of gill-opening to posterior end of dorsal fin,
where it curves downward 2 rows, continuing to base of caudal fin; tubes of lateral line numerously
and widely branched, the branches 4 to 6 or 7 in number, a few additional tubes at the bend of lateral
line; one series of about 4 scales on cheek between which and eye are several long tubes; opercle with
a series of large scales on basal portion; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal fin.

Color in spirits, dirty rusty brown, paler below, upper part of side above lateral line with a series
of about 6 roundish whitish spots larger than pupil; a similar series of about 4 spots on first row of
scales below lateral line; lower part of. side with 2 or more similar spots; side of head and body

Fig. 117. — Scaridea batia Jenkins; from the type.

with a few scattered, smaller, less distinct whitish spots; dorsal tin indistinctly mottled with light and
brownish; membrane between flrst and second spines blackish at the center; anal and caudal rather
uniformly plain pale brownish without distinct markings; pectoral and ventrals lighter brownish;
base of pectoral darker brown.

This species differs from Scar idea zonarcha in the greater depth of body, the much greater distance
between tips of ventrals and origin of anal, the greater distinctness of the w hite spots on body, the less
distinct mottling of the dorsal tin, and the entire absence of mott lings on anal and caudal.

The only specimen know n is the type, No. 50852, U. 8. National Museum (original No. 1985), 10
inches long, obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1896.

Scaridra balia Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1932 (Sept. 23, 1903), 469, Honolulu.

Genus 170. CALLYODON Gronow.

Lower pharyngeals spoon-shaped, ovate-oblong, transversely concave; teeth in each jaw fully
coalescent, appearing as tessellations on the surface; jaws w ith distinct median suture; edges of jaw-
even, the teeth whitish, or rosy, in color; upper pharyngeals each with 2 rows of teeth; gill-
membranes scarcely united to the narrow isthmus, across which they form a broad fold; dorsal spines
flexible, scarcely different from the soft rays; upper lip laterally double, the interior fold becoming
very narrow or obsolete mesially; lower jaw included in the closed mouth; lateral line interrupted
posteriorly, beginning again on the next series of scales below ; tubes of lateral line scarcely branched;
scales on cheek in 2 to 4 rows; scales in front of dorsal on median line 6 to 8; dorsal ix, 10; anal hi, 9
in all species; scales £-24-6; body robust.

Species very numerous, mostly of large si/e, found in nearly all tropical seas.

BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

346

Cully odon Groncnv, Museum Ichth., II, 1766, 8 (croicensis).

Scant, s Forskal, Descr. Anini., etc., in Orient Observ., 1775, 25 (psiltacus, etc.); not of Gronow, 1766, which =Lahrus Linnaeus.
Calliodon Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth.. 312, 1801 ( l in eatv. s = croicensis ) .

Haiti stoma S wainson , Class. Fishes, etc., II, 226, 1839 (rcticulatus Swainson -pepo Bennett) (= Scar us).

Pctrqiiqson Swainson, op. cit., {psiltacus) (= Scarus).

Erychthys Swainson, op. cit., ( croicensis ).

Chlorurus Swainson, op. cit., 227 (gibbus) ( =Scarus ).

Callyodqn Gronow, Systema, PM. Gray, 83, 1854 ( lineatus , etc.).

Scants Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 938, 1883 ( psiltacus ).

Calliodon Jordan, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886, 591 ( croicensis ).

a. Upper jaw usually without posterior canines.

b. Eye comparatively small, 6 or more in head.

c. Eye very small, 8 or more in head.

d. Head comparatively long, about 2.74 in length; eye 8 in head; interorbital 2.75 in head; general color reddish
without bars or markings on fins or scales, excepting a narrow violet line on outer margin of dorsal and

anal . miniatus , p. 346

dd. Head shorter, about 3.35 in length; eye 9; interorbital 2.35 in head; general color green, with bars or stripes on

dorsal, and spots on scales of lower sides . pcrspicillatus, p. 347

cc. Eye larger, less than 8 in head.

r. Preorbital comparatively wide, 4 in head: eye comparatively small, 5.6 in head . . borborus , p. 349

cc. Preorbital narrower, 5 or more in head; eye larger, 6 or more in head.

/. Body comparatively slender, depth about 3 in length; anal rays 9; general color gray or leaden.

q . General color gray, streaked and barred; eye 6.2 in head; caudal lunate, the outer rays somewhat produced.

brunnciis , p. 349

gg. General body color uniformly leaden, without streaks or bars; eye 6 in head; caudal truncate or slightly

lunate, the outer rays scarcely produced . dubius , p. 350

JJ. Body deeper, depth 2.34 in length; anal rays 10; general color brownish . ahula, p. 351

bb. Eye larger, less than 6 in head.

h. Body comparatively slender, depth 3.25 in length; eye 5.2 in head; 2 rather distinct white stripes from near
base of pectoral along lower part of side, disappearing before reaching vertical of anal origin.

bennetti , p. 352

hh. Body deeper, depth 2.8 in length; eye 5.5 in head; no white stripes as above . paluca, p. 352

an. Upper jaw with canines usually present.

i. Dental plates not conspicuously colored; whitish, not green or rosy.

j. Caudal truncate or moderately lunate, the outer rays not much produced.

k. Dorsal green at base and along the edge, the middle translucent; pectorals and ventraVs green.

jenkinsi, p. 353

kk. Colors not as above.

/. Upper jaw with 2 posterior canines, 1 on lower jaw; caudal moderately lunate . gilberti, p. 354

11. Upper jaw with 1 small posterior canine, none on lower jaw; caudal truncate . Jormosus, p. 355

jj. Caudal deeply lunate, the outer rays considerably produced . lauia, p. 355

ii. Dental plates conspicuously colored, green or rosy.

in. Dental plates rosy; color bands on head green or absent; pectorals not yellow.

n. Posterior canines 2; general body color green; caudal with color bands, outer rays produced.

batariensis, p. 356

nn. Posterior canines 1; general color violet-olive; no color bands on caudal; the fin rounded,
outer rays not produced . erythrodon, p. 357

274. Callyodon miniatus (Jenkins). “ Ufm.” Fig. 148.

Head 2.74 in length; depth 2.6; eye 8 in head; snout 2.2; preorbital 4; interorbital 2.75; I), ix,
10; A. hi, 9; P. 14; scales 2-24-6.

Body deep and compressed; dorsal profile quite evenly convex from tip of snout to base of caudal
peduncle; ventral outline scarcely less convex; head large, heavy, and deep; snout very blunt,
but long; mouth small, in axis of body; jaws subequal, the lower slightly included; teeth white dusky
yellowish at base; posterior tooth scarcely developed, usually not evident; upper lip double only pos¬
teriorly, only covering about half the dental plate, lower lip narrow, not covering half the dental plate;
cheek with 2 rows of scales, 6 scales in the upper and only 1 or 2 in the lower row, these latter
small and sometimes not apparent; in old individuals the cheek scales are embedded and scarcely visi¬
ble; no scales on lower limb of preopercle; a series of scales on margin of opercle, those on lower limb
more or less embedded; 4 scales on median line in front of dorsal; lateral line interrupted under base
of last but 1 dorsal ray, reappearing 2 scales below and continuing to caudal; tubes of lateral line
much branched.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

347

Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length about 4 in head; dorsal rays somewhat elevated, the
longest 2.7 in head; anal high, similar to soft dorsal; caudal slightly lunate in adult, truncate in the
young, the lobes rounded, not produced; ventrals short, about 2 in head; pectorals longer, the free
edge oblique, 1.5 in head, the breadth one-third its length, membranes of spinous dorsal, anal, and
ventral fleshy.

Color in life, body, head, and fins all dull red, becoming a lighter red on lower parts and darker
to a dusky reddish brown on upper portion of body; no distinct markings anywhere except a narrow-
violet line on outer margin of dorsal and anal fins; iris brow n. Another specimen (No. 03365) was in

Fig. 148. — Ccillyodon miniatus (Jenkins); from the type.

life brown washed with red; basal half of all the fins brown red, distal half paler, of a bright pink,
this especially true of caudal and anal; ventrals pink like the breast.

In alcohol the color fades to a dull dusky or reddish brown, the caudal peduncle paler; the fins
all pale dusky yellowish.

This is one of the largest and most important species of this genus in Hawaiian waters. It is not
very common and brings an extravagant price in the markets, being eaten raw- at native feasts or
“luaus.” The collection contains a dozen specimens, 5.5 to 19 inches long, all from Honolulu.

Scants miniatus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30. 1900 i. 62, fig. 20, Honolulu (type, No. 12144, Stanford
Univ.; coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu).

275. Callyodon perspicillatus (Steindachner). “ Vhuidiuli." Fig. 149.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 2.9; eye 9 in head; snout 2.2; interorbital 2.35; D. ix, 10; A. n, 10 (9 or
10); scales 2-24-6.

Body short, stout and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about evenly arched; head as deep
as long, compressed; snout very blunt, its anterior profile perpendicular, as high as long; no canine
teeth evident; eye high, median; caudal peduncle deep, 2 in head.

Fins moderate, origin of dorsal over upper base of pectoral, rays higher than spines, last ray but
one longest, 2.5 in bead; last anal ray slightly -the longer, last but one 2.2 in head; caudal very slightly
lunate; ventrals not reaching vent by half their length; longest ray 1.8 in head; pectoral broadly falcate,
longest ray 1.3 in head.

Scales large and thin; 4 scales before dorsal, a single row of 5 scales on preoperde, a single scale
under the last posterior scale in the row, lower edge of preoperde with a single row- of large scales-
3 rows of large scales on opercle; last scale of lateral line very broad and large, more than half the
w idth of caudal peduncle and much the largest scale on the fish; 4 scales in front of ventrals; lateral
line following curvature of back to the row of scales except one under the last dorsal ray, then dropping
down 1 row and continuing on middle of caudal, peduncle to base of caudal; pores with 2 tubes
generally, sometimes with 3 or more.

348

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life (No. 03367), vitriol green, each scale on sides edged with brown-drab; belly livid
lavender drab, the scales with small round blue spots on side as far up as pectoral ; a gray drab area
behind head reaching nearly to end of pectoral, covered with small blue spots and navy blue streaks;
lower part of head violet with elaborate sky-blue markings, opercular flap bright golden green, stripe
and ring about eye blue; snout violet, then brown with a light green area bordered by sky blue, then
a golden brown area similarly bordered; dorsal with 2 stripes of bluish green, 2 of golden brown,
the edge clear blue; caudal clear blue, the rays dusky; anal like dorsal, the stripes broader; pectoral
light blue, the upper rays and a stripe across base bright blue; a golden brown shade at base; caudal
bright golden brown, the outer and inner rays bright blue.

Color in spirits, body bright greenish, edges of the scales purplish, under parts paler, postocular
region, upper half of opercle and region under and above pectoral purplish with numerous small round
green spots, those on posterior portion of area modified into irregular green lines; snout purplish; a
broad purplish saddle bounded by a narrow blue-green border over middle portion of snout reaching
level of mouth on each side; a narrow blue-green line connecting eyes and extending around front of
eye and backward upon cheek for an eye’s diameter; 2 short postorbital blue-green streaks; 2 or
3 curved green streaks on cheek; lower lip with a broad blue-green border covering entire width

Fig. 149. — Callyodmi perspicillatus (Steindachner); after Steindachner.

back to bases of branchiostegals, bending upward to angle of snout, and then continuing upward and
backward across cheek in a wavy blue-green stripe; a narrow stripe of same color beginning on side
of head, under this continuing downward and backward to near edge of subopercle, where it turns
backward, inclosing 3 small areas and then extends upward along edge of preopercle to middle of
cheek; middle line of branchiostegal membranes blue-green; a few thin green streaks and spots under
base of pectoral; dorsal fin with a scallopy blue-green base, a median stripe and a border of same color,
the median stripe separating 2 yellowish purple or whitish stripes; anal similar, the basal blue-green
streak narrower and broken up into scallopy spots, the median green streak much broader, the green
border also broken; caudal bluish green, the edges brightest; ventrals creamy white, the edges pale
green, the inner edge narrowly blue-green; pectoral purplish dusky, upper edge bright blue-green.

This is one of the largest and most beautiful specjes of Sraridie occurring among the Hawaiian
Islands. It reaches a length of nearly 2 feet, is fairly common, and is highly esteemed by the natives.
We have 6 specimens from Honolulu and the Alba trim secured it at Puako Bay. It is known also
from Johnston Island.

Saarus (S earns) perspiriUatus Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. XLI. 1*», pi. iv, fig. 1, 1879, Sandwich Islands.

Scams jte.rspicillafus, Smith & Swain, Proe. V. S. Nat. Mus. 2882, 13*1 ( Johnston Island); Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu). Snyder, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 (Puako Bay).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

349

276. Callyodon borborus (Jordan & Evermann). “Panuhu.” Fig. 150.

Head 3.2 in length; depth 3.2; eye 6.6 in head; snout 2.9; interorbital 2.9; preorbital 4; I). I \ .
10; A. in, 9; P. 14; scales .2-25-6.

Body oblong, not very deep nor greatly compressed; head about as long as deep, conic, com¬
pressed; snout short, blunt and rounded; upper jaw produced, its lip double, covering entire dental
plate; lower lip covering half of dental plate; no canine teeth; eye anterior, high, its lower bonier
considerably above upper base of pectoral; caudal peduncle short and deep, its depth 2 in head.

Origin of dorsal over upper hase of pectoral, spines flexible, short, not quite as long as rays;
longest ray 2.1 in head; longest anal ray 2.2 in head; caudal truncate; veil trate4 1.9 in head, not
reaching vent by half their length; pectoral 1.5 in head. Scales large and thin, very slightly
roughened by radiating lines of granulations extending to margins of scales; lateral line interrupted,
the pores being on 18 scales, then dropping 2 rows to row of scales under posterior base of dorsal, and
continuing to base of caudal on middle of caudal peduncle, 7 pores in the shorter part, which begins

Fig. 150. — CaUyotion borborus (Jordan & Evermann); from the type.

on the row following the row on which the upper part ends, there not being 2 pores in the same
row; scales extending well out on the caudal, the last scale of lateral line very large and thin, being
the largest scale on the fish; 4 scales in median line before dorsal; 2 rows of scales on cheek, 5 scales
in upper row and 2 to 4 in lower, sometimes only 2 on posterior part; 2 rows on opercle, and 1 on
lower margin.

Color in alcohol, grayish leaden brown, lighter below; no markings on fins different from corre¬
sponding parts of body.

The above description is based on the type, No. 50649, IT. S. X. M. (field No. 04316), a specimen
7.75 inches long, from Honolulu; cotype, No. 27. 35, U. K. F. C. (field No. 04354), 7.5 inches long, and
cotype, No. 7465, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mus. (field No. 650), 5.5 inches long, both from Honolulu.

Scams barborusa Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 197, Honolulu.

277. Callyodon brunneus (Jenkins). Fig. 151.

Head 3 in length; depth 3; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3; preorbital 5.2; interorbital 3; D. ix, 10; A.
hi,9; P. 13; V. 6; scales 2-25-6.

Body short, deep and moderately compressed; dorsal and ventral profiles about equally convex;
head short and moderately deep; snout bluntly pointed; mouth small, in axis of body, about hori¬
zontal, lower jaw slightly included; teeth white, posterior canine in upper jaw occasionally but not
usually present; upper lip double for its whole length, almost wholly covering upper dental plate; lower
lip covering more than half of dental plate; eye small, the lower edge of orbit on axis of body; inter-
orbital space broad, gently convex.

o Misprint for borborus.

350

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Scales large, 4 rows in front of origin of dorsal, cheek with 2 rows of scales, 6 in the upper and 4
in the lower, anterior limb of operole without scales, a row of scales along margin of opercle; lateral
line interrupted under base of last dorsal ray, reappearing 2 rows farther down, 18 pores in the first
part and 8 in the other, the tubes somewhat branched.

Dorsal spines soft and flexible, low, their length 3.5 in head; dorsal rays not elevated, the edge
of the fin gently rounded; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays shorter than snout; caudal lunate, outer
rays somewhat produced, about 1.7 in head; ventrals short, about equaling snout and eye; pectoral
longer, reaching past tips of ventrals, its length 1.4 in head.

Color in life, gray mottled, streaked scored and barred with gray and brown; reddish-brown bar
on lower jar; some reddish on belly, ventral fins, and front of anal; vent blue; pectoral dull yellowish,
a black bar at its base; tip of caudal white; no bright colors; dark behind eye, a dark scale on opercle.

Another specimen when fresh was dirty mottled brown, scales with coppery-red below; dorsal like
back; caudal and anal more reddish, vaguely mottled; ventral coppery, and pectoral colorless, a dark
bar across base.

Color in spirits dark rusty brown mottled and blotched with darker and paler; dorsal and anal
dark purplish brown.

This species reaches a length of about 10 or 12 inches, and is not uncommon in the markets of
Honolulu.

We have examined 15 specimens, all from Honolulu, 7 collected by Dr. Jenkins, 1 by the
Albatross in 1896, 1 by Dr. Wood, and 6 by us. The length varies from 4.25 to 9.5 inches.

Scarus bnnmcus Jenkins, Bull. 1'. is. Fish. Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 59, lig. 10, Honolulu (type, No. 0139, Stanford
Univ. Coll., O. P. Jenkins); ibid., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu).

278. Callyodon dubius (Bennett). Plate 44."

Head 3.1 in length; depth 3.1; eye 6 in head; snout 3; preorbital 5: interorbital 3.2; 1). ix, 10;
A. m, 9; P. 14; scales 2-25-6.

Body short, stout, not deep and not greatly compressed; head short and blunt; snout short;
anterior profile evenly curved from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; ventral outline less convex; mouth
small, horizontal, slightly below axis of body, lower jaw included; upper lip entirely covering upper
dental plate, lower lip leaving a portion of lower dental plate exposed ; no posterior canine in either
jaw; teeth white; eye small, lower edge of orbit in line with axis of body; interorbital space wide,
broadly convex.

Scales large, 4 rows on median line in front of dorsal; cheek with 2 rows, 8 scales in the upper and
3 in the lower, subopercle with a single row; opercle with a single row of large scales; lateral line

a Scarus dubius on plate.

SCA R U S 'tytt-STD-S B E N N-ETT.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

351

interrupted under last dorsal ray, to reappear again 2 rows farther down, 18 pores in the first part and
7 in the last; tubes of lateral line with very short branches.

Dorsal spines soft and flexible, their length scarcely equaling snout; soft dorsal not elevated, the
border of the entire fin uniformly rounded; anal similar to soft dorsal, its rays equaling snout; caudal
truncate or very slightly lunate, the outer rays scarcely produced, their length 1.6 in head; pectoral
longer, reaching origin of anal, 1.3 in head.

Color of a nearly fresh specimen in formalin, deep lead-color, body and fins uniform, a leaden
band across caudal; pectoral light yellowish, yellow at tip; terminal band of caudal pale lead-color;
center of each scale darker lead-color; ventral pale; tip of opercle with a large blackish spot.

Color in spirits, dark brownish, the edges of the scales paler; dorsal and anal dark brownish;
caudal dusky; centrals and pectoral pale dusky.

The collection contains but a single example (No. 03405), 6.5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu.
This species occurs also in Samoa.

Scarus dubius Bennett. Zool. Journ.. IV, 828. Xo. XIII, Art. Ill, 37. Oahu.

Pseudoscams dubius, Gunther, Cat., IV, 229, 1862 (Sandwich Islands; Fiji Islands).

279. Callyodon ahula (Jenkins). “ Ahuula “ 1‘anukunahd .” Fig. 152.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.34; eye 6 in head; snout 2.7; preorbital 5; interorbital 3; D. ix, 10;
A. in, 10; P. 14; V. i, 5; scales 2-24-6.

Body short, deep, strongly compressed; dorsal profile rather strongly arched, slightly depressed
in front of eyes; head rather deep; snout prominent, the lower jaw included; mouth small, entirely

below axis of body; dental plates white, yellowish at base; no posterior canines; upper lip double its
entire length, covering about half the upper dental plate; lower lip short, covering less than half lower
dental plate; eye small, lower edge of orbit on body axis; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.2 in
head.

Scales large, 4 rows in front of dorsal, a single row of 4 scales on cheek, behind which are 2 scales
placed one above the other; posterior limb of opercle with 2 series, the anterior with 1 series of scales;
lateral line interrupted under last dorsal ray and continued to base of caudal 2 rows lower down, the
tubes somewhat wavy and little branched.

Dorsal fin rather high, the spines soft and flexible, their length about equal to that of snout; soft
dorsal scarcely higher; anal similar to soft dorsal; caudal fin slightly convex, the lobes rounded, 1.8
in head; pectoral 1.4 in head; ventrals not reaching vent, 1.8 in head.

Head, body, and fins uniformly brown, with reddish tinges brightest on fins and throat; base of
caudal paler; no distinct markings anywhere.

352 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

This species reaches a length of about 9 or 10 inches, and is known only from the 5 specimens
recorded by Dr. Jenkins and others obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu.

Scams ahula Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 01, fig. 19, Honolulu (Type, No. 6142, Stanford Univ ,
Coll. O. P. Jenkins): ibid., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 470 (Honolulu) ; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 (Honolulu i.

280. Callyodon bennetti (Cinder & Valenciennes). Plate 45. «

Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.25; eye 5.2 in head; snout2.fi; preorbital 6; interorbital 3.2; 1). jx,
10; A. hi, 9; P. 13; scales 2-24-6.

Body rather short, moderately deep, not greatly compressed; head longer than deep, compressed;
snout subconic, lower jaw included; lips covering about half of each jaw; dental plates white; no
posterior canine teeth; eye high, entirely above upper base of pectoral, slightly anterior; caudal
peduncle 2.5 in head.

Origin of dorsal a little posterior to upper base of pectoral, spines flexible, of about equal length
and equal to rays, the longest spine 2.5 in head; longestanal ray 2.75 in head; caudal slightly rounded;
ventrals 2 in head, not reaching vent by 0.75 of their length; pectoral broad, 1.6 in head.

Scales large, smooth; scales on cheek in 3 rows, upper with 6 scales, next with 6, lower with 2;
2 rows of scales on opercle, its lower edge with a single row; lateral line interrupted, 17 pores in
upper part, which ends on the first row of scales beyond the last dorsal ray, then drops 2 rows and
continues along middle of caudal peduncle to base, there being 7 pores in the shorter part.

Color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous, edges of scales darker; 2 rather distinct white stripes
from near base of pectoral along lower part of side, disappearing before reaching vertical of anal origin;
fins all plain olivaceous, scarcely mottled; tip of caudal not white.

This species was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands. The collection made by Dr.
Wood at Honolulu in 1898 contains a single specimen, No. 2081, 5.25 inches long. Also found in Samoa.

Scams bennetti Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, XIV, 270, 1839, Sandwich Islands; Jenkins, Bull. IT. s Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 470 (Honolulu).

281. Callyodon paluca (Jenkins). “ Palukahika.” Fig. 153.

Head1 3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 5.5 in head; snout 2.75; interorbital 2.9; D. ix, 10; A. ill, 9; P. 14:
scales, 2-24-6.

Fig. 153. — Callyodon paluca (Jenkins); from the type.

Body deep, compressed; dorsal and ventral outline evenly arched; head longer than deep, com¬
pressed, bluntly conic; lower jaw included; teeth white, no posterior canine; upper lip double, its
entire length and covering little more than half the dental plate, lower lip covering half of lower plate;
lower edge of eye slightly above upper base of pectoral.

a Scar us bennetti on plate.

Bull. U. S.F.C. 1903

Sca us bennetti Cuvier & Valenciennes.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

358

Origin of dorsal over upper base of pectoral, its distance from tip of snout equal to head; dorsal
spines flexible, all except first and second of about equal length, longest 2.75 in head, longest ray 2.4
in head; longest anal ray 2.4 in head; caudal truncate, lobes not produced; ventral* 1.85 in head, not
reaching vent by two-thirds its own length; pectoral 1.6 in head.

Scales large and thin, very slightly roughened by radiating lints of granulations extending to
margin of scales; cheek with 3 rows of scales, 6 scales in upper row, 4 or 5 in middle, 2 in lower,
which extends upon anterior limb of preopercle; posterior limb of opercle with 2 rows of large scales;
anterior limb with a single series; <i scales in median series before dorsal; lateral line interrupted at 1
row of scales beyond posterior base of dorsal, pores on 19 scales, lateral line, dropping down 1 row and
beginning on row in which long part ends, 6 pores being in the shorter part, pores being on the 2
different but adjoining scales in the Same upward and backward row; many pores branched, a few
single.

Color in life, upper portion reddish-brown, lower parts, including centrals and anal, a brighter
red; vertical fins and centrals somewhat mottled ; body and head without distinct markings.

Color in alcohol, grayish-brown, upper parts darker, edges of scales dark brown; fins all a similar
color, the vertical fins and centrals being mottled with light and brown.

The above description from the type, 7 inches long, obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889,
the only known specimen until the Albatross Obtained others in 1902.

Scarus polucn Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 (Aug. 30, 1900), 60, fig. 18. Honolulu (type. No. 6111, Stanford
Univ.. Coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 471 (Honolulu; same specimen); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1901), 531 (Honolulu).

282. Callyodon jenkinsi (Jordan A Kvermann).

Head 3 in length; depth 2.5; eye 6.5 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 4.7; interorbital 3; D. ix, 10;
A. hi, 9; i’. 13; scales 2-24-7.

Body short, very deep and greatly compressed; head short, nearly as deep as long, snout short
and blunt; mouth small; each jaw with 1 or2 blunt canines; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally
convex; anterior profile rising rather irregularly from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; caudal peduncle
deep, its least depth 2 in head. Scales large, deeper than long; 2 rows of large scales on cheek and
1 row on subopercle; a row of thin modified scales at base of dorsal and anal; a few very large thin
scales on base of caudal; lateral line ceasing under last dorsal ray, reappearing 2 rows lower down and
continuing to base of caudal, the pores with 2 or 3 irregular branches; dorsal rays soft and flexible,
not pungent; dorsal spines somewhat elevated posteriorly, longest a little more than 2 in head; first
ventral spine obscure, the others soft and flexible; anal rays somewhat shorter than those of dorsal;
caudal shallowly lunate, the Outer rays not greatly produced; ventrals moderate, 1.6 in head, not
reaching to origin of anal by a distance equal to two-fifths their length; pectoral broad, 1.2 in head.

Color nf a nearly fresh Specimen, bright blue-green, brightest on posterior half of body, each scale
broadly edged with reddish brown; lower anterior part of body reddish brown, with traces of blue-
green; top of head brownish red or coppery, a broad deep blue-green band on the upper lip, extending
on side of head to below eye; lower lip with a narrow brighter blue-green band connecting at angle of
mouth with the one from upper lip; chin with a broad coppery-red bar, followed by a broader bright
blue-green one; caudal green, median part pale, banded with green spots; dorsal bright green at base
and tip, the middle pale greenish, translucent; anal similar, the distal band broader; pectorals and
ventrals deep vitriol-green with whitish markings.

Color in alcohol, dirty greenish, side with about 8 longitudinal series of greenish blotches; head
olivaceous above, {taler on cheeks; upper lip broadly pea-green at edge, this color continued backward
to under eye; edge of lower lip pale green, continued around angle of mouth uniting with the same
color from upper lip; chin with a broad, pale crossbar, behind which is a broader, pale-green one
which extends up on cheek nearly to orbit; back of this is a still broader, white crossbar interrupted in
the middle by greenish; subopercle and lower edge of preopercle with a large, irregular, green patch;
a median green line on breast to base of ventrals; dorsal green at base and along edge, the middle
portion paler; anal similar to dorsal, the green border broader; caudal bright pea-green on the outer
rays, the inner ones pale with 4 or 5 cross series of green spots, tips of rays darker; ventrals pale
green, the edges dark pea-green; pectoral pale green, darker green on the upper rays.

This species is related to Scarus (jilberti, from which it differs in the greater depth and the somewhat

F. C. B. 1903 — 83

354

■BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

different coloration. It is also related to Callyodon lauia, but differs in the much greater depth, the less
produced caudal lobes, the greater width of the green head markings, and the color of the fins.

Only one specimen was obtained, type No. 50647, U. S. X. M. (field No. 02944), 14 inches long,
taken at Honolulu June 6.

Scarus jenkinsi Jordan & Evermann. Bull. C. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (April 11. 1903), 195, Honolulu.

283. Callyodon gilberti (Jenkins). ‘‘Panuk6.nv.hti.” Fig. 154.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.44; eye 6.6 in head; snout 2.8; preorbital 5; interorbital 3; D. ix,
10; A. in, 9; P. 14; scales 2-24-6.

Body moderately deep and compressed; dorsal and ventral outlines about equally convex; head
short, scarcely longer than deep; mouth small, horizontal, on axis of body; teeth whitish, lower jaw
included; 2 short but strong canines at posterior angle of upper jaw, a similar 1 on lower jaw;
upper lip broad, covering whole of dental plate, lower lip covering about half of lower plate; eye small,
entirely above axis of body; interorbital space broad, high.

Scales large 'and thin, a row of modified scales along base of dorsal and anal; scales on base of
caudal very large and thin; 2 rows of scales on cheek, the upper with 7, the lower with 4 or 5 scales;
a series of scales along margin of opercle and on subopercle. 4 scales along median line in front of

dorsal; lateral line interrupted under the last dorsal rays, reappearing 2 rows farther down and con¬
tinuing to caudal fin, the tubes with 1 to 3 or 4 short branches.

Dorsal spines short and flexible, not pungent, their length about, 3.5 in head; soft dorsal higher,
the last rays longest, about 2.4 in head; first anal spine obscure, the others soft and flexible; soft anal
similar to soft dorsal but less high, the last rays 3 in head; caudal moderately lunate, the outer rays
moderately produced, about one-half longer than middle rays, centrals rather long, their length not
reaching origin of anal by a distance equal to half distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; pec¬
torals broad, the free edge oblique, length of Upper rays 1.3 in head.

Color in spirits, upper part of head and body greenish or bluish purple; side bluish green on the
edges of the scales, underparts paler; upper lip with a broad blue-green line extending on side of
head across lower border of orbit to middle of preopercle; 2 short blue-green lines on postocular
region; snout above lip with a broad paler band extending back to eye; edge of lower lip bluish green,
connecting at, angle of mouth with the blue line from upper lip, back of this a broad pale purplish
crossbar eoncolor with the cheek, this bounded posteriorly by a broad, bright-blue crossbar reaching to
lower edge of postorbital; middle of lower jaw with a broad white crossbar, behind which is an oblong
blue area; median line of throat and breast bright blue, this extending backward between ventrals to
origin of anal; dorsal bright greenish- blue at base and on border, these 2 lines separated by a much

Fig. 154. — Callyodon gilberti (Jenkins); from the type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

355

broader dusky whitish band; last ray of dorsal greenish to tip; anal same color as soft dorsal; caudal
greenish blue on the outer rays, spotted with blue and green on basal two-thirds, the middle rays
narrowly tipped with blue green with a narrow subterininal purplish black line, rest of middle rays
whitish; ventrals pale blue on the inner rays, white on middle rays, and bright blue on the outer rays;
pectoral bluish on base and anterior part, pale dusky otherwise.

Color description based upon a specimen i Xo. 05758), 9.5 inches long, which had been in formalin
about 2 weeks. Older specimens are of course more faded and the colors correspondingly less
distinct.

This is one of the most abundant species of the genus among the Hawaiian Islands, We have
examined 13 specimens, all from Honolulu, 2 collected by the Albatross in 1891, 7 by Dr. Jenkins,
and 4 by us. Length, 8 to 14 inches. It is doubtfully distinct from C. bataviemis (Steindachner).

Srartis nidurti Jenkins, Bull. 1 . Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (Aug. 80, 1900 59. tig. !7. Honolulu (type, Xo. 91 10, Stanford
Univ.; coll. 0. P. Jenkins): ibid, XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 471 (Honolulu).

284. Callyodon formosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

This species is thus described: Jaws smooth; a small posterior canine; head Hat; nape a little ele¬
vated; eye placed high; lateral line simple.

The fish in a faded condition shows traces of green streaks under the throat, and near the eyes an
area with scattered spots, apparently red. Dorsal and anal green, striped with an undulating band of
blue. Caudal green with a violet line above and below which joins a vertical line of the same color at
the end of each ray, thus limiting on the base and on the 2 outer rays of the caudal an area prob¬
ably red in life. Pectorals bordered with blue, the ventrals apparently not.

Two specimens, 7 inches long, obtained at the Sandwich Islands by Eydoux & Souleyet.

To this Guichenot adds, from the same specimens, body rather elongate; posterior canine teeth
present er absent; suborbital scales in 2 rows, the lower covering a large part of preopercular limb.
Caudal truncate, the angles moderately produced. Color grayish blue, sides yellowish green spotted
with reddish. Head with a large yellow spot crossed by a horizontal streak of green and bounded
above by a stripe of the same color. Caudal hounded by a red stripe, otherwise green like the dorsal
and anal,, which are crossed by a blue stripe with wavy edges; pectorals and ventrals yellow, edged
with blue.

This species appear to be close to Callyodon lauia and < gilbert >. Xo specimens have been seen
by us.

Scams formosus Cuvier ,V Valenciennes, Hist. Xat. Poiss., XIV. 283, 1839. Sandwich Islands; Eydoux & Souleyet, Voyage
Bonite, Zoo!.. II, 191, pi. 6, fig. 3. Sandwich Islands, same type.

Pseudoscarus formosus, Guichenot, Mem. Soc. Imp. Cherbourg, 1S65, 57 (Eydoux A: Sonleyet's specimen).

285. Callyodon lauia (Jordan A Evermann) . “Lunin.” Plate XLIII.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.7; eye 6.75 in head; snout 2.6; preorbital 4.8; interorbital 2.8; D. ix.
10; A. in, 9; P. 1.3 on one side, 14 on other; scales 2-25-6.

Body short, stout, and compressed; head heavy; snout rather short, bluntly rounded; dorsal and
ventral outlines about equall.v arched, anterior profile slightly concave before the eyes; nape strongly
convex; mouth small, nearly horizontal, in axis of body; upper jaw with 1 or 2 moderately strong
backwardlv directed canines; a similar but smaller canine sometimes present on lower jaw; cutting
edge of upper jaw fitting outside that of lower; teeth white; eye small, entirely above axis of body;
opercle with a broad short flap. Scales large, their surface with fine lines and granulations; nape and
breast with large scales; cheek with 2 rows of large scales, about 7 in each; subopercle and lower limb
of preopercle each with a row of scales; opercle with large scales; lateral line broken under last dorsal
ray, reappearing 1 row lower down and continuing to caudal fin, the pores with 2 to 4 branches; a
series of these oblong scales along base of dorsal and anal; base of caudal with 3 or 4 very long, thin
scales. Dorsal spines soft and flexible, not pungent, the longest about 2.7 in head; soft portion of
dorsal somewhat higher, especially posteriorly where the rays are about 2.4 in head; anal spines soft
and flexible, the first obscure, the third about 4.3 in head; anal rays higher, the last but one longest,
3 in head; caudal deeply lunate, the 3 or 4 outer rays above and below produced, length of middle
rays 2.3 in head, or 2 in outer rays; ventrals moderate, not reaching vent, 1.9 in head; pectoral broad, s
the free margin oblique, length of longest rays 1.3 in head.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

356

Color in life, head brownish yellow before eyes, the jaws lighter yellow; cheek washed with
brownish and bine, throat greenish; nuchal and opercular regions brownish orange, body salmon-color
above, the belly lighter yellow, most of the scales with an edging of greenish blue; a deep blue line
from nostril before and behind upper part of eye; upper lip deep blue, the streak forming an interrupted
line before eye; lower jaw with 2 blue cross lines, 1 marginal; a dark-blue spot behind angle of mouth;
deep blue blotches on’ interopercle; dorsal deep blue with a peculiar jagged stripe of light brownish
yellow; anal with blue spots at base, then light yellow, then deep blue, then green with blue edge;
caudal brownish yellow, with bright blue edgings and a median area of bright golden green; ventrals
golden, trimmed with bright blue; pectoral golden with deep blue above and greenish blue on lower
rays, a salmon streak across base with greenish blue behind it.

Another example (No. 03040, 10 inches long) was in life pale coppery rosy, darker on first 3 rows
of scales; the center of each scale in the first 5 rows greenish blue; under parts pale rosy, with
orange wash; head pale rosy, a small postocular blue spot, a short blue line forward from eye, and a
second of same color on upper lip and across cheek to eye, where it has a slight break, then continues
under eye as a greenish-blue bar; under lip with narrow blue edge; chin faded salmon, with a double
blue crescent; space from chin to isthmus bright blue; an oblong bright blue spot on suboperde,
behind which is a smaller irregular one bordered above by a broad greenish-blue space; dorsal green¬
ish blue, with a broad submedian orange band, the lower greenish-blue band made up of large, scarcely
connected, bluish spots, the upper half continuous with a narrow bright blue border; a small orange
blotch on base of last dorsal ray; caudal pale rosy at base, then with a greenish bar, followed by a
broad rosy bar, then by a broad terminal greenish-blue bar, dark blue in front, greenish in middle
and pale blue on outer third; upper and lower edges of caudal blue, below which is a broad rosy
orange stripe; anal greenish blue at base, then a broad orange stripe, the outer half greenish blue with
narrow bright blue edge; pectoral orange anteriorly, pale bluish behind, the anterior border blue;
ventrals orange, anterior edge and tip blue; iris pale orange.

Color in spirits, light, dirty grayish white, lighter below; a narrow pea-green stripe on edge of
upper lip, breaking up into irregular spots from angle of mouth to lower edge of orbit, a similar stripe
from nostril to eye and slightly beyond upper posterior border of eye, these lines sometimes continu¬
ous and unbroken; lower jaw edged with green, a broader pea-green cross-stripe at anterior edge of
branchiostegal opening; subopercles each with a broad green stripe; line of union of gill-membranes
broadly green; dorsal with a series of large olive-green spots at base and a broad band of similar color
on distal half, these separated bv a paler band and cut by intrusions from it both above and below;
dorsal fin with a very narrow paler border; and with a series of greenish spots at base, then a broad
pale yellowish white line, bounded distal I y by an indefinite, wavy, black line shading off into the
greenish of the distal half; last ray of anal dusky on its outer third; caudal greenish-olive at base and
on produced outer rays, edges of fin above and below green; middle rays with a broad lunate area of
pale green, scalloped proximally by dark green, separated from the lighter green base by a broad
whitish interspace, the upper and lower edge also darker green; ventrals creamy white, the outer edge
pale greenish; pectoral whitish, the upper edge dusky.

There is some variation in the width of the green markings on the head, sometimes the stripes on
the lower part of the head being very broad.

This species is related to C. gilberli, from which it differs in the more strongly produced caudal
lobes, in the narrower lines on the snout, the'broader green lines on the throat, the absence of a green
median line on the breast, and in the very different coloration of the fins. It is also near- to Callyodon
formosus, a species we have as yet failed to recognize. Besides the type obtained at Hilo, we have 4
examples from Honolulu collected by us and 1 by Dr. Wood.

Scams lauia Jordan A Evermanu, Bull, r, s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1 002 (April 11, 1903), 19fi, Hilo. (Type, No. VOfrls,
U. S. Nat, Mus.)

286. Callyodon bataviensis (Blocker). Fig. 155.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower preopercular limb being entirely naked; the lower
series composed of ti scales; upper lip broad; jaws rosy, the upper with 1 or 2 conical teeth at the
angle, none at the lower; dorsal spines subequal in length; 14 pectoral rays; caudal rounded, with the
angles produced.

Color green; lips red, blue anteriorly and green posteriorily; the green band of the upper lip and

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

857

the blue band of the lower lij> passing behind the angle of the mouth into a green band running to
the lower angle of the orbit; 2 short green streaks behind the orbit; dorsal tin red, with a blue mar¬
gin, and with a green band along the middle; anal similarly colored; caudal rosy, with the upper and
lower margins blue, and with .1 or 4 slightly curved blue cross-bands.

Known from the Hawaiian Islands only from Steindachn'er’s record.

Fin. lf>5. — Callyodon bataviensis (Bleeker); after Bleekor.

" Scar us collnna Riippell, Neue Wirbelt.. Fisclie, 25 la f. 8, li^. 2, 1888, Massawah, Red Sea,

Scant* forskali. Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist, Nat. Poiss., XIII, 849, 1889, Red Sea.

Scarus batarirnsh Bleeker, Nat. T. Ned. hid., XIII, 1857, 342. Batavia.

Pteudoscarus bataviensis, Bleeker, Atlas Iehth., I, 48, taf. 12, li^. 3, 1862; (liinther. Cat., IV, 231, 1862 (from Bleeker); (Stein
daehner. Denies, Ak. YViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 508 (Honolulu).

Scarus collaris Cuvier. & Vallene.iennes, op. eit.. XIV, 265, 1839, Massawah, Red Sea.

Pseiido8canis collana, Gunther, Cat., IV, 230, 1862 (Red Sea).

287. Callyodon erythrodon (Cuvier & Valenciennes) . Fig. 156.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower preopercular limb being entirely naked; upper lip
broad; jaws rosy, with a conical tooth at the angle (in adult state); dorsal spines subequal in length;
15 pectoral rays; caudal rounded.

Fig. 166. — Callyodon erythrodon (Cuvier & Valenciennes); after Bleeker.

358

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color, violet-olive, vertical fins darker.

Laysan Island. Known from the Hawaiian Islands only from Steindacliner’s record. Common
in Samoa.

Scarus erythrodon Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XIV, 255, 1839. lie de France.

Scams sumbatveiisis Bleeker, Contrib. Ichth. Fauna Sumbnwa, in Journ. Ind. Archipel., II, 1848, 638, Sumbawa; Bleeker.
Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind., XI, 1856, 104 (Banda).

Pseudoscar us sumbawensis, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., I, 47, taf. 15, tig. J, 1862; Gunther, Cat., IV, 232, 1862 (East Indies;; Stein-
dachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 509 (Laysan Island).

Genus 171. PSEUDOSCARUS Bleeker.

This genus differs from Scams, as here understood, chiefly in the deep. green or blue color of its
highly modified jaws and teeth. The species are mostly of large size and robust form. This genus is
scarcely distinct from Callyodon.

Pseudoscarus Bleeker, Versl. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, Scaroiden, XII, 1861, 230 {jiiicrorrhinos)) (teeth bine; posterior

canines present).

Loro Jordan & Evermann, Check-List, 418, 1896 (guacamaia).

a. Cheek with 2 rows of scales. Color green . . troschelii, p. 358

aa. Cheek with 3 rows of scales. Color blue, the side of body and head with pink or rosy . Jordani, p. 359

288. Pseudoscarus troschelii Bleeker. Fig. 157.

Two series of scales on the cheek, the lower preopercular limb being naked; lips very narrow,
covering only the base of the jaws; jaws green, the upper with pointed teeth at ttie angle; caudal
slightly emarginate; 15 pectoral rays.

Fig. 157. — Pseudoscarus troschelii Bleeker: after Bleeker.

Body green, each scale with reddish margin; lips red; a short red band through the eye, and
another from angle of mouth below eye toward the opercle; chin with red transverse and longitu¬
dinal streaks; dorsal red, edged with blue, and with a green band along the middle; anal yellowish,
with a similar red band; caudal greenish.

Scarus troschelii Bleeker, Nat. Tijd. Neder. Ind., IV. 1853, 498, Java.

Pseudoscarus trochelii , Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., 1, 25, taf. 7, fig. 2, 1862; Cunther, Cat., IV, 237, 1862 (from Bleeker); Stein-
dachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 508 (Laysan Island).

289. Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins. Plate XLIV and Fig. 158.

Head in length to base of caudal 2.7, in total length to middle margin of caudal 3.37; depth in
length to base of caudal 2.64, in total length to middle margin of the caudal 3.3; dorsal ix, 10; anal
hi, 9; pectoral 14; scales 24; lateral line interrupted. In this specimen 2 scales at the inter-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

359

rupted portion out of the series bear tubes. They are. located one over each first 2 scales in the
series following interruption. Tubes much branched; surfaces of scales, except at posterior margin
of each, much roughened oxer the xvhole body by striations composed of rows of minute tubercles;
body robust and greatly compressed; an adipose lump over snout; teeth green, lower jaw included;
a strong tooth at each angle of upper jaw; upper lip double only posteriorly, covering more than
half of dental plate; lower lip covering less than half of dental plate; cheek with 3 rows of scales,
upper of 7 scales, middle row of 7, the lower row of 2 scales, which extend on lower preopercular
limb; a series of scales along entire margin of operele; a series of 6 scales on median line before first
dorsal spine; lobes of caudal fin much produced, being longer than body of the fin; height of caudal
peduncle in head 2.54; pectoral 1.5 in head, its breadth being less than half of its own length;
ventral 1.75 in head, not reaching vent by one-half its own length, inserted on a vertical from about
middle of base of pectoral; dorsal spines flexible; membrane of first few spines of dorsal, anal, and
X'entral somewhat fleshy on outer margin.

Coloration in life: General color blue, the sides of body and head rosy or pink; region of body
just below posterior two-thirds of dorsal and the caudal peduncle green; iris orange; margin of upper

Fit;, las. — Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins; from the type.

lip orange, above which it is bright blue; margin of lower lip blue, below which is an orange area;
below this again bright blue which changes to a lighter blue; posterior to this a pink area; a pink
wavy line from angle of mouth to eye; dorsal fin pink with upper and anterior border blue, and with
a blue bar along each spine; anal yellowish with bright blue anterior outer and posterior margins;
ventral blue anteriorly and pink posteriorly; caudal, upper and lower borders bright blue, interior
portions with reticulations of pink and blue, colors almost wholly disappearing in alcohol; there
remains the green below the posterior two-thirds of dorsal and on caudal peduncle as a pigment on the
scales.

One specimen of this brilliant fish was obtained by Dr. Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889. Another has
been taken at Apia, Samoa, the latter represented in our plate. The measurements of Dr. Jenkins’s
specimen are as follows:

Pseudoscarus jordani. meters.

Pseudoscarus jordani.

J meters.

Total length to middle of margin of

caudal . 600

Length of upper caudal lobe . 100

Length to base of caudal . j 480

Head . 178

Snout . 85

Height of first dorsal spine . 30

Height of soft dorsal . 53

Ventral . 100

Depth . 182

Eve . 20

Breadth of narrowest portion of caudal
peduncle . 70

Pseudoscarus jordani Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX. 1899 t Aug. SO. 190U i. (13, fig. 21, Honolulu (Type, no. 12113, Stan¬
ford Univ.i noil. O. P. Jenkins): Jenkins, op. eit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 471 (Honolulu).

BULLETIN OJ THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

360

Suborder SQU AM IPINNES.- The Scaly-fins.

Body compressed, covered with small or minute ctenoid scales; lateral line unarmed, concurrent
with the back; mouth small, with slender or brush-like teeth; opercles armed or not; nostrils double;
gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes united to the broad scaly isthmus; pseudobranchiae
present; air-bladder present; dorsal tin long, the spines usually well developed, the soft part usually
more or less scaly; caudal usually truncate or double concave; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals
thoracic, sometimes rudimentary, sometimes with 2 spines, the pubic bone' becoming progessively elon¬
gate; vertebrae 10-14=24, but sometimes still further reduced. Basis of cranium double, with a double
muscular tube; post-temporal trifurcate or bifurcate in Ephippidte and the other transitional forms, as
in the scombroids and percoids; in other species firmly united to the skull, its structure showing the
usual 3 forks, the space between them tilled by bone, so that only a foramen is left; second, third, and
fourth upper pharyngeals small, usually reduced to vertical transverse laminae. Hypercoracoid with
median foramen; pectoral with 4 short basal bones. This group comprises a large number of fishes,
some of them showing analogies with the Carangidx on the one hand and with certain pereoid fishes
on the other; the typical forms specialized in directions leading toward the Plectognathi. The limits
of the group are uncertain, although there is no doubt about the relationship of any of the general here
treated. Perhaps several of the families currently recognized as scombroid belong here. The Plertog-
nalhi are certainly descended from the. Sqvamipinnes. The close relation of Batistes to Ilepatus admits
of no doubt. This relationship is shown in the osteology, in the reduced post-temporal and coalesced
bones of jaws, in the greait development of the public bone, in the restriction of the gill-openings, and
in the character of the scales, especially the armature of the tail. In a natural system the Balistidn:
would follow the Tenth idid:e and Siganidx. The Tenlhidid.r and the Batistidie are as nearly related to
each other as the Ephippidir are to the Cksetodontidie.

a. Teeth small, not brush-like nor incisor-like; gill-membranes separate, free from isthmus.

h. Ventrals I, 5 . Antigonida \ p. :!tlO

bb. Ventrals I. 6 to I, 8 . Xcida p. 3(11

ati. Teeth elongate, brush-like or incisor-like; gill-membranes united to isthmus.

r. Maxillary distinct; teeth brush-like, setiform, thick-set; post-temporal fully perforated by a foramen; pubic bone
not greatly developed; caudal peduncle unarmed. Carnivorous fishes with short intestine,

d. Scales well developed . C/ixtodovtidse, p. 362

(Id. Scales reduced to minute asperities . . Zanclidx , p. 381

cc. Maxillary and premaxillary immovably united; teeth incisor-like, in a single series; post-temporal not fully per¬
forated by the foramen; pubic bones well developed; caudal peduncle usually armed with spines or tubercles.
Herbivorous fishes with elongate intestine . Acanthvridx , p. 383

Family LX.XI. ANTI GOX ID/E. — Boar-fishes.

Body compressed and elevated, covered with small, ctenoid scales; sides of head scaly; preorbital
and preopercle more or less serrate or armed; opercle small; gills normal; gill-membranes separate,
free from isthmus; top of head bony; premaxillaries very protractile, the posterior process very long;
mouth moderate, lower jaw projecting; teeth very small; lateral line not extending on caudal; dorsal
fin long, the stout spines separated from the soft rays by a deep notch ; dorsal spines not graduated;
anal tin with 3 spines separated by a notch from the soft rays, the first spine longest; soft part of anal
as long as soft dorsal; ventrals i, 5, the spine strong, inserted below pectorals; caudal fin rounded, on
a moderate peduncle; upper limb of post-temporal widened at its distal end, which affords a very
firm attachment; lower limb short and thick; supraclaviele long and slender, its posterior edge
sharply serrate, the serrations standing out above the surface of the skin; vertebra; in normal number,
10 ( 13=23 (in Capros). Species few, arranged in 2 genera, living in rather deep water. Gapros aper,
the boarfish, superficially resembles the John Dory, Zeus faher, and is common on the coasts of south¬
ern Europe. This family, like the preceding, is of doubtful affinities. It is only remotely allied to
the Zeid:e, and it has no relationship to the Carangid:e or other scombroid forms. Antigonia hears
much superficial resemblance to the Ephippidx, a resemblance doubtless arising from real affinity, as
is shown by the form and attachment of the post- temporal. An extinct genus, Proantigonia, is saidTo
connect Antigonia with Capros.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

3fil

Genus 172. ANTIGONIA Lowe.

Body very deep, the depth much greater than the length of body, which * excessively compressed
and covered with moderate-sized, firm, rough ctenoid scales; profile from nape to dorsal very steep
and nearly straight; surface of head above with rough bony strise; preoperele and suborbital bones
armed with slender antrorse spines; mouth small, its cleft nearly vertiele; premaxillary with a very
long process, extremely protractile, perhaps less so than in Capros; lower jaw projecting; upper jaw
somewhat, protractile; maxillary broad, scaly; small, very slender teeth on jaws in 1 row, none on
palate; chin rough; preoperele with rough striie, becoming antrorse spines below; cheek deep, covered
with rough scales, opercle short, scaly; branehiostegals 6; gill-membranes separate, free from the
isthmus; lateral line concurrent with the back; fin spines stiff and strong; dorsals united, the third
spine stout and elevated, the sixth or last spine shortest, lower than the soft rays, the fin thus distinctly
notched; soft dorsal and anal similar, long and low, none of the rays produced; anal spines 2, joined
to the fin, the first, longest; base of dorsal and anal with a sheath of small rough scales extending on
the tin spines and slightly on the rays, not on the membranes; caudal peduncle short and deep, deeper
than long; caudal short, squarely truncate; ventrals strong, of moderate length, at lowest point of
ventral outline, well behind pectorals and directly below spinous dorsal, which is at highest point of
dorsal outline; ventral spine large, roughened anteriorly; pectoral moderate, not falcate. Species few,
in waters of moderate depth.

Antigonia Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. ls-43, 85 (capros).

Gaprophonus Muller & Troschel, II ora- Ichthyologijv, III, 1845, 28 (aurora).

Hi/psinotus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 84, pi. xi.ii, tig. 2, 1844, ( rubescens ).

290. Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann. Hate Xl.V,

Head 3.35 in length; depth equal to length; eye 3 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 4.2; interorbital
3.3; D. vm, 36; A. in, 33; scales 16-71— 10.

Body very deep, compressed; look elevated, trenchant; abdomen deep, trenchant; upper profile
concave in front of eye above to occipital process, then convave to spinous dorsal; snout short, blunt,
rounded; mouth small, nearly vertical; jaws small, lower protruding; teeth small, pointed, uniserial;
eye large, superior, nearly in middle of length of head; preorbital and interopercle spiny along margins;
anterior nostril with valve, the posterior larger, circular; gill-opening large, gillrakers small; pseudo-
branchia? and gill-lamime large; dorsal spines sharp, third longest, 1.5 in head, others graduated to
last, which is about 2 in snout; anterior dorsal rays longest, 3.5 in head; first anal spine longest, 2.8,
others graduated to last; caudal small, truncate, 1.7; pectoral 1.2, upper rays longest, and posterior
margin straight; ventrals 1.6, spine very large, strong, front margin asperons, and nearly as long as
fin; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.7; scales small, roughly ctenoid; head roughened, espe¬
cially above; basal scales of soft dorsal and anal rough; lateral line arched, nearly conforming with
upper profile, running along middle of side of caudal peduncle.

Color in life (No. 03492) bright light salmon-pink, nape, back of head, and down to ventrals deeper
red, behind the bar from dorsal to ventral a pale shade; fins pale crimson, caudal paler with darker
red tip; iris red.

Color in alcohol very pale brown, almost uniform.

Described from an example (No. 03701 ), 7.6 inches long, from Kailua. We have 2 other examples
(Nos. 03492 and 03702), each about 6.8 inches long, taken by us at Hilo. The species is taken with
hook and line occasionally in rather deep water off I Iawaii; otherwise known from Japan onlv.

Antigonia capros Steindaehner, I)enks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. XLIX, 1885. 187, taf. v (off Tokyo); not of Lowe.

Antigonia steindachneri Jordan & Evermann in Jordan & Fowler. Froc. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1908, 522, Kailua.

Family LX X 1 1 . ZE1D/E. -The John Dories.

Body short, deep, much compressed and elevated, naked or covered with minute smooth scales
or with bony protuberances. Mouth large, terminal, the upper jaw protractile. Teeth small, in
narrow bands or single series on the jaws and vomer and sometimes on the palatines. Eyes lateral
placed high; opercle much reduced; some of the bones of head usually with spines; preoperele not
serrate; post-temporal very firmly attached to the skull; lower limb adnate for its whole length, the

362

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

distal end only of upper limb attached. The supra-clavicle short and triangular, bearing a short spine
near its anterior angle, its posterior edge divided into 3 spines, 3 or 3 of which stand out above the
surface of the skin. Ventral edge often serrate, with strong bony plates; lateral line well developed,
concurrent with the back; brancMostegals 7 or S; gill-openings wide, the membranes little united,
free from the isthmus; pseudobranchiie large; air bladder large; gillrakers usually short; gills 4, a
slit behind the fourth; dorsal fin emarginate or divided, the anterior part with spines, which are often
strong, the posterior part longer, its highest rays behind the middle; soft anal entirely similar to soft
dorsal, usually preceded bv 1 to 4 spines, which are not graduated and which often form a separate
fin; ventral tins thoracic, well developed, their rays usually i, (i to i, 8; pectorals small; caudal fin
rounded, on a moderate peduncle. Lateral line obscure, unarmed. Pyloric cteca exceedingly numerous.
Vertebra- about 32 (/ms). Genera 8; species about IS; fishes of singular appearance, inhabiting warm
seas, often at considerable depth. The species undergo great changes in the course of development.

The single Hawaiian genus and species is fully described in Section II.

Family LXXIII. CH/ETOL)()NTII),-E. Butterfly- Fishes.

Body strongly compressed, elevated, suborbicular in outline, covered with moderate-sized or small
scales, which are finely ciliated or nearly smooth; lateral line present, concurrent with the back, not
extending on the caudal fin; mouth small, protractile, terminal; maxillary very short, irregular in
form, divided in 2 by a longitudinal suture; upper part of skull solid, occipital crest strong; post-tem¬
poral firmly joined to the skull, its form really trifurcate, though appearing simple, the spaces between
the forks filled in by bone so that only7 a foramen is left; last hone of the suborbital ring firmly joined
to the preopercle; teeth brush-like orsetiform, often extremely long, in narrow bands on the jaws; no
teeth on vomer or palatines; no canines, molars or incisors; eyes lateral, of moderate size; branchi-
ostegals 11 or 7; pseudobranchiie very large; air-bladder present; gill-membranes more or less attached
to the isthmus; gillrakers very small; dorsal fin single, continuous, its rays sometimes filamentous, its
soft part as well as the soft part of anal densely7 covered with small scales; anal similar to soft dorsal
with 3 or 4 spines; ventrals thoracic, 1, 5; caudal usually truncate; vertebra 104-14=24, the anterior
abbreviated; insertion of ribs inferior; post-temporal usually reduced, and not bifurcate.

Carnivorous fishes of the tropical seas, noted for their bright colors and great acti vity. Their exces¬
sive quickness of sense and motion enables them to maintain themselves in the struggle for existence
in the close competition of the coral reefs, notwithstanding their bright colors. The young are very
different from the adult and pass through a stage termed Tholichllu/s, in which the membranes are
greatly developed, forming collars and sheaths about the head and neck.

Chxtodonlina’:

a. Preopercle unarmed; scales comparatively large (young with the ThoUdithys form).
b. Snout (nasals, palatines, etc.) with premax illaries, articular, and dentary bones much produced, very long, beak¬

like; scales small, about 75 in horizontal series; dorsal spines 2 . Forcipiger, p. 362

bb. Snout little, if at all, produced; scales larger, about 35 to 60.
c. Dorsal tin with none of the spines elevated or filiform.

d. Scales large, usually 35 to 50 in lateral line; dorsal spines 12 to 1 1; teeth moderate . C'hsetodon, p. 363

dd. Scales rather small, about 60 in lateral line; dorsal spines 10 or 32 . Microcanthus , p. 376

cc. Dorsal fin with the fourth spine much elevated and filiform . . Heniochus, p. 376

Pomocanthinx:

aa. Preopercle armed at its angle with a very strong spine, which is sometimes grooved; preopercle serrate or spinous,
with 10 to 30 small teeth: dorsal spines about 1 -4 , graduated, the last one longest . Holacanthus, p. 377

Genus 173. FORCIPIGER Jordan & McGregor.

This genus differs from Prognathoch.s Gill in having smaller scales, about. 75 in a lateral series instead
of 40. Chelmo <Tivier is also closely related, having the same forceps-like mouth; but in the latter
genns the spinous dorsal is much less developed, containing about 9 spines.

Forcipiger Jordan & McGregor, Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., xxiv, 1898, 279 (Chelmo longirostris Cuvier Valenciennes).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

.)(>•>

291. Forcipiger longirostris (Broussonet). Plate XL VI.

Head with beak 2.2, without beak 2.8; depth 2.2 with beak, 1.75 without beak; beak 1.6 in rest of
head; eye 3.75; mouth 7; interorbital 4.75; I ). XII, 25; A. III. 18; scales 12 78-30.

Body very deep, compressed, back trenchant; head low, upper profile concave; snout nearly
horizontal, jaws produced in a long pointed beak, mouth small, at extremity; teeth minute, in villiform
bands in jaws; eye nearly in middle of length of head without beak; anterior nostril in short fleshy
tube, posterior a short oblique slit before eye; fourth spine 1.5 in head without beak; anal spines
graduated to last, which is longest, strong, 1.35; caudal small, slightly emarginate, its upper ray slightly
produced; pectoral long, pointed, upper rays much longer than others; ventral* long, sharply pointed,
spine 1.6; caudal peduncle small, compressed, its least depth 3. 7; scales ctenoid; lateral line strongly
arched, not concurrent with profile of back. Described from an example (No. 04537) 7 inches long
from Honolulu.

Color in life of a specimen (field No. 327) collected by Jordan & Kellogg at Apia in 11)02, brilliant
yellow, deeper and orange-shaded behind, a black triangle on head, livid white below; centrals and
pectorals yellow; caudal color-less: a large jet-black spot on anal.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish; head above, back in front, of spinous dorsal, interorbitai
space, and opereles above, deep brown; snout, beak above, and band on each side to front of eve,
blackish-brown; posterior margin of soft dorsal and anal with narrow grayish line; anal with a squar¬
ish black spot on distal part of last rays; last half of soft dorsal and anal with a narrow submarginal
black line; caudal grayish, the pectoral orange; under parts of head and breast whitish.

We have 9 specimens from Honolulu, (4 collected by Doctor Jenkins, 1 by the Albatross in 1896,
and 4 by us), ranging in length from 5.2 to 6.75 inches. The Albatross also obtained specimens at
Honolulu in 1902.

This is the first species of fish ever described from the Hawaiian Islands.

Chxtodon longirostris Broussonet. I)esc. Iehth.. I 23, plate 7. 1782, Society and Sandwich islands. (Coll. ('apt. Cook, i
Chchnon longirostris, Cuvier, Regne Animal, Ed. I. 334, 1817; after Broussonet.

Cb elm o longirostris, Gtinther, Cat., II, 38, I860 (Amboyna); Gunther, Fiscbe der Siidsee, 11.48, 1871 (Sandwich, Soriety.
Paumotu, Friendly, and Kingsmill islands).

Prognathod us longi rost ris, Bleeker. Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet., XVII, 1877, 33 (Ternatc; Amboyna; Ceram; Xussalaut; Bandar
Bleeker, Atlas. IX. 23. taf. 36(1. tig. 5. 1879.

Forcipiger flarissimus Jordan A McGregor, Kept. V. S. Fish Comm., XXIY. 1898, 279, Clarion Island (type. No. 5709, Stan¬
ford Univ. Mus.).

Ciiclmon (Forcipiger) longi rost r is, Stein due liner, Renks. Ak. W iss. Wien, LXX, 19uu, 489 (Honolulu).

Forcipiger longirostris, Fowler. I'roc. Ae. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1900, 512 i Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm..
XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 471 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 531 i Honolulu).

Genus 174. CHiETODON lArtedi) Linnaeus.

Body short, deep, very strongly compressed, especially above and behind; head small, compressed,
almost everywhere scaly; mouth very small, terminal, the jaws provided with long, slender, flexible,
bristle-like teeth; vomer sometimes with teeth; preopercle entire or nearly so, without spine; dorsal
tin single, continuous, not notched, the spinous part longer than the soft part, of 12 or 13 spines, the
spines not graduated, some of the middle ones being longer than the last; last rays of soft dorsal usually
rapidly shortened, some of them occasionally filamentous; caudal peduncle short, the caudal tin fan¬
shaped; anal similar to soft dorsal, with 3 strong spines; body covered with rather large ctenoid scales,
somewhat irregular in their arrangement; lateral line curved, high, parallel with the back; gill-open¬
ings rather narrow, the membranes narrowly joined to the isthmus; branchiostegals 6. A very large
genus of singular and beautiful fishes, abounding in the tropical seas, especially about volcanic rocks
and coral reefs; body usually crossed by transverse black bars; all very active fishes, feeding on small
animals.

Clurtodon Artedi, Genera, 51. 1738 (numerous species, the first one. mentioned belonging to Pomacanthus; nonbinomial).
Tetragonoptrus Klein, Historic Pisciiun, 37, 1741 ( many species; stria/us, etc.; nonbinomial).

Chsetodon Linnaeus, Systems! Naturae, 10th ed. 272, 1758 (includes all known Chielodontvkr).

Cluctodon Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2d ed.. 189. 1829 ( striatum, capistratus ; first restriction of the name to tin* present group).
Rabdophorus Swainson, Class’n Fishes, II, 211, 1839 ( ephippium ; scales on lower half of body in nearly horizontal series;
scales about 45).

Citharcedus Kaup, Wiegmanu's Arehiv, XXVI, part i, 141, 1860 (meyeri; scales on the lower half of body in horizontal
series; scales small, aoout 50).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

364

Linophora Kaup, 1. c., [auriga: scales in series running downward and backward).

Sarothrodus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 238 ( Chu’todon Cuvier, not Artcdi: offered as a substitute for ('hsetodon, the
latter name being transferred to Pomacanthus) .

Tholirhthys Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1868, 457 ( osseus; larval form).

Tetragonoptrus Bleeker, Rev. Faraille Chsetodontoides, in Verh. Kon. Ak. Weten., XVII, 52, 1877 ( stnatus; scales below in
horizontal series; spinous dorsal not more than half longer than soft).

(ha’todovtops Bleeker, op. oil., 53 (scales on lower part in ascending series).

Hemichatodou Bleeker, 1. c. ( capistratus ; scales below running downward and backward, forming an angle with those
above).

Lepidochutodon Bleeker, op. cit.. 54 ( unimacidatus ; scales anteriorly much enlarged).

Gonorhatodon Bleeker, 1. c., ( triangulum ; body very deep; the base of posterior half of soft dorsal and anal vertical).

Ox iH'li wtodon Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., IX, 51, 1877-78 ( lincolatus : scales very large, snout pointed).

Chwtodon Jordan & Gilbert, Synopsis, 614, 1883 (restriction to capistratus) .

Anisochxtodon Klunzinger, Fiselie Rothen Meeres, 54, 1884 ( auriga ).

KEY TO HAWAIIAN SPECIES OF < ’MASTODON.

a. Rows of scales of anterior part of body running upward and backward, each marked by a dark line, those of posterior
part of body running downward and backward almost at right angles wit li the first ; snout acute;
dorsal fin with the first ray prolonged in a whip, a black ocellus below it; ocular band broad;

ventrals pale; two black lines across caudal . setifcr, p. 364

aa. Rows of scales not arranged as above indicated, or at least not marked by lines, meeting at an angle.

h. Scales unequal, those on the middle parts of body larger than the others.
c. Series of scalesextending upward and backward, at least posteriorly; teeth very small: snout acute, concave in
upper profile; yellow; a broad, black ocular band, as broad as eye.
it. Black area at base of soft dorsal broad, sending oblique streaks downward and forward across the body ; no

black area on shoulder . . Uneolatus, p. 365

dd. Black area at base of soft dorsal narrow; oblique cross streaks along rows of scales orange; shoulder region
black with a median triangular orange area on each side . lunula, p. 366

cc. Series of scales nearly horizonal; teeth much larger than in related species; snout moderate, the profile projecting
above eye; sides of back with a large black ocellus, often produced downward in a wedge-
shaped blotch; ocular band broad, meeting its fellow on breast; a black band on margin of

dorsal and anal across caudal peduncle . unimacidatus, p. 368

l)b. Scales subequal, the series extending horizontally or slightly ascending posteriorly: snout obtuse or moderately
acute, not convex above.

i . Body with crossbands or streaks.

/'. Body with about six transverse crossbands; ocular band narrow, faint; a black spot above it; a reddish banp

on caudal peduncle . punctatofasciatus , p. 369

ff. Body with about ten narrow dark cross streaks, each a row of small spots; ocular band narrow; anal with a

narrow dark edge . miliaris, p. 371

cc. Body without crossbands or vertical streaks.
g. Ocular band present; snout obtuse.
h. Ocular band preceded by a black bar.

/ Black bar before eye covering snout; a black bar behind ocular band; body with dark streaks along
the rows of soales; a black area surrounded by golden oil dorsal and anal and caudal; a black

. spot on breast . trifasciatus, p. 372

it. Black bar before eye not covering upper lip. which is pale; a black area above eye; three black bands
behind eye, the first one extending backward to last ray of soft dorsal; body with six oblique

orange stripes; caudal with two black stripes; anal with one . ornat issiinus, p. 373

hh. Ocular baud not preceded by a black bar.

j. Back blackish, with two whitish blotches; ocular band orange, with dark edges; tins pale, with

dark lines . quadrimaculatus, p. 373

jj. Back with diffuse dark spots; ocular band broad, diffuse; snout black, ventrals black; no

yellow . corallicola, p. 374

gg. Ocular band none; body with about nine oblique stripes of clear blue; caudal peduifme and posterior
part of dorsal black; caudal with a broad black band; snout rather acute . .frcmhlii. p. 375

292. Chaetodon setifer Bloch. Plate XI.YIl.

Head 3.1 in length; depth 1.75; eye 4 in head; snout 2.5; mouth 7.25; maxillary 3.9; interorbital
4; l>. \m, 24; A. hi, 21; scales 7-40-11.

Body very deep, compressed; bach elevated, very trenchant; head deep; snout short, nearly
horizontal; mouth very small; jaws produced, rather pointed, equal; lips thin, fleshy; teeth broad,
brush-like in bands in jaws; eye superior, midway in head; interorbital width broad, convex, nostrils
close together, with raised fleshy edge, posterior an Oblique slit in front of eye; dorsal spines graduated
to last, which is longest, 2 in head; fifth and sixth dorsal rays longest, produced in a point; third anal
spine longest, 1.5; median anal rays longest, ninth, 1.25; caudal small, truncate; pectoral small, 1.3;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

365

ventral pointed, 1.3; spine strong, 1.9; caudal peduncle 'compressed, its least depth 2.9; scales very large
on middle of side; thin, finely ctenoid ; scales on vertical fins, head, and belly, small, very small on outer
portions of vertical fins; series of scales on side disposed in very oblique series; lateral line very
strongly arched, not continued behind base of last dorsal rays.

Color in life (field No. 03435), general color in front and below, including paired fins, light violet,
lighter on snout and below; dorsal, excepting first. 2 spines and membranes, which are violet, caudal,
anal, and upper posterior part of side, chrome yellow; lips pinkish; a broad black ocular bar becoming
narrower above, narrowly edged on each side with white, extending from interopercle almost to origin
of dorsal; about (5 narrow yellow lines across interorbital area; a series of .3 narrow dark bars running
forward and downward from base of dorsal, the first 5 extending down to humeral region, the last 3
meeting at right angles, the Iasi 3 bars of a similar series of 12 bars on lower part of body, the first 9
bars of which meet the fifth bar of upper series about at right angles; soft dorsal edged with black, an
oval black spot on its center; lower edge of anal with a narrow black stripe outside of which the edge
is light yellow; caudal broadly tipped with light violet, two narrow brownish bars across its center.

Color in alcohol, very pale or whitish, greater portion of side pale olive gray; about 8 dark -gray
lines running obliquely up from head to dorsal, and others posteriorly above lateral Hub; side with
about 11 oblique dark-gray lines running to anal; a broad dark-brown band beginning on nape before
dorsal and running down to eye, continued below wider and blackish, with narrow whitish border in
front; margin of dorsal to angle on soft fin, narrowly blackish; longest dorsal rays with black spot
on distal portion; margin of soft anal with narrow black line running parallel with lower margin;
margin of caudal grayish with a narrow dark -gray submarginal line; pectoral and ventrals grayish.

Described from an example (No. 04562) 6.25 inches long, from Honolulu.

We have 28 specimens, 4 to 8.2 inches long, from Honolulu, where the fish is common. Others
were secured at that place by the Albatross. The species occurs also at Johnston Island and Samoa.

Chxtodon seti/cr Bloch, Ichth., VI, pi. 426, fig. 1, 17ss Coromandel; Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 1, 46, taf, XXVI, fig. B, Is";;
(Sandwich Islands); Smith A Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V. 1882, 137 (Johnston Island); Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri
Philu. 1900, 512 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins. Bull. L\ S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 471 (Honolulu);
Snyder, 1. c. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu).

Poniaccntrus filamentosus I.acrpode. Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 506, 511, 1803, no locality.

Chxlndon nfsor/allicus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 63, 1831, Isle of France.

I'hxtodtm sdmnutt Cuvier <fc Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 74, 1831. Indian seas.

Tetraggnoptcrus ncsogalliciis, Bleeker, Ned. T.vds. Dierk., I, 259, 1863 (Wahia, Isle of Ceram).

Cliietodam lunar is Gronow. Syst., Ed. Gray, 70, 1854, India.

Chxtodon am'ir/a, Steindachner, Peaks, Ak. Wiss. Wien. I.X X, 1900, 488 (Honolulu); not of Forskal.

293. Chastodon lineolatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Fig. 159.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 1.5; eye 4.5 in head; snout 2.25; maxillary 3.5; internrbital 3.25; I),
xii, 26; A. in, 22; scales 7-36-14.

Body deep, compressed, hack elevated; head very deep, upper profile very concave, so that occiput
is obliquely vertical; snout rather long, nearly horizontal; jaws produced, equal; month small, nearly
horizontal; thirteenth anal ray longest, 1.5; caudal broad, margin slightly rounded; caudal peduncle
compressed, its least, depth 2.8; pectoral 1.3; ventrals pointed, 1.5; scales very large on side, smaller
on head, breast, at bases of soft dorsal and anal, and on side of caudal! peduncle; scales on vertical fins
very small; series of scales very oblique above lateral line in front, becoming slightly oblique on sides;
teeth in rather broad brush-like bands in jaws; eye small, posterior; edge of preoperele rough below;
interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils small, close together, anterior with elevated fleshy rim and
flap, posterior a nearly horizontal slit; dorsal spines graduated to last, which is longest, 1.8 in head;
dorsal rays longest just behind middle, twelfth 1.35; third anal spine longest; lateral line running up
high toward soft dorsal but not continued behind spinous dorsal.

Color in alcohol very pale brown, upper surface tinged with very pale olive; side above with
narrow blackish vertical lines, one along the margin of each series of scales; head with a broad black
band down from occiput over side of head above, below eye, including preoperele, and across inter¬
opercle; a round brown spot on forehead; base of soft dorsal with broad blackish band running down
across caudal peduncle in front, and on basal portion of anal posteriorly; soft dorsal with a median
brown line longitudinally; caudal with gray margin bounded in front with narrow blackish submar¬
ginal line; pectoral and ventral whitish.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

366

Described from an example (No. 01535) taken at Honolulu.

We have, examined only 3 Hawaiian specimens, 4.75 to 9.2 inches long, all from Honolulu, where
the species is not very common, and many specimens from Samoa. The species is of wide distribution
in the Pacific and Indian oceans.

Cheetodon lineolatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 40, 1831, Isle of France; Gunther, Fische der Siiclsee. II,
45, taf. XXXIV. fig. A. 1871 1 Paumotu, Society. Navigator, Kingsmill, and Sandwich islands); Steindachner, Denks.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, I X X, 1900, 489 1 Honolulu); Snyder, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 < Honolulu t,
Chattodim lunatns Ehrenberg in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. VII, 57, 1831, Red Sea.

Tetragonoptrus lint.olat'ix, Bleeker, Poiss. Madagascar, 95, 1874 (Mauritius).

Tetragonoptr as ( Oxychxlodtm ) lineolatus, Bleeker, Verlt. Kon. Ak. Wet., XVII, 1877, 102 (Cocos; Sumbawa; Flores; Ternate;
Amboyna; Banda).

Fig. 159. — CliR’todon lineolatus Cuvier A Valenciennes; after Gunther.

294. Cheetodon lunula (Lacepede). “ Kihak&pu.” Plate LIV and Fig. 160.

Head 3 in length; depth 1.6; eye 4 in head; snout 3.25; maxillary 3.9; interorbital 3.4; D. xii,
24; A. Ill, 19; scales 9-36-18.

Body very deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep; upper profile from interorbital space
obliquely straight; jaws produced, subequal; mouth small; teeth fine, brushlike in jaws; eye median
in length of head; margin of preopercle very finely serrate; interorbital space broad, convex; anterior
nostril with tjiin fleshy rim and flap; posterior nostril a short oblique slit; anterior dorsal spines strong,
enlarged, posterior slender, equal from middle posteriorly, last. l.S in head; tenth dorsal ray 1.4; third
anal spine longest, 1.7; eleventh dorsal ray 1.5; pectoral 1.2, rather broad; ventral pointed, 1.25; ventral
spine 1.65; scales large on middle of side, those on vertical fins becoming very small; scales in slightly
oblique series on side; ventrals with scaly flap at base; caudal broad, deep, margin slightly rounded;
least depth of caudal peduncle 3 in head; lateral line arched, not continued beyond base of soft dorsal.

Described from an example (No. 04540) taken at Honolulu.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

367

Color in life ( No. 03036) yellowish olive, crossed bv a series of brownish-orange lines from pectoral
region backward and upward; snout pale orange; a broad black saddle over nape and downward over
eye to upper edge of suboperele, narrowing at lower end, and bordered anteriorly by. a narrow white
line; following this is a broad white saddle extending down over humeral region, opercle and edge of
shoulder-girdle to lower part of opercular openings; a black blotch at origin of dorsal separated from
the white saddle by orange yellow; beneath this a light brown or olive space bounded below by a
broad yellow line extending from humeral region upward and backward to base of seventh dorsal
spine; below this a broad triangular black space with its base at shoulder-girdle and extending back¬
ward and upward to base of sixth to eighth dorsal spine, bounded below or behind by a narrow yellow
line; a curved yellow line beginning on dorsal at base of seventh spine, following base of dorsal to
caudal peduncle, which it crosses, then widening out upon base of anal; dorsal dusky olive, a broad
black band parallel with the yellow, widening on soft portion and connecting with black caudal
peduncle; above this a broad pale orange stripe, bounded on soft dorsal by white; edge of dorsal

membranes black, forming a broad black border on soft dorsal; caudal yellow at base, a narrow black
bar at middle, beyond which the fin is white; anal yellowish orange, bordered by brownish, and with
a narrow dark orange band near margin; pectoral pale; ventrals pale orange, slightly dusky at tips;
iris pale bluish.

Another example (No. 03313) has upper part of side rich greenish olive, crossed by about 9 or 10
reddish-brown bars; lower part of side rich lemon-yellow crossed by about 5 reddish-orange bars, the
2 under pectoral breaking up into reddish-orange spots; tip of snout pale rosy, rest of snout pale
yellow; a broad black saddle over head and through eye to upper edge of suboperele, about one-half
broader than orbit; back of this a broad white saddle of about same width extending to near lower
part of opercle and enveloping part of shoulder-girdle; back of this a yellowish-green space, then a
black saddle at anterior base of dorsal extending along base of dorsal to near fifth spine; a large oblong
black spot beginning on humeral region and curving upward and backward to base of sixth and seventh
spines, this bounded by rather broad yellow borders; belly pale yellow; a jet-black spot on caudal

Fig. 160. — Chastodon lunula (Lac6p6de); from the young.

368

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

peduncle; dorsal pale yellow at base, tips of spines and enveloping membranes black; soft dorsal
with a pale orange band at base, next a narrow greenish olive one, then a broader yellow one, a very
broad orange one broadening behind, a narrow yellow one, and finally a narrow black border; basal
half of anal fin pale yellow, a median bar of reddish-orange spots, next a broad yellow bar, a narrow
black bar, then tip broadly white; pectoral and ventrals pale yellow; iris black.

Color in life of a specimen (field No. 2til) obtained by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, deep
golden, a little orange tinged and more dusky on back; chin gray; patch behind ocular stripe clear
gray; oblique black band bordered before and behind by clear golden brown, a blackish blotch at first
dorsal spine with golden brown behind it; spot on caudal peduncle and stripe on dorsal golden, a
brown shade across dorsal and anal, besides black tips and dark-brown bands; ventral golden with
some dusky; pectoral and edge of caudal colorless.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown, back* above with a very pale olivaceous tinge; a blackish brown
band across interorbital space, including eye, running behind down on preopercle, not continued below,
narrowly bordered in front below eye with white; adjoining interorbital band, continued on side of
head and down on opercle, a broad white band; a broad blackish-brown band from opercle up to
middle of spinous dorsal broadly edged with white; a blackish-brown blotch on back at base of first
5 dorsal spines, bordered below with whitish; side with oblique golden olive bauds following courses
of scales; marginal portion of spinous and soft dorsal broadly blackish, not continued on posterior rays;
a dusky streak running along basal portion of soft dorsal broadens out on posterior rays and forms a
blackish blotch at front of caudal peduncle, bordered in front and behind with whitish; margin of
caudal whitish, bordered in front with a broad blackish bar; pectoral grayish.

We have examined 29 examples from Honolulu (9 collected by Jenkins), where the species is
common in the markets, 4 from Kailua, 5 from Hilo, and 10 from Clocoanut Island at Hilo. They are
from less than an inch to 7.2 inches long. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu
and Waialua Bay, Oahu; Hilo and I’uako Bay, Hawaii; common at Samoa.

Pomacentrus lunula Laeupode, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 507, 510, 513, 1802, no locality given.

Chu todnn lunulatua Quoy A: Gaimard, Voy. 1 Trail ie, 3S1, 1824, Sandwich Islands.

Chutodon tau-nigrum , Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands); not of Cuvier A: Valenciennes.
Chictodon lunula, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 59, pi. 173, 1831; Gunther, Fische der Sudseu, II, 12, taf.
XXXIII, 1871 (Tahiti, Sandwich Islands, Society Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900,489
(Honolulu); .lenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 473 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. fit . 'Jan. 19,
1901), 531 (Honolulu; Waialua Bay, Oahu; Hilo; Puako Bay, Hawaii).

< 'fuetodon biocellatns Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 02, 1831, Oualan, young; Fowler, Proc. At, Nat. sci.
Phila. 1900,512 (Sandwich Islands).

Chietodon occllatns Bleeker Nat. Tyds. Neal. Ind., VI. 1854, 212, Isle of Timor.

Clartodon wirbcll Kaup, Nat. Tyds. Dierk., I, 1863, 120, Canton.

Sarothrodus lunula, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., I, 1803, 156.

Tetragon opt rus bioccl'ulus, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk., I. 1803,209 (Isle of Timor).

Trtragonoptrus lunula, Bleeker, Poiss. Madagascar, 95, 1874, Mauritius.

Tctragonoptrus ( Cluctodontopx ) fasciatus, Bleeker, Atlas. IX, 41. Taf. 374, rig. 2 (Sandwich Islands, etc.); not of Forskal.

295. Chaetodon unimaculatus Bloch. “ Kikakapu.” Plate L and Fig. 161.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 1.7; eve 3.35 in head; snout 6; maxillary 3.35; interorbital 3; D. xm,
23; A. in, 20; scales 9-45-25.

Body deep, compressed, back elevated; head very short, upper profile obliquely concave; snout
short, blunt, rounded; jaws equal, slightly produced; mouth small, gape short; teeth coarse, brush¬
like, iu rather broad bands; eye small, midway in length of head; marginal portion of preopercle
finely serrate; interorbital space broad, slightly convex ; nostrils close together, anterior with fleshy
flap, posterior rounded; anterior dorsal spines strong, enlarged, posterior spines slender, longest, and
about equal, last 1.5; seventh dorsal ray 1.3; second and third anal spines about equal, third 1.7;
sixth anal ray 1.4; pectoral 1.1, pointed; ventral pointed, 1.2, spine sharp 1.6; caudal peduncle (tom-
pressed, its least depth 2.8; scales large on front of side above, otherwise small, very small on ventral
tins, arranged in nearly horizontal series.

Color in life of a specimen (field No. 388) obtained by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, light
golden above, gray beneath, shoulders and front of sides with angled ( -shaped) vertical bars of
deep yellow; ocular band very broad from front of dorsal, meeting its fellow across breast; snout and
forehead gray; a large, round black spot on middle of side of back surrounded by gray; dorsal and

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 3t>9

anal clear light yellow, each with a narrow subterminal black bar posteriorly, the edge whitish; caudal
peduncle with a similar black bar at base, followed by a white or whitish bar; a pale yellowish bar
at base of caudal rays; caudal fin w hitish with dusky dots; ventral yellow.

Color in alcohol, pale brown; a blackish band from occiput dow n through eye across side of breast;
posterior margin of soft dorsal and anal broadly blackish above, edge very narrowly grayish; back
above with large blackish blotch fading above and below in grayish; a dark or blackish band on
front of caudal peduncle; 7 or 8 oblique dusky streaks along margin of large scales on front of side
above; snout grayish above.

The above general description is based chiefly upon a specimen from Honolulu, from which place
we have 17 examples, the species being rather common about the reefs. The younger examples show
the wedge-shaped form of the lateral spot which suggested the name sphmospilus, but these intergrade
fully with the ordinary form both in Hawaii and Samoa.

Fig. 161. — Chsetodon unimaculatus Bloch. Type of C. sphenospilus Jenkins.

Chxtodon unimaculatus Bloch. Ichth., VI. 54. pi. 201. tig. 1. 1788, East Indies; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900. 512
(Sandwich Islands); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu).

Tetragonoptrus ( Lepidochsetodon) unimaculatus, Bleeker, Verh. Kon. Ak. Wet., XVII, 1877,87 (Java; Solor; Timor; Ternate;
Buro; Amboyna; Ceram; Banda).

Chxtodon sphenospilus Jenkins, Bull U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 395, tig. 8, Honolulu (Type, No. 49705, U. S.
Nat. Mus.); op. cit., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 473 (Honolulu, type and cotypes).

296. Chaetodon punctatofasciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes. Fig. 162.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.5; eye 3.25 in head; snout 3; maxillary 5; interorbital 3.6; D. xm,
25; A. hi, 18; scales 7-50-18.

Body oblong, deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep, compressed, bluntly pointed; upper
profile oblique undulate from snout to origin of dorsal; jaws small, bluntly produced, snout a little
longer than eye, blunt, rounded above; mouth small; teeth thin, in rather narrow brush-like bands in
jaws; eye small, high, anterior; nostrils close together, circular, anterior w ith elevated fleshy rim,
posterior larger; interorbital space rather narrow, convex; dorsal spines enlarged at first, strong,

F. C. it. 190S— 21

370

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

posterior slender; eighteenth dorsal ray 1.7 in head; second and third anal spines longest, of about
equal length, 1.6; pectoral rather long, a little longer than head; ventrals equal to pectorals; depth of
caudal peduncle about 3; scales moderately large on middle of side, small on head and caudal pedun¬
cle, becoming very small on vertical fins; lateral line arched, running down to below base of last
dorsal ray.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown tinged with dull brassy olivaceous; a dark brown spot above
occiput before spinous dorsal; below this a brown band running down through eye to edge of preo-
percle; side with 7 nearly vertical olivaceous bands, last 2 rather indistinct; each scale with a dusky
spot, becoming smaller as the scales become smaller toward the soft dorsal and anal, those of these
fins being small and crowded; outer portion of dorsal with 2 submarginal longitudinal lines, the outer
very pale, the 2 close together; anal with a blackish brown submarginal longitudinal line; caudal

Fig. 162. — Chsetodon punc.tatofasciatus Cuvier A: Valenciennes; after Gunther.

peduncle with a deep brown band; base of caudal dulUorange-brown; a median hlack lunate cross
bar on caudal; pectoral and ventrals pale.

Described from an example 3.9 inches long taken at Honolulu by the Fur Seal Commission.
Another example 3.75 inches long was collected by Dr. Jenkins, and others, by the Albatross in 1902.
The species was described by Garrett from the Hawaiian Islands.

Chsetodon pwictatofcisciatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nut. Poiss., VII, 28. 1831, no locality given, but probably
Hawaiian Islands.

Chsetodon punctatolineatus Gronow, Cat. Fish., ed. Gray, 70, 1854, no locality.

Tetragon opt ms punvtatofasciatus, Bleeker, Atlas, IX, 40, tab. 374, fig. 3, (Buro; Obi Major; Solor; Amboyna: Banda;
Aneityum; Sandwich Islands).

Chsetodon midticinctus Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., Ill, 1863, 65. Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II. 44, taf.
XXXIV, fig. B, 1874 (Sandwich Islands, after Garrett's drawing); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept.
23, 1903), 472 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 53 (Honolulu).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

371

297. Chaetodon miliaris Quay & Gaimard. Plate XLV1II and Fig. 163.

Head 3.6 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.1 in head; snout 2.8; maxillary 1.5; interorbital 3.8; D. xm,
23; A. in, 20; scales 6-50-20.

Body deep, compressed, back elevated ; head deep, upper profile very slightly convex above eye
to origin of dorsal; mouth small, maxillary reaching below anterior nostril; interorbital space broad,
convex; teeth in broad bands, brush-like; eye midway in head, rather high; margin of preopercle
entire; nostrils close together, first round, rim elevated and with fleshy flap; posterior nostril elongate;
anterior dorsal spines strong, enlarged, sixth 1.5 in head; eleventh dorsal ray 1.6; third anal spine 1.6;
third anal ray 1.2, elongate; caudal broad, margin obliquely straight, upper rays longer; pectoral 1.2;
ventral 1.2, pointed; ventral spine 1.6; depth of caudal peduncle 3; scales rather large on middle of
side, those on vertical fins, head and breast, small; lateral line running to below base of posterior
dorsal rays.

Color in life (No. 03035), pale cadmium-yellow, richest posteriorly, and on soft dorsal anil anal
about a dozen series of small round pale blue spots extending upward and a little backward across

upper two-thirds of body; between these a series of smaller yellow spots a little darker than body-
color; a broad black bar from edge of subopercle under eye vertically through eye, thence broadening
upward and backward to near origin of dorsal, where it meets its fellow, a pale bluish border behind;
interocular area yellow; rest of head bluish gray; a jet-black ring covering entire caudal peduncle; 3
or 4 irregular bluish-white blotches on posterior part of side; sheathing membrane of dorsal and anal
cadmium-yellow, the spines white; soft dorsal and anal yellow, then white, narrowly edged with
black; caudal pale y-ellow, outer part white; pectoral pale; ventrals pale yellow, outer parts white;
iris dull silvery, crossed by a vertical black line.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish; a deep brown broad band from before spinous dorsal to eye,
margined posteriorly with whitish, continued below eye down on interopercle, but much narrower;
caudal peduncle blackish brown, last rays of dorsal broadly blackish-brown; margin of soft dorsal and
anal narrowly brownish; side with 10 nearly vertical series of large deep brown round spots a little

Fig. 163. — Chxtodon miliaris Quoy & Gaimard. Type of C. mantelllger Jenkins.

372

BULLETIN of the united states fish commission.

smaller than pupil of eye and with many smaller spots of more or less equal size distributed in oblique
rows above, becoming straight on side below; tins all pale.

Described chiefly from example No. 04556, from Honolulu.

Our collection contains 37 excellent specimens from Honolulu, where it is common about the
coral reefs, and 4 from Hilo, ranging in length from 1.5 to 6.25 inches. Of those from Honolulu 1 was
collected by Jordan and Snyder in 1900 and 8 by Doctor Jenkins.

Chxtodon miliari s Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage de l’Uranie, Zool., 380, pi. 62, fig. 6, 1824, Sandwich Islands; Eydoux A Sou-
leyet, Voy. Bonite, 1, 163, pi. 2, lig. 2, 1841 (Sandwich Islands); Gunther. Fische der Siidsee, 46, 1874 (Sandwich
Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 489 (Honolulu; Laysan); Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sei.
Phila. 1900, 512 (Sandwich Islands; not of Blceker); Jenkins, Bull. 11. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, iy02 (Sept. 23, 1903),
472 (Honolulu) ; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Laysan Island) .

Chxtodon mantelliger Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1899 (June 8, 1901), 394, fig. 7, Honolulu (Type, No. 49699, U. S. Nat.
Mus.)

298. Chaetodon trifasciatus Mungo Park. Plate LII.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.25; maxillary 4; interorbital 3; D. xiii,
22; A. hi, 20; scales 7-40-14.

Body deep, rather elongate, compressed; back trenchant; head very deep, profile steep above;
snout short, blunt, rounded; mouth small, horizontal; teeth brush-like, in rather narrow bands; eye
high, anterior; interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils close together in front of eye; sixth and
seventh dorsal spines longest, former 1.6 in head; fourteenth dorsal ray longest, 1.75; third anal spine
longest, 1.6; anal rays long, thirteenth ray 1.7; caudal small, margin rounded; pectoral a trifle less
than length of head; ventral 1.2; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.8.

Color in life of a specimen (field No. 260), taken by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, creamy
orange, grayer above, with many streaks of violet-blue; head and jaws blackish, forehead brown, a
golden streak, then the ocular band, then a whitish streak, yellow below, then brownish, whitish, and
purplish black; spinous dorsal light yellow, with a purplish line below; soft dorsal yellow, black,
yellow, violet, gray, purplish, violet-gray, the outside creamy brown; caudal peduncle slaty, then
whitish, golden, black, golden, and transparent; anal with a golden stripe at base, then black, liecom¬
ing rich brown on spines, then golden, then dark brown, then golden; breast golden, with a black
blotch; ventrals golden; pectoral pale yellow.

Color in alcohol, pale brown above, lower surface whitish; side with longitudinal narrow brown
hands extending up on spinous dorsal, where they are very narrow and close together; snout and
lower jaw blackish brown, fading to a lighter brown on interorbital space; a blackish-brown band
from occiput to eye, bordered narrowly with white continued through eye and below to front of
throat; a white vertical band from below nostrils separating brown of snout and band below eye; broad
white vertical band behind dark band below eye; a narrow dark line from below anterior dorsal spine
obliquely down and close behind eye; soft dorsal with a black band beginning on upper part of first
dorsal rays, continued down along base of soft dorsal and upper part of caudal peduncle, at first narrow
then widening below; two narrow dusky lines close together on upper part of soft dorsal running
down farther apart and at equal distance; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal grayish, a median vertical
blackish band on caudal; anal with a long blackish longitudinal band edged with pale yellow broad¬
ening posteriorly, running along basal portion at first, then extending out on median part of soft anal
posteriorly; margin of anal narrowly light gray below, above this a broad area of dark gray, edges
above and below deeper; pectoral and ventrals pale or whitish. Described chiefly from example No.
04549, taken at Honolulu.

The collection contains but 5 specimens, 4.75 to 6 inches long, all from Honolulu. Of these, 1 was
obtained by the Albatross in 1896, and 2 were collected by Doctor Jenkins. The species is widely
distributed throughout Polynesia, but is rare about the coral reefs at Honolulu.

Chxtodon trifasciatm Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc., Ill, 1797, 34, Shores of Sumatra; Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV. 462,
494, and 498, 1802; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 474 (Honolulu).

Chxtodon vittatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 227, 1S0I, Sumatra; Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., VII, 34.
1831; Bleeker, Vcrh. Batav. Genootsch., XXIII, 1850, Chretod., 18 (Amboyna); Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Arch. India,
49, 1859 (East Indian Archipelago); Gunther, Cat., 11, 23, 1860 (Ceram; Amboyna); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II,
41, 1874.

Chxtodon tau-nigrum Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 38, 1831, Guam.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

373

299. Chsetodon ornatissimus Solander. “ Kikakdpu.” Plate LI 1 1.

Head 3.3 in length; depth 1.4; eye 4 in head; snout 3; maxillary 3.5; interorbital 3.1; D. xxu, 28;
A. in, 23; srales 12-58-25.

Body very deep, compressed; head deep, upper profile from snout to origin of dorsal almost
straight; snout very short, bluntly rounded; mouth small; terminal jaws a little produced; lips rather
thin, broad; teeth in broad brush-like bands; eye high, a little anterior; preopercle very finely serrate;
interorbital space broad, convex; nostrils close together, anterior with rim elevated, with fleshy flap,
posterior circular; dorsal spines graduated to last, which is 1.6 in head; seventeenth dorsal ray 1.2;
fourteenth anal ray 1.3, longest; caudal with slightly rounded margin, 1.2; pectoral short, 1.1; ventrals
inserted a little before pectoral, 1.2; ventral spine 1.35 in length of fin; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4;
scales ctenoid, in nearly horizontal series becoming very small on vertical fins; lateral line strongly
arched, not continuous beyond base of last dorsal rays.

Described from example No. 04560, from Honolulu.

Color in life of a specimen (field No. 383), obtained by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, gray;
head and belly golden; 6 black stripes across head, the interspaces yellow; 3 orange bars before pectoral;
6 rich orange-brown oblique stripes upward and backward; a seventh stripe on anal dark brown, this
edged with a narrow black streak, then clear yellow; dorsal black, with a yellow and 2 black stripes;
caudal with 2 black stripes and a dull yellowish one, its base gray; ventral golden; pectoral dull
orange; breast anteriorly black.

Color of a nearly fresh example white; head and belly light yellow ; side with 7 oblique bands
of orange-brown; 6 bands and blotches on head black; dorsal white with 2 black stripes and a
yellowish one; anal with 2 black stripes and a yellow one; caudal white with 2 black stripes;
pectorals yellowish; ventrals golden.

Color in alcohol, pale brown ground-color tinged with yellow; side with 6 rather broad oblique
creamy brown bands with gray edges; head with blackish vertical bands, 2 of which are broad, 1
running from snout down on side, of lower jaw, the other from above occiput down to eye, continued
below and down to breast; lower lip broadly blackish; 2 narrow blackish vertical lines behind eye,
first, continued from behind eye up along margin of dorsal to last dorsal rays; a broad band of gray-
brown between eyes; spaces between black bands and lines on head yellowish; margins of soft dorsal
and anal narrowly blackish; anal with a broad black marginal band parallel with margin of fin;
caudal with margin white, a blackish terminal band; a black median cross band; pectoral and ventrals
pale, former with white bar across base.

The collection contains 6 specimens obtained by ourselves, 2 by the Fur Seal Commission and 2
by Doctor Jenkins, all from Honolulu, where the species is frequently taken among the coral reefs.
The length varies from 4.5 to 7.25 inches. Other specimens were obtained at Honolulu by the
Albatross.

Chsetodon ornatissimus Solander in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 22, 1831, Tahiti; Gunther, Cat., II, 15,
1860 (Sandwich Islands; Amboyna); Gunther, Fisehe der Slidsee, II, 38, taf. XXX, fig. B, 1874 (Sandwich Islands);
Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Set. Pliila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept.
23, 1903), 472 (Honolulu); Snyder, op, cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu).

Chsdodon nrnatus Gray, Zool. Miscell., 33, 1831, Sandwich Islands.

Citharcedus ornatissimus, Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., XXVI, 1860, 141.

Tetragonoptrus ornatissimus, Bleeker, Ned. Tyds. Dierk. II, 282, 1865.

Tetragounptrus ( Citharosdus ) ornatissimus, Bleeker, Verb. Kon. Ak. Wet. XVII, 1877, 57 (Amboyna: New Guinea).

300. Chaetodon quadrimaculatus Gray. Plate XLIX.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.6; eye 3.5 in head; snout 2.9; maxillary 4.4; interorbital 3.4; D. xiv,
24; A. in, 18; scales 8-42-20.

Body deep, compressed, back elevated; head very deep, upper profile oblique; snout long, oblique;
jaws produced, blunt, equal; mouth small, nearly horizontal; teeth brush-like, in broad bands in
jaws; eye small, anterior; marginal portion of preopercle crenulate below; interorbital space broad,
convex; liostjils small, close together, circular, anterior with small fleshy flap; anterior dorsal spines
strong, somewhat enlarged, fourth longest, 1.5 in head; second anal spine longest, 1.4; thirteenth anal
ray longest, 1.5; caudal broad, slightly rounded; pectoral pointed, a little longer than head; ventrals

374

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

sharply pointed, 1.1; spine 1.6; scales large on side, small on head, caudal peduncle, and chest, and
becoming very small on vertical fins; scales in oblique series at first above lateral line, in horizontal
series below, lateral line running to caudal peduncle above at base of last dorsal rays. Described from
example No. 04544, taken at Honolulu.

Color in life (field No. 03406): Ground-color of lower half of body, head, spinous dorsal and pecto¬
ral, citron-yellow; of caudal, anal, and centrals chrome-yellow; interorbital orange; a chrome-yellow
ocular bar deepening into orange above, edged on each side by a narrow black line, outside of which
is a narrow light blue line extending from lower margin of interopercle to origin of dorsal; upper half
of body, scaly sheath of dorsal, and caudal peduncle sooty gray, excepting 2 elongate white spots on
lateral line, one below center of spinous dorsal, the other below origin of soft dorsal, the latter. spot
connected with the general yellow below by a short, broad yellow stripe; a narrow light blue band
edged outwardly with a narrow black line along edge of dorsal and anal sheath; upper edge of soft
dorsal and lower edge of soft anal black; caudal edged with light blue; base of each scale on anterior
of side with a round reddish brown spot.

Color in alcohol, upper surface deep blackish-brown; a brown band from occiput to eye edged
with darker, which is continued below eye on interopercle as 2 dark brown lines; white band from
first 2 dorsal spines separating dark band above eye and blackish-brown of back; a large white blotch
on middle of side above and another below base of soft dorsal on back; a dusky band across caudal
peduncle; basal portion of dorsal fin blackish-brown; margin of soft dorsal above with a narrow black
line, another submarginal black line beginning on last half of spinous dorsal and running to posterior
rays; below this and closer to it than it is to edge of fin, a gray line; caudal with a submarginal gray
line; anal with a black line along edge of lower rays; edge of soft anal below narrowly blackish; a
narrow black line from origin of spinous anal running out submarginally to posterior rays; above this
a narrow gray line; middle of side, just below dark color of back, yellowish; each scale on side below
with a dusky spot in middle; lower surface of body, head (except dark band), margin of dorsal, anal,
caudal, pectoral and ventral, whitish.

We have examined 19 examples obtained by Doctor Jenkins and 10 collected by us, all from
Honolulu; length 3 to 5.5 inches. The Albatross also obtained examples at Honolulu, where the
species is moderately common about the coral reefs.

Clisetodon quads i maculatus ■( Gray, Zool. Miscell., 33, 1831-42, Sandwich Islands; Guntlier Cat., II, 13, 18(10 (Gray's Type);
Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II, 38, taf. XXX, fig. A, 1874 (Sandwich Islands; Upolu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 489 (Honolulu; Lnysan); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1900, 512 (Sandwich Islands);
Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 474 .(Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 39, 1904), 531
(Honolulu).

301. Chsetodon corallicola Snyder. Plate 46, fig. 1.

Head, measured to edge of opercle 3 in length to base of caudal fin; depth 1.7; depth of caudal
peduncle 3 in head; eye 2.4; snout 2.3; interorbital space 3. D. xnr, 21; A. in, 18; scales 4-30-12.
Anterior profile between snout and dorsal almost straight, with a slight convexity over eye; snout
short, its length somewhat less than diameter of eye; jaws equal; teeth fine and brush-like; pseudo-
branchial very large; gillrakers on first arch 5+14, short and pointed; scales on top of head and
on snout very minute, those on cheeks, opercles, and breast larger; width of scales near middle of
body about equal to diameter of pupil, those on caudal peduncle greatly reduced in size; rayed
portions of dorsal and anal closely scaled, the scaled area extending forward on spinous portion of
dorsal fin, decreasing in height from near tip of eighth spine to base of first, leaving the membranes of
the anterior spines largely naked; lateral line curved upward and constantly approaching' the back
until it disappears near end of dorsal fin, not extending on caudal peduncle, with 36 pores, scales very
small. Except the first the dorsal spines art; high anteriorly; height of second to sixth equal to distance
between tip of snout and center of eye; height of first spine about equal to diameter of pupil; length
of longest rays about equal to that of longest spines; membrane deeply notched between anterior
spines, the notches growing shallow posteriorly as the scales approach edge of fin; second anal spine

a Chsetodon humeralis Gunther, Cat., II, 19, 1860, and Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II, 40, 1874 (west coast of Central
America; Sandwich islands), is a species common on the west coast of Mexico, which has been, by error, recorded, with 2
other species of the same region, as from the Sandwich Islands.

3ULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 46

1. CH/ETODON CORALLICOLA SNYDER.

2. HOLACANTHUS FISHERi SNYDER

A. HOEN 4 CO., LITH.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

375

longest, about equal to highest dorsal spine; membrane deeply notched between first and third spines,
the latter closely connected with rayed portion of fin; border of anal fin extending a little farther
posteriorly than that of dorsal; caudal truncate, upper rays slightly longer than lower, 1.27 in head;
pectoral 1.17 in head; ventrals not quite reaching vent.

Color in alcohol, dull silvery, brownish along the back, the dark color extending downward in
region i>f pectoral fin; scales on greater part of body with darker centers and lighter edges; posterior
part of body with many dark spots about half as large as pupil; head with a vertical brownish-black
band, the posterior border of which passes from insertion of dorsal through posterior border of eye,
thence curving backward to origin of ventrals; width of band somewhat less than diameter of eye;
interorbital area, snout, and upper lip dark brown; dorsal and anal narrowly bordered with dusky,
rays tipped with white; scaled portion of dorsal with large irregular dusky spots separated by narrow
light spaces, which take the form of a network; caudal light, broadly bordered with dusky; pectora[
plain; ventrals blackish toward the free margins.

Described from the type, No. 50880, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 2.8 inches long, from station 4032. Other
specimens, among which are cotypes, No. 7732, Stanford Univ. Mus., differ little from the type.
Specimens were taken off the southern coast of Oahu at station 4032, depth 27 to 29 fathoms; station
4031, depth 27 to 28 fathoms; station 4034, depth 28 fathoms.

Chaetodon coratlicola Snyder, Bull. 1\ S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 531, pi. 11, fig. 20, Albatross Station 4032, off
southern coast of Oahu.

302. Chaetodon fremblii Bennett. Plate Id.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3; maxillary 4.4; interorbital 3.5; I). xiv,
21; A. nr, 18; scales 10-50-27.

Body deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep, upper profile oblique; snout long, blunt,
rounded; mouth small, jaws produced, equal; teeth small, in brush-like bands in jaws; eye small,
superior, midway in length of head; margin of preopercle very finely serrate; interorbital space
broad, convex; nostrils circular, close together, anterior elevated rim with fleshy flap; anterior dorsal
spines enlarged, strong, sixth 1.6 in head, longer than posterior spines; eighth dorsal ray 1.6; eighth
anal ray 1.6; caudal with upper rays longest, margin obliquely straight; pectoral 1.1; ventral pointed,
nearly reaching anal, 1.2; scales small, very small on vertical fins and head; scales forming slightly
oblique series.

Color in life, pale yellow, lighter below, edges of scales darker; no ocular bar; a black saddle,
narrowly edged with blue, in front of dorsal; a large black spot, edged with blue extending over the
posterior half of soft dorsal, the caudal peduncle and the last 2 rays of soft anal; side with 8 longitudinal
(slightly oblique) narrow blue lines edged with black, 3 of which converge to the eye and 1 passes
to the angle of the mouth; above these an interrupted blue line on the dorsal, and below them a con¬
tinuous blue line on the anal; pectoral translucent white, ventrals yellow; dorsal and anal yellow;
soft dorsal narrowly edged with a submarginal line of black below and above white; lower edge of soft
anal edged with black; caudal white, in its center a broad bar of yellow with its hind edge crescentic,
narrowly edged above, below, and behind with black.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown, light on lower surface; posterior half of soft dorsal, caudal
peduncle and outer portion of posterior rays blackish; soft dorsal and anal with blackish submarginal
lines; spinous dorsal with median dusky line; side with pale slaty slightly oblique longitudinal stripes
(clear blue in life) margined narrowly with dusky; caudal with pale submarginal gray line, with basal
gray cross band; pectoral and ventrals gray.

Described from an example ( No. 04531 ) 5.8 inches long, taken at Honolulu, where the species is not
rare. Doctor Jenkins collected 8 specimens at Honolulu and we have 5 from the same place, as well
as 1 from Hilo. Length 3.25 to 6.25 inches. The Albatross also secured specimens at. Honolulu.

Chsetodon fremblii Bennett. Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 42, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Cat., II, 16, 1860 (Sandwich Islands;
includes type); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, 39, taf. XXIX, fig. B, 1874 (Sandwich Islands); Steindachner, Denks.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 488 (Laysan); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 473 (Honolulu);
Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 (Honolulu).

Chaetodon fremblii, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 24, 1831; after Bennett.

376

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION

Genus 175. MICKOCANTHTJS Swainson.

This genus differs from Chxtodon chiefly in the small scales, their being about 60 in the lateral
line; the soft dorsal and anal are shorter than is usual in Chxtodon, the fin formula of the typical
species being D. xi, 17; A. in, 14; it is in fact doubtful whether the genus contains a second species,
as the other species with small scales have the soft tins many-rayed and constitute Bleeker’s genus
Hemiiaurichthys (type, polylepis), which is apparently valid; in any case it has no close relation to
Microcanthus strigatus.

Microcanthus Swainson, Class. Anim., II, 215, 1859 ( strigatus ).

303. Microcanthus strigatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3 in length; depth 1.75; eye 2.8 in head; snout 3.5; maxillary 4; interorbital 3.25; D. i, xi,
16; A. in, 14; scales 10-50?-27.

Body deep, rather short, compressed, back elevated; head father small, compressed, pointed,
upper profile straight from tip of snout to eye, then slightly convex to dorsal fin; teeth sharp, pointed,
pungent, in rather broad bands in jaws; jaws rather small, blunt, slightly produced; snout short,
pointed; mouth small, terminal, small maxillary expanded distally to below anterior nostril; lips
rather fleshy; eye large, anterior to middle of length of head, superior; nostrils close together, anterior
with a small flap, posterior a short slit; interorbital space broad, flattened and slightly convex; pre¬
orbital broad, 2 in eye; dorsal spines longest anteriorly, fourth 1.75 in head, last 2.3; anterior dorsal
rays longest, 1.9; second anal spine largest, enlarged, 1.8; anterior anal rays longest, second 2; caudal
rather small, emarginate, about equal to head; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.3; pectoral
small, 3.8 in body; ventral 1.25 in head; ventral spine 2.25; scales rather weakly ctenoid, small; soft
dorsal and anal covered with very small scales, caudal with small scales only at base; pectoral and
ventrals with small scales basally; lateral line evenly arched to caudal peduncle, then straight to base
of caudal.

Color in alcohol, ground-color creamy white, side with 6 dark olive-brown nearly horizontal broad
bands; first along middle of spinous dorsal across anterior rays, second along base of spinous dorsal
across middle of soft dorsal, third below this along back and over posterior rays, fourth from occiput
to middle of base of caudal, fifth from above eye across last third of anal, and sixth from snout, behind
eye to base of pectoral then down to anal spine, running up along anterior soft rays; pectoral and caudal
pale brown; ventrals pale brown basally, outer portions grayish.

Described from an example taken by Jordan and Snyder at Honolulu, where the species is scarce.
We have 4 specimens from Honolulu, 1 collected by Jordan and Snyder and 3 by Jenkins. Length
3.3 to 4.3 inches. Other specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. Compared with
examples from Nagasaki we find no difference.

Chxtodon strigatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., VII, 25, pi. 170, 1881, Japan; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II. 47,
1874 (Sandwich Islands).

Microcanthus strigatus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 474 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 532 (Honolulu).

Genus 176. HENIOCHDS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body much compressed and elevated; forehead in adult often with bony projections; dorsal spines
11 to 13, the fourth greatly elevated and filiform; muzzle rather short; no teeth on palate; no spine on
preopercle; scales moderate.

Allied to Chsetodon, but well distinguished by the prolongation of the fourth dorsal spine.

Hentiochus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat, Poiss., VII, 92, 1S31 (macrolepidotlis) .

Taurichthys Cuvier <v Valenciennes, 1. e., 14G ( rarius ).

Diphreutes Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 159, 1850 ( viacrolepidotus ); substitute for Hcnittchus, on account of Heniochc, a prior gen us
of Lepidoptera.

304. Heniocbus acuminatus (Linnseus). Plate LV.

Head 3 in length; depth 1.5; eye 3 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 5; interorbital 3.75; D. xii, 24:
A. in, 18; scales 7-50-22.

Body very deep, compressed, back very trenchant; head small, deep, upper profile undulate; snout
pointed, rounded above; jaws produced, pointed, equal; mouth small, very oblique, maxillary small;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

377

teeth rather firm, forming a narrow brush-like series in each jaw; eye large, round, anterior; inter¬
orbital broad, convex; nostrils large, close together in front of eye, anterior circular; dorsal spines
strong, sharp pointed, fourth very long, produced in a slender filament, longer than entire length of
fish; fifth dorsal spine longer than others; middle dorsal rays longest; second anal spine very large,
equal to third, which is rather slender, 1.7 in head; fourth anal ray longest, 1.35; caudal small, prob¬
ably truncate; pectoral pointed, upper rays longest, equal to head; ventral pointed, spine large, strong,
long, length of tin equal to head; caudal peduncle small, compressed, its least depth nearly 3 in head;
scales long, ctenoid, those on head above and basal portions of vertical fins very small; rows of scales
curved up above lateral line in front, those on middle of side nearly horizontal; lateral line strongly
arched, then running down on middle of side of caudal peduncle to caudal. Described from an exam¬
ple (No. 03531) taken at Honolulu.

Color in alcohol (No. 03531 ) 6.5 inches long, ground-color white, head and snout above brownish;
a broad blackish-brown vertical band from before and including first 4 dorsal spines, down over side,
including also posterior margin of opercle, base of pectoral, belly, and ventrals, then extending on
each side of vent out along spinous anal to second anal ray; another broad blackish-brown band
beginning at tip of fifth, including next 3 spines, extending down on side obliquely backward till it
includes last half of soft anal.

We have examined 4 examples, all from Honolulu, 1 of them collected by Doctor Jenkins. These
are 4.5 to 7.25 inches long. Also obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu, where the species is rather
rare.

. Ch<etodon acuminatus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 272, 175S, Indies; after Chotiodon fascia-fusca Linnaeus, Mus. Ad. Fr.
Chsetodon macrolepidotns Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 27-1. 1758 (after Artedi); Bloch. Ichth., VI, 50, PI. CC, fig. 1. 178,
(India).

Ch&todon bifasciatus Shaw, Genl. Zool., IV, 342, 1803, Indian Seas.

Heniochus macrolepidotus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 93, 1831; Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 82, pi.
xliv, fig. 1. 1844 (Nagasaki); Richardson, Ichth, China, 246, 1846 (East Indian Archipelago); Gunther, Cat., II, 39.
1860 (Ceylon, Amhoyna, Port Essington); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, 48, taf. xxxvii, 1874; Day, Fish. India, 110;
pi. 28, fig. 3, 1875; Steindachner & Doderlein, Fische Japans, II, in Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XLVIII, 1884 (Kochi);
Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 475 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 532
(Honolulu).

Heniochus acuminatus , Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 98, 1831.

Chcetodon mycteryzans Gronovv, Cat. Fish., Ed. Gray, 76, 1854.

Taurichthys macrolepidotus, Bleekcr. Atlas, IX, Chset., 29, pi. v, fig. 1, 1877-78 (Sumatra, Pinang, Celebes, Singapore, Java,
Sumbawa, Luzon, New Guinea, etc.).

Genus 177. HOLACANTHUS Lacepede.

Body oblong or elevated, rather robust; scales rather small, roughish, often mixed with smaller
ones; vertical limb of preopercle with seme, large or .small; a strong spine at angle of preopercle,
this usually grooved; dorsal tin with 12 to 15 strong spines, which are usually graduated, increasing
in height to the last; soft dorsal moderate, with 17 to 20 rays, usually not ending in streamers;
coloration usually brilliant and well defined. Species numerous in all tropical seas, abounding about
the coral reefs.

Holacanthus LacCpMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 525, 1803 ( tricolor ; scales large; caudal forked).

Genicanthus Swainson, Class. Fishes, II, 212. 1839 ( lamarcki ; scales large; caudal forked).

Centropyge Kaup, Wiegmann’s Archiv, XXVI, 1860, 138 (libicen: erroneously said to have 4 anal spines).

Chxtodontoplus Bleeker, Archiv Need. Sci. Nat., XII, 1877, 19, 20, 26 ( mesoleucus ; isthmus broad).

Acanthochxtodon Bleeker, op. cit., 19 (lepidolcpis; isthmus narrow; body elevated).

ArigfMchthys Jordan & Evermann, Check List Fishes, 420, 1896 ( ciliaris ).

a. Soft dorsal and anal rounded or with very wide angle, tips of middle rays not reaching much, if any, beyond base of
caudal; preopercular spine not nearly reaching posterior base of pectoral.

b. Suborbital without conspicuous spines; scales comparatively small, about 48 to 50 longitudinally.

c. A broad dark band running from eye to posterior edge of soft dorsal; no crossbars on body . arcuatus , p. 378

cc. No broad band as above; curved dusky crossbars on body, in pairs, separated by coppery or light-colored inter¬
spaces . bisjnnosus, p. 378

65. Suborbital with 3 prominent spines; scales large, about 28 longitudinally . fisheri , p. 379

aa. Soft dorsal and anal with middle rays produced, those of dorsal somewhat filamentous, nearly or quite reaching tip
of caudal; anal forming a sharp angle; preopercular spine nearly or quite reaching posterior base of pec¬
toral; body black and yellow, the colors massed; scales 45 . bicolor, p. 380

378

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

305. Holacanthus arcuatus Gray. Fig. 164.

D. jiii, 18; A. in, 18; scales 8-48-26; preopercular spine reaching posterior margin of opercle;
dorsal and anal fins nearly equal in height; a broad, dark-brown band, slightly arched, extending
from eye to posterior border of dorsal fin; tips of the caudal and a broad border of the anal fin brown;
the brown marking with a bright border, known from the original type only, which came from the
Hawaiian Islands; not seen by us.

llolocanthus arcuatus Gray, Zool. Miscell., 33, 1831 Sandwich Islands; Griffith, Animal Kingdom, Fish., 325, pi. 18,

Gunther, Cat., n, 13, 1860 (Gray’s type); Gunther, Fische der Stidsee, II, 50, taf. xxxii, fig. C, 1874 (Sandwich
Islands; Gray's type).

Fig. 161. — Holacanthus arcuatus may; after Gunther.

306. Holacanthus bispinosus Gunther. Plate LVI.

Total length 8.5 inches; head 3.83 in length; depth 2; eye 4.5 in head; snout 2.5; interorbital 3.6;
scales about 5-50-18 or 20, the longitudinal scales counted just below lateral line; D. xm, 19; A. nr, 19.

Body elliptical, compressed, moderately arched from nape to base of first rays of soft dorsal, then
more abruptly descending to the straight caudal peduncle; ventral outline more evenly hut somewhat
more deeply arched; caudal peduncle short, about 3 in head, its depth about 2 in head; scales above
lateral line variable in size and shape, smaller and more rounded than those on the sides below, which
are mostly much deeper than long; dorsal spines graduated, the last one the longest, about 1.7 in head,
soft dorsal and anal with rounded angles, the middle rays of dorsal extending to middle of upper
caudal ray, and of anal to end of first third of lower caudal ray; pectoral shorter than head; ventral
longer than pectoral about equaling head, its upper rays filamentous, reaching beyond vent nearly
to first anal spine, the spine about 1.6 in head; fins all densely scaled with small scales. Head short
and deep, deeper than long, closely scaled; profile steep at its junction with preorbital, concave from
the protrusion of the muzzle; snout short and bluntly rounded from outward projection of teeth;
nostrils small, close together in front of eye, the anterior with a small tube prolonged into a small
triangular flap behind ; posterior nostril with a slightly raised ridge in front; opercle unarmed; sub¬
orbital with few nearly concealed sharp teeth,. or none; interopercle without teeth, preopercle along
its nearly vertical posterior margin with a series of wide-set small sharp teeth, the lowest the longest;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

379

and at its angle a long, stout, somewhat curved spine, reaching nearly to under base of pectoral, at
base or in front of which are 1 or 2 short spines or cusps.

Body ground-color in alcohol, yellowish white, crossed by 8 pairs of narrow brown bars, separated
by a distance about equal to the interspace between the pairs of bars, the widest bar about 2 in eye,
extending on spinous dorsal and anal, the anterior pair beginning immediately in front of spinous
dorsal, running downward and forward about halfway to the lateral line, then abruptly bending and
running straight to upper end of gill-opening, the anterior brown bar there terminating, or continuing
as a bluish brown margin to opercle, the posterior of the pair passing under the membranous pro¬
longation of the opercle to top of base of pectoral, beginning again at lower base of pectoral or axil,
and running downward and backward to side of belly, ending before reaching tip of ventral spine, the
interspace being bluish white rather than yellowish like the others; the next 5 pairs, beginning as a
single bar upon the spinous dorsal, running thereon very obliquely downward and forward, separating
and bending abruptly at the base of the fin; second pair extending downward and forward to lateral
line, thence nearly vertically to upper pectoral ray, from there curving backward to front of first anal
spine; the third pair in a similar manner ending at front of soft anal, the bars coalescing just before
reaching the fin; the fourth pair with less forward curve on body, the others almost straight with
somewhat backward and downward direction, ending at base of soft anal, the interspace of the seventh
beginning on front of soft dorsal as a jrale blue bar running downward and backward, the brown bars
on anal coalescing and curving forward almost parallel with the body outline; the eighth pair crossing
caudal peduncle coalescing above and below; the ninth hardly distinguishable as a pair crossing
caudal peduncle at base of caudal fin; soft dorsal black with many small pale blue spots; soft anal
with 5 dirty bluish and 6 yellowish olive longitudinal alternating bars, curving and following in a
general way the outline of the fins, the fin with a very narrow blackish border; caudal abruptly pale
yellow; pectoral and ventral pale, outer ray of latter slightly dusky; breast and belly plain pale
yellowish brown; head in front and above eyes black, dark brown on sides, becoming lighter
beneath; beginning immediately in front of spinous dorsal a narrow pale blue bar running directly
forward along ridge of back, bordered by narrow dusky margins, on one side just before reaching
occiput bending somewhat abruptly downward to upper posterior margin of eye, thence becoming
brighter with still narrower borders passing around edge of orbit to about the lower middle, then
extending a short distance on suborbital; on the other side of head a similar bar beginning with 2
short branches on occiput following the other eye in the same manner; these bars connected by a
narrow light blue bar following upper edge of orbit to about its middle, thence arching over frontal
region; a single light blue bar between eyes in front extending straight to upper lip on top of snout;
margin of preopercle light blue.

Another specimen 8 inches long differs in having a longer preppercular spine and shorter ventral
fins, the tips reaching only to vent, and also slightly in the markings; margin of anal bright blue
instead of black, and the olive bars on that fin darker; postorbital bars not connected, there being 2
wavy pale blue lines, one beginning on nape and running to upper front of eye, the other beginning on
occiput and running to upper front of other eye; besides the median interocular and nasal bar there
are several small light blue spots, one above each nostril, and one just above upper end of blue line.

Hawaiian Islands (Gunther); not seen by us; the above description and plate from Samoan
specimens.

Holacanthus diacanthus , Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl., II, 1857, 57, (Amboyna); not of Gunther.

Holacanthus bispihosus Gunther, Cat., II, 48, 18(10, Amboyna (after Bleeker); Gunther, Fisclie der Siidsee, II, 51, taf. lvi,
fig. C, 1874 (Sandwich Islands).

307. Holacanthus fisheri Snyder. Plate 46, fig 2.

Head, measured to end of opercle, 3.4 in length (to base of caudal fin); depth 2.1; depth of
caudal peduncle 8.3; eye 3 in head; snout 2.5; interorbital space 3.1; D. xiv, 15; A. 17; scales 28,-21.
Suborbital with 3 prominent spines which curve downward and backward; lower or anterior one very
small, in some specimens preceded by a fourth minute spine; the upper or posterior 2 about equal
in length to diameter of pupil; preopercle with a strong, slightly curved spine at its angle, which
extends to a vertical through posterior border of opercle, excluding the flap; length of Spine 3 in
head; margin of preopercle above spine with sharp denticulations; lower spine with 2 small spines,
the upper of which is the larger; opercular spines not grooved; interopercle with denticulations; teeth

380

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

tine, brushlike, trilobed, the lateral lobes much shorter than the median, all being sharply pointed;
pseudobranchite large; gillrakers 5+15, slender, pointed.

Scales large, regular, strongly ctenoid, those on snout, chin, and interorbital space minute; dorsal,
anal, and caudal densely scaled; lateral line arched over the pectoral, extending along back near base
of dorsal, disappearing near end of soft dorsal fin; dorsal spines growing gradually longer from the
second to the last, the first half as long as the second, the last equal in length to distance between tip
of snout and posterior border of eye; membranes of first, 5 spines notched, membrane between first
and second spines nearly cleft to base, the notches growing successively more shallow between the
following spines; membranes between first and third spines without scales, the scaled area beginning
behind third spine; fin rounded posteriorly, its edge reaching a vertical through base of caudal; third
anal spine longest ; membranes between spines deeply cleft, without scales except on a narrow area
along the base; third spine closely attached to rayed portion of fin; posterior edge of fin pointed,
extending nearly to a vertical through middle of caudal; edge of caudal truncate or slightly convex ;
tips of fays without scales; ventrals sharply pointed, the first ray being filamentous at tip, extending
to origin of anal; pectoral when depressed extending to a vertical through vent.

Color in alcohol, light brown with a yellowish tinge; lips, interorbital area, chin, and throat some¬
what dusky; membranes covering suborbital and opercular spines dark; scales of body with rather
indistinct dusky edgings; a round, brownish black spot somewhat larger than eye, just above base of
pectoral; dorsal narrowly edged with black, the border widening on posterior edge to form a well-
marked spot; anal narrowly bordered with pearly white, posterior part of fin blackish; spine and first
ray of ventral pearly white; caudal with upper and lower borders dusky, the lower part much the
darker, the central area yellowish ; pectorals immaculate.

Color in life, bright reddish orange, posterior two-thirds suffused with dusky; spot above pectoral
brownish black; preopercular spine dark blue; dorsal and anal colored like body, the dorsal narrowly
edged with black, the black spot on posterior part with an indistinct boundary; anal with a broad
blackish margin narrowly edged with blue on the outside; middle of caudal lemon-yellow; pectorals
orange; ventrals orange suffused with dusky near margins, spine and first ray pearly blue.

Different examples vary somewhat in intensity of color. Small specimens have a broad lemon
band on the anal edged above and below with blue, the outer blue line narrowly edged with black.

Type, No. 50881, U. S. Nat. Mus., a specimen measuring 3.25 inches; cotype, No. 7738, Stanford
Univ. Mus., from station 1032 off Diamond Head, Oahu, depth 27 to 29 fathoms. Other specimens
are from station 3847, southern coast of Molokai; stations 3872 and 3876, between Maui and Lanai;
stations 4031, 4033, and 4034, southern coast of Oahu, in 14 to 43 fathoms.

The following measurements are recorded in hundredths of the length measured from snout to
base of caudal fin:

Station -1032.

Station 3876.

Length (in millimeters) to base of caudal tin....

Head to edge of ope role .

.30

.28

.29

. 30

Opercular spine .

.11

.125

.11

.105

.10

Fourth dorsal spine .

.13

.125

.12

.13

Seventh dorsal rav .

.19

. 18

. 19

.185

.19

Third anal spine .

. 19

.16

.165

.16

.15

.23

.20

.195

.20

Length of caudal .

. 26

.25

.23

.235

. 26

Length of pectoral .

.23

.24

.25

Length of ventral, including filament .

.32

.26

.27

.29

.30

Holacanih us ftsheri Snyder, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1901), S32, pi. 11. fig. 21, Albatross Station 4032 oft
Diamond Head, Oahu.

308. Holacanthus bicolor (Bloch). Fig. 165.

Head 4 in length without caudal; depth 2; eye about 4 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; D. xvi,
15; A. hi, 17; scales about 3-45-19, the longitudinal series counted below lateral line.

Body ovoid, deep, compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines evenly arched; dorsal spines graduated,
the last longest, about 1.5 in head; third ventral spine long, about 1.2 in head; middle rays of soft
dorsal and anal produced, the tips very sharply angulated, the dorsal almost filamentous; caudal

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

381

rounded; pectorals somewhat rounded; outer rays of vent rals filamentous, reaching first anal spine;
ventral spine long, about 1.33 in head; depth of head about equaling its length; profile steep,
slightly depressed or concave at junction of nape and occiput; snout not projecting, concurrent with
profile; opercle unarmed; the nearly vertical margin of preopercle finely toothed, the spine at angle
long, quite reaching lower base of pectoral, one or more short, sharp spines at its base below; subor¬
bital finely toothed; an anterior scaled lobe of interopercle with several conspicuous teeth or spinules.

Color in alcohol, body sharply divided into 2 colors at a line running irregularly from sixth
dorsal spine to ventral region: posteriorly black, with bluish reflections, including dorsal and anal
fins, nearly to end of caudal peduncle; tips of middle rays of soft dorsal straw-yellow, extending a
short distance on the upper part of the fin as a narrow margin; caudal abruptly straw-yellow; anterior
part of body and spinous dorsal, including fifth spine, pectoral, and ventrals, pale yellow or straw;
entire head with an irregular tint of purplish brown composed of fine punctulations on background of
pale yellow; a broad black band, somewhat V-shaped, the apex up, from upper margin of eye over
occiput and nape. The above description from an example 5.62 inches long obtained in Samoa by Dr.
Jordan.

Fig. 165. — Holacanthus bicolor (Bloch); after Gunther.

Numerous other smaller specimens vary slightly. The dorsal spines run xiv-xv, mostly xv. The
ventral fins are not always so long; the preopercular spine in all cases is not quite so long, and there
are finer teeth on interopercle and at the base of preojiercular spine below. The color does not
vary much.

Hawaiian Islands and Polynesia. Not obtained by us, the only Hawaiian reference being that
of Giinther.

Chsetodon bicolor Bloch, lehth.. VI, 70, taf. 200, fig. 1, 1788. no locality; doubtless East Indies.

Holacanth ns bicolor, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 168, 1831; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, II, 51, taf. xxxix,
lig. B, 1S74 (Navigator and Sandwich islands).

Family LXX1V. ZANCLIDZE. — Moorish Idols.

Body oblong, much compressed and elevated, covered with minute, rough scales; mouth small,
with long, slender, brush-like teeth; no teeth on palate; bones of top of head thick and solid, develop-
* ing with-age a conspicuous median 'horn on the forehead, wanting in the young; preopercle unarmed;
dorsal single, with 7 spines, the third and succeeding spines prolonged into long filaments; inter-

382

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

spinal bone projecting before dorsal; anal similar to soft dorsal, long, with its anterior rays produced;
a small antrorse spine before anal; caudal peduncle unarmed, the fin lunate; pectoral short; ventrals
pointed; intestine long; coracoid bones largely developed; vertebra; reduced in number, 9-f-13=22;
air-bladder large; branchiostegals 4; pyloric ceeca 14.

One species, widely distributed about the rocky islands of the Pacific.

Genus 178. ZANCLUS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Characters of the genus included above. The generic name Pomacanlhus Laedpede belongs prop¬
erly to this genus, as the first species placed in that composite group by its author is the Chxlodon
canescens of Linnteus. The name Zanclus occurs still earlier in Lacepede’s work, though not formally
accepted. It is, however, by reason of priority, properly adopted by Bleeker.

Zanclus (Commerson Ms.) LacOptde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 472. 1803 ( cornulMS ).

Pomacanlhus LacdpOde, 1. c., 517 (cancscens, etc.).

Zanclus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 102, 1831 ( comutus ).

(lonoptcnis Gronow, Cat. Fish., Ed. Gray, 77, 1854 ( nicer cns).

Gnathocentrum Guichenot, Ann. Maine et Loire, IX, 1866, 4 ( centrocjnathum ; young).

309. Zanclus eanescens (Linmeus). “Kihikihi.” « Plate L VI I.

Head 2. (r in length; depth 1.25; eye 4.25 in head; snout 1.5; maxillary 5; interorbital 4.2; D. ii,
47; A. nr, 35.

Body very deep, rather short, compressed, back elevated; head deep, compressed, pointed; upper
profile steep, oblique; jaws long, conic, produced, equal; mouth small, terminal; teeth slender, pointed,
pungent in outer series, those inside jaws very fine; eye small, high, above posterior third of head;
nostrils small, anterior, with small flap; margin of preopercle finely serrate; interorbital space moder¬
ately broad, with short spine in front of each eye above nostrils; dorsal spines very short, strong,
second longest ; anterior dorsal rays elongate, first very long, enlarged, filamentous, much longer than
entire fish; first and second anal spines short, third elongate, 1.30 in head; pectoral 1.25; ventral 1.2,
pointed; ventral spine sharp, 2; depth of caudal peduncle 3; caudal rather small, broad, margin nearly
straight; scales very small, ctenoid, crowded, extending out on basal portions of dorsal and anal; ven¬
trals roughened on spine and basal portion of rays; lateral line high, arched, running down on middle
of side of caudal peduncle to base of caudal.

Color in alcohol, creamy white, a broad black band including space to interorbital, down below
eye, side of chest, base of pectoral, ventrals, and anus; a black band beginning on upper dorsal ray,
running down on posterior part of side, broadening out below, on longest anterior anal rays; caudal
black except for a lunate white margin; a black band from interorbital space to tip of snout, extending
down on side of snout inclosing a triangular pale area; lower lip and chin black; a narrow white tri¬
angle on forehead, its lower base running across interobital space; a creamy white band from front of
eye to throat narrowly margined with white extending down to middle of breast more than half way
to ventrals; a curved gray line from below gill-opening bending down and out, nearly to base of ven¬
tral: second black transverse band with posterior submarginal white line; black of caudal bordered in
front with white; anterior part of soft dorsal grayish, outer portion behind second black band white,
narrowly margined with black; anal similar to dorsal; pectoral grayish; ventrals black.

Described from an example 6 inches long taken at llilo (No. 04548). In smaller examples the
anterior line on breast is continued up behind eye forming an angle before spinous dorsal on side of
back in front. From below base of pectoral a whitish line down to anus.

This species is very common about the coral reefs, and is often brought into the market. It, has
been frequently recorded from the Hawaiian Islands, and specimens have recently been obtained by
Jenkins, by the Fur Seal Commission, by us, and by the Albatross at Honolulu, Puako Bay, and Lay-
san Island. Our very complete series of 63 specimens contains but 1 from Hilo, all the others being
from Honolulu. Length 3 to 7 inches.

Cluetodon cancscens Linnreus, Sy.st. Nat., Ed. X, 272, 1758, Indes; after Artedi: young.

Chcctodon comutus Linmeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 273, 1758, Indes; after Artedi; adult.

Zanclus comutus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., VII, 102, 1831 (Carolines, Sandwich Islands, Tongatabu, Vani-
colo, Celebes); Gunther, Cat., II, 493, 1860 (Amboyna, Ceram, Sandwich Islands); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North

a The name “ Kihikihi ” is from “ kihi," angle, applied to the horns of the crescent moon.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

383

and Mid. Amer., n, 1687, 1898 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wlss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 489 (Honolulu);
Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands).

Cfuetodon nudus Gray, Cat. Fish., Coll. Grono'w, 76, 1854, Mari Indico.

Gonopterus mcerens Gray, Cat. Gronow, 77, 1854, India.

Zanclus canescens, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902, (Sept. 23. 1903), 475 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 533 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii; Laysan Island).

Family LXXV. ACANTH U RID^E. — Surgeon-fishes.

Body oblong, compressed and usually elevated, covered with very small scales; lateral line con¬
tinuous; tail armed with one or more spines or bony plates; eye lateral, high up; preorbital very
narrow and deep; nostrils double; mouth small, low; each jaw with a single series of narrow incisor¬
like teeth; vomer and palatines toothless; premax diaries somewhat movable but not protractile;
maxillary short, closely united with the premaxillary; gill rakers obsolete; pseudobranchue large; gills
4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes attached to the isthmus, the openings thus restricted to
the sides. A single dorsal fin, with strong spines, the spinous part of the fin shorter than the soft part;
anal fin similar to soft dorsal; pectorals moderate; ventral fins present, thoracic, i, 5. Pelvic bones
long, narrow, curved, closely connected, evident through the skin, as in Balwtidx. Pyloric cceca
rather few; air-bladder large; intestinal canal long. Vertebrae 9 - 13=22. Posterior suborbital bones
in close contact with the preopercle; post-temporal immovably united with the skull, apparently sim¬
ple, but really trifurcate with the interspaces tilled in with bone, the foramen not passing through it;
interneural bones with transversely expanded buckler-like subcutaneous plates, which intervene
between the spines and limit their motion forward; epipleurals developed from the ribs. Herbivorous
fishes of the tropical seas, which undergo great changes with age, as do the Chxtodontidx , the young
having often been described as distinct genera.

a. Caudal peduncle armed with a single sharp, antrorse, lancet-like, movable spine; ventral i, 5.

b. Teeth of jaws immovable.

c. Dorsal with about 9 spines . Hepatus, p. 383

cc. Dorsal with 4 or 5 spines . . Zcbrasoma, p. 395

bb. Teeth of jaws movable; dorsal with 8 spines . Ctenochictus , p. 398

aa. Caudal peduncle with 2 immovable bony plates, with keels or rigid spines; ventral rays I, 3.

d. Teeth serrulate; adult with long horn above eyes . Acanthurus, p. 399

dd. Teeth not serrulate; forehead without horns . Callicanthus , p. 403

Genus 179. HEPATUS Gronow.

This genus includes those Acantkuridx which have the tail armed with a sharp, antrorse, lancet-like,
movable spine; strong, fixed, incisor teeth; ventral rays i, 5, and about 9 spines in the dorsal fin.
The numerous species are found in all tropical seas. Herbivorous fishes, living about coral reefs; the
adult protected by the murderous caudal spine, which grows larger with age.

Rhombotidcs Klein, Historia Piscium, 37, 1740 (nonbinomial).

Hepatus Gronow, Zodphyl., 113, 1763 (hepatus).

Teuthis Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., 507, 1766 ( hejtatus ; javus; after Hepatus Gronow).

Harpurus (Forster) Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 1269, 1788 (species “cauda utrique spina vel squama ossea falcata munite”).
Aspisurus Lacepede. Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 556, 1802 ( sohar ).

Theuthis Cuvier, Tab. El. Hist. Nat., 371, 1798.

Theutis Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1st ed., II, 330, 1817 (restricted to Les Acanihures; allies of Hepatus hepatus).

Tcuthi/s Swainson, altered orthography.

Acronurus Gunther, Cat., in, 345, 1861 ( orbicularis ; young fishes apparently scaleless).

Rhombotides (Klein) Day, Fishes India, I, 202, 1876.

Acanthurus , of authors generally, not of Forskal as here understood.

a. Spine on caudal peduncle in a large ovoid cherry-red blotch becoming yellow in spirits . achillcs, p. 384

aa. Spine on caudal peduncle not as above.

b. Shoulder with a yellow or scarlet horizontal stripe margined with blackish running from gill-opening above pectoral,

this becoming yellowish in spirits, merely blackish in young . olivaceus, p. 385

bb. Shoulder not as above.

c. Head with a white band from before spinous dorsal downward, across opercle, including margin of preo¬
percle . leucoparcius, p. 386

cc. Head without white band.

d. Side of body without longitudinal lines or cross-bands.

e. No black on last rays and axils of dorsal and anal; body comparatively deep, depth 1.7 to 1.9 in length.

384

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

/. Pectoral fin uniformly dusky, without pale or yellow edge; dorsal rays 27; anal 25 . umbra, p. 387

ff. Pectoral broadly margined with pale yellowish white; dorsal rays 26; anal 24.

g. Dorsal and anal blackish, without longitudinal bands; eye small, 5.4 in head . maUrides, p. 387

gg. Dorsal and anal with 4 broad deep longitudinal bands; eye large, 3.5 in head . guntheri, p. 388

ee. Black spot at base and axils of last rays of dorsal and anal; body not so deep, depth 2.8 in length
. dov.galus, p. 389

dd. Side with longitudinal lines or cross-bands.

h. No black spot at base and axils of last dorsal and anal rays, or no saddle-like blotch on caudal peduncle

i. Side with many wavy more or less longitudinal lines; no vertical bands and no white spots on posterior
part of body and fins; body comparatively shallow (depth 1.9 to 2); interorbital comparatively
narrow (2.65 to 3.2 in head).

j. Head comparatively short, 4 in length; interorbital rather wide (2.65 in head); dorsal rays 25; anal

24 . xanthopierus , p. 389

jj. Head longer, 3.35 in length; eye smaller, 4.5 in head; interorbital narrower, 3.2 in head; dorsal rays

27; anal 26; caudal with dark spots . duesumieri, p. 390

if. Side without wavy longitudinal lines, but with pale vertical bands, and white spots posteriorly; body

deeper, depth 1.4 in length; interorbital wider, 2.25 in head . guttalus, p. 392

hh. Black spot at bases and axils of last dorsal and anal rays, or else a saddle-like blotch on caudal peduncle.

k. Body without black crossbars; dorsal rays 27; anal 25 . atravitntatus , p. 393

kk. Body with black crossbars. No black spot on last rays and axils of dorsal and anal, but a black
saddle-like blotch on caudal peduncle; dorsal rays 25; anal 22 . sandviccnsis, p. 394

310. Hepatus achilles (Shaw). “ Pa kui kui .” Plate LVIII.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.8; snout 1.35 in head; eyed; interorbital 2.65; D. ix, 32; A. in, 27.

Body rather deeply ovoid, greatest depth at middle of pectoral; head deep, compressed, upper
profile rather strongly and evenly convex; jaws slightly produced, lower inferior; mouth small; teeth
broad, forming sharp, cutting crenulate edge; margin of preopercle very oblique, angle falling below
anterior margin of eye; interorbital space moderately elevated, somewhat broad, roundly convex;
nostrils round, close together in front of eye, anterior with small fleshy flap; dorsal, spines graduated
to last, which is longest, 1.8 in head; dorsal rays of uniform height except last few, sixth ray 1.5; third
anal spine longest, 2.25 in head; seventh anal ray 1.5; pectoral 3.-25 in body; ventral pointed, 1.1 in
head; ventral spine small, sharp pointed, 2.8; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.35 in head; caudal
broad, upper and lower rays produced in a point, margin of fin straight in middle; scales very small,
crowded, ctenoid; lateral line concurrent with dorsal profile of trunk; caudal spine depressible in
groove, 3 in head.

Color in life (field No. 03511) dark brown, nearly black, a light blue ring around chin, and spot
of same color on opercle at angle of gill-opening; large patch on side including caudal spine rich orange;
a narrow line on body, below base of dorsal, and another above base of anal, light blue; dorsal dark
brown, nearly black, with an orange tinge, base narrowly scarlet at first, the color widening posteriorly;
anal similar to dorsal, base narrowly scarlet for nearly whole length; caudal black on basal portion,
upper and lower edge white, margin broadly white posteriorly, a narrow black submarginal crescent,
before this a broad scarlet patch; pectoral black; ventrals dusky orange at base, anterior edge and
upper portion light blue, posterior lower half dark brown, nearly black; iris blue with yellow inner
border.

Color in life of a specimen (field No. 392) collected by Jordan and Kellogg at Apia in 1902, brownish
black, paler below; the lateral spot of a vivid scarlet; a bluish white band across lower jaw; front
profile bright bluish gray, the preorbital and cheeks clear brown; dorsal brownish, becoming orange
behind, the base of soft dorsal scarlet with a whitish line below, the upper parts blackish and suffused
with red, the edge narrowly whitish; anal similar, with more black and a much broader edge; caudal
dusky at base, with concentric crescents of orange, black, and white; ventrals dusky, edged with bluish
white; a black, vertical line across preopercle; opercle black with a whitish edge.

Color in alcohol, blackish brown; gill-flap below, large ovoid patch including caudal spine, bases
of soft dorsal and anal with narrow band broadening out to last rays, and median band on middle of
caudal creamy yellow; close along bases of soft dorsal and anal a narrow gray white line, deepest
behind; caudal with narrow blackish submarginal line following outline of fin and inclosing creamy
white band; a narrow pale blue or slaty band from corner of mouth across chin; pectoral pale slaty;
ventral with broad slaty blue margin, axil creamy yellow.

Described chiefly from an example (field No. 05387) taken at Honolulu.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

885

This species is abundant at Honolulu, where it was obtained by Jenkins, the Albatross, and bv us.
Steindachner and also Fowler had specimens from Honolulu, and the Albatross obtained it at Puako
Bay, Hawaii. We have examined >28 specimens, all from Honolulu, ranging in length from 4 to more
than 10 inches. Also found in Samoa.

Acanthurus achUles Shaw. Ucn. Zool., IV, 383, 1803, no locality; Steindachner, Dents. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I. XX 1900, 193
(Honolulu).

Teuthis achilles, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII.
1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 175 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1901), 533 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii).

311. Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch & Schneider). “Nae-nae." Fig. 160.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 2; eye 4 in head; snout 1.25; interorbital 3.25; D. ix, 24; A. 23.

Body rather deeply ovoid, greatest depth at middle of pectoral; head deep, compressed, upper
profile steep, convex; jaws slightly produced, lower inferior; mouth small, oblique; teeth broad, form¬
ing sharp cutting crenulate edge; margin of preopercle very oblique, angle, below anterior margin of
eye; interorbital space moderately elevated, broad, roundly convex; nostrils round, close together in
front of eye, anterior a little below posterior, with small fleshy flap; last dorsal spines longest, about
equal, eleventh 1.65 in head, seventeenth dorsal ray 1.5; third anal spine 2.1; seventeenth anal ray
1.75; pectoral equal to head, pointed; ventral pointed, 1.2; ventral spine 1.8; depth of caudal peduncle

Fig. 166. — Hepatus olivaceus (Bloch A Schneider). From a Formosan specimen.

2.5; caudal deep, broad, upper rays long, produced, pointed; caudal spine depressible in a groove, 3.25
in head; scales very small, crowded, ctenoid; lateral line arched, nearly concurrent with dorsal profile
of back.

Color in life (field No. 03384), general color olivaceous, breast slightly bluish, a white stripe edged
with black running straight back from upper angle of opercle to a point below sixth dorsal spine; dor¬
sal nearly black, membranes slightly bluish; caudal nearly black, same as dorsal, posterior one-third
white, edged with black, this white band extending from fourth ray at top to fourth ray at base,
forward edge of band crescent-shaped; anal same as dorsal; ventrals edged with black, membranes
mottled with blue; pectoral same as ventrals, except posterior third, which is dirty white; iris black,
with inside edge of bright yellow.

Another example (field No. 03009) orange olivaceous, a brownish blotch on humeral region
inclosing an oblong area of body-color; caudal peduncle more orange, the spine dusky; lips dark;
dorsal greenish-olive at base, the margin black; anal similar but colors brighter; caudal yellow at
base, a lunate white border on middle rays, tips of lobes dusky; pectoral yellow, dusky at base and
on anterior rays; ventrals blackish brown; iris yellow, with black on. upper and lower parts.

Field No. 03512 had body, head, and caudal dark brown in life; caudal with pale orange tin«e
along edge of upper and lower lobes in front, and a large white crescent along the emarginated portion
narrowly edged with black.

F. C. B. 1903—25

386

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Still another specimen (field No. 03473) was dusky olive; a scarlet stripe behind upper angle of
gill-opening as long as head and very bright, its wide border black, not blending with ground color:
a white crescent on caudal; posterior half of pectoral obscurely whitish.

Color in alcohol, blackish brown; a horizontal band of buff equal to length of snout from behind
upper margin of opercle bordered with deeper brown; median caudal rays broadly margined with dull
buff, edge with narrow blackish marginal line; pectoral with blackish basal portion, outer portion
grayish.

Described chiefly from an example (No. 03512) taken at Honolulu.

The species appears to be fairly abundant at Honolulu. Doctor Jenkins obtained II examples,
Jordan and Snyder 1, and we preserved 0. The Albatross obtained it at Honolulu and at Tuako Bay,
Hawaii. The 21 specimens examined are fi to 10.6 inches long.

Acanthurus olivaccus Bloch '& Schneider, Syst. Ichtli.. 213, 214. 1801, Tahiti; Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, TV. 113,1875
(Society, Pnumotu, Navigator. Pelew. and Sandwich islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I,XX, 1900,
493 (Honolulu).

Acanthurus cparai Lesson, Voy. Goquille, Zool., II, 147, pi. 27, fig. 1. 1830, Tahiti.

A ca nth u ru s hum eralis Cuvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 231. 1835, Caroline and Society islands; Eydoux &
Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I, 169, pi. 2, 1841 (Sandwich Islands).

Harp urns paroticus Forster, Descr. Animal., Ed. Lichtenstein, 183, 1*44, Tahiti.

Teuthis oUraccus, Jordan & Everraann, Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1903 (Sept. 24. 1902). 358, fig. 23 (Formosa): Jenkins,
Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 476 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 533 (-Honolulu:
Puako Bay, Hawaii).

312. Hepatus leucopareius (Jenkins) . ‘ ‘ MaikoiJco.” Fig. 167.

Head 4 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.25 in head; snout 1.25; interorbital 2.7; D. ix, 26; A. in, 24.,
Body deep, compressed, upper profile stongly convex, lower shallowly convex; head deep,

Fig. 167.— Hepatus leucopareius (Jenkins); from the type.

compressed, upper profile steep to dorsal, lower profile nearly straight from chin to root of ven-
trals; jaws large, lower slightly produced; snout long, slightly concave in profile; mouth small, low;
teeth broad, edges crenulate, compressed, forming a sharp cutting edge; margin of preopercle very

Bull.U.S.F.C. 1903

Teuthis umbra Jenkins, type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

387

oblique (blunt angle of which would form below middle of eye); eye rather large, high, in posterior
third of length of head; nostrils small, close together, anterior with small thin flap, circular, posterior
a small slit; interorbital space broad, convex; dorsal spines strong, graduated to posterior, last 1.3 in
head; first anal ray 1.25; anal spines graduated to third, longest 1.65; fourth anal ray 1.25; caudal
broad, emarginate; pectoral pointed, 2.8 in body; ventral sharp-pointed, 4 in body; ventral spine, 2 in
head; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2; caudal spine moderately long, depressible in a groove,
4 in body. •

Color in life of the type (No. 50712, U.S.N.M.), a whitish band from base of first 2 dorsal spines
downward behind eye, including opercle to its lower margin; also a transverse whitish band at base
of caudal.

Color in alcohol deep brown, vertical fins and ventrals darker; top of head and space in front of
spinous dorsal pale brown, running down as an oblique band along gill-opening over opercle and margin
of preopercle; base of last dorsal rays blackish; base of caudal nale brown.

Described from the type taken at Honolulu by Doctor Jenkins. The species is thus far known only
from Honolulu, whence we have 9 specimens, and from Hilo, from which we have 1. These specimens
vary in length from 3.7 to 8.75 inches. Seen alive in aquarium at Waikiki.

Teathis leucojtarem s Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Coitnn.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), tig. 28, 470, Honolulu (type, No. 50712,
U.S.N.M. (field No. 324): coll. O. P. Jenkins).

313. Hepatus umbra (Jenkins) . Plate 47."

Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.7; eye 3.75 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 2.65; D. it, 27; A. nr, 25.

Body deeply ovoid, greatest depth at pectoral region; head deep; upper profile nearly straight
from tip of snout to interorbital space, then convex to origin of dorsal ; jaws low, lower inferior; mouth
small; interorbital broad, convex; nostrils small, round, close together, anterior larger, with small
thin fleshy flap; last dorsal spine 1.7 in head, anterior spines graduated to posterior; fifth dorsal ray
1.25; third anal spine longest, 2; eighth anal ray 1.5; caudal rather broad, emarginate; pectoral broad,
a trifle longer than head; ventrals sharply pointed, a trifle shorter than pectoral, or about equal to
head; caudal peduncle compressed, 2 in head; caudal spine small, sharp, about 5 in head, depressible
in a groove; scales small, finely ctenoid, very small on top of head, breast, and basal portions of
vertical fins; lateral line irregular, arched at first, then sloping down to caudal spine, more or less
straight from below anterior portion of spinous dorsal to below middle of soft dorsal.

Color in alcohol more or less uniform dark chocolate brown, outer portions of the fins blackish,;
pectoral pale olivaceous brown; ventrals blackish on outer portion.

The above description is from the type (field No. 05363), a specimen 7.5 inches long, taken at
Honolulu by us, where we obtained 1 other example. A single small specimen was obtained bv
Doctor Jenkins, anil the Albatross secured others at Puako Bay, Hawaii.

Tculhis umbra Jenkins, Bull. I\ S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 477, Honolulu (type, No. 50841, U.S.N.M.):
Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Puako Bay, Hawaii).

314. Hepatus matoides (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Maui.”

Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.9 in length; snout 1.4 in head; eye 5.4; interorbital 2.5; D. ix, 26;
A. hi, 24.

Body deeply ovoid, greatest depth at, origin of anal; head deep, compressed, oblique; snout long,
compressed, upper profile convex; eye small, high, in last third of head; nostrils small, close together
anterior larger, with small thin flap; mouth small, inferior; jaws not much produced, lower inferior;
interorbital space broad, elevated, convex; margin of preopercle forming an angle below anterior
nostril; nostrils small, round, elose together, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; dorsal spines
rather thin, last 2 in head; dorsal and anal rays produced in short points posteriorly; sixth dorsal rav
1.4 in head; anal spines graduated to third, which is 2.5: thirteenth anal ray 1.5; caudal' long, deeply
emarginate; pectoral equal to head; ventral sharply pointed, 1.25; ventral spine 2.25; caudal peduncle
rather deep, compressed, 2.35; caudal spine small, 5.5 in head; scales small, finely ctenoid, verv small
on basal portions of vertical fins; lateral line partly concurrent with dorsal profile of back, nearly
straight from below anterior dorsal spines to below posterior rays, then running down on caudal
peduncle along upper edge of groove of caudal spine to base of caudal.

u Teuthis umbra on the plate.

388

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in alcohol, deep brown, dorsal and anal fins blackish; caudal dusky along middle of margin;
side without blue or pale lines; margin of gill-opening dusky; pectoral dark brownish, margin broadly
pale yellowish-white; ventrals blackish on outer portion, brownish on basal portions of rays, the mem¬
branes whitish; lips brown.

Described from an example (No. 05662) taken at Honolulu. This species has been recorded from
Oualan, Isle of France, and the Hawaiian Islands. It does not appear to be common, as only 1 small
specimen was secured by Jenkins and 3 by us, all from Honolulu. Our examples are 6 to 14.5 inches
long.

Acanthurus matoides Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 204, 1835, Oualan.

Acanthurus blochi Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 209, 1835; after PI. 203 of Bloch.

Acanthurus annularis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 209, 1835, Isle of France.

Tenthi.fi annularis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. I’hila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands).

Teuthis matoides, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 478 (Honolulu).

315. Hepatus guntheri (Jenkins). “Pualu.” Fig. 168.

Head 4 in length; depth 1.8; eye 3.5 in head; snout 1.4; interorbital 2.7; D. ix, 26; A. m, 24.
Body deeply ovoid, greatest depth at origin of anal; head deep, compressed, upper profile obliquely
convex from tip of snout to spinous dorsal; eye rather large, high, in last third of head; nostrils small,

Fig. 168 .—Hcpatui guntheri (Jenkins); from the type.

close together, anterior the larger, rounded, with thin fleshy flap; mouth small, low, inferior; .jaws
blunt, slightly produced, lower inferior; interorbital space broad, elevated, convex; margin of pre-
operele forming an angle below anterior rim of orbit; dorsal spines slender, graduated to last, which is
1.25 in head; soft dorsal and anal not pointed behind; eighth dorsal ray 1.2 in head; third anal spine'
longest, 1.9; eighth anal ray 1.25; caudal long, emarginate; pectoral longer than head, 3.5 in body;
ventrals sharp-pointed, 1.2 in head; ventral spine 1.9; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.2;
caudal spine short, 1.5 in eye; scales small, crowded, ctenoid; very minute scales on basal portions of
vertical fins; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile of back, straight from anterior dorsal
spines to below middle of soft dorsal, then running down above edge of caudal spine to base of caudal.

Color in life (field No. 199, O. 1’. J. ), general color brown; an orange-yellow band along back just
below base of dorsal, just above yellow band a blue line; 4 golden longitudinal bands on dorsal fin,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

389

with an intercalary band which in some examples makes 5 bands; anal with 4 similar ones; pectoral
yellow; yellow area through eye; yellow line over snout.

Color in alcohol, dark brown, vertical fins darker; side plain or uniform brown, without any
lines; soft dorsal and anal grayish posteriorly; both dorsals and anal with 4 broad deep brown longi¬
tudinal bands; caudal deep brown, apparently without spots, base of fin pale; pectoral brown on
basal portion, marginal portion broadly yellowish-white.

Described from the type taken by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu.

This species is of rather wide distribution among the islands of the tropical Pacific, having been
recorded by Gunther from the Caroline, Society, Navigator, Pelew, and Kingsmill islands, and iden¬
tified with Acanthurm blochi of Cuvier and Valenciennes.

Twelve specimens were obtained at Honolulu by Doctor Jenkins and 2 by us. We also have 3
examples from Hilo. Our specimens are 1.5 to 8.6 inches long. Perhaps identical with H. maloides.
Acanthurm blnchi. Gunther, Fisehe der Svidsee, IV, 109, pi. lxix, fig. B, 1875 (Caroline, Society, Navigator, Pelew, and
King-smill islands); not of Cuvier and Valenciennes, which is not certainly identifiable; Streets, Bull. U. A. Nat.
. Mils., No. 7. 68, 1877 (Honolulu); Gunther. Shore Fishes Chall., I, VI, 59, 1880 (Honolulu).

Teuthis (juntheri Jenkins, Bull. t\ S. Kish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 2a, 1903), 477, fig. 29, Honolulu (type. No. 50842,
U.S.N.M., 8.6 inches long).

316. Hepatus elongatus (Lac6pede). “Maii’i."

Head 4 in length; depth 2.8; snout 1.3; eye 3.75 in head; interorbital 2.5; D. ix, 26; A. hi, 24.
Body elongate, ovate, greatest depth at middle of pectoral ; head deep, upper profile straight from
tip of snout to interorbital space, then convex from interorbital space to origin of dorsal; jaws low,
lower inferior; mouth small; teeth compressed, crenulate; nostrils close together, anterior larger, with
small fleshy flap; last dorsal spine longest, 1.5 in head; twentieth dorsal ray 1.5; third anal spine
longest, 3; first anal ray 1.3; caudal long, very deeply emarginate in a crescent, upper and lower rays
produced in sharp points, upper the longer; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.4; pectoral
3.25 in body; ventrals long, pointed, 3 in body; spine a little less than half length of fin; caudal pedun¬
cle compressed, its depth 2.25 in head; caudal spine long, depressible in a groove, 2.7 in head; scales
very small, cycloid, crowded, finely ctenoid; lateral line arched in front to fifth dorsal spine, then
straight to below middle of dorsal, dropping down and running along middle of side of caudal peduncle.

Color in alcohol, uniform dark chocolate Frown; lips blackish; vertical fins brown like body-color,
margin of caudal narrowly white; axils and bases of posterior dorsal and anal rays black; pectorals
brownish; ventrals blackish on outer portion; margin of groove of caudal spine very narrowly blackish.

Description from an example (No. 05354) 7.75 inches long, taken by us at Honolulu. The species
is of wide distribution and has been recorded from Fiji Islands, China, Kotosho (Formosa), Miyoko
Island, Riukiu, New Hebrides, Pelew and Tahiti islands, as well as from the Hawaiian Islands. It
was obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu and by us at Honolulu and Hookena, Kona; also by the
Albatross at Puako Bay, Hawaii, and at station 3834, on the southern coast of Molokai, in 8 fathoms.
We have examined 28 specimens, which range in length from 4.4 to 8.4 inches.

Clixtodon elongatus Laccp&de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 471, PI. VI, ti^. 2, 1802, Pacific Ocean.

Acanthurus nigroris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. X. 208, 1835, Sandwich Islands.

Acanthurus hipuuctatus Gunther, Cat.. III. 381, 1861, China (Fiji Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LX X. 1900,
494 (Honolulu).

Acanthurus nigros , Gunther, Cat., Ill, 332, 1861 (New Hebrides); Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, IV. 110, 1875 (Sandwich Islands;
New Hebrides; Pelew Islands; Tahiti); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 533 (Puako Bay, Hawaii; station 3834 south¬
ern coast of Molokai).

Teuthis bipunctai us, Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1902, 358 (Kotosho, Formosa); Jordan Fowler, Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus,, XX V. 1902 (1903), 554 ( Kotosho, Formosa; Miyako Island; Riukiu Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 479 (Honolulu).

317. Hepatus xanthopterus (Ctivier & Valenciennes). “II Yilu.”

Head 4 in length; depth 2; snout 1.35 in head; eye 4; interorbital 2.65; D. ix, 25; A. in, 24.
Body deep, rather long, greatest depth at middle of ventral; head deep, compressed, upper profile
rather strongly and evenly convex; jaws low, strong, lower inferior; mouth inferior, low; teeth com¬
pressed, broad, edges crenulate; margin of preopercle very oblique, the angle below anterior margin
of eye; interorbital space broad, convex, elevated; nostrils close together, anterior large, circular, with
small fleshy flap; dorsal spines graduated to last, posterior 1.35 in head; dorsal and anal rays rather

390

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

high, rounded, posterior not produced; eighth dorsal ray 1.25 in head, anal spines graduated to third,
which is 1.8 in head; ninth anal ray 1.2; caudal long, deeply einarginate, the upper and lower lobes
produced in long sharp points; pectoral 8.5 in body; ventrals sharp pointed, 2 in head; caudal
peduncle compressed, depth 2.25; caudal spine moderately large, 4 in head, depressible in a groove.

Color in alcohol, deep blackish-brown, side with many dusky brown longitudinal vennieulating
lines; dorsal and anal blackish at base, paler on terminal portion, with 4 rather broad brown longi¬
tudinal bands; caudal blackish-brown; pectoral blackish-brown, margin broadly dull buff; ventrals
blackish on greater portion, innermost basal portion slaty.

Described from an example (No. 05666) taken at Honolulu.

The species is known only from Seychelles (the type locality) and the Hawaiian Islands. One
specimen 7.25 inches long was secured by Jenkins and 2 others (13 and 17 inches long) by us at
Honolulu. This species may not be distinct from II. gmitheri or H. matmdes.

Acanthurus x<mthopterm Curvier Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. X. 21n. 1835. Seychelles.

Teuthis xanthoptcnia, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), -177 i Honolulu).

318. Hepatus dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Pu&lu;” “ Pulttui . Fig. 169.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 1.9; snout 1.4 in head; eye 4.5; interorbital 3.2; I), i.\, 27; A. hi, 26.

Body deep, upper and lower profiles nearly evenly convex, greatest depth about middle of length

of trunk; head deep, compressed, upper profile evenly and obliquely convex from tip of snout to
origin of dorsal; jaws large, inferior, very slightly produced; mouth small, inferior; teeth brot^d,
compressed, edges erenulate; margin of preopercle very oblique, angle in front of anterior rim of orbit;
eye small, high, in posterior third of head; nostrils small, close together, anterior with small fleshy
flap, posterior a short oblique slit; interorbital space broad, convex; dorsal spines graduated to
posterior, last 1.75 in head; seventh dorsal ray 1.5; posterior dorsal and anal rays rounded, not
produced in points; anal spines graduated to last, which is 2.4; seventh anal ray 1.5; pectoral 3.5;
ventral sharply pointed, 1.25 in head; spine 2.8; caudal large, einarginate, upper rays produced in a
point beyond lower; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.5 in head; caudal spine rather large,
depressible in a groove, 3.5 in head; scales very small, ctenoid, crowded, few on soft dorsal, anal, and
caudal, minute; lateral line concurrent with the profile of hack, more or less running down to caudal
spine in front.

Fig. 169. — Hepatus dussumitii (Cuvier & Valenciennes); after Gunther.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

391

Color in life (Field No. 02990) dull bluish olive, upper part more brassy, wavy brassy lines sep¬
arated by narrower blue one most distinct on upper third of side; head marbled with blue-black and
pale yellowish; a broad brassy interocular band; a narrow brassy line extending forward and curving
upward from anterior part of eye, this continued around under eye and on to upper end of opercle; a
brassy band behind eye and faint lines of same above eye; lips mottled with black and bluish; lower
jaw and throat pale bluish; a narrow brassy line along back at base of dorsal tin, and a similar bluish
one along base of anal; dorsal tin yellow, somewhat mottled with olivaceous along base anteriorly, and
with bluish on last few rays; a narrow blue line along base; caudal bluish, with numerous small
blackish olive spots, yellow at base, brightest above; tips of fins black: anal' olivaceous with narrow
stripes of blue and yellowish, distal portion of tin blackish, narrowly bordered with blue; pectoral
smoky below, yellowish above, the anterior edge bluish; ventrals blue-black, paler at base; lance
white, surrounded by black; iris brassy, bluish above. (Caudal spots wanting in young.)

Another example (Field No. 03369) olive brown, streaked with faint blue; a yellow area about
eye; cheek with light blue lines; edge of opercle black: no shoulder spot; dorsal golden brown with a
pale blue and a golden line at base, the margin blackish, last rays with bluish shadings and lines; anal
dark brown with very faint bluish streaks, a faint blue and a fainter golden line at base, and a black
and a blue line at tip; caudal with blue gray reticulations around golden brown spots, well defined; a
golden ring at base of fin, lobes dusky; ventrals with bluish rays, yellowish membranes and blackish
edges; pectoral yellowish-brown, upper ray black; no black spot in axil of dorsal and anal.

Field No. 03500, body with numerous narrow wavy longitudinal golden-yellow alternating bluish-
gray lines in life; dorsal bright yellow, narrow blue line along base of fin, immediately below this a
narrow golden yellow line across base of caudal between spine and base of rays; anal dusky yellowish,
with 4 distinguishable and traces of perhaps 2 or 3 other liars of yellow running parallel with outline
of body; caudal bluish-gray with many indistinct dusky spots; pectoral golden yellow; ventrals bluish-
gray with yellowish tinges; yellow about eyes; yellow bar from eye to eye; front and sides of head
covered with yellow wavy lines alternating with blue; chin and breast bluish.

Field No. 03383, in life, general color brownish -ocher, bluish toward belly and lower jaw; lower
jaw dirty ultramarine; snout and gill-cover striped with blue and cadmium; a broad yellow stripe
running from upper part of gill-opening at opercle through eye, but not joined over frontal region, this
stripe outlined with blue; anterior portion of dorsal deep cadmium, 8 to 10 rays of posterior part blue,
blending into the cadmium; narrow blue streak running entire length of dorsal at base; caudal deep
blue; peduncle cadmium; anal olivaceous, cadmium at anterior 6 or 7 rays, blue posteriorly; narrow
blue stripe running entire length of anal, and narrow line of light blue on outside edge; ventral cad¬
mium with stripes of light blue running lengthwise, edged with neutral tint; first pectoral ray blue,
next 3 cadmium, others blue, all rays cadmium at base; eye yellow, iris black.

Color in alcohol, dark chocolate brown; side with 35 or more wavy bluish longitudinal lines,
those on head also horizontal; front of eye above pale brown; dorsal grayish on spiny portion,
becoming dark slaty on soft portion; anal dark slaty; soft dorsal and anal each with 7 or 8 blackish
longitudinal lines; caudal dark slaty, marked with many small blackish spots; base of caudal yellowish
white; caudal spine with a rather broad blackish margin; pectoral deep olive brown, terminal portion
broadly pale brown; margin of gill-opening blackish; margin of the anal narrowly bluish.

This species is very common about Honolulu. We have also a number of larval examples less than
an inch long, from Hilo, which correspond perfectly with Quoy and Gaimard’s account of Acanthurus
qrgenteus, but no specific characters, except the number of fin rays, can be determined. The latter
species, from Guam, can never be certainly identified, and the name argenteus should not be used,
although it was very likely intended for the young of //. dusmmien or II. matoides. The species is rep¬
resented in our collection by 59 specimens from Honolulu and 2 from Hilo. Of the specimens from
Honolulu 7 were obtained by Doctor Jenkins, 5 by the Albatross in 1896, 4 by Doctor Wood, 2 by
Jordan and Snyder, and the others by us. Specimens were also secured by the Albatross in 1902.
iAcauttmrus argcntrusa Quoy* Gaimard, Voy. Uranic, Zool., 372. pi. S3, rig. 2, 1824', Guam; larval form, not identifiable.
Acauthurus dussumicri Cuvier & Valenciennes. Ilist. Nat. Poiss., X. 201, 1835, lie de France; Gunther, Fische dCr Siidsee,
112, pi. LXXII, 1875 (Sandwich Islands); Steindachner, Denk. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 193 (Honolulu).

« Cuvier & Valenciennes record AjCatUhurus argenteus from the Sandwich Islands, although Quoy & Gaimard, their sole
authority, mention the Mariannes only. In the same way they record Acanthurus striatus Quoy & Gaimard, from the
Sandwich Islands, although the discoverers found it at the Mariannes only. If. striatus can not be certainly identified as
3 species (2 at Samoa and 1 at Tahiti) have striped larva- corresponding to the account given by Quoy and Gaimard. Some
of these are evidently the young of Ctenochietus strigosus, others we can not make out. Probably the records from Guam
and Hawaii belong to Ct. strigosus, in which ease the name striatus has priority over strigosus.

392

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Acanthunis lineolaUu s Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 207, 1835, Pacific.

fAcronanis ariinitrus, Gunther, Cat.. Ill, 340. lsfii (Ascension Island): probably not of Quoy A (iaimard.

Truth is artjcnUus, .Iordan A Fowler. I’roc. V. S. Nat. Mils., XXV, 1903, 553 (Cniesawa and Misaki. Japan); Snyder, Bull.

C. S. Fish. Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Honolulu).

Tcuthis dussitmin'i, Jenkins, Bull. C. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903 1, 177 (Honolulu).

319. Hepatus guttatus (Bloch A: Schneider). Fig. 170.

Head 3.0 in length; depth 1.4; eye 4.5 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 2.25; 1>. vm, 27; A. hi, 24.
Body deep, compressed; back elevated, high at spinous dorsal; abdomen and lower part of trunk
expanded below, lowest point at origin of anal; head deep, rather small, compressed, upper profile
oblique from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; profile of snout nearly straight, jaws large, blunt,
slightly produced; mouth low, inferior; mandible inferior, lips rather broad and thin; teeth broad,

Fig. 170. — Hepatus piittatm (Bloch A Schneider); after Gunther.

compressed, forming sharp cutting edge, each one with 7 erenulations, the 3 median large, their edges
level; nostrils large, close together, anterior larger, with small, fleshy flap; interorbital space broad,
convex, not much elevated; dorsal spines graduated to posterior, stiff, last 1.5 in head; anterior
dorsal rays longest, others gradually decreasing to last, first 1.5, last 4; fifth anal ray 6.5 in head,
last 4.75; caudal broad, margin straight when expanded; caudal peduncle deep, compressed, depth
2 in head; pectoral pointed, 3 in body; ventral 4.25; caudal spine small, short, depressible in a
groove, 1.35 in eye; scales small, ctenoid, deeply imbricated on sides, scales on vertical fins very
small; lateral line arched, nearly concurrent with profile of back; anus directly behind bases of cen¬
trals, well before anal spines.

Color in alcohol, uniform brown on greater portion, chest and belly somewhat pale; a pale brown
band from before spinous dorsal down behind eye, another narrow pale band from base of fourth
dorsal spine to belly, and last indistinct from fourth dorsal rav down to third anal ray; basal portion

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

393

of caudal pale brown, the outer half deep brown; posterior half of t runk with many small white spots,
also extending on soft dorsal and anal tins and over third pale bar on side; pectorals and ventrals pale
brown, latter edged with brownish.

Described from an example (No. 646) Taken at Honolulu by Doctor .Jenkins. The species is rather
scarce about Honolulu, living on the oh ter edge of the reefs. We have examined 5 specimens, 3
collected by us and 2 by Jenkins, all at Honolulu. They range in length from 8 to 1 1.5 inches* The
species was also found by the Alhalroftx at Puako Bay; common at Samoa.

Acanthurus fjuttatus Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Tehtli., 215, 1801, Tahiti; Giinther. Fisehe der Siidsee, IV, 109, taf. lxix.

A, 1875 (Mauritius; New Hebrides; Society, Navigator, Kingsmill. Pelew, and Sandwich islands i.

Harpui'us gut talus, Forster, Descript. Animal., Ed. Lichtenstein, p. 218, 1814 (Tahiti).

Teulhis (/ultatus, Fowler. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513 (Sandwich Islands).

Teuthis guitatus, JenkinsTBull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 479 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904),
533 (Puako Bay, Hawaii).

320. Hepatus atramentatus (Jordan & Kv ermann) . 11 Maikoiko;” “ Mniko,” Fig. 171.

Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.9; eye 4.2 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 3; D. ix, 27; A. iii, 25.
Body deep, compressed, ovoid, the upper prolile steeper than lower, evenly convex; jaws low, not
produced, lower inferior; mouth small, inferior; teeth broad, compressed, edges crenulate; nostrils

Fig. 171 .—Hepatus atramcntalns (Jordan & Evermann); from the type.

close together, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; anterior dorsal spines graduated to posterior, the
longest 1.5 in head; fourth dorsal ray 1.4; third anal spine longest 1.9; first anal ray 1.5; caudal large,
emargiriate, upper and lower rays produced in sharp angular points, upper much longer than lower;
pectoral about 3.5 in body; ventrals sharp-pointed, 3.6 in body, spine half the length of fin; caudal
peduncle compressed, 2 in head; caudal spine large, depressihle in a groove, 3.1 in head; scales very
small, ctenoid, few, and very minute on vertical fins; lateral line high, arched, at first descending
under fifth dorsal spine, then straight to below middle of soft dorsal, finally falling down and running
along side of caudle peduncle to tail.

Color in life (No. 02996), coppery brown, crossed by numerous very narrow, pale blue lines, those
above axis of body running somewhat upward and backward, and with short broken lines of same
interspersed, those below more regular but less distinct; cheek brassy, with about 5 narrow pale blue

3^*4

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

lines from eye to snout, each of these extending slightly upon pale rusty, and each with 5 or 6 narrow
brassy lines parallel with margin, edge of each blackish; last rays of dorsal and anal more brassy; a con¬
spicuous jet-black .sj)Ot on caudal peduncle at base of last dorsal ray; caudal dark, blackest on outer
part of middle rays; pectoral pale lemon; ventrals dusky, blacker toward tips; iris brownish, white on
posterior part. Another example (No. 03474) was dull olive-gray, unmarked, save a faint whitish
band across nape and back part of head; fins plain dusky gray.

Color in alcohol, very dark chocolate brown; side with about 40 narrow irregular or incomplete
series of indistinct dark slaty longitudinal lines; cheek with similarly colored lines running obliquely
downward; tins, except pectoral, all more or less blackish or dusky; dorsal with about 5 blackish
longitudinal bands; anal with several similar indistinct blackish bands; base and axils of last dorsal
and anal rays blackish; pectoral brown.

This common species is well distinguished from Hepatus rfussumieri and other streaked species by
t lie black ink-like spot in the axil of tin* dorsal and anal tins. It has several times been recorded
under the erroneous name of AimUhurus UneoltUus, but the species originally called by that name must
be something else, probably 11. dussumieri. Numerous specimens were obtained by us at Honolulu,
where it was also secured by Doctor Jenkins and Doctor Wood. Other examples were collected by
the Albutrofts at Laysan Island. Our specimens are 3 to 9.5 inches long.

Acanthiirus lincvlalus. (iiinther, Fische der Siidsee. 1. 111!, tuf. lxxiii, lig. A. 1875 (Society Islands): Steindachner, Dunks.

Ak. VViss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 193 (Honolulu); not of Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Tcuthis atriinadalusu Jordan X Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, for 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 198. Honolulu (type, No.
50073, F. S, N. M.; coll. Jordan & Evermann ); Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 478
(Honolulu).

Ten this a tram ni ta tn s, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXIT, 1952 (Jan. 19, 1904), 533 (Laysan Island).

321. Hepatus sandvicensis (Streets). “ Manmi Fig. 172.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 1.9; snout 1.4 in head; eye 3.5; interorbital 3; D. ix, 25; A. iii, 22.

Body deep, compressed, ovoid, the lower profile from mandible to anus very weakly convex ; head

Fig. 172 . — Hepatus sandvicensis (Streets).

deep, the upper profile concave from tip of snout to interorbital space, then straight to origin of dorsal;
jaws low, produced, the lower inferior; mouth small; teeth compressed, crenulate; nostrils close

a Misprint for atramentafras, from atramentum, ink.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

895

together in front of eye, anterior larger, with small fleshy flap; last dorsal spine 1.5 in head, anterior
spines graduated to last; fourth dorsal ray 1.5; caudal rather deep, emarginate, upper rays longer;
pectoral a little longer than head; ventral sharp-pointed, 1.2; caudal peduncle compressed, its least
depth 2.5; caudal spine very small, short, strong, 3 in head; scales very small, ctenoid, very few on
vertical tins; lateral line high, arched at first below first dorsal spines, then very slightly convex to
below middle of soft dorsal and along middle of side of caudal peduncle.

Color in alcohol, dull purplish gray, darker on hack above; chin, breast, belly and lower surface
of caudal peduncle creamy white; side with 5 narrow blackish vertical lines; first from occiput to eye,
passing down below to anterior lower edge of preopercle; second from first dorsal spine to pectoral,
continued down and back toward spinous anal; third beginning at sixth dorsal spine, running down
to a little in front of spinous anal; fourth beginning at base of first dorsal rays and running down to
first anal rays; fifth beginning at first third of soft dorsal, running down to first third of soft anal;
upper portion of caudal peduncle with a short narrow blackish saddle; brown longitudinal line sepa¬
rating creamy area of lower surface from dark color above, running along side of throat and abdomen
backwards; vertical fins dusky brown; pectoral brownish; ventrals grayish on outer portion, basally
white. Described from an example (No. 03347) taken at Honolulu.

A series of specimens showing all stages of growth from the larval to the adult form was secured.

In the young measuring about 20 mm. the body is perfectly transparent except a broad, vertical
silvery band extending across the head and visceral region. Anterior edge of band passes obliquely
downward and backward, just in front of orbit, to a point a little in advance of insertion of anal fins.
The posterior boundary extends from nape, behind axil of pectoral, to insertion of anal. Between the
lateral line and the pectoral is a posterior prolongation of the silvery band, about as large as eye.
Nape, interorbital space, and a narrow band at base of caudal dusky; a row of dark dots along base of
anal and a dusky spot on tip of caudal. The dusky, vertical bands of adult are first seen faintly out¬
lined in the young of 31 mm. length; in others, no larger, the color pattern of the adult is perfectly
developed. In the young the snout is shorter, anterior profile more rounded, and body deeper than
in adult; head and body covered with long, narrow, vertically placed, scale-like plates; first dorsal
spine serrated on anterior edge. Shortly after assuming the adult color, the length being about 32 mm. ,
the serrations of the spine disappear and the plates are replaced by minute scales.

Teutlii* elegant Garman is the young of this species. Living examples of the larval form are
almost perfectly transparent except the silvery area and dusky spots, there being no blue or red tints.

This species is excessively abundant among the Hawaiian Islands about the reefs and in rocky
pools. On comparison with examples of Jlepatus triostegus from Okinawa, Japan, and from Samoa,
it differs in all the salient characters pointed out by Streets. To the Hawaiian species, Hepalus saml-
vicensis, belong the specimens recorded by Jordan and Evermann from Clarion and Socorro islands.
Those of Samoa and Polynesia generally are Jlepatus triostegus.

Our very large series of specimens contains 88 from Honolulu, 82 from Hilo, 109 from Kailua,
and 4 from Waianae. Specimens were obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu; Waialua Bay, Oahu:
Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Puako Bay, Hawaii; Hilo; Keeker Island; and Laysan Island.

A canthurus triostegus, Gunther (in part), Cat., Ill, 327, 1861; Fische der Siidsee, IV, 108, 1876 (Sandwich Islands); Smith &
Swain, Proc. lT. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 138 (Johnston Island): Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900. 493
(Honolulu; Laysan); not of Linnaeus.

A canthurus triostegus var. sandriemsis Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7. 1877. 67. Honolulu i Type, No. 15398,1'. s. N. M. i.
Tcuthis triostegus, Jordan A: Evermann. Fish North a: Mid. Amer., II. 1690, 1898 (Clarion and Socorro islands); Fowler, Proc.—
Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513 (Oahu, Sandwich Islands).

Ti nth is clt pans Garman, Deep Sea Fishes, 70, plate L, fig. 2, 1899, off Cocos Islands at the surface; larval form.

Tenth is sandciccnsis, Jenkins, Bull. C. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1908), 479 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 533 i Honolulu: Waialua Bay. Oahu: Hanalei Bay, Kauai; Puako Bay, Hawaii; Hilo; Necker Island; Laysan
Island).

Genus 180. ZEBRASOMA Swainson.

This genus differs from Hepatus in the short spinous dorsal of 4 or 5 graduated spines; soft dorsal
high; snout short, projecting at an angle.

Zebrasom a Swainson, Nat. Hist. Anirn., II, 256, 1839 ( velifer ).

Scopas Kuer, Novara Fische, 212, 1865 (scopas).

396 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

a. Body deep, depth less than 2 in length; no spots on head.
b. Snout comparatively short, 1.5 in head; dorsal IV, 32; anal III, 24. Color, nearly black, with pale bands on head and

body . veliferum, p. 39G

bb. Snout longer, 1 in head; dorsal V, 24; anal HI, 19. Color, nearly uniform chrome-yellow; or else dark olive, often

with small blue spots . . flavescens, p. 397

aa. Body not so deep, depth 2.33 in length; fine blue spots on head. Color, yellowish brown with darker bands

virgatus, p. 398

322. Zebrasoma veliferum (Blodi). “Kihikihi.” Fig. 173.

Head 3.35 in length; depth 1.7; snout 1.5 in head; eye 3.35; interorbital 3.25; D. iv, 32; A. in, 24.
Body deep, rather elongate, upper profile of back slightly convex from occiput to caudal peduncle,
lower profile evenly and rather strongly convex from throat to caudal peduncle; head deep, com¬

pressed, upper profile steep, undulate, that, of snout concave; jaws produced, low, the lower inferior;
lips rather thin, fleshy; teeth broad, compressed, the edges crenulate; mouth small, inferior; nostrils
close together, anterior rounded with small flap, posterior a short oblique slit; interorbital space
convex; dorsal tin very high; spines thin, slender, graduated to the last, 2.5 in body; anterior dorsal
rays very high, the others gradually decreasing to last, fifth 1.8 in body; anal spines graduated to last,
second 1.5 in head, third 1.25; median anal rays elongate, -eighth 2.7 in body; caudal rather broad, its

Fig. 173. — Zebrasoma veliferum (Bloch).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

397

margin straight; pectoral pointed 3.35 in body; ventral 1.25 in head; caudal peduncle small, com¬
pressed, its least depth 3.25; caudal spine short, stout, 2 in interorbital space, depressible, not in a
groove, the space about somewhat concave; scales exceedingly small, ctenoid, those about pectoral
region more or less smooth; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile below base of soft dorsal.

Color in life (No. 03389), nearly black, with 6 bands of dirty white, first band beginning on
lower jaw and continuing back to anterior edge of opercle and dow n as far as ventrals; a stripe of gen¬
eral body-color as wide as chin, beginning at chin and growing narrower until it ends on a line at
anterior edge of gill-opening; second band including posterior portion of eye and just behind base of
ventral; third baud containing 2 small yellow bands; fourth, fifth, and sixth each with 1 yellow band,
each of the 6 darker bands between the lighter bands also banded with yellow ones; the third and
fourth with 4 bands, the fifth 3, and the sixth 2; dorsal nearly black, first 3 white bands continuing
up on the dorsal; caudal same as dorsal, but slightly olivaceous toward base; other tins same as
dorsal; snout and front of head with small whitish spots, the dark color forming a network around
them; iris yellow; tail growing darker with age.

Another example (No. 03416), dark brown in life; transverse bands of bright lemon-yellow bor¬
dered on each side by a narrow violet band, which is more distinct on forward part of body, the sixth
anal ray yellow; dorsal and anal dark, nearly black; dorsal with narrow transverse bands of violet;
pectoral with yellow toward base; ventrals dark.

Color in alcohol, blackish brown, anterior half of head, throat and chest, and 6 narrow pale
vertical Hands on side, whitish, one behind eye silvery; first band running from just before first dorsal
spine down side of head and chest including posterior margin of eye, to root of ventral, second begin¬
ning at last dorsal spine and first 2 dorsal rays, and running to spinous anal; the others run from
the sixth and seventh, eleventh and twelfth, nineteenth and twentieth, and twenty-fifth and twenty-
sixth dorsal rays, to the base of anal; last lateral vertical bar ill defined; dorsal and anal blackish
brown, with about 12 vertical narrow gray lines on posterior half of dorsal, the second and third
vertical bands extending a very short distance on basal part of dorsal parallel with spines and rays;
anal with a few indistinct gray lines similar to those on posterior part of dorsal; caudal whitish;
pectorals grayish; ventrals blackish.

In adult examples the side has 4 or 5 blackish vertical lines running down each dark band;
anterior part of head with dark brown reticulations, the anterior pale bars with dark brown vertical
lines on reticulations; caudal dark brown; dorsal and anal blackish. Described chiefly from an
example (No. 03416) taken at Honolulu.

This species is fairly common at Honolulu, where specimens were obtained bv, Jenkins, by the
Albatross, and by us. The 16 examples which we have examined range from 3.1 to 11.5 inches in
length. This species, common at Samoa, is doubtless Bloch’s .1. n lifer.

Acantliurus vrfijcr Bloch. Aualand. Fische, IX, 106,' tab -127, tig. I, 1785-95; Blocker, Nut. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VII, 1855 (Batoe
Island).

Acantliurus bloclii Bennett. Proe. Zool. Soc. London, *207, 1835, about Tranquebariam.

Acantliurus hypselopta'us Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 313, Sea of Larantuka, Flores.

Acanthurus ( Harpurus ) lvjpsdoptcrus, Steindachncr, Dcnks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. I.XX, 1900, 494. taf. iv, fig. 1 i Honolulu).
Zebrasoma kijpselopterus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 479 (Honolulu ; Snyder, op. cit, (Jan.
19, 1901), 533 (Honolulu).

323. Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). “Laipala.” Plate LIX.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 1.75; eye 4 in head; snout 1; interorbital 3.25; D. v, 24; A. hi, 19.

Body deep, compressed; head deep, compressed, pointed, the upper profile very concave in front
of eye; snout long, produced, pointed; jaws produced, the lower inferior; lips rather thin; mouth small,
inferior; teeth compressed, rather broad, edges erenulate; nostrils close together, anterior a little lower
and larger, with a small fleshy flap; dorsal spines graduated to the last, which is longest, 1.25 in head,
anterior dorsal rays longest, the fourth 1.1; third anal spine longest, 1.75; caudal rather broad, its
margin straight; pectoral equal to head; ventral sharply pointed, 1.2; ventral spine sharp pointed;
caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 2.5; side of caudal peduncle in front and posterior portion of
side with a large tract of hooked villiform prickles; caudal spine strong, depressible in a furrow between
prickles, 4 in head; scales small, forming a finely roughened surface; lateral line nearly concurrent
with profile of back at first, running closer to it posteriorly and disappearing at patch of villiform

398

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

bristles below posterior dorsal rays. Description based on an. example (No. 05034) 7.3 inches, long
from Honolulu.

Color in life (No. 03504), body and tins everywhere uniformly chrome-yellow; iris same color;
pectoral sometimes with a tinge of golden over the yellow and the middle of side of bodv some¬
times lighter yellow; spine. on caudal peduncle white. Another example (No. 03537) had edge
of spinous dorsal and anterior part of anal tin with a line of bright cadmium. Color in alcohol very
pale yellowish white. This species is often dark olive in color, but. from Hawaii we have yellow
examples only.

We have 3 examples from Kailua and 8 from Honolulu, 1 of which is from the collection of Doctor
Jenkins. These examples are 3.2 to 7.3 inches long.

The young ( Zebrasoma rirgatum ), is thus described:

Depth 2.33; D. iv, 31, its height 1.25 in depth; A. hi, 24; 14 teeth in upper jaw, lti in low'er;
edges of upper teeth conspicuously lobed; lower teeth each with a strong median point, on each side
of winch are 2 conspicuous notches; eye situated well back.

Coloration of body brownish yellow crossed by about 25 straight bands of deeper color reaching
the ventral region; head speckled with little blue spots, the end of snout being of a deeper color than
rest of head; a more deeply colored band extending from nape across eye; 4 moderate bands extend¬
ing to lower part of body and touching posterior edge of eye, continuing to base of centrals, the second
band reaching to base of anal; dorsal and anal deeply colored with clearer portions and yellowish
bands obliquely parallel posteriorly; caudal brownish yellow, with the posterior part more deeply
colored. Hawaii.

Aeantliurus Jlavescevx Bennett. Zool. .Tourn.. IV, No. XIII, Art. Ill, 1828, 40, Oahu; Gunther Fische der Svidsee, I V 116, t» f.
i. xxvi, 187.8 (Society and Sandwich islands; New Hebrides); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I, XX, 1900, 493
1 Honolulu).

Acanthurux rh&mbcus. Gunther, Cat., Ill, 342, 1861 (Sandwich Islands).

/atmisoma agaiia Seale. Oe. Papers Bishop Mus. I, No. 3. 1900 (1901) 110. Guam.

Sropas flavcsceiti s, Jenkins. Bull. T.\ S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 480 (Honolulu}; Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904),
533 (Honolulu. Puako Bay, Hawaii).

Acanthurus rirgatus Vaillant A Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zook, III, 1875, 283, Sandwich Islands.

Genus 181. CTEN0CH7ETUS Gill.

Teeth movable, strongly serrate; otherwise essentially as in Hepalus. Herbivorous species of dull
coloration; 8 dorsal spines. '

Ctenodon S wain son, Class. Fish.. II. 255, 1839 (slrigosun) ; preoccupied.

Ctenochsctus Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VII, 18S4, 277, 279 (strigosus).

325. Ctenochaetus striatus (Quoy & < milliard). “Kali.'’ Fig. 171.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.8; snout 1.8 in head; eye 4; interorbital 2.75; D. vm, 27; A. in, 25.

Body deep, short, compressed; upper and lower profiles evenly convex; head deep, compressed,
upper profile evenly convex from tip of snout to occiput; snout long, jaws low, vary slightly produced;
lips thin, teeth slender, dilated, compressed at end, the outer side crenulate; margin of preopercle very
oblique, angle below anterior margin of eye; interorbital space broad, elevated, convex; nostrils small,
close together, anterior circular, with small, thin, fleshy flap, posterior short, slit-like; dorsal spines
graduated to last, which is 1.65 in head; soft dorsal with rays of last third produced in a sharp point,
sixteenth ray 1.25; anal spines graduated to last, which is 2; posterior anal rays produced in a point,
thirteenth 1.2; caudal rather large, broad, deeply emarginate, upper and lower rays produced in points;
pectoral broad, 3.25 in body; ventrals long, sharply pointed, 3.2 in body; ventral spine sharply pointed,
2 in head; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2.35; caudal spine long, depressible in a groove, 3;
scales very small, ctenoid; lateral line nearly concurrent with dorsal profile, running down behind to
caudal spine; very minute scales on basal portions of vertical fins.

Color in life (No. 03300), side coppery red with about 30 narrow pale blue, somewhat wavy,
irregular longitudinal lines; head dark brown; dorsal much like side; anal solid bluish-black; Cauda1

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

399

coppery black; ventrals rosy, black at tips; pectoral orange, paler below; iris blue surrounded by
orange.

Color of an example from Hilo when fresh, darkish black, faintly streaked with dark reddish.

Color in alcohol, deep chocolate brown; snout, jaws, ridge of the head, ventrals and vertical fins,
blackish; side with about 40 narrow grayish horizontal lines, those above running up vertically on
dorsal, those below running down vertically on anal ; pectorals dilute grayish-green. Described chiefly
from an example (No. 03728) from Honolulu.

This species, described originally from Guam, is rather common at Honolulu, from which place we
have 1 1 specimens, 7 collected by Doctor Jenkins. It was also obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross,
and we have 3 examples from Kailua, 1 from Hilo, and 5 from Xapoopoo, Hawaii. Our specimens
are 4.4 to 7.6 inches long.

The original description of this species was doubtless based on very young examples. Acanthurus
strigosus, described by Bennett, from Honolulu, is the adult of the same species.

Fig. 174. — Ctenoch&tus striatum i Quoy A: Gaimard i: after Gunther.

Acanthurus strialus Quoy & Gaimard, Voyage riTnmie, Zool.. 373. pi. 63. tig. 3, 1824, young. Guam; Cuvier & Valenciennes,
Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 229, 1835 (Sandwich Islands ).»«

Acanthurus strigosus Bennett, Zool. Journ., IV. No. XIII. Art. Ill, 1828. 41, adult. Honolulu; Gunther. Cat.. 111,342, 1861
(Bennett’s type); Gunther, Fische der Sudsec, IV. 116. taf. i.xxix. tigs. B & C, 1*75 (Sandwich Islands i.

Acanthurus ctenodon Cuvier & Valenciennes Hist. Nat. Poiss., \. 241, pi. 289, 1835, Carolines and New Guinea.

Acanthurus (Ctenodon) strigosus, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX. 1900, 494 (Honolulu i.

Ctenochietus strigosus, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 480 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19. 1904). 534 (Honolulu); Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Museum, vol. I, No. 3, 109, 1901 (Guam).

Genus 182. ACANTHURUS Forskal.

Body oblong, compressed, covered with small rough ish scales; tail with 2 large immovable, bony,
keeled plates, these entirely wanting in very young individuals; head in the adult with the forehead
prominent, developing a very long horn above the eyes, this wanting in the young; teeth small, in
one series, slightly compressed incisors, usually with serrate edges; ventral fins incomplete, the rays
i, 3; dorsal with 5 or 6 spines; anal with 2 spines; intestinal canal elongate.

Herbivorous fishes of the East Indian and Polynesian seas, some of them remarkable for the bony
frontal projection and for .the large ornate caudal spines.

Acanthurus Forskal, Descr. Anim., 59, 1775 ( unicornis ).

Monoccros Schneider, Syst. Ichth. 180, 1801 t biaciUcatus ).

Naso Lac^pede. Hist. Nat. Poiss.. Ill, 106, 1801 {Jronticomis).

"Quoted from Quoy and Gaimard, who recorded the species from Guam only.

400

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Xasonus Rafinesque, Anal. Nature, 83, 1815; substitute lor Xaso.

I'rioduii. (Cuvier) Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool., 377, 1824 (armidalus).

Naseus Cuvier, RCgne Animal, 2d ed., II, 225, 1829 (jnmUronu s).

Priodontichthys Bonaparte, Destrib. Metod. Anim. Vest., 3-1, 1833 (a nnulatus).
k’n'is Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 301. 1835 ( unyinoms ).

a. Caudal spines gray; forehead with a rounded protuberance.

b. Color nearly plain; I), v, 28 .

bb. Color usually mottled; D. vi, 27 .

aa. Caudal spines blue: forehead in adult with a long horn; D. vi, 30

326. Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins. Fig. 175.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.2; eye 3.4 in head; snout 1.4; interorbital space 3; D. v, 28; A. ii,
27; I’. 18.

Body oblong-ovate, compressed, the greatest depth under third dorsal spine; head short; anterior
profile from tip of snout to front of eye concave, a distinct prominence in front of eye at level of its

. incipiens , p. 41,0

. brcvirosbris, p. 401

. unicornis, p. 402

Fig. 175. — Acanthurus incipiens Jenkins: from the type.

lower border, from which the profile is nearly straight to origin of dorsal; ventral outline strongly
convex from tip of snout to base of ventrals; dorsal and ventral outlines from origin of dorsal and
ventral tins to base of caudal peduncle each in a long low curve, most convex anteriorly; head short;
snout blunt; mouth small, horizontal, below axis of body; jaws each with a single series of line, sharp,
close-set, finely serrulate canine teeth; a short-curved groove in front of eye below nostrils, its length
2 in eye; gill-opening long and oblique, extending far anteriorly, the upper end at vertical of first
dorsal spine; interorbital space not strongly convex, the median ridge low. Body rough velvety; each
side of caudal peduncle with 2 very low weak horny plates, without spines, the distance between
them 1.5 to 2 in eye; first dorsal spine rather strong, moderately rough, its length 1.7 in head; other
dorsal spines smoother and more slender, the fifth 2 in head; soft dorsal not high, the rays of about
uniform length, t He longest about 2.5 in head; anal spines rather short and slender, the second equal
to diameter of orbit, soft anal similar to dorsal, equally high; caudal deeply emarginate, the free edge
,,f the 2 lobes forming a broad angle; upper lobe of the caudal somewhat the longer, its length
nearly equaling head; ventral spines moderate, reaching based first anal spine, their length 2 in head;
pectoral short, its length a little less than snout.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

401

Color in alcohol, pale dusky olivaceous, lower parts palest; dorsal and anal with pale purplish
brown, mottled with lighter; edge of dorsal and anal each with a narrow blackish .border, edged
posteriorly with whitish; caudal dirty brownish, narrowly edged with white, ventrals whitish, dusky
at tips; pectoral dusky at base, lighter at tip.

The only known examples of this species are the type obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in
1889, a single cotype secured by the Albatross at Honolulu in 189(3, and 2 specimens which we have
from Samoa. Length, 12 inches or less.

AmnUturit&incipfens Jenkins, Bull. I', s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903). 480, fig. 32, Honolulu (Type, No. 50707 ,
II. S. N. M.; cotype, No. 7720, L. S. Jr. TJniv. Mus.)

327. Acanthurus brevirostris (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Kalalolo.” Fig. 170.

Head 4 in length; depth 2.5 ; eye 4 in head; snout 1.6; interorbital 2.9; D. vi, 27; A. ii, 28; P. 10.

Body oblong-ovate, the dorsal and ventral profiles equally curved from vertical at base of pectoral
to caudal peduncle; a long pointed horn extending forward and very slightly downward from upper
margin of eye, its direction nearly parallel with axis of body, its length equal to distance from tip of
snout to anterior edge of pupil, its inferior edge about one-fifth greater than diameter of orbit and pro-

Flr„ 176. — Acantlmrus brevirbstris (Cuvier A Valenciennes); after Gunther.

jecting beyond snout a distance nearly equal to diameter of eye; mouth very small, horizontal, slightly
below axis of body; each jaw with a single series of very short close-set bluntly pointed canines, their
edges faintly serrulate; a short, curved groove below nostrils in front of eye, its length 1.4 in eye; gill¬
opening long and much curved, the anterior arm extending forward to vertical of nostrils, length of
slit equal to distance from tip of snout to posterior edge of pupil; a short groove extending upward and
forward just back of angle of mouth, its length 1.4 in eye; interorbital space rather broad, convex, the
median ridge scarcely appearing until on occiput.

Body and head smooth and velvety when stroked from head backward, but very rough in oppo¬
site direction; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 moderate bony plates, each plate with a rather
high median keel, highest anteriorly, not hooked in any of our specimens; lateral line complete, appear¬
ing as a slight ridge or raised tube, arched somewhat above the pectoral, thence following curvature of
the hack to caudal peduncle.

First dorsal spine strong, rough laterally, slightly broadened toward base, inserted in front of
upper end of gill-opening, its length 2.2 in head; second and third dorsal spines a little longer,
fourth to sixth a little shorter, the spines alternately stronger and weaker; dorsal rays weak, their
length about equal to that of the spines; anal spines slender, the second the longer, about 1.4 in first

F. C. B. 1903— ,26

BULLETIN OK THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

402

dorsal spine; caudal emarginate, the distal edges of the lobes forming a shallow reentrant angle, the
lobes not produced, their length about 1.2 in head; ventral spines slender, their tips reaching base of
second anal spine, their length 1.9 in head; pectoral moderate, 1.4 in head.

Color of nearly fresh example (No. 03354), blackish olive; side of head and body covered pro¬
fusely with small black specks; fins all brownish black; caudal palest, a black blotch on its base, the
edge dark; iris pale yellow.

Another example 7 inches long (No. 03398) , when fresh, was dark drab, almost dove-color above,
paler below; a pale horizontal streak below eye, which shows faintly as a pale lateral streak; caudal
peduncle and spines of same color, dorsal and anal unmarked, the spines drab, the membranes darker;
caudal dusky at base, then broadly creamy, the posterior edge blackish drab; pectoral and ventral*
also drab, the edge paler; no yellow, blue, or red markings or shades anywhere; posterior edge of
caudal black.

Still another example (No. 03538) has the general color dark brown with bluish showing through,
the blue being evident on lower parts of body, over the head, breast and belly, and on region along
edge of opercle; fins with a distinctly bluish tinge; side of body with many transverse rows of dots
and short bars of darker brown.

The species shows considerable variation in form anil color, the former varying much with age.

I n our smallest individuals the depth is greater (2.25 in length), the back is somewhat more arched, and
the horn is shorter, not projecting beyond the snout. Not until in examples about 8 inches long does
it project beyond the snout, and in some individuals 9 inches long it scarcely projects. In the young
(7 inches) the caudal spines are very small and weak. They usually, but not always, grow stronger
with age. Tim distance between them varies somewhat. In one example (No. 05668) they are much
closer together than in others of the same size.

The color seems to vary without reference to size. Most of our examples in alcohol show few or
no dark spot* or vertical bars, while one 11-inch example (No. 03354) is profusely covered on head
and body with small round black spots which on posterior half of side tend to, arrange themselves in
vertical bars. Another example 8 inches long (No. 02968) is almost without spots, but has about 25
rather distinct dark-brown vertical lines.

One example (No. 02968), which has been in alcohol a year, still shows tip of tail sulphur-yellow,
pale within; side with vertical darker lines. These variations are all within the species.

Description based chiefly on a specimen (No. 05668) 11 inches long.

This fish is nf wide distribution, having been recorded from Ceylon, the Malay Archipelago, Macas¬
sar, Amboyna, Port Resolution, Aneityum, Ivingsmill Island, Tahiti, and the Hawaiian Islands, in
which latter region it is not rare, though previously recorded only by Doctor Jenkins. Our collection
contains 12 examples (4 obtained by Jenkins), all from Honolulu. Specimens were also obtained
by the .1 / 'liatrosx at Honolulu.

Xastits brcrirostris Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., X, 277, pi. 291. 183.7, no locality; Gunther, Cat,, HI, 349, lSlil
(Ceylon; Malayan Archipelago; Macassar: Amboyna; Fort Resolution; Aneityum); ibid, Fisrhe tier Sudseei IV,
121, pi. lx xix, fig. A, 1875 (Ivingsmill Island; Tahiti).

Acanlhuru, s breviroxlris, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 481 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. fit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu).

328. Acanthurus unicornis ( Forskal). “ Kala

Head 3.9 in length; depth 2; eye 4 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 3.4; I), vi, 30; A. it, 28; P. iv;
V. i, 3.

Body short, deep, and compressed, elevated anteriorly, highest at beginning of dorsal; snout
pointed, usually projecting behind the frontal horn; profile of snout straight from tip to the 'ong
bluntly pointed or conic horn which projects forward and downward from preocular region, this horn
varying great .ly with age, most prominent in the adult, scarcely developed in the young, in which it
appears merely as a blunt- projection, the upper profile of the snout being concave; teeth small,
bluntly pointed canines, not serrated, close-set and slightly recurved; a short, nearly vertical shallow
groove in front of eye under nostrils, its length equal to half diameter of eye; gill-opening long,
oblique, strongly curved, its length nearly equaling that of head; origin of dorsal fin over upper end
of gill-opening; dorsal spines strong, rough, the first 2 in head, the others successively shorter; dorsal
lays slender, weak, the longest about equal to first spine; origin of anal fin under base of sixth dorsal

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

403

spine; anal spines short, about 2 in first dorsal spine; anal rays short, 1.25 in first dorsal spine; caudal
deeply lunate, Hue lobes pointed; ventral spine rough, sharp pointed, 2 in head; pectoral short, 1.4 in
head. Skin uniform, rough velvety; caudal peduncle with 2 low, spiniferous plates on each side, dis¬
tance between them about two-thirds diameter of eye.

Color in life of a specimen (No. 02080) 12.5 inches long, dirty olive, paler below; top of head and
horn dark olivaceous; caudal spines pale blue; dorsal fin pale blue, crossed by about 6 narrow pale
yellow lines, curving upward and backward,' edge of fin narrowly blue; anal similarly marked, the
blue border broader; caudal dirty olive, darkest in the center and on the upper and lower margins,
posterior part pale olive; pectoral pale, brownish underneath; axil pale, with 2 or 3 small blue spots;
ventrals pale. An example (No. 02997) 7 inches long, did not differ particularly from larger examples;
general color pale olive, yellowish anteriorly; snout and top of head back todorsal blackish; dorsal fin
pale orange, crossed by narrow pale blue lines, the fin edged with blue; anal pale orange, with 2 broad
pale blue bands, a narrower darker blue band at edge, with a narrow whitish border; caudal dusky;
pectoral pale; ventrals whitish, darkish at tips; iris silvery, whitish yellow, a dark spot, above and
another below. Another example (No. 0.3449), had the upper part of the body gray, the lower part
yellow forward, with golden tinge along region <>f anal; dorsal fin dirty yellow, with very narrow blue
border; anal golden, with 2 narrow bands of bluish white parallel with outline of body, outer border
same as dorsal, with narrow blue line; caudal grayish; ventrals yellowish: pectoral colorless. An
example from Hilo when fresh was dirty olive, spines violet blue.

Color in alcohol, dusky brownish above, paler below; caudal spines black; dorsal fin dark brown
along base, the membranes above lighter brown crossed by pale bluish stripes extending upward and
backward; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals pale, dusky at tip; pectoral dusky.

This curious and interesting fish is abundant among the Hawaiian Islands, and is widely
distributed in the tropical Pacific and the Fast Indies to the Red Sea. Jenkins obtained 9 examples
at Honolulu, and we have 10 from the same place; also 3 specimens from Ililo. The Albatross found it,
at Honolulu and at Puako Bay, Hawaii.

Our specimens are 4.5 to 14 inches long.

Chxtod/m unicornis Forsk&l, Descript. Animal., G3, 1775, Djidda.

Monoceros rail Schneider. Syst. Ichth.. 181, 1801, no locality.

Monoceros biaculeaius Schneider. Syst. Ichth., 180, pi. xui, isoi, shores o£Arabia.

Naso front icon) is LacepOde, Hist. N.it. Poiss., Ill, 10'), 10C>, pi. vn. fig. 2, 1801, Isle of France.

Acantlmrus unicornis, Shaw, Gen. Zool., IV, 371, pi. 50, 1803 (Indian and Arabian seas»: Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish. Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 19031. 4*1 i Honolulu i; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 531 < Honolulu: Puako Bay, Hawaii i.
Aspisurus unicornis, Kiippell, Atl. Reis. Nurd. Af., Fisch., GO, 1828.

Naseus longicomis Cuvier in Guerm Mencville, Icon. reg. anim., pi. 35, fig. 3, 1830-44.

Naseus fronticornis, Commcrson in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X. 259, 1835 ( Isle of France: Waigiou; Bourbon ,
Tahiti; Carolines; Guam; Sandwich Islands; Red Sea at Djedda; Cape Mohammed).

Nasefuolivaceiis Cuvier & Valenciennes. Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 288, 1835, Tahiti (young).

Cluetodon olimceus, Solander in Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 2SS, 1835.

Harpurus monoceros Forster, Rescript. Animal., Ed. Lichtenstein, 219, 1844. Tahiti.

Acronurus nv/yptuis Gronow, Syst. Nat., Ed. Gray, 191, 1854, Red Sea.

Acronurus corniger Gronow, Syst. Nat., Ed. Gray, 192, 1854, Red Sea.

Naseus unicornis, Gunther, Cat., Ill, 3 IS, 18G1 (Ceylon; Frank land Island; Red Sea, Aneitvum), Gunther, Fisehe dor Siidsce.
IV, 1 IS, taf. LX XVI 1 1, figs. 1 to 4. 1875 (Tahiti; Lat. 13" S., Long. 146° W., north of Society Islands (Red Sea to Sand¬
wich Islands); Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, G8. 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachncr, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX,
495, 1900 (Honolulu; Laysan).

Monoceros unicornis, Fowler, Proc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 513, (Sandwich Islands).

Genus 183. CALLICANTHUS Swainson.

This genus differs from Acantlmrus in having no horn upon forehead. Tail with 2 bony plates,
with or without spines; dorsal spines 5 or fi; teeth not serrulate. Not very distinct from Acantlmrus.

Callicanthus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 255, 1839 ( elegans ).

a. Caudal spines scarlet interorbital comparatively narrow, about 3.4 in head: head with an orange or yellow line from

eye to angle of mouth . .lituratus, p. 401

aa. Caudal spines gray; interorbital wider. 3 in head; head without orange <>r yellow line . metoposophron. p. 405

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

329. Callicanthus lituratus (Forster). Plate LX" and Fig. 177.

Head 3.8 in length; depth 2.2; eye 5 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 3.4; I), vi, 29; A. it, 30; I’. Ifi.

Body oblong-ovate, the greatest depth at base of third dorsal spine; dorsal outline nearly straight
from tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin, thence in a long low curve to caudal peduncle; no horn or
prominence on forehead; ventral outline strongly convex from posterior part of chin to origin of anal,
thence curved uniformly with the back; chin strongly concave, the snout, projecting; mouth small,
horizontal, in line with axis of body; jaws each with a single series of close-set, bluntly pointed canines
of moderate size, the edges not serrulate; groove in front of eye short, not half length of orbit; gill¬
opening long and oblique, equaling snout, its upper end in line between upper base of pectoral and
base of second dorsal spine; interorbital evenly convex, the preocular edge of orbit somewhat prom¬
inent. Body velvety; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 strong horny plates each with a strong,
broad flat, spine curved forward, these little developed in the young; in the example upon which this
description is chiefly based (No. 03493, 12.25 inches long), these spines are nearly as wide at base as
high, the chord of the posterior edge being longer than orbit; distance between tips 3 in head; first
dorsal strong, broad at base, rugose, its length about 2.1 in head; dorsal spines heteracanthous, alter*

Fin. 177. — CailicanlJms lituvatus (Forster); alter Gunther.

nately strong and weak on opposite sides; dorsal rays somewhat longer than the spines, especially
anteriorly; anal spines shorter, of about equal length, about3.fi in head; ventral spines strong, reach¬
ing midway between bases of first and second anal spines, their length 2 in head, pectoral longer, 1.2
in head; caudal evenly lunate, the lobes greatly produced and filamentous in the adult male the fila¬
ments in an example 12.25 inches long (No. 03493) being 3.5 times length of middle rays; in specimens
Nos. 05379 and 05381, which are nearly of equal size, the former has the lobes more than 3 times the
middle rays, while in the latter they are not at all filamentous, the fin being simply lunate.

Color in life (No. 03380), nearly uniform black, slightly olivaceous below, a lemon-yellow stripe
in front of eye forward on snout and curving downward just back of angle of mouth; another yellow
stripe beginning behind eye extending downward as a narrow line. along edge of preopercle, then
curving forward and joining the other near angle of mouth; lips orange; breast and belly to anal with
a lemon-yellow stripe blending into the general color; base of anal burnt umber, then changing to
yellowish, then very black, the edge tipped with light blue; spines on caudal peduncle set in a deep
orange-yellow blotch, the spines themselves blackish; caudal blackish, the produced rays entirely

By error mimed Acantliurus unicornis on plate.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

405

blackish, but the rest of the crescent with ;i band of yellowish-green about as wide as pupil, the edge
tipped with white; dorsal black, with white stripe on distal portion extending from first ray to end of
fin, outside of which is a very narrow black stripe, the edge narrowly tipped with white; dorsal spines
black, the membranes black except edge of last 3 membranes which is whitish. An example (No.
011505), taken at Honolulu July 27, had the body dark brown; an orange-yellow line from eye to
angle of mouth; lips orange; line on breast and belly orange; postocular region and between eyes
somewhat yellowish, anal plates orange, the interspace white, the spines brownish; dorsal fin black, a
bright blue line on body at base, a narrow white line near margin, the edge black; caudal dirt brown,
a subterminal yellowish-green crescent; anal orange on outer half, shading to yellow on inner third;
centrals orange; pectoral dirt brown.

Another example (No. 03493) had color in life olivaceous, blackish above, a golden patch about
and behind eye, a golden line thence forward and down to angle of mouth, joining the white edge of
opercle and the orange jaws, a pale blue stripe at base of dorsal, fin black with broad white Upper part
and some yellowish streaks on the white, edge blackish; caudal spines deep orange; caudal blackish-
olive, edged with olive within and then white; anal yellowish-olive, then bright orange, its edge black,
tipped with white; ventrals dirty orange; pectoral olive and black.

The colored plate in Gunther’s Fische der Siidsee belongs to ( 'ullicanthus gurretti (Seale). We have
both garreUi and lituratus from Samoa, but can not decide whether they are really distinct species. The
blue line at base of dorsal is characteristic of liturutus. It is wanting in garretli. If garretli is valid we
have specimens from Hawaii.

This appears to be one of the most common fishes of this family among the Hawaiian Islands,
though it has been previously recorded only by Gunther, Steindachner, and Jenkins. It is a species
of wide distribution, ranging from the Red Sea throughout Polynesia. Gunther recorded it from
Tahiti, Aueityum, Malayan Archipelago, Red Sea, and the Hawaiian Islands, and Quoy and Guimard
from Guam.

It is represented in our collections by 2G specimens from Honolulu (7 obtained by Jenkins, 1 by
Wood, and 3 by the Albatross in 1896), 1 from Honuapo, Kona, and 3 from Hilo. Others are in the
AlbutrOSs collections from Honolulu and Puako Ray. Our 30 examples are 5 to 12.25 inches long.
Known also from Johnston Island.

Acuuthnrus liturutus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Iehth., 216, 1801, no locality; after Forster.

Acantkunis fiurpurus Shaw, Gen. Zool., IV, 381, 1803, Indian Seas.

Aspisurus carolinarum Quoy A Guimard. Vov. de 1' Uranic, Zool., 375, pi. 63. tig. 1. 1824, Guam.

Aspisurus clcuans Kuppcll, Atl. Reis. Ndrdl. Af. Fisch., 61, taf. 16, lig. 2. 1X28, Red Sea.

1‘rionunts enume Lesson, Yoy. Coquille, Zool., II, 151, 1830, Tahiti.

Nasem lituralus, Cuvier & Valenciennes, llist. Nat. I'uis' , A, 282, 1835 i Tahiti: New Ireland: Ulea; Gulf of Sue/; Isle of
France); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, IV, 12-1. pi. i.xxxn, 1875 (Society and Sandwich islands:: smith A Swain,
Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 139, 1882 (Johnson Island); Steindachner, Decks. Alt. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 495, 4900
(Honolulu).

Hnrpurus lituratus, Forster, Descript. Animal., 21S; Forster in Cuvier .v Valenciennes, Hist, Nat. Poiss., X, 2S2, 1835.

Xuscus rarolinarum, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. , X. 287. 1835 (Guam).

Aspisurus lituratus, Rvippell, None Wirbelthiere, Fisch.. 130, 1S38.

Monoccrus liturutus, Seale, Occasional Papers Bishop Museum, Yol. 1, No. 3, 113, 1901 (Agana, Guam).

Call irant hits liturutus, Jenkins, Bull. Ik S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 481 (Honolulu); Snyder, I. c. (Jan. 19,
1904), 531 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii).

* Menace ms punrtti Seale. Oec. Papers Bishop Mus.,Vol. I. No. 3, 112. 1901, Agana, Guam. (Type. No. 210, It. P. It. M. full.
A. Seale.)

330. Callicauthus metoposophron Jenkins. Fig. 178.

Head 4 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.5 in head; snout 1.9; interorbital 3; D. vi, 29; A. it, 30.

Body rather oblong, greatly compressed, the greatest depth under last dorsal spine; anterior dorsal
profile Strongly and evenly convex from tip of snout to about fourth dorsal ray, entirely without horn
or protuberance of any kind, thence less convex to caudal peduncle; ventral outline similar, hut less
convex; snout rather short; mouth small, horizontal, slightly below axis of body; teeth small, slender,
close-set, and pointed, not serrulate, in a single series in each jaw; a short lunate groove in front of
eye, its length equaling that of maxillary; gill-opening long and oblique, the lower arm extending far
forward, the upper end on a level with lower edge of orbit and directly above upper base of pectoral;
interorbital space moderately broad, the 2 sides meeting at a broad, rounded angle. Entire body and
bead finely granulated or velvety; each side of caudal peduncle with 2 weak, keeled horny plates, the

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

distance between them 1.4 in eye. First dorsal spine strong, roughened laterally, inserted above
gill-opening; other dorsal spines slender, nearly smooth, pointed, the third longest, its length about
equaling that of snout; dorsal rays slender and weak; shorter than the spines, the longest about 2.8
in head; anal spines slender and pointed, the second a little the longer, its length equaling diameter
of eye; anal similar to soft dorsal but somewhat lower; caudal deeply lunate, the lobes not greatly
produced, the upper slightly the longer; ventral spines long, rather strong, reaching base of second
anal spine, their length equaling that of longest dorsal spine; pectoral of moderate length, 4 in head.

Color in alcohol, nearly uniform olivaceous brown, paler below; dorsal fin darker brown, crossed by
3 broad longitudinal lighter bands; on the spinous portion the lighter and darker markings are broken
up into more or less vertical bars; membrane between first and second dorsal spines with a pale or
transparent area on distal portion, the edge of fin narrowly black; anal similar to dorsal, but with
less distinct bands; caudal uniform dusky; pectoral dusky, paler at tip; ventrals dusky.

This species was not obtained by us. The only known examples are the type and one cotype
secured by Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, length 9 and 10 inches, and another example 11.2 inches
long, recently obtained by Mr. Berndt at Honolulu.

Call leant has vu toposophron Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII. 1902, 1M. (Sept. 23, 1903), tig. 31, Honolulu. (Type, No.

5U70G, U. S. N. M.; cotype, No. 7727, L. S. Jr. Univ. Mils.)

Fig. 178. — Callicanthus metoposojihron Jenkins; from the type.

Group PLECTOGNATHI. — The Pleetognathous Fishes.

One of the most important offshoots of the Acanthopleri is the group or order Pb'etognathi, includ¬
ing the 3 suborders of Sderodenni, Oslmcodermi, and Gymnodonles. The extremes of this group show
a remarkable divergence from the usual type of spiny-rayed fishes. The more generalized forms are,
however, very close to the group called Squamipinnes, and especially to the family of TeutlvWtidx.
There can be no doubt of the common origin of Balistidu' and Acnntliuridx and that the divergence is
comparatively recent. The close connection of these groups leads us to subordinate the Plectognathi
to the Acanthopleri and to place its 3 suborders in their natural position as an offshoot from the Squami-
pimm. The Plectognathi may be thus defined: a

Scapula suspended to the cranium by a post-temporal which is short, undivided, and ankylosed
to the epiotic. Premax diaries usually coossified with the maxillaries behind and the dentary bones
with the articular; interopercle a slender rod; lower pharyngeal bones distinct; upper pharyngeais
laminar, usually vertical and transverse; skin usually with rough shields or scales or bony plates;

The definition ol this group is modified chiefly from Doctor Gill. (Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 412.)

FISHFS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

407

skeleton imperfectly ossified, the number of vertebra-* usually small, typically fewer than 24 (usually
14 to 20), rarely considerably increased, (rill-openings restricted to the sides; ventral fins reduced
or wanting, the pelvic bones usually elongate; spinous dorsal small or wanting; air-bladder without
duct. Fishes chiefly of the Tropics, mostly inactive and depending on their tough skin or bony or
spinous armature for their protection.

a. Jaws with distinct teeth.

b. Spinous dorsal present; body with scales or movable plates . . . Sclerodermi, p. 107

hb. Spinous dorsal wanting; body encased in an immovable carapace of hexagonal plates; the jaws, bases of tins, and tail

only free . Ostracodermi, p. 411

aa. Jaws modified into a sort of beak, each with an enamel-like covering and without distinct teeth; scales rhomboid or
spifliform, with root-like insertions; spinous dorsal wanting . Gymnodontes, p. 424

Suborder SCLERODERMI.

The Sclerodermi may be defined as Plectognathous fishes with a spinous dors?., composed of one
or more spines inserted just behind the cranium; body of the normal fish-like shape; scales rough, or
spinigerous, of regular form; jaws with distinct teeth, conical or incisor-like.

a. Ventral fins obsolete, or the pair represented by a single spine at the end of the long pelvic bone; scales rough, rhombic,
or spiniform.

6. Vertabne in small number, 17 to 21; no barbel at chin: gill-opening not before the eyes.

c. First dorsal composed of 3, rarely 2, spines; the first spine very large, the second locking it in erection; scales com¬
paratively large, bony, rough, forming a coat of mail; vertebrae 17 . lialistidse , p. 407

cc. First dorsal of a single spine, with a rudiment at its base; scales minute, not bony, the edges spinescent, so that the
surface of the body is rough velvety; vertebras is to 21 . Monacanthidic , p. 418

Family LXXVI. BALISTID4E. -Trigger- fishes.

Body oblong or ovate, moderately compressed, covered with rather large, rough scales or scutes
of various forms, not forming an immovable carapace; lateral line obscure or wanting; mouth, small,
terminal, and low; jaws short, each with about 1 series of separate, incisor-like teeth; eye near occiput;
preorbital very deep; no barbels; gill-openings small, slit-like, above or in front of pectoral fins, not
before eyes; dorsal fins 2, the anterior of 2 or 3 spines, the first highest and very strong, the second
locking it in erection; second dorsal remote from the first, of many soft rays. Shore fishes of the
tropical seas, of rather large size, carnivorous or partly herbivorous, very rarely used as food, many of
them reputed to be poisonous.

a. Caudal peduncle compressed.

b. Teeth white or pale, not red.

c. Teeth unequal, oblique, each one deeply notched.

d. Gill-opening with a number of enlarged bony plates or scutes behind it; ventral flap movable, supported by a
scries of spines, more or loss free at tip and resembling tin rays; cheeks entirely scaled, without naked

grooves or patches.

c. Eye with a preocular groove . Ha listen, p. 407

cc. Eye without preocular groove; caudal scales spinous . Baltetapws, p. 413

dd. Gill-opening with only ordinary scales behind it.

lu Chin not projecting; cheeks closely scaled; dorsal spines scales of posterior parts unarmed or keeled

. Canthidermis , p. 415

hh. ('hiii much projecting; cheek with 3 to 5 narrow parallel grooves; dorsal spines 2; scales of posterior parts

more or less keeled . Xanthichihys, p. 416

cc. Teeth even, ineisor-like . Jfelichthys, p. 117

Genus 184. BALISTES (Artedi) Linnaeus. Trigger-fishes.

Body compressed, covered with thick, rough scales or plates of moderate size, 30 to 80 in a length¬
wise series; a naked groove before eye below nostrils; lateral line more or less developed, very slender,
undulate, conspicuous only when the scales are dry, extending on the cheeks; pelvic flap large, mov¬
able, supported by a series of slender, pungent spines; caudal peduncle compressed, its scales armed
or unarmed, with or without spines or differentiated tubercles similar to those on rest of body; gill¬
opening with enlarged bony scutes behind it; cheeks entirely scaly, without naked patches or grooves;
each jaw with irregular, incisor-like teeth, usually 4 on each side in each jaw; first dorsal of 3 spines,
the anterior of which is much the largest, the second acting as a trigger, locking the first when erected;

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

tint third nearly as large as second and remote from it; second dorsal and anal 1* >n^c, similar to each
other; caudal fin rounded, w ith the outer rays much produced in the adult ; branchiostegals <>; verte¬
brae 7-f-lO. Species rather few, chiefly American; some of them straying to the old world.

Batistes (Artedi) Linnaeus, Syst, Nat., Ed. X, 327, 1758 (vetiila).

Cap rise us Rafinesque, Indice, 11, 58, 1810 {porous — eaprisc us) .

Chalisoma Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class’ll Fishes, II, 325, 1839 (jjulcherriina).

Capriscus Swainson, op. cat., II, 320, 1839 ( capriscus ); after Capriscus of Willughby.

Pachynathus Swainson, op. cit., II, 326, 1839 ( Irianyularis = capi stratus ) ; the name evidently in error for Pachypnathus , but
not so spelled; not Pachygnathm, an earlier name of a genus of spiders.

a. Scales more than 60 (about so); dorsal not highest in front; color black . .

an. Scales 60 or fewer (50 to 60); dorsal with anterior rays more or less elevated.

b. Origin of spinous dorsal midway between eye and gill-opening; side with dark streaks
bb. Origin of spinous dorsal over or behind gill-opening.

c. Dorsal and anal somewhat elevated in front; scales 60; black, the tins pale .

cc. Dorsal and anal not elevated in front; a dark streak through eye; scales 50 to 56.

d. Scales about 50 .

del. Scales about 56; a broad pale streak behind month. . . .

333. Batistes nycteris (Jordan & Evermann). Fig. 179.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 1.9; eye 5 in head; snout 1.25; interorbital 2.6; preorbital 1.5; I>. m-
33; A. 29; scales about 80.

Body short, stout, deep and greatly compressed; head short, the dorsal and ventral profiles about
equally curved; caudal peduncle short, compressed, its least depth about twice diameter of eye, its

. jiyCteris, p. 108

. .fuscolinealus, p. 109

. vidua, x>. 409

. bursa, p. 410

. capistratus, p. 411

z*Zr. 3.* 4 ffAW w ■ , ,v' * r • Pis «

*’ # A f fij.i I

Fig. 179. — Halistcs vyctcris (Jordan A Evermann); Irora the type.

least width about equal to diameter of eye; a short horizontal groove in front of eye below nostrils;
nostrils small, close together, in front of upper part of eye; teeth broad, close set, forming a continuous
plate, teeth not united, however; lips thin; mouth small, horizontal, in axis of body, lower jaw very
slightly tlie longer; gill-opening short, nearly vertical; a group of bony scutes under pectoral back of
gill-opening, one of these considerably enlarged; scales regularly arranged in rows, their surfaces
granular; lateral line beginning at posterior edge of eye, ascending to within 7 scales of spinous dorsal
and continuing to near origin of soft dorsal, where it disappears; scales on posterior portion of body
and on caudal peduncle each with a slightly raised crest at center, these forming series of ridges along
the side. First dorsal spine strong, blunt and rough, its length about 2 in head; second dorsal spine
shorter and much weaker, its length scarcely more than one-third that of first; third dorsal spine
remote from the second and very short, not extending above the dorsal groove; soft dorsal gently
rounded, its rays of approximately equal length, the longest equaling distance from tip of snout to
posterior edge of eye; base of soft dorsal slightly greater than distance from tip of snout to posterior
base of first dorsal spine, or equaling distance from tip of snout to lower base of pectoral axil; anal

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

409

similar to soft dorsal, the rays somewhat longer, the base somewhat shorter; caudal short and rounded,
the rays about 1.75 in head; pectoral short, the upper rays longest, about 3 in head.

Color in alcohol, rich brownish or velvety black; spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal pale yellowish
or whitish, margined with black, the lower half crossed by 4 narrow parallel black lines; anal similar
to soft dorsal, but with only 2 narrow black lines on its basal half; caudal dusky, yellowish at tip;
pectoral yellowish.

Only one specimen obtained, type, No. 50821, U.S.N.M. (held No. 05089), 6.25 inches long,
Honolulu.

Pachynnthus nyi'U.rts Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 199, Honolulu.

332. Balistes fuscolineatus Seale.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2; eye 4.5 in head; snout 1.65; interorbital 2.3; D. hi— 33; A. 30; scales
54, 30 from vent to spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine 1.65 in head, equal to snout; longest dorsal ray
2.2; longest anal ray 2.2; longest pectoral 2.25.

Body oblong, compressed, blunter anteriorly; head short, deep, compressed, upper and lower
outlines evenly arched; eye small, high, posterior; snout blunt; mouth small, terminal; jaws equal;
lips thick; teeth incisor-like, with sharp notches, giving some of them a canine-like appearance; origin
of spinous dorsal midway between eye and gill-opening, first spine strong, blunt, with 4 rows of
decurved short spines, 2 rows on anterior face and 1 on each side; second dorsal spine 3 in first; dorsal
and anal low, outlines slightly rounded, last rays 2 in longest rays; dorsal base equal to distance from
anterior base of spinous dorsal to lower edge of lower lip; anal base equal to distance from origin of spi¬
nous dorsal to origin of soft dorsal; caudal rounded, its middle ray about 2 in head, slightly shorter
than first dorsal spine; ventral spine short, broad, and movable only at tip; pectoral short, broad, and
rounded; body and head entirely covered with scales, those of anterior portion of body and head
slightly enlarged; 6 or 7 enlarged osseous plates, each with straight lines from center to edge, behind
gill-opening; 6 or 7 rows of small spines or raised tubercles on the center of each scale on posterior
portion of body.

Color in life, silvery, with more or less opalescent reflections; 3 narrow dusky linesextending from
anterior margin of orbit horizontally forward over snout; another dusky line over snout just above
upper lip; 2 dusky lines over interorbital space; 2 rather indistinct dusky lines along base of dorsal
fins, the lower of these lines beginning at orbit; also a narrow indistinct dusky line extending from
posterior margin of orbit obliquely back and down to slightly above anal fin; another short dark line
from upper posterior edge of orbit to avis of pectoral; 2 narrow dusky lines extending along bases of
ventral and anal tins; spinous dorsal black; soft dorsal, pectoral, ventral spine, and anal fin white;
caudal dusky. (Seale.)

Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous above, lighter below; the narrow stripes across snout and
interorbital dark; soft dorsal and anal pale, with indications of dark mottling; spinous dorsal dark
brown; caudal color of upper part of body; pectoral pale.

One specimen, No. 03559, 5.65 inches long, from Honolulu. This and the type are the only known
specimens.

Balistesfuuicolijitatus Seale, Oee. Papers Bernice I’auahi Bishop Museum, I. No. 4, 9. fig. i. 1901. Honolulu. (Type, No. Uri.

B.P.B.M., coll. A. Seale.)

333. Balistes vidua Solander. “ Humuhumu hiukole;” “ Ilumuhumu uH.” Plate 1.X I.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2; eye 5.4 in head; snout 1.5; interorbital 2.5; I). in, 34; A. 30; scales
60, 38 from vent to origin of spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine 2 in head; longest dorsal ray 1.3; longest
anal ray equal to snout; pectoral 2.25 in head.

Body oblong, compressed, more blunt anteriorly; head short, deep, compressed; eye small, high,
posterior; snout thick and blunt; mouth small, terminal; jaws equal; teeth notched, incisor-like, the
2 anterior teeth of lower jaw not notched, but broad and sharp, the next 2 teeth with the anterior por¬
tion produced and hooked backward, their inner side with a grinding process; origin of spinous dorsal
over gill-opening; soft dorsal and anal slightly concave, the anterior rays being produced; caudal
truncate; ventral spine very short and blunt; pectoral short, slightly rounded; scales covering entire
body and head, those on median portion of body largest; a distinct groove in front of eye (inadvert-

410

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

ently omitted by the artist in the drawing); a series ot- osseous plates behind gill-opening; a slight
evidence of rows of small spines on median rows of scales on posterior part of body. Young exam¬
ples have spines on side of caudal peduncle.

Color in life, uniformly dark brown with tinge of olive; membranes of spinous dorsal olive; soft
dorsal and anal white, with a narrow black border along anterior and distal margins; distal portion of
caudal peduncle white, fin light red, the upper and lower margins each with a narrow black line; pec¬
toral rays bright yellow; faint violet at angles of mouth; iris yellow.

A specimen from Hilo showed in life, body blackish olive with obsolete traces of rows of yellow¬
ish spots below, which fade at death; first dorsal and pectoral dull olive; caudal broadly w hite at base,
the rest of fin bright flesh color, its upper and lower edge narrowly blackish; second dorsal and anal
pure translucent white with broad black edge.

Color in alcohol, dark brown; spinous dorsal dark brown; dorsal and anal white, edged with
black; caudal white, upper and lower edges black; pectoral white.

The above description based chiefly upon No. 03140, a specimen 9.5 inches long, from Honolulu.

lialistes rhl.ua Solander in Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 128, pi. 59, figs. 9 and 10, 1842, Otahiti; Gunther, Cal.. V I II.
210, 1870; Streets, Hull. IT. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 57, 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks, Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 516,
1900 (Honolulu 1: Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 482 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu).

Melielithys vidua, Blecker, Atlas Ielrth., V, 109, pi. 217, fig. 2, 1865 (Nova-Selma; Halmahera: Amboyna; Tahiti; Borabora).

334. Balistes bursa Laeepede. “ Humuhunui lei” Fig. 180.

Head 3 in length ; depth 3.1; eye 5 in head; snout 1.35; interorbital 3.3; It in, 37 (27-39); A. 24
(24-27) ; scales 50, 29 from vent to first dorsal spine; length of first dorsal 1.75 in head, equal to outer
caudal rays; longest dorsal ray equal to longest anal or pectoral, 2.5 in head.

Fig. 180. — Ila/ivtcsburm Laeepede: after Bleeker.

Body oblong, compressed; head short, deep, compressed; eye small, high, posterior; snout thick,
blunt; mouth small, terminal; lips thick; jaws equal; sharp, uneven, incisor-like teeth, those of
upper jaw more distinctly notched, in the 2 anterior ones the inner notch is produced to a point,
giving the teeth a canine appearance; origin of spinous dorsal slightly posterior to base of pectoral;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

411

first spine short, thick, blunt, and rugose; soft dorsal low, ends slightly rounded, rest of outline nearly
straight; anal similar to dorsal; caudal subtruncate, slightly convex; ventral spine short, broad,
movable; scales covering the entire body and head; a patch of osseous plates behind gill-opening; the
median part of each scale on posterior part of body with spinous tubercles, these forming stout, short,
sharp spines posteriorly, weakening anteriorly, the tubercles and spines forming elevated lines along
each series of scales, extending anteriorly to pectoral region.

Color in life, light drab, with darker cloudings; a narrow distinct white line from near angle of
mouth to near origin of soft anal, which returns along base of ventral to base of ventral spine; an
olivaceous dash extending in a curve from upper part of base of pectoral upward and backward
toward middle of, but not quite reaching, the first dorsal fin ; another from above and through the
eye downward and backward to lower part of base of pectoral; throat and belly, below white line,
light; first dorsal olivaceous with white; second dorsal and anal transparent; caudal dusky; inside of
month black. (Jenkins.)

A color note taken from No. 03503 when' alive, gives the general color light olive; the markings
about eye dark olive; eye blue; line from mouth to anal bright white, area within this line white;
membrane of anterior part of spinous dorsal dark olive, membrane and posterior part white; soft dor¬
sal and anal transparent, their bases with a dark olive line; caudal dusky.

Another example, No. 03518, showed in life, in addition to the above markings, a bright yellow
area along back in region under spine back as far as under posterior portion of soft dorsal. This color
soon disappeared.

A specimen from Hilo showed body blackish drab; a curved blackish bar below eye, and another
meeting it at an acute angle from eye across gill-opening; a blackish bar across base of pectoral ; a
bluish white line across mouth ; a curved line from mouth to above vent then turned forward across
pelvic flap, bounding the pale drab color of belly; first dorsal blackish, edge of pelvic flap black; dorsal
and anal grayish white with a blackish line at base; pectoral and caudal drab, blackish at base.

Color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous, lighter below; a fine grayish white line from angle of
mouth to vent, where it forms an edge to a black spot covering the vent and anal region to base of
anal spine; rest of region within this line grayish white; a vertical crescent-shaped black band across
posterior portion of eye, backward to below base of first dorsal and downward to lower base of pec¬
toral; another similar band through upper base of pectoral, behind gill-opening and upward toward
second dorsal spine, reaching a line on upper edge of orbit; first and second dorsal spines and mem¬
brane brown, upper part of rest of fin and edge of membrane between first and second spines white;
soft dorsal and anal pale; caudal dusky. Description based chiefly upon No. 03518, a specimen 7.75
inches long, from Honolulu.

We have 16 specimens 4.75 to 8 inches long, all from Honolulu, where the species is common
about the reefs.

Bjnliste bourse Lac6pede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 335, 375, 1798, Indies.

Batiste* bursa, Bloch it Schneider, Syst. Ichthy., 476, 1801 (Indian Ocean); Bleeker, Allas. V, 116, pi. 223, fig. 3. 1865; (inn
ther, Cat. Fishes, VIII, 219, 1870 (Indian and Pacific oceans).

Bat istapus bursa, Fowler, Proe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 514 (Hawaiian Islands i.

Paclij/nathus bursa, Jenkins, Bull. lT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 4S3 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19
1904), 534 (Albatross Station 4032, off Diamond Head, Oahu Island).

335. Balistes capistratus Shaw. “ Humuhumu rniini Fi.tr. 181.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.1; eye 7 in head, -5.5 in smaller examples; snout 1.4; interorbital 3.4;
D. in, 30; A. 27; scales 56, 33 from vent to first dorsal spine; longest dorsal spine 2 in head, equal to
depth of caudal at root of rays; longest dorsal ray equal to longest anal ray, 3 in head ; pectoral 3 in head.

Body oblong, compressed; head blunt, compressed; eye small, high, posterior; snout blunt, thick;
mouth small; lips thick; jaws equal; teeth incisor-like, with a sharp projection on the anterior side;
this more marked in upper jaw, giving the teeth a somewhat hooked canine appearance. Origin of
first dorsal slightly posterior to upper base of pectoral (this base being midway between eye and
dorsal); first spine strong, blunt, and rugose; dorsal and anal low, outline slightly rounded; caudal
truncate, subtruncate, or slightly doubly convex in smaller examples; ventral spine short, broad, and
blunt.

412

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Scales cover entire head and body; osseous scutes behind gill-opening; a tubercle on the anterior
median portion of scales on the posterior median part of body and caudal peduncle, forming 7 or 8
rows of tubercles.

Color in life, body uniform light brown, tins same color, plain; rosy line beginning slightly behind
and below angle of mouth, extending backward and slightly downward to vertical from eye, here
joined by another of same color extending under chin. Another specimen showed membrane of first
dorsal olivaceous, with a black blotch; scaled skin pushed back from the chin shows bright orange-
yellow; outer margins of soft dorsal and anal light.

A specimen from llilo showed body dirty olive-brown; tins dirty olive-brown, dorsal and anal
somewhat paler along the edge; a golden half ring along lower jaw, a faint whitish half ring behind it,
then another on chin still fainter, this prolonged backward a little at the angle, sometimes forming a
distinct stripe back to breast.

Color in alcohol, brown; dorsals, caudal and anal a slightly darker brown than body with tips of
tins lighter; a black blotch on upper part of first membrane of spinous dorsal; pectoral dusky at base,
tips pale dusky whitish; a yellowish white ring around lower jaw a short distance from the lip; a

Fig. 181. — Batistes capislratus Shaw; after Bleeker.

straight yellowish white stripe from angle of mouth through upper edge of ring and toward lower base
of pectoral, not. quite reaching the pectoral; this ring And stripe not very evident on some examples,
and easily overlooked. Description based chiefly on No. 03139, from Honolulu. This species is com¬
mon about Honolulu, from which place we have 4 other specimens. They are 8.5 to 11.75 inches
long.

Lc I tali Sic bride Lac6p£dc, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1798, p. 335; without locality; on a drawing by Commcrson.
lialwtes capislratus Shaw, Genl. Zool., V, 1804, 417 (after Lacepode; not Packyuathus capistratus, Jordan A Fvennann, Hull.
17, which is a distinct species found along the Mexican coast, with smaller scales, -Batistes rerres Gilbert &
Starks).

Batistes mitis Bennett, Proe. Comm. Zool. Soc., I, 1831, 169, Mauritius; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 218, 1870.

Batistes aiiiboiucnsis Gray, in Hardwicke, Ulus. Indian Zool., 1, 1832, Pisces, taf. VIII, lig. 2; Amboyna.

Pachymithm triangularis Swainson, Classn. Fishes, II, 326, 1839, Vizagapatam; after Russell, pi. xx.

Batistes hilipc Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes. 127, 1843, East Indies.

Batistes fremitus Richardson, Voy. Sulphur, Fishes, 129, 1843, East Indies.

Batistes schmittii Bleeker, Verh. But. Gen., XXIV, 37, 1852, Sumatra.

Batistes ( Bat istap us) fremitus, Bleeker, Atlas lehth., V, 114, pi. 223, lig. 2; 1865 (Java; Sumatra; Celebes; Amboyna; Obi).
Pachynailms capislratus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm,, XXII, 1902 (Sept 23, 1903), 483 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. fit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

413

Genus 185. BALISTAPUS Tilesius.

This genus lias the head and body closely scaled, the scales of the posterior parts more or less
spinons; enlarged scales behind the gill-opening, the lateral line obsolete and no groove before the
eVe. Species numerous in the Indian and tropical seas, small and rather brightly colored.

JtalistapuH Tilesius, Mem. Ac. Nat. Sei. Petersb. , VII, 1820, 302 (mpfstraiHS ol Tilesius. not of Shaw, undulatus).

Rltmccavth us Swainson Classic Anim., II, 325, 1839 {ornatissimux arulcatus).

a. Abroad black band on side, extending downward and backward, from eye and lower base of pectoral, to vent and
fourth from last anal ray; a wedge-shaped black band covering entire caudal peduncle, pointed anteriorly, and

bounded by narrow greenish lines . rectwif/ulu ,s p. -113

mi. No black band on side; no black wedge-shaped band on caudal peduncle: -lor 5 oblique stripes on lower posterior side
of body: a pale patch under caudal spines . ; . . . aculeatus, p. -Ill

336. Balistapus rectangulus ( Bloch & Schneider). “ Humuhvmu nukunaku apua’a.” Plate LXII1.

Head 2.6 in length; depth 2; snout 1.25 in head; eye 5.3; interorbital 3.75; D. in, 26 (21 to 26);
A. 20; first dorsal spine 2.3 in head, equal to length of pectoral; longest dorsal ray 2.8; base of soft
dorsal equal to snout; longest anal raj' 3, base of anal 1.05 in bead; scales 40, 28 from anterior base
of spinous dorsal to vent; interorbital space prominent, equal to cleft of mouth.

Body oblong, compressed, dorsal and anal outlines similarly and evenly arched; head large;
snout long, thick and blunt; month small, with thick lips; a single row of 8 sharp-notched, incisor-
like teeth in each jaw; eye small, high, posterior; first dorsal commencing above the gill-opening, the
first spine blunt and strong, its anterior edge rugose; soft dorsal and anal moderate, with rounded
profile; caudal slightly rounded; ventral spine movable, supported by a series of slender sharp spines;
pectorals broad, rounded; entire body and head scaled, some osseous plates behind the gill-
opening; three and a half rows of sharp recurved spines on side of caudal peduncle. In a smaller
example, 5 inches long, the upper row is the short row, in the larger examples, 8 inches long, the
rows are irregular and sometimes as many as 6 are present; the number of rows does not seem to be
uniform.

Color in life, upper part of body and head light brown, becoming lighter toward snout; 3 narrow
black hands reaching from one eye to the other, the borders and spaces, wider than the bands, green;
the posterior band on head passing downward, and after an abrupt bend backward just above gill¬
opening, becoming a violet line running along middle of body to a vertical from tip of third dorsal
spine, where it forms an acute-angled fork, each prong a' brilliant yellow fine, the upper ending at
about base of third from last, dorsal ray, the lower ending at a corresponding position on base of anal;
within the fork are 2 other bright yellow lines parallel with the prongs of the fork, forming anteriorly
an acute angle on a vertical through the first third of dorsal.

Color in life- of another example (No. 03358, Honolulu), top of head, hack, and upper half of side
dusky light orange-brown, interocular region dusky greenish-blue, brighter blue on anterior and
posterior edges, crossed by 3 narrow black lines, one ending at middle of orbit above and one each at
anterior and posterior border; below eye a black area at first as broad as eye, then widening, inclosing
pectoral and extending downward and backward to vent and as broad as to fourth from last anal ray,
this hounded anteriorly by 2 pale blue bars separated by a narrow dull orange one; a similar blue
border along upper margin to near middle of side, where it changes to a bright greenisli-yellow band
extending to base of last anal ray but. 2; at point where this fine changes from blue to yellow, a
similar line leaves it and passes across side to third dorsal ray from the last; caudal peduncle jet black,
extending forward in a sharp point and bounded in front and behind by narrow greenish-yellow lines;
snout brownish-white, a rather broad pale blue band over snout and down to angle of mouth on each
side; soft dorsal, anal, and caudal pale, the latter with a broad light brown bar on basal part; spinous
dorsal dusky, brownish, or black; vent black; pectoral jet black at base, then a rich red crescent,
outer part, of fin blackish-white; iris dull brown; belly white.

Color in alcohol, grayish brown above, becoming lighter below; a very dark blackish brown band
passing through and downward from eye, widening below eye to lower base of pectoral, continuing
backward to vent, its width on body being from vent to posterior third of anal; a small, narrow,
similarly colored fine extending from anterior part of eye to upper anterior base of pectoral, curving
slightly forward; a fight narrow violet band extending over snout from cleft to cleft of mouth; the 3

414

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

narrow bands between eyes almost black, the lines edging the broad band on side and the acute-angled
dark brown spot on caudal grayish blue; spinous dorsal brown; soft dorsal, anal, and pectoral light;
caudal dusky; base of pectoral black. Description based chiefly on No. 015714, a specimen «S inches
long, from Honolulu.

We have 9 examples, 4.85 to 9 inches long, all from Honolulu, where the species is common.

Unlislrs rrclan.fjnlM.'i Bloch A: Schneider, Syst. Ichthy.. 465, 1801, Indian Ocean; Gunther, Cat., VIII, ‘22f>, INTO; Pay, Fishes
of India, 601, pi. clxxviii, fig. 2, 1878; Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Honolulu).

Iia/ishs rinchtx Blocker, Allas, V, 119, pi. 228, fig. 1, 1805, East Indies.

Ha/istajms m-lanf/ulus, Fowler, 1‘roc. Ac. Nat. S< i . Phi la. 1900, 514 (Hawaiian Islands); .Tonkins, Bull. I'.S. Fish Comm..
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 483 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii).

337. Balistapus aculeatus (Linmeus). “ ITumuhumu nuhunulcu apini’a.” Plate LX 11.

I lead 2.75 in length; depth 2.2; snout 1.15 in head; eye 7; interorbital 55.75; equal to cleft of mouth;
I), iii, 24; A. 22; first dorsal spine 2.3 in head, equal to length of pectoral; longest dorsal ray 3 in head,
base of soft dorsal 1.3 in head; longest anal ray 3.5 in head, base of anal 1.5 in head; scales 38, 24 from
anterior base of spinous dorsal to vent.

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal and anal outlines similarly and evenly arched ; head large; snout
thick and blunt; mouth small, with thick lips; teeth rather long, incisor-like, notched, those in lower
jaw the longer, those of upper jaw more notched; eye small, high, posterior; origin of first dorsal
slightly posterior to gill-opening, the first spine blunt and strong, its anterior edge rugose; soft dorsal
and anal moderate, with rounded profile; caudal slightly rounded; ventral spine movable, supported
by a series of slender sharp spines; pectorals broad, rounded; scales covering entire head and body,
those under soft dorsal slightly enlarged; some osseous plates behind gill-opening; usually 2o rows of
sharp recurved spines on caudal peduncle, in some examples 2 full rows and from 1 to 3 shorter
broken rows.

General color in life (taken from No. 03455) yellowish green above, whitish below; lips pale yel¬
low; a narrow blue stripe extending from back of angle of mouth over snout to opposite side; snout
and side of head pale greenish yellow, becoming paler below; 4 bright blue lines across top of head
between eyes, these separated by greenish lines of similar width; three narrow blue lines extending
from eye downward to lower anterior base of pectoral, the first and last somewhat convex, the middle
one nearly straight, the space between first and second yellowish white, that between second and
third greenish; an irregular club-shaped hand of orange-yellow from base of pectoral to snout, the
posterior end somewhat expanded and more reddish, the anterior end gradually broadening and pass¬
ing on each side into the blue hand across nose; side below spinous dorsal pale yellow, somewhat
dusky at base of spines; hack of this an oblique broad, brick-red bar, then a shorter greenish-yellow
one which is followed by a broader bluish-green bar, these all encroaching upon the soft dorsal and
extending downward and forward, merging into an irregular broad longitudinal dusky area on middle
of side, from which extend downward and backward 5 narrow curved greenish-yellow projections,
separated by whitish spaces of similar width which are encroachments from the general color of the
ventral surface; side of caudal peduncle with a broad longitudinal pale bluish hand in which are set
the 4 series of small spines; base of caudal fin and tip of peduncle pale rosy; soft fins all dirty
whitish, somewhat washed with rosy and yellowish; first dorsal spine dusky in front, bluish on side;
membranes connecting spines pale, with slight bluish wash; base of pectoral with a narrow black
vertical line.

Color in alcohol, grayish with a large ragged-edged dark spot on side of body, one of the long
edges extending to anal, broadening around anal region; 4 dark bluish black hands, divided by .‘5
narrower brown ones, between eyes; 3 narrow bluish gray lines from eye to base of pectoral, the anterior
one curved forward and extending from front part of eye to lower part of pectoral base, the other 2
are separated by a darkish brown hand as wide as eye and extending to base of pectoral; a bluish gray
hand over front of snout, ending just posterior to cleft of mouth; the edges of dark spot on side edged
with violet gray, these nearly filling the spaces and giving the appearance of 4 or 5 hands extending
from the axis downward to anal fin; a large grayish spot, under spinous dorsal, another under anterior
half of soft dorsal, these separated by an arm of the dark spot on side; violet gray on the anterior
region covered hv spines of caudal peduncle; spinous dorsal brown; other fins pale. Description
chiefly from No. 0345(5, a specimen 8.5 inches long, from Honolulu.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

415

We have fi examples, 8 to 9.25 inches long, all from Honolulu, where the species is rather common,
though less so than in Samoa. Known also from Johnston Island.

Batistes aculeatus Liniuvus, Syst. Nat.. lOtlr ecl., 328, lT.Vs.JIndia: Bleeker. Atl. Ichthy., V. 120. 1805, pi. 210, fig. 3 (East Indies
on all islands); Gunther, Cat. Fish., VIII. 223, 1870 (lie de France, Johanna, Zanzibar, Molucca, Amboyna, China.
Fiji, Seychelles).; Day, Fishes ol India, (190, 1878, pi.- ci.xxvm, tie. 3; Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mtis., V, 1882,
139 (Johnston Island).

Balistes omatissimus Lesson. Voy. Coquille. II, 119. 1830, pi. x, tig. 1. Borabora.

Batistes anuntiis Cuvier, ROgne, Anim., 1 1 1 list. , pi. exit. lig. 2, 1810, Indian Seas.

Batistes striatus Gronow. Syst. Nat. Ed. Gray. 32, 1854, American Seas.

Balistajms amleatus, Jordan & Fowler. Proc. C. s. Nat. Mus., XXV (Sept. 17. 1902), 259 (Nafa, Japan}; Snyder, Bull. I'. S.
Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904). 534 (Honolulu).

Genus 186. CANTHIDEKMIS Swainson.

This genus differs from Batiste# chiefly in having the gill-openings surrounded by ordinary scales,
there being no developed bony scutes behind them. Body much more elongate than in Batistes; dorsal
spines 2; dorsal and anal elevated in front; caudal with its angles acute; scales moderate, not very
rough; scales of caudal peduncle unarmed, or with a median spine; cheek completely scaled; a naked
groove before eye. Species inhabiting both Indies.

Cuttthiilertnis Swainson, class'll Anim., II, 325, 1839 ( ave/ulosus ).

«. Dorsal tit, 26; scales 55or 56; color brown, with round or ovate whitish spots . angulosits. p. 415

mi. Dorsal in, 28; scales 44; color uniform brownish above, sides shining golden . aureoles, p. 415

338. Canthidermis angulosus (Quoy A (iaimard).

D. hi, 26; A. 24; scales 55 or 56.

Tail without spines or tubercles; scales very conspicuously granulated and provided with a larger
prickle at the base, which is prominent in young examples, hut disappears more or less with age.
From 31 to 39 scales in a transverse series running from the origin of the dorsal lin to the vent; no
enlarged scales behind t he gill-opening; anterior parts of the dorsal and ana! fins much elevated, more
so in the adult than in young examples; caudal subtruncate; ventral spine short, somewhat ankvlosed
with the pelvic bone.

Color brown, with round or ovate whitish spots, in young examples these spots more indistinct
and mixed with darker spots of the same size, and pure white dots; sometimes uniform brown or
uniform 'deep black (Gunther). (Description of Canthidermis rotundatug, called “Batistes maeulatus” ).

The only record of Canthidermis from the Hawaiian Islands is that of Quoy and Gaimard, who
described as a new species, Batistes anejutosus. The following is a translation of their description;

“BalisteS, with black body; blunt snout; short sharp antrorse dorsal spine; dorsal and anal fins
triangular; caudal short, rounded.

“ 2C I). 23; p. 15; A. 20; C. 12.

“The form of this balistes is subovoid; its forehead is broad, with a small keel in the middle; its
snout rounded; its teeth are incisor-like and pointed; the mouth and the eye are small. It- is somewhat
behind the latter that the short and strong spine of the first dorsal rises, which presents in front three
lines of spines.

“The dorsal and anal fins are elevated, triangular, obtuse, directed backward, and one is nearly
as large as the other; however, the first has twenty-three rays and the second has only twenty; the
lobe of the tail is quadrilateral and the fin rounded; the pectorals very small, directed upward, are
composed of fifteen rays. The body is black and covered with small scattered prickles, with a trian¬
gular base ami bent backward.

“The length of this fish is 3 inches; its depth 20 lines, and its thickness 6. it inhabits the waters
of the Sandwich Islands.” It is perhaps different from C. rotundatus of the East Indies and <'. macu-
latux of the West I tides.

Batistes angulosus Quoy & Gaimanl. Voy. I 'ran ie. Zoo] . , 210. 1824, Sandwich Islands.

339. Canthidermis aureolus (Richardson).

Dorsal m, 28; anal 25; lateral line 44; tail without spines or tubercles, but with indistinct raised
lines along the series of scales; no enlarged scales behind the gill-opening; dorsal and anal fins not
elevated, caudal truncated; ventral spine not movable, short. Uniform brownish above, sides shining
golden; fins without color. Dorsal spine of young examples (1 inch) with recurved spinelets.

BULLETIN OK THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

4 1C.

The only record of the occurrence of this species within our limits is that given t.y Steindachner.
Its relation toother nominal species of the genus is somewhat uncertain.

lirt/istt s turn itlus Richardson. Yoy. Sulphur, 12G, |>1. 59, figs. 1 and 2, 1843, East Indies?; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 215, 1870.
Balistcs {Liarus) aureolas, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 ( Lay san Island).

Genus 187. XANTHICHTHYS Kaup.

Body oblong, covered with moderate-sized smoothish scales, those on posterior part of body
usually with blunt keels; no enlarged scutes behind gill-opening; no lateral line, or only a trace at
the shoulder; a groove before the eye; 3 to 5 narrow grooves on the cheek; caudal peduncle deeper
than broad; dorsal spines 2, comparatively small; soft dorsal and anal moderately elevated, the tips
acute; caudal lunate; mouth small, placed high, the teeth as in Ba/idcs; lower jaw much projecting;
ventral flaps undeveloped, immovable, and scaled over. Chiefly American; allied to Canthhlenni
but differing in several respects, especially in the grooved cheeks, projecting chin, and fewer dorsal
spines.

Xanlhiclithus (Kaup) Richardson, Encyclopedia Britannica, Ed. XII, 313, 1850 (curassavieus),

340. Xanthichthys lineopunctatus (Hollard). Fig. 182.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 4.75 in head; snout 2; interorbital 3; I). ii-i, 29; A. i, 27;
scales 37, 23 from anal to origin of spinous dorsal; first dorsal spine 2 in head, equal to snout; third
dorsal ra v longest, 1.0 in head, equal to longest caudal ray, last caudal ray shortest, 4.5 in longest; third
anal ray 1.9 in head, 2 in soft dorsal base; last anal ray shortest, 4.5 in longest ; pectoral 2.3 in head.

Body oblong, compressed, blunter anteriorly; dorsal and ventral outline similarly curved; head
compressed, deep, blunt; eye small, high, posterior; snout blunt, deep, about half of head; mouth
small, terminal, high, its width equal to eye; jaws unequal, the lower, below the lip, produced, making
the chin prominent; teeth pale brownish, notched, incisor-like; the 2 front lower teeth not so greatly
notched as the next 2, the anterior edge of the latter being produced, making t his part canine-1 ike; upper
teeth not so greatly notched, smaller, and shutting outside lower teeth; groove in front of eye about
equal to eye; the. 5 grooves on cheek are below eye, extending from near angle of month and below,
backward to gill-opening and base of pectoral; scales comparatively large, largest on middle portion of
body, those from pectoral region running downward and backward and not as those on body; a slight
tubercle on center of scales on posterior portion of side, forming low lines or ridges on median part of
scales; gill-opening surrounded bv small scales, no large plates; origin of spinous dorsal over gill¬
opening, first spine short, stout, wedge-shaped, roughly rugose anteriorly, top incisor-like, sometimes
saw-like; second spine about half first; soft dorsal and anal concave, the rays shortening posteriorly

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

417

evenly and gradually from about the tenth; caudal lunate; pectoral short, broad, slightly falcate,
almost rounded; ventral spine short, blunt, slightly movable.

Color in alcohol, grayish olivaceous, lighter below, head darker, the center of each scale darker,
making weak brownish gray lines on sides; the edges of the scales are also brown, making narrow
oblique lines, upward and forward and upward and backward over body; grooves on head brown;
spinous dorsal brown, its membrane lighter; soft dorsal, anal, and pectoral pale; caudal dusky
yellowish, its margin, for about width of pupil, white; scaly base of soft dorsal, anal, and belly to
ventral spine, dark brown.

The above description from No. 05411, a specimen 8.25 inches long. We have other examples,
No. 05412, 5 inches long. No. 05413, 7.75 inches long, No. 03557, 7.5 inches long, from Honolulu, and
No. 03723, 8 inches long, from Hilo.

The species is rare. We can not distinguish our specimens from others taken off the coast of Mexico.
Batistes lineo-punctatus Hollard, Ann. Sci. Nat. (4th ser. ), I, 1854, 65, Reunion Island.

Batistes maito Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, 228. Clarion Island, Revillagigedo Group. (Type, No. 28387
U.S. N. M., Coll. Lieut. H. E. Nichols.)

Xanthiehttiys menta , Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., IT, 1710, 1898.

Genus 188. MELICHTHYS Swainson.

This genus differs from Batistes chiefly in the presence of a series of even, white, incisor-like teeth,
instead of the irregular incisors of Batistes. The tail is unarmed or the scales only slightly keeled; a
groove is present before the eye .below the nostrils, and the cheeks arc wholly scaled. The vertical
fins are angulated, but not produced in filaments; ventral flap small, immovable, and covered with
rough scales. Tropical seas.

Mclichthys Swainson, Class. Anim., II, 325, 1839 {rinyens, Bloch; not of Limueus).

Mdanictitliys Gunther, Cat., VIII, 227. 1870; corrected spelling.

341. Melichthys radula (Solander). “ Ifumuhumu eleele.” Plate LXIV.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 2; eye 5.25 in head; snout 1.65; D. in, 33; A. 29; interorbital 2.5;
first dorsal spine 1.75; longest dorsal ray 1.3; longest anal ray 1.5; depth caudal peduncle 3; pectoral
2; scales 53, 33 from vent to anterior base of spinous dorsal.

Body oblong, more bluntly shaped anteriorly than posteriorly; head short, deep; eye small,
posterior, high; snout blunt; mouth small; lower jaw slightly produced; 8 teeth in each jaw, the 2
anterior ones of each jaw broad truncate, incisors without notch, the other teeth in lower jaw notched;
posterior tooth of upper jaw truncate; other 2 lateral teeth but slightly notched; anterior teeth even,
not notched; teeth of lower jaw with a strong horizontal backward process; origin of spinous dorsal
over gill-opening; first dorsal spine strong, blunt, and heavy, its front rugose; second spine very
slender, about two-thirds of first; last spine very short and blunt, its tip just even with edge of groove,
easily overlooked; in the small examples it is quite evident, in large examples it is blunt and not so
evident (Doctor Gilbert evidently had a large example and thought there were but 2 spines, hence
called it bispinosm, a new species); the fourth dorsal and anal rays the longest, then uniformly short¬
ening posteriorly, the last one-third length of longest; caudal fin slightly convex, almost truncate, the
tips produced for a distance equal to orbit; in the young the caudal is convex, no tips evident; ventral
spine short, slightly movable; pectoral short, broad, and rounded; body nearly uniformly scaled,
scales around mouth, eye, pectoral and ventral regions, and caudal peduncle smaller; osseous plates
behind gill-opening; rough median spinous hrests on 8 or 9 rows of scales on posterior portion of body.

Color in life, uniformly black, with slight show of bluish; a very distinct, conspicuous, narrow
line of light blue running longitudinally on bases of dorsal and anal. Another specimen, when taken
alive, was light green, with golden longitudinal narrow bands along spines of scales; stripe along base
of dorsal and anal light blue; the whole fish turning black when dead.

Color in alcohol, bluish black, the fins darker; a narrow white longitudinal stripe at base of dorsal
and anal; a narrow white line within arch of caudal about half diameter of eye from its edge, this line
not evident in the young.

F. C. B. 1903—27

418

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The above description based chiefly upon No. 03325, a specimen 9 inches long, from Honolulu,
where it is common. The specimens from the offshore islands of Mexico, called Meliehthji* bispinosus ,
seem to be the same.

We have 11 examples, 4.75 to 11.75 inches long, all from Honolulu. Recorded also from Johnston
Island.

Batiste* rudula Solander in Richardson, Voy. H. M. S. Samarantj, Fishes, 21, 184S, no locality.

Metichthys ringcms Bleeker, Atlas, v, 10S, pi. 220, lift. 2, 1865; East Indies, not of Linnaeus.

Batiste* bnniva, Gunther, Cat., VIII. 227, 1870; Streets, Bull. S. Nat. Must, No. 7, 56, 1877 (Honolulu), not of LacdpMe nor
of Kisso; Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, HO (Johnston Island).

Batistes ( Metomichthys ) buniua, Steindachner, Denies. Alt. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Honolulu and Laysan).

Batistes ( Parabalistes ) ringens, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Laysan Island).

MelietOhys bispiuosus Gilbert, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus. 1890, 125, Clarion and Socorro Islands.

Melkhthys ntdtOa, Jenkins, Bull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 483 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904),
534 (Hawaiian Islands).

Family LXXVII. MONACANTH ll)4L

Body much compressed, covered with very small rough scales, forming arough or velvety covering;
males sometimes with spines on the caudal peduncle, these either robust or needle-like. Upper jaw
with a double series of incisor-like teeth, G in the outer and 4 in the inner series; lower jaw with 6
similar teeth in a single series; first dorsal with a single strong spine and generally a rudimentary one
behind it; second dorsal long, similar to anal; ventral tins reduced to a single osseous, fixed or movable,
small appendage at the end of the long pelvic bone, this appendage often rudimentary or entirely
absent; no barbel; vertebrae 7 11 to 14=18 to 21. Herbivorous shore fishes of the warm seas closely
allied to the Balisliila i, differing chiefly in having the first dorsal represented by a single spine, behind
which is sometimes a rudiment; scales small, spinigerous, the skin mostly rough velvety. The species
are mostly small in size and are not used for food, having little flesh and that of a bitterish taste.

a. Pubic bone with a small spine at its end. gill-opening short, nearly vertical; dorsal and anal moderate, each with fewer
than 40 rays.

b. Ventral spine immovable; dorsal spine barbed or not . . Canlherines , p. 418

bb. Ventral spine movable; dorsal spine armed with strong retrorse barbs, usually in 2 series.

c. Ventral flap only moderately developed, not reaching beyond pelvic spine; no spines on caudal peduncle.

Slephanolcpis , p. 420

(to. Pubic bone without spine at its end; gill-openings long, oblique; dorsal and anal long, each ot 40 or more rays.

d. Caudal tin elongate, the angles rounded; upper profile of snout concave; coloration not uniform ... Osbeckia, p. 422
dd. Caudal fin short, subtruncate, anterior profile convex . . Alutera, p. 423

Genus 189. CANTHERINES Swainson.

This genus differs from Monacantkus chiefly in having the venial spine immovably ankylosed to
the pelvis. The barbs on the dorsal spine, if distinct, are usually in 4 series; vertebrae 19 or 20. In
the genus Canlherines the gradation is perfect from those species without barbs ( Canlherines ) to those
with 4 equidistant series of strong barbs {Pseudomoeincantlms).

Cantherines Swainson, Nat.. Hist. Fishes, etc., II, 327, 1839 (nasutus^sandu’ichknsis).

Pseudomonacanthus Bleeker, Atlas, V, 134, tab. 228, fig. 2, 1865 (macrunis).

Liomonacanthus Bleeker, Ned. Tydskr. Dierk., Ill, 13. 1866 (pardalis).

Canthorhmus Gill: corrected spelling.

a. D. t-36; A. 30; no white spots . sandmehiensis, p. 418

aa. D. it-38; A. 33; body everywhere with round white spots . albopunctatus, p. 420

342. Cantherines sandwichiensis (Quoy & Gaimard). “O’ililepa;” “ Ohua Fig. 183.

Head 3.3; depth 1.9; eye 4.4; snout 1.1; interorbital 3.65; D. i-36; A. 30; P. 14.

Body oblong, moderately elevated; snout long; mouth low, below axis of body; anterior profile
rising in a slightly concave line to dorsal spine, a little convex in front of eye; from dorsal spine to
caudal peduncle the dorsal outline is in a long low curve; ventral outline slightly convex from tip of
snout to pelvic plate, thence in a straight line to origin of anal fin; base of anal gently and evenly
rounded; upper jaw with an outer series of 8 strong close-set incisors, the 6 anterior ones rather
pointed, the lateral one on each side much broader, lower jaw with a single series of 6 similar teeth
fitting inside the upper in the closed mouth; teeth white; the tips brownish; lips thin; eye high up,

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

419

the interorbital space strongly convex; nostrils in a rounded shallow pit; gill-slit slightly oblique
upward and backward, its lower end in front of upper base of pectoral, its length 1.5 times diameter
of orbit.

Body uniformly rough sand papery (2 rows each of 2 short, recurved spines on caudal peduncle in
males, none in females.) Dorsal spine long, slender and somewhat roughened, its insertion slightly
anterior to middle of orbit, its length 1.2 in head; dorsal groove deep anteriorly or shallow posteriorly,
not quite reaching soft dorsal; distance between origin of soft dorsal and posterior base of dorsal spine
slightly greater than snout to eye; anterior dorsal rays somewhat elevated, their length a little more
than half head; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays about equally long; caudal when spread slightly
convex; pectoral short, its edges nearly parallel, its length 2.3 in head; pelvic spine short, stiff, not
movable.

Color in life, but somewhat faded (No. 03352), uniform rich brownish black; jaws whitish; dorsal
spine olive-brown; soft dorsal with the rays rich orange, the membranes pale; caudal with membranes
pale, flesh color, the rays brownish black, tipped with reddish orange; anal like soft dorsal; pectoral
with the membranes colorless, the rays rich orange; iris dirty greenish.

Fig. 183. — Cantherincs sandvncldcnsis (Quoy tfc claimant).

Color in spirits variable, but usually a dull satiny brown, uniform over head and “body; dorsal
spine dusky; the series of scales sheathing the bases of dorsal and anal abruptly brownish black ; the
tins yellowish white; caudal dusky brown; pectoral yellowish white, the base dark brown; side of
body and head sometimes with scattered small round black spots, these showing on only one (No.
05418) of our specimens.

This species is represented in our collection by 14 specimens, 1 from Hilo, the others from Hono¬
lulu; of the latter 5 were collected by Doctor Jenkins and 4 by Doctor Wood. Other examples were
obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu and at Puako Bay, Hawaii. Also recorded from Socorro Island.
Batistes sandwichicnsis Quoy & Guimard, Voy. 1'Uranie, Zool., 214, 1824, Sandwich Islands.

Cantherincs nasut us Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class, Fishes, II, 327, ls:I9; substitute for li. sandwichicnsis Quoy & Gaimard.
Monacanthus pardalis RiiDpell, N. W. Fisch., 57, pi. 15, fig. 3, 1855; Gunther, Cat., VIII, 230, 1870, in part; Steindaehner,
Denks, Alt. Wiss. Wien., LXX, 517 (Honolulu).

Cantherincs carolte Jordan & McGregor in Jordan & Evcrmann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer., IT, 1713, 1898, Clarion Island,
by error; Socorro Island meant (type, No. 11995, Stanford Univ. Mils. Coll. li. C. McGregor); Jordan & McGregor,
Rept. U. S. Fish Comm., XXIV, 1898 (1S99), 281, PI. 6, Socorro Island.

Cantherincs sandwichicnsis , Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 514 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Hull. U. s. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 484 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Puako Bay, Hawaii).

420

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

347. Cantherines albopunctatus (Seale).

Head 3 in length; D. n-38; A. 33; P. 15; eye 5 in head; snout 1.2, its profile concave.

First dorsal spine long and strong, about equal to snout, with 4 rows of small barbs directed down,
insertion of spine directly over anterior half of eye; uneven cutting incisors in each jaw; a single row
of 3 on each side of lower jaw; an additional row of small inner teeth in upper jaw; caudal peduncle
with 4 short round spines on each side; skin without distinct scales, but everywhere rough with a
velvety feeling to the touch; caudal rounded, its longest ray 1.75 in head;, ventral spine coalesced to
the pelvic bone, the membrane rather well developed, extending slightly beyond the spine; dorsal
and anal rays of about equal length; base of the anal 1.2 in base of dorsal; pectorals short, 2.5 in head.

Color light gray, with slight silvery gloss, everywhere covered with scattered round, white spots
about size of pupil; on lower half of body a small number of scattered black dots, smaller than the
white dots; dorsal and anal with the basal fourth black, the remaining yellowish white; caudal dusky ;
iris white. Honolulu (Seale); also recorded from Tahiti.

Monocant.hu s albopunctatus Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mas., I, No. 4, 13, fig. 0, 1901. Honolulu (type, no. fill", B. P. B. M.).
Pseudomunacanthusmultimaculatus Regan, Proc. Zool. Soc. bond., II, Part II, 1902 (Nov.), 29S, pi. xxv. fig. 1, Tahiti.

Genus 190. STEPHANOLEPIS Gill.

This genus differs from Monacanthus in having the ventral flap, even in the adult, only moderately
developed, not. reaching beyond pelvic spine, and in having no recurved spines, On caudal peduncle.
Stephanolepis dill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.i. Phila. 1861, 78 ( sclifcr ).

u. No enlarged spines on caudal peduncle; body and head not white spotted.
b. Body with minute but distinct spinuliferous scales; dorsal rays 38; anal 34; body color yellow or olive with dark bars

on head and spots on body . spilosonms. p. 420

bb. Body prickly, without distinct scales; dorsal rays 39; anal 36; body color silvery, clouded, without spots excepting a
row of 3 from behind eye downward toward base of pectoral . . . . pricci , p. 421

345. Stephanolepis spilosomus (Lay & Bennett). “Oili uwim.” Plate LXY.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 2.1; eye 3.7 in head; snout 1.3; interorbital 3.3; height of spine over
eye equal to snout; D. 38; A. 34.

Body oblong, deep, strongly compressed, covered with minute scales, the posterior edge of each
scale with 1 to 3 little spines, the center one the largest, these spines larger posteriorly over the
peduncle, forming a cardiform patch, all hooked forward; mouth very small, teeth incisor-like, broadest
in the sides of the jaws; outline of head, from snout to dorsal spine, slightly concave; dorsal spine
rough anteriorly, its posterior edges each armed with a row’ of rather long retrorse barbs or spines;
ventral spine small, movable, armed similarly to dorsal; caudal rounded.

Color in life (No. 03499, taken at Hilo), ground-color of body yellow; black spots of various sizes
and shapes closely set in irregular rows on tail and back, those on belly being more sparse; nape and
base of dorsal dark brown; a pale patch about size of suborbital space over the abdominal cavity, the
black spots in this patch being paler than those on the yellow ground, this white patch probably
absent in most living examples; interorbital and suborbital regions dark yellowish-brown, with black
streaks running obliquely from ridge to pectoral region; armed dorsal spine orange-yellow, purplish-
black spots on the membrane; ridge of snout very dark, obscuring all marks if there were any; lips flesh
or pale pinkish color; a yellow streak with bright purple spots running along the median line of throat
to ventral spine; from the ventral spine to vent a bright yellow line on the edge of keel, and 2 bright
bluish-purple lines running along with the yellow one; space between 2 latter lines pale black; ventral
spine yellow with purple spots; soft dorsal yellow, with 10 or 11 pale purple bars of equal width
running longitudinally throughout entire length of fin; caudal fin bright yellow, the proximal half
with black spots in rows, these spots becoming oblong as they spread toward the end, and forming
more distinct rows, gradually fading into bright orange, and filling up the yellow ground color,
imparting to the entire fin a bright orange aspect; rays yellow at base, merging into orange near the
end; a black bar near tip of fin, a thin purple streak running through the black bar near its outer
margin; a bright yellow streak along tip of fin; anal same as* soft dorsal.

STEPHANOLEPIS PRICEI SNYDER.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 48

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

421

Another specimen had the following coloration in life: Head and belly pearly blue, shading into
light brassy, the color of other parts of the body; head and body with lines and spots of brownish
black; membrane of dorsal deep orange with brownish black spots, the spine bluish ; dorsal and anal
banded with lemon and pearly blue; caudal deep orange, narrowly bordered with lemon; a subterminal
band of black; fin spotted with black; iris brassy; teeth orange.

An example from Hilo, when fresh, was mottled olive-green with traces of lighter horizontal light
olive streaks, about 5 in number; fins soiled olive; caudal with 2 blackish bars; iris golden yellow;
jaws flesh-color.

General color in alcohol, brownish olivaceous, darker above; body covered with small spots as
large as pupil and smaller, arranged in about 14 or 15 irregular lengthwise series; over the cheek these
spots formed into lines making 6 or 7 small narrow lines running upward and forward; dorsal spine
with small dark spots on its anterior portion, pale posteriorly; soft dorsal pale, with about 10 narrow
dusky stripes; caudal white, a dark band, width of pupil, on its edge, this band tipped with white,
about 10 rows of small dark spots arranged in bars; anal similar to soft dorsal; pectorals pale.

Description chiefly from a specimen (No. 2557) 5.25 inches long, from Honolulu.

According to Mr. Johann Hering, of Hilo, this fish comes occasionally in great numbers, but other¬
wise is very rare. The natives believe its appearance to prophesy the demise of some great personage,
such as a king or chief. There is another red fish, which seems, according to Mr. Hering’s descrip¬
tion, to be a species of Holocentrus, w'hose appearance is viewed with the same belief.

. Our collection contains 26 specimens from Honolulu and 1 from Hilo, ranging from 2.14 to 5.4
inches in length. The Albatross obtained specimens at Honolulu; at station 4180, near Niihau, from
the stomach of a Coryphaena; at Xecker Island, carried in by a bird; at station 4147, near Bird Island,
in 26 fathoms; at station 4167, near Bird Island, in 18 to 20 fathoms, and at station 4148, near Bird
Island, in 26 to 33 fathoms.

Monacan thus spitosoma Lay & Bennett, Zool. Beeehey’s Voy., 70, pi. '22, fig. 1, 1839, Hawaiian Islands; Gunther, Cat.. VIII.
243, 1870 (Hawaiian Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 514 (Hawaiian Islands); Steindachner, Dents.
Ak. Wis. Wien, LXX, 517 (Laysan Island).

Stcplianolcpis spilosomus , Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 484 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Albatross Station 4180, Niihau; Necker Island; stations 4117, 4148, 4167, near Bird Island).

346. Stephanolepis pricei Snyder. Plate 48.

Head 3 in length measured to base of caudal fin; depth between insertion of dorsal and anal 2.6;
eye 3.3 in head; interorbital space 3.3; snout 1.4; depth of caudal peduncle 2.4; I). 39; A. 36.

Snout rather pointed, upper and lower contours concave; gill-slit small and narrow, its height
equal to width of base of pectoral, two-thirds diameter of eye; ventral flap notably narrow, its width
equal to half diameter of eye; dorsal spine inserted above pupil, its length equal to distance between
angle of mouth and upper edge of gill-opening, reaching the insertion of dorsal tin when depressed;
6 lateral spines which project downward and slightly backward; 3 or 4 small granules in a row
below the spine; anterior part of spine with prickles which point upward; length of base of dorsal
about equal to length of head; height of fin equal to diameter of eye; length of base of anal equal to
distance between tip of snout and posterior edge of orbit; height equal to that of dorsal; rays of dorsal
and anal rough on basal halves; caudal round, the alternate rays with strong prickles; length of tin
equal to length of snout; length of pectoral equal to twice the length of gill-slit; ventral spine large,
length of movable part about equal to length of gill-opening, the sides with large spikes which project
backward; body and head evenly covered with prickles, those of the dorsal part slightly coarser than
the others; no enlarged spines on caudal peduncle.

Color silvery, dusky along top of head and back; membrane of dorsal spine blue-black; 3 small,
round, dark spots in a line extending upward from base of pectoral; dark clouds somewhat larger than
the eye extending downward at insertion of dorsal, from posterior half of dorsal, and on the caudal
peduncle; a similar cloud extending upward from posterior half of base of anal.

One specimen 2.56 inches long, station 4021, vicinity of Kauai, depth 286 to 399 fathoms. Type,
No. 50882, U. S. Nat. Mus. Only the type known.

Stephanolepis pricei Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 534, pi. 12, fig. 22, Albatross Station 4021,
near Kauai.

4 22

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 191. OSBECKIA Jordan & Evermann.

This genus differs from Alutera in having the caudal fin elongate and with rounded angles; colora¬
tion not uniform, the head and body with irregular blue spots and lines, besides small round black
spots; upper profile of snout concave.

0lsbeckia jJ®dan & Evermann, Check-List Fishes, 424, 1896 ( scripta ).

346. Osbeckia scripta (Osbeek). “O’ ililepa;” “Ohua.” Fig. 184.

Head 3.7 in length; depth 2.9; eye 6.5 in head; snout 1; I), i— 17; A. 49; C. 12; P. 14.

Body oblong, compressed, tapering, the greatest depth, which is over vent, greater than eye .and
snout by an eye’s diameter; snout produced, the anterior profile concave; dorsal profile convex from
in front of spine to caudal peduncle, a broad angle at beginning of soft dorsal which is midway between
tip of snout and base of caudal fin: ventral outline evenly and less convex; caudal peduncle compressed,
its least width 3.2 in its least depth, which is 2 in snout; chin prominent; teeth white, broad incisors,
strongly einarginate in lower jaw, more pointed in the upper; gill-opening oblique, 1.6 times diameter
of orbit ; interorbital' high, the sides forming an acute angle. Dorsal spine short, slender, shorter than
eye, granular, inserted over middle of orbit; soft dorsal with the margin rounded, none of the rays
produced, length of middle ones 4 in snout; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays somewhat shorter;
caudal fin rounded, longer than head, about 2.6 in body; pectoral short, 3.6 in snout; no ventral spine.

Color in life (No. 03006, a specimen 23 inches long, taken June 8), olivaceous; head and body
with numerous irregular lines and spots of sky blue, the lines most numerous on head and near bases
of dorsal and anal fins, the round spots most numerous on middle of side and on head; scattered
smaller brown spots on the interspaces; lips black; dorsal and anal pale yellow; caudal dusky, paler
at tip; iris yellowish silvery, dark above.

Color in alcohol, dusky olivaceous, the blue spots and lines faded to pale blue or brownish. In
some examples the color is much darker, almost dark velvety brown, the spots black.

This species inhabits all tropical seas, and is common in the West Indies. It has been taken on
the Atlantic coast as far north as the Carolinas, and occasionally among the islands of the Pacific coast
of Mexico. It does not appear to be very common among the Hawaiian Islands, however, and was
not obtained bv Doctor Jenkins in 1889, though Jordan and Snyder secured one example in 1900.

We have 5 specimens, 17.5 to 25.25 inches long, all from Honolulu.

Batistes scripta Osbeek, Iter Chinensis, I, 144, 1751, China Seas.

Batistes moncceros seriptus Ginelin, Syst. Nat., 1463, 1788; after Osbeek.
fj.ija trompa Parra, Dif. Piezas Hist. Nat., 46, pi. 22, fig. 1, Havana.

Batistes forts Bloch, Ichthyol., XII, 65, pi. 414, 1795, Morocco; Tranquebar.

Batistes liturosus Shaw, General Zool. V, 405, 1804, Tahiti.

Batistes ornatus Marion de ProcG, Bull. Soe. Philom., 131, 1822, Isle Waigiou.

Ain teres patera Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool., II, Part 1, 106, 1830, Tahiti.
f Mouacanthumproboseideum Ranzani, Nov. Comm. Ac. So. Inst. Bolton.. V. 1842, 8, Brazil.

Alllterus venosus Bollard, Ann. Se. Nut., Ser. 4, IV. 1855, I t, pi. 1. fig. 3, New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago (Coll. Lesson
and Garnot).

FISH ES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

423

? Alutera picturata Poey, Prof. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 183. Cuba.

Mon acanthus scriptus, Giintfier, Cat.. VIII. 252, 1ST0 (Zanzibar, Pinang, Ambovna, Siam).

Alutera scripta, Jordan A Evermann. Fishes North and Mid. Amer. II, 1719, pi. 260, fig. 637, 1898 (Clarion Island; Venados
Islands); Evermann A Marsh, Fishes of Porto Rico, 261, fig. 73, 1900.

Osbechia scripta, Jenkins. Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903). 181 (Honolulu).

Genus 192. ALUTERA Cuvier.

Bod y elongate, strongly compressed; covered
with minute scales; shout short, the anterior
profile convex; mouth and teeth essentially as
in Monacanthus, but the lower jaw more pro¬
jecting, so that the lower teeth are directed
obliquely upward and backward. Gill-opening
an oblique slit, longer than eye, situated below
and in advance of eye, its posterior end behind
base of pectorals; pelvic bone long, falcate,
movable under the skin, without spine at its
extremity; dorsal spine small, inserted over the
eye, rough, but without barbs; soft dorsal long
and anal long, each of 45 to 50 rays; caudal fin
short, shorter than head, almost truncate, the
middle rays little produced; pectorals small.
Size large.

Les Aluti.rcs Cuvier, R5gne Anim., ed. I, 153, 1817 ( mono -

ccros).

Alutera Agassiz in Spix, Pise. Brasil., 137, 1829 (monoccras) .
Materia, Alutcriu s, etc., corrected spelling.

347. Alutera monoceros (Osbeek).

“ Ltmlu. ” Fig. 3.85.

Head 3.6; depth 2.4: D. i, 49; A. 51.

Body oblong, much compressed, and skin
with a fine velvety touch. Head very deep,
convex both above and below; snout slightly
produced upward; eye small, not much above
the mouth, 5 in snout, 5.67 in head, 1.67 in
space between its upper margin and origin of
spinous dorsal, and 1 in space between its lower
margin and upper margin of gill-opening; teeth
broad, emarginate, the middle mandibular pair
pointed; lips thin and narrow, smooth; nos¬
trils small, in front of upper part of eye; gill¬
opening rather long, oblique forward until a
little anterior to the nostrils, 2.67 in snout and
equal to pectoral; origin of spinous dorsal over
anterior edge of eye, and midway between tip
of snout and origin of soft dorsal; soft dorsal
and anal with the anterior rays the longer, the
longest in both tins equal; caudal damaged; pec¬
toral inserted below mouth and a little behind
middle of eye; caudal peduncle compressed,
equal to one-third the distance from posterior
margin of eye to tip of snout.

Color in alcohol, uniform brown, mottled ■
seen by us.

A painting in the collection of Mrs. Dillingl
East Indian species. It bears the native name <

cith darker, the fins all plain-colored and pale. Not

m made in Honolulu represents this widely diffused
Loulu.

424

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Capriscins murium dentibus mi imtis Klein. Ichth. Missus, III, 25, 1742, pi. ill, fig. 9, very bud, no locality.

Batistes munoccros Osbeok, Iter Chinensis, 144, 1751. China; Linnauis. Svst. Nat., lOtli ed„ I, 327, 1758 (after Osbeek).

Batistes oblongiusculus, etc., Gronotv, Zoophyl., 1763. 52, Indian seas.

■n.ijn barbuda Parra, Dif. Pirns Hist. Nat., 48, pi. XXII. lit'. 2. 1787, Habana.

Batistes Meinii Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1172, 1788, Indian seas (after Gronotv and Klein).

Batistes barbatus Walbaum, Artedi Piseium, III, 464, 1792 (after Klein).

Batistes monoceros var. unicolor Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 463, 1801 (after Gmelin).

Batistes scrniticomis Freminville, Nouv. Bull. Sc. Soe. Pliiiom., No, 67, 1813, 249. pi. iv. tig. 1.

Alutcrcs berardi Lesson, Voyage Coquille. Zool., 10.8, pi. vii. 1828; New Guinea.

Alutera cinerea Schlegei, Fauna Japon.. I’oiss.. p. 292. pi. rxxxi. fig. 1. 1850, Nagasaki.

Alutarius oblitcratus Cantor, Malayan Fishes, 353. 1850, Pinang.

Alutarius amphacanthus Blocker, Verb. Bat. Gen., Balist.. XXIV. 1852 . 23. pi. ii, fig. 5, East Indies.

Alutarius macracanthus Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gelt., Balist., XXIV. 1852, 22, pi. ill. fig. 7. East Indies.

Batistes linguatula Gronotv. Cat., Ed. Gray, 35, 1854. Indian seas; after Batistes oblongiusculus, etc., of Gronotv.

Aluterus anginosus Holland, Ann. Sci. Nat., IV, 1855, 11. East Indies.

Batistes wnieomus Basiletvsky, Nouv. Mem. Soe. Nat. Moscon, X. 1855, 263, North China.

'’Alutera gwdhcrkma Poey. Proc. Ae. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863. 184. Habana.

Monocanthus monoceros , Gunther, Cat., VIII, 251 , 1870 (Zanzibar. Pinang. Amboyna, China. Japan i ; Nystrom, Bihang. Svensk.
Vet. Handl., Band 13, pt. IV, No. 4, 1887, 47 (Nagasaki).

Alutera monoceros, Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North and Mid. Amor.. II, 1720,1898; Smith Bull. U.S Fish Comm. 1898,273,
pi. 64 (Woods Hole) Mass.).

Suborder GYMNODONTES.

Plectognaths without a spinous dorsal, with the body short and with the belly inflatable; the
scales typically spinifornr, with root-like insertions, and with the jaws enveloped in an enamel-like
covering, without distinct teeth. This group contains degraded Plectognaths, which have lost the
scales, spinous dorsal, and distinct teeth. In the extreme forms the pelvis, ribs, and caudal vertebra
are also lost, the species depending on their dermal armature, leathery skin, or inflatable belly for
protection from enemies, while little power of active movement remains.

a. Caudal region normally developed, with a caudal peduncle.

b. Upper and lower jaw each divided by a median suture; maxillaries and dentaries each curved outward behind the
premaxillaries.

c. Back broadly rounded; frontal bones articulated with the supraoecipital: head broad; nostrils various.

Tetraodontidic . p. 424

ee. Back more or less sharply ridged; frontal bones separated from the supraoecipital by the postfrontals which meet

in the middle; nostrils obsolete or very small . Canthigasteridiv, p. 430

hi). Upper and lower jaw each undivided, the premaxillary and dentary bones coossified into sutureless arches; maxil-

laries extended laterally behind; body covered with stout rooted spines . . Diodontidu’, p. 435

act. Caudal region of body aborted, the body truncated behind the dorsal and anal; jaws each without median suture.

0 Mol idle, p. 439

Family LXXYI11. TETRA0DONTID4-. The Puffers.

Body oblong or elongate, usually little compressed, sometimes very broad; head and snout broad;
belly capable of great inflation; skin scaleless, usually more or less prickly, the spines or prickles
usually weak and movable, not rooted; rarely the skin is armed with bony scutes forming a sort of
carapace; each jaw confluent, forming a sort of beak, which in each jaw is divided by a median suture;
maxillaries curved outward behind the premaxillaries; lips full; nostrils various. Spinous dorsal and
ventral fins wanting, the fins composed of soft rays only; dorsal fin posterior, opposite and similar to
anal; caudal fin distinct; no ventral fins, the pelvic bone undeveloped; no ribs; pectoral fins short and
broad, ttie upper rays longest; caudal fin and caudal vertebrae normally developed; medifrontals
articulated with the supraoecipital, the postfrontals confined to the sides, the ethmoid more or less
projecting in front of frontals; post f rentals extending outward as far as frontals; proethmoid short
and narrow, little prominent to the view above; vertebra few, 7 or 8 i 9 to 13; gill-openings small,
placed close in front of pectorals; air-bladder present. Fishes of sluggish habits, inhabiting warm
seas, noted for their habit of filling the belly with air. When disturbed they float on the surface,
belly upward. They are not much used as food, even in Hawaii, the flesh being ill-flavored and
sometimes reputed poisonous.

a. Dorsal and anal fins each comparatively long, falcate; caudal lunate; nostrils sessile or nearly so; a ridge along lower

part of side . Lagorcphalus, p. 425

aa. Dorsal and anal fins each comparatively short, rounded; caudal rounded; nostrils at the summit of a hollow, simple
papilla.

b. Nostril on each side with 2 distinct openings, usually in a low tube or papilla . Spheroides, p. 426

bb. Nostril on each side with a bifid tentacle without distinct opening . Tctraodon, p. 426

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 49

Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan & Evermann. type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

425

Genus 193. LAGOCEPHALUS Swainson.

Body comparatively elongate; skin smooth or variously prickly, the prickles most developed on
the abdomen; abdomen capable of very great inflation; dorsal and anal rather long, falcate, of 12 to
15 rays each; caudal lunate; nostril without distinct papilla, each one with 2 distinct openings; mucous
tubes on upper part of head and on sides of body very conspicuous; lower side of tail with a fold;
vertebra* in increased number (about 8 13=21). Species reaching a rather large size, chiefly tropical,
the genus intergrading fully with Spheroide s.

Lagocephalus Swainson . Class. Fishes. II, 191. 328, 1839 (pcnnantii.

Physugasler Muller, A bllalldl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 252, IS39 (1841 1 , lunaris) : name preoccupied.

Gastropliysus Muller, Weigmann’s Archiv, IX. 1843, 330 (lunaris).

Tctrodon Gill. Cat. Fish East Const North Ann., in Kept. r. S. Fisli Comm.. Part I, 1871-72 (1873), 793 (ter igatus); not of
Linnseus, as properly restricted.

348. Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan A Evermann. Plate 49.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.6; eye 4.5 in head; snout 2.4; interorbital 3.2; depth of caudal
peduncle 6; D. 12; A. 12; C. 10; P. 14.

Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, greatest depth at vertical of pectoral; head long;
snout long, blunt at tip; the sides flattened; anterior profile from tip of snout to vertical of pectoral in
a long, low, even curve; ventral outline little convex when not inflated; mouth small; teeth pointed at
median line, the cutting edge sharp; nostrils separate; not in tubes, the anterior somewhat the larger,
their distance from eye about half their distance from snout or about half the interorbital space; gill¬
opening vertical, 1.2 in eye, extending a little above base of pectoral, inner flap entirely hidden by
outer; eye rather large, wholly above axis of body; interorbital space very little convex; cheek long;
caudal peduncle nearly round, tapering, its length from anal tin equaling snout; back, upper parts of
sides and head entirely smooth, no spines or prickles evident; belly covered with small 4-rooted
spines, most prominent when belly is inflated, spiniferous area not extending on throat anterior to eye,
nor on side above base of pectoral, but in front of anal extending upward to level of lateral fold; a line,
of very small mucous pores curving above eye on interorbital space; a strong cutaneous fold on lower
part of side of caudal peduncle from above anterior base of anal to lower base of caudal fin ; no dermal
fold on head or anterior part of body; mucous pores inconspicuous; dorsal fin somewhat anterior to
anal, pointed, anterior rays produced, their length equal to that of snout; anal similar to dorsal, its
rays somewhat longer; caudal lunate, outer rays about 2 in head; pectoral broad, its length a little
greater than snout, 2.3 in head.

Color in life, back blackish, fading into deep steel-blue on side; side and below from level of upper
edge of eye abruptly silvery -blue; sides of belly white, with round black spots about as large, as pupil,
these most distinct about pectoral, before, below, and behind the fin; upper fins dusky; caudal mottled
black, tipped with white; pectoral black above and behind, pale below; anal pale, broadly tipped with
blackish.

Color in alcohol, bluish black above; side from upper level of eye abruptly bluish silvery; back
crossed by 7 or 8 narrow darker cross-streaks; belly white, with a series of about 9 to 12 small
roundish black spots, chiefly below the pectoral; cheek dusky; pectoral, dorsal, and caudal dusky,
tips of the latter paler; anal whitish, a little dusky at tip. A somewhat smaller example (4.5 inches
long) has larger dark spots along middle of side above level of pectoral.

This species is known to us from 2 small examples obtained in the market of Honolulu. It is
related to Lagocephalus slellatus (Donovan) of Europe ( Te.tr odon lagocephalus of Gunther, not of
Linnaeus)) but differs in the much shorter pectoral, more conspicuous spots, and rather greater
extension of the prickly region of the breast. The types of Telrodon lagocephalus Linnaeus are reputed
to have come from India. According to Linnaeus this species had 10 dorsal and 8 anal rays. It may
have been based on Lagocephalus sceleratus or some other East Indian species, but there seems to be no
evidence that it was identical with the European Lagocephalus steUatus. In any event the Hawaiian
form seems different from any other yet known.

Type, No. 50820, V. S. X. XI. (field No. 03379), 5 inches long, obtained at Honolulu; cotype, No.
7784, L. S. Jr. Univ. M us. (field No. 534. paper tag), 4.5 inches long, also from Honolulu.

Lagocephalus oceanicus Jordan it Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1902 (April 11. 1903). 199. Honolulu.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

42fi

Genus 194. SPHEROIDES Lacepede. — The Swell-fishes.

Body oblong or elongate; skin variously prickly or smooth, sometimes with cirri; a single, short,
simple, nasal tube on each side, with 2 rather large openings near its tip, the tube sometimes reduced
to a mere rim; dorsal and anal tins of 6 to 15 rays each; caudal truncate, rounded or concave; vertebra*
18 to 21; frontal bones expanded sidewise and forming the lateral roof of the orbit, the postfrontals
limited to the posterior portions. Species very numerous in warm seas. The group contains 2 or 3
strongly marked subgenera which would lie regarded as distinct genera if only extremes were
considered; but the transition is very gradual from Lagocephalus, with elongate body, silvery skin,
prominent lateral fold, long falcate dorsal and anal, with forked caudal, to typical Spheroides, with
short fins and the form of Tetraodon.

Crayracion Klein, Missus II, 18, 1742 (s pmgleri)-, nonbinomial.

l,rs SpMmhta LnccpMc, Hist. Nat. Poiss. II, 22, 1800 (French name only: tuberculi).

Spheroides lmmeril, Zool. Analytique. 108, 1800 (tuberculalMs =spengleri, from a drawing showing a front view).

Orbidus Rafinesque, Anal. Nat., ISIS, fO (substitute for fcs spheroides LacrpMe).

Sphxroidcs LacrpMe, Pilot Ed., Hist. Nat. Poiss.. VI, 1831, 279 (tuberculatus^spengleri).

Cirrhisomus Swainson, Class. Fishes, II, 194 and 328, 1839 ( spcnglcri ).
chrilirhthns Miiller, Abhandl. Alcad. Wiss. Berlin, 1839 (1841), 252 (tcstudinais) .

Unlacanthm Gronow, Syst. Nat., Ed. Gray, 23, 1851 (includes all Tetraodon! id# and DMontida )-, name preoccupied.

. ! nddmruus Kaup MS., Richardson, Voy. Herald, 156, 162, 1854 ( sjiengleri , etc.).

(lerieion Bibron, Revvie de Zool., 1855, 279 (maculdtum) .

CdtQphrynchus Bibron, 1. c. ( lampris ).

Les Promeeocephales ( Promecnrt phalus) Bibron, 1. c. ( argentatus ).

Apsiccphalits Hollard, Etudes sur les Gymnodontes, in Ann. Sci. Nat. (4th Srr. ), VIII, 1857, 324 (lestudineus, etc.).

Liosaccus Gunther, Cat., VIII, 287, 1870 ( cutaneus ).

349. Spheroides florealis (Cope).

[). S; A. 7; eye 4.25 times in head, 2.75 in muzzle; head 3.66 in total length; anal fin behind
dorsal, both subfalcate, narrow; caudal long, truncate or slightly concave; interorbital region concave,
profile regularly descending; belly to vent and anterior part of sides with strong distant bristles, back
to end nf pectoral fin and head above to nares, with distant weaker bristles; no dermal appendages; a
groove from the orbit to. the tail on each side of the back, which is nearly connected by a medially
interrupted cross groove at the occipital crest; a groove concentric with and within the superciliary
margin extending to the preocular region and returning, but sending also a curved branch round the
front of each nostril.

Color, below immaculate white, a yellowish band on the side; above reddish brown, ground
reduced to narrow lines by the innumerable small light (? white) spots with a ring of smaller spots
around each, over the upper regions of the head and body. Caudal fin delicately cross-barred; other
fins unicolored. Length 5 inches.

Two specimens from the Sandwich Islands, obtained by I)r. J. K. Townsend 20 years ago. This
species is allied to 8. alboplumbeus Richn., but differs in the fewer fin rays as well as the color (Cope).

1 n our collection from Hilo are 8 young puffers, from three-quarters to an inch in length, which
we identify with this species of Cope’s, In so far as can be determined from such small examples
they agree perfectly with Cope’s description and with the figure of his type, given by Fowler, having
the few fin rays, slender body, and coloration of S. florealis, and we have no doubt they are the young
of that species.

Ti’lni'hm florealis Ci.pe, Trans. Am. Philos. Sue., XIV, 1871, 479, Hawaiian Islands (Types, Nos. 1109 and 1110, Ac. Nnl.
Sri. Phils..).

SphernifU* florndis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1900, 511, pi. xx, lit;. 1 (Hawaiian Islands; Cope’s types).

Genus 195. TETRAODON Linnaeus.

Body rather robust, skin usually more or less prickly; nostril on each side with a tentacle, bifid
to the base, its tips without opening, the branches of the large olfactory nerve ending in cup-like
depressions along the inner edges of the 2 flattish lobes; dorsal and anal fins rounded, each of 7 to 14

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

427

rays; dorsal more or less in front of anal; caudal rounded; vertebra} usually 8+10=18; a ring muscle
about the eye forming eyelids; distinguished from Sphervides by the solid nasal tentacle.

Tetraodon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, 382 ( lineatus ).

Ias Ovoides Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 1797, 256 ( fasce ; French names only); based on front view of Tetraodon slcllatus.
Ovum Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 530 {cominer soni); after Lacepede; name preoccupied in mollusks.

Ovoides Dumeril, Zool. Analytique, 1806, after Lacepede.

Oonidus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, 1815, 90 (substitute for Ovum).

Aroihron Muller, Abh. Berl. Akad. 1S39, 252 (tesiudinarius —reticularis).

Les Epipedorhynques ( Epipedorhynchus) Bibron, Rev. Zool., 1855, 279.

I.ts DUobomyctcres ( Dilobomyctcr ) Bibron, 1. c. ( reticularis , etc.).

Les Dichotomy eteres { Dichotomy cter) Bibron, 1. c. ( Jluviatiiis ; no diagnosis).

Brachyctphalus Hollard, Gymnodontes, 1867, 324.

Crayracion Bleeker, Atlas Gymnod., 65, after Klein 1742; type spengleri, erroneously supposed to belong to this group.

a. Interorbital space concave; dorsal ray 9; belly often with longitudinal dark or colored lines . ftispidus, p. 427

(in. Interorbital flat or convex; dorsal rays 10; body with small white spots above and below . lacrymatus , p. 429

350. Tetraodon hispidus Linnaeus. “ Odpuhue;" “ Maki-maki;” “Keke.” Plate LX VI.

Head 2.9; depth 3; eye 5.75; snout 2; preorbital 2.9; interorbital 2.4; D. 9; A. 10; P. 17; C. 8.

Body rather short and stout, heavy forward, tapering evenly when not inflated, to the caudal fin;
head broad, its width at gill-openings about 1.3 in its length; snout moderate, broad, t he anterior profile
somewhat concave; interorbital space concave, the orbital rims prominent; nostril a short, bifid ten¬
tacle in front of eye; lips tubercular, in about 3 rows, scarcely covering teeth; teeth white, strong,
strongly convex anteriorly, the lower jaw slightly included; gill-opening short, about as long as eye;
body covered more or less uniformly with small, slender, bristle-like prickles, generally but not always
present in the young, usually disappearing more or less with age. The variations in this character are
entirely too great to leave it any' morphological value. Some young examples not exceeding 3 inches
in total length have the entire body profusely covered with slender, weak spines, usually longest and
strongest, on the belly, and weakest on the caudal peduncle, middle of back and top of snout. Exam¬
ples similarly spiny are found among individuals of all sizes up to 7.5 or 8 inches in length. Other
examples of similar range in size are almost wholly without prickles; if any at all are present they
will be found in a scattered patch on each side of the vent and a few on lower jaw. In an example 13
inches long prickles are present on most of the body, the naked areas being the sides of caudal
peduncle, the cheeks, snout, interorbital, and prepectoral region. In another example of the same
size nearly smooth, only a few scattered prickles are evident. Dorsal fin rounded, 2.5 in head, dis¬
tance of its posterior base from caudal fin 1.6 in head; anal with its anterior rays longest, the free edge
oblique, the longest rays 2.6 in head; caudal rounded, 1.75 in head; pectoral broad, 2.9 in head.

Color in life of one specimen, light olive-green, with spots of pearly or bluish white which are
smallest on tail; gill-openings black, with bright yellow curved streaks; belly' with parallel stripes of
light olive, growing fainter below; belly sometimes plain white, sometimes with yellbw stripes cover¬
ing it completely ; prickles all white; yellow and black lines under pectoral; fins bright olive-yellow
without spots except on caudal which has a few on basal portion; axil black, with a yellowish white
border; posterior part of side sometimes 6 or 8 vertical white bars; no spines on snout, tail, lower jaw.
or on region about vent and anal fin.

Another example in life was light olive-green with pearly white spots, smallest on tail; region
about gill-opening black with bright yellow curved streaks; belly with parallel stripes of faint olive
growing fainter below; belly sometimes plain white; prickles all white; fins bright olive-yellow with¬
out spots except on caudal, which has a few on basal portion; snout with a small dark edged bluish
spot; no spines on snout, tail, lower jaw, or on region about vent and anal fin.

Another example in life was light olive-green with pearly white spots, smallest on tail; region
about gill-opening black with bright yellow curved streaks; belly with parallel stripes of light olive,
growing fainter below; spines all white; belly7 white, often without stripes in the y'oung; fins bright
olive-yellow without spots except base of caudal; nose with a small dark edged bluish spot; no spines
on snout or tail or region about vent, anal fin or lower jaw.

Still another example was described in life by Doctor Jenkins as golden olive above, white below;
bluish-white spots about as large as pupil over top of head and back, becoming smaller on caudal ped¬
uncle and caudal fin; 2 white concentric rings around eye; one distinct and one or two other less

428

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

distinct rings of white around base of pectoral including opercular opening; about 5 white longitudinal
bands on side of belly below head and pectoral fin, alternating with a like number of olive bands;
base of pectoral and region below black, and some black blotches anterior to the lower of these; dorsal
dusky yellow; pectoral bright yellow; anal orange yellow; caudal dusky, the membranes yellowish
with bluish-white spots.

Color in spirits, head, top of body, caudal peduncle on top and sides, and most of the side, dull
olivaceous, covered quite uniformly with small round bluish-white spots, these sometimes oblong, the
largest much smaller than pupil, those on side somewhat larger; base of pectoral black, surrounded
by a narrow bluish-white line forming a nearly complete circle, interrupted only below the (in; a
white bar across base of pectoral between which and the white ring are 2 shorter ones; a broad curved
black band behind the white circle, continuing forward under the fin, some of the spines on its
anterior surface white; 2 or 3 broad but short, horizontal black bars on breast under cheek and the
same number on belly just back of pectoral, these sometimes continuous; belly chiefly white; posterior
part of side mottled black, brown and paler; base of caudal fin with a few blue-white spots; spines
usually pale or whitish. The colors in alcohol are as variable as they are in life. The yellowish or
blackish lines on the belly become blackish or dark brown. In some examples the dark lines continue
over entire belly, in others they are limited to the sides, the middle portion being plain white.

These differences are noticeable even in the very young, many of which we have ranging in total
length from six-tenths of an inch to 2.75 inches. Some very small examples (5) from Cocoanut Island
at Hilo are uniform rich brownish black above, and all but the smallest have each about 18 distinct
horizontal lines of same color on belly from chin to anal fin, the lateral ones ceasing sooner. The
spaces between these lines are dull or dusky white and equally narrow. The smallest example (six-
tenths of an inch in total length ) is uniform dark brownish black on belly as well as on back and sides;
fins all pale, caudal somewhat dusky. Other equally small examples from Hilo have the belly striped
with brownish black and the pale interspaces broken up into spots anteriorly. Somewhat larger
examples (1 inch to 1.75 inches long) from a pond at the Moana Hotel at Waikiki are usually striped
underneath, the interspaces white, and the back and sides olivaceous. Some, however, are rich brown,
agreeing perfectly with those from Hilo. In some cases the body is strongly papillose below and on
sides, presenting the appearance of plush. In one example 1.6 inches long, from Hilo, the stripes on
the belly are much broader and consequently fewer in number, there being only 12 of the dark stripes.

Although there is much variation among our numerous specimens both in color and in the devel¬
opment of the prickles, they all evidently belong to the same species. This is an abundant fish in all
suitable places about Honolulu, it frequenting the mullet ponds and more or less inclosed brackish
water areas, and even the fresh-water ponds near the coast. Nearly all our numerous specimens were
obtained from one of the smaller ponds at Moanalua, Mr. S. M. Damon’s country place. At a single
haul with a 25-foot seine more than 2 bushels of these fishes were taken. As they were being hauled
out upon the bank many of them became greatly inflated, in which condition they usually remained
indefinitely or until returned to the water, where they would float, about for some moments helplessly
on their backs, their distended bellies above the water. Finally they would collapse, right themselves
and swim away. Those placed in formalin or alcohol often remained inflated for some time, some
permanently.

This puffer reaches a large size, our biggest examples having a total length of more than a foot.
The 100 specimens in the collection from Honolulu are 1.8 to 14 inches long. In addition we have 9
small examples (1 to 1.75 inches long) from a pond at the Moana Hotel at Waikiki, and 11 examples
(0.6 to 2.75 inches long), from Cocoanut Island at Hilo. The fish is thought to be poisonous, a belief
expressed in one of its native names, M ild Maki, meaning deadly death. The species is of wide dis¬
tribution, having been recorded from various places in the Red Sea, the East. Indies, Japan, and Aus¬
tralia, as well as from Panama and the islands off the Pacific coast of Mexico. It has been recorded
from the Hawaiian Islands only by Streets, Jenkins, and Quoy and Gaimard previous to our
explorations.

Tctraodon Impidus Linnaeus, Syst. Not.. 10th ed., I, 333, 1758, India; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 237
1903), 484 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 534 (Honolulu; Necker Island).

Tctraodon pcrspicillaris Riippell. Atlas, Reise Nord Africa) 03, 1828, Red Sea.

Tctrodon implutus Jenyns, Voy. Beagle, Fish., 152, 1842, Keeling Island; Streets, Bull. U. S. Xal. Mils., No. 7, 56, 1877
(Honolulu).

Tctraodon laterna Richardson, Voy, Sulphur, ZqoL, 124, pi. 61, tig. 2. 1843.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

429

Arotliron Interna, Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Xeerl., VI, 1859, 200 (Sumatra; Solor; Timor; Batzan; Amboyna; Banrla).
Orayracion laterna, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V. 71, pi. 205, tig. 3, 1865.

Crayracion implutus , Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V, 71, 1865 (Padang, Siboga, Sumatra; Cocos; Lawajong, Solar; Kupang, Timor;
Labuha, Batjan; Amboyna; Lonthoir. Banda).

Tetrodon hispidus, Gunther, Cat., VIII, 297, 1870 (Red Sea: Zanzibar; Mozambique; Port Natal; Ceylon, East Indian
Archipelago; Amboyna; Australia, and Aneityum).

Oroides erctkizon Jordan & Gilbert, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 631, Panama.

? Tctraudon steltatus, Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I. 212, id. 10, tig. 2. 1811 (Sandwich Islands).

351. Tetraodon lacrymatus (Cuvier). Fig. 186.

Head 2.7; depth 2.6; eve 6.5; snout 2; preorbital 2.8; interorbital 2.8 in head, 6.5 in body; D. 10;
A. 12; P. 10.

Body short and stout; head short and broad; snout short; teeth in each jaw in 2 strong convex
plates, produced and beak-like at line of union; lips thin, not covering teetli completely; interorbital
space broad and flat, the profile from tip of snout to occiput slightly concave; orbital rim prominent;
gill-opening nearly vertical, its length half the distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; nostril a
short closed bifid tube. Fins broad; dorsal posterior, distance of base of anterior ray from base of
caudal 1.5 in head, or 4 in body, length of base of fin 1.6 in length of fin, whose free edge is evenly
rounded; caudal rounded, its length 2 in head; anal similar to dorsal, posterior to it, its base longer,

Fig. 186. — Tetraodon lacrymatus (Cuvier). Type of Oroides lati/rons.

its height about the same; pectoral broad, evenly rounded, its length 2.6 in head, its depth 1.2 in its
length. Body more or less covered with small, simple, sebs-like spines, mostly embedded in the skin,
only the tips projecting, most of them inclined backward; snout, cheeks, caudal peduncle, base of dorsal,
caudal and anal tins, chin, anil a broad stripe along middle of side, and region about pectoral naked.

Color in life (Xo. 03409, 13 inches long, obtained at Honolulu, July 7), raw umber, streaked with
mottling in black, covered everywhere with small white spots; belly covered also with small white
prominences, the general tone grayish white; edge of dorsal, anal, and pectoral grayish white, yel¬
lowish behind pectoral.

Color of same specimen in alcohol, rich brownish black, profusely and quite uniformly covered
with small roundish blue-white spots, varying in size from very small, mere specks, to nearly as large
as pupil, those in axil, caudal peduncle, and caudal largest, the large ones on caudal being in the
second and fourth fifths of the depth; set;e white, especially on belly; all the fins with numerous
roundish white spots, all except the caudal narrowly edged with white.

This species is close to T. setosus Smith, from the Pacific coast of Mexico, from which it differs
chiefly in the smaller size of the spots. It is known to us from the type of the nominal species Ovoides

430

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Iatifrons, a specimen about 8 inches long, and 2 examples (No. 08409, 12 inches long, and No. 05574,
9.5 inches long) obtained by us at Honolulu.

Tetrodon laerymatus Cuvier in Quoy & Guimard, Voy. Frame, 204, 1824, Sandwich Islands.

? Arotliron ophryas Cope, Fishes Lesser Antilles, in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., XIV, 1871, 470, Navigator Islands.

’ Tetrodon meleagria, Smith & Swain, Proc. F. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 141 (Johnston Island); probably not of Laeepede.

? Oroides ophryaa, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 528, pi. xx, tig. 2; after Cope's type.

Oroides Iatifrons Jenkins, Hull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 398, fig. 10, Honolulu. (Type, No. 49690, F. S. X. M .
Coll. Dr. Jenkins.)

Family LXXIX. CANTHIGASTERIDiE.- -The Sharp-nosed Puffers.

This family includes small puffers, similar in external appearance to the Tetraodontkhe, but with the
snout sharp and the back more or less compressed or ridge-like. The skeletal characters by which
the group is defined are thus given by Doctor Gill: Medifrontals separated from the supraoecipita]
by the intervention of the sphenotics, which are connected and laterally expanded, but short; the
prosethmoid prominent above, enlarged and narrowed forward. Vertebrae about 8 -f 10. Plead
compressed, with a projecting, attenuated snout; dorsal and anal short, few-rayed. Nostrils wanting
or little developed. Tropical seas; small species; none of them reaching a length of more than 6
inches.

Genus 196. CANTHIGASTER Swainson.

Body short, deep and compressed, the back more or less sharply ridged; nostrils very small and
inconspicuous, apparently sometimes imperforate.

Ca.ntUigast.er Swainson, Class. Fishes, etc., II, 1 9-i , 1839 (diagnosis only; no type mentioned).

Psilonotus Swainson, 1. <•., II, 328, 1839 ( rostratus ): substitute for Canthigaster ; not Psilonotm , a. genus of Hymenoptera of
prior date.

Prilonotus (Kaup MS.) Richardson. Voy. Herald. 162, 1854 ( rostratus ); a misprint.

Tropidichthys Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Nederl. Ind., VI, 1854, 500 ( valentini ).

Anosmius Peters, Wiegmann’s Archiv 1855, 274 ( Ueniatus ).

Rhynchotus (Bibron MS.) Hollard, Etudes Gymnodontes in Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. Zool., VIII, 1857, 320 ( personi ).
Eumycterias Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 399 ( bitnniatus ).

a. Body almost everywhere covered with small prickles; body not barred.
h. Snout, with small prickles.

c. Body with white spots; caudal peduncle without spinules; interorbital equal to eye, slightly concave; dorsal rays 9.

jactator , p. 430

cr. Body with white and black spots; caudal peduncle with spinules; interorbital flat, wider than eye; dorsal rays 11.

oahuensis, p. 432

bb. Snout, without prickles; body and head, except snout, with prickles; dorsal rays 10; body with broad dark bars.

cinctus, p. 433

aa. Body mostly smooth.

d. Dorsal rays more than 10; body with dark spots.

e. Snout long, 1.5 in head; dorsal rays 11 . psegma, p. 433

ee. Snout about 2.5 in head; dorsal rays 13 . janthinus, p. 434

dd. Dorsal rays 10.

/. Body with dark spots; small prickles on sides, caudal peduncle, belly, dorsal fin, and a patch on lower part

of cheek . epilamprus, p. 434

ff. Body with two dark lines; a few minute spines on lower surface of body, otherwise smooth, .bitxniatus, p. 435

352. Canthigaster jactator (Jenkins). Fig. 187.

Head 2.66 in length of body; depth of body from back to lower edge of base of pectoral 3. .83 in
length. Eye equal to interorbital space, 2 in snout; I). 9; A. 10; P. 16; C. 7. Profile rising from tip
of snout to middle of back where the median dorsal crest forms a prominent point; dorsal profile of
head concave from tip of snout to eyes, straight, from eyes to dorsal prominence. Interorbital space
very slightly concave; profile descending to a straight line from apex of hack to dorsal tin, from dorsal
fin to caudal fin descending with gentle concavity; caudal peduncle deep anteriorly, depth just hack
of dorsal and anal fins equal to snout; much less deep posteriorly, depth just before bases of caudal
rays 2.33 in head; ventral parts of body much dilated, depth below pectoral 1.25 in depth above pec¬
toral; dorsal and anal fins very short, dorsal above anal; rays equal, about 3 in head; caudal slightly

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

431

rounded, median rays equal to snout; pectoral wide, distal edge slightly concave; upper rays longest,
2.66 in head. Body and head everywhere except on caudal peduncle covered with small asperities
consisting of small, erectile, two-rooted spines directed backward; spines largest on belly.

Color in alcohol, dark brown above and on sides, belly pale yellowish; dark parts with numerous,
regularly distributed, pale (apparently bluish in life), round or polygonal spots; spots largest on sides
where the brown ground-color appears as a network between them, obsolete on fore part of head in
one specimen, extending distinct to tip of snout in a smaller one, none smaller than pupil, those on
sides three-fourths of eye in diameter; dusky ring about eye, most conspicuous above; fins colorless.

As was stated by Doctor Jenkins, this species is very similar to C. punetalmimiis (Gunther). Its
distinction rests on a difference in the color pattern, the spots being fewer and generally more widely
separated than those of C. punctali.ssimus. The distended belly, an alleged distinctive character seen
in the type specimen of C. jactator, is merely the result of the specimen having been preserved while
distended with air'. In 3 specimens from Laysan Island, measuring 2.56, 3.07, and 3.66 inches,
respectively, the spots on the sides of the head are nearly as large as those on the body; those on the
upper part of the snout are about half as large; there are 7 or 8 on a line between upper part of eye
and tip of snout. Those on the snout and upper part of head and nape are narrowly bordered with
dark brown. On the body there are about 13 spots in a line between the dorsal and anal fins, and 6
in a vertical line near the middle of caudal peduncle. The largest example has an indefinite dark

spot below' the base of dorsal fin. In life the spots are light blue. Most of them are as large as the
pupil, and so close together that the brown ground color appears as a network.

Three examples from the reef at Honolulu measure 1.46 inches each. The spots on the upper
part of the snout and head are very small, 5 in a line between upper part of eye and tip of snout.
They are ocellated, as are also the spots along the back to the base of dorsal. There are 7 or 8 spots
in a line between anal and dorsal fins, and 4 in a vertical line near middle of caudal peduncle. The
cotype collected by Doctor Jenkins in Honolulu also has large spots on the snout.

C. punclatimmvs, represented by 8 specimens from Panama, has from 7 to 10 small ocellated spots
in a line on upper part of snout. The spots on the back from nape to base of caudal are small and
have dark margins. There are from 11 to 23 spots between anal and dorsal, and from 8 to 15 on the
caudal peduncle. One example has 4 short lines extending backward from the eye. A specimen
from the Galapagos Islands referable to C. punctatissimus has the spots on the sides of the snout fused,
forming vertical bands. There are 3 short bands or elongate spots radiating backward from the eve.

The species was not obtained by us, the only specimens known being the 2 examples, 1.5 and 2.5
inches long, respectively, obtained by Dr. Jenkins at, Honolulu, and 6 examples collected by the Alba-~
trots, 3 at Honolulu and 3 at Laysan Island.

Tmpidiclithys jactator Jenkins, Bull. L1. S. Fish Coram. for 1899 (June 8, 1901 i, 899, tig:. 11, Honolulu (Type, No. 49703, U. 5
Nut. Mus. Coll. O. P. Jenkins); ibid.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 485 (Honolulu): Snyder, op. eit, (Jan. 19, 1904), 535
(Honolulu; Laysan Island).

Tetrodon maryaritatm wlandri, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien LXX, 19UU, 518 (Laysan); not of Richardson.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED .STATES FISH COMMISSION.

432

353. Canthigaster oahuensis (Jenkins). Fig. 188.

Head 3 in length; depth 2; eye 4 in head; snout 1.5; interorbital 3; I). 11; A. 10; C. 9; P. 16.

Body short, deep, and compressed, the back narrow and strongly elevated; anterior profile rising
pretty evenly to a point slightly posterior to vertical of gill-opening; interorbital nearly flat; snout
long, flattened laterally; teeth strong, convex, the edge sharp; eye small, high up, the supraorbital
prominent; gill-opening short, slightly oblique, less than diameter of eye; nostril small and inconspic¬
uous, but evident and perforate; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth about 2 in head.

Body covered more or less uniformly with small, short prickles, most prominent on snout, back,
chin, cheek, belly, and under pectoral tin; caudal peduncle and posterior part of side naked; base of
pectoral and other tins naked.

Color of a nearly fresh example (No. 03528), 2.8 inches long, bluish gray, upper parts of head and
body dusky; region from axil of pectoral fin to. dorsal fin and backward to base of caudal and below
for some distance below level of chin covered with small, bright blue spots; dark brown spots below
anti behind pectoral, mingled with the blue ones; 5 or 6 narrow brown lines running obliquely down¬
ward and forward on side of head, underneath which are brown spots and lines; radiating blue lines

Fig. 188. — Canthigantcr ua fl uent it (Jenkins); from the type.

from eye; 2 blue lines extending from upper posterior border of eye, diverging and then coming
together at an eminence back of occiput in such a way as to include an irregular oval area about as
large as eye; caudal dusky, with some small blue spots like those on body; dorsal and anal transpar¬
ent, with dusky liases; blue spots on base of dorsal, and some on base of anal. Color in alcohol of
same specimen, dark olivaceous; body from gill-opening to caudal fin with numerous small, round, pale
blush spots, among the lower of which are interspersed brownish spots; cheek with 4 or 5 narrow
bluish lines separated by dark brown ones running upward and backward from chin to region in front
of gill-opening; beneath and back of these are numerous brown spots and short wavy lines; short blue
lines radiating forward and downward from eye; 2 similar blue lines running backward and upward
from eye, coming together on nape and inclosing an oblong area about as large as eye; fins all dusky;
dorsal black at base and with a few blue spots on base; basal third of anal blackish; base of pectoral
black.

This species is known only from the type (original No. 326), a specimen 4.5 inches long, obtained
by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and one example (No. 03528) 2.5 inches long, obtained by us
at Honolulu, August 4, 1901.

Tropiilic/itlu/a oahurnsis .Jenkins, Hull. IT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 485, lig. 32, Honolulu (Type, No. 50G90,
U. S. Nat. Mils.).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

433

354. Canthigaster cinctus (Solander). Fig. 189.

Head and body, except front of snout, covered with spinules; profile of snout very steep, slightly
concave; interocular space concave, equaling eye; D. 10, no ocellus at its base, but a large black blotch
extending under it upon the flank; abroad black band, between these blotches on the flanks, con¬
necting the pectorals; a band of the same color between the eyes, bordered in front with bluish spots;
snout, side and caudal peduncle covered with smaller spots of same color, these spots equaling diameter
of pupil, the spots of lower part of snout having a tendency to unite in the form of slightly curved
horizontal lines; caudal bordered with black. Polynesia.

Fig. 189. — Caiith igastcr ductus (Solander); from an Hawaiian example taken by the Albatross in 1902.

Tetrodon cinctus (Solander) Richardson, Zool. Voy. Samarang, 19, 20, 1850, Tahiti.

Tetraodon valentini Bleeker, Nat. Tijdx. Ned. Ind., IV, 1858, 130, Amboyna.

Tropidichthys volenti ni, Bleeker. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VI. 1854, 500, Amboyna.

Anosmius valentini, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Ind. Archipel., 203, 1859, Amboyna.

Tetraodon ( Anosmius ) coronatus Yaillant Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3d series), III, 1875. 286, Sandwich Islands.

355. Canthigaster psegma (Jordan & Evermann). Plate 50. «

Head 3 in length; depth 2; eye 4.5 in head; snout 1.5; interorbital 2.3; D. 11 or 12; A. 11; C. 8; P. 16.

Body short, stout, moderately compressed; snout long, conic; anterior dorsal profile rising evenly
to region above gill-opening, at which point the body is deepest; interorbital flat; gill-opening nearly
vertical, short, its length less than diameter of eye; mouth low, below axis of body; teeth strong,
convex, cutting edge sharp; eye small, supraorbital rim not prominent; caudal peduncle deep, its least
depth about 2 in head, its least width 4 in its least depth; length of caudal peduncle from dorsal fin to
base of caudal fin 1.3 in head; from base of anal fin 2 in head; dorsal prominence equally distant
between tip of snout and posterior base of caudal; base of dorsal 1.5 in height of fin, which latter is 2
in head; anal similar to dorsal, its edge rounded; caudal truncate, or very slightly convex, 1.2 in head;
pectoral broad, its base 2.6 in head, free edge oblique, posterior rays 1.5 in anterior ones; body mostly
smooth; interorbital space and snout above and on side with small prickles; belly with a few prickles;
a scattered patch also on side above pectoral.

Color in alcohol, dark brown above, paler below; 3 or 4 short black lines running forward from
orbit, and same number backward; lower part of side, especially posteriorly, and lower part of caudal
peduncle, with small roundish black spots; snout and interorbital space crossed by about 12 narrow
black lines, these extending down on side of snout; side of snout with 3 or 4 narrow black lines from
chin toward eye, separated by paler lines; posterior to these, small irregular black spots covering entire
cheek, dotted over with fine white specks; ends of spines, pectoral, dorsal, and anal pale whitish,
their bases largely brownish black; caudal dark brownish or black.

Ti'opidichthj/8 psegma on plate.
F. C. B. 1903—28

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

434

This species is known from the type, No. 50885, U. S. N. M. (field No. 2561), 3.75 inches long,
obtained by us at Honolulu in 1901, a second specimen recently received from Mr. Berndt at Honolulu,
and from numerous specimens obtained by Doctor Jordan at Samoa.

Tiopidichthyspsegma Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (July 9, 1903), 209, Honolulu.

356. Canthigaster janthinus (Vaillant & Sauvage).

Dorsal with 13 rays; head without nasal tentacles; snout 2.5 in head; back rounded; profile not
steep, convex, gradually merging into the dorsal outline; body without spines, except the ventral
pouch, which is furnished with short, strong spines; caudal fin as long as caudal peduncle.

Body slate color, some black blotches between pectoral and eye; a few large rounded black blotches
at intervals along the upper part of ventral pouch; upper part of pectoral black; caudal and dorsal
stronger in color; anal transparent.

Hawaiian Islands; not seen by us. Known only from the record by Vaillant and Sauvage.
Tetnmlon (Miiiipsmius). janthinus Vaillant & Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3d series i. III, 1876, 286, Hawaiian Islands.

357. Canthigaster epilamprus (Jenkins). “Puuolai.” Fig. 190.

Head 2.8 in length; depth 2.7; eye 3.6 in head; snout 1.6; interorbital 3.5; I). 10; C. 10; P. 17.

Body oblong, compressed; head long, snout pointed, its sides flattened; mouth small, the teeth
strong, convex, meeting in a produced point at the center; eye high up, the supraobital rim prominent;
interorbital space concave; anterior profile from tip of snout to occiput nearly straight; caudal

Fig. 190. — Canlhifiaster epilamprus (Jenkins); from the type.

peduncle compressed and deep, its depth 2.25 in head; gill-opening vertical, its length less than diam¬
eter of eye; nostril small, perforate, not in a projecting tube.

Body chiefly smooth on sides and caudal peduncle; dorsal region between eyes and dorsal fin
with small, sharp prickles; a similar patch on lower part of cheek and belly; snout and interorbital
region naked; lower jaw naked; posterior part of body and caudal peduncle naked; fins moderate;
dorsal with the anterior rays longest, the free edge oblique, nearly straight, height of fin 2 in head;
anal pointed, its length about 2.S in head; caudal truncate, its length 1.3 in head; pectoral broad, little
oblique, its length 2.6 in head.

Color in alcohol, pale brownish above, paler on sides and belly; a large blackish area on side
below base of dorsal; cheek and entire body covered with small roundish brown spots; 2 dark-brown
lines on cheek under eye; 2 or 3 similar lines radiating backward from eye and 2 others running

Bull U.S.F.C. 1903 Plate so

Tropidichthys psegma Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

435

forward from eye; 5 narrow, dark lines across head between eyes; a dark median line from tip of lower
jaw to vent; side of snout with 2 vertical and 2 horizontal brown lines; fins all pale, the caudal with
converging light-brown lines on base.

This species is known only from the type, a specimen 3.5 inches long, collected near Kihei, Maui,
by Mr. Richard C. McGregor.

Tropidichthys epilamprus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII. 1902 ( Sept. 23 , 1903), 485, lie. 33, Kihei, Maui. (Type, Xo.

50853, U. S. Nat. Mus., Coll. R. C. McGregor.)

358. Canthigaster bitaeniatus (Jenkins). Fig. 191.

Head 2.66 in length of body; depth a little greater than head. Back compressed, culminating in a
very obtuse point above middle of pectoral tin. Profile from tip of snout to before eyes somewhat
concave, straight from interorbital to top of dorsal prominence, descending in a straight line from here
to base of caudal fin, being interrupted, however, at middle by elevation bearing dorsal fin. Ventral
outline evenly curved, no more convex than the dorsal; eye 3.33 in head; snout 1.75 in head; inter-
orbital concave, slightly greater than eye, 3 in head; one nostril in each side, each a simple opening
with slightly raised margin, but scarcely tubular; distance from eye to nostril 2 in distance from
nostril to tip of snout; front of dorsal fin midway between dorsal prominence and base of caudal fin,
outline rounded; rays 10, longest 1.5 in snout; caudal slightly rounded, median rays equal distance
from tip of snout to center of pupil; anal similar to dorsal, front of its base below posterior end of base

Fig. 191. — Canthigaster bitsmiatus (Jenkins); from the type.

of dorsal; pectoral broad (in specimen median and lower rays on both sides broken), upper rays 2.5
in head; a few minute spines on lower surface of body; surface otherwise smooth.

Color in alcohol, general color brown or dusky above, paler brownish below; a wide dusky band
from base of upper rays of the caudal running forward along side of body, above base of pectoral, to
upper end of gill-slit, here becoming narrow and curving downward around anterior edge of gill-slit,
then backward again below it as a narrow band below base of pectoral and along side of body, parallel
with the upper band, to a little belowT middle of caudal fin, a black spot on outer side of base of pectoral;
bases of upper and lower caudal rays black. One specimen, 2.04 inches long, secured by Dr. Wood at
Honolulu. It is apparently not distinct from the Japanese species, C. rivulatus (Schlegel).

Eumycterias bitxuiatus Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 400, fig. 12, Honolulu (Type, No. 49702, U. S.

Nat. Mus.); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 486 (Honolulu; type specimen) .

Tetrodon caudo/asciatus , Steindaehner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 518, pi. m, fig. 3 (Laysan); not of Gunther.

Family LXXX. DIODONTID/E. — The Porcupine Fishes.

Body short, broad, depressed above; belly moderately inflatable, covered everywhere except on
the lips and caudal peduncle with spines, which are usually 2-rooted or 3-rooted at their bony base;
caudal peduncle short and slender; mouth moderate, terminal, each jaw covered with a bony plate like
the beak of a bird, these not divided by a median suture; nostrils on each side forming a small tentacle,
usually with 2 openings; eye rather large, gill-opening moderate, immediately in front of the pectoral,

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

436

whirl) is short, broad, and rounded; dorsal and anal fins short, similar to each other, rounded in form
and placed posteriorly. Genera about (5; species 15. Sluggish fishes, living on the bottom among
weeds and corals in tropical seas. When disturbed they swallow air and float belly upward on the
water. Their capacity of inflation is very much less than that of the Tetraodontidn , from which family
they differ chiefly, however, in the stronger armature and in having no division in the bony plate of
either jaw. They are rarely used as food, being generally regarded as poisonous. The species are
mostly well known in collections, the singular form having attracted the attention of travelers in the
earliest times.

a. Dermal Ossifications mostly 2 rooted; the spines rather slender, but stiff and erectile; both jaws entire . Diodon , p. 436

a a. Dermal ossifications all or nearly all 3-rooted, each with a short, stiff, immovable spine; jaws each with a median
suture . Vhiloniycterus , p. 438

Genus 197. DIODON Linnaeus.

Body robust, the belly moderately inflatable; dermal spines strong, stiff, most of them 2-rooted
and erectile, a few 3-rooted and therefore immovable; both jaws entire; nasal tube simple, with 2
lateral openings; pectoral broad, the margin undulate, the upper lobe longest; vertical tins rounded,
the dorsal and anal short, posteriorly inserted, similar to each other. Tropical seas; the few species
very widely distributed.

Diodon Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 335, 1758 ( hystrix ).

Paradiodon Bleeker, Atlas Tchth., V, 56, 1865 (hystrix); name a substitute for Diodon, transferred to another genus; the first
species mentioned by Linnaeus being Diodon atinga, which was therefore taken by Bleeket* as the type.

a. Frontal spines long, usually longer than post-pectoral spines, about twice as long as eye in adult. . . .holacanthus, p. 436
an. Frontal spines not longer than the post-pectoral spines.

b. Dorsal rays 12, spines on forehead . hystrix, p. 437

bb. Dorsal rays 16; nO spines on forehead . nudifrons, p. 438

359. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus.

I). 12; A. 12. Very similar to Diodon hystrix, but with the frontal spines usually longer than the
spines behind the pectorals, about twice as long as eye; predorsal spines not shortened, 2-rooted;
erectile; about 14 to 17 spines in a series between snout and dorsal; post-pectoral spines not especially
elongate, but movable; pectoral broader than long, upper lobe pointed, lower lobe rounded. Colora¬
tion much as in Diodon hystrix, but more variable, the spots fewer and larger; usually a broad black
bar from eye to eye, continued below eye as a narrow bar; a broad bar across occiput; a black blotch
above each pectoral; a short bar in front of dorsal, another in which the dorsal is inserted; a blotch
behind the pectoral, and many small spots and blotches on the upper parts; tins with few spots, mostly
immaculate in the young. Found in all warm seas, north to the Florida Keys, Lower California, and
the Hawaiian Islands, its range coinciding with that of Diodon hystrix, from which it may prove to be
not distinct. The differences are generally evident in the adult, but young indh^luals apparently
intermediate are often found. Possibly they are the 2 sexes of the same species. Jordan and Snyder
had this species from Japan and Doctor Steindaohner records it from Laysan, whence he had one
specimen. It was not seen by us among the Hawaiian Islands, but the Albatross obtained at Laysan
Island, a single specimen, 9.25 inches long, upon which Professor Snyder has the following note:

“The tins are immaculate; 10 or 12 small dusky spots scattered over the body; a broad, dark bar,
interrupted in the middle, extending between the eves; a similar bar on nape, a spot as large as eye
above and behind pectoral, a median brown bar on back anterior to dorsal, and a blotch surrounding
base of dorsal.”

Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 335, 1758, India (based on Artedi; misprint for holacanthus) ; Snyder, Bull.

U. S. Fish Com., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Laysan Island).

Diodon titurosus Shaw, Gen. Zool., v. 436, 2, 1804; after Lc Diodon tachete Lac6p6de.

Diodon spinosissimus Cuvier, Mem. Mus. Hist.. Nat., IV, 134, 1818, no locality.

Diodon novemmaculatus Cuvier, op. eit., IV, 136, pi. 6. 1818, no locality.

Diodon sexmaculatus Cuvier, op. eit., IV, 136, pi. 7, 1818, no locality.

Diodon multimaculalus Cuvier, op. eit., IV, 137, 1818, no locality.

Diodon quadHmacidatus Cuvier, op. eit., IN', 137, pi. 6, 1818, Tahiti.

Diodon melanopsis Kaup, Weigmann’s Arehiv, 1855, 228.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 437

Paradiodon novemmaculatus, Bleeker, Allas Iehth., V, 57, pi. 206, fig. 3,1865 (Priamnn, Sumatra; Batu; Nias: Singapore:

Badjoa, Manado, Celebes; Ivajeh-, Buro; Amboyna: New Guinea).

Paradiodon quadrimaculatus, Bleeker. op. eit., 58 pi. 212, fig. 2, 1865 (Lawajong, Solor. Amboyna).

Diodon maculatus Gunther, Cat., VIII, 307, 1870, St. Croix, Jamaica, Panama, South America, Sandwich Islands, China,
Sooloo Sea, Indian Ocean, East Indies, Amboyna, Cape of Good Hope, Bourbon, Formosa; Steindaehner,
Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 518 (Laysan).

Diodon kolacanthns, Jordan and Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., II, 1716, 1898 (La Paz).

360. Diodon hystrix Linmcus. Fig. 192.

Head 2.9; deptli 4; eye 4.5; snout 2.5; preorbital 4; interorbital 1.4; width of head 1.1; width of
body at, base of pectorals 1.1; D. 12; A. 12; C. 10; I'. 23.

Body stout and heavy forward, tapering posteriorly; anterior profile from tip of snout to inter¬
orbital region concave; interorbital very broad and nearly fiat, scarcely convex; eyes large, oblique,
farther apart posteriorly ; mouth broad, its width 3 in head; dental plates strong, the edge blunt and
rough, not much convex at. middle; gill-opening vertical, short, w ith a broad anterior flap; nostril in a
short, simple lube with 2 openings, one smaller and more lateral than the other. Body covered with
strong, sharp, erectile spines, longest in the post -pectoral region, wdiere they equal distance from eye to
gill-opening; those on nape about 2 in eye; those on belly usually short hut more slender than those
on back; those on posterior part of back and on tail short and 3-rooted, and therefore not erectile;
snout naked; sides of caudal peduncle naked; about 6 spines on dorsal side of caudal peduncle back
of dorsal fin and 2 on ventral surface posterior to anal fin.

Color in alcohol, light brown, pale or yellowish-white below; entire upper part of head and body

and also sides covered thickly with small round or roundish black spots, smallest and most numerous
on snout, fewest on caudal peduncle; belly with a few small dark spots on belly; a broad dark band
across under side of head, convex forward; fins all profusely marked with small dark spots.

Occasionally taken among the Hawaiian Islands. We have examined a specimen 20 inches long'
taken by the Albatross at Honolulu in 1896, one 25 inches long, and another of 10 inches obtained in
1889 by Doctor Jenkins; and 2 examples 20 and 21 inches long, respectively, secured by us at Honolulu,
where other examples were collected by the Albatross in 1902. Smith and Swain record it also from
Johnston Island.

Diodon hystrix Linn?eus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 335, 1758, India (after Artedi); .Smith & Swain. Proc. P. S. Nat. Mils., v, 1882,
141 (Johnston Island); Jordan & Evermann, Fish. North A Mid. Amer., II. 1745, 1898; Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 489 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Honolulfl).

Diodon atinga , Bloch, Ichthyologie, IV, 75, pi. 125, 1787; not of Linnaeus.

Diodon plumicri Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., II. 10, pi. 3, fig. 3. 1800. Martinique; on a drawing by Plumier.

Diodon brachial us Bloch A Schneider, Syst. Iehth.. 513, 1801.

Diodon punctatns Cuvier, Mem. Hist. Nat., IV, 132, 1818, no locality.

Diodon echinus Rafinesque in Bonaparte, Cat. Met. Pise. Eur., 87, 1846, Mediterranean; no description.

Diodon attinga Riippell, Verzeiclrn. Senckcnb. Mus. Samml. Fische, 35, 1852.

Holocanthm hystrix Gray, Cat. Fish, Coll. Gronow, 27, 1854 (African and American oceans).

Paradiodon hystrix Bleeker, Atlas Iehth., V, 56, pi. 207, fig. 2, 1865 (Batavia, Java; Telokbetong, Sumatra; Batu; Makassar,
Celebes; Larantuka, Flores: Timor; Ternate; Amboyna; Wahai, Ceram; Banda)?

? Diodon spinosissinius, Gunther, Cat., Till, 307, 1870 (Cape of Good Hope; Siam).

438

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

361. Diodon nudifrons Jenkins. “Oopukawa.” Fig. 193.

D. 15; A. 12; forehead sloping upward from snout at angle of about 45°; interorbital 1.3 in head;
Spines mostly short, not longer than eye, except those back of pectoral, the longest of which are equal
to length of pectoral and about 2 in head; no spines on forehead below level of upper margins of eyes;
foremost spines of head few and short; head, back, sides, all the fins and the membranous sheaths of
the spines closely covered with small, roundish, black spots, much smaller than pupil; below pale; a

brown band from below gill-opening forward along lower angle of head to below eye, then across
throat continuous with corresponding band of opposite side. Known only from one specimen, 21
inches long, obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu,, and from several examples recently seen in the
Waikiki aquarium.

Diodon nudifrons Jenkins, Bull. I'. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 488, lie. 35, Honolulu (type, No. 50854, r. S.
N. M.; coll. O. P. Jenkins).

Genus 198. CHILOMYCTERtJS Bibron. — The Burr-fishes.

Body broad, depressed, moderately inflatable; dermal spines short, stout, immovable, triangular,
each with 3 roots; nasal tube simple, with 2 lateral openings; the tube sometimes rounded, sometimes
flattened, and with the partition feeble and easily torn, so that the tentacle appears divided; caudal
peduncle short; fins small, formed as in Diodon; jaws without median suture.

Species numerous, of smaller size than those of Diodon, the spines broader and lower, their bases
forming a coat of mail. Only one species known from the Hawaiian Islands.

Ckilomycterus Bibron in Barneville, Rev. Zoologique 184(1, 140 (r<iiculatus=tigrinus) .

Chilomyctcrus Kaup, Wiegmann’s Archiv 1847, 365 (a ntennalus).

Cy clicht.hu s Kaup, op. cit., 1855, 231 ( orbicularis ).

Cyanichthys Kaup, op. cit. ( ccmileus ).

Diodon Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V, 1865, 54 (at i non, the first species named by Linnaeus); not Diodon as properly restricted
by Kaup to Diodon hystrti.

362. Chilomycterus affinis Gunther. “06puhile.”

Head 2.7; depth 3.5; snout 2.5; eye 4; preorbital 4.6; interorbital 1.6; depth of caudal peduncle
5.2; length of gill-opening equals eye; D. 12; A. 10; C. 14; ]’. 20.

Body short, stout and broad, its width at pectorals equal to length of head; anterior profile from
tip of snout to interorbital concave; interorbital broad, concave, the supraocular rim not prominent;
eye large, placed obliquely, t he anterior margins being closer together than the posterior; mouth rather
large, its width 1.6 in iuterorbita! width; teeth strong, in a broad, flat, rough plate, the cutting edge
low and concave, the upper with a strong blunt point at middle; nasal tentacle flattened, somewhat
bilobed, the Surface with small, roundish cup-shaped cavities; gill-opening vertical, a little wider than
base of pectoral; spines all short and blunt, increasing in length posteriorly except above and below,
3- rooted, the anterior very long; a very low 4-rooted spine on posterior part of interobital space; 3 low
supraocular spines followed by a row of 3 somewhat higher spines, the. first of which is 4-rooted, the

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

439

next 3-rooted, and the last with a very long anterior root and 2 very short lateral roots; no spines on
cheek; middle of belly with very low spines having long and strong anterior roots; caudal peduncle
crossed bv 2 bony plates, the anterior formed by the inner roots of the spine on each side of dorsal fin,
the posterior being the bifid bony base of a single, median short spine, which disappears with age; a
small, slender, supraocular cirrus near base of middle supraocufar spine, this sometimes obscure; spines
of back each often with broad but short dermal flap posteriorly, these sometimes obscure or wanting.
Fins all rounded; dorsal high, its height about 2 in head; caudal long, its rays about 1.8 in head; anal
similar to dorsal, a little lower; pectoral very broad, its edge nearly truncate, its depth 1.2 in distance
between eye and gill-opening.

Color in alcohol, dark brownish or olivaceous above, yellowish white below, the color on back
distributed in indistinct clouds; side with 4 broad dark brown bars extending downward from the
dark upper parts, the first under eye, the second in front of pectoral, the third under posterior half of
pectoral, and the fourth in front of vertical of dorsal fin; entire back and upper parts of sides with
numerous small round black spots, less than half diameter of pupil, these more sparse anteriorly,
especially on interorbital and snout, sometimes few or none on snout; 2, or 3 spots in front of gill¬
opening, and 1 or 2 sometimes on cheek; under parts immaculate; caudal peduncle sparsely spotted;
fins all very closely covered with small, round brownish black spots, much smaller than those on
body.

The collection contains 3 excellent specimens of this fish, which agree so perfectly with Gunther’s
description of C. affinis that we have no hesitancy in identifying them with that species. Gunther’s
specimen was a stuffed skin 15 inches long, from an unknown locality.

'We have compared our examples with a specimen from Tokyo, Japan (Coll. K. Otaki), and one
from the Galapagos Islands (Coll. Snodgrass and Heller), both of which were thought by Jordan and
Snyder and by Snodgrass and Heller to be identical with < califomiensis Eigenmann, from San Pedro,
California. We have not been able to examine the type of ( '. califomiensis, but this identification is
probably correct, although Doctor Eigenmann states that his specimen had no cirri or tentacles any¬
where and the color appears to be somewhat different. In any case all our specimens are certainly
referable to Gunther’s C. affinis, which is the oldest available name.

This species reaches a large size, our longest example exceeding 20 inches in length. It does not
appear to be common among the Hawaiian Islands, and was not obtained by Jenkins, Streets, nor any
previous collector. Snyder records it as having been obtained at Honolulu by the Albatross, but fails,
curiously, to give any further information.

Diodon tigrinus Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 2S8, pi. cxxvm, fig. 1, 1842, Nagasaki; not of Cuvier.

Chilomycteru8 affinis Gunther, Cat., VIII, 314, 1870, locality unknown (type, a stuffed skin 15 inches long, in British Museum);

Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Honolulu).

Chilomycterus California! sis Eigenmann, Amer. Nat., V, 1891, 1153, San Pedro, California; Jordan & Snyder, Review of Gym-
nodont Fishes of Japan, in Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mils., XXIV, 1901, 258 (Tokyo; Galapagos Islands); Snodgrass & Heller,
Proc. Wash. Ac. Sci., VI, 1904 (Jan. 31, 1905), 415 (Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island).

Family bXXXI. MOLIDrE.- Head Fishes.

Body oblong or more or less short and deep, compressed, truncate behind, so that there is no
caudal peduncle. Skin rough, naked, spinous, or tessellated. Mouth very small, terminal; teeth com¬
pletely united in each jaw, forming a bony beak without median suture, as in the Diodontidx. Dorsal
and anal fins similar, falcate in front, the posterior parts more or less perfectly confluent with the
caudal; no spinous dorsal; no ventral fins; pelvic bone undeveloped; pectorals present. Belly not
inflatable; gill-openings small, in front of pectorals; an accessory opercular gill; no air-bladder.

fishes of the open seas, apparently composed of a huge head to which small fins are attached;
found in most warm seas, pelagic in habit, and reaching a very large size. The very young are vari¬
ously shortened in form and armed with spines. The flesh of these fishes is coarse and tough and not
used for food.

Genus 199. RANZANIA Nardo.

Body oblong, the depth about one-half height; skin smooth, tessellated, divided into small hex¬
agonal scutella; caudal truncate. Otherwise essentially as in Mola. The larval forms are unknown.
Pelagic.

Jtanzania Nardo, Ann. Sci. Regn. Lombard., Venet., V, 1840, 10, 105 ( truncatus ).

441)

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

363. Ranzania makua Jenkins. “Apahu;” “Makua.” Fig. 194.

D. 17; A. 18; C. 19; P. 3; depth 2.12 in length; head 2.8; eye 6 in head, 2.33 in snout.

Body much compressed, the ventral margin a sharp, evenly curved keel; eye much above axis of
body, a little nearer snout than base of pectoral; teeth forming a turtle-like beak completely hidden
by projecting folds of skin, which form a truncated opening to the mouth; gill-opening just in front
of upper base of pectoral, covered by a 2-lobed valve; body covered by an armor of small plates, more
or less hexagonal and concealed; pectoral about 1.5 in head, above axis of body; height of dorsal
about equal to head; anal slightly lower; dorsal and anal each separated from the caudal by a notch.
Color, bright silvery on sides, upper parts dark; sides with brighter silvery bands, the first 3 with

distinct black borders, the next 4 with numerous black spots, the black margins appearing only on
lower parts.

Differing from Ranzania Irunmta chiefly in the smaller eye, placed well above the mouth and
above the axis of the body, in the high position of the pectoral fin, in the higher dorsal and anal, and
in the coloration. Originally known from one specimen, 20 inches long, taken at the mouth of Pearl
Harbor, Oahu, by Mr. Iliel Kapu, and sent to Stanford University by Mr. Charles B. Wilson. A
second example about 4 inches long was secured by us at Honolulu in the summer of 1901.

Ranzania makua Jenkins, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., 2d series. V, October 31, 1895, 780, 784, with colored plate, Pearl Harbor, near
Honolulu; Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amer,, 1755, 1898; Jenkins, Bull. tT. >, Fish Comm., XXII.
1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 486 (Honolulu: the type).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

441

Suborder OSTRACODERMI. — The Trunk Fishes.

This group includes those Pleetognaths which are without spinous dorsal and which have the body
inclosed in a 3-angled, 4-angled, or 5-angled box or carapace, formed by polygonal, bony scutes, firmly
joined at their edges, and with distinct teeth in the jaws. There is but one family, the Ostraciidie, a
singular offshoot from the Sderodermi.

Family LXXXII. OSTRAClIDiE. — The Trunk Fishes.

Body short, cuboid, triquetrous or pentagonal, covered by a carapace formed of firmly united
polygonal bony patches, the jaws, bases of the fins, anti caudal peduncle free and covered by smooth
skin. Mouth small; each jaw with a single series of long, narrow teeth; maxillaries and premaxil-
laries firmly united; gill-opening a nearly vertical slit, below and behind the eye; dorsal fin single)
short, without spine; anal short, similar to dorsal; caudal rounded; no ventral fins; vertebra} 14, the
anterior 9 elongate, the last 5 extremely short; no ribs. Genera 3; species about 20, all of the tropical
seas, living near the bottom in shallow waters. The species of this group are so singular in appearance
and so easily preserved that they have been common in collections ever since the collecting of tropical
curiosities began. The 4 American species were well known to Artedi and Linnteus. “ The locomo¬
tion of the trunk fishes is very peculiar. The propelling force is exerted by the dorsal and anal fins,
which have a half rotary, sculling motion, resembling that of a screw propeller; the caudal fin acts as
a rudder, save when it is needed for unusually rapid swimming, when it is used as in other fishes; the
chief function of the broad pectorals seems to be that of forming a current of water through the gills,
thus aiding respiration, which would otherwise be difficult on account of the narrowness and inflexi¬
bility of the branchial apertures. When taken from the water, one of these fishes will live for 2 or 3
hours, all the time solemnly fanning its gills, anil when restored to its native element seems none the
worse for its experience, except that, on account of the air absorbed, it can not at once sink to the
bottom.” (Goode.)

a. Carapace 4-angled.

b. Carapace entirely without spines . Ostracion, p. 441

bb. Carapace with 2 preocuiar spines and 2 terminating the ventral keels . Lactoria , p. 144

aa. Carapace 6-angled . . . . . Aracana. p. 446

Genus 200. OSTRACION Linnaeus.

Trunk-fishes with the carapace closed behind the anal fin; carapace with or without frontal and
abdominal spines; dorsal rays 9 or 10; candal rays always 10; lateral ridges developed; median dorsal
ridge undeveloped, or else raised in a sharp spine, the body therefore 4 -angled or 5-angled. Although
this character is a striking one it is not one of high structural importance. Hoi lard and Bleeker have
discarded it as being of no real systematic value. All writers agree that the species of the group are
most closely related, and that the relations are closer than they appear. We think, with Doctor
Goode, and Jordan and Fowler, that the shape of the carapace affords the most reliable guide to the
arrangement of the species of the genus, and we find it difficult to define more than 2 genera in the
family, unless we assign generic rank to each of the leading sections. In Japan 3 of these sections are
represented, Tetrosomm, Lactoria, and Ostracion. The remaining 4, JZhinesomus, Chapinm, Lactophri/s,
and Acanlhostracion are all based on 3-angled species, a type confined to the West Indian region and
taken as a.distinct genus, Lactophrys, by us in our Fishes of North and Middle America.

Ostracion Linnteus, Syst. Nat., 10th eit., 330. 1758 (many species; first restricted by Swainson to 4-angled forms, cubicus
taken as type).

Tctrosomus Swainson, Classn. Fish., ii, 323, 1839 ( turritus ).

Cibotion Kaup, Wiegmann’s Archiv Natur. 1855, 215 (cubicus).

a. Ventral surface of carapace without spots; anterior opening of carapace broad, greater than orbit.

b. Sides of body with golden spots . scbar, p. 442

bb. Sides of body entirely without spots . oaltuams, p. 443

aa. Ventral surface of carapace with small bluish white spots or reticulations; anterior opening of carapace narrow, its
width less than orbit . . lentiginosum, p. 4-43

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

442

364. Ostracion sebae Bleeker. “ M6a.” Fig. 195.

Head 3.75 in length; depth 3; eye 2.6 in head; snout 1.2; interorbital 1.2; D. 9; A. 9; P. 10; (1 10.

Body 4-sided; back slightly rounded; interorbital flat ; profile before eyes strongly convex, from
there to tip of snout straight or slightly concave in small examples, forming a reentrant angle in larger
individuals; side of body concave; ventral surface slightly convex, its sides uniformly curved, less so
posteriorly, the width at middle one-fourth greater than head, its length 2.6 times head; width of
dorsal surface 1.2 times head; depth of side 1.25 in head; preorbital 1.6 in head; carapace entirely
without spines; 2 plates posterior to dorsal fin and 1 behind anal fin; anterior opening of carapace
moderate, its greatest width 1.8 in interorbital; greatest width of posterior opening 1.6 in interorbital;
caudal peduncle, measured along middle of side, equal to snout; pectoral short, broad, its length
equaling interorbital width; dorsal shorter, the distal edge somewhat oblique, length of rays 1.2 in
interorbital; anal fin shorter, the rays 1.3 in interorbital; caudal long, rounded, its length equaling
greatest interorbital width or length of head.

Color in life, dark blue or black on back, belly dark blue; a lighter patch below eye, an irregular
golden band, nearly as broad as eye, across top of head between the eyes; back covered with many
small round white spots, uniform in size and uniformly distributed; side with golden spots; caudal
peduncle black, with one or more rows of golden spots on each side and white dots on dorsal surface;

axil blue; fins dusky, posterior half of caudal lighter; iris white, with orange spots. Different
specimens show considerable variation in color, some being decidedly dark blue, others black.

In alcohol the general color becomes dirty brownish, the spots bluish white; the basal portion of
caudal black, the distal part yellowish white; anal and pectoral pale yellowish white, each crossed by
1 or 2 darker bars; base of pectoral dark brown; the orange stripe across interorbital pale dusky.

The Bureau has recently received from Mr. Berndt 5 specimens of this species, 3.3 to 4.7 inches
long. These differ in no way from specimens collected by Doctor Jordan in Samoa. Two examples
have the ventral surface without spots, while 2 others have the same area spotted like the back. In
1 specimen the spots extend inward along the edges of the ventral surface of the carapace. Some
have the caudal peduncle with spots only, while others have elongate white bands of irregular shape,
no two being alike in this respect. The largest individual has a transverse white band between the eyes.

This is .the most abundant species among the llawaiin Islands, although not represented in our
collections by many specimens. Doctor Wood obtained 1 example, the Albatross 2 in 1S96, Doctor
Jenkins 1 (the type), and 1 was secured by us, all at Honolulu. The Albatross found it at I’uako Bay,
Hawaii. There are 2 specimens from Honolulu in the California Academy, and we have examined a
specimen collected by Snodgrass and Heller at Clipperton Island. The species was also found by
Doctor Jordan at Apia where it is known as Moamoa Samasama.

Ostracion sebae Bleeker, Verb. Bat. Gen., XXIV, 32, tab. 6, Jig. 13, East Indies.

? Ostracion bombifrons Hoi larrl, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1857, VII, 168.

Ostracion camurum Jenkins, Bull.U. S. Fish Comm, for 1899 (June 8, 1901), 396, fig. 9. Honolulu (type, No. 49697, U. S. N. M.
Coll. 0. P. Jenkins); ibid., 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 486 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. sit. (Jan. 19, 19041, 535 (Puako Bay,
Hawaii).

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903

Ostracion oahuensis Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

443

365. Ostracion oahuensis Jordan & Evermann. “Moamoawaa." Plate 51.

Head 3.9 in length; depth 2.9; eye 2.9 in head; snout 1.2; preorbital 1.6; interorbital 1; D. 9;
A. 9; P. 10; C. 10.

Body 4-sided; dorsal side of carapace evenly convex, its greatest width one-fourth greater than
head; lateral dorsal angles not trenchant, slightly convex anteriorly, then evenly convex; snout blunt,
the anterior profile ascending abruptly then strongly convex in front of eyes; interorbital space nearly
flat; cheek flat; side of body concave, its width about equal to head; ventral keel prominent, evenly
convex; ventral' surface nearly flat posteriorly, but little convex anteriorly, its greatest width 1.4 times
length of head, its length just twice its width; gill-opening short, not exceeding two-thirds diameter
of eye; least width of anterior opening of carapace 1.75 in interorbital, or 1.5 times diameter of orbit,
the depth nearly twice orbit; mouth small; teeth rich brown; least depth of posterior opening of
carapace much less than width of anterior opening, equaling distance from lower edge of preorbital to
pupil; length of caudal peduncle less than that of head, its depth 2.2 in its length; no spines anywhere.
Dorsal tin high, its edge obliquely rounded, its length 1.3 in head; anal similar to dorsal, the edge
rounded, its length 1.2 in dorsal; caudal slightly rounded, its rays nearly equal to head; pectoral with
its free edge oblique, the rays successively shorter, length of fin equal to height of dorsal.

Color in life, dark brown with blue tinges; interorbital space showing more or less golden; small
whitish spots profusely covering entire dorsal surface; no spots on side of body or on face; no spots on
ventral surface, except a faint one of a slightly darker color than general gray color of surface; one
longitudinal row of golden spots on each side of upper part of caudal peduncle from carapace to base
of caudal fin; pectoral, anal, and dorsal tins with transverse rows of faint spots; caudal bluish black at
base, white on posterior half; a broad light or yellowish area below eye; iris golden.

Color in alcohol, rich brown above, the sides darker, and the ventral surface paler, brownish
about margins, dusky yellowish within; entire back with numerous small, roundish, bluish- white spots;
upper half of caudal peduncle with similar but larger spots; forehead and snout dark brown; lips
brownish black; cheek dirty yellowish; sides and ventral surface wholly unspotted; base of caudal
blackish, paler distally, the dark extending farthest on outer rays; other fins dusky, with some obscure
brownish spots.

This species is related to O. sebse Bleeker, from which it differs in the smaller, more numerous
spots on back, the entire absence of spots on side, the smaller size of the spots on the caudal peduncle,
and the brighter yellow of the suborbital region.

The type and 1 cot vpe were obtained by us at Honolulu where other specimens were later collected
by the Albatross. One example was obtained by Doctor Wood. Our specimens are 5 to 6 inches long.

Ostracion oahuensis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. lT. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 i April 11, 1903), 200, Honolulu (type, No. 50668,
U. S. N. M.); Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23, 1903), 487; Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 535.

366. Ostracion lentiginosum Bloch & Schneider. “Oopakaku.”

Head 4 in length; depth 3; eye 2.8 in head; snout 1.25; preorbital 1.9; interorbital 1.2; D. 9,
sometimes 7; A. 9; C. 10; P. 10.

Body 4-sided; dorsal surface moderately rounded, the lateral dorsal angles not sharp, uniformly
convex, except at extreme anterior and posterior ends, where each is slightly concave; greatest width of
dorsal surface one-fourth greater than length of head, there being 10 hexagonal plates in a transverse
series; 3 plates posterior to dorsal fin; side Concave, its greatest depth about 1.2 in head; ventral sur¬
face evenly convex, its sides uniformly curved, its greatest width 1.6 times length of head, its length
3 times head, about 10 plates in a transverse series, one plate behind anal fin; anterior opening of car¬
apace narrow, its greatest width less than orbit; mouth small, the teeth brown; anterior dorsal profile
concave to front of eyes, then strongly convex; interorbital nearly flat; least depth of posterior open¬
ing of carapace equal to width of anterior opening, its greatest width a trifle greater than depth of
preorbital; length of caudal peduncle equaling head, its depth 2 in its length; dorsal fin high, its rays 1.6
in head; anal similar, equally high, its distal edge rounded; caudal broad, rounded, its length nearly
equaling that of head; pectoral with its distal edge oblique, the longest rays about as long as caudal.

Color in life of an example (No. 03527), 3.25 inches long, gray, covered all over carapace on all
sides, including head, with small white spots; similar spots all over caudal peduncle and on basal half

444

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

of caudal fin; posteriorly the spots have a tinge of blue; spots on head very small, those posteriorly
larger, but none nearly so large as pupil; dorsal, ventral and pectoral fins transparent.

Color in alcohol dark brownish black; back and sides profusely covered with small, round, or
stellate bluish white spots, uniformly disposed; ventral surface paler, the lighter spots and markings dis¬
posed to run together, forming reticulations; cheek with few or no spots; caudal peduncle brown, with
somewhat larger, round, or oblong bluish white spots; base of dorsal black, the fin dusky; base of
anal pale brownish, with a few small white spots, the base of the rays with a brown line, the fin
dusky; caudal dark at base with a few white .spots, the distal portion paler; ventrals dusky.

This is a species of wide distribution, having been recorded from the Indian Ocean tod Archipelago
and from various places in the tropical Pacific. Steindachner had 1 example from Honolulu, Jenkins
has 2, and we have 5, all from the same place. Others were obtained by the Albatross. Jenkins also
had 1 from Ililo and there is 1 from Hilo in the California Academy.

Ostracion lentiginosus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 501, 1801, Isle of France.

Ostracion punctatus Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 501, 1801; Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517
(Honolulu).

Ostracion mclcagris Shaw, Gen. Zool., V, 428, pi. 172, 1804.

Cibotion punctatus, Kaup, Arch. Naturgesch., XXI, 1855, 216.

Ostracion ( Ostracion ) punctatus, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth., V, 39, pi. 202, fig. 4, 1865 (Ternate; Amboyna; Ceram; Banda (Neira);
Letti; New Guinea; Mauritius; Tahiti: New Holland).

Ostracion lent iginosum, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 487 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 535 (Honolulu).

Ostracion punctatum, Smith & Swain, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 140 (Johnston Island).

Genus 201. LACTORIA Jordan & Fowler.

This genus agrees with Ostracion in having the carapace 4-angled, but differs in having strong
spines in front of the eyes and a pair terminating the ventral keels; a median dorsal spine is some¬
times present.

Lactoria, Jordan, cfc Fowler, Proc._U. S. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1903, 278 (conrufils).

a. Ventral portion of carapace not translucent; no spines on dorso-lateral crest posterior to the orbit . sc.hlcmmeri, p. 444

aa. Ventral portion of carapace translucent; spines on dorso lateral crest posterior to the orbit . galeodon , p. 4 45

367. Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder. Plates 52 and 53.®

Head measured to gill-opening, 3.7 in length to base <»f caudal; depth 2.3; eye 2.7 in head; snout
4.6; I). 9; A. 9.

Anterior profile of head very steep, interrupted by a constriction one-third of distance between
tip of snout and middle of interorbital space; interorbital space V-shaped, when viewed from before,
the depression extending almost to a level with upper edge of pupil; carapace with 5 ridges, the dorsal
ridge scarcely evident, with a large spine located midway between tip of snout and base of caudal fin;
dorso-lateral crest with 3 spines, the anterior projecting upward and forward from the orbit; the
posterior located slightly behind middle of dorsal spine, midway between anterior edge of orbit and
posterior end of carapace; the median, which is small and weak, located somewhat nearer to the
orbital than the posterior spine; ventro-lateral ridge with 4 spines, the first very small, the second
larger, located below dorsal spine, the posterior one projecting backward, the distance between it and
the one of the opposite side equal to distance between center of pupil and dorsal spine; ventral
surface of carapace convex, a slight median depression extending from breast to anal tin; plates
granular, except 10 or 12 in the region posterior to pectoral fin, each with a central granule usually
larger than the others.

Dorsal fin located midway between dorsal spine and end of carapace; base of anal fin occupying
most of the space between vent and end of carapace; pectoral just behind vertical through posterior
edge of orbit.

Dorsal portion of body dusky with small dark spots scattered over snout and back; ventral half
of carapace translucent with zigzag dusky bars along the region of crest, the color following the
vertical sutures between the plates; throat and breast with scattered dusky spots somewhat smaller
than pupil.

a Ostracion schlemmeri on plate.

Bull U S FC 1903

OSTRACION SCHLEMMER1 JORDAN & SNYDER. Type.

Bull U.S.F.C. 1903 Plate 53

0STRACION SCHLEMMER1 JORDAN & SNYDER. TYPE.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

445

This species is closely related to /.. diaphanutn (Bloch & Schneider), of Japan and the East Indies.
Compared with Japanese examples it differs in having the spines better developed, and in greater
number, there being 2 on the dorso-lateral ridge, 1 of which is opposite the large median spine,
the other between the former and the orbital spine; also in having the carapace deeper in the region
of the ventro-lateral ridge and broader near the anal fin, and the plates posterior to the pectoral less
granular. The only Hawaiian form with which it might be confused is L. galeodon Jenkins. In
this species the ventral portion of the carapace is not translucent, the orbital spines are longer and
project in a more horizontal direction, and there are no spines on the dorso-lateral crest posterior to
the orbit.

One specimen, 4.13 inches long, from Laysan Island, collected by Mr. Max Schlemmer, for whom
the species is named. Type No. 8440, Stanford Univ. Mas.

Lactoria schlemmeri Jordan & Snyder. Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus... XXVII, 1904, 945, Laysan Island.

368. Lactoria galeodon Jenkins. “J lakukana.” Fig. 196.

D. 9; P. 11; A. 8; head 2.8; depth 2; eye 2; snout 4.5; interorbital 1.2.

Carapace 4-sided; a pair of long, slender, slightly divergent spines in front of eyes, their direction
slightly upward; a similar pair terminating the lateral ventral angles, horizontal and not divergent;
middle of back with a strong, compressed, triangular spine, notched on posterior border, slightly

projecting backward, and resembling a sharp tooth; snout short, the anterior profile concave; dorsal
lateral angles little convex, the ventral angles more convex, 12 plates along its edge from snout to
spine; 8 plates in lateral dorsal angle, no spine at its middle; ventral surface with 11 or 12 plates in
longitudinal median series, 7 in transverse series.

Color in alcohol, dirty yellowish or olivaceous above; middle of side with a large oblong dark or
blackish area; ventral surface yellowish.

This species is closely related to the East Indian species, L. diaphanum (Bloch & Schneider), from
which it is readily distinguished by the entire absence of median spines on the lateral ventral keel, by
the longer and straighter frontal and ventral spines, the character of the dorsal spine, and the opaque
carapace.

A single example was obtained at Honolulu in 1889 by Doctor Jenkins, and our collection contains
three small specimens 1 to 1.3 inches long, all from Hilo. We have also examined a painting made
by Andrew Garrett, preserved in Hilo, the specimen having been taken at Kailua; also a colored
drawing made at Kailua by Miss Louise Kimball, of Los Angeles.

The Albatross obtained several specimens at Honolulu from the stomach of a Coruphxna.

Lactoria galeodon Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903). 487, fig. 34, Honolulu (type, No. 50717, U. S.
N. M.); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 535.

Ostracion diaphanus, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 517 (Laysan and Hawaii); probably not of Bloch
& Schneider.

446

BULLETIN OE THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 202. ARACANA Gray.

This genus differs from Oslraeian in having the carapace 6-angled and open behind the anal tin. The
species vary in form almost as much as do those of Ostracion. In Aracana proper there are spines
over the eye, and the abdomen is crested, while in Apoplocapros the back and belly are crested, but no
spines are present anywhere.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Aracana Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., T, 1838, 110 ( auritus ).

Acerana Kaup, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1855, 219 (auritus).

Capropygia Kaup. op. eit., 220 (unistriata).

Kentoc&tpros Kaup, 1. c.

Anoplocapros Kaup, op. eit., 221 (grayi).

Group CIRRHITOIDEI. — The Cirrhitoid Fishes.

This group agrees with the Percoidea in most respects, the chief external difference being in the
form of the pectorals, which have broad, procurrent bases, as in the Scorpcenidoe, the lower rays being
unbranched and more oh less thickened. Its relations doubtless lie with both Percidse and Scor-
, pienidse . One family is represented in Hawaiian waters.

Family LXXXIII. CIRKH1TID£.

Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate scales, which are cycloid or ctenoid; lateral line
continuous, concurrent with the back, not extending on caudal; mouth low', terminal, with lateral
cleft; eye lateral, of moderate size; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary narrow, not sheathed by
preorbital; teeth small, pointed, occasionally with canines, sometimes present on vomer or palatines;
cheek without bony suborbital stay; branehiostegals 3 to 6, usually 6; gill-membranes separate, free
from the isthmus; preoperele serrate or entire; opercle unarmed ; no spines or serrations on bones of
cranium; dorsal fin continuous, long, the spinous and soft parts subequal, the spines not depreSSible
in a groove; soft dorsal low; spines rather low and strong; pectoral tin short and broad as in the
Cottidse; lower half of fin with its rays simple and generally stout; the membranes deeply incised;
ventral tins thoracic, but considerably behind root of pectorals, the rays I, 5; air-bladder large and
complicated or wanting; pyloric cseca few; vertebra? 10 + 16 = 26; skull very compact and solid.
Carnivorous fishes of the warm seas; genera 10; species 40; apparently really allied on the one hand
to the Serramdn>, with which group Dr. Boulenger finds that the skeleton has much in common; on
the other hand they show affinities with the Scorpumidx. Through such forms as these the great
group of Loricati or mail-cheek fishes may be connected with their perch-like ancestors. This family
is represented in American waters by' one genus ( Oirrhitus ) with 2 species, and in the Hawaiian Islands
by 4 genera and about 7 species.

a. Dorsal with 18 spines; body greatly elevated anteriorly, the nape trencnant; body greatly compressed

Cheiladaclylm, p. 446

aa. Dorsal with 10 to 12 spines; body not elevated nor greatly compressed.

6. Snout long and pointed, 2 in head . CirrhitoiaSa , p. 447

66. Snout not especially long, more than 3 in head.

c. Teeth on palatines wanting; scales on cheeks as well as on body large . . . Paracirrhites, p. 448

cc. Teeth on palatines; scales on body large, those on cheeks small . Oirrhitus p. 451

Genus 203. CHEILODACTYLUS Lacepede.

Body greatly' elevated anteriorly, the anterior profile rising abruptly from occiput to origin of
dorsal fin; nape trenchant, back very greatly compressed, the body' tapering rapidly posteriorly;
anterior dorsal spines long and strong. Several species, only one known from the Hawaiian Islands.
Cheilodactylw Luct-pcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, xix, 6, 1803 ( fasciatus).

Bull U.S.F.C. 1903. Plate 54

Cheilodactylus vittatus Garrett.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

447

369. Cheilodactylus vittatus Garrett. “ Kikak/ipu.” Plate 54.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.6; eye 3.2 in head; II. win, 29; A. in, 7; scales 11-63-12.

Body greatly compressed, anteriorly greatly elevated, the prpfile rising nearly vertically from
posterior line of orbit to origin of dorsal tin, from which point it descends in a long low curve but
slightly convex; nape trenchant; head moderate; snout not produced; mouth small, little oblique;
maxillary scarcely reaching orbit; lower jaw short, included; preopercle entire; eye moderate or large,
entering anterior profile; nostrils round, close to eye, the anterior with a small, branched filament;
fins well developed; origin of dorsal over posterior edge of orbit, its base covering nearly entire length
of body; first dorsal spine very short, second somewhat longer, third very long, nearly equaling head;
fourth and fifth dorsal spines both a little shorter than third, about 1.4 in head, the other spines
progressively shorter; edge of soft dorsal nearly straight, the rays about equal in length, a little greater
than snout or about equal to last dorsal spine; caudal deeply forked, the lobes pointed; anal spines
short, the anterior spines produced somewhat, equal to snout and eye; ventrals reaching past vent
their length 1.6 in head; pectoral long, the lower rays produced, nearly equaling head; scales rather
small, firm and smooth; head densely covered with much smaller scales; scales of breast very small.

Color in life, according to Garrett, grayish silvery, ornamented with 5 oblique blackish brown
bands disclosed as follows: one from shout to margin of preopercle; the second from eye across cheek
to base of pectoral fin, which it involves; the third, which passes over the occipital region, extending
downward and backward to axil of pectoral; the fourth and broadest from origin of dorsal downward
and backward, widening in its descent and passing beneath the abdomen under the ventral fins; a
fifth beginning at the tip of fourth dorsal spine, passing downward and backward, reaching back at
base of seventh spine, and continuing chiefly on side to caudal peduncle, partly crossing lateral line
under about twelfth dorsal ray; within this dorsal band are 3 irregular pale or whitish spots; caudal
peduncle with a large blackish spot near the middle and 2 smaller ones at base of caudal fin; oper¬
cular flap and snout tinged with orange red; interorbital with 2 transverse brownish red bands; dorsal
fin anterior to fifth black band, white; soft portion of dorsal, caudal and anal light yellowish, the
caudal lobes tipped with blackish brown; pectoral orange-red; ventrals deep blackish brown; iris
yellowish silvery. In alcohol the general pattern of coloration holds.

The above description is based upon a specimen about 6 inches long, taken at Honolulu some
years ago by Doctor Rosenstern, of San Francisco, .and now in the California Academy of Sciences.

The species is an extremely rare one. It was described originally from Honolulu, by Garrett,
his type being a specimen 7 inches long, the present location of which is unknown. It is probably not
in existence. The description and colored plate in Gunther’s Fische der Siidsee were based upon
Garrett’s description and sketch. A second example, 8 inches long, was obtained by Professor Schau-
insland at Honolulu in 1896, and described by Doctor Steindachner. Recently we have received from
Mr. Berndt, at Honolulu, 2 other examples much larger than either of those previously known. They
measure 6.9 and 9.7 inches, and with the specimen in the California Academy of Sciences and the
one in the Museum at Vienna seem, therefore, to be the only known examples, and are probably the
only representatives of the species extant.

Cheilodactylus vittatus Garrett, Proe.Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., 111,1804 (January 4), 103, Hawaiian Islands; Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish
Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23,1903), 489 (Honolulu; coll. Dr. Rosenstern).

Cheilodactylus vittatus, Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, 73, pi. 51. fig. B. 1874 (Sandwich Islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak.
Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 490 (Honolulu).-

Genus 204. CIRRHITOIDEA Jenkins.

No palatine teeth; teeth on vomer; jaws with narrow band of small canine-like teeth; intermaxil¬
lary denticulate; preopercle finely toothed; dorsal single, of 10 spines and 12 rays; 5 rays of pectoral
simple, lower rays of pectoral elongate, 1.8 in head; snont sharp, pointed, 3 in head. This genus is
allied to Oxycirrhites Bleeker, from which it differs chiefly in the shorter snout.

Cirrhituidea Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish C'umiu., XXII, l'JUJ (Sept. 23, 1903), 489 i biiuacukl).

148

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

370. Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins. Fig. 197.

Head 2.6 in length; depth 3; eye 4.6 in head; snout 3.8; maxillary 2.7; D. x, 12; A. m, 6; scales
3-37-7.

Body short, deep, and compressed, the dorsal profile strongly arched from tip of snout to base of
first dorsal spines; back very narrow, trenchant; ventral outline nearly straight, head rather long,
pointed; snout long and pointed; mouth moderate, slightly oblique, the jaws equal; maxillary reaching
pupil; jaws with small, close-set canine-like teeth, small teeth on vomer, none on palatines; preopercle
serrate; opercle ending in a long flap; fins rather large; dorsal spines slender, weak, their length equal
to distance from tip of snout to middle of pupil; dorsal rays somewhat shorter; second anal spine
longest, about equal to longest dorsal spine; anal spines similar to those of soft dorsal; caudal slightly
rounded; ventrals rather long, reaching past vent; pectoral moderate, the middle rays longest, about
1.2 in head; scales rather large, lateral line complete, beginning at upper end of gill-opening and
running a little nearer dorsal outline posteriorly; scales on nape, breast, cheek, and opercle.

Fig. 1S7. — Cirrhitoidea bimacula Jenkins; from the type.

Color in alcohol, dusky; body crossed by about 7 rather broad darker vertical bars, the first at
origin of dorsal, second under middle or spinous dorsal, third under beginning of soft dorsal, last 2
on caudal peduncle; head dusky yellowish; a large brownish black spot on opercle, and another large
round brownish black spot on side above lateral line and under posterior third of soft dorsal; fins some¬
what dusky, the anal darkest.

The above description is based chiefly upon the type, No. 50702, U. S. N. M. (original No. 275), a
specimen 2 inches long, obtained by Jenkins at Honolulu. One other specimen, which was taken
as a cotype, is of the same length and was obtained at the same time.

Cirrkttoidm bimacula Jenkins, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 489, fig. 30, Honolulu.

Genus 205. PARACIRRHITES Bleeker.

Premaxillaries not produced; some of the teeth on jaws canine-like; teeth on vomer but none on
palatines; head obtuse, convex; body and head covered with large scales.

Tli is genus is close to Cirrhiius, from which it differs chiefly in the absence of palatine teeth and in
having large scales on cheek. Most of t he species of Cirrhilidse of Polynesia belong to this genus.
Paracirrf rites Bleeker, Verb. K. K. Wet., XV, 1875, 5 (forsteri).

a. Dorsal rays 14; body crossed by alternating broad bars of red and white . cinctus , p. 449

aa. Dorsal rays 11; body without red and white crossbars. '

b. Head with numerous small or line round spots; no large, brownish postocular ocellus . forsteri, p. 450

bb. Head without small round spots; a large brownish, postocular ocellus . arcatus, p. 450

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

449

371. Paracirrhites cinctus (Gunther). “Pilikoa;” “Oopuka-hai-hai ; ” Poopa ’a.”

Plate LX VIII.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.8; eye 4.5 in head; snout 3.4; maxillary 2.4; interorbital 5.3; D. x,
14; A. in, 6; scales 5-48-10; Br. 5; gillrakers 12 • 5, finely ciliated.

Body oblong, compressed, deepest through base of pectoral; dorsal outline from tip of snout to
origin of dorsal rather steep, straight, thence to end of tin evenly slanted; ventral outline slightly
curved; head longer than deep, compressed, subconic; snout bluntly pointed; mouth rather large,
nearly horizontal, lips thick, lower jaw slightly included; maxillary reaching about to anterior edge
of pupil; a single row of small conic teeth in each jaw, behind these anteriorly a patch of small villi-
form teeth; bands of villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; posterior edge of preopercle roughly
serrate; eye high up, the supraorbital above line of anterior profile; interorbital narrow, concave;
anterior nostril with a short branched filament about as long as pupil; fins rather large, origin of dorsal
slightly in advance of base of pectoral, the latter much in front of ventral, distance from origin of
dorsal to tip of snout equal to head; dorsal spines not as high as rays, the fifth or sixth longest, 2.1 in
head; base of spinous dorsal slightly longer than that of soft dorsal, the anterior dorsal rays slightly
the longer, longest 1.75 in head; caudal truncate; anal short, its base equal to snout and eye, second
spine stout and longest, equal to base of fin, front rays slightly the longer, equal to second spine;
ventrals rather short, scarcely reaching anal. 1.75 in head; pectoral long, the 6 lowermost rays thick
and not united beyond the tips of the shorter rays, longest ray, reaching base of third anal spine, 1.3
in head; scales firm, moderate, cycloid, none on top of head and snout; lateral line concurrent with
dorsal outline.

Color in life, head olive brown, finely vermieulated and spotted with bluish and greenish white,
the vermiculations on lower part of cheek and lower jaw red and white; opercle blackish, with bluish
white spots; nape with a narrow lighter area, behind which are delicate bluish white and red points
on a dark ground; side with broad, white crossbars, alternating with broader red bars; first white
crossbar extending from base of third or fourth dorsal spines to just posterior to base of pectoral, this
bar narrowest and somewhat brownish at upper end; then less red just above lateral line, followed by
blood red, ending under middle of pectoral; second, third, and fourth white bars each with purplish
shade and each with an obscure orange blotch near lower end; second and third red bars brightest,
the second extending from bases of last 3 dorsal spines to base of third anal spine, broadest at top,
narrowing gradually downward; third red bar beginning under fourth to ninth dorsal rays and ending
at base of last anal rays; fourth red bar crossing base of caudal peduncle, its center splotched with
blackish; rest of caudal peduncle pale rosy or purplish; under parts bluish white, with reddish or
orange spots and lines, the latter confined chiefly to the breast; membranes of dorsal fin red, blotched
and dotted with irregular bluish or greenish w hite markings; edge of membranes narrowly white, tip
of dorsal spines red, a small black speck on base of first spine; soft dorsal greenish with bluish and
purplish wash, indistinct orange or brassy spots through the center; caudal rays purplish or rosy, the
membranes greenish, anal bluish, the rays brassy green, 3 or 4 small brassy spots near the base; ven¬
trals similar to anal: pectoral pale rosy; iris golden.

Color in alcohol, head brownish above, paler below, with numerous fine bluish-white spots, larger
and more irregular and most distinct on lower jaw and gill-membranes; opercle dark; side with 4
broad brownish- black crossbars, separated by narrower yellowish white bars, the crossbar on caudal
peduncle blackest and most distinct, under parts rosy white; dorsal, pectoral, and ventrals uniform
yellowish white, little dusky; caudal and anal somewhat dusky.

This beautiful species is very abundant among the Hawaiian Islands and is one of the most
interesting and attractive fishes seen in the Honolulu market. It reaches a length of 4 to 5 inches.
The collections contain 71 specimens, 8 from Hilo, the others from Honolulu, ranging in length 2.8 to
4.4 inches. Specimens were obtained by Jenkins, Jordan, and Snyder, the Albatross , and by us.
CirrhUesfasciatus, Bennett, Zool. Journ., IV. No. XIII, Art. III. 39, 1828 (Oahu); not Cuvier.

Cirrhites cinctus Gunther, Cat.. II. 73, 1860, Hawaiian Islands, Madagascar, lie de France; ibid., Fische der Siidsee. II.
72, pi. 52, figs. A and B, 1874 (Hawaiian Islands and Mauritius); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,
490 (Honolulu).

Cirrhitus fasciatus, Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 107 (Hawaiian Islands).

Paracirrhites cinctus, Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 491 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

F. C. B. 1903—29

450

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

(

372. Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch & Schneider). “ Ilihipilikoa;” “Pilih/a.” Plate LXVII.

Head 3 in length; depth 2.75; eye 6.2 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 2.25; interorbital 5.4; D. x,
11; A. Hi, 6; scales 6-48-10.

Body oblong, deepest at. base of pectoral; head longer than deep, the upper profile a little concave
over eyes; snout long, blunt; jaws large, powerful, the lower slightly projecting; lips fleshy; maxillary
large, reaching middle of eye; teeth strong, 2 large canines in front of upper jaw; teeth on sides of
mandible enlarged, conic; eye small, high, in anterior part of head; preopercular margin finely
serrate; interorbital space nearly flat, the supraocular ridges little elevated; anterior nostrils with
large ciliated flap; spinous dorsal beginning a little behind base of pectoral, fifth spine longest, 2.5 in
head; first dorsal ray longest, 1.65 in head; second anal spine enlarged, longest; first anal ray longest,
1.8 in head; lower pectoral rays longest, 1.5 in head, and free for only small portion distally; ventrals
1.75 in head, inserted well behind pectorals and not reaching anus; scales large, cycloid, in even
series, those on top of head, snout, and mandible very minute; small scales on basal portions of soft
dorsal, caudal, anal, pectoral, and ventrals; lateral line straight.

Color in life, upper parts of head and back pale yellowish olivaceous; a broad paler or whitish line
along base of dorsal tin, below this yellowish brown posteriorly with a long broad black blotch extending
from about middle of side under last 3 dorsal spines, along upper edges of caudal peduncle and upon
bases of middle and 1 or 2 upper caudal rays; beneath this, along axis of body, a broad whitish band,
bordered above and below by yellowish brown, the anterior end with few reddish or brown spots,
the posterior half somewhat bluish; lower half of side with about 7 narrow longitudinal orange yellow
stripes separated by nearly equally wide bluish silvery lines; lips and face with very bright red spots;
red and black spots on opercle, preopercle and body above the pectoral; chin and throat with red
spots; under parts of head and breast with red and black spots; iris red; dorsal fin red, the spinous
portion dusky on outer margin, the soft rays with the membranes somewhat dusky; caudal chiefly
red or rosy; rays of anal yellow, the membranes dusky; rays of pectoral red, red spots on base and
in axil.

Color in alcohol, dull brown, deepest anteriorly; head and anterior part of trunk with small round
black spots, very much smaller on snout and mandible; iris dull yellow with a few deep brown spots;
back along base of dorsal fin dusky orange; upper half of body posteriorly with a broad black band
from middle of back to middle of caudal; broad, whitish band out on caudal; spinous dorsal dusky
brown, soft dorsal with outer half whitish, the basal portion blackish; anal, pectoral, and ventrals
dusky, the last slightly tinted with olivaceous; caudal more or less dusky, outer or marginal portion
broadly whitish.

Described from No. 04574, 6.8 inches long, from Honolulu. The collections contain 25 examples,
all from Honolulu but one, which is from Hilo. Length 4.4 to 8.25 inches.

Grainrnistas forsteri Bloch & Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 191, 1801, Island of Santa Christina or Waitaho, Marquesas Islands.
Spafus panther inus Lac£pS.de, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 160, 1802, South Seas.

CirrhiteB pantherinm, Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 70, 1829 (lie de France).

Scr remits tankervUlss Bennett, Fishes of Ceylon, 27, pi. 27, 1841, Ceylon.

Perea hen iota Forster, Descript. Animal., Lichtenstein, 224, 1844, Santa Christina, Marquesas Islands.

Cirrhites forsteri, Gunther, Cat., II, 71, 1860 (Mauritius, Cape Seas, India): Giinther, Fische der Siidsee, I, 69, taf. XLIX,
fig. A., 1874 (Indian Archipelago, east coast of Africa, Red Sea, Polynesia, Tahiti, Hawaiian Islands); Streets, Bull.
IT. S. Nat. Mils., No. 7, 73, 1877 (Honolulu); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 490 (Honolulu); Fow¬
ler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 502 (Honolulu).

Amblypirr kites forsteri,, Bleeker, Ned. Tijds. Dierk., Ill, 175, 1866.

Paracivrhitus forsteri, Bleeker, Verh. Ak. Wet. Amst., XV, 1875, 6 (Manado, Celebes, Sangir, Amboyini, Banda, Neira,
Termite, Waigiu): Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 490 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit.
(Jan. 19, 1904), 527 (Honolulu).

373. Paracirrhites arcatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Pili/cfta.” Plate LXIX.

Head 2.9 in length; depth 2.33; eye 5.5 in head; snout 3.2; maxillary 2.2; interorbital 5; 1). \, 11;
A. iii, 6; scales 6-50-1 1 .

Body oblong, deepest about pectoral region; head deep; snout long, obtuse; jaws large, equal,
powerful; lips fleshy, broad; mouth large, oblique; maxillary broad, reaching posterior margin of
pupil; 2 large canines in front of upper jaw, and enlarged teeth on sides of mandible; eye small, ante¬
rior, and superior; margin of preopercle convex, finely serrate; interorbital space concave; anterior

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

451

nostrils with ciliated fleshy flap; third and fourth dorsal spines longest, 2.75 in head; anterior dorsal
ray longest, 1.6 in head; second anal spine longest, 2.6 in head; first anal ray longest, 1.65 in head;
margin of caudal convex; pectoral short, 1.5 in head, lower rays little free at tips; ventrals pointed,
reaching vent, spine 1.6 in longest ray; scales moderately large, cycloid; small scales on bases of soft
dorsal, soft anal, caudal, and of pectoral; no scales on snout above or on lips; lateral line nearly straight,
not concurrent with dorsal profile.

Color in life (from No. 03401) olivaceous, with narrow longitudinal lines of cardinal-red on back,
becoming deep brown on lower surface; a broad white band on back posterior to base of caudal, where
it becomes purple; head purplish-red, more or less deep red along margin of maxillary above, preor¬
bital region, and side of mandible posteriorly; an orange spot with scarlet edge on lower margin of
preopercle; below and posterior to margin of preoperele, blue with 3 orange bands with scarlet
margins, the median with a blotch of green; interorbital width, snout above and tip of upper jaw deep
olivaceous, the lower lip, groove between nasals and maxillaries, and anterior nostrils, orange; patch
behind and above eye olivaceous, bordered narrowly with light blue, cardinal-red, and orange;
margin of orbit blue-green; iris cardinal-red; chest purple; rudimentary caudal rays greenish yellow;
fins clear blue-green; basal portion of caudal membranes paler blue; row of scales at base of soft dorsal
bluish.

A fresh specimen 4 inches long (No. 03194) from Honolulu had sides faded red; an oblong olive-
brown spot back of eye bordered by an orange line, which, in turn, was bounded by an orange-red
line; upper lip rosy; tip of lower jaw and maxillary yellow; subopercle rosy white with 3 crossbars of
orange red; chin rosy; throat black; spinous dorsal red, black at tips; soft dorsal rusty rosy' at base, a
middle blackish line, yellowish on outer half; caudal rosy; upper lobe yellowish at tip, the lower
blac.sish; anal pale rosy at base, smoky black at tip; pectoral pale rosy; ventrals dull rosy, blackish
edged; iris rosy with some yellow. ’

Color in alcohol, faded dull or pale brown, dark on back above; a white band on posterior part
of hack to caudal very distinct in all examples; deep brown blotch behind and above eye with narrow
white brown border; 3 white streaks below preopercle with dark borders; branchiostegal region dusky;
margin of spinous dorsal faintly blackish, the same color continued as a narrow blackish band across
soft dorsal; margins of ventrals and anal below dusky; fins otherwise pale.

There seem to be 2 patterns of coloration, the white streak on back posteriorly and the generally
paler coloration distinguishing typical individuals at all ages and in alcohol as well as in life, while in
the other pattern the white stripe is never present, the general coloration is more rosy in life, and in
alcohol the body is uniformly darker. Some specimens have a broad wash or band of pink on each
side of back, covering most of the length of trunk.

This beautiful species is abundant at Honolulu, from which place we have 62 specimens. We
have also 8 examples' from Hilo anil 2 from Kailua, ranging from 2.75 to 5.4 inches in length. Speci¬
mens were collected by Jenkins, Jordan and Snyder, the Albatross, and by us.

Cirrhites arcatus Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 74, 1829, Isle of France (on Perea areata Parkinson MS.);

Gunther, Fisehe der Sudsee, II, 70, pi. 49, figs. BAG, 1874; Gunther, Shore Fishes Chalk, I, VI, 59, 1880 (Honolulu).
Cirrhites viltatus Cuvier, Rigne Animal, Ed. 2, 146, 1829, no locality given.

Cirrhites { Ambtycirrhites ) arcatus, Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 490 (Honolulu).

Cirrhitus arcatus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 186*2, 107 (Hawaiian Islands).

Paracirrhites arcatus , Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 491 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19,
1904), 527 (Honolulu).

Genus 206. CIRRHITUS Lacepede.

Body oblong, compressed, formed much as in Scixna, covered with large cycloid scales; head
rather obtuse; scales on cheek very small; premaxillaries not produced; teeth on vomer and palatines;
jaws with small canine teeth; anterior nostrils fringed; preopercle evenly curved, its edge finely
serrate; soft parts of vertical fins scaled at base; dorsal rays 11 or 12; caudal truncate.

This genus contains several species, only one of which is known from the Hawaiian Islands.
Cirrhitus Lacepede, Hist, Nat. Poiss., V, 3, 1803 (inacututus) .

452

bulletin of the united states FISH COMMISSION.

374. Cirrhitus marmoratus (baeepc.de). “ Po’opda “Oopukdi.” Plate I,XX.

Head 2.75 in length; depth 2.75; eye 5.75 in head; snout 3; maxillary 2.1; mandible 2.1; pre¬
orbital 4.8; interorbital 5.75; I). x, 11; A. in, 6; scales 6-40-8; Br. 5.

Body short and stout, moderately compressed; head heavy, longer than deep; snout bluntly conic;
mouth large, slightly oblique, the jaws subequal; maxillary rather long, reaching middle of pupil;
patches of villiform teeth on vomer and palatines; tongue naked; jaws with bands of villiform teeth,

2 or more enlarged canines in front of upper jaw and about 4 somewhat longer canines on each side
of lower jaw; dorsal profile moderately arched, the curves strongest between nape and origin of dorsal ;
eye moderate, high, the supraorbital rim projecting strongly above the profile; interorbital concave;
nostrils moderate, nearly circular, close together, the anterior with a bushy filament about as long as
diameter of pupil; origin of dorsal over base of pectoral, its distance from snout equaling its base;
dorsal spines rather strong, fourth or fifth longest, about equaling snout; dorsal rays about equal to
length of spines, a little greater than longest spine; caudal truncate or slightly rounded when expanded;
anal spines stout, second and third about equal in length, a little shorter than snout; anal rays moder¬
ately long, longest ray 2 in head; the 7 lowermost rays of pectoral thick and free at- the posterior ends,
the sixth from bottom longest, 1.8 in head or, measured from base of fin, 1.4 in head; scales large,
smooth, arranged somewhat irregularly; nape, opercle, and breast with large scales; cheeks with very
small scales, rest of head naked; preopercle finely serrate; opercle ending in a soft flap, projecting
beyond a flat obscure spine; gill-membranes broadly connected across the isthmus.

Color in life, body marbled and blotched with bluish olivaceous brownish and white, with num¬
erous red spots of varying sizes, the white appearing as 5 ill-defined vertical bases; head bluish white
with irregular lines of yellowish or orange brown, these palest on cheek; lower jaw pale blue with
cross-markings of darker blue; base of pectoral pale with yellowish-brown blotches; posterior portion
of back with 4 large reddish-brown blotches, the first under the last 2 dorsal spines, the second
under sixth and seventh dorsal rays, the third under last dorsal rays, fourth on upper edge of caudal
peduncle; spinous dorsal pale-yellowish blue, crossed by 3 series of large orange-red spots on the
membranes, the uppermost series least complete; tips of membrane of spinous dorsal whitish, above
black blotches; soft dorsal pinkish with a series of redder spots along the base; caudal pale pinkish,
crossed by about 4 series of bright blood-red blotches; anal pale rosy, whitish at base, with 3 series
blood-red blotches; an olive blotch near middle of first and second spines; pectoral and ventral pale
rosy.

Color in alcohol, head and body dark brownish, marbled and blotched with lighter; 3 or 4 dark
blotches on back along base of dorsal fin, alternating with whitish blotches; a dark blotch on upper
edge of caudal peduncle, bounded before and behind by a white blotch; distal portion of caudal
peduncle crossed by an irregular whitish bar; tip of lower jaw black, bordered by white on each side,
just back of which is an irregular dark crossbar followed by a much broader pale crossbar; bran-
chiostegal membranes barred with black and white; spinous dorsal white at. tip, with a subterminal
blackish band; middle of spinous dorsal membrane with irregular white areas; soft dorsal splotched
with blackish along base, the distal portion bluish or smoky; caudal pale bluish, crossed by 5 or 6
vertical series of brownish blotches; anal similar to soft dorsal; ventrals dusky bluish, unspotted;
pectorals bluish beneath, dusky on outside, especially at base.

The above description is based chiefly upon a specimen (No. 04581) 9.75 inches long, from
Honolulu.

This is one of the largest and most important species of the family. It. seems to be abundant
among the Hawaiian Islands, and is represented in our collection by 35 specimens (30 from Honolulu,

3 from Kailua, and 2 from Hilo), 4.4 to 9.75 inches long. It was collected by Jenkins, Wood, Jordan
and Snyder, and by us; also by the Albatross at Honolulu and Puako Bay.

Labrus marmoratus Lacdpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss,, III. 492, pi. 5. tig.- 8. 1*01 no locality given.

Cirrhitus murulalus Laoepedc. Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 2, 1803. no locality given: Gunther, Fische dor Siidsee, III, 71, pi. 51, lig.
A. 1871 (Hawaiian Islands, Society Islands, Cook Island).

Cirrhit/s uni f'ulosv s Bennett, Zool. Jonrn., iv, 1829.38, Sandwich Islands; Kuppell, Atlas Fisehe, 13, pl.t. tig. 1, 1828.
CirrhiticUthys maculatus. Gunther, Cat.. II, 74, 1860 (Polynesia, India. Hawaiian Islands; He de France). Klnnzinger,
Fische des rothen Meeres, 131, in Verb. Zool. Bot, Ges. Wien, XX, 1870, 798 (East coast of Africa, Polynesia);
Gunther, Shore Fishes, Chail., I, 69. 1880 (Honolulu).

Cirrhitus marmoratus, Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 107 (Hawaiian Islands),

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

453

Cirrhitus altcniatiis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1862, 122, Hawaiian Islands (young).

CirrhUes marmoratus, Bleeker, Verb. Koninkl. Ak. Wet,, XV. 1S75, 3 (Sumatra; Amboyna) : Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. ,
XXII. 1902 (Sept, 23. 1903), 491 (Honolulu). Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 527 i Honolulu: Puako Bay. Hawaii).
Cirr/iites ( Cirrhitichthys ) maculcUus, Steindaehner, Denks Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX. 1900, 490 ( Honolulu; Laysan).

Suborder LORICATI. — The Mail-Cheeked Fishes.

This group is distinguished by a single peculiar character, the extension of the third suborbital
bone across the cheek to or toward the preopercle. From the Craniomi, an offshoot from the same
group in which the development of the suborbital stay is carried much farther, the present group is
distinguished by the normal character of the shoulder-girdle.

Family LXXXIV. CARACANTHID.€.

This family is closely related to the ijcorpsmidte, from which the species differ in the weak, com¬
pressed body and feeble tins. The osteology has not yet been studied. Lower pectoral rays detached.

Genus 207. CARACANTHUS Kr^yer.

Head and body very compressed, naked or with small tubercles or prickles; snout very short,
truncated; no scales; several bones of the head strongly armed; the preorbital and the interopercle
with a strong spine, directed downward; two separate or continuous dorsals, the first with 8 (7)
spines, anal with 2; no pectoral filament; centrals rudimentary; villiform teeth in the jaws only;
branchiostegals 5; no aperture behind the fourth gill.

Micropus Gray, Zool. Miscl., 20, 1831 ( maculatus ); name preoccupied by Micropus Wolf, 1810, a genus of birds.

Camcantkus Kroyer. Xalurhist. Tidsskr.. I. 1N44, 267 ( typicus ).

Amphiprioniclithys Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VIII, 1855, 170 lapistus).

Ccniropiis Kner. S. B. Ak. Wien. 1860, 3 ( stnurophorus ).

Crossoderma Guiehenot, Nouv. Arch. Mus., V, 1870, 194 ( madcyascaricnsc ).

a. Dorsal fins separated to the base; reddish brown, with red spots . maculatus, p. 453

aa. Dorsal fins fully connected; color plain darker brown . . . unipinna, p. 454

375. Caracanthus maculatus (Gray). Fig. 198.

Head 2.75 in length; depth l.S; snout 3.75 in head; eye 4.4; interorbital 5.5; width of mouth 2.5;
D. vm, 12; A. ii, 12; P. 15; V. l, 2.

Body deep, elevated, compressed, its greatest depth at ventrals; head deep, compressed; snout
blunt, steep, rather long; eye small, high, in first third of head; month broad, somewhat low, without

Fig. 198. — Caracanthus maculatus (Gray).

deep lateral cleft; lips thick, fleshy, mandible slightly produced; teeth line, in bands; interorbital
space convex; nostrils close together in front of eye, each with raised rim; preorbital with large
pointed spine directed down and backward, depressible in a groove; margin of preopercle with 5

454

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

broad compressed curved spines; interoperele with strong spine; opercle with 2 compressed spines
on upper margin, 1 on lower margin; spinous dorsal with rounded margin, median spines longest,
third 3 in head, the 2 dorsals nearly or quite separate; caudal small, rounded, 1.5; base of anal 3.75 in
body; pectoral 2 in head, lower rays thick, ventrals very small, spine short, strong; body covered with
minute fleshy pointed papillae directed backward except behind and a little above base of pectoral,
those on head and in front of spinous dorsal very small and more or less rigid; lateral line running
down till below first 2 dorsal rays.

Color in alcohol brown, lower surface slightly reddish, back dusky; side, back, and top of head
marked with round red spots, in most of our examples turning to pale brown; tins all more or less
uniform brownish. Described from an example (No. 573) 1.6 inches long, from Honolulu.

This interesting little fish is quite abundant at Honolulu and at Waikiki, being found among the
coral rocks on the reefs. It is of wide distribution among the islands of the tropical Pacific. The
collection contains 64 specimens 0.6 to 1.75 inches long.

Micropus maculates Gray, Zool. Mise., 20, 1831-42, Island of Hao; Gunther, Cut., II. 117, 1800 (Gray’s type): Gunther, Fis he
der Stidsee, III, 80, 1874 (Sandwich Islands).

Caracanthus typicus K raver, Naturhist. Tijds., I, 1844, 204, 207. •

Caracanthus maculatus, Fowler, IJroe. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900. 510, pi. xx, fig. 5 (Honolulu); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 491 (Honolulu).

376. Caracanthus unipinna (Gray).

Head 3 in length; depth 1.85; D. vii, 12; A. n, 11.

General form and appearance of the preceding, but the dorsal fins fully united, a slight depression
at their junction; preoperoular spines smaller, the limb more rounded. Color, plain dark brown.
Found with the preceding, but smaller and more rare, easily distinguished by the united dorsals.
We have examined specimens from Makemo (Albatross Coll.), but have none from Honolulu, from
which place, however, it has been recorded by Giinther. The species called < 'aramnthus apistus may
be the same as C. unipinna, but the soft dorsal is figured as much higher than in C. unipinna.

Micropus unipinna Gray. Zool. Mise., 20, 1831-12, Pacific; Giinther, Cat., II, 147, I860 (Gray's type); Giinther, Fisehe der
Siidsee, III, 86, 1874 (Sandwich Islands; Tahiti; Vavau, Fiji: Pelew Islands, Iviaduro).

Amphiprionichthys apistus Blocker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., VIII, 170, 1855 Cocos Islands: Gunther, Cal.. 11, lit. I860 (Kokos
islands); Kner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, 1868, 17, pi. in, fig. 8.

Centropus stauvophorus, Kner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, I860, 3 (Zanzibar).

Caracanthus apistus, Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. IX, pi. 416 (Heap., pi. VI), fig. 5, 1877.

Family L.XXXV. SCORPrENIDiE.

Body oblong, more or less compressed, the head large, and with 1 or more pairs of ridges above,
which usually terminate in spines, sometimes very irregular in form; opercle usually with 2 spinous
processes, preopercle with 4 or 5; mouth terminal, usually large, with villiform teeth on jaws and
vomer, and usually on the palatines; premaxillaries protractile; maxillary broad, without supplemen¬
tal bone, not slipping under preorbital; gill-openings wide, extending forward below; gill-membranes
separate and free from the isthmus; usually no slit behind the fourth gill: scales ctenoid, or sometimes
cycloid, usually well developed, sometimes obsolete; lateral line single, continuous, concurrent with
the hack; a narrow bony stay extending backward from the suborbital toward the preopercle; ventral
fins thoracic, usually of the normal percoid form, t, 2, to t, 5, the rays branched; dorsal fin continu¬
ous, sometimes so deeply notched as to divide it into 2 parts, or even 3 parts, with 8 to 16 rather
strong spines and about as many soft rays; anal rather short, usually with 3 spines and 5 to 10 soft
rays; soft rays in all the fins usually branched, except some or all of rays of the pectorals; pyloric
coeca in moderate or small number (fewer than 12). Pseudobranchise large; air-bladder present or
absent. Aetinosts moderate, inserted on the posterior edges of hypercoracoid and hypocoracoid; ribs
borne on enlarged pleuraphyses; post-temporal bifurcate, normally connected; myodome more or less
developed. Genera and species numerous, inhabiting all seas, hut especially abundant in the temjier-
ate parts of the Pacific Ocean, where they form a large proportion of the fish fauna. They are nonmi-
gratory fishes, living about rocks, most of them of large size, and all used as food. Many of them have
a venom sac at the base of the dorsal spines, and many of them are viviparous, the young being
produced when about one-fourth inch in length.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

455

a. Dorsal fin beginning at the nape, far behind the eye; vomer with teeth.

b. Body scaly; no free pectoral rays; ventral rays i. 5.

c. Dorsal spines not produced in long slender free tips.

d. Dorsal spines 13.

c. Palatine teeth wanting . Sebastopsis, p. 462

dd. Dorsal spines 12 (or 11).

/. Bones of head with large muciferous cavities; lower pectoral rays branched; scales cycloid . Searches, p. 461

//. Bones of head scarcely cavernous: scales ctenoid.

g. Scales on top of head ctenoid; cranium as in Sebastcs: palatine teeth present.

h. Pectoral rays more or less branched below.

i. Eye with a long cirrus above . Merinthc , p. 461

ii. Eye without cirrus; air-bladder none . Helicolenus, p. 460

hh. Pectoral rays all simple.

j. Dorsal spines subequal . Pontinus, p. 460

jj. Dorsal with the fourth spine much elevated . Iracundus, p. 470

gg. Scales on top of head cycloid or wanting; cranium more rough -spinous; no air-bladder so far as known.

k. Palatine teeth present; preorbital with a hooked spine below . Sebastapistes, p. 455

kk. Palatine teeth wanting; head still more rough; no hooked preopercular spine . Scorpxnopsis, p. 467

cc. Dorsal species much produced, with slender free tips.

I. Pectoral very long, its rays all simple, largely fr_e at tip . Pterjois , p. 463

II. Pectoral fin moderate, its rays not all simple, none of them much free at tip . Dnidrochirus , p. 465

aa. Dorsal fin beginning not far behind the eye, the first rays directed forward; scales rudimentary: no teeth on vomer or

palatines . Txnianotus, p. 471

Genus 208. SEBASTAPISTES Gill.

Body oblong, somewhat coin pressed; head large, not much compressed, naked above, and more
or less uneven, with spinous ridges, often with dermal flaps; preorbital with a stout spine hooked
downward; mouth large, with bands of villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; scales mostly
ctenoid, of moderate size, often with skinny flaps; dorsal fin with 12 stout spines; anal with 3 spines,
the second commonly the longest; pectoral large, rounded, the base usually procurrent; some or all of
the upper rays divided, the lower simple; ventrals inserted behind pectorals; no air-bladder; vertebrae
10 ~b 14 =24. Species numerous in the tropical seas; dwarf fishes of singular forms and bright colors,
very close to Scorpama, but much smaller in size and with a characteristic spine before the eye.

Sebastapistes Gill in Streets, a Bull. t\ S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 621877, ( guttata ; includes Scorpnna guttata Girard; .S’. strong ia
Cuvier & Valenciennes, and Sebastichthys cyanostigma Blecker).

a. Body with flap-like dermal appendages.

b. Middle of upper jaw without cirrus.

c. Maxillary scarcely reaching beyond posterior edge of eye . ballicui, p. 455

cc. Maxillary reaching beyond posterior edge of eye . corallicola, p. 4.T6

bb. Middle of upper jaw with cirrus.

d. Dorsal with 10 and anal with 8 soft rays . aspereUa , p. 458

aa. Body without flap-like dermal appendages.
r. Supraorbital cirrus absent.

/. Scales on side of head well developed: scales 42 . coniorta, p. 458

cc. Supraorbital cirrus present; scales 53 . galactacma, p. 459

377. Sebastapistes ballieui (Sauvage). “ Poopa’a.” Plate LXX II.

Head 2.25 in length; depth 2.4; eye 4.25 in head; snout 3.35; interorbital 5.65; maxillary 1.75;
mandible 1.75; D. xn, 10; A. hi, 5; P. 16; V. i, 5; scales 7-40-18.

Body moderately elongate, compressed, greatest depth a little before middle of spinous dorsal;
back slightly elevated; snout rather short, blunt, rounded; mouth large, oblique; mandible slightly
produced; maxillary reaching a trifle behind posterior edge of orbit, its distal expanded extremity 1.4
in eye; lips rather thick, fleshy; teeth fine, in broad bands in jaws; vomer with patch of fine teeth;
tongue rather thick, rounded, little free in front; eye anterior, nearly in first third of head; interor¬
bital space deeply concave; nostrils large, anterior with rather broad fleshy flap, posterior a little the

« Segregated by Gill “ from their allies by the naked crown and jaws, the spinous armature of the inferior margin of
the prreorbital, the procurrent bases of the pietoral fins, etc. The genu'; is intermediate between the sebastoid and scor-
ptenoid genera, and nearly related to Parascorpama Blkr." Scorpxna guttata is a true Scorpirna or rather Pamscorpxna.
As this species has not the armed preorbital characteristic of Sebastapistes, it is presumable that the diagnosis of Sebasta¬
pistes rests oil -S', strongius.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

456

larger; nasal, preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, parietal, coronal, and nuchal spines pres¬
ent; a ridge of spines across cheek ending in a spine on edge of opercle below 3 other spines; a ridge
of spines behind eye and above opercle; 2 large spines on opercle; 4 preorbital spines present; fourth
dorsal spine longest, 2 in head; penultimate 4.5; last 3; third dorsal ray longest, 2 in head; second
anal spine longest, 2.2; second anal ray longest, 3.8; caudal rounded, 1.5; pectoral 1.35; ventral 1.5,
its spine 2.6; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 4; scales rather large, ctenoid; lateral line
running obliquely down to base of caudal.

Color in life, head and body light olive-green; back with a large pale-blue area extending from
under middle of spinous dorsal to lateral line; a similar but smaller spot under first dorsal rays, inter¬
rupted just above lateral line, then continued to base of anal spines, where it connects with the same
color of belly; caudal peduncle crossed by 3 irregular lines or blotches of same color; breast pale blue,
lower jaw whitish, tipped with red; upper jaw whitish, with many narrow red crosslines; cheek,
opercle, and side of body with many very small, round, red spots, most numerous on head and base of
pectoral; spinous dorsal dusky bluish, the membranes yellowish or greenish at tips, and a round black
spot on distal part of eighth, ninth, and tenth membranes, these spots confluent; soft dorsal pale
bluish, with yellowish wash near base, also near border, and with 3 or 4 series of double, short, ver¬
tical brick-red lines on the rays; caudal similar to soft dorsal; anal pale bluish and yellowish; 1 or 2
red spots on spines; pectoral pale bluish with 5 or 6 cross series of light-red spots, the lower rays
with much red; ventral rosy red at base, then greenish, then rosy red, pale at tip; eye whitish, with
radiating brick -red areas.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, marbled above and on side with darker; vertical fins with pale
brown, the soft or rayed portions each with 2 broad series of grav-brown spots; base of caudal brown¬
ish; pectoral and ventral pale brown, the basal portion of lower rays of former, and middle of latter,
deep brown; marginal portion of membrane among eighth, ninth, tenth, and eleventh dorsal spines
blackish.

Described from an example (No. 625) taken at Honolulu.

We identify with this species, poorly described by Vaillant and Sauvage, a large series of speci¬
mens (85) from Honolulu, Waikiki and Hilo, ranging in length from 1.4 to 4.25 inches.

Sayi'p&na hallieui Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3), III, 1375, 278, Sandwich Islands.

378. Sebastapistes corallicola Jenkins. Fig. 199.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.75; pectoral slightly less than 3 in length; ventral 3.3; caudal equal
to ventral; eye 4 in head, a little shorter than snout; D. xn, 9; A. hi, 5; C. 19; P. 16; V. i, 5; scales 40
in the lateral line, 6 in series from fourth dorsal to lateral line, 14 from origin of anal to lateral line;
mouth but little oblique, lower jaw- projecting very slightly; maxillary 1.6 in head, projecting beyond
posterior margin of eye; teeth all small and simple, in hands in upper and lower jaws, bands interrupted
at front; teeth on vomer in a V-shaped patch, in bands on the palatines equal in length to width of
vomerine patch; suborbital 1.5 in eye; a pit below anterior lower angle of eye, anterior nostril trans¬
versely oval, with a tentacle in the inner posterior part of rim; posterior nostril simple, circular; snout
with a triangular median elevation, the apex between the anterior nostrils; between each anterior
nostril and apex of rostral elevation is a strong short spine:; 6 spines on the upper half of ocular rim,
first at upper anterior angle, second on upper rim over center of pupil, third over posterior margin of the
pupil, fourth on level with upper edge of pupil, fifth back of center of pupil, sixth on level of lower
edge of pupil; sixth bifid on each side, fifth bifid on right; occipital depression with 2 spines at each
angle, one lateral to the other at the anterior angles, one caudad to the other at the posterior angles;
a strong spine at upper end of opercle; posterior to this spine and a little above it 2 smaller spines just
before upper end of gill-slit; posterior to these a single spine at upper end of gill-slit; two large
diverging spineson opercle; suborbital with a bony ridge without spines except a small one on its posterior
end; preorbital with 3 spines, 2 directed downward over upper edge of maxillary, the other forward
over edge of premaxillary; at angle of preopercle an upper small and a lower larger spine, below these
on arm of preopercle 4 decreasingly smaller spines; supraorbital tentacle well developed, just back of
supraorbital spine; a tentacle back of posterior vertical spine, lapping over edge of maxillary; a strong
spine at angle of shoulder-girdle above base of pectoral, sharp-pointed, projecting upward and backward;
a small, less prominent spine back of this one; gillrakers short, 5— f 10; interorbital space slightly con-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

457

cave, with 2 prominent ridges diverging posteriorly and ending in the 2 twin spines of those at anterior
angles of the occipital depression; dorsal profile of the body much more convex, greatest depth at
fourth dorsal spine; depth of caudal peduncle equal to eye, 3.5 in greatest depth of body; fourth dorsal
spine the longest, a little greater than half of head; third and fifth spines equal, but little shorter
than fourth; second 1.5 in third, first 1.75 in second; spines back of fourth regularly decreasing in length
to next to last, which is 2 in fourth; last longer, equaling second; soft pays abruptly longer than last dorsal
spines, second, third, and fourth longest, equaling longest spine; last soft rays equal to next to last
spine; second anal spine longest and much thicker than others, 1.75 in head; first slender, 2 in second;
third slender, 0.8 of second; first and second soft rays longest, 1.6 in head; caudal slightly rounded;
pectoral round, middle rays longest; ventral rounded, second ray longest, its spine equal to sixth dorsal
spine; head and fins naked.

Characters very constant. In smaller specimens the posterior spines of orbital rim not so evident
as in type and in most the humeral spine smaller. Size of supraorbital tentacle varies much, in some
very small or absent, in others very large, fringed, length greater than eye, equal to second dorsal spine.

Color of fresh specimen (field No. 223), whitish, with brownish cloudings and many bright red
spots on head, body, and fins; black blotch on dorsal fin on eighth to tenth spines, fin clouded with
dark bars; dermal flaps white.

Another fresh example (field No. 206) golden brown on body and fins, with many very bright red
spots; a black blotch on spinous dorsal on seventh and ninth spines longer than eve but not so deep.

in alcohol the color varies considerably; in some, fins distinctly branded, in others, fins plain. Some
lack the black blotch on posterior part of spinous dorsal, others have it present but small, others have it
well developed and reaching from sixth to eleventh spine. A series of dermal flaps along lateral line,
also a number of smaller ones on lower half of side; lateral line simple, slightly convex downward
posteriorly.

Color of type (field No. 236) in alcohol, head and body mottled with lighter and darker shades
of brown, plain pale below; a wide, pale transverse band on napie (very indistinct); spinous dorsal
with dusky blotch from seventh to tenth spines on distal half of fin; other fins mottled with brown in
triangular transverse bands; a dusky rim above margin of eye on eye membrane; dermal flaps white.

Resembles Scorpstma onaria Jordan & Snyder from Japan, but differing in absence of knob at

Fig. lQQ.—Scbastapistes corafficola Jenkins; from the type.

453

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

symphysis of lower jaw, in having no spine on suborbital except on its end, in having 2 spines instead
of only 1 at each anterior angle of occipital depression, and in greater length of luaxilliary, which does
not reach beyond posterior rim of orbit in S. maria.

Close to Seorp.vna nuchalis Gunther, from Raratonga Island (Fische der Siidsee, i, 76, 1873);
differing from that species in having maxillary reaching past the posterior rim of eye; but the third,
fourth and tilth spines largest, instead of the fourth to the seventh and the black blotch on the posterior
part of the spinous dorsal (7-10 spines) instead of on the forepart.

Only 3 specimens of this species known, all collected at Honolulu by Doctor Jenkins.
.Sebastajiletrr.comUtrola Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 11102 (September 23, 1903), 493, fig. 38, Honolulu.

379. Sebastapistes asperella (Bennett).

D. xii, 10; A. in, 8; P. 17; V. i, 6; C. 12.

The prevailing color is dull fulvous, with paler indistinct patches; anterior half of dorsal fin fuscus,
with a rosy spot at its commencement, posterior half hyaline, the projecting tips of the rays edged with
black; caudal rounded, transparent, crossed by 2 blackish fascia-; anal fuscus at base, transparent in
the middle, arid blackish at tip; pectoral crossed by 2 blackish bands, and by 2 irregular ones composed
of numerous minute white points giving to them a frosted appearance; ventral fins similarly colored.
The head exhibits the usual asperity of this genus, but only in a moderate degree; on its lower parts
are a few short, flattened, white filaments, and similar filaments along the lateral line and on the
upper parts of the body, being most numerous in the latter situation; above each eye is a rosy colored
cirrus, equaling in length about three-fourths of the diameter of the orbit, and somewhat lobed along
its edges; there is a short cirrus on each nostril, and another, which is pinnately branched, on the middle
of each side of the upper jaw. ( Bennett.)

Hawaiian Islands; not seen by us.

Srorpwna asperella Bennett, Zool. Journ., IV, 1828, 40, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III, so, 1874 (alter
Bennett).

380. Sebastapistes coniorta Jenkins. Fig. 200.

Head 2.4 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.4 in head; snout 3.25; interorbital 7; maxillary 2; mandible
1.9; D. xii, 10; A. iii, 5; P. 16; V. i, 5| scales 7-53-14.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth at first dorsal spines; back slightly elevated; snout
rather short, blunt, rounded; mandible large, rather strong; mouth large, slightly oblique; maxil¬
lary long, reaching below last fourth of eye; breadth of distal expanded extremity 2 in eye; fine teeth
in bands on jaws, vomer, and palatines; tongue small, thick, pointed, little free in front; lips rather
thin; nostrils close together, anterior with small fleshy flap; interorbital space rather narrow, con¬
cave; nasal, preorbital, supraorbital, postorbital, tympanic, parietal, and nuchal spines present; a
ridge of spines from behind eye above Opercle; a ridge of spines across cheek ending in a large spine
on margin of preopercle, below which are 2 others; two large spines on opercle; preorbital with
4 spines; fourth dorsal spine longest, 2.7; soft rays longer,, fourth longest, 2.7; second anal spine
longest, 2.2; first anal ray longest, 2.35; caudal rounded, 1.9; pectoral rather small, 1.8, rounded;
ventral 1.7, spine 2.25; least depth of caudal peduncle 5; scales rather small, ctenoid, except those on
belly, which are smooth; lateral line oblique to base of caudal. .Described from an example (No.
05769) from Honolulu.

Color in life (No. 278, O. P. J.), light olive, with dark brown mottlings, body, bead, and fins cov¬
ered thickly with small brown spots; posterior margin of caudal red; fins color of body.

Color in life (No. 03524), olive, with irregular brown areas on body and head; numerous small
deep brown spots on head; tins olive, with brown markings, except the posterior half of the caudal,
which is red, also upper and lower edges of same; edges of anal and ventral red; iris red.

Color in alcohol, brown, marbled with dark brown forming about. 3 broad ill-defined vertical
bands; upper surface of body covered nearly everywhere with numerous small dark brown dots also
extending on all the fins; spinous dorsal with deep brown blotch at. middle of base; soft dorsal and
anal each with last brown vertical band of trunk extending out on the fins; caudal with brown base
and deep brown blotch on outer portion; a brown streak extending back from eye, and a dark spot
behind its upper margin; a deep brown blotch at tap of opercular flap.

FISHKS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

459

This is the most abundant species of the family in the Hawaiian Islands, as shown by the very
large series of specimens in our collection, 197 from Honolulu and 9 from the reef at Waikiki. The
specimens are all small, the length ranging from 1 to 2.8 inches.

Sebastapistes strongia, Streets. Bull. U. s. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 62, 1«77 (Honolulu); Fowler, Free. Ae. Nat. Sei. Pliila. 1900, 515
(Sandwich Islands) ; not Scorpama str&ngia C. A 1'., from Strong Island, Carolines.

Sebastapistes coniortu Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 495, tig. 39, Honolulu (type, No. 50693,
XT. S. N. M.; coll. O. P. Jenkins); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu).

381. Sebastapistes galactacma Jenkins. Fig. 201.

Head 2.25 in length; depth 2.7; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.7; interorbital (5.5; D. xii, 10; A. in, 5;
P. 16; V. i, 5; scales 7— 12-1 2.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth under first dorsal spines; back not elevated; snout
short, blunt; mouth rather large, only slightly oblique, jaws about equal; mandible rather large, 2 in
head; maxillary large, distally expanded, 1.75 in eve; teeth small, in rather broad bands on jaws,
vomer, and palatines; tongue rather broad, thick, pointed, little free in front; lips rather thin; nasal,
preorbital, supraorbital, postorbital, tympanic, parietal, and nuchal spines present; no coronal spines;
series of spines from behind eye above opercle; 2 large preorbital spines; a series of spines below eye
across cheek ending in a large spine on edge of preopercle, below 4 others; opercle with 2 spines;
fourth dorsal spine longest, 2 in head; third dorsal ray longest, 2.1; second anal spine longest, curved,
1.7; first anal ray longest, 2; caudal rounded, 1.6; pectoral rounded, 1.3; ventral 1.5; caudal peduncle
compressed, 4.

Color in alcohol (type), pale or whitish brown, a little darker on the back; upper surface and
side variegated with darker brown; head and trunk marked with very many small whitish dots; a
deep brown blotch on outer portion of spinous dorsal between fifth and ninth spines; soft dorsal with
several brown wavy fines; caudal with several pale brown cross-bars; pectoral with brown and white
spots on base; ventrals pale with white dots.

4(50

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The above description is based chiefly on the type (No. 2175 of O. P. Jenkins’s collection, 50692,
U. S. N. M.), 2.6 inches long, from Honolulu, where Doctor Jenkins obtained 80 other examples from
the coral rocks of the reef, ranging from 1.3 to 2.6 inches long. The species is known only from
Honolulu and Waikiki.

Sebastajiixtix galactaanu Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 496, tig, 40, Honolulu.

Fig. 201. — Sebastapixtes galactacma Jenkins: from the type.

Genus 209. HELICOLENUS Goode & Bean.

Body oblong, somewhat compressed; head large, ctenoid scales on its tip, cheeks and opercles;
several series of spinous ridges on head, but no occipital pit; mouth large, with bands of villit'orm
teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; dorsal tin continuous, not deeply notched, w ith 10 stout spines and
10 to 12 rays; anal with 3 spines and 6 rays; pectoral broad, fan-shaped, with rays arranged in 3
groups, the first, of 2 simple rays, the second of 8 or SI branched rays, the third of 8 simple rays, some¬
times prolonged, with their tips tendril-like and free from membrane fur one-half their length or less;
soft dorsal with tips free from membrane; suborbital keel smooth, or with a single anterior spine
under eye; preobital with spines small and hidden beneath skin; vertebra' 10 | 14=24; no air-bladder.
Very close to Scorpsem, differing only in the ,SWx($tes-like cranium, the 2 genera probably connected
by intermediate forms.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Helicolenus Goode & Bean, Oceanic Ichth., 248, 1S9G ( dactylopterus ).

Genus 210. PONTINUS Poey.

This genus has the form and general structure of IMicolenus, differing in having the pectoral rays
all simple and only their tips free; 6 to 9 rays in the anal; the suborbital keel composed of 3 distinct,
differentiated, flat, knife-like spines; 2 prominent retrorse spines on each suborbital.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Ponlinus Poey, Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, II, 172, 1858 (castor).

Sebastoplus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1863, 208 ( kuhlii ).

Bull.U.S.F.C. 1903 Plate 55

Merinthe macrocephala (Sauvage).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

161

Genus 211. MERINTHE Snyder.

Allied to Helicolenus, but with a long cirrus above the eye; head very long; pectoral rays all simple;
dorsal spines 12, all low; head moderately armed; scales moderate, ctenoid; side of head scaly; jaws
naked; teeth on vomer and palatines; gillrakers slender, few in number.

Merinthe Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish. Conun., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904). 535 ( macrocephala ).

382. Merinthe macrocephala (Sauvage). “Oopu Icai Xohu.” Plate 55.

Head 2 in length; depth 2.8; eye 5.5 in head; snout 2.7; interorbital 11.75; maxillary 2.2; D. v 1 1 ,
11; A. hi, 6; P. 17; V. i, 5; scales 9-52-22.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about middle of ventral; head very long, a little deeper
than broad; nasal, preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, parietal, nuchal spines present; no
coronal spines; 5 long spines across cheek, last forming large broad spine on lower margin of preoperele;
2 opercular spines; 2 spines directly behind eye; 2 spines on suprascapula; lower margin of preoperele
with 2 broad spines; snout long; eye rather small, high, anterior; mouth large, a little oblique;
maxillary long, reaching a little beyond anterior margin of eye, its distal expanded extremity 1.35 in
eye; lips narrow, flesh}-; teeth fine, in rather narrow bands in jaws; teeth on vomer and palatine
similar, V-shaped on former and short straight narrow band on latter; tongue short, triangular, free,
smooth; branchiostegals 7, large; a round thin fleshy cirrus over each eye, its length much greater
than eye; dorsal spines strong, sharp pointed, third, fourth, and fifth longest and about equal, 3.75
in head; penultimate dorsal spine 0.75 in last spine; second dorsal ray longest, 3 in head; first
anal spine a little less than half length of second spine, which is longest, 3 in head; first anal
ray longest, 2.8 in head; caudal moderately long, truncate, 2 in head; caudal peduncle compressed,
depth 4.8 in head; pectoral long, reaching below origin of first soft ray, median rays longest; ventrals
rather small, 2 in head; spine 3.2 in head; origin of ventral a little in front of that of pectoral or below
origin of dorsal; scales moderate, ctenoid; snout, jaws, interorbital and preorbital regions, and lower
surface of head, naked; scales on top of head behind eyes, very small; gillrakers 2^9, broad,
compressed, equal to longest gill-filaments or 2.8 in eye; lateral line armed with long scutes at first and
sloping down obliquely to base of caudal.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, darker or mottled with deep or dusky brown on back and upper
surface; several short brown lines running from front of lower margin of eye; dorsals, caudal, anti
pectoral sprinkled with dusky; anal with a few dusky spots. Bright orange red in life and very showy.

Described from a specimen 10.75 inches long (No. 05301) taken at Hilo; another smaller was
obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu. Examples recently seen in aquarium at Waikiki. Reaches a
weight of 4 or 5 pounds.

Sebastes macrocephahts Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philo. (7), VI. 1882, 169, Sandwich Islands.

Merinthe macrocephala, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Honolulu).

Genus 212. SETARCHES Johnson.

Head and body compressed ; head scaleless above, its bones cavernous, flat between the eyes ; only
1 pair of spines at occiput ; no transverse groove at occiput, only small spines or none above orbit; oper-
cle and preoperele strongly armed with straight long spines. Eye moderate, near, but not touching,
profile. Mouth terminal, broad, somewhat oblique; maxillary extending to posterior edge of eye,
much expanded behind. Lower jaw somewhat projecting, the small symphyseal knob received in
rostral notch. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines. Preorbital with 2 or 3 spines. Opercle
scaly. Scales cycloid, moderate. Lateral line a broad, scaleless groove with skinny (about 27 to 30)
tubes. No lacinke. Dorsal deeply notched, with 12 spines, its origin in front of pectoral; soft dorsal
shorter, the rays fewer than the spines. Anal inserted under end of dorsal, its spines strong, gradu¬
ated. Pectoral broad and bony, with 20 or more rays, of which a considerable number of median ones
are branched. Branchiostegals 0 or 7. Pyloric appendages few. Deep water.

The single Hawaiian species (S. remiger) of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Setarches Johnson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud. 1862, 177 ( guntheri ).

Bathysebastes Steindachner & Doderlein, Denkschr. Ak. Wiss. Wien 1884, 207 {alf)escens) .

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

462

Genus 213. SEBASTOPSIS Gill.

This genus differs from Sebastodes in the absence of palatine teeth. D. xm, 9 or 10; A. hi, 5. No
dermal flaps; cheeks and operoles scaly; preorbital with obtuse spines or none. The known species
are all of very small size and are often preserved in Chinese insect boxes.

Sebastopsis Gi\l, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862, 278 (potyUpis).

a. Body without dermal appendages . . . . . . . * . kelloggi, p. 462

an. Body with many minute dermal appendages . . . pjarripinnis, p. 463

383. Sebastopsis kelloggi Jenkins. Fig. 202.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 3.2; eye 3.35 in head; snout 3.65; interorbital 5.5; maxillary 1.65;
mandible 1.6; D. xm, 9; A. in, 5; 1J. 19; v. i, 5; scales 5-31-9.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about middle of trunk; back not elevated; snout rather
short, blunt, rounded; mandible rather large, jaws equal; mouth large, slightly oblique; maxillary
large, broadly expanded distally, 1.25 in eye; teeth line, in narrow bands in jaws and on vomer, none
on palatines; tongue thick, small, broad, pointed, free in front; lips rather thin; eye in anterior half
of head; nostrils close together, anterior with elevated rim and long, thin, fleshy flap; interorbital

Fig. 202. — Sebastopsis kelloggi Jenkins; from the type.

space deeply concave; nasal, preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, coronal, parietal and
nuchal spines present; a row of several spines back of eye over opercle; a row of spines across cheek
below eye ending in a large spine at edge of opercle, 2 below; 2 spines on opercle; preorbital and
supraorbital flaps rather long and thin; dorsal spines all rather low, sixth longest, 3.65 in head; second
dorsal ray 2.7; second anal spine largest, 2 in head; third anal ray 1.9; caudal rounded 1.5; pectoral
1.5; ventral 1.5; caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 3.5; scales rather large, very finely
ctenoid; head with small scales on top, cheeks and opercles; tubes of lateral line large, conspicuous,
and forming a nearly straight included course to base of caudal. Described from an example (No.
637) taken at Henshaw’s Pool, Hilo.

Color in life of a specimen 1.3 inches long (No. 03550), dark parts dark brown, lighter parts gray.

Color in alcohol, rich dark brown, variegated with deeper brown specks; head more or less varie¬
gated with brown above, pale or whitish beneath; a deep brown blotch below eye; a pale brown band
across first half of caudal peduncle, the remaining portion and base of caudal blackish brown; side in
front of caudal peduncle broadly deep brown, extending forward to middle of spinous dorsal, and
including basal portion of soft dorsal and anal where it becomes black; remaining portions of soft

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

463

dorsal and anal, together with caudal, pale gray white with brownish wavy bars; pectoral with outer
portion gray white barred with brownish wavy bars, basal portion black; ventral black.

We have 10 examples, 2 (including the type) taken by Jenkins at Honolulu, 5 by us at the same
place, 2 by us on the reef at Waikiki, and one from Hilo. Specimens were also obtained by the
Albatross at Honolulu. Our specimens are from less than an inch to 1.8 inches long.

Sebastopsis jcMoggi Jenkins. Bull. TJ. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 492, tig. 37, Honolulu (type. No. 50094,
U. S. N. M.); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 535 (Honolulu).

384. Sebastopsis parvipinnis (Garrett).

Head 3 in total length; depth slightly less than 3; eye nearly 4 in head. D. xm, 10; A. hi, 5;
V. i, 5; P. vii, 9; C. 5, 1, 6, 5, 1, 3.

Upper and lower outlines similar, being greatly arched; eye large, circular; 4 spines along upper
edge of orbit, the same number on each side of the occipital region and nape, the posterior one the
larger; 2 infraorbital spines, 1 on the nasal bone, and a longitudinal row of 4 along the supratym panic
region; 2 on opercle, the lower one long and projecting posterior to the margin of that bone; a stout
one on humeral region, 1 on infraorbital, 3 on margin of preopercle and a longitudinal row of irregu¬
larly disposed ones on cheek; lower jaw slightly longer than upper; maxillary reaching posterior
border of eye. Fine scales covering basal portions of all the fins except the ventrals, and all parts of
head except the jaws and lower half of maxillary bone; minute filaments on all parts of body, most
numerous on upper anterior third.

Dorsal and anal fins small, the former commencing above origin of latter; spinous dorsal very
low, gently arched, constituting nearly two-thirds of fin; soft portion of anal very narrow ami
rounded off.

Color, head and anterior half of body grayish, passing into light carnation beneath, and obscurely
clouded with dusky; posterior half of body dusky black, fading into pink beneath, maculated with
small darker spots; caudal trunk pink; 2 large dusky black spots on anterior dorsal region; iris
greenish-yellow; fins pinky-red; spinous dorsal being mottled with dusky, other fins dotted with
pinky-brown, a bar of the same color on the caudal base. (Garrett.)

Known only from Honolulu, from the type, and another specimen obtained by the Albatross.

Scorp<era partipinnis Garrett Prof. Cal. Ac. Sei. 18G3, 105, Hawaiian Islands; Giinthcr, Fische tier Siidsee, 75, LI I , fig. n,
1875 (Sandwich Islands).

Sebartopsis parvipinnis, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904 ), 535 (Honolulu).

Genus 214. PTEROIS Cuvier.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with moderate or small-sized scales, which are usually not
ciliated; bones of head well armed; the upper surface of head with cirri; opercle with a spine; mouth
large, with teeth on jaws and vomer, none on palatines; dorsal tin elevated, with 12 or 13 spines,
which are slender, sharp, and joined by membrane only at base; soft dorsal with branched rays; anal
with 3 spines and 6 to 8 branched rays; caudal rounded or truncate; ventral moderate, or long, the
rays i, 5; pectoral greatly elongate, the rays simple and largely free from the base, the tips reaching
to or beyond the caudal fin.

Species of rather large size, abounding about the coral reefs in the tropical Pacific, dreaded by
fishermen on account of their venomous spines. The coloration is very showy, most of the species
being yellowish with dark bands.

Pseudomonopterus Klein, Missus, Pisces, V, 1756, 76 (nonbinomial) ( volitans ). '

Pseudopterus Klein, same type.

Lrs Pterois Cuvier, ROgne Animal, ed. I. 286, 1817 (volitans).

Pterois Oken, Isis, 1817, 1182, same type.

Pterois Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 351, 1829 (volitans).

Macrochyrus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Anim., II, 264, 1839 (miles).

Pteroleptus Swainson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Anim., II. 264,1839 (langieauda).

Pteropterus Swaiuson, Nat. Hist. Classn. Anim., II, 264,1839 (radiata).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

4H4

385. Pterois sphex Jordan & Everniann. Fig. 203.

Head 2.4 in length; depth 2.65; eve 3.8 in head; snout 3.2; interorbital 5.2; maxillary 2.35;
mandible 2; D. xm, 11; A. hi, 7; P. 16; V. I, 5; scales 10-56-13.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth at first dorsal spines; back only slightly elevated;
snout rather short, rounded; mouth large, oblique; maxillary reaching below anterior rim of orbit,
•its distal expanded extremity 1.75 in eye; teeth fine, in bands in jaws and on vomer; lips rather thin,
fleshy; tongue pointed, compressed and free in front; jaws nearly equal; eighth dorsal spine longest,
equal to head; penultimate spine 4; fifth dorsal ray 1.75; third anal spine longest, 2.2; third anal ray
longest, 1.5; caudal rounded, elongate, 1.4; pectoral long, the rays more or less free for at least half
their length; ventral 1.3 in head, reaching beyond origin of anal; ventral spine 2.1; caudal peduncle
compressed, its depth 3.75; nasal spinal very small; preocular, supraocular, and postocular spines
present, the upper bony ridge over eye being serrate; tympanic, coronal, parietal, and nuchal spines
present, coronal very small and close together and parietal with 4 serrations; a finely serrated ridge

Fig. 203. — Pterois sphex Jordan & Everniann; from the type.

from behind eye over opercle to suprascapula; a finely serrated ridge over preorbital and cheek to
margin of preopercle, ending in a strong spine, below this 2 other spines; preorbital with a strong
spine over maxillary posteriorly, and with tine serrations above; scales ctenoid, present on top of
head, cheeks, and opercles, head otherwise naked; tubes of lateral line single, in straight line to base
of caudal; several fleshy flaps on head, 1 above eye, 1 from lower preorbital spine, and 2 from along
margin of preopercle.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown, whitish beneath; side with 9 broad, deep brown bands, alter¬
nating with narrow brown bands on trunk and posterior portion of head, narrow brown bars from
below penultimate dorsal spine with a narrower brown line on each side above lateral line; lower
surface of head whitish, without crossbands; spinous and soft dorsal and caudal each with 4 dusky
brown crossbands; base of anal with 2 broad similar bands, and soft portion of anal with 3 series of
irregular crossbands; axil of pectoral above with white blotch; pectoral whitish with 10 blackish

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

465

crossbands; a brown band in front of base of pectoral extending on lower pectoral rays; ventral with
dusky blotch at base, outer portion with about 5 dusky crossbands.

'I lie only example we have seen of this species is the type, No. 50650, I . S. N. M. (field No. 05030),
6 inches long, obtained by us at Honolulu.

Pterois sphex Jordan <V Evermann, Bull. r. s. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 i April 11, 1903), 201, Honolulu.

Genus 215. DENDROCHIRTJS Swainson.

Pectorals short, undivided, the rays branched; otherwise much as in Pterois.

Dendrochirm i Swainson, Class. Animal.. II, ISO, 1839 (zebra).

Bracliyrus Swainson, 1. c., 263 (zebra).

a. Membrane of spinous dorsal connecting the spines nearly to the tips . . barberi. p. 465

aa. Membrane of spinous dorsal low, between the spines . . . chloreus, p. 465

386. Dertdrochirus barberi (Steindachner). Plate LXXIII, as I>. hudsoni.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.5; eye 3.4 in head; snout 3.3; interorbital 5; maxillary 2.1; mandible
1.8; D. xin, 10; A. hi, 6; I*. 18; V. I, 5; scales 8-52-13.

Body elongate, compressed, rather deep, the greatest depth at fifth dorsal spine; profiles of trunk
above and below more or less even; head compressed; snout short, rounded; mouth large, maxillary
nearly reaching below middle of eye, its distal expanded extremity equal to half eye; minute teeth in
bands in jaws and on vomer; lips thin; tongue pointed, compressed, free in front; jaws nearly equal;
anterior nostrils each with a small fleshy flap; interorbital space deeply concave; fifth dorsal spine
longest, 1.25 in head; penultimate spine 5.2; second anal spine longest, 2.1; third anal ray longest 1.3;
caudal rounded, 1.25; pectoral 2.4 in trunk, reaching below middle of base of soft dorsal, rounded, and
only membranes between lower rays slightly incised; ventral rounded, reaching base of first anal ray,
caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 3.5 in head; nasal spines very small, preocular, postocular;
tympanic and coronal spines present; parietal and nuchal spines forming a single ridge; a ridge of
spines behind eye above operole; a ridge of spines below eye, ending in a spine on margin of preopercle;

2 spines below this also on margin of preopercle; no opercular spines; margin of preopercle with spine
projecting down and hack; skinny flap" above eye equal to its diameter, and another from preorbital
spine; scales small, ctenoid; head naked except some scales on operele, cheek, and side above; lateral
line running obliquely down to base of caudal.

Color in alcohol, pale brown or whitish; side with 3 pairs of deep brown vertical bands, first on
posterior part of head preceded by a deep brown streak from below eye, second on middle and posterior
part of spinous dorsal, and third extending out on soft anal and basal portion of soft dorsal; soft dorsal,
caudal, and anal pale or whitish; membranes of dorsal spines deeply incised in front, each spine with

3 brown crossbands; pectoral grayish with a blackish brown basal blotch and 5 blackish crossbands;
ventral blackish with 2 whitish or grayish blotches.

The nominal species, 1). hudsoni, is especially characterized by the unspotted soft dorsal, anal, and
caudal. It was thought to be distinguished from Dendrochirm barberi Steindachner by the longer pec¬
toral, which reaches to below the posterior dorsal rays, but this character is found not to be. constant.

We have 1 specimen, 1.8 inches long, from Waikiki, and 4 others, 2 collected by us and 2 bv
Jenkins, all at Honolulu, and ranging from 1.8 to 4 inches long. The Albatross also obtained speci¬
mens at Honolulu.

r’/ervili barberi Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien. LXX, 1901, taf. III. fig. 2. in the plankton between Honolulu and
Cape Horn; preliminary description published in the An/.eiger. Xo. XVI, p. 175, June 27, 1900 (Coll. Captain Barber).
Dendrochirm hudsoni Jordan A Evermann, Bull. U. S, Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11. 1903), 202, Waikiki, Oahu Island;
Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu).

387. Dendrochirus chloreus Jenkins. Fig. 204.

Head 2.5 in length; depth 2.75; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.75; interorbital 6; maxillary 2.1; mandible
1.8; D. xiii, 10; A. hi, 6; P. 18; V. i, 5; scales 7-54-14.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth at first dorsal spines; back only slightly elevated; snout

a In our Plate LXXIII, accidentally left incomplete by the artist, the ocular flap is omitted.

F. C. B. 1903—30

466 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

rather short, blunt, rounded; mouth large, oblique; mandible large, slightly produced; maxillary
large, expanded distally, where its greatest width is 1.8 in eye; teeth in broad villiform bands, in
jaws and on vomer, none on palatines; tongue rather broad, sharp pointed, free; lips rather thick and
fleshy; seventh dorsal spine longest, 1.5; penultimate spine 4; dorsal spines free for greater part of
their length, the membrane extending for nearly half their length posteriorly; fifth dorsal ray longest,
1.6; second anal spine slightly longer than second, 2.3 in head; caudal rounded, 3; pectoral rather short,
reaching below base of sixth dorsal ray; fifth and sixth rays longest, the lower rays not as long, and
membranes incised so that extremities are free for short distance; ventral 1.25 in head, spine 2.25:
caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 3.6; scales rather large, ctenoid; nasal, preocular, supraocular,
postocular, tympanic, coronal, parietal, and nuchal spines present; a ridge of spines below eye across
cheek ending in a spine on edge of preopercle, and below 2 more spines; a ridge of spines from eye
above, opercle; scales rather large, ctenoid; lateral line sloping obliquely to base of caudal.

Fig. 204. — Dendwchirus chloreas Jenkins; from the type.

Color in life (No. 03446), 6 vertical bands on side dark olive, spaces between dirty white, and red;
under surface of head rosy; round dark spots on body under opercular flap; axil and spot on inner
surface of base of pectoral dark olive; markings on spinous dorsal dark olive and dull red; soft dorsal
with transverse rows of olive spots surrounded by red, membranes transparent; caudal similarly col¬
ored; anal dark olive; pectoral dark olive with transverse rows of whitish spots on rays; ventrals alter¬
nating olive and dirty white; iris red.

Color in alcohol, more or less brown; side of trunk with about 6 deep brown vertical bars, the last
extending down on base of anal; head deep brown above, side pale; a deep brown streak from below
eye; angle of preopercle. and region about, dark brown; blotch above base of pectoral blackish brown;
a brown hand across chest; spinous dorsal pale brownish, each spine with about 3 broad brownish
cross-bands; soft dorsal blackish brown; rays of soft vertical (ins with 5 or 6 series of blotches or
spots; pectoral and ventral blackish, with a number of pale cross-hands; edge of each scale very
narrowly pale brown. Described from an example (No. 03446) 6.2 inches long, taken at. Honolulu.
Known only from Honolulu.

FISHES OF HAAATAITAN ISLANDS.

4<)7

Besides the type and 5 cotypes collected at Honolulu by Jenkins, we have 2 examples obtained
by ourselves 2.2 to 6.2 inches long, and a single example obtained recently by Mr. Berndt at Honolulu.

Denclrochirus chlorals Jenkins, Bull. It s. Fish Comm . \XII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903). 49s, tit;. 41, Honolulu (type. No. 50701,
U. S. N. M.; coll. O. I’. Jenkins).

Genus 216. SC0RP.EN0PSIS Heckel.

This genus differs from Scorpsena in tlie absence of palatine teeth. The species are of a larger size
and more peculiar appearance.

Scurpscnopsis Heckel, Ann. Wien Mus., II, 1340, 1 58 (nrsogaUioi i.

Scorpxna Bleeker, Tijds. Ned. Ind.. Ill, 1S52, 200 I (tiabohis).

Scorpxnichthys Bleeker, Bijdr. Iclith. Boero, in Nut. Tijds. Ned. Ind.. XJ, 1856, 402 ( cirrkosus , not of Girard i.

a. Interorbital narrow, its width about equal to or less than length of eye . cacnpsi.it. p. 467

an. Interorbital broad, its width much greater than length of eye.
b. Anterior nostril with large fringed flap. . . gibbosa, p. 468

388. Scorpaenopsis cacopsis Jenkins, l’late I . X \ l, and Figs. 205 and 205a.

Head 2.3 in length; depth 3; eye 6.5 in head; snout 3; interorbital 6.7; maxillary 2; mandible 1.6;
D. xtr, 10; A. m, 5; P. 17; AX i, 5; scales 9-52-22.

Body elongate, greatest depth at dorsal spines; back not particularly elevated: snout rather long,

Fig. 205,— Scorpxnopsis cacopsis Jenkins; from the type.

with an elevated prominence; mouth large, oblique, mandible large, slightly produced; maxillary
large, its distal expanded extremity broad, equal to eye; teeth in broad villiform bands in jaws, those
on vomer small; no teeth on palatines'; tongue small, pointed, free in front; lips rather thick, fleshv;
eye small, just in front of middle of head; anterior nostrils with short fleshy flap, posterior close
behind, circular, without flap; interorbital space rather narrow, deeply concave; top of head w ith a
square pit, not very deep; nasal, preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, parietal, and nuchal
spines well developed; a series of spines across cheek, several along preoperele, supraocular, and upper
side of head; two spines on opercle; third and fourth dorsal spines longest, third 2.7 in head, last 3.7;
third dorsal ray 2.5; second anal spine enlarged, 2.6; pectoral large, 1.5 in head; ventral 1.6; spine
3; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 3.5; caudal 1.75; scales rather large, ctenoid; lateral line
nearly straight to base of caudal. Described from an example (No. 05297) taken at Honolulu.

Color in life (No. 03349) rusty reddish brown, blotched and mottled with darker and lighter, a few-
scattered scales white or pale rosy white; top and sides of head similar to sides but darker; under parts

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES! FISH COMMISSION.

468

of head flesh-color blotched and mottled with orange red, reddish-brown, and a little yellowish; breast
and belly yellowish wdiite with a little reddish; posterior part of belly blotched with brownish red;
spinous dorsal mottled brown and clay-w bite, a small dark blotch on base of second membrane, above
this a yellowish orange bar across second and third membranes, then a very broad brownish bar from

top of second to base of fifth membrane; membrane of rest of fin pale mottled whitish or clay yellow;
soft dorsal similar, mottled with clay white, brownish and rosy; caudal with a broad pale bar at base
then a broader brown bar mottled with darker, red and yellowish, followed by a narrower pinkish
white border, the whole fin freely mottled ; anal mottled brown, reddish, whitish, and yellowish ; pectoral
mottled and barred with brownish on base, followed by alternating bars of brownish, pale yellow, and

pinkish, the brownish confined chiefly to upper
part of fin; ventrals white, crossed by rosy bars or
spots, brownish toward tips; iris yellowish-brown,
with small brown specks on outer part.

Another example (No. 03385) was in life brown;
belly cadmium with blotches of vermilion and
brown; lower jaw pale cadmium with brown spots
anteriorly, posteriorly with vermilion spots; dermal
flaps of lower and upper jaw, and preopercle edged
with vermilion and yellow, the dermal flaps ex¬
tending over maxillary and from behind pectoral
to base of caudal; dorsal marbled with deep brown,
slightly olivaceous, the narrower markings of cad¬
mium, vermilion and pale blue; pectoral yellow
with narrow irregular bands of brown at top, ver¬
milion toward bottom, outlined with brown; ven¬
tral yellow at base, then vermilion marbled with
deep brown; anal same as pectoral; caudal yel¬
lowish at base, then a broad irregular band of dark
brown marbled with vermilion, edge pink with a
few small brown spots in the pink; iris yellowish
with radiating marking of dark brown from edge
Fig. 205a. — Scorpmtopsis cacopsi~% dorsal view of head. of pupil.

Color in alcohol, dark brown, mottled with
blackish, and variegated with dark lines; inside of pectoral variegated with brown, outer portion of
upper rays blackish, also a large blackish brown spot on middle of spinous dorsal. One example
(No. 05655) is very pale or whitish in alcohol, and the darker mottlings above are purplish. The
flaps on the mandible are also rather long.

We have examined 14 specimens, all from Honolulu, 13 of which were Secured by us. They range
in length from 7.5 to 19.5 inches. The species is known only from Honolulu.

Scorpxna cuokii Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, III, tat. IV, 1874; the drawing only, which was made by Garrett from an
Hawaiian specimen of the present species. The Raoul Island species is the real S. cookii and a good species.-
Scorptmopsis cacopais Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XIX, 1899 (June 8, 1901), 401. ligs. 13 and 14, Honolulu (type, No.

49690, U. S. N. M.)j Jenkins, op. cit. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903) (Honolulu).

Scorpsenopsis cocopsis , Seale, Occ. Papers Bishop Mus., I, part 4, 11, fig. 5, 1901 (Honolulu).

389. Scorpsenopsis gibbosa (Bloch A Schneider). “Xohu;" “ Omttkaha." Plate 56" and Fig. 206.

Head 2.1 in length ; depth 2.75; eye 7.25 in head; snout 3.1; interorbital 4.3; maxillary 1.8; I).
xii, 10; A. jii, 5; P. 18; V. i, 5; scales 9-42-22.

Body elongate, greatest depth at first dorsal spines; back elevated, swollen, or convex below' first
dorsal spines; snout rather long, with an elevated prominence; mouth large, oblique; maxillary large,
expanded extremity broad, 6.5 in head; teeth in broad villiform bands in jaws, those on vomer small;
no teeth on palatines; tongue small, pointed, free in front; lips rather thick, fleshy; eye small, a little
in front of middle of length of head; a deep pit below' eye; top of head with: deep square pit just
behind interorbital space; anterior nostril with broad fleshy flap; posterior large, without flap; four

« Scorpsenopsis catocala on plate.

Plate 5 6

Scorp/enopsis catocala Jordan & Evermann. Type.

PISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

499

spines on side of snout above anterior nostril; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tympanic, parietal,
and nuchal spines present; a series of spines running across cheek below eye; several large spines on
lower part of preopercle; several spines on opercle; side of head above with many small spines; supra¬
scapular with several small spines; dorsal spines rattier strong; third longest, 3.75 in head; last dorsal
spine 3.8; second dorsal ray 2.7; second anal spine enlarged, a little longer than the third, 3.4 in head;
first anal ray longest, 2.4 in head; caudal rounded, 2 in head; pectoral large, lower rays thick, fleshy,
curved inward; sixth pectoral ray 1.7 in head, lowest 3,7; base of pectoral broad, 2.25; ventral spine
strong, 3.1 in head, second ray longest, 1.9; the innermost ray joined by a broad membrane to belly;
caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 4 in head; head and body with many fringed fleshy flaps;
scales moderately large, ctenoid.

Color in life (field No. 03382), excessively mottled, streaked, and spotted; body dark purplish
brown or claret shaded, the spaces gray tinged with sulphury yellow; head al 1 dull brown, flaps colored
like the space about; belly to axillary region whitish with reticulations and irregular marks of yellowish
olive; axillary region wine-brown, finely mottled with yellowish white in streaks and spots; a few
round black spots behind and in axil; inside of pectoral with a large jet-black blotch at upper part of
base, bordered with orange; around this a large yellow area, then ti oblong black spots on the mem-

Fig. 206. — Smrpa’?iopsh gibbosa (Bloch A Schneider); after Gunther.

branes of upper rays above middle, then a broad rose-red band, fading into violet below, the rim gray;
ventrals bright brown and gray, red shaded on inner face; inside of branchiostegals salmon-color,
striped with white, the membranes yellow: membranes of upper jaw salmon-color mottled with light
yellow; tip of upper jaw orange, with a golden ridge dividing a triangular spot of indigo-blue between
vomer and premaxillary; a golden line on each side in front of palatines; tip of tongue light yellow;
a triangular indigo-colored spot behind teeth of tip of lower jaw; a golden streak behind it on membrane
before tongue; lower lip salmon-color, especially behind, where hidden.

Color in alcohol, dark purplish, beautifully mottled with dusky and darker; head mottled above
with dusky; fins with many fine dusky and brown wavy lines; base of pectoral both outside and
inside brownish, the latter variegated with white and blackish brown; outer portion of inside of
pectoral covering first 5 rays with a series of broad blackish spots; ventrals more or less brownish,
variegated with gray and whitish; body whitish, mottled with pale brown; edges of buccal folds,
inside of mouth, deep yellow; a deep blue blotch directly behind teeth in front of each jaw.

This species was obtained both at Honolulu and Hilo, and appears to be not uncommon. Our
collections contain 8 excellent examples, 2 from Hilo and t! from Honolulu, 6 to 9.5 inches long.

Scorpa’na gibbosa Bloch & Schneider, Syst, Ichth., 192, pi. 14, 1SU1, “ habitat in America." Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, III,
79, pi. Lin, 1874 ( t'elew, Society and Navigator islands); Stcindachner, Denks. Ab. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 491
(Honolulu).

470

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

S corpama nesognllica Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 31 •'», 1829, Isle of France; Haeckel, Ann. Wien Mus., II.
1840, 159.

Scorpsenichthys gibbosus, Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., XI. 1856,402.

Scorpxnopsis ffibbosus, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. Arch. Ind., 41, 1859 (Sumatra; Nias; Amboynn; Banda).

Scorpsena diabolus, Kner, Novara Fisch., 117, tab. 6, fig. 1 (not of C. & V.), in Zoologischer, I, 1865.

Scorpsenopsis diaboluu, Fowler, Proc.. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 515 (Honolulu).

Scorpion op.<is catocala Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 201, Honolulu (Hilo); Snyder,
op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu).

Genus 217. IRACUNDUS Jordan & Evermann.

Allied to Helieolenus and Pontinus. Body rather elongate, compressed, covered with small, weakly
ctenoid scales; tins not scaly; head not depressed; formed as in Sebaatodes, the spines moderately
developed; head and body with dermal flaps; teeth on jaws and vomer, none on palatines; dorsal fin
deeply divided, the spines 11 or 12, the fourth much elongate; pectoral ravs undivided; anal rays iii,
5 or 6; ventral rays i, 5; caudal rounded; vent at base of first anal spine; air-bladder obsolete.

Iracu ndus Jordan & Evermann. Bull. C. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (July 9, 1903), 209 (siynifrr).

390. Iracundus signifer Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 207.

Head 2.4 in length; depth 3.2; eye 4 in head; maxillary 2; D. x, i, 9; A. iii, 5; P. 17; V. i, 5;
scales about 9-55-30, about 45 pores.

Body rather elongate, moderately compressed, the head conic, not depressed; mouth large,
oblique, the lower jaw slightly projecting, the maxillary reaching to opposite posterior margin of

pupil; teeth in moderate bands in the jaws, the inner teeth in the upper jaw slightly largest; vomer
with small teeth; palatines toothless; interorbital area deeply concave, little wider than pupil; spines
on top of head low and rather sharp, much as in Sebastodes ; preocular, supraocular, postocular, tym¬
panic, occipital, and nuchal spines present; a ridge with 2 spines outside the tympanic spine; preor¬
bital moderate, about as wide as eye, with a sharp spine turned forward and a blunt spine turned
backward; suborbital stay a narrow, simple ridge, reaching base of preopercular spine, which is
straight and very short; 3 lower preopercular spines reduced to blunt points; opercle with 2 slender
diverging spines, the upper the larger, their points not reaching edge of membrane; head with numer¬
ous broad, fleshy flaps; a fringed flap at the nostril, 2 on edge of preorbital, 2 on lower limb of
preopercle, and a high fringed flap above eye, about as long as pupil; small simple flaps on the cheek,
the end of the maxillary, and elsewhere on head; large pores on lower jaw, under suborbital stay, and

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

471

elsewhere; opercle and upper part of cheek with rudimentary embedded scales; jaws naked; top oi
head scaleless, occiput covered with thin skin and scarcely depressed; gillrakers very short, thiekish,
and feeble, all but about 6 reduced to mere rudiments; no slit behind last gill; body covered with
small, close-set scales, which are slightly ctenoid; scales on nape small, on breast minute; lateral line
conspicuous, provided with dermal flaps; numerous scattered flaps on sides of body.

Dorsal fin very deeply notched, the spines rather slender, pungent, the first a little longer than
eye, the second and third subequal, about half longer, the fourth greatly elevated, 1.5 in head, almost
twice height of third and fifth, which are subequal; sixth, seventh, and eighth slightly longer than
fifth, tenth very short, eleventh half length of fourth; soft dorsal high, the longest rays nearly half
head; rays of all the fins scaleless; caudal long, rounded, 1.4 in head; anal high, the spines graduated,
the third a little longer than second, which is 2.(1 in head; longest soft rays 1.8 in head; pectoral with
the rays all simple, the longest 1.2 in head, lowest rays shortened and thickened; ventral tins inserted
below' axis of pectoral, rather long, 1.6 in head, not quite reaching anal, inner rays well free.

Color, -pale in alcohol, doubtless vermilion red in life, the flaps on body pinkish; a single jet-black
spot about half diameter of pupil near tip of membrane between second and third spines of dorsal.

The only examples known are the type, No. 50886, I'. 8. N. M. (field No. 635), a specimen 4.2
inches long, taken by us on the coral reef at Honolulu, and a specimen 3.9 inches long recently obtained
by Mr. Berndt at Honolulu.

Tracundus sitrnifer Jordan & Evermann, Bull. IT. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 ( July 9, 1903), 210, Honolulu.

Genus 218, TiENIANOTUS Lacepede.

Head and body high, strongly compressed, with rudimentary scales, which are concealed upon the
skin; the skin roughened; mouth oblique, moderately wide; jaws with a band of velvet-like teeth;
vomer and palatine without teeth; several of the bones of the head armed with prominent spines.
D. xi or xii, 10 to 12; A. in, 6; dorsal fin very high; no pectoral fin appendages.

Small fishes, which are rare in the Eastern Archipelago and in the South Sea.

Tumianotus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., iv, 304. 1802 ( triamnthux ).

Les Tienianotcs Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. N'at. Poiss., iv, 371, 1829.

T&nianatvs Agassiz, Norn. Zool. Index, 300, 1846 (corrected spelling i .

391. Tsenianotus garretti Gunther.

D; xi, 12; A. m, 6. Of this species I have only the drawing by Mr. Garrett; it appears to be
different from Txnianotm trkicantkus, not alone in the somewhat different fin formate, but on account
of the much shorter second dorsal spine, which equals the length of the third; the membrane betw een
tile dorsal and anal fin is also much shorter. (Gunther probably means the membrane between the
dorsal and caudal, a statement which is not borne out by his drawings; the shape of the head was
probably not drawn quite true to nature.) Color (in plate) pink, the belly bluish, with white spots;
fins pinkish, mottled with darker. (Gunther.)

Toenianotiis garretti Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, iii, S3, pi. 57, lig. fj. 1874, Sandwich Islands.

Family LXXXV1. BEMBKID/E.

Head not very depressed, armed and scaly on the sides; body covered with rather small scales;
2 dorsals of nearly equal development, the first with 9 to 11 spines; ventrals thoracic, but inserted a
little before the pectorals, with 5 soft rays and 1 spine; no pectoral appendages; villiform teeth in
jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones; 7 branch iostegals; air-bladder none.

The single Hawaiian genus and species of this family are fully described in Section II.

Family LXXXV11. PEIHSTEDI I D.-E. The Deep-water Gurnards.

Body elongate, fusiform, covered with bony plates, each of which is armed with a strong spine;
head bony; each preorbital produced into a long flat process, which projects more or less beyond the
mouth; mouth small, inferior, like that of a sturgeon; teeth none; lower, jaw provided with barbels;
gill-membranes separate, narrowly joined to the isthmus anteriorly; gillrakers slender. Dorsal fin

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

47 2

continuous or divided. Pectoral fin short, with the 2 lowermost rays detached. Ventrals i, 5, sepa¬
rated by a broad, flat area. Air-bladder simple. Pyloric ceeca about 10. Color generally red. Deep-
sea fishes; 2 or 3 genera and about 13 species known, bearing some resemblance to young sturgeons.

Genus 219. PERISTEDION Lacepede.

Barbels large, forming large fringed tufts at angles of mouth and on lower jaw; dorsal fins 2;
characters otherwise included above.

The 2 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described in Section II.

Peristedion Lacdpfede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., Ill, 308, 1801 ( malarm at ratnphmitum) .

Peristethus Kaup, Proo. Zool. Hoc. Land. 1859, 103 (cataphractus): amended spelling.

Family LXXXV111. HOPUCHTHYIffeE.

Head broad, very depressed, with the snout produced and rounded anteriorly, strongly armed,
and with the upper surface and sides bony; back and sides of the body covered with bony plates; 2
dorsals, the first, much shorter than the second; no pectoral filaments; ventrals inserted a little before
the pectorals; minute teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine bones; air-bladder none;
pseudobranchise present.

Genus 220. HOPLICHTHYS Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Characters of the genus included above.

The 2 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described in Section II.

Hoplirhthns Cuvier A: Valeilcicnucs, Hist. Nut. Poiss., iY, L'titi, 1H'J9 {lani/sdorfii ) .

Family LXXX1X. CEPHALACAXTHID.-E. — The Flying Gurnards.

Body elongate, subquad rangular, tapering behind ; head very blunt, quadrangular, its surface almost
entirely bony ; nasals, preorpitals, suborbitals, and 1 tones of top of head united into a shield; nuchal part
of shield on each side produced backward in a bony ridge, ending in a strong spine, which reaches
past front of dorsal; interocular space deeply concave; preorbitals forming a projecting roof above the
jaws; preopercle produced in a very long, rough spine; cheeks and opercles with small scales; opercle
smaller than eye; gill-openings narrow, vertical, separated by a very broad, scaly isthmus; pseudo¬
branchise large; gillrakers minute; mouth small, lower jaw included; jaws with granular teeth; no teeth
on vomer or palatines; scales bony, strongly keeled; 2 serrated knife-like appendages at base of tail;
first dorsal of 4 or 5 rather high flexible spines, the first 1 or 2 spines nearly free from the others; an
immovable spine between the dorsals; anal and second dorsal Short, of slender rays; caudal small,
lunate; pectoral tins divided to the base into 2 parts, the anterior portion about as long as the head, of
about 6 rays, closely connected, the posterior and larger portion more than twice length of head,
reaching nearly to caudal in the adult (Diiiiylopterus) ; much shorter in the young ( Cephalacanthm) ;
these rays very slender, simple, far apart at the tip; ventral rays i, 4, the long fins pointed, their
bases close together, the inner rays shortest; air-bladder with 2 lateral parts, each with a large
muscle; pyloric ceeca numerous; vertebrae 9+13=22. Warm seas; the adult able to move in the air
like the true ttying-fish, but for shorter distances. One genus and 2 to 4 species.

Genus 221. CEPHALACANTHUS Lacepede.

Characters of the genus included with those of the family. Four species known — ('. rol-i terns on
both coasts of the Atlantic, C. spinarella in the East Indies, C. peterseni from Japan, and one from the
Hawaiian Islands, East Indies, and Japan.

Cephalacanlh us Lac6pede, Ilist. Nat. Poiss. , III, 323, 1802 ( spinarella >.

Dactyloplerus Lacepede, 1. c., Ill, 325, 1802 (pirapedu ml Hans)

Gonccephalus Gronow, Cat. Fishes, Ed. Gray, 106, 1854 ( macrocephalu8=volitans ).

fishes OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

173

392. Cephalacanthus orientalis (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “ Lolo-oau Fig. 208.

Head 4.1 in length; depth 5.5; snout 2.5 in head; eye 4; mouth 2.5; maxillary 2.2; mandible 2.3;
interorbital 2; D. i — i, v-i — 8; A. 7; P. 33; V. 5; scales 47.-21.

Body elongate, depressed, rather broad, lower surface flattened; head broad, depressed, quad¬
rangular; side of head above produced backward in a long bony shield till below fourth dorsal spine;
snout short, rounded, obtuse, slightly produced; eye midway between tip of snout and gill-opening,
elevated; bones about orbit thick, those above elevated, mouth inferior, maxillary reaching nearly
below' middle of eye; lips thick, fleshy; teeth blunt, small, in bands in jaws, none on vomer and pala¬
tines; tongue broad, thick, rounded, hardly free; anterior nostril with small fleshy rim, posterior nos¬
tril higher, without rim; interorbital space broad, deeply convex, flattened in the middle; a spine on
lower surface of head pointing backward over preopercle; preopercle ending in a long pointed spine
which readies nearly to the origin of the ventrals; dorsal spines rather slender, first very long, 2.8 in

Fig. 'JOS. — Cephalaeanthus orientalis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

trunk, its base nearly midway between posterior margin of eye and gill-opening, 2 free spines in front
of dorsal; second dorsal spine very short, third much longer, and fourth 1.5 in head; last dorsal spine
short, keel-like; origin of soft dorsal a little in advance of middle of space between base of first dorsal
spine and base of caudal ; anal short, w ithout spines, and its origin nearly midway between base of
caudal and gill-opening, or a little behind origin of soft dorsal; caudal truncate, about 1.2 in head; pec¬
toral large, very elongate, reaching tip of caudal, ends of the long median rays ending in rather short
filaments; ventral originating just behind base of second dorsal spine, and not reaching anus, 1.2 in
head; anus with papilla; caudal peduncle long, depressed, its length nearly equal to head; scales large,
each with a keel, so that longitudinal series are formed; lower side of trunk posterior to anus with 4
of the keel-like scales enlarged, the/last on base of caudal below, also a keel-like scale on upper base of
caudal. Described from an example (No. 04088) taken at Hilo.

474

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

A fresh specimen (No. 03433) from Honolulu was drab above, white below; orange spots less than
pupil over top of head and dorsal portion of body; 4 transverse bands of golden on caudal tin; pectoral
covered with dusky golden spots smaller than pupil anteriorly, larger and less distinct posteriorly; a
bright bracket -shaped yellow band on upper side of dorsal about one-third distance from base to top,
concave side toward base; spinous dorsal membrane olivaceous with dusky golden spots; soft dorsal
membranes transparent, rays with alternating white and olive areas; ventrals golden; anal transparent,
with golden color on rays.

Color in alcohol, dull purplish brown, with rather large dark round spots on the back, lower
surface whitish; spinous dorsal and pectorals blackish, median and basal portion of the latter first
whitish, then running into grayish out on fin; pectoral with blackish and grayish spots.

We have examined 6 examples from Hilo, 3 from Honolulu, and 1 from Molokai, ranging in
length from 6.5 to 14 inches.

One specimen was obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and the Albatross collected
specimens at Honolulu; Puako, Molokai; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; and Lahaina, Maui.

Dactyloptcrus oricntalis Cuvier A: Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., IV, 134, pi. TO, 1829, Indian Ocean; Gunther, Fist-lie tier
Sitclsee, 169, 1877 (Sandwich, Society, and Paumotu islands); Steindachner, Denks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,
498 (Honolulu).

Dactyloptcrus japonicus Bleekcr, Nat. Tvds. Ned. Ind., VI, 1854, 396. Waka, Japan.

Dartylopterus cheintpMhahnus Bleeker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind., VII, 1854, 494, Banda; Neira.

( ep'i dacanthus oriental is, Fowler, I'roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 51 6 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. F. S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 499 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu; Puako, Molokai; Hanalei
Bay, Kauai; Lahaina, Maui).«

Suborder TRACHINOIDEI.

Ventrals typically i, 5, jugular, sometimes with the rays reduced; nostrils, jaws, shoulder-girdle
and suborbital normal; scales various; gills 3.5 or 4; dorsal spines comparatively few; soft dorsal and
anal fins long; tail diphyeercal.

a. Hypercoracoid pierced by a foramen . . . . Pteropsaridx, p. 474

aa. Hypercoracoid without foramen.

b. Preopercle entire; opercle and snboperc-le reduced, each consisting of a nearly straight, sharp, simple spine; gill-

openings wide; no lateral line' . HarpagtfericUe , p. 477

bb. Preopercle armed with a strong spine; gill-openings small; lateral line present . Callionymida p. 477

Family \C. PTEROPSARIDX.

Body oblong, covered with scales; ventrals i, 5, jugular; hypercoracoid pierced by a foramen; no
subocular lamina. Species numerous, mostly tropical.

a. Gill-membranes united, free from the isthmus; dorsal notched, not separate.

b. Palatines without teeth; middle spines of dorsal highest; caudal fin deeply forked . Osurus, p. 474

bb. Palatines with teeth; last spines of dorsal highest; caudal fin not forked . Neopercis, p. 476

aa. Gill-membranes nearly separate, free from isthmus; dorsal fins separate.

c. Maxillary with a fleshy flap at its tip; preopercle with 2 small spines at its angle; opercle with 2 spines.

Bcmbrops, p. 476

cc. Maxillary without flap; preopercle entire; opercle with 1 distinct spine . ‘..Pteropsaron, p. 476

Genus 222. OSURUS Jordan & Evermann.

This genus is allied to Parapercis, from which it differs in having the caudal tin deeply forked
instead of t runcate.

Osurus Jordan & Evermann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 206 (Parapercis schauiuslandi) .

u Coitus filanieiitosus Sauvage in Vaillant & Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3), III, 1875, 279, described from the Hawaiian
Islands, seems to he Gymnocanthus intermedins Sehlegel, a common Japanese species, and belonging to a group which does
not occur in Hawaii.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

475

393. Osurus sehauinslandii (Steindachiier). Figs. 209 and 209a.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 4.8; eye 4 in head; snout 3; interorbital 6; maxillary 2.25; mandible
2.1; D. iv, 21; A. 18; I*. 16; A'. 7; scales 7-60-13.

Body elongate, compressed : head rather large, its depth 1.5 in length, width 1.4; upper profile of
head convex, gently rising from snout to nape; snout rather long, broad, convex; mouth large,
slightly inclined’, maxillary reaching a little beyond front margin of eye; lips rather broad, fleshy;
teeth minute, in rather broad hands in jaws, with an outer series in each slightly enlarged; enlarged
canines in front of both jaws, and several on side of each ramus of mandible; vomer with a crescentic
patch of minute teeth; nostrils very small, separated a little, anterior with slight elevated rim; inter-
orbital space rather narrow, flattened; opercular margin with a sharp spine above, lower spine with

denticulations; gill-opening large, membrane broad, adnate to isthmus; scales small, ctenoid; occiput,
cheeks, and opercle covered with small ctenoid scales, head otherwise naked; lateral line superior at
first, then gradually sloping down to base of caudal; dorsal spines robust, strong, third longest, with
rather broad fleshy flaps; dorsal rays slender, flexible, anterior longest, second 2.75; anterior anal rays
longest, third 2.75; caudal elongate, deeply forked, lobes equal, 3.6 in head; pectoral with median
rays longest, 1.5; ventral pointed, 1.4; caudal peduncle compressed, short, its depth 3.3 in head.

Color when fresh (No. 03434) with black spots on dorsal fin surrounded by red; scarlet lines from
snout through eye bordered on each side with yellow; first dorsal bright opaque scarlet, with dark

Fig. 209a. — O&urus schauinslnndi (Steimlachner). Type of Parapcrcis pterostigma Jenkins.

blotches near base; membrane of second dorsal transparent, rays yellow and rosy; outer margin of
anal rosy, inner portion transparent ; blotches on sides rosy, the upper row darker.

No. 03032 in life was rosy on head and body; belly white with pale yellowish-white extensions
into the rosy of side; cheek rich rosy; opercle and side of snout with some yellow; lower jaw and
throat yellowish-white, the jaw tipped with orange; a few dark rosy spots on top of head; dorsal white
with a series of about 10 brownish-black blotches toward outer part of membranes, each surrounded
by faint yellow; membranes of first, 3 spines black at base, reddish orange above; anal pale orange;
caudal reddish orange, distal half of lower lobe black, and 2 rather distinct red spots at base; pectoral
pale rosy, yellow ish at base, and in axil; ventrals pale yellow; iris rosy.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

47(i

Another example had a bright scarlet and yellow stripe, from tip of snout through eye and on
back, being distinct as a scarlet line in each of the dark quadrate blotches to base of caudal; caudal
yellowish, with pearly blue cross streaks of spots; lower lobe red, the distal half black; spinous dorsal
black, edged with scarlet; base and axil of pectoral golden.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, a little darker on head; about 8 broad brown saddle-like blotches
across back; top of head brownish; a white line running from tip of snout to eye, and continued on
post ocular region above opercle; spinous dorsal with a large blackish blotch on middle and basal
portion; about 10 blackish spots in a single series along upper portion of soft dorsal; caudal with 6
vertical series of whitish dots; anal, pectoral, and ventral pale.

This species, described originally from Honolulu, is quite common at that place, and we have
specimens also from Hilo. Twenty-two examples examined are 4 to 5.5 inches long.

JVrcc' srhiiumdandi Steindachner, Anzeiger Ak. Wiss. Wien, No. XVI. June 27, 1900. 175, Honolulu; Steindaehner, Denks.
Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 496, pi. in, fig. 5 (Honolulu).

Parapercis pterostigma Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XIX, 1899 (June 8. 1901), 402, fig. 15, Honolulu (Type, No, 49701,
U. S. N. M. Coll. O. I’. Jenkins).

Osurns schauimlandi, Jenkins, Bull. C. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903). 505 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan.
19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu).

Genus 223. NE0PERCIS Steindachner.

Palatines with teeth; dorsal scarcely notched, the middle spines not longer than the posterior
ones; dorsal rays v, 23; a. 20; scales about GO; otherwise essentially as in Parapercis.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

ParapomSteindachner, Ichth. Beitr., XIII, 1883, 1072 ( rammyi ); not of Bleeker.

Neopercis Steindachner, Fis-he Japans, ill, 1884 , 212 (ramsayi).

Genus 224. BEMBROPS Steindachner.

Head strongly depressed, the snout spatulate; mouth long, subhorizontal; teeth in jaws and on
vomer and palatines; maxillary with a fleshy flap or barbel at tip; eyes very large, half lateral; opercle
with 2 spines; angle of preopercle with 2 small spines, at least in Japanese species; preorbital entire;
gill-opening very long, with 7 branchiostegals; pseudobranchise present ; ventral* jugular; dorsal tins 2,
well separated; belly flattened, back convex; scales rather large, finely ctenoid.

Small fishes inhabiting depths in Asia and America. The single Hawaiian species fully described
in Section II.

Bcmbrops Steindachner, Sitzgber. Wien, LXXIV, i. 211 (Ichth. Beitr.), V, 1876, 163 ( caudimacula ).

Jiypsicvmetes Goode, Proc. I ' S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, 347 (gobioidesj.

Bathypereis Alcock, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, LXII, 1893, 2. 177 ( ptatyrhynchus ).

Genus 225. PTEROPSARON Jordan & Snyder.

Body subcylindrical, depressed anteriorly, covered’with large cycloid scales; lateral line continuous;
head depressed, flattened anteriorly; snout produced, broadly spatulate; mouth large, the jaws sub¬
equal; maxillary without barbel; teeth small, on jaws, vomer and palatines smooth ; eyes very large,
largely vertical in range, separated by a very narrow ridge; suborbital very narrow; cheeks and opercles
scaly; preopercle rounded, entire, but with mucous tubes near its edge; opercle with a partly concealed
spine before its membranous tip; gillrakers obsolete; gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus;
dorsal fins separate, the first short, but sometimes greatly elevated; second similar to anal; caudal
convex; ventrals i, 5, well separated, a rhombic area before them, inserted before pectorals, the inner
rays longest; pectorals normal; lateral line simple, median. This genus is allied to Beinbrops, from
which it differs in the absence of a fleshy flap on the maxillary.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Pteropsaron Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, 470 (evoluns).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

477

Family XCI. CHAMPSODONTID/E.

We place provisionally in a separate family a single genus, Champsodon, apparently allied on the
one hand to Uranoscopus and on the other certainly to the Chiasmodoniidie, with which Doctor Bou-
lenger places it; but the real affinities of Chius / nodon are equally uncertain. The family characters are
included below.

Genus 226. CHAMPSODON Gunther.

Body rather elongate, fusiform, covered with small, rough, warty, scarcely imbricate scales; belly
naked; head flat above, with vertical sides; cheeks and snout scaly; eyes rather small, high, and near
together, mostly directed upward; a small eilium over each eye; mouth large, very oblique, the lower
jaw projecting; both jaws with slender teeth of unequal size, some of those below longest, many of
them long, slender, depressible canines; a few teeth on vomer, none on palatines; upper jaw with a
double notch at tip; preopercle with a strong, curved spine at its angle, the spine about as long as eye,
the ascending limb with small teeth; opercle rounded, unarmed; preorbital broad, with a flat, three-
lobed spine; top of head with a low ridge on each side from snout to nape; gill-openings wide, the
gill-membranes separate, free from the isthmus; isthmus long and narrow, not forming a hump; gill-
rakers slender, of moderate length; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; suborbitals not dilated; lateral
lines 2, the lower curved upward over pectoral, both with lateral vertical branches; the cross-rows of
tubes on the back more conspicuous than the lateral lines; dorsal fins 2, the first short, the second
long, similar to anal; pectoral small and narrow, placed high; ventrals i, 5, the middle rays longest,
inserted before pectorals, but joined to the shoulder girdle by ligament only; caudal forked.

The. single Hawaiian species of this family is fully described in Section II.

Champsodon Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1867, 102 ( vorax ),

Family XCI I. HARPAGIFERIIME.

This family is allied to the Callionymitla;, resembling them in external characters though differing
very widely in the armature of the head, the preopercle being entire, the opercle and subopercle
reduced, each consisting mainly of a nearly straight, sharp, simple spine; the gill-openings are much
wider than in Callionymus, but the gill-membranes are broadly united to the isthmus; no lateral line;
no scales. Draconetta has much in common with Bemhrops and Pleropsdron.

Genus 227. DRACONETTA Jordan & Fowler.

The characters of the genus are included above. The single Hawaiian species is fully described
in Section II.

Draconetta Jordan & Fowler, Proc. U. s. Nat. Mus.. XXV, 1903, 939 [urn tea).

Family XCI 11. CALLIO.WMID^.— Dragonets.

Body elongate, naked; head broad and depressed; the mouth narrow, the upper jaw very pro¬
tractile; teeth very small, in jaws only; peropercle armed with a strong spine; opercle unarmed;
eyes moderate, usually directed upward; lateral line present, often duplicated; dorsal fins 2, some¬
times united at base, the anterior with 4 flexible, spines; soft dorsal and anal short, the latter
without distinct spine; ventrals i, 5, jugular in position, widely separated; pectoral fins large; gill-
openings small, the membranes broadly attached to the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
pseudobranchiae present; no air-bladder; vertebra; usually 8+13=21. Sexes notably different in
color; dorsal fin higher in the male. Small fishes of the shores of warm seas, chiefly' of the Old
World, allied to the Trachinidx, according to Boulenger. but resembling the Coltidx in form.

a. Preopercular spine simple, sharp, spear-tike, with serrate edge, but without recurved hooks above or at

tip . Oalliurichthyg , p. -178

rra. Preopercular spine not simple, with recurved tip, and with one or more recurved hooks above.
b. Ventrals entire, the outer ray not detached; head depressed; gill-opening reduced to a very small foramen on upper
surface of head; lateral line single . Callionymus. p. 178

478

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Genus 228. CALLIURICHTHYS Jordan & Fowler.

This genus differs from Callionymus in the character of the preopercular spine, which is long,
simple, straight or curved, and serrulate, but without recurved hooks above. A small antrorse spine
at its base below; in the typical species the caudal fin is greatly elongate. The dorsal spines are
graduated backward, at least the first. 2 being elongate. The single Hawaiian species of this genus is
fully described in Section II.

Calliurichthys Jordan & Fowler. Proc. IT. s. Nat. Mus., XXV, 1903, 911 (japonicus).

Genus 229. CALLIONYMUS Linnaeus.

This genus includes dragonets with the ventral fins entire, without detached ray, the gill-opening
reduced to a small foramen, opening upward, and the lateral line single; head triangular, depressed;
eyes directed upward ; preopercular spine very large, hooked at tip and with one or more recurved
spines above, a small antrorse spine at its base below; opercle unarmed; sexual differences strongly
marked. Species numerous, living on the bottoms in warm seas. The few species in America live at
a considerable depth; in the Mediterranean, in India, and in Japan they are shore fishes, swarming
in all bays and living in shallow water. The 3 Hawaiian species of this genus are full}' described in
Section II.

Callionymus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 249, 1758 (li/rii).

Group GOBIOIDEI. — The Gobies.

Body elongate, variously scaled or naked, head usually large, armed or not, the suborbital ring
without a bony stay for the preopercle; gill-openings reduced, the membranes attached to the isthmus;
gills 4, a slit behind the last; pseudobranchite present; ventral rays I, 4 or i, 5, inserted below the
pectoral, the tins close together or united, widely separated or otherwise peculiar: dorsal fins separate
or united, the first of a few weak spines, sometimes wanting; anal rather long, usually with a single
w eak spine, similar to soft dorsal; caudal rounded; usually no air-bladder nor pyloric coeea. Vertebrae
24 to 35. Carnivorous bottom fishes, mostly of small size in warm regions, some marine, others of the
fresh waters. Three families.

Family XCIY. GOBI 11)4:.

Body oblong or elongate, naked or covered with ctenoid or cycloid scales; dentition various, the
teeth generally small, but sometimes developed into great canines; premaxillaries protractile; sub¬
orbital without bony stay; skin of head continuous with covering of eyes; eyes usually moderate,
sometimes concealed; opercle unarmed; preopercle unarmed, or with a short spine; paendobranchue
present or absent; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; gill-membranes more or less united to the isthmus,
the gill-openings thus restricted to the sides; no lateral line; dorsal fins separate or connected, the
spinous dorsal short, of 2 to 8 flexible spines, or sometimes wanting; anal usually with a single weak
spine, the fin similar to soft dorsal; ventral fins close together, separate or united, each composed of a
short spine and 3 or 4 soft, rays, the inner rays usually longest; the ventral fins, when united, form
a sucking disk, a cross-fold of skin at. their base completing the cup; caudal fin convex; anal papillae
prominent; no pyloric cceca; usually no air-bladder. Carnivorous fishes, mostly of small size, living
on the bottom near the shore in warm regions. Some inhabit, fresh waters and others live indiscrimi¬
nately in either fresh or salt water; many of them bury themselves in the mud of estuaries. Few of
them are large enough to be of much food value. The species are for the most part easily recognized,
but their arrangement in genera is a matter of extreme difficulty.

a. Ventrals separate; spinous dorsal present.

6. Preopercle with one or more spines; sides of head scaled.

r. Preopercle with one concealed spine at lower a lie Up hooked forward; scales small . . . Eleotris, p.479

cc. Preopercle with 4 or 5 straight spines at lower angle, directed backward; scales large . Asterropteryx, p. 480

66. Preopercle without spines.

d. Sides of head naked; no papillary ridges . . . Eviota, p. 481

(Id. Sides of head scaled, with various ridges of papilla) . . . Gohiomoi'phus, p, 483

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

479

na. Ventrals more or less united.

e. Inner edge of shoulder-girdle without Haps.

/. Ventral disk not adnate to body.

g. Body scaled anteriorly as well as posteriorly.

ft. Teeth one-rowed, some of them canine-like; scales large . Gobiopterus, p. 482

ft/s. Teeth in more than one row; usually no canines.
i. Side of head without scales.

j. Last dorsal spine not conspicuously distant from those in front of it; dorsal spines 6.

k. Upper ray of pectoral silk like; anal short, of about 9 rays; middle rays of caudal not greatly pro¬

duced, body rather robust . Mapo, p. 483

kk. Upper ray of pectoral not silk-like: anal long, of about 15 rays; middle rays of caudal greatly pro¬
duced; body more elongate; upper teeth one-rowed . Gobiictithys, p. 485

jj. Last dorsal spine conspicuously distant from those in front of it; body elongate; dorsal spines 7.

Vitraria, p. 486

ii. Side of head more or less scaly.

1. Upper rays of pectoral silk-like, free from rest of tin; scales small..-. . Cluilmydes, p. 485

U. Upper rays of pectoral not free from rest of tin; scales large . . Gnatholcpi *, p.487

gg. Body naked anteriorly, a very few scales posteriorly (typically wholly naked) . Kelloggella, p. 488

Jf. Ventral disk adnate to the belly.

m. Body covered with small ctenoid scales . Sicydiuni, p. 489

mm. Body entirely naked . . Lentipes, p. 491

ee. Inner edge of shoulder-girdle with dermal flaps: body scaly, head naked; tongue adnate) . A waous, p. 491

Genus 230 ELEOTRIS ( Gronow ) Schneider.

Body long and low, compressed behind; head long, low, flattened above, without spines or crests,
almost everywhere scalv; mouth large, oblique, lower jaw projecting; lower pharvngeals rather broad,
the teeth small, bluntish; preopercle with a small concealed spine below, its tip hooked forward;
branchiostegals unarmed; eyes small, high, anterior; isthmus broad; tongue broad, rounded; post¬
temporal bones very strongly divergent, their insertions close together; top of skull somewhat elevated
and declivous; interorbital area slightly convex transversely; dorsal fins well apart, the first of 5 or
6 low, flexible spines; ventrals separate; scales moderate, ctenoid, 45 to 80 in a longitudinal series;
vertebrae (pisonis) ll-t-15. Tropical seas, entering fresh waters.

Eleotris Gronow. Zooph. 83, 1763 (nonbinomial).

Eleotris Schneider, Syst. Ichth., 65, 1801 (pisonis).

Culius Bleeker, Archiv Nderl. des Sc. Soc. Holl., IX, 1874. 303 (fuse us).

394. Eleotris sandwicensis Vaillant & Sauvage. “ 06pu.” Fig. 210.

Head 2.7 in length; depth 4.25; eye 7 in head; snout 3.8; interorbital 3.25; D. vi, 10; A. n, 8; P.17;
V. i, 5; scales 70 to 80 20.

Body elongate, depressed in front, compressed behind, greatest depth about middle ot* belly; head
elongate, very broad, depressed, its width 1.4 in its length, and its depth 1.65; snout blunt, broad,
depressed, 3.9 in head; mouth large, oblique, 2.8 in head; lips thick, fleshy; mandible large, slightly
projecting; teeth fine, sharp-pointed, in rather broad bands in jaws; no teeth on vomer and palatines;
tongue rather broad, free, truncate; preopercle. with a small curved spine at its angle, forward and
more or less concealed in the skin; interorbital space broad, flattened; nostrils well separated, ante¬
rior in a short tube; eye high, in first third of head, more or less lateral; gill-opening rather large,
oblique; scales very small, ctenoid, and extending on top of head; no lateral line; dorsal fins well
separated, fourth dorsal spine longest, 2.5 in head; first dorsal ray 3.65, sixth 2.3; anal inserted a
little behind origin of soft dorsal, first ray 3.4, seventh 2.1; caudal elongate, middle rays longest, 1.5,
rounded; pectoral rather broad, short, lower median rays the longest, 1.75; ventral 2.2; caudal pedun¬
cle long, compressed, 1.7, its depth 3; anal papilla present. Description from an example (No. 04591)
taken at Hilo.

Color in life (No. 03024) dirty brownish throughout, belly paler; fins all dark; soft dorsal nar¬
rowly white-edged.

Color in alcohol dark dusky brown, lower surface pale brown with dusky on lower surface of
head, 2 blackish streaks across cheek, 1 from lower rim of eye backward ami the other just below;
fins grayish dusky, upper margin of spinous dorsal whitish; edges of soft dorsal, anal, and caudal
grayish.

480

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Medium-sized examples have the body with longitudinal rows of dark brown er dusky spots on the
upper surface; dorsals and anal more or less dusky, with small spots on the basal portion of former;
caudal and pectoral fins with many narrow dark -gray crossbars. Small examples show indistinct dark
brown spots on side of body, and some very small ones have about 9 broad deep-brown cross-bands
over the back when viewed from above, and the side specked and spotted with dark brown below its
middle; a number of dark brown spots on chest; side of head with dark-brown lines; chin dusky.
Some examples with black dots scattered along side of body

This interesting species is very abundant in fresh, brackish, and shallow water among the Hawaiian
Islands. Our collection contains a very complete series of specimens, as follows: From Honolulu 445;
Waianae 41, Waialua 21, Moanalua 5, Moana Hotel 4, Waikiki 1, Hilo 119, and Kailua L Of those

Fig. 210. — Elcotris santiwicensis Vaillant & Sauvage.

from Honolulu, 384 are in the collection made by Doctor Jenkins and 2 in Doctor Wood’s. They
vary in length from 1.2 to 9 inches. Numerous specimens were collected also by the Albatross at
Honolulu, Waimea, and Hanalei; in Huleia and Hanapepe rivers in Kaui, and Anahulu River, Oahu.

Eteotris mndu'icensis Vaillant & Sauvage, Rev. Mag Zool. (3), III, 1875, 280, Sandwich Islands (description erroneous: the
concealed preopercular spines being overlooked): Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept, 23, 1903), 499
(Honolulu; Hilo); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu; Waimea, Hanalei, Huleia, and Hanapepe
rivers, Kauai; Anahulu River, Oahu).

Culius fascus , Streets, Bull. 1’. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 57, 1877 (fresh waters of Oahu); not of Bleeker.

Eteotris fusca , Gunther, Rep. Shore Fishes Challenger, Zool., 1, Part VI, 60, 1880 (Honolulu, fresh waters); Fowler, Froc.
Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1900, 516 (Honolulu) (not Pcccilia fusca Bloch & Schneider, from Tahiti a species with 52 scales).

Genus 231. ASTERROPTERYX Ruppell.

Body short, deep, compressed, covered with large, nearly smooth scales; eyes moderate; mouth
moderate, the teeth medium; chin prominent; no teeth on vomer; 4 or 5 blunt spines on preopercle;
dorsals separate, the first of 6 spines, the second like the anal, short and high; ventrals separate, close
together, each i, 5; gill-openings moderate; cheeks and opercles scaly; no papillar ridges; anal papilla
moderate. Species rather numerous in the East, Indian region, one of them ranging north to Japan
and one to Hawaii.

Asterropteryx Ruppell. Atlas, Reise Nord Afrika, 1828, 138, taf. 34, tig. 4 ( semipunetatus ).

Priolepis Ehrenberg; fide Bleeker.

Brachyclcotris Bleeker. Arch. Neerl. 1874, 306 (cyanostigma).

395. Asterropteryx semipunetatus Ruppell. “Oopu.”

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.7; interorbital 2.5 in eye; I>. vi-12; A. 11;
P. 18; V. 6; scales 24'.’ 9.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about origin of anal; head elongate, pointed, upper and
lower profiles convex; depth of head 1.1 in length of head, width 1.6; snout rather short, blunt,
rounded above; mouth small, oblique, the maxillary reaching front margin of eye; lips fleshy; man-

FISHES OF HAWAITAN ISLANDS.

481

dible large, slightly projecting; teeth in jaws uneven, sharp pointed; no teeth on vomer and palatines;
tongue broadly rounded, free in front; anterior nostril in a short tube, posterior large, circular; a.
rather large pore on upper side of snout between nostrils and nearer median line of head; interorbital
space narrow; top of snout and interorbital space uneven; eye small, high, posterior margin a little
anterior to middle of length of head; lower margin of preopercle with 4 blunt prongs; gill-opening
low, its length 2; scales large, (inely ctenoid; head covered with large, finely ctenoid scales except on
interorbital space, snout, lips, and chin; no lateral line; dorsal fins well separated, the spines flexible,
and the second produced1 in a long filament; first spine 1.6, second 1.25, third 1.75 in trunk; soft dorsal
with last rays longest, first 2.25, ninth 1.25, last 1.8; anal similar to soft dorsal, first 2.5, ninth 1.1, last.
1.9; caudal broad, round, equal to head; pectoral elongate, pointed, longer than head, 3 in trunk;
ventral long, about equal to pectoral; caudal peduncle elongate, compressed, its length 1.5 in head,
depth 2.

Color in alcohol, blackish, almost uniform, apparently without, any traces of spots; side with about
6 vertical obscure blackish bars; fins dusky. Another example has the body similarly colored, except
that, it is covered with very many small bluish spots.

Apparently not common, except, on the reef at Honolulu, where many specimens were collected bv
Doctor Jenkins. We have 1 example from Waianae and 5 from Waikiki, 0.8 to 2.2 inches long, common
at Samoa.

Asterropteryx semipunclatus Ruppell, Atlas Fisch., 138, pi. 34, tig. 4, 1828, Red Sea; Klunzinger, Fische des Rotlien Meeres,
484, in Verb. K. K Zool.-bot. (resell. Wien, 1871; Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 500
(Honolulu).

ElotrUgryanostigma Bleeker, Nat.Tyds. Ned. Ind., VIII, 1855,452, Cocos Islands.

Eteotrfodcn cyaimxtUjma, Bleeker, Enum. Spec. Pise. Arch. Ind.. Act. Soc. Sci. Ind. Neerl. VI, 1859, 112.

Brachyeleotris cyanostigma, Bleeker, Arch. Neerl. Sei. Nat., IX, 1S74, 306; Streets, Bull. tT. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 58, 1877
(Coral reefs of Oahu).

Asterropteryx cyanostigma, Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu).

Genus 232. EVIOTA Jenkins.

Allied to Asterropteriix. Body not greatly elongate, head not compressed into a keel; dorsal fins
separate, neither dorsal nor anal elongate; sides of head naked; no papillary ridges; preopercle entire.
Among the most minute of fishes, inhabiting coral masses.

Eviota Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 501 [epiphdncs).

396. Eviota epiphanes Jenkins. 1 1 06pu. ’ ’ Fig. 211.

Head 2.4 in length; depth 4.5; eye. 3.1 in head; snout 4.5; interorbital 2 in eye; It. vi-10, A. 9;
scales 28, 7.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about gill-opening, head elongate, profiles about evenly
rounded in front; opercular region broadest part of head, 1.5 in length, depth 1.4; mouth rather large,
oblique, maxillary reaching below middle of eye; lips rather thick, fleshy; mandible large, very
slightly projecting; teeth in jaws small, sharp pointed; no teeth on vomer and palatines, interorbital
space narrow, level; gill-opening rather large; scales rather large, finely ctenoid; dorsal spines flexible,
rather high; soft dorsal and anal similar, anterior rays rather high, but not produced; caudal broad,
rounded ; pectoral long, pointed, a little longer than head ; ventral s separate, close together, long, equal to
head; caudal peduncle compressed, its length 1.4 in head, its depth 2. Described from an example
taken at Waikiki.

Color when fresh, the specimen (No. 03440) taken in coral rocks, body bluish, more or less cov¬
ered with brown spots, which also extend on dorsal and anal; spots on body cover groups of points,
forming crescent-shaped spots in alcoholic examples.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, with a very faint trace of olivaceous; side marked with a number of
dark-brown vertical crescents; nape before spinous dorsal with 3 deep brown crossbars and a dark-
brown blotch just behind eye; side of head speckled with brown, side of trunk with about 6 vertical
very pale green bars below and running to base of anal, short bars in between; spinous dorsal grayish
with 4 black lines sloping down posteriorly; soft dorsal grayish, with about 7 blackish lines sloping
posteriorly; other fins grayish.

F. C. B. 1903—31

482

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Young examples have a dusky spot at base of caudal.

This small fish is common about Honolulu and Waikiki, where Doctor Jenkins obtained 50 speci¬
mens, and we have 55, 0.4 to 0.75 of an inch in length.

Eviota fpiphancs Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 501, fig. 42, Honolulu (type. No. 50720, l'. S.
Nat. Mus.; coll. O. P. Jenkins).

Genus 233. GOBIOPTERUS Bleeker.

Teeth on the jaws large, acute, distant, and equal on the intermaxillary, unequal in the infra-
maxillary; 2 canine teeth, especially developed, behind the symphysis; head scaleless, compressed,
the gape subvertical; scales 25 to 36 in longitudinal series; B. 4; D. v or vi, S or 9; A. 8 to 14. Allied
to Apocryptes, but with large scales.

Gopiopterur Bleeker, Arch. Neerl. Ac. Soc. Holt., IX, 1S74, 311 (Apocryptes hracliypterua).

397. Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan & Evermann. “06pu.” Plate 59.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 3.5; eye 3.2 in head; snout 3.5; D. vi-11 ; A. 9; scales 28 (27 to 29)-10.

Body rather robust, compressed, greatest depth at gill-opening; head rather large, depth 1.25 in
length, width 1.4; upper profile of head evenly convex from tip of snout to origin of dorsal; jaws
large, mandible very large, slightly produced; mouth large, very oblique, maxillary extending beyond
front margin of eye; teeth in jaws uniserial, rather large, somewhat canine-like; two small depressible
canines on posterior part of bone behind anterior series; lips large, thick, fleshy; tongue not emargi-
nate, large, thick, rounded; nostrils close together, posterior very large, in front of upper margin of
orbit with elevated rim; interorbital space very narrow, concave; scales large, ctenoid; a large pore
behind and above base of pectoral; gill-opening large, continued forward below; spinous dorsal small,
flexible, spines ending in filaments, beginning behind base of pectoral; soft dorsal high, rays of nearly
uniform length; anal with posterior rays elongate, much longer than anterior; caudal elongate,
rounded; pectoral broad, round, equal to head; ventrals long, equal to head, broad, without any
frenum in front; caudal peduncle compressed, its length 1.5 in head, depth 2.25.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, trunk covered all over with very pale minute brown dots; tins very
pale brown, dorsals dusky, especially the spinous; 3 vertical pairs of pale brown cross-lines over side
of head.

Described from an example 1.1 inches long, taken at Hilo. Type, No. 50654, U. S. N. M.

Known only from Hilo.

Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 205, Hilo.

Bull. U.S.F.C. 1903 Plate: 59

Gobiopterus farcimen Jordan & Evermann. Type- juuusbibn*co.uth.n.y

Bull U S FC. 1903. pLATE

Quisquilius eugenius Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

483

Genus 234. GOBIOMORPHIIS Gill.

Allied to Asterropteri/x. Body robust, covered with large, ctenoid scales; snout blunt; mouth large,
very oblique, with 2 series of sharp teeth in jaws, the inner depressible; side of head scaly and with
several series of short papillary fringes; ventral rays l, 5, the fins joined at base by a narrow frenum;
dorsals short, the first with 6 spines, the second with 12 short rays.

The genus is distinguished from other small Eleotrids by the papillary fringes on preorbital, jaws,
and opereles.

Gobiomorphus Gill. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1863, 270 ( gobioides ).

Quisquilius Jordan <& Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 203 ( eugeniui >•).

398. Gobiomorphus eug-enius (Jordan & Evermann). Plate 57.®

Head 2.8 in length; depth 3.8; eye 3.25 in head; snout 4.25; width of mouth 2.4; interorbital 2 in
eye; D. vi-12; A. 10; v. i, 5; scales 25,-12.

Body robust, compressed, greatest depth about middle of belly; head large, elongate, broad, depth
1.4 in its length, width 1.25; snout short, blunt, rounded above; jaws large, lower projecting; mouth
large, very oblique, its posterior margin reaching below front of eye; upper jaw with 2 series of teeth,
sharp-pointed, outer larger, the inner depressible; mandible with teeth similar to those in upper jaw;
no teeth on vomer and palatines; tongue truncate, front margin not notched; eye large, high, anterior;
nostrils separated, anterior in small tube, posterior close to upper front margin of eye; interorbital
space narrow, very deeply furrowed; a series of fringe-like papillae running from preorbital along upper
margin of maxillary down behind corner of mouth, where it joins another series running along under
surface of mandible, and continued back and upward on margin of preopercle; anterior margin of
opercle with a small vertical series of papilla?, each papilla a little shorter than diameter of eye; gill¬
opening large, continued forward till nearly below posterior margin of eye; spinous dorsal rather
small, spines flexible, with tips produced in short filaments; soft dorsal high, median rays rather longer
than others; anal more or less similar to soft dorsal, posterior rays very long; caudal rather large,
round; pectoral broad, round, equal to head; ventrals small, 1.25 in head, sharp-pointed, and joined
at base of inner rays by a narrow frenum; caudal peduncle compressed, its length 1.6 in head, depth
2.4; scales large, ctenoid, those on upper part of head very small; snout, interorbital space, jaws, and
lower surface of head naked; no lateral line.

Color in life (field No. 03554), body with transverse bands of dark brown with olivaceous tinge
alternating with dirty white; edges of scales in dark brown portions lighter; dorsal, anal, and caudal
dark brown, edged in part with white; pectoral light reddish brown.

Color in alcohol, brown; 12 dark brown cross bands on side, the last 6 very broad, much broader
than the pale interspaces; vertical fins dark slaty; pectoral pale slaty; ventral pale on outer posterior
portion, blackish slaty on inner.

Honolulu and Laysan; not rare. We have 6 examples from Honolulu and 1 from Waikiki, and
the Albatross obtained the species at Laysan Island. Length 0.8 to 1.4 inches.

Quisquilius eugcnius Jordan A Evermann. Bull. I", s. I'ish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 203, Waikiki, Oahu Island:

Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Laysan Island).

Genus 235, MAPO Smitt.

This genus differs from Gobius in the emarginate tongue and in the shorter, broader head; pectoral
fins with silky rays; cheeks and opereles naked.

The genus Gobius is not represented in Hawaiian waters.

Mapo Smitt, Ofv. Kong. Vet. Akad. Stockholm, 1899, 543 tsoporator).

399. Mapo fuscus (Riippell). “06pu.” Fig. 212.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 4.8; eye 5.25 in head; snout 3.5; interorbital 4.35; D. vi-11; A. 9;
P. 25, filaments included; scales 38,-12.

Body elongate, depressed in front, compressed behind, greatest depth about middle of belly; head
elongate, broad, depressed, its width 1.2 in its length; depth 1.4; snout blunt, broad, its upper profile
convex; mouth broad, maxillary reaching posteriorly below middle of eye; lips rather thick, fleshy,

o Quisquilius eugcnius on plate.

484

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

with fringe inside; mandible large, slightly produced; teeth sharp pointed, in broad bands in jaws;
interorbital space rather broad, slightly concave; nostrils rather close, anterior with a short tube; eye
high, in first third of bead, directed upward; gill-opening vertical, rather large, slightly oblique, 2.5
in head; scales rather large, becoming very large on side of caudal peduncle, ctenoid, crowded before
dorsal, on top of head, and occiput; head, except on top, entirely naked; dorsals well separated; spines
flexible, fifth 1.8 in bead; first dorsal ray shortest, 2.4, last longest, 1.1, intermediate rays graduated;
anal similar to soft dorsal in shape, first ray 3.75, last 1.25; caudal elongate, about 3.1 in body, roundly
pointed, middle rays longest, pectoral broad, rounded, middle rays longest, and upper silky; ventrals
broad, with rather broad frenum in front, 1.4 in head, and not reaching anal papilla; caudal
peduncle broad, compressed, its length 2, and its depth 2 in head. Described from an example (No.
3328) taken at Honolulu.

Color when fresh, very dark, with black marblings and brown edges to scales; dorsal, anal,
pectoral, and caudal all closely and finely barred with brown; ventrals brownish; not much dark below
eye. An example from Waialua, when fresh, was marked with pearly blue spots on a ground of
mottled light, and dark olive, and reddish olive.

Other examples (Nos. 03229 and 201) show a series of 7 or 8 dusky blotches along middle of side,
and when viewed from above 4 or 5 broad indistinct cross bands. These are united with a dusky line
running from upper base of pectoral to middle of base of caudal, which is also confluent with the
upper portions of the lateral blotches described, caudal with dusky blotches.

Very small examples have distinct dark blotches on the side, and both dorsals and caudal with fine
cross lines made up of brown spots on thespines and rays. There is alsoa dark spot just behind the eye.

Fig. 212. — Mapo fuscus (Euppelt),

Color in alcohol, more or less gray-brown, side with about 10 longitudinal series of white spots,
head, both dorsals, caudal, and pectoral fins with whitish spots, very small on the latter, and indistinct
on the spinous dorsal; lower surface of the head, breast, and abdomen dirty whitish; top of the head
finely speckled.

This widely distributed goby is exceedingly abundant in Hawaiian waters and is represented in
the collection by 590 specimens from Honolulu, 59 from Hilo, 2 from Moanalua, 1 from Waialua, 20 from
Waikiki, 45 from Waianae, and 57 from Kailua. Numerous examples were collected by Doctor Jenkins,
and some were found by the Albatross at Honolulu, Waialua Bay, Puako Bay, Kealakekua Bay and Hilo.
We see no differences between these and American examples [M. sopura(or) .

Gobius f usc us Rtippell, All. Reis. NOrcU. Af., Fiseh., 137, 1828, Red Sea.

Gobius punctillahis Ruppell, op. oil , 138, 1828, Red Sea.

Gobius ndmlo-punctatus Rtippell, Netie Wirbelthiere, Fische, 139. 1835] (Mar. 1,838), Red Sea; Giinther, Cat., Ill, 26. 1861.
(Examination of RiippelTs type.)

Gobius separator Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss.. XII, 66, 1837, Martinique.

Gobius albopunclalus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist.. Nat. Poiss., XII. 67, 1837, Isle of France; Giinther, Fische der Siidsee,
VI, 172, taf. CX, fig. A. 1877 (Fiji, Society, Navigator, Kingsmill, and Sandwich islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri,
Phila 1900, 517 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins Bull. lT. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 19031, 602 (Honolulu);
Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Honolulu; Waialua Bay, Oahu; Puako Bay and Kealakekua Bay, Hawaii; Hilo).
Gobius padaugensis Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned.Tnd.. I, 1849, 249, Pedang.

Gobius brevic.eps lllyth, Proc. Asia. Soc. Beng. 1858, 271, Great Andaman Island.

Gobius homocyanus Vaillant A- Sauvage. Rev. Mag. Zool. (3). Ill, 187.1, 280, Sandwich Islands.

Glossogohius giuris. Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus„ No. 7, 60, 1877 (Coral reefs of Oahu); not of Hamilton.

Gobius sandviccnsis Gunther, Rep. Shore Fishes, Challenger , 60, 1880, Honolulu, fresh water.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

485

Genus 236. GOBIICHTHYS Klunzinger.

Body elongate, heavy forward, scaly; 2 dorsal fins; anal fin nearly as long as the second dorsal;
caudal fin elongated and pointed; pectoral without silky rays; teeth of upper jaw in a single row, in
which respect this genus differs from Gobionellwt Girard.

Gobiichthys Klunzinger, Verhand. Zoo! Hot, Gesellsehaft Wien, XXT. 1871, 479 (pctcrsu).

400. Gobiichthys lonchotus (Jenkins). “ Oopu Fig. 213.

Head 4.1 in length; depth 5.2; eye 4.35 in head; snout 3.1; maxillary 1.9; width of mouth 2.6;
interorbital 2 in eye; 1>. vi 14; A. 15; 1’. 19; V. 6, 6; scales 105, 22.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about middle of belly; head elongate, compressed,
greatest depth about 1.3 in length, width 1.6; anterior profile steep, strongly convex, snout rather
long, blunt, rounded; jaws large, powerful, equal; mandible large; mouth very large, oblique, maxil¬
lary reaching below eye posteriorly but not to its posterior margin; lips rather broad, fleshy; teeth in
jaws in several series, unequal, sharp-pointed, slightly curved and rather small; tongue rounded,
rather thick, free in front; eye rather small, high, its posterior margin about middle of length of head;
nostrils remote, anterior near front of upper lip, with elevated fleshy rim; posterior nostril much nearer
eye than tip of snout; interoribital space narrow, slightly convex; gill-opening rather large, 1.8 in

Fro. 213. — Gobiichthys lonchotus (Jenkins). Type of Gohionelius lonchotus Jenkins.

head, nearly vertical; scales very small, cycloid; head naked except top, which is densely scaled; dor¬
sal fins separated, spines very flexible, ending in filaments, the first 2 very long; first dorsal spine
equal to head, second 1.4, last 1.6; soft dorsal long, low, first ray 2.25, twelfth 1.2, last 2.25; anal simi¬
lar to soft dorsal, first 2.8, thirteenth 1.4, last 2.9; caudal elongate, the median rays produced into a
point, its length 2.7 in trunk; pectoral long, pointed, 3.6 in trunk, ventral large, 4 in trunk; broad
frenum in front fringed, caudal peduncle compressed, its length 2 in head, depth 2.2; a narrow thin
cutaneous keel between occiput and spinous dorsal.

Color in life grayish-olive, faintly1 netted and barred with darker, and with a median dark stripe,
very faint, scarcely darker at base of caudal; head plain, with 2 dark streaks along cheek and opercle
joined by 2 vertical streaks like pen marks; around black spot just before branch iostegals concealed
by the interopercle, and some small dots around it; a dark spot on eyeball above and behind; a faint
dark shade below eye, and a dark cross shade on top of head behind eye; first dorsal clear olive
clouded with light-reddish brown and blackish brown at base; soft dorsal olive, dotted or barred with
darker olive; caudal faintly barred, most distinct on upper and lower rays; prevailing color grayish
olive washed in the largest specimens only with bright orange; anal dark olive, distally blackish with
dusky dashes at base of each membrane; pectorals and ventrals plain dull olive gray, the base of former
with an obscure dusky blue spot, very black in the young. The head also is more distinctly barred in
the young.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

486

Color in alcohol, pale brown, side with 5 large brown blotches, and about 11 brown vertical cross¬
bars running closer together above to form pairs, though becoming indistinct on middle of side; a
narrow blackish line across top of head down behind and below eye to corner of maxillary; a blackish,
brown blotch' at base of pectoral; spinous dorsal dark gray with oblique dusky hues; soft dorsal pale
with a number of longitudinal dusky lines sloping backward; anal dark gray, the membrane between
the rays blackish; caudal grayish with cross series of dusky spots; pectoral pale gray; ventrals gray
black, margin and anterior portion pale brown. Described from an example (No. 846) taken at Hilo.
The species is common along the shores and in shallow water about Honolulu, Waikiki, and Hilo.
The collection contains 46 examples 2.4 to 5.8 inches long.

(jobionellus lonchotus Jenkins. Bull. t\ s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 503, fig. 44. Honolulu (type, Xu. 60698,
U, 8. N. M.; coll. O. 1J. Jenkins).

Geaus 237 VITRARIA Jordan & Evermann.

Body elongate, translucent, covered with very small, thin scales; mouth small, oblique; teeth
minute; gill-opening rather narrow; dorsals small, the rays vu-ll ; pectoral rather long; ventrals small,
united in a circular disk. Small gobies of the coral reefs, allied to the Japanese genus danger, but
with the first, dorsal of 7 small spines instead of 3.

I 'Uraria Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. 8. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 205 irlarcscrns),

401. Vitraria clarescens Jordan & Evermann. Plate 60.

Head 4.6 in length; depth 6.7; eye 3.5 in head; snout 4.5; D. vn-11; A. I, 10.

Body elongate, slender, compressed, greatest depth between dorsal fins; head elongate; pointed,
conic, depth 1.75 in its length, width 2; snout rather long, rounded; jaws prominent, upper slightly
produced; mouth oblique, maxillary reaching a little beyond anterior margin of eye; teeth not evident,
tongue broad, truncate; snout above interorbital space and top of head more or less flattened; nostrils
well separated, anterior nearly midway in length of snout, posterior close to front of eye; eye rather
large, anterior; gill-opening restricted to side, rather small; scales very small; dorsal spines flexible;
first dorsal small, the last 3 spines very small (minute stubs, broken in the type), the fin beginning
behind tip of ventrals; soft dorsal beginning a little nearer base of caudal than tip of snout, about
over insertion of anal, anterior rays of both tins longest, those of anal gradually smaller behind, the
last, 2 minute and close together; caudal emarginate, lobes rounded ; pectoral rather long, lower rays
longest; ventrals small, united to form a small round disk whose diameter is 2.25 in head; caudal
peduncle compressed, elongate, its length equal to head, its depth 2.25 in head.

Color in alcohol, very pale translucent brown, 7 V-shaped pale brown markings on upper side of
body united over back; fins whitish.

We have examined 7 examples obtained at Hilo, each about 1.2 inches in length.

Yitniria darcscms Jordan it Evermann, Butt. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 205, Hilo.

Genus 238. CHLAMYDES Jenkins.

This genus is distinguished from Gqbius and Mapq by the presence of scales on sides of head.

i ’lilamydes Jenkins, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 503 (lalicept). t

♦

402. Chlamydes laticeps Jenkins. Fig. 214.

Head 3 in length; depth 4; width of head 0.8 of its length, depth 1.5 in its length; P. vi-l, 9; A.
i, 8; (!. 17; ventral fins united, i, 5; scales 38,-14; head depressed; ventral profile almost straight; dorsal
profile rising in very gentle curve from tip of snout to nape; dorsal and ventral outlines of body straight
and parallel from base of first dorsal to front of anal, from here slightly converging to base of caudal
fin; height of caudal peduncle 2.25 in head, 1.6 in height of body at front of dorsal fin; mouth almost
horizontal; snout flat, broad, equal to eye, 3.5 in length of head; interorbital very narrow, less than
diameter of pupil; eyes inclined at angle of 45° on sides of head; snout bluntly rounded from above;
top and sides of head scaled to posterior border of pupil; branchiostegals 4; teeth villiform, in bands on
each ja’w; an outer series of enlarged teeth in the upper jaw; fourth dorsal spine longest, 2.5 in head;
rays of second dorsal of nearly uniform height, slightly longer than fourth spine, 2.3 in head; caudal

Bull U.S.F.C. 1903

Vitraria clarescens Jordan & Evermann. Type.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

4s7

rounded; median rays 1.5 in head; middle rays of anal longest, 2 in head; median pectoral rays
longest, 1.8 in head, the lower 14 rays normal, above these numerous fine silk-like rays; median rays
of ventral 2 in head; basal membrane with a well-developed lobe on each side; scales ctenoid, covering
body and top and sides of head, those on posterior part of body and on caudal peduncle but little
enlarged, those on head smaller than body scales.

Color in alcohol, plain chestnut brown, pale below; a few darker mottlingson side of body; ventral
and pectoral fins dusky brown, ventral pale.

Fig. 214. — Chlamydes laticeps Jenkins; from the type.

This description is based on a single specimen, 1.5 inches long, taken by Doctor Jenkins in the
coral rocks on the reef in front of Honolulu.

Clilamyiles laticeps Jenkins, Bull. I ' S. Fish Comm., XXXI, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 503, reefs at Honolulu (type, No. 50716, V - S.
N. M,; coll. O. P. Jenkins).

Genus 239. GNATHOLEPIS Bleeker.

This genus agrees with Rhinogobius in all respects, except that the cheeks and opercles are covered
with large scales; pectoral with silky rays; dorsal spines 6; tongue rounded.

Gnatholepis Bleeker, Esquisse Syst. Nat. Gobiod. in Arch. Neerl. Sc. Soc. IIoll. Harlem, IX, 1874, 318 ( Gobius anjerensis).
Hazeus Jordan A Snyder. Proc. r. s. Nat. Mils., XXIV, 1902,51 ( ntakii ).

403. Gnatholepis knighti Jordan & Evermann. “ Onpu.” Plate 58.

Head 3.5 in length; depth 4.25; eye 3.8 in head; snout 3.<i; width of mouth 2.5; interorbital 2.25
in eye; D. vi-12; A. 12; P. 16; V. 5.5; scales 32-9.

Body elongate, compressed, not depressed in front, greatest depth at the middle of belly; head
elongate, its depth 1.25 in its length, its width 1.5; snout oblique, blunt, broad; upper profile of the
head obtuse, with a prominence over eye in front; mouth rather broad, the maxillary not reaching
posteriorly to below front rim of orbit; lips rather thin; teeth small, sharp, in narrow bands in jaws
with an outer enlarged series; no teeth on vomer or palatines; interorbital space very narrow, level;
nostrils small, close together in front of eye, anterior with flap of very short, fleshy cirri; eye high,
small, a little anterior; gill-opening restricted to side, nearly vertical, its length 2.25 in head; scales
large, finely ctenoid, and becoming much larger on posterior side of trunk; scales small on belly in
front of ventrals, cycloid; scales moderately large, cycloid on the upper part and side of head, head
otherwise naked; dorsal fins well separated, spines flexible and with extremities in most cases free
and filamentous; first 1.6 in head, fifth 1.7, last 2.7; soft dorsal long, last rays longest, first 1.7, last
1.25; anal similar to the dorsal, but lower, first ray 2.8, last 1.25; caudal founded, the median rays
very long, a little longer than head; pectoral with upper median rays longest, all rather fine, about
equal to length of caudal; ventrals rather large, frenum uniting in front, rather broad, length equal to
pectoral; caudal peduncle compressed, length 1.2 in head, depth 2.25.

488

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life, pale flesh-color, upper parts with dark brownish spots and blotches; a series of about
8 brownish blotches along middle of side; a small dark spot on base of pectoral; operele dusky; fins
all pale, spinous dorsal with brown edge; iris bluish white.

An example from Hilo, when fresh, was olive-green, rather pale, and with 7 blackish crossbands;
caudal spot small and inconspicuous; black bar below eve, narrow and very distinct; back crossbarred
with many spots of dusky olive; side with longitudinal streaks of dark brown spots along rows of
scales, these irregular and variable, mixed, especially behind, with spots of pale sky-blue; dorsal,
anal, and caudal dotted finely with dark olive; pectoral pale olive; ventrals blackish; anal plain black¬
ish, paler at base. In most examples examined the head was finely dotted with bright pale blue on
cheeks and opercles.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, side with numerous small dark brown spots and 7 large dark brown
blotches; a dark brown streak below eye, and another across operele; spinous dorsal very pale brown
with about 3 blackish brown cross-lines, very distinct on first spines, running somewhat obliquely,
and becoming indistinct posteriorly; soft dorsal with the spines pale or whitish brown and membranes
between blackish brown; anal more or less dark gray brown; caudal very pale brown or whitish,
spotted in cross-series with brown; pectoral pale brown; ventrals dark brown, paler along edges.

This small but interesting species is generally common in brackish water about Hilo and Honolulu.
The collection contains a total of 123 specimens; 101 specimens from Hilo range in length from 1.1 to
2.5 inches, the average length being 1.81 inches. We have 5 specimens from Waianae 1.3 to 1.8 inches
in length, the average being 1.82 inches, and 2 examples from the pond at the Moana Hotel at Waikiki,
each 0.8 of an inch long. The average length of our 123 specimens is 1.81 inches.

Acentrogobiux ophthahnoUmia, Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mas., No. 7, t>0, 1S77 (coral reel's at Oahu) ; not of Bleeker.
unathut* pi* knight i Jordan a Kvefmann. Bull. r. s. Fish Comm. XXII, 1902 (Apr. 11, 1903), 204, Honolulu.

Genus 240. KELLOGGELLA Jordan & Seale, new genus.

KeUugijelld Jordan it Seale, new genus of Gobiirta- ( Kiihfjgella cardinalis Jordan & Seale MS., from Samoa).

This genus is framed for little fishes allied to Gobiusoma, but with 6 dorsal spines, and the body
and head more elongate. Body naked; fins moderate; teeth small and sharp. We place our single
Hawaiian species in this genus, though it differs in the presence of a few rudimentary scales posteriorly.

404. Kelloggella oligolepis (Jenkins). Fig. 215.

Head 4.5 in length; depth 5.75; eye 3.5 in head; mouth 2.75; snout 2 in eye, 4.5 in head; D. vi-11
or 12; A. 7 or 8; P. 15; V. i, 5.

Body elongate, compressed; head elongate, blunt, depth 1.25 in its length, width 1.35; profile of
snout eery bluntly rounded; profile of back from head to root of spinous dorsal a little concave,

descending from head to base of pectoral, rather gently curving from front of dorsal at base of ventral
to base of caudal; snout compressed, short, jaws rather large, equal; mouth low, slightly oblique;
teeth in lower jaw rather large, uniserial posteriorly along sides, and in wide band in front; inner

a :

—

_ r

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

489

ones slender, straight, the outer enlarged, especially several toward front of sides of jaw, which are
canine-like and bent backward; teeth of upper jaw similar, with fewer canines; vomer and palatines
without teeth; eye anterior, high; top of head flat, interorbital space narrower than pupil; gill-opening
low, restricted, and slightly oblique; body apparently scaleless, a few very minute scales on posterior
part; first to fifth dorsal spines about equal in length, about 1 to 1.35 in head, last shorter; base of
dorsal about equal to head; middle caudal and pectoral rays longest, former pointed, least depth of
caudal peduncle 2) in head.

Color in alcohol, plain brown, everywhere minutely punctate with black; about 12 dark brown
vertical bars on side, those on caudal peduncle very indistinct, and all much wider than the narrow
pale interspaces; generally 1 or 2 rather poorly defined similar bands across nape; several short
radiating bands from lower border of eye.

One of the smallest of fishes. Described from the type, 17 mm. (0.67 inch) in length, taken at
Honolulu by Doctor Jenkins. MV have examined 10 examples from M'aianae and 13 from Honolulu.
The Albatross also obtained 2 specimens at Honolulu.

Eni/pnias olaiokpis Jenkins, Bull. r. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903). 504, fig. 45. Honolulu (type, No. 50715,
U.S.N.M.; coil. O. 1*. Jenkins): Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19. 1904), 530 (Honolulu).

Genus 241. SICYDIUM Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Body subcylindrical, covered with rather small ctenoid scales; head oblong and broad, with cleft
of mouth nearly horizontal; upper jaw prominent; snout obtusely rounded; lips very thick, the lower
with a series of numerous slender horizontal teeth, of which sometimes only the extremities are visible;
upper jaw with a single uniform series of numerous movable small teeth attached by ligament to edge
of maxillary; behind this outer visible series numerous other parallel series of young teeth hidden in
the gums, and succeeding the former as they become worn out or broken; lower jaw with a series of
widely set conical teeth: teeth all simple, slender, the distal half bent inward nearly at a right angle;
eves of a moderate size; 2 dorsal fins, the anterior with 6 (5 to 7) flexible spines; caudal quite free;
ventrals united into a short cup-shaped disk; gill-openings of moderate width; 4 branchiostegals.
Sicydium Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XII. 168, 1S37 ( plumieri ): Gill, l’roc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1800, 101.

a. Scales rather small, 80 to 85 longitudinally: head comparatively short, 4.6 in length; dorsal and anal each with 12

rays . xtimpsoni, p. 489

art. Scales larger, about 65 longitudinally; head longer, 4 in length; dorsal with 15, and anal with 18 rays.

albotxnUUum, p. 490

405. Sicydium stimpsoni (Till. “Oopu.” Fig. 216.

Head 4.6 in length; depth 4; eye 7 in head; snout 2.6; interorbital 2.3; D. vi-12; A. 12; C. 16;
P. 18; scales 80 to 85-22.

Body long and slender, compressed only posteriorly, head short, snout blunt, ascending abruptly
then in a uniform curve to origin of dorsal fin; interorbital broad, concave; mouth horizontal, broad,
its width 1.6 in head; lower lip with a fringe of short sette; teeth of lower jaw unequal slender
canines, an anterior larger pair, and usually a rather large tooth on each side; teeth of upper jaw in a
single close-set series, more or less concealed in the gums; eye very small, high up; snout prominent,
projecting beyond the short lower jaw; gill-opening vertical, its length 2 in head.

Scales finely ctenoid, much reduced and crowded on nape, belly, anterior parts of body, and base
of caudal fin; head entirely naked.

Fins well developed; dorsals and anal very high in adult males, the anterior spines and the last
rays being produced and filamentous, length of second dorsal spine 1.4 to 2 times length of head; base
of spinous dorsal 1.6 in head, and somewhat exceeding distance between dorsals, anterior dorsal rays
1.4 to 2 in head; last dorsal rays produced, their length somewhat less than longest dorsal spine, or
about 1.4 times the head; anal similar to soft dorsal, rays shorter, the posterior one longest, 1.2 in
head; caudal long, more or less pointed in the males, rounded in the females and young, the middle
rays 1.2 to 1.5 times head, pectoral broad, bluntly pointed, the lateral rays short, the middle rays
equal to head; ventral disk broad, its width scarcely less than its length, which is about 1.6 in head,
disk free laterally and behind, the length of the posterior free portion about 2.8 to 3 in head.

Color in life of a specimen 2 inches long from Heeia, dark greenish olive; back and upper parts
of s:des crossed by about 14 black bars, these sometimes in pairs, head and cheeks vermiculated with

490

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

blackish and greenish; spinous dorsal smoky with a brownish blotch on base of last 2 spines; soft
dorsal smoky; anal pale smoky, with a darker band near the outer edge, other fins pale dusky.

Color in alcohol, brownish black, paler below, side with about 7 more or less distinct daiker ver¬
tical bars, most distinct in the young, top of head with obscure darker cross bands, fins all bluish
black in adult males, paler in females and young; dorsals, anal, and caudal with small roundish pale
spots, most numerous near base; pectoral dusky, without spots.

This goby was found in abundance in a small stream at Kaiwiki near 1 lilo, and a few specimens
were obtained in lleneohe Creek at Heeia, Oahu Island. We have specimens also from Kailua, and

Fig. 21(1. — Sicydium stimpsoni Gill.

the Albatross found it in Lahaina and Wailuku rivers, Maui Island. It is strictly a fresh-water fish,
attains a length of 5 to 7 inches, and is used to some extent as food.

The species was originally described by Doctor (till, and later by Gunther, from specimens
obtained at Hilo.

Sicydium stimpsoni Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sri. Phila. 1860, 101, Hilo, Hawaii, in fresh water; Gunther, Cat.. Ill, 98, 1861;
Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, VI, 183, 1877 (Gill’s description).

sicyilium niyirscrns Gunther, ( 'hall. Kept., Zool.. 1 . Part VI, Shore Fishes, 60, pi. xxvi, tig. ( '. 1880. Honolulu, fresh water;

streams in the island of Hawaii. !

Siryuptcru* stimpscmsi, Streets. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7,59, 1877 (fresh-water streams of Oahu); Jenkins. Bull. U. S.
Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 28, 1908), 502 (Honolulu, fresh water); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19,1904), 536 (Lahaina
and Wailuku rivers, Maui).

406. Sicydium albotaeniatum 1 liinther. Fig. 217.

Head 4 in length; depth 4.5; eye ft in head; D. vi-15; A. 18; scales about 65.

Bodv long; head short; snout prominent, projecting beyond the short lower jaw. Scales large,
not reduced but crowded anteriorly; iiead entirely naked; fins well developed; third and fourth dorsal
spines produced, long anil flexible, one-third longer than head; base of spinous dorsal 1.8 in head;
distance between dorsals 3 in spinous dorsal; soft dorsal and anal long and high, but not produced;
caudal long, sharply convex; pectoral broad, bluntly pointed. Color dark yellowish gray, lighter
and more yellowish below; a white lateral band, slightly narrower than eye, extending from base of
caudal to tip of snout, on head its upper edge at upper base of pectoral, the line running straight to
tip of snout; a row of 8 large black spots on body, below the lateral band, from pectoral to base of
caudal; fins all dusky, the dorsal, caudal, and anal edged with light blue, the lower third of anal
with many small blue spots; anterior part of ventral disk red.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

491

The above description is taken from Gunther’s figure, there being practically no description of
this species in his text. The fish was not seen by us.

Sicydium albotscnialum Gunther, Fisehe der Siidsee, II, 183, taf. cx, fig. D, 1877, brooks in Sandwich Islands. On a
drawing by Garrett.

Flu. 217. — Sicydium (pbotxniatum Gunther: after Gunther.

Genus 242. LENTIPES Gunther.

This genus differs from Sicydium in the scaleless body and in the dentition, which consists of a
single row of tricuspid teeth in the upper jaw and of teeth of the same size in the lower jaw.

Sicyogaster Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philn. 1800, 102 ( concolor ); name preoccupied.

Lentipes Gunther. Cat.. III. 90, 1862 (concolor).

a. Tail without scales; dorsal rays 10 . concolor, p. 491

an. Tail covered with small scales; dorsal rays 11 . seminudus, p. 491

407. Lentipes concolor (Gill).

D. vi, 10; A. 10; body subcvlindrical, naked; head oblong, depressed, with the cleft of the mouth
horizontal; eyes of moderate size; lower lip with a series of minute teeth; both jaw’s with a single
series of teeth, the anterior ones in the upper jaw tricuspid, those of the lower widely set; 2 dorsal
fins, the anterior with 6 flexible spines; caudal quite free; ventral fins united to a short semicircular
disk, adherent to the belly; gill-openings of moderate width. Purplish. Streams near Hilo, Hawaii;
not seen by us.

Sicyogaster concolor Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1800, 102, fresh waters of Hilo, Hawaii.

Lentipes concolor, Gunther, Cat.. HI. 96. 1861 (after Gill); Gunther, Rep. Shore Fish. Challenger, Zool., I, Part VI, 61, 1880
(streams of Hawaii).

408. Lentipes seminudus Gunther.

D. vi, 11; A. 10; a small fish, 2 inches long, and in an indifferent state of preservation, seems to
be a second species of this genus, having the same singular dentition as Lentipes eomeoM, but the tail
is covered with small scales, the head and trunk only being naked. It is an adult specimen, the
ovaries being fully developed. The eyes are small, situated in the anterior half of the length of the
head. The length of the head is one-fourth of the total, the caudal not included. The vent is some¬
what nearer the root of the caudal than to the head. Length of specimen, 2 inches. Honolulu, in
fresh water. (Gunther.) Not seen by us.

Lentipes seminuduirt iiinther, Rep. Shore Fish. Challenger, Zool.. I, Part VI, 61, 1880, Honolulu, in fresh water.

Genus 243. AWAOUS Steindachner.

Inner edges of shoulder-girdle with 2 or more conspicuous dermal flaps; preorbital region very
long; premaxillary and maxillary strong; lips thick; scales rather small, ctenoid, 40 to 80 in a longi¬
tudinal series; interorbital groove with a conspicuous median crest; sides of head naked; no silky rays
on pectoral; dorsal spines 6; tongue broad, adnate to floor of mouth; otherwise essentially as in Gobius.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

492

The species reach a large size and are confined to the fresh waters of the Tropics of America and
the Hawaiian Islands. The physiognomy in each is peculiar, the snout being long and convex.

Awaous Steindachner, Sit/.. Ak. Wiss. Wien, XLII, I860, 285, 289; after les Awaous of Cuvier it Valenciennes (( robins ocel¬
lar is, etc.).

Chonophorus Poey, Memorias, II, 274, 1861 ( bucculcntus taiasica).

Awaous Bleeker, Esquisse d’un Syst. Nat. Gobioides, in Archiv Neer. Sc. Soc. Hull. Harlem. IX, 1871, 320 ( ocdlaris i; after
les Awaous of Cuvier Valenciennes.

a. Body elongate, depth 4.75 in length; eye comparatively large, 6.75 in head; snout rather short, 2.2 in head; interopercle

comparatively narrow, 7 in head; dorsal rays 11; anal 13; scales 52,-11; a black bar below eye _ gcnivittatus, p. 492

an. Body short and deep, depth 4 in length; eye small. 8.6 in head; interorbital wider, 5 in head; dorsal rays 10; A. 10;
scales 63,-18 . . stamincus p. 493

409. Awaous genivittatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). “Od/no” Fig. 218.

Head 3.4 in length; depth 4.75; eye 6.75 in head; snout3; interorbital 7; D. vi-i, 11; A. 13; P. 15;
V. i, 6, 6, i; scales 52, — 11.

Body elongate, compressed; head elongate; large, its depth 1.4 in its length, width 1.7; snout
blunt, rounded, very convex in profile; mouth large, oblique, 2 in head; maxillary reaching below
posterior portion of eye but not to posterior rim; jaws large, terminal, the lower very slightly pro-

Fig. 218, — Aivaous f/eiiivittatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes): after Gunther.

duced; teeth in jaws small, unequal, sharp-pointed; vomer and palatines edentulous; lips broad,
fleshy; tongue broad, more or less truncate, adnate to floor of mouth; anterior nostril very small near
upper lip anteriorly, in a short tube; posterior nostril rather large, near front of eye; a large pore
behind eye, and many smaller ones on top of head; interorbital space rather broad, flattened, 6 in
head; cheek and side of head somewhat swollen, forming broadest part of body; gill-opening rather
large, restricted to side, about 2 in head; pectoral rather long; scales small, finely ctenoid, very
minute on top of head, enlarged on side of caudal peduncle; dorsal spines flexible, posterior longest;
first dorsal spine 2.5 in head, fifth 1.25, sixth 2.2; first ray 2, ninth 1.1, last 1.3; anal similar to soft
dorsal, first ray 3.25, ninth 1.2, last 1.7; caudal very long, middle rays longest, pointed 2.6 in head;
pectoral broad, expanded, 1.1 in head; ventrals broad, 1.1, with very broad frenum in front without
fringed margin; anal papilla large; caudal peduncle compressed, its length 2 in head, depth 2.75.

Color in life of an example at Honolulu, olivaceous, crossed by about a dozen black bars, the 3
below anterior part of second dorsal longest and darkest, the anterior bars obsolete in some specimens,
in some running only on upper half of body, the belly being red; lower half of side and belly white;
head olivaceous, a broad black band covering interocular space and extending through eye and across
cheek to throat, broadening below; belly and branch iostegal region crimson; dorsal and anal pale rosy
with cross streaks of brown spots; edge of dorsal fin darker rosy, of anal also darker rosy, and with a
narrow white border; caudal and pectoral yellowish olive; ventrals pale rosy; iris brownish black.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, slightly darker above; each scale on the middle of side with a
brownish base showing as small vertical streaks; ten narrow brown vertical cross bars on side; a broad

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

493

slaty black blotch from below eye across cheek behind maxillary; a dull bluish blotch at base of pec¬
toral tin above; fins grayish dusky, the dorsals with narrow submarginal pale bar, rest of both fins
with reticulating dusky lines. Described from an example (No. 05228) taken at Honolulu.

A common species, widely distributed throughout the tropical Pacific, abundant among the
Hawaiian Islands. We have 7-1 specimens from Honolulu, 11 from Waikiki, 4 from Moanalua, 2 from
Kaneohe Creek, near Heeia, and 38 from Hilo, ranging in length from 0.8 to 5.7 inches.

(robins f/rnivittatus Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XII, til, ls:!7. Tahiti: Gunther, Fiscite tier Siidsee, VI, 170,
tat. CX, Fig. C, 1877 (Tahiti, Navigator, Fiji, and Sandwich islands).

Awaous genieittatus, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 517 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Go thin., XXII,
1902 (Sept. 20, 1903), 502 (Honolulu; fresh waters); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 530 (Honolulu, Waimea, Hana-
pepe, Hanalei, Huleia rivers, Kauai; Anahulu River, Oahu).

410. Awaous stamineus (Eydonx <fc Soulevet). “Odpu.”

Head 3.2 in length; depth 4; eye 8.6 in head; snout 2.2; interorbital 5; D. vi-10; A. 10; scales
63,— 18.

Body short and stout, heavy forward, compressed only posteriorly, head large, broad; snout rather
long, anterior profile only slightly convex from tip of snout to origin of first dorsal tin; eyes small, high
up, the interorbital space little convex ; mouth large, nearly horizontal, very broad, the greatest width 2.2
in head; lower jaw included, lips rather thick; maxillary reaching orbit; teeth in each jaw in a broad
villiform band; tongue, rounded, adnate to floor of mouth; gill-openings long, separate, the isthmus
broad, length of gill-opening equaling snout; shoulder-girdle, with 2 short, fleshy papilla;. Head
entirely naked, breast naked, body densely scaled, the scales anteriorly somewhat reduced. Origin of
spinous dorsal midway between tip of snout and base of last dorsal ray; base of spinous dorsal 2.7 in
head; length of dorsal spines 1.1 in snout; soft dorsal high, the anterior rays 2.5 in head, the posterior
about 3; anal similar to soft dorsal, the rays about equal; caudal long, rounded, the middle rays 1.5
in head; ventral disk short, rounded, its length twice the width of its base or equal to snout; pectoral
long, pointed, 1.4 in head.

Color in life (No. 03269), dark olivaceous, with obscure dusky blotches on side; belly pale; a dark
blotch at base of caudal fin; dorsals pale yellow, crossed by about 7 narrow blackish bars approxi¬
mately following the margin; caudal similarly marked, with about 7 vertical blackish bars; anal dusky ;
pectoral and ventrals dusky olive. Another example (No. 03270), 5 inches long, differs from the one
just described in having the sides more plainly vermiculated with brownish lines and in having the
spot on caudal peduncle and bars on fins plainer.

Color in alcohol, pale olivaceous on back and sides, yellowish white below; side with a median
series of irregular large blackish blotches, most distinct in the young; a large black blotch at base of
caudal fin; spinous dorsal whitish, with blackish retriculations; soft dorsal whitish, crossed by about
7 or 8 zigzag blackish lines; caudal similar to soft dorsal, crossed by about 9 vertical zigzag blackish
bars; anal dusky whitish, darkest along the middle; pectoral dusky, palest at base; a small blackish
blotch at base of upper rays.

This is the common Oopu of the fresh-water streams and river mouths, and is one of the most
abundant gobies occurring among the Hawaiian Islands. Numerous specimens were obtained by us
at Honolulu, Waialua, Hilo, Mauna Loa, and Heneohe Creek at Heeia and Kilihi Creek in Pilihi
Valley, varying from 0.8 to 12 inches in length.

Gobius stamineus Eydoux & gouleyet, Voy. Bonite, Poiss., 179, pi. v, tig. 5, 1841, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Rep. Shore
Fish., Challenger, Zool., I, Part VI, 59, 1880 (fresh waters of Honolulu: streams of Hawaii).

Awaous crassitabris , Streets, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, 59, 1877 (fresh-water streams of Oahu); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sei.
Phila; 1900, 517 (Sandwich Islands); not of Gunther.

Gobius papuensis, Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 517 (Sandwich Islands); not of Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Awaous stamineus, Jenkins, Bull, IT. s. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 502 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19,
1901), (Anahulu River. Oahu: Waimea, Hanalei, Hanapepe. and Hulei rivers, Kauai; Wailuku River, Maui.)

Suborder DISCOCEPHALI,

Bony fishes “with a suctorial transversely laminated oval disk on the upper surface of the head
(homologous with a flat dorsal fin), thoracic ventral fins with external spines, a simple basis cranii,
intermaxillary bones flattened, with the ascending processes deflected sideways, and with the supra-

494

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

maxillary bones attenuated backward, flattened, and appressed to the dorsal surface of the intermax -
illaries; hypercoracoid (or scapula) perforated nearly in the center, and with 4 short actinosts
(earpals).” (Gill.)

This remarkable group consists of a single family, Echeneididtr.

Family XCY. ECHENEIDIIMl- The Remoras.

Body fusiform, elongate, covered with minute, cycloid scales; mouth wide, with villiform teeth
on jaws, vomer, palatines, and usually on tongue; premaxillaries not protractile; lower jaw projecting
beyond upper; spinous dorsal modified into a sucking disk which is placed on the top of the head and
neck, and composed of a double series of transverse, movable, cartilaginous plates, serrated on their
posterior or free edges. By means of this disk these fishes attach themselves to other fishes or to
floating objects, and are carried for great distances in the sea. Opereles unarmed. Pectoral fins placed
high; ventral fins present, thoracic and close together, i, 5; dorsal and d tins long, without spines,
opposite each other; caudal fin emarginate or rounded; branchiostegals 7; gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; gillrakers short; gill-membranes not united, free from the isthmus; pseudobranchise obsolete;
several pyloric appendages; no air-bladder, no finlets; no caudal keel; vertebras more than 10+14.
Genera 4; species about 10, found in all seas, all having a very wide range.

Genus 244. ECHENEIS (Artedi) Linnaeus. Remoras.

Body rather robust, the vertebra? 12+15=27; disk shortish, of 13 to 18 laminae; pectoral rounded,
its rays soft and flexible; soft dorsal and anal moderate, of 20 to 30 rays; caudal subtruncate. Species
attaching themselves to large fishes, especially to sharks.

Echeneis (Artedi) Linnreus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 260, 1758 ( remora , the only species known to Artedi).

Remora Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Pliila. 1862, 289 (remora).

Echeneis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1864, 60 (remora)', not Echeneis Gill, 1862, restricted to naucrates.

Remoropsis Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1864, 60 (brachypterus).

Remorina Jordan & Evermann, Check last Fishes, 490, 1896 ( albescens ).

411. Echeneis remora Linnaeus.

Head 4; disk 2.75; width between pectorals 5.25. D. xvm-23; A. 25; vertebra? 12 + 15. Body
comparatively robust, compressed behind; pectoral fins rounded, short, and broad, their rays short
and flexible; ventral fins adnate to the abdomen for more than one-half the length of their inner edge;
tip of lower jaw not produced into a flap; head broad, depressed; disk longer than the dorsal or the
anal fin; maxillary scarcely reaching front of orbit; caudal lunate; vertical fins rather high; pectoral
three-fifths length of head. Color blackish, nearly uniform above and below. Length 15 inches.
Warm seas; usually found attached to large sharks. Color in life all more or less violet blackish; the
lobes of the caudal paler.

We have but a single example (No. 527), 3.6 inches long, taken at Honolulu; others were taken
by the Albatross at Hanalei Bay, Kauai, and at various dredging stations.

Echeneis remora Linnaaus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 260, 1758, "in Pelago Indico;” Gunther, Cat., II, 378, 1860; Liitken, Vid.Medd.
Kjobehn. 1875, 38; Jordan <k Gilbert, Synopsis, 417, 1883; Gunther, Challenger Report, Pelagic Fishes, XXXI, 18,
1889 (Sandwich Islands); Snyder, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Hanalei Bay, Kauai;
Albatross stations 3869, 3879, 3887, 3934, 3938, 3973).

Echeneis squalipeta Daldorf, Skrivt. Nat.Selsk. Copenhagen, 1793, 157, Atlantic Ocean between the Tropics; Gunther, Cat ,
II, 377, 1860 (Atlantic between the Tropics). %

Echeneis 'jacobic a Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soe. London 1839, 89. Madeira.

Echeneis par va Gronow, Cat. Fish., Ed. Gray, 92, 1854, no locality; after E. remora L.

Echeneis renioroides Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind., IX, 1855, 70, Batoe.

Echeneis postica Poey, Memorias, II, 255, 1861, Havana. (Coll. Poey.)

Remora jacobxa. Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1862. 240.

412. Echeneis albescens Temminek & Schlegel.

Length of disk 3.2 to 3.25 in total length; width between pectorals 5 to 5.3; number of laminae on
disk 13 or 14. I >. xm-22; A. 22; angle of month in the vertical from the third lamina of the disk; length
of ventral fins equal to the distance between root of pectoral and posterior margin of eye. Color uniform

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

495

grayish brown. (Gunther.) Tropical Pacific, straying to America; a specimen taken at La Paz, Gulf
of California (Streets), and 1 in the Gulf of Mexico (Bean). Recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by
Fowler; not seen by us.

Echeneis albescent Temminck & Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Poiss., 272, pi. 120. fig. 1. 1850, Japan.

Remora, albescens, Jordan & Evermann. Fishes North and Mid. Amer., 2272, 1898; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, 517
(Sandv Islands; coll. Thos. Nuttall).

Group BLENNIOIDEA.

Body more or less elongate, naked or with scales, large or small; ventral fins small, more or less
advanced in position, often wanting, the number of soft rays always fewer than 5; hypercoracoid per¬
forate, the shoulder-girdle normally formed; skull not armed with spines; suborbital not developed
as a bony stay articulating > th the preopercle; pseudpbranchi® present; dorsal fin long, its anterior
half and sometimes the who fin composed of spines; anal long; tail homocercal, the caudal usually
rounded, rarely forked; vertebra' numerous, especially in the Arctic species.

A large group, with ill-defined boundaries, the more primitive forms showing affinities with the
Trachinvidi'a, Cirrhitid.r , and other more typical fishes, the extremes very aberrant and passing directly
into the Ophidoidea, and other forms lacking spines in the fins.

Family XCYI. BLENNIID£.- Blennies.

Body oblong or elongate, naked or covered with moderate or small scales, which are ctenoid or
cycloid; lateral line variously developed, often wanting, often duplicated; mouth large or small, the
teeth various; gill-membranes free from isthmus or more or less attached to it; pseudohranchhe present;
ventrals jugular, or subthoracic, of one spine and 1 to 3 soft rays, often wTanting; dorsal fin of spines
anteriorly, with or without soft rays; anal fin long, similar to soft dorsal; caudal well developed;
vertebrae in moderate or large number, 30 to 80; hypercoracoid (or “scapula”) perforate, shoulder-
girdle normally formed; suborbital without bony stay.

Fishes of moderate or small size, mostly living near the shore in the tropical and temperate or
Arctic seas; most of them carnivorous, the Clininir, so far as known, ovoviviparous, the rest viviparous.

a. Clininse: Body scaly; lateral line high anteriorly. Species ovoviviparous, so far as known. . Enneaplerygius}pA^b

an. Body scaleless; teeth comb-shaped, in a single row; vomer and palatines toothless or nearly so; lateral line usually
arched in front; soft dorsal about equal to spinous. Species viviparous.

b. A short, stout farig-like canine on each side, at least in lower jaw.

c. Dorsal fin entire; gill-openings wide, the membranes free from the isthmus . Blennius, p. 496

cc. Dorsal fin divided; gitl-openings narrow; posterior canines present . Alticus, p. 497

bh. No fang-like canines in either jaw.

d. Blcnniime: Teeth all fixed, attached to the bones of the jaws; dorsal and anal joined to the caudal; carnivo¬
rous . . . Enchclyurus, p. 500

eld. Salariina!: Teeth all movable, implanted on the skin of the lips; no posterior canines; herbivorous.

e. Body elongate; D. xm, 22: A. 25 . Sotarias, p. 501

ec. Body short: D. xi. 13: A. 15 . Exailias, p. 503

Genus 245. ENNEAPTERYGIUS Riippell.

Body rather robust, covered with moderate ctenoid scales; lateral line incomplete; mouth moder¬
ate, the jaws equal; no tentacle on nape; no hook on shoulder-girdle; eye large; dorsal fin divided into
3 fins, the first of 3 or 4 slender spines, the second of 10 to 24, the soft dorsal of 7 to 15 rays; caudal
rounded; anal fin long; pectoral long, the lower rays simple and thickened. This genus differs from
Tripleryyion Risso, as typified by the Mediterranean species, T. tripteronotus, in I lie shorter jaws, the
presence of a cirrus above the orbit, and in the larger scales. The lateral line is always incomplete..
Small fishes of the rock pools of the Tropics, found in most warm seas.

EmuayU.rygi.us Riippell, Neue Wirbelthiere, 2, 1838 (j)usiliuti} .

Enneaneclcs Jordan & Evermann, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1895, 501 ( carminalis )

Gillias Evermann & Marsh, Kept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1899, 307 ( jordani ).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

49B

, 413. Enneapterygius atriceps (Jenkins). Fig. 219.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 4.5; eye 3.5 in head; snout 3.4; mouth 2.5; interorbital 2 in eye;
D. hi, xiv 8 10; A. l, 20; scales 4-34-6.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest, depth in middle of belly, depth of head 1.5 in its length;
width of head 1.4; head pointed, triangular when viewed from above; snout blunt, pointed, oblique;
jaws equal, low, and slightly produced; lips fleshy; mouth moderately large, slightly oblique; teeth
in jaws fine, in bands; eye high, in first two-fifths of head, with a short filament above; anterior
nostril with short fleshy flap; interorbital space narrow; three dorsal tins, first 2 divisions spinous,
distinct from rayed portion ; fifth dorsal spine 2 in head; second dorsal ray 2; anal fin rather low, lower
than dorsal, anterior rays highest; caudal 1.4; pectoral pointed, middle rays longest, equal to head;
ventral 1:75: caudal peduncle compressed, its least depth 3; lateral line inferior and straight at first
until a little in front of the soft dorsal, where the tubes and pores stop; below this point a median
series of deeply scalloped scales to base of caudal; scales ctenoid on side of body, belly naked.

Color in alcohol, very pale brown or whitish, side with about 6 pairs of dark brown irregularly
vertical bars more or less confluent; head marked with brown dots above, becoming larger and deeper
on the lower surface, where the general color is grayish; fins pale or whitish, with a few dark dots on
basal portion of dorsal and anal, otherwise pale; space about gill-opening blackish in front of pectoral

Fig. 219. — Enncapteryg iuj atriceps (Jenkins). Type of Tripterygion atriceps Jenkins.

ami with blackish spots below. Other examples, females, have the head pale, not blackish, with
brown dots above and several larger on cheek opercle.

Besides the type, we have examined 9 examples, ranging in length from 0.75 inch to 1.2 inches,
obtained by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu in 1889, and 37 examples 0.6 to 1.2 inches long, collected by
us at Waikiki reef, near Honolulu, in 1901.

This dainty little fish is very common in the holes in the coral rocks. It can be most successfully
collected by lifting up large pieces of the rock and breaking them to pieces over a bucket or fine-
meshed net.

Triptenjriion atriceps Jenkins, Bull. !T. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903),. 1 >05, tig. 46. Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands.
(Type, No. 50719, U. S. Nat. Mus.; Coll. O. P. Jenkins.)

Genus 246. BLENNITJS ( Artedi ) Linnaeus.

Body oblong, compressed, naked; head short, the profile usually bluntly rounded; mouth small,
horizontal, with a single series of long, slender, curved, close-set teeth in each jaw, besides which, in
the lower jaw at least, is a rattier short and stout fang-like canine tooth on each side; premaxillaries
not protractile; gill-openings wide, extending forward below, the membranes free from the isthmus
or at. least forming a broad fold across it; dorsal fin entire, or more or less emarginate, the spines slen¬
der; pectoral moderate; centrals well developed, i, 3; no pyloric coeca; lateral line developed ante-

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

497

riorly. Species numerous, lurking Under rocks and algse in most warm seas; some species in the lakes
of northern Italy.

Blennius Artedi, Genera Piscium, 27, 1738.

Blennius Linnmus, Syst, Nut., Ed. X, 250, 1758 ( galerita ).

Salaria Forskul , Descrip. Anim., 22, 1775 (basilisrus).

Pholis Fleming, Brit. Anim., 207, 1828 (lie vis 1 dial is ); not Pholis Scopoli.

Adonis Gronow, Cat. Fish., Ed. Gray, 93, 1854 ( pavoninus—ocellaris ).

Lipophrys Gill, American Naturalist, June, 1896, 49S ( pholis).

414. Blennius sordidus Bennett.

D. XI, 18; P. 14; V. 2; A. n, 19; G. 13.

Body transversely wrinkled throughout, except upon the head; extremities of the rays of all the
fins projecting beyond the membrane, those of the dorsal having affixed to each a filamentous append¬
age; anterior ray of dorsal iin strongly curved and more free from membranous attachment than the
succeeding ones, which it equals in length; opercle emarginate above; superciliary appendage palmate,
about twice as long as diameter of orbit; a very short filament immediately above the lower nostril;
on each side of vertex of the head is a swelling, or fleshy cushion, which descends over and covers the
whole of the cheeks; teeth nearly uniform in both jaws, diminishing in size backwards; those of the
upper jaw rather shorter.

Prevailing color dirty reddish brown, somewhat [taler beneath, varied only by 2 or 3 large dark
brown blotches on the hack, that nearest to the caudal fin the most deeply colored; fins of the same
color as the body, the dorsal marked with a darker spot at. its anterior part and exhibiting faint traces
of a darker longitudinal line near the middle of its hinder portion; the caudal fin crossed by 3 lines or
series of spots of a somewhat deeper color. Hawaiian Islands. Known only from Bennett’s record.

Blennius sordidus Bennett, Zool. Journ.,tV, 1828. 34, Sandwich Islands; Gunther, Cat., Ill, 220, 1861 (Sandwich Islands);
Gunther, Fische derSudsee, 193, 1877 (Sandwich Islands).

Genus 247. ALTICHS (Commerson) Lacepede.

This genus differs from Salarias in having large posterior canines and the dorsal fin usually
divided into 2 parts.

Allicus (Commerson) Lacepede, Hist. Nat. I'oiss.. II, 458, 1S00 (saliens).

Erpichthys Swainson, Nut. Hist. Class. Fishes, II. 79, 275, 1839 (a tlanticus).

Salarias Swainson, 1. e., 274, 1839 ( verniicularis ); not of Cuvier.

Emtomacrodus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1S59, 168 ( nioricans ).

a. Anal rays 17; dorsal rays 14 to 16.

b. Head long, 3.3 in length; eye large. 3 in head; dorsal xi. 14 _

bb. Head short. 4.25 in length: eye small. 4.5 in head: dorsal xii, 16
aa. Anal rays 20; dorsal rays 19. .

415. Alticus variolosus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Head 3.3 in length; depth 3.5; eye 3 in head; snout 3; width of mouth 2; interorbital 2.5 in eye;
H. xi, 14; A. 17; P. 15; V. 3.

Body elongate, compressed, its greatest, depth at. middle of belly; depth of head 1.25 in its length;
width of head 1.7; cheeks not swollen; anterior profile very steep; mouth very broad, low, slightly
inferior; maxillary reaching a little behind pupil; lips thin, with small papilhe along edges; teeth fine,
movable, forming an edge in jaws; two large canines in jaws; eye high, anterior, with a short fringed
flap above; nostrils close together, anterior with several fleshy filaments; interorbital space narrow,
concave, its width 2.5 in eye; dorsal spines flexible; first dorsal spine 1.7 in head; dorsal fins contin¬
uous, of about, equal height; caudal elongate, margin rounded, a trifle less than head in length; pectoral
broad at base, rays just below middle longest, a little less than head; ventral short, 1.4 in head, reach¬
ing a little more than half way to anal; lateral line arched for about first half of its length, then nearly
straight but somewhat indistinct along middle of side to base of caudal; a dark fringe of filaments over
nape.

Color of a fresh specimen in formalin, leather-brown, dull orange-brown on top of head; some
whitish streaks before and behind eye; fringe of tentacles on nape black; little tentacles over eye

F. C. B. 1903—32

. variolosus, p. 497

. marmoratus, p. 498

. gibbtfrons , p. 499

498

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

dusky; n<> pale spots on body; fins black; a white edge to dorsal; caudal with upper half white; anal
and vent nils black ; pectoral paler posteriorly.

Color in alcohol, deep brown, more or less uniform; first 3 dorsal spines whitish, upper margin
same color except posteriorly, where upper portion is grayish; anal blackish, caudal blackish, upper
margin whitish; pectoral and ventral gray.

Apparently not very abundant. Represented in our collections by only 6 examples, all from
Honolulu. Length 2 (No. 909), 2.1, 2.3 (No. 277), 2.25, 2.5, and 2.75 inches, respectively, the average
being 2.31 inches.

'fhe fish figured and described by Gunther in Fische der Siidsee as Salarias varioloms (j». 203, pi.
llfi, lig. A), from Tahiti, is a different species.

Suit irins rariolosus Cuvier it Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. I’oiss., XI. 317, 1836, Guam; Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900.
518 (Sandwich Islands); not of Gunther, Fische der Siidsee; .Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23,
1903), 507 (Honolulu).

Salaritis nit/ripcs Seale, Oeeas. Pap. Bishop Mils., I, No. 3, 1901, 127, Guam.

416. Alticus marmoratus (Bennett). Fig. 220.

Head 4.25 in length; depth 3.8; eye 4.5 in head; snout, 3.5; width of mouth 2; interorbital 1.65
in eye; D. xii, 16; A. 17; P. 14; V. 2.

Body elongate, compressed, its greatest depth at middle of belly; depth of head 1.25 in its length;
width of head 1.35; cheeks not swollen; anterior profile steep, oblique, mouth very broad, low, and
slightly inferior; maxillary reaching below posterior margin of pupil; teeth very tine, \ filiform,

Fig. 220. — Alticus marmoratus (Bennett); after Gunther.

movable, forming an edge; lips rather thin, covering the teeth; eye high, in anterior third of head,
with small fleshy appendage above about equal to its diameter; no crest on top of head; interorbital
space very narrow, concave; spinous dorsal beginning a little before posterior margin of gill-opening,
the spines low, short, more or less even, first. 2.2 in head; third dorsal ray longest, 1.65; anal beginning
a little in advance of soft dorsal, the membranes between rays deeply incised; seventh anal ray 1.9;
caudal truncate, equal to head; pectoral very broad at base, pointed, rays just below middle of fin
longest; ventrals small, inserted before origin of spinous dorsal, 1.5 in head; caudal peduncle com¬
pressed, its depth 2.5; lateral line arched at first, running down abruptly before tip of pectoral to
middle of side, and then straight to base of caudal.

Color in alcohol, brown, mottled with darker, lower surface paler, a black blotch behind eye; side
with fine dark vertical cross-bands extending on dorsal (ins; soft dorsal with oblique dusky streaks;
anal with outer portion dusky; caudal with 4 dusky cross-bars; pectoral and ventral gray.

Described from an example (No. 810) taken at Kailua.

The color pattern of this species is variable, as the fish described above is without the dusky cross¬
bars on the right side of body. Some examples show about 5 ill-defined pairs of brown vertical
mottlings. In another example ( No. 1010) the colors are well preserved in alcohol; dorsal fins spotted
with brown; a dark-brown spot at base of first, fourth, seventh, tenth, and between last spine and
first ray; also a dark-brown spot at base of third, sixth, ninth, twelfth, and last dorsal rays; side
beautifully variegated with brown, and just below the middle a row of white spots; lower surface of
body white; a black streak behind eye and a black blotch above base of pectoral; lower surface of

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

499

head, lips, and front of snout with white lines and spots; tips of anal rays white, tin with a subinar-
ginal grayish band; several whitish streaks about base of pectoral.

From Kailua we have examined 35 examples from 0.8 to 5.5 inches in length, averaging 3.2 inches
in length; from Hilo (> examples from 2.(1 to 5.1 inches in length, averaging 3.4 inches; 2 examples
from Waianae, 2.75 and 4.25 inches, respectively; and 5 examples from Honolulu, 1.5 to 2.4 inches,
average 1.9 inches.

The specimens figured in (uinther’s Sudsee as Salarias maruiorotus are not this species, but
A. striatus. Alliens marmoratm is thus far known only from tin* Hawaiian Islands.

Blcmiius marmomtus Bennett, Zool., Jour., IV. No. XIII. Art. III. 1828, 35, Oahu.

Salarias ■ntarmuralus, Cuvier A Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XI. 305. ls36 (Ceylon); Gunther, Cat., Ill, 248, 1861
(Sandwich Islands); Gunther, Fisehe derSiidsee, VI, 204, 1877. in part i Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish
Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23. 1903), 507 (Honolulu : Snyder, op. <it. ■ Jan. 19, 1904 i , 536 ( Laysan Island).

417. Alticus gibbifrons (Quoy & (hiimard). Figs. 221 and 221a.

Head 4.5 in length; depth 4. (S5; eye 4 in head; snout 3.65; width of mouth 2; interorbital about
2 in eye; D, xn, 19, A. i, 20.

Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about middle of belly; depth of head 1.25 in its length;
width of head 1.25; head elongate, upper profile horizontal; interorbital space projecting forward

Ficj. 221. — Alticus yibbi/rous i Quoy >V Guimard). Type of Salarias rutilus Jenkins.

beyond tip of snout; eye high, very far forward in head, the anterior margin before front margin of
snout; snout inferior, oblique, convex space between lower margin of eye and corner of mouth a little
less than eye diameter; interorbital space narrow, slightly concave; mouth low, inferior, broad; teeth
small, in a comb-like band in each jaw; lower jaw with strong canines; lips thin, entire, without
fringe; nostrils well separated, anterior with a short flap ending in 4 thin fleshy filaments; a thin
filament above the eye 1.35 in its diameter; dorsal spines distinct from soft portion of fin, somewhat
flexible, third 2 in head; soft dorsal a little higher than spines, fourth ray 1.5 in head; last ray joined
to upper edge of caudal peduncle bv membrane; anal rather low, membranes incised along edge of fin,
fifth 1.4; caudal elongate, rounded, about 1.1 in head; tenth and eleventh pectoral rays longest, a trifle
over length of head; ventral 1.5; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 2 in head; lateral line incom¬
plete, running for about first three-fourths lengths of spinous dorsal, straight, only slightly bent down
at end.

Color in alcohol, pale brown, side with about 9 pairs of brown crossbars with brown reticulat¬
ing connecting lines on the back and anterior part of body, very well defined about pectoral tin;
body almost everywhere marked with very numerous brown dots; lower surface of head with numer¬
ous round brown spots; a black blotch on the upper membrane of dorsal between first and second
spines, and another, less distinct, between second and third; rest of upper portion of spinous dorsal
with 2 series of blackish brown spots, basal portion of fin brownish; soft dorsal with 3 or 4 irregular
series of blackish brown spots; margin of anal whitish, the outer portion with a series of small

500

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

blackish brown spots, and the middle with a median series of large spots of same color; caudal with
dark brown spots arranged in about 5 cross-series; pectoral with many small dusky brown spots on
basal portion; ventral pale.

Described from an example (No. 954) taken at llilo.

We have 3 other specimens from Hilo, 2 from Waikiki, 4 from Kailua, and 8 from Honolulu,
including the types of -S’, saltans and .S', ratlins. Length 1 to 3 inches.

Fin. 221a. —AM cm gibbifrons (Quoy A Guimard). Type of ScUarius saltans Jenkins.

Sularias gibbifrons Quoy A. Guimard, Voy.de P Uranic, Zool., 253, 1824, Sandwich Islands; Gunther. Fi.se lie der Siidsee,
VI, 205, taf. cxiv, fig. C, 1877 (Raratonga; Sandwich Islands); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1900, 517 (Sand¬
wich Islands); Snyder, Bull. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1002 (Jan. 19, 1904), 536 (Hilo; Honolulu).

Salarias saltans Jenkins, op. cit. (Sept. 23. 1903). 508, fig. 48. Honolulu (type. No. 50696, U. S. Nat. Mus. : coll. (>. P. Jenkins g
St lianas rutilus Jenkins, op. cit., 509, fig. 49, Honolulu (type, No. 50695, V. S. Nat. Mus.; coll. O. P. Jenkins i.

Genus 248. ENCHELYURUS Peters.

This genus is closely allied to Pelroscirtes, differing chiefly in having the vertical (ins united, the
bodv shorter, and the gill-openings larger. Only one Hawaiian species.

Enchelintrus Peters, Berl. Monatsb. 1868, 268 (paripes).

418. Enchelyurus ater (Gunther). Fig. 222.

Head 3.75; depth 5.25; eye 3.5; snout 4; width of mouth 3; interorbital 1.65 in eye; D. 31; A. 19.
Body elongate, compressed, greatest depth about root of ventral; depth of head 1.25 in its length;

Ki<;. 222 . — Knchelt/urtts ntcr i Gunther). Type of Aspidontus brunncolus Jenkins.

width 1.75; head rather elongate, compressed, swollen a little behind, anterior protile very steep;
profile of head above eye rounded, top nearly straight; eye small, high, in anterior part of head;
mouth low, inferior, broad; teeth small, line, in a single series in jaws; lips thin, rather broad;

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

501

posterior margin of maxillary nearly reaching below middle of pupil; nostrils very small, well
separated, in front of eye; gill-opening a short vertical slit; dorsal spines flexible, hardly distinguish¬
able from rays, and of about equal height; posterior dorsal and anal rays broadly joined to caudal by
membrane; caudal rounded, 1.5 in head; pectoral rounded, 1.3; ventral long, of 2 rays, and reach¬
ing two-thirds the length of space to origin of anal; no lateral line; head and body naked. Color in
life (No. 03551), uniformly black; in alcohol, very dark brown, almost bl'ackish, with very faint or
indistinct markings on side; caudal and pectoral grayish.

A diminutive inhabitant of the coral reefs of the Hawaiian Islands; found also in Samoa. We
have 20 specimens from Honolulu (18 of them collected by Jenkins) and 7 collected by us on the
reef at Waikiki. The Albatross also found it at Honolulu.

Pchnscirles alcr Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, 199, 1S77. Tahiti.

Aspidtmhtz Irunneolus Jenkins, Bull l*. S. Fish Comm.. XXII. 1909 iSept. 2:1, 1903). 510, fit;. 50, No. 50718 r. s. Nat. Mils,:
coll. O. P. Jenkins, Honolulu; Snyder, op. fit. (Jan. 19, 1901), 536 (Honolulu).

Genus 249. SALARIAS Cuvier.

Teeth uniform, in 1 row only, strong, close-set, compressed laterally, hooked on the end,
extremely long and thin and in great number; no canines. In the young individuals the teeth are
arranged like a harpsichord; head compressed on top; upper lip fleshy and swollen; forehead entirely
vertical; intestines spiral, more slender and longer than in other Blennies.

Sabarias Cuvier. Rig no Animal, Ed. 2, II, 238, 1829 ( quadripiiinis ).

Scartcn Jordan & Evermann, Check-List Fishes, 471,1896 ( rubropiiiirtatm ); name preoccupied.

Sbarlichthys Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. Amor., III. 2395. 1898 {nibripunctatus) .

a. Dorsal fin connected with caudal; D. xui, 22 . . . . . . . . . zebra, p. 501

aa. Dorsal not connected with caudal.

b. Dorsal xir, 21 ; anal 23: body elongate . . . . . edentulus , p. 503

419. Salarias zebra Vaillant & Sauvage. Figs. 223 and 223a.

Head 4.4 in length; depth 4.8; eye 4.5 in head; snout 2.75; width of mouth 2; interorbital 3 in
eye; D. xm, 22; A. 25; P. 14; V. 2.

Body elongate, comprised, its greatest depth at middle of belly; depth of head 1.2 in its length;
width of head 1.25; cheeks swollen; anterior profile very steep, vertical, convex; mouth very broad,

Fin. 223.— salarias zebra Vaillant A Sauvage.

low, slightly inferior; maxillary reaching a little beyond middle of eye; teeth very fine, villiform,
movable, and forming an edge; lips rather fleshy, covering the teeth; eye high and anterior in head,
with a fleshy appendage above equal to the snout; top of head with a high fleshy median flap, its base
equal to width of mouth: nostrils small, close together, anterior with short flap; interorbital space
very narrow, concave; spinous dorsal beginning just before posterior margin of gill-opening, and just
behind flap on top of head; dors 1 spines flexibliv-basc of fin 3.25 in trunk; fifteenth dorsal ray 1.2 in
head, and third spine 1.5; eighth anal ray 1.75; caudal long, rounded, 3.9; pectoral with lower rays
longest, fin pointed, equal to head; ventral short, of 2 broad rays, 1.8 in head; lateral line strongly

502

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

arched at first, then running straight along middle of side of tail, pores rather few. Described from
an example (No. 863) 5.1 inches long, taken at Honolulu.

A large example from the coral rocks at Waianae was blackish-brown when fresh, with more or
less distinct dark crossbars alternating with golden bars or split patches. These are most distinct in
the young and fade in spirits. In some about 8 golden spots along base of dorsal, obscure and
fading in spirits. A small example shows a bunch of small blue spots on snout, which were not
noticed on any others. The fins, which are nearly black in spirits, the dorsal, anal, and caudal were
rich blue-black in life; no white edging to any fin, the outer half of the anal distinctly blacker; no
black or whito speckling on body; pectoral and ventrals blackish.

An example 2 inches long, also from the coral reefs of Waianae, was blackish or dark reddish-
brown in life, the belly livid bluish; side with 12 narrow pairs of dark stripes, with a pale olive spot
between each pair; dorsal and anal more or less clearly dark edged, especially the latter. This example
had much greater powers of leaping than the others.

Other examples from the same locality had the anal very conspicuously white-edged in life, also
with more spotting and color. Some had fine dark dots, and oblique dark streaks on soft dorsal. The
dark-paired crossbars on side and golden spots at base of soft dorsal are much the same. Ventrals
paler than in the other examples.

Color when fresh, of still another example, dark olive, with short pale olive bars, rather faint, the
dark bars in pairs; dorsal dark olive, with about 8 dark crossbars; anal blue-black, pale flesh-color

Fig. 223a. — Salarias zebra Vaillant & Sauvage. Type of Sal arias cyplio Jenkins.

at base, the tips white; caudal dark olive, blue-black below, no spots at base; pectoral somewhat dusky;
ventrals rather pale.

Color in alcohol, deep brown, slightly tinged with dusky purple; upper surface darker, and side
with about 18 broad, darker brown vertical crossbars arranged in pairs; belly pale or soiled brown;
vertical fins and pectoral b’ackish; basal portion of anal gray; soft dorsal with oblique blackish lines;
upper margin of anal rather broadly whitish; ventral gray.

Females differ a litfle from the males in coloration, being paler in alcohol, and with the belly and
lower surface more or less bluish; margin of anal narrowly whitish; the ocular filament short and
slender; crest on top of head rather low and shorter than in the male. Many of the females taken in
June and July are gravid with ova, and the males show' large testes.

One of the most abundant blcnnies occurring among the Hawaiian Islands; represented in our
collections by a series < f 171 examples from Waianae, averaging 2.9 inches in length, the largest being
5.3 inches and the smalle t 1 inch, and 81 from Kailua, averaging 2.8 inches, the largest 5.6 and the
smallest 0.9 inches in length. We have examined 65 examples from Hilo, the average length being 2.8
inches, the largest 4.75, and the smallest 1.1 inches; 1 from Mdanalua 1.5 inches long, and 55 from
Honolulu, 1.2 to 4.4 inches in length, averaging 2.7, collected by Doctor Jenkins.

Salarias zebra Vaillant & Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3) (III). ls75, 2.31, Sandwich Islands; Snyder. Hull. r.s. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (.Inn. Ill, 1901). 530 (Honolulu; Hilo; Pauko Bay, Hawaii; Hanalei Bay, Kauai; station 3829, Lanai: Lav-
san Island; station 3881, between Maui and Lanai).

Salarias ruphn Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 500, lit;. 17, Honolulu (type, No. 50097, U.S.NJI,
coll. O. P. Jenkins).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

503

420. Salarias edentulus Schneider.

Dorsal xii, 21; A. 23; depth 6.5 in total length; head 6; a simple and slender tentacle above the
orbit and another at the nostril, the former as long as diameter of eye; canine teeth none; dorsal fin
deeply notched, not continuous with caudal, anterior portion scarcely lower than posterior, which is
higher than anal fin. Grayish, with darker cross-bands; fins yellowish, rays of dorsal dotted. with
brown; aria) with a brownish margin; caudal with 2 or 3 brown transverse bands. (Gunther.)

This species was not seen by ns. but it has been recorded from the Hawaiian Islands by Ste.in-
dachner and by Fowler.

Blenni us edentulus Schneider, Syst. Iehth., 172, 1801, Huaheine, Society Islands (on Blennius Iruncatus Forster MS. i.
Salarias edentulus, Gunther, Cat., Ill, 252, 1 SGI (after Schneider); Steindachncr, Denies. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900,499
(Laysan); Fowler, l‘roe. Ac. Nat. Sei. Phila. 1900, 517 (Sandwich Islands).

Genus 250. EXALLIAS Jordan & Evermann, new genus.

JBxallias Jordan A Evermann, new genus of BlcmiiUke. (type, Salarias brevis Kner).

This genus is related to Salarias from which it differs in the short, deep body, and the small number
of soft rays in the dorsal and anal tins.

421. Exallias brevis ( Kner). “ Pa//oktinila.” Fig. 224.

Head 3.25 in length; depth 2.65; eye 1.5 in snout; snout 2.65 in head; width of mouth 2.35; inter¬
orbital 1.25 in eye; I). \r, 13; A. 15; P. 15; V. 4.

Body short, compressed, greatest depth at middle of belly; depth of head equal to its length;
width of head 1.4: cheek flattened, not swollen; anterior profile steep, oblique; mouth broad, low,

V a*.

•5" 1.V* H .< • ' \

'• - y'i ,.

-4.0* -a ■>

S3*

Fig. 221. — Exallias brevis (Kner); after Gunther.

inferior; snout very blunt, rounded; maxillary reaching below anterior margin of pupil; teeth very
fine, forming an edge; upper lip thin, with many small fleshy filaments, lower lip plaited; a pore on
each side of the mandible in front, back of which are several fleshy filaments; eye high, in about the
first two-fifths of the head; above each eye a rather broad fleshy flap ending in a fringe of cirri; nos¬
trils rather close together on side of snout in front of eye, first with abroad ciliated fleshy flap; a
fringe of cirri across top of head; interorbital space rather broad, slightly elevated at first, then slightly
concave just over eye; dorsal- fin deeply notched; spines rather flexible, second 1.25 in head; third
dorsal ray 1.4; membranes between anal rays deeply incised; fifth anal ray 2 in head; caudal 1.1,
margin truncate; pectoral pointed, a trifle longer than eye, lower rays enlarged, and those just below
middle longest; pectoral short, median ray longest, 1.7 in head; caudal peduncle compressed, 2.5.

504

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Color in life (No. 03552), spots brown with yellowish tinge, interspaces whitish; brown spots on
dorsal, caudal and pectoral surrounded by yellow; anal rays with bluish tinge.

Color in alcohol pale grav-brown, head, anterior part of body, and fins with small round dark-
brown spots, those on opercle, in front of pectoral, and on belly, large; caudal with spots arranged in
6 cross series; side with 5 broad bands of dark-brown blotches.

Honolulu, not common. We have 2 examples, and Jenkins obtained 12. Length 2.2 to 4.6 inches.

Salarias brevis Kner, Sitzb. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LYIIJ. 1868, 334, faf. 6, fig. IS: Giinther, Fisehe der Siidsee, IV. 203, taf. 18, fig.
C, 1877; Jenkins, Bull. V S. Fish Comm.. XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 506 (Honolulu): Fowler, Proo. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1900, 518 (Honolulu).

Blennius brcripinnis Gunther, Cat.. III. 226. 1861, Sandwich Islands; west coast of Central America; Gunther, Fischeder
Siidsee, II, 194,1877 (west coast Isthmus of Panama; Sandwich Islands); the Hawaiian references erroneous, as
brevipinni s is a Panama species and does not occur in Hawaii.

Salarias leopard us Day, Proc. Zool, Soe. Lond. 1869, 518. dredged off Galle Harbor by Dr. J. Anderson.

Blennius leopardus, Day, Fishes of India, 325, pi. lxviii, fig. 6, 1878 (specimen in the Berlin Museum from the Sandwich
Islands).

Group OPHIDiOIDEA.

This group, as a whole, agrees with the Biennia idea in all respects, except that no spines are
developed in any of the fins, save sometimes in the posterior part of the dorsal. From the
Anacanthini, with which the Ophidioidea agree in the jugular ventrals and in the absence of spines,
they are separated by the form of the hypercoracoid, which is perforate, as in ordinary fishes. The
group is a very large and varied one, widely distributed in all seas. The characters here used are all
superficial, no comparative study of the skeletons having been made.

a. Pseudobranehise well developed, very rarely small or obsolete.

b. Ventral fins jugular, inserted much behind the eye, often wanting, never filamentous.

c. Gill-membranes broadly united, free from isthmus; ventrals wanting . Congrogadidse, p. 504

aa. Pseudobranehia? absent or rudimentary.

d. Ventral fins entirely wanting; no scales.

- e. Vent at throat . Fierasfcridzc, p. 505

ee. Vent normal in position . Lycodapodtdae , p. 506

dd. Ventral fins well developed; vent posterior, normal; dorsal fin single, low; ventral fins short . Brotididx, p. 506

ddd. Ventral fins reduced to simple fi'aments . Ateleopidse, p. 506

Family XCVII. CONGROGADIDjE.

Body elongate, compressed, naked, or covered with very small scales. Head compressed. Mouth
moderate, horizontal, the lower jaw the longer; teeth moderate, no barbels. Gills 4, a slit behind the
fourth; pseudobranebiae present. Gill-membrances more or less broadly connected, free from the
isthmus. Dorsal fin long and low, beginning near the tip of the pectoral or the middle of body', of
slender, jointed rays; anal similar to dorsal, both connected with the caudal fin; tail tapering; pectoral
fins small; ventral fins wanting. Vent remote from the head, without papilla. Vertebrae numerous.
As here understood, this family consists of a few species of shore fishes of the Pacific.

Genus 251 CONGROGADUS Gunther.

Body elongate, compressed, eel-like, covered with very small scales; vertical fins united, long;
ventrals none. Cleft of the mouth of moderate width, with the lower jaw prominent. Jaws with a
single series of small teeth, closely' set; palate smooth. Branch iostegals 6; gill-openings of moderate
width, gill-membranes united below the throat, not attached to the isthmus; gills 4, a slit behind
the fourth; pseudobranchiae well developed. Vent remote from the head. Air-bladder and pyloric
appendages none.

Machxrium Richardson. Ann. A- Mas. Nat. Hist., XII, 1843, 175; preoccupied.

Confiror/adm G it other, Cat.. IV, 388. 1862 ( mbducens ).

422. Congrogadus marginatus Vaillant & Sauvage.

Head 6.5 to 7 in total length; 40 teeth in each jaw, those of the middle of the upper jaw longer
than the others and curved backward; insertion of dorsal above base of pectoral; vent considerably
nearer snout than end of body.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

505

Body uniform brownish; head of deeper shade; a very narrow black border along the dorsal and
upper lobe of caudal.

Known only from the type, said to have been taken at the Hawaiian Islands.

Congrogadus marpinatus Vaillant &. Sauvage. Rev. Mag. Zool., III. 282. 1875. Sandwich Islands.

Family XCYIII. FIERASFER1D.-E. — Pearl Fishes.

Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a long and slender tail; no scales; teeth eardiform on
jaws, vomer, and palatines; canine teeth often present; no barbels; lower jaw included; vent at the
throat; gill-membranes somewhat united, free from the isthmus; no pseudobranchite; no pyloric coeca;
vertical tins very low, confluent, without spines; no ventral fins; pectoral fins present or absent. Small
shore fishes of tropical seas, often living in shells of mollusks, echinoderms, etc., being especially often
commensal with the pearl oyster and with the larger Hololhuria.

Genus 252. FIERASFER Cuvier.

Gill-membranes little connected, leaving the isthmus bare; no distinct caudal fin; pectoral fins
developed. A genus with few poorly defined species, only one of which is known from Hawaiian
waters.

Fierasfer Cuvier. Regne Anim., Ed. 1, II, 239, 1817 ( imberbe=aeus ).

Echiodon Thompson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1837, 55 ( drummondi ).

Diaphasia Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1813, 92 (acus).

Oxi/beles Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror. Fishes. 74, 1844-4S ( homei ).

PorobronchiLS Kaup, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1860, 272 (larva of Fierasfer ague ).

Carapus Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1864, 152 (after Raiinesque, 1810).

VexiUifer Gasco. Bull. Assoc. Xat. Med. Napoli 1870, 59 (larva of Fierasfer aces).

Lefroyia .1 ones, Zoologist, IX, 1874, 3838 ( bermudensis ).

423. Fierasfer umbratilis Jordan & Evermann. Plate 61. «

Head 10.2 in length; depth 15.2; eye 5 in head; snout 4.8; mouth 2.6; interorbital 4.5.

Body very elongate, compressed; tail very long and tapering gradually in a long point; head
elongate, conic, its depth 2 in length, width 2.25; snout rather broad, conic, and produced beyond
mandible; mandible broad, flattened below; mouth nearly horizontal, broad, the gape reaching below
posterior margin of eye; premaxillary teeth minute, confined to anterior half of jaw, apparently in a
single series. The mandibular and palatine teeth seem also in a single series, those on side of mandi¬
ble directed laterally toward angle of mouth, none of them enlarged; 2 or 3 vomerine teeth, the largest
in the mouth, and arranged in a longitudinal series. Eye rather small, anterior, without eyelid, and
placed about first quarter of head; nostrils well separated, anterior with elevated rim, posterior a short,
crescent-like slit; interorbital space rather broad, convex; gill-opening low, inferior, rather long; gill-
membrane free from isthmus, its angle nearly an eye diameter distant from posterior margin of eye;
dorsal fin almost rudimentary, very low and thin; anal rather broad, in middle its height about 0.75
in eye, from which point it gradually decreases to tip of tail, where it is rudimentary, like dirsal; tail
ending in a fleshy point, caudal fin apparently absent; pectoral small but relatively large, 3.1 in head,
rays very minute; lateral line distinct, running down along middle of side on posterior half of tail;
no scales.

Color when fresh (field No. 03506), pale olivaceous, with pale greenish spots; a pale bluish streak
in each spot over lateral line; pale purplish oblong spots on lower half of body; head greenish-olive,
with pale green spots closely set on cheek and jaw; pale purplish dots on upper part of cheek and
behind eye; first dorsal same as body, but the spots yellowish; a black spot behind first and second
rays, tips pale; rays of second dorsal checked alternately with yellowish-green and white; caudal same
as second dorsal, but margin yellowish; anal yellowish olive, tip blackish; pectoral and ventrals pale;
iris greenish-yellow; dull red streaks radiating from pupil.

Color in alcohol brown; head and end of tail dark sooty or blackish brown, the color formed of
dark points; greater part of anal fin, lower surface of body anteriorly and pectoral and branchiostegal
membranes pale straw color; lower surface of trunk more or less blotched with pale brown.

a Jordanians umbratilus on plate.

506

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Described from the type (No. 03506) taken at Hilo, where 2 examples were also taken by Jordan
and Sindo in 1901. Later 3 examples were sent from the same place by Mr. Henry W. Henshaw,
taken from the cavity of a holothurian; another specimen was dredged by the Albatross. This species,
which also occurs in the South Seas, is readily distinguished from most related species by its dark,
nontranslucent coloration. It is very properly made the type of a distinct genus by Doctor Gilbert
in Section II.

F. boraboremis from Borabora, briefly described by Kanp, has the pectoral 6 to 7 times in head.

Fieraxfcr iimbralilis Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 /Apr. 11, 1903), 206, Hilo; .Iordan A Snyder,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 1904, 946 (Hilo).

Family XCI\. ATBLE0PII).£.

Body terminating in a long, compressed, tapering tail, naked; one short anterior dorsal and no
other; anal very long, continuous with the caudal; centrals reduced to simple filaments, attached to
the humeral arch; no pseudobranchne.

Genus 253. ATELEOPUS Schlegel.

Head with the snout much protruding and obtusely rounded, the cleft of the mouth being at the
lower side of the head; maxillaries protractile in a downward direction; body and tail compressed,
elongate, naked; one short dorsal, the rudimentary second dorsal of the Macruruhr having entirely
disappeared; one long anal, continued on to the caudal; ventral reduced to a filament which is com¬
posed internally of 2 rays, intimately connected by a common membrane; this fin inserted at the
symphysis of the humeri; teeth in jaws villiform, in bands; vomer and palatine hones smooth. The
single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described by Doctor Gilbert in “ Deep-sea Fishes.”

Afdcn/ius Schlegel, Fauna Japonic;! Poiss., 255. 15! 5 { japonicus ).

Potlatchs Boulanger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., X, 7th ser., 1902, 403 {japonicus)-, on account of Atelopus Demerit A Bibron, a
genus of batraeliians.

Family C. LYCODAPODIDtE.

Deep-sea fishes allied to the Fierasfcndu’, differing chiefly in the normal position of the vent, which
is remote from the head, anil just before the anal fin; gill-openings large, the membranes united ante¬
riorly only, free from the isthmus, as in Ficrarfer. PseudobranchiaJ wanting; no scales; no lateral
line; no ventral fins. One genus with 4 known species, from the North Pacific.

* The single Hawaiian genus and species fully described in Section II.

Family Cl. BROTULID/E.

Body elongate, compressed, regularly tapering behind, the tail generally subtruncate at base of
caudal fin, not isocercal; vent submedian; scales cycloid and minute, embedded in the lax skin, which
more or less envelopes the fins, sometimes wanting; mouth large, with teeth usually in broad bands
on jaws, vomer, and palatines; gill-openings very large, the membranes mostly free from the isthmus;
vertical fins united or continuous at base of caudal; dorsal fin beginning not far from nape; caudal
narrow or pointed; ventral fins small, few-rayed, attached to the humeral arch and more or less in
advance of pectoral. Pyloric caeca few (1 or 2), rarely obsolete or in increased number (12); maxilla¬
ries generally enlarged behind and produced toward the upper angle. Pseudobranchne small or
wanting, hypercoracoid with the usual foramen, as in blenniokl fishes. These fishes are closely
related to the Xoareidx. in spite. of curious external resemblances to the Gutlidx, their affinities are
decidedly with the blenniokl forms rather than with the latter. Species largely of the depths of the
seas; 2 species in Cuba degenerated into blind cave-fishes.

Genus 254. BROTULA Cuvier.

Body elongate, compressed, covered with minute, smooth scales; eyes moderate; mouth medium,
with villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; lower jaw included; each jaw with 3 barbels on
each side. Dorsal fin long and low, the dorsal and anal joined to the caudal. Ventral fins close

Bull U S. FC. 1903 pLATE 6|

JORDANICUS UMBRATILIS (JORDAN & EVERMANN). TYPE.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

507

together, very slender, each of 2 rays separated at the tip. Eight branch iostegals. Air-bladder large,
with 2 horns posteriorly. One pyloric coecum. Vertebne 16+39=55. Tropical.

Brotula Cuvier, Regne Animal, 2d ed., II. 335, 1S29 (barbata).

a. Upper jaw with 6 barbels; interorbital narrower than eye . marginalis, p. 507

aa. Upper jaw with s barbels; interorbital equaling eye . multicirrata, p. 508

424. Brotula marginalis Jenkins. Fig. 225.

Head 4.9 in length; depth 5.75; eye 4.75 in head; snout 4.25; interorbital 6.5; maxillary 2.1; I >.
121; A. 100; C. 11; I\ 24; V. 2; scales 12-160-32.

Body elongate, compressed, rather deep; head elongate, small, compressed, attenuated, its depth
1.5 in length, width 2; upper profile of head slightly convex from snout to occiput; snout a trifle larger
than eye, conic; mouth large, oblique, jaws nearly equal, and maxillary reaching nearly to posterior
margin of eye; upper edge of maxillary slipping under broad orbital bones, its distal expanded
extremity about equal to eye; lips rather thick and fleshy, upper with 4 long barbels and 2 small
ones; mandible with 6 rather long barbels; each posterior nostril with a barbel, and anterior with
short flap; teeth in jaws minute, in narrow bands; vomer and palatines with bands of minute teeth;
tongue thick, sharply pointed, free in front; two posterior nasal apertures, the anterior with a long
barbel, the posterior circular; interorbital space and top of head convex; gill-opening large, isthmus
narrow grooved; gill rakers short; compressed, few developed; pseudobranch i;e and gill-filaments

Fig. 225. — Brotula marginalis Jenkins; from the type.

fine, numerous; opercle with a sharp spine above; dorsal, anal, and caudal continuous, t lie latter
rounded; origin of dorsal about over lirst quarter of pectoral, gradually sloping up in height; pectoral
short, rounded, 2 in head; ventral bifid, compressed, 2.1 in head, and free portion of outer ray equal
to remaining joined portion; height of dorsal and anal in middle about equal to eye; body covered
with small cycloid scales, extending out on the fins where they are very minute; head scaled except
on lips, maxillary, throat and branchiostegal membrane; lateral line superior, running along upper
part of side to base of caudal, tubes far apart, distributed generally 2 or 3 scales distant from one
another.

Color in life, raw umber, paler toward belly, head slightly darker; pectoral at base same as general
color, outer half lighter; anal at base same color as rest of body, nearly black along outer portion, and
with a narrow white edge; caudal slightly darker than general color; dorsal same as caudal; eye blue.

Color in alcohol, rich dark brown, the pigment easily slipping from scales, which when thus
exposed are white; vertical fins dark gray brown, becoming blackish toward margin, which is nar¬
rowly whitish; pectoral brownish on middle basal portion, outer part pale brown; lips brownish with
blackish tinge on side; lower surface of head more or less whitish, especially along branchiostegals.

Described from the type (field No. 03388) taken at Honolulu. Other specimens were obtained
by the Albatross.

Brotula marginal is Jenkins, Bull. I*, s. Fish Comm. 1S99 (June \ 1901), 103, tig. 10, Honolulu (type, No. 1969-1, C. S. Nat.
Mus.); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 510 (Honolulu, type); Snyder, op. cit. (Jan. 19,
190-1), 536 (Honolulu).

508

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

435. Brotula multicirrata Vaillant & Sauvage.

Head 5 in total length; depth 5; interorbital equaling eye; snout a little longer than eye; maxil¬
lary reaching line of posterior edge of orbit; teeth villiform, uniform in size; palatine band short,
oval; opercle terminated by a rather strong spine; 6 barbels on mandible, 8 on the upper jaw; dorsal
inserted above middle of pectoral; distance of anus from head greater than length of head; pectoral
rounded, 2 in head; ventral filaments bifid at the end, 2 in head; scales rather large; lateral line little
marked.

Close to B. ma!tibarbata, distinguished by the position of the dorsal and the number of barbels.
Known from the original description, and from specimens collected by J. K. Townsend and now
in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. Another specimen was recently received by the Bureau
of Fisheries from Air. Berndt at Honolulu.

Brotula multicirrata Vaillant & Sauvage, Rev. Mag. Zool. (3), HI, 1875, 282. Sandwich Islands; Jordan .t Snyder, Proe.
U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 1904, 946 (Honolulu).

Brotula townsendi Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila. 1900, 518, pi. xx, tig. 3, Sandwich Islands (Type, No. .8981, Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila.).

Suborder ANACANTHINI. — The Jugular Fishes.

Vertical fins very long, destitute of true spines; tail isocercal, the posterior vertebra; progressively
smaller; ventrals jugular, without spines; hvpercoracoid typically without perforation or foramen; no
pseudo branehise. The osteological characters of this group, called by him Gadbi&ea , are thus given
by Doctor Gill;

“Jugulares with the orbito-rostral portion of the cranium longer titan the posterior portion, the.
cranial cavity widely open in front; the supraoccipital well developed, horizontal and cariniform
behind, with the exoccipitals contracted forward and overhung by the supraoccipital, the exoccipital
condyles distant and feebly developed, with the hypercoracoid entire, the hypocoracoid with its
inferior process convergent toward the proscapula, and the fenestra between the hypercoracoid and
hypocoracoid.” (Gill, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1884, 170.)

A large and important group, chiefly confined to the cold depths of the ocean and the northern
seas. From all other typical fishes they are separated by the entire hypercoracoid.

a. Caudal fin present; tail not greatly elongate; body tapering or coniform behind, with many procurrent caudal rays
above and below; suborbitals moderate.

b. Frontal bones normal, not forming a triangular excavated area above; ribs normal; chin with a barbel (rarely obso¬

lete) . Gadidx, p. 508

an Caudal fin wanting; tail very long, tapering behind ; suborbitals very broad . . Macro urulx . p, 509

Family III. U.ADlIbF. The Codfishes.

Body more or less elongate, the caudal region moderate, coniform behind, and with the caudal rays
procurrent above and below; vent submedian; suborbital bones moderate; scales small, cycloid; mouth
large, terminal; chin with a barbel, more or less developed; gill-openings very wide; gill-membranes
separated or somewhat united, commonly free from the isthmus; no spines, the fin rays all articulated;
dorsal fin extending almost the length of the back, forming 1, 2, or 8 fins; anal fin long, singled or
divided; caudal fin distinct, or confluent with the dorsal and anal; ventral fins jugular, but attached to
the pubic bone, each of 1 to 8 branched rays; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; no pseudobranchise;
edge of preopercle usually covered by skin of head; pyloric cueca usually numerous, but sometimes few
or none; air-bladder generally well developed. Genera about 25, species about 140; an important
family, many of its members being highly valued as food; inhabiting chiefly the northern seas, some¬
times venturing into the oceanic abysses. One genus (Lota) is confined to the fresh waters.

a. Ventral fins rather broad, each of about (» rays . A rUimora, p. 508

an. Ventral fins very slender, each of 1 or 2 rays . Lmnonema, p. 509

Genus 255. ANTIMORA Gunther.

This group differs from Lepidion in t He form of the snout, the backward position of the vent, the
imperfect division of the anal, in which latter respect it approaches Mora. In Lepidion the snout is
subconical, obtusely rounded; in Antimora it forms a flat, triangular lamina, sharply keeled at the

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

509

sides, resembling the snout of Macrourus. Body elongate, compressed, tapering into a slender tail;
scales very small; head entirely scaly, even to the gill-membranes; snout depressed, thin and flat,
projecting beyond the mouth; mouth rather large; chin with a barbel; jaws with bands of villiform
teeth ; a small roundish patch of teeth on vomer, none on palatines; dorsal tins 2, the first short, its
anterior ray produced into a long filament; anal tin deeply notched, almost separated into 2 fins;
ventral tins with 6 rays, 1 of them filamentous; caudal truncate; branehiostegals 7. Deep-water fishes.

The single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II.

Anfimova Gunther, Ann. Mag. N'at. Hist. 1870. a (rottrata).

Genus 256. L7EM0NEMA Gunther.

Body of moderate length, covered with small scales; tins naked; a separate caudal; 2 dorsal fins
and 1 anal, the anterior dorsal composed of 5 rays; ventrals reduced to a single long ray, bifid at its
end; bands of villiform teeth in jaws; a small group of vomerine teeth, none on the palatine bones;
chin with a barbel; branehiostegals 7. Deep sea.

The single Hawaiian species is fully described in Section II.

Ijtmonema Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. M us., IV, 356, 1862 (ya rreilii).

Family t ill. MACROl RID.-E. The Grenadiers.

Body elongate, tapering into a very long compressed tail, which ends in a point; scales moderate,
usually keeled or spinous, sometimes smooth; suborbital bones enlarged, sometimes cavernous; teeth
villiform or eardiform, in bands, on the jaws only; tip of lower jaw With a barbel; premaxillary
protractile; dorsal fins 2, the first short and high, of stiff, spine-like branched rays; the second dorsal
very long, usually of very low feeble rays, continued to the end of the tail; anal tin similar to the
second dorsal, but usually much higher; no caudal fin; ventrals small, subjugular, each of about 8
rays; branehiostegals 6 or 7; lateral line present; gills :U or 4, a slit behind the fourth; gillrakers
small; gill-membranes free or narrowly united to the isthmus, usually more or less connected;
pseudobranchise wanting or rudimentary; pyloric coeca numerous; air-bladder present. Genera 18;
species about 50, chiefly of the northern seas, all in deep water; differing from the cod-fishes chiefly
in the elongate and degenerate condition of the posterior part of the body. Doctor Gill succinctly
defines the group as “ Gadoidea with an elongated tail tapering backward and destitute of a caudal
fin, postpectoral anus, enlarged suborbital bones, inferior mouth, subbrachial ventrals, a distinct
anterior dorsal, and a long second dorsal and anal converging on end of tail.”

A family of deep-water fishes, descriptions of the several Hawaiian species of which will be found
in Section II.

Suborder HETEROSOMATA. — The Flat-fishes.

“Cranium posteriorly normal; anteriorly with twisted vertex, to allow 2 orbits on the same side,
or 1 vertical and 1 lateral; basis cranii not quite simple. Dorsal fin long, of jointed rays; superior
pharvngeals 4, the third longest, much extended forward, the inferior separate.” (Cope.) This
suborder includes the two families Plewonectidie and Soleidn. Its nearest relationship is probably
with the Gadidse, although the developed pseudobranchise and the thoracic ventral fins indicate an
early differentation from the anacanthine fishes. In the very young fishes the 2 sides of the body
are alike and the eyes are 1 on each side, with normal cranium.

Family L I \ . I’LEURONECTID.Ji. The Flounders.

Body strongly compressed, oval or elliptical in outline; head unsymmetrical, the cranium twisted,
both eyes being on the one side of the body, which is horizontal in life, the eyed side being uppermost
and colored, the blind side lowermost and usually plain. In the very young fish the bones of the
head are symmetrical, 1 eye on each side, and the body is vertical in the water. In most species the
cranium becomes twisted, bringing the upper eye over with it. Eyes large, well separated. Mouth
small or large, the dentition various, the teeth always present; premaxillaries protractile; no supple¬
mental maxillary bone; pseudobranchise present. Gills 4, a slit behind the fourth; lowr pharyngeals

510

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

separate; no air-bladder; preoperele with its margin usually distinct, not wholly adnate or hidden by
the skin of the head; vent not far behind head, the viscera confined to the anterior part of the body.
Scales various, rarely absent, usually small. Lateral line usually present, extending on the caudal
fin, sometimes duplicated or wanting. Dorsal fin long, continuous, of soft rays only, beginning on the
head; anal similar, shorter; caudal various, sometimes coalescent with dorsal and anal; pectorals
inserted rather high, rarely wanting; ventrals under the pectorals, usually of several soft rays, one of
them sometimes wanting. Fishes mostly carniverous, inhabiting sandy bottoms in all seas, some species
ascending rivers. Many of them are important food fishes. Genera about 55; species nearly 500.

a. Mandibular membranes forming a gular pouch . . Pelecanichthys, p. 510

«a. Mandibular membranes not forming a gular pouch.
b. Scales small, 80 to 11(1.

r. Scales about 140; maxillary more than one-half head . Chaseannpscttn, p. 511

cc. Scales 80 to 100; maxillary about one-third length of head.

d. Teeth in each jaw in narrow villiform bands; origin of dorsal over middle of eye. . Pa'C-Uopselta, p. 512

till. Teeth in jaws not in villiform bands; origin of dorsal not over middle of eye.

r. Interorbital broad and eoneave; dorsal 1)2; A. 69; caudal convex. . platophrys, p. 512

pe. Interorbital narrower; dorsal 112; anal 91; caudal not convex . . . AnticUharus, p. 514

bh. Scales large, 36 to 46 . Enyi/priisiipun, p. 514

Genus 257. PELECANICHTHYS Gilbert & Cramer.

Eyes and color on the left side; mouth symmetrical, of enormous extent, gape about as long as
head; mandible extending anteriorly far beyond tip of snout, the projecting portion declined and
falciform, the rami very slender and flexible, each rotating inward, so that the teeth of the 2 rami
meet and interlock in the closed mouth, instead of being opposed to those of the upper jaw; mandi¬
bular membranes voluminous, forming a veritable gular pouch and permitting wide divarication of
the mandibular rami, which can lie also closely apposed for their entire length. The posterior angle
forms a slender process, projecting beyond the mandibular articulation and extending behind the
posterior margin of the operele; premaxillary, maxillary, and palatopterygoid formed of .'! very slender
bony rods, parallel and closely juxtaposed for the greater part of their length; branchiostegals 7;
gill rakers absent; preopercular margin free; dorsal and anal (ins very long, the former commencing
on the snout; caudal peduncle extremely short, a low tin-fold joining dorsal and anal with rudimentary
caudal rays; caudal lanceolate; ventrals nnsymmetrical, the left slightly more anteriorly placed,
inserted on the ridge of the abdomen, its membrane leading to base of first anal ray ; vent displaced
well to the right side of the ridge slightly in advance of front of anal, a small papilla (genital papilla?)
occupying a corresponding position to the left of the ridge; scales excessively fine; lateral line single,
conspicuous, continued on to the caudal fin; witli a short, low anterior arch.

Pelecanichthys Gilbert A Cramer, Proc. r S. Nat. Mas., XIX, 1897 (Feb. 5), 132 ( crumenalis ).

426. Pelecanichthys crumenalis Gilbert & Cramer. Fig. 226.

Head (horizontal length) 4.3 to 4.5 (5.25 in smallest specimen); depth 3.5 to 3.6 (4 in smallest);
D. 121; A. 88; P. 13 or 14; V. of both sides with 6 rays; about 230 to 240 pores in (lie course of the
lateral line.

Body slender, excessively compressed, tapering slowly and uniformly toward tail, the 2 outlines
very weakly arched for the greater part of their extent. Anterior outline of head strongly deeurved,
tlie physiognomy resembling that of Glyptocephalus. Bases of dorsal and anal fins wide, translucent,
sharply marked off from rest of body, constituting together half the greatest depth of body. Abdomen
very short.

Head very obliquely placed, the eyes elosly approximated near the upper anterior profile, the
cheeks narrow, oblique, upper limb of preoperele nearly horizontal, lower limb nearly vertical;
niandil ile extending beyond preniaxillaries for over one-fourth its length; rami so articulated as to
permit a slight inward and outward rotation on their long axes, in addition to other movements; gular
membrane large and loose, falling into folds when the jaws are closed; the entire mechanism of the
lower jaw seems adapted to seizing food between the rami, and forcing it down between and below
them. Teeth in both jaw s in a somewhat uneven single series, those in mandible largest, smaller teeth

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

511

Pelecanickt'hysf'rumenaiis Gilbert jc Cramer, I’roe. C.S. Nat. Mus.,
XIX, IS97 (Feb. 5), -133, pi. XLVII, Albatross Station
3472 or 3476, near Hawaiian Islands (type, No. -4S738
U.S.N.M.).

Genus 258. CHASCANOPSETTA Alcock.

irregularly alternating with the larger ones in both jaws. Posterior third of each jaw toothless;
palate smooth. Anterior nostril with an overarching flap or short tube; posterior nostril without tube.

Eyes elliptical, nearly even, long axis of lower eye very oblique. Oblique diameter of upper
orbit 3.75 in head; snout short, five-sevenths diam¬
eter of upper eye. Interorbital space narrow, grooved,
the width one-fifth diameter of upper eye.

Dorsal fin beginning above anterior nostril, the
first few rays slightly displaced toward the blind
side; pectoral narrow, pointed, about 1.75 in length
of head, that of blind side apparently shorter; caudal
lanceolate in a young individual (mutilated in adult),
the middle rays 1.25 in head.

Jaws, snout, and interorbital space naked;' head
and body elsewhere covered with minute cycloid
scales; lateral line nearly axial, its anterior arch low,
above the head, the posterior downward curve abrupt,
above base of pectoral; length of arch nearly equal to
half depth of body. 5

Color in alcohol, head and body light brown, the b
outlines of the scales dusky, the wide bases of dorsal
and anal fins semitranslueent; abdomen in the adult
with narrow vertical stripes of blue-black, alternating
with wider muscular bands which are of the ground-
color; head and anterior median portion of trunk
with faint darker brown spots about one-third size
of pupil. In addition to these, the median part of
body is marked with about 45 larger round spots,
darker than the others, but still faint and ill-defined.

These are nearly as large as eye, and are arranged on
anterior part of trunk in 7 lengthwise series, all but 3
of which gradually disappear on tail. The larger
spots are much more distinct in the young than in
adults. Mouth and gill-cavity white; peritoneum
black; fins dusky. Taken in deep water about the
Hawaiian islands at depths of 238 to 344 fathoms.

Found only in the Pailolo Channel and its ap¬
proaches, and in the southerly continuation of the
Kaiwi Channel, where it was originally obtained.

Three specimens 7 to 10 inches long, from stations
3472 and 3476, were obtained by the Albatross in
December, 1891, while engaged in surveying a cable
route between California and Honolulu. Other ex¬
amples were collected by the Albatross in 1902.

Mouth very wide, the maxillary being more than
half the length of the head; jaws and teeth equally
developed on both sides, each jaw being armed with a

single row of long, slender, depressible teeth; eyes on left side; dorsal fin commencing near tip of
snout, its rays, and those of the anal, being simple, slender, and scaleless; scales minute, mem¬
branous, hardly imbricate; lateral line with a strong curve above the pectoral; gill-openings wide,

512

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

the gill-membranes united to the isthmus in front; gill-rakers none. One Hawaiian species, described
in Section II.

rhasmnopsetta Alcoek. .loum. Asiatic Sue.. Bengal. LXIII, Ft. II, No. 2, 1S94, 128 (luyitbris)

Genus 259. PCECILOPSETTA Gunther.

Month rather narrow, the length of the maxillary being one-third of that of the head, each jaw
with a narrow band of villiform teeth; vomerine and palatine teeth none; the dorsal fin commences
above middle of eye; scales very small; gill-membranes united below the throat. The single
Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described [by Doctor Gilbert, in Section II.

Pvccilopsettn Gunther, Zool. Challenger Rept., Shore Fishes, I, Parts I-YI, 49, 1880 1 coloralu ).

Genus 260. PLATOPHRYS Swainson.

Eves and color on left, side; body ovate, strongly compressed; mouth of the large type, but com¬
paratively small; the maxillary .33 or less of length of head; teeth small, subequal, in 1 or 2 series;
no teeth on vomer or palatines; interorbital space broad and concave, broadest in adult males; gill-
rakers moderate; dorsal tin beginning in front of eye, all its rays simple; ventral of colored side on
ridge of abdomen; caudal convex behind; pectoral of left side usually with 1 or more filamentous
rays, longest in the male; scales very small, ctenoid, adherent; lateral line with a strong arch in front.
Coloration usually variegated.

The sexual differences are greater than usual among flounders, and the different sexes have often
been taken for different species. As a rule, in the males the pectoral fin on the left side is much pro¬
longed, the interorbital area is much widened and very concave, and there are some tubercles about
the snout and lower eye. The young fishes, as is usually the case, resemble the adult females. Lately
Doctor Emery has shown that the larval flounder, known as Peloria heckeli, is in all probability the
young of Pleurcmectes podas. The generic name Coccolus, based on forms slightly more mature than
those called Peloria, probably belongs here also. We have seen no larval forms so young as those
which have been described as Peloria heckeli, but we have examined small transparent flounders, one
with the eyes quite symmetrical, taken in the Gulf Stream, and another with the eyes on the left
side, taken at Key West, which may be larvte of Platophrys ocellatus. The figures published by Emery
seem to make it almost certain that the corresponding European forms belong to P. podas, although
some doubt as to this is expressed by Facciola. The species of Platophrys are widely distributed
through the warm seas, no tropical waters being wholly without them. All are extremely closely
related and can be distinguished with difficulty. On the other hand, the variations due to differences
of age and sex are greater than in any other of the Hawaiian genera.

Solca Rafinesque, lndice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, 52, 1810 ( rliomboide ); not of Quensel, 1806.

Platophrys Swainson, Nat. Hist. Class'll Fishes, II, 302, 1839 ( ocellatus ).

Peloria Cocco, Intorno ad Alcuni Pesci del mar di Messina, Giorn. del Gabin., 1844, 21-30, Lettre di Messina (heckeli, a
larval form of P. podas); not Pelorus of Montfort, 1808.

V Coccolus Bonaparte in Cocco, Alcuni Pesci Messina, 21, 1844 ( annectens ); larval form, probably of P. podas, with the right
eye in transit to the left side).

Bothus Bonaparte, Catologo Metodico Persi Europei, 49, 1846 (podas); not of Ralinesque.

Rhomboid ichtln/s Bleeker, Act. Soc. Sci. Indo-Nederl. Manad. and Makassar, T, 1856, 67 (: myriaster )

Platoplirys Bleeker, Versl. Kon. Ak. Weten., XIII, 1862, 426 ( ocellatus ).

a. Anal rays about 70 . . pantherinus , p. 512

aa. Anal rays about 80 . mancus p 513

427. Platophrys pantherinus (Riippell). “ Pakii;” “Unit.”

Head 3.6 in length; depth 2; eye 3.9 in head; snout 4; interorbital 5.4; maxillary 3.2; I). 92; A.
69; P. i, 9; Y. 6; scales 31-88-36.

Body elongate, very deep and compressed, ellipsoid; head a little deeper than long, orbicular, the
upper profile evenly convex ; snout obtuse; jaws slightly produced; mouth curved, oblique; lips rather
broad, fleshy; maxillary reaching below anterior portion of eye, but not to pupil, its distal expanded
extremity 2 in eye; teeth in jaws minute, forming rather broad bands; eyes well separated, lower ante¬
rior, its posterior margin midway in length of head, upper nearly half an eye diameter posterior; mar¬
gin of preopercle obtuse, and, like that of gill-opening, undulate; nostrils close together in front of

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

513

upper rim of orbit, caeh with a short fleshy tube; seVeral bony elevations in front and above lower
eye; interorbital space deep, concave; from the posterior portion of each eye are 2 fleshy filaments;
gill-opening large, gill rakers small; scales covering head except on lips, about eyes and part of ir.ter-
orpital space; small scalesextending upon greater portion of dorsal and anal and caudal rays; pectoral
and ventral without scales, lateral line strongly arched for a short distance in front, then straight to
base of caudal; extremities of most all dorsal rays free, those anteriorly on head free for greater part,
of their length; dorsal beginning well. forward on snout, first, ray 3.2 in head, second 1.9, third 1.6,
fourth 2, sixtieth 2.5; anal somewhat similar to dorsal, only anterior rays with their extremities short,
first 4 in head, fortieth 2.6; caudal elongate, middle rays pointed, 1.3; pectoral very long, the upper
rays produced beyond the caudal for a distance equal to depth of caudal peduncle; membranes of pec¬
toral extending only for a short distance; ventrals close together, left larger, its base I.S in head, first
ray 3, second 2.6, third 2.1, fourth 1.25; right ventral with base 5, first ray 3.7, fifth 2.8; right pec¬
toral 1.7; caudal peduncle rather deep, compressed, 2.8. Described from an example (No. 05303) from
Honolulu.

In life (No. 03257) was sand color, the ocelli light grayish brown, bluish gray, and some with
blackish edgings; fins similar. Color, when fresh, of examples from Hilo, centers of large ocelli clear
deep yellow; some other spots and marks of yellow, besides grayish, bluish, brown and blackish; 4
yellow spots above and 4 below lateral line in series; then centers of ocelli above noted.

Color in alcohol, grayish brown on the left side, with numerous pale blue ringsof spots bordered
with dusky; a large dusky blotch at beginning of straight portion of lateral line and another about
midway in the latter; everywhere small indistinctly defined whitish spots; dorsal pale gray with 12
large brownish spots formed on bases of rays, rest of fin speckled with brownish and whitish; anal
similar to dorsal with 8 large brownish spots formed on bases of rays; caudal speckled with whitish
and brown, base with pale blue spots; pectoral rays pale gray with brownish cross-lines, membrane
black with white reticulating lines; ventral grayish with brown and whitish spots; right side yellowish
white, scales on side of head with brown dots.

Young examples have short pectorals and are deeper. The variation in scales is as low as 67 in a
lateral series in one small example; others are found with 75 or SO. This species is common among
the Hawaiian Islands. The collection contains 39 examples from Honolulu and 20 from Hilo, ranging
in length from 1.5 to 7.75 inches. Specimens were obtained by Doctor Jenkins in 1889 and by the
Albatross in 1902.

Rhombus pnnthcrinus Ruppell, Atlas ltcis. Xord i . At.. Fiscbe., 121. pi. 111. tic. 1. 1S28, Red Sea: Streets. Bull i ' S. Nut M ir
No. 7, 57, 1877 ( Honolulu Harbor).

Passrr marrhioncssarum Valenciennes, Voy. Venus, 344, pi. 9. 1S50, Marquesas Islands.

Rhombus sumatranns Btceker, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXIV. Is', 2. 14. Sumatra.

Rhimbnulichthys panthrrinns, Gunther, Gat.. IV. 43G, 1S62 (Mauritius; Madagascar; Atnboyna; Fiji Ids.); Streets. Bull. t'.S.

Nat. Mils., No. 7, .77, 1877 (Honolulu): Gunther, Rep. Shore Fish., Challenger, Zool ., I, Part VI, 61, 1880 (Honolulu ,
Platophrys panthcrinus, Steindachner, Decks. A k . Wiss. Wien. LXX, 1SOO, 511 (Honolulu): Jenkins, Bull. U.S. Fish Comm.,
XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 510 (Honolulu).

Rhombus parvinuinus Bennett, Proe. of the Committee Zool. Soe. London, I, 1830-1. 16S, Mauritius.

Plate, phrys mancut, Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., XXVII. 1904, 9*1(1 (Honolulu).

428. Platopbrys mancus ( Broussonet ) .

Head 3.28 (4.25) in length; depth 2 (2.25); D. 98; A. 78; scales about 95; Br. 6.

Body elliptical, the profile continuous with the dorsal curve, the snout projecting, and the nasal
bones forming a prominent knob; ventral outline a regular and gentle curve from gill-opening to cau¬
dal peduncle; lower jaws produced beyond upper, a pointed knob below and behind symphysis.
Head not much higher than long; mouth moderately oblique, small for a large-mouthed species, the
maxillary reaching little beyond anterior rim of eye, 2.66 in head; pointed, teeth in 2 series in each
jaw, those of the inner and larger series becoming somewhat smaller posteriorly, the teeth on maxil¬
lary not extending as far hack on the blind side; the outer series of few small teeth; eyes small, the
lower orbit 7 in head, the upper one slightly smaller; lower orbit wholly in advance of upper, the
concave interorbital space 2.83 in head; orbital rim a sharp ridge without distinct knobs. Nostrils
apparently wanting; cheeks and opercles more or less scaly; gillrakers rather long, the length of long¬
est 2 in upper orbit; 10 on lower part of arch, none above. Scales cycloid, not deciduous, similar on

F. C. B. 1903—33

514

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

both sides, but without accessory scales on the blind side. Dorsal fin beginning on the snout, the first
ray on the blind side, about as long as superior orbit, the rays gradually increasing in height to the
posterior third of the fin, where they are 2.66 in head, thence rapidly decreasing to end of fin; anal
similar, its highest rays not opposite the highest part of dorsal, but a little farther back; pectoral of
eyed side falcate, the second ray one-fourth longer than head, produced into a filament; pectoral of
blind side 1.83 in head; ventrals moderate, when depressed reaching past front of anal; caudal bluntly
pointed, 1.6 in head.

Coloration in spirits, everywhere mottled with gray and brown; the fins (except pectoral on blind
side) marked with same colors, but the spots more nearly round and less complicated; on the colored
side there is a large, irregular blackish blotch behind pectoral, a round black spot on the lateral line
halfway between head and caudal fin; about 12 blackish spots at regular intervals on dorsal fin, 6 or
7 similar ones on anal; the ventral on the eyed side marked like the anal; the colors and spots extending
over on the blind side on the nasal bones, premaxillary,' chin, and interoperele. The skinny flap in
the mouth between the teeth and vomer is also spotted. Length 16 inches.

This species is common in the South Seas and has been recorded from Johnston Island. It resem¬
bles P. panlherinun, but is more variegated, has a larger number of anal rays (about 80) and the arch
of the lateral line is different. The figures of P. jxt.ro and P. panthcrinus in Bleeker’s Atlas show the
2 species well.

Pleuroncctcs iitancus Broussonet, Ic.hthyol., c., duab., pis. 3 and 4, 17S2, Pacific.

Platophrys mancvs. Smith <fe Swain Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882, 142 (Johnston Island).

Rhombus pavo Bleeker, K olios, III, 177, Cocos Island.

]ilurm.boidichlhystim>o, Gunther. Cat., IV, 435, 1864 (China; Aneityum).

Genus 261. ANTICITHARUS Giinther.

Mouth wide, or rather wide; maxillary more than one-third length of head; teeth conical, unequal,
in a single series in both jaws; no vomerine and palatine teeth ; origin of dorsal on snout; scales of
moderate size, smooth, deciduous; lateral line strongly curved above pectoral; eyes on left side; gill-
membranes broadly united below throat; gillrakers short and lancolate. The single Hawaiian species
of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Anticitharus Giinther, Zool. Challenger Kept.. 1, Parts I-VI, Shore Fishes, 47, 1880 ( polyspilus ).

Genus 262. ENGYPROSOPON Gunther.

This genus is allied to Plalophri/x, differing in the large adherent scales and the narrow interorbital
space. Gillrakers few and short.

a. 46 scales in a longitudinal series . hawaiiensis, p. 514

an. 36 scales in a longitudinal series . . . . . arenicoln, p. 515

429. Engyprosopon hawaiiensis Jordan & Evermann. Fig. 227.

Head 3.8 in length; depth 1.75; eye 3.25 in head; snout 4.25; interorbital 6.3; maxillary 2.8; D.79;
A. 56; P. i, 10; V. i, 5; scales 14-46-15.

Body elongate, deep, rather ovoid, greatest depth about end of pectoral; head very deep, its length
0.7 in depth; upper profile very convex in front, steep; snout short, obtuse; jaws small, produced a
little, the mandible slightly projecting; lips rather thin; mouth curved a little, very oblique, the small
maxillary reaching a little beyond front margin of eye; teeth in jaws very small, sharp-pointed; eyes
well separated, lower anterior placed in first third of head, the upper about two-fifths an eye diameter
posterior; nostrils close together, with elevated rims; interorbital space a little more than half an eye
diameter in width, deeply concave; gill-opening small; gillrakers rather short; scales large, finely
ctenoid, very small on rays of vertical fins; lateral line strongly arched at first for first two-ninths its
length, then straight to base of caudal; dorsal beginning on snout, the anterior rays free for only a
short portion of their extremities, first 5 in head, fiftieth 2.1, this the highest region of the fin; anal
more or less similar, first 3.25, thirtieth 2; caudal rounded, middle rays longest, 1.1; pectoral short,
pointed, 1.4; ventrals rather broad, base of left 3, first and last rays about equal ; right ventral smaller;
caudal peduncle compressed, its depth 1.9.

Bull. U. S.FC- 1903 Plate 62

Engyprosopon arenicola Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OK HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

515

Color in alcohol, dark olivaceous brown, fins dark gray-brown, each ray finely specked with oli¬
vaceous brown; left pectoral specked with dark brown, right pectoral dull creamy or brownish white
like the right side of body.

Type, No. oOGtu, L . S. N. M., taken at Jlilo, the only example we have seen, 3 inches long.

Enwprosopon hawaiiemsis Jordan & Evcrumnn. Bull. r. s. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April II, 1903), 207, Hilo.

Fn.r. 227. Engyprosopon hawaiimsis Jordan <fe Evermann; from the type

P. i, 11; V. 5; scales

430. Engyprosopon arenicola Jordan & Evermann. P

Head 3.6 in length; depth 1.9; eye 4.3 in head; maxillary 3; D 78- A
14-36-17.

Body elongate, very deep, rather ovoid, the greatest depth at tip of pectoral; head much deeper
than long, the upper profile steep, strongly convex; snout obtuse; jaws very oblique, mandible
slightly projecting; maxillary very oblique, reaching below anterior margin of eye; lips rather thin
fleshy, fringed along margins; teeth in jaws minute, sharp-pointed; eyes close together, lower anterior
placed about first third of length of head; upper eye about one-third an eve diameter posterior-
nostrils well separated, with raised fleshy rims forming a flap; interorbital space very narrow concave-
gill-opening rather small, restricted to side; gillrakers small, short, few; scales large, finely ctenoid;
lateral line strongly arched for anterior fourth of its length, then straight to base of caudal; anterior
dorsal rays free distally for one-half their length, first ray 3 in head, forty-fifth 1.8, which is the
highest region of the fin; anal similar to dorsal, but anterior rays not free for half their length; first
ray 3.5, thirtieth 1.8; caudal elongate, median rays longest, equal to head; pectoral short, pointed, 1.5;
ventrals rather large, the left with its base 5 in head, first ray 3.6, last 2.6, almost entirely in front of
the right, which is much smaller; caudal peduncle broad, compressed, its depth 2.2 in head

Color in alcohol, very pale brown; side marked with many large incomplete rings of blackish or
dusky, and with a number of dusky spots in between; fins whitish, the vertical or unpaired with large
blackish spots on membranes between rays and similar small ones scattered about, those of caudal
forming about 4 cross-bands; several dusky spots at base of pectoral; right side whitish.

W e have seen but 2 examples, both taken at Ililo: Type, No. 50658, U. S. N. M., 2.5 inches long.
Cotype, No. 7471, L. 8. Jr. I niv. Mus., 1.9 inches long.

Eiujyprosopon arenicola Jordan & Evermann, Bui!. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII. 1902 (April 11, 1903), 207, Hilo.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

516

Family CY. SOLFIM.F. The Soles.

Body oblong or elongate, usually scaly; mouth very small, much twisted toward the eyed side;
the teeth in villiform bands, very small or obsolete; eyes small, close together, with or without a bony
ridge between them; edge of preopercle adnate, concealed by the skin and scales; gill openings nar¬
row, the gill membranes adnate to the shoulder girdle above; pectoral tins small or wanting; ventral
tins small, one or both sometimes wanting. Small fishes living on sandy bottoms, similar to the Pleu-
roneetidie in structure, but much degraded, the fins and teeth having lost many of their distinctive
qualities; the vertebra- usually in increased numbers. Species numerous in the warm seas, and those
of sufficient size valued as food.

Genas 263. SYMPHiJRIJS Rafinesque. Tongue-Fishes.

Body elongate, more or less lanceolate in outline, with the eyes and color on the left side; eyes
small, very close together, with no distinct interorbital ridge between them; mouth small, twisted
toward the blind side; teeth little developed, in villiform bands; edge of preopercle covered by tin-
scales; gill-openings narrow, the gill-membranes adnate to the shoulder-girdle above, joined together
and free from the isthmus below; pectoral fins wanting (in the adult); vertical fins more or less con¬
fluent; scales ctenoid; lateral line wanting; ventral fin of eyed side only present, free from the anal;
head without fringes.

The 2 Hawaiian species are fully described in Section II.

Symphurus Rafinesque, Indice d’Ittiologia Siciliana, f>2, 1810 {nigrcwens).

Bibnmin Coeco, Alcuni Pesci del mare do Messina, If), ls44 ( lUjulata; larval form).

Plaf/usia Cuvier, Regno Animal, Ed. 2, II, 344, 1829 (based oji Plagusia of Brown); name preoccupied in Crustaceans,
Latreille, 180f>.

Plagium Bonaparte, Catalogo Metodico, 51, 1840 ( lactca ); substitute for Plagusia preoccupied.

Aphoristia Kaup, Archiv fur Naturgesch. 1S58, 106 (nniata).

Glos&ichthys Gill, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. A., 51, 1801 ( plagiusa ).

Ammopletiro]>8 Giint her, Cat., IV, 490, 1862 ( lactcus -nigrcscens).

Iiascanius Schiodte, Natnrhist. Tydsskr., V, 269, 1807 ( trrdifcr ; larval form).

A ccdia Jordan in Jordan it Goss, Review Flounders and Soles. 321, 1889 (ncbulosus).

Order M. PEDICULATI.

Carpal bones notably elongate, forming a kind of arm (pseudoliracbium ) which supports the broad
pectoral. Gilbopening reduced to a large or small foramen situated in or near the axil, more or less
posterior to the pectorals. Ventral fins jugular if present; anterior dorsal reduced to a few tentacle-
like, isolated spines; soft dorsal and anal short; no scales. First vertebra united to cranium by a
suture; epiotics united behind supraoccipital; elongate basal pectoral radii (actinosts), reduced in
number; no interclavicles; post-temporal broad, flat, simple; upper pharyngeals 2, similar, spatulate,
with anterior stem and transverse blade; basis of cranium simple, no air-duct to the swim-bladder.
Marine fishes, chiefly of the Tropics and the oceanic abysses. The group is an offshoot from the
Aeanthopteri, its chief modification being in the elongation of the actinosts and in the position of the
gill-opening. The Batrachoididsc are perhaps its nearest relatives.

a. Gill-openings in or behind the lower axil of the pectoral: mouth large, terminal.
b. Pseudobranchite present; pseudobrnehia with 2 actinosts: head broad, depressed, the enormous mouth with very

strong teeth: ventral's present . Lnphiidip; p. 516

bb. Pseudobranchite none; pseltdobrachia with 6 actinosts.

c. Ventrals present: arm ungulate, the pseudobrnehia elongate . Antcnnnriidx, p. 517

rr. Ventrals wanting; arm hot ungulate, the pseudobrnehia moderate . ('cratiidi r, p. 523

aa. Gill-openings in or behind the upper axil of the pectoral: mouth small, usually inferior . Ogcoccphalidd’, p. 523

Family CYI. 1,01’H 1 1 il.F. The Anglers.

Head wide, depressed, very large; body contracted, conical, tapering rapidly backward from the
shoulders; mouth exceedingly large, terminal, opening into an enormous stomach; upper jaw pro¬
tractile; maxillary without supplementary bone; lower jaw projecting; both jaws with very strong,
unequal, cardiform teeth, some of the teeth canine-like, most of them depressible; vomer and palatines

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

517

usually with strong teeth; gill-openings comparatively large, in the lower axil of the pectorals;
pseudobranch ise present; gillrakers none; gills 3; skin mostly smooth, naked, with many dermal
Haps about the head; spinous dorsal of 3 isolated, tentacle-like spines on the head, and smaller ones
behind, forming a continuous fin; second dorsal moderate, similar to the anal; pectoral members
scarcely geniculated, each with 2 actinosts and with elongate pseudobraehia; ventrals jugular, i, 5,
widely separated, large, much enlarged in the young. Young with the head spinous; pyloric cceca
present. Two genera, with 4 or 5 species, living on sea bottoms, at moderate or great depths;
remarkable for their great voracity.

Genus 264. LOPHIOMTJS Gill.

This genus is closely allied to Lophiiis in external characters, hut it is strikingly distinguished hv
the reduced number of its vertebne, which are only IS or 19, a fact associated with its tropical habitat.

The single Hawaiian species is fully described by Doctor Gilbert in Section II.

Lophiomus Gill, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 552 (setigerus) .

Family CY1I. ANTE X N A K 1 1 1)/E. — F rog Fishes.

Head and body more or less compressed; mouth vertical or very oblique, opening upward; lower
jaw projecting; jaws with cardiform teeth; premaxillaries protractile; gill-openings small, pore-like,
in or behind the lower axils of the pectorals; no pseudobranehite; gills 2.1 or 3; skin naked, smooth,
or prickly; pectoral members forming an elbow-like angle; pseudobraehia long, with 3 actinosts;
ventral fins present, jugular, near together; spinous dorsal of 1 to 3 serrated, tentacle-like spines; soft
dorsal long, larger than anal; pyloric cceca none. Inhabitants of tropical seas, often living on or among
floating seaweed, and enabled, by filling the capacious stomach with air, to sustain themselves on the
surface of the water; therefore widely dispersed by currents in the sea.

a. Head compressed; a rostral spine or tentacle, followed by 2 larger spines; palatine teeth developed; dorsal spines

disconnected.

b. Skin covered with prickles; ventrals short . v . Antcnnarius, p. 517

on. Head cuboid; a single rostral spine or tentacle received in a groove; soft dorsal low . Chaunax, p. 523

Genus 265. ANTENNARIUS Commerson.

Body oblong, compressed, very deep through the occipital region, tapering behind; breast tumid;
mouth rather large, more or less oblique, or even vertical; cardiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and pala¬
tines; eve small; skin with small granules or spinules, these usually forked, and often with numerous
fleshy slips; first dorsal spine developed as a small rostral tentacle; second and third dorsal spines
strong, covered with skin, often with numerous fleshy filaments; soft dorsal high and long; anal short
and deep; caudal tin rounded, the peduncle free; pectoral fin wide, with a rather wide wrist, at the
lower posterior angle of which are the very small gill-openings; ventral fins short. Fantastic-looking
fishes, often gayly colored. Very numerous in warm seas.

Antcnnarius Commerson in Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 323. 1798; footnote only; not accepted by Lacepede.

Histrio Fischer, Zoogcosia, 3d cd.. I, 1813. 70. 78. Definition incorrect; through a slip of the pen, “corpus depression '
written instead of “ corpus compression. ” No type mentioned. Fischer’s Lopliius histrio (Bloch, IV, 10, pi. ext)
is a true Anteniuirim according to Dr. Gill, probably .1. scabcr.

Lcs ('hironeetes (Antcnnarius Commerson) Cuvier, Rogue Animal, 1st ed.. I, 310, 1817; Ed. 2d, II, 251, 1829. Chironectes pre¬

occupied in mammals by Chironcctcs Illiger, 1811.

Batrachops Goldfuss, Handbuch Zoologie, 1820 (substitute for Chironcctcs).
a. Bait long and slender, when depressed reaching middle of second dorsal spine.

6. Eye comparatively small, about 3.5 in snout . sandviccnsis, p. 518

bb. Eye larger, about 2.5 in snout . commerson ii, p. 518

c. Anal with 0 rays . leprosies, p. 519

cc. Anal with 7 rays . laysanus, p. 520

an. Bait shorter, when depressed not reaching middle of second dorsal spine.
d. Bait longer than first dorsal spine.

e. Bait terminated by a filament . bigibbus p. 520

cc. Bait terminated by a fleshy knob or caruncle.

/. Second dorsal spine closely bound down to the back, movable only at the tip . (trombus, p. 521

ff. Second dorsal spine not bound down to the back, movable to an upright position . duescus, p. 522

dd. Bait not as long as first spine . nexUis, p. 623

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

518

431. Antennarius sandvicensis (Bennett).

Entire length 4.5 inches; depth of body 2 inches. Color, dull-orange or yellow-red, with circular
black spots on the body and tins. Eyes small and placed high in the head; when touched or threat¬
ened instantly retiring for protection beneath the upper eyelid. Iris red. Jaws and palate armed
with many rows of teeth. Lower jaw protruding beyond upper. Forehead furnished with a long
and rigid filament or barbel, which, from its use as a bait for prey, has obtained for this family of
fish the name of “anglers.” The tins on the upper surface of the body are peculiarly arranged. The
first (which I dare call a dorsal) is composed of one stout spinous ray, with a membrane attached,
and is placed in front of the summit of the head; the second is similarly formed, and situated imme¬
diately behind the head; the third occupies the posterior two-thirds of the back, and is composed of
12 branched rays. Rays of the anal tin 7; caudal 9.

The pectoral tins bear a very close resemblance to the anterior extremities of a frog or lizard, and
the 10 distinct rays, at the termination of each, complete the comparison by their resemblance to
toes. A long membranous air-tube, communicating with the gills, passes beneath the integuments of
this fin, and opens as a circular orifice at its joint or elbow.

The solitary example of this species, which we obtained from the shores of Oahu, Sandwich
Islands, continued alive for many hours after it had been removed from the water. During this time
its abdomen and throat remained distended to a great size, but previous to death both air and water
were evacuated from the mouth, and the body collapsed. Dissection proved that the cavity of the
stomach was the part thus distended. The fish has no ribs, though it has a very distinct sternum.
The swim-bladder is small and of ovoid form. (Bennett.)

We have one specimen from Honolulu which agrees closely with fig. C, plate 100, in Gunther’s
“Fische der Siidsee” regarded by him as a variety of -1. commersonii. Our specimen is probably
identical with Bleeker’s horridus and appears to be Bennett’s LopKius sandvicensis. It shows the
following characters:

Eye very small, its diameter contained 3 times in length of maxillary; “bait” hair-like, its length
equal to that of maxillary, reaching beyond base of second spine when depressed, the tip with a cluster
of short filaments; first spine reaching base of second when depressed, surrounded by thickened
tissue, the membrane extending from near tip of spine to base of second, very thin; second spine
easily elevated, connected with occiput by a thick membrane, the spine surrounded by a large amount
of tissue, its width equal to diameter of eye; spine when depressed not reaching soft dorsal; dorsal of
the same height throughout, just reaching base of caudal when depressed; rays 12; anal reaching
beyond base of caudal, its edge rounded; length of space between base of anal and caudal one-half
that between base of dorsal and caudal; caudal rounded, its length 2.5 in length of body; anal opening
at base of pectoral. Skin with very fine prickles, a few small cutaneous flaps on head, chin, and back.

Color in spirits, light gray, thickly mottled and spotted with dark gray; a few white-edged blackish
spots on body and tins, located as follows: At base of second dorsal spine, origin of dorsal, between
eighth and ninth dorsal rays, on side between origin of dorsal and base of pectoral, on side posterior
to pectoral, on anal tin, on upper and on lower edge of caudal.

Known to us only from one specimen, which is 3.07 inches' long.

Lapkins sandvicensis Bennett, Nar. Whaling Voy., II, 25$, 1810, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands.

AntcnnariiLS lwrridus Bleeker, Nat. Tjds. Ned. Ind., V, 1853. S3. Celebes, Flores, Solor, and Amboyna.

Antennarius sandvicensis. Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVII, 918, 1901 (Honolulu).

432. Antennarius commersonii (Lacepede).

Head 3 in length; depth 1.7; eye 3.5 in snout; snout 2.5 in head; maxillary 1.25; width of mouth
1.5; D. 1-1-12; A. 7; P. 10; V. 5.

Body deep, compressed, rather Chick at pectoral region; head deep, profile above oblique, below
convex; snout short, very broad, convex above; mouth very large, slightly oblique forward; mandible
large, vertical, with small knob at symphysis, and lower portion slightly produced; teeth in jaws in
bands, slender, sharp-pointed, depressible; teeth on palatines similar; tongue large, thick, fleshy; eye
very small, high, anterior; nostrils close together, anterior with raised fleshy rim; interorbital space
very broad, elevated, uneven; bait long, reaching middle of second spine; extremity of bait bifid, one
portion a broad cutaneous flap, the other forming a bunch of fleshy tentacles; no pit on top of head;
first dorsal spine united to top of head by a membrane, and depressible; second spine large, adnateto

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

519

top of head; dorsal rather high, thick, margin between rays incised, length of base 2.25 in body, and
last ray not adnate to caudal peduncle by membrane; anal rounded, its base half that of dorsal, and
last ray adnate on lower portion with caudal peduncle; caudal rounded; pectoral very broad; ventral
small, inserted below anterior part of second dorsal spine; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth half
length of head; head with many mucous pores, those above marked more or less by excrescences;
lateral line superior and distinct at first till under second dorsal, then obsolete and running down
toward anus; no cutaneous flaps.

Color in alcohol, deep blackish brown, the side marbled with a deeper color; a large blackish
brown spot on basal portion of posterior dorsal rays, and a similar one on same portion of anal; several
blackish spots on side; tips of caudal, anal, and outer portions of pectoral and ventral rays pale or
whitish brown; a whitish spot above base of pectoral.

Described from an example (No. 2153) taken at Honolulu by Dr. Jenkins, which, with another
obtained there by the Albatross, is the only example we have seen. The species is known by its very
dark coloration, and is widely distributed in the tropical Pacific.

Lophius commcrsonii Laccpcde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., I, 327, 1798, South Seas.

Chironcctes commersonii, Cuvier, Mein. Mus. Hist. Nat., Ill, 431, pi. IS, tig. 1, 1817.

Antennariuscommersonii , Cantor, Cat. Malay. Fish., 204, 1850 (Singapore); Gunther, Fische der Sudsee, V, 163, pis. 100, figs.
B & C and pi. 106, 1876 (Raiatea; Bonham Island; Tahiti; Sandwich Islands; Society Islands; Zanzibar; Huahiue;
Navigator Islands); Steindachner, Bonks. Ak. Wiss. Wien, LXX, 1900, 497 (Laysan); Fowler, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1900, 519 (Sandwich Islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 511 (Honolulu);
Snyder, op. eit. (Jan. 19, 1904), 537 (Honolulu).

Cfiironcctcs niger Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1868,107, Sandwich Islands.

433. Antennarius leprosus (Eydoux & Souleyet). Fig. 228.

Head (to end of opercle) 2.8 in length; depth 1.7; eye 2.5 in snout; snout 3.5 in head; maxillary
1.8; width of mouth 1.8; interorbital 1.4; D. i-i-12; A. 6; P. 10; V. 6.

Fig. 228. — Antennarius leprosus (Eydoux & Souleyet).

Body very deep, compressed, back well elevated; head very deep, with bluntly conic profile in
front and above; snout broad, surface uneven; mouth broad, maxillary very oblique, reaching well
below posterior margin of eye; mandible large, with symphyseal knob, and projecting slightly; lips
rather thin;, teeth in broad bands in jaws, sharp pointed, more or less unequal in size, and depressible

520

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

backwards; vomer and palatines with patches of sharp pointed small teeth; tongue large, broad, thick
nostrils with elevated fleshy rims, rather close together near end of snout; interorbital space broad,
elevated; bait reaching to middle of second spine, bifid and rather broad at extremity; first spine
large, very rough, adnate by membrane, 2.(3 in head; second spine larger, similar, 1.75; eighth dorsal
ray 1.5; anal rounded, third ray 1.7; caudal rounded, median rays longest, about 1.2; pectoral broad,
upper median rays longest, fourth 2; ventrals small, rounded; caudal peduncle compressed, its depth
2.35; pores on head and upper side of back with rough excrescences, those which form lateral line
running back below posterior part of soft dorsal, then obliterated; skin rather rough velvety, fins
also rough.

Color in alcohol (No. 551) grayish brown, more or less marbled with dusky; a ragged brown
blotch from between second dorsal spine and soft dorsal and a pale ocellus above pectoral; margin of
vertical fins whitish, submarginal portions mottled with white, black, and gray; a large black ocellus
on basal portion of posterior dorsal and anal rays; a black ocellus above base of pectoral; belly and
lower side spotted all over with black.

Described from an example (No. 554) taken at Honolulu. We have examined also 1 specimen
5.1 inches long collected by Doctor Jenkins at Honolulu, where the Albatross obtained yet another
example.

i Mroncctcs leprosus Jiyiloux & Souleyet, Zool. Voy. Bonite, 1, 1S7, pi. 5, fig. 3, 1841, Sandwich Islands.

Antcnnarius multiocellatus var. leprosa , Gunther, Cat., Ill, 195, 1861 (Sandwich Islands).

CMroncdes rubi-ofuscus Garrett, Proc. Cal. Ac. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1868, 64, Sandwich Islands.

Antcnnarius rubroftiscus, Jenkins, Bull. U. 5. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 511 (Honolulu); Snyder, op. eit. (Jan.

19, 1904), 537 (Honolulu).

434. Antennarius laysanius Jordan & Snyder. Plate 63.

Mouth large, the width equal to length of maxillary, 4.5 times diameter of eye; “ bait” long and
slender, reaching middle of second spine when depressed, the tip with a small knob bearing filaments,
one of which is lanceolate, seven-eighths the length of rod, the others short and thread-like. First spine
inserted above anterior edge of orbit, reaching base of second spine when depressed, connected
posteriorly with head by a thin membrane, the free edge of which is convex, the tip of spine with a
movable joint; second spine equal in length to maxillary, immovably and closely attached throughout
its length to the occiput and back, the tip with a small, movable joint; soft dorsal not connected
with second spine by a membrane or crest, separated from the caudal by a space equal in length to 2.5
times diameter of eye, the last rays when depressed not reaching base of caudal; rays 12, the longest
(posterior) equal in length to distance between base of bait and tip of first spine when depressed;
posterior margin of tin rounded; anal when depressed reaching base of caudal, rays 7, about equal in
length to those of dorsal; caudal rounded; gill-opening at base of pectoral.

Skin hispid with minute, simple, and bilobed prickles; upper half of eye covered with thick
prickly skin; minute, filamentous, dermal appendages scattered about over the sides and back,
especially prominent below dorsal spines and fin, none on ventral surface.

Color in spirits, yellowish white, densely clouded with dusky; a small ocellus midway between
base uf pectoral and origin of soft dorsal, many small black spots scattered about on breast and belly,
an oblong black spot half as large as eye on posterior half of soft dorsal, a row of black spots along
edge of dorsal fin, a large one on base of anal and 2 near border of fin, caudal with a few spots as large
as pupil; dorsal, caudal, and anal narrowly edged with white; pectorals white below, dusky above;
chin dusky, with an indistinct light ocellus; tongue with small black spots. Known only from the
type (No. 8439, Stanford University Museum), a specimen 3.8 inches long collected at Laysan Island
by Mr. Max Schlenuner.

Antcnnarius laysanius Jordan & Snyder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mils., XXVII, 1904, 947. Laysan Island.

435. Antennarius bigibbus (Lacepede).

Head 2.25 in length; depth 1.5; eye 4 in head; snout 5; maxillary 2.2; width of mouth 2.2; D.
1-1-12; A. 7; l\ 11; V. 5.

Body deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep, with blunt conic profile in front, somewhat
obliqjue above; snout broad, obtuse, conic, smooth; mouth broad, very oblique, nearly vertical; teeth
in jaws small, sharp pointed; lips rather thin; mandible large, slightly projecting; eye. small, high,

Plate 63

Antennarius laysanius Jordan & Snyder. Type.

Plate 64

<y>

Antennarius drombus Jordan & Evermann. Type

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

5 ‘21

anterior; nostrils circular, close together, with rounded fleshy rims; side of snout with a convex
groove running from eye toward tip; top of head with groove, the anterior dorsal spine free and
depressible within; second dorsal spine not depressible, very robust, and forming a large hump on
back in front; bait longer than first spine, apparently with undivided filament at extremity and not
reaching to base of second spine; dorsal rays moderately high, base of fin 1.7 in trunk, and last ray
adnate to caudal peduncle by membrane; anal rounded, lower portion adnate to caudal peduncle by
membrane; caudal elongate, rounded; pectoral broad; ventral small, about under end of second dorsal
spine; body rough, pores on head and in lateral line with rough excrescences; no dermal flaps; lateral
line curving down to front of anal fin.

Color in alcohol, pale creamy, or creamy white, the sides marbled with brown; fins more or less
pale; caudal with a dark brown submarginal cross-line and two similar lines close together across
middle of fin; anal with a submarginal brown longitudinal line, a similar median dark brown longi¬
tudinal band; pectoral and ventral with brown margins and base narrowly of same color.

Described from an example taken by Doctor Jenkins, at Honolulu. Four others were taken by
him, 1 by us, and 3 by the Albatross. These are 1 to 1.25 inches long.

Lophius biyiblnis Laevpede, Hist. Nat. l*oiss.. I, 325, 1798, no locality given.

Ctiii'oncctrs tabrrosus Cuvier, Mem. Mas. Hist. Nat., Ill, 1817, 132, Isle of France.

Anletmarius unicornis Bennett, Zool. Journ.. Ill, 1S2S, 371, ;*l. 9, fig. 1, Madagascar.

Chironcctcs rcUculuhis Eycloux X Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, I’oiss., iso, pi. 5, iig. 2, 1811, Sandwich Islands.

Antennarius tiibs'-osus. Ble'eker, Nat. Tyds. Ned. Ind . XVI, 1858, 210.

Anlennariusbiirilibus , Gunther, Cat., Ill, 199, 1861 (Madagascar); Gunther, Fische der Siidsee, V, 165, taf. CV, fig. B. 1876
(Paumotu, Sandwich, and Huahuie islands); Jenkins, Bull. U. S. Fish. Comm., XXII, 1902 (Sept. 23, 1903), 511 (Hono¬
lulu); Snyder, op. cit. (Jail. 19, 1904), 537 (Honolulu).

436. Antennarius drombus Jordan & Evermann. Plate 64.

Head (to end of opercle) 2.5 in length; depth 1.75; eye 5 in head; snout 4; width of mouth 2; I).
i -i-12; A. 7; P. 12; V. 5.

Body very deep, compressed1, back elevated; head deep, with blunt conic profile in front, some¬
what oblique above; snout broad, obtuse, surface uneven; mouth broad, large, nearly vertical; maxil¬
lary concealed under skin, reaching below anterior part of eye; lips fleshy; teeth in jaws minute, in
narrow bands; teeth on palatines rather large, sharp-pointed, none on vomer; tongue broad, thick;
mandible large, with fleshy knob at symphysis, projecting; nostrils circular, well separated, with
rounded fleshy rims; interorbital space convex, roughened; top of head with rather large concave pit;
eye high, anterior; bait rather short, only reaching a little beyond first spine, with fleshy caruncle at
extremity; dorsal spines short, first free, rough, depressible in pit on top of itead; second dorsal spine
twice length of first, equal to width of mouth, depressible, and united with skin of back to its tip; pos¬
terior dorsal rays longest, and the last, like that of anal, united to caudal peduncle by a membrane;
anal similar, rounded, elongate, 1.5 in bead; pectoral broad; ventral small, rounded; caudal peduncle
small, compressed, its depth equal to interorbital space; body rather rough, mucous pores on head and
in lateral line with excrescences; side of body with many pointed cutaneous flans; second dorsal spine
and first dorsal ray very rough, also with cutaneous flaps; lateral line very convex, running down
toward middle of base of anal.

Color in alcohol, pale plumbeous gray, more or less spotted or mottled with darker; belly and lower
surface rather pale, the spots distinct; fins all more or less pale with dark spots, some at basal portions
of dorsal and anal darker; iris blackish with radiating lines of golden.

The above description is from the type, No. 50659, U. 8. N. M. (field No. 541 ), taken at Waikiki,
near Honolulu.

Another example ( field No. 539) shows some differences : Head (to end of opercle) 2.5 in length ;
depth 1.7; eve3 in head; maxillary 1.8; width of mouth 1.7; interorbital 3.7; D. i— t— 1 2; A. 7; I‘. 12; V. 5.

Body very deep, compressed, back elevated; head deep, gibbous, with blunt conic profile in front,
somewhat oblique above; snout broad, obtuse, short, surface uneven; mouth large, obliquely vertical;
maxillary large, reaching a little beyond front portion of eye; lips fleshy; teeth in jaws minute, sharp,
in bands; teeth on roof of mouth large, sharp-pointed; tongue large, broad, thick; mandible large,
with knob at symphysis, projecting; nostrils well separated, close to end of snout, each with elevated
fleshy rims, the anterior higher; interorbital space broad, elevated, uneven; top of head with rather
large pit; eye high, anterior; bait short, reaching tip of first dorsal spine, with caruncle at extremity;

522

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

dorsal spines short, depressible; first dorsal spine half length of second, free, depressible in pit on top
of head; second dorsal spine large, joined by skin to its tip; dorsal rays of about equal height, seventh
1.3 in heat I, and the last, like lower portion of last anal ray, adnate to caudal peduncle by a membrane;
anal rounded; caudal elongate, rounded; pectoral broad; ventral small; body rather rough, mucous
pores on head and lateral line with excrescences; many cutaneous flaps along the lateral line and
anterior region of dorsal; lateral line convex, running down to above middle of anal.

Color in alcohol, dark gray-brown; edges of vertical fins whitish, the pale border rather broad
anti very distinct along posterior, dorsal, anal, and caudal rays; side with about 6 large round blackish
spots; caudal with some pale or indistinct mottlings; pectoral and ventral with rather broad margins,
median portion dusky; iris more or less silvery.

.1. drombus seems most nearly related to A. nummifer Cuvier & Valenciennes, originally described
from Malabar. Probably the specimens from the South Seas referred to the latter belong rather
to A. drombus. A. nummifer is said to be red in color with dark spots, and, as figured by Doctor Day,
differs in several respects from A. drombus. Both these species differ from .1. commersonii, and its
numerous allies or variants (A. niger, A. leprosus , A. rubrofuscus, and A. sandvicemis from Hawaii) in
the shortness of the first dorsal spine or fishing rod. This is scarcely longer than the second spine
in A. drombus, but in A. commersonii it is twice as long.

Our collections contain but 2 examples of this species, the type, No. 50659, U. S. N. M. (field No.
541), and cotype, No. 7472, Stanford Univ. Mus. (field No. 539), both taken on the reef at Waikiki,
near Honolulu. This species is also known from Samoa, where it was obtained by Jordan and Kellogg.
Ant cnnar ius drombus Jordan tfc Everinann, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (April 11, 1903), 207, Honolulu.

437. Antennarius duescus Snyder. Plate 65, fig. 2.

Head, body, and fins, except the edges of the latter, covered with bifid and trifid prickles; small
dermal filaments scattered here and there, a conspicuous one, somewhat longer than diameter of eye,
above and a little behind base of pectoral; gill-opening small, circular, located far back, half way
between axil of pectoral and anal opening; “bait” slender and hair-like, the length equal to depth of
caudal peduncle, the fleshy tip a flat, folded membrane with minute tentacles; first dorsal spine seated
close to “bait,” slender, without a membrane, its shaft covered with minute granules, the tip with a
small, fleshy knob, slightly shorter than the “bait,” not quite reaching base of second when depressed;
second spine strong, curved backward, its length equal to distance between gill-opening and anus,
capable of free movement up to a vertical position, the posterior membrane fleshy; dorsal rays 12, the
highest contained 3 times in base of fin; fin extending far posteriorly, the length of the free caudal
peduncle equal to diameter of pupil; anal rays 7, equal in length to those of the dorsal; caudal rounded
posteriorly, its length contained 3.5 times in head and body.

Color in spirits, pale brick red, the dorsal, anal, and caudal darker on the edges; rayed portion
of pectorals and centrals gray below, dusky above; head and body sparsely clouded and spotted with
dusky and gray; a large, irregular crossband on chin, extending upward a little beyond mouth; a
dusky cloud above pectoral; a large, gray spot, bordered with dusky, on the head between snout and
pectoral; a small, ocellated gray spot below the latter, and a similar one on body midway between
gill-opening and dorsal fin; caudal peduncle with a narrow, vertical, gray band bordered with dusky;
mouth immaculate within; prickles white.

In life, purplish lilac throughout (the color of the algfe brought up in the trawl), save for a few
pinkish spots and the tips of pectorals and ventrals, which were whitish.

Described from type, No. 50884, U. S. Nat. Mus., 1.8 inches long. A smaller specimen, 0.75 of an
inch long, cotype, No. 7736, Stanford Univ. Mus., differs from type only in size; in life it was light
bronze colored on upper parts, yellowish bronze below, a wide pinkish crescent on upper part of
opercles. Station 3872, between Maui and Lanai, depth 32 to 43 fathoms. Another specimen, 0.75 of an
inch long, is from station 4128, vicinity of Kauai, depth 75 fathoms; the body is brownish black except
on the nape, where there is a small cloud of reddish color; fins narrowly edged with red.

The species is distinguished by the following set of characters: First and second dorsal spines with
thickened fleshy tips; dorsal and anal extending far posteriorly, length of free caudal peduncle equal
to diameter of pupil; gill-opening located midway between axil of pectoral and the anal opening.

Antennarius duesczis Snyder, Bull. Li. S. Fish Comm., XXII, 1902 (Jan. 19, 1904), 537, pi. 13, tig. 21, Albatross Station 3872,
between Maui and Lanai.

BULL. U. S. F. C. 1903

PLATE 65

1 ANTENNARIUS NEXILIS SNYDER

2. ANTENNARIUS DUESCUS SNYDER.

A. HOEN * CO., LITH

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

523

438. Antennarius nexilis Snyder. Plate 65, fig. 1.

“Bait” short, equal in length to longitudinal diameter of eye, the fleshy tentacle half as long as
the rod, with 7 filaments. First spine curved backward, its length equal to 1.5 times the longitudinal
diameter of eye; when depressed, the tip not reaching over half way between its base and the base of
second spine, no membrane connecting posterior part of spine with the head; second dorsal spine equal
in length to distance between its base and tip of snout, very closely bound down throughout its length
to the back, the tip with a movable joint; soft dorsal with 1 2 rays, the middle ones equal in height
to distance between tip of snout and base of third spine; fin extending posteriorly to bases of caudal
rays; anal rays 7, equal in length to the dorsal rays; edge of tin rounded, extending posteriorly as
far as the dorsal; caudal rounded posteriorly, 3.5 in the length; pectoral rays 12.

Body and fins covered with granules and prickles, the latter usually bifid or trifid, many of them
having fleshy tentacles; a lateral line of pores begins on snout, passes over eye, curves downward to
a level with lower margin of eye, extends backward to a point below base of second or third dorsal
ray, then bends downward and backward to a point above the origin of anal, from which it runs
backward to lower edge of, base of caudal; another line of conspicuous pores extends from the chin
downward, curving far below the mouth, then upward, joining the lateral line behind the eye; other
large pores are present on the chin- and head.

Color gray, with duksv spots and clouds, large and close together on the dorsal parts of body; eye
with radiating dark and light elongate spots; a large, irregular, reddish orange spot on the nape; a few
small spots of same color on snout and face; fins closely covered with black spots a little larger than
the pupil, the membranes of the fins near their edges white; pectorals and ventrals white and almost
without spots on ventral sides; inside of mouth without dark color.

The- description is from the type, No. 50883, I ", S. Nat. Mus., taken at Honolulu. In another
example, cotype, 7735, Stanford Univ. Mus., the upper parts of the head and body are almost covered
with reddish clouds, t he tint more intense anteriorly. First spine 1 .33 times as long as diameter of eye.
Antennarius niA'ilis Snyder, Bull. U. s. Fish Comm., XXII. 1901! (Jan. 19, 1904), 537, pi. 13, fig. 93, Honolulu.

Genus 266. CHAUNAX Lowe.

Head very large, depressed cuboid; mouth large, subvertical, jaws and palate with bands of small
teeth; skin with small, sharp spines; spinous dorsal reduced to a small tentacle above the snout,
retractile into a groove; soft dorsal moderate, low; anal short; ventrals small; gills 2.1; no pseudo-
brahehiaa; muciferous channels very conspicuous; lateral line prominent, undulate; another series of
mucuous tubes extending from lower jaws to axil, and still another backward from snout and maxillary
to a point behind eye, where it ceases, uniting with a vertical line which extends from the lateral line
to the lower line; these lines thus inclose a quadrate area on the cheek; gill-openings small, well
behind pectoral under front of soft dorsal.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

Chaunax Lowe, Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond., Ill, 1S46, 339 (piclus).

Family CY1I1. CERATIIlbE. — The Sea-Devils.

Head and body compressed; mouth terminal, more or less oblique; gill-openings small, in the
lower part of the axils; no pseudobranchias; spinous dorsal represented by one or more tentacles;
pectoral members not geniculated, with short pseudobrachia and 3 actinosts; no ventral fins; fishes
of the open seas, usually inhabiting considerable depths; uniform blackish in color.

The single Hawaiian genus and species of this family are fully described in Section II.

Family C 1 \ . OGCOCEPHALID.dl — The Bat-Fishes.

Head very broad and depressed, the snout more or less elevated, the trunk short and slender.
Mouth not large, subterminal or inferior, the lower jaw included; teeth villiform or cardiform. Gill-
openings very small, above and behind the axils of the pectoral fins. Body and head covered with
bony tubercles or spines. Spinous dorsal reduced to a small rostral tentacle, which is retractile into a
cavity under a prominent process on the forehead; in one genus the rostral tentacle is obsolete; soft

524

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

dorsal and anal fins small and short; ventrals well developed; pectoral fins well developed, the base
strongly angled, with long pseudobrachia and 3 aetinosts. Branchiostegals 5, no pseudobranchise.

a. Disk with the frontal region elevated, and the snout more or less produced forward; the tail stout; orbits lateral , teeth

. on vomer and palatines; rostral tentacle present . Malthopsis, p. 524

act. Disk with the frontal region depressed, not elevated above the rest; eyes partly superior; snout rounded, obtuse in
front; tail slender.

c. Disk subcircular; gills 2p mouth rather large, subvertical; prickles rather strong . llalieutiea, p. 525

cc. Disk subtriangular; gills 2; prickles very strong . Dibvanchus, p. 525

Genus 267. MALTHOPSIS Alcock.

Resembling Ogcocephalus, but having only 2 gills on each side instead of 2.5. (Goode & Bean.)
Malthopsis Alcock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1891,26 (luteus).

439. Malthopsis mitriger Gilbert A Cramer. Fig. 229.

Branchiostegals 4; D. I, 4 or 5; A. 4; P. 14; V. I, 5; pores of lateral line behind disk 9.

Disk strongly depressed, triangular, its greatest width (exclusive of the posterior lateral projec¬
tions) 1.66 in length of body exclusive of caudal, its depth about 4; body behind disk tapering nearly
uniformly; body nearly everywhere covered with radially striated tubercular plates; gular region and

W.vA-ti' ~

* --

Fig. 229. — Malthopsis mitriger Gilbert & Cramer; from the type.

branchiostegal membranes naked; vent in center of a naked, somewhat elliptical basin surrounded by
a ridge of tubercles; a shallow pit behind base of ventrals; head vertical in front; the tentacular pit
t riangular, higher than wide, its upper angle on level with upper edge of pupil, the pit surmounted by
a large conical median tubercle projecting upward and slightly forward, the length about 2 in orbit;
at each side of this tubercle a smaller one projecting upward and outward; the club-shaped tentacle
when extended not quite reaching front of upper jaw; eyes large, the orbits strongly convergent, dis¬
tance between their anterior edges 2.5 in distance between their posterior edges; mouth somewhat
oblique; bands of very minute teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines; width of mouth and diameter of
orbit about equal; gills 2 on each side, only a narrow membrane on first arch; gillrakers minute; sub-
opercular spine ilat, long, extending laterally and armed at tip with 2 to 5 small spinelets; pectoral
about 4.5 in length of body, the rays very close-set; ventrals about 7 and caudal 6 in length of body;
vertical fins weak. Color in alcohol, body and all the fins pale yellowish'; peritoneum dusky. In
water of moderate depths about the Hawaiian Islands.

Malthopsis mitriger Gilbert & Cramer, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897 (Feb. 5, 1897), 434, pi. xi.vnr, figs. 1, 2, Albatross
Sta. 3467, 3472, or 3476 (type, No. 47700 U. S. N. M.).

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

525

Genus 268. HALIEUTJEA Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Head very large, broad, depressed, its outline nearly circular; cleft of mouth wide, horizontal;
jaws with small cardiform teeth; no teeth on vomer or palatines; skin everywhere covered with small
stellate spines; forehead with a transverse bony ridge, beneath which is a tentacle, retractile into a
cavity, the only rudiment of the spinous dorsal tin; soft dorsal and anal very short, far back; gills 21,
the anterior gill-arch without laminae. Branchiostegals 5; vertebrae 17. Pacific Ocean.

The single Hawaiian species of this genus is fully described in Section II.

HalieuLva Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss., XII, 45o, 1S37 ( &t eliding ).

Genus 269. DIBRANCHTJS Peters.

Head merged in body, very large, much depressed, forming a broadly ovate disk, with margin
laterally prolonged; cranial portion not elevated; the interorbital area low, narrow, with orbits partly
superior; supraoral cavity large, protected above by a transverse bony ridge; mouth terminal, hori¬
zontal, wide; lower jaw convex; teeth in cardiform bands, none on vomer or palatines; gills 2, no gill-
rakers, gill-openings small, anterior to pectorals; rostral tentacle retractile, trilobate at tip; skin with
numerous strong stellate spines above and below, those at margins of disk especially strong, 3-pointed.
Distinguished from related genera by the reduction of the gills to 2 pairs.

The 2 Hawaiian species of this genus are fully described in Section II.

Dibranchus Peters. Monatsber. Kon. Ak. Wiss. Berlin, 1876, 736 ( aUanticus ).

INTRODUCTION OT ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

The fresh waters of the Hawaiian Islands are too limited to justify extensive
experiments in acclimatization. The streams are necessarily short, and during the
rainy season they become raging torrents, while in the dry season they are either
totally dry or else a series of stagnant pools. The principal streams are on Kauai,
Oahu, and Hawaii. The only native fishes in the streams are species of gobies,
known collectively as oopu, which have some value as food, but which are not highly
esteemed. Opae, or shrimp, are also abundant.

The waters among and adjacent to the islands teem with fishes and other deni¬
zens of the sea, however, but in spite of this fact numerous efforts have been made
to introduce additional species.

Black l>asx. — During the summer of 1897 a number of the citizens of Hilo pro
cured a shipment of black bass from the California Fish Commission. In October 90
of them (about 6 inches in length) were shipped from San Fiancisco on a sailing packet,
and 55 were living when the vessel arrived at Hilo. Through some oversight they
remained on board several days, 3-1 of them dying in the meantime. The remaining
21 were at last planted in the Wailuke River near Rainbow Falls, but the next da}T
there was a heavy freshet in the river, and as the fish were never seen again it is
supposed they were unable to resist the torrent and were swept out to sea and
destroyed.

The large-mouthed black bass would probably thrive in the fresh-water ponds,
and as these waters are filled with shrimp there would be an abundant food supply for
them, and the temperature and other conditions would seem to be fairly favorable.

Carp ( Cyprinus carpio) were introduced some years ago, and are now found on
the islands of Maui and Kauai. On the former they are quite common in the irri¬
gation reservoirs and ditches near Wailuke, where they were first planted, but are
not often sold, as owing to their muddy flavor they are popular only with the Jap¬
anese and Chinese, who catch and eat them. On Kauai they are found in irrigation
ditches and in a few of the fish ponds, and are sold principally to the Japanese and
Chinese.

Cat-fisli. — About 10 years ago the late Charles Arnold, of Hilo, introduced the
common bullhead (Amdurw nebulosus), which he secured from California and placed
in various ponds near Hilo, but none has ever been seen since. Another species of
catfish (Clarias magur) was introduced from China a few years ago and is now occa¬
sionally found in the fresh waters near Honolulu.

China-fish {Oplucepluilus striatus). — This species, brought by the Chinese from
China, is now fairly common in the vicinity of Honolulu. It is commonly found in
the irrigation ditches and fresh water ponds and generally sold alive to the Chinese.

r> 27

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

>28

Gold-fish ( Catmmm auratus). — These fish were introduced originally from China,
Imt there is no record as to the date. As early as 1867 shipments were being made
to San Francisco. They are raised principally in the irrigation ditches around Hono¬
lulu, hut a few are also found on the larger of the other islands, especially on Maui,
near Wailuke. They are sold alive in the market, and are eaten mainly by the Chinese
and Japanese.

Salmon. — In 1876 some salmon and trout eggs wire sent to Honolulu by the
California Fish Commission in exchange for 100 awas, which it was designed to plant
in California waters. There is no record of the outcome of the experiment.

Tmut. The first attempt to introduce trout was that above mentioned, in 1876.
In 1894 a consignment of 1.000 brook trout [Salve! I nus font! val is) was secured from
the California Fish Commission and planted in Waiinea River, on Kauai, but the fish
were soon lost sight of. Similarly, nothing was ever seen or heard of a dozen trout
brought to Hilo in 1896 and planted in Wailuke River near Rainbow Falls. As the
streams either dry up entirely in the dry season, or become mere pools, in which the
water gets very warm, they are not suited to trout, which require pure, cold water.

Frogs. — The date of the introduction of frogs is uncertain, but it is known that
some were brought to the islands previous to 1867. During that year a shipment
from California was placed in the fresh waters around Honolulu. In the Honolulu
Pacific Commercial Advertiser, under date of September 4, 1869, appeared the
following item:

Mr. C. P. Ward has imported a few frogs and placed them in a pond at “Sunny South,” his conn
try residence at Pawaa [Oahu], Some years since the agricultural society introduced some, which
were placed in taro patches near Dr. Hillebrand’s residence, and soon disappeared — supposed to have
been killed by the rats.

In October, 1879, a shipment of 6 dozen frogs, brought from Contra Costa
County, Cal., in a barrel with a little water, was landed at Ililo. The frogs were of
two varieties, one dark green and the other mottled, and were planted in various
places around Hilo, where they soon became abundant. In 1909 a few were taken for
marked, and the following year a few were shipped to Honolulu. It is probable that
catching them for market will soon prove remunerative.

Frogs were soon introduced on most of the other islands, and are said to have
greatly assisted in the decrease of sickness among the numerous herds of cattle,
particularly on Kauai, by keeping stagnant pools clean and eating the fluke {Fasciola
/ njiaflru ), a worm which infests the grass and slime in and around the pools. Cattle
and sheep eating the grass swallow the fluke, which works its way into the liver,
sometimes killing the animal. Frogs have also assisted materially in thinning out,
some of the noxious insects.

Terrapin .- A species of terrapin was introduced by the late Charles Arnold, of
Hilo, about 1890. Several individuals have been caught since, but nothing has been
seen or heard of any during the last few years.

Oysters. — Although it had been transplanted to the Pacific coast, it was not at
first supposed that the eastern oyster would stand transportation as far as Honolulu.
An attempt was apparently made in 1871, but without any important results.

In 1883 Mr. Allan Herbert, of Honolulu, purchased 300 eastern oysters at San
Francisco and planted them at Kalihi, but a heavy freshet from the stream covered

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

529

them up. Again, in 1893, the matter was taken up by lion. John F. Colburn, of
Honolulu, who writes as follows regarding his experiments:

In the month of October, 1893, I imported from Mr. M. B. Moraghan, of San Francisco, three
cases of oysters for the purpose of planting. Two of the cases contained about 1,000 Eastern trans¬
planted, and one case contained about 3,000 of the native California. They were brought down on
the steamship Australia , in the ice bouse, and arrived in apparently good order. I at once had them
removed to my pond at Manana Ewa, and planted in a depth ranging from 1 foot to 2 feet of water.

Some three months after I made a thorough search of the different places where I had planted
oysters, and found that the native California were all dead, and of the Eastern transplanted about 50
per cent were still living, though considerably sunk into the soft mud at the bottom of the pond. I
had these taken up and put down again, and some three months afterwards I examined them again
and found they had started to grow; the new shell forming was easily noticeable. I continued my
practice of taking them up at different intervals of time until the early part of 1895, when I was so
elated with the prospect of my success that I made arrangements with Mr. Moraghan to send me down
more Eastern transplanted, with two objects in view: (1) To have fresh eastern oysters to supply the
oyster eaters of our city, and (2) to have them answer for the purpose of seed for propagating.

I imported 38,614 from San Francisco by the steamship Australia, having them come in five differ¬
ent trips of the vessel. About two-thirds were brought down on the open deck in boxes, and were
wet down every morning when decks were being washed down. The balance came in the ice house.
With the former way my loss was more in number, but the latter way was the most expensive. On
deck I could get the oysters landed for about $10 a ton measurement, hut through the icehouse the
charges were 5 cents a pound for freight.

As fast as the oysters would arrive I would have them sent down to my pond and laid out. In a
month or so afterwards they would get very thin and he unfit for the market. However, I allowed
them to recuperate by getting acclimated to the conditions of my pond as well as to the food.

In the latter part of 1895 I discovered young oysters clinging to stones and dead oyster shells. I
have watched them very carefully, and at different intervals of this year I have found more young
ones. Of course, the young are not as many as I would like to see, still I trust that in time I will
be able to boast of a bed of Hawaiian oysters reared from the seed of the American eastern oyster.
From those I have imported I am in a position to furnish to those desiring oysters a mess? of them fresh
from the water. The last, lot has been now about eighteen months in my pond, and are in fine and
fat condition, having grown twice their original size.

Fresh sea water empties into my fish pond through gates, and a large spring of fresh water also
runs into it, thereby making the water a little brackish."

During the last few years very little attention lias been paid to the beds, and
there are but few oysters left on them now, but in 1901 there was considerable agita¬
tion of the subject of oyster planting among some of the leading white and native
citizens, with the prospect that the. industry would be taken up and established on a
paying basis.

DESCRIPTIONS OF PRINCIPAL INTRODUCED SPECIES.

Order NEM ATOGN ATHI. — The Catfishes.

Parietals and supraoccipital confluent ; 4 anterior vertebra: coossified, and with ossicula auditus or
weherian apparatus; no mesopterygium; basis cranii and pterotic bone simple; no coronoid bone;
third superior pharyngeal hone wanting, or small and resting on the fourth; second directed back¬
ward; 1 or 2 pairs of basal branchihyals; 2 pairs of branchihyals; suboperculum wanting, or modified
into the uppermost branchiostegal; mesocoraeoid present; premaxillary forming border of mouth
above, except in one family, Diplomystidae, in which the maxillaries also hear teeth; interclavicals
present; no scales; skin naked or with bony plates.

a Report on the work of the Steamer Albatross, by Lieut. Com. J. F. Moser, U. S. N. Report of Commissioner of Fish
ami Fisheries for 1S97.

F. C. B. 1903—34

530

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

‘ This- division is the nearest ally to the sturgeons (Chondrostei) among Physostomous fishes, and
I imagine that future discoveries will prove that it has been derived from that division by descent.
In the same way the Isospondylous fishes are nearest the Halecomorphi, and have probably descended
from some Crossopterygian, near the Haplistia, through that order. The affinity of the catfishes to
the sturgeons is seen in the absence of symplectic, the rudimentary maxillary bone, and, as observed
by Parker, in the interclavicles. There is a superficial resemblance in the dermal bones.” (Cope.)
This group comprises the Siliiridse and their relatives, now divided into several families by Dr.

Gill.

Two families are represented among the species introduced in Hawaiian waters:

a. Dorsal and anal fins elongate; each of many rays . Clariiikr, p. 530

aa. Dorsal and anal tins much shorter, the former usually of fewer than 10 rays . SUuridse, p. 531

Family CLARIII).£.

Body oblong or elongate, and naked; head depressed, furnished with long barbels; mouth termi¬
nal, teeth viliiiorm or granular; body naked; opercle present; dorsal and anal nearly coextensive
with the caudal portion of the vertebral column; gill-membranes not confluent with the skin of the
isthmus, remaining separate to the chin; dorsal fin uniformly composed of feeble rays, or its posterior
portion modified into an adipose fin; intestine short, arranged in longitudinal folds. Confined to
tropical Africa, Asia, and the East Indies.

Genus CLARIAS (Gronow l Seopoli.

Body oblong, compressed and elongate; head depressed, broad; eye small, with a free, orbital
margin; cleft of mouth transverse, anterior, of moderate width; jaws each with a band of villiform
teeth, and a band of villiform or granular teeth across the vomer; one pair of nasal, one of maxillary
and 2 pairs of mandibulary barbels; upper and lateral parts of head osseous, or covered with only a
very thin skin; dendritic, accessory branchial organ attached to convex side of second and fourth
branchial arches, and received in a cavity behind the gill-cavity proper; dorsal long, extending from
neck to caudal; anal long; pectoral with a pungent spine; ventrals 6-rayed; adipose fin none. Tropical
Africa, Asia, and the East Indies.

Clarias Grnnow. Zoopbyl., 100, 1763 (nonbinomial).

Chbirias Seopoli, In trod. Study Nat. Hist., 1777.

Macropteronotus Lacdpede, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 84, 1803 ( charmnth ).

Clarias fuscus ( Lacepede).

I lead (measuring from tipi of snout to opercle) 5.2; depth 5; D. 64; A. 46; P. i, 9; V. 6; space between
origin of dorsal and occiput 6.3 in the space between the latter and tip of the snout; width of head 1.3
in its length (to end of occiput); interorbital space a little over 2, about 2.17 in head (to end of occi¬
put); width of head 1.3; snout 4.5; pectoral 2.25.

Body oblong, rather short and compressed; head rather small, broad and depressed; snout very
broad, rounded and depressed; eye very small and anterior; mouth broad, nearly terminal, edge of
snout projecting very slightly beyond mandible; lips and lower surface of maxillary barbels strongly
papillose, though the former are rather thin ; barbels all well developed, the longest, which are the
maxillaries, not reaching base of ventrals; all the others at least as long as head; teeth in villiform
bands in jaws and on vomer; anterior nostrils in small tubes near tip of snout, the posterior pair
directly behind base of nasal barbels, with narrow short flaps; interorbital space and top of head
convex; gill-openings broad; fontanelle rather large, the anterior elongate and shaped like a spear¬
head, the point reaching between the eyes; top of head smooth; pores along lateral line some little
distance apart, forming a series slightly decurved, a short distance at first to middle of side and then
straight to base of caudal; origin of dorsal about midway between bases of pectoral and ventral, of
more or less uniform- height and not continuous with caudal; origin of anal a trifle nearer base of
caudal than tip of snout; caudal 1.75 in head to end of occiput! pectoral reaching origin of dorsal or a
trifle beyond, and the spine, which has its outer edge with a number of small dentieulations, two-
thirds the length of the fin; ventrals small, a short distance in front of anal, and reaching quite a little
distance beyond.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

531

Color in alcohol, brown, all the fins more or less dark, and the lower surface of head and belly
pale or soiled whitish; side of body with a number of small and rather indistinct pale round dots
forming 10 or more vertical series and joined below bv a longitudinal series which runs along the
lower part of the trunk.

Described from an example 5.25 inches long, collected at Honolulu, where the species has been
introduced from China, in all probability, by the Chinese.

Maeropteronotus fuscm LacepMe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., V, 88, pi. 2, fijj. 2, 1803, China.

Clartaafmcua, CJiinther, Cat., V, 18, 1864.

Cl arias puUawlx Rk-hard.-on, Voy. Sulp.. Fish., 135, pi. 62, figs. 5 and 6. 1844-5.

Family SILURID.fi. — The True Catfishes.

Body more or less elongate, naked or covered with bony plates; no true scales; anterior part of
head with 2 or more barbels, the base of the longest pair formed by the small or rudimentary maxil¬
lary; margin of upper jaw formed by premaxillar-ies only; subopercle absent; opercle present; dorsal
fin usually present, short, above or in front of the ventrals; adipose tin usually present; anterior rays
of dorsal and pectoral usually spinous; air-bladder usually present, large, and connected with the
organ of hearing by means of the auditory ossicles; lower pharyngeals separate.

After the removal of numerous aberrant forms as distinct families, the family of Siluridx contains
more than 100 genera and upward of 900 species. Most of them are fresh-water fishes, inhabiting the
rivers of warm regions, particularly South America, North America, and Africa; comparatively few
are marine and these few are mostly tropical; especially characteristic of the Amazon region in South
America. No fish of this family is native to the Hawaiian Islands; the only species now occurring
there was introduced from the United States.

Thesiluroid recorded from the Hawaiian Islands byGiinther under the name of Arius ilim/cephuhis
(Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., V, 157, 1864), belongs to the genus Galeichthys ( Hemnematichthys ) and doubtless
came from Panama.

Genus AMEIURtJS Ratinesque.

Body moderately elongated, robust anteriorly, the caudal peduncle much compressed; head large,
wide; supraoccipital extending backward, terminating in a more or less acute point, which is entirely'
separate from the second interspinal buckler; skin covering the bones thick; eyes rather small, but
developed; mouth large, the upper jaw in most species the longer; teeth in broad bands on the pre¬
max diaries and dentaries; band of upper jaw' convex in front, of equal breadth, and without backward
prolongation at the angle; dorsal between the pectorals and ventrals higher than long, with a pungent
spine and about 6 branched rays; adipose fin short, inserted over the posterior half of the anal; anal
fin of varying length, with 15 to 35 rayg, the usual number being 20 or 21; caudal fin short, truncate
in typical species, more or less forked in those species which approach the genus Ictalurus; ventrals
each with one simple and 7 branched rays; pectoral fins each with a stout spine w'hich is commonly
retorse-serrate behind; lateral line usually incomplete. Species very numerous, swarming in every
pond and sluggish stream in the eastern United States; especially characteristic of quiet waters.

Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur). Common Bullhead.

Head 3.7 in length; depth 5; eye 7.5 in head; snout 3; D. i, 7; A. 20, its base 5 in body.

Body elongate, tapering posteriorly; head broad; eye small; mouth large, lower jaw included;
maxillary barbel reaching base of pectoral; humeral process nearly equaling snout; least depth of
caudal peduncle equal to snout; origin of dorsal fin midway between tip of snout and adipose fin.

Color in alcohol, dark above, mottled on sides, pale below; barbels all dark; dorsal dark; caudal,
anal, pectorals, and ventrals paler.

Description from a specimen 1.3 inches long, taken in a rice ditch at Honolulu. Other specimens
are in the collection made by Doctor Jenkins.

This is the common bullhead, so abundant and generally' distributed throughout the eastern United
States in lakes, ponds, and sluggish streams, from the Great Lakes to Texas and Florida and east to
Maine. Some years ago it was introduced into the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Gila rivers and other

532

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

waters of the Pacific coast of the United States, and from California into the Hawaiian Islands, where
it is now a common fish in the ponds, rice ditches, and more sluggish streams on Oahn and Hawaii.
Pimdod, ws nrbiilosux Le Sueur, Mem. Hist. Nat. Paris. V, 119, 1819, Lake Ontario.

Amittrus ndmtnms. Gill, Proc. Best. Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, lstil, 14; .Ionian <fc Evermann, Fishes North A Mid. Arner., 1, 11U,
1896.

Order EVENTOGN ATHI. — The Carps.

Plectospondvlous fishes with the lower pharyngeal falciform, parallel with the gill-arches; 2 upper
pharyngeal bones; brain-case produced between orbits; jaws without teeth; dorsal fin present; no
adipose fin; ventrals abdominal; gill-openings restricted, the gill-membranes attached to the isthmus.
Streams and lakes of North America, Europe, and .Asia, the species excessively numerous.

Famil) CVPK1NID/E. The Carps.

Cvprinoid fishes with the margin of the upper jaw formed by the premaxillaries alone and the
upper pharyngeal bones well developed, falciform, nearly parallel with the gill-arches, each provided
with 1 to 3 series of teeth in small number, 4 to 7 in the main row, and a smaller number in the
others, if more are present; head naked; body scaly except in a few genera; barbels 2 or 4, or absent;
belly usually rounded, rarely compressed, never serrated; gill-openings moderate, the membrane
broadly joined to the isthmus; branchiostegals always 3; gills 4, a slit behind the fourth;
pseudobranchia; usually present; no adipose fin; dorsal fin short or elongate; ventral fins abdominal;
air-bladder usually large, commonly divided into an anterior and a posterior lobe, not inclosed in a
bonv capsule, rarely wanting; stomach without appendages, appearing as a simple enlargement of the
intestines. Fishes mostly of moderate or small size, inhabiting the fresh waters of the Old World and
of North America.

Genus CARASSIUS Nilsson.

Body oblong, compressed and elevated; mouth terminal, without barbels; teeth 4-4, molar but
not compressed; scales large; lateral line continuous; dorsal fin very long, with the third ra.v
developed into a stout spine, which is serrated behind; anal short, with a similar spine; ventrals well
forward. Large fishes of the fresh waters of Europe and America.

t'arassius Nilsson, Prodromus Ichthy. Sound., 1832 (car ass ins i .

Carassius auratus (Linmeus). Goldfish.

D. ii, 18; A. ii, 7; scales 26; teeth 4-4.

Body stout, covered with large scales; dorsal and anal fins with the spines strong, coarsely serrated.
Coloration olivaceous, usually orange, or variegated in domestication. Length 12 inches. China and
Japan, and introduced into the Hawaiian Islands.

We have specimens from Honolulu, Heeia, a stream at Moanalua, and Kilihi Creek. The variat ions
are innumerable.

Ci/prinus auratus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., Ed. X, 322, 1758, China; Japan.

Carassius auratus, Gunther, Cat., N il, 32, 18<>S.

Family OPHICEPHALIIhE.

Body elongate, anteriorly subcylindrical, covered with scales of moderate size; head depressed,
covered with shield-like, scales superiorly; lateral line with an abrupt cm ve, or subinterrupted; cleft
of the mouth lateral, wide; teeth in the jaws and on the palate; eyes lateral; gill-opening wide, the gill-
membranes of both sides joined below the isthmus; 4 gills; pseudobranchue none; a cavity accessory
to the gill-cavitv for the purpose of retaining water, a superbranchial organ not being developed; air-
bladder present; one long dorsal and an anal fin, without spines; ventral fins absent, or thoracic,
and composed of 6 rays, the outer of which is not branched ; vertebra' in considerable number (52-61 ) ;
the caudal vertebra; are provided with ribs, the abdominal cavity being continued to below the caudal
portion.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

533

Genus OPHICEPHALTJS Bloch.

Ventral tins present; pyloric appendages 2; fine teeth in the jaws, on the vomer and the palatine
bones, sometimes intermixed with larger ones,

Fresh waters of the East Indies; one species introduced into the Hawaiian Islands.

Ophicephalus striatus Bloch.

Head 3 in length; depth 4.5; eve S.5 in head; snout 5.9; J> 42; A. 29; scales 7-59-12.

Body oblong, compressed posteriorly; head long, rather pointed; profile concurrent over eyes;
mouth slightly oblique; lower jaw thick, slightly projecting; small teeth on outer edge of jaws; larger
canine-like teeth in a single row and set wide apart, on inner side of each jaw; vomer with small teeth;
dorsal long, its anterior base slightly behind base of pectorals, length of rays increasing posteriorly;
caudal rounded; anal similar to dorsal, but not so long; tips of pectoral and ventrals nearly on same
line; lateral line descending, one row of scales just posterior to vent.

Color in alcohol, dark brownish or blackish above, becoming marbled and mottled with whitish
on side; top of head (.lark grayish; side of head lighter, with a broad gray bar from eye to opercular
opening, bounded above and below by somewhat narrower black bars; under parts of head mottled
with white and dark; middle of side with an irregular light longitudinal line, below which is a series
of large, irregular black spots; lower part of side and belly pale, with irregular oblong black markings;
caudal peduncle with a narrow black bar at base of caudal fin; vertical fins mottled with white and
grayish; other fins pale.

This description from a specimen (No. 03585) 13 inches long, taken at Honolulu, where the species
was introduced doubtless from Borneo.

Our collection from Honolulu contains 10 specimens, ranging in length from 6.2 to 10.5 inches.
OphicepUalvs strialus Bloch. Ichthyologic, VII, MI, 1793, Malabar.

Ophicephalus wrahl LacCpCde, Hist. Nat. Poiss., III. 552, 1S01, Coromandel ; Tranquebar.

Ophiocephalus chcna Hamilton- Buchanan, Fishes of the Ganges, (12, 357, 1822, Goyalpara, India.

FISHES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

535

ADDENDA.

Page 197. After line 17 insert:

150a. Caranx thompsoni Seale, new species.

Depth :i.75 in length: head 3.55; free part of eye 2 in snout; a wide adipose membrane covering
posterior part of eye and extending to pupil; snout to tip qf upper jaw equal to interorbital, 3.55 in
head; D. i-m-i-n, i, 21; an imbedded spine directed forward in front of dorsal fin, followed by 3
prominent spines connected by web, the second of these longest, 3.50 in head, the fourth short, 2 in
pupil and separated from the third spine by a distance greater than eye; posterior to this are 2 small
imbedded spines not showing above the groove. A. ii-i, 16, the second spine much the largest, the
first small and fitting by the side of the larger spine; scales minute; 32 modified scutes on posterior
half of body; lateral line curved to under the seventh dorsal ray, the curved portion 1.45 in straight
part.

Body rather slender, compressed, not deep; head compressed, conical, the lower jaw the longer
and ending in a rather sharp point; maxillary reaching to below posterior part of eye, its distal end
wide, 1.20 in eye, the supplemental bone 3 in distal width; lower jaw with a single row of small
curved canine-like teeth; upper jaw with an outer row of small conical teeth, inside of which is a
double row of fine teeth; broad bands of villiform teeth on vomer, and 3 patches of villiform teeth on
tongue; preoperele not denticulate; branchiostegals in 2 sets, the lower of 3 and the upper of 4 rays;
nostrils 2 on each side, close together, the upper the larger, oval in shape; anal and dorsal fins similar,
of equal height and ending posteriorly on a line; no detached rays; origin of anal over fifth dorsal ray;
base of anal 3 in length of fish without caudal, its height 1.90 in head; pectoral falcate, 3.30 in length,
reaching to below tenth dorsal ray; distance from base of caudal to base of dorsal equal to snout;
origin of ventrals slightly posterior to base of pectoral; ventrals equal to snout; caudal well forked,
the lobes equal.

Color in life, dull drab brown, the back with a wash of pea-green, the belly lighter with a wash
of yellowish.

In spirits the color is dull brownish, lighter below, top of head olive brown; dorsal dull bluish
white, with darker splotches at base between the webs, rays also slightly darker, the fin with a fine
tip of blackish; anal a lighter bluish white, splotched anteriorly with dusky; axil and base of pectoral
earth brown, the inner color of the fin the same, the outer coloring and the tip yellowish; caudal
dusky.

Only one specimen known; length 33.50 inches; type, No. 3358, Bishop Museum.

Named for John W. Thompson, artist to the Bishop Museum.

Page 506. After line 9 insert:

423a. Fierasfer homei (Richardson).

Head 7.5 to 8 in total length, its width 2 in its length; gill-openings of moderate width, the united
gill-membranes leaving one-half of the isthmus uncovered; vent a little in advance of the vertical from
the root of the pectoral; teeth small, cardiform, 2 larger ones anteriorly in the upper jaw and on
the vomer; an outer series of stronger teeth alongside of lower jaw; dorsal fin very low, but distinct;
color yellowish, with some scattered darker dots on back. (Gunther.)

A very large specimen, with faint dark cross-bands, found by Walter K. Fisher in the cloacal
opening of Stichopus godeffroyi, a holothurian obtained by the Albatross at Honolulu.

Oxflbdcs homei Richardson, Voy. Erebus and Terror. Fishes 7-1, pi. 44. figs. 7 to Is. 1847, Tasmania.

Oxybeles branded i Bleeker. Verh. Botav. Genovtsch.. XXIV, 24.

Fierasfer homei, Kaup, Apodes, 158, 1856; Gunther, Cat., IV, 382, 1862 (Tasmania: Amboyna: Fiji Islands).

KISH ES OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

537

INDEX TO NATIVE NAMES OF HAWAIIAN FISHES.

I ho popular or common names by which the, fishes of Hawaii arc known to the
fishermen are naturally the native Kanaka or Hawaiian names. Very few English
or other common names have as yet come info use. The total number of names in
actual use is far fewer than the number of species, due to the fact that many of the
names are generic in their application, the same name being applied to several
different species.

In the following index are given all those native names which we have been
able to identify certainly with definite species. Following each native name is the
scientific name of the species to which it is applied. The list serves, therefore, not
only as an index to the common names used in the body of this report, but also as a
table for the determination of the equivalent scientific name.

For the verification of the spelling of these native names we are greatly indebted
to Lieut. V illiam E. Salford, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture. Mr. Salford's cruises in the Pacific and residence in Guam gave him
a familiarity with Polynesian languages which has enabled him to give us very
valuable assistance in connection with this list.

A’ alaihi, Thalassoma duperrey .

| Lepidaplois albotseniatus .

A awa . | Lepidaplois straphodes .

^haAha jTylosurus giganteus .

. [Athlennes hians .

Ahi, Germo germo .

Ah61eh61e, Kuhliamalo .

Ahuula, Callyodon ahula . .

Akilolo, GomphOsus varius .

Aku, Gymnosarda pelamis .

Akule, Traehurops crumenopthalma .

Alaihi, Holocentrus xantherythrus and other species of Holocentrus

Alaihi kalaloa, Holocentrus diadema .

,, . (Priacanthus alalaua .

I Priacanthus cruentatus (young) .

Alalauwa, I’riacanthus alalaua .

Aleihi lakea, Pseudocheilinus octotaenia .

Ama-ama, Mugil cephalus .

Amuka, Carangus affinis .

Apahu, Ranzania makua .

A’u, Xiphias gladius .

Auau, Tylosurus giganteus .

Awa, Chanos chanos .

Awa-awa, Chanos chanos .

Awa kalamoku, Chanos chanos .

a wcio /Thalassoma purpureum (small) .

. iThalassoma fuscum .

Aweoweo, Priacanthus cruentatus .

Halalalu, Traehurops crumenophthalma .

Hapii’u pii’u, Epinephelus quernus .

Hauliuli puhi, Lemnisoma serpens .

Page.

. 302

278
280
124
. 125

174
207
351
. 289

. 187

158, 104
l 59
228
229

317

139

195

440

108

124

295

299

229

187

223

179

538

INDEX TO NATIVE NAMES OF HAWAIIAN FISHES.

. rMobula japomca...

Hihim&mi . ,

IStoasodon nannan.

^iln jAnampses cuvier . .

u nl is eydouxii .

Humuhumu nukunuku apua’a .

Iheihe .

Hilu lamvili, Julislepomis .

Hilu pilikoa, Paracirrhites forsteri .

Hinalea aki-lolo, Macropharyngodon geoffroy .

Hinalea iiwi, Gomphosus tricolor . .

Hinalea lamvili, Thalassoma duperrey .

Hinalea lol6, Julis puleherrima .

Hinalea luahine, Thalassoma ballieui .

Hinana, Young of the 06pu . .

Hou, Thalassoma purpureum (large) .

Humuhumu eleele, Melichthys radula .

Humuhumu hiukole, Balistes vidua .

Humuhumu lei, Balistes bursa .

Humuhumu mimi, Balistes capistratus .

rBalistapus aculeatus. . . .

. iBalistapus rectangulus .

Humuhumu uli, Balistes vidua . .

/Hemiramphus depauperatus .

' \ Kuleptorhamphus longirostris .

Kahdla opio, Seriola sparna .

KahiHa, Seriola purpurascens .

K&ku, Sphyrsena snodgrassi .

ICala, Acanthurus unicornis .

Kalalolo, Acanthurus brevirostris .

Kale, Ctenochsetus striatus . .

K&wak&wa, Gymnosarda alletterata .

Kawalea, Sphyrsena helleri .

Kawelea, Traehinocephalus myops .

Keke, Tetraodon hispidus .

Kihikihi . fundus canescens .

IZebrasoma veliferum .

[ChfEtodon lunula .

, Chaitodon ornatissimus . .

Kikakapu . 4 , , .

Chaetodon unimaculatus .

Icheilodactylus vittatus .

Koti’e, Bowersia ulaula .

Kumu, Pseudupeneus porphyreus . .

Kupipi, Abudefduf sordidus . . .

Kup6up6u, Cheilio inermis .

Lae, Seomberoides tolooparah .

Laipala, Zebrasoma flaveseens .

Lao, Halichceres lao .

Lauia, Callyodon lauia .

Lolo, Julis gaimard .

Lolo-oau, Cephalacanthus orientalis .

Loulu, Alutera monoceros . ! .

Mahihi, Coryphoena hippurus .

Mahimi'ihi, Coryphiena hippurus .

Mairi /Hepatus elongatus .

"• Hepatus matoides . . .

Maiko, Hepatus atramentatus .

Maikoiko . (Hepatus atramentatus ....

I Hepatus leueopareius .

Maka, Carangus politus .

Makaa, Carangus politus .

Maka’a, Malacanthus parvipinnis .

Makiawa, Etrumeus mieropus .

Maki-maki, Tetraodon hispidus . . .

Makua, Ranzania makua .

Makukana, Laetoria galeodon .

Malamalama, Coris rosea .

IEvolantia microptera . . . .

Parexoeoetus brachypterus .

Exocoetus volitans .

Cypsilurus simus .

Malolo.

t'age.

291

309

306

450

288

290

302

305

297

480

295

417

409

410

411
414
413
409

127

128
184
183

142
402
401
398
173

143
62

427

382

396
366
373
368
447 -
237
262

274
314
ISO

397
285
355
305
473
423
204
204
389
387
393
393
386
194
194

275
58

427

440

445

311

130

131

132
134

INDEX TO NATIVE NAMES OF HAWAIIAN FISHES.

539

Mam Amu, Monotaxis grandoculis .

Manaloa, Kyphosus fuseus .

Manini, Hepatus sandvicensis .

Mano, Squalus mitsukurii .

Mano kihikihi, Sphyrna zygsena .

Maomao, Abudefduf abdominalis .

MA’eme’e, Hcmiramphus depauperatus. .

M6a, Ostracion sebae .

Moamoa waa, Ostracion oahuensis .

Moano, Pseudupeneus multifasciatus ....
Moano kea, Pseudupeneus chryserydros.

Moi, Polydactylus sexfilis .

Moi-lii, Polydactylus sexfilis .

Mu, Monotaxis grandoculis .

Mtuiu, Pseudupeneus bifasciatus .

Nae-nae, Hepatus olivaceus .

Nehu, Anchovia purpurea .

Nenue, Kyphosus fuseus .

Nenue parii, Kyphosus sand wicensis _

N61111, Scorpsenopsis gibbosa .

Nunu, Aulostomus valentini .

Ohua fCantherines sandwichiensis.

\Osbeckia scripta .

Ohua paawela, Haliclueres ornatissimus.
Oili uwiwi, Stephanolcpis spilosomus _

•O’ililepa fCantherines sandwichiensis .

* " ' * lOsbcekia scripta .

Oio, Albula vulpes .

Olale, Thalassoma purpureum .

Olani, Thalassoma purpureum .

Omaka, Stethojulis axillaris .

Omakaha, Scorpienopsis gibbosa .

Oinilimilu, Carangus melampygus .

Omilu fCarangoides ferdau .

ICarangus melampygus .

Ono, Acanthocybium solandri .

Oopakaku, Ostracion lentignosum .

Asterropteryx semipunctatus.

Awaous genivittatus .

Awaous stam incus .

Eleotris sandwicensis . .

Eviota epiphanes .

Gnatholcpis knighti .

Gobiopterus farcimen .

Mapo soporator .

0 xy u richthy s loncho tus .

Sicydium stimpsoni . . .

Ofipuhue....lChilom>-,1,crus affinis- •

•Tetraodon hispidus .

06pu.

Oopuka-hai-hai, Paracirrhites cinctus .

OopukAi, Cirrhitus marmoratus .

Oopu kai noahu, Merinthe macrocephala.
Oopu kawa, Diodon nudifrons .

Opakapaka . fApsilus microdon . . .

IBowersia violescens.

Opelu.

Opelu palahu, Scomber japonicus .

/Scomber .

* iDecapterus pinnulatus .

Opule, Anampses cuvier .

Opule lauli, Anampses evermanni .

Pakii, Platophrys pantherinus .

Pa kui kui, Hepatus achilles . .

Palaea, Thalassoma purpureum (very small)

P’alaui, Hepatus dussumieri .

Palukaluka, Callyodon paluca .

Panuhu, Callyodon borborus .

/Callyodon ahula .

' iCallyodongilberti .

Panuhunuhii .

Page.

. 243

248
394
45
41
272
' 127

442

443
25G
255
144
144
243
258
385

248

247

468

114

418

422

286

420

418

422

295

283

468

192

198

192

176

443

480

492

493
479

481
487

482

483
485

438

427

149

452

461

438

234

236

169

186

291

293

512

384

295

390

352

349

351

354

540

INDEX TO NATIVE NAMES OF HAWAIIAN FISHES.

P&opfio, Caranx speciosus .

Papiopio, Carangus (small size) .

P&up&u, Carangus (medium size) . . .

Paud, Myripristis chryseres .

Pauu’ u, Carangus ignobilis .

iParaeirrhites areatus.
Paracirrhites cinctus.
Paraeirrhites forsteri.

PoA’ okauila, Salarias brevis .

Ponuhunuhu, Calotomus sandvicensis .

Po’opsia, Cirrhitus marmoratus .

PoopfVa . (Paracirrhites cinctus .

ISebastapistes ballieui .

Pood, Cheilinus hexagonatus .

Puakah&la, Carangus aftinis .

Pdakahslla, Seriola purpurascens .

Pivjj i „ IHepatus diissumieri .

’ IHepatus guntheri .

Puavva, Chanos ehanos .

Puhi, Gymnothorax (a generic name for eels).

Puhi laumili, Gynothorax undulatus .

Puhi kapa, Echidna nebulosa .

Puhi kapa’a, Gymnothorax pictus .

Puhi kauila, Murajna kail me .

Puhiki'i, Parexoccetus brachypterus .

Puhi oa, Muraena kailuae . ’ .

Puhi dha, Leptoeephalus marginatus .

Pun olai, Canthigaster epilamprus .

Uhu fCallyodoii lineatus .

Uulislepomis .

Uhu uliuli, Callyodon perspieillatus .

Uiui, Platophrys pantherinus .

Ukikiki kalikali, Apsilus brigliami .

Uku, Aprion vireseens .

Ula lau au, Priacanthus meeki .

ulJie (Saurida gracilis . . .

* ISynodus varius .

fBowersia ulaula .

Uladla . JEtelis evurus .

lEtelis marsh i .

(Carangus (large size) .

Ulua . -j Carangus marginatus . .

(Carangus forsteri .

Ulua kihikihi, Alectis ciliaris .

Ulua palm, Caranx speciosus .

Uouoa, Chtenomugil cliaptalii .

UpapAlu, Amia menesema .

U’u, Myripristis murd jan .

wiin IHepatus xanthopterus .

(Ruvettus pretiosus .

IMulloides au ri (la m ma .

Mulloides samoensis .

. i

Upeneusarge .

(Upeneus taeniopterus .

Weke a’a Mulloides samoensis .

Weke pahula, Upeneusarge .

Weke pueo, Upeneus arge .

Weke ula, Mulloides auriflamma ..
Weke ula ula, Mulloides flammeus
Welea, Trachinocephalus myops...

Page
197
188
188
150
188
450
440
450
503
341
452
449
. 455
319
195
183
390
388
50
93
98
110
103
88
131
88
70
434

306

347

233

239
231

237

242

240
188
191
191
200
197
140
215
152
389
177
250
253

264

265
253
204
201
250

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

A’alaihi . 302

A’avva . 280

abbreviatus, Nauclerus . 182

abdominalis, Abudefduf . 272

Glyphisodon . 274

Abudefduf . 271

Abudefduf abdominalis . 272

i m pa ripen n is . _71

sexfasciatus . 274

sindonis . 272

sordid us . 274

Aeanthias . 45

Acanthidium . 46

Acanthoehaetodon . 377

Acanthocybium . 176

Acanthocybium petus . 176

solandri . 176

Acanthoderma . 177

Acanthoderma temminkii . 178

acanthoderma, Thyrsites . 178

Aeanthopteri . 137

Acanthorhinus . 45

Acanthostracion . 441

Aeanthuridae . 383

Acanthurus . 383,399

Acanthurus achilles . 385

annularis . 388

argenteus . 391

bipunetatus . 389

blochi . 3.88,389,397

brevirostris . 401

ctenodon . 399

(Ctenodon) strigosus . 399

dussumieri . 391

eparai . 386

flavescens . 398

guttatus . 393

harpurus . 405

(Harpurus) hypselopterus . 397

humeral is . 386

hypselopterus . 397

incipiens . 400

lineolatus . 392,394

lituratus . 405

matoides . 388

nigroris . 389

nigros . 389

olivaceus . 386

rhombeus . 398

striatus . .*379, 391

strigosus . 399

triostegus . 395

unicornis . 402

velifer . 397

virgatus . 398

xanthopterus . 390

Acedia .

Acentrogobius ophthalmotsenia

Acerana . .

Aeheneis .

achilles, Acanthurus .

Hepatus .

Teuthis .

Acronurus .

Aeronurus aegyptuis .

argenteus .

corniger .

aculeatus, Balistes .

Balistapus .

acuminatus. (’haetodon .

Henioehus .

acutirostris, Eurymyctera .

Lycodontis .

Muraena .

Adonis .

JCgyptuis, Acronurus .

aequorea, Congermdraena .

aequoreus, Congrellus .

/Ethoprora .

Aetobatidce .

Aetobatis .

Aetobatis flagellum .

indica .

laticeps .

latirostris .

meleagris .

narinari .

Aetobatus .

aftinis, Carangus .

Caranx .

Caranx (Selar) .

Chilomycterus .

agam, Sphyraena .

agana, Zabrasoma .

agassizi, Gymnothorax .

Murrena .

Ahaaha .

Abi . .

Ah61eh61e .

ahula, Callyodon . .

Scarus .

Ahuula .

ajax, Carangoides .

Akilolo .

Aku .

Akule .

Alai hi kalaloa .

Ateihi .

Alalaua .

alalaua, Priacanthus .

Alalauwa .

Albacore .

Page.

516

488

446

494

385

384

385
383
403
392
403

. 415

414
377
. 376

. 105

105
. 105

497
. 403

50
50
50
50
50
50
49

195
. 196

196
. 438

. 143

. 398

124. 125
. 174

.. 207

, . 352

. 351

. 200
. . 289

172
.. 187

159
158. 164
228, 229
. 228
. 228
174

541

542

GENERAL

INDEX.

Page.

Albacores, The . 174

albescens, Echeneis . 494

Remora . 495

albisella, Dascyllus . 266

Albula . 55

Albula banamis. . . 56

conorhynchus . 55

erythrocheilos . 56

1‘orsteri . 56

glossodonta . 56

goreensis . 56

maerocephala . 56

neoguinaiea . . . 56

parrse . 56

plumieri . 55

rostrata . 56

seminuda . 56

' vulpes . 55

albula, Mugil . 140

Albulida; . . . 54

albopunctatus, Cantherines . 420

Gobius . 484

Monocanthus . 420

Stephanolepis . 423

albotaeniatum, Sicydium . 490

albotaeniatus, Cossyphus . 279

Lepidaplois . 278

albovittata, Stethojulis . 284

albovittatus, Labrus . 285

alcocki, Neoscopelus . 70

Aldrovandia . 113

Alectis . 200

Alectis ciliaris . 200

Aleihi lakea . 317

Alexander, A. B . 21

alletterata, Gymnosarda . 173

alletteratus, Scomber . 174

Alopecias . 42

Alopecias vulpes . 43

alopecias, Squalus . 43

Alopias . 42

Alopias macron rus . 43

vulpes . 42

Alopiidae . 42

alternatus, Cirrhitus . 453

Alticus . 497

Alticus gibbifrons . 499

marmoratus . 498

variolosus . 497

altipennis. Conger . 76

Alutarius amphacanthus . 424

macracanthus . 424

obliteratus . 424

Alutera . .-v . 423

Alutera cinerea . 424

guntheriana . 424

monoceros . 423

picturata . 423

scripta . 423

Aluteres berardi . 424

pareva . 422

Aluteria . 423

Aluterus anginosus . 424

venosus . 422

Alysia . 68

Ama-ama . 139

Amber- Fishes . 182

Page.

Amblycirrhites forsteri . 450

Amblyglyphidodon . 272

Amblypomacentrus . 270

amboinensis, Balistes . 412

Ameiurus . 531

Ameiurus nebulosus . 527,531

Amia . 211

Amia erytlirina . . 217

evermanni . 213

immaculata . 55

maculifera . 212

inenesema . 215

snyderi . 214

Ammopleurops . 516

amphacanthus, Alutarius . 424

Ampheces . 291

Amphioxi . 33

Amphioxides . 33

Amphioxides pelagicus . 33

Amphiprionichthys . 453

Amphiprionichthys apistus . 454

Amuka . 195

Anacanthini . 508

Anacanthus . 47

Anampses . 291

Anampses caeruleopunctatus . 292

cuvier . 291

cuvieri . 292

evermanni . 293

godeffroyi . 293, 294

Anchisomus . 126

Anchovia . 59

Anchovia commersoniana . 61

ischana . 61

purpurea . 60

Anchovies . 59

aneitense, Thalassoma . 304

aneitensis, Julia . 304

Thalassoma . 304

Angelichthys . 377

anginosus, Aluterus . 424

Anglers . 516

angulata, Coris . 314

angulosus, Balistes . 415

Canthidermis . 415

Labrus . 156

Anisochatodon . 364

anna-carolina, Mugilomorus . 54

Annexation-fish . 182

annularis, Acanthurus . 388

Teuthis . 388

Nauclerus . 182

annulata, Belone . 124

annulatus, Mastacembelus . 124

Tylosurus . 124

Anoplocapros . 446

Anosmius . 430

Anosmius valentini . 433

antecessor, Gasterosteus . 182

Antennariidae . 517

AntenmtHus . 517

Antennarius bigibbus . 520

eommersonii . 518

drombus . 521

duescus . 522 .

horridus . 518

lavsanius . 520

G ENERAL

INDEX

Antennarius leprosus .

multiocellatus .

nexilis .

nummifer .

rubrofuscus .

sandvieensis .

tuberosus .

unicornis .

Anthias fuscipinnis .

kelloggi .

Anticitharus .

Antigonia .

Antigonia capros .

steindachneri .

Antigoniidaj .

Antimora .

Aodon massua .

A pah u .

Aphareus .

Aphareus flavivultus .

furcatus . : .

Aphoristia .

apistus, Amphiprionichthys. .

Caracanthus .

Aplurus .

Aplurus simplex .

Apodes .

Apogon .

Apogon auritus . .

erythrinus .

evermanni .

frenatus .

menesemus .

maculiferus .

snyderi .

Apogonichthyidae .

Apogonichthys .

Apogonichthys brachygrammus. . .

waikiki .

Apoplocapros .

Aprion .

A prion (Aprion) virescens .

microdon .

virescens .

Apsicephalus .

Apsilus .

Apsilus brighami .

microdon .

Apterichthys .

Apterurus .

Apthalmichthys .

aquilolo, Macropharyngodon .

arabicus, Chan os .

Aracana .

arcatus, Cirrhites .

Cirrhites (Ambly cirrhites)

Cirrhitus .

Paracirrhites .

arcuatus, Holacanthus .

arenicola, Engyprosopon .

arge, Kulia .

Upeneus .

argentea, Perea .

argcnteo-striatus. Coris .

Hemicoris .

argenteum, Holocentriun .

argenteus, Acanthurus .

543

Page.

argenteus, Acronurus . 392

Butirinus . 57

Dules . 208

Esox . 5G

Moronopsis . 208,209

Synodus . 55

Teuthis . 392

Argentina Carolina . 54

glossodonta . 55

machnata . 54

sphyraena . 55

argus, Cephalopbolis . 221

Epinephelus . 222

Serranus . 222

argyrea, Synagrops . 218

argyreum, Melanostoma . 219

Argyripnus . 70

argyromus, Myripristis . 154

Argyropelecus . 71

argyrurus, Coryphaena . 205

Ariomma . 217

Ariomma lurid a . 217

Ariosoma . 76

Arius dasycephalus . 531

armatus, Balistes . 415

Arnillos . 233

Arothron . 427

Arothron laterna . 429

ophryas . 430

Ashmead, William H . 20

asperella, Scorpaena . 458

Sebastapistes . 458

Aspidontus brunneolus . 501

Aspisurus . 383

Aspisurus carolinarum . 405

elegans . 405

lituratus . 405

unicornis . 403

Asterospondyli . 34

Asterropteryx . 480

Asterroptervx cyanostigma . 481

semipunctatus . 480

Astronesthes . 71

Astronesthidse . 7L

Ateleopidre . 506

A teleopus . 506

ater, Enchelyurus . 500

Petroscirtes . 501

Athlennes . 125

Athlennes hians . 125

Atherina . 137

Atherina insularum . 138

Atherinidie . 137

atinga, Diodon . 437

atlanticus, Prometheus . 178

atramentatus. Hepatus . 393

Teuthis . 394

atriceps, Enneapterygius . 496

Tripterygion . 496

atrimentatus, Teuthis . 394

atrisignis, Cypsilurus . 136

attinga, Diodon . 437

atwoodi, Carcharias . . 44

A’u . 168

Auau . 124

Aulopidse . 66

Aulostoma . 114

Page.

. 519

. 520

. 523

. 522

. 520

. 518

. 521

521

. 226

. 227

514

361

. 361

360

508

440

. 235

. 236

516

454

177

178

. 212

211

217

214

215

. 216

. 213

215

. 209

210

. 211

210

446

. 238

240

. 234

. 239

426

. 233

233

234

. 289

446

451

450

. 378

515

. 209

. 264

. 208

312

158

391

544

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

Aulostoma chinense . 115

chinensis . 115

Aulostomidse . Ill

Aulostomus . HI

Aulostomus valentin i . Ill

an rat us, Carassius . 528,532

Cheilio . 315

Gyprinus . 532

Hemiulis . 315

Scomber . 170

aui olus, Balistes . 416

Balistes (Liu r us) . 116

Canthidermis . 415

aureovittatus, Mullus . 251

auriflamma, Mulloides . 250

Mullus . 251

Upeneus . 251

auriga, Chs&todon . 365

auritus, Apogon . . 211

aurora, Pi kea . 220

aurovittata, Seriola . 184

Anxis . 170

Auxis tapeinosoma . 171

thazard . 171

thynnoides . 171

vulgaris . 171

Avva . 56

Awa-awa . - . 56

kalamoku . 56

Avvaous . 191

Awaous crassilabris . 193

genivittatus . 492

stamineus . 493

Awela . 295,299

Aweoweo . 229

axillaris, Julis . 2.84

Stethojulis . 283

aygula, Coris . 313

Ayresia . 268

azureus, Sectator . 218

bahiensis. Cypsilurus . 136

Engraulis . 56

Exoccetus . 136

baillieui, Hemicoris . 311

bajad, Caranx . 199

balantiophthalinus. Scomber . 187

Balaos . 126

Baldwin, Albertus H . 20

bald wini, Hemipteronotus . 334

balia, Scaridea . 344

Balistapus . 413

Balistapus aculeatus . 414

bursa . 411

rectangularis . 413

Baliste bourse . 411

Balistes . 407

Balistes aculeatus . 415

amboinensis . 412

angulosus . 415

armat.us . 415

aureolus . 416

(Balistapus) frenatus . . . 412

barbatus . 424

buniva . 418

bursa . 410

capistratus . 411

cinetus . 414

Page.

Balistes frenatus . 412

fuscolineatns . 409

hihpe . 412

kleinii . 424

lie vis . . 422

lineo-punctatus . 417

linguatula . 424

liturosus . 422

(Liurus) aureolus . 416

(Melaniohthys) buniva . 418

mento . 417

mitis . . 412

monoceros . 424

monoeerosscriptus . 422

nyeteris . 408

oblongiusculus . 424

ornatissimus . 415

ornatus . 422

(Parabalistes) ringens . . 418

radula . 41 s

reetangulns . 414

sandwichiensis . 119

schmittii . 412

seripta . V . . 422

serraticornis . 424

striatus . 415

unieornus . 424

vidua . 409

Balistidee . 407

ballieui, Coris . 310

Hemicoris . 3H

Julis . 298

Scorpiena . 456

Sebastapistes . . . 455

Thalasspma . 297

balteatus, Julis . 285

banana, Butyrinus . 55

bananus, Albula . 56

barbatus, Balistes . 424

barberi, Dendrochirus . 465

Pterois . 465

barborus, Scarus . 349

barbuda, Lija . 424

Barbudo . 166

Barbudos . 166

Barracudas . 141

Bascanius . 51 6

bass, Black . 527

Basses, Sea . 219

bataviensis, Callvodon . 355,356

Pseud oscar us . 357

Bat-fishes.. . 523

Bathypercis . .. . 476

Ba thypteroidfe . . 66

Bathy pterois . CG

Bathysebastes . 461

Batoidei . 46

Batrachops . 517

belengerii, Caranx . 190

Bel one . 122

Belone annulata . , . 124

carinata . 123

cylindrica . 124

gigantea . 124

Ilians . ; . 126

raelanurus . ~ 124

platura . 123

GENERAL

INDEX,

545

Page.

Belone platyura . 122

platyurus . 123

Belonichthys . 120

Belonidse . 122

Bembrida? . 471

Bembrops . 476

bennetti, Callyodon . 352

Dules . 208

Seams . 352

berardi, Aluteres . 424

Berndt, E. Louis . 21,22

berndti, Gymnothorax . 98

Mvripristis . 153

Thalassoma . 297

berlandieri, Mugil . 140

Berycidfe . 145

Berycoidei . 145

Berycoid Fishes . 115

biaculeatus, Monoceros . 403

Bibronia . 516

bicatenatus. Julis . 300

bicolor, Chfetodon . 3-81

Cheilio . 315

Holacanthus . 380

bifasciatus, Cheetodon . 377

Mull us . 259

Pseudupenetis . 258

Upeneus . 259

bifer, Julis . 326

Big-eyed Scads . 187

bigibbus, Antennarius . 520

Lophius . 521

bilunulata, Harpe . 279

bilunulatus, Cossyphus . 279

Lepidaplois . 279

bimacula. Cirrhitoidea . 448

bimaculatus, Cheilinus . 320

biocellatus, Chsetodon . 368

Tetragouoptrus . 368

bipinnulata, Seriola . 186

bipinnulatus, Elagatis . 185

Seriolichthys . 186

bipunctatus, Acanthurus . 389

Teuthis . 389

bispinosus, Holacanthus . 378

Melichthys . 418

bisus, Scomber . 171

bitreniatus, Canthigaster . 435

Eumycterias . 435

bixanthopterus, Caranx . 193

Blanquillos . 275

Black bass . 527

bleekeri, Enchelvnassa . 90

Blenniidze . 495

Blennies . 495

Blennioidea . 495

Blennius . 496

Blennius brevipinnis . 504

edentulus . 503

leopardus . 504

marmoratus . 499

sordidus . 497

Blepharichthys . 200

Blepharis . 200

blepharis, Carangoides . 202

fasciatus . 202

blochi, Acanthurus . 388, 389, 397

F. C. B.

Page.

blochi, Gymnothorax . 99

blochii, Muraena . 99

Blue Sharks . 37

Boar-fishes . 360

Bodianus . 221

Bodianus guttatus . 222

bombifrons, Ostracion . 442

Bonefish . 55

Bonefishes . 54,55

Bonito . 173

Bonito, California . 175

Ocean . T. 172

borborus, Callyodon . 319

Borcogaleus . 36

Bothus . 512

bourse. Baliste . 411

Bovversia . 236

Bowersia ulaula . 237

violescens . 236

bowersi, Congrellus . 77

brachiatus, Diodon . ' . 437

brachion, Sparus . 326

brachycentrus, Nauclerus . 182

Brachvcephalus . 427

brachychirus, Trachurops . 188

Krach yeleotris . 480

Brachyeleotris cyanostigma . 481

brachygramma, Foa . 211

Brachymullus . 254

Brachypomacentrus . 270

brachypterus, Exoccetus . ; . 132

Parexoccetus . 131

Brachyrus . 465

brachyrhynchos, (Prionodon) Carcharias . 39

Brachysomophis . 83

Brachysomophis henshawi . 83

Bramida . 202

Branchiostoma pelagicum . 34

Branchiostoinidse . 33

Branderius . 80

brandessii, Upeneus . 261

brasiliensis, Clupea . 55

Esox . 128

Hemiramphus . 128

Hemirhamphus . 128

Thynnus . 174

breviceps, Gobius . 484

brevipinnis, Blennius . 504

Thynnus . 174

brevirostris, Acanthurus . 401

Macrognathus . 128

Naseus . 402

Saurus . 63

brevis, Exallias . 503

Salarias . 504

brid£, Le Baliste . 412

brighami, Apsilus . 233

Serranus . 234

Brotula . 506

Brotula marginalis . 507

multibarbata . 508

multicirrata . 508

townsendi . 508

Brotulidce . 506

brown i, Hemirhamphus . 128

brunneolus, Aspidontus . 501

brunneus, Callyodon . 349

1903—35

546

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

brunneus, Scams . 350

Bullhead. Common . 531

buniva, Balistes . 418

Balistes (Melanichthys) . 418

Burr-fishes . 438

bursa. Balistes . 410

Balistapus . 411

Pachynathus . 411

Butiriftus argenteus . 57

glossodontus . 56

maderaspatensis . / 57

Butterfly-Fishes . 362

Butyrinus . 5q

Butyrinus banana . 55

cacopsis, Scorpfenopsis . 467

Cecilia . 80

caeruleopunetatus, Anampses . 292

California Bonito . 175

californiensis. Chilomyeterus . 439

Callechelys . 85

Callechelys luteus . 86

Call ican thus . 403

Callicanthus lituratus . 404

metoposoph ron . 405

Calliodon . 346

Callionymidse . 477

Callionymus . 478

Cal liu rich thy s . 478

Callyodon . 345

Callyodon ahula . 351

bataviensis . 355, 356

bennetti . 352

borborus . 349

brunneus . ?49

dubius . 350

erythrodon . t . 357

formosus . 355

gilberti . 354

jenkinsi . 353

lauia . 354, 355

miniatus . 346

paluca . 352

perspicillatus . 347

sandvicensis . 342

spinidens . 341

waigiensis . 341

Callyodontichthys . 343

Calotomus . 338

Calotomus cyclurus . 340

ir radians . 339

sandvicensis . 341

snyderi . 342

camurum, Ostracion . 442

cancellata, Muraena . 99

Thyrsoidea . 99

cancellatus. Gymnothorax . 99

canescens, Chsetodon . 382

Zanclus . 382

canina, Muraena . 91

Cannorhynchus . 116

Cannorhynchus immaculatus . 117

canonoides, Decapterus . 186

Cantherines . 418

Cantherines albopunctatus . 420

, carolae . 419

nasutus . 419

sandwiehiensis . 418

Page

Canthidermis . 415

Canthidermis angulosus . 415

aureolus . 415

Canthigaster . 430

Canthigaster bitasniatus . 435

cinctus . 433

epilamprus ... . 434

j acta tor . 430

janthinus . 434

oahuensis . 432

psegma . 433

Canthigasteridae . 430

Canthorhinus . 418

capensis, Carcharodon . 44

Flops . 54

capistratus, Balistes . 411

Pachynathus . 412

Capriscus . 408

Capriscus murum dentibus minutis . 424

Caprophonus . 361

Capropygia . 446

capros, Antigonia . 361

Caraeanthida? . 453

Caracanthus . 453

Caracanthus apistus . 454

maculatus . 453

typicus . 454

unipinna . 454

Carangidfe . 179

Carangoides . : . 198

Carangoides ajax . 200

blepharis . 202

ferdau . 198

fulvoguttatus . 199

gallichthys . 202

gymnostethoides — . 199

hemigymnostethus . 199

Carangus . 188

Carangus affinis . 195

cheilio . 196

elacate . 190

forsteri . 191

helvoius . 196

hippoides . 190

ignobilis . 188

inarginatus . 191

melampygus . 192

politus . 194

rliabdotus . 193

sansun . 190

Caranx . 197

Caranx affinis . 196

bajad . 199

belengerii . 190

bixanthopterus . 193

(Carangoides) ferdau . 199

ciliaris . 202

crumenophthalmus . 188

daubentoni . 187

ferdau . 199

forsteri . 192

gall us . 202

gymnostethoides . 199

hasseltii . 195

helvoius . 196

hippos . 192

(Hypocaranx) speciosus . 198

GENERAL TNDEX,

547

Page.

Caranx ignobilis . 190

latus . 192

lessonii . 190

macrophthalmus . 187

marginatus . 191

maro-adsi . 186

maruadsi . 186

mauritianus . 187

melampygus . 193

muro-adsl . 186

panamensis . 198

parapistes . 192

peroni . 192

petaurista . 198

pinnulatus . 186

plumieri . 188

poloosoo . 198

ruppellii . 198

sanct®-helen® . 186

sansun . 190

(Selar) affinis . 196

(Selar) macrophthalmus . 188

sem . 190

sexfasciatus . 194

speciosus . 197

stellatus . 193

thompsoni . 535

torvus . 188

Venator . 199

Caranxomorus . 204

Carapus . 505

Carassius . 532

Carassius auratus . 528,532

Carcharhiuus . 38

Carcharias . 38

Carcharias atwoodi . 44

carcharodon . 44 ,

glaucus . 37 '

insularum . 40 I

lamia . 40

melanopterus . 38

nesiotes . 40

phorcys . 39

(Prionodon) brachyrhynchos . 39

(Prionodon) gangeticus . : . 41

(Prionodon) henlei . 39

(Prionodon) melanopterus . 39

verus . 44

vulpes . 43 i

carcharias, Carcharodon . 44

Squalus . 44

Carchariid® . 35

Carchariin® . 35

Carcharodon . 44

Carcharodon capensis . 44

carcharias . 44

rondel eti . 44

smithi . 44

Carcharodontin® . 43

Cardinal Fishes . 209

carinata, Belone . 123

carol®, Cantherines . 419

Carolina, Argentina . 54

carolinarum, Aspisurus _ : . 405

Naseus . 405

carolinus, Priacanthus . 231

Carp . 527

Page.

carpio. Cyprinus . 527

Carps . 532

Catalufas . 227

Cat-fish . 527

Cat-fishes . 529

Cat-fishes, True . 531

catocala, Scorp®nopsis . 470

Catophrynchus . 426

Catulus . 35, 37

caudofasciatus, Tetrodon . . 435

Caulolepis . 146

Cavallas . 188

Centriscus . in

Centrobranchus . 69

Centrobranchus chcerocephalus . 69

Centronotus . 181

Centronotus conductor . 182

Centropus . 453

Centropus staurophorus . 454

Centropyge . 377

Centroscyllium . 46

cepedianus, Gomphosus . 291

Priacanthus . 231

Cephalacanthid® . 472

Cephalacanthus . 472

Cephalacanthus orientalis . 473

Cephalopholis argus . 221

Cephaloptera . 50

Cephaloptera japonica . 51

Cephalopterus . 50

cephalotienia, Novacula . 326

cephalotus, Mugil . 140

cephalus, Mugil . 139

ceramensis, Cheilinus . 321

cerasina, Pseudojulis . 294

Ceratiid® . 523

Cerna . 223

Cestracion . 41

Cestracion zyg®na . 42

Cestrorhinus . 41

Ch®nomugil . 140

Ch®nomugil chaptalii . 140

Ch®todon . 363

Ch®todon acuminatus . 377

auriga . 365

bicolor . 381

bifasciatus . 377

biocellatus . 368

canescens . 382

corallicola . 374

cornutus . 382

elongatus . 389

fremblii . 375

humeral is . 374

lineolatus . 365

longirostris . 363

lunaris . 365

lunatus . 366

lunula . 366

lunulatus . 368

macrolepidotus . 377

mantel liger . 372

miliaris . 371

multicinctus . 370

mycteryzans . 377

nesogallicus . 365

. nudus . 383

548

GENERAL

INDEX

Page.

Chaetodon ocellatus . 368

olivaceus . 403

ornatissimus . 373

ofnatus . 373

punctatofasciatiis . 369

punctatolineatus . 370

quadrimaculatus . 373

sebanus . 365

setifer . 364

sordid us . 275

sphenospilus . 369

strigatus . .* . 376

tail nigrum . 368,372

trifasciatus . ■- . 372

unicornis . 403

unimaculatus . 368

vittatus . 372

wiebeli . 368

Chaetodon tidae . 362

C h a; to d o ntopl'u s . 377

Chaetodon tops . 364

Chaetopterus microchi r . 240

Chalisoma . 408

Chamberlain, Fred. M . 21

Champsodon . 477

Champsodontidae . 477

Chanidae . 56

Chanos . 56

Chanos arabicus . 57

chanos . 56

chloropterus . 57

cyprinella . 57

indicus . 57

mento . 57

muchalis . 57

mugil . 57

oriental is . 57

salmoneus . 57

chanos, Lutodeira . 57

Chapinus . 441

chaptalii, Chaenomugil . 140

Mugil . 141

Chascanopsetta . 511

Chauliodontidae . 71

Chaunax . 523

Cheilichthvs . 426

Cheilinoides . 315

Cheilinus . 319

Cheilinus bimaculatus . 320

ceramensis . 321

digramma . 320

hexagonatus . 319, 321

rivulatus . 322

sinuosus . 322

trilobatus . 322

zonurus . 320

Cheilio . 314

Chcilio auratus . 315

bicolor . 315

cyanochloris . 315

forskalii . 315

fuscus . 315

hemichrysos . 315

inermis . 314

microstoma . 315

ramosus . 315

viridis . 315

Page.

cheilio, Carangus . 196

Cheilodactylus . 446

Cheilodactylus vittatus . 447

cheirophthalmus, Dactylopterus . 474

Chelmo longirostris . 363

Chelmon (Foreipiger) longirostris . 363

chena, Ophioccphalus . . 533

chevola, Gallichthys . 202

chilensis. Exoccetus . 133

Sarda . 175

Pelamys . 175

Chilomycterus . 438

Chilom y cterus affinis . 438

call torn iensis . 439

Chimaera . 51

Chimeras . 51

Chimaeridae . 51

Chimaeroidei . ; . 51

Chimaeroids . 51

China-fish . 527

cliiuense, Aulostoma . 115

chinensis, Aulostoma . 115

Chironectes commcrsonii . 519

leprosus . 520

niger . 519

reticulatus . 521

rubrofuscus . 520

tuberosus . 521

Chlamydes . 486

Chlamydes laticeps . 486

chloreus, Dendrochirus . 465

Chlorichthys . 295

Chlorophthalmus . 66

chlorostigma, Thyrsoidea . 94

Chlorurus . 346

chcerocephalus, Centrobranchus . 69

Chceroichthys . 120

Chcerojulis . 285

Chonophorus . 492

Chopas, The . 246

choram, Mastacembelus . : . 124

Chorincmus . 180

Chorinemus moadetta . 181

sanctipetri . 181

tol . 181

toloo . 181

tolooparah . 181

christianum, Holocentrum . 156

Chromis . 267

Chromis elaphrus . 26S

ovalis . 269

velox . 270

chryseres, Myripristis . 150

chryserydros, Mullus . 256

Pseudupencus . 255

Upe ncus . 256

chryserythrus, Upeneus . 256

chrysonemus, Pseudupencus . 258

Chrysotosus . 166

chrysurus. Coryphaena . 205

Chub Mackerel . 169

Cibotion . 411

Cibotion punetatus . 444

ciliaris, Alectis . 200

Caranx . 202

Seyris . 202

Zeus . 202

GENERAL INDEX.

549

Page.

ciliata. Sciaena . 256

cinctus, Balistes . 414

Canthigaster . 43:4

Cirrhites . 449

Paracirrhites . 449

Tetrodon . 433

cinerea, Alutera . 424

Cirrhilabrus . 315

Cirrhilabras jordani . 315

Cirrhisomus . 426

Cirrhites ( Amblycirrhites) areatus . 451

arcatus . . . . 451

cinctus . 449

(Cirrhitichthys) maculatus . 453

fasciatus . 449

forsteri . 450

maculosus . . 452

pantherinus . 450

vittatus . 451

Cirrhitichthys maculatus . 452

Cirrhitidae . 446

Cirrhitoid Fishes . . . . . 446

Cirrhitoidea . 447

Cirrhitoidea bimacula . 448

Cirrhitoidei . 446

Cirrhitus . 451

Cirrhitus alternatus . 453

arcatus . 451

fasciatus . 449

maculatus . 452

marmoratus . 452,453

Cirrostomes . 33

Citharcedus . 363

Citharcedus ornatissimus . 373

clarescens, Vitraria . 486

Clarias . 530

Clarias fuscus . 530

magur... . 527

pulicaris . 531

Clariidse . 530

Clenodon . 398

clepsydralis, Julis . 303

Clininae . 495

Clupea brasiliensis . 55

microcephala . 55

Clupeida; . 58

Cobb, John N... . 20

Coccolns . 512

cocopsis, Scorpsenopsis . 468

Codfishes . 508

ccelestinus, Glyphidodon . 274

colias, Scomber . 170

collana, Pseudoscarus . 357

Scarus . 357

col laris, Scarus . 357

Collettia . 67

Colly bus . 202

Colly bus drachme . 203

Colocephali . 74

coluber, Gempylus . 179

colubrinus, Leiuranus . 81

commersoniana, Anchovia . 61

commersonii, Antennarius . 518

Chironectes . 519

Fistularia . 117

Lophius . 519

Sphyrama . 142

Page.

Common Bullhead . 531

Dolphin . 204

compressus, Nauclerus . 182

concolor, Lentipes . 491

Sicy ogaster . 491

conductor, Centronotus . 182

Conejos . 178

Conger . 76

Conger altipinnis... . 76

Eels . 74,75

marginatus . 76

noordzieki . 7f

Congermimena fequorea . 78

Congrellus . 76

Congrellus aequoreus . 77

bowersi . 77

Congrogadidie . 504

Congrogadus . 504

Congrogadus marginatus . 504

Congrus . 76

coniorta, Sebastapistes . 458

Conorhyncus . 55

Conorhynchus glossodon . 56

conorhynchus, Albula . 55

cookii, Scorpcena . 468

copei, Hemipteronotus . 332

corallicola, Chaetodon . 374

Sebastapistes . 456

Cordylus . 169

Corinemus mauritianus . 181

Coris . 310

Coris angulata . 314

argenteo-striatus . 312

aygula . 313

ballieui . 310

flavovittata . 308

formosus . 306

gaimardi . 305

greenoughii . 309

(Hemicoris) rosea . 312

lepomis . 307

multicolor . 313

pulcherrima . 306

rosea . 311

schauinslandii . 311

venusta . 312

coris, Julis . 314

Cornet-Fishes . 115

co’rniger, Aeronurus . 403

cornutus, Chaetodon . 382

Zanclus . 382

coronatus, Tetraodon (Anosmius) . 433

Coryphaena . 203

Coryphaena argyrurus . 205

chrysurus . 205

dolfyn . 205

dorado . 205

equisetis . 205

fasciolatus . 205

hippurus . 204

immaculata . 205

impenalis . 205

japonica . 205

margravii . 205

scomberoides . 205

socialis . 205

suerii . i . 205

550

GENERAL INDEX

Coryphsena virgata .

vlamingii .

Coryphaenidae .

Cossyphus albotaeniatus .

bilunulatus .

modestus .

oxycephalus .

unimaculatus .

Cot t us filamentosus .

crassilabris, Awaous .

Parupeneus .

Pseudupeneus .

Upeneus .

Crassilabrus .

Crayracion .

Crayracion implutus .

laterna .

Crenilabrus modestus .

Cromileptes .

Crossoderma .

cruentatus, Labrus .

Priacanthus .

crumenalis, Pelecanichthys
crumenophthalma, Trachurops
crumenophthalmus, Caranx —
Scomber. . .

Cryptotomus sandwicensis .

Ctenochastus .

Cteuochsetus striatus .

strigosus .

ctenodon, Acanthurus .

Culius .

Culius fuscus .

cuvier, Anampses .

cuvieri, Anampses . .

Cyanichthys .

cyanochloris, Cheilio .

cyanophrys, Naucrates . .

cyanopterum, Solenostomus —

cyanopterus, Solenostomus .

cyanostigma, Asterropteryx . . .

Brachyeleotris ..

Eleotriodes .

Elotris .

Sebastichthys . . .

Cybium petus .

sara .

solandri .

verany .

Cyclichthys .

Cyclospondyli .

cyclostomus, Parupeneus .

Cyclothone .

cyclurus, Calotomus .

cylindrica, Belone .

Cymolutes .

Cymolutes leclusii .

Cynichthys .

Cynoeephalus .

cypho, Salarias .

eyprinella, Chanos .

Cyprinidte .

Cyprinus auratus .

carpio .

pa la .

tolo .

Cypsilurus .

Page.

203

279

282

474

493

200

Cypsilurus atrisignis .

bahiensis .

mi crop terns .

simus .

Dactylopterus . .

Dactylopterus cheirophthalmus

japonieus .

orientalis .

Dascyllus .

Dascyllus albisella .

trimaculatus .

259

260
319
426
429
429

. 223

. 453

. 231

. 229

. 510

187

188
. 189

. 342 |

. 398

391 , 399
.. 399

.. 479

.. 480

. . 291

. . 292

438
.. 315

.. 182

.. 118

.. 481

.. 455

.. 176

. . 176

.. 176

.. 438

. . 256

. . 342

.. 124

. . 327 !

. . 328

. . 223

~ 502 |

. . 532 i

. . 532 |

. . 527 '

57
57

. . 134 |

Dasibatis .

Pasibatis lata .

Dasyatidse .

Dasyatis .

Pasyatis bawaiiensis .

lata .

sciera .

dasycephalus, Arius .

Pasyseopelus . .

daubentoni, Caranx .

Decapterus .

Peeapterus canonoides . .

pinnulatus .

Peeaptus .

Peep-water Gurnards .

dekayi, Scomber .

Demoiselles, The .

Dendrochirus .

Dendroehirus barberi .

chloreus .

hudsoni .

depauperat us, Hem i ramphus .

depressa, Fistularia .

diabolus, Seorpana .

Scorpaehopsis .

diacanthus, Holacanthus .

diadema, Holocentrum .

Holoeentrus .

Diaphanicthys .

diaphanus, Ostracion .

Diaphasia .

Diaphus .

Diastodon unimaculatus .

Dibranchus . .

Dicerobatis japonica .

Dicerobatus .

Dicliotomycteres ( Dichotom voter)

Dierotus .

diego, Scomber .

digramma, Cheilinus .

Pilobomycteres (Dilobomycter) . . .

dimidiatus, Labroides .

Dinemus . .

Diodon .

Diodon atinga .

attinga . . .

brachiatus .

echinus .

holacanthus .

hystrix .

liturosus .

maculatus .

melanopsis .

multimaculatus .

novemmaoulatus . .

nudifrons .

Page.
136
136
131
. 134

. 471

. 474

474
. 474

266

. 266
. 267

. 531

. 187

. 186
. 186
. 186
185
471
. 170

266

465

127

116

470

379

160

159

445

505

282

525

427

178

170

320

279

166

436

437
437
437
437

436

437

436

437
436
436
436

438

GENERAL INDEX

551

Page.

Diodon plumieri . 437

punctatus . 437

quadrimaculatus . 436

sexmaculatus . 436

spinosissimus . 436,437

tigrinus . 439

Diodontidae . 435

Diphreutes . 376

diploxiphus, Holocentrum . 164

Holocentrus . 164

Discocephal i . 493

dispilurus, Mullus . 262

Parupeneus . 262

Upeneus . 262

dobula, Mugil . 140

Dog Sharks . 44

dolfyn, Coryphaena . 205

doliata, Gymnomuraena . 106

Dolphin, Common . 204

Small . 205

Dolphins . 203

dorado, Coryphaena . 205

Dories, The John . 361

Dorsuarius . 246

Doryichthys . 120

Doryichthys pleurotsenia . 121

Doryrhamplms . 120

Doryrhamphus pleurotsenia . 121

drachme, Collybus . : . 203

Draconetta . 477

Dragonets . 477

drombus, Antenna rius . 521

dubius, Callyodon . . . 350

Pseudosea rus . 351

duetor, Gasterosteus . 182

Naue rates . 182

duescus, Antennarius . 522

Dules argenteus . 208

bennetti . 208

humilis . 208

leueiseus . 208

malo . 208

marginatus . 208

mato . 208

taeniurus . 208

dumerilii, Seriola . 184

duperrei, Julis . . 303

duperrey, Julis . 303

Thalassoma . 302

dussumieri, Acanthurus . 391

Hepatus . 390,394

Seriola . 182

Sphyraena . 143

Teuthis . 392

Eagle Rays . 48

Echelus . 76

Echeneididje . 494

Echeneis . 494

Echeneis albescens . 494

jacoba?a . 494

parva . 494

postica . 494

remora . 494

remoroides . 494

squalipeta . 494

Echidna . 105

Echidna leihala . 109

Page.

Echidna nebulosa . 110

obscura . 107

polyzona . 109

psalion . 106

variegata . Ill

vincta . 109

zebra . 106

zonata . 108

zonophaea . 109

echidna, Gymnothorax . Ill

echinus, Diodon . 437

Eehiodon . 605

edentulus, Blennius . 503

Salarias . 603

Eels . 73

eels, Conger . 74, 75

Snake . 80

Snipe . 79

eeltenkee, Myliobatis . 50

elacate, Carangus . 190

Elagatis . 185,187

Elagatis bipinnulatus . 185

pinnulatus . 186

elaphrus, Chromis . 268

Elastoma . 240

elegans, Aspisurus . 405

Kyphosus . 247

Pimelepterus . 247

Teuthis . 395

Eleotriodes cyanostigma . 481

Eleotris . 479

Eleotris fusca . 480

sandwicensis . 479

Elephant Fishes . 51

elongatus, Chaetodon . 389

Hepatus . 389

Sparopsis . 240

Elopidae . 53

Elops . 53

Elops (Butirinus) glossodontus . 56

capensis . 54

indicus . 54

inermis . 54

purpurascens . 54

sau rus . 53

Elotris cyanostigma . 481

Emmelichthys . 245

Emmelichthys sehlegelii . 246

Enchelycephali . 74

Enchelynassa . 90

Enchelynassa bleekeri . 90

vinolentus . 91

Enchelyurus . 500

K^nchelyurus ater . 500

Engraulidae . 59

Engraulis bahiensis . 56

Engyprosopon . 514

Engyprosopon arenicola . 515

hawaiiensis . 514

Enneacentrus . 221

Enneanectes . 495

Enneapterygius . 495

Enneapterygius atriceps . 496

ensifer, Holocentrus . 165

entargyreus, Novaculichthys . 325

Entomacrodus . 497

Entoxychirus . 45

552

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

Enypnias oligolepis . 489

eoume, Prionurus . 405

eparai, Acanthurus . 386

epilamprus, Canthigaster . 434

Tropidichthys . 435

Epinephelus . 222

Epinephelus argus . 222

fuscoguttatus . 225

guttatus . 222

miniatus . 222

quern us . , . 223

Epipedorhynques (Epipedorhynchus) . 427

epiphanes, Eviota . 481

equisetis, Coryphsena . 205

ercodes, Gymnothorax . 95

erethizon, Ovoides . 429

Erpichthys . 497

Eryethys . 346

erythraeum, Holocentrum . 162

erythraeus, Holocentrus . 161

Erythrichthys . 244,246

Erythrichthys schlegelii . 245

erythrina, Arnia . 217 •

erythrinus, Apogon . 217

Mulloides . 251

erytliroclieilos, Albula . 56

erythrodon, Callyodon . 357

Scarus . 358

Escolars . 176

Esox argenteus . 55

brasiliensis . 128

maxilla inferiore producta . 128

vulpes . 55

E tel is . 240

Etelisevurus . 242

marsh i . 240

Eteliseus marsh) . 241

Etmopterus . 46

Etrumeus . 58

Etrumeus mieropus . . . 58

Eugaleus . 36

eugenius, Gobiomorphus . 483

Eulamia . 38

Euleptorhamphus . 128

Euleptorhamphus longirostris . 128

Eumycterias . 430

Eumycterias bitaeniatus . 435

Eupemis . 314

Eupemis fusiformis . 315

Eupomacentrus . 270

Eupomacentrus marginatus . 271

nigricans . 271

eurosta, Lycodontis . 93

Thyrsoidea . 93

eurostus, Gymnothorax . 92

Eurymyctera . 105

Eurymyetera acutirostris . 105

Ensehistodus . 272

Eusphyrna . 41

Eustomatodus . 186

Euthynnus . 172

evanidus, Pseudocheilinus . 317

Eventognathi . 532

Evepigymnus . 186

Evermann, Barton Warren . 20

evermanni, Amia . 213

Anampses . 293

Page.

evermanni, Apogon . 214

Eviota . 481

Eviota epiphanes . 481

evolans, Exoccetus . 133

Halocypselus . 133

Evolantia . 131

Evolantia mioroptera . 130

evurus, Etelis . 242

Exallias . 503

Exallias brevis . 503

Exoccetidce . 130

Exoccetus . 132

Exoccetus bahiensis . 136

brachypterus . 132

chilensis . 133

evolans . 133

georgianus . 133

hillianus . 132

micropterus . 131

monocirrhus . , 133

neglectus . 135

obtusirostris . 133

rostratus . 131

simus . 135

speculiger . 133

splendens . 133

volitans . 132

Exonautes . 133

Exonautes gilberti . 134

eydouxii, Julis . 309

fanfarus, Naucrates . 182

farcimen, Gobiopterus . 482

fasciata, Gymnomuraena . 106

fascial us, Blepharis . 202

Cirrhites . 449

Tetragonoptrus (Chsetodonlops) . 368

fasciolatus, Coryphaena . 205

ferdau, Carangoides . 198

Cara n x . 199

Caranx (Carangoides).. . 199

Scomber . 199

ferox, Saurus . 66

Fierasfer . 505

Fierasfer homei . 535

umbratilis . 505

Fierasferidse . 505

lilamentosus, Cottus . 474

Hemirhamphus . 128

Pomacentrus . 365

Scomber . 202

Fisher, Walter K . 21

fisheri. Hippocampus . 119

Holacanthus . 379

Fishes, Elephant . 51

Frog . 517

Isospondylous . 52

Jugular . 508

Pearl . 505

Fistularia . 116

Fistularia commersoni . 117

depressa . 116

immaculata . 117

petimba . 116,117

serrata . 116

Fistulariidce . 115

Flagellaria . 116

flagellum, Aetobatis . 50

GENERAL INDEX.

553

Page.

flagellum, Goniobatis .

Raja .

Flammeo .

Flammeo sammara .

scythrops . .

Hammeus, Mulloides .

Flat-fishes .

flavescens, Acanthurus .

Scopas .

Zebrasoma .

flavieaudus, Sphagebranchus. .

flavimarginata, Mura-na .

flavimarginatus, Gyninothorax

flavissimus, Forcipiger .

flavivultus, Aphareus .

flavolineatus, Hypeneus .

Mulloides .

Mullus .

50
50 I
155
155
157
251
509
398
398
397
80
99
99

235

251

Upeneus

251 !

flavomarginata, Mu ran a . 99,102

flavovittata, Coris . 308

Julis . 308

flavovittatus, Julis . 308

florealis, Spheroides . 426

Tetrodon . 426

Flounders . 509

Fluke . 528

Flying-fishes . 130

Flying Gurnards . 472

Foa . 210

Foa braehygramma . 211

fontinalis, Salvelinus . 528

Forcipiger . 362

Forcipiger flavissimus . 363

longirostris . 363

formosus, Callyodon . 355

Coris . 306

Julis . 300,306

Pseudoscarus . 355

Scar us . 355

forskalii, Gheilio . 315

Glossodus . 56

Scarus . 357

forsteri, Albula . 56

Amblycirrhites . 450

Carangus . 191

Caranx . 192

Cirrhites . 450

Gram m istes . 450

Paracirrhites . 450

Fowler, Henry W . 21

fowleri, Microdonophis . 82

traterculus, Pseudupeneus — . . 261

Upeneus . 262

fremblii, Chfetodon . 375

frenatus, Apogon . 215

Balistes . 412

Balistes (Balistapus) . 412

Friars . 137

Frigate Mackerels . 170

Frog Fishes . 517

Frogs . 528

fronticornis, Naseus . 403

Naso . 403

fulvoguttatus, Carangoides . 199

Furcaria . 268

l'urcatus, Aphareus . 236

fusca, Eleotris .

fuscipinnis, Anthias .

Odontanthias .

fuscoguttatus, Epinephelus .

fuscolineatus, Balistes .

fuscostriatus, Holocentrus .

fuscum, Thalassoma .

fuscus, Cheilio .

Clarias .

Culius .

Gobius .

Gomphosus .

Kyphosus .

Labrus .

Macropteronotus .

Mapo .

Pimelepterus .

Xyster .

fusiformis, Eupemis .

Labrus .

Gadidae .

gaimard, Julis .

gaimardi, Coris .

galactacma, Sebastapistes .

Galei .

Galeichthys .

Galeocerdo .

Galeocerdo rayneri .

tigrinus .

galeodon, Lactoria .

Galeorhinus . .

Galeus .

Galeus japonicus .

vulgaris .

zyopterus .

Gallichthys .

Gallichthys chevola .

major .

gallichthys, Carangoides . .

Gall us .

Gallus Virescens .

gal lus, Caranx .

Scyris .

Zeus .

gangeticus, Carcliarias ( Prionodon)

garretti, Monoceros .

Tienianotus .

Gasterosteus antecessor .

ductor .

Gastrophysus .

Gempylus .

Gempylus coluber .

ophidianus .

prometheus .

serpens .

solandri .

Geneion .

Genicanthus .

genivittatus, Awaous .

Gobius .

geoffroy, Julis .

Macro pharyngodon .

geoftroyi, Platyglossus .

georgianus, Exoccetus .

Germo .

Germo germo .

sibi .

480

226

225

409

157

299
315

530
480
484
290
248

300

531
483
248
248
315
315
508
305
305
459

34
531

37
36

445

36
36
36

200

202

200

202

405

471

182

425
179
179
179

178

179
178

426
377

492

493
289
288
289
133
174

174

175

554

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

germo, Gerrno . 174

Scomber . 175

gibbifrons, Alticus . 499

Julis . 314

Salarias . 500

gibbosa, Scorpsenopsis . 468

gibbosus, Scorpsenopsis . 470

SeorpEenichthys . 470

gigantea, Belone . 124

giganteus, Tylosurus . 124

gigas, Glyphisodon . 275

Gilbert, Charles H . 20

gilberti, Callyodon . 354

Exonautes . 134

Scarus . 355,356

Gil lias . 495

giuris, Glossogobius . 484

glauca, Isuropsis . 43

Lamna . 44

Oxyrhina . 44

Prionace . 37

glaiicus, Carcharias . 37

Squalus . 37

gladispinis, Holocenthrus . 161

gladius, Xiphias . 168

Glossichthys . 51 C

glossodon, Conorhynehus . 56

glossodonta, Albula . 56

Argentina . 55

glossodontus, Butirinus . 56

(Butirinus) Elops . 56

Glossodus . 55

Glossodus forskalii . 56

Glossogobius giuris . 4S4

Glyphidodon . 272

Glyphidodon ccelestinus . 274

(Paraglyphidodon) melas . 275

saxatilis . 274

Glyphisodon . 272

Glyphisodon abdominalis . 274

gigas . 275

imparipennis . 274

notatus . 275

sindonis . 272

sordidus . 275

Glyptocephalus . 510

Gnathanodon . 197

Gnathanodon speciosus . 198

Gnathocentrum . 382

Gnatholepis . 487

Gnatholepis knighti . 487

Gnathophis . 76

Goat -Fishes . 25 i

Gobies . 478

Gobiichthys . 485

Gobiichthys lonchotus . 485

Gobiidse . 478

Gobididei . 478

Gobiomorplius . 483

Gobiomorphus eugenius . 483

Gobi onel lus lonchotus . 484

Gobiopterus . 482

Gobiopterus farcimen . 482

Gobius albopunctatus . 484

breviceps . 484

fuscus . 484

genivittatus . 493

Page.

Gobius homocyan us . 484

nebulo-punctatus . 484

padangensis . 484

papuensis . 493

punctillatus . 484

sandvicensis . 484

sopora tor . 484

stamineus . 493

godeffroyi, Anampses . 293,294

Goggle-eyed Jack . 187

Goldfish . 528,532

Goldsborough, Edmund L . 20,21

goldsboroughi, Gymnotliorax . 100

Gomphosus . 289

Gomphosus cepedianus . 291

fuscus . 290

melanotus . 290

pectoral is . 290

sandwichensis . 291

tricolor . 290

varius . 289

Goniobatis . 49

Goniobatis flagellum . 50

meleagris . 50

Gonocephalus . 471

Gonoeh&’todon . 364

Gonopterus . ' . 382

Gonopterus mcerens . 383

goreensis, Albula . 56

gracilieauda, Gymnotliorax . 94

gracilis, Saurida . 65

Saurus . 65

Scomber . 170

gracilispinis, Holocenthrus . 164

Grammistes forsteri . 450

grandoculis, Monotaxis . 243

Scisena . 244

Sphterodon . 244

greenoughii, Coris . 309

greenovii, Julis . 308

Grenadiers . 509

grex, Scomber . 170

Groupers . 222

guentheri, Mugil . 140

guntheri, Hepatus . 388

Teuthis . 389

guntheriana, Alutera . 424

Gurnards, Deep-water . 471

Flying . 472

guttata, Raja . 60

Scorpiena . 455

guttatus, Acanthurus . 393

Bodianus . 222

Epinephelus . 222

Harpurus . 393

Hepatus . 392

Lampris . 166

Serranus . 222

Teuthis . 393

Zeus . 166

Gymnepignathus . 186

Gymnocanthus intermedius . 474

Gymnodontes . 424

Gymnomurama . 105, 111

Gymnomuraena doliata . 106

fasciata . 106

macrocephalus . 112

GENERAL INDEX

555

Gymnomuraena marmorata _

micropterus...

tigrina .

xanthopterus .

Gymnopsis .

Gymnosarda .

Gymnosarda alletterata .

pelamis .

gymnostethoides, Carangoides

Caranx .

Gymnothorax .

Gymnothorax agassizi .

berndti .

blochi .

cancel lat us .

echidna .

ercodes .

euros tus .

flavimarginatus
goldsboroughi. .
graeilieauda ...

hilonis .

laysanus .

leucacme .

leucostictus ....

meleagris .

mucifer .

nebulosus .

nuttingi .

pantherinus _

petelli .

pictus .

steindachneri . .
thalassopterus. .

undulatus . .

vinolentus .

waialuse . .

xanthostomus. .

zebra .

Halaelurus .

Halalalu .

Halatraetus .

Halfbeaks .

Halichceres .

Halichoeres iridescens .

lao .

ornatissimus .

Halieutsea .

Halocypselus .

Halocvpselus evolans .

obtusirostris .

Halosaurida* .

Halosauropsis .

Hammer-headed Shark .

hamruhr, Priacanthus .

HapiVu-piVu .

Harpage .

Harpagiferidte .

Harpe bilunulata .

Harpurus .

Harpurus guttatus .

lituratus .

monoceros .

parotieus . .

harpurus, Acanthurus .

hassek, Labrus .

hasseltii, Caranx .

Page.

hasseltii, Selar . 195

Haiiliulipuhi . 179

hawaiiensis, Dasyatis . 48

Engyprosopon . 514

Moringua . 86

Hazeus . . .. . 487

Head Fishes . 439

heberi, Scomber . 192

Heliases . 268

Heliastes . 268

Heliastes ovalis . 270

Helicolenus . 460

liellcri, Sphyrsena . 143

Helmictis . 75

Helmichthys . 75

helvolus, Carangus . 196

Caranx . 196

Scomber . 196

Hemibranchii . 114

Hemibranchs . 114

Hemichaetodon . 364

hemiehrysos, Cheilio . 315

Hemicoris argenteo-striatus . 312

baillieui . 311

ballieui . 311

keleipionis . 312

remedius . 313

rosea . 312

venusta . 313

Hemiglyphidodon . 272

hemigymnostethus, Carangoides . 199

Hemipteronotus . 332

Hemipteronotus baldwini . 333

copei . 332

jenkinsi . 33b

umbrilatus . 333

Hemiramphidte . 126

Hemiramphus . 127

Hemirumphus depauperatus . 127

longirostris . 129

macrorhynchus . 129

Hemirhamphus brasiliensis . 128

bro wni . 128

filamentosus . 128

marginatus . 128

pacificus . 127

pleii . 128

hemisphserium, Novaculichthys . . 326

Sparus . 326

Hemistoma . 346

Hemitrygon . 47

Hemiulis . 314

Hemiulis auratus . 315

Heniochus . 376

Heniochus acuminatus . 376

macrolepidotus . 377

henlei, (Prionodon) Carcharias . 39

Henshaw, H. W . 22,506

henshawi, Brachysomophis . 83

Hepatus . 383

Hepatus achilles . 384

atramentatus . 393

dussumieri . . . 390, 394

elongatus . 389

guntheri . 388

guttatus . 392

leucopareius . 386

Page.

. 112

112

. 113

. 112

. 105

. 171

. 173

172

199

. 199

111

100

102

101

111

103

104

100

103

101

104

106

187

183

126

285

287

285

286

525

132

133

113

232

223

147

477

279

383

393

405

403

386

405

315

195

556

GENERAL INDEX-

Hepatus matoides .

olivaceus .

sandvicensis .

triostegus .

ambra .

xanthopterus .

Herrings .

Hesperanthias .

heterodon, Pagrus .

Sphaerodon .

Heterosomata .

hexagonatus, Cheilinus .

Hexanematichthys .

hexanemus, Polynemus .

hexatsenia, Pseudoeheilinus. . .

liians, Attilennes .

Belone .

Tylosurus .

Hihim&nu . .

hihpe, Balistes .

hillianus, Exocoetus .

hilonis, Gymnothorax .

Hippocampus .

Hilu .

Hilu lauwili .

Hilupilkoa .

Himantura .

Hinal£a aki-161o .

iiwi .

lauwili .

I0I6 .

luahine .

Hippocampime .

Hippocampus .

Hippocampus fisheri .

hilonis .

hippoides, Carangus .

hippos, Caranx .

hippuroides, Lepimphis .

hippurus, Coryphaena .

hispid us, Tetraodon .

Tetrodon .

Histrio .

hcedtii, Malacanthus .

Novacula .

Holacanthus .

Holaeanthus arcuatus . .

bi color .

bispinosus . .

diacanthus .

fisheri .

holacanthus, Diodon .

Holocanthus hystrix .

Holocenthrus .

Holocenthrus gladispinis .

gracilispinis -

thorntonensis , . .

Holocentridte .

Holocentrum .

Holocentrum argenteum .

chrisf ianum _

diadema .

diploxiphus _

erythraeum .

leo .

microstoma _

punctatissimum

Page.

. 387

. 385

. 394

. 395

. 387

. 389

. 240

. 244

. . 509

319, 321
.. 531

.. 145

. . 317

.. 125

. . 126
. . 126
. . 49,50
412
. . 132

. . 102
.. 119

291,309
. . 306

450
47

290

302

305

297

119

190

192

205

204

427

429

517

. . 326

377, 426
. . 378

.. 380

.. 378

. . 379

.. 379

. . 436

. . 437

.. 159

164
.. 164

. . 157

146
159
158
156

.. 160
.. 164

. . 162
.. 161
161
164

Page.

Holocentrum sammara . 156

spiniferum . 161

tahiticum . 157

Holocentrus . 158

Holocentrus diadema . 159

diploxiphus . 164

ensifer . 165

erythraeus . 161

fuscostriatus . 157

leo . 161

microstoma . 161

microstomus . 160

punctatissimus . 162

sammara . 156

spinifer . 161

xantherythrus „• . 164

Holocephali . ; . . 51

Holotrachys . 147

Holotrachys lima . 147

Homalogrystes . 223

homei, Fierasfer . 535

homoeyanus, Gobius . 484

Iloplichthyidse . 472

Hoplichthys . 472

horridus, Antennarius . 518

Hou . 295

Hudson, Charles B . 20

hudsoni, Dendrochirus . 465

humeralis, Acanthurus . — 386

Chadodon . 374

humilis, Dules . 208

Mvripristis . 147

Humuhumu eleele . 417

hiukole . 409

lei . 410

mimi . 411

nukunuku apua’a . 413,414

uli . . . . . . 409

Hypeneus flavolineatus . 251

H y phalonedrus . 66

Hypocaranx . 197

Ilyporhamphus . 126

Hyporhamphus pacificus . 126

Hyporthodus . 223

Hy poser ran us . 223

Hypostomides . 143

hypselopterus, Acanthurus . 397

Acanthurus (Harpurus) . 397

Zebrasoma . 397

Hypsicometes . 476

Hypsinotus . 361

hystrix, Diodon . 437

Holocanthus . 437

Paradiodon . 437

Iehthyapus . 80

Ichthycallus . 285

Ichthyocampus . 121

ichthypphis . Ill

Ichthyophis pantherinus . 112

tigrinus . 113

Idols, Moorish . 383

ignobilis, Carangus . 188

Caranx . 190

Scomber . 190

ThtHhe . 127,128

immaculate, Amia . 55

Coryphsena . 205

GENERAL INDEX

557

Page.

immaculata, Fistularia . 117

immaculatus, Cannorhynchiis . 117

Upeneus . 256

immanis, Tlialassoma . 297

Imparipennis, Abudefduf . 274

Glyphisodon . 274

imperialis, Coryphsena . 205

imp! utlis, Crayracion . 429

Tetrodon . 428

incipiens, Acanthurus . 400

indiea, Aetobatis . 50

Monotaxis . 244

Scyris . 202

indicus, Chanos . 57

Elops . 54

Naucrates . 182

Scyris . 202

inermis, Cheilio . 314

Elops . 54

Labrus . 315

Iniistius . 328

Iniistius leucozonus . 331

mundicorpus . 331

niger . 331

pavoninus . 329

verater . 332

Iniomi . 61

insularum, Atherina . 138

Carclmrias . 40

intermedius, Gymnocanthus . 474

Iracundus . 470

Iracundus signifer . 470

iridescens, Halichceres . 287

Iridio . 285

irradians, Calotomus . 339

ischana, Anchovia . 61

Isogomphodon . 38

Isospondyli . 52

Isospondylous Fishes . 52

Isuropsis . 43

Isuropsis glauca . 43

Jack, Goggle-eyed . 187

jaeobaia, Eehencis*. . 494

Remora . 494

jactator. Canthigaster . 430

Tropidichthys . 431

janthinus, Canthigaster . 434

Tetraodon (Anosmius) . 434

japonica, Cephaloptera . 51

Coryphsena . 205

Dicerobatis . 51

Mobula . 50

Pseudanthias . 227

japonicus, Dactylopterus . 474

Galens . 36

Scomber . 169

Jenkins, O. P . 20

jenkinsi, Callyodon . 353

Hemipteronotus . 336

Pomacentrus . . 270

Scarus . 354

John Dories . 361

Jordan, David Starr . 20

Jordan, Knight Starr . 20

jordani, Cirrhilabrus . 315

Pseudoscarus . 360

Jugular Fishes . 508

Page.

Julis . 295,304

J ulis aneitensis . 304

axillaris . 284

ballieui . 298

bal tea tus . 285

bicatena tus . 300

bifer . 326

clepsydralis . 303

coris . 314

duperrei . 303

duperrey . 303

eydouxii . 309

flavovittata . 308

flavovittatus . 308

formosus . 300, 306

gaimard . 305

geoffroy . 289

gibbifrons . 314

greenovii . 308

lepomis . 306

leucorhynchus . 309

lunaris . 304

lutescens . 304

meleagris . 289

meniscus . 304

mertensi . 304

obscura . 298

ornatisslmus . 287

pulcherrima . 305

purpureus . 297

quadricolor . 297, 300

trilobata . 297,300

trilobatus . 300

umbrostigma . 301

vanikorensis . 326

verticalis . 298

viridis . 304

Kahfila . 183,185

KahlUa opio . 184

kailuee, Murama . 88

Ki'iku . 142

Kala . 402

Kalalolo . 401

Kale . 398

kallosoma, Novacula . 327

Novaculichthys . 327

kauila, Mursena . 90

kaupii, Lycodontis . 99

Thyrsoidea . 99

KAwak&wa . 173

Kavvalea . 143

Kawelea . 62

Keke . 427

kelaartii, Mugil . 140

keleipionis, Hemicoris . 312

Kelloggella . 188

Kelloggellaoligolepis . 488

kelloggi, Anthias . 227

Pseudanthias . 226

Sebastopsis . 462

Kendall, William Converse . 21

Kennedy, Clarence Hamilton . 21

Iventocapros . 446

Keris . 400

Kihikihi . 382,396

Kikak&pu . 366,368,373,447

kleinii, Balistes . 424

558

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

knighti, Gnatholepis . 487

Kofi’e . 237

kuelreuteri, Scomber . 182

Kuhlia . 207

Kuhlia arge . 209

malo . 207

taeniura . 208

Kuhliidae . 207

Kumu . 262

Kupipi . 274

Kup6up6u . 314

kuru, Polynemus . 145

kyphosidse . 246

Kyphosus . 246

Kyphosuselegans . 247

fuscus . 248

sandwichensis . 247

Labridae . 277

Labroid Fishes . 276

Labroides dimidiatus . 279

Lab rope rca . 223

Labrusalbovittatus . 285

angulosus . 156

cruentatus . 231

fuscus . 300

fusiform is . 315

hassek . 315

inermis . 315

lunaris . 304

lutescens . 304

marmoratus . 452

taeniourus . 326

trilobatus . 300

viridis . 304

zeylonicus . 304

laeepedii, Leiuranus . 81

lacertus. Scomber . 170

lacrymatus, Tetraodon . 429

Lactophrys . 441

Lactoria . 441,444

Lactoria galeodon . 445

schlemmeri . 444

Lady fishes . 54

Lae . 180

Ltenionema . 509

laevis, Balistes . 422

Lagocephalus . . 425

Lagocephalus oceanicus . 425

Laipala . 397

lamia, Carcharias . 40

Lamiopsis . 38

Lamna glauca . 44

Lamniae . 43

Lamnidae . 43

lampra, Muraena . 90

Lampridae . 166

Lampris . 166

Lampris luna . 166

regius . 166

Lampugus . 204

Lampugus siculus . 205

Lancelots . 33

Lantern fishes . 61 , 67

Lao . 285

lata, Dasibatis . 48

Dasyatis . 47

Trygon . 48

Page.

laterna, Arothron . 429

Crayracion . 429

Tetraodon . 428

laticeps, Aetobatis . 7 . 50

Chlamydes . 486

latidens, Lethrinus . 244

Sphaerodon . 244

latifrons, Ovoides . 430

latirostris, Aetobatis . 50

latus, Caranx . 192

Lauia . 355

lauia, Callyodon . 354,355

Scarus . 356

Laurida . 63

laysana, Munena . 94

laysanius, Antennarius . 520

laysanus, Gymnothorax . 93

leacliianus, Thvnnus . 174

Le Baliste brid<$ . 412

led use, Cymolutes . 327

Xyrichthys . 328

leclusii, Cvmolutes . 328

Lefroyia . 505

leihala, Echidna . 109

Leiuranus . 81

Leiuranus colubrinus . 81

laeepedii . 81

semicinctus . 81

lemniscatus, Osmerus . 63

Lemnisoma . 179

Lemnisoma thyrsitoides . 179

lentiginosum, Ostracion . 443

lentiginosus, Ostracion . 144

Lentipes . 491

Lentipes concolor . 491

seminudus . 491

leo, Halichceres . 285

Holocentrum . 161

Holocentrus . 161

leopardus, Blennius . 504

Salarias . 504

Lepidaplois . 278

Lepidsplois albotseniatus . 278

hi lun u latus . 279

modestus . 279

strophodes . 280

Lepidion . 508

Lepidochsetodon . 364

Lepidomegas . 183

Lepidopida? . 176

Lepimphis . 204

Lepimphis hippuroides . 205

Leptocardii . 32

Leptocephalichthys . 75

Leptocephalidae . 74

Leptocephalus . 75

lepomis, Cons . 307

Julis . 306

leprosus, Antennarius . 519

Chironectes . 520

Les Alutdes . 423

Dichotomycteres f Dichotomycter) . 427

Dilobomycteres (Dilobomycter) . 427

Epipedorhynques (E^pipedorhynehus) . 427

Ovoides . 427

Pierois . 463

Promecocephales (Promecocephalus) . 426

GENERAL INDEX,

559

Page.

Les Sph£roides . 426

Taenianotes . 471

lessonii, Caranx . 190

Lethrinus latidens . 244

leucacme, Gymnothorax . 101

Leuciscus (Ptycholepis) salmoneus . 57

zeylonicus . 57

leuciscus, Dules . 208

leucopareius, Hepatus . 386

Teuthis . 387

leueorhynehus, Julis . 309

leucostictus, Gymnothorax . 96

leucozonus, Iniistius . 331

leucurus, Nauclerus . 182

Uropterygius . 112

lewini, Zygaena . 42

Lichia toloo-parah . 179

Lija barbuda . 424

trompa . 422

lima, Holotrachys . 147

Myripristis . 147

Myripristis (Holotrachis) . 147

Myripristis (Holotrachys) . 147

Limamuraena . 87

limbatus, Saurus . 63 J

lineatus, Mugil . 140

lineolata, Pelamys . 175

lineolatus, Acanthurus . 392,394

Chaetodon . 365

Seriolichthys . 186

Tetragonoptrus . 366

Tetragonoptrus (Oxychsetodon) . 366

lineo-punctatus, Balistes . 417

lineopunctatus, Xanthichthys . 416

linguatula, Balistes . 424

Linophora . 364

Liomonacanthus . 418

Liosaccus . 426

Lipophrys . 497

Little Tunnies . 171

Tunny . 173

lituratus, Acanthurus . 405

Aspisurus . 405

Callicanthus . 404

Harpurus . 405

Monoceros . 405

Naseus . 405

liturosus, Balistes . 422

Diodon . 436

Liuranus semicinctus . 81

Lizard-fishes . 61

Lolo . 305

Lolo-oau . 473

lonchotus, Gobiichthys . 485

Gobionellus . 484

longicornis, Naseus . 403

longirostris, Chaetodon . 363

Chelmo . 363

Ghelmon . 363

Chelmon (Forcipiger) . 363

Euleptorhamphus . 128

Forcipiger . 363

Hemiramphns . 129

Prognathodus . 363

Lophiidae . 516

Lophiomus . 517

Lophius bigibbus . 521

Page.

Lophius commersonii . 519

sandvicensis . 518

Lophobranchii . 117

Loricati . 453

Loro . 358

Lota . 508

Loulu . 423

Inna. Lampris . 166

Zeus . 164

lunaris, Chaetodon . 365

Julis . 304

Labrus . 304

Thalassoma . 303

1 limit us, Chaetodon . 366

lunula, Chaetodon . 366

Pomacentrus . 368

Sarothrodus . 368

Tetragonoptrus . 368

lunulata, Pikea . 221

lunulatus, Chaetodon . 368

lurida, Ariomma . 217

lutescens, Julis . 304

Labrus . 304

Thalassoma . 304

*u teus, Callechelys . 86

Upeneus . 256

Lutianidae . 232

Lutjanus microchir . 240

Lutodeira . 56

Lutodeira chanos . 57

Lycodapodidae . 506

Lycodontis . 91

Lycodontis acutirostris . 105

eurosta . 93

kaupii . 99

parvibranchialis . 94

pseudothyrsoidea . 99

Lyopomi . 113

maegregori, Microdonophis . 82

Machaerium . 504

machnata, Argentina . 54

Mackerel, Chub . 169

Scads . 186

Sharks . 43

Mackerel-like Fishes . 167

Mackerels . 168, 169

Mackerels, Frigate . 170, 171

Snake . 179

macracanthus, Alutarius . 424

macrocepliala, Albula . 56

Merinthe . 461

macrocephalus, Gymnomuraena . 112

Sebastes . 461

Macrochyrus . 463

Macrognat bus . 117

Macrognathus brevirostris . 128

macrolepidotus, Chaetodon . 377

Heniochus . 377

Neoscopelus . 70

Tau rich thys . 377

Macropharyngodon . 288

Macropharyngodon aquilolo . 289

geoffroy . 288

macrophthalmus, Caranx . 187

Caranx (Selar) . 188

Scomber . 170

Macrops . 240

560

GENERAL INDEX,

Page.

macroptera, Myliobatis . 50

Macropteronotus fuscus . : . 531

Macrorhamphosidse . 117

Macrorhamphosus . 11"

macrorhynchus, Hemiramphus . 129

Macrouridae . 509

macrourus, Alopias .

raaculatus, Caracanthus . 453

Cirrhites (Cirrhitichthys) . 453

Cirrhitichthys . - — 452

Cirrhitus . 452

Diodon . 437

M icropus . 454

Scomber . 170

maculifera, Amia . 212

maculosus, Cirrhites . 452

maderaspater.sis, Butirinus . 57

M sen id® . 244

magnifiea, Pisoodonophis . . 34

magnificus, Myrichthys . 34

magur, Clarias . 527

Muhihi . 204

MiihimAhi . 204

Maii’i . . 387,389

Maiko . 393

Maikoiko . 386,393

Mail-Cheeked Fishes . 453

major, Gallichthys . 202

Maka . 194

Makaa . 194

Mak&’a . 275

Maki-maki . 427

Makiawa . 68

Makua . 440

makua, Ranzania . 440

Makukana . 445

Malamalama . 311

Malacanthidse . 275

Malacanthus . 275

Malacanthus hnedtii . 276

parvipinnis . 275

malleus, Squalus . 42

Zygaena . 42

M al 1 us ox ycephal us . 256

malo, Dules . 208

Kuhlia . 207

Malolo . 130,131,132,134

Malthopsis . 624

Malthopsis mitriger . 524

Mamftma . 272

Mamfimu . 243

Manaloa . 248

mancus, Platophrys . 513

Pleuronectes . 514

Man-eater Sharks . 44

Manini . 394

Mano . 45

Mano kihikihi . 41

Manos . 35

mantelliger, Chsetodon . 372

Maomao . 272

Mapo . 483

Mapo fuscus . 483

marchionessarum, Passer . 513

marginalis, Brotula . 507

marginatus, Carangus . 191

Caranx . 191

Page.

marginatus, Conger . 76

Congrogadus . 504

Dules . 208

Eupomacentrus . 271

Hemirhamphus . 128

Moronopsis . 208

margravii, Coryphsena . 205

Mariposas . 166

marmorata, Gymnoinurfena . 112

Munena . 99

marmoratus, Alticus . 498

Blennius . 499

Cirrhites . 453

Cirrhitus . 452

Labrus . 452

Salarias . 499

LJropterygius . Ill

maro-adsi, Caranx . 186

marshi, Etelis . 240

Eteliscus . 241

maruadsi, Caranx . 186

massua, Aodon . 50

Mastacembelus annulatus . 124

choram . 124

platurus . 123

mato, Dules . 208

matoides, Acanthurus . 388

Hepatus . 388

Teuthi.s . 388

mauritianus, Caranx . 187

Chorinemus . 181

Trachurops . 188

Maurolicid* . 70

meeki, Priacanthus . 231

M£’em6'e . 127

Melamphaes . 146

melampygus, Carangus . 192

Caranx . 193

Melanichthys . 417

melanophrys, Myripristis . 153

melanopsis, Diodon . 436

melanopterus, Carcharias . 38

(Prionace) Carcharias . 39

(Prionodon) Carcharias . 39

Melanostoma . 218

Melanostoma argyreum . 219

melanotus, Gomphosus . 290

melanurus, Belone . 124

melas, Glyphidodon (Paraglyphidodon ) . 275

meleagris, Aetobatis . 50

Goniobatis . 50

Gymnothorax . 94

Jul is . 289

Mu ram a . 94

Ostracion . 444

Tetrodon . 430

Thyrsoidea . 94

Melichthys . , . 417

Melichthys bispinosus . 418

radula . 417

ringens . 418

vidua . 410

Membras . 137

Menephorus . 221

menesema, Amia . 215

meniscus, Julis . 304

mento, Balistes . 417

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

men to, Chanos . 57

Xanthichthys . 417

Merinthe . 461

Merinthe macrocephala . 461

mertensi, Julis . 304

Merus . 223

mesogaster. Parexocoetus . 132

Mesoprlon mierochir . 240

Metopias . 146

metoposophron. Callicanthus . 405

mexicanus, Mugil . 140

Microcant hus . 376

Microcanthus strigatus . 376

microcephala, Clupea . 55

microchir, Chaetopterus . 240

Lutjanus . 240

Mesoprion . 240

mierodon, Aprion . 234

Apsilus . 234

Platyinius . 234

Microdonophis . . 82

Microdonophis fow leri . 82

maegregori . 82

microlepidotus, Xyrichthvs . 328

Microphis . 120

microptera. Evolantia . 130

micropterus, Cypsilurus . 131

Exoccetus . 131

Gymnomuraena . 112

Muraena . 112

Micropteryx . 183

Micropus . 453

Micropus maeu latus . 454

unipinna . 454

micropus, Etrumeus . 58

microstoma, Cheilo . * . 315

Holocentrum . 161

Holocentrus . 161

microstomus, Holocentrus . 160

miliaris, Chaetodon . 371

Milk-fishes . 56

miniatus, Callyodon . 346

Epinephelus . 222

Scarus . 347

Mionorus . 210,212

Mionorus waikiki . 210

mitis, Balistes . 412

mitriger, Malthopsis . 524

mitsukurii, Squalus . 45

M6ft . 442

moadetta, Chorinemus . 181

Moamoa waa . 443

Moauo . 256

Moano kea . 255

Mobula . 50

Mobula japonica . 50

Mobulidae . 50

modestus, Cossyphus . 279

Crenilabrus . 279

Lepidaplois . 279

mcerens, Gonopterus . 383

Moi . ’. . 144

Moi-lii . 144

molendinaris, Muraena . 106

Molidse . 439

Monacanthidae . 418

Monacanthum proboscideum . 422

561

Page.

Monacanthus pardalis . 419

scriptus . 423

spilosoma . 421

Monoeanthus albopunctatus . 420

monoceros . 424

Monoceros . 899

Monoceros biaculeatus . 403

garretti . 405

lituratus . 405

raii . 403

unicornis . 403

monoceros, A lute ra . 423

Balistes . 424

Harpurus . 403

Monoeanthus . 424

monocirrhus, Exoccetus . 133

Monoprion . 212

Monotaxis . 243

Monotaxis grandoculis . 243

Monotaxis indica . 244

Moorish Idols . 381

Mora . 508

Morays . 87,91

Moringua . 86

Moringua hawaiiensis . 86

Moringuidae . 86

Moronopsis . 207

Moronopsisargenteua . 208,209

marginr.tu8 . 208

sandvicensis . 208

taeniurus . 209

Mu . 243

muchalis, Chanos . 57

mucifer, Gymnothorax . 97

Mugil . 139

Mugil albula . 110

berlandieri . 110

cephalotus . 140

cephalus . 139

chanos . 57

chaptalii . 141

dobula . 140

guentheri . M0

kelaartii . MO

lincatus . 140

mexicanus . M0

ocur . mo

plumieri . 140

rammelsbergii . 140

tang . 140

-Mugilidae . 138

Mugilomorus . 53

Mugilomorus anna-carolina . 54

Mullets . 138

Mu 1 1 h y pencils . 254

Mullidae . 249

Mulloides . 249

Mulloides auriflamma . 250

erythrinus . . 251

flammeus . 251

tlavolineatus . 251

pflugeri . 251

ruber . 251

samoensis . 253

vanicolensis . 254

zeylonicus . 251

Mullus aureovittatus . 251

F. C. B. 1903—36

GENERAL

INDEX.

562

Page.

Mullus aurifiamma . 251

bifasciatus . 259

chryserydros . 256 !

dispilurus . 262

flavolineatus . 251 :

multifasciatus . 257

oxycephalus . ‘256

pleurostigma . 261

pleurotaenia . 262

radiatus . 256

trifasciatus . 259

multibarbata, Brotula . . 508

multicinctus, Clnetodon . 370

multicirrata, Brotula . 508

multicolor, Coris . 313

multifasciatus, Mullus . . . 257

Pseudupeneus . 256

multimaculatus, Diodon . -136

Pseudomonacanthus . 420

multiocellatus, Antennarius . 520

multiradiatus, Myripristis . 149

multizonus, Ophisurus . 81

mnndicorpus, Iniistius . 331

Mu nu . 258

M linen a . 87

Mursena acutirostris . 105

agassizi . 99

blochii . 99

cancellata . 99

canina . 91

flavimarginata . 99

flavomarginata . 99, 102

kailuse . 88

kauila . 90

lampra . 90

lay sana . 94

marmorata . 99

meleagris . 94

micropterus . 112

molendinaris . 106

nebulosa . 111.

nubila . 99

ophis . Ill

petelli . 101

pfeifferi . 104

picta . 104

siderea . 104

undulata . 99

valeneiennei . 99

variegata . 104,111

zebra . 106

Mureenidtc . 87

Murienoblenna . 112

Munenoblenna tigrina . 113

Munenophis . 87

Muraenophis pantherina . 104

undulata . 99

murdjan, Myripristis . 152

Perea . 153

Sciaena . 153

muro-adsi, Caranx . 186

mycteryzans, Chsetodon . 377

Myetophidae . 67

Myctophum . 69

Myliobatis eeltenkee . 50

macroptera . 50

nannari . 50

Page.

myops. Saurus . 63

Synod us . 63

Trachinocephalus . 62

myriaster, Serranus . 222

Myrichthys . 84

Myrichthvs magni ficus . 81

sty purus . 84

Myriopristis . 149

Myripristis . 149

Myripristis argyromus . 154

berndti . 153

chryseres . 150

(Holotraehis) lima . 147

(Holotrachys) lima . 147

humilis . 147

lima . 147

melanopbrys . 153

multiradiatus . 149

murdjan . 152

pillwaxii . 148

sealei . 151,153

symmetricus . 151

My xus . 141

Myxus (Neomyxus) sclateri . 141

pacificus . 141

Nae-nae . 385

Nannobrachium . 67

narinari, Aetobatis . 50

Myliobatis . ■ . . 50

Raja . 50

Stoasodon . 49

Naseus . 400

Naseus brevirostris . 402

carol inarum . 405

fronticornis . 403

literatus . 405

longicornis . 403

olivaceus . 403

unicornis . 403

Naso . 399

Naso fronticornis . 403

Nasonus . 400

nasutus, Cantherines . 419

Nauclerus . 181

Nauclerus abbreviatus . 182

annularus . 182

brachycentrus . 182

compressus . 182

leucurus . 182

Naucrates . 181

Nauerates cyanophrys . 182

ductor . 182

fanfarus . 182

indicus . 182

noveboracensis . 182

serratus . 182

nebulo-punctatus, Gobi us . 484

nebulosa, Echidna . 1 10

Muraena . ill

Sau rid a . 66

nebulosus, Ameiurus . 527,631

Gymnothorax . ill

Pimelodus . 532

Nebdle-fishes . 122

ncglectus, Expcoetus . 135

Nehu . 60

Nematognathi . * 529

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Nemichthyidse . 79

Nemobrama . 166

Nen ue . 248

Nen ue pari i . 247

neoguinaica, Albula . 50

Neomuraena . • . 92

Neomyxus . 141

neopercis . 470

Neoscopelus . 09

Neoscopelus alcocki . '70

macrolepidotus . 70

nesiotes, Carcharias . 40

nesogallica, Seorpaena . 470

nesogallicus, Chaetodon . 305

T et ragonopterus . 305

N et tastom idae . 79

nexilis, Antennariiia . 523

niger, Chironecfes . 519

Iniistius . 331

nigra, Novacula (Iniistius) . 332

nigrescens, Sicydium . 490

nigricans. Eupomacentrus . 271

Poniacentrus . 271

nigripes, Sal arias . 498

nigroris, Acanthurus . 389

nigros, Acanthurus . 389

Niuhi . 44

niveilatus, Xyrichthys . 337

noordzieki. Conger . 76

notatus, Glyphisodon . 275

notospilus, Parupeneus . 262

Novacula cephalotsenia . 320

hcedtii . 320

(Iniistius) nigra . 332

(Iniistius) pavo . 331

(Iniistius) tetrazona . 331

kallosoma . 327

pavo . 331

vanicolensis . 320

Novaeulichthys . 322'

Novaculichthys entargyreus . 325

hemisphaerium . 320

kallosoma . 327

taeniourus . 325

tatoo . 325

woodi . 323

noveboracensis, Nauorates . 182

novemmaeulatus, Diodon . 430

Paradiodon . 437

nubila, Muraena . 99

nudifrons, Diodon . 438

nuchalis, Seorpaena . 458

n ndus, Chaetodon . 383

numinifer, Antennarius . 522

Nunu . 114

Nutting, Charles C . 20

nuttingi, Gymnothorax . 103

nycteris, Balistes . 408

Pachynathus . 409

Nyctophus . 09

oahuensis, Canthigaster . 432

Ostracion . 443

Tropidichthys . 432

oblitcratus, Alutarius . 424

oblonguisculus, Balistes . 424

obscura. Echidna . 107

Julis . 298

563

Page.

obscurum. Thalassoma . 298

obtusirostris, Exoccetus . 133

Halocypselus . 133

Ocean Bonito . 172

oceanicus, Lagocephalus . 425

Rhinoscopelus . 68

ocellatus, Chietodon . 368

octotaenia, Pseudocheilinus . 317

ocur, Mugil . 140

Odontanthias . 225

Odontanthias fuscipinnis . 225

Ogcocephalidae . . 523

Ohua . 418,422

Ohua Paawela . 280

Olale .*. . 295

Olani . 295

oligolepis, Enypnias . 489

Kelloggella . 488

Oili mviwi . 420

O’ililepa . 418,422

Oio . 55

olivaceus, Acanthurus . 380

Chietodon . 403

Hepatus . 385

Naseus . 403

Ten til is . 386

Omaka . 283

Omilimilu . 192

Omilu . 192,198

onaria, Seorpaena . 457

Ono . 170

Oonidus . 427

Oopakaku . 443

06pu . 479, 480, 481 , 482, 483, 485, 487, 489, 492, 493

Oopu kai noahu . . . . 461

kawa . 438

Oopuhue . 427,438

Oopuka-hai-hai . 449

Opa kapa ka . .. . 234, 230

Opelu . 169

Opelu . 186

Opelu palahu . 169

Ophicephalidae . 532

Ophicephalus striatus . 527

Ophichthyidae . 80

Ophichthys stypurus . 85

opliidianus, Gempylus . 179

Ophidioidea . 504

Ophiocephalus chena . 533

ophis, Muraena . ill

Thierodontis . m

Ophisoma . 76

Opisthistius . 246

Ophisuraphus . 80

Ophisurus . 84

Ophisurus multizonus . 81

semieinctus . 81

(Sphagebranchus) vimineus . 81

vim i neus . 81

ophryas, Arothron . 430

Ovoides . 430

ophthalmotaenia, Acentrogobius . 488

Opule . 291

Opule lauli . 293

Orcynus . 174

orientalis, Cephalacanthus . 473

Chanos . 57

GENERAL INDEX.

564

Tage.

orientals, Dactylopterus . 474

Pelamys . 175

ornatissimus, Balistes . 415

ChsetocLon . 373

Citharcedus . 373

Halichoeres . '286

Julis . 287

Tetragonoptrus . 373

Tetragonoptrus (Citharcedus) . 373

ornatus, Balistes . 422

Chpetodon . 373

Orthichthys . 117

Osbeckia . 422

Osbeckia scripta . 422

Osmerus lemniscatus . 63

Ostichthys . 147

Ostichthvs pillvvaxii . 147

Ostorhinchus . 212

Ostraciidae . 441

Ostracion . 441

Ostracion bombifrons . 442

camurum . 442

diaphanus . 445

lentiginosum . 443

lentiginosus . 444

meleagris . 444

(Ostracion) punctatus . 444

oahuensis . 443

punctatum . 444

punctatus . 444

sebae . 442

Ostracodermi . 441

Osurus . 474

Osurus schauinslandii . 475

ovalis, Chromis . 269

Heliastes . 270

Ovoides . 427

Ovoides erethizon . 429

latifrons . 430

ophryas . 430

Ovum . 427

Oxybeles . 505

oxycephalus, Cossyphus . 282

Mallus . 256

Mullus . 256

Upeneus . 256

Verreo . 281

Oxychaetodon . 364

Oxycheilinus . 319

Oxyrhina glauca . 44

Oxyurus . 75

Oysters . 528

Pa kui kui . 384

Pachynathus . 408

Pachynathus bursa . 411

capistratus . 412

nycteris . 409

triangularis . 412

pacificus, Hemirhamphus . 127

Hyporhamphus . 126

My xus . 141

padangensis, Gobius . 484

Pagrus heterodon . 244

pala, Cyprinus . 57

Palaui . 390

Pal sea . 295

paluca, Callyodon . 352

Page

paluca, Scarus . 353

Pahikaluka . 352

Pampanos . 179

panamensis, Caranx . 198

pantherina, Mursenophis . 104

Sidera . 104

pantherinus, Cirrhites . 450

Gvmnothorax . 104

Ichthyophis . 112

Platophrys . 512

Rhomboidichthys . 513

Rhombus . 513

Sparus . 450

Paiiuhu . 349

Panuhunuhu . 351,354

PaopAo . 197

Papiopio . 188

papuensis, Gobius . 493

Paracirrhites . 448

Paracirrhites arcatus . 450

cinctus . 449

forsteri . 450

Farad iodon . 436

Paradiodon hystrix . 437

novemmaculatus . 437

quadrimaculatus . 437

paradoxus, Solenostomus . lis

Paradules . 207

Paradules taeniura . : . 209

Parajulis . 285

Paralepididae . 72

Parapercis . 476

Parapercis pterostigma . 474

schauinslandi . 474

parapistes, Caranx . 192

Parapomacentrus . 270

Paraseorpaena . 455

pardali , Monacanthus . 419

Parexoccetus . 131

Parexoecetus brachypterus . 131

mesogaster . 132

rostratus . 131

pareva, A 1 uteres . 422

paroticus, Harpurus . 386

) parree, Albula . 56

Parupeneus . 254

Parupeneus crassilabris . 260

cyclostomus . 256

dispilurus . 262

notospilus . 262

pleurostigma . 261

trifaciatus . 257

parva, Eeheneis . 494

parvibranchialis, Lycodontis . 94

parvimanus, Rhombus . 513

parvipinnis, Malacanthus . 275

Scorpaena . 463

Sebastopsis . 463

Passer marchionessarum . . 513

j Pastinaca . 47

PAupAu . 188

Pauii . 150

Pauu’u . 188

pavoninus, Iniistius . 329

Xyriehthys . . 331

pavo, Novacula . 331

Novacula (Iniistius) . 331

GENERAL INDEX,

565

pa vo, Rhomboidichthys

Rhombus .

Pearl Fishes . .

peetora 1 is, G oinphosus .

Pediculati .

Pegasidee .

pelagicum, Branchiostoma
pelagicus, Amphioxides —

Scomber .

pelamides, Scomber .

pelamis, Gymnosarda .

Scomber .

Pelamys . .

Pelamys chilensis .

lineolata .

orientalis .

pelamys, Thvnnus .

Pelecanichthys .

Pelecanichthys crumenalis.

Peloria .

Perea argentea . .

murdjan .

pulchella .

tseniata .

Percesoces .

Perch- like Fishes .

Percisschauinslandi .

Percoidea .

perguttatus, Serranus .

Peristediidie .

Page.
514 |
514 I
505
290
510
143 I
34 I
33

205
173

172

173
175
175
175
175
173
510
510
512
208
153
160
450
137

206
474

. 206
. 222
471

Peristedion . 472

Peristethus . 471

peroni, Caranx . 192

perspicillaris, Tetraodon . 428

perspicillatus, Callyodon . 347

Scarus (Scams) . 348

petaurista, Caranx . 19s j

petelli, Gymnothorax . 100

Mursena . 101 i

petimba, Fistularia . 116,117 :

Petos . 176 j

Petronason . 346

Petroscirtes ater . 501

petus, Acanthocybium . 176

Cybium . 176

pfeifferi, Mursena . 104

Polydactyl us . 145

Sidera . 104

pflugeri, Mulloides . 251

Pharyngognathi . 276 l

Pholis . 497 |

phorcys, Carcharias . 39 !

Physogaster . 425

Picarels . 244

picta, Mursena . 104

pic tu rata, Alutera . 423

pictus, Gymnothorax . 103

Pikea . 220

Pikea aurora . 220

lunulata . 221

Pilikoa . 449, 450

Pilot Fishes . 181

pillwaxii, Myripristis . 148

Ostichthys . 147

Pimelepterus . 246

Pimelepterus elegans . 247

fuscus . 248

Page.

Pimelepterus sandwicensis . 247

Pimelodus nebulosus . 532

pinnulata, Seriola . 186

pinnulatus, Caranx . 186

Elagatis . 186

Pipe-Fishes . 119

Pisces . 34

Pisoodonophis magnifies . 84

Plagiusa . 516

Plagusia . 516

Platophrys . 512

Platophrys mancus . 513

pantherinus . 612

platura, Belone . 123

platurus, Mastacembelus . 123

Platyglossus geoffroyi . 289

Platyinius microdon . 234

Platypodon . 38

Platysqualus . 41

platyura, Belone . 122

platyurus, Belone . 123

Plectognatlii . 406

Plectognathous Fishes . 406

pleii, Hemirhamphus . 128

Pleuronectes mancus . 514

Pleuronectidae . 509

pleurostigma, Mullus . 261

Parupeneus . 261

Pseudupeneus . 260

Upeneus . 261

pleurotaenia, Doryichthys . 121

Doryrhamphus . 121

Mullus . 262

Pleurothyris . 70

plumieri, Albula . 55

Caranx . 188

Diodon . 437

Mugil . 140

Scomber . 187

Trachurops . 188

Pneumatophorus . 169

pneumatophorus, Scomber . 170

Podateles . 506

Pcecilophis . 105

Pcecilophis tritor . 110

Pcecilophus variegata . ill

Peecilopsetta . 512

politus, Carangus . 194

poloosoo, Caranx . 198

Polydactylus . 144

Polydactylus pfeifferi . 145

sexfilis . 144

Polvipnus . 72

Polymixia . 166

Polymixiidae . 165

Polynemidse . 144

Polynemus . 144

Polynemus hexanemus . 145

kuru . „ . 145

sexfilis . 145

Polypterichthys . 114

Polypterichthys valentini . 115

Polyuranodon . 91

polyzona, Echidna . 109

Pomaeanthus . 882

Pomacentridse . 266

Pomacentrus . . . . 270

566

GENERAL INDEX

IJage.

Pomacentrus filamentosus . 365

jenkinsi . 270

lunula . 368

nigricans . 271

l’om l'rets . 202

Pompilus . 161

poiupilus, Thynnus . 182

Pon tin us . 160

Ponuhuniihu . 341

P6opA’a . 449,455

Pood . 319,321

Pope, Thomas E. h . 21

Porcupine Fishes . * 435

Porgies . 242

Porobronehus . 505

Poroderma . 35

porphyreus, Pseudupeneus . 262

postica, Echeneis . 494

preorbitalis, Pseudupeneus . 263

Upeneus. . . 264

pretiosusi Ruvettus . 177

Thyrsites . 178

Priacanthichthys . 223

Priacanthidae . 227

Priacanthus . 228

Priacanthus alalaua . 228

carolinus . 23]

cepedianus . 231

cruentatus . 229

hamruhr . . 232

meeki . 231

schlegeli . 231

pricei, Stephanolepis . 421

Priodon . 400

Priodonophis . 92

Priodontichthys . 400

Priolepis . 480

Prionace . 37

Pnonace glauca . 37

Prionodon . 37

Prionurus eoume . 405

Pristiapogon . 212

Pristotis . 270

proboscideum, Monacanthum . 422

Prognathodus longirostris . 363

Promethes atlanticus . 178

Prometheus . 178

prometheus, Gempylus . 178

Promethichthys . 178

Thyrsites . 179

Promethichthys . . . . 178

Promethichthys prometheus . 178

Promyllantor . 75

psalion, Echidna . 106

psegma, Canthigaster . 433

Tropidichthys . 434

Pseudanthias . 226

Pseudanthias japonica . 227

kelloggi . 226

l’seudocheilinus . 316

' Pseudocheilintis evanidus . 317

hexataenia . 317

octotaenia . 317

Pseudojulis . 294

Pseudoj ulis cerasina . 294

Pseudomonacanthus . 418

Pseudomonucanthus multimaculatus . 420

Page-

Pseudomonopterus . 463

Pseudomunena . 92

Pseudopomacentrus . 270

Pseudopterus . 463

Pseudosearus . 358

Pseudoscarus bataviensis . 357

collana . 357

dubius . 351

formosus . 355

jordani . 360

sumbawensis . 358

troschelii . 358

pseudothyrsoidea, Lycodontis . 99

Pseudupeneus . 254

Pseudupeneus bifasciatus . 258

chryserydros . 255

chrysonemus . 258

crassilabris . 259

fraterculus . 261

multifasciatus . 256

pleurostigma . 260

porphyreus . 262

preorbitalis . 263

Psilonotus . 430

Pterocephala . 50

Pterois . 463

Pterois barberi . 465

sphex . 464

Pteroleptus . 463

I’teropsaridie . 474

Pteropsaron . 476

Pteropterus . 463

pterostigma, Parapercis . 474

Ptycholepis . 56

Pdakahiila . 183,195

Plidlli . 388,390

Pua \va . 56

Pullers . 424

Puffers, Sharp-nosed . 430

Puhi . 91

Puhi kapa . 110

kapa’a . 103

kauila . 88

laumili . 198

oa . 88

liha . 76

Puhiki . 131

pulchei la, Perea . 160

puleherrima, Coris . 306

Julia . 305

pulicaris, Clarias . . 531

punctatissimum, Holocentrum . 164

punctatissimus, Holocentrus . 162

punctatofasciatus, Chatodon . 369

Tetragonoptrus . 370

punctatolineatus, Chaetodon . 370

punctatum, Ostracion . 444

punctatus, Cibotion . 444

Diodon . 437

Ostracion . 444

Ostracion (Ostracion ) . 414

punctillatus, Gpbius . 484

purpurascens, Elops . 54

Seriola . 183

purpurea, Anchovia . 60

Thalassoma . 297

purpureum, Thalassoma . 295

GENERAL

INDEX,

567

Page.

purpureas, Jiilis . ‘297

Scams . 297

Stolephorus . til

Puu olai . 434

pyrrhovuictum, Thalassonm . 303

quadricolor, Julis . 297. 300

Thalassoma . 297

quadrimaculatus, Cha*tod6n . 373

Diodon . 130

Paradiodon . -137

quadripunctatus, Scomber . 174

quernus, Epinephelus . 223

quinqueaculeata, Raja . 50

quinqueradiata, Seriola . 184

Quisquilius . 483

Quisquilius eugenius . 483

Rabdophorus . 303

radiatus, Mullus . 250

radula, Balistes . 418

Melichthys . 417

raii, Monoceros . 403

Raja flagellum . 50

guttata . 5()

narinari . 50

quinqueaculeata . 50

rammelsbergii. Mugil . 140

ramosus, Cheilio . 315

Kanzania . 439

Ranzania makua . 440

rayneri, Galeocerdo . 37

Raya . 46

Rays, Eagle . 48

Sting . 40

rectangulus. Balistapus . 413

Balistes . 414

Kedlish . 229

regius, Lampris . 166

Zeus . 100

remedius, Hemicoris . 313

Remora . 494

Remora albescens . 495 I

jacobiea.. . 494

remora, Echeneis . 494

Remoras . 494

remoroides, Echeneis . 494

Remorina . 494

Remoropsis . 494

Reniceps . 41

reticulatus, Chironectes . 521

rhabdotus, Carangus . 193

Rhamphoberyx . 149

Rhegnopteri . 144

Rhinecanthus . 413 '

Rhinesomus . 441 ;

Rhinoberyx . 159

Rhinoscopelus . 08

Rhinoseopelus oceanicus . 08

rhombeus, Acanthurus . 398

Rhomboidichthys . 512

Rhomboidichthys pantherinus . 513

pa vo . 514

Rhombotides . 383

Rhombus pantherinus . 513

parvimanus . 513

pavo . 514

sumatranus . 513

Rhynchichthys . 159

Page-

Rhynchotus . 430

rim, Scomber . 197

ringens, Melichthys . 418

(Parabalistes) Balistes . 418

rivulatus, Cheilinus . 322

rocheanus, Thynnus . 171

rochei, Scomber . 171

Romero . 182

rondeleti, Careharodon . 44

Ziphias . 168

rosea, Coris . 311

Coris (Hemicoris) . 312

Hemicoris . 312

rostrata, Albula . 50

rostratus, Exoccetus . 131

Parexoccetus . 131

Rovettus temminkii . 178

ruber, Mulloides . 251

rubrofuscus, Antennarius . 520

Chironectes . 520

Rudder Fishes . 240

Runners . 185

ruppellii, Caranx . 198

Scyris . 202

rutilus, Salarias . 500

Ruvettus . 177

Ruvettus pretiosus . 177

Salaria . 497

Salarias . 497,501

Salarias brevis . 504

cypho . 502

edentulus . 503

gibbifrons . 500

leopard us . 504

marmoratus . 499

nigripes . 498

rutilus . 500

saltans . 500

variolosus . 498

zebra . 501

Saleima . 240

Sal mo varius . 65

Salmon . 528

salinoneus, Chanos . 57

Leueiscus (Ptycholepis) . 57

saltans, Salarias . 500

Salvelinus fontinalis . 528

sammara, Flammeo . 155

Holocentrum . 156

Holocentrus . 156

Scisena . 156

samoensis, Mulloides . 253

sanctae-helenae, Caranx . 186

Decapterus . 186

sanctipetri, Chorinemus . 181

sancti-petri, Chorinemus . 181

Scomberoides . 181

Scombroides . 181

sandvicensis, Antennarius . 518

Callyodon . . 342

Calotomus . 341

Gobi us . 484

Hepatus . 394

Lophius . 518

• Moronopsis . 208

Teu this . 395

sand wieensis, Cryptotom us . 342

568

GENERAL INDEX

Page.

sandwicensis, Eleotris . 479

Kyphosus . 247

Pimelepterus . 247

sandwichensis, Gomphosus . 291

sandwichiensis, Balistes . 419

Cantherines . 418

sanguineus, Verriculus . 281

sansun, Carangus . 190

Caranx . 190

Scomber . 190

sara, Cybium . 176

Sard a . 175

Sarda chilensis . 175

Sargocentron . 159

Sarothrodus . 364

Sarothrodus lunula . 368

Saurida . 65

Saurida gracilis . 65

nebulosa . 66

tumbil . 66

Saurus . 63

Saurus buevirostris . 63

elops . 53

ferox . 66

gracilis . 65

limbatus . 63

my ops . 63

trachinus . 63

truncatus . 63

variegatus . 65

varius . 65

saxatilis, Glyphidodon . 274

Scads, Big-eyed . *. _ 187

Mackerel . 186

Scaly-fins . 360

Scarichthys . 343

Scaridie . 338

Scaridea . 343

Scaridea balia . 344

zonarcha . . 343

Scarinae . 338

Scartes . 501

Scartichthys . 501

Scarus . 346

Scarus ahula . 352

barborus . 349

bennetti . 352

brunneus . 350

collana . 357

collaris . 357

erythrodon . 358

formosus . 355

forskali . 357

gilberti . 355,356

jenkinsi . 354

lauia . 356

miniatus . 347

paluea . . 353

purpureus . 297

(Scarus) perspicillatus . 348

spinidens . 341

sumbawensis . 358

troschelii . 358

schauinslandi, Parapercis . 474

Percis . 474

schauinslandii, Coris . 311

Osurus . 475

Schistorus .

schlegeli, Priacanthus .

sclilegelii, Emmeliehthys ...

Erythrichthys . . .

Schlemmer, Max .

schlemmeri, Lactoria .

schmittii. Balistes .

scholaris, Thyrsites .

Sciaena ciliata .

grandoculis .

murdjan .

sammara .

spinifera .

sciera, Dasyatis .

selateri, Myxus (Neomyxus)

Sclerodermi .

Scomber .

Scomber alletteratus .

auratus .

balantiophthalmus.

bisus .

colias .

crumenophthalmus

dekayi .

diego .

ferdau .

filamentosus .

germo .

gracilis .

grex .

heberi .

helvolus .

ignobilis .

japonicus .

koel reuteri .

lacertus .

macrophtlialmus. . .

maculatus .

pelagicus .

pelamides .

pelamis .

plumieri .

pneumatophorus . . .
quadripunctatus . . .

rim .

rochei .

sansun .

speciosus .

thazard .

undulatus .

Scomberoides .

Scomberoides sancti-petri . . .

tala .

tolooparah _

scomberoides, Coryphtena . . .

Scombridte .

Scombroidei .

Scombroides sancti-petri _

Scopas .

Scopas tiavescens .

Scopelus .

Scorpama .

Scorpaena asperella .

ballieui .

cookii .

diabolus .

guttata .

Page.

223

231

246

245

21,22

444

412

178

256

244

153

156

161

141

407

169

174

170
187

171
170

189
170
170
199
202

175
170
170
192

196

190

169
182

170
170
170
205
173

173
187

170

174

197

171
190
197
171
170
180
181
181
180
205
168
167
181
395
398

467
458
456

468
470
455

GENERAL

INDEX

569

Page.

Scorpiena nesogallica . 470

nuchalis . 458

on aria . 457

parvipinnis . 403

Scorpsenichthys . 4<»7

Scorpsenichthys gibbosus . 470

Scorpaenidae . 454

Scorpsenopsis . 467

Scorpaenopsis catocala . 470

cocopsis . 468

diabolus . 470

gibbosa . 468

gibbosus . 470

scripta, Alutera . 423

Balistes . 422

Osbeckia . 422

scriptus, Balistes monoceros . 422

Monacanthus . 423

Scutica . Ill

Scuticaria . 112

Scuticaria tigrina . 112

Scylliorhinidae . 35

Scyris . 200

Scyris ciliaris . 202

gall us . 202

indica . 202

indicus . 202

ruppellii . 202

scythrops, Flammeo . 157

Sea Basses . 219

Devils . 523

Horses . 119

sealei, Myripristis . 151

sebae, Ostracion . 442

sebanus, Chjetodon . 365

Sebastapistes . 455

Sebastapistesasperella . 458

ballieui . 455

coniorta . 458

coral licola . 456

galactaema . 459

strongia . 459

Sebastes macroeeplmlus . 461

Sebastichthys cyanostigma . 455

Sebastoplus . 460

Sebastopsis . 462

Sebastopsiskelloggi . 462

parvipinnis . 463

Sectator . 248

Sectator azureus . 248

Selachii . 34

Selar hasselti . 195

torvus . 190

Seleniehthyes . 166

sem, Caranx . 190

semicinctus, Leiuranus . 81

Liuranus . 81

• Gphisurus . 81

seminuda, Albula . 56

seminudus, Lentipes . 491

semipunctatus, Asterropteryx . 480

Seriola . 182

Seriola aurovittata . 184

bipinnulata . 186

dumerilii . 184

dussumieri . 182

pinnulata . 186

Page.

Seriola purpurascens . 183

quinqueradiata . 184

sparna . 184, 186

succincta . 182

Seriolichthys . 185

Seriolichthys bipinnulatus . 186

lineolatus . 186

serpens, Gempylus . 179

Serranidae . 219

Serranus argus . 222

brighami . 234

guttatus . 222

inyriaster . 222

perguttatus . 222

tankervillae . 450

serrata, Fistularia . 116

serraticorn is, Balistes . 424

serratus, Xaucrates . 182

Serri vomer . 80

Setarches . 461

setifer, Chaetodon . 364

sexfasciatus, Abudefduf . 274

Caranx . 194

sextilis, Polydaetylus . 144

Pol yn emus . 145

Trichidion . 145

sexmaculatus, Diodon . 436

Shark. Hammer-headed . 41

Tiger . 36

Sharks, Blue . 37

Cat . 37

Dog . 44

Mackerel . 43

Man-eater . 44

Thresher . 42

sharpi, Synod us . 65

Sharp-nosed Puffers . 430

sibi, Germo . 175

Thynnus . 175

Sicydium . 489

Sicydium albotaeniatum . 490

nigrescens . 490

stimpsoni . 489, 490

Sicyogaster . 491

Sicyogaster concolor . 491

Sicyopterus stimpsoni . 490

Sidera . 91

Sidera pantherina . 104

pfeifferi . 104

siderea, Murasna . 104

siculus, Lampugus . 205

Sigmops . 71

signifer, Iracundus . 470

Siluridae . 531

Silversides . 137

simplex, Aplurus . 178

Tetragon urus . 178

simus, Cypsilurus . 134

Exoccetus . 135

Sindo, Michitaro . 20

sindonis, Abudefduf . 272

Glyphisodon . 272

sinuosus, Cheilinus . : _ 322

Skates . 34

Small Dolphin . 20£

smithi, Carcharodon . 44

Snake Eels . so

570

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Snake Mackerels . 179

Snappers . 232

Snipe Eels . 79

snodgrasei. Sphyrsena . 113

snyderi, Ainia . 214

Apogon . 216

Calotomus . 342

Snyder, John O . 21

socialis, Coryphaena . 205

solandri, Acanthocybium . 176

Cybinm . 176

Gempylus . 178

margaritatns, Tetrodon . 431

Solea . ■"’I2

Soleidae . 516

Sofenostomidse . 118

Solenostomus . 114,118

Solenostomus cyanopterum . 118

cyanopterus . 118

paradoxus . 118

Soles . 516

soporator, Gobius . 484

sordidus, Abudefduf . 274

Blennius . 497

Chaetodon . 275

Glyphisotlon . 275

Sparidae . 242

Sparisomatinae . 338

Sparisomus unicolor . 244

sparna, Seriola . 184,186

Sparopsis elongatus . 240

Sparus brachion . 326

hemisphaerium . 326

pantherinus . 450

speciosus, Caranx . 197

Caranx ( Hypocaranx) . — 198

Gnathanodon-. . 198

Scomber . 197

speculiger, Exocoetns . 133

Sphierina . 142

Sphaerodon . 243

Sphierodon grandoculis . 244

heterodon . 244

latidens . 244

Sphaeroides . 424

Sphagebranchus . 80

Sphagebranchus flavicandus . 80

sphenospilus, Chcetodon . 369

Spheroides . 426

Spheroides florealis . 426

sphex, Pterois . 464

Spliyraena . 142

Sphyrsena again . 143

commersonii . 142

dussumieri . 143

helleri . 143

snodgrassi . 143

sphyrsena, Argentina . 55

Sphyrsenidse . 141

Sphyma . 41

• Sphyma zygaena . 41

Sphyrnidse . 41

spilosoma, Monacanthus . 421

spilosomus, Stephanolepis . 420

spilurus, Upeneus . 262

Spinax . 46

spinidens, Callyodon . 341

Page.

spinidens. Scarus . 341

spinifer, Holocentrus . 161

spinifera, Sciaena . 161

spiniferum. Holocentrum . 161

Spiny-rayed Fishes . 137

spinosissimus, Piodon . 436

splendens, Exoccetus . 133

Spotted Sting-Ray . 49

Squalid® . 44

squalipeta, Echeneis . 494

Squalus . 45

Squal us alopecias . 43

carcharias . 44

glaucus . 37

malleus . 42

mitsukurii . 45

vulpes . . 43

vulpinus . 43

zyga-na . 42

Squamipinne8 . 360

Squirrel-Fishes . 146

stamineus, Awaous . 493

Gobius . 493

staurophorus, Centropus . 454

Stegastes . 272

steindachneri, Antigonia . 361

Gymnothorax . . 101

stellatus, Caranx . 193

Tetraodon . 429

Stinobrachius . 67

Stephanolepis . 420

Stephanolepis albopunctatus . 423

pricei . 421

spilosomus . 420

Sternoptychida* . 72

Sternoptyx . 73

Stethojulis . 283

Stethojulis albovittata . 284

axillaris . 283

Stethopterus . 81

Stethopterus vimineus . 81

Stilbiscus . 86

stimpsoni, Sicydium . 489

Sicyogaster . 490

Sting-Ray. Spotted . 49

Sting Rays . 46

Stoasodon . 49

Stoasodon narinari . 49

Stomiatidse . 72

striatus, Acanthurus . 391,399

Balistes . 415

Ctenocluetus . 398

Ophicephalus . 533

strigatus, Cluetodon . 376

Microcanthus . 376

| strigosus, Acanthurus . 399

Acanthurus (Ctenodon) . 399

Ctenochsetus . ! . 391, 399

strongia, Sebasta pistes . 459

strophodes, Lepidaplois . 279

I stypurus, Myrichthys . 84

Ophiehthys . 85

subarcuata, Zygana . 42

Scarus . 358

succincta, Seriola . 182

suerii, Coryphaena . — 205

sumatranus. Rhombus . 513

GENERAL

INDEX.

571

Page.

sumbawensis, Pseudoscarus . 358

Surgeon-fishes . 383

Surmullets . 249

Swell-fishes . 426

Swordfishes . 167, 168

symmetricus, Myripristis . 151

Symphurus . 516

Synagrops . 218

Synagrops argyrea . 218

Synaphobranchida- . 74

Synaphobranchus . 74

Synapteretnnix . 67

Synentognathi . 121

Synentognathous Fishes . 121

Syngnathida: . 119

Syngnathinae . 119

Synodontidae . 61

Synodus . 63

Synodus argenteus . 55

my ops . 63

sharpi . 65

variegatus . 65

varius . 63

Tsenianotes, Les . 471

Taenianotus . 471

Tamianotus garretti . 471

tseniata, Perea . 450

Tamiophis . 92

xamiopterus, Upeneoides . 265

Upeneus . 266

taeniourus, Labrus . 326

Novaculichthys . 325

taeniura, Kuhlia . 208

Paradules . 209

taeniurus, Dules . 208

Mprohopsis . 209

tahiticum, Holocentrum . 157

tala, Scomberoides . : . 181

tang, Mugil . 140

tankervillai, Serranus . 450

tapeinosoma, Auxis . 171

Tarpons . 53

tattoo, Novaculichthys . 325

tau-nigrum, Chaetodon . 368, 372

Tauriehthys . 376

Taurichthys macrolepidotus . 377

Teetospondvli . 44

Teleostomi . 52

temminkii, Acanthoderma . 178

Rovettus . 178

Rovetus . 178

Tenpounders . 53

Terrapin . 528

Tetradraehminn . 266

Tetrad rachmum trimacula turn . 267

Tetragonoptrus . 363, 364

Tetragonoptrus biocellatus . 368

(Chaetodontops) fasciatus . 368

(Citharcedus) ornatissimus . 373

lineolatus . 366

(Lepidochtetodon ) unimaculatus . 369

lunula . 368

nesogallieus . 365

ornatissimus . 373

(Oxychsetodon) lineolatu - . 366

punctatofasciatus . 370

Tetragonurus simplex . 178

Page.

Tetraodon . 426

Tetraodon (Anosmius) eoronatus . 433

(Anosmius) janthinus . 434

hispidus . 427

lacrymatus . 429

laterna . 428

perspicillaris . 428

stellatus . 429

valentini . 433

Tet raodon tide? . 424

tetrazona, Novacula (Iniistius) . 331

Tetrodon . 425

Tetrodon caudofasciatus . 435

cinctus . 433

florealis . 426

hispidus . 429

implutus . 428

margaritatus solandri . 431

meleagris . 430

Tetrosomus . 441

Teuthis . 383

Teuthis achilles . 385

annularis . 388

argenteus . 392

atramentatus . 394

atrimentatus . 394

bipunctatus . 389

dussumieri . 392

elegans . 395

guntheri . 389

guttatus . 393

leucopareius . 386

matoides . 388

olivaceus . 386

sandvicensis . . 395

triostegus . 395

umbra . 387

xanthopterus . 390

Teuthys . 383

Thterodontis . 91

Thalassoma . 295

Thalassoma aneitense . 304

aneitensis . 304

ballieui . 297

berendti . 297

duperrey . 302

fuscum . 299

immanis . 297

lunaris . 303

lutescens . 304

obscurum . 298

purpurea . 297

purpureum . 295

pyrrhovinctum . 303

quadricolor . 297

umbrostigma . 300

thalassopterus, Gymnothorax . 99

Thalliums . 319

Thserodontis ophis . m

thazard. Auxis . 171

Scomber . 171

Theuthis . 333

Thelitis . 383

Tholichthys . 362,364

Thomas, Chauneey . 20

thompsoni, Caranx . 535

thorntonensis, Holocenthrus . 157

572

GENERAL INDEX

Threadfins .

Thread-Fishes .

Thresher Sharks .

thunnia, Thynnus .

Thynnichthys .

thynnoides, Auxis .

Thynnus .

Thynnus brasiliensis .

brevipinnis .

pelamys .

pom pi 1 us .

rociieanus .

leach ianus .

sibi .

thunnia .

Thyrsites acanthoderma .

pretiosus .

prometheus .

scholaris .

thyrsitoides, Lemnisoma .

Thyrsoidea cancellata .

' chlorostigma . .

eurosta . .

kaupii .

meleagris . .

Tiger Shark .

tigrina, Gymnomunena .

Muraenoblenna .

Scuticaria .

tigrinus, Diodon .

Galeocerdo .

Ichthyophis .

Tims .

tol, Chorinemus .

tolo, Cyprinus .

tolooparah, Chorinemus .

Seomberoides .

toloo-parah, Lichia .

tooloo, Chorinemus .

Tongue-fishes. . ^ .

torva, Trachurops .

torvus, Caranx .

Selar .

townsendi, Brotula .

Trachinocep»halus .

Trachinocephalus myops .

Trachinoidei .

trachinus, Saurus .

Trachurops .

Trachurops brachychirus .

crumenophthalma

mauritianus .

plumieri .

torva .

triangularis, Pachynathus .

Trichidion sexfilis .

Trichonotus .

tricolor, Gomphosus .

trifasciatus, Chaetodon .

Mullus .

Parupeneus .

Trigger-fishes .

Trigonobatus .

trilobata, Julis .

trilobatus, Cheilinus .

Julis .

Labrus .

Page.

144

trimaculatum, Tetradrachmum .

Page.
.... 267

... 174

. . 172

Teuthis .

... 171

174

.. 174

.. 173

. . 182

.. 171

.. 174

.. 178

Trout .

179

178

.. 179

Trunk Fishes .

Trygon .

tumbil, Saurida .

113

.. 113

112

439

.. 113

hians .

1S1

181

180

Uku .

179

LSI

Ul&e .

516

187

. . . . 237

190

ITua .

1.88

508

197

505

333

474

387

187

301

188

187

188

170

412

244

145

402

53 1

403

257

407

424

9.89

322

. 300

Tetragonoptrus (Lepidocluetodon)

... 369

. 300

unipinna, Caracanthus .

... 454

GENERAL INDEX.

573

Pape.

unipinna. Micropus . 454

Uou6a . 140

Upap&lu . 215

Upeneus . 254,264

ITpeneus arge . 264

auriflamma . 251

bifasciatus . 259

brandessii . 261

chrvserythrus . 256

crassilabris . 260

dispilurus . 262

flavolineatus . 251

fraterculus . 262

immaculatus . 256

luteus . 256

oxycephalus . 256

pleurostigma . 261

preorbitalis . 264

spilurus . 262

taeniopterus . 265

trifasciatus . 257

vanicolensis . 254

velifer . 257

zeylonicus . 251

Upeneoides tteniopterus . 265

vittatus . 265

Upenoides . 264

Urichthys . 319

Uriphaeton . 221

Uropterygius . Ill

Uropterygius leucurus . i . 112

marmoratus .. . Ill

xanthopterus . 112

Uroxis . 47

U’u . 152

valenciennei, Murtena . 99

valentina, Polypterichthys . 115

valentini, Anosomius . 433

Aulostomus . 114

Tetraodon . 433

Tropidichthys . 433

vanicolensis, Mulloides . 254

Novocula . 326

Upeneus . 254

vanikorensis, Julis . 326

variegata. Echidna . Ill

Muraena . 104,111

Pcecilophis . Ill

variegatus, Saurus . 65

Synodus . 65

variolosus, Alticus . 497

Salarias . 498

varius, Gomphosus . 289

Sal mo . 65

Saurus . 65

Synodus . 63

velifer, Acanthurus . 397

Upeneus . 257

veliferum, Zebrasoma . 396

velox, Chromis . 270

Venator, Caranx . 199

venosus, A1 uterus . 422

venusta, Coris . 312

Hemicoris . 313

verany, Cybium . 176

verater, Iniistius . 332

verrens, Veternio . 79

Page.

Verreo . 281

Verreo oxycephalus . 281

Verriculus . 280

Verriculus sanguineus . 281

verticalis, Julis . 298

verus, Carcharias . 44

Veternio . 78

Veternio verrens . 79

Vexillifer . 505

vidua, Balistes . 409

Melichthys . 410

vimineus, Ophisurus . 81

Ophisurus (Sphagebranchus) . 81

Stethopterus . 81

vincta, Echidna . 109

vinolentus, Enchelynassa . 91

Gynmothorax . 91

violescens, Bowersia . 236

virescens, Aprion . 239

Aprion (Aprion) . 240

Gallus . 202

virgata, Coryphiena . 205

virgatum, Zebrasoma . 398

virgatus, Acanthurus} . 398

viridis, Cheilo- . 315

Julis . 304

Labrus . 304

Vitraria . 486

Vitraria clarescens . 486

vittatus, Chaetodon . 372

Cheilodactylus . 447

Cirrhites . 451

Upeneoides . *1265

vlamingii, Coryphaena . 205

volitans, Exoccetus . 132

vulgaris, Auxis . 171

Galeus . 36

vulpes, Albula . 56

Alopecias . 43

Alopias . 42

Carcharias . 43

Esox . 55

Squalus . 43

vulpinus, Squalus . 43

waiahicC, Gy mnot borax . 97

waigiensis, Callyodon . 341

waikiki, Apogonichthys . 210

Mionorus . 210

Walu . 177,389

Weke . 250, 253, 264, 265

Weke a’a . 253

pah'll la . 264

pu<jo . 264

ula . 250

ula ula . 251

Welea . 62

wiebeli, Chaetodon . 368

woodi,Novaculichthys . 323

Wrasse- Fishes, The . 277

xantherythrus, Holocentrus . 164

Xanthichthys . 416

Xanthichthys lineopunctatus . 416

mento . 417

xanthopterus, Acanthurus . 390

Gymiiomurfena . 112

Hepatus . 389

Teuthis . 390

574

GENERAL

INDEX

Page.

xanthopterus, Uropterygius . 112

xanthostomus, Gymnothorax . 104

Xiphias . 168

Xiphias gladius . 168

rondeleti . 168

Xiptoiidse . 167 i

Xyrichthys . 336

Xyrichthys lecluse . 328

microlepidotU8 . 328

niveilatus . 337

pavoninus . 331

Xyster . • . 246

X yster fuscus . 248

Xystophorus . 181,182

Zalises . 143

Zanclidae . 381

Zanclus . 382

Zanclus canescens . 382

corn utus . .. 382

zebra, Echidna . 106

Gymnothorax . 106

Muraena . 106

Sal arias . 601

Zebrasdma . 395

Zabrasoma agaha . 398

flavescens . 397

hypselopterus . 397

Page.

Za braso ma vel i f eru m . 396

virgatum . 398

Zeidae . 361

Zeus eiliaris . 202

gall us . 202

guttatus . 166

.luna . 164

regius . 166

zeylonicus, Labrus . 304

Leuciscus . 57

Mulloides . 251

Upeneus . 251

zonarcha, Searidea . 343

?onata, Echidna . 108

Zonichthys . 183

zonophfea, Echidna . 109

zonurus, Chei linns . . 320

Zygsena . 41

lewini . 42

malleus . 42

subarcuata . 42

zvgEena, Cestracion . 42

zyga?na, Sphyrna . 41

Squalus . 42

zyopterus, Galeus . 36

Zyphothyca . 179

Echidna nebulosa ( Ahl). Puhi Kapa.

REDUCED ONE-THIRD.

vw, %j"

N\V^U

/LU

-LU

•o

ABOUT FIVE-SIXTHS NATURAL SIZE .

A.IH. Baldwin ad nat.del.

Mwt-P 'Efim

j^hdtw1 • ■ \Vi»

'■%

B- ■

S&Kp , ’ «•, . 7 T

E'S" IF1

5ftm,"".',itii i""i," '

’ \'it

Holotrachys lima (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Myripristis imurdjan (Forskali. U'u

-o

<T3

Myripristis chryseres Jordan & Evermann. Pauu

NATURAL SIZE.

NEARLY NATURAL SIZE.

REDUCED TWO FIFTHS.

Holocentrus xantherythrus Jordan & Evermann, Type. Ala-ihi

Holocentrus di ad ema ( Lacepede ). A LA - 1 H I

Holocentrus ensifer Jordan & Evermann. Type. Ala-ihi

ABOUT ONE HALF NATURALSIZE.

Apogon menesemus Jenkins

Pikea aurora Jordan & Evermann. Type

Anthias fuscipinnis Jenkins,

REDUCED ABOUT ONE-SEVENTH

TWO THIRDS NATURALSIZE.

A H. Baldwin ad nal.del

“O

Erythrichthys schlegeli Gunther.

ABOUT THREE-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE

A H. Baldwin ad nat.del.

ABOUT NATURAL SIZE .

ENLARGED ABOUT ONE-SEVENTH

Stethojuus albovittata 1 Kolreuter

C.B. Hudson ad nat.del.

■g

J U LIS FLAVOVITTATA BENNETT.

ABOUT FOUR- FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE.

TWICE NATURAL SIZE .

Hemicoris venusta Vai llant & Sau vage.

c/)

oc5

c n
cm
o
o

NINE TENTHS NATURAL SIZE.

NINE-TENTHS NATURALSIZE.

NEARLY NATURAL SIZE.

Thalassoma duperrey (Quoy & Gaimard ). Hinalea Lauli

NATURAL SIZE.

THREE FOURTHS NATURALSIZE

PSEUDOCHEILINUS OCTOTALN I A JENKINS

Cheilinus bimaculatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Novaculichthys woodi Jenkins.

ABOUTTWICE NATURAL SIZE .

■O

Iniistius pavoninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Lae-ni'hi

TWO-THIRDS NATURAL SIZE .

ABOUT THREE-FIFTHS NATURAL SIZE .

ABOUT ONE-HALF NATURAL SIZE.

ABOUT NATURALSIZE.

Forcipiger longirostris IBroussoneti.

Ch/^todon setifer Bloch.

ABOUT NATURAL SIZE.

Chaltodon quadri macu latus Gray.

NATURAL SIZE.

Ch/etodon unimaculatus Bloch.

NATURAL SIZE.

Ch/^todon fremblii Bennett
NATURAL SIZE.

CH/tTODON TRI FAS Cl AT US MUNGO PARK.
NATURAL SIZE.

CH A.TODON 0 R N ATI SS! M US SOLANDER. KlKAKAPU.
NATURAL SIZE.

wnw\\ huh/,,

j u tin ? P*/

Ch/ETODON lunula(Lacepede); YOUNG. Kikakapu.
NATURAL SIZE.

Heniochus macrolepidotus (Linn/eus).
NATURAL SIZE.

■O

is:

TEUTHIS ACHILLES (SHAW).
NATURAL SIZE.

Zebrasoma flavescens (Bennett). Laipala.

NATURAL SIZE.

REDUCED ONE-TENTH

NATURAL SIZE .

-Balistapus acu leatus 1 Lin nalus ). Humuhumu Nakunuku Apua'a.

NATURAL SIZE.

B ALISTAPU S R ECTAN GULUS ( BLOCH & SCHNEIDER). HUMUHUMU NUKUNUKU ApUA’A

NATURAL SIZE.

& *!<« • >
5*1*', fc>*

t.*-

_i
LU
LlI
— 1
LlJ

c/)

ABOUT NATURAL SIZE.

Stephanolepis spilosomus ( Lay & BennettI. O'ili.

SLIGHTLY GREATER THAN NATURALSIZE

TETRAOOON HISPIDUS LiNNALUS. MUKI-MUKI, OoPUHUE.

Paracirrhites forsteri (Bloch & Schneider). Hilupilikoa.

Paracirrhites cinctus(Gunther) Pilikoa ;0o

NATURAL SIZE.

PARACIRR HITES ARCATUS (CUVIER & VALEN C I EN N ES ).
NATURAL SIZE.

* n

* *

I if f f

ClRRHITES MARMORATUS (LACEPEDeI OOPUPOOPAA, OAPUKAI.

THREE-FOURTHS NATURALSIZE

SEBASTA PISTES BALLIEUI * VAILLANT & SAUVAGE

-a

Dendrochirus hudsoni Jordan & Evermann. Type.

Vvv ^

DEPARTMENT OK THE INTKRIOH

GKNKHAI. LAND OFFICE
AM A.K I <* 1 1 A Kl> S. COMMISSIONED

Uinipilril frnm ilninon file in Iho ES. Const anil Geodetic Survey: Hydroflmphlr
Office: Hawaiian Odvflmmenl Sung's and other flUthenlic sounds*
under ihe direction »f
I RAN K BOND
Chief of Dmfi uu* Division (iJ.O.

1904

KEAtAll

_ _ _ Ty _ ,

, {5 *

< '
ft.

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Full text of "The aquatic resources of the Hawaiian islands"

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