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-/l6lOJl<ZLU-WL- 


BULLETIN 


A JOURNAL  OF  GENERAL  HORTICULTURAL  INFORMATION 
PUBLISHED  QUARTERLY  BY  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  WASHINGTON 
ARBORETUM  FOUNDATION  • SEATTLE  WASHINGTON 


a 

I 


VOLUME  XI,  NO.  3 

iii 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


Arboretum  Report — Summer,  1948 Brian  O.  Mulligan 

The  Morris  Arboretum Margaret  Lancaster 

Rose  Species,  II Brian  O.  Mulligan 

The  Wind  River  Arboretum Thornton  T.  Munger 

Let's  Talk  About  Herbaceous  Peonies. Roy  S.  Leighton 

Sickly  Foliage O.  B.  Howell 

The  John  A.  Finch  Memorial  Arboretum Harold  T.  Abbott 

Notes  and  Comment 

President's  Report Maurice  Jackson 

Symposium — Trees  for  Town  Gardens: 

Street  Trees  in  Seattle. Robert  J.  Hansen 

Trees  for  Town  Gardens — Victoria W.  H.  Warren 

Trees  for  Town  Gardens — Portland Ernest  E.  Fischer 

Trees  of  Proven  Worth  in  Eastern 

Washington Harold  T.  Abbott 

Book  Reviews 

Arboretum  Notebook 


1 

5 
9 
1 1 
16 
18 

19 

20 
21 

23 

25 

27 

30 

36 

37 


| 

1 


W by  Do  Twice  the  Worly? 


Use  <Sc5Z&  Lawn  Food 
-Plus  WEED  Control 


Many  of  America’s  finest  lawns  are  fed  and  kept 
weed-free  by  the  easy,  efficient  and  time-saving 
Scott  method.  The  weed-killing  ingredient  is  mixed 
with  the  lawn  food  so  that,  although  the  grass 
grows  greener  and  more  luxurious,  the  weeds 
shrivel  up  and  die. 

Famous  Scotts  Fawn  Seed,  Specifically  Compounded 
for  Sun  or  Shade,  Also  Available. 

REMEMBER — Fall  is  the  Ideal  Time  to  Start  New  Grass! 


AT  ALL  ERNST  STORES 

MAIN  STORE  - SIXTH  AT  PIKE 


815  First  Ave. 

4873  Rainier  Ave. 
8505  Greenwood  Ave 


333  Westlake  N. 
1916  North  45th  St. 
6322  Roosevelt  Way 


4524  California  Ave. 
2322  Market  St. 
Bellevue 


ERNST  HARDWARE  CO 


Arboretum  Report — Summer,  1948 

Brian  0.  Mulligan 


THE  three  months  of  May,  June  and  July 
this  year  have  been  conspicuously  marked 
for  us  by  the  long  continued  cool,  cloudy  and 
showery,  not  to  say  at  times  wet  weather.  The 
actual  rainfall  figures  for  the  city  of  Seattle, 
compared  with  the  normal,  demonstrate  part 
of  the  reason  for  this,  and  show  an  excess 
for  the  three  months  of  4.65  inches  of  rain. 

May  June  July  Totals 


Actual  4.67  2.02  1.81  8.50 

Normal  1.89  1.35  0.63  3.85 


The  May  rainfall  was  the  heaviest  for  that 
month  ever  recorded  in  Seattle,  since  records 
began  in  1878. 

The  percentage  of  sunshine  was  also  much 
below  normal,  as  the  following  figures  show. 

May  June  July  Mean. 


Actual  38  48  45  40 

Normal  53  53  64  57 


June,  however,  was  notably  warmer  than 
usual,  and  in  fact  the  second  warmest  June 
on  record  here,  with  an  average  temperature 
of  63.8°  F.  compared  with  a normal  of  61.4°. 

Weed  Control  and  Spraying 
The  most  obvious  result  in  the  Arboretum 
of  these  abnormal  weather  conditions  has  been 
a rapid  and  continuous  growth  of  weeds 
through  the  late  spring  and  early  summer 
months,  with  which  it  has  been  impossible  for 
the  small  staff  to  fully  cope.  By  concentrating 
on  particular  planted  areas,  at  the  expense  of 
others  yet  to  be  developed,  and  by  applying 
a thick  mulch  of  sawdust  after  cleaning  the 
ground,  we  have  been  able  to  get  and  keep 
these  sections  in  a state  of  reasonable  cleanli- 


ness. They  include  the  entire  rectangle  and 
surroundings  of  the  parking  lot  by  the  E.  Lynn 
Street  bridge,  now  largely  planted  with  varie- 
ties of  Hydrangea  macro phylla  ( Hortensia) 
and  some  fuchsias  for  the  summer  months,  the 
beds  of  azaleas  on  both  sides  of  the  north  end 
of  Azalea  Way,  the  large  bed  of  several  hun- 
dred young  rhododendrons,  planted  in  spring 
1947,  to  the  south  of  the  Magnolia  collection 
near  the  Upper  Road  (see  illustration,  p.  2), 
some  parts  of  the  nursery,  and  the  Cistus 
mound  east  of  the  Upper  Road.  Most  of  these 
areas  have  received  a covering  of  western 
cedar  (Thuja  plicata)  sawdust,  made  avail- 
able for  our  use  by  several  sources,  especially 
the  Stimson  Mill  Co.,  to  whom  we  are  par- 
ticularly indebted;  the  Seattle  Service  Co., 
West  Coast  Shingle  Co.,  the  North  End  Mill- 
ing Co.,  and  the  Day  & Night  Fuel  Co. 

A limited  quantity  of  hickory  shavings  has 
also  been  received  from  the  Anderson  and 
Thompson  Ski  Co.,  and  this,  a promising  ma- 
terial for  mulching,  has  been  applied  to  the 
new  Pieris-Kalmia  bed,  to  a small  bed  of 
hydrangeas  by  the  Upper  Road,  and  in  one 
small  section  of  the  nursery.  In  each  place 
this  sa\vdust  mulch  has  been  accompanied  by 
a dressing  of  fertilizer,  sometimes  on  the  soil, 
sometimes  on  the  sawdust  and  watered  in. 

Another  means  of  weed-control  in  the  larger 
grass  areas,  especially  along  Azalea  Way,  at 
the  Montlake  section,  and  on  both  sides  of  the 
Upper  Road  from  Woodland  Garden  to  Rho- 


One 


dodendron  Glen,  has  been  by  spraying  with 
the  synthetic  plant  growth  regulator,  2-4-D. 
This  was  accomplished  through  a 12-feet  wide 
spray  boom  fitted  to  the  rear  of  the  Hardie 
sprayer,  in  late  June  and  again  (in  part)  in 
mid-July,  and  has  given  very  good  results 
especially  where  two  applications  were  made. 
Plantains,  cat’s-ear,  and  some  of  the  dande- 
lions have  all  been  either  eliminated  or  greatly 
reduced,  much  improving  the  appearance  of 
the  grass.  In  future  summers  this  will  become 
a routine  operation. 

The  sprayer  was  used  for  the  first  time  in 
April  and  May  against  the  usual  spring  out- 
break of  tent  caterpillars  on  the  alders  at  the 
north  end  of  the  Arboretum  and  on  Foster’s 
Island,  on  the  Japanese  cherries  at  Montlake 
and  along  Azalea  Way,  and  on  some  other 
trees.  Both  D.D.T.  and  lead  arsenate  were 
employed,  with  apparently  equal  success  and 
immediate  benefit  to  the  trees  infested. 

A third  use  for  the  spraying  equipment  was 
found  in  dealing  with  a dense  growth  of  weeds 
in  an  otherwise  empty  section  of  the  nursery 
in  late  June;  by  spraying  with  a solution  of 
“Animate”  ( 1 lb.  to  1 gallon  of  water)  a com- 
plete kill  was  obtained  in  a few  days,  although 
some  difficulty  was  experienced  with  particles 
of  the  material  frequently  clogging  the  spray 
nozzles. 

Other  Operations 

An  endeavor  has  been  made  to  keep  several 
areas  cultivated  so  that  planting  can  be  begun 
on  them  next  winter  or  early  spring.  These 
include  the  section  for  Leguminosae  on  the 
east  side  of  the  Upper  Road  north  of  Rhodo- 
dendron Glen,  and  the  adjacent  part  for  Ber- 
beridaceae,  two  areas  on  either  side  of  the 
same  road  south  of  the  Glen,  one  for  hollies, 
the  other  for  Hypericums  and  Hebes  (New 
Zealand  shrubby  Veronicas).  Shortage  of 
man-power  as  well  as  equipment  has  unfor- 
tunately prevented  any  continuation  of  the 
good  work  done  on  the  former  dump  area  dur- 
ing the  winter  and  early  spring,  but  it  is  hoped 


Bed  of  rhododendrons  south  of  Magnolia  area, 
mulched  with  sawdust.  Planted  spring  1947.  Trees 
chiefly  Thuja  plicata. 


to  return  to  this  as  soon  as  conditions  allow 
us,  probably  in  the  early  fall. 

Most  of  the  staff’s  time  during  these  months 
has  been  occupied  in  weed-removing  and  in 
grass-cutting,  both  of  which  are  essential  tasks 
at  this  season  and  take  priority  over  all  else. 
The  foreman  has  had  to  spend  a considerable 
part  of  his  valuable  time  in  repair  and  servic- 
ing work  on  the  smaller,  older  mowers,  and  in 
fact  at  one  time  or  another  during  the  past 
three  months  in  some  such  urgent  work  on 
most  of  our  mechanical  aids  in  order  to  keep 
them  running.  Until  late  July,  however,  little 
watering  has  been  required,  in  distinction  to 
1947  when  much  time  was  occupied  in  that 
way  from  spring  onwards. 

The  drinking  fountain  by  the  picnic  tables 
was  repaired  in  May  and  a new  drain  laid  to 
carry  off  the  surplus  water.  Recently  the  gate 
at  the  south  end  of  the  Upper  Road  has  had 
to  be  replaced,  due  to  wanton  damage.  New 
signs  have  been  placed  at  either  end  of  the 
Upper  Road.  A start  has  been  made  on  putty- 
ing and  repainting  the  greenhouses,  a long- 
overdue  task. 

In  the  nursery  the  sections  planted  during 
the  past  two  seasons  are  being  regularly  hoed 
and  kept  as  clean  as  possible;  some  parts, 
after  such  cleaning,  have  been  covered  by  a 
sawdust  mulch,  and  in  time  this  process  will 
be  extended  to  cover  all  nursery  stocks. 

Plantings 

Due  to  the  continued  showery  weather 
planting  extended  several  weeks  longer  than 
in  1947,  and  the  young  plants  set  out  bene- 
fited by  the  rains  and  received  a helpful  start 
in  their  new  sites.  At  the  end  of  May,  20 
varieties  of  Hydrangea  macrophylla,  one  plant 
of  each,  were  moved  from  the  nursery  to  a 
temporary  site  opposite  the  magnolia  collec- 
tion; in  mid-June  46  rhododendron  plants,  of 
five  distinct  species,  were  similarly  shifted  to 
more  permanent  places,  and  in  the  first  week 
of  that  month  over  50  plants  of  Ledum  groen- 
landicum  and  L.  columbianum  were  removed 
from  flats  or  lath-house  to  the  margin  of  the 
Kalmia-Pieris  bed.  Planting  from  pots  has, 
however,  continued  much  longer.  Thirty-six 
Cistus  (three  species)  to  the  Cistus  collection 


Three 


on  June  17th;  46  plants  (five  species)  of  the 
closely  related  genus  Halimium  to  the  same 
area  on  July  2 7th,,  and  68  Helianthemums  as 
edging  plants  there  on  July  9th.  On  July  8th 
five  species  of  California  Lupins  were  planted 
near  the  Cistus,  represented  by  22  plants,  and 
between  June  3rd  and  July  27th  four  more 
species  (10  plants)  of  Ceanothus  were  added 
to  the  growing  collection  on  the  east  bank  of 
Azalea  Way.  These  are  some  examples  of 
planting  in  the  Arboretum  proper. 

A variety  of  unusual  or  interesting  plants 
has  been  added  to  the  borders  along  the  south 
side  of  the  greenhouses,  and  on  the  top  of 
the  stone  wall  opposite.  Some  of  these  are 
Hypericum  balearicum,  Teucrium  jruticans, 
received  from  the  Strybing  Arboretum,  Golden 
Gate  Park,  San  Francisco;  Penstemon  corym- 
bosus,  P.  jruticosus,  P.  Adamsianus,  and  seed- 
lings of  Mr.  Carl  English’s  hybrid  P.  Edithae; 
Ceratostigma  W illmottianum , also  from  Gold- 
en Gate  Park,  and  a species  collected  under 
No.  13350  by  Ludlow  and  Sherriff  in  S.E. 
Tibet.  Five  more  species  (13  plants)  of  South 
African  Proteas  have  been  placed  against  the 
greenhouse  wall,  since  others  planted  there 
experimentally  in  1947  came  through  the 
winter  with  the  overhead  protection  of  a 
framelight  plus  some  dry  bracken  round 
their  stems.  Young  plants  of  the  striking  Mex- 
ican Beschorneria  yuccoides  have  likewise 
been  placed  here  as  well  as  on  a well-drained 
bank  near  the  foreman’s  house  facing  west. 

In  the  Pinetum  small  experimental  plant- 
ings have  been  made  of  three  species  of  the 
S.  African  conifers  Widdringtonia,  raised  from 
seeds  obtained  from  the  National  Botanic 
Gardens  at  Kirstenbosch,  S.  Africa,  in  1945, 
but  it  is  unlikely  that  these  will  prove  hardy 
in  the  Arboretum. 

Acquisitions 

The  most  important  piece  of  equipment  re- 
ceived this  summer  is  a new  Ford  tractor,  to 
replace  the  former  one  which  was  2 1/2  years 
old  and  had  been  in  constant  daily  use 
throughout  that  period,  with  very  few  me- 
chanical breakdowns  or  other  troubles.  Next 
year  we  hope  to  be  in  a position  to  buy  a sec- 
ond tractor,  since  with  only  one  it  is  quite  im- 


possible to  do  all  the  necessary  work,  es- 
pecially in  summer,  for  which  a small  tractor 
of  this  type  is  the  key  tool. 

Donations  of  plants  have  included  1 1 plants 
of  choice  English  rhododendron  hybrids,  from 
Henny  & Brydon,  Brooks,  Oregon;  three 
plants  of  Rhododendron  exquisetum  from  Mr. 
Lester  Brandt  of  Puyallup,  seedlings  of  R. 
camschaticum  from  Mrs.  A.  C.  U.  Berry  of 
Portland,  Oregon,  and  plants  of  six  of  Mr.  B. 
Y.  Morrison’s  latest  azalea  hybrids  from  the 
Plant  Introduction  Station  at  Beltsville, 
Maryland.  Of  seeds,  collections  have  been  re- 
ceived in  exchange  from  botanic  gardens  at 
Pallanza,  Italy;  Kew,  England;  Wageningen, 
Holland;  Lisbon,  Portugal,  and  Nikko,  Japan. 
From  the  Pacific  N.W.  Forest  Experiment 
Station  at  Portland  came  an  unusually  inter- 
esting collection  of  S.  American  tree  and  shrub 
seeds,  and  from  the  Dept,  of  Scientific  and 
Industrial  Research,  Wellington,  New  Zea- 
land, seeds  of  one  of  the  evergreen  southern 
beeches,  Nothojagus  Menziesii.  Various  plants 
have  also  been  purchased  to  add  to  our  col- 
lections, including  the  Californian  Matilija 
Poppy,  Romneya  Coulteri;  white  and  pink 
forms  of  the  dwarf  Penstemon  rupicola ; the 
silver-leaved  Convolvulus  Cneorum;  Azalea 
Bakeri,  native  of  the  state  of  Georgia,  and 
others,  as  well  as  seeds  of  a few  Chinese  trees 
and  shrubs  from  a Shanghai  source. 

The  library  has  also  increased  in  size  and 
usefulness  during  the  period  under  review. 
Some  of  the  principal  additions  have  been: 
Parey’s  “Blumengartnerei,”  an  excellent  two- 
volume  German  encyclopaedia  by  C.  Bon- 
stedt  and  others  (Berlin,  1931-32),  Robin- 
son’s “English  Flower  Garden”  (14th  edi- 
tion, 1926),  “Los  Juniperos  Mexicanos,”  M. 
Martinez  (Mexico,  1946);  three  volumes  of 
C.  S.  Sargent’s  “Garden  and  Forest”  (1892, 
1894,  1895),  Rehder’s  “Synopsis  of  the  Genus 
Lonicera”  (1903),  Beijerinck’s  “Calluna,  a 
Monograph  on  the  Scotch  Heather”  (Amster- 
dam, 1940);  Hulten’s  “Flora  of  the  Aleutian 
Islands”  (Stockholm,  1937),  ten  volumes  of 
the  Royal  Horticultural  Society’s  “Journal” 
between  1902  and  1923,  L.  H.  Bailey’s  “Nurs- 
ery Manual”  (22nd  edition,  1947),  and 


Four 


“Knowing  Your  Trees,”  by  G.  H.  Collingwood 
and  W.  D.  Brush  (Washington,  D.  C.,  1943). 

Photographs,  Radio  Talks 

Since  May  20th  a series  of  both  colored 
and  black-and-white  photographs  have  been 
taken  approximately  every  two  weeks,  chiefly 
of  shrubs  in  flower,  but  also  of  various  views 
in  different  parts  of  the  Arboretum.  The  for- 
mer number  75  in  this  period,  and  are  being 
mounted  as  slides  for  showing  to  group  meet- 
ings; the  latter  35,  for  recording  development 
of  areas  as  well  as  plants,  and  for  illustrations 
in  this  Bulletin  and  elsewhere. 

Weekly  15-minute  radio  conversations  (sta- 
tion KOMO)  between  the  Director  and  Mr. 
Milo  Ryan  were  continued  every  Saturday 
until  the  end  of  June.  Some  of  the  subjects 
covered  in  May  and  June  were:  the  Rhodo- 
dendron Show,  Azalea  Way,  June  shrubs,  and 
summer  work  in  the  Arboretum.  It  is  hoped  to 
recommence  this  series  again  about  the  end 
of  September. 

Final  planting  plans  of  the  three  beds  of 
Japanese  Quinces  planted  in  the  past  two 
winters  have  been  completed  by  Mr.  Hansen, 
who  is  now  working  on  a similar  plan  of  the 


area  just  north  of  the  bridge  over  the  Boule- 
vard, planted  chiefly  with  hydrangeas  but 
with  some  other  shrubs  for  spring  and  early 
summer  flowering.  In  the  course  of  time  we 
intend  to  make  such  plans  to  form  permanent 
records  of  all  areas  planted;  where  no  planting 
has  yet  taken  place  they  will  be  drawn  up  in 
advance  and  used  as  the  work  proceeds. 

Visitors  ■ 

During  June  and  July  we  had  the  pleasure 
of  visits  from  several  notable  personalities  in 
various  branches  of  horticulture,  amongst 
them  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Anson  Blake,  of  Adelante, 
Berkeley,  California;  Mr.  T.  T.  Munger,  for- 
merly Director  of  the  Pacific  N.W.  Forest 
and  Range  Experiment  Station,  who  writes  in 
this  issue;  Mr.  Harry  Wood,  head  gardener  at 
Swarthmore  College,  Philadelphia,  and  Prof, 
and  Mrs.  Irving  L.  Peterson,  of  the  University 
of  Illinois,  Champaign.  Many  parties  of  Gar- 
den Club  members  have  also  visited  the  Arbo- 
retum this  summer,  especially  when  the  rho- 
dodendrons and  azaleas  were  in  flower;  from 
July  onwards  out-of-state  visitors  have  been 
frequent. 


The  Morris  Arboretum 

Margaret  Lancaster* 


TWELVE  MILES  from  the  busy  center  of 
Philadelphia,  against  the  north  side  of 
Chestnut  Hill,  is  a 158-acre  tract  of  rolling 
land,  half  of  it  in  intensive  plantings  and 
rolling  lawns,  half  in  pastureland.  Formerly 
the  estate  of  John  T.  Morris  and  his  sister, 
Lydia  T.  Morris,  of  a well-known  Philadelphia 
family,  it  is  now  the  Morris  Arboretum. 
Through  their  interest  and  searching,  and 
with  the  help  of  Dr.  C.  S.  Sargent  of  the 
Arnold  Arboretum,  the  Morrises,  starting  in 
1889,  gathered  together  here  many  unusual 
and  beautiful  trees  and  shrubs  from  over  the 
world. 

Miss  Morris  survived  her  brother  by  17 
years.  At  her  death  in  1932  the  Chestnut  Hill 

♦Miss  Margaret  Lancaster  studied  horticulture  at 
Cornell  University  and  is  associate  of  design  and 
planting  at  the  Morris  Arboretum. 


estate  became,  under  the  terms  of  her  will, 
the  Morris  Arboretum  of  the  University  of 
Pennsylvania,  to  be  directed  by  the  Depart- 
ment of  Botany  of  the  University. 

The  Morris  mansion  has  remained  in  use 
as  the  administrative  headquarters  and  con- 
tains the  library,  a lecture  room,  the  herbar- 
ium, a laboratory  and  the  staff  offices.  The 
three  remaining  greenhouses  of  the  estate  have 
been  supplemented  by  a greenhouse  for  propa- 
gation and  research.  A stone  head  house  of 
early  Pennsylvania  architecture  has  been  built 
to  house  the  potting  shed,  equipment,  men’s 
locker-rooms,  small  offices  and  laboratories.  A 
new  shade  house  of  cypress  and  shipmast 
locust  is  under  construction  for  two-  and  three- 
year-old  ericaceous  plants.  Near  the  green- 
houses are  small  nursery  sections;  but  most 


Five 


of  the  one  and  a half  acres  of  nursery  are 
located  at  Bloomfield  Farm,  the  more  norther- 
ly portion  of  the  grounds,  and  outside  the 
city  limits.  Here  are  grown  the  plants  for  the 
development  of  the  Arboretum. 

One  section  along  the  Wissahickon  in  this 
farm  area  has  particular  historic  interest  with 
its  old  stone  grist  mill  and  miller’s  house  dat- 
ing from  Revolutionary  days.  There  are  also 
two  bog  iron  holes  that  were  worked  in  colo- 
nial times.  This  historic  section  is  suitable 
for  a contemplated  development  honoring  early 
American  botanists  and  horticulturists. 

Plantings 

Present  plantings  are  largely  concentrated 
around  the  beautiful  grass  slopes  along  the 
valley  near  Hillcrest  Avenue  and  up  over  the 
hill  to  Meadowbrook  Avenue.  This  area  has 
an  acid  soil  derived  largely  from  the  quartzite 
rock  of  the  region,  whereas  the  soil  of  the 
farmland  stretching  into  the  Whitemarsh  Val- 
ley is  evolved  from  underlying  limestone — a 
happy  combination  for  an  arboretum. 

A few  acres  of  native  woodland  (oak,  hem- 
lock, beech  and  tulip  trees)  were  fortunately 
preserved  on  the  rocky  shoulder  of  the  hill 
that  drops  precipitously  to  the  Wissahickon 
and  these  remain  as  a sanctuary  for  wildlings 
— birds  and  plants — as  well  as  providing  a 
foretaste  of  the  beauty  of  the  steep,  rocky, 
hemlock-wooded  ridges  farther  down  the  Wis- 
sahickon in  Fairmount  Park.  On  the  southern 
edge  of  these  woods  are  several  of  the  largest 
Tupelos,  or  Sour  Gum  trees  (Nyssa  sylvatica) 
in  this  region. 

As  a fitting  although  never  used  entrance  to 
their  estate,  the  Morrises  planted  a 700-foot 
avenue  of  scarlet  oaks  along  the  secluded  east- 
ern boundary  from  Hillcrest  Avepue.  Today 
the  high  Gothic  arches  formed  by  the  branches 
and  the  long  enclosed  quiet  vista  give  one  the 
feeling  of  a cathedral.  The  ivy  collection  num- 
bering approximately  42  hardy  species  and 
varieties,  is  planted  along  this  avenue. 

The  Morrises  developed  three  Japanese  gar- 
dens, all  different.  One,  shouldering  a pool,  is 
now  a tangle  of  large  amoena  and  poukkancn- 
sis  azaleas;  one,  around  an  overlook  and  criss- 
crossing paths,  is  dark  with  spreading  yews, 


Japanese  red  pine  and  Oriental  maples.  The 
third  one  grows  increasingly  charming.  On  an 
open  slope  between  the  Swan  Pond  and  a shel- 
tering tall  blue  Atlas  cedar  rise  little  hills  with 
an  oriental  rhyme  and  reason.  Dwarf  spruce 
and  procumbent  junipers  partially  clothe  them. 
The  orange  trunks  and  low-spreading  canopy 
of  Tanyosho  Pines  (Pinus  densijlora  umbra- 
culijera)  build  the  illusion  of  an  isolated  high 
mountain  forest.  Large  specimens  of  Umbrella 
Pine  ( Sciadopitys  verticillata ),  Torreya,  Ceph- 
alotaxus,  Taxus,  and  finely  cut  Japanese 
maples  add  richness  and  interest.  In  this  gar- 
den four  other  pines  are  noteworthy.  Pinus 
thunbergi,  the  Japanese  black  pine;  its  variety 
oculusdraconis,  the  dragon’s  eye;  P.  parvi- 
jlora,  the  Japanese  white,  and  P.  cembra,  the 
Swiss  stone  pine. 

Southwest  of  this  Japanese  garden,  on  the 
edge  of  the  swan  pond  and  behind  the  marble 
sun  temple,  is  probably  one  of  the  handsomest 
specimens  in  this  country  of  the  true  Chinese 
Elm,  Ulmus  parvifolia. 

Close  by  are  two  tall  narrow  spires  of  south- 
ern Bald  Cypress,  Taxodium  distichum.  They 
tower  about  seventy  feet  above  the  pond  across 
from  their  slender  cousin  of  October  gold, 
Taxodium  ascendens,  the  Pond  Cypress. 

Above  the  pond  is  growing  a forty-year-old 
specimen  of  Himalayan  Pine,  Pinus  Griffithii. 
It  is  one  of  the  Arboretum’s  most  beautiful 
trees.  Philadelphia  is  close  to  the  northern 
limit  of  its  range  (a  companion  tree  was  killed 
in  the  cold  winter  of  1934-35). 

Situated  on  a flat  plateau  or  terrace  below 
the  administration  building  is  the  rose  garden. 
Covering  seven-tenths  of  an  acre  with  almost 
2000  roses  of  both  well-proved  and  newer 
varieties,  it  is  the  center  of  attraction  from 
June  through  September.  It  is  overhung  by 
the  big  tupelos,  tulip  trees  and  black  walnuts, 
and  the  Arboretum's  large  collections  of  box- 
wood and  Taxus  center  around  it. 

The  dry  wall  around  three  sides  of  the  rose 
garden  is  a garden  in  itself,  alive  with  yellow, 
white  and  lavender  in  May  ( Alyssum,  Iberis, 
Aubrieta),  pricked  with  color  through  the 
summer,  a harmony  of  grays  in  winter.  As  a 
springtime  lure  to  photographers,  the  dry  wall 


Six 


has  been  perhaps  the  most  oft-remembered  fea- 
ture of  the  entire  Arboretum. 

On  the  balustrade  around  the  lower  part  of 
the  rose  garden  are  many  varieties  of  clematis, 
large-flowered  and  small.  Two  outstanding 
forms  are  the  large-flowered,  lavender-blue, 
“The  President,”  and  the  little,  open-faced 
yellow  species  with  such  lovely  grace  and  an 
oriental  air,  Clematis  pseudo jlammula.  To 
date  the  clematis  collection  numbers  approx- 
imately fifty-two  different  species,  varieties 
and  hybrids. 

Just  below  the  rose  garden  is  the  fernery,  a 
low  circular  conservatory  where,  in  a world 
all  its  own,  one  may  wind  under  fern  trees  and 
along  banks  of  ferns  and  Selaginellas.  A moist 
sunken  grotto  is  covered  with  one  of  the  finest 
growths  anywhere  in  cultivation  of  Tricho- 
manes  radicans,  the  Killarney  Filmy  Fern. 

At  the  east  entrance  of  the  rose  garden  is 
a thirty-foot  specimen  of  the  Lace-bark  Pine, 
Pinus  Bungeana,  with  sycamore-like,  green- 
white,  purple-lighted  bark  and  soft,  airy  open 
foliage.  Its  low-branched  trunks  build  into  a 
rounded  mass  unusual  for  a pine  and  so  of 
particular  landscape  interest. 

East  of  the  rose  garden  are  two  40  to  45- 
foot  Silverbell  trees,  Halesia  diptera  and  H. 
monticola,  natives  of  our  southern  mountains. 
They  are  indeed  a lovely  sight  in  the  spring, 
covered  with  thousands  of  white  bells.  The 
two-winged  Silverbell  is  noteworthy  for  its 
large  leaves,  more  upright  habit  and  later 
season  of  bloom. 

The  Arboretum  has  all  three  species  of 
Cedrus.  The  youngest  one,  whose  hardiness  is 
yet  to  be  proved,  is  the  Deodar.  Now  about  18 
feet  high,  it  has  been  growing  very  rapidly 
for  the  past  few  years.  The  60-foot  Cedar  of 
Lebanon,  a specimen  of  the  hardy  strain  pre- 
sented by  Professor  C.  S.  Sargent  in  1913,  as 
yet  has  not  developed  the  wide-spreading  hori- 
zontal branches  so  characteristic  of  the  species. 
There  are  four  varieties  of  the  Atlas  Cedar: 
a silver  one,  a golden  one,  the  very  blue  (pre- 
viously mentioned  in  the  Japanese  garden)  and 
the  type,  a thick,  horizontally  branched,  grace- 
ful specimen  east  of  the  rose  garden.  Cedars 
are  frequently  seen  in  English  gardens  and 


seem  to  be  characteristic  of  them.  Perhaps 
after  seeing  the  beautiful  trees  here  at  the 
Arboretum  more  people  will  use  cedars  in  their 
own  gardens. 

Fine  beech  trees  are  well  represented;  the 
American,  and  European  in  its  purple,  weeping 
and  cut-leaved  forms.  The  large,  semi-pendu- 
lous tree  by  the  administration  building  is 
probably  the  rarest  and  certainly  the  most 
graceful  of  them  all,  particularly  in  winter. 

Other  beautiful  specimens  of  fine  trees  are: 
the  yellow-flecked  Sycamore  Maple,  Acer 
pseudoplatanus  flavo-variegatum ; the  Golden 
Ash,  Fraxinus  excelsior  aurea;  a good  number 
of  oaks,  among  them  Quercus  cerris  and  Q. 
conjerta ; the  Katsura-tree,  Cercidiphyllum 
japonicum ; Phellodendron  japonicum,  the 
Cork-tree;  Sophora  japonica;  the  Oriental 
Spruce,  Picea  orient  alls,  and  three  firs,  Abies 
cephalonica,  A.  c.  apollonis  and  A.  nordman- 
niana. 

Unplanted  pastureland,  covering  approx- 
imately 80  acres,  is  used  for  cattle  until  such 
time  as  it  can  be  developed.  The  cattle  solve 
the  problem  of  grass-cutting  while  producing 
manure  and  beef. 

Functions 

The  activities  of  the  Arboretum  may  be  di- 
vided into  maintenance,  development,  educa- 
tion, publications  and  research.  Of  these,  main- 
tenance consumes  the  greatest  number  of  man- 
hours. Pruning,  cultivating,  spraying,  fertiliz- 
ing and,  most  of  all,  grass-cutting,  require  time 
and  labor  but  are  essential  for  the  fullest  de- 
velopment, enjoyment  and  appreciation  of  the 
plants. 

This  year  almost  300  new  trees  and  shrubs 
have  been  moved  from  the  Arboretum  nurseries 
to  supplement  and  develop  existing  plantings. 
The  present  feeling  of  spaciousness  and  infor- 
mality will  be  kept  as  the  keynote  in  improving 
hitherto  dull  and  uninteresting  areas. 

Informal  instruction  in  nature  study  and 
conservation  has  been  given  to  several  hun- 
dred school  children  and  their  teachers  within 
the  past  year.  A formal  course  with  university 
credit  is  given  on  all  phases  of  propagation. 
Lecture  tours  and  discussion  groups  are  con- 
ducted for  university  classes,  garden  clubs  and 


Seven 


various  civic  groups,  some  coming  from  quite 
a distance. 

The  Arboretum  is  fortunate  in  having  a 
group  of  interested  associates  whose  support 
makes  possible  the  publication  of  a quarterly 
bulletin  containing  articles  of  horticultural  and 
botanical  interest,  including  the  activities  of 
the  Arboretum.  The  Arboretum  is  publishing 
also  a series  of  monographs  devoted  to  botan- 
ical subjects. 

The  research  carried  on  at  the  Arboretum 
is  varied,  as  would  be  expected  in  the  broad 
field  of  horticulture.  Included  are  investiga- 
tions on  the  accumulated  black  wastes  of  an- 
thracite mining  in  central  Pennsylvania  with 
a view  to  their  permanent  colonization  with 
plants;  studies  in  forest  genetics  and  tree 
breeding  for  the  production  of  improved  tree 
types  by  the  Northeastern  Forest  Experiment 
Station  of  the  U.  S.  Forest  Service;  control  of 
insect  pests;  a special  project  on  the  control 
of  shade  tree  diseases  in  cooperation  with  the 
University  of  Delaware  Department  of  Plant 
Pathology;  durable  labels;  plant  propagation; 
aspects  of  tree  fertilization,  and  the  breeding 
of  ornamentals,  particularly  rhododendrons 
and  azaleas. 

Purposes 

Basically  the  purposes  of  an  arboretum  are 
to  display  for  study  as  many  as  possible  of  the 
woody  plants  hardy  in  the  area.  English  and 
European  botanic  gardens  quite  often  devel- 
oped from  estates,  where  plants  are  arranged 
according  to  botanic  families  and  their  evolu- 
tion. The  Morris  Arboretum  plans  to  break 
away  from  this  tradition  for  three  reasons:  the 
possibility  of  a more  pleasing  and  decorative 
layout;  more  leeway  in  choosing  the  situation 
best  filling  the  plants’  needs,  and,  most  im- 
portant, it  is  felt  that  plant  exhibits  can  mean 
more  to  a greater  number  of  people  when 
arranged  on  a functional  basis.  Inquiry  and 
study  should  be  stimulated  if  plants  are 
grouped  according  to  the  obvious  character- 
istics and  the  possible  uses  which  tie  the  plant 
immediately  into  everyday  life  and  common 
experience  and  needs.  Toward  this  end  plants 
would  be  arranged  in  demonstration  plantings 
each  showing  a variety  of  the  best  plants  for 


a designated  use,  as  hedges,  groundcovers, 
bank  plants,  city  tolerant  plants,  aromatic  or 
fragrant  plants,  plants  for  birds,  drought-re- 
sistant plants,  dwarf  plants,  honey-producing 
plants,  plants  with  decorative  fruits,  medicinal 
plants,  nut  crops,  poisonous  plants,  plants  for 
the  seashore,  winter-flowering  plants,  etc. 
There  will  be  demonstration  plantings  also 
where  trees  and  shrubs  will  be  grouped  to- 
gether according  to  some  decorative  character- 
istic such  as  fall  color,  colored  foliage  (grey, 
blue,  bronze,  various  shades  of  green),  plant 
form  and  habit  (fastigiate,  pendulous,  hori- 
zontal, etc.)  and  plant  texture.  These  plant- 
ings will  try  to  show  also  some  of  the  more 
appropriate  uses  for  types  frequently  misused 
and  thus  often  disliked  and  misjudged. 

Erosion  demonstration  plots  are  contem- 
plated to  show  suburban  people  (many  of 
them  future  landowners)  the  best  solutions  to 
the  problems  of  controlling  and  improving  the 
land. 

In  addition,  it  is  hoped  to  set  aside  areas  of 
the  arboretum  for  groups  of  plants  which  have 
undergone  extensive  horticultural  development 
or  have  special  soil  and  maintenance  require- 
ments, such  as  rhododendrons,  azaleas,  heath 
plants,  evergreens,  flowering  cherries  and  crab- 
apples,  ferns,  hollies  and  lilacs. 

The  general  layout  and  location  of  each  of 
these  areas  has  been  worked  out  on  a master 
plan.  Fulfillment  depends  on  public  interest 
and  support. 


The  Director  of  the  Arboretum  is  attending 
the  50th  annual  convention  of  the  American 
Institute  of  Park  Exeuctives,  and  the  affiliated 
American  Association  of  Botanic  Gardens  and 
Arboretum,  in  Boston,  Mass.,  October  3-6, 
and  will  subsequently  visit  botanic  gardens  in 
New  York,  Philadelphia  and  Washington, 
D.  C. 

i i i 

Miss  Eleanor  Rohde  called  the  Mermaid 
rose  “The  Queen  of  yellow  roses.”  She  said 
it  was  introduced  by  William  Paul  in  1917 
and  awarded  a Gold  Medal  from  the  National 
Rose  Society  of  England.  One  of  its  parents  is 
the  Chinese  Rosa  bracteata. 


Eight 


Rose  Species 

ii. 

Brian  0.  Mulligan* 


Cultivation 

THE  chief  requirements  for  growing  most 
of  these  wild  roses  are:  (1)  a situation 
which  is  not  waterlogged  during  the  winter 
months,  (2)  plenty  of  sunshine,  and  (3)  a soil 
which  is  not  too  acid  or  composed  chiefly  of 
leaf-mold  or  other  humus.  So  long  as  drainage 
is  satisfactory  and  the  plants,  with  a few  tol- 
erant exceptions  such  as  the  Western  American 
R.  gymnocarpa,  are  not  over  shaded,  rose 
species  will  grow  in  many  and  varied  soils  and 
situations,  on  the  lightest  sands  or  the  heaviest 
clays,  either  with  or  without  natural  lime,  and 
with  the  least  possible  amount  of  attention  or 
care.  However,  it  is  probable  that  most  prefer 
a soil  heavy  rather  than  light,  containing  a 
small  amount  of  calcium;  certainly  the  ma- 
jority appreciate  and  benefit  by  pruning  when 
necessary  and  a regular  application  of  fertilizer 
every  spring,  with  compost  or  some  other 
form  of  humus  spread  over  their  root  area  in 
May  if  the  soil  is  light  and  the  site  becomes 
very  dry  in  summer. 

The  best  planting  time  in  the  Seattle  area 
is  from  late  October  until  approximately  mid- 
December,  with  February-March  as  an  alter- 
native period,  though  less  recommended  owing 
to  the  risk  of  subsequent  dry  weather.  Prun- 
ing does  not  usually  become  necessary,  except 
for  removal  of  any  dead  branches,  until  the 
plants  have  grown  to  some  size;  then  some  of 
the  oldest  branches  which  have  borne  flowers 
may,  if  the  bush  needs  thinning,  be  cut  out 
during  the  winter  months  after  the  hips 
(fruits)  have  lost  their  beauty,  although  suffi- 
cient young  wood  must,  of  course,  always  re- 
main to  provide  flowers  for  next  season.  Un- 
usually long  and  vigorous  young  shoots  may 
either  be  tipped  during  growth  to  induce 
branching,  or  pulled  down  and  tied  to  a stake, 
with  the  same  result. 

The  distance  to  be  allowed  between  plants 

♦This  is  the  second  and  concluding  part  of  the 
Rose  Species  study  prepared  by  Mr.  Mulligan,  di- 
rector of  the  Arboretum.  The  first  installment  ap- 
peared in  our  Spring.  194S,  issue. 


must  necessarily  depend  upon  the  size  to  which 
each  will  eventually  attain.  Where  space  per- 
mits, it  is  desirable  to  set  the  larger  bush- 
forming species  such  as  R.  Moyesii,  multibrac- 
teata,  omeiensis  and  setipoda  ten  feet  apart, 
which  will  give  them  room  to  show  their  nat- 
ural form  and  habit  of  growth,  and  allow  space 
to  walk  between  them,  at  least  for  some  years. 
Where  groups  of  three  or  more  are  to  be  plant- 
ed, if  placed  seven  or  eight  feet  apart  they 
will  eventually  form  one  large  and  effective 
mass.  As  informal  hedges,  three  to  four  feet 
between  plants  will  be  adequate,  and  for  the 
most  suitable  kinds,  such  as  R.  virginiana, 
altaica  and  nutkana,  the  lesser  distance  is  suf- 
ficient. For  varieties  of  R.  spinosissima,  plant 
eighteen  inches  apart. 

The  smaller,  more  compact  and  less  invasive 
species,  including  R.  Forrestiana,  R.  glutinosa, 
R.  sicula,  R.  arkansana  and  R.  gymnocarpa, 
should  be  planted  more  closely  together — 
about  three  feet  apart — in  groups  of  three, 
five  or  more  plants,  and  allowed  to  merge  into 
one  another.  Many  of  the  American  and  some 
other  species  sucker  freely,  including  R.  nitida, 
R.  nutkana,  R.  Carolina,  R.  rugosa  and  R. 
spinosissima,  and  consequently  -should  not  be 
given  the  opportunity  to  extend  into  choicer 
plants. 

If  climbing  species  are  to  be  planted  against 
a wall  or  fence,  allow  fifteen  or  twenty  feet 
length  for  each,  training  the  young  shoots  out 
carefully  to  cover  the  area  as  fully  as  possible 
on  each  side  of  the  plant.  Some  of  the  most 
vigorous  climbers  such  as  R.  Banksiae,  R. 
moschata  and  R.  Brunonii  will  require  more 
than  this,  and  hence,  if  possible,  should  be  so 
placed  as  to  climb  into  a tall  tree,  preferably 
an  evergreen  to  provide  a better  background 
for  the  flowers  in  summer. 

Propagation 

Rose  species  are  propagated  on  a commer- 
cial scale  by  budding  in  summer  or  by  grafting 
in  early  spring,  the  latter  often  under  glass. 


Nine 


Many  of  them  are  not  easy  to  root  from  cut- 
tings, although  with  care,  and  by  choosing 
the  right  period  and  type  of  growth  in  summer 
— usually  in  July — some  success  may  be 
achieved  with  certain  kinds.  Cuttings  taken 
at  that  season  will  be  of  partly-mature  short 
lateral  shoots,  usually  four  to  six  inches  long, 
inserted  firmly  in  a shaded  frame  or  under  a 
glass  cover  of  some  kind,  in  a mixture  of  sand 
(two-thirds)  and  peat  (one-third),  or  sand 
(one-third),  peat  (one-third)  and  vermiculite 
(one-third),  kept  constantly  moist  but  not 
saturated.  Some  cuttings  may  also  be  rooted 
if  taken  at  the  end  of  the  growing  season  (Oc- 
tober) and  planted  firmly  in  a sheltered  and 
well-drained  situation  to  about  half  their 
depth,  adding  plenty  of  sand  at  the  base  if  the 
soil  is  chiefly  of  clay.  The  former  (July)  type 
should  produce  roots  within  a few  weeks  and 
be  fit  to  transplant  outdoors  by  fall;  the  latter 
will  require  twelve  months  in  the  same  site 
before  moving. 

Another  vegetative  method  of  propagation 
is  by  layering — pegging  down  and  covering  a 
convenient  branch  with  soil  and  a stone,  notch- 
ing or  partly  breaking  it  at  the  covered  part 
to  induce  root  formation.  This  again  will  re- 
quire at  least  a year  to  form  a new  plant;  the 
work  may  be  done  in  September  or  October. 

Propagation  by  seeds  has  at  least  two  dis- 
advantages. 

( 1 ) Many  rose  species  intercross  very  easily 
through  the  activities  of  pollinating  insects; 
hence  seedlings  raised  from  any  plant  in  a 
garden,  or  even  in  their  native  habitat  where 
other  species  are  growing  nearby,  are  liable 
to  be  hybrids  and  not  identical  with  the  parent. 
C.  C.  Hurst  however  found  (1929)  a group  of 
true-breeding  Rosa  species  from  Europe  and 
western  Asia  which  normally  always  produce 
seedlings  similar  to  the  mother  parent;  among 
these  are  R.  canina,  the  dog  rose;  R.  pomifera, 
the  apple  rose;  R.  rubiginosa,  the  sweet-briar, 
and  R.  rubrijolia.  Other  rose  species  may  be 
and  frequently  are  raised  from  seeds,  but  un- 
less these  are  from  plants  isolated  from  other 
species,  the  risk  of  obtaining  a mixed  and 
varied  progeny  is  considerable.  In  addition, 
many  rose  species  are  partially  self-sterile, 


and  few  fertile  seeds  may  be  formed  unless 
cross-pollination  occurs. 

(2)  Difficulties  in  germinating  rose  seeds. 
Seeds  of  many  Rosa  species  are  notoriusly 
slow  and  erratic  in  germination.  In  1935  M.  A. 
H.  Tincker  in  England  found,  after  trial  of 
more  than  a dozen  different  methods,  that  the 
most  satisfactory  system  was  stratification  of 
the  seeds  in  moist  sand  throughout  the  winter, 
in  pots  sunk  in  ashes  outdoors  from  early  No- 
vember to  early  March.  Even  in  this  case  the 
average  germination  after  fifteen  months  was 
only  26  per  cent,  although  R.  rugosa  gave 
63  per  cent  and  R.  mollis,  44  per  cent;  on  the 
other  hand,  R.  gymnocarpa  and  R.  multibrac- 
teata  produced  only  4 per  cent.  Dr.  Tincker 
concludes  that  “some  acceleration  of  the  ger- 
mination of  rose  seeds  can  be  caused  by  storing 
the  seeds  in  moist  sand  or  other  medium  at  a 
cool  temperature  of  -2°  C.  to  2°  C.,  or  at 
5°  C.,  or  in  the  soil  in  autumn  and  winter.” 

Species  jor  Garden  Decoration 
A.  Climbing 

*Rosa  fiilipes,  R.  Helenae.  Both  introduced  by 
E.  H.  Wilson  from  central  and  western 
China,  1907-8.  The  latter,  named  for  Mrs. 
Wilson,  has  flowers  IV2  inches  wide,  in  large 
corymbs.  Those  of  the  former  are  smaller 
but  more  numerous. 

*R.  moschata.  Musk  Rose.  Cultivated  in  England 
since  the  late  16th  century,  earlier  in  Italy. 
Flowers  IV2  inches  wide  in  large  corymbs, 
very  fragrant.  A double-flowered  form  is 
also  known,  and  was  illustrated  in  1629. 

*R.  Soulieana.  Introduced  to  France  by  R.  P. 
Soulie  from  western  China,  1896.  Enjoys  a 
dry  climate.  Stems  very  thorny.  Flowers  W2 
inches  wide;  stamens  conspicuous.  Hips 
Marigold  orange.  Sept.-Dee. 

R.  Sinowilsonii,  R.  cerasocarpa.  Two  similar 
Chinese  species;  the  former,  introduced  by 
Wilson  in  1905,  is  semi-evergreen,  and  has 
reddish  young  shoots. 

R.  multiflora  var.  cathayensis.  A larger,  pink- 
flowered  Chinese  variety  of  the  Japanese  R. 
multiflora.  The  form  carnea  has  attractive 
double  pink  blossoms. 

All  the  preceding  (except  the  last)  have 
corymbs  of  fragrant  white  flowers  in  June 
or  July,  and  orange  or  reddish  hips  in  fall 
and  early  winter. 

R.  Wichuraiana.  An  evergreen,  trailing  species 
from  Japan,  Korea  and  Formosa,  with  glossy 
leaves  and  white  flowers  in  July.  Excellent 
as  a cover  for  banks. 

*R.  Banksiae  var.  lutea.  The  pale  yellow,  dou- 
ble-flowered variety  of  the  Banksian  rose, 
flowering  in  May  and  June.  Usually  thorn- 

*Indicates  those  most  recommended. 

(Continued  on  Page  Thirty-four) 


Ten 


The  Wind  River  Arboretum  From  1912  to  1947 

Thornton  T.  Munger* 


History,  Location  and  Purpose  of  Arboretum. 

IN  1909  the  Forest  Service  began  its  pro- 
gram of  artificially  reforesting  the  denuded 
burns  on  the  national  forests  by  establishing 
a 10-acre  nursery  on  recently  logged  land  in 
the  Wind  River  Valley  of  southern  Washing- 
ton. The  nursery  has  since  been  greatly 
expanded  and  has  been  the  source  of  all  the 
trees  used  by  the  Forest  Service  in  planting 
west  of  the  Cascades.  It  is  located  about  10 
miles  north  of  the  hamlet  of  Carson  which  is 
near  the  Columbia  River  in  Skamania  County. 

Soon  after  the  nursery  got  into  production 
forest  research  activities  were  centered  at  this 
point  by  the  creation  of  the  Wind  River  Ex- 
periment Station,  primarily,  at  first,  to  study 
nursery  and  reforestation  problems.  To  have 
on  display  large  specimens  of  the  various 
species  which  were  then  being  grown  in  the 
Wind  River  Nursery,  a few  trees  of  each  were 
planted  on  some  idle  stump  land  alongside  the 
nursery  and  its  residence  buildings. 

This  was  the  beginning  in  1912  of  the  first 
publicly  maintained  arboretum  in  Oregon  or 
Washington,  though  some  notable  private  col- 
lections of  trees  antedated  it.  From  this  small 
beginning  the  Wind  River  Arboretum  has 
gradually  expanded  to  cover  1 1 y2  acres  rather 
closely  planted  with  from  5 to  25  specimens 
each  of  135  species  of  conifers  and  fewer 
specimens  of  33  species  of  broadleaf  trees; 
this  is  exclusive  of  many  lots  which  have  not 
survived. 

The  arboretum  was  located  here  primarily 
to  test  in  a climate  and  soil  representative  of 
a considerable  area  of  forest  land,  species  that 
might  prove  of  value  for  reforestation.  Sec- 
ondarily, this  being  an  important  and  much- 
visited  forest  research  center,  it  was  desired 
to  create  here  an  outdoor  museum  of  trees 
which  would  have  interest  to  travelers  and 
some  dendrological  value  to  students  and  re- 
search workers.  It  has  been  the  intention  from 

♦Mr.  Thornton  T.  Munger,  former  director  of  the 
Wind  River  Arboretum  from  1924  to  1946,  is  now 
collaborator  with  non-resident  'supervision. 


the  start  to  grow  the  trees  under  natural  for- 
est land  conditions,  with  only  a minimum  of 
culture.  No  consideration  has  been  given  to 
landscaping  or  aesthetic  effects. 

At  first  the  planting  was  somewhat  promis- 
cuous but  in  the  mid- 1920s  a plan  was  adopted 
by  which  the  trees  of  each  genus  were  grouped 
together,  so  far  as  space  permitted.  In  most 
of  the  plantings  since  then  the  purpose  has 
been  to  plant  about  20  of  each  species,  spac- 
ing them  somewhat  irregularly  in  a block 
about  12  to  15  feet  apart.  Trails,  rough  grav- 
elled in  CCC  days,  and  kept  mowed  of  weeds, 
enable  the  visitor  to  walk  along  the  borders 
of  many  of  the  block  plantings. 

Site,  Soil  and  Climate 

The  Wind  River  Arboretum,  like  the  ad- 
joining large  nursery,  lies  on  a bench  that 
slopes  about  6 per  cent  to  the  east  on  the 
western  edge  of  this  hanging  north-south  val- 
ley which  is  here  about  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  wide.  Its  altitude  is  1,150  feet,  but  high 
hills  surround  it.  The  soil  is  a fairly  deep, 
coarse,  porous,  “shot”  sandy  loam  derived 
from  the  disintegration  of  the  prevailing 
basaltic  rock.  After  removal  of  the  forest  cover 
its  fertility  seems  to  leach  rapidly  in  this 
rainy  climate,  and  during  the  summer  drought 
it  becomes  very  dry.  In  the  classification  of 
five  forest  sites  adapted  to  Douglas  Fir  this 
rates  site  III,  or  medium,  in  the  scale  of 
growth. 

The  climate  may  be  summarized  by  the 
following  items  from  the  records  of  the  Wind 
River  cooperative  weather  station  for  the 
period  1911  to  1940: 

Yearly  precipitation — av.  86.49  ins.;  max. 
135.92,  min.  54.15. 

Temperature — av.  annual  48.3°  F.;  mean 
max.  59.9°,  mean  min.  36.6°. 

Temperature — max.  of  record  107°,  min. 
of  record  — 13. 

In  about  half  the  winters  the  temperature 
does  not  fall  below  — (— 10°.  The  average  length 
of  season  with  no  frost  is  133  days;  shortest 


Eleven 


75  days.  The  summer  drought  is  acute  and 
the  nights  are  cool  even  in  summer. 

The  climate  is  fairly  characteristic  of  the 
western  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Range  ex- 
cept, that  being  almost  on  the  axis  of  the  Cas- 
cade Range  and  hence  toward  the  eastern  edge 
of  the  humid  belt,  it  has  a sunnier,  hotter, 
and  drier  summer  than  points  of  like  annual 
rainfall  to  the  west. 

Sources  of  Seed  or  Stock 

At  the  outset,  seed  of  some  species  was 
bought  from  commercial  dealers  but  later 
nearly  all  the  seed,  and  in  some  cases  young 
trees,  have  been  obtained  from  other  arboreta 
or  forest  experiment  stations,  assuring  posi- 
tive identification.  The  arboretum  stock  has 
been  growm  in  a corner  of  the  Wind  River 
Nursery  until  large  enough  to  set  in  its  per- 
manent location. 

Records,  Reports,  and  N omenclature 

Each  lot  of  seed  or  stock  was  given  an  ac- 
quisition number  and  had  a 5 by  8-inch  card 
prepared  upon  which  to  record  its  history. 
Altogether  there  have  been  539  acquisitions; 
but  since  duplicate  lots  of  certain  species  have 
been  acquired  the  number  of  different  species 
is  only  about  200.  Each  tree  carries  its  lot 
number  on  a metal  tag;  each  species  group 
has  a sign  bearing  the  scientific  and  common 
names. 

It  was  the  hope  to  establish  in  this  arbore- 
tum all  the  tree  species  of  the  world  likely  to 
suvive  at  this  location,  but  the  broadleaf  trees 
did  so  poorly  that  for  the  last  20  years  or  so 
new  acquisitions  have  been  confined  almost 
entirely  to  conifers.  The  collection  has  been 
directed  entirely  at  natural  species,  and  no 
effort  made  to  get  hybrids,  horticultural  varie- 
ties, regional  races,  or  trees  grown  by  vege- 
tative propagation. 

At  periodic  intervals  all  trees  in  the  arbo- 
retum have  been  measured  and  a progress 
report  prepared  summarizing  the  results.1 

The  nomenclature  has  been  a problem,  as  it 
always  is.  The  scientific  and  common  names 

1.  Munger,  Thornton  T.  and  Kolbe,  Ernest  L.  The 
Wind  River  Arboretum  from  1912  to  1932.  Mimeo. 
1932. 

Munger,  Thorton  T.  and  Kolbe,  Ernest  L.  The 
Wind  River  Arboretum  from  1932  to  1937.  Mimeo. 
1937. 

Munger,  Thornton  T.  The  Wind  River  Arboretum 
from  1937  to  194G.  Multilithed.  1947. 


of  the  Forest  Service’s  1927  Check  List  (as 
amended),  but  not  including  the  changes  in 
the  still  unapproved  mimeographed  edition 
of  April  15,  1944,  were  used  for  the  North 
American  species.  For  species  of  other  coun- 
tries the  names  in  Dallimore  & Jackson’s  “A 
Handbook  of  Coniferae”  have  been  used  with 
few  exceptions. 

Injuries,  Disease,  and  Enemies 

An  arboretum,  like  orchards  and  gardens, 
is  subject  to  many  vicissitudes.  It  is  most  dis- 
heartening to  the  arboriculturist  after  getting 
seed  of  a rare  species  and  watching  the  little 
trees  for  years  to  have  them  succumb  to  some 
enemy  from  without.  Here,  since  it  was  the 
object  to  grow  these  trees  under  conditions 
simulating  the  forest,  intensive  preventive  or 
remedial  measures  have  not  been  applied. 
They  have  been  given  water  only  at  time  of 
planting.  Besides  death  of  some  lots  because 
of  obvious  unsuitability  to  the  climate  or  soil, 
losses  have  been  from  a variety  of  causes. 

Red-bellied  sapsuckers  have  mortally  gir- 
dled several  trees,  notably  Pinus  sylvestris. 

Gophers  have  gnawed  off  the  roots  of  trees 
five  feet  high  and  undoubtedly  impaired  the 
health  of  others. 

Snow  and  ice  have  bent  over  and  broken 
many  heavy  foliaged  trees,  such  as  Pinus  apa- 
checa  (P.  latifolia).  Splints  and  guy  lines 
have  remedied  some  of  the  injuries. 

Adelges  galls  have  disfigured  certain  species 
of  spruce,  P.  sitchensis  perhaps  being  the 
worst  sufferer. 

White  pine  blister  rust  has  invaded  the 
arboretum  in  spite  of  repeated  efforts  to  keep 
the  nursery  and  its  environs  safe;  many 
cankers  have  been  removed  to  prolong  the  life 
of  infected  trees. 

Spring  frosts  have  recurringly  caught  the 
new  foliage  of  some  species  whose  phenology 
does  not  fit  the  local  climate,  sometimes  with 
fatal  results,  particularly  certain  Abies. 

Needle  blights  have  been  serious  on  several 
species  especially  the  Rocky  Mountain  form 
of  Douglas  fir  and  the  native  Larix  occiden- 
talis. 

Growth  and  Survival  of  Various  Conifers 

Among  the  135  species  of  conifers  growing 
in  the  arboretum  are  species  which  would 


Twelve 


hardly  be  expected  to  survive  in  a climate  so 
different  from  their  native  haunts,  like  Pinus 
' coulter  i,  Pseudotsuga  macrocar  pa,  and  Cu- 
pressus,  macnabiana  (and  C.  bakeri).  Others 
which  should  survive  here,  like  some  of  the 
cedar  tribe,  have  failed  perhaps  because  of 
unfavorable  soil.  The  southern  pines  have 
failed  for  obvious  climatic  reasons.  The 
growth  has  not  been  rapid  but  many  of  the 
older  lots  now  average  over  45  feet  in  height. 
It  is  interesting  that  on  the  nearby  watered 
lawn,  specimen  trees  are  making  much  faster 
growth  than  in  the  unwatered  arboretum. 

A resume  of  the  status  of  some  of  the  gen- 
era may  be  of  interest: 

The  Pines 

Forty-seven  species  and  subspecies  of  Pinus 
are  now  growing  in  the  arboretum.  A large 
proportion  of  these  have  made  excellent  de- 
velopment. Species  from  a considerably  dif- 
ferent environment,  P.  sabiniana,  coulteri,  and 
muricata  for  example,  have  survived  and  done 
fairly  well.  Others  from  fully  as  rigorous  a 
climate,  like  rigida,  have  been  inferior  in 
form.  The  southern  pines  are  a failure  except 
echinata  and  it  is  of  poor  form  and  thrift.  The 
nut  pines  of  a much  dried  and  sunnier  clime 


have  survived  well,  but  made  their  customary 
slow  growth.  Some  species  that  suffered  win- 
ter-killing of  the  foliage  when  they  were  small, 
like  coulteri  and  attenuata,  have  not  shown 
damage  in  recent  years  as  they  grew  taller. 
The  cone  production  of  several  species  has 
been  abnormally  early  and  heavy;  sinensis  is 
a striking  example  of  excessive  cone  produc- 
tion with  poor  thrift  and  form. 

The  Larches 

There  is  a very  thrifty  planting  of  10  spe- 
cies of  Larix,  some  dating  back  to  1913.  Sibir- 
ica  is  outstanding  and  the  tallest  is  57  feet.  It 
is  somewhat  ironical  that  one  of  the  native 
species  of  Washington,  lyallii,  has  failed  en- 
tirely after  years  of  nursing  a lot  of  wild  stock. 

The  Spruces 

All  species  tried  have  apparently  succeeded 
in  one  test  or  another  with  the  possible  excep- 
tion of  P.  jezoensis.  There  was  some  difficulty 
in  establishing  breweriana  but  a group  from 
two  different  lots  is  flourishing  now.  Many 
lots  bore  cones  profusely  from  the  time  they 
were  four  or  five  feet  high,  bicolor,  koyami, 
likiangensis , and  rubra  being  conspicuous  in 
this  regard. 


Site  of  the  Wind  River  Nursery  and  Arboretum  10  miles  north  of  the  Columbia  River  and 
Carson,  Washington.  The  arboretum  occupies  the  HVl  acres  in  the  foreground  between  the 
nursery  and  the  road  that  skirts  the  hill.  (Photo  by  U.  S.  Forest  Service  in  1935.) 


Thirteen 


Among  the  22  species  of  Abies  (balsam  firs)  now 
growing  in  the  Wind  River  Arboretum,  the  local 
species,  as  well  as  several  exotics,  make  a fine 
showing.  Here  is  the  local  noble  fir  (formerly 
A.  nobilis,  now  A.  procera)  which  in  33  years  has 
attained  a maximum  height  of  27  feet.  (Photo  by 
U.  S.  Forest  Service.) 

The  Hemlocks 

The  eastern  hemlock  grows  well  alongside 
the  western,  but  no  species  makes  a hand- 
somer appearance  than  the  native  T.  merten- 
siana.  The  Japanese  sieboldii  is  suffering  from 
freezes  and  is  hardly  surviving;  caroliniana 
is  young,  but  promises  well. 

The  Douglas  Firs 

The  Rocky  Mountain  Douglas  Firs  (blue 
form)  have  grown  notably  slower  than  their 
native  cousins  50  feet  away  outside  the  fence. 
Pseudotsuga  macrocar  pa  seemed  to  be  on  the 
way  out  nine  years  ago  with  gradual  mortal- 
ity, but  the  four  survivors  now  look  very  well, 
though  the  tallest  is  only  7 feet  in  20  years. 

The  Balsam  Firs 

A large  proportion  of  the  species  of  the 
world  have  been  tried  here  and  specimens  of 
22  species  are  now  living.  Many  of  the  lots 
are  strikingly  successful;  beside  all  the  six 
native  Oregon  species,  A.  pectinata,  arizonica, 
jraseri,  and  balsamea  are  flourishing.  Other 
species  have  done  less  well  or  actually  failed 
and  it  is  not  clear  whether  this  is  due  to  the 
climate  or  to  the  difficulties  of  establishing 
these  shade-loving  species  in  the  exposed  hot 
site  of  the  arboretum.  Certain  species  have 
suffered  greatly  from  spring  freezes,  notably 
brachyphylla,  holophylla,  koreana,  nephro- 
lepis,  sachalinensis , sibirica,  and  veitchii. 


Cedrus 

Of  the  three  species  of  Cedrus,  atlantica 
and  libani  seem  perfectly  at  home,  though 
slow-growing.  The  deodara  has  not  done  well. 
Cupressus 

One  of  the  most  thrifty  lots  in  the  arbore- 
tum is  the  bakeri  variety  of  C.  macnabiana.  It 
seems  perfectly  at  home  here,  but  growing 
slowly  as  in  its  native  haunts.  It  is  the  erect, 
compact,  dense-crowned  form.  The  sprawling- 
branched  type  of  macnabiana,  whose  crown 
width  is  as  great  as  its  height,  has  also  pros- 
pered here.  Some  specimens  of  arizonica  on  a 
nearby  watered  lawn  have  done  phenomenally 
well,  though  the  arboretum  trees  of  that  lot 
were  lost.  Of  the  other  Cupressus  species,  none 
tried  has  succeeded,  although  a few  specimens 
of  goveniana  and  macrocarpa  are  still  alive. 
The  Sequoias 

Sempervirens  has  survived  out  planting  for 
several  years,  but  it  is  freezing  back  constant- 
ly and  making  only  a sickly  sprawling  plant. 
Gigantea  has  done  excellently. 

The  Incense  Cedars 

Only  L.  decurrens  has  been  planted  here 
and  it  has  made  excellent  development;  chi- 
lensis  was  started  in  the  nursery  and  suffered 
winter  damage  so  was  out  planted  to  the  more 
equable  climate  of  the  Cascade  Head  Experi- 
mental Forest. 

Thuja 

This  site  is  a poor  place  for  most  trees  of 
this  genus,  though  T.  plicata  is  native  here. 
It  is  interesting  that  this  species  has  been 
browsed  badly  by  deer  while  other  trees  of 
the  cedar  tribe  have  been  untouched;  dola- 
brata  has  thriven  on  the  watered  lawn;  occi- 
dentalis  and  orientalis  average  only  five  or 
six  feet  high  in  over  20  years  and  apparently 
need  a moister,  cooler  soil. 

Chamaecy  paris 

Port  Orford  white-cedar  (C.  lawsoniana), 
though  far  from  its  native  southwestern  Ore- 
gon, has  thriven  here,  as  has  also  the  other 
native  of  the  high  mountains  of  the  state — 
Alaska  cedar  (C.  nootkatensis) . The  Japanese 
species,  C.  pisifera  and  obtusa,  have  been  fail- 
ures. The  swamp-loving  eastern  thyoides  has 
done  poorly  on  this  loose,  coarse  soil. 


Fourteen 


The  Junipers 

Of  the  many  lots  of  juniper  seed  acquired, 
many  did  not  germinate,  probably  because  of 
failure  to  give  specialized  treatment.  Of  the 
species  established  in  the  arboretum,  none 
looks  perfectly  at  home.  Virginiana  is  perhaps 
the  most  successful,  though  chinensis  and  the 
two  species  of  this  state,  occidentalis  and  sco- 
pulorum,  are  both  surviving. 

T he  Taxaceae 

Both  Taxus  baccata  and  brevi folia  are  do- 
ing very  poorly,  obviously  a poor  environment 
for  them.  Cephalotaxus  drupacea  must  be 
classed  as  a failure  though  sprouting  after 
winter-killing.  Araucaria  imbricata  on  a shel- 
tered part  of  the  lawn  look  healthy  now,  but 
only  four  feet  tall  in  33  years. 

The  Broadleaf  Trees  ( Hardwoods ) 

As  stated  earlier,  acquisition  of  broadleaf 
trees  (so-called  hardwoods)  was  discontinued 
about  20  years  ago  because,  for  the  most  part, 
they  had  been  so  unsuccessful  in  this  soil  and 
climate. 

The  major  eastern  species  have  done  very 
poorly;  the  proportion  of  trees  that  have  sur- 
vived is  not  bad,  but  their  form  and  height 
is  far  below  normal.  Some,  like  basswood, 
have  periodically  died  back  and  sprouts  re- 
placed the  original  main  stem.  Box  elder  is 
9.3  feet  high  in  35  years,  yellow  poplar  13.5 
feet  in  the  same  time.  Black  cherries  are  all 
alive  but  average  only  8.2  feet  in  33  years. 
Chestnut  is  16.3  feet  in  22  years.  Of  the  oaks, 
Q.  borealis,  red  oak,  is  definitely  the  best  of 
any  species  tried.  A couple  of  trees  in  this 
lot  are  42  feet  tall  at  age  34.  Most  of  the 
American  elms  planted  are  alive  but  average 
only  11.4  feet  in  34  years;  they  are  broken 
by  storms  and  distorted  in  form.  Of  the  ashes, 
F.  pennsylvanica  lanceolata  has  done  the  best 
of  any,  but  averages  only  16.7  feet  in  34 
years. 

Quercus  chrysolepis  and  Lithocarpus  densi- 
jlora  of  southern  Oregon  are  practically  fail- 
ures. But  golden  chinquapin  (Castanopsis 
chrysophyllo) , which  is  native  only  a few 
miles  away,  has  done  well. 

The  poor  success  here  of  the  broadleaf  trees 
must  be  attributed  largely  to  the  dry,  hot 


summers,  not  to  winter  cold.  The  cold  nights 
during  the  growing  season  are  probably  un- 
favorable to  some  species.  The  porous  acid 
soil  is  disadvantageous.  The  failure  of  the 
broadleaf  trees  to  do  well  here  under  untended 
forest  land  conditions  does  not  mean  that  on 
cultivated  or  watered  ground  they  would  not 
succeed  in  this  climate.  Several  broadleaf  trees 
on  the  lawns  are  doing  much  better  than  those 
in  the  arboretum. 

In  Conclusion 

The  Wind  River  Arboretum  has  taught  for- 
esters a great  deal  about  the  adaptability  of 
foreign  species  to  Cascade  Range  conditions; 
it  has  stimulated  interest  of  the  visiting  public 
in  forestry,  for  zeal  in  forest  conservation 
often  begins  with  interest  in  the  individual 
tree;  it  has  given  several  generations  of  for- 
est school  students  their  first-hand  view  of 
many  of  the  notable  trees  of  the  world;  it  has 
furnished  cones  and  foliage  for  educational 
exhibits;  it  has  even  furnished  pollen  for  hy- 
bridization experiments  elsewhere.  In  short,  an 
arboretum  such  as  this  in  the  heart  of  the 
timber-growing  region  is  a valuable  adjunct 
to  forest  research  and  to  public  education. 

It  is  hoped  to  add  to  the  collection  some 
of  the  rarer  trees  and  recently  recognized 
species,  so  that  students  of  dendrology  from 
near  or  far  may  have  a complete  assortment  of 
Temperate  Zone  conifers  to  study.  A regional 
arboretum  such  as  this  may  thus  become  a 
valuable  scientific  outpost  to  the  great  cen- 
tralized arboreta,  with  whom  interchange  of 
results  and  of  materials  are  much  to  be  de- 
sired. 


Most  trees  and  shrubs  flowered  from  2-3 
weeks  later  this  year  than  in  1947,  spring- 
flowering species  being  more  delayed  than 
the  summer  types. 


EDWIN  W.  GROHS  & ASSOCIATES 
Landscape  Architects  • Engineers 

1322  EAST  PINE,  SEATTLE  22  PRospect  1200 

Member,  Washington  Society  of  Landscape  Architects 


Fifteen 


Let’s  Talk  About  Herbaceous  Peonies 

Roy  S.  Leighton* 


NOW  that  the  spring  season  has  once 
again  come  and  gone,  it  is  easy  for  us  to 
reminisce.  If  we  are  good  gardeners  we  have 
made  some  notes,  visited  a few  other  gardens 
or  nurseries  and  charged  ourselves  with  en- 
thusiasm to  add  new  plant  members  to  our 
garden  collection. 

If  you  have  a spot  that  is  sunny,  has  good 
drainage  and  if  you  desire  to  use  plants  that 
require  only  normal  care  and  may  grow  for 
years  without  changing,  one  must  of  course 
explore  the  peony  field.  American  hybridizers 
have  made  tremendous  strides  in  recent  years. 
It  is  no  longer  necessary  to  import  varieties 
from  Europe,  the  Orient,  or  any  other  foreign 
country,  for  American  peony  hybridization 
now  far  surpasses  that  of  most  all  other  coun- 
tries. (Thanks  to  the  fine  work  of  the  Amer- 
ican Peony  Society). 

We  now  are  able  to  secure  dwarf  peony 
varieties  for  bedding  purposes  that  do  not 
grow  over  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  high  and 
with  miniature  flowers  in  proportion  to  the  size 
of  the  plant,  thanks  to  the  peony  hybridizers 
who  are  specializing  for  this  feature.  Inci- 
dentally, this  will  open  up  a new  field  for  the 
use  of  the  peony  in  smaller  flower  arrange- 
ments. Several  noteworthy  varieties  include 
“Ariel,”  a full  double,  light  rose  pink  that 
comes  into  bloom  very  early.  Fragrance  is  of 
cinnamon  scent.  This  is  an  extraordinary  va- 
riety for  its  season.  “Rosalie,”  a semi-double, 
looks  like  a rose  and  close  to  the  true  Amer- 
ican Beauty  shade.  A dwarf  plant,  very  strong 
grower  and  bloomer,  “Parry”  is  of  the  ane- 
mone type;  small  bloom,  dwarf  plant  with 
an  unusual  shade  of  pink,  which  is  near  to  a 
salmon  shade.  “Peggy”  is  an  early  stiff- 
stemmed dwarf,  the  blooms  are  a warm  bright 
silvery  pink,  petals  notched  and  crinkled. 
“Flower  Girl”  is  a true  dwarf  plant  to  twenty 
inches  tall,  opens  flesh  fading  to  white.  Rose 

*Mr.  Roy  S.  Leighton,  a member  of  our  Founda- 
tion’s Board  of  Directors,  has  been  an  experienced 
peony  grower  for  many  years.  The  Leightons’  lilac 
gardens  in  Edmonds,  Washington,  are  well  known 
to  many  of  our  readers. 


fragrance,  blooms  on  stiff  stems.  “Smouthii,” 
a purplish  red  single  with  leaves  gracefully  cut. 

Other  recent  introductions  have  produced 
varieties  with  such  stout  stems  that  they  are 
able  to  support  their  large  flower  bloom  with- 
out the  necessity  of  staking,  which  is  a fine 
addition  for  the  perennial  border  or  specimen 
planting.  Several  outstanding  varieties  would 
include  “Dr.  J.  H.  Neeley,”  double,  midseason 
white  with  a blush  tint,  fragrant,  with  strong 
stems  and  a strong  grower.  “Elsa  Sass,”  a gold 
medal  variety  very  worthy  of  the  distinction. 
Full  double,  rather  dwarf  growing  but  stems 
stiff  and  strong,  holding  the  beautiful  large 
bloom  erect  under  most  all  conditions.  A true 
rose  form  with  large  petals.  “Ellen  Foster,” 
rose  type  blooms  of  good  size,  large,  broad, 
deep  petals  of  almost  uniform  light  flesh  pink 
flushed  delicate  lavender.  A newer  variety. 
“Minuet,”  very  large,  full  rose  type.  Color  a 
most  pleasing  light  pink.  Stiff  stems  reaching 
fifty  inches  in  height,  with  foliage  to  the 
ground.  “Blanche  King,”  a deep,  dark  pink 
that  holds  its  color  well.  Very  late  bloomer. 
Tall  and  handsome.  “Kansas,”  early  bright 
red  that  has  a full  double  flower  held  high  on 
one  of  the  strongest  of  stems.  Recently  was 
the  American  Home  Medal  Winner.  “Mis- 
chief,” a most  satisfactory  dark  red-pink.  Good 
size  and  color  which  holds  well  in  the  sun.  A 
good  landscape  variety.  “President  Lincoln,” 
a tall  single  red  with  flowers  large  for  a single 
and  held  straight  up.  Two  rows  of  brilliant 
red  petals  with  striking  center  of  rich  yellow 
stamens. 

Another  very  important  phase  of  the  newer 
herbaceous  peony  hybridizing  has  been  the 
introduction  of  varieties  that  bloom  very  early, 
or  as  much  as  a month  before  the  regular 
albijlora  types  come  into  bloom.  Most  of  these 
come  in  singles,  or  semi-doubles  on  extremely 
sturdy  stems  and  with  very  large,  imposing 
looking  heavy  leaves.  Still  very  difficult  vari- 
eties to  obtain  yet  but  worth  noting  for  the 
future  are:  “Chalice,”  huge  pure  white  blooms 


Sixteen 


eight  to  ten  inches  across,  with  long  silky  sta- 
mens, erect  on  heavy  stems  about  three  feet 
tall.  “Birthday,”  a medium-sized  pale  pink 
Shirley  poppy  in  color  and  form.  Slightly 
fringed  at  the  edge. 

Then  there  is  that  group  of  true  hybrid  in- 
troductions with  entirely  new  breaks  in  the 
peony  color  field  as  a result  of  species  crosses. 
Unfortunately,  very  few  gardeners  are  familiar 
with  this  latter  group  because  they  are  still 
too  new,  somewhat  expensive  and  generally 
bloom  before  the  larger  peony  show  of  flowers 
begin.  To  mention  but  a few:  “Victoria  Lin- 
coln,” clear  pink,  large,  full  double  when  estab- 
lished. This  is  an  albiflora  x “Otto  Froebel” 
cross.  “Red  Cockade,”  frilled  and  crinkled  like 
a big  fringed  tulip.  This  is  an  albiflora  x lobata 
species  cross.  “Burgundy,”  blackish  purple 
petals  of  heavy  substance,  lustreless  and  crin- 
kled. Brilliant  yellow  stamens.  This  is  a triple 
hybrid  of  albiflora  x (macrophylla  x offici- 
nalis ) . 

Those  who  love  to  cut  peony  blooms  for  the 
home  or  office  will  marvel  at  the  newer  intro- 
ductions with  fine  stiff  cutting  stems,  easily 
growing  to  thirty-six  or  forty  inches.  This 
would  include  such  varieties  as  “Marietta  Sis- 
son,” midseason,  light  pink  double.  A very 
loosely  built  flower  that  is  very  attractive. 
Stems  good  and  flower  held  rigidly  erect.  An- 
other of  the  good  Sass  originations.  “Mrs. 
Franklin  D.  Roosevelt,”  the  flower  is  artistic- 
ally formed,  with  extremely  long,  loose  petals 
of  soft  pink.  A splendid  grower  with  excellent 
blooming  habit.  “Nic  Shaylor,”  double,  late, 
blush  or  light  pink  with  occasional  red  mark- 
ings. Some  years  these  markings  are  more 
prominent  than  others,  indicating  weather  con- 
ditions influencing  this  characteristic.  Very 
fine  form,  good  plant  growth.  “Ella  Christian- 
sen;” no  matter  how  many  peonies  you  have 
already  planted,  you  will  find  this  a worthy 
addition.  The  color  is  a pleasing  dark  pink. 
Petals  are  long,  narrow,  and  heavily  serrated 
on  the  edges.  “Matilda  Lewis,”  a very  dark 
maroon  red  that  is  well  formed  and  fully  dou- 
ble. This  variety  is  pleasantly  fragrant.  “Nim- 
bus,” double,  full,  deep  flowers  of  palest  rose 
fading  to  white.  Late  bloomer. 


Those  who  enjoy  the  foliage  of  the  plant  as 
well  as  the  blooms  should  consider  several  of 
the  species  and  hybrids  of  these  species  crossed 
with  the  regular  albiflora  types.  Outstanding 
for  interesting  foliage  are  such  species  as 
Willmottiae,  which  is  a very  beautiful  white 
flowered  species  from  Western  China.  It  is  one 
of  the  earliest  of  all  peonies,  coming  into  bloom 
in  early  May.  The  foliage  is  large  and  carries 
color  shadings  of  green,  rust  and  gray.  The 
stems  are  quite  red.  Unfortunately,  it  is  still 
very  rare,  but  much  worth  seeking  out.  For- 
tunately, many  of  its  crosses  come  with  the 
same  beautiful  foliage  and  early  blooming 
characteristic.  Another  desirable  species  is 
cmodi,  the  Himalayan  peony.  It  is  very  tall, 
with  nodding  white  single  flowers  that  are  quite 
like  a single  polyanthus  rose.  If  not  disbudded 
it  will  bloom  for  a very  long  time.  The  ex- 
tremely handsome  foliage  is  light  green  on 
tall  wiry  stems.  Mlokosewitschii  is  the  only 
truly  yellow  herbaceous  peony  and  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  of  hardy  plants.  A very  early 
and  abundant  bloomer.  The  plant  is  quite 
dwarf  in  growth  habit  with  odd  grayish  green 
foliage.  Although  not  always  certain  to  suc- 
ceed, it  should  at  least  be  tried.  Macrophylla 
( tomentosa J is  a very  large  leaved  species 
from  the  Caucasus  region.  Flowers  are  white, 
cup-shaped;  one  of  the  first  of  all  peonies  to 
bloom.  Officinalis  lobata,  dwarf  in  its  growth 
habit  with  light  green  finely  cut  leaf  foliage. 
Flowers  are  a brilliant  vermilion  color,  the 
brightest  light  red  shade  that  one  can  imagine. 
Triternata,  also  comes  into  bloom  very  early. 
Flowers  a light  mauve  pink.-  The  foliage  is 
wavy.  It  is  a plant  worth  having.  Cretica  is 
another  very  beautiful  early  species.  Tenni- 
folia  and  its  hybrids  in  some  seasons  are  the 
first  of  all  peonies  to  bloom.  The  plants  have 
finely  cut  foliage  and  a great  abundance  of 
bright  crimson  flowers.  Dwarf  grower. 

It  would  be  unfair  if  I did  not  caution  all 
growers  of  peonies  in  this  great  Puget  Sound 
area  to  apply  a spray  of  micronized  copper, 
applied  once  a week  from  the  time  that  the 
peony  first  starts  appearing  through  the  ground 
until  the  leaves  are  well  formed,  in  order  to 
(Continued  on  Page  Thirty-five) 


Seventeen 


Sickly  Foliage 

O.  B.  Howell* 


PRACTICALLY  all  plants  are  subject  to  the 
yellowing  of  their  foliage  which  is  due  to 
one  of  two  common  causes.  These  are  ( 1 ) Lack 
of  nitrogen  in  which  the  entire  plant  turns  yel- 
low and  (2)  chlorosis,  wherein  the  leaves  turn 
to  a light  green  and  finally  to  a creamy-white 
while  the  leaf  veins  still  maintain  their  green 
color.  The  presence  or  absence  of  the  green 
veins  is  the  identifying  characteristic  by  which 
the  trouble  can  be  diagnosed. 

Nitrogen  deficiency  can  readily  be  cured  by 
applying  some  form  of  fertilizer,  either  as 
barnyard  manure  or  as  a commercial  fertil- 
izer which  contains  this  element.  If  manure 
is  used,  apply  about  a half  peck  around  the 
plant  (but  not  touching  the  stems)  dug  or 
worked  into  the  soil  and  well  watered  down. 
If  a straight  nitrogen  fertilizer  such  as  nitrate 
of  soda  or  sulphate  of  ammonia  is  used,  scratch 
in  a tablespoonful  around  each  affected  plant — 
being  careful  again  not  to  get  any  fertilizer  on 
the  leaves  or  against  the  stem.  Water  this  in 
well.  Commercial  brands  of  fertilizer  may 
also  be  used  the  same  way  with  amounts  up 
to  a cupful,  depending  on  the  size  of  the  plant. 
A teaspoonful  for  a snapdragon,  two  table- 
spoonsful  for  a peony,  a cupful  for  a shrub. 
If  the  plant  does  not  respond  readily,  repeat 
the  treatment  two  or  three  weeks  later. 

The  second  one,  chlorosis,  is  a deficiency 
disease  commonly  occurring  where  flowers  or 
shrubs  have  been  planted  where  lime  in  the 
form  of  plaster  or  cement  has  been  worked  into 
the  soil  in  the  process  of  building  the  house 
and  walks.  Chlorosis  may  also  be  caused  by 
the  lack  of  iron  or  manganese  (usually  the 
former)  in  the  soil,  or  by  the  presence  of  the 
lime  which  makes  the  iron  unavailable  to  the 
plant.  It  should  be  said  also  that  many  peo- 
ple unfamiliar  to  the  Inland  Empire  soils 
have  added  lime  to  their  yards  and  flowers 
because  it  was  the  custom  to  do  so  in  those 
soils  which  are  very  acid,  as  are  found  on  the 

*Mr.  O.  B.  Howell  is  extension  specialist  in  orna- 
mental horticulture  at  the  State  College  of  Wash- 
ington, Pullman,  Washington. 


West  Coast.  Inland  Empire  soils,  with  very 
few  exceptions,  do  not  need  lime.  It  is  noted 
also  that  certain  hybrid  tea  varieties  of  roses, 
particularly  those  containing  the  yellow  blood 
of  the  Australian  Copper  rose  are  very  sus- 
ceptible to  this  yellowing  leaf  condition. 

The  function  of  the  green  leaves  of  plants 
is  to  take  the  various  elements  received  from 
the  roots  in  solution  form  and,  with  the  aid 
of  the  green  chlorophyll,  manufacture  these 
raw  products  into  starch  and  sugars.  These  are 
the  energy  and  wood-building  foods  of  the 
plants.  When  the  plant  cannot  obtain  these 
food  materials  because  they  are  lacking,  or  are 
prevented  from  being  absorbed  by  the  lime, 
the  chlorophyll  is  inactivated  or  destroyed  and 
the  leaves  become  yellow.  Then,  when  the 
leaves  are  in  this  inactive  condition,  diseases 
and  insects  finally  kill  the  whole  plant. 

The  cure  for  chlorosis  is  very  easy.  Simply 
add  the  unavailable  elements  in  a soluble 
form.  For  example,  2 to  4 pounds  of  copperas 
(iron  sulphate)  may  be  added  to  each  100 
square  feet  of  garden  area.  Copperas,  being 
very  soluble,  will  clear  up  the  condition 
within  a week’s  time.  If  the  soil  is  very  alka- 
line (a  condition  opposite  to  an  acid  soil)  it 
may  be  necessary  to  repeat  the  copperas 
treatment  every  10  to  20  days. 

Inland  Empire  soils  usually  have  plenty  of 
iron.  As  lime  ties  up  this  iron  and  makes  it 
inaccessible  to  plants,  it  is  necessary  to  acidify 
the  soil  to  release  the  iron  into  a soluble  form. 
This  is  done  by  adding  to  the  soil  either 
aluminum  sulphate,  sulphur,  tannic  acid,  or 
peat  moss.  Aluminum  sulphate  is  the  fastest 
acting  of  the  group,  but  it  also  causes  clay 
soils  to  become  sticky  and  hard  to  work. 
Aluminum  also  may  become  harmful  to  plants 
by  accumulating  in  the  soil  after  two  or  three 
years  applications.  For  this  reason  sulphur  is 
commonly  used  (its  cheapness  also  recom- 
mends it).  When  12  to  15  pounds  of  sulphur 
is  used  to  each  100  square  feet  of  garden 
space  the  results  are  noted  in  three  to  six 
weeks.  Sulphur  oxidizes  slowly  so  this  amount 


Eighteen 


will  last  for  a year  or  longer.  For  quick  re- 
sults a mixture  of  this  amount  of  sulphur  plus 
two  pounds  of  aluminum  sulphate  will  acidify 
the  soil  properly  until  some  of  the  sulphur  dis- 
solves. The  total  amount  of  sulphur  necessary 
to  neutralize  the  lime  in  a soil  depends  on 
the  amount  of  lime  present. 

While  not  accurate,  a fairly  simple  test  to 
determine  the  amount  of  sulphur  needed  is  to 
take  a teaspoonful  of  soil  sample  and  put  a 
few  drops  of  muriatic  acid  on  it.  If  it  doesn’t 
bubble,  only  5 to  8 pounds  of  sulphur  is 


needed  to  each  100  square  feet  of  soil.  If 
small  particles  of  lime  are  visible  in  the  soil 
and  vigorous  bubbling  takes  place,  20  or  more 
pounds  of  sulphur  are  needed.  The  method  of 
application  recommended  for  small  amounts 
of  sulphur  is  to  rake  it  into  the  soil  and 
water  it  gently.  For  large  amounts,  holes  are 
dug  around  the  plants  and  about  10  per  cent 
sulphur  is  mixed  with  the  taken  out  soil  which 
is  then  returned  to  the  hole.  Sulphur  may  also 
be  placed  in  holes  punched  in  the  ground 
around  plants. 


The  John  A.  Finch  Memorial  Arboretum 

Harold  T.  Abbott* 


THE  people  of  Spokane  have  been  bene- 
fited by  the  gift  of  a new  arboretum  as 
a memorial  to  the  late  John  A.  Finch,  pioneer 
mining  leader  and  lover  of  nature.  In  January, 
1948,  the  sum  of  $250,000  was  made  available 
to  the  city  from  the  remainder  of  the  Finch 
estate.  Preliminary  work  of  clearing  and  main- 
tenance has  been  underway  this  year. 

Under  the  provisions  of  the  grant,  it  was 
stipulated  that  approximately  $50,000  should 
be  used  for  an  administration  building  and 
arboretum  library,  and  that  $50,000  should 
be  set  aside,  the  income  from  it  to  be  used 
towards  maintenance.  The  rest  of  the  grant 
was  to  be  used  for  development. 

The  desire  for  an  arboretum  in  Spokane  was 
expressed  for  many  years  by  the  late  John 
W.  Duncan,  superintendent  of  parks  for  30 
years.  Because  of  the  unique  climatic  condi- 
tions of  Eastern  Washington,  Mr.  Duncan  felt 
that  an  arboretum  would  serve  a useful  pur- 
pose not  only  for  its  recreational  value,  but 
as  a laboratory  for  the  schools,  colleges  and 
the  timber  interests  of  this  region.  Fortunately 
for  Spokane,  the  appropriateness  of  an  arbore- 
tum as  a memorial  to  Mr.  Finch  was  fully 
appreciated  by  Mr.  William  A.  Corey,  the 
only  surviving  trustee  of  the  Finch  estate. 

During  his  lifetime,  Mr.  Finch  had  deeded 
to  the  city  many  large  and  valuable  tracts  of 

♦Also  the  author  of  Trees  of  Proven  Worth  in 
Eastern  Washington,  on  page  30,  this  issue. 


land  for  park  purposes  and  among  them  were 
portions  of  the  attractive  Garden  Springs  prop- 
erty, the  site  of  the  present  development.  As 
the  name  implies,  this  area  is  favored  by  hav- 
ing a plentiful  supply  of  underground  moi- 
sture and  a stream  flowing  the  entire  year. 
In  a semi-arid  country  such  as  that  of  Spokane, 
a creek  or  spring  is  a treasured  feature. 

The  Finch  Arboretum  will  be  a small  one 
of  not  more  than  40  acres  to  begin  with.  An 
additional  tract  of  about  15  acres  for  future 
expansion  is  under  consideration  at  this  time. 

The  purpose  of  this  arboretum  is  to  provide 
a collection  of  the  most  satisfactory  woody 
plants  for  ornamental,  forestation  and  timber 
crop  plantings.  No  attempt  will  be  made  to 
include  every  species  hardy  in  Eastern  Wash- 
ington. As  a park  arboretum  it  will  be  used 
by  the  recreation  department  for  a program 
of  nature  lore,  by  the  bird  club  as  a favorable 
spot  in  which  to  observe  bird  life,  and  by  the 
amateur  gardener  as  a place  to  become  better 
acquainted  with  plant  materials  for  his  use. 

Situated  as  the  aboretum  is  along  the  Sun- 
set Highway,  its  proximity  to  the  center  of  the 
city  makes  it  readily  accessible  to  everyone. 
In  driving  from  the  west,  visitors  are  impressed 
by  the  beauty  of  the  arboretum’s  ponderosa 
pines,  and  the  native  Amelanchier,  Philadel- 
phus,  Ceanothus  and  Physocarpus  displays 
which  provide  an  unusual  foreground  to  the 
view  of  the  city’s  western  entrance. 


Nineteen 


The  Arboretum  Bulletin 


Vol.  XI,  No.  3 Seattle,  Wash.  Fall,  1948 


ARBORETUM  FOUNDATION 
OFFICE  HOURS 
9 a.  m.  to  4:30  p.  m. 
Monday  through  Friday 
Phone  Minor  4510 


ARBORETUM  FOUNDATION  OFFICERS 
Roy  L.  Maryatt,  President 
Mrs.  Carl  Ballard,  Vice-President 
Darwin  Meisnest,  Vice-President 
Mrs.  Charles  L.  Harris,  Secretary 
Maurice  Jackson,  Treasurer 
Mrs.  Arthur  J.  Krauss,  Historian 
Miss  Gene  Webb,  Executive  Secretary 


BULLETIN  EDITORIAL  BOARD 
Mrs.  J.  Thomas  Dowling,  Mrs.  E.  B.  Han- 
ley, Mrs.  O.  B.  Thorgrimson,  Brian  O. 
Mulligan,  Clarence  Prentice,  Bryan  Tay- 
lor, Mrs.  Lucile  R.  Davis,  Consultant. 


Special  Notice 

To  keep  memberships  in  the  Arbore- 
tum Foundation  in  good  standing,  dues 
should  be  paid  during  the  month  pay- 
able. Active  memberships  more  than 
three  months  in  arrears  and  previously 
established  $2  memberships  more  than 
thirty  days  in  arrears  will  be  dropped 
and  The  Bulletin  will  be  discontinued. 


Arboretum  Membership  Blank 


□ Active $ 5.00 

□ Contributing  10.00 

□ Supporting  25.00 

□ Sustaining  50.00 

□ Sponsor  100.00 

□ Life  500.00 

] Endowment  1,000.00 


The  Arboretum  Foundation, 

University  of  Washington  Arboretum 
Seattle  5,  Washington 

I hereby  apply  for  membership  in  the 
Arboretum  Foundation  and  remittance 
for  same  is  enclosed  to  cover  dues  for  the 
next  succeeding  12  months. 

Name 

Address 

All  memberships  are  non-assessable-. 


Notes  and  Comment 

New  Board  of  Directors 
The  following  directors  of  the  Arboretum 
Foundation  were  elected  at  the  annual  mem- 
bership meeting  August  4,  to  serve  a one- 
year  term: 

Seattle — Mrs.  Raymond  B.  Allen,  Mrs.  J. 
Swift  Baker,  Mrs.  Carl  Ballard,  Dave  Beck, 
Mrs.  Lawrence  Bogle,  Mrs.  Frederick  A. 
Bunge,  M.  M.  Chism,  Newman  Clark,  Mrs. 
Herbert  E.  Coe,  Herbert  L.  Collier,  Mrs.  J. 
Thomas  Dowling,  Donald  G.  Eggerman,  Ben 
Ehrlichman,  Mrs.  Henry  C.  Field,  Mrs.  W. 
A.  Fisher,  Edward  Garrett,  Donald  G. 
Graham,  Joshua  Green,  Jr.,  Mrs.  Loren  Grins- 
tead,  Clinton  S.  Harley,  Mrs.  Charles  L. 
Harris,  R.  Bronsdon  Harris,  John  H.  Hau- 
berg,  Jr.,  Mrs.  Langdon  C.  Henry,  Mrs.  Alex- 
ander Hepler,  Albert  F.  Hull,  Herbert  G. 
Ihrig,  Mrs.  Henry  Isaacson,  Maurice  Jackson, 
Mrs.  Arthur  J.  Krauss,  Roy  S.  Leighton,  Mrs. 
Philip  Macbride,  Dean  Gordon  D.  Marck- 
worth,  Harry  J.  Markey,  Roy  L.  Maryatt, 
Mrs.  Alexander  McEwan,  Miss  Annie  McFee, 
Darwin  Meisnest,  Winlock  Miller,  Dr.  Wal- 
ter A.  Moore,  Mrs.  Don  H.  Palmer,  Howard 
W.  Parish,  Reginald  H.  Parsons,  Mrs.  Walter 
Phelps,  Mrs.  Frank  H.  Preston,  Mrs.  F.  G. 
Raines,  E.  L.  Reber,  Mrs.  John  Ryan,  Mrs. 
Stanley  S.  Sayres,  Mrs.  Deitrich  Schmidt, 
Mrs.  William  D.  Shannon,  Sterling  Stapp, 
Mrs.  C.  W.  Stimson,  Mrs.  Harold  B.  Thomp- 
son, O.  B.  Thorgrimson,  P.  B.  Truax,  Nelson 
A.  Wahlstrom,  Charles  S.  Wills,  Mrs.  James 
W.  Wylie. 

Aberdeen — Mrs.  Werner  Rupp. 

Bellingham — Mrs.  W.  H.  Abbot,  Charles 
Larrabee,  Mrs.  A.  R.  Walker. 

Bremerton — Mrs.  Hattie  A.  Martin. 
Centralia — Mrs.  R.  L.  Alleger. 

Chehalis — Arthur  S.  Cory. 

Ellensburg — Mrs.  R.  L.  Rutter,  Jr. 

Everett — William  J.  Pilz. 

Montesano — V.  I.  Whitney. 

Mount  Vernon — Mrs.  G.  O.  Moen. 

Olympia — Mrs.  Thad  Pierce. 

Pullman — A.  T.  Merrill. 

Puyallup — Fred  W.  Griffiths. 

(Continued  on  Page  Thirty-three) 


Twenty 


President’s  Report 

Maurice  Jackson* 


DURING  the  year  closing  the  Foundation 
has  worked  toward  organizing  for  a 
more  efficient  and  substantial  assistance  to 
the  University  in  its  management  of  the  Ar- 
boretum. While  we  must  increasingly  inten- 
sify our  effort  to  fully  accomplish  this  objec- 
tive, I believe  it  reasonable  to  say  that  sub- 
stantial progress  has  been  made. 

In  last  year’s  report  it  was  stated  that  the 
net  contribution  to  the  University  should  in 
time  be  increased  to  $1,000  per  month.  You 
will  note  from  the  Treasurer’s  report  that  cash 
allotments  and  expenditures  during  the  fiscal 
year  amounted  to  $4,308.  This,  together  with 
cash  awaiting  allocation,  would  bring  the 
average  monthly  figure  to  about  $500,  a con- 
siderable improvement  over  prior  years,  about 
half  of  our  goal. 

The  office  has  been  moved  to  the  Arbore- 
tum proper,  adjacent  to  and  in  communica- 
tion with  the  staff  office  of  the  Director.  This 
has  improved  our  efficiency  even  more  than 
was  expected.  It  has  made  it  more  convenient 
and  interesting  for  all  members  to  visit  out- 
own  office  and  the  Arboretum  office,  and  to 
meet  the  active  staff. 

Our  paid  membership  roster  is  improved  in 
number,  in  total  receipts,  in  prompt  payment, 
and  in  expected  permanence.  While  we  have 
not  and  do  not  intend  to  raise  the  dues  of  out- 
many  loyal  $2.00  members,  a number  of  them 
voluntarily  increased  to  a higher  classification. 
The  minimum  charge  for  a new  membership 
from  any  source  is  $5.00.  We  are  especially 
pleased  with  the  number  of  subscriptions  in 
the  amount  of  $25.00  and  more.  Your  most 
effective  response  to  the  increasing  interest  in 
the  Arboretum  is  by  the  obtaining  of  new 
memberships,  and  as  well  by  raising  your  own 
to  a higher  classification  if  you  can  reasonably 
do  so. 

An  ever  increasing  and  important  source  of 

*M'r.  Maurice  Jackson,  retiring  president  of  the 
foundation  for  the  year  ending  May  31,  1948,  gave 
this  report  of  the  activities  during  the  year  at  the 
annual  membership  meeting  held  August  4 in  An- 
derson Hall  on  the  University  of  Washington  cam- 
pus. 


assistance  is  from  memorial  funds.  As  the 
physical  appearance  of  the  Arboretum  im- 
proves, in  direct  relation  will  it  be  more 
highly  appreciated  as  an  appropriate  recipient 
of  gifts  to  be  expressed  as  living  and  perma- 
nently-cared-for  memorials.  During  the  past 
year  donations  in  a substantial  amount  have 
been  received,  as  well  as  special  memorial 
plantings  by  the  Seattle  Garden  Club  and  the 
Mercer  Island  Garden  Club. 

I believe  that  operating  expenses  have  been 
reduced  to  a minimum  for  efficiency.  We  will 
have  some  increase  in  cost  for  the  Arboretum 
Bulletin  unless  made  up  by  additional  ad- 
vertising. 

Every  dollar  that  comes  in  to  the  Founda- 
tion, in  excess  of  operating  expense,  is  avail- 
able for  direct  expenditure  by  the  University 
Arboretum  management,  or  for  specific  allo- 
cation at  its  request  or  with  its  approval. 

The  above  is  with  the  exception  of  gifts  or 
bequests  to  the  Endowment  Trust  Fund,  the 
principal  of  which  remains  intact  for  distribu- 
tion to  the  University  of  Washington  in  1994, 
specifically  allocated  for  operation  and  main- 
tenance of  the  Arboretum.  The  income  from 
the  principal  is  made  available  for  operations. 
I urge  that  an  increasing  interest  be  taken  to 
implement  this  endowment  fund. 

It  will  be  suggested  tonight  that  you  name 
an  additional  officer  in  the  capacity  of  His- 
torian, whose  duty  it  will  be  to  compile  a 
permanent  review  of  the  organization  and 
development  of  the  Arboretum  to  date;  this 
would  record  the  names  of  individuals  and 
organizations  who  have  been  active  in  its 
behalf. 

I wish  to  thank  all  committee  members  for 
their  diligent  attention  to  Arboretum  business. 
In  particular  I want  to  commend:  Mrs.  Carl 
Ballard  for  her  continuing  work  with  the  Ar- 
boretum Units. 

Mr.  Donald  Graham  and  Mrs.  Stanley 
Sayres,  and  their  subchairmen  and  committee 
personnel,  for  the  outstanding  success  of  the 
Rhododendron  Show.  Mr.  Charles  May  of  the 


Twenty-one 


University  gave  considerable  time  and  effort 
to  the  project. 

Mrs.  Eva  Scott  Simms  for  initiating  and 
carrying  through  to  completion  the  first  Lilac 
show,  in  the  name  of  the  Foundation.  I am 
sure  this  could  be  developed  into  an  unusual 
and  prominent  annual  event. 

The  Arboretum  Bulletin  editorial  board, 
whose  names  appear  in  each  issue.  It  would  be 
difficult  for  me  to  express  the  appreciation  of 
all  members  of  the  Foundation  for  the  faithful 
and  highly  competent  work  of  these  indi- 
viduals. The  Bulletin  has  increased  in 


COME  OUT  NOW  AND 
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WASHINGTON'S  LARGEST 
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More  than 
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to  choose  from 

Reasonably  priced 
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guaranteed. 

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stature  both  locally  and  nationally,  as  a semi- 
professional  publication.  A major  factor  in 
the  especially  high  percentage  maintenance  of 
our  membership  is  due  to  the  general  reader 
interest  in  The  Bulletin. 

Mrs.  W.  A.  Fisher,  chairman,  and  Mrs. 
Kenneth  L.  Mead,  for  their  faithful  and  com- 
petent work  on  The  Bulletin  mailing  com- 
mittee. 

The  nominating  committee,  composed  of 
Mr.  Clinton  S.  Harley,  chairman;  Mrs.  Carl 
Ballard,  Mrs.  Philip  Macbride,  Mr.  R.  B. 
Harris,  Mr.  Donald  Graham,  Mr.  Roy  S. 
Leighton,  and  Mr.  Darwin  Meisnest. 

Mr.  Brian  Mulligan  and  Mr.  Milo  Ryan  for 
the  highly  successful  series  of  Saturday  after- 
noon radio  programs,  presented  through  the 
University’s  Radio  Division.  I regret  to  an- 
nounce the  resignation  of  Mr.  Milo  Ryan  as 
editor  of  The  Bulletin  and  director  of  pub- 
lic information.  He  will  devote  full  time  to  a 
position  in  the  University  of  Washington 
School  of  Journalism. 

Miss  Gene  Webb,  our  executive  secretary, 
and  Mrs.  Mary  Flanders,  accountant,  both  of 
whom  have  been  unsparing  of  their  time  and 
effort  in  our  behalf. 

It  has  indeed  been  a pleasure  to  be  asso- 
ciated with  you  as  president  of  the  Founda- 
tion. In  the  years  since  the  Arboretum  was 
founded,  many  enthusiastic  supporters  have 
contributed  far  more  towards  its  support,  yet 
I hope  that  I may  be  counted  as  one  who  has 
added  something  to  the  development  of  a proj- 
ect which,  as  it  approaches  maturity,  will 
surely  be  one  of  the  most  colorful  and  im- 
portant cultural  assets  of  the  whole  state. 


T TO  U S 3 ^ 


RHODODENDRONS 

featuring 

NEWEST  CREATIONS  FROM  THE  GARDENS  OF  GREAT  BRITAIN 

WRITE  FOR  DESCRIPTIVE  CATALOGUE 

Henny  8C  Brydon,  Inc. 

BOX  212,  BROOKS,  OREGON 


Twenty-two 


Symposium  . . . Trees  for  Town  Gardens 

Little  has  been  written  upon  trees  suitable  for  town  gardens,  a subject  in 
which  considerable  interest  is  now  being  shown.  Appropriately,  there- 
fore, we  present  these  articles  from  various  sections  of  the  A orthwest. 


Street  Trees  in  Seattle 
Robert  J.  Hansen* 

SEATTLE  has  been  no  exception  to  the 
rule  that  cities  just  grow.  As  a pioneering 
town  vast  areas  were  not  cleared  of  tree 
growth.  Their  removal  was  a gradual  process 
of  necessity.  Assuming  the  status  of  a city, 
fewer  trees  remained  in  the  center  of  commer- 
cial activity.  They  were  a detriment  to  pro- 
gressive expansion,  it  seemed,  always  in  the 
way;  too  tall  or  taking  too  much  of  the  limited 
atmosphere. 

Mother  Nature  was  too  thoughtless  in  her 
planting  . . . man  was  too  careless.  Couldn't 
they  have  known  the  city  was  to  be  here,  need- 
ing surrounding  territory?  Man  lived  for  the 
present  time  only.  Tomorrow  was  far  away. 
Planning  was  not  in  his  consciousness.  His 
streets,  built  to  accommodate  the  horse  and 
buggy,  were  narrow  and  planted  with  young 
trees  which,  in  many  cases,  have  now  matured 
to  form  stately  avenues.  The  coming  of  the 
automobile  opened  a new  era  in  transportation 
and  man  found  these  narrow  streets  could  not 
meet  the  expanding  needs  of  the  times. 

Two  recent  examples  of  expansion  this  way, 
where  block  after  block  of  mature  trees  have 
been  wiped  out,  are  the  widening  of  Boren 
Avenue  and  of  15th  Avenue  N.E.  The  physical 
needs  of  city  traffic  justified  the  sacrifice  of 
trees  in  the  name  of  progress.  How  sad  that 
our  fathers  had  not  looked  ahead.  Simple 
planning  would  have  alleviated  these  condi- 
tions. The  financial  burden  to  rectify  these 
mistakes  now  is  excessive. 

Following  the  same  pattern  of  other  cities 
there  are  remaining  many  misfit  trees  along 
Seattle’s  streets.  These  are  the  so-called 
“weed-trees”  such  as  Oregon  maple,  willow 
and  poplar.  Those  trees  which  are  short  lived 
also  are  included.  Many  clog  the  sewer  lines 
with  rampant  roots,  or  heave  and  break  the 

*llr.  Robert  J.  Hansen  is  assistant  to  Mr.  Mulligan 
at  the  Arboretum. 


sidewalk.  Some  grow  too  tall,  interfering  with 
the  overhead  utility  wires  which  mark  Seattle's 
landscape.  Others  are  brittle,  being  hazardous 
with  falling  branches.  A few  are  dangerous 
because  of  fruits  which  make  streets  and  walks 
slippery.  One  can  see  all  phases  of  street  tree 
planting  or  lack  of  it — from  streets  with  no 
trees* to  those  with  too  many,  and,  of  course, 
all  variations  of  tree  species. 

Upon  seeing  good  examples  of  planned  street 
tree  plantings,  a spirit  of  hope  is  revived.  We 
ask,  why  can’t  the  whole  of  Seattle  be  planned 
in  this  manner,  making  it  one  of  the  outstand- 
ing coastal  cities.  To  illustrate,  I quote  from 
the  report  of  the  Mayor’s  Committee  on  Park- 
ing Strip  Care  and  Beautification: 

“Few  cities  in  the  world  have  the  great 
natural  advantages  of  varied  terrain,  impres- 
sive water  and  mountain  outlooks,  and  a fa- 
vorable climate  that  are  offered  to  the  City  of 
Seattle.  It  remains  only  for  advancing  matur- 
ity to  bring  with  it  an  increasing  awareness  on 
the  part  of  our  citizenry  that  these  great  nat- 
ural advantages  are,  in  truth,  advantages  with- 
out parallel  which  will  be  used  for  the  utmost 
benefit  to  all,  resident  and  non-resident  alike. 
That  they  have  not  thus  far  been  used  and 
developed  to  the  full  is  no  criticism  of  anyone; 
it  is  more  the  normal  lack  of  appreciation  of 
such  a need  that  one  finds  in  every  young 
metropolis.  Further,  it  is  a simple  evidence  of 
another  perfectly  normal  condition  namely 
that,  in  a young  community,  the  financial  sit- 
uation and  the  financial  psychology  are  defi- 
nitely opposed  to  anything  which  cannot  be  im- 
mediately translated  into  dollars  and  measured 
in  them.  Ordinarily,  there  are  just  too  few  dol- 
lars to  support  everything  that  needs  to  be 
developed.” 

Take  such  fine  examples  of  boulevard  plant- 
ing as  the  Ravenna  Boulevard,  with  very  spa- 
cious grass  panels  and  a consistent  planting  of 
trees;  or  in  Laurelhurst  Boulevard  where  there 
are  several  blocks  of  fine  tree  planting  with 


Twenty-three 


Deodar  Cedar  in  the  center  and  English  Haw- 
thorn in  each  parking  strip,  or  by  the  Montlake 
Bridge,  where  linden  trees  make  pleasing  the 
approach. 

If  Seattle  can  have  these  few  excellent  ex- 
amples why  can’t  there  be  many  more?  Why 
don’t  we  do  something  about  it  now?  Why 
isn’t  there  a city  regulation  concerning  street 
trees?  Why  are  we  so  behind  the  times  when 
such  ordinances  have  been  in  effect  in  many 
cities  for  over  a quarter  of  a century? 

Strangely  enough  there  are  two  little  known 
city  ordinances,  No.  38045,  Section  87,  which 
prohibits  planting  of  Lombardy  poplar,  cotton- 
wood or  gum  or  any  other  tree  the  roots  of 
which  cause  injury  to  sewers,  sidewalks  or 
pavements. 

And  amended  ordinance  No.  68866,  Section 
90,  of  1938  states  that  no  trees,  shrubs  or 
flowers  over  two  feet  in  height  shall  be  planted 
in  that  portion  of  any  parking  strip  lying 
within  thirty  feet  of  the  intersection  of  said 
parking  strip  with  the  marginal  line  of  any 
intersecting  street. 

“No  trees  shall  be  planted  or  maintained 
within  twenty-five  feet  of  any  street  light  ex- 
cept that  those  existing  trees,  shrubs  and 
flowers  may  be  maintained  under  special  per- 
mit if  the  Board  of  Public  Works  determines 
they  do  not  constitute  a traffic  hazard.” 

Seattle  obviously  needs  leadership  in  achiev- 
ing a street  tree  beautification  program. 

Mayor  Devin  appointed  a committee  last 
spring  under  the  chairmanship  of  Dr.  John  H. 
Hanley  to  study  and  formulate  a suggested 
parking  strip  improvement  program.  There 
were  representatives  from  various  civic  groups 
as  well  as  the  city  council,  engineering  depart- 
ment and  the  Washington  Society  of  Land- 
scape Architects.  The  committee  concentrated 
on  proposals  and  recommendations  as  to  con- 
trol, operation  and  financing  of  the  program. 

One  of  the  first  recommendations  was  the 
removal  of  all  shrubs  or  plant  growth  from  the 
parking  strip  areas  except  the  boulevard  plant- 
ings. This  approach  is  based  on  two  very  prac- 
tical considerations  — traffic  and  pedestrian 
safety  as  well  as  crime  prevention.  It  desig- 
nates all  those  which  cannot  be  pruned  to 


maintain  a clean  trunk,  free  of  limbs  to  a min- 
imum of  six  feet. 

The  major  part  of  the  study  is  the  proposed 
policy  program  regulating  parking  strip  de- 
velopment sponsored  by  the  Washington  So- 
ciety of  Landscape  Architects.  This  compre- 
hensive code  of  regulations  compiled  by  Mr. 
Cash  Beardsley  covers:  (1)  Types  of  Plant- 
ings: (a)  Highway  approaches  to  the  city  cen- 
ter; (b)  Arterials  and  Parkways,  and  (c) 
Residential.  (2)  Types  of  Trees:  (a)  Highway 
Approaches  and  Arterials,  (b)  Residential. 
(3)  Tree  Spacing  and  Special  Cases. 

It  seems  appropriate  to  quote  directly  from 
the  report  the  portion  covering  trees  for  resi- 
dential areas  as  it  will  give  examples  of  the 
many  smaller  suitable  trees:  “The  selection  of 
trees  for  residential  areas  would  be  made  from 
the  following  list  of  suitable  trees  recommend- 
ed for  different  conditions,  the  selection  to 
include  three  sub-dominant  species  in  addition 
to  the  dominant  tree  type.  Fastigiate  tree 
forms  may  be  used. 

“1.  Plantings  for  streets  having  overhead 
clearance  of  utilities  35  feet  or  under  shall  be 
selected  from  the  following  species:  Striped 
Maple,  A cer  pensylvanicum ; Paperbark 
Maple,  Acer  griseum;  Japanese  Maple,  Acer 
palmatum ; Tatarian  Maple,  Acer  tataricum; 
Allegheny  Serviceberry,  Amelanchier  laevis; 
American  Hornbeam,  Carpinus  caroliniana; 
Katsura  Tree,  Cercidiphyllum  japonicum ; Red 
Bud,  Cercis  canadensis ; Flowering  Dogwood, 
Cornus  florida;  Washington  Hawthorn,  Crata- 
egus phaenopyrum  (cor data);  English  Haw- 
thorn, Crataegus  oxyacantha;  Carolina  Silver- 
bell,  Halesia  Carolina ; flowering  Malus  species 
and  varieties;  flowering  Peach,  Plum,  Cherry, 
Prunus  species  and  varieties;  Snowbell  Tree, 
Styrax  japonic  a. 

“2.  Plantings  for  streets  having  overhead 
clearance  of  utilities  over  35  feet  in  height, 
but  under  50  feet  in  height  may  be  selected 
from  the  following:  David  Maple,  Acer  davidi; 
Shadblow  Serviceberry,  Amelanchier  canaden- 
sis; Hedge  Maple,  Acer  campestre;  Red 
Horsechestnut,  Aesculus  carnea;  Pacific  Ma- 
drone,  Arbutus  menziesii;  Yulan  Magnolia, 
Magnolia  denudata;  Kobus  Magnolia,  Mag- 


Twenty-four 


nolia  kobus;  American  Hophornbeam,  Ostrya 
virginiana;  Chinese  Pagoda  tree,  Sophora  ja- 
ponica. 

“3.  Plantings  for  streets  having  no  overhead 
utilities  may  be  selected  from  the  following: 
Norway  Maple,  Acer  platanoides ; Sugar 
Maple,  Acer  saccharum;  Sycamore  Maple, 
Acer  pseudo platanus ; Horsechestnut,  Aescu- 
lus  hippocastanum ; White  Ash,  Fraxinus 
americana ; Maidenhair  Tree,  Ginkgo  biloba; 
Sweet  Gum,  Liquidambar  styraciflua;  Moun- 
tain Silverbell,  Halesia  monticola;  London 
Plane,  Platanus  acerijolia;  Oriental  Plane, 
Platanus  orient  alls ; White  Oak,  Quercus  alba; 
Scarlet  Oak,  Quercus  coccinea;  Red  Oak,  Quer- 
cus borealis;  Pin  Oak,  Quercus  palustris;  Eng- 
lish Oak,  Quercus  robur ; American  Linden, 
Tilia  americana;  Silver  Linden,  Tilia  tomen- 
tosa;  Littleleaf  European  Linden,  Tilia  cor- 
data;  European  Linden,  Tilia  europaea.” 

Finally,  the  Washington  Society  of  Land- 
scape Architects  recommends  appointment  of 
a city  landscape  engineer,  in  the  Park  Depart- 
ment, to  head  this  program.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  this  would  be  a full-time  job  which  could 
keep  many  assistants  busy. 

As  another  part  of  the  landscape  architects’ 
study,  a survey  was  made  of  several  major 
cities  to  learn  of  their  regulations  covering 
parking  strip  plantings.  Included  were  Detroit, 
Michigan;  Madison  and  Milwaukee,  Wiscon- 
sin, and  Kansas  City,  Kansas. 

Many  of  these  cities  have  had  regulations 
for  over  twenty  years,  which  have  been  amend- 
ed and  brought  up  to  date  to  meet  present 
conditions.  Unworkable  methods  have  been 
discarded.  One  outstanding  fact  was  the  recog- 
nition that  street  trees,  their  planting  and 
maintenance  are  as  much  a city  function  a? 
street  cleaning  or  street  lighting. 

The  majority  of  the  cities  cover  the  main- 
tenance expense  in  their  regular  city  budget 
as  part  of  operating  costs.  Some  assess  the 
property  owner  for  cost  of  trees  and  planting. 

We  should  consider  ourselves  fortunate  in 
benefiting  by  the  trial  and  error  method  of 
other  cities.  Accordingly  we  should  plunge 
ahead,  basing  our  own  ordinances  or  regula- 
tions on  their  tried  efforts. 


It  is  not  enough  to  incorporate  district  by 
district  in  a piecemeal  plan  of  street  tree 
beautification.  It  is  worthy  of  whole-hearted 
support  by  all  Seattle  districts.  It  should  be 
recognized  as  a city-wide  project  financially 
supported  by  the  city  budget  with  a general 
departmental  appropriation. 

Seattle  cannot  rest  on  its  laurels  and  con- 
sider itself  a pioneer  in  street  tree  planning, 
for  we  are  quite  a few  years  behind  the  times. 
It  can  and  must  take  long  sweeping  strides  to 
catch  up  and  become  The  City  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest. 

i i i 

Trees  for  Town  Gardens — Victoria 

W.  H.  Warren* 

IN  SELECTING  trees  for  a town  or  city 
garden  it  is  not  only  very  useful  to  know 
what  trees  will  play  the  most  effective  role 
so  far  as  beauty  and  utility  are  concerned, 
but  it  is  equally  important  to  know  what  not 
to  plant  in  the  garden.  Under  this  heading 
might  be  classified  trees  which  grow  too  large 
and  too  rank,  trees  whose  roots  cause  trouble 
to  sewers  and  surface  drains,  trees  which 
habitually  harbor  insect  pests  or  are  very 
susceptible  to  disease,  trees  with  an  unsatis- 
factory habit,  and  trees  which  do  not  thrive 
well  because  of  some  climatic  or  soil  condi- 
tion. Most  of  the  mistakes  in  the  use  of  trees 
around  the  home  occur  because  of  the  owner’s 
desire  for  quick  results  without  giving  serious 
consideration  to  the  habit  of  trees,  particularly 
the  amount  of  annual  growth  they  make  and 
their  ultimate  size.  It  is  usually  the  rule 
rather  than  the  exception  that  when  trees  get 
too  large  the  owner  is  reluctant  to  have  them 
removed,  but  does  not  mind  cutting  them  back 
to  a reasonable  size,  even  if  it  involves  a 
brutal  tree  butchery  program  every  year  or 
so.  If  there  is  one  point  to  be  emphasized  in 
this  article  it  is  the  folly  of  planting  a tree 
which  will  ultimately  be  too  large  for  its  in- 
tended position  and  then  having  to  butcher 
it  back  regularly  to  keep  it  under  control. 
There  is  only  one  thing  to  do  under  such  con- 
ditions and  that  is  to  remove  such  trees  and 

•Mr.  W.  H.  Warren  is  park  administrator  of  the 
Department  of  Parks,  Victoria,  B.  C. 


Twenty-five 


plant  smaller  and  slower  growing  types,  trees 
of  nice  habit  which  have  attractive  flowers, 
fruit  and  foliage.  No  tree  should  be  planted 
unless  one  possesses  a reasonable  knowledge 
both  of  its  virtues  and  its  sins.  Some  trees 
are  very  susceptible  to  annual  infestations  of 
aphis,  leaf  hoppers  and  other  insects.  Such 
facts  should  be  known  before  planting. 

In  the  rose  family  are  to  be  found  most  of 
the  useful  smaller  types  of  ornamental  de- 
ciduous trees.  One  must  bear  in  mind  that 
they  are  all  susceptible  to  the  same  diseases 
and  pests  which  plague  the  apple,  plum  and 
cherry  orchards.  Amongst  the  flowering  cher- 
ries “Yoshino,”  single  white;  “Mt.  Fuji,” 
double  white;  “Shirofugen,”  double  pink  fad- 
ing to  white,  and  “Kwanzan,”  double  pink, 
are  amongst  the  best,  roughly  listed  in  order 
of  size  and  vigor.  Smaller  types  usually  lack 
vigor,  are  more  susceptible  to  troubles  and  are 
short-lived.  The  double  white  Mazzard  or 
Gean  ( Prunus  avium  var.  plena ) is  also  a 
good  cherry  seldom  seen  here.  Amongst  the 
Higan  cherries  ( Prunus  subhirtella) , or  Rose- 
bud cherries  as  they  are  called  in  Great  Brit- 
ain, there  are  some  good  forms  and  also  some 
poor  ones,  both  upright  growing  and  weep- 
ing. The  fall  blooming  type,  Jugatsuzakura, 
is  a very  interesting  tree  to  grow  in  protected 
positions,  where  it  will  usually  bloom  spar- 
ingly during  mild  spells  throughout  the  win- 
ter. Two  double  forms  of  the  Higan  cherry 
deserve  to  be  better  known,  the  double  red 
Momi-jigari,  and  the  double  pink  Atsumori. 
Both  are  excellent  spring  blooming  trees. 

Amongst  the  flowering  crabs  there  are  many 
new  sorts.  The  pick  amongst  them  are  Malus 


Lemoinei,  M.  Eleyi,  M.  jloribunda,  “Peach- 
blow,  similar  to  M.  jloribunda,  M.  Arnoldiana, 
and  Bechtel’s  crab,  M.  ioensis  plena.  Crabs 
are  held  in  higher  regard  in  the  east  where 
they  probably  hold  their  fruit  longer.  Malus 
zumi  var.  calocarpa  is  one  of  the  best  with  red 
fruit  and  “Matthew”  an  excellent  one  with 
yellow  fruit. 

Prunus  Mume,  the  flowering  apricot,  comes 
in  a wide  range  of  colors  and  is  attractive 
because  of  its  early  sweet  scented  blossoms. 
The  purple  leafed  flowering  plums  are  a 
sombre  lot,  so  far  as  their  foliage  is  concerned, 
but  they  have  attractive  bloom.  The  double 
pink  P.  blireiana  is  the  pick  of  the  lot  and 
the  tree  is  the  smallest.  P.  cerasifera  var. 
Pissardi  is  well  known  with  white  or  palest 
pink  flowers.  Variety  nigra  is  equally  lovely 
with  clear  pink,  slightly  smaller  blossoms. 

Valuable  also  are  the  hawthorns,  the  double 
white,  pink  and  rose  forms  of  Crataegus  oxya- 
cantha  being  preferred.  Besides  the  common 
mountain  ash  there  are  some  fine  new  species 
from  the  Orient  which  deserve  to  be  better 
known  such  as  Sorbus  discolor,  S.  Wilsoniana, 
and  5.  Conradinae,  good  in  fruit  and  foliage. 

One  should  not  forget  the  natives,  the  flow- 
ering dogwood  and  vine  maple  which  are 
amongst  the  finest  of  all  ornamental  trees. 
The  pink  horse  chestnut  is  a nice  tree,  not  so 
large  as  its  white  counterpart.  There  are  also 
many  kinds  of  magnolias  and  all  of  them 
seem  to  respond  well  to  good  treatment.  De- 
spite previous  remarks  about  large  trees,  there 
are  three  which  I particularly  like  if  room  is 
available — the  white  birch,  Liquidambar,  and 
tulip  tree. 


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Twenty-six 


Trees  for  Town  Gardens 
in  the  Portland  Area 
Ernest  E.  Fischer* 

TOWN  gardeners  in  Portland  and  vicinity 
are  unusually  fortunate  in  regard  to  the 
large  number  of  trees  which  thrive  in  their 
gardens  and  which  are  suited  to  their  par- 
ticular needs.  Portland  gardeners  can  be 
“choosey”  in  their  selection  of  trees  adapted 
to  varying  conditions  of  growth  and  habit, 
and  no  matter  how  small  the  space,  among 
the  hundreds  of  suitable  trees  there  can  be 
found  just  the  right  tree  for  the  right  place. 
Due  to  our  copious  amount  of  rainfall  (aver- 
age 39.43  ins.)  and  mild  climate,  many  of  the 
ornamental  trees  become  too  huge  in  a short 
period  of  time  to  make  them  worthy  of  a 
place  in  the  average  town  garden.  Examples 
of  such  trees  are  the  broadleaf  maple,  the 
ailanthus,  the  kaki,  the  true  cedars,  and  most 
of  the  true  species  of  hemlocks,  firs,  pines  and 
spruces.  Therefore,  the  town  garden  should 
support  only  those  trees  which  are  slow  grow- 
ing and  which  eventually  do  not  become  over- 
whelmingly large. 

The  list  of  trees  given  here  (most  of  which 
have  been  tested  at  the  Bureau  of  Parks’  Hoyt 
Arboretum)  fulfill  these  two  requirements. 
Naturally  the  choice  depends  on  the  indivi- 
dual’s taste,  whether  it  be  used  as  a specimen 
or  background  tree,  if  it  is  planted  for  its 
blooms,  or  possibly  for  its  fall  foliage;  again 
for  the  shade  it  casts;  maybe  for  its  nuts  or 
fruits,  maybe  to  use  as  a screen  or  hedge, 

*Mr.  Ernest  E.  Fischer  is  curator  of  the  Hoyt  Park 
Arboretum,  Portland,  Oregon. 


or  more  than  likely  a combination  of  several 
of  those  uses. 

Trees  for  the  town  garden  fall  naturally 
into  three  classifications — the  deciduous  trees, 
the  needle-bearing  trees  and  the  broadleaved 
evergreens. 

In  the  deciduous  group  more  members  of 
the  pea  or  legume  family  are  suited  for  the 
town  garden  than  any  similar  family  of  trees. 
The  Siberian  pea  tree  attains  a height  of 
about  twenty  feet  and  makes  a very  attractive 
showing  with  its  yellow  blooms  in  the  early 
spring.  The  angelica  tree  supports  stout  spines 
and,  with  its  colorful  flowers,  large  leaves  and 
umbrella  shaped  crown,  makes  a good  tree  for 
the  town  garden.  The  various  species  of  red- 
buds are  picturesque  because  of  the  rosy 
purple  flowers  which  appear  before  the  leaves. 
Its  European  relative  is  known  as  the  Judas 
tree.  The  various  species  and  varieties  of 
laburnum  or  golden-chain  are  highly  desir- 
able as  a town  tree  because  of  their  long 
racemes  of  yellow  flowers.  The  yellow-wood 
is  a drought-resistant  tree  of  medium  height 
on  which  appear  white  flowers  at  a time  when 
nearly  all  other  trees  are  through  blooming. 
Another  member  of  the  pea  family  suitable  for 
the  Portland  area,  where  protection  from 
winter  winds  is  available,  is  the  Persian  silk 
tree  or  pink  siris,  whose  dainty  acacia-like 
leaves  and  pink  flowers  maturing  in  mid- 
summer make  it  well  worth  planting  as  a 
specimen  tree.  The  spineless  variety  of  honey 
locust  is  quite  attractive  with  its  long  strap- 
like pods  and  dainty  compound  leaves. 

Although  our  native  broadleaf  maple  grows 
entirely  too  fast  for  use  as  a garden  tree,  there 


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Twenty-seven 


are  other  species,  such  as  the  Amur  maple, 
the  English  hedge  maple,  our  native  vine 
maple,  the  striped  maple  and  several  varieties 
of  the  Norway  maple,  especially  schwedleri, 
which  show  signs  of  fast  becoming  popular 
garden  subjects. 

Birches  are  highly  recommended  as  garden 
trees.  The  weeping  cutleaf  variety  is  used 
extensively  as  a street  tree  in  the  Portland 
area.  Its  dainty  foliage,  pendulous  branching, 
and  columnar  habit  make  it  ideal  also  for  the 
very  small  town  garden. 

While  most  of  the  true  chestnuts  grow  too 
large  for  the  average  garden,  several  species, 
including  the  Chinese,  the  Spanish  and  the 
Japanese,  are  quite  suitable.  The  Japanese 
species  produces  unusually  large  nuts.  No 
evidence  of  the  chestnut  bark  disease  has  been 
noted  in  the  Portland  area. 

There  is  no  finer  picture  in  a town  garden 
than  when  the  dogwood  trees  are  in  bloom; 
especially  if  a background  of  coniferous  trees 
is  provided.  Our  own  Pacific  dogwood  is 
“tops”  insofar  as  size  of  bloom  is  concerned, 
but  the  Japanese  species,  which  blooms  sev- 


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eral  weeks  later,  is  highly  desirable  for  this 
region.  The  blooms  on  this  tree  remain  for 
a long  period  of  time,  and  each  flower  stands 
upright  on  a slender  stalk — making  this  dog- 
wood a show  in  itself  during  the  flowering 
period.  The  eastern  flowering  dogwood  is  not 
as  showy  as  either  the  native  or  the  Japanese 
species,  but  its  pink  variety  is  outstanding  as 
a specimen  tree.  The  Cornelian  cherry,  a true 
dogwood,  has  small  yellow  flowers  in  early 
spring,  followed  by  showy  scarlet  fruits. 

The  sweet  gum  grows  rather  slowly  in  the 
Portland  area,  but  restriction  to  the  larger 
gardens  is  desirable  since  it  eventually  reaches 
rather  large  proportions.  Its  autumn  display 
of  brilliant  foliage  is  quite  spectacular.  The 
sour  gum  or  tupelo,  no  relative  to  the  sweet 
gum,  demands  a great  deal  of  moisture  and 
the  banks  of  a stream  or  pond  is  an  excellent 
location  for  this  tree.  The  town  gardener 
planting  this  tree  is  well  rewarded  in  the  fall 
by  a dazzling  display  of  bright  red  leaves. 

The  sour-wood  or  sorrel  tree  is  a lover  of 
acid  soil  and  is  noted  both  for  its  panicles  of 
white,  waxy  flowers  and  its  scarlet  leaves  in 
autumn.  Another  small,  acid-loving  tree  is 
the  Franklinia,  which  bears  large,  camellia- 
shaped,  white  flowers  when  all  other  trees  have 
long  since  bloomed  out. 

Although  all  the  hawthorns  thrive  in  the 
Portland  area,  few  of  them  are  recommended 
for  the  garden  because  of  the  thorny  branches. 
Their  showy  flowers  and  attractive  berries 
somewhat  offset  this  bad  feature.  Nursery- 
men’s varieties  are  planted  quite  extensively, 
especially  where  the  gardener  wishes  to  at- 
tract the  birds. 

While  very  few  dove  trees  are  to  be  found 
in  this  area,  tests  at  the  arboretum  show  that 
this  unique  tree  with  its  excellent  foliage  and 
distinct  bloom  really  flourishes.  Although 
somewhat  scarce  at  nurseries,  the  dove  tree  is 
highly  suited  for  the  town  garden. 

The  silverbell  trees,  with  their  drooping, 
bell-shaped  flowers,  are  ideal  garden  subjects. 
There  are  three  species  from  which  to  choose, 
and  all  appear  to  be  on  a par  in  this  vicinity. 

The  various  magnolias,  including  numerous 
varieties,  are  excellent  for  the  local  gardener 
to  plant,  although  the  umbrella  magnolia 


Twenty-eight 


needs  protection  from  high  winds  to  keep  its 
huge  leaves  from  shredding.  The  cucumber 
tree,  the  starry  magnolia,  and  the  saucer  mag- 
nolia are  other  magnolias  suitable  for  the 
Portland  area.  The  tulip  tree,  while  eventu- 
ally attaining  large  proportions,  is  a good 
specimen  tree  for  the  larger  gardens.  Its 
freedom  from  pests,  its  odd  shaped  leaves, 
plus  its  tulip-shaped  flowers,  make  it  a good 
subject  where  space  is  not  at  a premium. 

The  Empress  tree,  or  royal  P aulownia , with 
its  panicles  of  violet-colored  flowers  appearing 
before  the  leaves,  and  its  huge  catalpa-like 
foliage,  is  an  outstanding  tree  in  any  town 
garden.  Its  cousin,  the  catalpa,  is  seen  com- 
monly in  Portland  yards  but  gets  too  large 
for  the  majority  of  gardens.  The  Japanese 
and  Manchurian  species  are  better  suited  in 
this  region. 

The  many  varieties  of  flowering  prunes, 
cherries,  almonds  and  peaches  lend  a cheerful 
outlook  to  the  town  garden  in  early  spring, 
and  some  are  being  used  as  street  trees.  The 
Styrax  or  snowdrop  tree  is  very  dainty,  with 
showy,  white,  bell-shaped  flowers,  but  it  needs 
protection  and  partial  shade  for  best  results. 
Of  the  two  species,  the  Japanese  Styrax  is  the 
more  spectacular. 

Other  trees  suitable  for  the  town  garden  in 
the  Portland  area  are  the  mountain  ash  and 
its  European  cousin,  the  rowan  tree;  the  witch 
hazels;  the  various  mulberries;  the  Caucasian 
wing  nut;  the  Amur  cork  tree;  the  staghorn 
sumac;  the  spindle  tree,  and  some  of  the  lin- 
dens and  sycamores. 

Unusual  deciduous  trees  which  do  well  in 
this  area  include  the  Chinese  and  Jugoslavian 
date  tree,  the  Japanese  persimmon,  the  raisin 
tree,  the  paw-paw,  the  Maackia,  the  scholar 
tree,  the  smoke  tree  and  the  golden-rain  tree. 

Among  the  coniferous  trees,  the  majority  of 
the  genera,  with  the  possible  exception  of  the 
yews  and  cypresses,  are  not  suited  to  the  town 


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garden  because  of  their  tendency  to  become 
oversized  in  a short  time.  Thus  most  of  the 
conifers  adaptable  to  the  home  garden  are 
limited  to  nurserymen’s  varieties.  Exceptions 
are  the  plum  yews  with  their  white  flowers  and 
large  red  berries  scattered  among  the  sword- 
like needles.  The  Japanese,  Chinese  and  Eng- 
lish yews  do  exceptionally  well,  as  do  their 
numerous  varieties.  The  Japanese  Crypto- 
meria  is  a good  subject  for  the  average  yard 
and  the  Chinese  fir  with  its  strikingly  long 
needles  is  unique  in  appearance  if  you  want 
something  different.  Junipers  are  widely  used 
in  landscaping  in  the  Portland  area  and  many 
varieties  besides  the  Irish,  the  Chinese  and  the 
Formosan  are  thriving  in  many  local  gardens. 
Among  the  spruces,  the  tiger-tail  and  Roster’s 
blue  spruce  make  ideal  specimen  trees,  while 
the  Himalayan  and  Brewer’s  spruces  are  very 
desirable  for  gardeners  wanting  a weeping  type 
of  needle-bearing  tree.  Most  pines  get  too 
large  for  the  average  town  garden,  but  the 
mugho  types  are  widely  used  in  place  of  the 
distinct  species.  The  so-called  umbrella  pine 
makes  a distinct  showing  while  young,  but 


Trees  - Shrubs  - Plants 

" Everything  for  the  Orchard,  Home 
and  Garden” 

Old  Favorites — Plus  the  New  and  Unusual 

Fruit  and  Nut  trees 
Shade  and  Flowering  trees 
Roses:  Everblooming  Bush,  Climbers, 
Floribundas,  Tree  Roses,  including 
"All  American  Selections" 
Rhododendrons:  One  hundred  best 
varieties 

Camellias:  Selections  of  Merit,  all  colors 
and  types 

Berries — Grapes — Small  fruits 

VISITORS  ALWAYS  WELCOME 

Descriptive  Catalog  and  Planting  Guide  on  request. 
Shipping  and  Delivery  Season,  Nov.  15  thru  April  15 

i i i 

CARLTON  NURSERY  CO. 

"Over  Half  a Century ” 

FOREST  GROVE,  OREGON 


Twenty-nine 


eventually  gets  too  huge.  The  California  nut- 
meg is  recommended  for  its  vew-like  foliage 
and  nutmeg-looking  seeds.  A large  number  of 
varieties  of  the  Oriental  arborvitae  and  Law- 
son  cypress  are  also  good  garden  subjects  and 
widely  planted  in  this  region. 

The  Ginkgo  or  Chinese  maidenhair  tree  is 
one  of  the  most  picturesque  of  all  trees  and  is 
highly  suited  for  local  planting  in  gardens  due 
to  its  slow  growth.  The  unusual  fan  shaped 
leaves  are  its  chief  attraction  aside  from  the 
fact  it  is  referred  to  as  a “living  fossil.” 

Our  native  broadleaf  evergreen  trees,  the 
madrona  and  the  chinquapin,  are  both  suited 
for  the  home  garden.  The  golden-leaved  chin- 
quapin with  its  spikes  of  creamy  white  flowers, 
followed  by  burrs  resembling  those  of  the 
chestnut,  may  be  trimmed  either  as  a shrub  or 
a tree.  It  requires  perfect  drainage  and  is  diffi- 
cult to  transplant  from  the  wild.  The  madrona 
is  quite  picturesque  with  tan-colored  bark, 
bell-shaped  waxy  flowers,  and  bright  orange- 
red  fruits. 

Other  broadleaved  evergreens  suited  to  this 
region  include  the  bull  bay  or  evergreen  mag- 
nolia with  its  huge  white  blooms  emitting  a 
citrus-like  smell;  the  Japanese  loquat  with  its 
leathery  leaves  and  pear-shaped  edible  fruit; 
the  strawberry  tree  from  Europe,  a cousin  of 
our  madrona;  the  various  species  and  varie- 
ties of  hollies  too  numerous  to  list;  the  canyon 
live  oak  with  its  holly-like  leaves;  the  tan 
bark  oak;  the  South  American  fire-bush  tree; 
the  Holm  oak;  the  sweet  bay,  a species  of 
magnolia.  No  garden  in  the  Portland  area  is 
complete  unless  it  supports  at  least  one  speci- 
men of  our  own  Oregon  myrtle.  Its  white 
flowers  in  clusters,  the  pungent  odor  of  its 
leaves  and  the  value  of  its  wood  make  this 
last  tree  on  our  list  outstanding  among  all 
other  trees  suitable  for  the  town  garden  in  the 
Portland  area. 


TREE  SURGERY 

Topping,  Removing,  Ivy  Trimming  and 
Power  Saw  Cutting,  Cavity  Repair. 
Work  Guaranteed  and  Insured 

HARRY  A.  SMITH 

1839  N.  52nd  EVergreen  0847  Seattle  3,  Wash. 


Trees  of  Proven  Worth 
in  Eastern  Washington 
Harold  T.  Abbott* 

SPOKANE  pioneers  who  built  the  first 
homes  and  laid  out  the  grounds  around 
them  generally  gave  little  thought  to  the  selec- 
tion of  particularly  refined  trees  for  the  plant- 
ings on  these  grounds.  They  were  interested 
first  in  the  creation  of  pleasant  shade  as  a 
relief  from  the  oppressive  sun  which  so  quickly 
dried  out  the  soil  under  the  scattered  ponderosa 
pines.  Water  was  exceedingly  scarce  and  gar- 
dens as  well  as  extensive  lawns  with  trees 
were  the  exception.  In  a semi-arid  country 
only  the  most  rugged  trees  were  planted  in 
order  that  shade  could  be  enjoyed  as  rapidly 
as  possible.  Poplars,  box  elders,  black  locusts 
and  silver  maples,  therefore,  soon  took  posses- 
sion of  the  city  streets;  they  thrived  well  on  a 
minimum  of  moisture  and  provided  the  much- 
needed  shade  for  the  pedestrians  who  were 
numerous  in  the  days  of  few  automobiles. 

As  the  city  expanded,  an  occasional  new 
tree  such  as  the  Norway  maple  or  the  widely 
advertised  London  plane  was  introduced;  in 
fact,  whole  streets  in  new  additions  were 
planted  to  a single  species.  On  the  lawns  of 
the  few  large  residences  appeared  horse  chest- 
nuts, American  chestnuts,  European  white 
birches  and  evergreens  such  as  Norway  spruce, 
Colorado  blue  spruce,  concolor  fir,  European 
larch  and  western  white  pine.  Fortunate  in- 
deed was  the  owner  of  property  along  the 
north  slope  of  the  “South  Hill”  where  moisture 
could  be  retained  more  easily  and  where  Doug- 
las fir  grew  luxuriantly  to  serve  as  a protec- 
tion and  background  for  young  new  species 
being  introduced  to  Spokane. 

Within  a few  years  there  grew  up  in  Spokane 
a great  enthusiasm  for  gardening.  Led  by  such 
men  as  the  late  Superintendent  of  Parks  John 
W.  Duncan,  considerable  activity  in  the  way 
of  tree  introduction  took  place.  Aubrey  L. 
White,  the  city's  first  Park  Board  president, 
had  already  instituted  the  first  important  civic 

*Mr.  Harold  T.  Abbott,  superintendent  of  parks, 
Spokane,  Washington,  is  again  welcomed  to  the 
columns  of  The  Bulletin.  Many  will  remember  with 
pleasure  his  article  appearing  in  the  Summer,  1947, 
issue:  “Consider  a Few  Shrubs  of  Refinement.’’ 


Thirty 


movement  and  formed  the  City  Beautiful  Com-  attention  is  paid  to  providing  moisture,  fer- 
mittee  as  a forerunner  of  the  Park  Board  itself,  tilization,  and  protection  from  severe  injury. 


Other  well-known  Spokane  men  such  as  Louis 
M.  Davenport,  the  late  F.  Lewis  Clark  and  the 
late  Frank  Graves,  spared  no  expense  in  order 
to  bring  into  the  city  for  planting  on  their 
grounds,  choice  trees  for  use  as  decorative 
specimens,  for  use  in  mass  effects  and  for  street 
parking  plantings.  For  the  most  part,  the 
parks  proved  to  be  the  test  areas  for  all  types 
of  trees.  The  success  or  failure  of  a species  in 
a public  park  influenced  the  average  home- 
owner  in  his  demands  upon  the  nurserymen 
who  were  attempting  to  build  up  their  stocks 
of  plant  materials.  And  for  many  years  it  has 
been  a problem  for  the  nurserymen  to  intro- 
duce new  things  in  the  way  of  trees  and  shrubs 
which  have  not  already  been  planted  in  one 
of  the  public  parks.  Alex  Lowe,  city  horticul- 
turist, has  devoted  many  years  to  the  propa- 
gation of  new  species  for  planting  in  Spokane. 

Spokane  is  a city  of  small  homes  with  small 
adjacent  properties.  The  demands  upon  the 
spare  time  of  the  average  homeowner  are  such 
that  he  now  desires  the  minimum  of  respon- 
sibility in  the  maintenance  of  his  home 
grounds.  He  now  requests  that  the  least 
amount  of  planting  be  his  care;  at  the  same 
time  he  wants  privacy  and  an  attractive  sur- 
rounding area  for  recreation.  Except  for  an 
occasional  street  planting  and  a specimen  on 
the  lawn,  the  large  forest  type  tree  is  losing 
ground  in  popularity.  Problems  of  root  dam- 
age to  sidewalks,  curbs  and  sewers  are  having 
their  effect  in  the  removal  of  old  street  tree 
specimens  and  in  the  replacement  of  them 
with  smaller  flowering  trees  which  are  not 
difficult  to  maintain  and  which  ultimately 
can  be  replanted. 

To  select  the  best  trees  for  planting  in  the 
vicinity  of  Spokane  is  not  an  easy  assignment. 
Because  of  the  wide  variation  in  site  charac- 
teristics, from  the  soil  pockets  on  basaltic  rock 
of  the  “South  Hill”  to  the  sand  and  gravel 
prairies  of  the  northern  additions,  the  relative 
success  of  a tree  will  depend  upon  which  por- 
tion of  the  city  receives  it.  The  following  list, 
then,  is  given  merely  as  an  indication  of  the 
wide  possibilities  for  planting  if  reasonable 


LARGE  TREES  FOR  STREET 
OR  LAWN  AREAS 

BOTANICAL  NAME  COMMON  NAME 


Acer  campestre 
Acer  platanoides 

Acer  pseudoplatanus 
Acer  rubrum 
Acer  saccharum 
Aesculus  hippocastanum 

Ailanthus  glandulosa 
Betula  alba 


Catalpa  bignonioides 
Catalpa  speciosa 
Celtis  ocddentalis 
Cladrastis  lutea 
Fagus  americana 
FagiLS  sylvatica 

Fraxinus  quadrangulata 

Gleditsia  triacanthos 


Ginkgo  biloba 
Juglans  nigra 
Liquidambar  styraciflua 
Liriodendron  tulipifera 
Platanus  acerifolia 
Platanus  ocddentalis 
Quercus  coccinea 
Quercus  macrocarpa 
Quercus  palustris 
Quercus  prinus 
Quercus  robur 

Quercus  rubra 
(Quercus  is  subject  to 
area) 

Robina  pseudoacacia 
Sophora  japonica 
Tilia  cor  data 

Tilia  platyphyllos 

Tilia  tomentosa 
Ulmus  americana 

Ulmus  pumila 
Ulmus  racemosa 


Hedge  Maple 
Norway  Maple 
(also  var.  schwedleri) 
Sycamore  Maple 
Red  Maple 
Sugar  Maple 
Horsechestnut 
(also  var.  rubicunda) 
Tree-of-heaven 
European  White 
Birch 

(also  var.  pendula) 
Common  Catalpa 
Western  Catalpa 
Hackberry 
Yellow- wood 
American  Beech 
European  Beech 
(also  var.  purpurea) 
Blue  Ash 

(not  recommended) 
Common  Honey 
Locust 

(also  var.  inermis) 
Maidenhair-tree 
Black  Walnut 
Sweet  gum 
Tulip  tree 
London  Plane  tree 
American  Plane  tree 
Scarlet  Oak 
Mossycup  Oak 
Pin  Oak 
Chestnut  Oak 
English  Oak 
(also  var.  jastigiata) 
Common  Red  Oak 
chlorosis  in  Spokane 

Black  Locust 
Chinese  Scholar  tree 
Littleleaf  European 
Linden 

Bigleaf  European 
Linden 

Silver  Linden 
American  Elm 
(not  recommended) 
“Chinese”  Elm 
Rock  Elm 


“Cedarwood”  Fences 

GATES  • ARCHES  • TRELLIS 
FLOWER  STAKES 
SEED  FLATS 
HOTBED  SASH 

LEWIS  LUMBER  CO. 

4711  Ballard  Ave.  SUnset  7440 

SEATTLE  7 


Thirty-one 


end 


LILACS  and  PEONIES 


TRY  THEM — Price  List  on  Request 

Route  2,  Box  2471  Edmonds,  Wash. 

Phone  Edmonds  432 


A Complete  Line  of  Turf 
Maintenance  Equipment 

• Toro  Power  Mowers 

• M-E  Rotary  Tillers 

• Garden  Tractors 

• Buckner,  Thompson  & 
Economy  Sprinkler  Systems 

ROSS  & BEASLEY,  INC. 

110  Eastlake  Ave.,  Seattle  9 
ELiot  6162 


CHOICE  DELPHINIUM 

In  All  Their  Matchless  Colors 
GIANT  PACIFIC  HYBRID  STRAIN 

Plants  and  Seed  of 
SUPERIOR  QUALITY 

Free  Literature  on  Request 

OFFERMAN  DELPHINIUM  GARDENS 

4709  WEST  STEVENS  • SEATTLE  6,  WASHINGTON 


SMALL  TREES  FOR  FLOWER,  FRUIT, 
OR  SMALL  SPECIMEN 


Cercis  canadensis 
Cornus  florida 

Crataegus  cordata 

Crataegus  crusgalli 
Crataegus  oxyacantha 

Koelreuteria  paniculata 
Magnolia  soulangeana 
Magnolia  stellata 
Modus  arnoldiana 
Malus  eleyi 
Malus  floribunda 

Malus  halliana 
Malus  ioensis  plena 
Malus  niedzwetzkyana 
Malus  nied.  x baccata 
Malus  sargenti 
Malus  scheideckeri 
Prunus  blireiana  fl.  pi. 
Prunus  pissardi 
Prunus  subhirtella  pendula 

Prunus  triloba 
Sorbus  americana 

Sorbus  aucuparia 

Syringa  japonica 
Syringa  pekinensis 


American  Redbud 
Virginia  Dogwood 
(also  var.  rubra) 
Washington 
Hawthorn 
Cockspur  Thorn 
English  Hawthorn 
(also  var.  pauli) 
Golden  Rain-tree 
Saucer  Magnolia 
Star  Magnolia 
Arnold  Crab 
Eley  Crab 

Japanese  Flowering 
Crab 

Hall  Crab 
Bechtel  Crab 
Redvein  Crab 
Hopa  Crab 
Sargent  Crab 
Scheidecker  Crab 
Purple-leaf  Plum 
Blireiana  Plum 
Weeping  Japanese 
Cherry 

Flowering  Plum 
American  Mountain 
Ash 

European  Mountain 
Ash 

Japanese  Tree  Lilac 
Peking  Lilac 


A FEW  CONIFERS  SUCCESSFULLY  GROWN 
IN  SPOKANE 


Abies  concolor 
Abies  nordmanniana 
Juniper  us  chinensis 
Juniperus  scopulorum 
Juniperus  virginiana 
Picea  excelsa 
Picea  pungens 

Pinus  monticola 
Pinus  ponderosa 
Pseudotsuga  taxifolia 
Tsuga  canadensis 
Thuja  occidentalis 
Thuja  orientalis 
Thuja  plicata 


White  Fir 
Nordmann  Fir 
Chinese  Juniper 
Colorado  Juniper 
Red  Cedar 
Norway  Spruce 
Colorado  Spruce 
(also  var.  glauca) 
Western  White  Pine 
Western  Yellow  Pine 
Douglas  Fir 
Canada  Hemlock 
American  Arborvitae 
Oriental  Arborvitae 
Giant  Arborvitae 


BONNEYrBROOK  NURSERY 

phone  kirkland  927  KIRKLAND-BOTHELL  HIGHWAY  rt.  2,  bothell,  wash. 

Member,  American  Association  of  Nurserymen 

TREES— Flowering— Shade— Fruit.  Splendid  number  of  varieties. 

SHRUBS— Constantly  adding  new  species.  Also  Berry  Plants. 

FLOWERS— Perennial  varieties— over  100.  Headquarters  for  Annual  Bedding  Stock. 
TUBEROUS  BEGONIAS— Largest  Assortment  in  the  Northwest. 

Gift  Certificates — Suitable  the  year  around.  Purchase  here!  Redeem  here  or  at  one  of  the  other 
1100  reliable  member  nurseries  in  the  U.  S. 


Thirty-Two 


Notes  and  Comment 

(Continued  from  Page  Twenty) 

Shelton — Mrs.  George  Cropper. 

Spokane — Joel  E.  Ferris,  Dean  Chas.  E. 
McAllister,  R.  L.  Rutter,  Aubrey  L.  White. 

Tacoma — Mrs.  A.  S.  Black,  Mrs.  Metcalf 
Foff,  Mrs.  Corydon  Wagner. 

Walla  Walla — Mrs.  Henry  J.  Copeland. 

Wenatchee — Mrs.  E.  T.  Adams. 

Yakima — -Mrs.  O.  R.  Schumann. 

i i i 

The  Winter  issue  of  the  Arboretum  Bul- 
letin will  be  devoted  almost  entirely  to  the 
Camellia.  Contributions  are  welcomed — par- 
ticularly to  the  Arboretum  Notebook. 

i 1 i 

At  a meeting  of  the  Arboreta  Committee  of 
the  Western  Chapter  of  the  National  Shade 
Tree  Conference  held  recently  in  Alameda 
Park,  Santa  Barbara,  California,  Brian  O. 
Mulligan,  director  of  our  Arboretum,  was 
elected  vice-chairman. 

i i i 

The  newly  created  office  of  Historian  of 
the  Arboretum  Foundation,  proposed  at  the 
annual  membership  meeting,  was  filled  by 
unanimous  vote  in  the  selection  of  Mrs.  Ar- 
thur J.  Krauss.  Now  that  the  Arboretum  is 
“13  years  young”  its  historical  events  become 
increasingly  important  and  when  compiled 
will  be  a valuable  record  of  interest  to  all.  The 
happy  selection  of  Mrs.  Krauss  to  undertake 
this  important  work  is  a climax  to  her  own 
long,  faithful  and  arduous  devotion  to  the 
Arboretum’s  cause.  Those  who  have  any  in- 
formation concerning  the  Arboretum’s  early 


years  are  urged  to  get  in  touch  with  Mrs. 
Krauss. 

i i i 

Mrs.  Else  Frye  and  Mr.  Earl  Hubbard 
having  resigned  from  the  Editorial  Board  of 
The  Bulletin  for  personal  and  health  rea- 
sons, the  following  have  accepted  invitations 
to  serve  in  their  places:  Mr.  Clarence  Pren- 
tice of  the  Prentice  Nursery  & Decorating  Co., 
Seattle,  and  Mr.  Bryan  Taylor,  manager  of 
Campus  Nursery  Inc.,  Seattle. 

While  sincerely  regretting  the  loss  of  two 
valuable  and  trusted  advisers,  we  welcome  our 
new  members  in  the  belief  that  our  relation- 
ship with  the  nursery  trade  and  our  expres- 
sion of  its  views  will  be  thereby  strengthened. 

As  technical  consultant  we  are  happy  to 
have  the  skilled  advice  of  Mrs.  Lucile  R. 
Davis,  of  the  Western  Printing  Company,  who 
has  been  responsible  for  the  make-up  of  The 
Bulletin  for  a number  of  years. 

i i c 

The  Metasequoia  plants,  now  about  9-12 
inches  tall,  are  growing  well  in  pots. 


DEPUE  MORGAN 

& CO. 

COMMERCIAL  PHOTOGRAPHERS 

1117  Pine  Street 

ELiot  2843 

SEATTLE  1 

ROBERT  J.  HANSEN 


Landscape  Architect 


1021  Summit  North  CApitol  0040 


Member , Washington  Society  of 
Landscape  Architects 


For  GIFTS  and  FLOWERS 

of  Unmistakable  Distinction 

^^^FlOWER.S  • GIFTSf* 

1329  Fifth  Avenue 

MAin  1100 

Thirty-Three 


Rose  Species 

(Continued  from  Page  Ten) 

less.  Cultivated  in  Japan,  but  originating  in 
China. 

R.  bracteata.  Macartney  Rose.  Flowers  July- 
August,  white. 

*R.  laevigata.  Cherokee  Rose.  Leaves  evergreen, 
like  the  three  preceding  species.  Flowers  in 
May,  white,  3 inches  wide. 

R.  setigera.  Prairie  Rose.  The  single  American 
representative  of  this  group.  Wild  from  On- 
tario to  Nebraska,  south  to  Texas  and  Flor- 
ida. Flowers  rose  to  white,  July-August. 
Leaves  deciduous. 

B.  Tall  shrubs,  usually  6-10  feet  high 

Rosa  Davidii.  Corymbs  of  pink  flowers  in  June- 
July;  long-necked  red  hips  in  fall.  Intro, 
by  E.  H.  Wilson  from  W.  China  in  1908. 

R.  Farreri.  Very  bristly  stems,  small  pink  flow- 
ers, followed  by  orange-red  fruits.  Intro- 
duced from  Kansu,  N.W.  China  by  R.  Far- 
rer,  1915. 

*R.  Hugonis.  Introduced  to  England  from  W. 
China  by  Father  Hugh  Scallan  in  1899. 
Flowers  May  to  early  June,  Empire  yellow, 
IV2  inches  wide;  hips  dark  red.  July-Sept. 

R.  macrophylla.  Native  of  the  Himalaya  moun- 
tains; named  in  1820.  Flowers  up  to  3 inches 
wide,  rose-pink,  in  June-July.  Hips  Poppy 
red,  up  to  2 inches  long,  Sept.-Nov.  Erect 
bush  to  12  feet,  with  dark  wood. 

*R.  Moyesii.  Introduced  from  W.  China  by  Wil- 
son, 1903.  Flowers  solitary,  blood-red,  in 
June.  Hips  flask-shaped,  Signal  red,  up  to 
IV2  inches  long.  Habit  stiff,  upright,  with 
few  branches. 

*R.  multibracteata.  From  W.  China;  found  and 
introduced  by  E.  H.  Wilson,  1910.  Habit 
open,  spreading.  Small  leaves;  flowers  small, 
pink  in  early  July;  fruits  orange-red  to  scar- 
let, Oct.-Nov. 

R.  omeiensis.  Bushy  habit,  10-12  feet  tall.  Na- 
tive of  Mt.  Omei,  W.  China.  Introduced 
1901.  Attractive  foliage;  flowers  4-petalled, 
white  or  pale  yellow,  May;  hips  scarlet  or 
yellow  on  a fleshy  stalk,  July-Aug.  Several 
different  varieties. 

R.  oxyodon.  (R.  pendulina  var.  oxyodon).  Up- 
right, 10  feet,  few  branches,  young  wood 
reddish.  From  W.  Caucasus  Mts.  Introduced 
to  France  by  1904.  Flowers  in  clusters, 
Fuchsine  Pink,  2%  inches  wide,  June;  hips 
flask  shaped,  1 inch  long,  red,  Sept. -Oct. 

R.  Roxburghii  (R.  microphylla) . Wide-spread- 
ing, stiff  branches,  few  thorns.  Flowers  pale 
pink,  3 inches  wide,  May-June;  fruits  Chest- 
nut-like, July-Aug.,  soon  falling.  Found  in 
W.  China;  the  double  form  cultivated  in 
England  since  1824.  Var.  hirtula  from  Japan. 

*R.  setipoda.  Upright,  vigorous,  few  stems.  Sent 
to  France  from  C.  China,  1895;  by  Wilson  to 
England,  1901.  Flowers  in  corymbs,  pink, 
each  2V2  inches  wide,  in  June;  hips  1 inch 
long,  red,  Sept. -Oct. 

*R.  Sweginzowii.  Bushy,  8-12  feet  tall;  from  N. 
W.  China,  1910.  Stems  thorny  and  bristly. 
Flowers  few  in  clusters,  each  2 inches  wide, 
pink;  fruits  bristly,  flask-shaped,  Signal  to 
Turkey  Red,  Aug.-Sept. 

*R.  xanthina  forma  spontanea.  Upright  to 
spreading;  young  branches,  dark  brown, 
N.  China,  Mongolia,  Korea.  Wild  form  intro- 


duced to  U.  S.  A.  by  F.  Meyer,  1907.  Flowers 
Empire  yellow,  2-2 y2  inches  wide,  late  May; 
fruits  V2  inch  long,  red.  Double  form  first 
known  in  Europe. 

C.  Medium-sized  shrubs 

R.  blanda.  Eastern  Canada  and  U.  S.  A.,  south 
to  Missouri.  Stems  often  reddish,  bristly  or 
without  thorns.  Flowers  pink,  2 inches  wide, 
May-June.  Hips  variable  in  shape,  red, 
sepals  persistent. 

*R.  Eglanteria.  Sweet  Briar.  Native  of  Europe. 
Foliage  glandular  and  fragrant.  Flowers 
bright  pink,  June.  Hips  usually  ovoid,  scar- 
let, Oct.-Nov. 

*R.  nutkana.  Upright,  bushy,  spreading  by 
suckers.  W.  N.  America,  from  Alaska  to  N. 
California,  east  to  Wyoming.  Flowers  large, 
2%  inches  wide,  solitary,  rose-pink,  June. 
Fruits  ovate  to  globose,  V2  to  % inch  wide, 
Sept. -Dec. 

R.  palustris.  Swamp  Rose.  Upright  habit.  Nova 
Scotia  to  Minnesota,  south  to  Florida.  Leaf- 
lets narrow,  finely  toothed.  Flowers  in  co- 
rymbs, pink,  2 inches  wide,  July-Aug.;  fruit 
small,  red,  Oct.-Dec. 

R.  pendulina  var.  alpina.  Usually  stiff  and  up- 
right, without  thorns.  Young  wood  reddish. 
Mountains  of  C.  Europe.  Cultivated  in  Eng- 
land in  17th  century.  Flowers  purplish-rose, 
one  or  few,  2 inches  wide,  late  May-June. 
Fruits  variable  in  shape,  ovoid  or  oblong, 
bright  red.  Sept. -Oct. 

*R.  pimpinelli folia  (spinosissima)  var.  altaica. 
Upright,  compact,  dense  habit,  5-6  feet  tall, 
native  of  Siberia  and  Altai  region;  intro- 
duced to  England  1818.  Flowers  2V2  inches 
wide,  white,  solitary  but  numerous,  late 
May-early  June;  hips  flattened,  purple- 
black,  Aug.-Sept. 

*R.  pomifera.  Apple  Rose.  Stiff  and  upright. 
Europe  and  W.  Asia.  Leaves  large,  grey- 
green.  Flowers  few  in  clusters,  2 inches 
wide,  pink,  June.  Hips  nearly  globular,  dark 
red,  bristly;  Sept.-Oct.  Also  double  form, 
var.  duplex,  known  in  1775. 

*R.  Primula.  Native  of  Turkestan;  introduced 
to  U.  S.  A.  1911.  Densely  branching.  Young 
wood  red-brown.  Leaves  glandular  below, 
fragrant.  Flowers  pale  yellow,  solitary,  late 
May;  fruit  maroon  red,  nearly  plobose. 

R.  rubrifolia.  Habit  upright,  few  branches, 
purple  when  young.  Central  and  S.  E.  Eu- 
rope. Introduced  1814.  Foliage  grey-green 
tinged  purple.  Flowers  small,  rose-red  with 
pale  center,  June-July.  Hips  round,  red. 

R.  rugosa.  Bushy,  compact,  suckering.  Native 
of  Japan  and  N.E.  Asia.  Stems  bristly  and 
thorny;  leaves  large  and  glossy,  turning 
yellow  in  fall.  Flowers  rose-purple  or  white, 
fragrant;  June- Aug.  Hips  flattened-globular, 
tomato-red,  Aug.-Oct.  Varieties  with  double 
flowers. 

R.  virginiana.  Dense  and  much-branched,  few 
suckers.  E.  North  America  from  Newfound- 
land to  Alabama.  Leaves  shining.  Flowers 
few  in  cluster,  bright  rose,  June-July;  fruit 
red,  usually  subglobose. 

R.  Webbiana.  Open,  spreading  habit,  slender 
branches.  W.  Himalaya,  Turkestan,  Tibet. 
Small  rounded  leaflets.  Flowers  2 inches 
wide,  pale  pink,  June.  Hips  usually  ovoid 
or  flask-shaped,  red. 


Thirty-Four 


*R.  Willmottiae.  Upright  to  spreading,  many- 
branched.  N.W.  China,  E.  Tibet.  Introduced 
by  Wilson,  1904.  Leaflets  small,  greyish  be- 
neath. Flowers  late  May-June,  rose-purple, 
IV2 -2  inches  wide,  fruit  shedding  calyx,  % 
inch  long,  red. 

D.  Low-growing  shrubs  (3  feet  or  less) 

*R.  Carolina.  Slender  stems,  often  bristly,  suck- 
ering;  E.  Canada  to  Florida,  west  to  Kansas. 
Flowers  one  or  few,  rose-pink,  2 inches 
wide,  June-July;  fruit  often  glandular,  red, 
subglobose,  Sept. -Oct. 

R.  foetida  var.  persiana.  Persian  Yellow;  dou- 
ble form  of  Austrian  Briar.  Branches  brown, 
spreading.  From  Persia,  1838.  Flowers  rich 
yellow,  2-2V2  inches  wide,  June.  Liable  to 
black  spot  disease. 

R.  foliolosa.  Low  bush,  usually  thornless.  So. 

U.  S.  A.  plains.  Leaflets  shining,  narrow- 
oblong.  Flowers  one  or  few,  rose-pink,  2 
inches  wide,  July-Aug'.  Fruit  small,  red, 
Sept.-Dee. 

*R.  Forrestiana.  Related  to  R.  multibracteata. 
S.W.  China,  collected  by  G.  Forrest;  intro- 
duced 1922.  Flowers  pink,  lx/2  inches  wide, 
late  June-early  July.  Fruit  ovoid,  orange- 
red,  Oct.-Nov. 

*R.  gallica.  French  Rose.  Upright  habit,  suck- 
ering.  C.  Europe  to  W.  Asia.  Flowers  soli- 
tary, fragrant,  2V2-3  inches  wide,  rose-red, 
June.  Fruits  globular  or  top-shaped,  red. 

R.  glutinosa.  Dwarf,  compact,  thorny.  S.E. 
Europe  to  W.  Asia.  Leaves  glandular,  resin- 
scented.  Flowers  solitary,  small,  pink.  June. 
Hips  globose  to  ovoid,  bristly,  dark  red, 
Aug.-Sept. 

*R.  nitida.  Low  and  bushy;  stems  densely  prick- 
ly. Newfoundland  to  Connecticut.  Leaflets 
narrow,  shining,  turning  red  in  fall.  Flow- 
ers one  to  few,  pink,  2 inches  wide,  June. 
Hips  red,  globose,  Sept. -Nov. 

R.  Richardii.  Spreading,  covering  ground.  Na- 
tive of  Abyssinia.  Flowers  pale  pink,  2 V2 -3 
inches  wide,  in  small  corymbs,  June.  Re- 
lated to  R.  centifolia,  Cabbage  Rose. 

*R.  Serafinii.  Dense,  prickly  bush.  Italy  and  ad- 
jacent islands.  Introduced  1914  or  earlier. 
Flowers  solitary,  bright  rose,  1 inch  wide, 
June.  Fruits  bright  red,  ovate  to  globose, 
Sept. -Oct. 

R.  sicula.  Dwarf,  thorny,  compact;  related  to 
R.  glutinosa.  S.  Europe,  N.W.  Africa.  Flow- 
ers solitary,  pink,  1 inch  wide,  June.  Fruit 
bright  red,  ovate  to  globose,  Sept. -Oct. 

*R.  spinosissima.  Burnet  or  Scots  Rose.  Europe, 

W.  & C.  Asia.  Forming  colonies  by  under- 
ground stems.  Flowers  solitary,  white,  pale 
yellow  or  pinkish,  1-2 1/2  inches  wide,  May- 
early  June.  Hips  usually  globular,  black, 
purple,  or  reddish  brown.  Aug.  Var.  myria- 
cantha.  Smaller,  very  spiny  stems.  S.  Eu- 
rope. Var.  hispida.  Taller,  3 to  4 feet.  Flowers 
pale  yellow.  Cultivated  1781  in  England; 
probably  from  Siberia. 

LITERATURE  AND  REFERENCE  BOOKS 

Bean,  W.  J.  “Trees  and  Shrubs  Hardy  in  the  British  • 

Isles.’’  Vais  II  (3rd  ed,  1921),  and  III  (1933). 

Boulenger,  G.  A.,  “Les  Roses  d’Europe,”  2 vols. 

(1924-31). 

Boulenger,  G.  A.,  “Revision  des  Roses  d’Asie.” 

“Bull.  Jard.  Bot.  Bruxelles."  IX,  (1933);  XIII, 

(1935);  XIV  (1936). 

Erlanson,  E.  W.,  “N.  American  Wild  Roses,’’  in 

“Amer.  Rose  Annual,”  XVII,  (1932). 


Brlanson,  E.  W.,  “Experimental  Data  for  Revision 
of  the  North  American  Wild  Roses,”  “Bot.  Ga- 
zette,” XCVI,  (2),  (1934). 

Hurst,  C.  C.,  “Genetics  of  the  Rose,”  in  “Rase 
Annual  of  the  Nat.  Rose.  Soc.”  (England).  (1929). 

Rehder,  A.,  “Manual  of  Cultivated  Trees  and 
Shrubs.”  (2nd  ed.  1949). 

Thicker,  M.  A.  H.,  “Rose  Seeds;  their  After-ripening 
and  Germination.”  “Jour.  Roy  Hort.  Soc.,”  LX 
(9),  (Sept.,  1935). 

Willmott,  E.,  “Genus  Rosa.”  2 vols.  (1910-1914). 


Let's  Talk  About  Herbaceous  Peonies 

(Continued  from  Page  Seventeen) 
maintain  clean,  fungus-free  leaves.  Micronized 
copper  does  not  leave  a residue  on  the  leaves 
as  is  the  case  when  using  bordeaux.  It  may  be 
secured  from  most  garden  stores  and  should 
be  applied  at  the  rate  of  one-eighth  pound  to 
three  gallons  of  water. 

Another  caution  is  to  never  fertilize  with 
barnyard  manure.  Use  raw  bone  meal  instead, 
as  it  is  safer  and  far  better. 

A final  word  to  the  wise  would  be  to  avoid 
planting  peonies  back  in  the  same  ground 
where  peonies  formerly  grew.  They  resent  it. 

Otherwise  peonies  are  not  difficult  to  grow. 
May  I suggest  you  try  some  of  these  newer 
hybridizations  mentioned  above  and  see  their 
beauty  for  yourself. 


Rich  8C  Sons  Nursery 

ROUTE  4 

HILLSBORO  OREGON 

Offering,  we  believe,  the  most  complete 
and  balanced  list  of  Nursery  Stock  and 
Bulbs  in  the  Northwest. 

FRUIT  TREES  • BERRIES  • SHADE  TREES 
SHRUBS  • ROSES  • PERENNIALS  • BULBS 

★ Send  for  Our  Catalogs  Today  ★ 


Primula  Juliae  Hybrids 
Choice  Rock  Plants 
Dwarf  Shrubs 
Iris 

CATALOG  ON  REQUEST 

Carl  Starker  Gardens 

Jennings  Lodge,  Oregon 


Thirty -Five 


Book  Reviews 


Flora  of  Mt.  Rainier  National  Park,  by  C. 
Frank  Brockman.  Published  by  U.  S.  Govern- 
ment Printing  Office,  Washington  25,  D.  C.,  1947. 
Price,  75  cents,  from  Superintendent  of  Docu- 
ments. 

rjpHIS  paper-covered,  170-page  handbook  to  the 
wild  flowers  of  this  great  mountain  region 
will  form  an  admirable  guide  for  summer  visit- 
ors, especially  those  unfamiliar  with  the  bounti- 
ful and  varied  flora  to  be  found  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Cascade  Range;  it  does  not,  however, 
pretend  to  supersede  G.  N.  Jones’  “Flowering 
Plants  and  Ferns  of  Mount  Rainier,”  (1938),  in 
the  hands  of  more  experienced  botanists. 

Simple  keys  in  non-technical  language  are 
provided,  first  to  discover  the  family  to  which 
any  given  plant  may  belong,  then  the  genus,  and 
sometimes  the  individual  species,  though  these 
generally  have  to  be  selected  from  the  plant 
descriptions  which,  form  the  greater  part  of  the 
work. 

This  text  is  supplemented  by  104  photographic 
illustrations  which  will  probably  form  the  in- 
troductory means  of  plant  identification  to  many 
purchasers  and  users  of  the  book;  while  they 
vary  in  quality  most  are  good  representations 
of  their  subjects,  covering  all  types  from  trees 
to  high  alpine  plants.  Most  of  the  conifer 
material,  and  of  some  other  trees,  has  been 
photographed  against  a background  of  one  inch 
squares,  a helpful  practice  in  comparing  size  of 
foliage,  cones,  etc.  The  author,  formerly  Asso- 
ciate Park  Naturalist  and  now  Assistant  Pro- 
fessor of  Forestry  at  the  University  of  Washing- 
ton, is  responsible  for  the  greater  number  of 
these  illustrations,  and  is  well  qualified  by  ex- 
perience and  temperament  to  write  this  account 
of  the  native  flowers. 

The  one  criticism  which  the  reviewer  feels 
compelled  to  make — apart  from  some  minor 
typographical  errors  which  can  be  corrected  in 
any  later  edition — is  the  system,  in  accordance 
with  “Standardized  Plant  Names,”  of  providing 
a so-called  common  name  for  every  herbaceous 
plant,  and  in  frequently  combining  two  or  even 
three  English  words  into  one  of  unnecessary 
length  and  clumsiness.  These  practices  result  in 
such  uncouth  and  unusable  titles  as  “Lambs- 
tongue  fawnlily”  for  the  beautiful  Erythronium 
grandiflorum  var.  pallidum,  generally  and  ap- 
propriately called  Glacier  Lily;  “Mount  Wash- 
ington Dryad”  for  Dryas  octopetala,  the  Moun- 
tain Avens,  and  to  take  three  examples  from  the 
Liliaceae,  “Fat  solomonplume,”  “Claspleaf  twist- 
edstalk,”  and  “Queencup  beadlily.”  How  many 
flower  lovers  will  recognize  the  charming  little 
Clintonia  uniflora  under  that  last  appellation, 
and  how  many  more,  being  introduced  to  it  for 
the  first  time,  would  not  prefer  the  simpler 
Latin  to  the  more  complicated,  less  euphonious 
English?  Fortunately  the  trees  have  been  more 
kindly  handled. 

The  work,  which  is  excellent  value  at  the 
price,  concludes  with  a short  glossary  of  botani- 
cal terms,  a bibliography  of  nineteen  items,  and 
an  index  containing  both  Latin  and  English 
names. 

B.  O.  M. 


Commonsense  Rock  Gardening,  by  F.  Kingdon 
Ward.  pp.  174,  12  illustration,  1948.  Published  by 
Jonathan  Cape,  London.  Price  $2.10. 

new  book  from  England  contains  much 
enjoyable  reading  and  some  new  ideas,  com- 
bining as  it  does  a fairly  unorthodox  approach 
to  problems  of  interest  to  rock  gardeners  with 
the  highly  specialized  point  of  view  of  an  alpin- 
ist of  great  renown. 

The  book,  a sort  of  handbook  for  the  advanced 
beginner — that  is,  one  who  wishes  to  go  beyond, 
if  only  a few  steps  beyond  (and  this  is  devoutly 
to  be  wished,  at  least  as  far  as  the  evidence  of 
Seattle  “rockeries”  in  general  seems  to  show), 
the  growing  of  the  omnipresent  “Snow-on-the- 
Mountain”  and  “Basket  of  Gold.” 

To  this  end  Mr.  Ward  draws  on  his  vast 
knowledge  and  love  and  understanding  of  plants 
and  their  mountain  environs  from  European 
Alps  to  the  frontiers  of  Burma  and  Tibet.  He 
suggests  ways  of  bringing  true  Alpine  feelings 
into  our  gardens  whether  small  or  large  scale. 
And  while,  to  an  extent,  he  is  concerned  with 
the  aesthetics  of  rock  gardening,  he  suggests 
methods  of  accomplishing  this  with  much  less 
than  the  usual  “fuss  and  feathers.”  Nor  is  this 
book  overburdened  with  elaborate  varietal  notes 
on  Alpine  species.  There  are  other  sources  for 
this  material,  fascinating  as  it  is  upon  accasion. 
(As,  of  course,  Farrer’s  monumental  “English 
Rock  Garden”.)  Rather,  Kingdon  Ward  gives  us 
a discursive  book  ranging  over  the  problems  of 
building  and  maintaining,  the  pleasures,  re- 
wards, possible  failures,  and  temptations  to  ex- 
cess of  one  of  the  most  fascinating  departments 
of  horticulture — the  ever-challenging  Rock  Gar- 
den. 

— George  Mantor 

i i i 

Knowing  Your  Trees,  by  G.  H.  Collingwood 
and  Warren  D.  Brush.  Third  and  enlarged 
edition.  1947.  Published  by  The  American 
Forestry  Association.  Price  $5.00. 

'HP  HIS  revised  (third)  edition  of  “Knowing 
Your  Trees”  is  probably  the  most  complete 
work  on  trees  available  today.  Many  will  con- 
sider it  the  best  book  on  the  subject. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  trees  are  discussed 
fully.  Included  are  excellent  photographs  of  tree 
form,  both  in  winter  and  summer,  of  leaf,  flower, 
fruit  and  bark.  Accompanying  this  is  a dis- 
tribution map  showing  range  of  tree  habitat. 

The  text  in  non-technical  terms  discusses  the 
ecological  association  of  each  tree.  It  presents 
a graphic  description  of  the  tree  personality; 
its  height,  growth  habit,  foliage,  flowers,  fruit 
and  bark.  In  addition  are  notes  of  interest  con- 
cerning the  economic  importance  and  ornamen- 
tal value  of  trees  as  well  as  an  explanation  of 
the  botanical  names. 

The  reader  will  feel  well  equipped  to  go  out 
and  meet  the  trees.  He  will  realize  that  they, 
like  humans,  have  habits  and  mannerisms  to 
make  them  individuals. 

— Robert  J.  Hansen 


Thirty-Six 


ARBORETUM  NOTEBOOK 

This  department  is  published  for  correspondence  and  pertinent  comments  by  experi- 
enced growers  on  interesting  plants  and  their  culture.  We  solicit  your  questions  but  space 
limitation  necessitates  the  publishing  of  only  such  answers  as  we  deem  of  general  interest. 


ROCK  GARDEN  RHODODENDRONS 

Picking  a favorite  among  rock  garden  rhodo- 
dendrons is  like  picking  a favorite  from  among 
the  many  Miss  Americas.  I can,  however,  men- 
tion several  which,  because  of  their  beauty  and 
general  usefulness  would,  in  my  opinion,  always 
rank  among  the  top  favorites. 

R.  Williamsianum,  R.  leucaspis  and  R.  moupin- 
ense.  R.  Williamsianum  is  perhaps  the  most 
generally  useful  for  it  remains  low,  will  follow 
the  contour  of  the  ground,  and  spreads  out  in  a 
large  mat  (one  of  mine  exceeds  three  feet  in 
diameter) . For  an  open  ground  cover  or  bank 
there  are  few  plants  which  will  equal  it  and 
when  properly  placed  will  flower  profusely  with 
beautiful  open  bells  which  are  followed  by  new 
leaf  growth  of  bronze  shades.  This  new  foliage 
alone  would  make  it  worth  while  but  as  this 
slowly  changes  to  green  the  small  heart-shaped 
leaves  are  in  themselves  delightful.  It  can  also 
be  used  under  other  plants  but  when  so  planted 
does  not  flower  very  well. 

R.  leucaspis  is  a low-growing  shrub  quite 
compact  when  planted  in  the  open.  The  flowers 
are  white,  almost  flat  with  rich  dark  brown 
stamens. 

R.  moupinense  is  slightly  taller  but  remains  a 
small  shrub.  It  flowers  in  February  with  white, 
pink  and  in  some  forms  deep  rose  blooms.  The 
small  shiny  leaves  add  to  its  garden  value. 

Having  mentioned  only  three  I find  many 
others  crowding  for  recognition  and  any  one 
might  well  replace  those  I have  selected.  To 
mention  only  a few,  there  are  R.  myrtilloides,  R. 
pemakoense,  R.  aperantum,  R.  deleiense  and  R. 
tephropeplum,  R.  imperator,  R.  Keiskei  and  R. 
keleticum. 

I have  purposely  omitted  any  of  the  Lapponi- 
cum  Series  for  while  there  are  a number  of 
splendid  species  in  this  group  there  are  many 
mediocre  ones  and  only  selected  forms  should 
be  chosen. 

H.  G.  I. 

i i i 

There  were  so  few  sunny  days  this  summer 
that  many  of  us  who  visited  Mrs.  Duffy’s  garden 
missed  seeing  one  of  the  garden’s  greatest 
charms,  the  shadows  that  the  tall  trees  cast  over 
the  great  areas  of  brilliant  color.  However, 
that  is  only  one  of  the  many  joys  of  the  gar- 
den. In  early  August  the  plantings  of  hy- 
drangeas reached  on  through  almost  endless 
spaces  in  every  shade  of  blue,  purple,  pink, 
rose,  creamy  and  snowy  whites,  billowing  along 
the  broad,  grassy  lanes.  One  picture,  long  to  be 
remembered,  was  a giant  cedar  with  brownish- 
red  bark  surrounded  by  a huge  mass  of  astilbe 
covered  with  faded  blooms  that  picked  up  the 
red  of  the  cedar  bark.  Farther  up  the  hill  was 
a large  group  of  Prunus  Pissardii  with  their 
dark  red  leaves.  The  whole  picture  was  like 
a painting  in  dark  reds  and  greens,  a quieting 
influence  in  the  midst  of  such  exciting  color 
combinations.  X. 


A sight  to  be  remembered  I saw  this  spring 
in  the  garden  of  a Japanese  woman  where  I go 
to  buy  asparagus.  It  was  a single  plant  of 
rhubarb  (Rheum  palmatum)  with  huge  green 
leaves  on  brilliant  red  stalks  and  a giant  spike 
of  flowers  rising  ten  feet  in  height.  For  sheer 
beauty  it  could  compete  with  any  so-called  rare 
plants.  Its  color  and  style  and  striking  gorgeous- 
ness left  nothing  to  be  desired.  Used  in  a 
shrubbery  border  this  fine  plant  would  make 
an  accent  worthy  of  any  planting. 

Another  fine  accent  plant  is  Sascifraga  peltata. 
The  flowers  appear  in  spring,  before  the  leaves, 
on  a stem  ten  to  fifteen  inches  high,  and  form 
a clear  pink  cluster  of  blooms  suggestive  of  cos- 
tume jewelry.  Later  the  leaves  unfold,  event- 
ually becoming  great  cupped  disks  twelve  to 
eighteen  inches  across  with  slashed  and  ruffled 
edges.  It  is  sometimes  called  the  Umbrella 
Plant.  S.  peltata  belongs  to  the  Peltiphyllum 
section  of  the  Saxifrage  family.  Many  growers 
think  it  does  its  best  in  a boggy  location  but  it 
seems  fairly  happy  in  my  shady  garden  at  the 
edge  of  a bed  of  Primula  Sieboldii  and  in  front 
of  tall  rhododendrons. 

A.  B.  C. 

i i i 

Mr.  Michael  Haworth-Booth  in  his  book  “The 
Flowering  Shrub  Garden”  says,  “Had  I but  a 
small  piece  of  woodland  suitable  for  choice 
shrubs  and  could  accommodate  only  half  a 
dozen,  these  would  be  my  choice:  Rhododen- 
dron Thomsoni,  Acacia  dealbata,  Camellia  reti- 
culata, Eucryphia  cordifolia,  Magnolia  sinensis 
or  Campbellii,  and  Rhododendron  bullatum.” 

i i i 

The  following  are  five  of  Mr.  B.  O.  Mulligan’s 
favorite  books: 

1.  Rehder’s  “Manual  of  Trees  and  Shrubs.” 

2.  Bean’s  “Trees  and  Shrubs  Hardy  in  the  Brit- 
ish Isles.” 

3.  Lester  Rowntree’s  “Flowering  Shrubs  of 
California.” 

4.  David  Fairchild’s  “The  World  Was  My 
Garden.” 

5.  Francis  Jekyll’s  “A  Gardener’s  Testament.” 


SEE  US  FOR: 

HEATHER 

Erica  carnea  Springwood  White.. $2. 00  ea. 


Erica  carnea  King  George $1.50  ea. 

ROCK  PLANTS 

Di  ant  bus  Little  Joe... 50c  ea. 

Platycodon  mariesi 50c  ea. 

PERENNIALS 

Dicentra  spectabilis 50c  ea. 

Hemerocallis  Hyperion $1.00  ea. 

WATER  PLANTS 

Water  Iris 25c  ea. 

Water  Poppies 25c  ea. 


L.  N.  ROBERSON 

1540  E.  102nd  St.  Seattle  55,  Wash. 


Thirty-Seven 


Azalea  Gumpo  is  an  amazing  dwarf  evergreen 
shrub  growing  not  more  than  eight  inches  high. 
It  has  surprisingly  small  pointed  leaves  with 
flowers  as  large  as  the  individual  blooms  of 
many  hybrid  rhododendrons.  The  blossoms 
grow  singly  or  in  pairs  and  measure  three  or 
more  inches  across.  The  pink  Gumpo  has  de- 
licious shades  of  pink  and  the  white  Gumpo  is 
satiny  in  texture  with  pale  green  at  the  throat; 
both  have  trumpets  with  ruffled  edges.  They 
grow  rapidly,  soon  making  a mat  of  clear  green 
that  is  pleasing  the  year  around.  Slugs  prefer 
the  blossoms  to  most  diets  and  if  your  plants 
seem  to  have  no  blooms,  bait  for  slugs;  they 
will  eat  the  bud  before  it  has  a chance  to  open. 

i i i 

There  are  several  quite  charming  plants  in  my 
garden  that,  I am  convinced,  have  decided  my 
garden  belongs  to  them  and  that  I should  have 
very  little  to  say  about  it.  Little  Veronica  rep- 
ens I have  ceased  fighting;  she  has  a much 
stronger  personality  than  I.  Now  she  has  taken 
over  all  the  paths  and  is  fast  taking  possession 
of  the  lawn.  She  is  a charming  little  creeper 
with  a bright  blue,  saucy  bloom  in  May  and  the 
rest  of  the  year,  in  my  shady  garden,  her  foliage 
is  bright,  clear  green.  In  a week’s  time  she  can 


FAR  WEST  NURSERY 

Specializing  in 

Rhododendrons  • Azaleas 
E.  H.  HUMPHREY 

Route  2,  Box  93,  Bothell,  Washington 
Phone  Bothell  0913 


"AZALEAS" 

Glenn  Dale  and  Gable  Hybrids 
Asiatics  and  other  Hybrids 

"RARE  PLANTS" 

Including  large  collections  of  Asiatic 
Maples,  Hollies  and  Lilacs 

Catalogued 

KINGSVILLE  NURSERIES 

H.  J.  Hohman 

KINGSVILLE,  MARYLAND 


spread  from  the  paths  into  all  beds,  eventually 
smothering  those  growths  with  a weaker  con- 
stitution if  she  is  not  suppressed. 

Omphalodes  verna  is  another  upstart.  Blue- 
eyed Mary  is  her  everyday  name  and  while 
quite  ravishing  with  her  clear,  bright  blue 
color  there  is  nothing  modest  about  her.  Each 
spring,  in  desperation,  I pull  out  great  areas 
where  she  travels  with  lightning  speed. 

Meconopsis  cambrica,  the  Welsh  Poppy,  is 
another  aggravating  member  of  my  family  of 
plants.  With  pleasing  foliage,  with  yellow  and 
orange  flowers  of  poppy  form,  it  pushes  its  long 
tap  root  under  every  precious  plant  I own,  and 
generally  the  precious  plant  has  to  be  lifted 
before  the  poppy  root  can  be  extracted.  It  is 
interesting  but  sometimes  exasperating  to  cope 
with  the  different  personalities  in  one’s  garden. 

G.  T.  D. 

i i i 

SOME  FALL  SHRUB  COMBINATIONS 

Caryopteris  and  Abelia  grandiflora. 

Euonymus  alatus  forming  a mass  of  pink 
foliage  near  Enkianthus  japonicus. 

Comus  Kousa  with  brilliant  shades  of  red 
lasting  for  a long  time  is  beautiful  by  itself  but 
associates  nicely  with  Berberis  prunifolia. 

Many  members  of  the  Rhus  family  (Sumach) 
combine  successfully  with  each  other.  They 
also  make  a fine  background  for  the  dark  green 
of  some  rhododendrons,  especially  R.  campanu- 
latum  with  the  cinnamon-brown  linings  to  its 
leaves,  so  beautiful  in  the  afternoon  sun. 

The  leaves  of  Rhododendron  luteum,  the  fra- 
grant yellow  azalea,  turn  to  beautiful  yellow 
shades  in  the  fall  and  light  up  any  planting 
of  Azalea  mollis. 

The  Ginkgo  tree  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
of  fall  coloring  trees.  The  leaves  turn  to  pure 
yellow  and  then  fall,  keeping  their  color  and 
making  a pool  of  gold  at  the  base  of  the  tree. 

i i i 

Mr.  Ihrig,  in  his  review  of  “The  Rhododen- 
dron Year  Book,”  only  mentions  his  own  article 
among  all  the  celebrated  growers  of  rhododen- 
drons in  England.  In  it  he  tells  of  our  problems 
with  rhododendrons  as  well  as  the  successes  of 
growers  here  in  the  Northwest.  A brochure 
of  his  article,  if  possible  to  obtain,  would  be 
most  interesting  as  well  as  helpful  to  all  grow- 
ers who  do  not  have  the  opportunity  to  own 
the  1947  Rhododendron  Year  Book  of  the  Royal 
Horticultural  Society. 


HARDY  LILIES 

Healthy,  vigorous,  British  Columbia-grown  bulbs  of 
Finest  Hardy  Species  and  Varieties. 

Auratums  grown  from  seed. 

Outstanding  new  hybrids  including  George  C.  Creelman,  Grace  Marshall, 
and  our  own  magnficent  hybrids  of  Creelman  X Centifolium. 

Descriptive  Price  List  Free  on  Request 

BEATRICE  L.  PALMER 

COBBLE  HILL  VANCOUVER  ISLAND  BRITISH  COLUMBIA 


Thirty-Eight 


A LIST  OF  PLANT  NAMES 
(Continued  from  Summer  Issue) 


Actinopteris 

Greenhouse  ferns  from  India. 

Actinostemma 

(ray  and  wreath)  Climbing 
plants  from  China  and  Japan. 

acutissimus 

very  acute 

acutus 

acute,  sharp-pointed 

Ada 

(a  complimentary  name)  Or- 
chids. 

Adamsii 

After  Adams,  a Russian  bot- 
anist. 

Adansonia 

After  M.  Adanson,  French  bot- 
anist. Tropical  shrubs  and 
trees. 

Adenocalymma 

Tender  climbing  plants  from 
Brazil. 

Adenanthera 

From  the  deciduous  pedicil- 
late  gland  on  each  anther. 
Tender  trees. 

Adenocarpus 

Aden — gland,  karpos — fruit, 
ornamental  woody  shrub. 

adenogynum 

glandular  ovary 

Adenophora 

Gland-bearing  border  peren- 
nials. 

adenophyllus 

glandular  leaved 

adenopodum 

glandular  pedicel 

Adenostoma 

Aden — gland,  stoma — mouth, 
evergreen  shrubs. 

Adhatoda 

Native  name,  Brazil.  Ever- 
green shrubs. 

Adiantum 

(Gr.  unwetted)  Maiden-hair 
fern. 

adiantoides 

Adiantum-like. 

Adlumia 

After  John  Adlum.  Hardy  bi- 
ennial vine. 

admirabilis 

admirable,  noteworthy 

adnatus 

adnate,  joined  to 

adonidifolius 

Adonis  leaved 

Adonis 

A favorite  of  Venus.  Hardy 
annual  and  perennial  herbs. 

Adcxa 

Gr.  without  glory.  Inconspic- 
uous herb. 

adpressus 

pressed  against 

adroserum 

eglandular,  destitute  of  glands 

adscendens 

ascending 

adsurgens 

ascending 

aduncus 

hooked 

advenus 

newly  arrived 

Aechmea 

pointed 

aechmophyllum 

with  a pointed  leaf 

Aegle 

L.  Aegle,  one  of  the  Hesper- 
ides.  A small  spiny  tree. 

Aeglopsis 

Aegle,  opis,  appearance. 

Aegopodium 

Aix — goat,  podoin — a foot. 
Coarse  perennial. 

aegyptiacus 

Egyptian 

aemulus 

imitating 

aequinoctialis 

mid-tropical,  pertaining  to 
equinox 

aequipetalus 

equal  petaled 

aequitrilobus 

equally  three  lobed 

Aerides 

Gr.— air  plant.  Tender  orchids. 

aerius 

aerial 

Aerua 

Arabic  name.  Tropical  Asiatic 
and  African  herbs. 

aeruginosum 

rusty,  rust  colored 

Aesculus 

Ancient  name  for  some  oak. 
Chestnut  tree. 

aestivalis 

of  summer 

Aethionema 

Aitho — scorch,  nema — filament 
Shrubby  herbs. 

aethiopicus 

Ethiopian 

affinis 

related 

afghanicum 

from  Afghanistan 

afra 

africanus 

aganniphum 

Agapanthus 

agapetum 

agavoides 

Agathis 


Agave 


Agdestis 

ageratifolius 

ageratoides 

Ageratum 

agetum 

agglutinatum 

aggregatus 

Aglaonema 

agrarius 

agrestis 

agrifolius 

Agrimonia 

Agrostemma 

Agrostis 

Ailanthus 

aiolopeplum 

Aira 

aischropeplum 

aizoides 

Ajuga 

Akebia 

alabamense 

alatus 

Albertsenianum 

albescens 

albicans 

albicaulis 

albidus 

albiflorum 

albifrons 

albispinus 

Albizzia 


African 
African 
snowy 

Agape — love,  anthos — flower, 
blue  lily, 
delightful 
agave-like 

Agathis — glome;  flowers  in 
clusters.  Tender  Australian 
conifers. 

Gr.  agauos — admirable,  impor- 
tant, decorative  and  economic 
plants  from  American  deserts. 
A mythical  monster.  Tender 
climbing  shrub  from  Mexico, 
ageratum  leaved 
ageratum-like 

Gr.  not  growing  old.  Garden 
annuals, 
wondrous 
stuck  together 
clustered 

Gr.  bright  thread.  Greenhouse 
herbs. 

of  the  fields 
pertaining  to  the  fields 
scabby  leaved 
Old  name.  Perennial  herbs. 

Gr.  field  garland.  Garden 
herbs. 

Ancient  Gr.  name  for  forage 
grass.  Bent  grass. 

Native  name  meaning  Tree  of 
Heaven.  Trees, 
with  a gleaming  covering 
Ancient  Gr.  name.  Hair  grass, 
with  an  ugly  covering 
aizoon-like 

Not  yoked.  Herbaceous  peren- 
nials. 

Jap.  name.  Twining,  woody 
plants. 

from  Alabama 
winged 

After  M.  O.  Albertsen  of  the 
Chinese  Maritime  Customs, 
whitish 
whitish 

white  stemmed 
white 

white  flowered 
white  fronded 
white  spined 

After  Albizzi,  an  Italian  nat- 
uralist. Woody  plants. 

(To  Be  Continued) 


WINTER  BLOOMING  CROCUS 

(bloom  from  Christmas  to  March) 
HEATHER  for  every  month  of  the  Year 
SPRING  and  FALL  flowering  Iris,  DWARF  Iris 
Free  Price  List 

*‘Your  Satisfaction  Is  Our  Success 99 

WILLAMETTE  NURSERY  COMPANY,  Dept.  A 

8512  S.E.  57th  Ave.  Portland  6,  Oregon 


F.  J.  TEUFEL,  Florist 

Tuberous  Begonias 
Winter  Pansies 
GREENHOUSE  AND  SHOP 
452  27th  AVE.  N.,  1 block  north  of  Madison 
Phone  EAst  8126 


Thirty-Nine 


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In  the  Nursery  you  will  want  to  see  our  complete  assortment  of  Choice  Camellias, 
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from  the  soil  and  must  be  replenished 
Morcrop  the  complete  fertilizer  with 
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MORCROP  IS  AVAILABLE  AT 

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rtTHER 


THE  ARBORETUM  BULLETIN 
Published  by  the 
Arboretum  Foundation 
University  of  Washington 
Arboretu  ni 

Seattle  5,  Washington 


Sec.  562  P.  L.  & R. 

U.  S.  POSTAGE  PAID 

SEATTLE,  WASHINGTON 
Permit  No.  413 


POSTMASTER:  If  addressee  has  removed,  please  notify  us  of  new  address  on  Form  3547,  postage  for  which  is  guaranteed. 


/4te  you  Ci4te*tict&. . . 


to 

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SOLLY? 


This  popular  Northwest  gardening 
authority  is  broadcasting  14  times  a 
week  to  Pacific  Northwest  listeners. 


KIRO— Seattle 

12:15  - 12:30  p.m. 
Mon.  thru  Fri. 

KRKO— Everett 

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Tues.,  Wed.,  Thurs. 


KV  AN— Vancouver 

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A Public  Service  of  the 


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so