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ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR
WITH
CHRESTOMATHY and GLOSSARY
BY
SAMUEL A. B. MERCER
PH. D., D. D.
PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND OLD TESTAMENT IN THE WESTERN
THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO
RECTOR OF THE SOCIETY OF ORIENTAL RESEARCH
AND EDITOR OF ITS JOURNAL
EDITOR OF THE ANGLICAN THEOLOGICAL REVIEW
LONDON
LUZAC & CO.
46 GREAT RUSSELL STREET, W.C.
IQ2 I
3551
M37
TO
FRITZ HOAA\EL
SCHOLAR TEACHER AND FRIEND
THIS LITTLE BOOK IS DEDICATED
BY THE AUTHOR
V
PREFACE
Experience in teaching Semitic languages has taught
me that the beginner needs a text-book which is both simple
and also well supplied with exercises. Hitherto no such
book for the study of Assyrian has appeared in any modern
language. There are books in English, French, German and
Italian for beginners, but none of them are provided with
exercises. The larger grammars are reference books and
unsuited for the use of beginners. The book most generally
used in the study of the Assyrian language is Delitzsch's
Assyrische Lesestucke. But everyone complains of its dif-
ficulty for the beginner.
Assyrian is difficult. Nor have compilers of Assyrian
grammars done much to make it attractive to the student.
It is with this in mind that I have prepared this little book.
I have divided the grammar and syntax into chapters or
lessons, and supplied each chapter with copious exercises.
I am sure that if the student works through these lessons
with care and diligence he will have no trouble with the
reading exercises which follow.
The beginner should first memorise the Simple Syllables.
These are fundamental and occur most frequently in all
cuneiform texts. He should read chapter two with care,
and so acquaint himself with the Ideograms as to be able
easily to refer to them in his later work. Chapter three
should also be read with care, looking up each sign in the
Sign Tist at the end of the book. Chapter four is for
further practice in the Sign Tist. The aim thus far has
been to acquaint the student with his signs. A careful
VI
reading of chapter five is all that is necessar}^ But the
pronouns, verbs, nouns, adjectives, numerals, adverbs, pre-
positions and conjunctions, chapters six to twenty - seven,
should be committed to memory, and the exercises on each
lesson should by carefully read. Read the Syntax carefully
and do the exercises with diligence. After the Chrestomathy
is finished the student should read some of the longer pas-
sages in Delitzsch's Lesestucke (which he should own), and
then he will be prepared, with the assistance of Brunnow,
A Classified List, Leyden, 1889, and Delitzsch's Assyrisches
Hafidwdrterbuch, I.eipzig, 1896, for independent reading.
The author's object has been to make this book as
brief and concise as possible. He warns students against
thinking that they can acquire an adequate knowledge of
Assyrian without much memory-work. If the above direc-
tions are followed, the author feels that the object for which
the book has been prepared will be attained — namely, to
add to the number of students interested in the study of
Assyrian.
It remains only to thank my pupil, Mr. Keller, for
arranging the vocabulary, and to express my appreciation
of the excellent work done by the Akademische Buchdruckerei
F. Straub, Munich. For many hints I have to thank my
former teacher. Professor Hommel, who also very kindly
read the proof.
Samuel R, B. Mercer
Hibbard Egyptian Library,
Western Theological Seminary,
Chicago.
May 10, 192 I.
CONTENTS
VII
-XII,
CHAPTERS
Ch. I,
„ II,
V HI,
„ IV,
,. V,
,. VI,
„ VII,
„ VIII-
„ XIII,
., XIV,
.. XV,
,. XVI,
„ XVII,
„ XVIII,
„ XIX— XXI,
„ XXII,
„ XXIII,
„ XXIV,
„ XXV,
„ XXVI,'
„ XXVII,
Ch. XXVIII,
,. XXIX,
„ XXX,
.. XXXI,
SECTIONS
§1
§ 2—4
§ 5—9
§ lo—
§ 12 —
§ i6—
§ 20—
§25—
§31-
§47—
§ 50—
§53-
§56—
§59—
§62
§64-
§76
§ 79—
§83
§88
§ 97
§ 103—107
§ 108 — III
§ 112— 115
ii 116
GRKMMRR
Introduction .
Simple Syllables
Other Syllables, Ideograms and Deter
minatives
Sign List
Syllabaries
Phonology
Personal Pronoun .
Other Pronouns
The Strong Verb .
Verbs with an initial n
Verbs with a weak initial letter
Verbs with a weak medial letter
Verbs with a weak final letter
Other irregular verbs
The Verb with Suffixes
The Noun
Nouns with Suffixes
The Adjective
Numerals
Adverbs
Prepositions ,
Conjunctions
SYNTAX
The Noun, Adjective and Numerals
Verbal Nouns and the Finite Verb
The Simple and Compound Sentence
Model Analysis (Asurb., Rassam Cyl.
57-68)
PAGE
6
13
16
18
20
21
23
34
35
38
40
41
42
44
49
50
51
53
56
57
59
61
62
64
VIII
CHRESTOMATHY
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
Titles and deeds of Hammurabi
The siege of Damascus and the tribute of Jehu
(Shalmanesser III) .....
Asurbanipal's first Egyptian campaign (Rassam
Cyl.
■2, 27)
Accession Prayer of Nebuchadrezzar II to Mar
duk (Rassam Cyl. 53, Col. I 55—72)
From Lstar's Descent into Hades (Rassam Cyl. 31
A Lamentation (K 4931) ....
An Observation of the Moon (K 716)'
VIII Assyrian Letters
SIGN LIST
GLOSS/IRY .
CORRIGENDA
69
70
78
79
80
81
81
PAGE
69
84
16
.22
QR/\MM/IR
INTRODUCTION
§ I. Assyrian belongs to the northern group of Semitic lan-
guages, and is closely related to the Hebrew. Its differ-
ences from Babylonian are only dialectical. The Assyro-
Babylonian language was used as early, at least, as 3000 B.C.
and continued in vogue until the first century before the
Christian era. From that time until 1835 A-T>. when Sir
Henry C. Rawlinson made the first partial translation of
an Assyrian text, the Assyrian language was quite unknown.
Since then thousands of inscriptions on stone and clay have
been excavated from the buried cities of the Tigris-Euphrates
valley.
The literature of the Assyro-Babylonian inscriptions is
voluminous, and much more awaits the industry of the ar-
chaeologist. All types of literature are represented. There
are poetry and prose, prayers and hymns, incantations and
magical charms, chronology and history, precepts and laws,
and legal and commercial transactions. Thousands of texts
have been translated, and there still remain thousands un-
translated in published or unpublished form. Work upon
these texts is still in its infancy. Fuller sign lists must be
made, better dictionaries must be written, and new gram-
matical points remain to be investigated. All this must be
done in order that the student of history, religion, morals,
politics, science, and social institutions may have the means
of defining the slow developement of Semitic ideas through-
out the centuries.
Every student of Assyrian should read an account of
the decipherment of the script and of the reconstruction of
the language, and no more fascinating story of that great
achievement can be found than that in R. W. Roger's A
History of Babylonia and Assyria, Vol. I, pp. i — 353.*) Of
translations of texts there are numerous volumes, but so far
there is no complete corpus of Assyro-Babylonian literature,
nor can there be such for many years to come. The most
complete at present is the Vorderasiatische Bibliothek, pu-
blished by HiNRiCHS in Leipzig. It was begun in 1907 and
is still in progress. There is nothing similar to this in any
other modern language, although the Yale University Press
have in view a corpus which will be complete to date. Of
individual books in which translations of Assyro-Babylonian
texts are published there are many, which can be found in
any good university or seminary library.
*) See also Fritz Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens, Berlin
1885, p. 58—134 and H. V. Hilprecht, Exploratiohs in Bible Lands during
the 19th century, Philadelphia 1903, p. 3 — 577 (p. 3 — 213 also in German trans-
lation: Pie Ausgrabungen in Assyrien und Babylonien, I., Bis zum Auftreten
De Sarzec's, Leipzig 1904).
CHAPTER I
SIMPLE SYLLHBLES
§ 2. The name whereby the script of the Assyrian language
is known is cuneiform. The word is derived from the Latin,
cuneus, a wedge and forma, a form, wedge-form. The script
was originally pictographic and was handed on by the Sum-
erians to the Semites who lived in the Tigris-Euphrates valley.
In later times it was used by many peoples other than the
Assyro-Babylonians, and was at last highly simplified and
used by the Persians.
The Assyro-Babylonians never developed an alphabet.
There are a few vowel signs, but the script is mostly syl-
labic. The signs are written from left to right.
In this first lesson, about a hundred of the simplest
syllabic signs are arranged according to the order of the
Hebrew alphabet. This is the order in which the trans-
literated words occur in all Assyrian glossaries and diction-
aries. On the left-hand side syllables beginning with a con-
sonant are arranged, those with a final a being placed in
the first column, those with i or e in the second and those
with u in the third. On the right-hand side syllables be-
ginning with a vowel are recorded, first those with a, se-
condly those with i or e and thirdly those with u It is very
important that all these signs with their values be thoroughly
committed to memory. In section 4 these same syllabic signs
are arranged in the order in which all these and other signs
are found in all sign lists. This exercise should be carefully
studied. The signs should be read and repeatedly written
until they are as well known as an alphabet.
3- N
A
n
B
:j
G
1
D
t
Z
n> ^^
n
H
D
T
2
K
s
L
D
M
:
N
D
S
£)
P
i:
s
P
K
"1
R
U^
S
n
T
Final Vc
owe/
]}
= <3:
^
= i
<
== 2/
^\}
= e
AW^
--= u
-^T
= /^^
:= bi
= be
^^
■= bu
^TTT^
= ^a
-TTA
= gi
iT-^
= gu
^11
= da
<I4=
= di
i:^!
= ^//
}}
= za
-TT^
^^= zi
-►^TI
-= ^//
}H
--= ha
A
■= hi
-I<T
= bu
^IT
= ta
= ti
= te
m
= tu
--1^
= ka
m
= ki
lEJ
-= ku
-ET
r= la
-^!I
= li
M
= In
ET
= ma
c:
^ mi
-= me
^
= WW
^!
■■= 7ia
= ni
= ne
9^
= nu
►W
= sa
"^11
= si
.>^!T
= su
tilf
= se
\pu
^
= pa
^I-
= pi
^-,;<I
1.1
^1
=■■ ^a
i^^TT
-■= si
£S
= su
-T
= ka
MI
--= ki
►^ — ► — A
= ku
E-^TT
-= ra
-TT<T
= ri
^JU
= ru
^TI
= ^d
<T-
-= si
I
= Su
V
= ^a
^
= se
^
= su
;^TTT
-= ta
-- ti
= te
-ElT
= ///
Initial Vowel
= ab
= ^^
■^= az
= ^
= aU
<Mr<i =
= ak
= an
= ^j
^/
as
a^
ar
dr
as
ds
at
HI
<«
= ib
= ig
= iz
■>
= 2/
il
el
im
in
en
is
ik
ir
er
is
eS
it
^
^V4-T
A-HF-
<TIT
^;VfrT.
IH
IT
:s<T
= «^
ud
uz
= uk
= «/
= «/«
= un
= up
= «^
= «i^
= ur
= «r
= us
= «/
§ 4- Read and write:
^ .^y .^yy .^yy ..f ^^h -^y -^y -!
^ ^y w ^y ^]< ^ -y<y -y<y^ -^ -yy^
-IIA -II<T -II ^ ^!T :^:^T ^SK ^ <]]]
s^yyy tt tt] t^yi tt]} ^:^ i^ t^^i t^^]]
-<^yy ::;^y :^] ^]]t^:^^^ t] ;ri<y ^^
t]} tyyyir i^yyy^ m ^^yy ^^y ^yy ^ t] M
^yy ^ -^. ^.y<y ^y ^y ^y. ^ ^^yy^ ^4f
< c: <t]^ <h <MT<I <T* m <« T- HI
M M MI I C-S C-^ ^TTI IH Tf. }} }}<
CHAPTER II
OTHER SYLLABLES, IDEOGRAMS AND
DETERMINATIVES
§ 5. In addition to the simple syllables, illustrated in chap-
ter I, there were also compound (or better fullet) syllables,
e. g. t^TIIL ^^'^; ^TTf dan\ i^B^, bar\ {\, man.
In Assyrian it was not easy to represent long and short
vowels. In open syllables, long vowels were represented
in one of two ways, namely, (i) By writing after a syllable
a separate sign for the vowel of the syllable, e. g. ►"^y f f'
na-a = na\ ^Ey y{, la-a = Id. But such a separate sign
was not always written , e. g. ^^\ = nd. (2) By doubling
the consonant, e. g. "^11 ^V-^T ^I^ ^, ru-uk-ku i. e. ril^ti.
In closed syllables it was practically impossible to represent
a long vowel,
§ 6. Sometimes the Assyrians used one sign to represent a
complete word. This we call an ideogram, e. g. ^^, as a
syllable, has the value of an, but as a word, or ideogram,
has the value ilu, which means "god". Likewise, tEj, as a
syllable, equals ad\ as an ideogram, equals abu, "father".
An ideogram may consist of two or more signs, e. g.
»^i^II ^^y, apsn, "abyss"; "^t^ -J^^ Ej, suluppu, "date".
Many signs have more than one syllabic value, as well
as more than one ideographic value, e. g. ^\ has the syllabic
values ud, iu, tarn, pir, la^, J}is\ and the ideographic values
umu, "day", SamHu, "sun", and pi^U, "white".
§ 7. An ideogram may also be used as a determinative, that
is, a sign attached to a word to indicate the class of thing
to which the word belongs. Most of the determinatives are
placed before the words to 'which they refer; and are not
pronounced, e.g. ^^T^, before names of deities, J, before
male proper nouns; V^, before names of countries and moun-
tains.
§ 8. Many ideograms have no determinatives. In order to
help in identifying the correct ideographic value of a sign
a device was used by the Assyrians, which we call a pho-
netic complement] e. g. the sign ^*T~, as an ideogram, is
used for both ilu, "god", and SamU, "heaven". In order to
help the reader to decide which, the Assyrian would add
the sign >-\\, e, when he wished to represent Same, "heav-
ens", thus, ^>^ tjf
§ g. As an exercise, read and write the following ideograms
and determinatives. Become so acquainted with them that
future reference to them may be made with ease.
IDEOGRAMS
Ideogram Pronunciation Meaning
»^ nakdsu to cut off
►^^ zeru seed, descendant
►^ iumu name
►►^ ilu god
Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
«-K ^T<
balatu
life
^\
ardu
slave
^^I^
palu
reign, year of reign
--ITT
patru
dagger
^^11
^Iru
exalted
-E^IT
alu
city
--ai
tahazu
battle
•^^]r
arhu
month
-m
rubu
noble
-IT^
napUtu
life, soul
-!<!
i^^Hru
bird
-T<I^
baSU
to be
-T<T<T
iumelu
left'
-n
belu
lord
JT
^atu
hand
-^IT
zumru
body
•^TT^
reSu
beginning
-s^n
pu
mouth
-rrjH
liSanu
tongue
^
nakru
hostile
•7^
^almu
image
t?^
epeSu
to make
:r^
^arrdnu
road
►— ^
>— 4
Ukaru
strong drink
fi^<T
abnu
stone
fc^^
Sarru
king
Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
s^4^
Sfru
flesh
t:^tT
imtu
fire
"^
^ihru
small
I?r^
umntu
mother
►I 1 1
babu
gate
^^V^
kakkabu
star
^^
dilru
wall
^}
nadanu
to give
^\
alaku
to go
X:^\^
imiru
ass
t^Il
karanu
wine
<m
duppu
tablet
tEl
abu
father
A
Uu
wood
A^
alpu
ox
^-^
kibratu
region, quarter of heaven
m
dannu
mighty
m
niSu
people
m<
sukkallu
messenger
^m
bUu
house, temple
E^<
imnu
right
Ei?ff
amelu
man
a^u
brother
^T
idu
side
E<^^
kablu
midst, battle
El-
rabu
great
lO
Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
E^
parakku
shrine
V
matu
land
^-W<
^iru
serpent
^T
ilmu
day
^T-
UZ7tU
ear
^m
libbu
heart
^}
^abu
warrior
A
tabu
good
A4
Mru
wind
<ttz
mtlSu
night
<<«
kiiSatu
host, the world
<^
^Spu
foot
<^fA
mur^u
sickness
<F
Inu
eye
<W]^
damku
favourable
<T^
^ardpu
to burn
<MH
lininu
evil
<I^
ir^itu
earth
<^}
ellu
bright
«
Sarru
king
m
^ubatu
garment
Et
im
to have
t^«=^^
libittu
brick
c-m
aSiaiu
wife
C-^T
beltu
lady
H
aplu
son (spec, heir)
II
Ideogram
Pronunciation
Meaning
V
Sakanu
to set
}}<
nUnu
fish
COMPOUND IDEOGRAMS
-+ s^TIT
elil
high
-^TT tM
apsil
abyss
-^TT <Tf^
eSeru
to be straight, right
-tH^«=
EJ suluppu
date
-T4i <:r:r
hittu
dream
i^} ET-
abullu
city-gate
:^im EK
ekallu
palace
<m s^m
Saplil
low
«<^f
purussu
decision
T^-^f
zunnu
rain
T^ ^TTI
eklu
field
IMI-
dimtu
weeping
DETERMINATIVES THAT
PRECEDE THE WORD
>->^ //?/
god
before names of deities
^Xi\\ alu
city
V)
„ cities
•-^^ ^r^/^
month
n
„ months
U^>^ slru
flesh
n
„ parts of the
body
^^^»->^ kakkabu star
n
„ „ stars and
planets
^y^ m^r«
ass
n
„ some of the
larger ani-
mals
12
S^<T
abnu
stone before
names
of
stones
tT
Uu
wood
»
n
11
trees, wooden
objects
tT^^
karpatu
vessel
r>
»
11
vessels
:^ITT^
iammu
plant
r>
»
11
plants
E3w
amelu
man
n
»
11
tribes and pro-
fessions
V
matu
country
Y)
w
11
countries
V
Sadn
mountain
11
n
11
mountains
T
male
VI
11
»
male proper
names
lil
^ubatu
garment
Yl
V)
vt
garments and
stuffs
m
immeru
lamb, sheep
W
11
11
sheep
miB
Hpatu
fleece, wool
11
w
n
wools and
woolen stuffs
]}m
nam
river
•n
»
11
rivers
^
female
11
»
V)
female proper
nouns
DETERMINATIVES THAT FOLLOW THE WORD
used after numbers
11 11 11
„ plurals
„ „ numbers and measures
„ „ names of places (comp.
aim place)
„ plurals
„ „ numerals and measures
„ „ names of fish
,, birds
k&m
kam
m
->f
plural
ta-a-an
ki
\\-^
plural
a-an
^<
nUnu fish
-T<T •
iffSru bird
13
CHAPTER III
SIGN LIST
§ lo. The sign list at the end of the book, immediately be-
fore the Glossary, should now be carefully studied. It can-
not be learned all at once, but will come with practice.
§11, For practice in finding signs in the Sign List the fol-
lowing words should be carefully read. In order to show
the close relationship between Assyrian and Hebrew, the
Hebrew equivalent of each Assyrian word is given.
-'^I'^i
ba-nu-u
to build
7\^
^ }H V--
sa-ipa-pu
to overwhelm
IDD
-EI -^T M
la-ba-su
to clothe
trj^
-El EI ^I
la-ma-du
to learn
■-9^
-EI 1-^^ <
la-ku-u
to take
np^
-^11 ^ I^ ^
H-Sa-a-nu
tongue
IIBTJ
JI^^
su-mu
name
Dgf
-<t^i}m
be-e-lu
lord
^JJ3
^1 m -m
na-piS-ttc
life
a*?.?
^TS^jn
na-aS-rn
eagle
It?.?
^i If ^jn
na-a-ru
river
^??
-I ^ tIII:r
ka-nu-u
reed
".?R
-i^^i
ka-as'tu
bow
nt?*!?.
-<l<ldlv^
ti-ib-nu
straw
Wi
-]& E^II ^-
ak-ra-bu
scorpion
=^RK
-ii^'tif ^jn
zi-e-ru
seed
yit
-IKI -eei
dal-tu
door
nh
-IKI -]} I
ri-e-su
head
xa\A-\
--I t-
ab-nii
stone
I3«
H
tl^ ^v m
um-mu
mother
D^
i'fiu
eye
n
i-du
hand, side
T
i-lu
god
^t^
i-?u
wood
rv.
i-Sa-tu
fire
rrx
i-sa-ru
righteous
t;
at-ta
thou
nnN
kak-ka-bu
star
n;l3
mal-ku
prince
^5?
ir-Su
couch
^?V.
ir-^i-t2i
earth
I^nx
am-tu
handmaid
HDN
bi-i-Ui
house
n:5
ku-u-lu
cry
^'P
zik-ru
name
n?t
al-pu
ox
^m
e-niu
father-in-law
on
T
e-zi-bu
to leave
m
e-pi-ru
dust
^?«
e-ii-ru
to protect
•^m
e-lu-u
to be high
"53?
kal'bu
dog
^^.
ra-ka-bu
to ride
— T
ta-a-bu
good
31D
kar-nu
horn
IPR-
ma-fya-su
to smite
FDD
15
'V EJ ISDf gam-ma-lu camel 705
^^VT *7^ «-8r-«« ear |tt<
^y i^ «-w«*) day Dl'«
-^T^- >^g^y ^ pi-tu-u to open nnO
^yyy ^^ Hb-bu heart njj?
^►p[- >^ im-nu right hand ]''P^
^^^ ^^^\ bir-ku lightning pij
-^^^ I^ bir-ku knee "^13
^y^^yy^y ^^y ^>->y- ^ ar'ba--u four {^S-lX
^y^ ^^ 15^- di'i-nu judgment ]'''n
]^JJ >5^ kin-nu nest ]p.
y} >-y<y ^-^/z brother HK
y^ *"II^y '^^ a-ri-bu raven iDiy
T{ '"^I W\ a-na-ku I ^:?:X
y^ ^>- a-bu father :}«
I]f ]r]^^ ^»^TT a-ipa-zu to seize tn^
|]r ►^lU ►^ sa-al-mu image qSj:
T^f^ t^III ^ ba-ta-nu son-in-law ]nn
^i^ fc^y ^yyyt Ua-du-u to rejoice iTin
V t^ "5^ Sa-am-nu oil ]^;^
*) Or better u?nu(-mu) i. e. iiww (comp. p. lO, line 5) with phonetic com-
plement (p. 7, § 8) -mu.
i6
CHAPTER IV
SYLLABARIES
§12. For further practice, before going on to the study of
the grammar proper, a small portion of each of the three
great syllabaries, S*, S^ and S*^, is given. These syllabaries
were composed by the Babylonians and Assyrians themselves,
and have been of inestimable value to modern students in
reconstructing the grammar and lexicon of the Sumerian
and of the Assyrian language.
Syllabary S"". In the second column is the syllable
under consideration, in the first column the pronunciation
of the syllable, and in the third column the name of the
syllablic sign.
§13.
Tt=:tE
}}<
^TI
-TT<T ^^
§ 14. Syllabary S^. In the second column is the ideogram
under consideration, in the first column the Sumerian pro-
nunciation, and in the third column the Assyrian translation
of the ideographic sign.
17
m
^T
-+
V ►^ tun
T<Tt^
i^t^ --TTT
->f
tE i^t=
T^T
:^^I
tt^
::t^ ^
T^^
m
t:r^^
^ -:rH '^-
T
tt^]]
IH
-^H m ^-
]^
^]}
:=^T
<Igf^^
!!5<T
<
J5^T
T^ -ET m
]-^]l
-T<T ^I .
::^JI
t^J] ^] <TTT
T
tE
tE
^T Tl fc=^T
TV
T^
^TTT
^TTT ^-
§15. Syllabary S^. This is in a sense a combination of S*
and S^. In the second column is the ideogram under con-
sideration, in the first column the pronunciation of the same,
in the third column the name of the ideographic sign, and
in the fourth column the Assyrian translation with synonyms.
T -TTA ;^!T
]^]^^
HT-
<Tm
I -^H -ET ^m
►^
;TT! -KI
!T f^ ^-
c-^mi
-TKT -T<T tTTIt
fc^TTT --T I^I
^ e:tt :^^^
-ET ^ tint
tETI ^- tITTt
1} W -TT<T t5<T
i8
T <T^ A^
<^I
<y <:^ ^
CHAPTER V
PHONOLOGY
§ i6. Vowels. The Assyrian language possesses the vowels
a, i, u, a, t, u, and ^ as a variant sound of i and a, and o
as a variant sound of n.
The vowels a and a change to e, e, and f, e. g. i-ma-
a-ru into i-me-e-ru; mti-^a-ak'ni-iu into mu-si-ik-ni-Su.
Vocal contraction is common, e. g. ba-nu-ti for ba-ni-n.
Vowels sometimes fall off, e. g. Hi-ub-tii for u-su-tib-tu.
§17. Consonants.
The Assyrian consonants are: <^, ^, <3^, ^, ^, /, k, /, w,
«, J, p, ^, k{q), r, S, t. These consonants are arranged ac-
cording to the Hebrew order.
The consonant k after n or m sometimes becomes g,
e. g. Iu-u$-ku7n-ga for lu-u^-kum-ka.
Sometimes k is replaced by g, e. g. gdtu for >^a/?/.
Before a dental f/^ becomes n, e. g. sa-li-in-Ui for ^^-/z-
iin-tu\ also before .?, e. g. Su-un-Su for su-um-Su.
After ;2, / often changes to <3^, e. g. un-da-aS-sir for 2/;;/-
ta-ai-Hr\ after /^ it changes to /, e. g. ik-te-bi for ik-te-bi.
In some verbal forms ^/ and j/ become j^ and jj, e. g,
as'sa-kan for as-ta-kan\ as-sa-bat for as-ta-bat.
Sibilants change to / before a dental, e. g. al-tu-tir for
aS-tH-ur\ or before sibilants, e. g. «/-j2 for ^j:-^J.
After a dental or another sibilant s becomes s, with
which the preceding sibilant, and sometimes the dental, as-
similate, e. g. kdt-su, ka-as-su, or ka-a-su for kdt-su.
19
Before certain consonants n changes to m, e. g. u-Sam-
kir'^) for u-^an-kir\ but usually it assimilates, e, g. id-din for
in-din.
§ i8. Accent.
As yet very little is known about Assyrian accentuation.
Monosyllables are accented, e. g. sAr matati. When the last
syllable is long it is accented, e. g. sarrut mat AsSur,
The accent recedes till it finds a long or closed syllable,
e. g. Sarrutu, innamir.
In some forms a short penultima is accented, e. g. ikdSad.
The enclitics -md and -ni drive the accent back upon
the penultima, e. g. ibnurnd, iprusuni.
§ 19. Exercises.
m ^^ <m ^B ^, ^jn t^i tm ^sk
^ ^. ^ ^IT -© ^ M --T r^ -7^ tTIT^, -►^T
^^ -mi ^w Ji ^^ -mi m ^-t<t. m
tTTTt tElT, ^ITIir C- <T- tTTk. tTTT^ -^T. <Igf
JJ, H< ^ .ET, ::H ^TT ^ j^H. -T<T^ :=^5=T
t^, t=^ ^ :r^, fc^ ;iff -<, t:I<J HM IH,
::I<J ttTTT :^^. -I<J "^IT. <-I^ -. JiTT ^^IT. -T
tiSL ^^iT. -T T^ ^^i ^]]p -m- <^. ^ <Ii-
*) More correct is the transscription u-ldn-kir.
20
CHAPTER VI
PERSONAL PRONOUN
§20. The personal pronouns in the nominative are:
Singular Plural
1 c. anaku amni, anlnu, mnu, nini
2 m. atta attunu
2 f. attl
3 m. Su $unu, Sun
3 f. it Stna, Sin
§21. The personal pronouns in the genitive and accusative are:
Singular Plural
1 c. idtu, idti, idSi, a-a-Si nidti, nidsim, ndSi
2 m. kdtu, kdti, kdSa kdtunu, kdsunu
2 f. kdti, kdsi
3 m. Sdsu, sudSu SdSunu, SdSun
3 f. SdSa, sdSi
% 22. Pronominal suffixes attached to nouns with possessive
meaning:
Singular Plural
1 c. -I, -ia, -a -ni, -nu
2 m. -ka, -ku -kunil, -kun
2 f. 'ki [-kind]
3 m. -Sii, -s, -Sa Sunu, -Sun, -Sunilti
3 f. -Sa -Sina, -Sin
§ 23. Pronominal suffixes attached to verbs with accusative
meaning:
Singular Plural
1 c. -anni, -ifmi, -ni -ndSi, -anndSi, -anndSu
2 m. -ka, -akka, -ikka, -ak, -kunuSi, -akkunuSu
-akku
2 f. -ki, -akki, -ikki -kindSi
3 m. -Su, -S, -aSSu, -aS -Sunu, -asSunu, -Sumltu, -Sunilti
3 f. -Si, -S, -aSSi -Sina, -Sindtu, -Sindti, -Sindsim,
-aSSindtu, -aSSinlti
21
^ 24.
Exercises.
Vi ^\ Igy. <T- ^E, ^ tTTIt, tEl :^TTT. tET
-<T<. <F -^T. I "7^. T^ :«= S?. ::EI -m -t^. V
TH -j^. S?= ^ETf -^<. T T]f V. -tH W I -7^.
V I^ L -:^H T^ V> tETI -+<. -^H T^ <K
S,:, <T- tg:s, JI -5^, J! ::T]!f ^ ^. V, <Iei,
-tH. tETf L <F> -+ ^I <!-. <T- -^T -<!<.
I 9^ ^f<, Igf ^ .<T-. <rf ^T <T-. JT C:-
S?:. -^T >?^ < I. -ET ->^T jy -^H. -ET EI :;^T
<K -EI ;-« < I ^ ^I<. EI ^^< C-^ M ^ <S
^ H< ^- <IEI ^I <I-, ^n -11^ ^- m
^W m^ W <F ^I -<V ^I- -^I < I.
CHAPTER VII
OTHER PRONOUNS
15. Demonstrative Pronouns. There are five chief demon-
strative pronouns:
I. anntt, this
Singul
ar
Plural
masc.
fern.
masc.
fem.
nom
annu
annltu
annutu
anndtu
anniu
an(n)ute
annate
annltu
gen.
anne
annlti
annlti
ace.
anna
annlta
2. ^uatu,
that
Suatu(m)
Siati
suatunu
sudtina
Sudti(m)
Sdtunu
Satina
Suiu
$unilti
Sindtina
mu
Hndti
Singular Plural
masc. fern. masc. fern.
3. sil, that
m SI
4. ammil, that
ammu ammetu ammdte
5. ullil, that
nom. ullu ullutu
gen. ulli {ulle)
§ 26. Relative Pronouns.
1. sa, who, which.
2. man(n)u Sa, whoever.
3. mina, minma Sa, mim(m)a (sa), mimmU, whatever.
4. mal(a), ammar, as many as.
§ 27. Interrogative Pronouns.
1. mannu, who?
masc. neut.
mannu nom. ;;^?;/?7
gen, w/w^"
ace. niina
2. ^-^-22 (i. e. iT;^'-/^), who?; fem. a-a-ta; plural aiiuiu, aiiuti.
§ 28, Indefinite Pronouns.
I. Masculine: manman, mamman, manuman, mam{m)ana,
memeni, mandma, manamma, manma,
main(m)a, mumma, anyone.
Neuter: minma, mim(m)a, minimu, aiiumma, aiiamma,
iaumma, anything.
§ 29, Reflexive Pronoun. This is expressed by the word ra-
mdnu, self.
§30. Exercises.
Vi -<!< --^T. -+ ^. -*f S^.' -+ ^ ^^T. -^-
23
^ -^y^, -HP ^ :^TIT' -^ "^ ^K -HF- ^T ^h
^ ^y<, <y^ ^1 ^y< ^y, y^ ^ ^y^ ^y.y^ jgj^
<y;.y^ ^ ^^l -^ ET ^T, ^TT, V, « -^^
c: ^ <, c: ^i T]^, ET !^ EI, « ET -^.
eT -I<I^ EI, C: A4f El « -^ V' ET -ET, T^
T^ !rTTT:r, T^ tE tt t]]]^ -HP<, ET ^, C: -t^^
ET ->f ^, ^ET^ <TTT ET, ET :^ ET -H^, ET
^ ET -HF-.
CHAPTER VIII
THE STRONG VERB
§31- T/ie Skeleton of the Strong Verb. The Assyrian verb
has ordinarily four primary, three secondary, and one terti-
ary stem. The model verb kasadu means to conquer.
I. 2.
I I (or o, i) Qal ikdSad I 2 (or t, i) If teal iktdsad
II I (or o, 2) Paal iika^iad II 2 (or t, 2) Iftaal ukta^Sad
III I (or s, i) Shafal usaksad III 2 (or st, i) Ishtafal uStakSad
IV I (or n, i) Nifal ikkdSad
3-
I 3 (or tn, i) Iftaneal iktandSad
1 . There are other stems which are not of very frequent
occurrence. Such are: IV 2 (or nt, i), Ittafal; II 3 (or tn, 2),
Iftanaal; III 3 (or stn, i), Ishtanafal; IV 3 (or ntn, i), Ittana-
fal; III/II I (or s, 2), Ishpaal; and III/II 2 (or st, 2), Ishta-
paal.
2. These stems are referred to as, Qal, Paal, Shafal, etc.,
or, more conveniently as, Ij, 11^, III,, IV,, Ig, Ilg, etc.
- 24
3. The signification and formation of the various stems:
Ij, Qal is the root stem, used transitively and intransitively.
IIj, Paal signifies intensity, and has its middle consonant
doubled.
IIIj, Shafal has a causative signification, and is formed
by prefixing the consonant i.
IVj, Nifal is passive in signification, and is formed by
prefixing the consonant n, which is sometimes changed
to accord with the first consonant of the root.
Ig, Ifteal is reflexive in signification. It is derived from
the Qal.
Ilg, Iftaal has both active and passive signification. It is
derived from the Paal.
Illg, Ishtafal is a reflexive of the causative. It is derived
from the Shafal.
IVg, Ittafal has a passive signification, and is derived from
the Nifal. Originally Intafal.
I3, Iftaneal\ II3, Iftanaal; III3, Ishtanafal\ and IV3, Itta-
nafal are derived from \, Ilg, Illg, and IVg, respect-
ively, and are similar in meaning.
III/IIi, Ishpaal\ and Ill/IIg, Ishtapaal are similar in signifi-
cation to the Shafal and Ishtafal, respectively. They
are a Paal-Shafal and a Paal-Ishtafal, respectively.
4. The Assyrian verb in usually tri-consonantal, e. g.
ka^adu, but there are also roots with two and sometimes
four consonants. These consonants are called radicals.
§ 32. Vocabulary.
damaku = to be favourable rakdbu --= to ride
kaSadu = to conquer Sakanu = to place.
§33. Exercises.
fc^m "^TT t-t], ^VV t^m ^T ^TT ^t}, ^W
25
:^mt ^TT -a "^TT J^EI. ^T s^TTT -^ ^IT
t^l -l<y^ ^:rH ^IT t^I. ^T ;^TTT -a "^TT
::ET. ^iT t^m ^I -I^ -^TT -Bl ^T El Tl
CHAPTER IX
The Qaly or I^
PRESENT
Singul
ar
Plural
3 m. ikaSad (ikaSSad)
ikasadtl(nilu)
3 f. takaSad
ika$ada(ni)
2 m. takaiad
takaSadu
2 f. taka^adl
takaSada
I c. akasad
nikasad
PRETERITE
3 m. iklud
iMudu(ni\u)
3 f. tak'sud
ikSudd(ni)
2 m. taksud
takSudil
2 f. takludl
taksud a
I c. akSud
nikSud
PERMANSIVE
3 m. y^^j:^^
kaSdU(ni)
3 f. /^^i?^^/f, kaSdat(a)
kaSda(ni)
2 m. ka$dat(a)
kasdatunu
2 f. ka^dati
\kaSdatind\
I c. kasdak(u)
kasdani(-nu)
IMPERATIVE
2 m. kuSud
kuludn
2 f, kuSudl
ku$uda(ni)
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
^^i?C^y^«
kamdu
2.^
The Assyrian verb has three tenses: Present, preterite
and permansive. The present expresses incomplete action
and is rendered in English by the present or future. The
preterite expresses complete action and is rendered by the
English imperfect, perfect or pluperfect. The permansive
resembles a noun or participle, and takes suffixes. It ex-
presses a state or condition; thus, sa-ak-nu-u-ni, they are set.
karabu = to draw near
kanasu -= to submit
patdrii --= to release
labaru = to be old
§36. Vocabulary.
palaUu = to fear
katamu =^ to cover
zakaru = to speak
^abatu = to grasp
labaSu = to clothe.
§37. Exercises.
\} -^H ^TT :^ET. -IS jy ^T. m ^ ^\
fc^ITI -tH ^IT ^l t^TTI -a JT ^T. I^f B
<T^, -tH ^ ^TI t^ITT. t^TTT -^H ^11 <Te^.
t^TIT --& ^ <It^. lil »Ey -I, ^tH ^ ^TT
j:yyy<, -^ <^, ^^ ^\\\ ^yy ^ ^y, jr^ ^^
^yyf s^yyy <v --- ^^ -<. -^i a^^. :=ii^
27
(
CHAPTER X
The Paal, or 11^
PRRSENT
Singular
Plural
3 m. ukaSSad
ukaSSadu(iti)
3 f. tukas^ad
uka$Sada(ni)
2 m. tuka^^ad
tukaSiadtJ
2 f. tuka^Sadl
tukaSSada
I c. uka^^ad
nukaiSad
PRETERITE
3 m. ukasHd
ukaSHdU(ni)
3 f. tukassid
ukaSsida(ni)
2 m, tukassid
tukasHdu
2 f. tukassidl
tukaUida
I c. ukassid
nukaSUd
PERMANSIVE
3 m. kuSSud
kussudil{ni)
3 f. kussudat
kusiuda
2 m. kuSSudat(a)
kuSSudatunu
2 f, kuUudati
?
I c. kuSsuddk(u)
kuSSudani
IMPERATIVE
2 m. kuSHd, kaSSid kuSSidU
2 f. >^2^jfj?2^?
kuUida
PARTICIPLE
INFINITIVE
mukaihdu
kuSSudu
The Shafal, or IIl^.
PRRSENT
3 m. uSakSad
uSakSadil(ni)
3 f. tuSakHad
u$akSada(ni)
2 m. tulakSad
tuSakiadU
2 f. tuMk$adf
tuSakSada
I c. uiakSad
nuHakSad
28
§ 40.
PRETERITE
Singular
Plural
3 m. usaksid
usaksidil{ni)
3 f. tu^akhd
u^aksida{ni)
2 m. tusaksid
tusakHdu
2 f. tu^akHdl
tuSakHda
I c. uSaksid
nuSak$id
PERMANSIVE
3 m. suksud
iuksudu(ni)
3 f. Suksud at
Suksuda
2 m. Sukiudata
suksudatunu
2 f. SukSudati
?
I c. $ukSuddk(u)
SukSudani
IMPERATIVE
2 m. Sukhd
^ukHdu
2 f. i«/^jf/^^
Sukhda
PARTICIPLE
muiakSidu
INFINITIVE
SukSudu
•
PRESENT
3 m. ikkaSad
ikkasadil(ni)
3 f. takkaSad
ikka^ada(ni)
2 m. takkaSad
takka^adu
2 f. takkaSadl
takka^ada
I c. akkaSad
nikkaSad
PRETERITE
3 m. ikkaHd
ikkaHdU{ni)
3 f. takkaHd
ikkaHda(ni)
2 m. takkaHd
takkasidil
2 f. takkaiidf
takkaHda
I c. akkaHd
nikkaHd
29
§4:
Singular
m. nakSud
f. naksudat
m. nakSuddta
f. nakSudati
1 c. nak$udak(u)
2 m. naklid
2 f. nakHdi
PERMANSIVE
Plural
nakiudil(ni)
nakSuda
nakSuddtunu
?
nak Sudani
IMPERATIVE
naksidtl
nakHdd
PARTICIPLE
mukkaSidu
INFINITIVE
nakSudu, nakaSudu
Exercises.
m ^I <T- ^T. tT!!:r ^tl<j ^ <V ^T-
^ ji ^!, lEj :ii5T ji ^i, m- -m -1&
^11 tEl, tlITt "^TT -I^ <T- ^I. ^ ^:ss
<!- ^^I, J! ^SS ^1 ^I, ^ "^TT -& <T-
-^H ^TT ^l ^I -!& JT ^I. -T<!^ --H <I-
^T. ^ '^K -::H <I- ^I' -^T -]& <V
^I. tTTTt "^11 t^^L ::^ ^T. ^TIT- ^ -T<T^
►Tf-
^T. tT }} -•
30
-^
^
Q
Q
xo
•«^
Q
Q
s
<s
^
<:
•K*
r«^
r^
be
G
o
X
w
H
Ph
<
is
j3
^
Q
o
?5
^
«
^
s
S W
'>3
►^
« -C^
►^
xo
•I
xo
s
?s
S
^
^
xo
a
<2
xo
>
XO
•^
^
S
^
B
(D
s
*5
•a
o
C O
o
o
o
31
§43- Exercises.
t^TIT "^11 <It^. m ^iT ^T ^T -S. ^
^S^ ttITT <T- ^T. m t^ITT JT t^T- -a t^TTT
^I "^TT -ET. ^ -T<T^ :^m -^T '^ITT -tl
-]& m\ ^T ^TT tET. lif s^m ^ JI :^T.
^K ^\\\ ^ ^TT J^ET, ^T t^TII --& ^TT
^!, ^ ^r t^TIT -S <T- :;^!> ^I t^ni -^
JT ^y. <y- j^yyy -i^ jy ^i ^ s^yyy t& hi
-yy<y -^y -y<y, :i^y -. <iy -^y, ^y ^^ -yy<y
-^y, ^\ ^yyy ^^ x:^ -^y. :i^yy ^v\ ^\
--H-HP-
32
X
H
Ph
<
u
hJ
-^
-^
^
Q
<s
M
^
xo
>-y
Q
<S
H
s
^
S
•S
Pn
^
►^
1— 1
•**
»*
^
kJ
^
?2
^
^
S
«>4
1
^
S
^
5
5
^
1
5?
Q
Q
^S
Q
»<o
Q
w
^
t^
<:
1^
•«5
s
"Vi
^
xo
55
5
g
4
's
^
?s
^3
"?2
~Q
''S^
^
h-1
Q
■J^
51
><o
a
<i
^
"^
^
'^
<
^
Q
Q
^
^
i»S
•v»
■sJ
1
g
•^
T^
►^
►^
S
a
'^
S
a
^
^
JS
^3
s
A
-^
^
'^
^
•J^
^
<
^
j2
5i
Q
1
55
H
3
s
^
^
.3
t— 1
^
^
^
§
:§
^
i
1
^
^
1
§
1
1
^3
1
^
^
^
:§
>§
•S
Q
-«^
^
«
^
^
xo
'<o
S
s
Si
55
•^
C/)
s
?$
•^
>«o
S:
xo
:!
•1
'^
-^
.s
•^4
-^
^
§
^
§i
^
^
IS
S
•«*
Q
55
g
<
1
"^
^
■§
§
•2?
^
<
►^
kS^j
5S
;s
s
PM
55
S
^^
►*^
^
.2
^
^3
1
•1
■^
^
1
1
'?3
•3
1
a
►^
I
u
t— 1
INFINITIVE k
Vocabulav'
in
H
s
1
H
I
Jh o
o 'o
'tj 4-)
03 m
fe
&
a
o o o o
■4-> •+-> -t-> +J
^ ^ Q Q
33
46. Exercises.
X:^\\ -TA-ffi, IH M -?^. S -I4i-ffl,
s^TIT ^? -^T -<V II -^11 H< ^^. Igy ^I ^T.
-E^T ^- t:s^. -Jffi ^!- -s^. ^T t^. -Ill EI. -^I
^^ ^M ^ j^ITI jrEl -I<I, 1:^11 :f III «^!^{ ^
E-^II, -I<I^ t^IIT ^I "^I tEl, ^M^ t^Ill "^11
;:EI, <IEJ t^III -^11 tEl, -^ ^^K t^III <T- tiil,
<M ^T ^I ^I. -^H <I- ^T. :^III -a t^III
^I ^IT ^EI. j^III -& t^TII ^I "^11 HI.
-I<I^ j^III ^I -^11 irEi, ^i<i^ t^yyy ^y -^yy
HI. <M ^I ^I HI S?:. Ei^ -I<I^ ^I ^I-
34
CHAPTER XIII
§ 47- Verbs zviih
an initial
n.
QAL
SHAFEL
NIFAL
IFTEAL
ISHTAFAL
PRESENT iddan
uSaddan
innadin
it tad a Jt
ustaddan
PRETERITE idditl
uSaddin
innadin
ittadin
7iStaddin
PERMANSIVE nadin
sudd tin
naddun
tadin
IMPERATIVE idin
suddin
naddin
PARTICIPLE nddinu muiaddinii munnadinu muttadinu
INFINITIVE nadanu Suddunu riaddnnu
The remaining forms are comparatively regular.
§ 48. Vocabulary.
nadanu = to give
§ 40. Exercises.
na^dru =^ to guard
^, t^TI ^I ^TT -HP. ^T }} 1} m tm- C-^
m ^T t^ITT ^T ^T -Hh- ^T t-^ IH- ^t
t^TTT ^t] <Tt^ ^I, ^T <T^ '7^' ^^T <T^
T. J} ^] ^ET ^. :^Tiy -^T ^ET <T^ S^. tE
^T tET il<, ttllT -^T -ET il<> ^ -^T ^EI ^.
tyyy ^y tEy <y^ -^y, ::E -^y ::Ey <y^ -^T-
E i!<, ^^y :^, ^y -^y, tt ^1 tEy <yE^ '^.
<
t^
►^
►<i
t5
►^
*^
<
<3
1
5
1
1
4
§
3
1
1
1
hH
l*s»
•«*
•*»
'%»
iS
•^*
'««»
'<!«
35
;^ .^ -^ ;?
t ^ -a s
•V. .v* -kJ ;!;«»
l^4 ««i *«i 'H»
<2 «
g ►<« -"^ ^
>
><
P^
W
H
Ph
<
X
u
I
1
-I
I ^
l>5
a
xo ■'5
5 ^ .^ xo •-
►^ ^ 12 >
>2 !^
•^ -^ :<:» <^.
^ '"^ "^ ^
•^ IQ IQ ig
K^ K<, >C^ >0)
S S a S
§ S ^^ r^-
^ <ii ■<> ^.
§ § :§ s
,^ Ktij ■<:i ^,
s» -S -^ r^-
Q Q Q ^
w
I
•- ^ ^ r^-
xo >v, x*,
S
§ .-^
<^.
^ <S >^ ^
►^ ^ r^
36
0)
;§ 1 3
w. "S ^
? ^ J2
r*^ r<^ .S
Si 5i
4
s a 5S ^
ri 1 ^ ^ r^-
fa 'Q '^a 'Q -^
!^ to xo >^ ><o
c/} 5: fe ;; s
< S
>i, -^ i^ ^^ r^.
C* '« '^ '<S "^
5S S Si
;2 ^ .^
I 4 -§
'^ »;5i '?s
>«o '«o >«o
i I
s >^ >»
'^ •« «:i
►^ <J >«o
«S Q Q
Itffi
73 -3
OS ^
o3 d) C
c o u
C to -^-^ '•-^
r- ^ .S^ O
<^.
. >
£•5
t/i
^0
^
«4^
Vh
f^
a;
>
^
M-l
0
0
c
Ol
d
£
0
0
1
"4-1
0
0
g
o
0)
o
>
a;
^ 0)
o
a;
i^ ^ ^
OS C
> 03
^•3
U
be
:3
<^ .1=1
►^ ^ 0)
t: bio
O 0 C/5
> 4J
» ^ ^
Oj
> ^
03
^•5
•ti o
^ t^
en O
c c
'So a;
^1
bJO
15 *>
^ -"
o
- C/3
>o •— ^
% 03
tn H
o3 <D
'^ CD j^ r^
<S % O H O 03
0
X
§0
OS
-:? 00
T3 (D
Xi TJ
O O
<3 «
37
Exercises.
-^\ x:^ x^:z% ^I ^T -I< MI :^E. I^ -E! T^
lEj, t^TII :^I<J -ET -ttJ If Tf V ^-. -^T ^ni^
<T- IdJ- ^T^ ^T tT^ :^^^. ^T MI ^\} M. Tl
^iT y-, ^ -^T T^ -m ^. n ^^< n -^11. t;
.y<y .^TI ^TTI-. ^T t^ITT -ET -a. ^^TIT^ s^TTT
A-W H< t^^. :ii^T :f ITT T^ Illl< ^S. ^I
t^TIT -^I ^^< ^^L, ^I :^ITT 4i.-ffl 41 tl, tint
-^11 I^ If -E^TI -T<T^. "^ ^T tif -I< -I<T^.
A--W ^ ^I. 4i.-IIT -T<T ^-T<I. JI tint M
t:w, JT t^III If -I<I ^-I<I. ^ M lEj, ^I \}
^M -^11, -^ ^\ ^l <V ^-.
38
hJ
2i
<
-►^
^
"^
w
^
S
^<S
5?
^^
"«
S
"<3
'S
<
55!
«v
S
1— 1
1
1
1
1
-«^
►^
•V4
-vk
<3
•^
^
^
"§
1
1
'5i
1
>
'-i
X
p^
W
S
<
<
J2;
ffi
u
1
^^
(—1
•S
<
^
<
1
^
►^
S
>^ <<t
>^ -^
r^
1^ "^i
I
5^
hJ .^
■^ O^
*^ ^ '§ -^
.•? r^ .=S.:'-» r«^ .iJ^. >2
S 5
'•S 'r? -iS '^ '^
»^ •««« -S.
39
The other forms of verbs with a weak medial are easily
identified.
The verb Sa \ilu has for a middle radical the equivalent
of the Hebrew letter N\ and is called medial N,; kanu has
for a middle radical the equivalent of the letter 1, and is
called medial K^.; and tabu has for a middle radical the equi-
valent of \ and is called medial N,. There are verbs which
have for a middle radical the equivalent of the Hebrew
letters n, n, y, and of the Arabic letter c- They are called
medial Kg, Kg, K4, and K5, respectively. Examples of these
are, mdru to send, raimi to love, belu to rule, and ban to
seek. Their forms will occasion no difficulty.
§54. Vocabulary.
sa'dlu = to ask kanu = to stand
tabu = to be good ma^adu = to be many
mdtu -= to die be/u =^ to rule
§55. Exercises.
^ ^^ ^y, -^H ]} ^, t^TT! IE! :^TIT:^ ^T.
<i^ ^^y, t] tit ^yy tEy, Ey y^ y^ :ry, -< ^y^
M. - -y^ -^yy t:y} ^y<, tyyy:= -^y ]} tu
t^]] ttyyy m^ ^yyy- --y y^ ^^yy. <y^ s^ni
:rl<j, :r^ v^y iry^ M. I^ ^yi^ ^' ►^ Ey y^ ^y.
<IEy ^y M- <Iiy "7^. <M ^y -^y -3^' <m ^]
\} x^, ^yy ;:i<y, \] c-, <m ^e ^.
40
H
U
^ d s
S < «2
5* t>j
5i •♦^
at s:
"-Si s
Si
•^
S
•^
Si
Si
s>
Si
Si
2S
'a
^ *^ <
Si <i '^i
CJ
IB
a s
JZ
M ^^
^
-U
u
V.
Ph
<D
^
<D
?,
^
^
a
i
0) .2
o
O
^ r. c
^
a
> c
o o
;§ ^
H H
^ g
.S &
o
CD
■B
^
-(-)
ci
o
.2
+->
'O
tn
2
T5
c
1
O
a
Oh
c
^
^
t:
Oj
o
o
u
O
^
«+-(
«-^
a
<t)
Q)
>
U
c3
tn
^
XI
u
,c!
<u
o
>
S
0
^
C/3
■5
1
r!
0)
.t5 >
X o
. C
^ O
sT o
s • -
•TU -t-T
^ be
o
P^ o
o o
o o
3 §-0
Hi o c
o o o
'S 'i '-
g Q «;s
~ S» 2*
Si
41
s< 58, Exercises.
^\< ^-, ^ET X:X^ ^V -^T J^III^, ^ITI J^tT
^y<, ^^y v^ !^yii:r, ^tyyy --y :^_ -e, ^y ^ ^yyy^,
A4 ^^ Ey ^-s, Ey ::Eyy, i^y ^- ::yyy:r, -^y ^.^y
iTEy, ^^\ ^, ^.^y ^y y{ ^, ^y -t^ i^yyyir, ^y^
s£!TT If -<!< --I If ^E ->^I :^, ^IIIs^ ^11 txi\
Sh, HI :^ -I<, ^I fe^III J^ti :s:^ A4f :^III
^I irEii, A>ff- EI irEii, ^y j^yyy irj^y s?:, ^i
^^ -<I<, -^I :^!^I ^, EI C-^ :ryyy:r, ^^Ey j^yyy
^xi\ ^-, Ey I^ ^-^ :ryyy:r, ^ ^^ j^yyy v^, ^^\
Sf:. ^III <^ Sf:, ^ :??= 5rE, ^HI ^ ST !^E,
t^III <^ ^I If HI -^I If ^^ >^ <, ^III
CHAPTER XVII
§59, ether irregular verbs.
I. Verbs with four radicals.
PAAL SHAFEL NIFAL IFTAAL ISHTAFAL
iiskalal 7isabalkat ibbalakit ustaklal iiUabalkat
tisabalkit ibbalkit ustaklil tiHabalkit
•PRESENT
PRETERITE iiskalil
PERMANSIVE sukalul
IMPERATIVE Suka HI
subalkiit
subalkit
nabalkiU
n aba I kit
PARTICIPLE muskalilu nnisbalkitu mubbalkitii
INFINITIVE lukalulu subalkutu nabalkutu
sutabalkut
^utabalkit
mtiUabalkitu
iutabalkutu
2. Doubly weak verbs.
Some verbs have two weak radicals. Such verbs ex-
hibit the pecularities of both classes of weak verbs to which
they belong. Thus the verb idu to know is both initial X^
and final X^.
4^
3. Verbs in which the second and third letters are the
satne.
These are called mediae geminatae, and are in the main
conjugated like the regular verb. In a few forms contrac-
tion of the second and third letters takes place. Thus sa-
Idlu to plunder, in the 3. m. s. perm, of the Qal has Sal
for Salil.
§ 60. Vocabulary.
sukaluhi = to swing balkatn = to tear down
zdj2 = to know Salalu = to plunder
§61. Exercises.
"^TT -ET M, ^iT -E^ii m^^m -^T.
^T ^^ <. tE ^ir \l tE !5^T <, ^y< ^yy yf ^
<y^, ^y< ^y <, ^y< <y^, ^y< <y:^ tB HI --T^
::yyy ^y, ^y ^.^y^ tyyy, jy -^v m -!< L -:^H
^ ^yy tEy, j^yyy -a t^yyy ^yy <y:^, -t<i^
t^yyy -^yy ^vl m ^iT B ^l ^ -T<T^ t^TTT
^T ^!! ^^^ m J! ^T. -T<^ s^TIT ^T "^TI
^yy, -y<y^ t^yyy ^y "^yy ^y, m ^i ^i
mm-
CHAPTER XVIII
§ 62. The verb with suffixes.
A verbal suffix may express: (i) the accusative, e.g.,
al-ha-iii-nu-ic-ti, I removed them; (2) the dative, e.g., ad-
din-iu, I gave him; or (3) a prepositional phrase, e.g., ai-
bat-su, she sits with him.
43
Forms ending in Fonns ending in Forms in «, I
Consonant with Consonant with with
simple suffix augmented suffix simple suffix
\ Forms in «, a
with
augmented suffix
Singula
r3 m.
i'skuniu
iSkunaUil
iSkunmil
iSkunUniiSu
3 f-
zskunSl
iShinaSsf
iSkuniin
i$kunil7tiiSl
2 m.
i skunk a
iskunakka
iHkimUka
iskunilnikkd
2 f.
iskimkt
iskiLuakkl
Ukunukl
iSkunilJtikkf
I C.
Ukunnl
iskunannl
iikunUnl
iSkunUinni
Plural
3 m.
iskunSunil
iSkunaSstinn
UkunuSunil
iikunUniiSunU
3 f.
iskunsind
iSkunaSHnd
iikunuHnd
iskunilninind
2 m.
iskunkiinu iskunakhinU
iskunukunU
iSkuntlnikkunil
2 f.
iskunkina
iskmiakkina
UkunUkina
iSkuntlnikkind
I c.
iskuitna
iSkunanna
iskunilna
iSkuniCinnd
P'orms in i
with
simple suffix
^ • - -.u Fonns in /, t
torms m i with . , '
augmented suffix . Y^ „.
'^ smiple suiiix
Forms in /, e with
augmented suffix
Singulars m
sukmsjl
Suknissu
ibniSu
ibnami
3 f.
suknlsz
suknim
ibnisi
ibnaSSl
2 m
ibnikd
ibnakkd
2 f.
ibnikl
ibnakki
I c.
Sukmril
Sukniiini
ibnini
ibnanni
1 Plural
3 m
siiknUunu
SuknisSunu
ibftisunfl
ibnaSSuml
3 f.
sukriisina
suknUsina
ibnisind
ibnasHnd
2 m
ibnikiind
ibnakkunil
2 f.
ibnikind
ibnakkind
I c.
suknlna
sukinna
ibnind
ibnannd
|^§63.
Exercises.
-W ^ ^TT -4- Es=, --I -^^ < L -T<T^ JI
^T ^^H. ^'^ -^H ^^IIT ^ L -W ^ ^T <I^'
t;4 ^ <h tllT;^ ^IT s?Sl X:X ^T >-^M -T<!^
44
jj ^y ^Hf- ^I <!-. tU ^T -+ E?^, -T<I^ JI
^ ►^, ^lT l^ >/- I. ^!TT!^ ^IT -B <h ^T
^, -I<T^ JT E?!! ^ <V -^I --I<-
CHAPTER XIX
THE NOUN
§ 64. Formation of nouns.
1. Some nouns are formed by merely adding vowels
to the root consonants, e. g., sulinu, peace, from ialamu, to
be at peace.
2. Some nouns take a feminine termination, e. g., pu-
luiptii, fear, from palahu, to fear.
3. Some nouns are formed by the addition of prefixes.
The prefix may be
(a) a vowel, e. g., ikribu, prayer, from karabu, to bless.
(b) in or n, e. g., ntalaku, way, from aldku, to go; ;/«:-
rdimi, love, from rainu, to love.
(c) .y, e. g., Surbu, great, from ;'rt:^/7, to be great.
(d) /, e. g., tamharu, fight, from ma^aru, to oppose,
4. A few nouns insert / after the first radical, e. g.,
ritpaM, wide, from rapd^u, to be wide.
5. Some nouns have special terminations, chief of which are:
(a) dnu, e. g., kurbdnu, offering, from karabu, to pay
homage to.
(b) //, e. g., mahru, former, from inaj^dru, to oppose.
(c) iltii, e. g., beliltu, lordship, from belu, lord. These are
abstract nouns.
6. A few nouns drop the initial weak letter of the root,
e. g., ^ubtu, dwelling, from asdbu, to dwell.
45
§ 65. Exercises. Determine the meaning of the following nouns
from the glossary. In Assyrian dictionaries words are ar-
ranged not necessarily according to the consonants or vowels
with which they happen to begin, but under their root. The
root of a word is given in the form of the infinitive. For
convenience, all nouns in this book are arranged in the
glossary according to the consonants or vowels with which
they begin. Verbs are arranged according to their infinitives.
The student's attention is called to the fact that / often
changes place with b, t with d, k with g and $ with s.
^-, ^TT -a >^^ ^ <^v ^, ^i <i^ ^jn,
^, ^jn M J^TTI^ ^-^ E! fe -^H ^^ ^ '^\
-^T ^I<J -.^I jy, :rE M -^T^ ^- ^jn ^-T<T
^^iT <, ^ ^\\ M, ^- ^yTi< -m^ ^\v -^H
CHAPTER XX
§ 66. Gender, number and case.
1. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine.
A few nouns are of common gender. Nouns of feminine
gender are: (a) Most names of parts of the body; (b) Nouns
that end in tu, ti, ta with or without one of the vowels, a,
e, i, u, preceeding.
2. The plural of masculine nouns ends in e (or i), dni,
a, fiti\ the plural of feminine nouns in ati (or eti). Many
nouns have more than one form of plural, e. g., Sade and
sadanL mountains.
46
3. The nominative case is usually marked by the end-
ing u, the genitive by i and the accusative by a. There
are many exceptions to the rule, the case endings being
often employed indiscriminately.
4. The ending u{m) of a noun sometimes has the same
force as a preposition, e, g., bltum, in the house, or v^ith a
following genitive, e. g., kirbum Babili = ina kiidb B., in
the midst of B. With suffixes the in is assimilated to the
suffix, e. g.,
katila (for katil-yd), with my hand
kaiukka, „ thy „
katu^^u, „ his „ etc.
§67. Mimation.
To nouns the particle ma or ;;/ is often appended. This
is called mimation. It does not seem to affect the meaning
or significance of the word to which it is attached.
Declension of a noun.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
Early form Late form
Early form
Late foi-m
Sing, nom
kalbum kalbu
kalbatum
kalbatu
gen.
kalbhn kalbi
kalbatirn
kalbati
ace.
kalbam kalba
ka I bat am
kalbata
Plu. nom.
kalbu kalbanu\t, kalbe
kalbatum
kalbdtiljl
gen. ace. kalbl kalbanf, kalbe
kalbatim
kalbati
Du. nom.
kalbdn kalban, kalben
kalbdn
kalbdn, kalbdje
gen. ace. kalben kalba, kalbe
kalben
kalbdn, kalbdje
§69.
Vocabulary.
kalbu '■= dog
sadn =
mountain
girru = expedition
ilu -=
god
Suhnu = peace
^umu =
name
lisanu --= speech
maru =
son
libbu = heart
belu =
lord
abu == father
ajnelu ^^
man
47
beltu '-= lad}' mdrtu -^^ daughter
dimtu ^= tears kibratit -- region
iarru = king ^nalpazu = city
kalmatu = insect
§70. Exercises.
V <y^ -M V K- S^, ^}}< -TT<T i^Tf e|H
-I<, \}Vm< -^l ^ iTvTTT -^!, E! <WT<I
^^y, <i^ EI -u m HI e:tt T^ ^K ^H
m ^ ^^m -E^I, ET }^< ->^TI, ^H E^IT, -<
^\\\ ^I<, ^;?S !--, ^ -E^I! :^I^ -I<, EI ^T^
^11^, EI ^^< }} ^. - ^I^ i^sr, ^ ^^iii -ig,
:^IN EI -^I, ^11^ EI I^ -I<, m EI -U ^11} EI
^III.
CHAPTER XXI
§71. T^e construct state.
1. When a noun stands by itself it is in the absolute
state; when one noun, in the genitive, is joined to another
it is in the construct state.
2. A noun in construct state, if it is singular, nom. or
ace, generally drops the case-ending u or a. If the noun
is in the genitive, the i of the genitive does not disappear.
In some words a short vowel of the stem has already dropped
out before the case-ending and this in the construct reappears,
e. g., zikru, "mention", zi-kir $ii-mi-Su, "mention of his name".
The terminations, ani, ati, eti and uti, of plural nouns usu-
ally become an, at, et and Ut.
3. Another way of expressing the genitive relation
48
between two nouns is by the relative pronoun sa, c. g.,
ildni ^a same.
§72. Apposition.
When two substantives are in apposition it is not essen-
tial that they should agree in number. Thus, a noun in the
singular sometimes stands in apposition to one in the plural,
e. g., aldni bit sarni-ti, "cities, royal dwellings '. The same
applies to participles used as nouns.
§73. Construct of ilu and beltu.
§ 74.
MASCULINE
FEMININE
Sing. nom. gen.
acc
i/
belit
Plu. nom.
ilu
bilat
gen. ace.
ill
bilat
Du. nom.
tla
bilta
gen. ace.
He
bilte
Vocabulary.
tubbu = joy
kiSddu
= bank of a river
babu = gate
apsil
= ocean, abyss
^am?7 = heaven
ir^itu
^=^ earth
bztu = house
Salatu
== to pierce
§75. Exercises.
m ^i x^ A} -mw ^ii. ET ^w tEi, <T^
EI tET, <m ti! ^w II ^\ ^H. EI }}< ^:w,
- C ^III V, m ^^ ^iii CI, <lgf V ^I II
^II<I, -^i ttl ttl >A\ tE, -^ T^III -+ I--,
->f I--- V -►f j=ii < m -<v ^ V tE -EI
i^ ^i<, ^tii I-- tiiii ^1^ -i<, tiiiir ^ <:
^iii -^i-
40
CHAPTER XXII
§76.
be
c
2.
§77.
^^ 7^^.
Nouns with
suffixes.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
nouns in u,
/-, J, a
nouas in am
nouns in atUy
ati, etu^ eti
3
m
indrSu,
belitsu
VidruSil
sarrdnihl.
hitdtim
3
f.
mar^d.
btlitsd
mdruSd
sarrdniSa
hitdtem
2
m
. marka.
beliikd
mdrukd
Sa?rdnikd
hitdtekd
2
f.
markl.
belitkt
maruki
iarrdnikl
bitdteki
I
c.
mart,
belitiid
indru a
Sarrdniia
hitdteid
3
m
. marSmiil,
be lit sunn
mdrulunfi
iarrdniiunti
hitate^unu
3
f.
marsind,
belitsind
mdrusind
sarrdniUnd
hitdtHind
2
m
. indvkunil,
belitkunil
indrukunil
^arrdnikunil hitdteknnn
2
f.
mdrkind,
belitkina
mdrilkind
^arrdnikind
hitdtekind
I
c.
mdrnf,
belitnl
mdruni
sarrdnini
hitdtenl
Notice: In Genitive a/ways
7nari- (instead of jnar)\\
Vocabulary
hilftu
= sin
idti = hand, side
Exercises.
<tt ^tU S] <TIT M JI <^^ n -E^II V
-TT<T m ^> -mil tu ^- 1 ^, -m]] tu ^
^TII ^l< tt% E! E-^IT tET t?f > ET <T--IT<I -^!<
tH E"^!! T^ :^ET "^IT ^T. <I^ tn e:TI !^ --T<
5^
CHAPTER XXIII
THE ADJECTIVE
§79. Declension of Adjectives.
Adjectives are declined in precisely the same way as
nouns, and are of two genders, masculine and feminine. The
masculine plural of adjectives is formed b}^ means of the
termination fiti, the feminine plural by the termination dti,
or eti, e. g., gamru, plu. gamrilti', dannu, plu. fem. danndti',
limnu, plu. fem. limneti.
§ 80, Comparison of Adjectives.
1. The degree of comparison is usually expressed by
an adjective with a long final vowel, e. g., saplu, lower;
malpru, former; elenu, upper. Sometimes it is expressed by
means of the preposition eli or ^ir, over, e. g., ^ir Sa abburti,
more than in the native place (lit., more over (that) of the
native place).
2. The superlative is usually expressed by means of
ina, in, among; or sa, of, e. g., rabil ina (or ^d) Hani, the
greatest of the gods.
§ 81. Vocabulary.
gamru = complete dannu ^= strong
limnii ■-= evil rabu = great
damku = favourable saplu = lower
maiprU = former eleml = upper
§ 82. Exercises.
^^l X:^n <T- R?: ^Vi -<V t?TT :^ X:^\
jrjirt ^I<, <r^ >^ K.|<, ^^\ ^y If ^y<, <y^ ^,
-T<. :^TT^ -^I T^ ^I. ^W -t- -TTT:^. :^TT^ ^^ ^W
^h tm^ tm -Eii. -^11 ^jn <, v ^jii -m^
Enu i^m \ m ^m, m^ tm -t<- e-^tt
§83.
CHAPTER XXIV
NUMERALS
Cardinals.
NUMBER
SIGN
PRONUNCIATION
I
T
iSten
2
TT
Una
3
TIT
ialaSu
4
T
arbciii
5
W
hamiu
6
^
Hnu
7
¥
siba
8
W
samanu
9
i
mu
10
<
e'sru
II
<T
iiten-eSru
12
<TT
Hna-eiru
20
«
esra
30
• <«
salam
40
f
irba
50
^^
IpanSa
60
T
suHsu
70
T<
siba
4*
52
PROXUNCIATIOX
samand
tisa
me
^ina-ine
ner
Ifmu (orig. Itimi)
sina-llmii
sar
NUMBER SIGN
BO T«^ %\
90 I«<
100 T*-
200 yy y>^
600 y
1000 \y*^
2000 yf \(*^
3600 Hv
In the sexagesimal system y is the mathematical unit;
in the decimal system it is \. Thus, by the sexagesimal
S3^stem, 192 1 would be \\\yy y, and by the decimal system,
§ 84. Ordinals.
The ordinals are formed by using the cardinals with
^^, kam, following, e. g., y .A^, ma^ru, first. Second is
' Sajul; third, SalSit; and fourth, ;v^7. The others were usually
pronounced like the ordinals.
§85-
fractions.
NUMBER
SIGN
PRONUNCIATION
i
+
vii^lu
1
IT
TJ
lunanu
*
III
sinipii
5
6
w
parap
86.
Distributives.
These are formed either by adding -su or -ami, e. g.,
siten-^u, twice, or sanianu. In earlier texts the word for
"time" is adn, e. g., ddi sina, times two ^= twice. "Both" is
expressed by killallen, e. g., killalle-iu7m, both of tliem.
53
§87. Exercises.
V, }}< -HP T. <« ^\l ^W X:^\\ JI <«
*jra, <I- ^T <« ^jn, <V -^T T-. -T< V, V
^EI V. <T- ^T. -^TI ::^TI ^T. -T< ^, .^ ET ^
<« m T -E! JI, C^T ^T -IL S^ -^T till::,
JI X^^ JI, -^11 -^I <« ^jn. ss -^I i^III^ <«
m ::^II ^I -II <« m fK :^ JI <« tin.
--I< JI <« ^jn, }}< ^^A JI, •^II -^I <« m
V -ET JI <« m ss --^I If "^11 -.^I, ^ EI
^, ^ EI -^I, <I- S?: ^-, <tt :::^II M. Jf
^I 7 ^, <I- ^< L I^ <I^- <I- ^I. <JI r
-E^II -I^ I ^•
CHAPTER XXV
TIDVERBS
§ 88. Adverbs of manner.
ki-a-am, so, thus, e. g., sarru ki-a-am i-kab-bi, thus saith
the king.
ma, umma, thus, as follows, e. g., ti-e-mu ut-te-ru-m
ma-a, they brought me news as follows.
>: 89. Adverbs of time.
adil, now, e. g„ a-du-u u-mu-us-su u-sal-la, now daily
do I pray.
Other adverbs of time are: uma, now; eninnu, now
(opposed to ''formerly"); matlma, matema, whensoever, at
any time; with negative, never.
^ 90. Interrogative adverbs.
menu, mznu, mini, how? e. g., a-na-ku-ma mi-i-nu a-kab-
bi, how shall I speak?
I
54
Other interrogatives are: ana meni, ammeni, ammini,
why?; adi mati, how long?
§91. Negative and prohibitive adverbs.
la, ?//, not, e. g., sa la ik-nn-sn a-na ni-ri-ia, who had
not submitted to my yoke; ul a-kul, I have not eaten.
la, in prohibitions, is followed by the present, e. g., la
tal-lak, do not go.
ai, not, particle of prohibition, is followed by the pre-
terite.
€, not, particle of prohibition, is used with the second
person singular of the preterite.
§92. Adverbs of emphasis.
Ill, verily, is placed before the third person masc. sing,
and plu., and the first person, sing, and plu. of the preterite.
It usually emphasises the verb, but not always, e. g., al-lik
and lu'U al-lik, I went. When the verb begins with the
vowel ti, lu may combine with it to form a single word,
e. g., a-Sar-Sti-nu lu-maS-Se-ru (for /?7 umaSsiru), their place
they deserted.
Ill, as a precative particle is employed with the pre-
terite and the permansive to express a wish; e. g., 3. s.
li$kun, I. s. luSkun.
I, come!, cohortative particle, is used with the first per-
son plural of the preterite.
e, I, up!, cohortative particle, is used with the second
person singular of the imperative.
§ 93- Adverbs appended enclitically .
ma is appended for emphasis to pronouns, nouns, verbs
and adverbs, e. g., at-ta-ma klma ^^""SamaS, since thou art
like Sam as.
mi is appended for emphasis to verbs, especially in re-
lative clauses.
U is appended as an interrogative particle.
55
r?5 94-
The adverbial ending iS.
The ending 2$ or ^j^ is x'er}' common, e. g.. rabis, great-
ly; eliiy above; SapliS, he\ow\ j^«/;«<?jf, peacefully ; umiSainma,
daily {iS with reduplicated ma for strengthening).
The ending dnis means in many cases "like", e. g.,
abilbani^, storm-like, flood-like.
§95
Vocabulary,
kabtl, kibn = to speak
umussn = daily
kanaiu ^= to submit
akdlu ■■= to eat
Sip^u ^^ incantation
te&fl = to draw near
inaMru =^ to leave
Saimii = battle
aradu = to go down
mdrtu ^= daughter
§96. Exercises.
timu --= understanding, news
salu = to pray
ntru '■= yoke
aldku = to go
mar^ii --■= sick
airu --^ place
epiSti =^ to do, make
ana = to
kiStu ■-= wood
m 1} i^^ EI Tf <ITT Bl ]} ^T tin-
::IIIC El If tl^ S?: i^^ -^l t] ^]< El, <tt tt
^, If ^i V tE s?:, If <i^ EI --i<. m tlllt.
I ^11 -II<I ::Elf ^^-ffi< ti:?S <IEI If t^ ::£
t^ ti, t]} ^ ^I ^I ^JII S^ EI If If t^l tint
^I ^ ^-I<I -^11 tlllir ^ ^tl If ^I lEI EI
<tt tE -^ If ^ 1^. 7 -EI -I<I^ -v^ I If -^I
^ ^IM tElf, <tl^ If -.s -EI -ii<i ^jn, <V <T
<IEI If If -M^ -II<I -^I, I til- tElI tif ttyyy
tEl A, tl<l IH. m tint tJ<J IH, If tiu
^ ►?- M HP ^ m tE :?^ y- S^I V ^ EI,
tif tJ.II I tl ^xffff, ::EI s^III El 01 -HF- ^I-
<ti^ If -^i m tint til- --i< -+ ^ <ti^^ tin r-
56
§ 97
CHAPTER XXVI
PREPOSITIONS
In Assyrian prepositions are sometimes written phonetic-
ally and sometimes ideographic ally. The following are the
prmci
forms
pal prepositions, tog
they most commonl}^
etner witn tneir ideograms ana tne
' assume when written phonetically.
PREPOSITION
GRAPmCALLY PHONETICALO
' MEANING
ina
^
tE-^T
in
ana
T
!^-^!
to
iUu
t^TIT
'^W -m
from
ultu
;^IIT
<-v -m
from
itti
m
^T^I<
with
eli
<-tH
^w -mw
on, upon
^ir
tr-!^^^
^^\\ ^
on, against
adi
-II
I^ <I^-
up to, to, to-
gether with
gadu
'
m^ ^\
up to, to, to-
gether with
arki
^I^}
<T-TT<T m
after, behind
balu
-Am
without
kl
<IEISE
Hke, as
kfma
<^T
<^ET
like
aSsu(m), orig.
^I
concerning, be-
a7ia
iuni
cause of
kilrn
m <!n
instead of
kirib
xi^y :^m
in, within
libbi
^in .
^m::^
in, within
pani
<T-
►^ t?^
before
PRE-
POSITION
IDEO-
GRAPHICALLY
mah^y
kabal
E<3s:^
kabalti
eC<« ;f ^i<
birit
put
57
PHONETICALLY MEANING
Ej A^ before
►^I ►^►^1-^ in the midst of
*^I *^^I^ •^T< ^" the midst of
X^ ^TTT between
"^^ "^I opposite
§ g8. There are compound prepositions:
ina iniiUbi ^ ^^^^^if ^E ^^^J <»^^]y -^ on, concern-
ing , against
ana mukhi J ^^^^tJ Tt *"^I ^*"^tl ^ o"' concern-
ing , against
ina biri ^^ ^"^J Jl^ ^yi<I between
afia tar^i J^ ^^\ ►^^ ^^H against
ina tarsi ►^ ►^^ ^E] J opposite
istu tar^i ►^TI *"^I *^^ ^^11 ^rom, since.
§99. There are other compound prepositions, such as: ina
eli, ana eli, upon; ina kirib, ina kirbi, in; etc.
CHAPTER XXVII
CONJUNCTIONS
v^ioo. The following is a list of the principal Assyrian con-
as, when
junctions:
?/ = and (connecting words kl \
as well as sentences) kl Sa i
via = and (connecting two akl sa = a.s
verbs; appended to the first) adi = while, so long as,
enuma
inuma
inu
innm
= when
till, until
istu \
ultu )
arki $a = after
smcc
58
§IOI.
§ I02
Summa = if
/?/.... Itc =^ either
. . or
assu sa \ ,
\ = because
aSsu )
= whether .
In .... ft = either
. . or
. . or
lu
= whether .
. , or
u > = or
lu....ulu '-= either .
. . or
u in J
^= whether .
. . or
Vocabulary,
bam -=
to be
baml rr=z to make
pitn =
to open
babic -— gate
aviatu =
word
nasaru := to keep
nakaru =
foe
ahfi --= hostile
mama =
any
sanu = other
mam =
son
martu = daughter
Exercises.
<Mai, <, ET, tTl >^ ^l, tE *^ ET. ^^ ^^
EI, ^ I V, ^ I. M. <vm M. M <. <MgI
M<. tE ^ <m -HP <:^^I ^I <Tf^ ^I.
<IEI tE V -]& ^- <- Tl <I* -HF- <MgII m
.^y JI tmt, :i^IT -^T fcH ^I -^ ^, t^
EI -EI ^III <V :^III II ->^I If ^-. ^ I V II
V -^ A -EI ti i5^^ ^jn, ^i -^H e:ii II
IK II M EI EI V -^I If M < :^^ I M <
-% ^ I.
59
SYNTAX
CHAPTER XXVIII
§103. The noun.
1 . Nouns are found in three states, emphatic, absolute,
and construct.
(i) The emphatic state is marked by a suffixed vowel,
e. g., sarru, king.
{2) The absolute and construct are illustrated in §§ 64
—75-
2. The accusative, as well as indicating the object, ex-
presses the direction towards which, e. g., AsSur, to Assyria;
it also expresses time, e. g., U7n 13 kan, on the thirteenth day.
3. A double accusative follows such verbs as epe^u, na-
ddnii, etc.
4. The genitive relationship is expressed by:
(i) the construct state of the first of two nouns, e. g.,
sar sarrani, king of kings,
(2) sa, e. g., ^angu ^a Bel, priest of Bel,
(3) sa and a pronominal suffix, e. g., aldnUu ia Assur^^,
the cities of Assyria.
5. Two nouns may stand in apposition, e. g., zunnu
nuhsu, fain, flood.
§ 104. The adjective.
I, The words kalfi, giniru, gimirtu, with a suffix to ex-
press "all", stand in apposition to their nouns, e. g., ntatQti
kaltsina, the lands, their totality; Hani gimraSun, all gods.
6o
2. The word gabbu, all, follows its noun without a suffix,
e. g., matati gabbu, all lands.
3. The adjective regularly follows its noun, e. g., iarrit
dannu, the mighty king.
4. If the noun has a suffix and is qualified by an ad-
jective, the suffix comes between the noun and the adjective,
e. g., mulmulleia zaktuti, my sharp arrows.
5. When an adjective qualifies more than one noun, it
comes after the last, e. g. , maldti u UurMni danmlti, the
mighty lands and mountains.
6. An adjective with a collective noun may be in the
singular or plural, e. g., i^^t7r Same rnuttaprisu, or muttapH-
suti, the winged birds of heaven.
7. An adjective with a gentilic noun is put in the plural,
e. g., Maddia rUkfiti, the district Medes.
§105, Numerals.
1. The cardinal numerals, 3 — 10, are either placed be-
fore their nouns (in .genitive), or after them in apposition,
e. g., sibiiti uml, seven days; Sar kibrdtim ar bairn, king of
the four quarters.
2. Usually the noun with a number above 10 is placed
in the singular, e. g., 10 000 aritu, 10 000 shields.
3. The distributive numeral is formed by means of the
cardinal with the suffix -$u, e. g., siniSu, twice.
4. Ordinal numerals are treated as adjectives, e. g., ina
Satti Saluiti, in the third year.
§ 106. Vocabulary.
mitiku = course giri'u = expedition
sisil = horse eptstu = deed
tdbii = good asm = place
ruk?t -= distant sem?7 = to hear
tiikultu ^= help
6i
§107. Exercises.
x-^ ^I I- ^T< -T<T^ t}\< -TI<T ^^M ^^
y^^- ^ V ^ 1^^ -n<I. :::^T^ V e:TT T—
iryjiir ^IT^ ^}}i ^ I, ^^ E^li ^^ tllTir j^;?^
tlT^ >^. ^ ^ITT ->f K-, - -^I -<^ -<I< -HF-
I— EI- I—.
CHAPTER XXIX
§ 108. Verbal nouns.
1. The participle takes its object in the genitive, e. g.,
emid sarrdniy the subduer of kings.
2. The infinitive is used as a noun, e. g., nadan ildni,
restoration of the gods; or as a verb, e. g., suttu paSaru, to
interpret a dream.
§109. 77^^ finite verb.
1 . An independent pronoun may replace a verbal suffix,
e. g., uSanna ia-a-ti, he told it to me.
2. A noun in the indirect object is introduced by ana,
e. g., ^;/^ ga-ti-ia umallii, he entrusted to me.
3. Some verbs govern two accusatives, e. g., sakil, to
give some one to drink, etc.
§ 1 10. Vocabulary.
Sepu = foot sabdtu = to set forth
kand^u ^= to prostrate nazdzu = to take up
ummdnu = troops nardru = help
ezebu = to save biltu = present
mandattu = gift
62
§111. Exercises.
<^ K- t-t]} tT -^] -m^ ]} ^I <^ T^
<T^ t]} m IH, ^^ <^yT « -<!< T^ ^^] ^
JTA^]]} <VM t] ^IT m !£TII tE ^I <-^H
A ^ ^ ^ Igf t:]]l
CHAPTER XXX
§112. The Simple Sentence.
1. Declaratory seyitences are common, e. g., ilu damku,
god is gracious.
(i) The gender and number of the predicate are de-
termined by the gender and number of the subject.
There are, however, many exceptions.
(2) The object of a transitive verb may precede or
follow it.
2. Negative declaratory sentences take the particle Id,
e. g., emuk la nzbi, a covmtless army; ?// is also used, e. g.,
nl i^emmil, they hear not.
3. Prohibitive sentences are expressed, (i) by la, e. g.,
Id tasakip, cast not down; (2) by lu Id, e. g., .y^;r?/ lu la
i-pa-lal}, let the king fear not at all; (3) by a-a, e. g., ki-
bi-ra a-a irSi, burial shall he not receive; (4) by «?, e. g., e
tassahrl, do not turn around.
4. Optative and cohortative sentences are expressed, (i) by
lit, e. g., //7 baltdtd, mayest thou be well; li-ib-lu-ut (for //7
iblut), let him live; (2) by f{e), e. g., ^' ni-pu-nS SaSma, let
us fight with each other.
^3
5- Emphatic sentences are expressed by //?, c, g„ In allik,
I certainly went.
6. Interrogative sentences are expressed by an enclitic
?7, e, g., i-zir-tU'fi ina libbi iatrat, is a curse written thereon?
The negative is ul, e. g., w/ a-na-kn-U, am I not?
7. Relative clauses are usually introduced by i^, the verb
ending in a vowel, e. g., if^ itbalu, who had carried off.
Sometimes the ia is omitted, e. g., bltu epuSu, the house
which I built.
8. Conjunctional relative clauses are introduced by a
conjunction (or preposition), the verb ending in a vowel,
e. g., ultu emedu indtasu, after I had subdued his land.
9. Conditional clauses are usually introduced by the
particle summa, e. g., summa aSSata mussu izlrma, if a wife
takes a dislike towards her husband. But the particle may
be omitted, e. g., sarru ana dfni la Jgul, should the king
not obey the laws.
^113. The Compound Sentence.
1. Copulative sentences are often placed side by side
without any connecting particle. But when they are joined
by a copula, the particle is u in nominal sentences, and ma
in verbal sentences, e. g,, sunu liktuma anaku luniid, let
them perish, but let me increase.
2. Circumstantial clauses are expressed by the present,
the principal verb having an enclitic ma, e. g., innabitma
ibakam ziknahi, he fled, tearing his beard.
^114. Vocabulary.
baldiu ^^ to live Sakclnu ^= to set
^apdru = to send magdru = to be favourable
makdtu = to fall, to overthrow iUaritum = a goddess
pa^dru = to annul tal^u = to approach
kibttu = command maM = to forget
amilu = man ardu = slave
agdru = to hire mdtu = to die
epistu = deed sfru ^= flesh (heart)
64
§115. Exercises.
-mw fcn m ^i ^i v i^ii. m "^ tvf,
1 m ^^ \} Ei -T< M < ET -^ -ir<. m ^\w
^T <^TT -tH ^11 ^\\\^ m^ m -eet, V
-T<I^ jy :;?I, V i::^!! I^I ^. 1:^11 :£!TT -TT<T
;^Ig <^T^ T m :^III- M ^IIT^ tI<J IH. -ET
-IT<I yn, T^ EI Ml< -ET tU ^ ^ ^U II II
^I ^l<l irlll^ ^. ty^ ^ll<i IH. <^ tllll -^H
<tl^ A4f H^ <K -^ <^ T II ^I tE^w II
-eEI ^jn, t^ EI II ^I- ^ti. <Kii<i ^11 t.^
^t IH EI A4f -eEI ^i, ti^ ^11 HI ^11
-^I JI II ^I <I- ^ -HP ^I <MgI -►f
<:z:^l ^11 -^i.
CHAPTER XXXI
§116. Modi I Analysis.
TEXT
til -^11 ^^ K- e:?S <IEI ^ II S^ T
<IEI :rll| V-^ a tlllir ^ <^ ^I tEl --^I
^ < II II ^i ^11 II <iEi IH -.^i II ^i <vm
til <iEi ►^ V ^ <:^ :zi^II ^E^ii -tH f:^^l
x^\ I till til ^jn <iii EI tint I- <iEi tin
-tii I- ^fli ^i- -tii V tEi -.^i ^ tint n
-i<i^ ^i fc^i EI n -^i <tt ^-iii< V -H^ ^
<iEi tint ^tiiii ^jn ti<i -EI M IK ^HF- M
- <^ tin ^"^ m t^w IH ^ EI tnit
6f,
-HF- -^T I^ -<T< ^III ti tt C-.- ^SK EI t] }}
m A--m -^H !^iiii -<i< s <i- ^TT ^t]}
-]]]t Sf- -E^II -HP A < -+ <\V --T ^t ^T
^EI <© ^n ^1} ^ <m ^t]} JTEII E^II I^ ^I
W -^A<->^ <TTT ^yyy^ ^y ISK Jlyy < T^
I^ ^I V ^ <^ < V IEI< ^11 ^I ^I <« ^
e:ii A^ E^II ^.
TRANSLITERATION
e-/i sarrani (^'"'^^^iki-pa-a-iti sa ki-rib ^atuMu-^itr u-pa-
ki-du abu ba-nu-u-a a-na da-a-ki ka-ba-a-te ii e-ki-mu
matuMu-^ur il'li-ka ^Ir-ii^-hi-un e-ru-uni-ma u-Hb ki~rib
ahiMe-im-pi alu sa abu ba-mi-u-a ik-Sii-du-ma a-na mi-^ir
matte iluAsurki ji-tir-ru al-la-ku J^a-an-tic ina ki-rib Nina^i
il-lik-ain-ma u-ia-an-na-a ia-a-ti eli ip-se-e-ti an-na-a-ti
lib-bi i-gU'Ug-ma i^-^a-ru-uh ka-bit-ti ds-si kdtall-ia u-sai-ii
'^^^Asur u il^^Istar Assur-i-iii ad-ki-e e-mu-ki-ia si-ra-a-te Ha
^^»Asur u ili^htar u-mal-lu-u katu^^-u-a a-na "^^ttiMtt-stir 21
mattiKu-ti-si u§-te-e$-se-ra hdr-ra-mi.
TRANSLATION
Against the kings (and) governors, whom in Egypt, the
father who begat me had installed, to slay, to plunder and
to seize Egypt he marched. Against them he went in and
settled himself in Memphis, a city which the father who
begat me had conquered, and to the border of Assyria had
annexed. A swift messenger into Nineveh came, and in-
formed me concerning these matters. My heart was wroth
and stirred was my spirit. I raised my hands; I prayed
unto Asur and Istar of Assyria; I summoned my supreme
forces, which Asur and Istar had filled in my hands, (and)
to Egypt and Ethiopia I directed the way.
5
66
ANALYSIS
eli preposition, against, on, upon, concerning.
Sarrani noun, plu. masc. of sarrii, king, gov. by eli.
ainelu determinative for male persons.
kipani noun, plu. masc. of kipu, governor, gov. by eli.
$a rel. pron. referring to sarrani and kipani.
kirib preposition, in, within.
mdtu determinative for countries.
Musur Egypt.
upakidu third masc. sing. Pret. Paal, variant of iipakkid,
from the verb pakddii, to entrust, II, to install.
abii father.
bantla participle Qal, from the verb banfi, to create, to beget,
with first per. sing, suff., my begetter.
ana preposition, to.
daki infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb ddkii, to slay.
habate infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb Ijabdlii,
to plunder.
n conjunction.
eklmii (for eketnu) infinitive, governed by ana, from the verb
eke inn, to seize.
illika third masc. sing, Pret. Qal, with overhanging a (see
p. 68) from the verb aldku, to go, to march. The sub-
ject of the verb is really abji.
sTriiUun preposition sir, on, upon, against, phonetic us, pron.
suffix ^un, them, for ana ^iri-sun, see § 66, 4.
erilmma variant for eri'ib + ma. Third masc. sing. Pret. Qal,
from the verb erebu, to go; with the conjunction via.
The subject is abn.
nSib third masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb asdbu, to
dwell, to settle. The subject is abn.
67
alu is determinative for cities. The next alu is an ideo-
gram, meaning city,
iksuduma third masc. sing, Pret. Qal from the verb kaMdu,
to conquer. The subject is abu. ma is a conjunction.
mi^ir construct of the noun inisni, border. It is dependent
upon the foUov^ing noun matii.
iit^A^ur is the Assyrian name of Assyria, meaning, with matu,
the "land of the god Asur".
ki is a determinative suffixed to names of places,
uifrru third masc. sing. Pret. Paal from the verb tarn, to
turn, IIj to annex.
allakii noun in the absolute, messenger.
l^antu adjective following its noun, swift, originally kamtii.
*
ina kirib compound preposition, into.
iliikamma, see above; the first rn is a phonetic complement.
tisanna third masc. sing. Pret. Paal from the verb Mnu, to
repeat, IIj to inform.
iati accusative of the pers. pron. first pers. sing.
ipseti plu. of the noun ipiUti, matter, thing,
annati fem. plu. of the dem. pron. anml, this.
libbi noun from libbii, heart, with pron. suff. of first pers.
sing.
igugrna third masc. sing. Pret. Qal from the verb agagu,
to be angr3^
i^saruh third masc. sing. Pret. Nifal from the verb ^arahu,
to cry aloud, IVj to be stirred.
kabitti noun sing, with first pers. pron. suffix, from the noun
kabittu, spirit.
asH first sing. Pret. Qal from the verb 7iasri, to left up.
kataii-ia noun dual with first pers. pron. suffix; from the
noun katu, hand.
US alii first sing. Pret. Paal from the verb salu, IIj to pray to.
5=^
68
ASsurftu, the ending zUc indicates a gentilic noun,
ad^e first sing. Pret. Qal from the verb dik?7, to summon.
emukia noun pKi. from emilku, might, with first pers. pron.
suffix.
pirate adjective plu. , following its noun, from ^tru , high,
supreme.
umallti third masc. plu. Pret. Paal from the verb main,
to fill.
7iUeUera first sing. Pret. Ishtafal from the verb eseru, Illg
to direct (the way). The final a is an example of the
way in which all forms of the verb which end in a
consonant may take one of the three short vowels a,
i, or u as an overhanging letter; [but originally the
forms ending in a dire the modus of continuation (-a
from -an, ct)mp. illikam-ma for illikan-md). F. H.]
katua "in my hand", see § 66, 4; for ana katla.
Jjarramt noun, direct object of the preceeding verb, mean-
ing way.
This text is taken from Asurbanipal's Rassam-Cylinder,
I, 57 — 68; repeated in p. 7 i f .
69
CHRESTOMATHY
19)
(11)
I
TITLES AND DEEDS OF HflMMURHBI
•^11 HI -^IT -^I M) '"' If ^I <h S?? -*f ^T
<KM -+ a^T SIT -^! '■"' T^ ^T m
^iB '" m ^i t^} -m <m '" ^m ^j}
^h -!I<T '-' <m ET 4s -^I A4f '-^' E-^TT :::
^4f '■" -iT<i <T- Ml '•'' m <hm <^v^ -m]i
MJ '^°' II B ^I :^l -!fTf '"' 1} ^I ^I 1^1 -M
<igf •"' m A^m -iM J} ^ ET '^'' ^m ^i
<^y^ <tt 4i4f ''^' m <]-m <III <- ->J^TI
'"' }h'i=^ ^ E-^II ;^ "" -.^l ^ ET -<-^
'^" ti:?S ^11 HI ^11 -^I ^I '^'' If ^T <I-
Ss --f ^I '^'' <hm -+ <;::^I t?IT --T ""' 1}
1 1^1 '^" ^i t^} -}m <m ''' <hm ^^} -h^
70
'^'' T^ ^T ^TI -^TT 1} -^^•V "' m <hm -^ <h
IdJ '^" }}< i^ ^ E-^IT :^ '''' <tt WTA Sff
-►f ^T '■''' -^T E-^II t;^ -►f <:=J^T '«' T? -^T :^
''"' ^IT ::^TT -^! ^T <IIT '" ^EIT TI -iT"^
'-' tg:?s tiss tiSS -^TI '"' -EI fcU S? <T-M
u. y^ ^y .4^ ^y ^ j^ ;:Ey^ «. ^^yy ^^^ ►:^yy
*'" M -!^ 'i?- ^I ^I <!II (Br.Mus., No. 122 15 and
comp. L. W, King, The Letters and Inscriptions of Ham-
murabi, III, p. 177 — 179; line 42 is to be transcribed iarrii
in Sar-rl "a king for the kings", var. iarrn in iarrl-iti).
II
THE SIEGE OF DAMASCUS AND THE TRIBUTE
OF JEHU
- <m -^v I— -tw <i^ iif B }\ -\v
^T^ ^^^ I W }} A-+ -4- W ^I^ I T^
-^T -ITA EH< ^^A \} I— I ^il t^TIT U ET
T^ V 4f ^ ^jn ^T -^TI V ^Tf V ^- ^T V
^TT^ ^I -^T W ^T :^TT]^ -s^ --I< I C^IT -T^-W
^T ^T< I t^ ^vv A ::T <I^ <T- I ^
-!4i-fF <^ <r- ^^ T— -<T< XA m I - ^T
M T-- tlTI:^ ^^I!!:^ :^!TT I <T- T T- «I ^! B
T-- I V f- T< ^ITII - Igy I ^T -<T< ^\ EI
^ I ^W <^I I T{ -^I ^I -^11 ^^ ^Y^ I
7«
I t]} ^m]J t:""^} I <T-TT<I ^^T <W- - -tTT
<T^ ^ mil --JJ « -I< I ^1} ^-ffl I tT fcEH
y_ I ^0 <2<i If <T£^ V t|^ V }}< tmt E-^TT
.^y^ y^ ^yy ^ -^^T T— <I^ ^^ C- -ET
.^TT '^ Tl ^T -El ET s.: ^ IgJ -ET T^ <T^
-^IT^ ^T <y^ T^ IH ?^ <^TT « --I< I^ - ^^TIT
t^^t^J^^Jhlt] ET t?n -E^T T V a
E-^IT i^ i^ V tElT ::^T -^T IHf T T :^ET^ s^TIT^
!^ t^ -I<T <!IT -TM -E t^ ^^ (B. M., Nos. n4<z
and 114/;, Salm. Ill; see also Del., Ass. Les., 5. ed., p. 60).
Ill
flSURBANIPflL'S FIRST EGYPTIAN CflMPHIGN
::E ^T -^II -TM t:!^ El^< -T!<T ^t]} ]} ^T
V "pIIT :r^ < V !- tTIT< ^^< M < ^H IH T
^ ::Szi ^]]]c « V ^ <^ < V lEj iryyyir ^yy
^11 T -^A ^ - « V -^A <IEJ tET -.^T
^ < l,^ <^ <^ T ^yy igy ^ ET i^E -< M v
.>^n <T-M JI < T -c ;:^-H ^11 ^I -+
-►fx^--+ <W < -HP T— EI- I— -II T---
ttj} A4 <T- E! ^T t^TIT a I^ -^T -Tl -tf^
E"^!! « -E I cy^ -E^yy ^e:^ y-- e:?s <IEy
12
m !^T -t] ^<]]]] ^i t^iT T{ <m }}< -^!
<m i^TIf -^TT T- A4f ^I- --]] V tET t^ < Tl
;:yiT;r ^t^f ^jn tl<j -ET M }h -^m^m
ti]]} ^':^ m :^^TI IH :^ E! ^ITf:^ V -+
^1 T{ tt]] ]} ^I< <-tH Hf ^ -If -T< -HP
A-W -^H ^TTTT -I< ^ <V JItt ^ETI t:W
^ -E^IT -+A < -►f <7? -^ :^E ^I tt] <m
^]} t'^ t]} ^ m m} tt]] t-^]] ]} ^i V
^►f A < -^ <W i^ITI:^ Sf:I M < JTtt < Tf !]!
^] ^ >^ it^ix^m < ^]] ^! ^I <« ^
E-^IT A^ E-^TT ^ - y- -T< -T<T^ t}V -II<T
jTETI « ]] -^ TT tE:??^ I-- V II A ^I -^"V
^ISil ^I -OV < -^I -.^I -^11 -s^I T—
^11 CT ^ S?: tEl} t^III tll^ fc^III I ^ -tH
tllll ^I - -^11 -II<I t-t]} t^]] JI <::^I EI
tlll^ ^I ^ <!- t^:z\ <HI tElf i^:?S I— V
]} ^I ^ II <It^ ^]} >^ m\>^^] "^IIT I—
J ^ ^ ^y .^^ < ^I -^I -^11 ^I -I<
^lAif tEii iH -i<i * ^11 ^ j^iii!^ V ^:sl
:^!III .>^II ^ -I< If ^I ^I E^^II ^jn < -I<
Vi<
\<
^m
< ^ <::^ -tty T— t?f- ^TT D ^ R?:
tB]} mWA C^TT <MT<T <Ttfc i^Tt^ ET ::I<J
IH T^ <y!^ -^11 ^^TI^ -^ ^ -I< T -^ t^:zi
t]]]z fcE;^-^ V -^ a < V iEi< >^Ti <M m
--II I- 4i.4f ^I- N ^JII El^ -II<I ::eI^ j^II I-
t]} ET I^ -^I :^I{ B}}< E<2<<J tl lEI I-- <T-M
-J2E3 - -^11 -II<I -EU ^I -^H I^ e:?s
-1 I—- -ISE^ I - M -I< -'^A -►f -II -4-
^ .^ y_ Ej. y.._ ^11 y__ ^ty^ y^ .^gyy
^ ^y <y. <y. ^^ 4i.in I -^ C^^^ < - <U
:II^ -t]J y ^4f ^I- ::^II EI I^ t:^^ ^I ^N
A]} I -M-^ -II<I -II<I ->yA < -►f <W -I
^1
^I<I ^^- I EI t<^lJ ^E^II -::H -^11 -I<T IH
K <;^II I- tE:?|i < -i< ^EI^ -I<I^ -^I ^ I ET
^i ^^i --f <iEi -tj] h A^- ^h m^ ►f -^
EI I^ ^I M -^11 ^<P -11^ -^>^ I t^SS ^I
::IIII I^ ^I <IEI :riy^ ^^yy ^ ^i^jp- ^tH JJ II
^y tz^ ^ ^1 ^yf -ty^ -yyy- ^ -yy^ -yyy- ^ y.
tt ^j ^iii tij ^m -iii^ 8^^ -^11 1-
^4.y- ^y^ < ^tii 4s ynn ti:^ M ^ -II<I
^;?S -^11 :^Eii A--f- ^- 1 -^I- V -+ -I<I ^:in
74
ti;^ ^tir ^! tt] -y<T t]j]t ji^-^m m
I t^- m B}h -<!< t^SS -5=11 }} A-HF- "5^
y tyyy:r ^j^^^ ^:^ -t]] ^y ^r^y -y<y tyyyir
y A^ -^yy -m t]} i s^;?^ -:=yy ^} ^ ^\\\^
^y< y t^^ tyyy;: y{ y^ Ey ^^ ^tyy <> ^is?^
<yt^ <y^ y .^yy -^yy ^'^ j:^-^ ^^ -tyy ^^^
<y. ^jn y t: ^y ^-yyy ^y< ti^ -^yy ^- '>^
^^ I ^^ t.^^ i^y ^y ->f s?: A-+ ^y-
fci;5s -tyy A-yyy :«= y hi -<y< a^ <y^ ^w
I ti:^ -tyy ^y^ ^^< ^t\ -y< -y<y ^jn t^w} ^v
m y ^y A--yyy -y< -y<y ^jn ^►f -^yy ^
^^ ^tyy ^y- :^irii <y:t A->f y^ y *^- v s^
:??: idy ti:?s --yy ^ 4i-yyy ^ -y< y t^yy }\<
\} ^^ ^jryy <y- t^tw \}<^\\ -^y y- ^^ ^y
ti^ ^tyy 44. ^ :?f: y ;:^yy ^y- ey y^ W\
^^ -^yy j^yyy yn^ s^ y ^y -^ -y< y- -+
41 ty^ fcgSff -^yy t??= ^-►f ti^ y— -+
►?^ ^y< t-^ A<\^ y— E^ <^ t^ y^ ^
^yy m m v -^ <::^ tyyy:r i^ <lEy t5<y ir^y
-^y 9^ < y^ V -ty E^ ^►f -.y< ^^ ^y y ^
^^^\ < ^v m j^yyy i ^\}} x-\\y + ^^ W
73
^m -T< I ^J}} - ►f ^T tE I m ttj tTTT .^!T
^ ^r< V -^ <;::: v m < ^^11 V J^ET ^ < ]}
-I<T<^ ^I ir^T I^ -^I <« M -<V s?w ^ -II
-fflf T— tH -miJ W ^1 h ^^ tiJJJ^
^y ^y< .y<y t^ ^y< ^y A-^f <Tt^ i!!^ -El
-y< -^H -Till -T< 1"^ T— Vr -m E-^TI Tif
-^y <m <m t^i^} ^ ^-^ t ^ -t^
-.y< Ey -EI ttj m 1:^1 - Tf <T£^ -Ell A-Iff
m -III- -El 1^1 C-^ m EI -K -H^ I EI-
y.._ ^^^ ::j^ <^. ^.y,y ^^yy ^ ^y, ^^ j
EI ^III -^I I ^ -^I< -I<I^ ^- ^I ^ <I-IH ^I
^yy ^ ^y< ^ ^^yy y^ ^y< ^y ^^ ^^^ ty
<-t IH -EI lEy ::^^ ^^ .£^yy ^ ^^yy «
I ^m <iii EI I ^ ^^H <ti^ ^i <m tiif V
^ a -E ^I I^III < EI ::EI -^I ^]} W
-^I ^h tt -^ t]} -^11 I -. tr:^ tm^
« V ^ tyyy^r ^yy y^ ^y ^^ ;:^^ y| <yc^ ::y| <
^ -E^yy y- ^yyy^ ei A-^f ^n ^jn e:?s c-
:::; -H I -Ilf <III EI -^11 c^^>^<-a -ii<i
^:^ ^ ^] w mil El s^ s^s?^ t^} -V.U
E -II 11 lf< I—- V It^ 4». -11 -^I Vi ^ --II
^^-M EI ]} II tH -^I <l- - - -II<I t^rs? ^
76
W ^ <Iiy EI - <^^ ]} ^I -^1 AVr V k4- ^
<^ i:]} ^^ ^11 -T< ::t]} W ^ -^I ^TII -!!<T
I ^ :^] ^Ti^ --TI ;:^TI ^r ^ a--^ < u v
yr .^y .^ ^y y^ *^y ::^yy >^ < b:^ ^^ ti t]}
I iryil y^ <y^ y^ e-^TT I^ -I< I ^ :^T -- < <^I
ET :^T^ ^ ^JII tU ^JU ^ E-^IT y^ </y I t]}}
ti;^ y---- -►f ^ -^y ::y ^ < <::^y ei - iz:
-!H -T< -+^ c^TI -T -T< -++ t:]]jt ^y y^
-T<T JItt < <^!T El -^ -►^^ « -►f T-— -T<T^
JI ^^-M .^IT ^ -I< El T 4i.-IfI dEI < ^
y^ <y^ t]} ^►f I — EV r — <^ jJtt I
tTI^ iryyyt ^^y ^-^f' tt El T ^I{ ^- ^-T<T
.^11 ^ -i< t^] m t^^^i <]^m m r—
^tyy ^ yf y^ ^:ryy ^-y^ ^:^ <y^ <y^.: .^yy ^^1!
A-Hf- "7^ <MEII -^11 ^T -r< -^IT !— ET
-ET ^I ^r< I -^ •^TI^ "t?^ -T<^ ^- ^T <Mfcr
^T i:^ < EI- ^ ^I lEJ K-- tlll:r irlH^ MI
^m ^]} ^I N I- <^^ -EI :^!f -Ilt^ *^^- - ^III
;:^ e;^ -. I--^ I ^ :rE M M - -I -Ilk
<I- <I- .^11 I [^ V ::^II -]I<I m -III- —
-E^II ^^- feE^ -^11 « I—- -^ -7^ -<!< V
<I-ItI -eEI ::^it ^^i :^ a-+ < U ^I ^^1 AI^
V -f A <lEy .^y.^ ULEI v^-m _^ii ^- If ^i
^^el m Vi <\^- -tElI -IM tt]} tmz :r^tT
A^ !— <?^ -TT4i ^m- <r <m ^ m vi
^Vr I —HI -^ + I- ^ T A--m -^11 1
..^t^ EI ::eI il< UI a I :i^I^ V E-^TI
V-- t^J^^ Itth-^ K-^ 1} ^I ^jn !:;il
-II -I< 1 1^ <3<i ..^11 1:^ M -^I -=^11=^ I™
tEl^ ESS -]<V^ I— U -^I ::III -IM I ^I
-I< I Se EV II E^H :^EI ^ < II - -XII ►?«
II II II -^I m:^ < -I< HI tin !:^I Cii^l If
-^T + .^I XE I tlll:^ ^^t:|||| I <MiII I -^■
^ -^^^ -^ ^ t^l]} ^I -XII ll< XEI ||<
^II<I ^^I tt] irlll <^> <Hf ^^I XH -^11
V XEI ^ XEII XIII^ T ^Xllll EI XI} ^- ^-I<I
.^11 ^ ^ t-^:^i XIIIX If eEH tE;SS XX][ -E^I
E-^II ^JII -< XI lEJ .►f A ^11 :rEn XI -I<I tCt
I EI :r<^II IH -I<I^ -^ <I- I ::^^l ^ I IH
t_-ll EI ^: XII x&; I W --^I M < xlllx l^ ^
78
^} A]} -ETi ^E I-- \^ -4- A m UJi <i^
I ^Tll T— W ]} -mi ^ ^Vr -^IT Ss EI -I
-►^T t^IIT ^ ^-I<I }} I ^m E^ II MI }}<
-*f M II ^T <E<! m ttt]] IH !=A EI
^y<Iv- ^^] ]} tEll II -^I< (VR ,:52-2:27).
IV
ACCESSION PRHYER OF NEBUCHHDREZZflR II
TO MflRDUK
<t^ -EI >/- m -II <- ^i II --I <h EI
II ^I tl^ W^ t^III E'^II t;^ -^ EI :£III
^I :^ t^- <ym -11^^ <m s?^ JI -^11 -II
-£^II -^H t?II II -if- -^I Si^I ^I <« ^
^ JI <III JI IK E-^II ^I tt ^H ^I s^III
t^ t]]] -^11 T^ ^I lEJ tin y- <MEII EI -M
E-^ii -thi t^ ^ -i< m^ -i< -^H ^Ei t^iii
t^IIT -^I ^I -^ ^ EI E^H ^an r^K <IEI
i^Ti -^11 tEi ^ <i- t^iii m^-*^^ <m
EI ^i <iii m -tM -< M ^11 -^i 14^1 ^i
Idl n: ^jn -IIA <-t ss »Ey :ry^,^ ^< :eii ^r
--H *^-III< -<I< M -IM A-^ A4f t^ EI
79
•^11 ]} tt ^T ^Iir tEl? JI IH A-< ET ^TT
m ^^T IdJ ^I- <« (I R 53. Col. I 55-n ,).
V
FROM ISTAR'S DESCENT INTO HADES
Tt -^! V ^ M}A Vl ^ -T -TM [<-■• 3 signs]
2 Signs] '^' -yy -y^-ffl Ey :r^ ^ ^^yi <« tyyyt
^^yy ::y^^ [^ c. . signs] <^' y^ ^y iryyyy ^]^ <y^
:ry^ jy ^ -►f s?? tyy^ ^ey '=' y^ -^y tyyyy -^yy
-!^ -IM ^- 1 -Ey y{ t-^ tyyyt '^' y^ ^y a^
E>^yy ^ "^yy y^ ^jn j^yyy v ^Ey t^yyy yi y}
.yy^ '^' y^ ^y tyyyy ^yy t]} -yy<y ^^ i ^^yy
<yyy ^ i^yyy:: ►^ tyyyc E-^yy '« y? ^tj ::<yy
^y^ ^. ^^. <^.yi ^^yy ^ y^ ^yy^ jy ^ <y^
^y HH ''' >^ m^ ^jn <ty^ ^^ Ey ^jn -
ty^ m -T< ^ -^T "°' m ^i Ey oy ty ^^
4f<T t^^ -< t:^ ^y- *"' <-^H ty -y<y^ < t\
^yy^ ^^ T^ ^^ A-ffi tiy ^^n '"'-tyvT T^
^y ^^\ V -r^ ^yy^ yf - -^h v <Tt^ V
'-' y^ ^y e:?s s^ ^^ -.^I Tf 1:1 W Ey :r^ig ty
E^ ^yy^ •■^' e:^ s^ ^^ T- ^T^ ^T- t^ITT T]^ -^T
^^\ .^H "=' ^T- t^iTT y? -.^y ::::y --H Ey m
8o
!^ni If --T !^ ^- -EI ^ ^aii ->^i i^ ^i m
•'^' It^ -hi ^f< <sE -ii<i -m II i^ ^jn I?
^HI A-^ '■'' I^ -KI Vy< ^S "^II HI ii?-
EI ;rlll:r T — I^ -III ^I -I<I^- I— ""^III:^
'i^ I^III -El I^ <:::: -eEI -<I< -rrT^T I— --Ii^
M -^I< '"" <--]y -^I^ m^ --I< -E EI A-+
ti<I <tt -eEI ^i< '"' e;?s S? t^ £^ It I -E V-
:i^I EI tE t^^ ti '-' t] EB -::H E-^ii i{ -^i
EI^ ^I< -vf -^yy ^ «' -E -11^^ -ir^ - t:^iii
-i< -EI j£iii -^i -^11 ^ <i- '-' m <^i^ IH
-^ <IEy lEU T ->f :s= 1} -^I eEH e-^ii -l<
-*f T^EI <IEI EI- avR3i).
VI
• R LftMENTATION
-.^I ^I ::EI -f I— y-III< t^ -E^II
^Ei tEi ^i tEii l'^^^'^^tB]]J^ m ^I
-< <t "^J ^ ^ t]} -<I< I -^I -^I ::EI -tH -EI
I- ^-III< *^I -<^ -II- -IIA EM ^^} ^ ^1
<III ^ -^ ::^II t^III -IM ::^I^ 7 ^I SII
I{ V ;r<:^II « EI -EI tE <I^ -I<I < I -< ^^III
^lE ^ y^ ^^ "tf ^y -^^^^ T^ ^y -^y ^jn |
^I tt] -^11 -^^ M tiS^ ::1 V ::E -E^II
V ^11 1^ ^- -E^II ^^- V -+ 5?: i -< T^^III
8i
^<i< <tj^ -m ^T <nT -t]] A^m -T!<t i^y ei
<tT^ y^ ^<t ^ <^ t^IE V ET mT< I [T- t:]}
Sff (K 4931).
VII
RN 0BSERV7\TI0N OF THE MOON
E! m -m ^ ^T j^TiT PI ^y <m
-> -+ <« ^ j^ITI -IT- -HP -]& < -►f ^jn
T{ ^i ^:^ -II irETi iH tin ^- ^11 1 ^i
^/-<I^'^II-tII^IIT--II(K7.6).
VIII
HSSYRIflN LETTERS
I.
I^ -^I ti:si -II :^Ei^ -:r^i -^H I ^I ^-
< If -HP -C--f -4- <ir^^I If -^I i^^ -II !^Elf
IH ^jn tj^- ^T ^ A-< "^11 -:^f ^^ ^^ II
^ ^Ilf -til -II ^ --^I - -I t^H "^11 -+
--T -- I<J -E -^I ^*) ^III- -^11 lEH ^ -E
^II^(K55').
*) For this form see the Glossary s. v. mahatu.
82
2.
-^^ IEII< <T:^ ^ T^ ^T « -II tETI -+
-II -^ ^ -+ <W ^11 -:^TT <ml -+ <V/ "^TT
tim <M <It^ ^ -TT<T T{ ^T « -II ^tj} ]}
m « ]} ^m « iH ^jn ^- M ^^ ^m t:^
m ^ i^-< T— Tf -^T « -II i^^l} <^ <T!t
^ <I^ ^ y^ ^y ^11 .yyy y^ >^yy ^^ .]t
t:t]} y ^^ ^ -+ tgE T -^ yi E^yy t^ra «
-^ y— e:^ ^ ^H <2<i !^ -^ t^:?^ - <I-
tt]} tE ^1 *^yyf Ey y^ t^y tyyy:: y^ - v -^y <iEy
^yy<y y^ tj} ^►f < Ey y^ f e;5s ^^ I— "^yy JItt I
<yy !^y^ v E-^yy y— - jyn i -^^ tt ^} -m
< s?- ^y -yT<y iiy j^yyy:^ j^ ^ ^ .►y-< .< .^<
"^yy -:^yy ke^ a-< ^ .^yy Ey ]} -^y m -i^^f
<T!^ -^T I ^ Ey yf tEy tyyyt y^ m I- ^Tf -H^<
-II -w ■^i! fei:^ yi t^yyy y^ -E^y E-^yyt^ y-
y^ -yy<y ih i^ ^ :^tii^ ^y y^ -+ ^ i^^yy -
^ -+ t^:^ -II :rEyi ^^y<y -^yy ;:: -Ey ^ i
^;^ -< Sf: 7 ti<j jy <igf tE ^yy y^ y- -^y
< s? Ti ^y « -II ttj} m t^^^ t-Bi
^ jy < -:ryy w ^ttt^ yn yi y^ -s:^y y-- 1
tE 1:^1 igy ^y y -n - ^yyy :^ jy -^^ -Ey tyyyt
83
^ / ^ ?^ t: ^T <IEJ <T< ^ "^IT ^►f C-ET
-TTI "^TI -►f n <m <J^ ^ -IT<T ^TT tm
^:^ -< s?: -E^TI 4i.-fyy A 4<T ^T Sf: 1
tH -i^}:^}}}} <]^ ^ t^SS -II ^t]} -EI ^
6*
a.
84
SIGN LIST*)
SIGN
2.
3. '^►f-
niuk, milk
puk
4. -^T
ba
5. -.^TT
zu
SYLLABIC
VALUES
as, I'll in, dil, til
hal
buk.
IDEOGRAMS
ina, in; (V) ^ (<Ig[),
Assur, the land of As-
syria: it is used also
for the god Assur, also
for nadanu, to give, and
for aplu , son, heir;
fcI)-'^^T.(-T)--<T<.
kussu, throne.
►'^, sometimes used as
sign for plural (e. g.
^^ ^"►', sumati, lines);
^Jjppf ►>^, barii, seer;
T^ ]& »^ ►^, Idiklat,
the Tigris.
»^j, kasu. to give.
»^II, idil, to know; Itfi,
u'ise; ^►^11 ^t^i, ^/5?7,
abyss.
*) The numbers are those to be found in Delitzsch.
85
6. ^
SIGN
:. —TIT
11. ►^^
12. ^►f
SYLLABIC
VALUES
su, kus, kjlS
Hit, inn, rug, ink,
ruk
bal, pal
ad, at, at, gir
bul, pul
tar, kilt, kud, kitt,
kut, HI, ^as, h^iz
an
IDEOGRAMS
maSkii, skin ; eribu, to in-
crease; ^^^S\ "^^IsT'
Ipuialpn , fpii$al}l}u , fa-
mine.
palU, year of reign; na-
balkutu, to cross over;
eiul, to make void; ita-
kn, to pour out (a li-
bation), to offer (a sacri-
fice); ^upilu, to con-
quer; >-^V ^ <IS'
the city ASSnr,
patru, dagger; »^*^!n ^'
akrabu , scorpion ;
lightning.
(paSarji, to loosen.)
nakasu, to cut off; pa-
rasu, to decide; silkii,
street.
////, god; ^amil, heaven;
►►f- ►^T, anahi, lead;
^A^ >^, parzillu, iron;
^^ t^TTl ^^?7, high;
>-A^ ^S^, ^/^//7, eclipse;
^>^ ^^, ^eni, field
(orig. Gir or Sumug,
the god of the field).
86
SIGN
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
13-
.^
(•-HP) •^'^, ^^^/^r, the
god; ^::yy -^, ^^.
i/^;-, the city; V ^>^
«I^), A^iur, the coun-
tr}^
14-
-tH
ka
/^/7, mouth; sinmi, tooth;
amatu, word; ^^tl
^IIIA /^/<^/7, to speak;
kibitu , command ;
-^H ^^ (EI), ..-
/?///;^ date; *^t-]^
^tJ, y^/^r//, battahon.
\a.
-rfi^^TTT
^2////, incantation; jiad?!,
to pronounce a spell.
15.
•
wi/ii, breath; E^ttt '"►^]3T
^1^1 !, kaS^apu, sorc-
erer; -1^ ^Xi^ ^^yy,
kassaptu, sorceress.
17-
-m
tahdzii , battle (comp.
No. 71).
18.
-ti^
//j^7;/?/, tongue; (V) ^^^JfcJ
IeJ, Sumer.
19.
^m
nag, nak.
nak
Satil, to drink.
20.
-^I2l
akdlu, to eat.
21.
-^TI
er {ri, see
p. 70)
rt/^^, cit}^
23-
-tM
ukkin
ptilpru, unkeniiu, totality,
full strength.
87
4. ^>-
SIGX
TttI
28. ^'iZZj
31. -EI
34. -m
35- -E^II
36. >v
7. >^, ^<^
SYLLABIC
VALUES
la
{pin)
mah
til
bab, pap, kiir, ^ur
IDEOGRAMS
(::y) »-::y^?Tjy, pasm-n,
. dish.
the south wind, and
comp. 185.
zikaru, male; ardit, slave;
-*f -t^T E^TI, Ura,
the plague-god; ^n~
-tty t>;=yy ty-, the
god Ura-gaL
^r^//, month; e. g., ^^ — f
^^, Kislev.
sahil, wild boar.
«i.yw , foundation ; E^f^
^^ I , ikkaru, gardener.
^iru, exalted; ^>^ *^HI'
htai\
erebu, to enter; ^gE[ *^| <| j
suinmatu, dove.
^I *"£^j I, burasu, pine-
tree.
nakdru , to be hostile ;
nakru, hostile; nakiru,
enemy; nap^ar, total;
in proper names it
means al}u , brother,
and nasdrUy to protect.
/^///, ^/^/, /ml, zir zeni, seed.
88
SIGN
37-
^
39.
40.
41.
■T
•I
-III
43
, ^jn
44. ^<
4b. '^<^
48. My<, >^]<
SYLLABIC
VALUES
mu
ka
I kad, kat, kat
gil, kil
kat, kad
ru, Sub, Sup
be, bat, bat, bad,
bit, mit, init, mid,
til, ziz
na
Sir
IDEOGRAMS
siiinu, name; zakdru, to
name; zikni, name; -ia,
first pers. pron.; in
proper names, nadaini,
to give; ►^ (»-HF"
^-^\), satin, year; ►^
^I^, musaru, inscrip-
tion.
ka, a measure.
tt
nadil, to cast; Sumkutu,
to conquest.
inatu, to die; inltii, pagru,
corpse ; da t/i u, blood ;
^A- ^, En-lil, Ea.
(t?f-1I) '^^T "^ Tf nam,
inscribed stone tablet.
-<^ ET -ET <©,
Lagas\ ^>\- ^I >^<^,
SamaS; Slh<T H *"^>^
El>^, parutu, alabaster.
laku, Ijkfi, to take; *^<y<
(»-ET), balatu, to live.
89
SIGN
49-
4-
. -^
52. ^]A
53. -TA-W
54. -VI -!I
■55. -T<^^' -11^^
56. -!<!<-, -11^
58. -MA,
59- ^TV
60. -11^
SYr.LABIC
VALUES
mas
mi
kun, gun
hu, pag, pak, bag,
bak
nan, nam, sim
ig, ik, ik
7nud, milt, mui
rad, rat, rat
zi
IDEOGRAMS
a^aridu, chief; ^^) Hp,
Ninib; ^>^ A^ >^,
Nergal; \} ^ ^
►f^ ^^, Idiklat,
Diktat, Tigris.
Id, ul, not; ^almu, image;
^?;/(f/ 2/;-^^', nukaribbu,
gardener; ►^>7- ^
dim-mud {Ea).
sibtu, revenue; *^\^ ^^^>
j?w//?/, dream.
zibbatu, tail.
i^^uru, bird.
Umtu, fate; pa^dtu, pi-
hatu , district ; Elffi
^I<I'^, pahdtu, gov-
ernor; >^I<I^ *^I<T, .y/-
nuntu, swallow.
bam, to be; (^J) >^H^»
daltu, door.
«^//j?/^, life; '^TI'^ ^TI'
/w;/«, right; ktnu, true.
96
SIGN
6 1. -I! A
6.. -M -Til
63. -ITTI. -TTT.
65. -Ill
66. -IHI
67. Hh
68. -C'V
69. -IT^
70. -I^
71
72.
-II
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^2 (comp. 182)
;7, ia'^/, /(tz/, fa/
nun, zil, sil
kab, kap
hub, l}up
kat, kadygat, kuni,
kuin, gum
tiin, dim
mun
ag, ak, ak
en
IDEOGRAMS
kanil, reccl; ^^Jji^ ^^\
kdnu, to stand; kinn,
firm-IIx^:r^::ir,
dipdru, torch.
rubu, noble; ^^UII I»^, ab-
kallu , wise , master ;
^IIII<IEJ,^r/^^.;^HF-
^\V[\^^\^'^Jgigi\
comp. too ^yyyi <yT,
tarbasu, womb, hurdle.
^umelu, left.
(I^J) ►f , kitil, cloth.
/^to, kindness.
epesii, to make; <^«//?7, to
build; ^Ar "^^ and
tahazu , battle (compare
No. 17).
be/u, lord; ^<//, up to;
-II -Tin (-^i). --
^artn, watch; ^JJ 'i?'!
I, ku^^u, cold; ^n~
II --II. ^11
Qi
SIGN
73.
-IMI
dar (rare)
74-
^
i//r, 5//r
75-
>WM
SUj}
76.
^I
78,
>4s
sa
79-
»5sT
kar, kan
80.
>^
tik, hk, {gu)
81. >^^^^
83. -A!
85. -^TI
SYLLABIC
VALUES
tiir, diir, tu7'
gur, kur
St
IDEOGRAMS
-^yy, Sin; -HF- "-IL
/^•/; 41 i^yyy <ig[,
^^IN Ipazajtrm, gov-
ernor.
^i^/?/, field.
kiSadu, neck, bank; ►f^^
Ey^, gi'g^llit, director;
Kiltil, Cuthah.
biltu, tribute, talent.
dispu, honey
tdrii, to turn; a measure.
karnu, horn; ^\\ y^^^
eSeru, to be straight;
A4y. >pyy <y^, ,■,,..
nu, iltami, the North^
Wind; c^y) "^yy v
si gam, lock, cage.
92
SIGN
86. ^^TAT
87. "^TT^
88. ►pTTI
"==TTT^
90.
92.
93-
94.
95-
96.
97-
^^
:f-+
g^^Vi^T
SYLLABIC
VALUES
far (and comp.
241)
iak, sak, sag, riS,
ris
md
dir, tir, tii\ mal
tab, tap, dap, tab
tak, tak, tag, ^um,
Sun
ab, ap, eS
nab, nap
mul
tig, uk, uk
az, as, a^
IDEOGRAMS
burriimu, brightly colour-
ed; birnin, brightly col-
oured cloth.
riSu, head; '^||^ J^|,
kakkadu, head; *^| [t^
^JlY, aSaridu , chief;
E>^ M tf^, sakfi, ruler ;
ty "^ITt^ ^^, sikku-
rii, bolt.
M *^In» elippu, ship;
E^ "^IIT lif ina-
la^ii, sailor.
arbau, irbitti, four; (^^| |)
tt ^HP (<Pf), Arbd-
ilu, Arbela.
lapatu, to turn, to over-
throw.
kakkabu, star.
erU, copper.
93
SIGN
oo.
^^l
lOI. tjilj,
.03. <Tm
104. t^ITT
105. .-:r
107. ►-;
SYLLABIC
VALUES
dup
ta
kan, gan
see
^^<
IDEOGRAMS
/^^/^//, gate; t-X^ Ej*^,
abullu, city-gate; ^tf^y
^//?/, Babylon.
Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.
duppu , tablet ; tabaku ,
to pour out; ^>^|il|
>^y<y^, dup-Hmti, tablet
of destiny; (EJffl)
^arru, scribe.
istu, ultu, from; t^J JI IT
^^, determinative af-
ter numbers and meas-
ures.
naidu, nadu, exalted;
kuppu , askuppatu ,
threshold.
determinative after num
bers (see 231); ^^
^pK, h^gallu, abun-
dance.
94
SIGN
:o8.
109.
1 10.
106.
1 1 1.
1 12.
114.
IIS.
SYLLABIC
VALUES
tur
:>m
t^>^m
16.
17
120.
ad, at, at
ia
in
rab, rap
sar, sar, Sir, ^ir
se, Slim
kas, ras, ras
gab, gap, kab, daJj,
duj}, ta^, tu}p
IDEOGRAMS
$a}}ru, sitru, small; maru,
son; ^^ Cif^Tl (^phi,
maru, son; ►^gf: V?^?
martu, bintii, daughter;
(>-y<y4^) X^, marUtu,
sonship.
abii, father.
Sarru, king; *"n t^Iffi'
Marduk.
Satdru, to write; ►^j ^1^'
/^m7, plantation ; ^I^
^^ tl ' kuta^suru , to
collect, to rally.
mttu, dead.
nadanu, to give; ^y
^I^, sfimiL, onion.
}}arrdnu, way; ►^ , gtrru,
campaign ; {^ 'i?'>^j
biru, space of two hours.
irt2i, breast; Jr'i^ >^yT<T (!!)'
gabru, mahiru, rival.
95
SIGN
121. ^^}
123- i^
124. >::^^
125. t^^]
126. t:^^]
127. ::<^
128. ^<3s:T
129. t^i
130. tx^ ^
132. t<^^]
131. -<3i<I
133. ^>^TI
134. t^M
135. ^^11
136. fc^T
SYLLABIC
VALUES
138.
am
ne, te, de, bil, pil,
kum, kum, bi
bil, pil
zik, zik, sip
ku, kum
gaz, gas, ga^, kas
rain
ur
il
du, gup, kup, ^up,
gub, kub, kub,
kin
turn, dum, {ib)
IDEOGRAMS
??ru, field; sir, against.
rimu, wild ox; t^ "^IJ,
pfni, elephant.
$fru, flesh; oracle.
iSatu, fire; eSiu, new; >^>7-
t^] -yy^i,, Gibtl,
fire-god.
eiiu, new.
^<5Sy <M, Uruk, Erech.
ddku, to slay.
rainu, to love.
Ninua, Nina, Nineveh.
stlnu, loins; ^>^ JZ^yy*
isid Same, the horizon.
iSdu, foundation.
alaku, to go; nazazu, to
stand; kanu, to stand;
klnu, true; ^y ^y>
italluku, to go.
96
SIGN
39-
.4.. ^11
142. Ifl^T
.43. :::^TT
144- >— «
45-
TT
146. t:^}
148. ^
149- S?=
SYLLABIC
VALUES
d!\ kaS, gas, kas
Hm, rik, rik, rig
kib, kip, kit, kip
tak, iak, dak
kak, kak, da
ni, zaly sal, ^al,
L li
IDEOGRAMS
iineni, ass, a measure;
horse; Cl^i^ I^^-T
*~^\,parn, mule; C^lt^
'V Spf-j, gamma lu, ca-
mel.
arkil, situated behind; fu-
ture; arki, behind, after.
►^1 ►-ii_, kardnu, wine.
zikaru, male; suSsu, sixty.
epiru, eprii, dust.
Sikaru , date - wine ; >^
^Iitp, kurunrnt , se-
same-wine.
rikkii, a sweet -smelling
wood ; fcy ) >^Cl^I I
^^^yy. burasu, pine-
tree.
^<5;?«, stone.
z^rtw??, to build; epeSii, to
make; kalii, all.
samnu, oil; EhPFF HFf- ►^'
/<?/??, porter. Comp. too
^ Sf^, /-/?, my god.
97
SIGN
150. ^
151- ^I
153. CS^' i^^]
154- ►!! ^^^^^
:50-
IT
157- Kfflf
.58. ^
■59- t^'^'^
160. :^tll
.6.. ^m
.62. :^M
63. -!
SYLLABIC
VALUES
mal
dak, dak, tak, par
pa, Ipat, hat
^ab, sap, sap
sib, sip
iz, is, i^, gis
IDEOGRAMS
rapdSu, to be broad; rapSu,
broad; rupSu, breadth;
ummu, mother.
kisallu, platform; Samnu,
oil.
^ I ^^^SS] , guStlru ,
beam.
milku, counsel.
^I R-, hattu, sceptre;
^ "i^y "^yy, i^^akku,
ruler; >->^ t^, Nabii,
elat Same, the zenith.
par^u, command.
•^HP ^I^' Niisku,
(E^) ►^IHI, reu, shep-
herd.
i^u, wood; SuteSuru, to
direct (other wise *^I I
^y^); ::y jgy, kakku,
weapon; iukultu, help;
see]^;::y^^,?/w-
tu, boundary, end, sculp-
ture; ^y ^^^, ^illu.
SIGN
164. t^I^
165. m
166. t-J^
.67. ^TT-
168. t]}
169. -T^^
170. tlli^
.71. ^]}}
172.
tm
SYLLABIC
VALUES
al
u5, up, ar
mar
duk, lud, lut lut
un
kid, kit, kid, kit,
git, sal}, sih, lil
IDEOGRAMS
shadow ; t\ "^IT^
*^'^, sikkfiru, bolt; ^j
I , tukumtii, tukuntu,
tukmatii , opposition ,
battle; >-HP ^I HP'
Gibil, fire -god; isatii,
fire.
alpu, ox.
kibratu, quarter of heaven.
V tiv -^l «M).
mat amujri, the West-
ernland; i^^f ^IT'^
^^^ I , amurrfi, the west-
wind; see 4^Tr-
^ «IEJ)' Babilu, Ba-
bylon.
karpatu, pot, vessel.
inbu, fruit.
ni$u, people; "^ ^iTT
!»»>» , Hgreti, women
of the palace (^ J^ F. H.),
99
SIGN
^jn
.74. ^m:^
.75. ^IIT^
.76. m^m
.77. m<
.78. m
1-9. JrlM
.80. tniT
8.. tm^
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
rid, rit, Hd, Sit, \ minilUi, number; (E^^)
lak, lak, mis, ^U, Sangu, priest;
^^^ ^211, kiimikku,
seal; »->f- ^ffl, i^/^r-
?/, Sam, San
g^
lalp. Hi}, luh, rij}
kal, rib, lab, lap,
lib, lip, dan, tan.
bit, bit, pit] e (rare)
mr
ritti, fodder; ammatu, an
ell; Sammu, plant.
Sizbii, milk.
nasU, to raise.
sukkallu, minister.
dannu, mighty; dannis,
exceedingly ; ^»7^ ^Ilr
lamassu, sacred colossal
bull; ^y ^llf uSU, a
precious wood; (EhPHf)
Hlf, idlu, man, lord.
^>^ ^TT*^f ^^du, sacred
colossal bull ; KJeJ
Hl^^T' karasu, camp.
bltu, house; ^inl n '
j^«^?7 , priest ; ^ J J 1 1
E I ^ , ekalhi , palace ;
^iT IT ''^^ ekurru, tem-
pie; tITII ^\X iga-
ru, wall.
7*
lOO
SIGN
82. ^TI^
83. E^II
185. ^HHPF
186. t:^i
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^/(rare), comp. bi
ra
SIS, Sis, StS, SIS
87. E^< (^^<) zak, zak
188. ^
189. ^I
190. E<^<
191. E<^|
192. ^yy
'93
•^
see fc^fcj
see {jf Y
^'^, //, it
HI
da, ta
as
IDEOGRAMS
^W^ {]]), tar., to
turn.
amelii, man; E^fp^ ^^ITTl
JEIJ, amelu, man.
^^?/, brother; nasaru, to
protect ; >^>7- ^Iffl^
^J.^{ , Nannaru , Sin ;
e:?s^ :^<3<iy <!!,
6^;7, the city Ur.
imnu, right; pcltu, bound-
ary; putii, front, face.
idu, hand; ^^T •-y<I,
naSru , eagle ; p^xl
*^|<|-^, liu, strong.
kablu, midst, battle.
t^I I *^^il, daril, ever-
lasting; ^11 'ife^, dan-
nu, mighty.
lOl
SIGN
194,
EI
195
. EI-
196. EI^
197. m
.98. tWl
'99
. m
200.
EV
SYLLABIC
VALUES
ma
gal, kal
bar
bis, pis, kir, gir
mir
bur, pur
IDEOGRAMS
ET £?II, matu, land; Ej
Ef*^, adannii, exceed-
ingly; Ej >"^I, maun,
maneh.
rabil, great; Ej*^ ^^^ITT"^'
nsumgallu , monster-
viper; E;?SET--::H
fc^tJ, rab-ki^ir, cap-
tain; tC^ t]- >^,
an officer (chief of the
bakers); E^ El*^ tij
^tq^, rab-saki, an of-
ficer (cup-bearer?) ; EtfflF
ET*" K >^I<, rab-esre-
ti, chief over ten, de-
curio; E^ Ej-^ T^
^»^||, rab-ase, chief-
astrologer.
parakku, shrine.
agu, crown; tzzu, angry,
terrible.
(Elffi) EjII^, nagiru,
commander.
see
^T (136)
102
SIGN
201. '^, \i^
202. ^L \AT*
203.
204. ^TT
-5. S]
207
. jit
-6. ^^tW?
208. J^/C:-^
209. "M^W
210. v
^viLUK : IDEOGRAMS
<5<f//w, lady.
ar^u, yellow, green.
dud, tup
Su, kat, kat ! >^J^?/, hand; ^] *^j I, ?//^^-
nu, finger; ,£] ^'>\-
'-^\ «I^), Babylon;
>ET CLT ' napharu,
total; E:?S JI ^T
•^11^, siitsake, officer.
//// , lib , lip, I E>^ >E 1^, zainmeru, male
musician ; 'V?' »p|^ ?
zammeriu, ndrtu, female
musician; ^[>^ |Y, -f^-
libu, fox.
damdku, to be favourable;
^'/z, date-palm.
^almii, image.
V ^"^V «IEJ), Akkad
(sometimes Urartu, Ar-
menia).
lup, i)aU, nar
sa (rare)
gatn, kain,gur
see 20
202
and
103
SIGN
II. V
212
. '^
213-
2 14. t-V]
2X5. ^-ffi
2,6. ^-^fl<
-7. -^-m
2.8. -i^I
219
220
SYLLABIC
VALUES
kur, mat, mad,
iad, Sa/, sat, lat,
nat, nad, kin
se
bu, pu, sir, {Ht),
git, kit
uz, us, us
Sud, hit, sir
inuL sir
tzr
te
kar
lis, lis
IDEOGRAMS
mdtu, land, country; $a-
dil, mountain; kaSadu,
to conquer; napaku, to
shine forth; iadil, the
east-wind.
^eu, grain; "^ (^TII^)^
magaru, to be obedient
to; ¥" ►^i E^, Samai-
Saminu, sesame-seed.
^•^ (^11), arku, long.
ruku, distant.
^iru , serpent ; ^*"tTT^
4i,\t^, muSrushl, red
dragon (comp. Revel.
12, 3).
kiStu, wood.
temenu, foundation-stone;
tahU. teiptl, to be near;
^1 1 ' gallu, devil;
r '^h see 293.
karu, wall; eteru, to pro-
tect.
104
SIGN
221,
222
■ ^T
-3. ^T'
224.
225.
^!TT
^ICmT
SYLLABIC
VALUES
ud, ui, lit, u, tu,
ta m, bir, par, pir,
la}}, li^, ^is, (pis
pi, /rt:/(rare),babyl.
also ya, yi, wa,
wi (later ma, mi)
lib
IDEOGRAMS
a sign used for marking
the division of words
(orig. for equation).
ilmii, day; uimi, dragon;
samsu, sun; ^Itu, exit;
pi^U, white; ^>^ ^\
Samas] ^\ >^\, asil,
to go forth; >^>^ ^J
[ ^>^| , ^It saniH, sun-
rise; -^ ^T I Tf
ereb samsi, sun- set; T
^^-JilJ n~' siparru,
bronze; ^J ^<3<lT
^IeJ, Lars am-, ^\ Jl^f
-TUT <M, ^^z/^'^;
T^ & ^T :^^ -TTTT
(^IeJ), Purdtu, Euphra-
tes; T ^TT» urru, light.
z^2^«2^, ear.
libbu, heart; "^TTT """^T^
^►^T^' ^^P^^ph descen-
dant;(^:ryT)^TTT-^ir.
the city Assur.
rti'tii, rutu, spittle.
105
SIGN
22
6. ^?
227. i^
^•A
229. A»-HF-
231. A"^
232.
^^
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^ab, ^ap, zab, bir,
pir, lah, lib
zib, zip, ^ip
i
! hi. ii. sar
> J . > ) .> :
rt, 2, u, a , z , u
ab, ib, ub
kam, ^^w
im
IDEOGRAMS
(Ehfw) T» ^abu, warrior;
T \4^It), umma?iu,
host; ^} t^, niraru,
helper.
pir u, offspring.
ki^satu, host, the world;
^ (-Ilk), tabu, good;
^^'T" ^, the god As-
sur; V -HF- A <M»
Assyria; '-^JJ i^
determinative after num-
bers (= '^^, comp.
107).
mru, wind; i^^f *^^ITTT
^E|[. j^//^, south-wind;
tanu, iltdnu, north-wind ;
A4f ^W -EiT.
amurru , west - wind ;
east - wind ; -oi.Tr
\[»^^r I, imbullu, evil
I06
SIGN
233. J$ktiB
234- A^
235- ■4<^
237- ATI
'■3^- <
239. <--H
240. <^^TT
24.. <^]A]
242. "(^
243. <^M
244. <2s
245. K^^
246. «rf
SYLLABIC
VALUES
dir, pir
Ipar, ^ir, J^ur, mui\
kin
huS, ruS
^un
muh
(comp. 86)
lid^ Hi, lit, rim
kir
kiS, kis, kis
mi
gul, kul, kul, SU71
TDEOdRAMS
wind; »^HF~ ^4f' the
god Adad (babyl. Ram-
man); ^^ ^]]]l
irpitu, urpatu, cloude;
-oi,^ it, naidu, na-
du, exalted.
sapdlpn, to bring to naught.
^^ '^IT^, $adt7,
mountain-range.
ruSSu, red; izzu, angry
(and comp. 216).
ma ddn , mddu, many;
sign of phiral.
(>^HP") ^' the god Adad
or Rammdn.
eli, over, upon.
^Hh <^!l NergaL
^Hh ^*>^T^L ^^i(^r, god-
dess; htar.
kiSiatu, host, the world.
mU^u, night; ^almu, dark.
i
I07
SIGN
^54. <^
-'55. <^I
357. <^
258. <E^
259. <m}A
^^V, ^^/^
260. -(!»-
$i, lim
SYLLABIC
VALUES
nim, mim\ turn
(rare)
turn
lam, limQ)
zur, ^ur
ban, pan
kirn, gini, dim
IDEOGRAMS
^I ^^^^4^, irSu, couch.
(V) <::^I ET <IgI, Elam.
»-Hf- ^ ^], Marduk.
(IHIX^, ?^^M offering,
t^l ^^ It kastu, bow.
kima, like, as.
j'^///, foot; (Et^) <^
^►^I , ^akkanakku, sak-
kanaku, governor; \^
^"^ fc:<y y^«^, bones;
»^HP ^^» -y^^^, field;
NergaL
kabtu, heavy.
marsu, sick.
fnu, eye; panu, face;
ma^rUy front; am am,
to see; \l*^ f , ^w^-
r?^, to see; \I*^ \|^>
abiktu, defeat; »-HF" ^T*"
►^y, M;///^, NergaL
io8
SIGN
^6.. <MT<T
264. <h^}
SYLLABIC
VALUES
265. <ym
266. KKItT
267. <I^, I^
^68. <m <m
269. m
ar
di, ti
till, til
ki
IDEOGRAMS
tukultu, help; ittu, sign.
damaku, to be favourable;
dam kit , favourable ;
diunku, dunku, favour;
^) ^I'^^f daimktu,
mercy, favour.
«, and; tj <I-M JEJ,
a^uhu, a tree.
limnii, evil; k^) \r itj'
Ihnuttu, evil.
ialamu, to be complete;
Sulmu, prosperity ; \ 1 Pp
^*^, daianu , judge;
\|H- ^^tJ, sattukkii,
regular offering; \f>+^
11, sananu, to equal;
-H^ <I:^ El >^, sui.
manu, the god Sulmdn.
tilu, mound.
ir^itu, earth; aSru, place;
/■//^ with; ^JEJ ::yyf
damiatu, distress; \J£|
t^lll, Saplu, under
part, low; ^JEJ t^^
tog
SIGN
270. ^TTT
271. ^
din, tin
272. <yi
Sik, hk, sik, zik,
pik, pik
273. <}-}}}}
dun, sul, sul
274. <}}
275. <y
pad, pat, pat, suk,
Suk
276. <w
277. «
man, nis
278««<
es, sin
278^ f
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
(or >-II) >-yy4l, Sumer;
<IB[ !§[' Subtil, dwell-
ing; ^I^y f", ^ukultu,
weight (?).
sign of repetition, ditto.
balatu, to live ; ^ i^^l^]^
\1eJ, Babilu, Babylon.
var. of' JJ.
ellu, bright; <^} ^Jl^,
hurasu, gold; ^ ^J,
kaspu, sarpu, silver.
kurummatu , food ; \ y
^ *►-] Vh nindabii, free-
will offering.
imnu, right; ►^►f-« ^j|,
2.?/«;' , goddess , Istar
(number fifteen).
Same, king; SainaS (num-
ber twenty).
(^*1^) \\\, Sin (number
thirty); ^^^H^, purus-
su, decision.
^*^*^) % ^nl^l (number
fifty).
no
SIGN
79. T
280.
r
282.
D
283.
B
284.
^
285.
t3^
286.
m
287.
m^
288.
117
289.
M
290.
m
291.
ca
292. m]<<
SYLLABIC
VALUES
cits, tis, tis, tis,
ana
lal, la
kil, kil, gil, rim,
rin , J}ab , hap,
kir
zar, sar
u
pu, till
bul, pul
zuk, ziik, suk
IDItOGRAMS
ana, to; iUen, one; enu-
ma, when; determina-
tive before proper na-
mes.
^akdlu, to weigh; ^imittu,
yoke; kamu, to bind, to
catch. Comp. no. 269.
IT ]05 ndru, river.
^I J^y, fiarkabtu, chariot.
IT T>H-^T. iddil, bitumen;
n TB2f ^T !5<T If
knpru, bitumen.
M^ M A If mu,
sheep.
bUru, well, spring.
puUhurii, to collect; >Hl
JLhL-T, naplparu, whole,
total.
annanna, "so and so".
1 1
SIGN
293
• T'
294- I"^^. I'
.95. HI
296. M
17. m
299.
MI
300. MIE
301. mw-w
302
• I
303- 1'^'^
i^
1^:.^^-
SYLLABIC
VALUES
me, Hb, hp^ sip
mes, mis
ib, ip
IDEOGRAMS
1*^ is sometimes used for
r^*^ ; r ^1, simtu,
ornament (simat worthy
of).
sign of the pluraL
ku, dnr, tuk (rare),
tus
tukultu, help; subatu, gar-
ment; ambu, to dwell;
IeJ I^IIE, ulinnu, a
garment; ^y JEJ, kakku,
weapon ; 7irkarinnu ,
box-tree; ^J JEJ "^^^
mittu, club(?).
lu, dib, tibj tib ^abdtu, to take; senu,
sheep; ^Tf ^>^, im-
meru, lamb, sheep.
ki, kin, kin
sik
Su
dij ti
Sipru, letter; mu uru, to
send, to rule.
Hpdiu, wool; sdrtu, hair.
►^T I^II^TTT' ^rinu, ce-
dar.
kissatu, host, the world;
•^HF" L Marduk.
$iptu, incantation.
Salamu, to be complete,
etc.; see \I^^, no. 267
see ::^I^.
112
SIGN
304. I^
305. lEinH
306. vmi
307- ^
308. ^^
309. ^t]
310. ^^T
311. ^^
313. 1^
312. ^v
SYLLABIC
VALUES
i sal, sal, rag, rak,
' miuj mini
su, rik
nin
dam, tarn
gu
amat (only in Ti-
am at)
IDEOGRAMS
sardpu, to burn.
^1 l^ill^S' '^i^i'u, yoke.
^idiltu, joy.
siimis , sinnistu , female,
wife; V" >\-, nukurtu,
hostility; ^ ^T*^-^^'
see<KK-<T-IH.
iimuttu, evil; "^ E[,
mimma , anything.
Comp. too 171.
^^//2/, lady; »-Hh I^ET
^I^ -EV, Allatti, a
goddess ; >^^ l^El
tjyy, M«-/?7 (wife of
En-lil).
a^Satu, wife.
^I "i?"^ YY, kiissil, throne;
^^ V{ I*"' guzaln,
shepherd (?), messenger;
^>{- ^^ »-El, Bau.
naggaru, nangaru, a work-
man (smith?).
amtu, maid.
113
SIGN
3.4. t-Itl
3.5. ^m
3.6. T^t
3.7. ^-4ii
II
3US. TT
319- Ifc
20.
Ifc!
3-'. TK«
323. ]}
SYLLABIC
VALUES
mkf Ilik
el
luvi, Ifuin-, kt/s{?)
IDEOGRAMS
see 272
fuk, t7ik
<II
ui% Ilk, Itk, taS,
tas, das, das, tis,
tiz, tis
libittu, brick; lipittu, en-
closure.
number two.
isii , to have; used in
proper names for ^iib-
sil, to create.
^r I *^^j[j[, 7ie$u, lion;
IH HP E -IL barba-
ru, wolf; IH "^IT^'
kardii, karradu, strong;
Ijy ]^, ^^/^«, dog;
y^l ^, Hdimmu^),
raging hound (name of
a star).
Sumelu, left (number hund-
red fifty).
mil, water; aplu, son;
mdru, son; if ^n~'
zananu, to rain; |T^n~»
t^III Tl -+, deter-
minatives after numbers
and measures; jy ^t|
114
SIGN
32
6. If<
327. ^^<e=;Ty
II
SYLLABIC
VALUES
IDEOGRAMS
at
za, ^a
ba
g^g
^►^I , tiamatu , tamiu^
tanidu, sea; [y ^HT'
?«f/«, flood; lY ^rsc^,
?^^^r//, land; Jf ^JJI,
^/^/?/, field; y]r ^T*^*
bakil, to weep; bikttu,
weeping; |Y 0, w^;7/,
river; J^ ]^ J^f •-JI'-,
Puratu, Euphrates; [y
]^, see ISST; 1^
■I^^[::;^TTf see
asi2, seer; EJ^ J^
*"^^|-^, ndk-ine, irriga-
tor; E^ H I^H, w^r-
Hpri, messenger.
^*T~ IT if ^h a goddess.
S^<^ ^]r V, ukntl, lapis
lazuli; :^^]f ]] V
►f--^, j//>;'?/, a kind of
lapis lazuli.
m'lnu, fish; }}< [f, ^^Z^-
-^//, to be destroyed.
sik, sik, sik, zik, see no. 272 (var. \\<\).
pik^ piJ?
115
SIGN
lib
3.9. !TT«<
330. w
332
. w
333- TTT
SYLLABIC
VALUES
^
^a, gar
ia (number five)
ai
IDEOGRAMS
hammamu, quarter of
heaven.
Hklu, shekel.
Sarru, king.
Sakanu, to set; Hknu,
image; akalu, food; y
^111^, makkilru, pro-
perty; Y ►>^|, kudur-
ru, boundary, service;
^ ^\<\t, bum, pro-
perty; Y it, meSril,
v^ealth; (E>?5) T > -f^^-
;z?^, governor; ►^J Y
VPy hattu, sceptre.
'^'^ W II Ig^gi^ the
spirits of heaven.
number six.
ii6
QLOSSHRY
Abdlu, to bring, Illg ztssibil
ahatti, to do thoroughly, IV, to flee
abiktu, defeat
abltu, will, command
abii, father
adannil, greatly
adi, together with, as far as
adi, compact
admanu, house
agdgu, to be enraged
agdru, to hire
afiamii, each other
afidzu, to hold
a]}inna = ahi, side, and anna, this
aliu, side
aim, hostile
akdlu, to eat, food
alaktu, way
aldku, to go
aldlu, to hang up
ali-ma, where ?
allaku, courier
allu, a chain
amdru, to see
amdtu, affair, word
af7ielu, man
a««, to
annulim, now
a//«, son
aplutti, sonship
apparu, swamp
arddu, to go down, set out
arbau, four
ar^w, slave
arjiu, month
arkdnu, afterwards
alabu, to dwell
alar, where
asdru, to besiege (comp. cs'eru)
airu, place
aUuritu, the Assyrian
a^u, go out, to go up
ataru, to increase (and comp. iutttru)
attMii, as for us
eberu, to cross, III2 to extend over
edu, alone, one
elenu, upper
eli, more than
elu, to be high, to depart, IIj to raise,
IIIj to bring up
emldu, IIj to erect
emukii, force, army (comp. imulfu)
epelu, to do, make (comp. ipiltu)
epiru, dust, earth (comp. ipru)
epiitu, plu. iplatu, deed
erebtt, to enter (comp. irub)
eserti, to besiege (comp. asdru)
117
dent, to ^uidc, Tllg direct, make straight
ellutUy newness
ete^u, to march (and comp. metiku)
ezebu, to leave, to deliver, TIIj to save
ezezu, to make strong
idti, side
idu, to know
ihzu, hilt
ikimu, seize
///, against
ilippit, ship
ihi, god
ilutzt, divinity
iinu^u, power, force (comp. emeku)
ina, in, with
mil, eye
ipilUi, deed (comp. epiltu)
ipru, dust (comp. epiru)
irsitu, earth
iruhvia, irtimnia, comp. erebu
iiarti, straight
ilaru, III2 see ^Jf?rz<
ilatti, fire
ilhatu, fetter
is^uru, bird
iltaritum, a goddess
intent* in, I3 to devise (of JlUli^)
z^zf, wood
z'/^z^, with
//«, darkness
uba i, of ny^> to seek (see 5a' z7)
iillanu, without
tiltii, out of
z^z«a, so
lunmanu, people, i)lu. troops
nmnni, mother
uDiii, day
umi{, ina nmeitima, at that time
umussn, daily
ur}iit, road
urk'ttu, green herb
urruhii, quickly
tiimanu, camj)
uzmi, ear
ia'w, II J to seek
Ja^M, gate
^a-^M, to weep
balatu, live, spare
balkatn, IIIj to tear down
baltti, alive
banat, mother
5a«w, to found, to build, to make
balu, to be, to happen, IIIi place
battibatti, in the neighbourhood
behc, to take possession of, to rule; lord
beltu, lady
biltu, present
bilu, to take possession of, see belu
birinni, between us
biritu, bond
birmi, variegated (stuffs)
bitiiallu, saddle-horse
bltM, house
bubutu, bread
gafnru, complete
gappu, feather
gdiilu, stake
gibiUf multitude
gimru, all
girru, expedition
dabdbuy to device
dababtu, device
dagalu, to see
dagalu pan, to be subject to
daku, to muster
daku, to kill
ii8
dalht, door
dama^u, to be favourable
damiktM, favour
dam^arzi, name of a profession
dam^u, favourable
dandnu, might
dannu, mighty, strong
dannutu, fortress
ddru, ana ddrdtim, continuously, for ever
diku^ assemble
dimtu, tears
dtJiii, judgement
duni^u, mercy
dunltu, favour
duru, wall
za^anM, to adorn (see §a7m)
za^dpzi, to set up (and 11^)
zakdrti, to address, to speak
zananu, to send rain
zikaru, man
zikrti, name
zufnmii, deprived
//
fiabahi, plunder
liadu, to rejoice
halabu, cover
hamat, aid
liamtUy }iantuy swift
fiaradu, be victorious (?)
Jiarrdnu, path, way (and Jiardmi)
liarii, to dig out
}iatu, to sin
hifitu, sin
^ubiUf plunder
hurasu, gold
tdbtti, the good
tabu, to be pleasant, to be good
tabuy good
ta}}U, to approach
tehu, to draw near, to approach
timii, understanding, news
tittu, clay
tubbu, joy, health
K
kabattit, liver
kabittu, mind
kakku, weapon, arms
kaldlu, to fulfil
kalbu, dog
kalmatti, insect
kam, after ordinal numbers
kamdsu, kamdru, to take one's stand
kamii, to conquer, to take
kanaiu, to prostrate, to submit
kdnu, to stand
kardbu, be propitious, bless, be gracious
kdru, wall
kaiddu, capture, approach, conquer;
ik-lu-us-su-mc-ti for ik-iu-ud-su-nu-ti
katdfnu, cover
kibratu^ plu. ktbrati, region
kidinii, protection
khna, according to, like
ktpu, governor
kirbu, midst
kiru, park, plantation
kiiddu, bank of a river
kiiiaiu, hosts
i&/Jf/«, wood
kitru, assistance, aid
kurmatu, nourishment
ktder, becoming
labdru, to be old
labdlti, to clothe
lapan, before
libbu, heart
limnu. evil
Ihmittu, evil
IIQ
liiami, tongue, si^ccch
hibultUy clothing
M
tna'adii, ana ma* adil, in great numbers
ma'adii, much
ma'ad7i, to swarm, to be many
ma'dii, much
mada(t)t7i, tribute
magaru, to be favourable, to favour,
to obey
mahdru, to receive
ma^asu, to smite, I2 itndah^is, to fight
mahazu, city, fortified-city
ma/j^ur, forward
inajiru, first, former
?nakatUf to fall, Ij {i-tu-]ziit for imtal^tit)
idem, IIIj to overthrow
mala, as many as
maldkti, to counsel
malii, to fill
mama, any
mamttti, oath
mana, maneh
mandatti, gift
mantna, any
manii, to number, to count
markasti, cord
marsu, sick
mdrtu, daughter
mdru, IIj to send
maru, son
ma^artu, a guard, watchman, observation
maldru, IIj to leave
malkanu, station, place
malku, skin
mdltitu, a drink
ma^u, to find
fnaiu, to forget
mdtu, to die
matti, laud
w^, enclitic particle
meti^ti, course (comp. ^-/J/^w and mitil?u)
tnigru, darling
tnilammu. lustre
7nilku, counsel
wm/, how ?
mi^ru, territory
mitiku, progress (comp. metiktt)
mtiu, the dead
WM plu. w?, water
muhliu, top part
midarkis, doer (from rakasu)
Ttiulpalu, depth
mu^u, an exit
m.ulu, night
mutu, death
nabalu, dry land, island
nabdlu, to destroy
nahmtu, creation
«a3^7, to call, name
nadanu, to give
nadu, cast down
nakaru, foe, enemy
na^dru, destroy, lay waste
nakasu, to cut down
nakiru, enemy
nalbalu, garment
namdrti, to be bright
namririi, brilliance
napiitti, life
nardmu, beloved
nardrti, help
narkabtu, plu. chariot
w5r2/, river, canal
nasdjiu, drive away
naldku, to kiss
na^dru, to keep, observe, keep watch,
guard
naldlu, to move (?) p. 80, line 23
waifw, to lift up
nazdzti, to stand (still), to station
W///7/, peaceful, fern, nlhtu
nindaggara, see magdrti
120
7tlru, yoke
niUi, people, men
nurii, light
sahapn, to cast down
safiarny lll^ to surround
sakapu, to cast down
salu, to pray
sapanu, to overcome
sikkuru, bolt
s'lrntu, insignia
sipp7i, threshold
sisu, horse
sittu, rest
su^u, street
surraiUy sedition
padami, way
pagru, corpse
pahadu^ to grant, to appoint
palafiu, to fear
/<7/?7, year of reign
panu^ face, former
par^u, command •
paru, mule
parzillu, iron
palahu, be at rest
palaru, to annul
pataru, to release
patrti, dagger
/?/i7, porter
pifiatu, prefect
pilfititi, appointment
///«, to open
pu, mouth
pulujitu, fear
piirussu, decision
putu, face, entrance
^abatti, to take, to grasp, to set forth
^abe kidinni, temple-servant
sahu^ warrior, servant, soldier, man
^almu, image
^alu, III beseech
^amddu, to yoke
sdmi, IIj to adorn, to favour (or za'dmi)
sardhu, IVj was angiy
^dtti, wn si' die, da3's of old
^eheru, to be young
^ifiru, small
^iru, a plain
^Iru, noble
siruUun, against them
^ubdtu, garment
K
kabal tdnitim, midst of the sea
kablu, fight
kabu, hihu, to speak, utter, say
^a^^adu, head
kakharu, place, ground
kapddu, to plan
kdpu, to entrust to
hardbu, to draw near; a battle
hdlu, to present
^dtu, hand
h'lbttu, to command
i^z6z7, to speak
ro*M, great
rakdbii, to ride
rakdsit, to bind (and comp. tmdarkJs)
rakbu, messenger
ranidnilu, himself
ramu, to place
rdmu, to love, IIl/lIi incline unto com
passion
rapUi, broad
rahi, to grant, show
raUibtu, might
121
rdiu, head, summit
rimu, grace
riksM, bond
rittu, hand
rubu, prince, fern, rubatic, princess
rii^u, distant
rukubu, carriage
ia, as (it appeareth), who
ia'alu, to ask
iabdru, to shatter
iadu, satu, mountain
iafiatu, to strip
iakanu, to set, to place
laknu, governor
lakii officer, see luparu
lalalu, to carry off, to pkmder
ialamu, to be well, to prosper
lalatu, to pierce
iallatu, spoil, booty
Sa/mii, peacefully
Salputu, misfortune
iamit, heaven
ianttu, time, repetition
lanu, another
ianu, declare, II^ to inform
lapahu, to spread
iaparu, saparu, to send
laplu, lower
lara^M, to grant
larapu, to burn
larratu, queen
larru, constr. la;-, king
larrutu, royalty
lalmu, battle
iataruy to wjite
latu, to drink
lelibu, fox
lemu, to hear (and limu)
iepu, foot
iibbu, girdle
iitntu, fate
iimz'ru, a ring
1/»?M, to hear, see Semii
Upru, a dispatch
liptu, incantation
lipu, foot (see iepu)
llrtc, flesh (heart), body
itibiti, constr. Hibat, dwelling, seat
hikalulu, to swing
lulmu, peace, safety, well
lumma, if
Hi?nu, name
ItLparlaku (or better Sui-Soi^i), general
liiparu, ruler
Ittrbu, exalted
luru, ox
Jf/?/«, belonging to, see iuparu
Suttiru, mighty (comp. atdru)
tabdkuy to pour out
ta^azu, battle
taf}tu, overthrow
takdluy to trast
tamd^u, to seize, to hold
tamartu, gift
tdmtu, tdmdu, sea
/arz^, return, to turn, to fall; II| add
teniietu, mankind
teslitu, tellltUy prayer
tibu, to rise, to come
tibutu, the advance
tidukUy warrior
tillu, pit
tukultu, help
22
CORRIGENDH
Page 14, 1. II, for tif^y^ read tihy-
„ 15, 1. 9, for j;3ni^ read j;^-^^-
16, § 16, 1. 6, for contraction read harmony.
„ 19, § 19, 1. 8, for X^ lead ^J^} ; 1. n, for ^ ^\ read ^^JJ; and
for ^>3;0 read F>a;^ T ; 1. I2, for transscription read transcription.
. 23, 1. 3, for 4^t\\ read <;::y^; also 1. 4.
24, 4, 1. I, for in read is.
„ 26, § 37, 1. 12, for ^t^y read ^>^y|; for tl^ lead E^-
„ 31, 1. 2, for -(l^^ read CtEJ; 1- 4, f^"' *^!TT '"^''^^ ^n*
„ 33, 1. 6, for *^i read ^JJ.
„ 37, 1. 9, for ;^ read >jp_I-
» 39, § 55, 1- 5, for ::J<J read X^.
„ 42, § 61, 1. 9, for ►»-Ty read ►^-yy.
„ 43, 1. 24, for ibnikuna read ihnikimu.
„ 44, 1. 3, for J^ read ^y^-
„ 49, § 78, 1. II, for ►-^ read ^^.
„ 53, 1. 4, for ^y read tr<yy.
„ 55, § 96, 1. 5, before t^ insert 4^^.
„ 62, 1. 4, for »^yy V read >^yy'!<^.
„ 64, 1. 2, for >-yy< read »-yy<y.
„ 67, 1. 29, for left read lift.
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