ARBORETUM FOUNDATION • SEATTLE WASHINGTON
to
inter, IQ55
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Some New Zealand Alpines Robert Ornduff 93
Pacific Silver Fir C. Frank Brockman 97
The Olympic Rain Forest Grant W. Sharpe 98
Testing Barberries for Resistance
to Stem Rust Ralph U. Cotter 102
New er Unusual Plants in the Arboretum . . J. A. Witt 107
Plants of New Zealand in the University
of Washington Arboretum . Mrs. Raymond D. Ogden 108
Rooted Cuttings for Cornus Species . Dr. Frederick W. Coe 109
Quality Plants Available in the Seattle Area 110
Notes and Comment 112
Arboretum Notebook 114
Book Reviews 119
Index to Volume XVIII 122
SCOTT FOUNDATION
SWARTHM0RE COLLEGE
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VOLUME XVIII
WINTER, 1 955
NUMBER 4
Some New Zealand Alpines
Robert Ornduff*
LtST, year I spent several months in New
Zealand studying botany under a Fulbright
grant. During that time I made several collect-
ing trips throughout the country and became
convinced that the rich and varied flora con-
tains many species which have potential value
as horticultural material in this country. It is
true that there are many New Zealand species
cultivated in the United States as well as in
Great Britain, but those species most popular
in this country are those more suited to the
warmer climates. Therefore I will try to re-
strict my discussion to the plants of the alpine
areas of New Zealand, a group which deserves
to be better known here.
New Zealand is a long and narrow country
in the South Pacific, situated well over 1200
miles southeast of Australia. It comprises two
large and several smaller islands covering ap-
proximately 1000 miles between latitudes 34°
and 48°, roughly comparable in latitude to
our own West Coast. The volcanic peaks in
the center of the North Island rise to 9000
feet, while the more lofty Southern Alps which
extend the length of the South Island rise to
over 12,000 feet, with many peaks over 10,000
feet. Long isolation and a variety of climates
* Mr. Ornduff is a graduate student from Reed
College, Portland, in the Department of Botany
in the University of Washington.
have helped give rise to a flora of which 75
per cent is endemic to New Zealand.
To a large extent much of the native cov-
ering of New Zealand has been destroyed and
the land put over to agriculture or pasturage
but there are many areas, especially at the
higher elevations, where the vegetation has
been relatively undisturbed. Most of primitive
New Zealand was covered by a sub-tropical
rain forest which extended up onto the moist
slopes of the mountains. In drier areas, large
tracts of nearly pure stands of southern beech
(Nothofagus) are found. The rolling hills east
of the Southern Alps were clothed with peren-
nial tussock grasses, but most of this land has
now been turned over to agriculture. At the
upper limit of the forests, from 3000 to 4000
feet, there is a zone of sub-alpine scrub com-
posed of various evergreen shrubs. Above this
comes the alpine flora of small shrubs, herbs,
and low grasses.
A few generalizations can be made about
the New Zealand flora as a whole. Most of
the plants are evergreen and perennial. An
exceedingly large number of the species found
in New Zealand bear white flowers, so that
the chief attraction of the flora is not bright
flower coloration, but rather a variety of plant
habit, fruit color, leaf color, texture and shape.
One of the most interesting features of the
93
alpine flora, especially of the South Island, is
the abundance of cushion-plants which literal-
ly carpet the ground in hues ranging from
deep green to bronze to silver. The members
of the genus Raoulia ( Compositae) form sil-
very or green mats on the stony river beds or
on cliffs, and bear a profusion of creamy or
whitish flower heads in summer. Raoulia eximia
forms large, compacted greyish cushions from
a few inches to two feet high in old plants.
Other cushion-plants include Drapetes Dieffen-
bachii (Thymeleaceae) , the remarkable Gen-
tiana divisa which resembles a snowball when
in flower, members of the genus Haastia ( Com-
positae), including H. pulvinaris, one of the
great woolly “vegetable sheep,” and Ourisia
caespitosa ( Scrophulariaceae) , a gem bearing
sheets of white flowers. To these one might
add Phyllachne clavigera ( Stylidiaceae) , re-
putedly difficult to grow, Scleranthus bijlorus
(Caryophyllaceae) , and the curious Draco-
phyllum muscoides (Epacridaceae) . Numerous
members of the Compositae are represented in
the alpine flora of New Zealand. Celmisia is
a genus of about 60 species and forms a con-
spicuous element of the montane flora, various
species often carpeting the mountain slopes
with their large, white, daisy-like heads. The
cushion habit is found in this genus, too, as in
C. argentea, C. Hectori , and C. parva. Cel-
misia coriacea and C. Hookeri are large plants
bearing rosettes of long, stiff, silvery leaves
and heads up to four inches in diameter. Cel-
misia spectabilis is similar in aspect to these
but smaller, and is abundant in mountain
herb-fields of both islands. Celmisia Arm-
strongii and C. Petriei are handsome plants
with narrow, dagger-like leaves. C. Haastii
and C. hieracijolia are striking low plants with
white tomentose leaves and small heads. Hy-
bridism seems to be common in this genus, and
some of the hybrids are quite handsome.
Two widespread and closely .related genera
of the Compositae are Gnaphalium and Heli-
chrysum, whitish trailing or bushy plants bear-
ing everlasting heads. Leucogenes Leontopo-
dium and L. grandiceps, North and South
Island edelweiss, are beautiful silvery suffruti-
cose herbs which bear a striking resemblance
to the European edelweiss, Leontopodium al-
pinum, although the structure of the flower
heads is quite different. There has been little
success with the cultivation of Leucogenes in
New Zealand.
Olearia is a large genus of shrubs which
possess a great value for garden decoration,
second only to Hebe. Most of the alpine
species bear numerous, small, whitish, daisy-
like heads, so that beauty of form is their
chief attribute. Of the upland forms, Olearia
arborescens is a charming shrub with coria-
ceous ovate leaves which have a satiny tomen-
tum underneath. O. Haastii, a small shrub with
oblong leaves, is uncommon in nature but is
frequently seen in cultivation. O. cymbijolia
and O. moschata are others of the small-
leaved montane species. Olearia ilicijolia is a
handsome, musk-scented shrub with deep-
green, leathery, toothed leaves. It and other
olearias form a dense scrub just above timber-
line, so dense as to be literally impenetrable.
The .razor-sharp leaves of many of the species
demand that the seed collector wear thick
gloves if he is to work amongst them.
Pachystegia insignis, a handsome shrubby
composite from the South Island.
—PHOTO BY A. P. DRUCE,
( Fig- 8 ) WELLINGTON, N. Z.
In New Zealand there is a large number of
woody members of the genus Senecio. These
are quite similar in form to the olearias, and
in general their culture is the same. Of the
high mountain species, Senecio cassinioides is
one of the best. It is a large shrub with small,
aromatic leaves and bears masses of deep
yellow flower heads. S. revolutus is an interest-
ing prostrate shrub which creeps over stony
ground in dry areas of the South Island.
S. laxifolius is a low shrub of upland areas
and has attractive whitish leaves and bright
yellow heads. It is frequently confused in
horticulture with the more handsome lowland
S. Greyii, (fig. 9) which is likely less hardy
than 5. laxifolius. Of special interest, although
it is not an alpine, is S. Kirkii, a symmetrical
shrub which frequently perches as an epiphyte
on trees in the dark North Island forests. It
has glossy, dark-green leaves and becomes
covered with a profusion of snow-white flower
heads.
Pachystegia insignis is a singularly attrac-
tive plant which deserves more attention than
it has been given in the past. It is a low,
straggling shrub with large grey leaves, shin-
ing above and tomentose beneath. Younger
portions of the stems are also clothed with
this thick tomentum. The long, stout peduncles
each bear a single hemispherical head with
many crowded white ray-florets and yellow
disc-florets. This species grows on dry cliffs in
the northeastern part of the South Island, and
seems to adapt well to cultivation, at least in
many parts of New Zealand, (fig. 8).
The Epacridaceae, a family related to the
Ericaceae, has many species of horticultural
worth. The genus Cyathodes contains an array
of shrubby species with needle-like leaves and
showy red or white fruit. Dracophyllum Men-
ziesii is an interesting small, much-branched
epacrid which bears panicles of large, waxy-
white flowers amongst the clusters of recurved,
Agave-like leaves borne at the tips of stubby
branches. D. Urvilleanum is a taller, but
Senecio Greyii, a cliff-dweller from the
North Island.
—PHOTO BY A. P. DRUCE,
(Fig. 9) WELLINGTON, N. Z.
smaller-flowered species with long graceful
leaves resembling pine needles. Leucopogon
Fraseri is a dwarf, much-branched shrub at-
tractive not only for its single, sweet-scented
flowers, but also for its large, translucent
orange drupes borne in abundance. Only two
genera of the Ericaceae are represented in
New Zealand; one or two small pernettyas
and some gaultherias. Gaultheria depressa is
a highly variable species, some varieties of
which form wiry mats on which the relatively
large white or red fruits are copiously borne.
Perhaps the most handsome Gaultheria in
New Zealand is G. oppositi folia, from the vol-
canic plateau of the North Island. It is a low,
branched shrub with large, shining, opposite
leaves and great panicles of white flowers. It
may not be fully hardy, but it should certainly
be tried.
There are at least 45 species of Coprosma
(Rubiaceae) native to New Zealand, varying
in habit from cushion-plants to good-sized
trees. The flowers of this genus are incon-
spicuous, but the foliage and fruit are fre-
quently handsome. One of the best of the low
species is C. brunnea. I will never forget my
first sight of it on the bed of the Waimakariri
river in the Southern Alps. The yellowish
tangled stems covered several square feet of
(Continued on Page 111)
-
Abies amabilis at Low Divide, Olympic Mts.
(Fig. 10)
-PHOTO BY B. O. MULLIGAN
96
Pacific Silver Fir
Abies amabilis (Dougl. ) Forbes
C. Frank Brockman
HpHIS SPECIES, the most common of the
true firs native to the State of Washing-
ton, is found in the Olympics and Cascades at
elevations varying from about 1,000 to 5,000
feet; its complete geographic range embraces
an area from coastal southeastern Alaska on
the north to the southern Oregon Cascades.
It is a tree of great beauty with lustrous
dark green foliage. Individual needles are
generally flat, vary in length from $4 to V/2
inches, are silvery white (stomatiferous) on
the under side and, like all true firs, leave a
distinctive round leaf scar when they drop or
are pulled from the twig. In addition, they
grow from the top as well as the sides of the
branches and thus obscure the twig from view.
This feature of the foliage readily distin-
guishes the Pacific silver fir from the grand
fir, one of the common associates at the lower
part of its altitudinal range. Foliage of the
grand fir grows only from the sides of the
branch, so that twig and foliage appear not
unlike “hair parted in the middle.” And since
the foliage of the Pacific silver fir is stomatif-
erous only on the lower surface, it may be
quickly distinguished from that of the two
other true firs native to Washington — noble
fir and alpine fir. The foliage of both these
species has stomates on all surfaces, as a
casual examination with hand lens or magni-
fying glass will indicate. Further, individual
needles of noble fir — especially those on the
upper branches — are usually plump in cross
section rather than flat, as are the needles of
the Pacific silver fir.
Cones of the Pacific silver fir are also dis-
tinctive. In common with all true firs they
stand erect on the branches and disintegrate
on maturity. They are further characterized
•
by a length of from 3^4 to 6 inches, a form
This is the twelfth in our series of articles on
trees native to the northwest.
which is cylindrical or “barrel-shaped,” and a
deep purple color. Alpine fir cones, while pur-
ple, are much smaller and of a different shape;
grand fir cones are green and slightly smaller
than those of Pacific silver fir; noble fir cones
differ from those of the Pacific silver fir in
their larger size, their columnar form, and the
presence of numerous, overlapping green
bracts which extend from between the scales
to cover the cone of the noble fir like shingles
on a roof.
Another distinctive feature of the Pacific
silver fir is its bark which, even on large
trunks, retains an essentially smooth appear-
ance, typified by irregular gray to chalky-
colored patches and resin blisters. Although
larger specimens are found, mature specimens
average from two to four feet in diameter and
from 140 to 160 feet in height, (fig. 10).
Although the wood of the Pacific silver fir
is not of high quality for lumber it is widely
used in the manufacture of paper pulp. In-
creasing quantities of this species are being
cut in the Puget Sound region to supply the
needs of local paper mills. In addition, the
development of epidemic infestations of a
small beetle — with the generic name of Pseu-
dohylesinus — which destroys this species by
girdling in the cambium layer, has also accel-
erated logging in Pacific silver fir stands in the
Cascades. Since the Pacific silver fir is not a
long-lived tree, and this insect attacks older
trees of weakened vitality, much of this log-
ging is, in effect, a salvage operation.
The beautiful spire-like crown typical of the
Pacific silver fir, together with its lustrous,
dark green foliage, are exceptionally well-
adapted to landscape decoration. Although
widely used in Europe for that purpose it is
not often found in local parks and gardens.
Residents of the Puget Sound region should
become better acquainted with this tree’s
singular beauty.
97
The Olympic Rain Forest
Grant W. Sharpe*
jpVERY American national park preserves
some fundamental feature which distin-
guishes it from other national parks, and only
one of its kind is preserved. Every national
park was founded on this concept and pre-
serves its unique feature in the form of an
outdoor museum. Olympic National Park, on
the Olympic Peninsula in Western Washing-
ton, is such a museum. The park includes
within its boundaries a rugged wilderness of
mountains, glaciers, seascapes, wildlife and
forests. Individually all of these features are
found in other national parks. What then is
Olympic’s unique feature? The title has al-
ready given it away — the rain forest. Most of
the national parks have forests but none pos-
sesses one like that found on the west side of
the park in the lowland river valleys. A mild
climate, gentle topography, and centuries of
abundant rainfall — the highest in the United
States — combine to make this forest unique.
In these ocean-facing valleys of the park
the four major coniferous species of the Pacific
Northwest attain their maximum development.
The striking feature of these wet lowland
forests, in addition to the tree sizes, is the
luxuriantly developed epiphytic vegetation
(plants which grow upon other plants, not as
parasites, but deriving moisture and nutrients
chiefly from the air). These epiphytes, mainly
mosses, liverworts, and lichens, are found up-
holstering the trunks and crowns of all trees.
The tree size and epiphytic growth is attrib-
uted largely to the rainfall so let’s consider
the reason for the abundant rainfall at this
time.
The amount of rain that falls on a mountain
mass is usually dependent on the latter’s prox-
imity to an ocean. The closer a mountain mass
is to the ocean, the greater will be the pre-
*Mr. Sharpe has worked as Park Naturalist
at Olympic National Park during the summers
of 1952 through 1955. During this period much
time was spent by him in conducting a study
of the Olympic Rain Forest. He is co-author
with Mrs. Sharpe of “101 Wildflowers of Olym-
pic National Park.”
cipitation. The moisture, derived from the
ocean, is carried landward by the prevailing
winds. This cold Olympic land mass (whose
highest point is only 32 airline miles from the
Pacific) acts as a barrier, forcing the warm,
moist air from the southwest to rise and con-
dense. Moisture is extracted to such an extent
on the windward side that little is left for the
lee slopes. It is seen from this that the amount
of rainfall varies within a mountain area.
Along the coast rainfall reaches 90 inches
annually. Further inland, in the west side
river valleys (the Bogachiel, Hoh, Queets and
two forks of the Quinault) the annual rainfall
varies from 130 to 160 inches. f It is in these
undisturbed valleys of Olympic National Park
that the unique rain forests exist.
The effectiveness of the Olympic Mountains
as a moisture barrier is better understood
when one realizes that 33 miles from the wet-
test part of the United States, a limited rain-
fall makes irrigation a common practice. Rain-
fall at the town of Sequim, for example, on the
lee or sheltered side of the Olympics, is less
than 18 inches annually.
What effect does this heavy rainfall have on
the vegetation of the rain forest valleys? The
tree sizes have been mentioned only briefly.
The floors of the rain forest valleys are
clothed chiefly with conifers. The most abun-
dant species is Sitka spruce ( Picea sitchensis )
which occurs in both pure and mixed stands
with other conifers. It frequently attains
heights up to 300 feet although the average
more closely approaches 220 feet. The aver-
age DBHJ is nearly six feet. One Sitka spruce,
the largest ever recorded, has a 15-foot DBH
and is located on the Hoh River, 10 miles
inside the park boundary.
Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) is
, fTotal annual precipitation in the Olympics
reaches over 220 inches; however, this occurs
only at high altitudes where severe conditions
permit no trees to grow.
f Diameter at breast height, 4V2 feet above
ground.
98
the second most common rain forest conifer.
It, too, occurs in pure form or mixed with
other conifers. Although the largest recorded
hemlock is 9 feet DBH, located near Enchant-
ed Valley on the East Fork of the Quinault
River, the average hemlock DBH is only 30
inches. A four-foot DBH is common, but so
is one of 15 inches. Heights average 150 feet,
but often reach 200.
Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga Menziesii [taxi-
folia] ) and Western red cedar (Thuja plicata )
complete the conifer list. Douglas fir is found
on well-drained benches and side slopes. This
species only occasionally forms pure stands on
the valley floors. More often isolated species
occur with spruce and hemlock. Its average
DBH is 7 feet 6 inches, and its height 255
feet. Occasional trees reach 300 feet. The
record tree is located on the Queets River.
Its DBH is over 17 feet.
Western red cedar is the least common of
the conifers. In the rain forest it occurs only
as isolated specimens and has an average
diameter of 7 feet 6 inches. Heights average
142 feet. Further west in the poorly drained
areas it grows in pure stands. Two cedars in
the park are 20 and 22 feet in DBH.
Big leaf maple (Acer macro phyllum) is the
most striking of the rain forest deciduous
trees. It commonly occurs in groves. Average
height is 90 feet, DBH 30 inches. Its note-
worthy feature is the luxuriant plant growth
found on its trunk and its crown.
Red alder ( Alnus rubra ) is the most abun-
dant of the hardwoods and occurs in large
stands along the river bottoms. Isolated trees
do occur as relics among the conifers. Heights
and diameters are small. The DBH averages
16 inches, height 95 feet.
Black cottonwood ( Populus trichocarpa ) is
also found along the rivers, usually mixed in
red alder or conifer stands. The average DBH
is 42 inches although diameters over 70 inches
have been taken. Heights average 146 feet,
frequently reaching 180 feet.
Vine maple (Acer circinatum) occurs every-
where in the rain forest, especially in the
conifer stands, as an understory shrub. Pure
stands are common where it is of sufficient
size to be classed as a tree.
There are fifteen species of shrubs, the most
common being red whortleberry (V accinium
parvifolium) and blue whortleberry (V. ovali-
folium), which grow to 15 feet tall. Five ferns
are represented here. Western swordfern
( Polystichum munitum ) is the most common,
occurring on soil everywhere. Licorice fern
(Poly podium vulgar e) is common on big leaf
maple trunks and crowns. It also grows in
conifer crowns, some specimens occurring 270
feet above ground. A close relative to the ferns
is Selaginella oregona, a club moss which
reaches its maximum development on trunks
and crowns of big leaf maple.
Grasses, sedges, and rushes total 28. Com-
mon grasses include Bromus sitchensis, Trise-
tum cernuum , Deschampsia caespitosa, two
Poa and two Agrostis species. The most com-
mon sedge is Carex brunnescens. Luzula par-
vi flora is the common rush.
Herbs other than the grasses and grass-like
plants total approximately 75 in number.
Preferences for the soil beneath either conifers
or deciduous trees is noticeable in this group
of plants. Space does not permit listing all of
the plants; however, here are some of the
more common. Oregon oxalis ( Oxalis ore-
gona), trefoil foamflower (Tiarella trifoliata),
sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum),
catchweed bedstraw (G. aparine), Western
springbeauty (Claytonia sibirica), beadruby
( Maianthemum dilatatum) , American adeno-
caulon (Adenocaulon bicolor), youth-on-age
(Tolmiea Menziesii) , and common selfheal
(Prunella vulgaris). A notable example of a
plant preferring a certain tree type is the
trailing raspberry (Rubus pedatus), very
common over the ground and on logs in coni-
fer stands but almost entirely lacking under
hardwoods.
What is lacking in species of ferns is made
up by the conspicuous bryophytes, the name
given to the mosses and liverworts. These
seedless plants total 71 and 30, respectively.
Here again one notices a preference not only
for particular tree types but for specific loca-
tions on the trees as well. Mosses abundant
99
on the ground and on logs include Rhytidia-
delphus loreus, Eurhynchium oreganum, Hy-
locomium splendens and Plagiothecium undu-
latum. Mnium insigne is especially abundant
on the soil in hardwood stands. Trunk mosses
include Hypnum circinale, Dicranum jusce-
scens, Hypnum subimponens, and Pseudoiso-
thecium stoloniferum. Big leaf maple trunks
support Neckera Menziesii, the crowns N.
Douglasii. Other crown species include Pseu-
doisothecium stoloniferum, and Antitrichia
curtipendula. Orthotrichum Lyellii var. papil-
losum and Ulotia obtusiuscula show a distinct
preference for the crowns of black cottonwood
and red alder.
Of the liverworts on conifer trunks Scapania
Bolanderi is the most abundant. A small liver-
wort, Dounia ovata, grows in conifer crowns
on the underside of limbs, found on occasion
over 280 feet above ground. The most robust
of the liverworts is Porella navicularis which
occurs on hardwood trunks and crowns. Frul-
lania nisquallensis has a preference for red
alder crowns. The greatest number of liver-
worts occur on the sides of rotting logs. The
most common include Riccardia latifrons,
Calypogea trichomanis, Cephalozia bicuspi-
data, C. media, Lophozia incisa, and Scapania
Bolanderi.
Lichens show the greatest preference of all
rain forest plants for a particular habitat. Lim-
ited space, however, does not permit listing
any of these 70 lichens here. A visitor in
search of foliose lichens will see only two
species if he looks no higher than the ground.
The other 30 occur in the tree crowns.
An interesting note on lichens is that over
30 of one form or another (crustose, foliose,
or fruticose) occur in red alder and black
cottonwood stands, yet less than half that
number occur on maples. Lichens, it seems,
compete unfavorably with the mosses in the
maple stands.
During the taxonomical-ecological study of
the rain forests within Olympic National Park
the author found over 300 different species of
plant growth between 500 and 1000 feet ele-
vation. Several of these species have never
before been recorded in the State of Wash-
ington.
Below:
The author in the Hall of Mosses, Hoh Valley,
Olympic National Park.
(Fig. 11) —PHOTO BY G. W. SHARPE
Interested readers will find a complete list
of all rain forest plants in the author’s doc-
toral thesis in the library of the College of
Forestry, University of Washington.
A story of the Olympic Rain Forest would
not be complete without explaining how coni-
fers get their start. Seeds of conifers germi-
nate everywhere on the forest floor, but com-
petition from mosses and other plants seems
to eliminate any chance for their survival.
Those germinating on rotting logs, however,
do survive. Let us take a typical log. Its sur-
face becomes covered with hundreds of seed-
lings. As the years pass, competition among
the seedlings eliminates the less hardy. In 50
years probably not more than 15 seedlings
survive. These survivors have long since sent
their roots out around the log and down to
mineral soil. One can look elsewhere in the
forest to see this scene as it would look 200
years later. The survivors are growing in a
straight line, and the rotting log or “nurse
tree” is still there (fig. 12). Two more cen-
turies, and the surviving trees will have in-
creased their diameters greatly. The nurse
log may or may not be completely decom-
posed. If it is decomposed the trees of the
colonnade will appear to be standing on stilts
(the roots once sent around the log to mineral
soil). With time these roots will enlarge and
fill in the space left by the now disintegrated
nurse log. These colonnades are common in
the rain forest, and the Sitka spruce is espe-
cially noted for its huge swollen base.
The observant visitor to the rain forest will
frequently find a sphagnum moss. Elsewhere
its normal habitat is in bogs. The heavy rain-
fall here, however, permits its growth not only
on the ground, but on logs as well. This is
one of the rain forest’s most remarkable
features.
The term “jungle-like” is often applied by
popular writers to the Olympic rain forest.
The canopy of the forest is dense, and there
are at least 104 known species of plants living
on the trunks and in the crowns of the trees.
Yet this does not constitute a jungle. On the
contrary, the forest floor itself is actually open
and park-like. This would not be the case if
(Continued on Page 111)
Below:
A moss-covered nurse log between two
Western hemlocks.
(Fig. 12) —PHOTO BY G. W. SHARPE
M I '
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Testing Barberries for Resistance to Stem Rust* 1
Ralph U. Cotter *
JN 1865, Anton de Bary (1) established the
fact that barberry serves as the alternate
host of black stem rust, and this fact has been
repeatedly corroborated by other workers.
Hundreds of spreads of rust from barberry to
wheat, oats, barley, and rye fields have been
recorded in the United States since 1918. In
one such spread in Indiana (10) it was esti-
mated that $50,000 damage was done to grain
by stem rust, which originated on a single
barberry bush.
In 1927 and 1928, Craigie (2, 3) proved
that mixing the exudate of several pycnia re-
sults in the formation of aecia beneath these
pycnia. In 1930, Stakman, et al (12) and New-
ton, et al (8) presented evidence of the origin
of physiologic forms of stem rust through
hybridization on the barberry. Additional con-
tributions to this subject came later, all of
which show that, coincident with the develop-
ment of rust on the barberry, new races of the
fungus are produced by hybridization of exist-
ing races. The races are designated by number
and vary in their ability to attack different
varieties of grain. Their importance has been
demonstrated recently by races such as 15B
of wheat stem rust and 7 of the oat stem rust.
These races were first found in rust samples
taken from the barberry and for a number of
years thereafter only in barberry-infested ter-
ritory. In those areas they build up and
eventually spread throughout the important
grain-growing areas of the United States and
Canada. These races have since been respon-
sible for losses amounting to hundreds of mil-
lions of bushels of small grain.
Thus the importance of susceptible species
of barberry, mahonia, and mahoberberis to
the stem-rust control problem has been defi-
nitely established. When the barberry-eradica-
*Dr. Cotter is associated with the Plant Pest
Control Branch, Agricultural Research Service,
U. S. Department of Agriculture, in cooperation
with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment
Station.
1. Published with the approval of the director,
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
tion program was started in 1918, the objective
was to eliminate the common barberry (Ber-
beris vulgaris). Surveys to determine the prev-
alence and distribution of this species of bar-
berry showed that there were a large number
of species of barberry, quite a few of mahonia,
and at least one species of mahoberberis in the
area. At that time it was not known whether
all of these were susceptible to stem rust.
Source of Material
An effort has been made to test all the spe-
cies and varieties currently in commerce in this
country. Fewer species of barberry now are
being sold by nurseries than was the case 20
years ago, because many of the bushes then
offered for sale were susceptible to stem rust.
State and/or Federal legislation now regulates
the shipment of all resistant barberry and ma-
honia species and the interstate movement of
susceptible stock is prohibited.
The species and varieties of barberry and
mahonia found in the United States came pri-
marily from nurseries in this country, although
some were imported from other countries, par-
ticularly Europe. Most of the imported spe-
cies were found to be susceptible to rust.
Others were native species, such as the ma-
honias, which, as a class, tended to be resis-
tant. Most of these came from the West and
Southwest and were natives of dry, arid
country. The four known species of maho-
berberis are crosses between the Berber is and
Mahonia genera.
Many so-called barberry species or horti-
cultural varieties are hybrids or crosses be-
tween two species. When both parents are
resistant, the hybrid usually is resistant to
stem rust. However, if one parent is suscep-
tible, it might well be assumed that some of
the progeny would be susceptible. An example
is B. ottawensis, a hybrid between B. vulgaris
and B. Thunbergii. When the plant characters
of the hybrid indicate that one of its parents
might be susceptible, it is desirable that some
of the seedlings from the hybrid be made
102
available for testing. The Sheridan red bar-
berry is a good example of a hybrid where
the F-l was highly resistant, but some of the
plants grown from the seed of this hybrid
were highly susceptible.
Method of Testing
Information was gathered quickly on the
more susceptible species, which were found to
be infected in nature in such places as High-
land Park, Rochester, New York; the Arnold
Arboretum of Harvard University; and gar-
dens such as N. E. Hansen’s experimental plots
at Brookings, South Dakota (5). Many of
these species rusted heavily in nature, but it
was necessary to test others by artificial meth-
ods under greenhouse conditions. This meth-
od of testing consists, essentially, of control
over such factors as heat and moisture, and
prolonged exposure of the barberry to infec-
tion under favorable conditions.
Another important feature is that indoor
testing of barberry be done with known ino-
culum. It is desirable that any species, variety,
or hybrid be tested with teliospores of several
varieties of stem rust, particularly with the
teliospores of the three varieties of stem rust
that occur on wheat, rye, and oats (Puccinia
graminis tritici, P. graminis secalis, and P.
graminis avenae). While there is no evidence
that any species or variety of barberry or ma-
honia may be susceptible to one of these rust
varieties and not to the others, it is preferable
to use telia of more than one variety of stem
rust. Most of the barberries tested at the
Cooperative Rust Laboratory, St. Paul Cam-
pus, University of Minnesota, were inoculated
with telial material obtained from wheat and
oats, which comprised many races of the
fungus. Rye telial material was used when
available.
The plants selected for testing at the Co-
operative Rust Laboratory should be uniform
for botanical characters, conform to the de-
scription for that species, be small enough to
be handled easily in the tests (less than a foot
high), and vigorous enough to leaf out readily
in the greenhouse. Six plants of a given species
is considered the minimum number adequate
for testing, although more would be desirable.
The dormant plants are potted and placed
in the greenhouse to become established.
When they leaf out during the cooler months,
they are placed in an incubator in a cool
room (about 17 degrees C). Each incubator
holds five to six plants, one of which is known
to be susceptible to rust. A wide-meshed
, screen is suspended over the plants, and straw
bearing viable teliospores of stem rust is
placed thereon. This straw is sprinkled with
water each evening for a week, with the cover
being replaced each time. The inoculated
plants are placed in the greenhouse, where
after an interval of five to ten days, the rust
appears on the susceptible plants as small
orange spots on the upper side of the leaves.
This process is repeated with a second series
of five to six plants, if available, (fig. 13).
The first rust infection that appears on the
barberry is the pycnial stage, and it is in this
stage that hybridization of the rust may occur.
The pycnia are followed about a week later
by the aecia, which are small, orange-colored,
cup- or horn-like structures on the lower side
of the leaves. These contain the aeciospores,
Below:
Berberis vulgaris ( susceptible ) . Note rust
infection on leaves (insert). Most barberries
with spiny-edged leaves are susceptible to
stem rust.
( Fig. 13) —PHOTO COURTESY OF DR. COTTER
which infect susceptible grains and grasses,
producing the urediospores, or red spores. This
red or summer stage of the stem rust is the
destructive stage of the fungus.
Reaction of Barberries
The reaction of barberries to stem-rust in-
fection varies from complete immunity to com-
plete susceptibility. Part of this seems to be
due to the thickness of the cell wall of the
leaves, as shown by Melander (6) and Me-
lander and Craigie (7). There are fewer
susceptible barberries in the thick-leaved ever-
green Berberis and Mahonia groups than in the
deciduous barberries, which have thinner
leaves. But these morphological differences in
leaf structure are not the sole reason for dif-
ceptible species are deciduous-leaved, but the
evergreen-leaved species usually are resistant
in varying degrees. Some of the evergreen-
leaved barberries, such as B. Chenaultii and B.
Sargentiana, have been immune in the tests
made; others, like B. Julianae , B. Gagnepainii,
and B. formosana, have in a few tests been
very lightly infected; and a few species
like B. atrocarpa, B. chry so phaera, B.
Knightii, and B. laevis readily become infect-
ed. Both the evergreen-leaved Berberis and
the mahonias probably owe their resistance to
their thick, leathery leaves, which are too
tough for the rust to invade readily, as in the
case of B. Julianae and Mahonia repens.
Extent of Tests
ferences in susceptibility, as there are some
thin-leaved Berberis species, such as B. Gil-
giana and B. koreana > which have considerable
resistance to stem rust. The age of the leaves
plays a part in the reaction of the plant to the
rust fungus. Leaves of the common barberry
are very susceptible up to the age of 12 days,
with lessening infection up to 16 days (4).
Leaves of the evergreen barberries and ma-
honias do not remain susceptible nearly so
long. Once inside the leaves of the common
barberry, the rust can remain alive for nearly
a month in the spring and endure tempera-
tures down to freezing. It will continue its
normal life cycle when conditions become
more favorable for its growth (4).
Some authorities recognize three genera of
Berberidaceae which rust, namely, Berberis,
Mahonia, and Mahoberberis. The genus Ber-
beris, whose species have spines and fascicled
leaves, contains the larger part of the suscep-
tible barberries. The mahonias, with unarmed
stems and compound leaves, are in general
somewhat resistant to rust. The genus Maho-
berberis has both simple and compound leaves.
Mahoberberis Neuberti is highly susceptible
but Mahoberberis Miethkeana is resistant.
Both apparently are sterile, although a few
infertile berries have been found on the latter
species. Within the Berberis section there are
two groups of plants, the deciduous and the
evergreen-leaved barberries. Most of the sus-
The present-day knowledge of the suscep-
tibility of various species of barberry is the
result of work done by a number of investi-
gators. In 1923, Stakman and Levine (11)
compiled a list of susceptible and resistant
barberries, and this was followed by supple-
mentary lists by Melander and Lambert in
1923 (in 4) and by Melander in 1924 (6).
This material was gathered together and
added to by Cotter (4) and Levine and
Cotter (5) in 1932. Since that time, up-to-
date lists have been issued by the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture as a result of ad-
ditional tests made by the author. The latest
(1955), published by the Plant Pest Control
Branch, U. S. Department of Agriculture (9),
lists the following species and varieties as
resistant:
Scientific name:
Berberis arido-calida
B. Beaniana
B. buxifolia
B. buxifolia nana
B. calliantha
B. candidula
B. Chenaultii
B. circumserrata
B. concinna
B. Darwinii
B. formosana
B. Franchetiana
B. Gagnepainii
B. Gilgiana
B. Horvathii
B. hybrido-gagnepainii
B. insignis
B. Julianae
B. koreana
B. Lempergiana
Scientific name:
B. stenophylla nana
compacta
B. telomaica artisepala
B. Thunbergii
B. Thunbergii atropur-
purea
B. Thunbergii atropur-
purea nana
B. Thunbergii erecta
B. Thunbergii “globe”
B. Thunbergii “golden”
B. Thunbergii Maxi-
mowiczii
B. Thunbergii minor
B. Thunbergii pluri-
flora
B. Thunbergii “thorn-
less”
B. Thunbergii “varie-
gata”
104
B. lepidifolia
B. linearifolia
B. linearifolia var.
Orange King
B. lologensis
B. mentorensis
B. pallens
B. Potaninii
B. Renton
B. replicata
B. sanguinea
B. Sargentiana
B. stenophylla
B. stenophylla diversi-
folia
B. stenophylla gracilis
B. stenophylla Irwinii
B. Thunbergii xantho-
carpa
B. triacanthophora
B. verruculosa
B. virgetorum
B. xanthoxylon
Mahoberberis Mieth-
keana
Mahonia Aquifolium
M. Bealei
M. compacta
M. dictyota
M. Fortunei
M. lomariifolia
M. nervosa
M. pinnata
M. repens
These may be moved interstate in compli-
ance with the provisions of the Federal Black
Stem Rust Quarantine No. 38.
In the susceptible list there are 120 species
and varieties, plus 35 synonyms. Over 100
of these belong to the Berberis group, and
the majority of them are barberries which
were in commerce 25 or more years ago and
are seldom encountered now.
Discussions and Conclusions
The program carried on during the past 30
years to test barberry, mahonia, and maho-
berberis species has eliminated from com-
merce a large number of susceptible species,
varieties, and hybrids and has greatly re-
duced the possibility of susceptible species
becoming reestablished in grain-producing
areas. It has greatly reduced the number of
species in trade channels and those now being
offered for sale within the 19 barberry-
eradication states.
Many of the barberries tested during the
past five years have been seedlings of ap-
parent hybrid origin. Because of the elimi-
nation of the susceptible species in the
United States, these hybrids have, for the
most part, proved to be resistant, since they
were the result of crosses between resistant
parents. Others were selections or strains
from resistant species, such as the varicolored
strains of B. Thunbergii; also the thornless
and upright-habit strains. Plants grown from
seed obtained from some foreign countries
have been a problem because no information
was available concerning the probable par-
ents. Quarantine regulations now prohibit the
importation of seed of any species of bar-
berry or mahonia. The urge to have some-
thing better or different will result in still
more new varieties of barberry, and for this
reason it may be necessary to continue the
testing work for some time, in order to weed
out those species which rust and thus are a
menace to the small-grain crops.
1. Bary, A. de — Neue Untersuchungen uber
die Uredineen, insbesondere die Entwicklung
der Puccinia graminis und den Zusammenhang
derselben mit Aecidium berberidis. Monatsber.
K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. 1865: 15-79. Berlin.
2. Craigie, J. H. — Discovery of the function
of the pycnia of the rust fungi. Nature 120:
765-767. 1927.
3 - — On the occurrence of
pycnia and aecia in certain rust fungi. Phyto-
pathology 18: 1005-1015. 1928.
4. Cotter, Ralph U. — Factors affecting the
development of the aecial stage of Puccinia
graminis. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 314.
1932.
5. Levine, M. N. and R. U. Cotter — Suscep-
tibility and resistance of Berberis and related
genera to Puccinia graminis. U.S. Dept. Agr.
Tech. Bui. 300. 1932.
6. Melander, L. W. — Studies of the relation
of Berberis species to Puccinia graminis Pers.
Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Min-
nesota. 1924.
7. Melander, L. W. and J. H. Craigie — Na-
ture of resistance of Berberis spp. to Puccinia
graminis. Phytopathology 17: 95-114. 1927.
8. Newton, Margaret, T. Johnson, and A.
M. Brown — A preliminary study on the hy-
bridization of physiologic forms of Puccinia
graminis tritici. Scientific Agriculture 10: 721-
731. 1930.
9. Popham, W. L. — Administrative instruc-
tions designating rust-resistant species and va-
rieties of barberry, mahoberberis, and mahonia
plants. P.P.C. 577, Rev. Part 301 — Domestic
Quarantine Notices; Subpart — Black Stem
Rust. April 6, 1955.
10. Stakman, E. C., F. E. Kempton, and
Lynn D. Hutton. The common barberry and
black stem rust. U.S. Dept. Agr. Farmers’ Bui.
1544: 10. 1929.
(Continued on Page 111)
105
mu
—
Flowering branch of Colletia armata, November
10, 1955. Inset: Flowers, about twice natural size.
;Fig. 14) —PHOTO BY DON NORMARK
106
New or Unusual Plants in the Arboretum
. 4. Colletia Armata
J. A. Witt
^IHXLE, that long, narrow country on the
west side of South America, has furnished
the Arboretum with some beautiful and useful
plants. The Chilean Pernettya, Pernettya
mucronata, is probably Chile’s best-known
contribution, but there are many others, in-
cluding the unusual orange-flowered Buddleia
globosa, several species of Escallonia, the
flamboyant Chilean fire bush, Embothrium
lanceolatum, and that fine evergreen barberry,
Berber is Darwinii.
Perhaps some of the most unusual plants
native to Chile growing here are the Colletias,
of which Colletia armata is our best example.
The Colletias are members of the Buckthorn
family (Rhamnaceae) , of which our native
cascara, Rhamnus Purshiana, is a member.
There is little similarity between Colletia
armata and the cascara, save in the floral
parts, but there is a definite family resem-
blance between it and some of the more spiny
buckthorns such as Rhamnus japonica or
Zizyphus Jujuba, the common Jujube.
Our two large plants of Colletia armata,
now about six and seven feet high, were re-
ceived as seed from the Royal Botanic Gar-
dens, Kew, England, in April 1946, and were
planted in their present location, north of the
office and west of the rest rooms, in April
1952. In January 1953, the south plant flow-
ered for the first time, then again in August of
the same year. This year (1955) it flowered
in mid-August, continuing until mid-Septem-
ber. To our surprise, it began flowering again
the first part of November, and was in full
flower when the freezing weather came No-
vember 12th. Its mate, the north plant, was
in full bud at that time. (fig. 14).
The plant is a deciduous, spreading shrub
ultimately to 12 feet, whose leaves are never
much in evidence, and whose young shoots
consist of round, gray-green, stiff and thick
spines set on other spines. These actually are
the young branches, and carry the flowers and
fruit. Each is tipped with a very sharp callus,
giving the whole plant a most formidable
aspect. The flowers, actually the calyces for
the petals are absent, are little waxen bells
3/16 of an inch long and about 1/8 inch
broad, pale pink when in bud, changing to
off-white when fully open. These are borne in
clusters of twos or threes along the spines.
They are carried in such profusion, however,
that they cover the stiff lines of the bush, giv-
ing it a light, airy appearance. The flowers
give off a very sweet perfume, much like that
of the Hawthorn, and seem to be a prime
favorite of the bees. On a warm day a flower-
ing plant fairly buzzes.
The leaves, found only on the older wood,
are very small, very few and soon lost. The
twigs and stem carry on the necessary photo-
synthetic processes.
It requires a sunny location if it is to flower
well, and a sandy, well-drained soil. It is quite
hardy, having survived the winter of 1949-50
while still in the nursery, and a low tempera-
ture of 12° in the winter of 1953-54 in its
present location. The plant to the north has
been affected by a die-back which killed a
number of shoots, but does not seem to be
severe enough to do more than disfigure it.
It is native to southern Chile, in the prov-
inces of Valdivia and Llanguihue, from where
it was introduced into England in the early
1880’s. The typical C. armata has a distinct
down on the spines, which our plant lacks. We
think that it is probably Colletia armata forma
subglabra, a form described from a plant
growing at Kew.*
Colletia armata is not a plant for every
garden, but it is a most interesting oddity.
107
Plants of New Zealand in the University of Washington
Arboretum
Mrs. Raymond D. Ogden*
In the University of Washington Arboretum
are many plants whose original home is in far
distant New Zealand, a group of islands in
the southern hemisphere that reminded me a
little of our Pacific Northwest. North Island,
originally covered with forests of Kauri pine,
is now a land of gently rolling hills and val-
leys split almost in two by a large volcanic
and thermal area, devoted mainly to agricul-
ture and dairy farms. The South Island, a
mountainous land of snow-capped peaks, deep
fertile valleys, large forests of southern beech,
is now given over to cattle and sheep. There
are many smaller islands of like topography.
The first interesting plants from these far
islands, found near the Camellia collection on
the upper south bank of Rhododendron Glen,
is a group of Hoheria glabrata , a tree of the
mallow family. It grows to a height of 30
feet, bears branches with oval leaves about
five inches long, and white flowers followed by
winged seeds. The larger tree flowered and
fruited this year; it was raised from seeds
received from a garden in northern Ireland
in 1950.
In the oak section are a few specimens of
southern beech, N othofagus. As yet they are
very small trees but at maturity should reach
heights of 50-60 feet. N. Menziesii, “Silver
Beech,” has horizontal branches with brown
hairs, leaves a shiny dark green, ovate, one-
fourth to one-half-inch long. The “Red
Beech,” N. jusca, has downy branches, ever-
green reddish brown oblong leaves, one to
one and one-quarter inches long and deeply
serrate. An alpine evergreen N . cliffortioides,
with white bark, leaves one-quarter to one-
half-inch long with grayish-white hairs under-
neath, is a third species here.
A small slender shrub at the west end of
the greenhouse with very long narrow leaves,
* Mrs. Ogden is a member of the “Frances
Macbride” Arboretum Unit (No. 41) and has
just recently made a trip to New Zealand.
shiny green above and white and downy
underneath, is Corokia buddleoides, a mem-
ber of the Dogwood family, Cornaceae. It has
yellow fragrant flowers but so far has not
bloomed here and does not appear too happy
in its location; it has also been planted near
the south end of the Arboretum.
Near the Clubhouse are three small trees
which at first glance look like cedars. They are
Phylloclad,us alpinus, the mountain celery pine.
The pale yellow-green “foliage” is not true
leaves but flat twigs clustered at the end of
the branches. As the tree matures the branches
bend down, touch the ground, root, and the
tip rises again, forming another tree. Thus
it “walks through the forest.”
Podocarpus nivalis, on the rock wall behind
the greenhouse, is a member of the pine fami-
ly. It is densely branched with pale, light
green, thick leathery leaves. The branches
grow outward rather than upward, thus ap-
pearing to be continually cut down. They will
root along the underside wherever the branches
touch the ground. In its native land it grows
at an altitude of 2,000-4,000 feet. Also on the
rock wall is Celmisia coriacea. An herb, it
has aster-like leaves 8-20 inches long, broad
with deep longitudinal furrows, woolly at first
above, white underneath. At times the flower
stems will reach to 36 inches tall and the
white flower heads to 4 inches wide.
Plants of ground-cover-type and question-
able hardiness are found in the greenhouse
and lath house. One of the most interesting
is Leucopogon Fraseri, a member of the Epa-
cridaceae. A small, erect, aggressive plant
with close-set stiff leaves one-sixth to one-
fourth-inch long with a very pungent odor.
The flowers are large for the plant size, white,
followed by an orange-colored drupe. To my
mind, if found hardy, this would make an
excellent ground cover. A member of the
Ericaceae is Gaultheria antipoda, the New
108
Zealand Snowberry. It is quite low growing
with oblong, red-tipped serrate leaves on
rather scattered branches. An attractive little
shrub with its brownish-red coloring and red
or white fruits in September-October.
Some seedling plants of Muhlenbeckia axil-
laris, of the buckwheat family, with brown
wiry stems and small tufted oblong leaves,
are growing in a flat in the greenhouse.
Among the many varieties of fuchsias which
almost seem to cover the roadsides as one
drives through New Zealand is a slender semi-
prostrate plant 6-8 inches high, Fuchsia pro-
cumbens. The flowers are solitary, tiny, blue
and cerise, and with this unusual feature the
pollen is blue.
Senecio laxifolius, a semi-prostrate shrub
from the South Island, is similar to S. Greyi
which also comes from New Zealand but from
the North Island and has larger leaves. It has
practically taken over the corners by the
garage door.
Two interesting plants behind the green-
houses are N otospartium and Carmichaelia
Ensyii of the legume family. Except in very
young plants they are leafless with whipcord-
like, yellow-green branches. Flowers are pink
or purplish, small and sweetly scented. The
pods open and form a shield for the seeds
which hang on the branches by a thread.
Probably one of the most abundant family
of plants in New Zealand, with upwards of
100 species, are the veronicas ( Hebe species)
and our collection has a number of specimens.
They range in leaf color from grey-green
(Continued on Page 113)
Rooted Cuttings for Cornus Species
Dr. Frederick W. Coe*
T\7TY EXPERIENCE with rooting different
species of Cornus started as a fluke in
the summer of 1954. During the first week in
August I had made my last azalea cuttings of
the season and had nearly filled the cold
frame. As there was a little room left I
thought of trying a few cuttings of a large
bracted plant of C. florida growing nearby and
also a few of a plant of C. Nuttallii brought
from the lower San Francisco peninsula. I
made cuttings of wood which was of good
springy consistency, dipped the basal ends in
Hormodin No. 2 and placed them in the half
and half (by volume) mixture of peat moss
and sand used in the cold frame. I had read
that Cornus was difficult to propagate by cut-
tings and was prepared to see all of the cut-
tings die. Because of this firm belief I had
only made three cuttings of each species.
After about two weeks, following our usual
hot August weather, I noticed the cuttings
looked healthy but had no idea that they were
rooted. On testing them I found marked
resistance on pulling on them. At the end of
*Dr. Coe is a director of the American Horti-
cultural Society, Washington, D. C.
two more weeks — that was near the middle of
September — I dug them up and potted them.
The roots at that time were four to six inches
long. Overwintered in pots plunged in the
cold frame, two of each species have grown
well this summer.
This summer I decided to try all the species
of Cornus that I had available. I again made
cuttings of C. Nuttallii, this time from not
only the peninsula plant but also another
nursery-grown plant. Four cuttings of each
plant were made. In addition I made six cut-
tings of C. jlorida rubra and C. Kousa chinen-
sis. In two weeks all species were apparently
rooted. One cutting of C. florida rubra and
one cutting of the nursery-grown C. Nuttallii
died, but the remainder rooted rapidly and
profusely.
Next year I’ll make a full scale trial and
attempt to root a sufficient number of cuttings
to get some accurate statistics on percentage
of rooting.
Certainly if my experience holds, this is a
much simpler way of propagating good forms
of Cornus than grafting.
109
Quality Plants Available in the Seattle Area
The following list was compiled, prior to
the cold weather in mid-November, by an
energetic member of Lake Washington Garden
Club, for the information of her fellow-mem-
bers. It was formed by visiting sixteen nur-
series in this area and listing plants seen con-
sidered to be in this category. The original
lists, however, contained a number of less
hardy plants which have since been deleted
on account of the abnormally cold weather in
November. While this should be of assistance
in locating these more unusual and less com-
monly available plants, at the same time it
must be recognized (a) that for lack of time
not every nursery in the area was visited, and
(b) that some plants included in it may not
now be available, or fit for sale, owing to the
subsequent cold weather. With those limita-
tions it is offered to our readers.
Sources for any of the plants listed can
be obtained by enquiring from the office of
the Arboretum Foundation (telephone Minor
4510).
Abies lasiocarpa
— nobilis
glauca
— Pinsapo
glauca
Acer griseum
— pseudoplatanus Drummondii
Leopoldii
Albizzia julibrissin
Arbutus Unedo
Arcterica nana
Arctostaphylos Columbiana
Bambosa pygmaea
Berberis triacanthophora
Camellia Sasanqua
— Williamsii “J. C. Williams”
“Mary Christian”
Campsis (red)
Caryopteris clandonensis
Ceanothus “A. T. Johnson”
— gloriosus
— “Marie Simon”
Cephalotaxus Harringtonia
Ceratostigma plumb aginoides
Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Chimonanthus praecox
Clematis Armandi
— tangutica obtusiuscula
Clethra alnifolia
Cornus florida pendula
Welchii (variegated)
— Kousa
Corylopsis glabrescens (Gotoana)
— pauciflora
— platypetala
— sinensis
— spicata
— Willmottiae
Cytisus Battandieri
Daboecia cantabrica Praegeri
Daphne Blagayana
— Mantensiana
— retusa
Davidia involucrata
Distylium racemosum
Elaeagnus angustifolia
— Ebbingei
— pungens
(variegated)
Embothrium lanceolatum
— longifolium
Enkianthus campanulatus
Euonymus alatus nana
— Maackii
— planipes
— radicans kewensis
— sanguinea
Eucryphia intermedia
— nymansensis
Exochorda racemosa ( grandiflora)
Fagus sylvatica aspleniijolia
— sylvatica aurea
Forsythia “Arnold Dwarf”
Fothergilla monticola
Franklinia alatamaha
Gaulthettya wisleyensis
Gaultheria adenothrix
— cuneata
— Miqueliana
— nummularioides
Ginkgo biloba
Halesia Carolina
— monticola
Halimiocistus Sahucii
Hamamelis mollis
brevipetala
Hydrangea petiolaris
— quercifolia
Ilex Aquifolium ferox
myrtifolia
— crenata Helleri
Itea ilicifolia
Kalmia angustifolia
— latifolia Dexter’s strain
— polifolia
Kerria japonica, dwarf variegated
Leucothoe Catesbaei
— Davisiae
— Grayana glaucina
— Keiskei
Ligustrum Delavayanum (ionandrum)
Magnolia Campbellii
— denudata
— Kobus
— Lennei
— salicifolia
— Sargentiana robusta
— Sieboldii (parviflora)
— virginiana
— Wilsonii
Mahoberberis Miethkeana
Mahonia Bealei
110
Malus Sargentii
Metasequoia glyptostroboides
Myrica pennsylvanica
N othofagus antarctica
Osmanthus Delavayi
— suavis
Oxydendrum arboreum
Parrotia persica
Pernettya leucocarpa
— tasmanica
Picea Englemanni
Pieris floribunda (from selected stock)
— japonica forma crispa
Pinus aristata
— densiflora
— Griffithii
Prunus Hillieri (incisa x Sargentii)
— serrulata “Ukon”
Quercus robur Concordia
fastigiata
Raphiolepis indica rosea
Rhus Cotinus purpurea
Sarcococca confusa (ruscifolia)
— Hookeriana
Sciadopitys verticillata
large trees
Sequoia gigantea
— sempervirens
Skimmia Foremanii
— japonica (white berried form)
Stachyurus praecox
Stewartia pseudocamellia
— serrata
Styrax japonica
Taxodium ascendens nutans (pendulum)
— distichum
Ternstroemia japonica
Tsuga canadensis pendula
V accinium Delavayi
Viburnum bodnantense
— fragrans
nanum
— Juddii
— odoratissimum
— rhytidophyllum
— tomentosum v. plicatum
Xanthoceras sorbifolia
Wisteria sinensis (pink form)
Dwarf conifers
Rhododendrons, dwarf
— hybrids
— species
i i i
Testing Barberries for Resistance
to Stem Rust
(Continued from Page 105)
11 and M. N. Levine — A
partial report on the susceptibility and resist-
ance of Berberis and related genera to stem
rust. Cereal Courier (Office of Cereal Crops
and Diseases, Bur. PI. Indus., U.S. Dept. Agr.)
15: 278-287. 1923.
12 M. N. Levine, and R. U.
Cotter. Origin of physiologic forms of Puccinia
graminis through hybridization and mutation.
Scientific Agriculture 10: 707-720. 1930.
The Olympic Rain Forest
(Continued from Page 101)
it were not for the fact that the Roosevelt
elk winter in the valleys. Elk exclosures, estab-
lished in 1932, substantiate this statement.
Only in these exclosures does one see a vir-
tually impenetrable jungle of vegetation.
To see typical yet undisturbed rain forest
the author suggests the Hoh River road. Near
the Hoh Ranger Station there is a one-mile
self-guided nature trail, first opened in June
1955. The easy trail permits the park visitor
to see many of the features outlined in this
article. Highlight of this trail is the large
grove of big-leaf maples which displays a
prolific growth of epiphytes. This grove, The
Hall of Mosses, was named by the author
while in the employ of the National Park
Service (fig. 11). Guide booklets written by
Park Naturalist Gunnar Fagerlund are avail-
able at the beginning of the trail, and will add
greatly to park visitors’ understanding of this
unique area.
Since the establishment of Olympic Na-
tional Park in 1938, and even before this,
these lowland forests have been the subject of
much controversy between conservation groups
and timber interests. To some, the application
of the term “rain forest” to these lowlands
inside the park is objectionable. They feel that
to admit that these forests are unique would
be inviting defeat.
What then is a “rain forest”? The term is
usually applied to forests of the tropical zones
having a heavy precipitation. Most tropical
.rain forests receive less than 100 inches of rain
annually. It follows then that the Olympic
rain forest with its 130 to 160 inches of rain-
fall is more truly a rain forest than the
tropical forests to which the term is applied.
It is not inconceivable that this magnificent
forest could be removed from the park. If you
feel it is worth keeping, be on the lookout for
legislation affecting it.
i i i
URGENTLY WANTED .... Arboretum
Bulletins nos. 8 and 9 — Volume I to complete
set for binding.
Ill
The Arboretum Bulletin
Vol. XVIII, No. 4 Seattle, Wash. Winter, 1955
No part of this Bulletin may be reprinted with-
out the authority of the Arboretum Foundation.
ARBORETUM FOUNDATION
OFFICE HOURS
9 a. m. to 4:30 p. m.
Monday through Friday
Phone Minor 4510
ARBORETUM FOUNDATION OFFICERS
Carl M. Ballard, President
Prentice Bloedel, Vice-President
Dr. Walter A. Moore, Vice-President
Burle D. Bramhall, Vice-President
Mrs. Kerry Trimble, Vice-President
Roscoe Drummond, Treasurer
Miss Annie McFee, Secretary
Miss Gene Webb, Executive Secretary
BULLETIN EDITORIAL BOARD
Brian O. Mulligan, Editor
Mrs. Page Ballard Mrs. Elliott Deforest
C. Frank Brockman Charles DeTurk
Mrs. Helen Buzard Mrs. J. Thomas Dowling
Mrs. Frances K. Roberson
Mrs. O. B. Thorgrimson
Special Notice
To keep memberships in the Arbore-
tum Foundation in good standing, dues
should be paid during the month pay-
able. Active memberships more than
three months in arrears will be dropped
and The Bulletin will be discontinued.
Arboretum Membership Blank
□ Active $ 5.00
□ Contributing 10.00
□ Supporting 25.00
□ Sustaining 50.00
□ Sponsor 100.00
□ Life 500.00
□ Endowment 1,000.00
□ Affiliated Garden Clubs
and other organizations 10.00
The Arboretum Foundation,
University of Washington Arboretum
Seattle 5, Washington
I hereby apply for membership in the
Arboretum Foundation and remittance
for same is enclosed to cover dues for the
next succeeding 12 months.
Name
Address
All memberships are non-assessable.
Notes and Comment
HpHE whole Pacific Northwest was severely
affected by a mass of exceptionally cold
air from northern Canada which moved into
Washington on November 11 and remained
there for almost a week. During this period
there was no snow cover on the ground in the
Arboretum, although a little fell at first during
the onset of the cold front, and with strong
north to northeast winds, the broad-leaved
evergreen trees and shrubs suffered drastically
from loss of moisture from their foliage.
It is too early at this date to properly assess
the damage caused in the Arboretum, but it
is easily seen amongst such groups as the
camellias, rhododendrons, Cistus and Hebe, in
the plantings around the Administration Build-
ing and greenhouses, and driving along the
Upper Road. To give but one example: the
whole bank to the north of Rhododendron
Glen, facing west and planted with rhododen-
drons of the Thomsonii series, is now covered
with dismal-looking, brown-leaved shrubs, with
the sole exception of “Bow Bells” in the lower
northwest corner.
From November 12 to 15, inclusive, the
maximum day temperature varied from 24°
to 28° F., while the minima were 16°, 15°, 10°,
11°, 13° and 17° respectively from the 11th
to the 16th. While these figures were not as
low or the cold period so prolonged as in
January and February 1950, yet it seems
probable, due to the earliness of this attack
of winter weather and the fact that we had
had no frosts previously this fall, that the
damage to evergreen plants in the Puget
Sound area may be more extensive and severe
than it was at that time.
In order to form some estimate of the
extent and amount of this damage the Editor
of the Bulletin would appreciate receiving
reports later from readers throughout the
whole affected area, indicating what plants
have apparently been killed, damaged severely,
slightly, or have escaped harm. By this means
we may discover some plants hardier than
imagined, or gain confirmation of damage to
others in many different locations. If low
112
temperature figures are known for the par-
ticular site they should be included.
Reports can be published in the Spring issue
of the Bulletin if received by February 1 ; for
the summer issue the final date is May 1, 1956.
Suitable pages for recording damage can be
obtained from the Arboretum office on request.
i i i
The colored map of the Arboretum and its
surroundings, enlarged to about twice the size
of the printed edition, now hanging on the
east wall in the Clubhouse, is a gift from the
recently formed Broadmoor Unit No. 65.
This enlargement is the work of Professor
John C. Sherman of the Geography Depart-
ment of the University of Washington, and
contains considerably more detail on plant
groups than the smaller version. During the
summer months it is planned to hang it out-
side the office door for the benefit of visitors,
especially those at week ends when the office
is closed.
i i i
CONIFER EXHIBIT
An exhibit of conifers was held in the Ar-
boretum Clubhouse, November 16 through 19,
which included a number of specimens taken
from trees that will be removed when the ap-
proaches to the second Lake Washington
bridge are put through. In all, some 53 cut
branches, many with cones, were on display.
These included members of 22 genera, of
which the pines were best represented with 1 1
species. Among the more interesting and rare
specimens were the tiger-tail spruce ( Picea
polita) from Japan; Pinus Armandi from
China, a relative of our white pine; Tsuga
Sieboldii, a lovely hemlock from Japan; Cu-
pressocyparis Leylandii, a bigeneric hybrid be-
tween the Monterey Cypress and the Alaska
cedar; and two species of Podocarpus from
New Zealand.
Our western natives were not ignored. They
included three species of the true firs, three
of our native pines, two hemlocks, western
red cedar, Douglas fir, and the Alaskan cedar.
Various Unit members were on hand to act
as hostesses and guides throughout the ex-
hibit. It was unfortunate that the display was
held during the worst November cold wave
ever experienced in Seattle.
J. A. W.
i 1 1
NEW DIRECTOR
A recent article in the journal of the Cali-
fornia Arboretum Foundation, Inc., Arcadia,
California, announced the appointment of Dr.
William S. Stewart as the new Director of
the Los Angeles State and County Arboretum.
Dr. Stewart will also serve as head of the De-
partment of Arboreta and Botanical Gardens
in Los Angeles County.
“Termed an ‘outstanding horticulturist of
the highest qualifications’ by the Los Angeles
County Board of Supervisors” Dr. Stewart
was to assume his duties in September.
1 1 i
Plants of New Zealand
in the U. of W . Arboretum
(Continued from Page 109)
whorls of one-quarter-inch leaves of H. decum-
bens, H. Colensoi with one-inch grey leaves
on stiff branches, to the large, pale green wil-
low-like leaves of H. salici folia. H. speciosa is
angular branched, has dark green glossy leaves
with densely flowered heads of dark crimson
blossoms, but is less hardy. H. anomala is erect
with light green branches and white or pale
pink rounded flower spikes. H. cupressoides, as
the name suggests, has small cypress-like
leaves, a rounded tip and a tendency to be-
come leggy and bare at the base. It is one of
the most rapid growers. H. Lavaudiana is a
low growing plant 6-9 inches high, very
densely leaved on straggling branches, the
flowers pinkish.
There may be more plants from this area
in the various plantings, but this gives a fair
representation. These plants were secured
from various sources, Scotland, northern Ire-
land, Canada, as well as Invercargill and Gis-
borne, New Zealand, and the Plant Introduc-
tion and Exchange service at Wellington, N. Z,
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Plants of New Zealand, P. M. Laing and E. W.
Blackwell, (1906).
Manual of the New Zealand Flora, T. F.
Cheeseman, (1925).
Hortus Second, L. H. and E. Z. Bailey, (1947).
113
ARBORETUM NOTEBOOK
This department is published for correspondence and pertinent comments by experienced
growers on interesting plants and their culture. We solicit your questions but space
limitation necessitates the publishing oj only such answers as we deem of general interest.
GARDEN HINTS . . .
JANUARY
On one of the first mild days the deciduous
trees and shrubs may be sprayed. First a dor-
mant spray and later when the buds are swell-
ing a milder spray may be used. When using
the new sprays it would be wise to consult
someone who has used them with success or
otherwise. When choice has been made, fol-
low carefully the directions on the container.
To remind you again, one of the greatest
pleasures in January is forcing the budding
branches. Forsythia, Jasminum nudiflorum
and Prunus Pissardii are easy and beautiful.
Climbing roses should be examined now.
Pruning may be started, especially if they
were neglected in the fall and allowed to make
tangles. Old wood may be cut out and long
shoots cut back sparingly. “Ruth Alexander”
is very strong and needs lots of attention.
Besides the beautiful bloom, the big hips
decorate the fall garden.
Slug-bait time is everlasting. Use slug-bait
generously and often. A member of Unit No.
31 has had success with ordinary window
screening. She used a strip about ten inches
wide and fringed the top half inch, turning
the released wires down on the back. This
strip is placed around a plant, a group of
plants, or along the borders. She says slugs
are not able to cope with the sharp wires.
When the conifers and the broad-leaved
evergreens begin to show growth they may be
transplanted. With careful planting they will
continue to grow with no setback.
FEBRUARY
Tamarix pentandra ( aestivalis ) should be
pruned now. This is a valuable summer-
flowering shrub. At its best it becomes a cloud
of pink with pleasantly contrasting gray fo-
liage. It should be cut back hard every year.
Winter-flowering camellias are beautiful
now. A hedge of C. Sasanqua is a joy to look
forward to. Camellias should be pruned with
much forethought and great imagination. To
keep a graceful shrub open and at the desired
height takes much loving care.
Before growth starts any of the herbaceous
plants may be divided and transplanted. Each
plant should have a feeding of bone-meal, the
amount depending on the size of the plant.
Mix the meal well into the soil before placing
the plant.
Phlox, when planted in a mass, give one of
the most brilliant displays of the year, and if
planted where they have shade during the hot-
test part of the day, the colors do not seem
to clash. They blossom at a time when the
garden interest may begin to flag but a border
of phlox brings an interest and pleasure few
other flowers can arouse.
MARCH
March is a thrilling month in Northwest
gardens. Flowering trees, early rhododen-
drons, Pieris and many of the bulbs are com-
ing into bloom.
All roses may safely be pruned after March
15. Mr. Bryan Taylor advises thinning the
old wood of Floribunda and Polyantha roses
and trimming the tops back to sound wood.
The climbing roses should be cut back when
growing out of hand.
White Japanese Anemones definitely add
to the rhododendron plantings. They bloom
in the fall when rhododendron blooms have
passed. Their starry, white blossoms, of good
substance, complement the heavy, green fo-
liage of the rhododendrons and both will grow
well in the same locations. This is a com-
panionship which should not be overlooked.
Japanese Anemones should be planted in
March.
Stachyurus praecox is a distinctive Japanese
shrub blooming in the Winter Garden of the
Arboretum. Perhaps its greatest value is its
season of flowering, during March and April.
It is a spreading, deciduous bush with notice-
able, stiff, drooping, pale yellow catkins. It
114
would be an addition to any winter-blooming
garden and is unquestionably a “conversation
piece.” It grows well in a clay soil and is
propagated from cuttings taken in July.
i i i
PRUNING OF CLEMATIS
If the usual principles of shrub pruning
are followed, the pruning of Clematis can be
fairly simple — those Clematis which flower
in the spring and early summer on the pre-
vious season’s growth should be pruned a] ter
flowering, while those that bloom on fresh
growth of the current season are pruned back
fairly hard in the spring, the previous season’s
growth being cut back practically to its base.
For pruning purposes you should know into
which groups your plants fall. The most fre-
quently grown Clematis usually fall into two
groups: (1) the Jackmanii group, represented
by the purple Jackmanii , the red “Madame
Edouard Andre” and the pink “Comtesse de
Bouchard”; (2) the Lanuginosa group, rep-
resented by “Nelly Moser,” the white Henryi,
and “William E. Gladstone.” Both of these
groups flower on the new summer growth and
should be cut severely in late January or early
February. When the bursting leaf buds are
showing, the old growth is cut back to just
above the first joint made the previous season.
This will be about 16 to 18 inches above the
ground. If you have never adequately pruned
your Clematis you will be rewarded with
stronger plants and more abundant blooms.
Mrs. Warren E. Calvin
Lake Washington Garden Club
i i i
v An answer to a long-felt want has been
found in the greenhouse at the Arboretum.
A weather-proof marking pen is proving very
satisfactory. It is called the Taubman Laun-
dry-Marking pen, a quick-drying, India ink,
ball-point type pen that writes easily on all
labels. Mr. Buzard, on the greenhouse staff,
showed me labels over a year old that were
perfectly legible. The marking presumably
will last as long as the paint stays on the label.
With a plastic tip on the pen they cost fifty-
nine cents at book stores in the University
District. More elegant pens, ^ but no more
efficient, can be purchased at a higher price.
Even the cheaper ones have a clip to fasten
the pen to the pocket.
i i i
A member of Unit No. 55, the Sally Bunge
Unit, sends this “Helpful Hint.” If dogs
bother certain plants or shrubs, sprinkle in-
expensive cologne around the base. The “fra-
grance” will repel them.
i i i
List of Plant Names
retortus
retroflexus
retrofractus
retusus
reversus
revolutus
rex
Rhabdothamnus
rhabdotum
rhaibocarpum
rhamnifolius
rhamnoides
Rhamnus
Rhapidophyllum
Rhapis
Rhazya
Rheum
Rhexia
rhipsalioides
rhizophyllus
rhodanthus
rhodochilus
Rhodochiton
rhodocinctus
Rhododendron
Rhodohypoxis
Rhodomyrtus
rhodoneurus
Rhodostachys
Rhodothamnus
Rhodotypos
Rhoea
rhoifolius
rhomboideus
rhombeus
Rhus
Rhynchostylis
rhytidophyllus
Ribes
Richea
ricinifolius
ricinoides
Ricinus
rigens
rigidissimus
rigidulus
rigidus
ringens
riparius
Ririei
rivalis
Rivina
twisted back
reflexed
broken or bent backwards
notched slightly at a rounded
apex
turned back
rolled backwards
king
Gr. rod and bush
striped
with crooked fruits
rhamnus-leaved
rhamnus-like
ancient Gr. name
Gr. Rhapis-leaved
Gr. needle
name of an Arab physician
ancient Gr. name
Gr. rupture
rhipsalis-like
leaves rooting
rose-flowered
rose-lipped
Gr. red cloak (rosy-red calyx)
rose-girdled
Gr. rose tree
Gr. rose Hypoxis
Gr. rose myrtle
rose-nerved
Gr. rose flower spike
Gr. rose shrub
Gr. rose model
name unexplained
rhoea-leaved
rhomboidal
rhombic
ancient Greek name
Gr. beaked column
wrinkle-leaved
an Arabic name
for A. Riche, French naturalist
ricinus-leaved
ricinus-like
a tick, for resemblance of
seeds
stiff
very rigid
somewhat rigid
rigid, stiff
gaping
of river banks
for Rev. B. Ririe,
missionary in China
pertaining to brooks
for A. Q. Rivinus of Leipzig,
d. 1722
115
/
rivularis
growing by streams
rutaefolius
ruta-leaved
Robinia
for Jean and Vespasien Robin,
rutilans
glowing red
French herbalists
Sabal
a South American native name
robustispinus
stout-spined
Sabbatia
for Liberatus Sabbati,
robustus
strong, stout
Italian botanist
Rochea
for F. de la Roche,
saccatus
saccate, bag-like
French botanist; d. 1813
saccharatus
containing sugar
Rockii
for J. F. Rock, geographer and
saccharifera
sugar-bearing
plant collector
saccharinus
sugary
Rodgersia
for Commodore John Rodgers,
saccharoides
like sugar-cane
U. S. Navy; d. 1882
Saccharum
Gr. name for sugar
Rodriguezia
for Emanuel Rodriguez,
saccifera
bag-bearing
Spanish botanist
sachalinensis
from the island of Sakhalin
Rohdea
for M. Rohde, German
sacrorum
of sacred places
physician and botanist
Sadleria
for Joseph Sadler,
Rollinia
for Charles Rollin,
prof, of botany, Budapest
French historian
Sageretia
for Augustin Sageret,
romanus
Roman
French botanist
Romanzoffia
for Count Nicholas Romanzoff
Sagina
Latin fatness,
Romneya
for Rev. T. Romney Robinson,
alluding to forage value
Irish astronomer; d. 1882
Sagittaria
Latin arrow,
Romulea
after Romulus, one of the
for shape of leaves
founders of Rome
salicijolius
willow-leaved
Rondeletia
for Wm. Rondelet,
salicinus
willow-like
French physician; d. 1566
Salicornia
Latin, salt and horn,
Rosa
ancient Latin name
for habitat and branching
rosaceus
rose-like
salicornioides
Salicornia-like
rosaeflorus
rose-flowered
salignus
of the willow
roseus
rosy
salinus
of salty places
rosmarinifolius
rosemary-leaved
Salix
ancient Latin name for willow
Rosmarinus
Latin, sea-dew
Salpichroa
Gr., tube and skin
rostratus
beaked
for flower characters
rosularis
in rosettes
Salpiglossis
Gr. tube and tongue
rotatus
wheel-shaped
Salsola
Latin, salty
rotundifolius
round-leaved
salsuginosus
salt marsh loving
rotundus
round
Salvia
from old Latin name
Roupala
native name in Guiana
meaning to heal
rubescens
becoming red
salviaefolius
salvia-leaved
Rubia
Latin, red
Salvinia
for Antonio Salvini,
rubicundus
red, ruddy
prof, of Greek at Florence
rubiginosus
rusty-red
sambucifolius
elder-leaved
rubioides
rubia-like
sambucinus
elder-like
rubricalyx
with red calyx
Sambucus
old Latin name for the elder
rubricaulis
red-stemmed
Sanchezia
for Jos. Sanchez,
rubrifolius
red-leaved
prof, of botany at Cadiz
rubronervis
red-veined
sanctus
holy
rubropilosum
red-haired
Sanguinaria
Latin blood,
Rubus
old Latin name
referring to sap color
Rudbeckia
for Olaf Rudbeck and his son,
sanguineus
blood-red
professors of botany, Uppsala
Sanguisorba
Latin blood and soak up
rudis
wild, not tilled
Sansevieria
for Raymond de Sansgrio,
rudiusculus
wildish
Prince of Sanseviero
Ruellia
for Jean de la Ruelle,
Santalum
Persian name of tree
French botanist
Sanvitalia
for a noble Italian family
rufescens
becoming reddish
sapidus
pleasing to taste
rufidulus
reddish
sapientum
of wise men
rufinervis
reddish-nerved
Sapindus
Latin, soap and Indian
rufohirtum
reddish-haired
Sapium
Latin name used by Pliny
rufosquamosum
with reddish scales
for a resinous pine
rufum
red, reddish
saponaceus
soapy
rugosus
wrinkled
Saponaria
Latin, soap, for leaf qualities
Rumex
old Latin name of unknown
Sapota
Mexican word
origin
Sarchochilus
Gr., flesh and head
runcinatus
saw-toothed
Sarcococca
Gr., flesh and berry
rupifragus
rock-breaking
Sarcodes
flesh-like
rupestris
rock-loving
Sargentianum
for Prof. C. S. Sargent,
rupicolus
growing on cliffs or ledges
1841-1927
ruscifolius
ruscus-leaved
sarmaticus
of Sarmatia, in S.E. Europe
Ruscus
old Latin name
sarmentosus
bearing runners
russatus
reddish, russet
Sarracenia
for Dr. D. Sarrasin of Quebec
rusticanus
rustic, pertaining to the
Sasa
Jap. name of dwarf bamboo
country
Sassafras
from Spanish Salsafras
Ruta
classical Gr. name of rue
sativus
cultivated or planted
ruthenicus
Ruthenian (Russian)
saturatus
saturated, full
116
Satureia
Sauromatum
Saururus
Saussurea
saxatilis
Saxegothaea
saxicolus
Saxifraga
saxosus
scaber
scab err imus
Scabiosa
scabiosaefolius
scabrellus
scabrifolium
Scaevola
Scandix
scaposus
scariosus
sceptrum
Schefflera
Schima
Schinus
Schismatoglottis
schistocalyx
schistosus
Schizaea
Schizanthus
Schizocodon
schizoneurus
schizopeplum
Schizopetalon
schizophyllus
Schizophragma
Schizostylis
Schlippenbachii
Schomburgkia
Schotia
Sciadopitys
sciaphilum
Scilla
Scindapsus
scintillans
Scirpus
sclerocarpus
sclerophyllus
Scolymus
scoparius
scopulorum
scorpioides
Scorpiurus
Scorzonera
scorzoneroides
scotica
Scrophularia
sculptus
scutatus
Scutellaria
scyphocalyx
Searsiae
sebifera
sebosus
Secale
sechellarum
Sechium
seclusus
old Latin name used by Pliny
Gr. lizard, referring to
flower markings
Gr. lizard’s tail,
for inflorescence
for H. B. Saussure,
Swiss philosopher
found among rocks
for Prince Albert
of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
growing among rocks
Latin, rock and to break
rocky
scabrous, rough
very rough
Latin, itch
scabiosa-leaved
somewhat rough
rough leaves
Latin diminutive of scaevus,
left-handed
Gr., to sting
with scapes, leafless stems
scarious, dry and not green
of a scepter
for J. C. Scheffler of Danzig
Arabian name
Gr. for the mastic tree
Gr., falling tongue
with split calyx
slate-grey
Gr., to split
Gr., split and flower
Gr., cut and bell
cut-nerved
with split covering
Gr. petals and cut
cut-leaved
Gr., to cut and to break off
Gr., to cut and style
for Baron von Schlippenbach
for Sir R. H. Schomburgk,
1804-1865
for Richard van der Schot;
d. 1819
Gr. umbrella and fir
shade-loving
old Gr. name
old Gr. name
sparkling
old Latin for rush
hard-fruited
hard-leaved
old Gr. name
broom or broom-like
of the crags
scorpion-like
Gr., scorpion and tail
old French, meaning serpent
scorzonera-like
Scotch
a reputed remedy for scrofula
carved
buckler-shaped
Latin, small shield
cup-shaped calyx
for Sarah C. Sears,
American artist
tallow-bearing
full of tallow
ancient Latin name
of the Seychelles Islands
West Indian name
hidden, secluded
secundiflorus
secundus
Securigera
Securinega
Sedum
segetum
seinghkuense
Selaginella
selaginoides
flowering on one side
one-sided
axe-bearing
Latin, hatchet and to refuse
Latin, to sit
of corn fields
from the Seinghku Valley,
Upper Burma
diminutive of Latin Selago,
old name of clubmoss
clubmoss-like, selago-like
(To be Continued)
i i i
Some New Zealand Alpines
(Continued from Page 95)
the stony river bed, and everywhere were
loaded with masses of sky-blue, translucent
berries, as if someone had scattered beads on
the ground.
One of the most novel of the New Zealand
gymnosperms is the cypress-like “pygmy pine,”
or Dacrydium laxifolium, which scrambles
over the ground or adjacent vegetation in
boggy places. Specimens have been seen in
fruit when barely three inches high. Dacrydi-
um bi forme and D. intermedium are small,
rounded, cypress-like trees or shrubs growing
in the damper regions of the mountain dis-
tricts. Of special interest is the leafless conifer,
Phyllocladus alpinus, a shrub or small tree
in which the photosynthetic processes occur
in glaucous, irregularly shaped, flattened
branches termed cladodes. The two species of
Libocedrus, L. Doniana and L. Bidwillii, are
handsome trees similar in form to the incense
cedar ( Libocedrus decurrens ) of the west coast
of the United States.
Carmichaelia (Leguminosae) is a genus
limited in distribution to New Zealand and
Lord Howe Island. The alpine species are
leafless as adults, and for the most part are
rather low, woody plants forming compact
masses of stout flattened or upright branches.
Some of the best of these are C. Enysii, C. uni-
flora and C. Monroi.
One of the few deciduous trees of New
Zealand is Hoheria glabrata (Malvaceae) , a
small, birch-like tree of the uplands which
bears clusters of white flowers and is most
handsome when in bloom. Griselinia litt oralis
( Cornaceae ) is a small tree or shrub that
grows in the subtropical forests of the North
117
Island, but also above timberline in the South
Island. It has a short, twisted trunk and large,
thick yellow-green leaves. It is used extensive-
ly for hedge-planting in New Zealand as it
withstands poor soil and winds well. Another
species which might be given more considera-
tion in this country is Metrosideros lucida
(Myrtaceae), a dense, rounded small tree
widely distributed in the wetter portions of
New Zealand. The terminal cymes of flowers
are very showy with their abundance of bright
crimson stamens.
Of the numerous pittosporums in New Zea-
land, few can be considered true alpines.
However, P. Colensoi is a stout-branched small
tree of the uplands and has attractive glossy
leaves. P. patulum is another small tree with
irregularly shaped leaves and sweet-scented
flowers. P. Dallii is another handsome species
which is rare in the wild, known only from
one locality. It is a small, bushy shrub with
long, sharply toothed leaves and bears masses
of white fragrant flowers. Some of the south-
ern beeches, Nothofagus (Fagaceae) are at-
tractive trees, although unsuitable for the
small garden as they are good-sized trees when
mature. Two of the hardiest are N. cliffor-
tioides, a dense, evergreen tree with small,
dark-green leaves, and N. Menziesii , a tall
tree with a silvery trunk and small, broadly
ovate, toothed leaves.
Two scree plants of the Southern Alps de-
serve special mention. Cotula atrata ( Com-
positae) is a low, greyish, succulent herb
which bears globose black heads and bright
yellow stamens. A remarkable plant is Nototh-
laspi rosulatum ( Crucijerae ) which has a
pyramidal rosette of closely imbricated leaves,
above which the densely crowded racemes of
fragrant white flowers are borne.
Perhaps the finest Ranunculus known oc-
curs in New Zealand. It is R. Lyallii, an
abundant plant in damper parts of Stewart
Island and upland South Island. The much-
branched inflorescence may reach over four
feet in height and bear dozens of white flow-
ers, each 2-3 inches across. The peltate leaves
are borne on long petioles, and often exceed
a foot in diameter. Another handsome butter-
cup is R. insignis, smaller than R. Lyallii and
with yellow flowers. There are numerous small-
er species in this genus which are of interest.
The genus Rubus (Rosaceae) is not well
represented in New Zealand, but two species
have considerable merit. In some forms of
R. cissoides, the leaf blades are absent, so all
that remains of the leaf is a green midrib
covered with bright yellow spines. Another
distinct little species is R. parvus, a dwarf,
prostrate shrub with bronzed, one-foliolate
leathery leaves. The large white flowers and
red fruit add to its beauty as a rock plant.
It is obvious that in a paper of this size it
is possible to mention only a few of the many
interesting New Zealand alpines. Hebe, or
Veronica , is a valuable group which has been
discussed in an earlier issue of the Bulletin.
Those interested in learning more about New
Zealand alpines and their culture should refer
to the bibliography for a list of helpful books.
Some living plants as well as seeds of New
Zealand species are available in this country,
although the selection is limited. In New
Zealand there are nurseries which specialize
in native plants and seeds.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cheeseman, T. F. — Manual of the New Zealand
Flora. Wellington. Government Printer, (1925).
Cockayne, Leonard — The Cultivation of New
Zealand Plants. Wellington. Whitcombe and
Tombs, Ltd., (1923).
Cockayne, Leonard, and Turner, E. Phillips —
The Trees of New Zealand. Wellington. Govern-
ment Printer, (1950).
Watt, Margaret E. — New Zealand Veronicas.
Arboretum Bulletin, XVII, (2), 51-53, (Summer,
1954).
HARDY ENGLISH FERNS
Wide Selection
WRITE FOR PRICE LIST
Carl Starker Gardens
Jennings Lodge, Oregon
118
BOOK REVIEWS
“Old Man’s Garden,” by Annora Brown. 264
pp. (J. M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Ltd., Toronto
and Vancouver, Feb., 1954). Price $3.55.
THE author calls this a “book of gossip about
the flowers of the west ... - some of the
legend and lore that is to be found lying about
in odd corners.” Annora Brown’s “Old Man” is
a mythological character found in the folklore
of the prairie Indian tribes. His garden stretches
west from the mouth of the Mississippi River in
the south to Lake Athabasca in the north. It is
a garden of the mountain tops and the lowland
valleys, of the desert dry lands and the swampy
sphagnum bogs, a woodland garden, and a rock
garden that is the living example of the beauty
of restraint. A garden which gave the Indian
the material for the baskets in which to collect
the vegetables for his sustenance, the dyes for
his garments and the medicine for his ills.
Beautifully designed and charmingly illus-
trated by numerous woodcuts, this is a book to
be read in front of the winter’s fire; to be shared
with a gardening friend; a book to make this
winter’s dreaming more pleasurable and next
summer’s reality viewed with open eyes.
Pat Ballard
“ Miniature Daffodils,” by Alec Gray. W. H.
Collingridge, London, and Transatlantic Arts,
Inc., New York (1955). 52 pp. Price 15 shillings.
FOR those who are interested in the smaller
daffodils, Alec Gray’s book, “Miniature Daf-
fodils,” can be recommended. As Mr. Gray states,
it is not a handbook on the genus Narcissus but
an introduction to the dwarfer species and va-
rieties to those who are not familiar with them.
He gives full details on outdoor and indoor cul-
tivation, the pests and diseases which attack the
bulbs, and how to prepare the soil for seed sow-
ing. He describes in one chapter his method of
hybridizing these delightful little flowers. Mr.
Gray is responsible for many of the hybrids that
are listed, each with a full description. There
are 14 charming photographs of miniature daf-
fodils. The book concludes with a list of daffo-
dils suitable for various purposes — for natural-
izing in grass, for growing in bowls and window
boxes, etc. Mr. Gray writes with authority for
he has been growing and hybridizing the dwarf-
er daffodils for over thirty years.
H. M. M.
“Crab Apples for America,” by Donald Wyman.
63 pp. American Association of Botanical Gar-
dens & Arboretums, (September, 1955) . Price, $2.
THE first edition of this most useful and in-
formative work on cultivated crab apples
was published in 1943 and included 231 varieties.
This second edition, from the same highly quali-
fied source, contains 260 species and varieties, of
which almost half (125) are commercially avail-
able, the rest grown in arboreta, botanic gardens
and parks of the United States and Canada.
Primarily this is an alphabetical list of known
cultivated crab apples, with brief details of
flower and fruit characteristics, origin and a
quality rating for each; in addition, indications
in which of twelve major collections they can
be seen, and where in thirty listed nurseries
plants can be obtained. Unfortunately, the
Northwest is poorly represented by the names
of only two nurserymen, one in Washington, one
in Oregon, and no public collection is mentioned.
In addition to this basic information, there are
a dozen other lists containing such helpful facts
for selecting varieties as the order of bloom,
those best for flower, fruit or foliage qualities,
those with double flowers, with edible fruits,
etc., together with a chart showing the length
of the fruiting season at the Arnold Arboretum,
Boston, Mass., and finally a list of some 240
names of obsolete or discarded varieties and
doubtful names.
For nurserymen and landscape architects in
particular this is an essential piece of equipment
on the desk or bookshelf, but anyone else inter-
ested in crab apples will soon want to grow
more of them after studying its pages. Copies
are available from the Arboretum office.
B. O. M.
“Gardens Are For People,” by Thomas D.
Church. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New
York (1955). Price, $10.00
THIS BOOK is a must for any garden owner
interested in making his property contribute
to a greater measure of outdoor living.
Whether he covers a large portion of the
ground with ivy for the relaxed type of property
owner who wishes his terrace to float in a sea
of green, or turns the back yard into a corral
to satisfy the man with equestrian leanings,
Thomas Church supports the theory that the
individual’s personal interests are of the greatest
importance and should find fulfillment in the
surroundings.
He urges the gardener not to be ruled by the
dictates of tradition and the stereotyped patterns
of historic styles, but, within the bounds of good
taste, to be governed by his own needs and de-
sires and to realize that by satisfying these
human wants he can best serve the purposes of
contemporary living.
Though Mr. Church is a crusader for func-
tional design and does stress the use of ma-
terials, both structural and natural, to provide
individualized settings for people, he is not at
all indifferent to the mysticism of nature. In
his words, “We still have a strong tendency to
control our surroundings, but in our gardens
we want plants, by their structure and poetry,
to suggest the fine melancholy we expect from
nature.”
The author displays an engaging personality
and a lively humor. In describing the typical
foundation planting, a planting not recommend-
ed by Mr. Church, “You watch your house grad-
ually disappear in a miasma of various foliages —
or you club them into submission, using any or
all of the forms remembered from your solid
geometry, leaning heavily on spheres, pyramids
and cubes.”
In an informal style he takes the reader on a
conducted tour of many of the gardens he has
119
designed during twenty years of practice as one
of America’s foremost landscape architects. In
his casual way he points out the problems that
each garden owner faced and shows how they
were met.
No property is too small to challenge Mr.
Church, nor does he find the largest estate over-
powering.
He discusses the evaluation of the site and
building of new gardens, the remodeling of old
gardens, the designing of city gardens, country
gardens, gardens for tract houses and for beach
properties. Every landscape design problem is
covered, from over-all plans to garden details.
Entrances, terraces, decks, curbs, seats, paving,
swimming pools and planting, all come under his
scrutiny.
“Plants are a link with our primeval past.
They offer us shade and shadow, shelter, sus-
tenance, and give us color, texture, form and
mass to work with in our man-made composi-
tions. Beyond this, they grow, burst into flower,
drop their leaves, change color and bear fruit.”
More than six hundred photographs, many in
color, illustrate the book. The text is further
embellished with piquant quotations chosen
from the whole literature on the subject.
For any amateur or professional owning a plot
of ground, “Gardens Are For People” will pro-
vide enjoyable and rewarding reading.
It is Mr. Church’s hope in closing that, “What
you will have is a garden more beautiful than
you had anticipated, with less care than you
had expected, and costing only a little more
than you had planned.”
Elizabeth Brazeau
JAMES DOW
SPRAY SERVICE
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121
INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII (1955)
Abies amabilis, 97
Acer circinatum, 99
— macrophyllum, 99
Aconitum columbianum, 71
Adenocaulon bicolor, 99
Aecidium berberidis, 105
Agoseris gracilens, 90
Alnus rubra, 99
Alpines, Some New Zealand, 93
Anaphalis margaritacea, 71
Anderson, Oleta, 84
Anemone occidentalis, 71
Antitrichia curtipendula, 100
Aplopappus, 71
Aquilegia formosa, 71
Arboretum in Spring and Summer 1955,
The, 61
Acquisitions, 62
Donations, 63
New Plantings, 61
Public Relations, 63
Weather, 90
— , June 9, 1955, Sun Damage in, 76
— New or Unusual Plants in the, 107
— Notebook, 23, 82
— Plants of New Zealand in the, 108
— Spotlight, 16, 72
— Units, Let's Brag About Our, 21, 81
Arctostaphylos Columbiana, 84
— media, 84
— Uva-ursi, 84
Aster ledophyllus, 71
Atropa belladonna, 13
Authors and Subjects Index, 37 to 61
Azalea canadensis, 82
— Vaseyi, 82
Backus, Mrs. M. F., 81
Ballard, Pat, 5
Barberries for Resistance to Stem Rust,
Testing, 102
Berberidaceae, 104
Berberis, 1 02, 1 04
— atrocarpa, 104
— Chenaultii, 1 04
— chrysophaera, 104
— Darwinii, 1 07
— formosana, 104
— Gagnepainii, 104
— Gilgiana, 1 04
— Julianae, 1 04
— Knightii, 1 04
— koreana, 1 04
— laevis, 1 04
— ottawensis, 102
— Sargentiana, 104
— Thunbergii, 1 05
— vulgaris, 1 02
Bibliography of Current Horticultural
Periodicals, 89
— on Holly, 89
Book Reviews
— Asiatic Magnolias in Cultivation, 88
— Camellias in the Huntington
Gardens, 89
— Crab Apples for America, 1 1 9
— Floras of the United States and
Alaska, Guide to Popular, 88
— Garden Design, Illustrated, 26
— Gardens Are For People, 1 19
— Hardy Hybrid Rhododendrons, 26
— Lily Yearbook, 1 955, The R. H. S., 30
— Miniature Daffodils, 119
— Old Man's Garden, 1 1 9
— Pruning Manual, The, 29
— Rhododendron and Camellia Year-
book, 1955, The R. H. S., 29
— Soil, 28
— Tree Peonies, The, 87
— Trees and Shrubs of the
Southwestern Deserts, 28
Books on Trees in the Arboretum
Library, 78
Botrychium pumicola, 70
Brockman, C. Frank, 9, 97
Bromus sitchensis, 99
Bryan Taylor's Planting Formula, 24
Buddleia globosa, 107
Buzard, Helen G., 10, 89
Calvin, Mrs. Warren E., 115
Calypogeia trichomanis, 100
Camellia "Apple Blossom," 10
— "Betty McCaskill," 1 1
— "Bow Bells," 10
— "Donation," 1 0
— "First Flush," 1 0
— fraterna, 1 1
— hongkongensis, 1 1
— japonica, 1 0, 1 1
"Alba Plena," 10
"Auburn White," 10
"Debutante," 10
"Douglas MacArthur," 10
"Dwight Eisenhower," 10
"Fimbriata," 1 0
"Finlandia," 1 0
"Flame," 10
"Frank Gibson," 10
"George Patton," 10
"Lady Hume's Blush," 10
"Lady Vansittart," 10
"Masquerade," 10
"Pax," 10
"Purity," 10
"Queen Bessie," 10
"Victory," 10
— "J. C. Williams," 10
— maliflora, 1 1
— "Mary Christian," 10
— reticulata, 1 0
"Buddha," 1 1
"Butterfly Wings," 10
"Capt. Rawes," 10
"Chang's Temple," 1 1
"Crimson Robe," 10
"Chrysanthemum Petal," 10
"Confucius," 1 1
"Large Cornelian," 1 1
"Lion Head," 1 1
"Moutancha," 10
"Noble Pearl," 1 1
"Osmanthus Leaf," 1 1
"Pagoda," 1 0
"Professor Tsai," 1 1
"Purple Gown," 1 1
"Queen of Tali," 1 1
"Shot Silk," 10
"Willow Wand," 1 1
— "Salutation," 1 0
— Sasanqua, 10, 114
— sinensis, 1 1
— Wabisuke "Judith," 1 1
Camellias, Grand Troupers, May I
Present, 10
Carex brunnescens, 99
Carmichaelia Ensyii, 109, 117
— Monroi, 1 1 7
— uniflora, 1 1 7
Cascara Sagrada, 14
Castilleja arachnoidea, 90
— miniata, 71
Celmisia argentea, 94
— Armstrongii, 94
— coriacea, 94, 1 08
— Haastii, 94
— Hectori, 94
— Hookeri, 94
— parva, 94
— Petriei, 94
— spectabilis, 94
Cephalozia bicuspidata, 100
— media, 1 00
Cheyne, Mrs. Harlan G., 81
Claytonia sibirica, 99
Clematis, Pruning of, 115
Coe, Dr. Frederick W., 109
Colletia armata, 107
subglabra, 1 07
Collomia Mazama, 70
Conifer Exhibit, 1 13
Coprosma brunnea, 95
Cornus florida, 109
rubra, 1 09
— Kousa chinensis, 109
— Nuttallii, 1 09
— Species, Rooted Cuttings of, 109
Corokia buddleoides, 108
Cotter, Ralph U., 102
Cotula atrata, 1 1 8
Cox, E. H. M., 1
Cryptomeria, 4
Cupressocyparis Leylandii, 113
Cyclamen africanum (macrophyllum),
66
— alpinum, 92
— Atkinsii, 65
album, 65
— balearicum, 65
— cilicium, 66
— coum, 64, 65
— creticum, 92
— europaeum, 66
— graecum, 92
— libanoticum, 65, 66
— neapolitanum, 64, 65
album, 66
— persicum, 64, 66
— pseud-ibericum, 65
— repandum, 66
— vernum (ibericum), 65, 66, 92
Dacrydium biforme, 117
— intermedium, 117
— laxifolium, 1 1 7
Dahlia "Garry Hoek," 82
— "Pink Gem," 82
— "St. Theresa," 82
— "Tippler," 82
"Dancing with the Fairies," 64
Daphne alpina, 68, 69
— arbuscula, 69
— Blagayana, 68, 69
— Burkwoodii, 68
— collina, 69
neapolitana, 69
— Cneorum, 68, 69
X caucasica, 68
— glomerata, 69
— Laureola, 68
— Mezereum, 68, 69
alba, 69
autumnalis, 69
grandiflora, 69
— odora, 68
marginata, 68
— petraea, 69
— pontica, 69
— retusa, 69
— rupestris, 69
— sericea, 69
— "Somerset," 68
— tangutica, 68
Daphnes, The, 67
DeForest, Helen, 83
Delphinium glaucum, 70
Deschampsia caespitosa, 99
Dicentra formosa, 71
— uniflora, 70
Dicranum fuscescens, 100
Digitalis purpurea, 13
Dodecatheon alpinum, 71
Dounia ovata, 1 00
Dracophyllum Menziesii, 95
— muscoides, 94
— Urvilleanum, 95
Drapetes Dieffenbachii, 94
Drug Plant Gardens and Laboratory,
The Univ. of Washington, 12
Dunn, E. B., 20
Embothrium coccineum, 83
— lanceolatum, 83, 107
— longifolium, 83
Erigeron salsuginosus, 71
Eriogonum umbellatum, 90
Erythronium grandiflorum pallidum, 70
Eurhynchium oreganum, 100
Eurya acuminata, 1 1
— chinensis, 1 1
Fertilizer, A New, 83
Fertilizing, 1 7
— Lawns, 1 7
— Program by months, 17
Forsythia, 1 1 4
Franklinia alatamaha, 1 1
Frullania nisquallensis, 100
Fuchsia procumbens, 109
— Riccartonii, 82
122
Galium aparine, 99
— triflorum, 99
Garden Hints
— March, April, May, 23
— October, November, December,
— January, February, March, 1 14
Gaultheria antipoda, 108
— depressa, 95
— oppositifolia, 95
— sinensis, 82
Gentiana divisa, 94
Gilia aggregata, 71
Gordonia Lasianthus, 1 1
Griselinia littoralis, 117
Haastia pulvinaris, 94
Habenaria dilatata, 71
— stricta, 71
Hackelia Jessicae, 71
Hebe anomala, 109
— Colensoi, 109
— cupressoides, 109
— decumbens, 109
— Lavaudiana, 109
— salicifolia, 1 09
— speciosa, 1 09
Helleborus niger, 82
'"Josephine Pacheu," 24
maximus, 82
Hinckley, Nola, 86
Hoheria glabrata, 108, 117
Hunt, Glen, 1 8
Hylocomium splendens, 100
Hypericum Hookerianum Rogersii,
— Leschenaultii, 72
— perforatum, 72
— "Rowallane Hybrid," 72
Hypnum circinale, 100
— subimponens, 100
Ihrig, H. G., 3
Index to Authors and Subjects,
37 to 61
Japanese Gardens, A Layman's
Observations, 3
Jasminum nudiflorum, 114
Laurus nobilis, 14, 67
Leavitt, Ernest P. and Katherine S
Leontopodium alpinum, 94
Leucogenes grandiceps, 94
— Leontopodium, 94
Leucopogon Fraseri, 95, 108
Libocedrus Bidwillii, 117
— decurrens, 1 1 7
— Doniana, 1 1 7
Ligusticum, 71
Lilium Washingtonianum, 70
Linum Lewisii, 70
— narbonense, 82
List of Plant Names, 25, 36, 84, 1
Lophozia incisa, 100
Lupinus Andersonii, 90
— latifolius, 71
Luzula parviflora, 99
Macbride, Frances W., 64
Mahoberberis, 104
— Miethkeana, 104
— Neuberti, 1 04
Mahonia, 102, 104
Maianthemum dilatatum, 99
Meconopsis, 1
— Baileyi, 1
— bella, 1
— betonicifolia, 1,2
— cambrica, 1
— grandis, 2
— integrifolia, 1
— latifolia, 3 1
— napaulensis, 1, 2
— paniculata, 2
— punicea, 1
— quintuplinervia, 31
— regia, 1 , 2
— Sherriffae, 1
— superba, 2
— villosa, 3 1
— violacea, 2
INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII (1955)
Metrosideros lucida, 1 18
Mimulus guttatus, 71
— Lewisii, 71
Mnium insigne, 1 00
82 Mountain Hemlock, 9
Muehlenbeckia axillaris, 108
Mulligan, B. O., 61
Neckera Douglasii, 100
— Menziesii, 1 00
New or Unusual Plants in the Arbore-
tum, 1 07
New Zealand Alpines, Some, 93
New Zealand, Plants of in the Arbore-
tum, 108
Notes and Comment, 20, 80, 1 12
Nothofagus, 93, 108, 118
— cliffortioides, 108, 118
— f usca, 1 08
— Menziesii, 108, 118
Notospartium, 109
Notohlaspi rosulatum, 118
Ogden, Mrs. Raymond D. (Helen R.),
24, 108
Olearia arborescens, 94
— cymbifolia, 94
— Haastii, 94
— ilicifolia, 94
— moschata, 94
Olympic Rain Forest, The, 98
Ornduff, Robert, 93
72 Ornithogalum nutans, 24
Orthotrichum Lyellii papillosum, 100
Ourisia caespitosa, 94
Oxalis oregona, 99
Pachystegia insignis, 95
Pacific Silver Fir, 97
Pedicularis groenlandica, 71
Penstemon hesperius, 71
— Menziesii, 70, 71
— rupicola, 71
Pernettya mucronata, 107
Phlox Douglasii, 71
Photinia, Notes on the Species, 5
Photographs
— Abies amabilis, 96
— Berberis vulgaris, 102
— Colletia armata, 106
., 70 — Daphne Blagayana, (fig. 5), 67
— Drug Garden University of
Washington, 13
— Hall of Mosses, Hoh Valley,
Olympic Nat'l Park, 100
— Hypericum "Rowallane Hybrid," 72
— Magnolia Kobus var. borealis, 16
— Meconopsis betonicifolia, 2
— Moss Covered Log, Olympic Rain
Forest, 1 01
— Mountain Hemlocks, Mt. Rainier, 9
— Pachystegia insignis, 94
15 — Rhododendron Show Exhibit, 1955,
74
Photos by
— Brockman, C. Frank, 9
— Downward, J. E., 2
— Druce, A. P., 94, 95
— Martin, E. F., 13, 72, 74
— Mulligan, B. O., 16, 67, 96
— Normark, Don, 106
— Sharpe, G. W., 100, 101
Phyllachne clavigera, 94
Phyllocladus alphinus, 108, 1 17
Picea polita, 1 1 3
— sitchensis, 98
Pieris Forrestii, 1 1
Pinus Armandi, 1 1 3
Pittosporum Colensoi, 1 18
— Dallii, 1 1 8
— patulum, 1 1 8
Plagiothecium undulatum, 100
Planting Formula, Bryan Taylor's, 24
Plants Available in the Seattle Area,
110
Plants of New Zealand in the
University of Washington
Arboretum, 108
Podocarpus, 1 1 3
— nivalis, 1 08
Polygonum bistortoides, 71
— Newberryi, 90
Polypodium vulgare, 99
Polystichum munitum, 99
Populus trichocarpa, 99
Porella navicularis, 100
Prunella vulgaris, 99
Prunus Pissardii, 1 1 4
Pseudohylesinus, 97
Pseudisothecium stoloniferum, 100
Pseudotsuga Menziesii (taxifolia), 99
Puccinia graminis, 105, 110
avenae, 1 03
secalis, 1 03
tritici, 103, 105
Ranunculus Gormanii, 71
— insignis, 1 1 8
— Lyallii, 1 18
Raoulia eximia, 94
Red Beech, 1 08
Rhamnus japonica, 107
— Purshiana, 107
Rhododendron Bakeri, 73
— cumberlandense, 73
— oblongifolium, 73
— prunifolium, 73
— serrulatum, 73
— Show, 1955, 20
Exhibit, 1955, 75
Rhytidiadelphus loreus, 100
Ribes sanguineum, 70
Riccardia latifrons, 100
Roberson, Frances, 84
Rubus cissoides, 1 1 8
— parvus, 1 1 8
— pedatus, 99
Sambucus callicarpa, 71
Scapania Bolanderi, 100
Scleranthus biflorus, 94
Selaginella oregona, 99
Senecio cassinioides, 95
— Greyii, 95
— Kirkii, 95
— laxifolius, 95, 109
— revolutus, 95
— triangularis, 71
Sharpe, Grant W., 98
Silver Beech, 1 08
Silver Fir, 97
Slater, Mrs. Harry S., 22
Smilacina racemosa glabra, 71
Spiraea densiflora, 71
Spraguea umbel lata, 90
Stachyurus praecox, 1 14
Stewartia koreana, 1 1
— monadelpha, 1 1
— ovata grandiflora, 1 1
— pseudo-camellia, 1 1
— sinensis, 1 1
Strybing Arboretum Society, The, 73
Tamarix pentandra (aestivalis), 1 14
Taylor, Bryan, 1 7
Thorgrimson, Mrs. O. B., 67
Thuja plicata, 99
Tiarella trifoliata, 99
Today's Demands, 18
Tolmiea Menziesii, 99
Trees, Books on, in Arboretum
Library, 78
Trisetum cernuum, 99
Tsuga heterophylla, 99
— Mertensiana, 9
— Sieboldii, 1 1 3
Ulotia obtusiuscula, 100
Vaccinium ovalifolium, 99
— parvifolium, 99
Valeriana sitchensis, 71
Veratrum viride, 71
Veronica Americana, 71
Viola glabella, 71
— Macloskeyi, 71
Webb, Gene, 1 6
Wild Flowers of Crater Lake
National Park, 71
Witt, J. A., 76, 107
Youngken, H. W., Jr., 12
Ziziphus Jujuba, 107
123
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