Assessing the conservation status of the world's tropical forest. Summary report

ASSESSING THE CONSERVATION ST4TUS
OF THE WORLD’S TROPICAL FOREST

SUMMARY REPORT
of the
WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment Project

catried out
with financial support from

CVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, UX

A contribution te the FAO Forest
Resources Assessment 1990

December 1993

‘WORLD CONSERVATION
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The mission of the
World Conservation Monitoring Centre is to provide.

information on the status, security and
management of the Earth’s biological diversity.

ASSESSING THE CONSERVATION STATUS
OF THE WORLD’S TROPICAL FOREST

SUMMARY REPORT
of the
WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment Project

carried out
with financial support from

OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION, UK

A contribution to the FAO Forest
Resources Assessment 1990

December 1993

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2010 with funding from
UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge

http://www.archive.org/details/assessingconserv93wcmc

1. INTRODUCTION

Concern over the depletion and degradation of the world’s tropical forests and woodlands
led to the FAO/UNEP Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project, carried out from
1979 to 1981. This project, which covered 76 tropical countries, gave an overview of the
situation at that time and provided insight into the trends in forest use and loss. In an
attempt to improve and update this baseline information, a second project, the Tropical
Forest Resources Assessment was conducted by FAO, working to a baseline of 1990.

An ad hoc Meeting of Experts on Forest Resource Assessment, held in Kotka, Finland in
October 1987, recommended that the 1990 Assessment "should give more explicit emphasis
to the service functions of forest, including environmental protection and nature
conservation." To accomplish this goal, the group recommended that the project seek
supplementary information on legally established protected areas, including forest reserves,
and that boundaries of these areas, be entered on a Geographic Information System (GIS)
to allow for further analysis.

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment (TMAA) 1990 was conducted over a
three-year period from July 1989 to June 1992, and was funded by the British Overseas
Development Administration. It was carried out in collaboration with IUCN - The World
Conservation Union, in particular its Forest Conservation Programme and Commission on
National Parks and Protected Areas, and in cooperation with the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

The overall objective of the project was to complement the FAO Forest Resources
Assessment 1990 by quantifying the contribution of forestry, wildlife and other sectors to
nature conservation in the tropics. In so doing, this would help to identify gaps in existing
managed and conservation area networks and, particularly with respect to the forestry
sector, highlight the need for increased allocation of tropical forests for protection and
conservation purposes.

The following specific objectives for the project were agreed with ODA with respect to
each of the countries covered by the FAO Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project

a to update information held by WCMC on national protected area systems.
a to compile similar information on areas other than those designated primarily for
nature conservation, particularly with respect to forest reserves managed for

sustainable resource use;

a to present this information in short accounts of the state of national managed and
conservation area systems, drawing the main conclusions into regional summaries;

| to map managed and conservation area systems on a Geographic Information
System;

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a to use this GIS facility to analyze the coverage of different vegetation types or
bioclimatic units by managed and conservation areas, and to examine the coverage
afforded to different regions by those systems;

a to prepare analyses of managed area coverage by forest type and management
category, and present this in a form compatible with the FAO Forest Resources
Assessment 1990 tables and reports; and

LT to prepare further analyses and reports as time permitted.
World Conservation Monitoring Centre

As an international, non-profit making charity, WCMC was established by three
international conservation agencies: [UCN-The World Conservation Union; WWF-World
Wide Fund for Nature; and UNEP-United Nations Environment Programme, all of which
were involved in the development and evolution of the Centre from the outset. WCMC’s
mission is to provide research, information and technical services so that decisions affecting
the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources may be based on the best
available scientific information.

WCMC contributes information to GEMS (UNEP Global Environment Monitoring System),
which is a collective programme of the world community to acquire, through global
monitoring and assessment, the data that are needed for the rational management of the
environment. GEMS is an element of the United Nations Earthwatch programme. The
Centre holds the most comprehensive information on global nature conservation of any
agency in the world, and fills a very specific niche in the collating and dissemination of
information on biodiversity at this level.

The operational units which undertake a coordinated programme within WCMC are:
Protected Areas; Species; Habitats; Information Technology/GIS; and International
Operations. For the TMAA project, the extensive database on protected areas and other
managed areas (principally forest reserves) of the Protected Areas Data Unit was utilised
and developed, as was the GIS capability at the Centre.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Information Collection

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 covers 106 countries and territories
in the tropics, split into three regions (Latin America, Africa, and Asia & Pacific), and 12
subregions (see Annex 1). The study focused on a wide range of nationally designated
managed areas, particularly those having a protection or conservation role (which are
referred to as conservation areas). The study was directed primarily at the forestry and
wildlife sectors, within which the majority of designated areas are included. Additional
sectors (eg. national monuments, indigenous reserves) were included as appropriate.

Forestry sector Prior to this assessment, little systematically collected information on
managed areas in the forestry sector was available. WCMC contacted forest administrations

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in each tropical country, asking for statistics and maps of the forest estate, information
relating to its management and copies of relevant legislation.

Letters to forest administrations in each of the countries and territories listed were sent out
during the second quarter of 1990. Responses were received initially from 20% of
countries, but, following reminders, the response rate had increased to 40% by April 1991.
Efforts in the latter part of 1991 and early 1992 ensured that by the end of the project, 52%
of tropical countries had responded.

Information obtained directly from forest administrations was supplemented by information
gathered by FAO for other purposes, particularly for those countries and territories which
did not respond to WCMC’s requests. In the absence of any recent data statistics were used
from the Tropical Forest Resources Assessment 1980 (FAO, 1981) to quantify the extent
of natural forest under production. Additional information was obtained from the libraries
of the FAO Forest Department in Rome, and the Oxford Forestry Institute. Copies of
much of the forest legislation were obtained from the FAO Forest Resources Division.

Wildlife sector WCMC already holds an extensive body of information on conservation
areas within the wildlife sector. This information has been gathered over many years
through direct contact with the appropriate government and other agencies responsible for
their management. It is constantly being updated as existing areas are upgraded in their
conservation status or enlarged, and as new ones are created.

Relevant agencies within all tropical countries were contacted at some stage during this
project for their latest lists and maps, or asked to check and update material already
available to WCMC. Much of this information-gathering exercise was conducted under the
auspices of a parallel project to compile Protected areas of a world: a review of national
systems (IUCN, 1992), for presentation at the IV World Congress on National Parks and
Protected Areas, held in Caracas, February 1992. These two projects complemented each
other well.

Maps Where possible, maps of managed areas were obtained from the relevant government
authorities within the forestry, wildlife and any other sectors, in order to digitise their
boundaries using a Geographic Information System. In addition, the map libraries of the
University of Cambridge and Oxford Forestry Institute were searched for relevant maps.
Maps were also obtained from the Natural Resources Institute of the Overseas Development
Administration (ODNRJ) and Hunting Technical Services, UK.

2.2 Information Management
WCMC manages its information on conservation areas in the following ways:

a hard copies of all bibliographic material (eg. books, papers, reports, legislation),
correspondence and maps are filed on a geographic basis;

7 relevant data are extracted from this raw material and stored electronically in the
WCMC Protected Areas Database; boundary maps are digitised using a Geographic
Information System (ARC/INFO) and stored within the WCMC Biodiversity Map

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Library (see Annex 2) listed to tabular data in the WCMC Protected Areas
Database; and

a texts describing national conservation area networks, their legal and administrative
basis, are compiled using a standard format and stored electronically.

a texts describing individual conservation areas are also compiled, and stored in the
same way, but these are not relevant to this study.

For purposes of this project, the WCMC Protected Areas Database was expanded to include
other managed areas, notably forest reserves. The database was also modified to enable
the function of forest reserves to be recorded as production, protection or conservation, in
line with the classification used by FAO (1990). This database currently comprises some
40,000 records, of which some 9,136 were relevant to this study. Summary statistics of
the forest estate provided by forest administrations were entered into the modified database.

WCMC’s Geographic Information System (GIS) is able to provide maps and supporting
information on the Earth’s ecosystems, protected areas and threatened species. GIS data are
managed in the Biodiversity Map Library which can supply geographical information to
users who are untrained in GIS techniques. This allows users to: access to WCMC’s
conservation data holdings; create, browse, query, capture and plot maps; insert updated
maps and database information; check the integrity and quality of the data; and customise
maps for individual applications

The system stores global data at a nominal scale of 1:1 million. At present, global
biodiversity datasets include: protected areas, tropical forests, mangroves, coral reefs,
wetlands, sea turtle nesting beaches, endemic bird areas and centres of plant diversity. In
addition, complete vegetation maps are available for some 40 developing countries. Coarser
scale datasets showing global vegetation and ecosystem classifications of between 1:5 and
1:25 million are also held. Topographical information from the Digital Chart of the World
(DCW) is included.

The WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment 1990 was the first attempt to
systematically assess the contribution of the forestry sector to nature conservation at the
international level. This assessment is therefore in many respects a prototype and in time
will be significantly improved. However, in many cases this will also require major
improvements in the management of information relating to protection and conservation of
forest reserves, at the national level.

3. INFORMATION
3.1 Project Reports

The project reports were submitted to ODA and FAO in three parts:

Part I Subregional Reviews: Tropical Asia & Pacific; Tropical Africa; and Tropical
Latin America
Part II Regional and Global Review

Part I Mapping Tropical Managed Areas.

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(i) Part I - Subregional Reviews

The first section of each Subregional Review (Historical Perspective) provides an overview
of the way in which nature conservation has evolved in each country through legal and
administrative regimes. This is followed by a section which reviews current nature
conservation policy and legislation within forestry, wildlife and other sectors. An
accompanying table highlights the sector to which individual pieces of legislation apply (i.e.
forestry, wildlife or additional), together with management objectives for each designation
as legislated or laid down in policies. This information is illustrative of the provisions
which have been made for conservation, reflected in the establishment of conservation or
management areas. The third reviews current administration within each sector.

The fourth section, entitled Managed Areas Status, provides information on Managed
Areas within the Forestry Sector, Conservation Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and
Additional Sectors, and the Contribution of the Forestry Sector to Nature Conservation,
and is supported by tables which provide a breakdown of the area found in notified natural
forests according to production, protection and conservation functions. The fourth section
was further broken down to provide information on Coverage, Representativeness, Integrity
and Effectiveness.

i) Coverage Statistics were generated analysing the coverage of national conservation
area networks in terms of total and partial protection, and assessing the relative
contribution of the forestry, wildlife and additional sectors. The coverage does not
extend to privately-owned and managed reserves. Coverage by national conservation
area networks is expressed as a percentage of the total area of a country, and examined
in relation to the widely-accepted target of 10%. This is considered to be a realistic
goal for many countries, taking into account other demands on land for economic
development and subsistence needs.

ii) Representativeness The representativeness of conservation area networks is
examined with respect to major habitats, and gaps identified from other studies are
highlighted. Particular attention is given to whether or not plans based on systematic
surveys have been formulated to ensure that the full range of a country’s biological
diversity is represented within its conservation area network.

iii) Integrity Mean size and the frequency distribution of conservation area sizes are
used as a measure of the integrity of conservation area networks, based on the
assumption that the effectiveness of a conservation areas network in maintaining
biological diversity will partly be a function of the size of its constituent units.

iv) Effectiveness: The effectiveness with which conservation areas are managed is
assessed qualitatively.

The fifth section of the TMAA report deals with Future Prospects. Official proposals to
expand conservation area networks were reviewed, along with other national initiatives to
strengthen networks through specific projects and programmes, to overcome economic
constraints through funding mechanisms, and to improve management through new
approaches. Participation in international and regional conventions and programmes,

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Convention and the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme were also reviewed,
together with attempts between adjacent countries to manage conservation areas under
cooperative agreements. Finally, section six of the reports provided an overview of
Priorities for Action. These priorities were based on descriptive information, and from an
analysis of the data presented in the tables of the report.

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Part I - Regional and Global Review

These analyses are essentially similar to those already described, but carried out at the
regional and global level to summarise the major trends across each of the three continental
regions, and at a global level.

Part I - Mapping Tropical Managed Areas

The third section of the report contains maps of the managed areas by country, organized
by subregions. Over the past two years WCMC has collated, analysed and mapped
cartographic data for managed areas in the tropical countries covered by the Tropical
Managed Areas Assessment. The maps provide location and boundary information on the
conservation, protection and production areas listed in the subregional reports (Part I). For
some countries all managed areas have been mapped; for others coverage is partial,
depending on data availability. Information on forest reserves is not comprehensive as data
are often not available, but data are being completed for an increasing number of countries.

Ecofloristic Zone Analysis

One means of assessing protected areas coverage is to review their distribution against a
map of vegetation zones, or biogeographic zones. For the purposed of forest distribution
analysis, FAO worked with others to derive maps of "Ecofloristic" zones. At their request
managed areas coverage was analysed using this system, and the results are presented in
this report. Some of the findings are described below.

In addition, a range of further tables, statistics and texts were provided to FAO on request,
for inclusion in various interim reports, including their report to the UN Conference on
Environment and Development.

3.2 Protected Areas of the World

Developed in conjuncture with TMAA is the four-volume series Protected Areas of the
World: A review of national systems (TUCN, 1992), compiled by WCMC. This systematic
country-by-country review of the world’s conservation areas was prepared as a briefing
document for the IV World Parks Congress, Caracas, 10-21 February 1992 under a related
project funded in part by British Petroleum. It comprises descriptions, lists and maps of
national conservation area networks. A considerable amount of information on national
conservation areas and forest networks generated by the forest project was incorporated
within three of the four volumes. Annex 3 presents a chapter output (Ghana) from this
publication.

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3.3 Contribution to Other WCMC Initiatives

The collection and analysis of data for the project has contributed to a number of other
projects at WCMC. A selection of these are presented below:

Data collection contributed to the preparation of the three volume series The Conservation
Atlas of Tropical Forests, again supported by British Petroleum. This series covering Asia-
Pacific, Africa and Latin America (in preparation) provides information on the distribution
of tropical forests, and presents an overview of forest degradation and loss. National
sections describe rain forest resources, extent, type, degree of degradation, their faunal,
floral, ecological and economic importance, the major causes of forest loss, forest/wildlife
protection, and programmes for management, reafforestation, and restoration. The text is
accompanied by maps, showing location of present forest cover, and extent of protected
areas and other sites critical for the conservation of biological diversity.

In the course of WCMC’s collaboration with FAO’s Forest Resources Assessment 1990,
the absence of baseline inventory data on plants and animals for many tropical conservation
areas was identified as meriting further investigation. The report Status of Plant and
Animal Inventories for Protected Areas in the Tropics (see Section 4.6), was the outcome
of the pilot project WCMC carried out in collaboration with the Oxford Forestry Institute
(funded through the ODA Strategy Programme for Research on Forestry and Agroforestry).

Managed area datasets are currently supporting the initiative TREES - Provision of
Tropical Forest Information. The TREES project managed by the EC Joint Research
Centre in Italy, is currently compiling a baseline pan-tropical forest map from AVHRR
satellite imagery and is exploring ways to monitor changes in the forests on a regular basis.
Other relevant information from many sources is being incorporated and managed within
a Tropical Forest Information System, to help provide a more holistic picture of the status
and safety of the world’s tropical forests.

The Forest Resource Accounting Project has been carried out as a pilot study in Indonesia,
Ecuador and Cameroon, in collaboration with the International Institute for Environment
and Development (IIED) and funded by ODA. The project proposed a strategic model to
assist ITTO producer countries to monitor progress towards sustainable forest management.
WCMC datasets, developed through the capture and management of information on
designated areas within the forest sector, and the experience gained in the handling of forest
data in a GIS, are likely to make a significant contribution to the forest inventory and
monitoring aspects of this project.

Other initiatives which the data and analyses support include the IUCN/EEC Environmental
Profiles (1988-present), a World Bank (1993) supported study on Ecologically Sensitive
Sites in Africa, and a new initiative Monitoring the State of Tropical Forests, supported
by Bull Computers, which aims to provide a systematic overview of the extent, condition,
and vulnerability of the world’s tropical forests.

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3.4 Access to Information

All of the material compiled as a part of the project is available through WCMC. Original
reports and correspondence are on file, and the extracted information is included within
various databases. In particular, basic information on all protected area systems is
incorporated within the WCMC Protected Areas Database, and maps are incorporated
within the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library. The information is available for use by others
in their own studies, and further information on WCMC databases and services is available
from the Centre.

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mary and analysis

‘ta compiled as a part of this and related studies provides the material for deriving
e of summary tables, and for undertaking a number of analyses. This section
2s examples of a range of such work.

he Contribution of Managed Areas within the Forestry Sector

coject collected for the first time a substantial body of information on legally
ited forests areas, identifying the basic functions for which the site is established:
tion, protection and conservation. Some of this data is summarised in Table 1,
shows that:

Managed areas within the forestry sector cover at least 10.9% of the tropical region,
with wide variation between subregions.

Rather more of this area is assigned to production (6.5%) compared to the areas
assigned to protection (3.0%) and conservation (1.5%).

In absolute terms, designated areas in the forest sector are the most extensive in
Tropical Latin America (2.16 million sq.km), followed by Tropical Asia & Pacific
(2.22 million sq.km). By comparison, there is relatively poor coverage in Tropical
Africa (0.84 million sq.km).

In relative terms, Tropical Asia & Pacific has the most extensive forest sector,
(24.9%), followed by Tropical Latin America (13.1%), whilst Tropical Africa has
least within notified forests (3.8%).

Tropical Asia & Pacific Production forest reserves are the principal component of
the forest sector, covering 16.9% of the region, compared to 4.9% assigned to
protection and 3.0% to conservation functions.

Tropical Africa There is an approximate equivalence between protection and
conservation forests (each less than 1%), whilst production forests cover 2.6% of
the region. Madagascar, included here within the Tropical Africa region, is
noteworthy in that conservation forests are more than twice as extensive as
production forests, although this is a function of the complete protected areas
network being managed under the forestry umbrella.

Tropical Latin America In proportional terms the forest sector is most extensive
in Central America, with 35.9% of the subregion covered, the great bulk of which
(30.6% of the subregion) is assigned to a protection function. Much of this
comprises more than 200 protection forest zones in Mexico, covering some 68,000
sq.km.

Caribbean The relative contribution is not insignificant (3.6% of the subregion),
although the absolute coverage on a global basis is very small (<0.1% of the
tropics).

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4.2 Comparison of Managed Areas within Forestry, Wildlife and Additional sectors
Managed for Nature Conservation

The data compiled allows a comparison of the relative conservation contribution by the
forest, wildlife and additional sectors excluding production forests. This is illustrated in
Table 2. This table, which excludes designated forest with a production function, shows

that:

Managed areas in the forest, wildlife and additional sectors taken together cover
14.8% of the tropical region, which is a very significant proportion.

The wildlife sector is responsible for areas covering 7.8% of the tropics, whilst
additional sectors including for example, indigenous reserves in Latin America,
cover 2.6%.

Significantly, the forest sector contributes another 4.5% of the tropical region in
protection and conservation areas, underlining the importance of sites in the forestry
sector to conservation.

The greatest contribution to the global total comes from Tropical Latin America,
where the additional sector (mainly indigenous reserves) contributes more than one
third of the managed areas network in this subregion, and a significant proportion
of the entire tropical conservation areas network. Such areas warrant further
systematic research.

The area managed for nature conservation in forest and wildlife sectors at the
regional level in Tropical Latin America and Tropical Asia & Pacific are broadly
similar. However, in Tropical Africa the wildlife sector is some eight times larger
than the forest sector.

Plotting percentage land protected in the forest sector (protection and conservation) versus
percent protected in the wildlife sector (Figure 1) yields further interesting observations.

In some regions the forest sector covers a much greater area than the wildlife sector,
eg Central America and Mexico and in the Continental South Asia sub-region. In
countries where this is found, there may be a strong case for a review of the forest
sector in order to assess its conservation potential.

In regions such as East Sahelian Africa, the extent of the wildlife sector far exceeds
that in the forest sector. This is due to there being relatively little forest in the
Tegion (as can be seen from Figure 4), and to the establishment of large national
parks and conservation areas for typically savanna wildlife.

South Asia appears to have a very limited forest sector, yet this is predominantly
due to India’s forest reserves being classified entirely as production areas.

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4.3 Distribution of designated areas

In order to adequately protect the full range of biodiversity, protected areas must be
systematically distributed throughout the country. Comparison of maps of protected area
distribution in Benin (Figure 2) and Costa Rica (Figure 3) illustrate some of the differences.

@ The wildlife sector in Benin covers 12% of the country, but is found exclusively in
the savanna/arid lands in the north; tropical forest areas are not included. The
forest sector (which also covers about 12% of the country) has a more even
distribution.

@ The wildlife sector in Costa Rica (10%) is better distributed across the country, and
conservation and protection areas in the forest sector (11.5%) and additional sector
areas (11.3%) are also well distributed. In total, 19 out of 20 Holdridge life zones
and transition zones found in Costa Rica are included within the protected areas
system.

© The forest sector plays an important role in many countries, increasing the range of
habitats under protection, as is immediately apparent from the Benin map. In
circumstances where forest reserve systems are extensive and well distributed and
wildlife protected areas are not, there is urgent need for review of the conservation
value of areas in the forest sector.

© This comparison underlines the fact that simple statistics alone do not provide the
full picture. Managed areas must be systematically mapped for comprehensive
systems analyses to be carried out.

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4.4 Percent of land forested against percent of land within designated areas.

In this section, summary totals for each sub-region have been compared with the forest
cover Statistics presented by FAO to UNCED in 1992. Figure 4 provides data for the
forest sector (protection and conservation reserve only), and Figure 5 for the wildlife
sector.

@ One would intuitively expect that the greater the area of forests, the greater would
be the area of forest reserve, up to a certain point.

@ Certain areas such as Central Africa and South America have very high forest cover,
but very low percentage of land designated in the forest sector. This may be due
to a lack of information on our part, or to the fact that the forest sector is poorly
developed. In the latter case, opportunities to develop the forest sector may exist,
and should be explored further. Opportunities for this would be clarified by similar
analysis of national data.

@ Notably, conservation and protection forest reserves exceed the extent of production
forest reserves in Central America and Mexico and in Continental South East Asia
(Table 1), the reverse of the usual pattern.

@ On the whole, there is no very clear relationship between the extent of forest cover
and the percentage of land within managed areas in the wildlife sector. The
percentage of land within the wildlife sector generally lies in the range 5-10%,
irrespective of the percentage of forest cover (compared to a range of roughly 0-5%
in the forest sector). This is not particularly surprising, as the aim of protected
areas systems is to cover all habitat types, and not just forests.

@ The graphs suggest that the sub-region with most opportunity for improvement of
forest protection in the wildlife sector is Continental South-East Asia, where %
coverage is low in the wildlife sector but high in the forestry sector, and where
forest levels are high.

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4.5 Ecofloristic zone analysis

As described earlier, mapped information on conservation areas in forest and wildlife
sectors was overlaid onto maps of Ecofloristic zones, to allow an analysis of distribution.
Africa has been selected here as an example and Figure 6 (Ecofloristic zones of tropical
Africa - major zones) shows a map of these zones.

@ The figures for each zone in tropical Africa are given in Table 3, which underlines
again the low level of protection in forest reserves in Africa.

@ The percentage of each ecofloristic zone protected varies widely, from 2.6%
(thickets, pseudo-steppe and deserts) to as high as 40.8% (alpine vegetation) clearly
indicating need for further protection in certain zones.

However, the resolution of this table is coarse, and the aggregated data for each zone
disguises considerable variation between subzones. The map and table for wet
deciduous/evergreen forest indicate a total of 9.2% protection. See Figure 7 (Ecofloristic
zones of tropical Africa - degree of protection in the wet deciduous/dry evergreen forest
zone) and Table 4, which provide a further breakdown for this zone.

@ The extent of protection within this zone varies widely, from 1.5% to 11.6%. A
range of factors are likely to contribute to this, including political and socio-
economic factors as well as practical conservation concerns.

@ Those areas marked red on the map are of higher concern for increasing the
conservation areas networks, and the analysis needs to be extended to identify all
of these regions. This could be combined with analysis of available support.

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TABLE 3. SUMMARY ECOFLORISTIC ZONE ANALYSIS — Tropical Africa

Percent protected

Ecofloristic zone Area Forest Wildlife Total
‘sector sector

Thickets and pseudo-steppic vegetation
Steppe, pseudo—steppe and deserts

Lowland rain forest

Transition from lowland to montane vegetation
Wet deciduous/dry evergreen forest

Low deciduous forest, woodlands and savanna

Montane vegetation
Drier deciduous forest, woodlands and savanna
pine vegetation

gional total

TABLE 4. DEGREE OF PROTECTION IN THE WET DECIDUOUS/DRY EVERGREEN FOREST ZONE
OF TROPICAL AFRICA
Percent protected

Ecofloristic Subzone Area Forest Wildlife Total
*sector sector

Subzone 9

Sunbzone 10

Subzone 11

Subzone 12

Subzone 13
Subzone 14
Subzone 14

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4.6 Map-based analysis of forest cover.

The mapped data compiled as part of this project can be overlaid on to forest maps
compiled and digitize as part of another WCMC project to map forest cover. Figure 8
(Panama) shows the combined data mapped for Panama. (Note that the forest cover
depicted in this map is generalised and is not a precise representation. However, the data
are adequate for the purposes of demonstration).

@ Data is available to carry out similar analysis for most tropical countries, but such
an analysis was not part of this project, and would require separate funding.

@ Overlaying data sets on actual forests cover, and the distribution of designated areas,
it is possible to calculate the percentage of habitats within protected areas. Analysis
of this data shows that nearly 40% of remaining forest cover in the country is
included within conservation areas of either the forest sector or wildlife sector, with
15% of forest protected with conservation or protection forest reserves and 23.6%
in the wildlife sector areas.

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4.6 Initial review of protected areas species inventories

@ Concern was raised during the project that there was a paucity of baseline inventory
data on protected areas. In order to begin assessment of the extent to which this is
true, WCMC files were reviewed for protected areas species inventories, and some
of the results of this survey are presented in Table 5. The data indicate the number
of protected areas that have been surveyed for each of the taxonomic groups, and
this is expressed as a percentage of the number of protected areas in each region.
Note that the regions are defined somewhat differently in this exercise compared to
the WCMC Tropical Managed Areas Assessment.

@ Of the 8,715 tropical protected areas recorded in the WCMC Protected Areas
Database, only about 5% appear to have been the subject of floral or faunal
inventories, known to WCMC or available at WCMC.

@ The best recorded taxonomic groups were birds (3.72%) and, mammals (3.11%),
followed by higher plants (1.82%), reptiles (1.14%), trees (1.01%), amphibians
(0.70%), freshwater fish (0.47%) and butterflies (0.40%).

@ The information available to WCMC is more extensive for the Asia and Pacific
regions.

This review was carried out as a pilot project not only to assess the availability of
information, but also the potential value of the lists in assessing biodiversity conservation
and the costs of collecting and managing the information. The report of this pilot project
identifies a number of recommendations.

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4.7 International Initiatives

Active national participation in international conventions and programmes is often an
important indicator of national commitment to international conservation objectives, and can
help ensure international support (sometimes financial) for national conservation priorities.
Table 6 provides basic information on compliance with the World Heritage and Ramsar
(Wetlands) Conventions, and participation in the UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserve
Programme. Note that data provided in the Tables is correct as of June 1992.

@ Some 66 of the countries listed in Annex 1 have signed the World Heritage
Convention, while significantly fewer have acceded to the Ramsar Convention (30)
or participate in the UNESCO-MAB Reserves Programme(38).

®@ World Heritage is generally a wildlife sector convention, but is occasionally
applicable to valuable areas in the forest sector (eg Sinharaja in Sri Lanka ).

@ The Ramsar Convention promotes the wise use of wetland resources, and gives
international recognition and support to such important forested wetlands as the
Sundarbans mangrove forest (Bangladesh).

@ Biosphere Reserves are intended to be areas where lessons can be learned about the
interaction between man and nature. This designation would seem to be particularly
appropriate to where there is a conflict between exploitation and conservation, for
example the Reserva de la Bidsfera de la Amistad (Costa Rica).

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5. CONCLUSIONS

The information collected for this project complimented and was carried out in support of
the FAO Tropical Forest Resources Assessment 1990. Summaries of this information, in
both hard-copy and electronic form, has been used by FAO in the preparation of reports
and background papers arising out of their assessment study, and by a wide range of other
institutions in support of their own conservation initiatives. Information held by WCMC
is readily available and accessible to institutions and individuals who have need for it.

The material generated by the project has also been used in support of a number of other
projects and ongoing initiatives within WCMC, including the preparation of the four-volume
series Protected Areas of the World: A review of national systems (IUCN, 1992), the project
TREES -Provision of Tropical Forest Information, and the 1993 United Nations List of
National Parks and Protected Areas. These publications are widely referred to by an
audience of park planners, decision-makers, conservationists, and educators.

The whole project resulted in the significant expansion and development of the Protected
Areas Database and the GIS system within the context of the WCMC Biodiversity Map
Library. Further development of these systems, through initiatives following on from this
project will be of particular value to organisations in need of accurate, up-to-date
information on the management and sustainable use of forests throughout the world.

The major findings of the TMAA project not only provide important baseline information
but lead to a whole host of questions and considerations best addressed by further study and
analysis. A number of these major findings are as follows:

@ Managed areas within the forestry sector cover at least 10.9% of the tropical region.

@ An approximately equal area (6.5%) is assigned to production compared to the
combined area assigned to protection (3.0%) and conservation (1.5%).

@ Managed areas in the forest, wildlife and additional sectors cover 14.8% of the
tropical region, which is a very significant proportion.

@ The greatest contribution to the global total comes from Tropical Latin America.
The additional sector (mainly indigenous reserves) contribute a little under one-half
managed areas network in this subregion, and more than 10% of the entire tropical
conservation areas network.

@ The wildlife sector in Benin covers 12% of the country, but is found exclusively in
the savanna/arid lands in the north of the country; tropical forest areas are not
included. The forest sector (12.2%) has a more even distribution.

@ This comparison also shows that simple statistics alone do not provide the full
picture. Managed areas must be systematically mapped for comprehensive systems
analyses to be carried out.

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The data may suggest that increased forest cover is associated with increased extent
of production forest reserves. However, this is not the case in Central Africa and
South America.

Notably, conservation and protection forest reserves exceed the extent of production
forest reserves in Central America and Mexico and in Insular South East Asia, the
reverse of the usual trend.

On the whole, there is no very clear relationship between the extent of forest cover
and the percentage of land within wildlife areas. The percentage of land within the
wildlife sector generally lies in the range 5-10%, irrespective of the percentage of
forest cover, whilst conservation and protection forest reserves cover 0-5% land
area.

Of the 8,715 tropical protected areas recorded in the WCMC Protected Areas
Database, only 5% appear to have been the subject of floral or faunal inventories.

These results highlight a serious ’knowledge gap’ in current attempts to conserve
biodiversity in a network of protected areas.

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6. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ASSESSMENTS
6.1 Scope of the FAO Forest Resources Assessment 1990

As a result of a number of constraints and developments, including a lack of additional
funding and inadequate information, the FAO Assessment changed in several respects from
what was originally proposed. Changes which directly affected the scope of the WCMC
project were as follows:

m™ The FAO Assessment covered only tropical countries, with the exception of those in
Insular Africa (other than Madagascar) and Oceania which were dropped due to paucity
of data. Thus, the FAO Assessment ended up covering only 100 of the 130 tropical
countries originally identified for inclusion;

= The FAO Assessment was not extended to an additional 30 non-tropical developing
countries as originally anticipated because of a lack of further funding; and

= The original intention of producing a series of country briefs was abandoned due to the
lack of a comprehensive response from tropical countries to FAO’s requests for
information.

The WCMC project was necessarily modified in order to maintain consistency with the
FAO Assessment. The changes mentioned above, however, indicate important areas for
follow-on to the present study. Further, future assessments could be made more
comprehensive and more reliable if detailed, site-specific information became available for
both wildlife and forestry sectors.

6.2 Ongoing activities

The main phase of the Tropical Managed Areas Assessment project is complete, but a
number of concluding activities would be in progress if further funding were available.
These are:

» Re-drafting of this executive summary for wider circulation. This will serve two
purposes: reporting on the project for those who contributed; and advertising the
available information for those who might need it. This executive summary should be
translated into French and Spanish;

>» Wider dissemination of the full report to identified individuals and organizations;

>» Completion of the ecofloristic zone analysis in collaboration with FAO, and publication
of the results;

>» Preparing articles and scientific papers for submission to appropriate meetings and
journals. In particular, attention needs to be paid to using the material in land-use
planning fora, as well as wildlife/biodiversity fora.

Additionally, thought needs to be given to the possible preparation of a summary of actions
to draw the attention of IUCN and other organizations to the priorities identified in

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preparation of the report, and to identifying what other materials might be useful to national
and international agencies.

6.3 Future assessments

Given that the project has drawn together a valuable body of information of potential use
to both the wildlife and forestry sectors, it is essential that we plan both to use this
information effectively, and to develop the database further. The following should form
part of a continuing review, and funding opportunities need to be identified.

> Regular review and update of the information, which would involve regular contact with
wildlife and forestry departments, and the update of maps, files and databases;

>» Extension of the coverage to developing countries not included in the Forest Resources
Assessment 1990 Project (for example Chile and Argentina are the only countries not
covered in South America); and

>» Regular analysis of the available information, and dissemination of the results.

In planning and carrying out future forest assessments, it will also be necessary to extend
the work already done on status and distribution of managed areas to review of the actual
protection afforded, and the status of management. In particular WCMC will need to
address the following:

> Assessment of forest type and cover within protected areas in selected countries, to give
a basis on which to assess how well the information we are managing reflects protection
of forest types on the ground;

> Assessment of management effectiveness within protected areas, and assessment of
threats to their integrity, to better assess the implementation of designated protected
areas; and

>» Assessment of the resources available for managing areas, looking in particular at staff
resources and available funding.

6.4 New projects

Now that the first assessment of managed areas has been completed, the body of
information, and the experience gained in compiling it, can be applied to a series of projects
that will improve the application and development of future forest resource assessments.
Suggested activities include:

>» Analysis of forest cover in the tropics, using the managed area maps, and maps of forest
distribution compiled for other projects, to produce an initial assessment of the coverage
of remaining forest areas by managed areas;

>» Review of protected area species inventories, in order to build a better body of
information on what inventories are available. This will make species lists more

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accessible, facilitate analysis of species numbers and protected areas, and species
distribution within protected areas;

» Conservation in temperate forests. An extension of the TMAA project to cover the
temperate regions, in order to facilitate assessment of the conservation status of
temperate forests; and

» Mapping production forests. An extension of the project to more systematically
incorporate information on production forests, and possibly plantations. This would
facilitate global and regional forestry analyses, supporting the activities of both FAO and
International Tropical Timber Organisation.

In addition to the arguments for future assessments and new projects, further funding in
support of TMAA would provide a whole host of benefits to the complementary projects
which are ongoing and planned at WCMC.

6.5 Strategic Planning

In order to facilitate future development of protected areas work at WCMC, and to ensure
that a basis for future assessment is maintained, WCMC has prepared a development
strategy for the WCMC Protected Areas Information Service. This takes account of each
of the above recommendations, drawing the ideas together into a single coherent document.
This strategy, and project concepts supporting its implementation are available from
WCMC.

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Annex 1 List of tropical countries included within the FAO Forest Resources
Assessment 1990 project, and hence within the WCMC Tropical Managed
Areas Assessment

AFRICA

West Africa
Benin

Céte d’Ivoire
Ghana
Guinea
Liberia
Nigeria
Sierra Leone
Togo

Central Africa
Cameroon

Central African Republic
Congo

Equatorial Guinea
Gabon

Sao Tome & Principe
Zaire

LATIN AMERICA

Guadeloupe
Haiti

ASIA & PACIFIC

Myanmar
Thailand
Viet Nam

Insular South East Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Indonesia
Malaysia
Singapore

Tropical South America
Bolivia

Brazil
Colombia
Ecuador
French Guiana
Guyana
Paraguay

Peru
Suriname
Venezuela

Oceania
Fiji’
New Caledonia”
Papua New Guinea”
Solomon Islands”

Vanuatu

"Excluded from FAO Forest Resources
Assessment 1990.

Annex 2 The WCMC Biodiversity Map Library

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BIODIVERSITY
MAP LIBRARY

The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) is able to provide
maps and supporting information on the Earth’s ecosystems, protected
areas and threatened species. This Geographic Information System
(GIS) gives a new dimension of information needed to achieve
conservation in the real world, and forms part of WCMC’s core data
management facility.

WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE

The Biodiversity Map Library
(BML) is a rapid response tool
developed by WCMC with
sponsorship from British
Petroleum (BP) to supply
geographical information to
users who are untrained in GIS
techniques. It brings together
the most important features of
interactive geographic data
management under a simple
but powerful graphic user
interface, allowing users to:

e access WCMC’s extensive
conservation data holdings

e create, browse, query, and
print maps

e insert updated maps and
database information

e check the integrity and quality
of the data

e display data at national,
regional or global scales

e customise maps for individual

applications.

The system stores global data at
a nominal scale of 1:1 million.
Global biodiversity datasets
include: protected areas, tropical
forests, mangroves, coral reefs,
wetlands, sea turtle nesting
beaches, endemic bird areas
and centres of plant diversity.
In addition, complete vegeta-
tion maps are available for
most developing countries.
Other datasets showing
topography, global vegetation
and ecosystem classifications
are also held.

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Applications of BML

The system serves any applica-
tion which requires mapped
information to be provided in
digital or printed form. It has
provided new tools for manag-
ing large geographic datasets,
and is used by WCMC as the
core data management facility
for georeferenced information.
In time, it is envisaged as the
main interface through which
all of the Centre’s datasets will
be accessed. It has already
been used effectively in ‘real
time’ to deliver information
on coastal sensitivity for
emergency response to marine
oil spills. The BML is also proving
to be useful in contingency
planning, allowing users
access to a full range of conser-
vation related information at a
variety of scales.

Strategic and
Contingency Planning
The BML stores data for use in

either regional or local plan-
ning activities. The data have

already been used by the
UN Food and Agriculture
Organisation to assess the area
of different ecosystems lying
within various categories of
protected areas. The system has
also been proposed to assist in
contingency planning for
marine or terrestrial pollution
incidents, allowing planners,
for example, to distribute pollu-
tion control resources or to
plan the route of a pipeline.

Emergency Response

Maps, databases and reports
are available on request from
WCMC for most areas of the
world, documenting important
local features of biodiversity.
Digital information, including
maps as graphics files, can be
provided very quickly and
despatched via communica-
tions networks. Maps can
be created within minutes of
notification of an incident,
showing the important features
of biodiversity that are under
threat.

A particular feature of the BML is the ability to integrate details of [F = = = *
sensitive environments from both the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. / Coastal Ecosystems,
ae : Habitats & Impacts
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| _ System Requirements
|| Wi Coral Reets
f|| Ee Water bodies BML operates within the ESRI
Beate Shula ARC/INFO GIS system running
eahestarch Sialiions on a SUN Unix platform. It
will run under any other hard-
| i ware platform provided it is
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For further information please contact:
The GIS Manager, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 ODL, UK
Telephone 0223 277314, Fax 0223 277136, email gis@wcemc.org.uk
The World Conservation Monitoring Centre is a joint-venture between the three partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy: IUCN — The World

Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme, and WWF — World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Its mission
is to support conservation and sustainable development through the provision of information on the world’s biological diversity.

Development of the BML software was sponsored by The British Petroleum Company ple.

WORLD CONSERVATION
MONITORING CENTRE

Annex 3 Ghana chapter from Protected Areas of the World: A review of national systems (IUCN,
1992).

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GHANA

Area 238,538 sq. km

Population 15 million (1990)
Natural increase: 3.1% per annum

Economic Indicators
GDP: US$ 381 per capita (1987)
GNP: US$ 400 per capita (1988)

Policy and Legislation Conservation of forests and
wildlife has a long tradition, which has expressed itself
in the creation of indigenous "law" and more
comprehensive legislative instruments. Arising from a
totemistic belief that people can have a mystical union
with plants, animals or natural objects, local practices,
customs and taboos have been developed to protect
cultural and religious objects or natural areas with
particular plant and animal species. The protection of
snails in fetish groves in Ashanti Region, Nile crocodile
on Katorgor Pond, Paga in Upper East Region and mona,
and black and white colobus monkeys at Boabeng-Fiema
in the Brong-Ahafo Region, are notable examples.
Hunting of these species is prohibited, access and
utilisation of their habitats restricted and offences dealt
with by the traditional councils (Nuhu, 1986). Further,
most of the surviving Southern marginal forest type lies
in sacred groves (Hall and Swaine, 1981).

One of the first conservation initiatives was the creation
of a number of game reserves by the Forestry
Department under the Wild Animals Preservation
Ordinance (Cap. 246), 1901. In 1952, the Wild Animals
Preservation (Amendment) Ordinance No. 10 was
passed, and subsequently revised in 1960, which allowed
for the dereservation of a number of game reserves and
the extension of game laws (Nuhu, 1986). Shortly
thereafter, the 1901 and 1952 Ordinances were repcaled
with the enactment of the Wild Animals Preservation
Act No. 43, 1961, under which the President is
empowered to establish reserves. Legislative Instrument
710 of 20 September 1971, repealing the earlier Wild
Animals Preservation (Game Reserves) Regulations
(L.I. 171), 1962, sets out the wildlife reserves
regulations, and provides for the establishment of the
first currently recognised reserves, namely Mole, Digya
and Bui national parks, Shai Hills Game Production
Reserve, Kogyae Strict Nature Reserve and Owabi
Wildlife Sanctuary. Legislative Instrument 1283, 1983
deals with penalties for contravention of the 1971
Wildlife Conservation Regulations. In establishing
forest reserves and conservation areas, the land must be
compulsorily acquired by the government and
compensation paid to the owner (Owusu et al., 1989).

Definitions for national park, strict nature reserve and
wildlife sanctuary do not appear in either the 1961 Act
nor the 1971 Regulations, but are defined and recognised
as set out in the Africa Convention of 1968 (Annex).
Further, as this Convention makes provision for

105

countries to create their own special categories of
reserve, the definition of game production reserve is set
out in the 1974 Wildlife Conservation Policy (Asibey,
pers. comm., 1991). New definitions for the various
categories have, however been drawn up for
incorporation into the 1961 Act (Annex). In practice,
both strict nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries are
protected in the same way as national parks.
Management objectives have been to plan and
systematically open all national parks to recreational
(tourism) use, with game production reserves utilised for
compatible forms of use that do not have major adverse
effects on wildlife (Asibey, pers. comm., 1991).

Under the national Wildlife Conservation Policy of
9 January 1974, the importance of protected areas in
conserving "representative samples of the wildlife
resource” is emphasised and this is to be supported by
research and scientific management. Conservation of
wildlife within parks and reserves overrides all other
interests and non-compatible uses are not permitted.
Culling may be allowed if there is a danger of
overstocking or if one animal population threatens the
conservation of another. Within the policy, a distinction
is made between the function of game production
reserves and other protected areas. Non-native animals
may be introduced into game production reserves for
meat production or sport. Game production reserves may
also be used for such compatible purposes as the capture
of animals for educational use, research or sale, and
logging may be permitted (Department of Game and
Wildlife, 1974).

Following World War I, efforts to curb deforestation
involved the creation of forest reserves under native
authority bye-laws. A forest policy was also adopted
with a view to "conserve sufficient areas of forest" to
protect the forest ecosystem (Bennuah, 1987), Lack of
public support for both measures prompted the Governor
of the Gold Coast to pass the Forest Ordinance of
30 March 1927 (Cap. 157). This Ordinance allows for
the constitution of forest reserves (Annex), provides for
the appointment of a Reserve Settlement Commissioner,
and sets out the procedure involved in notification.
Ownership of land is not altered by the creation of a
forest reserve and it may be managed either by the owner
under direction from the Forestry Division or by the
Government for the benefit of the owner. The
Concessions Act No. 124, 1962 amends these provisions
and establishes that all forest reserves are deemed to be
vested in the President acting in trust for the customary
land owners. It also abolished the creation of forest
reserves under local bye-laws (EPC, 1989). By virtue of
the Forest Ordinance, the President may, by order
published in the Gazette, direct that land cease to be
considcred a forest reserve. The Ordinance also sets out
offences and penalties and matters dealing with the
management of forest reserves.

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Protected Areas of the World

The Trees and Timber Decree (NRCD No. 273) of
23 August 1974 deals, inter alia, with areas outside
forest reserves (Annex). The Forest Reserve
Commissioner is able to designate and withdraw areas
as protected areas, as well as make regulations which
impose duties on persons who hold concessions in such
areas, allow for the appointment of forest guards and
make provisions for the payment of fees by
The Forest Policy of 1948 encourages the creation of
sufficient permanent forest resources by reservation of
appropriate areas of forest or land suitable for
afforestation, allows for the protection of wildlife, and
recognises the damage which unregulated and
unplanned mining of forest resources can bring to the
ecology and environment (Bennuah, 1987; World Bank,
1988). The draft national forest policy (1989) focuses on
the overall management of the forest estate to ensure
sustainability of forest resources and environmental
conservation. Key provisions include: protection of soil
and water resources; protection of water catchment
areas; conservation of flora and fauna; control of
desertification; and controlled exploitation of forest
resources based on the principles of sustainable yields,
environmental conservation, and enhancement of
biodiversity (Tufour, 1990).

Two of the major shortcomings of current protected
areas legislation are: an emphasis on preservation of
useful animals as opposed to the conservation of all
wildlife; and a lack of provision for conservation beyond
the reserve network (EPC, 1989; World Bank, 1988).
Amendments to the Wild Animals Preservation Act
No. 43, 1960, proposed to be renamed the Wildlife
Conservation Act, are intended to address these
shortcomings (Kamugasha, 1989; World Bank, 1988).

A weakness of current forest policy and legislation is an
absence of any perceived permanent role for trees on
land outside of reserved forests (EPC, 1989; World
Bank, 1988). Consequently, trees have been used but not
replaced on land outside the reserve network, and such
land has subsequently been converted to other forms of
use. This issue, along with a number of others, are being
considered in the revised national forest policy.

International Activities Ghana is party to a number
of international conventions concerned with protected
areas, namely the Convention Conceming the Protection
of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World
Heritage Convention) ratified on 4 July 1975, and the
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention)
acceded to on 22 February 1988. To date, no natural sites
have been inscribed on the World Heritage List, while
one wetland is listed under the Ramsar Convention.
Ghana participates in the Unesco Man and the Biosphere
(MAB) Programme, under which one biosphere reserve
was approved in 1983. Ataregional level, Ghana ratified
_ (1968) the African Convention on the Conservation of

Nature and Natural Resources (African Convention),
which establishes several categories of protected area.

Administration and Management The mandate for
wildlife conservation and protected areas management
lies with the Department of Game and Wildlife, Ministry
of Lands and Natural Resources. Initially, matters
relating to wildlife conservation came under the
jurisdiction of the Forestry Department, which was
responsible for administering the Wild Animals
Preservation Ordinance of 1901. In 1949, proposals for
the organisation of a game department were pre-empted
due to a lack of staff and funds (Asibey, 1970). In 1953,
responsibilities for game preservation were handed over
to the Tsetse Control Department, ironical in view of the
Department's active support of a programme of wild
animal extermination to control tsetse fly over the
previous 20 years (Nuhu, 1986). In 1957, the Tsetse
Control Department was abolished and responsibility for
game preservation returned to the Forestry Department
(Asibey, 1970). In 1965, the Game Branch of the
Forestry Department became the Department of Wild
Animals Preservation and, in 1967, the Department of
Game and Wildlife was formed.

The Department of Game and Wildlife is headed by a
Chief Game and Wildlife Officer, under whom are three
deputies in charge of the Administration, Research and
Management divisions, respectively. The Management
Division is divided into four sections: (1) zoological
gardens; (2) general wildlife; (3) national parks; and
(4) game production reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and
strict nature reserves. Matters relating to wildlife
conservation outside reserve areas fall within General
Wildlife Conservation Services. The Department has
four main personnel levels: professional, senior
technical, technical, and sub-technical. Including about
400 subordinate employees (labourers, artisans, drivers),
the total staff complement is around 1000 (Clarke, 1991).
Reorganisation and strengthening of the Department is
proposed under the Forest Resource Management
Project and the World Bank (IBRD)/IUCN/Government
of Ghana (GOG) Programme (Clarke, 1991; World
Bank, 1988). Resources have also been allocated to
upgrade the Mole Wildlife School for in-service training
on wildlife and protected areas management.

Management and protection of the forest estate is the
responsibility of the Forestry Department, Ministry of
Lands and Natural Resources. First established in 1909,
closed in 1914 due to World War I, reorganised in 1919
and again closed during World War II, the Forestry
Department came under the Forestry Commission in
1980 and was then transferred to the Ministry of Lands
and Natural Resources in 1982 (Bennuah, 1987). Under
the Forest Resource Management Project, it is proposed
to reorganise the Forestry Department to include a Chief
Conservator of Forests and four deputies in charge of
1) administration and finance, 2) development,
management and working plans and rural forestry,
3) research, 4) education and training, respectively.
There would also be a Planning and Monitoring Unit.

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The work of the Forestry Department would be divided
into nine forest regions comprising 42 forest districts
(World Bank, 1988).

The Forestry Commission, created in 1980 under the
Ghana Forestry Commission Act No. 405, initially had
jurisdiction over the Game and Wildlife and Forestry
departments. Its responsibilities under the Provisional
Defence Council (PNDC) Proclamation Law of 1982
have since become primarily advisory, and include
formulating recommendations on forestry and wildlife
policy.

The Environmental Protection Council, Ministry of
Local Government, created under the Environmental
Protection Decree (NRC Decree No. 239) of 1974,
coordinates and advises on environmental matters,
including those related to wildlife conservation. It is also
responsible for coordinating environmental impact
assessments "on all developments/industrial projects to
include the possible effects of such projects on wildlife”,
and is currently preparing an Environmental Action Plan
(EAP) with assistance from the World Bank, US-AID
and ODA (Adzobu, 1990; EPC, 1989). The areas of
concern addressed in the EAP are land management;
forestry and wildlife; marine and coastal ecosystems;
human settlements; and legal, educational and
institutional issues, among others. The Council is headed
by an executive chairman and there are two main
departments, namely, Administration and Programmes.
The Programmes Department is headed by a director
who oversees four divisions: development planning;
natural resources management; monitoring and
assessment; and information and education. In addition,
the EPC operates in the regions through its regional
offices (Adzobu, 1990).

The Ghana Association for the Conservation of Nature
(GACON), in conjunction with Harrogate Conservation
Volunteers, UK, was established in June 1988.
According to its constitution, one of the objectives is the
“establishment of local reserves of natural forests
presently serving as sacred groves, burial grounds and
waters” which are to be "managed by the local
community". One notable example is Jachie
Conservation Area in the Ashanti Region. Declaration
of this land as a sacred area for the citizens of Jachie was
to fulfil the dual function of protecting an important
burial ground and to serveas arefuge for local plants and
animals. Other village-level wildlife reserves which
have been set up are at Kokobiriko, Asienimpong and
Santasi (Frimpong-Mensah, pers. comm., 1990).

There are a number of constraints to protected areas
management. Staffing and recruitment, especially at the
professional and senior technical grades, have been
persistent problems. Within the Department of Game
and Wildlife, 18 of 76 posts at the professional level, 17
of 36 positions at the senior technical grade, 19 of 66
posts at the technical level, and 175 of 394 positions
within the sub-technical category were filled (Clarke,
1991). Similarly, vacancies are currently at 66% of the

107

Ghana

professional category posts, 54% at the
semi-professional level, 43% among technical officers
and 3% at sub-technical level within the Forestry
Department (World Bank, 1988). In both departments,
lack of funds has severely restricted management
programmes, including the control of concession
operations in the case of the Forestry Department. Other
constraints include poor remuneration, unsatisfactory
living and working conditions in the field, a lack of
training and in the case of the Department
of Game and Wildlife, a lack of management plans,
inadequate boundary demarcation, and a lack of
scientific data upon which to base management
decisions (Clarke, 1991). Substantial resources are being
allocated through the Forest. Resource Management
Project and the IBRD/IUCN/GOG programme to
revitalise the functions of these two departments.

Systems Reviews Ghana is bordered by Céte d’Ivoire
to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east,
and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The country is in a
flat and relatively low-lying area, with altitude mainly
below 200m, although there are some inland hill ranges
up to 450-900m. Much of Ghana lies within the drainage
system of the Volta River and its tributaries (Ankudey
and Ofori-Frimpong, 1990).

The biogeographic affinities are Guinea-Congolian in
the south-west, Sudanian in the north, with
Guinea-Congolian/Sudanian regional transition zone in
the centre and south-east (Stuart and Adams, 1990). Two
ecological zones recognised are closed forest, occupying
8.22 million ha or 34% of total land area, and savanna
covering 15.62 milllion ha or 66% (Owusu et al., 1989).
Both zones support a number of endemic plant and
animal species, the majority of which are found in closed
forest. In 1988, the major forms of land use were: forest
reserves (11%), wildlife reserves (5%), unreserved
closed forests (2%), unreserved savanna woodlands
(30%), cultivated tree crops (7%), cultivated annual
crops (5%), unimproved pasture (15%), and bush fallow
and other uses (25%) (Owusu et al., 1989). Agricultural
land in both the savanna and closed forest zones is
continually expanding due to the rapid increase in the
human population (World Bank, 1988).

At the turn of the century it was estimated that Ghana
had 88,000 sq. km of forests, occupying 35% of total land
area. By 1950, this had fallen to 42,000 sq. km, and by
1980 it was estimated that forests covered about
19,000 sq. km in the savanna and closed forest zones
(Frimping-Mensah, 1989). The current area of intact
closed forest is about 15,000 sq. km, and the current
deforestation rate in this zone may be considered
negligible, as very little closed forest remains outside the
Teserve network (Bird, pers. comm., 1991).

Desertification, largely a result of deforestation, is of
growing concern in arid and semi-arid areas. It has been
estimated that approximately 35% of land area is subject
to desertification (UNSO, 1982).

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Protected Areas of the World

The wetland system includes coastal lagoons, estuaries,
mangrove stands, tidal salumarshes, swamp forests and
inland rivers and lakes. Inland water areas occupy
approximately 11,800 sq. km., with Lake Volta
accounting for 0.85 million ha (Owusu er al., 1989).
Along the 550km coastline are an estimated 50 lagoons,
many of which are less than 0.5 sq. km (Gordon, 1987).
Mangroves are best developed on the western coast,
between Céte d’Ivoire and Cape Three Points (Hughes
and Hughes, 1991). Currently, mangroves remain
unprotected and are faced by a number of threats. One
conservation initiative currently underway, however, is
a joint venture between the Royal Society for the
Protection of Birds (RSPB), International Council for
Bird Preservation (ICBP) and the government of Ghana
(GOG) in the protection of seabirds and shorebirds and
their habitats (Hepburn, 1987). Entitled "Save the
Seashore Bird Project", this is one step towards ensuring
the protection and sustainable use of the coastal wetland
ecosystem.

Concern for deforestation dates back to the beginning of
this century with the passing of the Timber Protection
Ordinance in 1907 and an assessment of the forest estate
by H.N. Thompson. Game reserves were subsequently
established in 1909, while the selection, demarcation and
constitution of forest reserves in the closed forest area
commenced in 1919 (Asibey, 1978; Ghartey, 1990).
Following the passing of the Forest Ordinance of 1927,
reservation was pursued vigorously and by 1939, 1.6
million ha of closed forest had been constituted as forest
reserves (Ghartey, 1990). The protected areas network,
including protection and production forest reserves and
conservation areas, currently covers 16% of land area,
of which natural protection forest reserves account for
0.6% and wildlife sector reserves 5% (Forestry
Department/Commission, pers. comm., 1990; Owusu
et al., 1989). Of the approximately 280 forest reserves in
the country, 180 serve a production function while 100
are considered to be protection reserves (Forestry
Department/Commission, pers. comm., 1990).
Production forests are managed under production,
protection and research working circles. In the closed
forest zone, approximately 1.1 million ha is assigned to
the production working circles and 0.4 million ha to the
protection working circles (Ghartey, 1989).

No national review of the protected areas system has
been conducted, but certain priorities to develop the
existing network are identified in MacKinnon and
MacKinnon (1986), IUCN (1987), and Stuart and
Adams (1990). At present, the upland evergreen forest
is not represented within the protected areas system,
while the inner zone of the semi-deciduous forest type is
minimally protected (Hall and Swaine, 1981; IUCN,
1988). A further deficiency is the small size of protected
areas in the forest zone (Hall and Swaine, 1981). Despite
the fairly extensive system of protected areas, 91% of the
area covered by wildlife sector reserves occurs in
degraded habitats such as savanna/woodland (Owusu et
al., 1989). To help address this deficiency, Kakum

108

National Park and Assin-Attandaso Game Production
Reserve are being proposed for the Central Region, and
Agumatsa Wildlife Sanctuary for the Volta Region
(Dudley, pers. comm., 1990; Punguese, pers. comm.,
1990). A further initiative includes a study of protected
areas development in the south-west funded by the
Delegation of the Commission of the European
Communities (EC) in Ghana (Nagel, pers. comm.,
1990). In addition, the Environmental Protection
Council is currently supporting preliminary research into
sacred groves and the contribution of this form of
community-based protection to the protected areas
system (Omari, pers.comm., 1990). In contrast to
wildlife sector reserves, only 5.6% of the savanna
woodland area is in gazetted forests, prompting
recommendations to intensify forest reserve creation in
this habitat for environmental protection and to stem the
southward encroachment of the Sahel (Tufour, 1990).

Under the Forest Resources Management Project, the
forestry and wildlife sectors are being reviewed, with the
aims of consolidating the present network of protected
areas, and improving management both within protected
areas and outside them (Howard, 1989; World Bank,
1988). Additionally, the government is engaged in the
preparation of a National Forest Strategy Statement
which will identify actions to be undertaken and a
schedule for their implementation (World Bank, 1988).
The Forestry Commission is to play a significant role in
Teviewing and advising in both of these initiatives.
Complimenting the Forest Resources Management
Project is the IBRD/TUCN/GOG Programme aimed at
strengthening the Department of Game and Wildlife’s
management of protected areas. This programme, which
is to run for four years (1991-1994), has included among
its components: institutional development; protected
area development; and an environmental awareness
programme. The programme will also provide for a
review of wildlife and protected area policy, and an
assessment of wildlife and protected areas legislation
(Clarke, 1991).

Threats to forest reserves include: over-exploitation by
concessionaires, particularly of the better-known
species; illegal felling; extraction of fuel wood;
uncontrolled bushfires, especially in the savanna and
semi-deciduous zones; mining activities in some locals;
and agricultural encroachment. Poaching of wildlife,
conflicts with local citizens and other departments and
institutions, and unresolved resettlement issues are
problems within the wildlife sector (Nuhu, 1986; Owusu
et al., 1989; Stuart and Adams, 1990; World Bank, 1988).

Addresses

Department of Game and Wildlife (Chief Game and
Wildlife Officer), Ministry of Lands and Natural
Resources, PO Box M239, ACCRA (Cable:
WILDLIFE ACCRA; Tel: 666129)

Forestry Department (Chief Conservator of Forests),
Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources, PO Box

wt! Ns ees beasier

Decrease | metias qubcatnAgied tow tvel lectin oe Wipes preetyed 5200S & meeap Tene T oe
be Teak) adi 0) toa gaiabinesreeS. ee eernal rane wna » Slat _ataamce Se eraly
aN od Ke echosk SUNT Peers Pal hn ert, row bedlel asad: bad gear Nagle
ine MAY. eye POU, wars sey celtit alo oft Wie it 98 SD Rares

remy Be heals rind ma A MR (okey Aw te mae Cl), dA redler ES oe ge 0
afi te qpisaimalod adi lo nohep sled ARAB CD ae Te OG Fae eth Oo strait eo ee
see teu saniD @ CM) ola axagia Paes: corer oaew + tp Binds) sliie ‘ouon grail
: aad qucuecedll th, eeitilg al Ueet aul gi?) eapgtoon} fF -~ toh fewimy ise i
, peep a ge elec af aaa para saesngrare xibrn? AOMs Dieta
te stead aie He nolzye sions art} Bw sonore been. Sak) aire rete nant ots bearer airiate o
wena Betomcey O4 OF oeting Deeripiogoang Hetero ws Lushai ae 7

‘ ott ete ess eed) ae: jae lafeA oi pela *, ema a,
ees ye oop iees vines: chitin. | eer been Iegeitesl (ae oy) pe wit

chad kg akatresey a bat 10-0 gic rare
yo dah ms bi caee 1G erndadecg ot abe

‘ * “ : ais
a0 ee ed PRT fom die orien 6 as
rears tet we ong < idly, “sono ts > i

Wee Pane ee er Be “ies,

yadiniiny)) of) eriehd alee: ha che "OC CRE
piigcradie gate Cortes ok!
handaith wash option tw AMS rtd
eet pote Sey es ren vee oe ue
Ca hares? <Atey gealaAp cet a Puts ny :
TEOC Is eette') eepot O de yo] sea

Bi FE Gh he Baacs mY Coen ea’ 2 Dal
SW £9 Deer: - 707 ctoy ber amt, oot, (egg

selon 18 NC weer Yas NHS
Sir arg Fm te eR eR aot en ee
4° Fe aniing (HDS OR

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ikea s

ou od om fp apllars ste h i:
ithe: am (rey ae at eg} peararsz
pk py Dp re aE

=
>
he

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my

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wn
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Bocce my y Sd Aan

527, ACCRA (Cable: FOREST ACCRA; Tel:
776145/6)

Ghana Forestry Commission (Chief Administrator), PO
Box M-434, ACCRA (Cable: FORCOM ACCRA;
Tel: 220818)

Environmental Protection Council (Director), Ministry
of Local Government, PO Box M-326, ACCRA (Tel:
664697/98)

Ghana Association for the Conservation of Nature
(GACON) (President), c/o Institute of Renewable
Natural Resources, University of Science and
Technology, KUMASI

References

Adzobu, D. (1990). The Environmental Protection
Council. NKO — Magazine of the Wildlife Clubs of
Ghana. V.A. Sackey and Y Ntiamao-Baidu (Eds).
Vol 3, No. 1. Pp. 5-6.

Ankudey, N.K., and Ofori-Frimpong, B.Y. (1990).
Chapter 15: Ghana. In: East, R. (Compiler),
Antelopes: global survey and regional action plans.
Part 3: West and Central Africa. TUCN/SSC
Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland,
Switzerland. Pp. 68-72.

Asibey, E.0.A. (1970). The present status of wildlife
conservation in Ghana. JUCN Publications New
Series 22: 15-21.

Asibey, E.A.O. (1978). Primate conservation in Ghana.
In: Chivers, DJ. and Lane-Petter, W. (Eds), Recent
advances in primatology, Vol. 2: Conservation.
Academic Press, London. Pp. 55-63.

Bennuah, S. (1987). Development of forestry in Ghana.
B.Sc. thesis, Institute of Renewable Natural
Resources, Kumasi. 68 pp.

Clarke, JE. (1991). Report on a mission to Ghana:
IUCN Project No. 9637. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
17 pp.

Department of Game and Wildlife (1974). Wildlife
conservation policy of the Republic of Ghana. Ghana
Publishing Corporation, Accra. 7 pp.

EPC (1989). Environmental Protection Council Action
Plan. EPC, Accra. Draft. Pp. 1-9.

Frimpong-Mensah, K. (1989). Requirement of the
timber industry. Ghana Forest Inventory Project
Seminar Proceedings. Forestry Department, Accra.
Pp. 70-79.

Ghartey, K.KF. (1989). Results of the Inventory. Ghana
Forest Inventory Project Seminar Proceedings.
Forestry Department, Accra. Pp. 32-46.

Ghartey, K.K.F. (1990). The evolution of forest
management in the tropical high forest of Ghana.
Paper presented at the Conférence sur la
Conservation et L’ Utilisation Rationnelle de la Forét
Dense D’ Afrique Centrale et de L’Ouest, Abidjan,
Cote d’Ivoire, 5-9 November. 11 pp.

Gordon, C. (1987). Coastal lagoons of Ghana. In:
Burgis, M.J. and Symoens, J.J. (Eds.), African
wetlands and shallow water bodies. ORSTOM,
Paris. Pp. 177-182.

109

Ghana

Hall, J.B. and Swaine, M.D. (1981). Distribution and
ecology of vascular plants in a tropical rain forest:
Forest vegetation in Ghana. Dr W. Junk, The Hague.
383 pp.

Hepbum, J.R. (1987). Conservation of wader habitats in
coastal West Africa. In: Davidson, N.C. and
Pienkowski, M.W. (Eds.), The conservation of
international flyway populations of waders. Wader
Study Group Bulletin No. 49, Supplemen/IWRB
Special Publication No. 7. (Unseen)

Howard, W. (1989). The Forest Resources Management
Project (World Bank/ODA/ DANIDA). Ghana
Forest Inventory Project Seminar Proceedings.
Forestry Department, Accra. Pp. 59-62.

Hughes, R.H. and Hughes, J.S. (1991). Directory of
african wetlands. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK/UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya/WCMC,
Cambridge, UK. Pp. 332-342.

TUCN (1987). Action strategy for protected areas in the
Afrotropical Realm. TUCN, Gland, Switzerland and
Cambridge, UK. 56 pp.

IUCN (1988). Ghana: conservation of biological
diversity. Draft. IUCN Tropical Forest Programme.
TUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge.
17 pp.

Kamugasha, B.B. (1989). Ghana conservation
legislation. World Bank, Washington. Unpublished.

Pp. 3-4.

MacKinnon, J. and MacKinnon, K. (1986). Review of
the protected areas system in the afrotropical realm.
IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK/
UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. Pp. 209-210.

Nuhu, V.AN. (1986). Wildlife conservation in Ghana:
pre-and post-colonial era. B.Sc. thesis, Institute of
Renewable Natural Resources, Kumasi. 67 pp.

Owusu, J.G.K., Manu, C.K., Ofosu, G.K., and
Ntiamoah-Baidu, Y. (1989). Report of the Working
Group on Forestry and Wildlife. Revised version.
Prepared for the Environmental Protection Council,
Accra.

Swart, S.N., and Adams, R.J. (1990). Biodiversity in
Sub-saharan Africa and its islands: conservation,
management and sustainable use. TUCN, Gland,
Switzerland. Pp. 98-101.

Tufuor, K. (1990). Status of forest areas allocated to
timber production and their contribution to the
conservation of biological diversity. Paper presented
at Workshop on "Realistic Strategies for Tropical
Forests”, IUCN Assembly in Perth, Australia,
30 November — 5 December. 13 pp.

UNSO (1982). Assessment of the problem of
desertification and review of on-going and prepared
activities to implement the plan of action to combat
desertification in Ghana. (Unseen)

World Bank (1988). Staff Appraisal Report: Ghana
Forest Resourcel Management Project
(No. 7295-GH). Washington, DC. 119 pp.

; Ws ates WO ABA sate we @\ tet cARTGA TES HOS 21D) 4ETGAL SSE,
Kelags es wah ebpinky cobrre >) eyelces (ERED -

cha naedachacnaeetaiaaaan i Aan eth Eada yp cena ca GT
— ates DSA WIR. teas”

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shad oa ert '

Protected Areas of the World

ANNEX

Definitions of protected area designations, as legislated,
together with authorities responsible for their administration

Title: Wild Animals Preservation Act (No. 43)

Date: 1961, last amended 1971

Brief description:
fauna and flora

Administrative authority: Department of Game
and Wildlife (Chief)

Provides for the protection of

Designations:
Reserve

Includes national park, game production reserve,
strict nature reserve and wildlife sanctuary.

Entry is by consent of the Chief Game and Wildlife
Officer and conditions for entry are determined by
him.

It is unlawful to hunt, capture or kill any bird or wild
animal, or to collect or destroy any plant except for
conservation or management purposes with the
consent of the Chief Game and Wildlife Officer.

Other activities prohibited include: the setting of
fires; pollution of water; littering; entry with
equipment for the purposes of hunting; and the
clearing or cultivating of land without written
consent.

National park (proposed definition) Area under
state control set aside for the propagation, protection,
and conservation of wildlife and vegetation, and the
ecological stability of wildlife and plant
communities.

Other functions include the protection of sites,
landscapes or geological formations of scientific or
aesthetic values for the enjoyment, education and
inspiration of the general public.

Prohibited activities are the hunting, killing and
capture of animals, and the destruction and collection
of plants and other forms of vegetation except for
scientific and management purposes authorised by
the minister.

Strict nature reserve (proposed definition) Area
under state control for the exclusive protection of
floral and faunal resources. Any conflicting activies
or land uses are prohibited.

Prohibited activities include any form of hunting,
fishing, any development related to forestry,
agriculture or mining, grazing, excavation,
prospecting, drilling, levelling of the ground or
construction, any work which alters soil structure or
vegetational character, any form of pollution, and

110

any act which harms or disturbs the fauna or flora,
including the introduction of indigenous or imported,
wild or domesticated zoological or botanical species.
Wildlife sanctuary (proposed definition) Area set
aside by the state to protect characteristic wildlife,
especially migratory bird communities, or to protect
threatened animal or plant species.

Any forms of hunting, killing or capturing of any
wildlife are prohibited except for scientific research
authorised by the minister.

Game production reserve (proposed definition)
Area set aside by the state for the conservation,
management and propagation of wildlife and its
habitat.

Other state controlled land use forms compatible
with wildlife conservation may be practised. (This
has traditionally included logging.)

Sources: Original legislation; Kamugasha, 1989

Title: Forest Ordinance (Cap. 157)

Date: 1927, last amended in 1986 (PNDCL 142)

Brief description: Allows for the establishment of
reserves and sets regulations governing the use and
management of forest resources.

Administrative authority: Forestry Department
(Chief Conservator of Forests)

Designations:
Forest Reserve

Any government, tribal, stool, private lands or lands
deemed to be in need of protection may be
constituted as forest reserves by the President
inclusive of all limits and rights.

An order, six months following notification in the
gazette and known as the date of reservation, brings
forest reserves into operation.

Activities prohibited include: farm cultivation,
setting of fires, hunting of wildlife, and damage to
trees.

In practice, forest reserves and associated areas are
defined as follows:

Sacred grove _ Protected area inside or outside a
forest reserve to ensure that the fetish or sacred
character of the grove is respected.

WOE ea aN Ramana
c me.

ROMA A
i fe wnotinagheh sine dstatirny to wiigihl
_ Maldzripibnitrn vlads oh Wblanw ase + wilticcdains Af V0 ago

(Eh) Marita) deci DOW. ay
ICSE Lalwaete hal. M4 oat

lo wi eH) eSivint . cadhibeomb Ieee
ag orto AMT

e2eD ty tesa el wb walter! egy,

(rai) wit We
Saniora
iP
GR, =e Oe ecg aa

vetlel oi ty WEG si cas! Pim “Raa

TRIN bee sD sO le ero ie
ae whe Ww) woblina: oe SB © rk

inern

as oe EAD

: a - . am lie A eT pH yet ry aE ; AL

ee alld tan, as df ens tet > a bese ca ay a ° @s2) =

tae! see 3 a i Se ee .

tenes "a ing, nd genht en ee a ie 00 = p=

ag a ee ee ee 7

: i are sae 7 2 t- — wet Palo! o> lidar eters - —a

7! ain a. ert “e titw ‘(ae parte os — iw ashbbhiess ia -
= heh aN - : ‘Sb CMM RARAA So eMgIes oe i ;,

. ads baleen conte ‘ tm tha UE selec Vas Fa yeild: ise 1 etna “tid

er

’

—

—— ee een Be Ve

i rs at tx ele a tel i = aioe = -— F
ce 7 : 7 _ | : a! i — : ¥
: - . (> ve am : tong Woe re (a) ailiana: Sabet ~

i
-ay

Local bye-laws, customs, rites and taboos govern its
use and protection.

Production forest Reserve areas which support
sustained production of timber and other forest

products.

Constitution and prohibited activities as outlined in
Forest Ordinance.

Protection forest Reserve area where extraction of
timber is usually forbidden, but limited exploitation
may be permitted in accessible areas.

Established and managed for the protection of steep
slopes and water catchment areas in all or part of a
forest reserve.

Constitution and prohibited activities as outlined in
Forest Ordinance.

Private forest Small plantation or woodlot
established and owned by villages, communities,
schools or institutions to meet local fuel wood and
pole requirements.

Local restrictions on use apply.

Amenity forest Localised planting of trees owned
and managed by individuals, communities or
institutions to provide for shade, shelter and beauty
(e.g. avenue planting).

Community laws govern its use and management.

Sources: Original legislation; Forestry Commission,
pers. comm., 1990

Title: Trees and Timber Decree (NRCD
No. 273)

Date: 23 August 1974

Brief description: Allows for the protection of
land outside of reserve areas.

Administrative authority:
(Chief Conservator of Forests)

Forestry Department

111

Ghana

Designations:

Protectedarea Any area outside of a forest reserve
may be protected to prevent the waste of trees or
timber.

Farming may be allowed to continue so long as a

licence is obtained from the Forest Reserve
Commissioner.

Prohibited activities include: construction of
buildings, damage to trees or timber, and setting fires
to any vegetation without the written consent of the

Source: Original legislation

Title: Control of Bush Fires Law (PNDCL 46)

Date: 1983

Brief Description: Deals with the setting of fires in
conservation or specified areas outside of gazetted
reserves

Administrative authority: Forestry Department
or Department of Game and Wildlife

Designations:

Conservation area
natural resource area.

Any government-protected

Within these areas fires may be set for the purpose of
management provided that the fire is controlled and
confined and authorisation has been granted by the
Chief Conservator of Forests or the Chief Game and
Wildlife Officer.

Specified area An area specified in permit by the
Department of Game and Wildlife or the Forestry
Department in which burning may be necessary for
habitat management purposes.

Source: Original legislation

a)

, aie: aarp
. psindena GA wabiare
_ sername

«eS

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palate ab aeons
evesainng:

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ats Leh

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idimdnety: dales cous ate ula
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‘er ee

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Protected Areas of the World

Map
ref.

UAUhwWNnNe

on

Category VIII forest reserves are neither listed nor mapped.

SUMMARY OF PROTECTED AREAS

National/international designations IUCN management
Name of area category
National Parks

Bia II
Bui Il
Digya Il
Mole Il
Nini-Suhien Il
Strict Nature Reserve

Kogyae I
Wildlife Sanctuaries

Bomfobiri IV
Owabi IV
Game Production Reserves

Ankasa Vil
Bia Vil
Gbele Vol
Kalakpa vol
Shai Hills vil
Biosphere Reserve

Bia National Park IX
Ramsar Wetland

Owabi R

112

Area

(ha)

7,710
207,360
312,595
491,440

10,630

32,400

5,184
7,258

20,736
22,810
54,691
32,400

5,443

7,770

7,260

1983

1988

Dio aw sank Marae 2,
vas

“=e

— =

nidbaiall
at eres

7

fe eey een eee a
7 SA
want IR

“S =

rat
)

Protected Areas of Ghana -

113

Nees i
Neetu

cn @ &y

miacoeminton = UNEP 9 WWE.

ey
ee? eae +

MONITORING CENTRE

World Conservation Monitoring Centre
219 Huntingdon Road
Cambridge CB3 ODL

United Kingdom

Telephone +44 223 277314
Fax +44 223 277136

The World Conservation Monitoring Centre is a joint-venture between the

partners who developed the World Conservation Strategy and its successor Caring
the Earth: 1UCN-The World Conservation Union, UNEP- United Nations Envi
Programme, and WWF-World Wide Fund for Nature. — '