Archeological investigations at Paragonal, Utah (with fifteen plates)

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THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

ANTHROPOLOGY
ALFRED L. KROEBER
COLLECTION

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOLUME 70, NUMBER 3

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
AT PARAGONAH, UTAH

(WITH FIFTEEN PLATES)

BY

NEIL.M.JUDD,

(PUBLICATION 2536)

DOCUMENTS DEPARTJJe
OCt i

CITY OF WASHINGTON. Jjfl/VEPC TV
PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

1919

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOLUME 70, NUMBER 3

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
AT PARAGONAH, UTAH

(WITH FIFTEEN PLATES)

BY
NEIL M. JUDD

DOCUMENTS DEPARTMENT
OCT 3 1 1961

LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

U

(PUBLICATION 2536)

CITY OF WASHINGTON

PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
1919

BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A.

£- 10

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT
PARAGONAH, UTAH

BY NEIL M. JUDD
(WITH FIFTEEN PLATES)

INTRODUCTION

The remains of ancient habitations now visible near Paragonah
in Iron County, Utah, comprise but a small remnant of the total
number which formerly overlooked the broad Parowan Valley, from
the foothills between Red and Little Creek canyons. It is recorded *
that Dr. H. C. Yarrow, of the Wheeler Survey, observed more than
400 mounds in this vicinity in 1872. The figure given, in itself,
suggests a possible exaggeration and yet many ruins were unques-
tionably razed during the succeeding 20 years as the cultivated fields
of the modern community increased in extent. Prof. Henry Mont-
gomery, then of the University of Utah, reports2 approximately
100 mounds near Paragonah in 1893 and a like estimate is given by
Mr. Don Maguire of Ogden, Utah, who conducted excavations at
the same time as Professor Montgomery in the interest of the
Chicago World's Fair. Less than half of these remained in 1915,
when the writer began his investigations for the Bureau of American
Ethnology and the number was still further reduced during the next
12 months, leaving a bare half-dozen large elevations in the fields al-
ready under cultivation and several smaller mounds in the sage-
covered area adjoining. But the largest of these, whose size alone has
delayed their reduction, had also attracted earlier investigators and
each mound still bears the scars of their several undertakings.

In addition to the above observers Dr. Edward Palmer, of the U. S.
National Museum, conducted limited excavations at the same locality
during one of his numerous expeditions through southwestern Utah
between 1869 and 1877. None of these investigators, however, with
the single exception of Professor Montgomery,8 has published an

1U. S. Geographical Surveys West of the looth Meridian, Capt. G. M.
Wheeler, Vol. i, p. 57. Washington, D. C, 1889.

2 The Archaeologist, Vol. 2, p. 303, 1894.

3 Ibid., pp. 303-306.

SMITHSONIA^ MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 70, No. 3

854

2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. /O

account of his researches. The writer's own impressions, gained
in 1915 and 1916, have been, as yet, but partially recorded,1 a more
detailed report being withheld pending completion of additional
investigations. It is obvious, therefore, that the remains of an un-
usually large number of prehistoric dwellings near the village above
mentioned have gradually given way before the advance of agricul-
tural preference and that, notwithstanding the many observations
made among them, the ruins have contributed but little to our scanty
knowledge of their ancient inhabitants and have left us with only
the vaguest understanding of the degree of culture to which their
builders had attained.

The present paper finds its origin in a joint expedition undertaken
in 1917 by the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Utah,
at the request of the latter. The writer had the honor and the
pleasure of directing the work, with the cordial cooperation of Presi-
dent John A. Widtsoe and Prof. Levi Edgar Young, of the univer-
sity,2 and with the active assistance of Mr. Andrew A. Kerr as their
field representative.

It must be confessed that, for the layman, there is but little of the
spectacular in the results of the expedition. The student of history,
on the other hand, will find much to hold his attention — rude dwell-
ings of earth that seem so thoroughly adapted to their environment
and vast quantities of minor antiquities, each of which is its own
key to the daily activities and industries of the ancient house builders.
Here was a people who came from some distant, undetermined
region — a people that established a compact community, with a defi-
nite social organization, and then passed on to a new locality where
another cycle in their tribal history was unfolded. Innumerable
paragraphs might be written from the information at hand and yet,

1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 66, No. 3, p. 67; No. 17, pp. 103-107.

2 It should be stated that the successful inauguration and furtherance of the
season's undertaking was due largely to the interest and perseverance of
President Widtsoe and Professor Young. They first enlisted the aid of the
government institution and, thereafter, freely rendered every possible assistance
in bringing the work of the expedition to a happy conclusion.

In this place, also, the writer desires to acknowledge his appreciation of the
generous spirit in which his numerous Paragonah friends contributed to the
success of the expedition and he is especially indebted to Mrs. Martha Jane
Openshaw and Mr. Isaac Bozarth who kindly granted the necessary permis-
sion to conduct the excavations. The ultimate purpose of science can always
be best served by such whole-hearted good will and mutual helpfulness as
that which greeted the 1917 party.

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 3

at this time, it seems unwise to attempt more than a general survey
of the season's discoveries, reserving for a subsequent paper the
tempting comparison between the cultural evidence disclosed at
Paragonah and that found among ancient ruins in other sections of
the Southwest. Likewise, direct reference to previous investigations
of the Smithsonian Institution in Parowan and neighboring valleys
will be avoided in so far as possible, that the following pages may
be devoted entirely to the joint enterprise of 1917. A certain hetero-
geneity frequently obtains among archeological remains in western
Utah — such a confusion and intermingling of like and unlike struc-
tures that the entire subject may be explained most clearly in a mono-
graph based upon knowledge gained throughout the vast region in
which similar remains occur. The present paper treats of but one
small section of that region and the results of 1917 should be con-
sidered merely as a single, though highly important, contribution
toward final solution of the whole complex question.

EXCAVATION OF THE BIG MOUND

Paragonah was reached early in July and the party at once
centered its attention upon an elevation known locally as " the big
mound," a huge knoll measuring approximately 225 feet in diameter
and 10 feet high. There were several reasons for this selection :
( i ) It was the largest of those remaining and, notwithstanding the
previous removal of the southern one-third and superficial evidence
of other excavations, it still promised more perfect examples of
architecture and deeper court deposits than adjacent mounds ; (2)
being in the way of proposed improvements, it was in imminent
danger of complete reduction, with final loss of its archeologic con-
tents ; and (3) exposure of the house-group which the " big mound "
was thought to cover would form a fitting sequel to earlier studies of
smaller elevations containing from one to five dwellings, together
with their related structures.

The ragged blanket of sage-brush which covered the mound was
first cut and burned. Trenches were then begun in several places,
in search of walls, floors, etc. The actual work of excavation was
done with shovels ; teams and scrapers being employed only in remov-
ing the earth which had been examined and thrown out by the work-
men. This method, although slower, resulted in more extensive
collections of small artifacts and insured, also, greater accuracy in
tracing the various floor levels and house walls, some of which were
determined only with the greatest difficulty owing to their coloration

4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. /O

and to the compact condition of the surrounding soil. When house
remains were encountered they were immediately exposed, provided
no connecting structures were discovered which required previous
attention. Working from one dwelling to another, the entire series
was finally uncovered.

Early in the course of the excavations it became evident that in the
" big mound," as in other similar elevations, ruins of two distinct
types were to be found. These naturally increased in numbers as the
work progressed, but the obvious relationship between the two types
did not differ materially from that established during former
operations. The chief task of the 1917 expedition, therefore, soon
resolved itself into an effort to locate all of the more permanent
houses and to discover in the lesser structures invariably associated
with them any variation from their customary form. The outstand-
ing features of each type are given below, with additional notes on
certain individual ruins.

In general, every prehistoric community attracts the student both
through its architecture and its lesser antiquities, for the house
remains, perhaps more completely than the artifacts found within
or near them, furnish a true index to the cultural attainments of their
builders. And it is the degree of social and material advancement,
as evidenced by such remains and by such artifacts, that enables
the anthropologist to assign to any given people its approximate place
on the ladder of intellectual progress. In considering the results
of excavations in the big mound at Paragonah, therefore, attention
will first be directed to the structures occupied by the aborigines and
then to the minor objects discovered in connection with those
structures.

HOUSE REMAINS

Reference to the ground plan (pi. i) of the mound under con-
sideration shows a number of adjacent, rectangular rooms and sev-
eral additional buildings. It will be noticed, also, that some of these
rooms appear one above the other, but, even in such instances, there
is evidence of a purposeful arrangement and the constant recogni-
tion of a previously determined relationship. The fireplaces in the
areas contiguous to the rectangular rooms indicate the location of
temporary structures, occupied in conjunction with the more per-
manent buildings. All the fireplaces discovered during the course of
the excavations are not shown on the ground plan, for they were
found indiscriminately and throughout the entire depth of the mound
in such numbers as to render impracticable their proper delineation.

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 5

The walls of the quadrangular buildings were constructed entirely
of adobe, usually in layers, and averaging about 10 inches in thick-
ness. No complete wall has yet been found, but it is reasonable to
suppose that none of these exceeded in height the walls of other
prehistoric habitations throughout the Southwest, that is to say,
from 4! to 5 feet. This does not mean, however, that the inhabitants
were of small stature, a fallacy which has an unfortunately wide
circulation. Small houses were easier to build and they afforded
greater protection from the elements ; they were utilized primarily
as sleeping quarters and for the storage of corn, beans, and other
foodstuffs. They were designed chiefly to meet these requirements ;
the daily activities of their owners being performed mostly out of
doors or in the shelter of secondary structures.

Much has been said regarding the manner in which these adobe
dwellings were constructed, but it has been pointed out elsewhere 1
that the methods employed were not so complex as has been com-
monly supposed. The builders required merely an abundant water-
supply and the clayey soil of the region. A shallow hole near the site
of the proposed house sufficed as a mixing box, into which water was
poured as needed ; the hole grew in extent and depth as its sides were
cut down to furnish additional clay. This was undoubtedly mixed by
the bare feet of the workers, a method still employed by modern
Pueblo Indians and their Mexican neighbors.

Balls of this mud, worked to a stiff paste, were then thrown on to
a prepared area, tracing the outline of the room. Other masses were
added and the four walls gradually assumed their desired height.
Of necessity these were built up in layers, for the cohesive properties
of plastic clay are very low and supporting forms were unknown
among the primitive peoples of America. Each layer averaged
about 15 inches in thickness and the desert sun soon dried it suffi-
ciently to permit of the addition of a superposed course. The fact
that these layers vary in thickness from a few inches to more than
a foot may be traced usually to an effort on the part of the builders
to maintain uniform levels — an unintentional irregularity in one
layer would be corrected in placing the next above it. Mud plaster
was ordinarily employed in smoothing the inner faces of these walls,
but it is sometimes apparent that the freshly laid adobe was merely
dampened with water and surfaced over, obliterating all traces of
joints.

JJudd in Holmes Anniversary Volume, pp. 241-252. Washington, D. C,
1916.

6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 7<3

Working in this way, using their bare hands and with no tools
other than crude bone and stone implements, the ancient artisans
finally brought the new walls to a satisfactory height. A number of
wooden beams were then laid a foot or more apart and across the
shorter dimensions of the room ; above and at right angles to them,
smaller poles were placed, with willows or brush, grass and clay, in
succession, completing the roof. The resulting cover was fairly
tight, but extremely heavy ; it successfully turned most of the winter's
storms and required repair only two or three times a year, following
the rainy seasons. Windows for the admission of light and air were
unknown — aboriginal peoples seldom worried about ventilation or
lack of it — and the only entrance to the room was a hole through
the roof, an opening which was closed at times by a large, thin stone
disk.1

The primitive masons of Parowan Valley had adapted to their
needs the most available building material of their environment ;
they constructed houses which met their principal requirements and
yet these houses had at least one defect which their builders seem not
to have overcome. It is apparent that the roof beams did not
protrude far beyond the outer surface of the sun-dried mud
walls and consequently furnished scant protection for them. In
seasons of rainfall, the water \vhich accumulated upon the flat
earthen roof either soaked through or ran off the edges and down
the walls. In the latter case, the softened adobe would tend to give
way under the weight of the heavy ceiling, causing the walls to
collapse. It may safely be assumed that these dwellings were fre-
quently destroyed in this manner, even though the opinion be based
entirely upon circumstantial evidence, for many travelers in the
Southwest have noticed the disintegration of modern adobe houses
through the same agency.

A dwelling once destroyed was probably never wholly rebuilt,
although its broken walls may have been partially utilized in the
erection of a new structure. Lack of suitable tools made the mere
task of removing such wreckage a tedious undertaking. To obviate
the necessitv for this and yet render the site suitable for a new

1 The writer has been informed through several sources that the stone
employed in making the round ddors found so frequently among the Paragonah
ruins could have come only from the West Mountains or Kane Spring Hills,
10 miles from the village. Stone of similar texture is unknown elsewhere in
the vicinity; the difficulties of its transportation may be appreciated if the
reader will recall that these old people had no beasts of burden and that
many of the disks weigh as much as 75 and 80 pounds.

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 7

habitation, the old walls were pulled down upon themselves, the mass
brought to a uniform level, and erection of the substitute structure
begun.

In a previous paper,1 the present writer has briefly described the
occurrence of superposed dwellings in mounds excavated at Beaver
City, Utah. They, like the ones now under discussion, did not always
possess the same floor area as the buildings they replaced. In some
instances, one or more walls of the upper house coincided with those
of the lower ; in others, the long axis of the later dwelling lay at right
angles to that of the earlier. The mere position of the new habitation
seemingly did not influence its builders so much as the fact that
necessity compelled its erection and that preference or social custom
influenced its construction on the site of the one destroyed.

The occasional superposition of dwellings adds greatly to the
interest of such structures as those disclosed by the 1917 excavations.
A few of them, briefly described, may serve not only to indicate the
general problems involved, but they may also contribute, in a greater
or less degree, to an understanding of their primitive builders.
Rooms 16-19, for example, occur in three distinct levels. Numbers
16 and 17 originally comprised a single room, but this was subse-
quently divided by a partition only half as thick as the main walls.
Still later, both houses appear to have been abandoned, although
Room 17 may have been temporarily occupied after construction of
the neighboring house, number 18. A continuation of the floor level
of this latter dwelling extended out over the razed walls of Room 16,
2 feet 9 inches above their inner base.

The length of the upper structure was nearly as great as that of
Rooms 16 and 17 combined; the condition of its floor suggests occu-
pancy during a considerable period. For some unknown reason,
however, the walls of number 18 were later demolished and Room
19, a building only half as long, was erected above them. Seventeen
inches of closely packed building material separated the two floors ;
the width of the structures was approximately the same, although
the walls of the one did not rest directly upon those of the other.

The neighboring houses, numbers 8 to 12, furnish a similar
example of superposition. Rooms 9 and 1 1 were built above the par-
tially razed walls of Rooms 8, 10, and 12. Number 8 was constructed
subsequently to Room 10, its floor being approximately 10 inches

1 Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists, pp.
119-124. Washington, D. C, 1917.

8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

above that of the latter; Room 12 was erected at the same time and
on the same level as Room 10.

The walls of all three first-level houses were entirely of adobe,
built up in layers, and smoothed or plastered on the inside. There
is no means of determining the length of time each was inhabited,
but, after a certain period of occupancy, they gave way to Rooms

9 and n. Here again the walls of the upper structures do not
coincide exactly with those of the lower; their orientation, never-
theless, remains practically the same. The floors in Rooms 9 and
ii had been constructed 3 feet 9 inches above that in number 10 and
rested directly upon the irregular chunks of sun-dried adobe which
formerly composed the walls of the lower room. Plate 3 illus-
trates the relationship between the outer west walls of Rooms 8
and 9 and shows the difference in their respective floor levels.

While considering this series of dwellings, attention should be
called to certain peculiarities which have not been observed during
the excavation of other similar houses. In the outer east wall of
Room 8, averaging 36 inches above its base and 12 inches apart, was
a row of small holes, marking the former position of as many wall
pegs or hangers ; additional pegs may have existed in the destroyed
portion of the same wall. Holes of this sort in adobe dwellings are
really unique ; owing to their low position the use to which they were
put must remain doubtful. A doorway, 17 inches wide and about
24 inches high, pierced the south wall of this room, it being the only
lateral entrance yet observed among the prehistoric adobe dwellings
of western Utah. So far as could be determined neither wood nor
stone had been utilized in its frame. Room 9, directly above this
house, was obviously entered through the customary roof opening.

At the south end of Room 10, in its opposite walls and 20 inches
above the floor, were two series of four holes each. Those on the
west side averaged 11 inches and those on the east 4 inches from
each other. They marked the former position of horizontal poles,
built into the walls at the time of their construction and probably
formed a rude triangular bunk or shelf. This feature, also, is
believed to be unique among prehistoric ruins north and west of the
Rio Colorado and, if the conjecture be correct, it represents one of
the few examples of built-in benches yet discovered among aborigi-
nal dwellings of the Southwest. Similar series of pole rests were not
detected in any of the other Paragonah structures.

Room 31, a third-level house, almost entirely destroyed by earlier
excavations, was the only dwelling in the big mound whose floor

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 9

consisted of a layer of coarse gravel and water-worn cobblestones,
overlaid with adobe mud. Foundations of this character were in-
variably employed in the houses examined near Beaver City, Deseret
and Hinckley, and they occurred frequently in those near Fillmore
and Meadow, in Millard County. Excepting this course of small
stones underneath the floor the house did not differ from the adobe
dwellings described above.

It is to be regretted, of course, that the south one-third of the big
mound had been completely razed before the recent expedition began
its work. According to local reports, house walls were observed in
this position of the elevation, and there are those who insist that
circular rooms were also present. The number of these and the
number of rectangular dwellings must always remain a matter of
speculation ; that they were many may be inferred from the total
discovered in the remainder of the mound.

ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES

Most observers who have conducted investigations among the
mounds of western Utah have noticed the occurrence of lesser
structures in the areas immediately surrounding the adobe dwellings.
Too little importance has been attached to these remains and their
true import seems to have been generally overlooked.1 The recent
excavations at Paragonah disclosed houses of this type in large
numbers and it is desired at this time to refer to them, collectively,
in order that their real place in the community may be fully under-
stood.2

It will be noticed that the more permanent habitations in the big
mound are grouped to form, roughly, three sides of a square. The
interior of this square was rilled with accumulations of camp debris
and wind-blown earth, averaging 6 feet in depth. The remains of
temporary shelters were found without any semblance of order

1 In the papers cited above, the present writer made no attempt to elaborate
upon the court shelters or their obvious bearing upon the more permanent
structures. There is evidence pointing to the fact that the former are older,
structurally, than the latter.

2 It should be stated that plate I shows but very few of the lesser structures
exposed during the excavations of 1917. They were found in such unex-
pected numbers and so hopelessly interlocked that it was deemed inadvisable
to interrupt the main work while each one was carefully uncovered. The
chief characteristics of the type had been determined by the expeditions of
1915 and 1916; equally cautious dissection of the "big mound" did not
appear commensurate with the time and expense involved.

IO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

throughout these deposits. In one place, above fireplace L, seven
distinct levels of occupancy were noted and the layers which sup-
ported them frequently merged one into another or disappeared
entirely a short distance from the limits of the hut. Careful analysis
of these levels and the material separating them leaves the impres-
sion that the lesser structures were so easily constructed that their
abandonment was effected without great compunction, once their
usefulness had ended.

The charred ends of upright posts show that a large proportion of
these shelters were destroyed by fire ; others may have become so
filled with debris and dust that their builders found it desirable to
select other quarters. In the latter case, the old hut would have
been pulled down and its timbers utilized in the new structure,
leaving the other materials which united in its construction as a fur-
ther addition to the court deposits. All this is apparent from
close examination of the remains, but many of the fireplaces, unlike
those exposed by previous expeditions, exhibited no trace of a former
covering and it may be that they were entirely unroofed. The huts
varied somewhat in size and interior arrangement, but they were of
the same general type and they served a common purpose.

In their simplest form these associated structures consisted of a
roof supported by four uprights and they, in turn, surrounded a cir-
cular fireplace. The posts upheld crosspieces and against them,
leaning outward toward the ground, was a succession of small poles.
It seems most likely that grass and eatfh covered these sloping tim-
bers, enclosing the room on at least three sides. That portion of
the roof lying directly above the firepit was flat and constructed in
much the same manner as that of an adobe dwelling, with possible
provision for a smoke vent. In ruins of these huts chunks of burned
clay, bearing impressions of the several materials which composed
the roof, are almost always present upon the fireplace and within the
area bordered by the uprights.

These lesser structures were really the living quarters of the
ancient people, rooms in which their daily activities were performed.
As each family possessed one or more adobe houses — places of pro-
tection or for the storage of semi-precious possessions — so, also, did
each lay claim to at least one court shelter, an associated structure
in which the family cooking was done, where garments and household
utensils were prepared and where all those numerous small tasks that
occupied the time even of primitive folk were performed. Some such
shelters possessed a second fireplace ; some a shallow, basin-like

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD II

depression near the firepit in which clean sand was kept. Some huts
were larger than others ; some show longer occupancy ; but none
is without evidence of its true use, since small implements of bone
and stone, charred corn and squash seeds, potsherds, split animal
bones, and other camp-fire refuse, may always be found upon the
smooth earthen floors and throughout the accumulations which
separate the successive levels.

Excavation of the big mound disclosed ruins of still another type,
structures not previously noted among the archeological remains of
western Utah. Houses of this class possess certain features found,
respectively, in the rectangular adobe dwellings and in the adjacent
court shelters ; they represent, perhaps, attempts to provide the
roominess and stability of the former while utilizing methods peculiar
to the latter. Rooms 20, 39, 40, 41, etc., are houses of the type under
consideration and they are classed as secondary structures, since they
apparently have a closer economic relationship to the shelters than to
the heavy-walled buildings.

The first of these, although smaller than the others, may be con-
sidered typical of all. As discovered, it consisted only of a much-
used floor whose outer limits were marked by a series of small post-
holes. A rimmed fireplace, 13 inches in diameter and 6 inches deep,
had been cut into the floor near the south wall. It would appear that
this house had been erected some time subsequent to Kiva V, for
example, since several inches of court accumulations, including two
ill-defined levels of occupancy, separated the floors of the two
structures.1

Room 39 was the largest house of this type, and it, in turn, had
been built 14 inches above the floor of an earlier structure of the same
kind, Room 40. A rimmed fireplace, 38 inches in diameter and 4
inches deep, occupied the middle of the room, and surrounding it,
as in the smaller court shelters, were four large roof supports. The
walls of this building were constructed of small upright posts,
wattled with brush or willows and plastered with mud. More than 30
supports had been utilized in the west wall — the holes they once
occupied were only a few inches apart and nearly every one was
filled with decayed wood. In part of the east wall, against Room 35,
horizontal willows had been bound to the uprights before they were

1 Four feet four inches above number 20 and at right angles to its long axis
was a third-level dwelling, Room 21. Its walls were entirely of adobe, con-
structed in the manner previously outlined; its floor was hard and smooth
and rested directly upon the refuse and loose earth which covered Room 20.

12 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

plastered ; in another place it was determined with certainty that
masses of plastic adobe had been forced between the posts and
smoothed over so as to cover them.

Structures of this type, like the smaller shelters, were essentially
living quarters or work rooms. Such use is indicated by the central
fireplace — fireplaces were not present in any of the rectangular
dwellings — and by the small objects found in the debris surrounding
it. The two types were designed for similar purposes and, funda-
mentally, they were alike in construction. Only in form and size
did they differ to any marked extent. The central roof of each was
supported by four pillars ; small poles made-up the walls of both. In
the smaller shelters these poles slanted downward and outward from
crosspieces which rested upon the uprights ; in the larger rooms they
were set vertically and the wall supported the outer edges of a flat
roof, laid in continuation of that directly above the fireplace. Struc-
tures of the first type were round or nearly so ; those of the second
class were quadrilateral.

CEREMONIAL ROOMS

Among the structures concealed by the big mound were three cir-
cular rooms and the remains of possibly two others. In form and in
their position relative to the adjacent, rectangular dwellings these
round rooms may be likened to the ceremonial chambers, or kivas,
so inseparably connected with prehistoric Pueblo dwellings through-
out the Southwest. They lack some of the structural details of the
latter, but their use was so obviously the same that it seems per-
missible to employ the recognized Hopi term in referring to them.
Such application of the word " kiva " has, in fact, already been made *
by the present writer, in considering circular rooms observed pre-
viously at Paragonah and in other sections of western Utah.

In all distinctly Pueblo villages, both ancient and modern, the
ceremonial room was the nucleus about which the life of the com-
munity revolved ; the presence of more than one kiva denoted,
merely, that the village was composed of several clans, each having
its own unit organization and its own center of social and religious
activity. In certain historical Pueblo settlements of New Mexico
and Arizona, where Spanish influence was most pronounced, cere-
monial rooms lost their original shape when their builders purposely
hid them among dwellings of the house cluster, as a means of fore-
stalling priestly opposition. In other existing communities the kiva

1 American Anthropologist, Vol. 19, No. I, Jan-March, 1917.

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 13

retained its circular form, remaining somewhat isolated and wholly
or partly underground. Pueblo mythology prescribed a subter-
ranean position, in respect to habitations, for purely ceremonial
rooms and the Indians of to-day still adhere to tribal custom as far
as possible, despite persistent efforts of their conquerors to sub-
stitute new religious precepts for the ancient beliefs.

The kivas in the big mound at Paragonah were circular in form ;
they were entered through a roof opening at a level corresponding
to that of the court. This subterranean, or semi-subterranean posi-
tion, however, appears to have been obtained in a manner somewhat
different from that which governed the construction of such rooms
in cliff-dwellings and exposed pueblos. In the two latter a location
already lower than the houses was frequently chosen or a natural
concavity was enlarged and deepened to meet requirements, or
dwellings were even built up around the kiva, leaving it in a sub-
jacent position. The circular rooms in the big mound, on the other
hand, apparently were excavated from extensive piles of debris —
accumulations which permitted the desired subterranean situation
and yet left the kiva floors on practically the same level as those of
the neighboring secular structures. Whether these piles were wholly
artificial or whether they represented merely the usual court deposits
could not be determined with certainty by the investigations of 1917.
The important fact to be considered is that circular structures have
been found in this section of the west and that they were given an
underground position in respect to the adobe habitations.

Architecturally, the Paragonah kivas were constructed in a very
simple manner. A hole of the desired depth and diameter was exca-
vated from accumulations of earth and camp-fire debris; its walls
and floor were then surfaced with mud and allowed to dry. This
method appears in sharp contrast to that employed in the adjacent
houses where superposed courses were laid with considerable care.
In most cliff villages of the Southwest those rooms designed pri-
marily for ceremonial purposes represent the highest local develop-
ment in masonry, but at Paragonah the contrary is true. The mud
plaster was spread directly upon the face of the cut and, from the
outside, there is nothing which would suggest the presence of a wall.
A roof of the type previously described covered the room and the
customary hatchway served as the sole means of entrance. In none
of these chambers was anything found which would correspond to
the sipapu, the fire screen or the wall recesses in prehistoric kivas
throughout the San Juan drainage, for example.

•
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

Among the circular rooms in the big mound, number I is espe-
cially noteworthy. As in certain habitations, it illustrates the readi-
ness with which its ancient builders abandoned one building in favor
of another or the apparent ease with which they utilized the remains
of one structure in erecting a second. Kiva I may be considered as
merely the contraction of a larger, similar room whose floor and
north wall were retained as part of the later building; it seems a
confession on the part of its builders that they lacked the skill neces-
sary to construct successfully so large a structure as that which it
replaced. When exposed the walls of the smaller room were prac-
tically intact ; those of the larger had disappeared except on the
north and west sides. The precursor of number I had been exca-
vated from the loose court deposits and its walls consisted only of
thick coats of mud spread directly upon the ash-bearing earth ; the
smaller room had been built within the larger, its north wall coin-
ciding with that of the latter and its other sides being formed by the
debris thrown upon the floor and within the razed walls of the
earlier structure. A rimmed fire-place 26 inches in diameter and
3 inches deep occupied the middle of the floor.1

Kivas II and III are really counterparts of number I, although
differing somewhat in size. The third of these, unfortunately
mutilated during the removal of the south end of the mound, had
also undergone repairs, a second floor having been laid 2 inches
above the first. The room is still further unique in possessing an
extra fireplace, adjoining and but slightly smaller than the usual
central hearth. Against the southwest wall was a pesthole which
held a support for one of the heavy roof beams, a feature also noted
in kivas exposed during the expeditions of 1915 and 1916.

The curved wall fragments of possibly two additional kivas were
observed, respectively, within Room 35 and in the open court east of
Rooms 8 to 12. The first of these measured only a few feet in
length ; its floor, although broken and so near the surface as to render
its exposure difficult, was traced beyond the razed east wall of Room
35. This room was circular in form and there seems but little doubt
that it was used chiefly for ceremonial purposes.2 Greater uncer-

1 In the court accumulations between Kiva I and Rooms 8 and 32 several
levels of occupancy, from 2 to 10 inches in thickness, were noted. Each
of these showed fireplaces and the remains of shelters associated with the
neighboring rectangular habitations, but the ground plan does not presume to
delineate all of those discovered.

a The necklace of bone pendants and " gaming counters " noted on page 16
was found on the floor of this room.

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 15

tainty exists regarding the other room, which has been marked
Kiva V. Its floor lay in that portion of the mound where superposed
levels of occupancy were most numerous, and it may be that the room
was no more than an enlarged shelter. Fragments of curved adobe
walls remained on the eastern side and these, if continued, would
have circled a central fireplace about which four large pillars for-
merly stood. It is the presence of these surrounding posts that sug-
gests the possibility of this having been one of the numerous
associated structures, but kivas with roofs supported by uprights
were noted, also, during preceding expeditions and in so large a room
pillars would have been absolutely necessary. Curved adobe walls,
on the other hand, have not yet been observed among the remains
of purely court shelters.

MINOR ANTIQUITIES

In reviewing the minor antiquities exposed during the excavation
of the " big mound " the observer will, first of all, be attracted by
the preponderance of bone objects. Bone implements and orna-
ments of many shapes and sizes, and in various degrees of completion,
were found in unexpected numbers ; in addition, there were large
quantities of mere refuse — bones split to facilitate the extraction of
marrow, charred bones, and those apparently tossed carelessly to
one side. Among this mass of worked and unworked material there
may be recognized skeletal fragments of such animals as the deer,
antelope, mountain sheep, bear, and various smaller mammals.
There are also a few fragments of heavy antler which appear to be
elk and several pieces of large, worked bone that have been tenta-
tively identified as those of the buffalo. All of these, taken together,
indicate that the ancient house builders were persistent hunters and
that the animals killed not only contributed largely to their food sup-
ply, but formed, also, the chief source of one of the materials most
essential to the economic pursuits of the community.

Awls are especially numerous and vary in size from the small,
sharpened metapodial of the deer to those cut from the full length
of the canon bone. Most of them are merely ground and sharpened
fragments, but several exhibit a high degree of specialization and
are really pleasing examples of aboriginal art. A few were perfor-
ated at the butt end for the attachment of a cord and still others,
as in plate II, were decorated with incised lines. Some of the awls
are long and slender, like needles ; others are heavy, blunt, and

l6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

frequently chipped at the end as though employed as punches in
flaking arrow points, etc. But all of them, crude and finely worked
together, were utilized in the daily activities of their owners, in
weaving baskets, in making skin garments, and in numerous lesser
tasks for which they were not, perhaps, especially intended.

Closely allied to the bone awls is rather an extensive group of
implements shaped from antler. These include chiefly punches and
flaking implements, but there is, also, a remarkable collection of
wedges, three of which are figured in plate 12. Among the antler
fragments, as with the bones, there are specimens that accurately
illustrate the manner in which they were prepared for use — speci-
mens which include selected though unworked tynes, those partially
or completely sawed with flakes of flint and cut pieces that show
various stages in the grinding process by which the objects were
brought to completion.

Xext to the awls, numerically, is a large series of more or less
carefully shaped objects, some of which are shown in plate 13. Most,
perhaps all, of these were employed as dice or counters in various
games and yet some of them were unquestionably adaptable to
other purposes. The series is truly noteworthy, both in point of
number and in the workmanship of many of the specimens. These
arrange themselves naturally into groups, according to the charac-
ter of the finished object — groups which range from the rudely
chipped counter to those neatly polished, perforated, and ornamented
by drilled dots or incised lines. A large percentage of these, crude
and highly worked alike, bear traces of red paint on the under or
concave side and it may be that each one was so marked when in
use. That all of these, especially those which are perforated, were
not employed exclusively in games is indicated by the recovery of 10
charred " counters " together with 14 bone pendants — the whole
probably forming a necklace — from the ashes of a fireplace in
Kiva IV.

Pendants and broken counters reworked to form like ornaments,
beads of various sizes, small gaming disks or dice and even finger
rings are among the bone objects collected. The latter, especially,
will bear brief consideration, since the specimens recovered illustrate
each stage in ring manufacture. A section of predetermined width
was sawed from a large bone, as indicated in plate 1 1 ; this piece, in
turn, was ground down and polished by rubbing on sandstone and
perhaps later carved or incised with lines. The hollow character

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD I/

of certain mammal bones probably suggested this use, and primitive
delight in personal adornment quickly led to the adoption of the new
ornament. Complete specimens were fewer in number than the
fragments recovered, but all are highly interesting and most of them
speak well for the artistic ability of their makers.

Objects of bone collected by the 1917 expedition were important
both in quantity and in quality of workmanship. The stone arti-
facts, on the other hand, although numerous, embraced but few
types and these exhibit no marked deviation from similar imple-

30304/

FIG. i.

ments, widely distributed throughout the Southwest. As might be
expected, hammer stones and mullers predominate, but there are*also
large numbers of rubbing and polishing stones, discoidal jar covers,
gaming balls,1 etc.

Grooved axes and mauls seem to have been wholly unknown to
the inhabitants of the adobe dwellings. After three summers' work
among the ruins of western Utah the writer has found but one
implement, figure i, which even approaches an ax in form and this
is a crude basalt hammer, notched for hafting, and probably made

1 Small stone balls, usually encrusted with a softer material, were employed
by various southwestern tribes in games for both adults and children. The
recent expedition collected 75 of these and, in addition, two specimens of
adobe. To one of the latter was still attached a fragment of its original
clay covering.

l8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

from a fragment of a broken muller. The absence of these common
North American implements is, in itself, significant; especially so,
since suitable stone was not entirely lacking. It means either that
the aborigines had not yet discovered the feasibility of stone axes —
which is almost unbelievable, considering their advancement in
other lines — or that they were still content to use other weapons and
to employ fire in felling the larger timbers utilized in the construc-
tion of their dwellings and associated structures.

Most of the metates, or stones on which corn, etc., was crushed,
are of a type peculiar to western Utah. They consist of fairly large
basaltic boulders and are generally but little worked, excepting the
upper surface. The exceptional feature of these metates is the small,
secondary area adjoining the grinding surface and at that end of the
stone which would have been elevated while in use. It is usually,
though not always, concave, but whether it was designed as a rest for
the muller or intended primarily as a container for ground meal
is still problematical. It would have answered either purpose, al-
though not absolutely essential to the efficient use of the metate.
The small basin does not customarily appear on stone mills found
elsewhere.1

Traces of red paint on both metates and mullers illustrate the
readiness with which primitive man employed his various utensils
in the task at hand. Red ochre was collected along the foothills,
brought to the village and pulverized for use in bodily adornment
and the ornamentation of pottery, etc. The frequency with which
paint-covered mullers are found indicates that the quantity of
natural pigment employed by the ancient people of Paragonah was
not inconsiderable. It is not apparent that they employed special
montars and pestles in the preparation of paints as was done at
Zuiii and elsewrhere.

The pottery exposed by the expedition of 1917 is much the same
as that found during the excavations of the two preceding years.
A majority of the shards recovered are of plain ware ; corrugated
vessels were evidently less common than in ruins farther north.
These fragments, however, taken with those which bear traces of
ornamentation, are sufficient to indicate the development of the
ceramic art among these house builders and to establish a cultural
affinity between them and the ancient people south and east of the

1 The writer's attention has been called to a similar metate discovered on the
outskirts of Moab in Grand County, Utah, by Dr. A. V. Kidder of Harvard
University.

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD IQ

Rio Colorado. Decorated jars and ollas were obviously rare, but
bowls carrying the customary black decorations over a gray interior
wash were plentiful. On these latter are figured many of the
geometric patterns common to the northern part of the prehistoric
Pueblo area ; only one shard has been noted which carries a repre-
sentation of an animal. However instructive a comparison of the
earthenware vessels from the two regions might be it again seems
advisable merely to affirm the similarity in design and leave for a
future paper detailed consideration of the western Utah pottery.

An examination of these Paragonah fragments discloses one
peculiarity of ornamentation which is too often repeated to suggest
mere accident. This is the interlineal use of red paint, superficially
applied. The black decorations were painted directly upon the
kaolin wash and were permanently fixed when the specimen was fired.
Some of these, however, especially bowls with encircling bands, were
further ornamented with red ochre and this almost without excep-
tion was drawn between the black lines some time after the vessel
had been removed from the kiln. The red paint, not being perma-
nent, is readily removed by rubbing, but its decorative effect remains
unquestioned. Plain-ware bowls and jars and even coiled ollas were
sometimes covered on the outside with a thin coat of this same pig-
ment, producing results which, in general appearance, approach the
unpainted red ware of the Little Colorado drainage. Judging solely
from the shards collected, earthenware vessels decorated with red
before firing were extremely rare in the Paragonah region.

Besides the usual objects.of bone, stone, and pottery, a number of
less common artifacts were recovered from the big mound. Perhaps
the most interesting of these is a tubular stone pipe, figured in plate
15. The original, now in the University of Utah Museum, is of
agalmatolite, or possibly serpentine. It is of the well-known Cali-
fornia type and undoubtedly reached the Parowan Valley through
inter-tribal commerce.1 The typical Utah pipe — if a type can be
determined from incomplete investigations — is of clay and varies
between numbers 303177 and 303179, plate 15. Short tubular pipes
with flaring lips have been found in widely separated localities ; clay

xThat materials and artifacts prized by primitive peoples were frequently
transported almost incredible distances is a fact well known to anthropologists.
Several dozen beads made from Pacific coast shells (Olivclla biplicata, Sby.
and Olivella dama, Mawe), were found in the "big mound " and indicate that
the difficulties of a foot journey across the Nevada and California deserts were
not insurmountable.

2O SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

pipes l with bowls inclined upward at the end of the stem, or lying
wholly within it, are not uncommon and these, too, are widely
distributed throughout the region of the adobe houses. Stone pipes
of this same general type, but much heavier than those of clay have
been found in other western Utah mounds, although none were dis-
covered by the recent expedition.

Among the lesser antiquities recovered are certain seeds and pieces
of basketry — perishable articles whose charred condition is alone
responsible for the their present degree of preservation. The first
of these includes grass and squash seeds, corn, beans, and pifion
nuts — foodstuffs which indicate that the old house builders knew
something of agriculture and did not rely wholly upon the skill of
their hunters. The basketry, one fragment of which is illustrated
in plate 12, is of the coiled variety so common among the ancient
cliff-dwellers and represents a high quality of workmanship. Bas-
kets were unquestionably in constant use by the primitive folk of
Parowan Valley and far more numerous than their occasional remains
would lead one to believe.2

Something has been said above of the use as paint of clay stained
with oxide of iron. Pieces of yellow ochre were also found, but
these were undoubtedly employed chiefly for bodily adornment.
So far as known, potsherds bearing indications of yellow decoration
have not yet been discovered in western Utah mounds. Small masses
of kaolin are occasionally recovered from these ruins — masses that
furnished the whitish coat with which the vessels were surfaced,
previous to the application of decorative designs. Some of them,
however, are so nicely shaped and of such definite form (pi. 12, a)
as to suggest their possible use in certain kiva ceremonies.3 A con-

1 The small effigy pipe, number 301976, plate 15, is the only one of its kind
known to have been found in a Utah mound. The original, now in the
University of Utah Museum, is of clay and probably represents a ground
squirrel; its stem had been broken one-half inch from the bowl, but was
subsequently ground down for continued use.

a Rumor has it that pieces of charred cotton cloth have been found during
previous excavations at Paragonah, but no traces of such fabric were dis-
covered by the 1917 party.

3 A story often repeated at Paragonah relates that the walls in one of the
adobe dwellings previously exposed were painted white and, over this, figures
in red, green, and yellow had been drawn. The excavation of many similar
ruins, both at Paragonah and elsewhere, has failed to disclose any trace of like
ornamentation, although walls are frequently observed whose faces are covered
with a thin coat of alkaline salts, deposited by the network of rootlets which
follow down the hard wall surface and tend to separate it from the softer
accumulations of debris and wind-blown earth. In the opinion of the writer,

NO. 3 ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT PARAGONAH JUDD 21

siderable vein of this material is said to exist in the Escalante Desert,
northwest of Rush Lake and about 20 miles west of Paragonah.

Two or three small masses of sulphur were also found among the
house remains. None of these, however, bears any mark which
would suggest that the mineral had been intended for, or put to, a
definite use. It would appear most likely that the original collector
had been attracted merely by the color of the stone and carried it
to the village under the assumption that it could be ground into
paint.

A few fragments of ore-bearing rock were recovered at the same
time. These were utilized solely as hammer-stones and are not, as
might be inferred, evidence that the ancient house builders possessed
knowledge of smelting processes. Implements and ornaments of
metal are entirely unknown among the Utah ruins — persistent local
contentions to the contrary — and they have never been discovered
in pre-Spanish villages in any other section of the Southwest, except-
ing, of course, those few southern Arizona and New Mexico locali-
ties that had established inter-tribal communication with the peoples
of central Mexico. The highly colored stories so widely circulated
throughout Utah regarding the discovery of gold, silver, and iron
artifacts in purely prehistoric ruins are deliberate fabrications whose
chief purpose seems to be the willful deception of the most credulous.
Tales of this sort have frequently acted as a spur to those seeking
supposed fabulous riches and are directly responsible for the wanton
destruction of many aboriginal remains whose historical value cannot
be over estimated.

SUMMARY

Certainly the chief result of the recent Smithsonian Institution-
University of Utah expedition was the successful exposure of some
40 odd houses and numerous associated structures, comprising the
greater part of an extensive prehistoric village. These were of
entirely distinct types, grouped to form a single compact community ;
their apparently studied arrangement and the obvious relationship
between them and the nearby, circular rooms is evidence that definite
social and religious principles governed the daily life of their
occupants. The more permanent dwellings were of adobe, built up
usually in courses and smoothed or plastered on the inside ; the
secondary buildings may be described as brush shelters — the living
quarters of the villagers — in which were performed most of their

these salty deposits were mistaken for " whitewash " ; the " paintings " may be
wholly or in part the product of the imagination.

22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 70

domestic activities. The shelters seemingly were erected without
serious consideration of their possible interference with the general
plan of the village ; they were easily constructed and the site chosen
for each appears to have been the least obstructed space nearest
the home of the prospective builders. Huts of this type, together
with the adobe houses, acted as natural barriers that caught and
held the wind-blown sand and earth as it swept across the treeless
foothills and settled in and among the dwellings, adding materially
to the size of the mound. Not all of the exposed dwellings were
inhabited simultaneously and it is highly probable that many decades
elapsed between the occupation and abandonment of the site.

Ceremonial chambers adjacent to the secular structures suggest
that at least three clans had united in the establishment of the village.
In form and their obvious connection with the neighboring habita-
tions these circular rooms resemble the kivas in cliff-dwellings and
historical Pueblo villages. Although certain structural details com-
monly identified with the latter are absent in the Paragonah kivas,
but little doubt remains that they served similar purposes and exerted
equally important influences upon their respective builders.

Large numbers of artifacts were recovered from the refuse heaps
which filled the open spaces between the houses. Most of these are
of bone and stone, but charred fragments of more perishable mate-
rials were also found, and all of them, taken together, indicate that
the ancient artisans possessed considerable ingenuity and attained
creditable results with their crude implements. Among the objects
collected are many shards of earthenware vessels decorated with
geometric figures of a type common to prehistoric communities
south and east of the Rio Colorado. Inasmuch as decorative motives
did not change readily among the ancient house builders of the
Southwest this similarity in pottery design is noteworthy.

Not only the character and ornamentation of certain lesser anti-
quities, but also the structural peculiarities of the rectangular
dwellings and their general relationship to each other confirm the
opinion that a marked cultural affinity existed between the ancient
people of Parowan Valley and those inhabiting the semi-arid regions
east of Navaho Mountain. Just how extensive and far-reaching
this may be can be determined only by additional investigations —
researches that shall have for their prime motive the tracing of the
ancient culture so characteristic of western Utah. Once these limits
are ascertained the problem of the Utah mounds will have been solved
and the builders of the adobe dwellings will have found their right-
ful place in the story of our prehistoric Southwest.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 2

Trenching in search of rooms on the northwest quarter of the mound.
View from the north.

Excavated northwest quarter of the big mound with Room 14 in the fore-
ground. Compare view above.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 3

m^;i#®mi*>

Outer west walls of Rooms 8 and 9, from the southwest. The layer of
broken adobe shown in the middle of the photograph rests upon loose earth
and debris and forms a foundation for the west wall of Room 9.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 4

Looking northwest, across Rooms 8-12. The depth of the court accumu-
lations is indicated by the workmen who are standing near Fireplace I.
West Mountains and Little Salt Lake appear in the distance.

The two fireplaces and three of the charred posts of Kiva V, in the fore-
ground. Note the courses in the outer east wall of Room 8. View from
the east.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL 6

. •

•k CL,

m i

*• V*

Dcca_ved remains of large upright cedar posts which formed the west wall

of Room 43.

Superposed adobe dwellings, 16-19, with the floors of Rooms 18 and 19
plainly visible. The men are at work in the central court, near Kiva V.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL.

Kiva III from the southwest; the two central fireplaces appear indistinctly
in the foreground ; numerous squirrel burrows pierce the walls.

Looking down into Kiva II from above Fireplace O', with Room 23 show-
ing at the left.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, FL. 7

Kiva I from the southwest corner of Room 6, shown at the lower right
The pesthole in the middle foreground was the only one found near Fire-
place A ; Fireplace B appears at the left.

Kiva I from the north wall of Room 2, shown at the lower right ; Fire-
place B at the left of the braces which support the east wall of the cere-
monial room.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOl . 70, NO. 3, PL.

Looking into Kiva I from a point near Fireplace C, but within the stand-
ing south wall of the larger ceremonial chamber first constructed. Part
of the latter appears at the left.

Rounded masses of adobe wall material under the floor of Room 19. It
will be noted that these are not all of the same shape or thickness.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL.

tiifeftH

''"&2 >'* ' •JS?1' ^' '. VJKlK^/*^''' ' '"•.^•-'l *' «»~_!

-.^•;^^)

i

Room 39 from the north \yall of Room 35, showing the central fireplace
and sticks marking the position of two of the four surrounding pillars.
The pegs beyond occupy pestholes along the west wall.

S

- v

Floor of Room 39, as seen from the south. In the foreground, the wall
of an earlier dwelling, razed to the floor level of the later house. Pegs
mark the position of upright posts.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 8, PL. 10

Looking northeast across the central court, from Room 15; wall frag-
ments and charred uprights of Kiva V in the middle foreground; south
wall of Room 19 stands at the left. Various levels of occupancy are
indicated.

View from the southeast, showing north limit of the excavations which
previously reduced the south end of the big mound.

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 11

303099

303/26

303069 303070

303//3

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 12

303/S/

303151

303/70

303/6^

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 13

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 14

30308*

303//6

303083

303086

SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS

303/76

VOL. 70, NO. 3, PL. 15

30/97G

503/77

303/7$

•

JUN 7 19?2E>AY USE

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