3fc
KING'S
College
LONDON
Library
200914000
KING'S COLLEGE LONDON
BRITISH ZOOLOGY.
VOL. IV.
Printed by S. Hamilton, Weybridge.
I
B R I T I S II ZOOL O CrlT.
"VOX. • IV.
C B S TAC E A- 3M O L L. TT S CA •
T E S TACEA .
O MABE, C) LITTUS.vpium fecretumque
'M'&cr&.a v/t±iiam multa hivc-iutis , qiiam multa
dictatis /
LONLO U".
FBIXTED for J.Walker. ffiOcic and Robinson , I.Wumi . Wdtc .Cochrane, k C? Longman Hurst .
Aw (W and Brown T X- /4 Arrh R. Baldwin Coded k Davies . J. Sordino . J. Richardson .J Booth,
J.Murman and J. Johnson k C°.
1.612.
BRITISH ZOOLOGY,
BY
THOMAS PENNANT, Esq.
A NEW EDITION.
IN FOUR VOLUMES.
VOL. IV.
I
Class V.
VI.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOE WILKIE AND ROBINSON J J. NUNN ; WHITE
AND COCHRANE; LONGMAN, HURST, REES, ORME, AND
BROWN; CAD ELL AND DA VIES ; J.HARDING; J. BOOTH;
J. RICHARDSON; J. MAWMAN ; J. AND A. ARCH J
R. BALDWIN ; AND J. JOHNSON AND CO.
CRUSTACEA.
VERMES.
1812.
ADVERTISEMENT
I WISH it had been in my power to
have given a perfect conclusion to the
Zoology of our country: but my small
acquaintance with Insects, and the
fourth division of the Vlth class, Litho-
phyta and Zoophyta, forbad me to meddle
with them. The Public has little reason
to regret this omission, since the universal
genius John Reinhold Forster, has
hinted* a design-j- of undertaking the first ;
and my late worthy friend Mr. Ellis,
(whom LinnvEUs so justly stiles Lynceus)
has in a great measure executed the last.
* Catalogue of British Insects. 2.
t [This design has never been executed. Mr. Donovan
has published fourteen volumes of the Natural History of
British Insects 3 Mr. Mar&ham one volume of an Entomo-
vol. iv. a
11
ADVERTISEMENT.
In my 'arrangement of the present w ork,
I have taken the liberty of making a
distinct class of the Crustaceous Ani-
mals ; and separated them from In sects,
among which they are usually placed.
I have paid implicit respect to the Swe-
dish Naturalist, in my classing of the
Vermes and Shells. I have, on an-
other occasion,* given my sentiments of
that wonderful man, (after Ray) the great-
est illuminator of the study of Nature. I
have borrowed from him the Latin trivial
names ; sometimes given translations of
them ; sometimes given other English
names, when I thought them more apt.
Gratitude prompts me to mention a
most irreparable loss in my amiable friend
logia Britannica; Mr. Kirhy a Monographia Apum An-
glicc; Mr. Haworth is proceeding with the Lepido-
ptera Britannica; and several valuable papers on this por-
tion of Natural History are to be found in the Transac-
tions of the Entomological and Linncean Societies. Doctor
Solander gave to the world an account of Zoophytes, by
the late John Ellis, Esq., which contains most of the
British species. Doctor Turton has included the Zoophytes
and the Vermes Infusoria into his British Fauna. Ed.
* Synopsis of Quadrupeds, Preface vii.
i
ADVERTISEMENT.
Benjamin Stillingfleet, Esq. in
whom were joined the best heart and the
ablest head. Benevolence and innocence
were his inseparable companions ; retire-
ment his choice, from the most affection-
ate of motives.* How great, yet how un-
necessary, was his diffidence in public !
How ample his instruction in private !
How clear his information ! How delicate
the conveyance ! The pupil received ad-
vantage, edified by the humility of the
master. Thoroughly imbued in Divine
Philosophy, he had an uncommon insight
into the uses of every object of Natural
History ; and gave sanction to those stu-
dies, which, by trivial observers, were held
most contemptible. The end of his labors
was the good of mankind. He attempt-
ed to destroy the false shame that attend-
ed the devotee to Ornithology, the chace
of the Insect, the search after the Cockle,
or the poring .over the Grass. He proved
every subject to be of the greatest service
* Mr. Gray's Letters, 288.
a 2
ADVERTISEMENT.
to the world, by the proper remarks that
might be made on them. The traveller,
the sailor, the husbandman might, if they
pleased, draw the most useful conclusions
from them. The reader may receive the
proof from his translations of various es-
says, the productions of the Linn^an
school; his own Calendar of Flora,
and Observations on Grasses. How
much to be lamented is this short cata-
logue of the works of so great, so good a
man ! I speak not of his Essay on Music,
as foreign to the subject. Some of his
remarks appear in my British Zoology.
He thought me so far deserving of his
encouragement, as to dedicate part of his
time to farther acts of friendship. I re-
ceived the unfinished tokens of his regard
by virtue of his promise ; the only papers
that were rescued from the flames, to
which his modesty had devoted all the
rest.
Defended by so great an example (how-
soever unequally I may follow it), there is
hardly any need for an apology for the
ADVERTISE MEMT.
V
subject of the following sheets. But if any
should require one, I take the liberty of
delivering it in the words of my ever re-
gretted friend :
4 From a partial consideration of things,
' we are very apt to criticise what we
4 ought to admire ; to look upon as useless
4 what perhaps we should own to be of
' infinite advantage to us, did we see a
4 little farther ; to be peevish where we
* ought to give thanks ; and at the same
4 time to ridicule those, who employ their
4 time and thoughts in examining what
4 we were, i. e. some of us most assuredly
4 were, created and appointed to study.
4 In short, we are too apt to treat the
4 Almighty worse than a rational man
4 would treat a good mechanic; whose
' works he would either thoroughly exa-
4 mine, or be ashamed to find any fault
4 with them. This is the effect of a par-
4 tial consideration of Nature ; but he who
4 has candor of mind, and leisure to look
4 farther, will be inclined to cry out ;
ADVERTISEMENT,
How wond'rous is this scene ! where all is form'd
With number, weight, and measure ! all design'd
For some great end ! where not alone the plant
Of stately growth ; the herb of glorious hue,
Or food- full substance ; not the laboring steed,
The herd, and flock that feed us j not the mine
That yields us stores for elegance, and use ;
The sea that loads our table, and conveys
The wanderer man from clime to clime, with all
Those rolling spheres, that from on high shed down
Their kindly influence 5 not these alone,
Which strike ev'n eyes incurious, but each moss,
Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank
Important in the plan of Him, who fram'd
This scale of beings ; holds a rank, which lost
Would break the chain, and leave behind a gap
Which Nature's self would rue. Almighty Being,
Cause and support of all things, can I view
These objects of my wonder ; can I feel
These fine sensations, and not think of thee ?
Thou who dost thro' th' eternal round of time ;
Dost thro' th' immensity of space exist
Alone, shalt thou alone excluded be
From this thy universe ? Shall feeble man
Think it beneath his proud philosophy
To call for thy assistance, and pretend
To frame a world, who cannot frame a clod ?
Not to know thee, is not to know ourselves ?
Is to know nothing — nothing worth the care
Of man's exalted spirit — all becomes
Without thy ray divine, one dreary gloom ;
Where lurk the monsters of phantastic brains,
Order bereft of thought, uncaus'd effects,
ADVERTISEMENT.
Vll
' Fate freely acting, and unerring Chance.
« Where meanless matter to a chaos sinks
« Or something lower still, for without thee
' It crumbles into atoms void of force,
' Void of resistance — it eludes our thought.
' Where laws eternal to the varying code
' Of self-love dwindle. Interest, passion, whim
' Take place of right and wrong, the golden chain
' Of beings melts away, and the mind's eye
' Sees nothing but the present. All beyond
' Is visionary guess — is dream — is death.'
The Editor takes this opportunity of re-
peating his obligations to the reverend Hugh
Dames for the vast additions made to this vo-
lume ; his valuable communications are distin-
guished by an asterisk : the Editor, in this, as
in the preceding volumes, is answerable for
those parts included in a crotchet. Ed.
On examining the complete copy of this new Edition, which has
been sent to him previous to its publication, the Editor is extremely
sorry to find, that owing to his not having seen impressions of the
Plates to the fourth Volume, (and a few of the third,) after the in-
scriptions and references had been engraved upon them, a number of
mistakes have been committed. The correction of these, by refer-
ence to the description, in the text, or the List of Plates prefixed to
the Volume, is a matter of great ease; but to save trouble to the
reader, a list of them will be found at the end of this Volume.
October, 1812.
LIST OF PLATES.
VOL. IV.
Class V. CRUSTACEOUS.
Genus I. CRAB.
Frontispiece.
Plate I. Fig. 1 Pea Crab.
2 Minute Cr.
3 Long-horned Cr.
4 Broad-footed Cr.
II. 1 Common Cr.
2 Cleanser Cr.
III. Black-clawed Cr.
IV. 1 Velvet Cr.
2 Cleanser Cr. Far.
. V. 1 Wrinkled Cr.
2 Angular Cr.
VI. 1 Bristly Cr.
2 Great-clawed Cr.
VII. Long-clawed Cr. M. and F.
VIII. 1 Spinous Cr.
2 Four-forked Cr.
IX. 1 Spider Cr.
2 Far.
3 Slender-legged Cr.
X. 1 Weymouth Cr.
2 Uneven Cr.
3 Rough Cr.
LIST OF PLATES.
Genus II. LOBSTER.
Plate XI. Fig. Common Lobster.
XII. Spiny Lo.
XIII. 1 Norway Lo.
2 Phantom Lo.
XIV. Long-clawed Lo.
XV. Plated Lo.
XVI. 1 Craw-fish Lo.
2 Shrimp Lo.
XVII. 1 Prawn Lo.
2 Linear Lo.
XVIII. Hermit Lo.
ONISCI, &c.
XIX. 1 Oniscus Psora.
2 On. linearis.
3 On. marinus.
4 On. oceanicus.
5 On. entomon.
6 On. oestrum.
7 Pkalangium Balaenae.
Class VI. WORMS.
DIV. I. INTESTINAL.
XX. 1 Greater Dew-worm.
2 Lesser Dew-worm.
3 Lug Dew-worm.
XXI. 1 Marine Hair-worm.
2*2 Naked Tube-worm. .
3 Geometrical Leech, (from Roe-
sel's Insects.)
4 Tuberculated Leech.
5 Glutinous Hag. (See vol. -hi. log.)
LIST OF PLATES.
Div. II. MOLLUSCA.
Plate XXII. Fig. Tawny Aplysia
XXIII.
1
Depilatory Ap.
2
Warty Doris.
XXIV.
Lemon Doris.
XXV
1
Aculeated Aphrouita.
2
Scaled Aph.
3
Scarborough Ascidia.
XXVI.
1
Amber Doris.
2
Pedunculated Aphrodita.
3
Annulated Aph.
4
Little Aph.
XXVII.
1
Blue Nereis.
2
Red N.
*2
Far. ?
XXVIII.
1
Five-rowed Holothuria.
2
A. Terebella conchilega.
XXIX.
Great Cuttle.
XXX.
Eight-armed C.
XXXI.
1
Middle C.
2
Small C.
XXXII.
1
Dotted Asterias.
2
Hispid Ast.
XXXIII.
Flat Ast.
XXXIV.
1
Lizard Ast.
Beaded Ast.
XXXV.
Pectinated Ast.
XXXVI.
1
Eatable Echinus.
2
Oval Ech.
XXXVII.
Purple Ech.
KXXVIII.
1
Echinus pulvinulus.
2
Lepas convexula.
3
Variable Razor shell
Xll
LIST OF PLATES.
Div. III. SHELLS.
* MULTIVALVE.
Plate XXXIX.
XXXIX.
XL.
XLL
Fig.
XLII.
XLIII.
1 Hairy Chiton."
2 Marginated Ch.
3 Smooth Ch.
1 Common Acorn Shell.
2 Sulcated A.
3 Cornish A.
4 Elongated A.
1 Striated A.
2 Anatiferous A.
1 Dactyle Pholas.
2 White Ph.
1 Curled Ph.
2 Little Ph.
** BIVALVE.
XLIV. Abrupt Mya.
XLV. Sand M.
XLVI. 1 Painter's.M.
2 Pearl M.
XLVII. Dubious M.
XLVIII. 1 Pod Razor Shell.
2 Scymeter R.
XLIX. 1 Sheath R.
2 Pellucid R.
3 Sub-oval R.
4 Kidney R.
L. 1 Delicate Mya.
2 Variable Razor Shell (worn).
3 Rayed Tellina.
LI. 1 FlatT.
2 Plain T.
LIST OF PLATES.
xm
Plate LII. Fig. 1 Simpleton Mactra.
2 Solid Tellina.
*2 Far.
3 Horny T.
LIII 1 Aculeated Cockle.
2 Fringed C.
3 Edible C.
LIV. 1 Smooth C.
2 Chione Venus.
3 Strong Mactra (old).
LV. l Subtruncated M.
2 Strong M.
3 Large M.
LVI. Icelandic Venus.
LVII. 1 Warted V.
2 Casina V.
3 Antiquated V. (Var.)
LVIII. 1 Yellow Donax.
2 Purple D.
3 Waved Venus.
4 Indented V.
5 Maiden V.
LIX. 1 Antiquated V.
2 Wrinkled V.
3 OvalV.
LX. 1 Golden V.
2 Decussated V.
3 Fading V.
LXI. 1 Orbicular Arca.
2 Fringed A.
LXII. Great Scallop.
LXIII.' 1 Lesser Sc.
2 Red Sc.
LXIV. 1 Variegated Sc.
2 Writhed Sc.
3 Worn Sc.
LXV. Larger Anomia. This adheres
to the Common Oyster.
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate LXVI. Fig. 1 Rugged Mussel.
LXVII.
LXVIII.
LXIX.
LXX.
LXXI.
LXXII.
2 Edible M.
3 Pellucid M.
1 Crooked M.
2 Great M. (Young).
3 Nacre Razor Shell.
Umbilicated Mussel.
Great M.
Swan M.
Duck M.
Brittle Pinna.
*** UNIVALVE.
With a regular Spire.
LXXIII. 1 Common Gowrie.
2 Wood Dipper.
3 CylindricD.
4 OpenD.
LXXIV. 1 Oval Volute.
2 Transparent Dipper.
LXXV. 1 Massy Whelk.
2 Reticulated W.
*2 (Far.)
LXXVI. Waved W.
LXXVII. Striated W.
LXXVIII. Corvorant's foot Strombus.
LXXIX. 1 Urchin Murex.
2 Horny M.
LXXX. Angulated M. Engraven also
Frontispiece.
LXXXI. Antique M.
LXXXII. 1 Polished Snail.
2 Ribbed Murex.
3 Shortened M.
4 Lipped Wreath.
5 Bamffian Murex.
6 Spot Whelk.
LIST OF PLATES.
xv
Plate LXXXIL
LXXXIII.
LXXXIV.
LXXXV
LXXXVI.
LXXXVII.
LXXXVIII.
Fig. 7 Various colored Mo rex.
8 White Wreath.
9 Bilineated Whelk.
1 Livid Top.
2 ConuleT.
3 Umbilical T.
4 Tuberculated T.
5 LandT.
1 Perriwinkle Wreath.
2 Barred Wr.
*2 (Var.) ■
3 Doubled Wr.
4 Auger Wr.
5 BidentWR.
1 Studded Murex.
2 Elegant Wreath.
3 Dusky Wr.
4 Smooth Snail.
5 Fasciated S.
1 Rock S.
2 FlatS.
3 Homy S.
*3 — (Young J.
4 Whirl S.
1 Exotic S.
2 Viviparous S
3 Garden S.
— (Young).
LXXXIX.
Zoned S.
Streaked S.
Shrub S.
Grey S.
6 Mottled S.
1 LakeS.
2 Marsh S.
3 Mud S.
4 EarS.
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate LXXXIX. Fi
XC.
XCI.
5 Eight-spired Snail.
6 Olive S.
7 Laver Wreath.
8 Smoothed Snail.
1 Livid Nerite.
2 River N.
3 Strand N.
Tuberculated Haliotis.
B. Without a regular Spire.
XCII. 1 Common Limpet.
2 (Var.)
3 Striated L.
XCI1I. 1 Bonnet L.
2 Inclining L.
3 SlitL.
4 Transparent L.
•4 (j/ar.)
5 Common Tooth-shell.
XCIV. 1 Spiral Serpule.
2 Complicated S.
3 Twined S.
XCV. 1 Honey-combed Sabella.
2 Tube Sa.
CRUSTACEA.
CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS.
VOL. IV.
B
*
Pi.l.
Vol.// . C/.JS.
CBAB
LONG HORNED CR (P 5) MIXTTE CR fp 5)
4
BRO.ADFOOT CR. '/
I'KA en, 'P. :i)
CLASS V.
CRUSTACEOUS ANIMALS.
GENUS I. CANCER. CRAB.
Feet eight or ten, rarely six, two of them
clawed.
Eyes two, remote, for the most part fixed on a
stalk, moveable.
Tail foliated, and short, lodged in a groove in
the body.
C. Lin. Syst. 103Q. Gm. Lin. Herbst. Cane. Q5. t. 2. /. \, Pisum.
2964. 21. Pea.
Cr. With rounded and smooth thorax, en-
tire and blunt. With a tail of the size of the
body, which commonly is of the bulk of a pea.
Inhabits the mussel, and unjustly has ac-
quired the repute of being poisonous. The
swelling after eating of mussels is wholly con-
stitutional ; for one that is affected by it, hun-
dreds remain uninjured. Tab. i. Jig. 1.
B 2
CANCER. CRAB. Class V.
Crabs, either of this kind, or allied to them,
the antients believed to have been the con-
sentaneous inmates of the pinna, and other
bivalves ; which being too stupid to perceive
the approach of their prey, were warned of it
by their vigilant friend. Oppian tells the fable
prettily.*
In clouded deeps below the Pinna hides,
And thro' the silent paths obscurely glides ;
A stupid wretch, and void of thoughtful care,
He forms no bait, nor lays the tempting snare.
But the dull sluggard boasts a Crab his friend,
Whose busy eyes the coming prey attend.
One room contains them, and the partners dwell
Beneath the convex of one sloping shell ;
Deep in the wat'ry vast the comrades rove,
And mutual int'rest binds their constant love;
That wiser friend the lucky juncture tells,
When in the circuit of his gaping shells
Fish wand'ring enter ; then the bearded guide
Warns the dull mate, and pricks his tender side;
He knows the hint, nor at the treatment grieves,
But hugs th' advantage, and the pain forgives :
His closing shells the Pinna sudden joins,
And 'twixt the pressing sides his prey confines ;
Thus fed by mutual aid, the friendly pair
Divide their gains, and all the plunder share.
* Ualicul. lib. ii. He calls the crab IltvvofvXa^, custos Pinna.
Class V. CANCER. CRAB.
5
C. Lin. syst. 1040. Gm. Lin. Baster, ii. p. 26. tab. iv. /. 2. Minutus.
2965. Gronov. Zooph. No. 1.2. Minute.
yte. Herbst. Cane. 110. 2. /. 32.
Cr. with a smooth and somewhat square tho-
rax ; the edges sharp ; horns short ; less than
the last.
Inhabits our shores among Algce. Tab. i.
C. Lin. Syst. 1040. Gm. Lin. Baster, ii. p. 26. tab. iv. f. 3. 3. Longx-
2Q66. Gronov. Zooph. No. Herbst. Cane. QQ. t. 2. f. 23. r C0R7NIS- ,
Long-horned.
968.
Cr. with a round smooth thorax; with large
claws ; very long horns ; size of the last.
Inhabits our shores. Tab. i. Jig. 3.
Cancer latipes. Rondel. 565. variegatus. Plancus, 34. tab. 4. Latipes.
Gronov. Zooph. No. Q54. iii. Jig. 7. Broadfoot.
Cancer latipes parvus oblongus Herbst. Cane. 267. t. 21. J".
126.
Cr. with a sub-cordated body; short feelers;
angular claws ; five small teeth on each side ;
the hind legs ovated. Tab. i. Jig. 4.
6
CANCER. CRAB. Class V.
5. Manas, q. Lin. Syst. 1043. Gm. Lin. Faun. Succ. No. 2026. Gro-
Common. „
2971- Baster, u. tab. i\. f. nov.Zooph.g55.
1. Ilerbst. Cane. 145. t. 7./. 46-
Cr. with three notches on the front; five ser-
rated teeth on each side ; claws ovated ; next
joint, toothed ; hind feet subulated ; dirty green
color ; red when boiled.
Inhabits all our shores ; and lurks under the
Algce, or burrows under the sand. Is sold, and
eaten by the poor of our capital. Tab. ii. fig. 1.
6. Depura- C.Lin. Syst. 1043. No. 23. Seb. Mus. iii. tab. xvm.Jig. g.
Gm. Lin. 2972. Herbst. Cane 148. t. 7. /. 48.
TOR.
Cleanser.
Cr. with a sub-cordated body ; thorax on each
side quinque-dentated ; front, indented ; claws
angulated ; second joint spined ; hind legs have
the two last joints ovated and ciliated. Tab. ii.
(Var. A.) With a tuberculated surface.
Inhabits generally the deeps ; feeds on dead
fish : hence called the purifier or cleanser, as
causing the removal of putrid bodies. Tab. iv.
fig- 2.
\
jpj jr,
CE A B.
CLEAXSER CR. ( F. 2.1
/
I'l III
Vol 4- Ci v
C KAB
B \..\CK CRAWED CK. I /'. / '
Class V. CANCER. CRAB.
7
C. Lin. Syst. 1044. Gm. Lin. pise. 560. Faun. Suec. No. 7- Pagurus.
2973. Gronov. Zooph. No. 2028. Black-clawed.
967. Merrefs Pinax.
Belon. aquat. 368. Rondel. Herbst. Cane. 165. t. Q.f. 5Q.
Cr. with a crenated thorax; smooth body;
quinque - dentated front ; smooth claws with
black tips ; hind feet subulated.
Inhabits the rocky coasts ; the most delicious
meat of any ; casts its shell between Christmas
and Easter.
The tips of the claws of this species are used
in medicine ; intended to absorb acidities in the
stomach and bowels. Tab. iii.
Herlsl. Cane. 242. t. 17. /.
go.
Lin. Tt. ii. 357-
C. thorace co'rdato rugoso no-
duloso, rostro bifido, pone 8. Bufo.
oculos dente crasso, manibus Toad.
pedibusque teretibus. H.
Davies Mss.
* On the back are four elevations, two occupy
the hinder part, the other two the foremost.
Herbst 's figure is imperfect with regard to the
Antenna: ; but an accurate drawing of it was
presented to the Linnean Society in January
1793, by the Rev. Hugh JDavies, who disco-
vered the species in the Menai on the Angle-
sey coast in the year 1 792.
<
8
CANCER. CRAB. Class V.
9. Veluti- Herlst. Cane 151. t. 7. /. 4g.
NUS.
Velvet.
Cr. with the thorax quinque-dentated ; body
covered with short brown velvet-like pile;
claws covered with minute tubercles ; small
spines round the top of the second joint; hind
legs broadly ovated. This is among the spe-
cies taken notice of by Aristotle* on account
of the broad feet, which, he says, assist them in
swimming : as web-feet do the water-fowl.
Inhabits the western coasts of Anglesey.
Tab. iv. fig. 1 .
10. Corru- Herlst. Cane. 151. /. 7. /. 50.
GATUS.
Cr. with the thorax quinque-dentated ; serrat-
ed ; body wrinkled transversely ; claws fur-
nished with a single spine on the first and se-
cond joint ; fangs serrated ; last pair of legs
ovated.
Found on the shores of Skic, opposite to
Loch Jurn. Tab. v. Jig. 1.
11. Angula- Herlst. Cane. 85. I. i. f. 13.
TUS.
Angular. £r wjth & rectangular body ; the thorax armed
near the corner with two spines ; the claws very
* De Part. Anim. HI. iv. c. 8.
VELVET CR. rj°.tf>
PJ V
CR A II.
Vol /+r/. r.
A v a k r,Ait rit . ^/'. //.;
PI .VI.
CRAB
BBJST1X CK P- ()'
Class V. CANCER. CRAB. 9
long ; the upper fangs black ; legs slender and
subulated.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. v. Jig. 2.
C. Lin. syst. 1045. Gm. Lin. Cancer hirsutus. Rondel. 568. 12. Hirtel-
2077. Faun. Suec. No. Herhst. Cane. 152. t. 7. f. 51. _,L.DS:
Bristly.
202C).
Cr. with a hairy thorax ; on both sides slightly
quinque-dentated ; claws ovated, slightly echi-
nated, and hairy; feet, bristly and subulated.
A small species ; of a reddish color.
Found beneath stones. Tab. vi. Jig. I.
Herlst. Cane. 102. t. 2. /. 26. 13. Platt-
CHELES.
Cr. with a tridentated front; thorax entire; Great-C^ed-
claws of a large size; depressed, and greatly
ciliated on the outside; only three subulated
legs on each side ; body little bigger than a
horse-bean, and almost round ; Antennce very
long and turning back, when not in use.
Inhabits the Alga on the coast of Anglesey,
and the Hebrides. Tab. vi. Jig. 2.
Herlst. Cane. 105. /. 12. /. 72- 14. Cassive-
LAUNUS.
Cr. with bifurcated front; a spine at the corner Lons-clawed-
of each eye ; another on each side of the thorax
towards the tail ; body ovated and smooth ;
10 CANCER. CRAB. Class V.
Antenna of the length of the body ; the claws
above ; as long again as the body : feet simu-
lated. Tab. vii. jig. inf.
The supposed female ; of the same form ; only
the claws not half so long. Tab. vW.fig. sup.
Inhabits the deep near Holyhead and Red-
Wharf, Anglesey. Dredged up.
15. Flori- Cancer. Gm. Lin. 2968. Lin. Tr. ix. 85. t. 2.f. I. Jig. 120.
dus. gel. Mus. iii. t. 19. /. 18. Eerbst. Cane. 264. t. 21.
Purplish
brown.
* C ft. with a front slightly emarginate : Antenna:
minute; thorax quadrilobate, smooth, uneven,
of a purplish brown ; claws large and strong ;
legs eight, short; length two inches, breadth
two inches and an half.
Sent from Scotland to Mr. Montagu.
16. Maja. Cancer Maja. Gm. Lin. 2979. Fans, Trold Crabber. Pontop.
Spinous. C. spinosus. Seb. Mus. iii. Norway ii. 176. tab. p. 177.
tab. xxii. /. 1. Gronov. Herbst. Cane. 2ig. 1. 15. f. 87-
Zooph. No. 973. C. horridus. Br. Zool. iv. 7-
Cr. with a projecting bifurcated snout, the end
diverging ; body heart-shaped ; and with the
claws and legs covered with long and very
sharp spines. A large species.
Inhabits the rocks on the eastern coast of
Scotland. Common to Nonvay and Scotla?id,
as many of the marine animals and birds are.
Tab. viii. fig. 1.
ri.ix.
vol 4- a.v.
S TiE N"DE R
LEGCEI) CR. /^27.
Class V. CANCER. CRAB.
i i
Herbst. Cane. 235. 17. Tetra-
ODON.
Cr. with a quadri-furcated snout; the two mid- Fou>-fM
die spines the longest; thorax spiny; body
heart-shaped and uneven; claws long; legs
slender.
Inhabits the Isle of Wight. Tab. Vm.Jig. 2.
Cancer. Lin. sysl. 1044. Gm. Faun. Suec. No. 2030. Jon- 18. Arane-
Lin. 2976. ston Exang. tab. v. Jig. 13. v.s'
Herbst. Cane. 206. 1. 13./. 81 .
Cr. with a bifid snout; bristly thorax; body,
heart-shaped, and tuberculated ; claws long
and oblongly ovated ; legs slender, long and
subulated. Tab. ix. Jig. 1.
Inhabits our shores. Often covered with a
byssus, as in specimen. Tab. ix. Jig. 2.
Cancer. Scorpio. Gm. Lin. 2978. Herbst. Cane. 237. 19- Phalan-
Lin. Tr. vi. 38g. t.3l. OI G]VM- , ,
blender- leg d.
Cr. with a bifid snout ; heart-shaped, small tu-
berculated body ; long claws ; legs of a vast
length, very slender, and hairy.
Inhabits the depths on the coasts of An-
glesey* Tab. ix. fig. 3.
• Invests itself occasionally in leaves of Fuci to ensnare its
prey. Ed.
12
CANCER. CRAB. Class V.
20. Dorset- Herbst. Cane 235.
TENS1S.
Weymouth.
Cr. with a cordated body, rugged and bent,
with a few spines ; very thick, and long claws ;
and very slender legs, the first pair much longer
than the rest.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. x. Jig. 1.
21. Tubero- Herbst. Cane. 236.
sus.
Uneven.
Cr. with a tuberous, smooth back; small claws,
and short legs ; snout slightly bifid.
From the same cabinet. Tab. x. Jig. 2.
22. Tume- Lin. Tr. ix. 86. t. 2. /. 3.f
FACTUS.
Swolen „ ~ . .
backed. Cr. with an entire front, forming the segment
of a circle ; antenna minute ; thorax bluntly
rhomboidal, entire, smooth, with three eleva-
tions near the hinder angle : claws of a mode-
rate size ; legs eight, small ; smoother and of a
paler color than the preceding species, to which
it bears a strong resemblance.
Taken at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer.
f This reference and that in sp. 24 were erroneously trans-
posed in pp. 86, 87, of the ninth volume of the Lvinwan Trans-
actions.
Vohi.n. r
CRAB
/
WEYMOITTH CR. IT. /D
Class V.
CANCER. CRAB.
13
Herbst. Cane. 236.
23. Asper
Rough.
Cr. with a cordated body; bifid snout; legs
and claws short; those and the body rough
and spiny.
From the Portland cabinet. Tab. x. Jig. 3.
* Cr. with a front of five subconic divisions,
the middle one longest; the foremost half of
the thorax nearly the segment of a circle, the
hinder contracted and subangular, the whole
uneven and rough ; each side divided into five
bluntly pointed processes, besides one over each
eye ; eyes very prominent ; claws of a moderate
size ; greatest diameter rather less than an inch.
Communicated to Mr. Montagu by the late
Mr. Boys from the coast near Sandwich.
Lin. Tr. ix. t. 2. f. 2.
24. Denti-
CULATUS
Denticulated.
14
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
GENUS II. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
Body cylindric.
Antennae long.
Tail long.
1. Gamma- Cancer. Lin. Syst. 1050. Gm.
RUS- Lin. 2985.
Aslacus. Rondel. 538.
Ilerbst. Cane. ii. 42. t.
25.
L. With a smooth thorax ; short serrated
snout ; very long antennaz ; and between them
two shorter, bifid ; claws and fangs, large, the
greater tuberculated, the lesser serrated on the
inner edge ; four pair of legs ; six joints in the
tail ; caudal fins rounded.
Inhabits all the rocky shores of our island ;
but chiefly where there is a depth of water. In
Llyn, in Caernarvonshire, a certain small lob-
ster, nothing different except in size, burrows in
the sand.
Brought in vast quantities from the Orkney
isles, and many parts of the eastern coast of
Scotland, to the London markets. Sixty or
seventy thousand are annually brought, in
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
well-boats, from the neighborhood of Montrose
alone.*
Lobsters fear thunder ; and are apt to cast
their claws on a loud clap. I am told they
will do the same on firing a great gun ; and
that when men of war meet a lobster-boat, a
jocular threat is used, That, if the master
does not sell them good lobsters, they will
salute him.
The habitation of this species is in the clear-
est water ; at the foot of rocks that impend
over the sea. This has given opportunity of
examining more closely into the natural history
of the animal, than of many others who live in
an element that prohibits most of the human
researches, and limits the inquiries of the most
inquisitive. Lobsters are found on most of the
rocky coasts of Great Britain. Some are
taken by the hand ; but the greater quantity in
pots, a sort of trap formed of twigs, and baited
with garbage; they are formed like a wire
mouse-trap, so that when the lobster gets in,
there is no return. These are fastened to a
cord sunk into the sea, and their place marked
by a buoy.
They begin to breed in the spring, and con-
tinue breeding most part of the summer. They
propagate more humano ; and are extremely
• Tour in Scotland, 1772. part W.p. 146.
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
prolific. Doctor Bastcr says he counted 1 2,444
eggs under the tail, besides those that remained
in the body, unprotruded. They deposit these
eggs in the sand, where they are soon hatched.
Lobsters change their crust annually. Pre-
vious to their putting off their old one, they
appear sick, languid, and restless. They totally
acquire a new coat in a few days ; but during
the time that they remain defenceless they seek
some very lonely place, for fear of being attack-
ed and devoured by such of their brethren that
are not in the same weak situation.
It is also remarkable, that Lobsters and
Crabs will renew their claws, if by accident
they are torn off ; and it is certain they will
grow again in a few weeks.
They are very voracious animals, and feed
on sea-weeds, on garbage, and on all sorts of
dead bodies.
In addition to this, I beg leave to give an ac-
curate account of the natural history of this
animal, communicated to me by the ingenious
Mr. Travis, surgeon, at Scarborough.
' Scarborough, 25th Oct. 1768.
' SIR,
' We have vast numbers of fine Lobsters on
' the rocks, near our coast. The large ones are
* in general in their best season from the middle
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
* of October till the beginning of May. Many
' of the small ones, and some few of the larger
' sort, are good all the summer. If they be four
' inches and a half long or upwards, from the
' tip of the head to the end of the back shell,
4 they are called sizeable Lobsters. If only
' four inches, they are esteemed half size ; and
' when sold, two of them are reckoned for one
' of size. If they be under four inches, they
' are called parvks, and are not saleable to the
' carriers, though, in reality, they are in the
' summer months superior to the large ones in
' goodness. The pincers of one of the lobster's
' large claws are furnished with knobs, and those
' of the other claw are always serrated. With
' the former it keeps firm hold of the stalks of
' submarine plants, and with the latter it cuts
' and minces its food very dextrously. The
' knobbed or numb claw, as the fishermen call
' it, is sometimes on the right and sometimes
' on the left, indifferently. It is more danger-
* ous to be seized by them with the cutting
' claw than the other; but in either case, the
' quickest way to get disengaged from the crea-
' ture is to pluck off its claw. It seems pecu-
' liar to the Lobster and Crab, when their claws
' are pulled off, that they will grow again, but
' never so large as at first.
VOL. jv. c
18
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
' The female or hen Lobster does not cast
' her shell the same year that she deposits her
* ova, or, in the common phrase, is in berry.
' When the ova first appear under her tail, they
f are very small and extremely black ; but they
* become in succession almost as large as ripe
' elder-berries before they be deposited, and
turn of a dark brown color, especially towards
' the end of the time of her depositing them.
* They continue full and depositing the ova in
' constant succession, as long as any of that
' black substance can be found in their body,
' which, when boiled, turns of a beautiful red
* color, and is called their coral. Hen Lobsters
' are found in berry at all times of the year, but
* chiefly in winter. It is a common mistake,
' that a berried hen is always in perfection for
' the table. When her berries appear large
' and brownish, she will always be found ex-
' hausted, watery, and poor. Though the ova
' be cast at all times of the year, they seem
* only to come to life during the warm summer
' months of July and August. Great numbers
' of them may then be found, under the appear-
' ance of tadpoles, swimming about the little
* pools left by the tides among the rocks, and
' many also under their proper form, from half
' an inch to four inches in length.
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
' In castiiisi their shells, it is hard to conceive
' how the Lobster is able to draw the fish of
' their large claws out, leaving the shells entire
{ and attached to the shell of their body; in
' which state tliey are constantly found. The
1 fishermen say the Lobster pines before cast-
' incr till the fish in its large claw is no thicker
' than the quill of a goose, which enables it to
4 draw its parts through the joints and narrow
passage near the trunk. The new shell is
quite membraneous at first, but hardens by
degrees. Lobsters only grow in size while
their shells are in their soft state. They are
chosen for the table, by their being heavy in
proportion to their size ; and by the hardness
of their shells on their sides, which, when in
perfection, will not yield to moderate pres-
sure. Barnacles and other small shell-fish
adhering to them are esteemed certain marks
of superior goodness. Cock Lobsters are in
general better than the hens in winter; they
are distinguished by the narrowness of their
tails, and by their having a strong spine upon
the center of each of the transverse processes
beneath the tail, which support the four mid-
dle plates of their tails. The fish of a Lob-
ster's claw is more tender, delicate, and easy
of digestion than that of the tail. Lobsters
c 2
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V,
are not taken here in pots, as is usual where
the water is deeper and more still than it is
upon our coast. Our fishermen use a bag-
net fixed to an iron hoop, about two feet in
diameter, and suspended by three lines like
a scale. The bait is commonly fish-guts tied
to the bottom and middle of the net. They
can take none in the day-time, except when
the water is thick and opake ; they are com
monly caught in the night, but even then it is
not possible to take any when the sea has that
luminous appearance which is supposed to
proceed from the nereis noctiluca. In sum
mer, the Lobsters are found near the shore,
and thence to about six fathoms depth of
water ; in winter, they are seldom taken in
less than twelve or fifteen fathoms. Like
other insects, they are much more active and
alert in warm weather than in cold. In the
water they can run nimbly upon their legs or
small claws, and if alarmed can spring tail-
foreinost, to a surprising distance, as swift as
a bird can fly. The fishermen can see them
pass about thirty feet, and by the swiftness of
their motion, suppose they may go much far-
ther. Athenceus remarks this circumstance.
; and says, that the incurvated Lobsters will
' spring with the activity of dolphins. Their
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
1 eyes are raised upon moveable bases, which
1 enables them to see readily every way. When
' frightened, they will spring from a consider-
1 able distance to their hold, in the rock ; and
1 what is not less surprising than true, Mill
' throw themselves into their hold in that man-
' ner, through an entrance barely sufficient for
' their bodies to pass ; as is frequently seen by
4 the people who endeavour to take them at
' Filey Bridge. In frosty Aveather, if any hap-
1 pen to be found near the shore, they are quite
' torpid and benumbed. A sizeable Lobster is
1 commonly from one pound to two in weight
' There was one taken here this summer which
' weighed above four, and the fishermen say
' they have seen some which were of six pounds,
' but these are very rare.
' I am, Sir, <§c.'
I conclude with saying, that the Lobster was
well known to the antients, and that it is well
described by Aristotle, under the name of
Atrraw;* that it is found as far as the Helles-
pont, and is called, at Constantinople,^ Liczuda,
and Lichuda. Tab. xi.
• Hist. an. lib. iv. c. 2. f Bclon Hist. Po'mons. 357.
22
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
2. Homar us. Cancer. Lin. Syst. 1053. Gm. Herlst. Cane. ii. 84. t. 31.
iin.2988. /. 1.
Locusta. la Langouste. 7?on- Palinurus homarus. Bote,
del. pise. 535. Hist. nat. des Crust, ii. Qt.
L. with a broad front, armed with two large
spines, and between them a smaller, guards to
the eyes, which are prominent ; antenna longer
than body and tail, spiny at their origin ; be-
neath them two lesser; claws short, small,
smooth ; fangs small, single, hinged ; legs slen-
der and smooth ; body and thorax horrid with
spines ; tail longer than that of the common
Lobster ; on each part, above, is a white spot,
the bottoms are crooked and serrated ; the
tail-fin, partly membranaceous, partly crusta-
ceous.
Inhabits our rocky coasts ; often taken about
the promontory of Llyn, and Bardsey isle.
The French name of this species has been
barbarously translated into the Long-oyster.
Tab. xii.
3. Arctus. C. Lin. syst. 1053. No. 75. Squilla lata. Rondel. 545.
Broad. Gm. Lin. 2QQ3. Faun.Suec. Jlerbst. Cane. ii. 80. 30.
No. 2040. f.l.
L. with two broad serrated plates before the
eyes ; short furcated antenna; body and tail
flat and broad.
pi.xm
Pol. 4- CY.r.
Vol /i. r/ v.
LONG CLAWED
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
25
Size of the spiny Lobster.
Found by Doctor Borlasc on Careg Killas,
in Mounts-Bay. Is common to the four quar-
ters of the world.
Cancer Norvegicus. Lin. ii. 175- tab. p. 177. 4. Norvegi-
Syst. 1053. Gm. Lin. 2989. Herlst. Cane. ii. 52. 26. cus.
Sundtiord. Pontop. Norway. f. 3. Norway.
L. with a long spiny snout; thorax slightly
spiny ; body marked with three ridges ; claws
very long, angular, and (along the angles) spiny;
antenna long ; legs slender, clawed ; tail long,
elegantly marked with smooth and short-haired
spaces, placed alternately.
Common length, from tip of the claws to the
end of the tail near nine inches. Tab. xm.jig. 1.
Leo. Rondel. 542. Herlst. Cane. ii. 58. t. 27. /. 3. 5. Bamffius.
Long-clawed.
L. with a smooth thorax, with three sharp slen-
der spines in front ; claws six inches and a half
long, slender and rough; fangs strait; legs weak,
bristly ; antenna slender, two inches and a half
long ; tail and body about five inches.
Taken near Bamff. Communicated to me
by the Reverend Mr. Cordincr, and engraven
from his beautiful drawing. Tab. xiv.
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
C. Strigo- Cancer. Lin. Sysl. 1052. Gm, Herbst. Cane. ii. 49. t. 26./. 2.
Plated 298^' Galathea strigosa. J3<«c. ii. 87.
L. with a pyramidal spiny snout ; thorax ele-
gantly plated ; each plate marked near its junc-
tion with short stria ; claws much longer than
the body, thick, echinated, and tuberculated ;
the upper fang trifid ; has three pairs of legs,
spiny on their sides, and one pair much smaller ;
tail broad.
The largest of this species is about six inches
long.
Inhabits the coasts of Anglesey ; under stones
and fuci. V ery active. If taken, slaps its tail
against the body with much violence and noise.
Tab. xv,
7. Astacus. Cancer. Lin. Syst. 1051. Herlst. Cane. ii. 38. 23./. g.
Craw-fish. q„u 2g85< Ast. fluviat. Bosc. ii. 62.
L. with a projecting snout slightly serrated on
the sides ; a smooth thorax ; back smooth, with
two small spines on each side ; claws large, be-
set with small tubercles ; two first pair of legs
clawed ; the two next subulated ; tail consists
of five joints ; the caudal fins rounded.
Inhabit many of the rivers of England;
lodged in holes, which they form in the clayey
ri.xn
Vol 4. ci.v.
LOBSTER.
SPINY X f_p. 2/,)
TLETED LOBSTER. tZK Z/i)
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER. 25
banks. Cardan says that this species is a sign
of the goodness of water ; for in the best water,
they are boiled into the reddest color. * Tab.
x\\.Jig. 1.
Squilla Crangon. Rondel. 547. Squilla fusca. Baster. ii. 30. 8. Squilla.
Cancer Squilla. Lin. Syst. tab. m.Jig. 5. Prawn.
1051. Gm. Lin. 2988. Squilla Gibba. Rondel. 54Q.
Faun. Suec. No. 2037. C. Squilla. Ilerhst. Cane. ii.
Squilla Batava. Seb. Mus. iii. 55. t. 27-/. I.
p. 55. tab. xxi.^/zg. 9. 10. Astacus serratus. Br. Zool.
iv. 19.
L. with a long serrated snout bending upwards ;
three pair of very long filiform feelers ; claws
small, furnished with two fangs ; smooth tho-
rax ; five joints to the tail ; middle caudal fin
subulated ; two outmost flat and rounded.
Frequent in several shores, amidst loose
stones ; sometimes found at sea, and taken on
the surface over thirty fathoms depth of water ;
cinereous when fresh; of a fine red when
boiled. Tab. xvii. Jig. 1.
Astacus Squilla. Br. Zool. iv. 1Q. q. Albes-
cens.
L. with a snout like the prawn, but deeper and White.
thinner ; and feelers longer in proportion to the
bulk ; the sub-caudal fins rather larger ; is at full
growth not above half the size of the former.
* Quoted by Plot. Hist. Staffords. 185.
«« ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
Inhabits the coasts of Kent ; is sold in Lon-
don under the name of the white shrimp, as it
assumes that color when boiled.
Cancer Crangon. Lin. Syst. Basel insect, Hi. tab. lxiii.
1052. Gm. Lin. 2989. Berhst. Cane. ii. 75. t. 2Q.
Squilla marina Batava. Baster. f. 3- 4.
ii. 27. tab. iii. Jig. 1.11. Crangon vulg. Bosc. ii. 96.
L. with long slender feelers, and between them
two thin projecting lamina: ; claws with a single
hooked moveable fang ; three pair of legs ;
seven joints in the tail ; the middle caudal fin
subulated ; the four others rounded and fring-
ed ; a spine on the exterior side of each of the
outmost.
Inhabits the sandy shores of Britain, in vast
quantities. The most delicious of the genus.
Tab. xvi. Jig. 2.
11. Linea- Cancer. Lin. Syst. 1056? Jig. 1.
Ris- Lesser garnel or shrimp. Mar- Berhst. Cane. ii. 142. t. 26.
Linear. ^ ^-^j^ , 15. tah, p y g A 10 B-
L. with long slender claws, placed very near the
head, with a slender body, and six legs on
each side ; is about half an inch long.
Found in the sand, on the shore of Flint-
shire ; is very frequent in Spitzbergen. Tab.
xvii. Jig. 2.
10. Cran-
gon.
Shrimp.
Pl.XVEL.
Voi,i.a.v.
LOB STEfl
PI. XVI
V0 I4 &
J.O HST E R.
crawfish! l. fa 24-.)
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
27
Sowerly Brit. Misc. 47- t. 23. 12. Spinus.
Spine-backed.
*L. with four antenna above half the length of
the body; thorax with a serrated ridge, and
a tooth on each side of it ; third joint of the
body with a spine ; caudal fins five, the mid-
dle one subulate, the others oblong-oval, cili-
ated at the edges ; length about one inch and
three quarters.
Found among oysters on the Scottish coast.
Lin. Tr. vii. 66. t. 6./. 3. Merum animalculum in coral- 13. Phasma.
C. linearis. Gm. Lin. 2992. linis, &c. Baster. i. 43. tab. Phantom.
C. Atomos, Lin. Syst. 1056. 4. Jig. 11.
Br. Zool. iv.p.21. t. xii.y.
32.
*L. with four antenna, the upper pair of near-
ly the length of the body, the other pair half
that length, with two unequal pairs of cheliform
palpi, or feelers ; two large imperfect claws,
and six legs j body slender of six joints, the first
joint armed with two spines, the second joint,
and the head, with one spine each, all pointing
forwards. Color olive-green. Length three
quarters of an inch. Tab. xiii. Jig. 2.
28
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
14. Locosta. C. Locusta. Gm. Lin. 2992. Oniscus Gammarellus. PaU
LiOCUSt. -nr.
Faun. Suec. 2042. /a* Misc. Zool. t. \4.f. 25.
Linn.Tr. ix. 92. /aZ>. 4.^g. I.
*L. with four rather short antenna, one pair
about one third part longer than the other;
body of fourteen joints, very smooth ; on each
of the three last joints of the body is a small
fasciculus of spines ; claws four, imperfect ; legs
ten, the four anterior, smaller ; caudal fins
five, subulate; color sandy; length about an
inch.
Common on most of our shores.
15. Polex. C. Lin. Syst. 1055. No. 81. Herbst. Cane. ii. 130. /. 36.
Flea" Gm. Lin. 2992. /. 4. 5.
Linn. TV. ix. 93. t. 4./. 2.
L. with five pair of legs, and two pair of claws
imperfect s with twelve joints in the body.
Very common in fountains and rivulets;
swims swiftly in an incurvated posture on its
back ; embraces and protects its young between
the legs ; does not leap.
* Resembles much the C. Locusta; is about
half its length ; wants the fasciculi of spines ;
the color paler, and sometimes tinged with
green.
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
Q9
C. saltator. Linn. Tr. ix. 94. Rcesel Insect, iii. tab. G2. 16. Salta-
/. 4./. 3. C. Locusta. Br. Zool. iv. 21. TOR;
Oniscus Locusta. Pallas Misc. Herlst. Cane. ii. 127. t. 36. Active.
Zool. t. 14./. 15. f, I,
*L. with two large antenna of about equal
length with the body, the foremost half ciliated
at the joint, and two others minute ; body ob-
long, compressed, very smooth, of twelve joints;
eyes reticulated ; legs twelve, the foremost pair
very small ; length about three quarters of an
inch ; color sandy.
The most common on all our sandy shores.
Cancer. Lin. Syst. 1056. Gm. Herlst. Cane. ii. 145. 17. Salinus.
Lin. 2993. SalL
L. with jointed body; hands without claws;
antennce shorter than the body ; ten pair of legs ;
tail filiform, subulated ; very minute.
Discovered by Doctor Maty in the salt pans
at Lymington.
Cancer. Lin. SystAObQ. Gm. Herlst. Cane. ii. 121. 35. 18. Stagna-
Lin. 2993. /. 8—10. LIS.
Shaw in Linn. Tr. i. 103. t. 9. Pond'
L. with jointed body ; legs eleven on each side ;
tail bifid ; head of the male armed with two
singular fangs.
So ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
Inhabits the crannies of rocks, in fresh
waters ; suspected by Linnccus to be the larva
of an Ephemera.
[Accurately described by Dr. Shaw. Ed.
lg. Mantis. C.Lin. Syst. 1054. No. 76. Gm. Lin. 2990.
Mantis.
L. with short antenna ; short thorax, and two
pinnated substances on each side ; three pair of
claws with hairy ends ; the body long, divided
by eight segments ; two fins on each side of the
tail ; tail conoid, with spines on the margin.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
20. Bernar- Cancer. Lin. Syst. 104g. Gm. Herlst. Cane. ii. 14. t. 22.
T?us'. Lin. 2982. /. 6.
Hermit.
C. with rough claws ; the right claw is the
longer ; the legs subulated, and serrated along
the upper ridge ; the tail naked and tender, and
furnished with a hook, by which it secures it-
self in its lodging.
This species is parasitic, and inhabits the
empty cavities of turbinated shells, changing
its habitation according to its increase of growth,
from the small nerite, to the large whelk. Na-
ture denies it the strong covering behind, which
it has bestowed on others of this class, and
HKRMIT LOTJSTKH
T. 3D.)
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
31
therefore directs it to take refuge in the desert-
ed cases of other animals.
Aristotle describes it very exactly under the
name of Kagww * By the moderns it is call-
ed the hermit, from retiring into a cell. Tab.
xviii.
Linn. Tr. ix. 88. /. 3.f. 1, 2. 21. Subter-
RANEUS.
*L. with one pair of aniennce, of the length of Suhtl^™ne~
the body, and a second pair between them,
short and bifid ; body long, smooth, of six seg-
ments ; one claw very large, sometimes ex-
ceeding the body in size, compressed; legs
eight ; caudal fins seven, the middle one point-
ed, the others broad and rounded.
Length about two inches. Color different
shades of yellow.
Linn. Tr. ix. 8Q. t. 3.f. 5. 22> SxELLA.
TUS.
*L. with a trifid serrated snout, and one pair Star-spotted.
of antenna of the length of the body, and a
second pair short and bifid ; the body is linear,
of six smooth joints, anterior part of the thorax
spinous; claws rather broad, imperfect, legs
eight; caudal fins five, the middle one bifid.
Length about two inches. Color sandy.
* Hist. an. lib. iv. c. 4. lib. v. c. 15. '
32
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
23. Multi- Muller Zool. Dan. ii. 34. t. 66. Linn. Tr. ix. go. t. b.f. 3.
l'ES.
Many-footed. #^ antenna of about the length of
the thorax, the middle pair bifid ; no snout or
claws ; body slender, of seven joints ; legs very
small, fourteen on each side ; caudal fins five,
the middle one bifid, the interior margins of
the others ciliated. Length one inch.
24. Gibbo- Linn. Tr. ix. gi. t. b.f. 4.
sus.
Iiicurvaled. „+ . , ,
*L. with a direct, compressed, serrated snout,
with two antennae, of about the length of the
body, another pair short and bifid ; body slen-
der of six joints, the third joint somewhat
elongated and curved. Color red. Length
about an inch.
35. LiTTO- Linn. Tr. ix. g6. t. 4./. 4. Baster. op. subs. ii. 31. /. 3./. 7. 8.
REUS.
*L. with one (the lower) pair of antenna of
about half the length of the body, and another
pair very short; the body very smooth, com-
pressed, of twelve joints ; claws two, large,
flat, ovate, imperfect ; caudal fins slenderer
and shorter than those of C. Salt at or ; legs
ten, the two foremost pairs much the smaller.
Length about an inch. Color sandy.
Class V.
ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
S3
Lin. Tr. ix. 97- t. 4./. 5. 26. Grossi-
MANUS.
*L. with one (the higher) pair of antenna the tanled.
longer, but somewhat shorter than the body,
which is slender, compressed, smooth, of
eleven joints ; claws four, imperfect, the se-
cond pair larger, ciliated; legs ten, the four
foremost much smaller; caudal fins five, fork-
ed. Length about half an inch. Color sandy.
Lin. Tr. ix. 98. t. 4./. 6. 27- Talpa.
Mole-handed.
* L. with four, rather short antenna, all ci-
liated at the ends, the outward pair double the
length of the inner; body slightly depressed,
of numerous joints, (about twenty) ; the hinder
part contracted, much ciliated, and terminated
with two long setiform appendages tufted with
hairs ; claws four, the first pair perfect, the
second broad, flat, and toothed around with
spines ; legs ten, slender, the two hindmost
pairs very hirsute. Length about four lines.
Color pale sandy.
Lin. Tr. ix. 99. t. b.f. 1. 28. Rubri-
* L. with four antenna, the higher pair nearly
the length of the body, the foremost joints of
VOL. IV. d
CATUS.
Reddish.
34
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
all ciliated ; body slender, compressed, smooth,
of twelve joints ; claws, two pairs of equal
size, imperfect ; legs ten ; caudal fins two pairs,
ends forked. Length half an inch. Color
reddish.
29. Falca- Lin. Tr. ix. 100. b.f. 2.
TUS.
look-fanged. * L with four antenna ciliated beneath ; body
slender, smooth, compressed, of twelve joints ;
claws, two pairs of very unequal size, imper-
fect, the second pair the larger, and spinous at
the edges ; legs ten, the two anterior pairs very
minute. Caudal fins three pairs, subulate.
Color varied crimson. Length half an inch.
30. Rhom- Lin. Tr. vii. 65. i. 6./. 1.
BOIDAL1S.
Rhomboidal. * L ^ twQ antemJ{B not twjce the length of
the snout ; front broad, contracted into a
strait subulate snout; eyes remarkably pro-
minent and reticulated ; thorax somewhat ob-
tusely quadrangular, with five large tubercles ;
claws two, equal, perfect, rather large ; legs
eight, subulate, with a spine beneath on the
first joint of each. Color olive green. Length
a quarter of an inch.
Found among sertularitc.
Class V. ASTACUS. LOBSTER.
Lin. Tr. vii. 65. t. 6.f. s. 31. Maxil.
LAIUS.
* L. with four short antenna; front concave, Glea*-iawed-
armed with two transverse denticulated max-
illa (or jaws); body oblong, of six joints,
about twice its diameter in length ; legs ten,
subulate, uniform. Color brown. Length one-
fourth of an inch.
Lin. Tr. vii. 69. /. 6.f. 4. 32. Palma-
tcs.
* L. with four antenna, somewhat unequal, Flat-handed-
and shorter than the body ; one pair of large
imperfect claws, and six strong legs ; body
compressed, of thirteen joints ; caudal fins
two pairs, subulate. Color yellowish green.
Length three-eighths of an inch.
Lin. Tr. vii. 70. I. 6. f. 5. C. Esca. Gm. Lin. 2QQ3.} 33. Scor-
PIOIDES.
* L. with a body somewhat oval, much com- ScS°dn'
pressed, of three joints : tail subulate, of eight
articulations ; caudal fins, two, subulate. A
description of the head and concomitant parts
cannot be given, as the unique subject was
mutilated. Length quarter of an inch.
d 2
/
$6
ASTACUS. LOBSTER. Class V.
34. Articu- Un. Tr. vii. 70. t. 6./. 6.
LOSUS.
* L. with two unequal pairs of rather short
antenna ; claws two pairs, of a very singular
construction. Legs ten ; body compressed of
ten joints; caudal fins flat, slender. Length
half an inch.f
f The numerous additions to this genus were principally dis-
covered by Mr. Montagu on the south coast of Devonshire. Ed.
Class V. ONISCUS.
37
GENUS HI. ONISCUS.
Jaw truncated, denticulated.
Lip bifid.
Feelers unequal, hinder the longest.
Antenna setaceous.
Body oval.
Feet fourteen.
Gm. Lin. 3010. Idotea Psora. Bosc. Hist, des 1. Psora.
Crust, ii. 80. Scurfy.
[O. WITH the abdomen smooth underneath ;
tail semi-oval, sharp pointed. Tab. xix.Jig. 1.
Gm. Lin. 3011.? Pallas spic. Zool. ix. 68. t. 4. 2. Linearis.
y , Dentate-
tailed.
r(). with a sub-semicylindrical body; head slen-
derer ; exterior antenna; less than the length
of half the body, the intermediate very small ;
color brownish, with a paler stripe down the
back. Tab. xix. Jig. 2.
36
ONISCUS. Class V.
3. Marinus. Gm. Lin. 3011. Zool. ix. 66. /. 4. /. 6. A.
SemJr?c!in' ° bahhicus. Pallas spic. B.C.D.
[O. with an hard subcylindrical body ; tail ovate-
oblong pointed ; length not exceeding an inch.
Tab. xix. fig. 3.
4. Oceani- Gm. Lin. 3012. Ligia oceanicus. Bosc. Hist.
Bi/dJailed. deS CrUSt fi-
[O. with a body of an oval form, tail bifid, each
division also bifid. Tab. xix. fig. 4.
5. Entomon. Gm. Lin. 3010. Pallas spic. Zool. ix. 64. t. 5.
F»ur-feelered. Asellus marinus, cornubiensis /. 1— 6.
alius. Rati ins. 43. Idotea entomon. Bosc. ii. 178.
[O. with an hard ovate body, growing slenderer
towards the tail ; tail oblong, of three hard im-
bricated pointed scales above, and one blunt
beneath; antenna four; color a dirty white,
inclining to cinereous on the back ; length more
than two inches. Tab. xix. jig. 5.
6. CEstrum. Gm. Lin. 3010. /. 13.
Six-plated. panas ^ 2.00I. ix. 74- t. 4. Idotea oestrum. Bosc. ii. I7y.
[O. with a thick, oblong, softish body, becoming
broader towards the tail ; the abdomen covered
Class V. ONISCUS. 39
with six membranaceous, transversely striated
scales or plates. Tab. xix. Jig. 6.
Gm. Lin. 300g. t* 4- /• 12« 7- Asilus,
Pallas, spic. Zool. ix. jrj. Gronov. Zooph. 9Q7- Two-plated.
[O. with an hard convex body ; head narrower ;
tail semi-oval ; abdomen of the female covered
with two or three lamina?, which conceal the
eggs ; color of the back blackish brown.
This insect is found throughout the vast ex-
tent of the eastern and western oceans, in the
Mediterranean and the northern seas, and in-
fests all the softer species of fish.
Pallas spic. Zool. ix. 70. t. 4. /. 18. 18.* 8. Gloea-
TOR.
[O. much resembling the preceding species, but PelleL
smaller; rolls itself like the land species, the O.
Armadillo.
Adams in Lin. Tr. v. t. 8. f. 3, 4. p# Bidenta-
tus.
[O. with seven scales, the last bidentate ; abdo- FoTked-
men without plates ; upper side marked with
six transverse rows of ochreous spots; length
half an inch. Observed in Milford Haven.
40
ONISCUS.
Class V.
10. Hirsu- Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 71. t. 6. f. 7.
TUS.
Hirsute.
[O. with an oval body, having six convex hirsute
joints, independent of the head and posterior
plate ; the latter large, convex, rounded at the
end, furnished on each side with a long serrated
fin ; legs eight, provided with double claws ;
color variable brown ; length one eighth of an
inch.
11. Cylin-
DRACEUS.
Cylindric.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 71. t. 6. f. 8.
[O. with a smooth, glossy, cylindric, and very
convex body ; central caudal fin subovate, with
two small lateral ones on each side; antenna
four, of unequal size ; feet fourteen, armed with
a single claw ; color pale yellow, clouded with
cinereous ; length an inch, breadth less than a
quarter of an inch. Ed.
12. .Testu-
DO.
Tortoise.
s Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 102. t. 5. f. 5.
* O. subovate, of eight joints, ridged along the
back, the four first large, concealing the anterior
legs. Front emarginate ; antennce four, short ;
tail obtuse. Color dull red. Length two lines.
Class V. ONISCUS.
41
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 103. t. v. /. 6. 13. Graci-
lis.
* O. slender, subcylindric, of eight joints ; tail Slender-
of five truncated divisions ; antennae four, short ;
the anterior pair of legs considerably the largest ;
color pale, clouded with rufous. Length five
lines.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 103. t. iii. /. 3, 4. 14. Thora-
cicus.
Thoracic.
* O. body obovate,. distorted, of about fourteen
indistinct joints, the eight foremost terminated
at the ends, each with an oar-like cirrus, the
six posterior joints have also cirri, branched at
the ends into fasciculi or tufts. The female,
like others of this genus, has large abdominal
valves to protect the eggs, which in this are
very numerous, and of a pale orange color.
Color orange. Length scarcely half an inch.
Inhabits the thorax of Cancer subterraneus.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 104. ] 5# Squil-
LARUM.
* i). body ovate, distorted, of thirteen joints, ranc.
forming as many scallops at the sides. Color
pale greenish. This is likewise a parasitic spe-
cies, inhabiting the same part of the prawn as
the former of C. subterraneus ; the distortion of
42 ONISCUS. Class V.
each is occasioned by their confined habitation.
Length rarely half an inch.
16. LoNGi- Sowerhy Br. Misc. 31. t. xv.
CORNIS.
Long- ome . # q fo^y 0f j-en segments, the fourth as long as
six others ; antenna of five joints ; the eight
fore legs hairy on the inside, the others smooth.
Eyes black. Taken near Inch-Keith.
Class V. PHALANG1UM.
43
GENUS IV. PHALANGIUM.
* Mouth with two filiform palpi.
Mandibles horny, the second joint cheliform,
with a moveable acute tooth.
Antennae none. ( Miiller says Antennce pe-
diformes.)
Eyes four.
Feet eight.
Abdomen generally rounded.
Gm. Lin. 2942. 1- Bal-ena-
RUM.
IVhale.
* P. With two palpi; snout projecting, su-
bulate ; abdomen dilated, spiny.
Tab. xix. Jig. 7.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 100. t. v. /. 7. g. Spino-
sum.
Rufous-
* P. body linear, of five segments, snout long, brown.
cylindric, deflected ; no feelers ; legs long, slen-
der, spinous. Color rufous brown. Length of
the body one quarter of an inch.
44
PHALANG1UM. Class V.
3. Aculea- Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 101. t. v. /. 8.
TDM.
Dusky-black. , body linear of five segments ; snout cylin-
dric, tubular, deflected ; feelers four, the upper
pair chelifonn, the others minute ; legs longer
in proportion than those of the preceding spe-
cies, slender and spinous. Color dusky black.
Less than the last.
4. Hirsu- Lin. Tr. v. 7- t. ii. /. 1, 2.
TDM.
Hairy. * ^ody ova]} flat, wjtn ten angles, marked
with a transverse band near the middle ; the
projecting part of the head serrated on the inte-
rior side ; feet bristly ; tail cylindrical, obtuse.
Color pale brown. Length one third of an
inch. Miiford Haven.
5. Gros- Lin. Tr. ii. 357- Gm. Lin. 2942.
SIPES.
Large-footed. * p wJth four paipi . body filiform, cylindric;
shoulders tuberculated ; feet about six times
the length of the body. Color a dull red.
Found in Anglesey and Miiford Haven.
CLASS VI.
VERMES.
WORMS.
DIV. I. INTESTINAL.
II. MOLLUSCA.
III. TESTACEOUS.
CLASS VI.
VERMES.
WORMS.
M!H1 CONTUENTI SESE FERSUASIT RE RUM NATURA, >JIHIL
JN'C HED1B I LE EXISTIMARE DE EA.
OLOW, soft, expanding, tenacious of life,
sometimes capable of being new formed from
a part; the enliveners of wet places; without
head or feet ; hermaphroditical ; to be distin-
guished by their feelers.
Not improperly called by the antients, im-
perfect animals; being destitute of head, ears,
nose, and feet, and for the most part of eyes ;
most different from insects ; from which Lin-
HtJBtfS has long since removed these works of
Nature.
They may be divided into Intestinal,
Plinii lib. xi. c, 3.
WORMS, Class VI.
Soft or Mollusca,* Testaceous, Litho-
phyteSj and Zoophytes.
The Intestinal (heretofore styled the
earthly ) perforate all things by help of the
great simplicity of their form. The Gordius
pierces the clay, that the water may perco-
late; the Lumbricus, the common soil, least
it should want moisture ; the Teredo, wood,
to promote its decay. In like manner, Pho-
lades, and some sorts of mussels, penetrate
even rocks, to effect their dissolution.
The Mollusca are naked, furnished with
arms ; for the most part wander through the
vast tract of ocean; by their phosphoreous
quality illuminate the dark abyss, reflecting
lights to the heavens ; thus what is below
corresponds with the lights above.
These Mollusca often become the inhabitants
of testaceous calcareous covers, which they
carry about with them, and often they them-
selves penetrate calcareous bodies ; like in-
sects, are multiplied into infinite variety; and
exhibit, both in form and colors, splendid
* Mollusca signifies a tribe of animals which are so called
as being soft or fleshy, and are destitute of any bones, those in-
ternal fulcra or props to the muscles of other animals, — Quadru-
peds, Birds, Fishes, or Reptiles. H. D.
Class VI.
WORMS.
49
examples of the excelling powers of the all-
mighty Artificer. Nor are they without their
uses ; several species afford a delicious and
nourishing nutriment. The healing art calls
in the snail in consumptive cases; and the
shells calcined are of known efficacy in stub-
born acidities. Shells are the great manure
of lands in many parts of these kingdoms.
The pearls of Great Britain have been cele-
brated from the time of Casar.
VII l.. IV.
V
50
CLASS VI.
«
VERMES.
WORMS.
Div. I. INTESTINAL.
GENUS I. ASCAR1S.
Body slender, filiform, attenuated at each end.
r Asc. with faint annular rugce; thicker at one
end than the other ; mouth transverse.
Inhabits, according to LinncEus, boggy places,
and under the roots of decayed plants ; found
in the rectum of children and horses ; often
observed in the dung of the last ; emaciates
children greatly ; is sometimes vomited up.
Asc. filiform, twisted spirally and lying flat.
1. Vermicu-
LARIS.
Vermicular,
Ascaris. Lin. Syst. IO76. Gm. Lin. 302().
2. Marina.
Marine.
Gm. Lin. 3035. Gordius marinus. Lin. Syst. 1075.
Class VI. ASCARIS. . 51
Common in the intestines of the herring and
other sea-fish. Aristotle* remarks that the
Ballerus and Tillo are infested in the dog-days
with a worm that torments them so much,
that they rise to the top of the water, where the
heat destroys them. Bleaks are observed to
rise at certain seasons to the surface, and tum-
ble about for a considerable space, in seeming
agonies. I suspect them to be affected in the
same manner with those Aristotelian fish. Tab.
xxi. Jig. I .
Ascaris. Lin. Syst. 10~6. Gm. Lin. 302,9- 3. Lumbri-
coides.
Common.
Asc. with a slender body, subulated at each
end ; but the tail triangular ; grows to the
length of nine inches; viviparous; and pro-
duces vast numbers.
Inhabits the human intestines.
Turton Br. Faun. 125. Rediopusc. Hi. t. 17. /. 3. 4> Canis.
[Asc. with head flattened, winged on each side
with a membrane ; tail pointed.
In the intestines of a dog.
• Hist. an. lib. viii. c. 20.
E 2
5?
ASCAHIS. Class VI.
*. Felis. Turton Br. Faun. 125. . Redi an. viv. in an. viv. t. 13. f. 8.
[Asc. head with a greyish white oblong vesicle
on each side, which is obtuse and pellucid on
the hind part.
In the cat.
6. Cati. Turton Br. Faun. 125. Goeze Eingew. 80.
[Asc. head without the oblong vesicles on each
side.
In the intestines of the cat.
7. Equi. Turton Br. Faun. 125. Goeze Eingew. 62- t. I./. 1 — 3.
[Asc. with a whitish cylindrical taper body,
sometimes a foot and an half in length, and
as thick as a man's little finger ; often marked
with brown patches.
In the horse.
8. Carbonis. Turton Br. Faun. 125. Lin. Tr. v. 24.
[Asc. with a yellowish-brown body, coiled up
into a ball or mass.
In the crop of the common Corvorant and of
the Shag.
Class VJ. ASCAMS.
53
Turton Br. Faun. 126. g Lacus
TRI3.
[Asc. body lying flat, spirally twisted, tapering
at both extremities.
Found in the intestines of the Stickleback
and liver of the Pike. Ed.
i4
TRICOCEPHALUS. Class VI.
GENUS II. TRICOCEPHALUS.
Body round, variously twisted, thickest in front,
furnished with a slender proboscis.
Tail long, capillary, tapering to a point.
I. Hominis Turton Br. Faun. 126. Lond. Med. Soc. v. t. 3.
[Tr. body of a pale color, crenate above, smooth
underneath, two inches long ; head obtuse, fur-
nished with a proboscis, which it can protrude
and draw in at pleasure; tail or thinner part
twice the length of the body.
In the human intestines.
2. Equi. Turton Br. Faun. 126. Gozee Eingev. 118. /. 6.f. S.
[Tr. resembles the last, but rather longer.
In the intestines of the horse. Ed.
Class VI. FILARIA.
55
GENUS III. FILARIA.
Body rouud, filiform, smooth, of equal thick-
ness.
Mouth dilated, with a roundish concave lip.
Gm. Lin. 3040. Ph. Tr. Air. ii. 774. i. Scara-
Turton Br. Faun. 126. BMi.
[Found in the Scarabceus jimetarius.
Martin Lister says that he took three, out of
the belly of one beetle, of a dark hair color,
with whitish bellies, somewhat thicker than
hog's bristles ; and one out of another beetle
which was of a lighter color and measured
five inches and an half.
Gm. Lin. 3040. Turlon Br. Faun. 126. g. Carabi.
Found in one of the species of Carabus.
Ed.
56
LIGULA.
Class VI.
GENUS IV. LIGULA.
Body long, slender, flattened, with a visible
groove on each side.
Mouth or vent : none apparent.
1. Abdomi- Ligula. Gm. Lin. 3042. 1078. Faun. Suec. No.
nalis. Fasciolaintestinalis. Br.Zool. 2076.
Abdominal.
iv. 35. Lm. Syst. ed. vi. 70. lab. vi.
Fasciola intestinalis. Lin. Syst. f. 1 .
L. with a long slender body, if extended ; when
contracted, of a sub-oval form.
Inhabits the intestines of fresh-water fish
discovered in breams and sticklebacks.
Class VI. ECHINORINCIIUS.
57
GENUS V. ECHINORINCHUS.
Body long, cylindrical.
Mouth with a cylindrical retractile proboscis,
crowned with hooked prickles.
Turton Br. Faun. 126. Mull. Zool. Dan. i. 13g. t. I.Candidxjs.
37. f- 1. 10.
[Ech. body about three inches long, pale opake,
varying in color, slightly wrinkled. Ed.*
• Animals of this genus are found in the intestines of quadru-
peds, birds, and fishes, but never in those of men. Forty-eight
species are enumerated by Muller and some northern naturalists.
Ed.
58
FASCIOLA. FLUKE. Class VI.
GENUS VI. FASCIOLA. FLUKE.
Body oblong ; a pore or sucker at the extre-
mity, and another on the belly.
1. Heva- Fasciola. Lin. Syst. 1077. Roesel. app. tab. xxxii. f. b.
tica. Gm. Lin. 3053. Faun. Suec. Borlase Nat. Hist. Corn-
Liver. ^Vb. 2075. Amcen. Acad. wall, tab. xx. Jig. 10.
F. with an ovated body, a little sharper on
the fore part ; in the centre is a white spot,
with a line of the same color passing towards
each extremity.
Infests the livers of sheep and hares.
3. Trachea. Montagu in Mem. Wern. Soc. t. 7./. 4.
Poultry.
[F. with a round body, acuminated at the pos-
terior end ; a large arm or stalk extends from
the side, and terminates in an aperture, used
as a sucker, by which it adheres to the trachea ;
color red ; length about an inch ; breadth not
half a line.
Found in the trachea of poultry, and pro-
bably of partridges and pheasants, occasioning
the complaint called in Devonshire, the Gapes,
Class VI. FASCIOLA. FLUKE.
59
and which prevails in other parts of the king-
dom ; cured in America, where it is also known,
by introducing a feather into the mouth and
throat of the bird, and twisting it round, by
which means the animal is entangled and with-
drawn. Ed.
60
TAENIA. TAPEWORM. Class VI.
GENUS VII. TiENLA. TAPEWORM.
Body flat, composed of numerous joints.
Head, with four orifices for suction below the
mouth.
Mouth terminal, generally crowned with a
double series of retractile hooks.
* Mouth armed ; body with a vesicle behind.
1. Viscera- Turton Br. Faun. 126. Ph. Tr. xliii. 305. /. 1—8.
LIS.
[Tje. Pea shaped, inclosed in a vesicle, broad on
the fore part, jointed behind.
In the liver, placenta, &c. of mankind.
2. Cellu- Turton Br. Faun. 126. Werner verm. int. 2. t. l.f. 1 — 8.
LOSA.
[Tje. solitary inclosed in cartilaginous vesicle
and two tailed tunic.
In the cellular covering of the human mus-
cles.
** Mouth armed; body without the terminal
vesicle.
3. Solium. Turton Br. Faun. 127. Carlisle in Lin. Tr. ii. 250. tab. 25.
\Tje. with long, narrow articulations, and mar-
ginal mouths, one on each joint, generally alter-
Class VI. TJENIA. TAPEWORM. 6\
natc, by which it attaches itself to the intes-
tines. Grows from the length of three to
sixty feet.
Found in the human intestines.
Mr. Carlisle states, that the natives of En-
gland have this species and rarely any other,
while those of Switzerland have the Taenia
lata, &c.
Turton Br. Faun. 127- Shaw Nat. Misc. t. 241. 4. Vulgaris.
[TjE. with short and broader articulations, and a
mouth in the centre of each ; the body tapering
to each end ; tail ending in a rounded joint ;
length from three to fifteen feet.
In the human intestines.
Turlon Br. Faun. 127- Lin. Tr. ii. t. 25./. Q. 11. 5. Cateni-
formis.
TT.t:. with oblong-elliptic articulations and single
marginal mouths.
Resembles the Tee. solium, but the mouths
are mostly opposite.
In the intestines of the dog and cat.
Turton Br. Faun. 127. Goezc Eingew. t. 20. a.f. 1 — 5. 6. Cerebra-
lis.
[TV., with a body not larger than a grain of
sand, armed on the head with from thirty to
62 TiENIA. TAPEWORM. Class VI.
forty hooks; several, united at the base to a
large common vesicle, affix themselves to the
brain or its coats, and occasion the disease in
sheep known by the name of Dunt or rickets.
Mouth unarmed.
7. Lata. TurtonBr. Faun. 127. Carlisle in Lin. Tr. ii. t. 25.
/. 12—14.
[Tje. with very short broad joints, knotty in the
middle ; a single central mouth in each ; color
white ; length from eighteen to one hundred
and twenty feet.
In the human intestines.
8. Oviua. Turton Br. Faun. 127- Carlisle in Lin. Tr. ii. p. 25.
f. 15, 16.
[TiE. with very short and narrow joints rounded
at the ends ; the lateral vesicle pellucid, distinct,
with double marginal lateral mouths. Ed.
»
Class VI. LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM.
63
GENUS VIII. LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM.
Body slender annulated, furnished with lateral
pores.
Mouth simple, nearly terminal.
Lumbricus. Lin. Syst. IO76. Faun. Suec. No. 2073. 1. Terres-
Gm. Lin. 3083. Raii insect. 1. tris.
Earth.
L. with a hundred and forty rings ; head taper ;
mouth, at the end, round ; fore part of the
worm cylindric, the rest depressed ; at about
one third of its length is a prominent annulated
belt ; on each side of the belly a row of minute
spines, distinguishable only by the touch, as-
sistant in motion. Tab. xx. Jig. 1.
A variety only of the former ; excepting in (A.) Minor.
size, resembling it. Raii insect. 2.
Inhabits the common soil, and by perforat-
ing, renders it apt to receive the rain ; devours
the cotyledons of plants, or part of the seed that
vegetates; comes out at night to copulate; is
the food of moles, hedge-hogs, birds, &c. In
English, the Derv or Lobworm. Tab. xx.
M 2-
64
LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM. Class VI.
(B.) Intbsti- Inhabits the lesser intestines of the human
NALIS. .
Intestinal, species, chiefly of children ; does not differ in
the lest from the former kinds.
2. Marinus. L. marinus. Lin. Syst. 1077. Armicole. Bosc. Hist. nat.
u&' Gm. Lin. 3084. Faun. des Vers. i. 1 6 1 .
Suec. No. 2074. Belon aq. Nereide lumbricride. Pallas
444. in nov. act. Pelrop. ii. tab.
i-jtg- 19.
L. with round mouth, and circular body annu-
lated with greater and lesser rings ; the first
prominent; on each of them are two tufts of
short bristles placed opposite; the tail-part is
smooth ; elegant ramifications are observed to
issue from among the tufts in the living worm;
is soft and full of blood.
Inhabits sandy shores, burying itself deep ;
but its place distinguishable by a little rising,
with an aperture on the surface ; of great use as
a bait for fish. Tab. xx. Jig. 3.
3. Thalas- Tur ton Br. Faun. 128. Thalassemc des rochers. Bosc.
sema. pa[L Misc^ Zqo1 t xi j His{ nnL fa Vers^ j 224
Spicil. Zool. t.l.f. 6.
[L. with a striated body of a dirty red with
shining red spots, grey beneath, thicker at one
Class VI. LUMBRICUS. DEW-WORM.
65
end, rather pointed at the other ; mouth placed
above with a saffron funnel.
Found on the shores of Cornwall.
Turton Br. Faun. 128. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. xi. /. 7, 8. 4. Oxydrus.
L. with an annulated whitish-livid body, very
sharp at the hinder extremity, obtuse before,
with a cylindrical retractile proboscis.
On the Sussex coast. Ed.
vol. IV.
F
00 SIPUNCULUS. TUBE-WORM. Class VI.
GENUS IX. SIPUNCULUS. TUBE-WORM.
Body slender, lengthened.
Mouth. at . the very end, attenuated, cylindric.
Aperture on the side of the body.
Sipunculus. Lin. Syst. 10(7.8. Rondel. Zooph. 110. Ges-
Gm. Lin. 3094. ner aq. 1026.
Vermis macrorhynchopterus. Syrinx. Bohedsch. marin. Q3.
tab. vii. Jig. 6. 7.
S. with a cylindric extended mouth, lacini-
ated round the inner edges ; body rounded,
taper, at the end globose ; about eight inches
long; aperture at the side, a little below the
mouth. Tab. xxi. Jig. 2.* 2.
Inhabits the sea.
2. SaccATUS. Gm. Lin. 3095. Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 75. Gesner aq. 1026.
[S. covered with a skin not adhering close to the
body as in the preceding species.
This animal, which was supposed to be ex-
clusively a native of the America?! and Indian
seas, has been found by Mr. Martin at Teign-
mouth.
1. Nddus.
Naked.
XXI
VoiA. an.
STAKED TUBE WORM. (P 66.)
Class VI. SIPUNCULUS. TUBE-WORM.
67
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 74. 3, Strombus.
[S. with a body in its contracted state more
taper than cylindric ; when extended, the an-
terior part half the size of the posterior ; mouth
surrounded with lacinice or short feelers ; body
smooth, except about the middle, which is ra-
ther verrucose ; color livid ; utmost length about
four inches ; diameter one eighth of an inch.
The animal is parasitical, taking possession
of the old shells of Strombus Pes Pelicani.
Ed.
f £
(>8
PLANARIA. Class VI.
GENUS X. PLANARIA.
Body gelatinous, flatfish.
Mouth terminal.
Pores two ventral.
1. Lactea. Gm. Lin. 30Q0. Kirby in Lin. Tr. ii. 317-
Hirudo alba.
[Pl. of an ovate form when at rest, but linear
when in motion, and is then six or eight lines in
length ; color of a delicate white, through which
appear the elegant ramifications of the viscera.
Found in slow streams among the Lemna
gibba.
2. Fusca. Gm. Lin. 30Q0. Hirudo nigra.
Pall. spic. Zoo!, x. 21. t. 1. Kirby in Lin. Tr. ii. 317-
/. 13.
[Pl. of a deep rich black color ; circular when
at rest, when in motion, linear, and increases
from one to three lines in length.
Found on aquatic plants in slow streams.
Ed.
Class VI. HIRUDO. LEECH. 69
GENUS XL HIRUDO. LEECH.
Body oblong ; moves by dilating the head and
tail, and raising the body into an arched
form.
H. Lin. Syst. IO79. Gm. Raii insect. 3. 1, Medici-
Lin. 3095. Gesner pise. 425. nalis.
Faun. Suec. No. 2079- Medicinal.
L. with a brown body, marked with six yel-
low lines.
Inhabits standing waters. The best of phle-
botomists, especially in hemorrhoids. The
practice is as old as the time of Pliny, who
gives it the apt name of hirudo sangaisuga.
Leeches were used instead of cupping-glasses
for persons of plethoric habits, and those who
were troubled with the gout in the feet. He
asserts, that if they left their head in the wound,
as sometimes happened, it was incurable; and
informs us, that Messalinus, a person of consu-
lar dignity, lost his life by such an accident.*
• Lib. xxxii. c. 10.
70
HIRUDO. LEECH. Class VI.
2. Sangui- H. Lin. Syst. Gm. Lin. 30g5. Hirudo maxime apud nos vul-
Horse Faun. Suec. No. 2078. garis. Raii insect. 3.
L. with a depressed body; in the bottom of
the mouth are certain great sharp tubercles or
whitish caruncles. The slenderest part is about
the mouth ; the thickest towards the tail ; the
tail itself very slender ; the belly of a yellowish
green ; the back dusky.
Inhabits standing waters.
Leeches are good barometers, when pre-
served in glasses, and predict bad weather by
their great restlessness and change of place.
3. Piscium. H. geometrica. Gm. Lin. Lin. Syst. 1080. Faun. Suec.
Geometrical. 3097.. No. 2083.
Ratsel. App. tab. xxxii.y. 1.4.
L. with a filiform body ; greenish, spotted with
white ; both ends dilatable, and equally tena-
cious.
Inhabits the same places ; moves as if mea-
suring like a compass, whence the name ; found
on trout and other fish, after the spawning sea-
son. Tab. xxi. Jig. 3.
Class VI. HIRUDO. LEECH.
71
H. Lin. St/sl. 1080. Gm. Lin. Hirudo marina. Rondel, a- 4,. Muri«
30Q8. Faun. Suec. No. quat. cata.
2080. Mus. Ad. Fr. I Hirudo piscium. Easier, i. Tuberculated.
Q3. 82. tab. x. f. 2.
L. with a taper hody; rounded at the greater
extremity, and furnished with two small horns ;
strongly annulated, and tuberculated upon the
rings ; the tail dilated.
Inhabits the sea; adheres strongly to fish,
and leaves a black mark on the spot. Tab. xxi.
fig- 4-
Turton Br. Faun. 12g. 5. Ocrocu-
LATA.
[L. with body elongated, yellow brown, some-
times spotted ; eight eyes in form of a crescent ;
length an inch and an half.
Inhabits stagnant waters.
Turton Br. Faun. 129. 6. Stacna-
lis.
[L. with elongated pellucid body, whitish with
grey dots, plaited at the sides ; eyes two ;
length nine lines.
Found in wet hollows.
HIRUDO. LEECH. Class VI.
Compla- Turlon Br. Faun. I2g.
NATA.
[L. with a grey dilated body, serrate at the sides,
and a double tubercled line on the back ; head
pointed, white ; eyes, six ; tail articular j length
four lines.
Inhabits slow streams.
Turton Br. Faun. 129. Sow. Br. Misc. 76.
[L. with an oblong body pointed towards the
head, convex above, flat beneath, of a dull
red color j sufficiently transparent to shew the
circulation of the blood ; length one inch.
Found in the Thames.
g. Crinata. Turton Br. Faun. 12g. Lin. Tr. vi. 318. t. 2g.
[L. with the body of the shape of a pear, convex
on the upper surface, flat beneath ; crenulate at
the sides ; color greenish grey ; length half an
inch. Inhabits shallow streams. Ed.
8. ClRCU-
LANS.
Class VI. GORDIUS. HAIR-WORM.
73
GENUS XII. GORDIUS. HAIR-WORM.
Body filiform, of equal thickness, smooth.
Gordius. Lin. Syst. 1075. Vitulus aquaticus. Gesner aij. 1. Aquati-
Gm. Lin. 3082. Faun. Suec. Dragcneau aquatique. Bosc. Jjrt'
No. 2068. Hist. nat. des Vers. i. 230.
G. of a pale color, with the ends black.
Inhabits boggy places, and clay at the bot-
tom of water.
G. Lin. Syst. 1075. Gm. Lin. 3083. Faun. Suec. No. 206g. g. Argilla-
CEUS.
G. of an uniform yellow color. Clay'
Montagu in Lin. Tr. vii. 74. 3. Annu-
LATUS.
[G. of a garnet red color, with a pure white line
along the back, and another on each side, divid-
ed by two rows of minute white spots. Length
six or seven inches; diameter not exceeding
one line.
Taken by dredging, in old shells, and among
corallines.
74
GORDIUS. HAIR-WORM. Class VI.
4. Mari- Montagu in Lin. Tr. vii. 72. Lineus longissimus. Sow. Br.
NVS- Sea long-worm. JBorlase Corn- misc. t. viii.
wall. 255. 26. /. 13. Mem. Wern. Soc. 557-
[G. of a filiform shape, but rather decreasing
towards the extremity; skin smooth, slimy;
mouth small, placed beneath longitudinally;
color dusky brown, with a tinge of green,
marked by five longitudinal lines of a paler
hue ; grows at lest to the length of thirty feet,
but possesses a singular power of expanding
and contracting itself ; one about eight feet in
length, put by Mr. Montagu in spirits, con-
tracted to one foot, but at the, same time in-
creased in bulk.
This curious worm is not uncommon on the
southern coast of Devonshire ; * the largest are
taken by dredging in old bivalve shells. Ed.
* It has also been found on the coast of Anglesey, under
stones, in deserted hollows formed there by crabs for their
retirement. H. D.
Class VI. UMAX. SLUG.
75
Div. II.
MOLLUSCA.
Animals of a simple form, (naked) without a
shell ; furnished with members.
GENUS XIII. UMAX. SLUG.
Body oblong ; attenuated towards the tail.
Buckler fleshy above, formed convexly ; flat
beneath.
Hole, a lateral, on the right side, for its geni-
tals, and discharge of excrements.
Feelers four, two having eyes at the extremity.
L. Lin. Syst. 1081. Gm. List. Angl. 131. 1. Ater.
Lin. 3099. Gesner aq. 254. Black.
Faun. Suec. No. 2088.
Sl. wholly black.
L. rufus. Lin. Syst. 1081. List. Angl. App. 6 tab. ii. 2. Succi-
Gm. Lin. 3100.
Faun. Suec. No. 208Q.
Gm. Lin. 3100. Jig. 1. £EUS.
Brown.
Sl. of * brownish color.
76
UMAX. SLUG. Class VI.
3. Cine- l, maximus. Ltn. Syst. 1081. List. Antl.\¥l.
Reus. • /. ~ ,
Cinereous cinereus. urn. Lin. 3180. L. maximus. Br. Zool. iv.
Faun. Suec. No. 20Q0. List. 41.
Angl. App. 6. tab. ii. jig. 2.
Sl. with a cinereous ground ; the head reticu-
lated with black ; on the back three pale lines
and four dusky ; the last spotted with black.
These vary; at times, part is of an amber
color. The largest of the genus, five inches
long.
4. Agres- L. Lin. Syst. 1082. Gm. Lin. Limax cinereus parvus imma-
Vs' 3101. culatus. List. Angl. 130.
Field. 6
Sl. small, and of an uniform cinereous color ;
are very common in gardens, and destructive to
plants.
These have sometimes been swallowed by
persons in a consumptive habit, who thought
them of service.
5. Flavus. L. Lin. Syst. 1082. Gm. Lin. Faun. Suec. No. 2092.
Yellow. 3102> L< Filans. xin. Tr. 1. 183-
Sl. of an amber color, marked with white.
[Either this animal or a species nearly allied
to it, distinguished by Mr. Hoy in the first vo-
Class VI.
1. 1 MAX. SLUG.
77
lume of the Linn ce an Transactions, under the
name of Lima.v filans, has the faculty of form-
ing a thread like the spiders or caterpillars.
That gentleman observed* one hanging from
a Scotch fir four feet from the branch of the
tree, and four feet and an half from the ground,
to which it was approaching by the elongation
of the thread, at the rate of about an inch in
three minutes. Ed.
• On the 11th of October 1811, I observed the same pheno-
menon. This was suspended from a projecting part of a build-
ing. H. D.
78
APLYSIA,
Clais VL
GENUS XIV. APLYSIA.
Body covered with reflexible membranes.
Shield, a homy, on the back, guarding the
lungs.
Aperture on the right side.
Vent on the extremity of the back.
Feelers four resembling ears.
LANS.
Depilatory.
1. Depi- A. Tentaculorum membrana- Lepus marinus. Plin. lib. ix.
rumque margine cum disco c. 48.
concolore j pulmonibus fla- Rondel, pise. 520.
belliformibus, fusco albido- Lernaea. Bokadsch.* tab. 1.5.
que variis. Gm. Lin. 3103.
* Apl. Its color is different shades of brown
tinged with blue or purple ; lungs fan-shaped,
variegated with stripes of dusky brown and
white.
As the lungs are visible without dissection,
we have risked a specific distinction, by means
of this part, with regard to this and the follow-
ing species. There are already instances of
specific characters taken from the interanea of
this tribe of animals. See Ascidia. Gm. Lin.
* De quibusdam animalibus marinis, &c. Dresda, 1761.
B *
Class VT. APLYSIA. 79
Bohadsch has given us the colors as above,
and in tab. iv. f. 21, 22. figures of the lungs,
which resemble in some measure a lady's fan.
A. unicolor, mustelina; miibus phcenioeis. H. Da- 2. Muste-
pulmonibus spicifor- vies. Mss. lina.
Tawny.
* This species is of a deep tawny, or yellowish
brown color, except the shield, which is" a dull
brown, and the part, which by its situation
corresponds with what Bohadsch deems the
lungs in his subject, which is crimson. Not-
withstanding these parts differ so much in color
and form, as represented in the figures given
by Bohadsch and Mr. K?iapp, they are surely
designed for the same use.
Mr. Knapp observes, * this part apparently
performs the office of spiracles, being in a
" constant state of contraction and expansion ;
lt this fabrication, when the animal is at rest,
" is concealed by one of the lobes E* and the
" shield."
The figure is the production of the accurate
pencil of J. L. Knapp,, Esq. who found the
subject in deep water near Tenhy, Pembroke-
shire. Tab. xxii.
80
APLYSIA. Class VI.
3. Viridis. Laplysia. Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. p. 76. lab. 7. /. 1.
Green.
* Apl. with the fore part of the body like a
common Umax or slug ; tentacula two, all (ex-
cept the under part which is paler) of a bright
grass-green color, marked on different parts
with azure spots ; the shield is not discernible.
This beautiful animal, not having what is
deemed in this genus the second, or foremost
pair of tentacula, tends to confirm BohadscJis
assertion that the genus has really but one pair
of feelers, as the two other appendages, in the
front of the head, are altered in their form and
appearance according to the will of the animal,
and sometimes to that degree, that they have
not at all the resemblance of horns or tenta-
cula. This observation consequently seems to
justify his definition of the genus, corpus subo-
vatum, dorsum labiosum, tentacula in fronte
duo auriformia*
* Mr. Montagu, in his description of this species, takes an
opportunity of controverting the generally received opinion, that
the Apl. depilans has an offensive smell, or is poisonous to the
touch. Mr. Sowerby makes the same remark, and seems to at-
tribute to it the merit of producing the Tyrian dye. Ed.
Class VI. TRITONIA.
81
GENUS XV. TRITONIA.
Body oblong, creeping, pointed behind, convex
above, flat or grooved underneath.
Mouth at one of the extremities, surrounded
with tentacula.
Branchiae projecting and disposed along the
back, in scales, tubercles, or vascular tufts.
Bosc. Hist. nat. des Vers. i. Limax papillosus. Lin. Syst. 1. Papil-
91. 1082. L0SA-
Mem. JFem. Soc. 556. Doris papillosa. Gm. Lin.
3104.
[Tr. The body covered above with papilla:
which serve as branchiae ; the line along the
back smooth.
Inhabits the shores near Leith. Ed.
vol. IV.
G
8<a
DORIS.
Class VI.
GENUS XVI. DORIS.
Body oblong, flat beneath, creeping.
Mouth placed below.
Vent behind; surrounded with a fringe which
serves as branchiae.
Feelers from two to four, retractile.
1. Argo. rjoris. Lin. Syst. 1083. Gm. Bohadsch. tab. r. fig. 4. 5.
Lemon. T .
Lin. 3107.
D. with an oval body, convex, marked with
numerous punctures; of a lemon color; the
vent beset with elegant ramifications.
Inhabits different parts of our seas ; called,
about Brighthelmstone, the sea-lemon. Tab.
xxiv.
2. Verru- Doris. Lin. Syst. 1083. Gm. Tritonia verrucosa. Bosc. Hist.
COSA.
Warty.
Lin. 3103. des Vers. i. 90.
Mem. Wern. Soc. 556.
D. of an ovated form, convex, tuberculated.
Inhabits the sea near Aberdeen. Tab. xxiii.
fig. 2.
/
DHl'ILAT ORY APLYSIA . (P. J 8)
WART DORIS foBz)
/
Class VI. DORIS.
83
Doris fusca. Gm. Lin. 3106. ? 3. Elec-
TR1JTA.
D. with the front abrupt ; body has the appear- AikM.
ance of a snail ; bilamellated ; size of the figure ;
amber-colored.
Taken off Anglesey. Tab. xxvi. Jig. I,
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 78. /. 7- /• 2. 3. 4. Pinna-
tifida.
* D. grey spotted with olive green; body slen-
der, somewhat taper, with two rows of ovate
greenish pedunculated appendages on the back,
and two trumpet-shaped feelers. Length three
tenths of an inch.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 78. I.7./.5. 5- C^rd-
LEA.
* D. green ; body linear, covered with blue cla-
vated tubercles ; feelers four ; length a quarter
of an inch.
M»nt. in Lin. Tr. vii. 79. t. D. clavigera. Gm. Lin. 3104.? g Flava
7-f.G.
* D. with a longish obovate body, white, spotted
with yellow, with a fasciculus of orange-colored
club-shaped processes on the back ; feelers four,
with four other long upright appendages on the
back, two of them near the head, the other two
near the vent ; length half an inch.
g 2
8-1
DORIS. Class VI.
D. laevis. Cm. Lin. 310G. ? Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 79. t. 7.
/•7.
* D. ovate, white with a tinge of pink, sur-
rounded with a membranaceous undulated mar-
gin ; feelers two ; length a quarter of an inch.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 80. t. 7- /• 8. g.
* D. slender, tapering to a point behind, with
several pairs of subclavated sex partite pedun-
cles along the back ; feelers two, trumpet-
shaped ; color pale yellow spotted with pink ;
length a quarter of an inch.
9. Longt- Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 107- /• 7- /• 1-
cornis.
* D. slender, tapering to a point behind ; with
a fasciculus of club-shaped peduncles near the
head, and four transverse series of subulate cirri
on the body ; feelers four, two of them octiform,
and above half the length of the body; the
other two short; color yellowish white; length
half an inch.
7. Margi
N ATA.
8. Macu-
LATA.
Class VI.
DORIS.
85
Mont, in Test. Br. ix. 107- /. 7- /• 2. 10. Nodosa.
* D. front bilobate; body obovate, convex,
surrounded by a broad membranaceous margin,
with eight papilla on the back, and near the
posterior end a fasciculus of plumose appen-
dages ; feelers two short, with perfoliated,
retractile tips; color whitish; length half an
inch.
The seven preceding species were discovered
by Mr. Montagu on the southern coast of
Devonshire.
86
APHRODITA. Class VI.
GENUS XVII. APHRODITA.
Body oval ; numbers of fasciculi, serving the
uses of feet, on each side.
Mouth cylindric, retractile, placed at the ex-
tremity.
Feelers two, setaceous.
I.Acdlea- Aph. Lin. Sysl. 1084. Gm. lab. xc. 1. 111. tab. 4./.
TA.
Aculeatcd.
Lin. 3107- Faun. Suec. No. 7.8.
2099. Sea mouse. Dales Harwich.
Baster, ii. 62. tab. vi.J?g. 12. 394.
Mus. Ad. Fr. i. 93. Boate's Nat. Hist. Ireland,
Eruca marina. Seb. Mus. i. 172.
Aph. with the back cloathed with short brown
fur ; the sides, with rich pavonaceous green
hairs, mixed with sharp spines; vent covered
with two scales; belly covered with a naked
skin ; mouth placed beneath ; each foot consists
of a fasciculus of five or six strong spines ; on
each side about thirty-six ; grows to the length
of between four and five inches.
Inhabits all our seas ; often found in the
belly of the cod-fish. Tab. xxv. Jig. 1.
Vol. 4- CI 17
ACULECTED
1
APHRODITE (I>86.)
x\u.
Vol. A. ('/. VI
Class VI. APHRODITA.
87
Aph. Lin. St/st. 1084. Gm. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. 7- /. 14.
Lin. 3108? Aph. clava. Mont, in Lin.
Baster, ii. 66. tab. vi. fig. 5. Tr. ix. 108. t. 7- /■ 3 ? ?
Aph. with the back covered with two rows of
large scales, deciduous ; about an inch long.
Taken off Anglesey. Tab. xxv. Jig. 2.
Aph. with two rows of scales on the back, 3. Pedun-
C U LATA*
placed alternately; the mouth cvlindric, pro- Pedunai.
jecting ; an inch long. lated"
Taken off Bright helmstone. Tab. xxvi.Jig. 2.
Aph. oblong ; fusiform ; annulated ; smooth, 4. Annu-
„ . v . LATA.
excepting a row oi minute spines, one on Annulated.
each ring, running along the back ; feet small ;
size two inches and a quarter ; of a pale yel-
low color.
Tab. xxvi. Jig. 3.
Aph. lepidota. Gm. Lin. Pallas Miscel. Zool. 20g. tab. 5. Minuta.
3108. viii. fig. l. 2. vii. 15. Little. ^
Aph. with small scales; slender; not an inch
long.
Taken off Anglesey. Tab. xxvi. Jig. 4.
2. Squama-
TA.
Scaled.
APHRODITA. Class VI.
Scabra. Gm. Lin. 3108. Mem. Wern. Soc. 557 '.
* Aph. oblong; the back scaly and rough, with
about twenty feet on each side.
Leith shore and Brighthelmstone.
Imbri- Gm. Lin. 3108. Mem. Wern. Soc 557.
CATA.
* Aph. oblong with smooth variegated scales.
Shore near Leith and the Orkneys.
Class VI. AMPHITRITE.
89
GENUS XVIII. AMPHITRITE.
* Body issuing from a tube, annulated.
Feet small, numerous.
Tentacula two, close together, feathered.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 10g. tab. 8. 1. Infcndi-
BULUM.
Funnel.
* Amph. Body long, tapering, extendible from
three or four inches to eight or ten; of an
orange color, divided by whitish ringlets into
about an hundred and fifty or sixty joints ;
feelers two, each composed of about thirty-
seven purple-colored rays, connected nearly to
the ends by a transparent web, in which last
particular it differs from every other known
species ; these feelers are semicircular when
spread, uniting into a nearly regular circle ; its
tube is elastic, of a greenish color.
Found near Kingsbridge, Devonshire, at the
lowest ebb of spring-tides.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 80. tab. 7. f. 10. 2 vOLUTX_
CORKIS.
* Amph. with a scutellum of ten smooth yel- Convoluted.
lowish joints, and a pencil of bristly tubercles
90
AMPHITR1TE. Class VI.
on each side at each joint ; feelers full an inch
long, elegantly plumose, convoluted, and of a
yellowish mottled brown color ; the body scaly
on the back, of about eighty segments, and of a
purplish color. This species does not seem
furnished with a tube or case ; it is about five
inches long, and half an inch in diameter.
Taken by dredging for oysters on the south-
ern coast of Devonshire.
Gm. Lin. 3111. Sabella Penicillus. Mont. Test.
Corallena tubularia melitensis. Br. 541.
Ellis cor all. 92. t. 34. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558.
Sow. Br. Misc. tab. 12.
* Amph. with the fibres of the feelers ciliated
on the inner edge; one feeler has fifty-four
fibres, the other thirty-six; body verrucose;
proboscis, none; length about eight or nine
inches.
Inhabits the Sabella Penicillus, and is found
on several parts of our coasts.
rosea. Sow. Br. Misc. 67.
Rosy.
* Amph. with the fibres of the feelers beauti-
fully spotted with crimson ; feet golden ; length
somewhat more than one inch.
3. Venti-
LABRXJM.
Fan.
Class VI. AMPHITRITE.
91
Gm Lin. 3111. Mem. Wern Soc. 5. Cristata.
* Amph. with a long round body of seventeen
segments ; color orange ; horns two branched.
Found on the shore near Leith.
Soio. Br. Misc. tal. 31. Turton Br. Faun. 137- Q. Campa-
NULATA.
[Amph. with a yellow body, striped with black;
feelers pale, with black spots; proboscis, bell-
shaped at the end ; length about an inch.
Inhabits the Serpula triquetra. Ed.
Gm. Lin. 3111. Misc. 117- t. ix. f. 1—13. 7. Auri-
Mont. Test Br. 545. Nereis pectinate. Soiv. Br. coma.
Nereis cylindraria. , Pallas Misc. t. 51.
* Amph. with a smooth body; color, of the
various prismatic tints ; feelers, fourteen on
each side, gold-colored ; feet, pencil-like, four-
teen on each side, also gold-colored.
Inhabits the Sabella tubiformis.
92
SPIO.
Class VI.
GENUS XIX. SPIO.
Body projecting from a tube, jointed and fur-
nished with dorsal fibres.
Feet rough with bristles, placed towards the
back.
Tentacula two, long, simple.
Eyes two, oblong.
1. Seticor- Gm. Lin. 310g. Turlon Br. Faun. 137.
NIS.
[Sp. Body whitish, with a tinge of green, and a
red line down the middle of the back; tenta-
cula, thin, capillary, striate ; length about three
inches.
Inhabits the sea. Ed.
vYU
Vol.
'A
a vi
Class VI.
NEREIS.
93
GENUS XX. NEREIS.
Body long, slender.
Feet formed like a pencil of rays, and nume-
rous on each side.
Mouth at the extremity, unguiculated.
Feelers above the mouth, simple.
N. segmentis xxiii. corpore Noctiluca marina. Amcen. A- 1. Nocti-
vix conspicuo. Lin. Syst. cad.
1085. Gm. Lin. 311.5. Baster, i. tab. iv. Jig. 3.
LUCA.
Noctilucent.
These are the animals that illuminate the sea,
like glow-worms, but with brighter splendor.
I have at night, in rowing, seen the whole
element as if on fire round me ; every oar
spangled with them ; and the water burnt with
more than ordinary brightness. I have taken
up some of the water in a bucket, seen them
for a short space illuminate it; but when I
came to search for them, their extreme small-
ness eluded my examination.
Nereis. Lin. Syst. 1086. Faun. Suec. No. 20g5. 2 O^rulea.
Gm. Lin. 311?. Blue.
N. smooth; depressed; with 184 segments of
a bluish-green color, semi-pellucid ; a longitu-
94 NEREIS. Class VI.
dinal sulcus runs along the belly, about four
inches long.
Inhabits the deeps. Tab. xxvii. Jig. 1.
3. Viridis. Gm. Lin. 31 17- Adams in Lin. Tr. v. 8.
* N. filiform, of one hundred and thirty seg-
ments, flattish; the scales of the feet lanceo-
late ; two short cirri on the tail ; three feelers
on each side of the head ; color green ; length
about two or three inches.
Found on Fucus pinnatifidus near Tenby.
4. Iricolor. Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 82.
* N. nearly cylindric, of about four hundred seg-
ments ; no feelers ; color, of the most beautiful
prismatic tint, except the tail, which is orange
red ; length one foot ; size, that of a goose
quill ; but can extend itself to three feet, and the
size of a raven's quill.
Found under a stone among the rocks at
Milton.
5. Marga- Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 82.
RITA.
* N. with a cylindric body of about seventy-
four segments, with a short filamentous appen-
dage to each foot; front divided into three
Class VI. NEREIS. 95
lobes, the middle one of which has two feelers ;
color changeable greenish bronze, beneath of a
paler and pearly appearance ; length five or
six inches.
Inhabits the same place as the last.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 83. 6. Ltneata.
* N. with a flattish body, of one hundred and
twenty segments and six feelers ; tail with two
short appendages ; color, yellow with purple
spots disposed lengthways in six lines ; length
one inch and a half.
Taken by dredging in deep water.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 84. 7, Octenta-
culata.
* N. with a flattish body, of between eighty
and ninety segments, with two long and six
short setaceous feelers ; four eyes ; along the
back is a purple line, and a yellow spot at each
joint; length three inches.
Found with the preceding.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 111. t. 6. f. 3. g pINN1.
GERA.
* N. with a long slender body of about eighty
segments, furnished along the sides with long
96
NEREIS. Class VI.
flat appendages ; eyes four ; length one inch
and a hall. The posterior part in Mr. Mon-
tagus figure is much more slender than the
foremost, and is very reasonably supposed by
him to be a reproduction.
9. Mollis. Gm. Lin. 3116, Mem. Went. Soc. bbl.
* N. with lateral fasciculi of hair above the feet.
A rare species in the Frith of Forth.
10. Lamkl- Gm. Lin. 3120. Mem. Wern. Soc. 557-
LIGERA.
# N. round, tapering at each end ; the proboscis
stellated with four fleshy points ; eyes two,
black : segments, above two hundred ; length
two feet.
II. Rufa. N. versicolor. Gm. Lin. Scolopendra marina. Lin.
Red- 3115. Sijst. 1064.?
N. with a very slender depressed body ; two
black spots on the front ; attenuated at the end,
when it draws in its forceps ; a blood-red lon-
gitudinal line along the middle of the back ;
the segments very numerous ; about four inches
long.
Taken off Anglesey. Tab. xxvii. fig. 2.
fig; 3. ?
Class VI.
MA IS.
97
GENUS XXI. NAIS.
Body creeping, long, linear, depressed, pel-
lucid.
Bristles on each side instead of feet.
Tentacula, none.
Eyes two or more.
Gm. Lin. 3121. Shaw's Nat. Misc. t. 270. 1. Serpen-
Rcesel. ins. iii. 567. i. 92. TINA-
[N. with red spiral intestines and triple black
collar ; body slender, serpentine ; length about
nine lines.
Common in stagnant waters. Ed.
Cm. Lin. 3121. 1085. Br. Zool. iv. 46. 2. Probos-
Nereis lacustris. Lin. Syst. Shaw's Nat. Misc. tab. 379. cidea.
N. with a linear jointed body, with a filiform
foot issuing from each ; the whole animal of the
size of a short bristle of a hog ; an object of the
microscope.
Inhabits wet places.
VOL. IV.
98
NAIS.
Class VI.
1 Diiii- Gm. Lin. 3121. 452.
TATA. Shaw's Nat. Misc. tab. Turton Br. Faun. 137.
[N. with single lateral bristles, but chiefly
distinguished by six retractile processes at the
end of the tail j length four lines.
In stagnant waters towards the decline of
summer; rare. Ed.
Class VI.
ASCIDIA.
GENUS XXII. ASCIDIA.
Body fixed to a shell, rock, &c. forming a
sheath.
Apertures two, one on the summit, the other
lower.
Asc. rustica? Br. Zool. iv. 48. Ebora-
censis.
Scarborough.
Asc. with scabrous extremities ; one end bend-
ing upwards ; middle part smooth ; lower flat ;
of a brown color.
Taken off Scarborough. Tab. xxv. Jig. 3.
Asc. subovalis, depressa, la?vi&, virescens, interaneis purpureo- 2. Vires-
fuscis, orificiis lutescentibus. M.S. H. Davies. cens.
Green-.
* Asc. gelatinous, diaphanous, closely adhering
to the inside of dead oyster-shells.
The length from one to two inches ; breadth
from one half to one inch. The upper aperture
is surrounded by eight crimson spots, the lower
by six only.
Taken by dredging in the Me?iai, on the
coast of Anglesey, in the year 1800.
h S
100
ASCID1A. Class VI.
3. Rustica. Mem. Wern. Soc. 65G.
* Asc. subconic in the younger state ; in a more
advanced state cylindrical ; rough ; color ferru-
ginous, apertures red ; length two inches ; eat-
able.
On roots of Fucus digit at us near Ltith.
4. Prunum. Gm. Lin. 3124. Mem. TVern. Soc. 637-
* Asc. oval, smooth, somewhat transparent ;
sheath white ; one aperture on the side.
Leith shore, on Fuci.
5. Conchi- Gm. Lin. 3124. Mem. Wern. Soc. 65?.
LBOA.
# Asc. compressed, covered with fragments of
shells ; sheath white, changing into blue, oval
or cylindric.
Leith shore, on Fuci.
Animals of this genus have the faculty of
squirting out the water they take in.
Class VI. DEURIS.
101
GENUS XXIII. DERRIS.
Body detached, cylindrical, composed of arti-
culations.
Mouth terminal.
Head with two simple cirri at the top.
Adams in Lin. Tr. Hi. 67. Turton Br. Faun. 132. I. Sangui-
/. 13./. 1, 2. ■NEA-
[D. body covered with a membranaceous trans-
parent coat, through which the internal parts
are visible; head extended beyond the outer
skin, connected to the anterior part of the body
by a membranaceous covering forming a neck ;
mouth with two lips, one straight and fixed,
the other hooked and moveable ; length rather
more than an inch.
A new genus, formed by Mr. Adams, of which
this is the only species now known. Ed.
102
ACTINIA.
Class VI.
GENUS XXIV. ACTINIA.
Body wrinkled, affixing itself to some other
substance.
Aperture, one at the extremity, from which
issue numberless tentacula.
1. Sulcata. Hydra cereus. Gm. Lin. 3867. ner, Ph. Tr. 1761. p. 78-
Sulcated. Hy(]ra tentaculis denudatis, tab. i. b.fig. 1. A. B.
numerosissimis, coruore Ion- Ellis Zooph. 2.
gitudinaliter sulcata. Gcert-
Ac. with a body marked with trifurcated sulci ;
and summit surrounded with long slender ten-
tacula, from 1 20 to 200 in number j color of
the body pale cbesnut ; of the tentacula a sea-
green, varied with purple.
Inhabits the rocks of the Cornish and Angle-
sey seas.
Hydra Bellis. Gm. Lin. 3868. pore verrucuso. Ibid. Jig. 2.
Hydra calyciflora, tentaculis A. B. C.
retraclilibus variegatis cor- Ellis Zooph. 2.
Ac. with a long cylindric stalk, expanding at
top, and tuberculated. The tentacula disposed
2. Pedun-
CULATA.
Stalked.
Class VI.
ACTINIA.
in several ranges, short, and when open, form a
radiated angular circumference, like a beautiful
flower, with a smooth polygonal disc ; the color
of the stalk, a fine red ; of the tentacula varied
with several colors. This species is retractile.
Inhabits Cormvatt.
Hydra gemmacea. Gm. Lin.
3868.
Hydra disciflora, tentaculis re-
tractilibus subdiaphanis ;
corpore cylindrico, miliari-
Ac. with a long cylindric stalk; marked with
elegant small tubercles, disposed in strait lines
from top to bottom ; the circumference of the
mouth striated, surrounded with short petals,
like those of the sun-flower: and those again
with white tentacula, barred with brown. When
drawn in, it assumes the form of a bell ; and
the lines of tubercles converge to the central of
the summit. Body of a pale red.
Inhabits Cornwall.
bus glandulis longitudina- 3. Verrtj-
liter striate. Ibid, Jig. 4.
A. B.
Ellis Zooph. 3.
104
ACTINIA.
Class VI.
4. Hemi- Hydra mesanibryanthemum. gine tubcrculato. Ibid. Jig.
spherica. Gm. Lin. 3868. 5. A. B.
Hydra disciflora, tentaculis re- Ellis Zooph. 4.
tractilibus, extimo disci mar-
Ac. with a smooth short thick stalk ; the edge
of the disc surrounded with a single row of
tubercles ; the tentacula numerous and slender.
Color a dull crimson. Retractile, and flings
itself in that state into the form of a conoid
button.
Inhabits most of our rocky shores.
5. Penta- Hydra dianthus. Gm. Lin. Tr. 1767. p. 436. tab. Tax.
PETAL A. 386g. fm 8.
Cinque-foil. ^ct;nja diar,thus. Ellis Ph. Ellis Zooph. 7.
Ac. with a circular contracted mouth ; the disc
divided into five lobes covered with several series
of short subulated tentacula. Stalk short and
thick. When contracted, assumes the form of
a long white fig.
Inhabits the rocks near Hastings, Sussex.
6. Macu- A. effceta. Adams in Lin. Tr. v. 8. Turton Br. Faun. p. 50. 131.
LATA.
* Ac. with very numerous retractile short white
feelers ; base crenated ; body grooved ; the lower
Class VI. ACTINIA.
105
part of an obscure red, the upper transparent,
white with purple spots.
Found at Mil ford Haven on the dead shells
of the larger species of Murex.
Lin. Syst. 1088. Act. plumo- Adams in Lin.Tr. v.g. 7. Senilis.
sa. Gm. Lin. 3132? Act. crassicornis. Shaw's Nat.
Baster opusc. subs. t. 13. /. Misc. t. 330.
2.f
* Ac. subcylindric, transversely -wrinkled ; co-
lor, white or pink, when at rest ; exterior coat
smooth.
Found on rocks near Tenby.
Gm. Lin. 3131. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558. g. Rufa.
* Ac. reddish, with a rose-like aperture and
pale tentacula.
Leith shore, also Orkney and Shetland isles.
Gm. Lin. 3132. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558. g Crassj
corwis.
* Ac. red ; tentacula of an elongated conic
form.
Orkney, Shetland, and Western islands.
t Gmelin, in his edition of Linnaus, refers to this figure for >
his Act. plumosa; the Act. senilis of Linnceut he calls crassi-
formis. H. D.
ACTINIA. Class VI.
10. Trun- Cm. Lin. 3133. Mem. Wern. Soc 558.
CATA.
* Ac. reddish, with a tinge of yellow, convex,
smooth, transparent.
Shetland islands.
11. Equina. Sow. Br. Misc. t. 4. Turton Br. Faun. 130.
[Ac. greenish, with a rosy foramen or mouth ;
tentacula of a light rosy color, with an aperture
at the extremity of each, their number about
one hundred and forty.
Frequently thrown on the coast near Yar-
mouth after storms.
12. Ake- Act. equina. Lin. Syst. Shaw's Nat. Misc. t. 26, 27.
MOKE.
Ac. shape nearly cylindric, short, with the inte-
rior tentacula ramified, the exterior conic and
obtuse ; color red.
Found adhering to rocks on most of our
coasts.
13. Caryo- Turton Br. Faun. 131. Martins Worms, i. 1. t. \.f. 1.
PHYLLUS.
Ac. red brown, with small pencil-form ten-
tacula. Ed.
CtAssVI. MAMMAK1 A.
107
GENUS XXV. MAMMARIA.
Body smooth.
Mouth above, without cirri.
Aperture one.
Gm. Lin. 3135. Mem. Wern. Soc. 557. l- Mammil-
la.
* M. Conically ventricose; white.
Found on the shore near Leith, adhering to
faci.
108
HOLOTHURIA. Class VI.
TES.
Five-rowed,
GENUS XXVI. HOLOTHURIA.
Body not affixed, naked, gibbous.
Tentacula, many at one extremity, surround-
ing the mouth.
1. Pentac- Hoi. Lin. Syst. 10gi. Gm. tier. Ph. Tr. 1761. p. 75.
Lin. 313g. tab. i. b. Jig. 3- A. B.
Hydra corolliflora tentaculis Lin. Tr. ix. t. 7. f. 4. Var.
retractilibus frondosis. Gcert-
H. with an incurvated cylindric body, marked
with five longitudinal rows of papilla; out of
the centre of each issue, at will, slender feelers
like the horns of snails ; the upper extremity
retractile ; when exerted, assumes a cordated
form, surrounded at the apex with ten tenta-
cula, elegantly ramified, of a yellow and silver
color.
Found on the shore between Penzance and
Nero land. Supposed to inhabit the deep.
The figure engraven to illustrate this genus
was dredged up near Weymouth. Tab. xxviii.
fig- h . rfji r
Aristotle and Pliny make use of the words
pi XXVHL Vo La. CI, TT.
FI\"E ROUHD HQLOTHURIA . ffiJo8)
A TE RE BE L LA OSC H B I , E G. V . //?/Z2/
Class VI. HOLOTHURIA.
\0()
oxo^ojfia and Holothuria;* but I should ima-
gine, from the context, that they intend those
marine bodies, which modern naturalists style
Zoophyta, perhaps Alcyonia : for both of the
former make them analogous with plants. Yet
Aristotle hints that they have life; a discovery
assumed in later times.
• Aristot. Hist. An. HI. i. c. 1. de Part. An. lib. iv. c. 5.
Plinii Hist. Nat. HI. ix. c. 47.
no
LUCERNARIA. Class VI.
GENUS XXVII. LUCERNARIA.
Body gelatinous, wrinkled, branched.
Mouth beneath.
1. Aoricu- Gm. Lin. 3151. Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 113. t. J. /. 5.
LA.
* Lu. In make this animal resembles a bottle,
with a round short neck ; the extremity expand-
ed, and surrounded with eight fasciculi of feel-
ers, which are repeatedly subdivided ; color
extremely variable ; length an inch or more ;
breadth as much.
Taken in Salcomb Bay, Devonshire, adhering
to alga.
Class VI. TEREBELLA.
Ill
GENUS XXVIII. TEREBELLA.
* Body oblong, creeping, naked, furnished with
bronchia at the sides, often inclosed in a
tube.
Mouth at the end, with lips, and a club-
shaped proboscis.
Teeth none.
Tentacula numerous, capillary, ciliated, sur-
rounding the mouth. •
Mont, in Lin. Tr. ix. 110. tab. 4. Jig. 2. 1. Tenta-
culata.
* Te. with a long slender body, composed of
above two hundred annulations, each furnished
with two fasciculi of very minute bristles ; no
eyes ; from the sides issue very long red capil-
lary appendages, like so many worms, writhing
in all directions ; mouth beneath ; color, olive
green above, dull orange beneath; length eight
or nine inches.
Found in wood in the deserted habitation of
a Pholas.
112
TEREBELLA. Class VI.
2. Conchi- Gm. Lin. 3113. N. conchllega. Br. Zool. it.
lega\ Nereis conchilega. Pallas 47-
Misc. 131. 8. f. 17. Sabella conchilega. Mont.
22? 7m/. Br. 547.?
Te. with a flat body attenuated toward the tail ;
about thirteen feet on each side; the mouth
encircled by a series of very fine filaments.
Inhabits the Sabella rudis of this work.
Tab. xxviii. Jig. 2. A. A.
Class VI.
LERNiEA.
113
GENUS XXIX. LERNiEA.
Body oblong, roundish, which affixes itself to
other animals by its tentacula.
Thorax heart-shaped.
Tentacula two or three, in form of arms.
L. Lin. Syst. 10Q3. Gm. Lin. 3144. Faun. Suec. No. 2102. l. Salmo-
NEA.
Salmon.
Le. with an ovated body, cordated thorax, and
two linear arms approaching nearly to each
other.
Inhabits the gills of salmon. Observed in
great numbers on the first arrival of that fish
out of the sea ; but after being a little time in
fresh waters, drops off and dies. The salmon
is reckoned in highest season when these vermes
are found in them. Called by the fishermen,
salmon-lice.
Sow. Br. Misc. 68. 2. Sprat-
TjE.
* Le. body shaped like an oat grain, red, with
two green oviducts, resembling tails ; head with
two barbs.
Found tormenting and feeding on the sprat.
VOL. IV. I
114
LERNJEA. Class Vi.
3. Cyphi- Gm. Lin. 137- Faun. Suec. 2102. Turlon Br. Faun. 137.
NACEA.
[Le. body about half an inch long, pale and
rather pellucid, protruding from a kind of
sheath; thorax cylindrical, forked; tentacula
lunate at the point.
On the carp and roach.
4. Encra- Turton Br. Faun. 138.
SICOLI.
Le. differs from the L. sprattat in the body
not tapering to a point, and in having the ovi-
ducts very long, filiform, and white.
Found by Dr. Turton on the anchovy and
sprat in Swansea bay. Ed.
Class VI. SEPIA. CUTTLE.
GENUS XXX. SEPIA. CUTTLE.
Arms eight, placed round the mouth, with small
concave discs on their insides.
Tentacula often two, long.
Mouth, formed like a horny beak.
Eyes, placed beneath the tentacula.
Body fleshy, a sheath for the breast.
Tube at the base of the last.
Loligo, sive Calamarus. Mat- Seb. Mus. iii. tab. iv. fig. 1, 1. Loligo.
thiol, in Dioscorid. 327. 2. Great.
Loligo magna. Rondel. 506. Faun. Suec. No. 2107.
Le Casseron. Belon aquat. Borlase Cornwall, tab. xx.
342. fig. 27.
Sepia. Lin. Syst. 10Q6. No.
4. Gm. Lin. 3150.
S. with short arms and long tentacula ; the lower
part of the body rhomboid and pinnated, the up-
per thick and cylindric.
Inhabit all our seas ; are gregarious ; swift
in their motions ; take their prey by means of
their arms ; and embracing it, bring it to their
central mouth. Adhere to the rocks, when
they wish to be quiescent, by means of the con-
cave discs that are placed along their arms.
Tab. xxix.
i 2
116
SEPIA. CUTTLE. Class VI.
2. Octopo- Le Pourprc. Belon aquat. Sepia. Lin. Sysl. 1045. No. 1.
Eight-armed. 336, S' o^™- G**- Lin- 31*9-
Polypi prima species. Rondel. Seb. Mm: iii. tab. ii. Jig. 1 .
513.
S. with a short round body, without fins or ten-
tacula ; with only eight arms ; connected at
their bottom by a membrane. This is the
Polypus of Pliny, which he distinguishes from
the Loligo and Sepia, by the want of tentacula.
Inhabits our seas. In hot climates these are
found of an enormous size. A friend of mine,
long resident among the Indian isles, and a
diligent observer of nature, informed me that
the natives affirm, that some have been seen
two fathoms broad over their centre, and each
arm nine fathoms long. When the Indians
navigate their little boats, they go in dread
of them; and least these animals should fling
their arms over, and sink them, they never sail
without an ax to cut them off. Tab. xxx.
3. Media. S. Lin. Syst. IO93. Gm. Loligo Parva. Rondel 508.
Middle. Lin. 3150. Seb. Mus. iii. tab. iv./g. 5.
S. with a long, slender, cylindric body; tail
finned, pointed, and carinated on each side ;
Voi.4. cm
EIGHT ARMED CUTTLE. (B n.6. !
Vol* ci. vi.
MIDDLE CUTTLE IP. Il6.)
Class VI. SEPIA. CUTTLE. 117
two long tentacula; the body almost transpa-
rent; green, but convertible into a dirty brown,
confirming the remark of Pliny* that they
change their color through fear, adapting it,
Chameleon like, to that of the place they are in.
The eyes are large and smaragdine. Tab.
xxxi. Jig. 1.
S. Lin. Syst. IO9G. Gm. Lin. 3151. Seplola. Rondel. 5 19. 4. Sfpiola.
Small.
S. with a short body, rounded at the bottom ; a
round fin on each side ; two tentacula.
Taken off Flintshire. Tab. xxxi. Jig. 2.
La Seiche. Belon aquat. 338. S. officinalis. Lin. Syst. IO95. 5. Offici-
Matthiol. in Diuscorid. 326. Gm. Lin. 314Q. ^"S;
Officinal.
Sepia. Rondel. 498. Faun. Suec. No. 2706. Amcen.
Sel. Mus. iii. tab. iii. Jig. 1, Acad.
2.
S. with an ovated body ; fins along the whole
of the sides, and almost meeting at the bottom ;
two long tentacula; the body contains the bone,
the cuttle-bone of the shops, which was formerly
used as an absorbent.
The bones are frequently flung on all our
shores ; the animal very rarely.
Lib. ix. c. 2Q.
SEPIA. CUTTLE. Class VI.
This (in common with the other species)
emits, when frightened or pursued, the black
liquor which the antients supposed darkened
the circumambient wave, and concealed it from
the enemy.
2y7ri'a avfe HoXoygorvvyjcri, &c.
Th' endanger'd Cuttle thus evades his fears,
And native hoards of fluid safety bears.
A pitchy ink peculiar glands supply,
Whose shades the sharpest beam of light defy.
Pursu'd he bids the sable fountains flow,
And wrapt in clouds eludes th' impending foe.
The fish retreats unseen, while self-born night,
With pious shade befriends her parent's flight.*
The antients sometimes made use of it instead
of ink. Persius mentions the species in his
description of the noble student.
Jam liber, et bicolor positis membrana capillis,
Inque manus chartas, nodosaque venit arundo.
Turn querimur, crassus calamo quod pendeat humor ;
Nigra quod infusa vanescat Sepia Lympha.-p
At length, his book he spreads ; his pen he takes :
His papers here, in learned order lays ;
And there, his parchment's smoother side displays.
But oh ! what crosses wait on studious men,
The Cuttle's juice hangs clotted at our pen.
In all my life such stuff I never knew,
So gummy thick — Dilute it, it will do.
Nay, now 'tis water ! Dry dkm.
* Jones's Translation of Oppians Halieut. lib. iii. f Sat. iii.
Class VI. SEPIA. CUTTLE.
This animal was esteemed a delicacy by the
antients ; and is eaten even at present by the
Italians. Rorukletius gives us two receipts for
the dressing,* which may be continued to this
day. Athena: us -\ also leaves us the method of
making an antique Cuttle-fish sausage ; and we
learn from Aristotle, £ that those animals are in
highest season, when pregnant.
• De Pise. 510. t Lib. vii. p. 326.
t Lib. viii. c. 30. Hist. An.
ISC)
TRITON. Class VI.
GENUS XXXI. TRITON.
Body oblong.
Mouth with an involute spiral proboscis.
Arms, six on each side, divided nearly to the
base ; the hinder chaliferous.
1. Litto- Gm. Lin. 3143. Ellis in Ph. Tr. 50. part 2.
reus. Turton Br. Faun. 138. 847. tab. 34. A.
[Tr. Body oval, dilated, lobed in the lower end ;
head oblong, rounded; mouth placed at the
base of the arms or tentacula; proboscis long,
tapering to a point.
Found on submarine rocks. Ed.
Class VI. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE.
121
GENUS XXXn. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE.
Body gelatinous, orbicular, convex above ; flat
or concave beneath.
Mouth beneath, in the middle.
Tentacula placed below.
Borlase's Cornwall, p. 256. tab. xxv. Jig. 7, 8. 1. Fusca.
Brown.
M. with a brown circle in the middle ; sixteen
rays of the same color pointing from the cir-
cumference towards the centre. On the cir-
cumference a range of oval tubercles, and
crooked fangs placed alternately. Four ragged
tentacula extend little farther than the body.
Borlase's Cornwall, p. 257- tab. xxv. Jig. Q, 10. 2. Purpura.
Purple.
M. with a light-purple cross in the centre ; be-
tween each bar of the cross, is a horse-shoe-
shaped mark of deep purple; from the circum-
ference diverge certain rays of pale purple.
Four thick tentacula, short, not extending far-
ther than the body.
122
MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. Class VI.
3. Tuber- Borlase's Cornwall, p. 2$7- tab. xxv. Jig. 11, 12.
CULATA.
Tuber cled.
M. with fifteen rays pointing to and meeting at
a small spot in the centre. Round the edges
are small oval tubera ; four plain tentacula
extending far beyond the body.
4. Undu- Borlase's Cornwall, p. 257. tab. xxv. Jig. 15.
LATA.
Waved.
M. with undulated edges, and fangs on the
projecting parts ; four orifices beneath ; be-
tween which rises a stem, divided into eight
large ragged tentacula.
5. Ltjnu- Borlase's Cornwall, p. 258. tab. xxv. Jig. l6, 17-
LATA.
Lunulated.
M. with the circumference tuberculated on the
edges ; in the centre of the lower part are four
conic appendages forming a cross; several
others, like serrated leaves, surround it. Eight
tentacula, not exceeding the edges of the body ;
eight semilunar apertures, one between each
pair of tentacula.
Class VI. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE.
123
Borlase's Cornwall, p. 257- tab. xxv. Jig. 13, 14. 6. Simplex.
Armless.
M. with a plain circumference; four apertures
beneath; no ten taenia.
Macartney in Ph. Trans. 1810. part ii. p. 265. 7, Scintil-
LANS.
[SI. nearly spherical, with an irregular depres-
sion on one side, formed of an opaque sub-
stance, projecting a little way inwards ; mi-
nute; luminous.
Mull. Zool. Dan. i. 22. tab. Macartney in Ph. Trans. 1810 . 8. Hemi-
7- fg. 1. 5. ? part ii. p. 266. sphjerica.
[M. of a faint purple color; diameter about
three quarters of an inch ; margin of the um-
bella undivided, and surrounded internally by a
row of pale brown spots, and numerous small
twisted tentacula; four opaque lines cross in
an arched manner from the circumference to-
wards the centre of the animal; an opaque
irregular sloped process hangs down from the
middle of the umbella, divided at the extremity
into four tentacula, covered with little cups or
suckers.
These two species described by Mr. Macart-
124
MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. Class VI.
ney, in the Philosophical Transactions, in a very
ingenious dissertation upon luminous animals,
contribute greatly to give that phosphoric appear-
ance to the sea which is so generally observed,
and which has been attributed to so many
causes. The former are found in such quanti-
ties in Milford Haven, that a pint of these
Medusae have been obtained by nitration from a
gallon of the sea-water in a luminous state. Ed.
y. iEQtro- Gm. Lin. 3153. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558.
REA.
* M. orbicular, somewhat plane ; margin in-
flected, villose, tentaculated.
Found in the Orkney and Shetland islands.
10. Aurita. Gm. Lin. 3153. Mem. Wern. Soc. 558.
# M. orbicular, with four cavities beneath.
Orkney and Shetland isles.
11. Cruci- Gm. Lin. 3153. Turlon Br. Faun. I3g.
ATA.
[M. body like a transparent jelly j margin
fringed with fine fibres; disk marked with a
white cross, each arm of which has a blackish
spot.
Found on the Sussex coast.
Class VI. MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE.
125
Gm. Lin. 3154. Turton Br. Faun. 139- 12. Capil-
LATA.
M. body whitish, semipellucid, convex, fra-
gile ; margin with sixteen indentures.
On the Ke?itish coast. Ed.
These animals inhabit all our seas; are gre-
garious : often seen floating with the tide in vast
numbers ; feed on insects, small fish, &c. which
they catch with their claspers or arms. Many
species, on being handled, affect with a nettle-
like burning, and excite a redness. The an-
tients, and some of the moderns, add something
more.* They were known to the Greeks and
Romans,^ by the names of nveuaa $a.\\curcrio;,
and Pul mo marinus, Sea- Lungs. They attri-
buted medicinal virtues to them. Dioscorides^
informs us, that if rubbed fresh on the diseased
part, they cured the gout in the feet, and kibed
heels. JEUan^ says, that they were depilatory,
and if macerated in vinegar, would take away
the beard. Their phosphoric quality is well
* Pruritum in pudendis, et uredinem in manibus et oculis
movent, atque acrimonia sua, venerem sopitam, vel extinctam
excitant. Rondel. 532. In several languages they are called by
an obscene name.
+ Amt. Hist. An. lib. v. c. 15. Dioscorides notis Matthiot.
341. Plinii, lib. ix. c. 47-
\ P. 341. § De Animal, lib. xiii. c. 27.
MEDUSA. SEA-NETTLE. Class VI.
known ; nor was it overlooked by the antients.
Pliny notes, that if rubbed with a stick it will
appear to burn, and the wood to shine all over.*
The same elegant naturalist remarks, that when
they sink to the bottom of the sea, they portend
a continuance of bad weather. I must not
omit, that Aristotle, and Athenaeus after him,
give to some species the apt name of Kvify, or
the nettle, from their stinging quality. "j"
The antients divided their Kvjfy into two
classes, those that adhered to rocks, the Actinia
of Linnaeus ; and those that wandered through
the whole element. The last are called by later
writers Urticae Solutae; by Linnaeus, Medusae;
by the common people Sea Gellies and Sea
Blubbers.
I do not find that the moderns make any use
of them. They are left, the prey of basking
sharks, perhaps of other marine animals.
* Lib. xviii. c. 35.
t Arist. Hist An. lib. v. c. IS. Athenasus, lib. iii. p. QO.
Class VI. ASTER! AS. SEA-STAR.
127
GENUS XXXIII. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR.
Body depressed; covered with a coriaceous
coat; furnished with five or more rays,
and numerous retractile tentacula.
Mouth in the center.
Five-Rayed.
Ast. Lin. Syst. 10gg. Gm. Stella coriacea acutangula lu- 1. Glaci-
Lin. 3162. tea vulgaris Lluidii. Linckii, ALIS.
_ " _ ' „ ' . 1 Common.
Faun. Suec. No. 2113. p. 31. tab. xxxvi. No. 6l.
Ast. with five rays depressed; broad at the
base ; sub-angular, hirsute, yellow ; on the
back, a round striated opercule.
These are found sometimes defective, or with
only four rays. See Linckius, tab. xxxv.
Jig. 60.
Common in all our seas ; feed on oysters,
and are very destructive to the beds.
Stella pentapetalos cancellata Linckii, p. 32. tab. xiv. No. 2. Cla-
anomalos. 23. and lab. vii. No. Q. thrata.
Cancellated
Ast. with five short thick rays; hirsute be-
neath ; cancellated above.
Found with the former ; more rare.
128
ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.
3. Oculata. Pentadactylosaster oculatus. Linckii, p. 31. lab. xxxvi.
Dotted. No. 62.
Ast. with smooth rays, dotted or punctured ;
of a fine purple color.
Anglesey. Tab. xxxii. fig. I.
4. Irregu- Astropecten irregularis. Linckii, p. 27. tat. vi. ^g. 13.
LARIS.
Ast. with five smooth rays; the sides sur-
rounded with a regular scaly rim ; on the
mouth, a plate in form of a cinquefoil ; of a
reddish hue.
5. Hispida. Stella coriacea acutangula hispida. Linckii, p. 31. lab. ix.
Hispid. 2Vo. 19.
Ast. with five rays, broad, angulated at top ;
rough, with short bristles ; brown.
Anglesey. Tab. xxxii. Jig. 2.
6. Gibbosa. Pentaceros gibbus et plicatus, Borlases Cornwall, p. 260.
Gibbous. altera parte concavus. Linck- tab. xxv. Jig. 25, 26.
it, p. 25. tab. iii. No. 20.
A st. with very short broad rays slightly pro-
jecting ; a pentangular species, much elevated,
small, covered with a rough skin ; brown ; the
mouth in the midst of a pentagon.
tixxxh
Vol 4 1 7. II.
DOTTED SEA STAR. (T.J28)
HE SPED SEA STAR fP.llSJ
Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR.
129
Stella quinquefida palmipes. Pontoppidan's Norway, part 7- Pla-
Linckii,p. 29. tab. i.fig. 2. ii: 179- °lva/A'
Ast. with five very broad and membranaceous
rays, extremely thin and flat.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. xxxiii.
Pentadactylosaster spinosus re- Borlase's Cornwall, p. 259. 8- Spinosa.
gularis. Linckii, lab. iv. tab. xxv. Jig. 18. Spirit/.
No. 7.
Ast. with five rays of almost equal thickness,
beset with numerous spines.
Gm. Lin. 3l6l. Mem. Werrt. Soc. 55Q.
Linckii, t. vii. f. 9. t. ix. x. Adams in Lin. Tr.v. 10.
fig- 19. &c.
* Ast. stellated with four or six, but generally
with five lanceolate convex spiny rays ; varies
infinitely in color.
Leith shore and islands of Scotland.
[And, according to Mr. Adams, not uncom-
mon in Milford Haven, where it is found four-
teen inches in diameter, and of a pale orange
color. Ed.
vol. IV. k
9. Rubens.
1J0
ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.
10. Eques- Gm. Lin. 3164. f. 42. /. xxxiii./.53.
TR1S* Linckii, t. xu.f. 21. t. xxvi. Seb. Mus. iii. t. viii. /, 6. 8.
* Ast. disk reticulated, and punctured ; tuber-
cles, five ; margin somewhat jointed. A singu-
lar series of tentacula beneath.
Nervhaven.
[A beautiful specimen found on the coast
near Brodie House in Scotland is figured by
Mr. Sowerby. Br. Misc. tab. 63. Ed.
** Five-Rayed, with slender or serpentiform
rays.
11. MiNUTA. Hirsuta, seu Stella grall{itoria Linckii, p. 50.
Minute.
vel macrosceles Luidii. Adams in Lin. Tr. v. g.
Ast. with a round body, and five very slender
and long hirsute rays.
Found by Mr. Lluyd near Tenby.
12. Lacer- Stella lacertosa. Linckii, p. 47. tab. ii. No. 4.
TOSA.
Ast. with five smooth slender rays, scaled,
jointed, white. Linckius calls this Lacertosa,
from the likeness of the rays to a Lizard's tail.
Anglesey. Tab. xxxiv. Jig. 1.
XXXft'T Vohu. ('/ VI.
Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STJR.
Ast. with a pentagonal indented body, smooth 13. Sphjeru-
above the aperture; below five-pointed; be- Beaded.
tween the base of each ray a small globular
bead ; the rays slender, jointed, taper ; hirsute
qn their sides.
Anglesey. Tab. xxxiv. Jig. 2.
Borlase's Cornwall, p. sQO. tab. xxv.Jig. 24. M. Penta-
PHYLLA.
Cinquefoil.
Ast. with the body regularly cinquefoil; rays
very slender; hirsute on the sides, tessulated
above and below with green, sometimes with
aky-hhie.
CornwalL
Borlase's Cornwall, p. 25g, tab. xxv.Jig. 21. 15. Varia.
Pied.
Ast. with a circular body, with ten radiated
streaks ; the ends of a lozenge form ; the rays
hirsute, annulated with red.
Cornwall.
k 2
132
ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.
Gm. Lin. 3166. Linckii, tab. xxv'i.Jig. 42. tab.
Borlases Cornwall, p. 25g. xl.^g. 71.
tub. xxv. Jig. 19.
Ast. with a round body, with streaks from its
centre alternately broad and narrow ; the rays
slender, hirsute.
Cornwall.
Borlases Cornwall, p. 25Q. lab. xxv. Jig. 22.
Ast. with a pentagonal body indented; of a
deep brownish-red hue, marked with ten och-
raceous streaks ; five of the streaks slender,
with javelin-shaped extremities ; rays hirsute,
jointed.
Cornwall.
18. Fissa. Borlase's Cornwall, p. 2bQ. tab. xxv. Jig. 20.
Indented. ■
Ast. with a circular body, with five equidistant
dents, penetrating deep into the sides ; five light-
colored streaks darting from the centre ; rays
slender, hirsute.
Cornwall.
16. Acu-
LEATA.
Radiated.
17. Has-
TATA.
Javelin.
Class -VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR.
133
Borlases Cornwall, p. 260. tab. xxv.Jig: 23. jg. Nigra.
Black.
Ast. with a pentagonal body, black, with five
radiating streaks of white; rays hirsute oliva-
ceous, tessulated with deeper shades.
Cornwall.
Mont, in Lin. Tr. vii. 84. 20. Brachi-
ATA.
* Ast. with a subpentangular body, covered
with small oval scales ; rays, five, very long,
slender, tapering; the sides furnished with
moveable spines ; diameter of the body scarcely
half an inch ; length of the rays seven or eight
inches, a disproportion not before observed in
any species of Asterias : color purplish brown
or bluish ash.
Found in sand in Salcombe Bay:
**# With more than five Rays.
Stella decacnemos rosacea, seu decempeda Cornubiensium. - gl. Bifida.
Linckii, p. 55. tab. xxxvii. Jig. 66. Bifid.
Ast. with ten slender rays, beset with tendrils
on their sides; the mouth surrounded with short
filiform rays.
Cornwall.
134
ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.
Gm. Lin. 3166. Adams in Lin. Tr. v. 10.«
Stella decacnemos barbata, seu A. decacncmos. Br. Zool.
fimbria.Ui,Barrelier. Linckii, iv. 66.
p. 55. iab. xxxvii. Jig. 64.
Ast. with ten very slender rays, with numbers
of long beards on the sides ; the body small, sur-
rounded beneath with ten small filiform rays.
Inhabits the western coasts of Scotland, and
is very common in Milford Haven. Tab. xxxv.
23. ENDECA, Gm. Lin. 3l62. Linckii, t. 14. 25. t. 15, 16.
Sow. Br. Misc. tab. 24. /. 26. t. 17. /. 27.
* Ast. with nine oblong, tapering rays, gene-
rally distinct, five, three, one; of a purplish
brown color above; every part covered with
pectinated tubercles ; of a paler color beneath ;
diameter above three inches.
It varies with five, eight, or ten rays.
Found by James Brodie, Esq. in the Moray
Frith.
* A very accurate description of this species is given by Mr.
Adams, on whose authority the editor has adopted the Linncean
trivial name. Eu.
22. Pecti-
NATA.
Pectinated.
vol, /i. ci. ta.
PRETIXATED SKA STAR.
Class VI. ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR.
135
Gm. Lin. 3160.
Stella dodecactis Helianthemo
similis. Linckii, p. 42. tab.
Ast. with twelve broad rays finely reticulated,
and roughened with fasciculated long papilla on
the upper part ; hirsute beneath ; red.
These vary into thirteen, such as the Triscai-
decactis of Linckius. tab. xxxiv. Jig. 54. I
have had one of fourteen rays.
Asterias caput medusae. Lin. Linckii, t. 18. f. 2Q. t. 19. f. 25. Caput
Sysl. 1 101. Gm. Lin. 3167. 30. /. 20./ 32. Medus*.
Soe-Soele. Pontop. Norway,
ii. 180.
Ast. with five rays issuing from an angular
body; the rays dividing into innumerable
branches, growing slenderer as they recede
from the base ; the most curious of the genus.
Found in the north of Scotland. The late
worthy Doctor William Borlase informed me
that it had been taken off Cornwall.
Aristotle and Pliny* called this genus A<rr^,
• Aristot. Hist. An. lib. v. c. 15. Plinii Hist. Nat. lib. x.
c. 60.
xvii. Jig. 28. tab. xxxii. 24. Pappo-
Jig. 52. SA.
Twelve-rayed.
136
ASTERIAS. SEA-STAR. Class VI.
and stella marina, says the first, from their re-
semblance to the pictured form of the stars of
heaven. They asserted that they were so ex-
ceedingly hot, as instantly to consume what-
soever they touched.
I
Class VI. ECHINUS. 137
LENTUS.
Eatable.
GENUS XXXIII. ECHINUS.
Body covered with a sutured crust, often fur-
nished with moveable spines.
Mouth quinquevalve, placed beneath.
Echinus. Lin. Syst. 1102. Ej^yoj cud. Aristot, Hist, An, 1. Escu-
Gm. Lin. 3l68. List. Angl. lib. iv. c. v.
169. tab. iii.
Ech. of a hemispherical form, covered with
sharp strong spines, above half an inch long;
commonly of a violet color, moveable ; adherent
to small tubercles elegantly disposed in rows.
These are their instruments of motion, by which
they change their place.
This species is often taken in dredging, and
often lodges in cavities of rocks just within low-
water mark. Tab. xxxvi. Jig. 1 .
Are eaten by the poor in many parts of En-
gland, and by the better sort abroad. In old
times a favorite dish. They were dressed with
vinegar, honied wine, or mead, parsley and
mint ; and esteemed to agree with the stomach.*
* Atkenceus, lib. p. gi.
138 ECHINUS. Class VI.
They are the first dish in the famous supper of
Lucullus* when he was made Flamen Marti-
alis, priest of Mars. By some of the conco-
mitant dishes, they seemed designed as a whet
for the second course, to the holy personages,
priests, and vestals, invited on the occasion.
Many species of shell fish made part of the
feast. The reader will perhaps find some
amusement in learning the taste of the Roman
people of fashion in these articles.
Echi?ii, the species here described.
O stream crudce, raw oysters.
Peloria\e,-\ a sort of Mya, still used as a food
in some places.
Sphondyli, a sort of Bivalve, with strong
hinges, found in the Mediterranean sea. Not
the gristly part of oysters, as Doctor Arbuthnot
conjectures.
Patina Ostrearum. Perhaps stewed oysters.
Pelorides. Balani nigri et albi i two kinds
of Lepades.
Sphondyli, again.
Glycymerides.% A shell. I suspect to be
the same with the Mactra lutraria of this
work.
* Macrohius, as quoted by Arbuthnot.
f Rondel. Testttcea,p. 11. J Ibid. p. 13.
Class VI. ECHINUS. 139
Muriccs, Purpura. Turbinated shells, whose
species I cannot very well determine, there be-
incr more than one of each in the Italian seas.
Echinus spatagus. Lin. Syst. Ech. cordatus. Br. Zool.
1104. Gm. Lin. 3199. List. iv. 69.
App. tab. i.Jig. 13.
JSch. of an oval shape, gibbous at one end,
and marked with a deep sulcus at the other ;
covered with slender spines resembling bristles.
Shell most remarkably fragile.
Length, two inches. Tab. xxxvi. Jig. 2.
2. Spata-
GU*.
Oval.
Cm. Lin. 3197- Ech. lacunosus. Br. Zool. iv. 69. 3. Purpu
REUS.
Purple.
Ech. of a cordated depressed form; on the
top, of a purple color, marked with a quadrefoil,
and the spaces between tuberculated in waved
rows j the lower sides studded ; and divided by
two smooth spaces.
Length, four inches. When cloathed, is co-
vered with short thickset bristles mixed with
very long ones.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. xxxvii.
Doctor Borlase gives a figure of an Echinus,
found in Mount's Bay, that resembles in shape
140 ECHINUS. Class VI.
the above ; but I cannot, either from descrip-
tion or print, determine whether it be the young,
or distinct. Vide Nat. Hist. Cornzoall, p. 278.
tab. xxviii. Jig. 26.
4. Cidaris. Gm. Lin. 3174. Mem. Wern. Soc. 35Q.
* Ech. hemisphaeric, depressed, with five linear
flexuous ambulacra or avenues, the intervening
compartments alternately bifarious.
Var. A. Gm. Lin. 3174- a ? Sow. Br. Misc. tab. 44.
* This variety is covered with spines of very
different sizes, the largest are flat, and in length
nearly equal to the diameter of the body, blunt
at the ends, and some of them partly spatulate.
Found on the coast of Shetland.
5. Placenta. Gm. Lin. 3195. Mem. Wern. Soc. 55Q.
* Ech. subconic, of ten compartments, each
alternate, one narrower ; five plain avenues de-
hiscent or gaping at the ends.
From the isle of Fulah ; rare.
0. Pulvinu- * Ech. of a form nearly hemisphaeric, some-
what depressed, with five linear truncated ave-
Pi XSXVUL
VOL I
VARIABLE RAZOR SHELL (E174)
f-Perfect J
Class VI. ECHINUS.
141
nues, two of them shorter than the others ; the
fatiusj vent is round, placed about midway
between the mouth and the margin, with four
pores at the top; color whitish; somewhat
concave beneath; often nearly circular, some-
times more ovate ; diameter not exceeding three
tenths of an inch.
I have seen none of this delicate species till
after it had lost its spines, and have only found
it in Red Wharf sands in Anglesey. Tab.
xxxviii.^g-. 1, 2. Jig. 3, much magnified.
142
CHITON. COAT OF MAIL. Class VI.
Div. III. TESTACE A.
VERMES.
Of the soft kind, and simple make, commonly
covered with a calcareous habitation, or shell.
Sect. I. MULTIVALVE SHELLS.
GENUS I. CHITON. COAT OF MAIL.
Animal, or inhabitant of its shell, a Doris.
Shell plated, consisting of many parts, lying
upon each other transversely.
1. crinitus. Gm. Lin. 3206. Mont. Test. Br. 4.
hairy- Lin. Tr. vui. 20.
Ch. with seven valves ; thick set with short
hairs ; five-eighths of an inch long.
Inhabits the sea near Aberdeen. Tab. xxxix.
Jig. 1. of the natural size; jig. A. 1. magnified.
PIJXXXK
Vol.4pJedP.
CHITON.
SMOOTH CU.(P J44)
Class VI. CHITON. COAT OF MAIL
143
Lin. Tr. viii. 20. Mont. Test. Br. 3. id. Sup. I. 2. DISCORS.
* Ch. with seven valves ridged, having a broad
margin, with slight appearances of net-work;
the four middle valves divided transversely;
the hinder part rough, the foremost smoothish ;
length half an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu in Salcombe
bay ; rare. Variety of the next species ?
Gm. Lin. 3206. Mont. Test. Br. 1. id. Sup. 3. margi-
Lin. Tr. viii. 21. 1. /. 2. 1. natus.
marginated.
Ch. with eight valves; with a serrated reflect-
ed margin, smooth; size of the figure. Tab.
xxxix. Jig. 2.
Inhabits the sea near Scarborough.
Gm. Lin. 3202.
Lin. Tr. viii. 21. t. l.f.l.
* Ch. with eight valves, the sides thickly set with
small tufts of whitish hairs ; length five eighths
of an inch ; breadth two eighths of an inch.
Adheres to rocks in the sea.
Mont. Test. Br. 5. 4, FASCicu-
LAR1S.
144
CHITON. COAT OF MAIL. Class VI.
5. LJEVIS. Got. Lin. 3206. Mont. Test. Br. 2.
smooth. Lin. Tr. viii. 21.
Ch. with eight valves; quite smooth, with a
longitudinal mark along the back, a little elevat-
ed. Size of a wood-louse. Tab. xxxix. Jig. 3.
Inhabits the shores of Loch Broom in West
Ross-shire.
6. cine- Got. Lin. 3204. Mont. Test. Br. 3.
R,DS* Lin. Tr. viii. t. l.jf. 3.
* Ch. with eight valves, smooth, ridged, body
reddish, the margin subciliated; length a quar-
ter of an inch.
Found on oysters on the Dorsetshire coast.
7. ALBUS. Gm. Lin. 3204. Mont. Test. Br. 4.
Lin. Tr. viii. 22. t. I./.4.
* Ch. with eight valves, smooth, scarcely ridg-
ed ; body white ; smaller than the preceding.
Adheres to shells and fuci in the sea near
Poole.
Class VI. CHITON. COAT OF MAIL.
145
Gm. Lin. 3203. Mem. JFern. Soc. 628. 8. ruber.
* Ch. with eight valves, arcuated, somewhat
striated ; body red.
Found on stalks of fucus digitalis near
Dunbar.
The name Chiton, taken from xitwv> lorica, a
coat of mail. All this genus are inhabitants of
the sea, and are found adhering to stones,
shells, or submarine plants.
V'OI. IV
146
LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL. Class VI.
GENUS II. LEPAS* ACORN-SHELL.
Animal, a Triton.
Shell of several erect unequal valves, fixed by
a stem : or sessile.
1. balanus. Lepas. Lin. Syst. 1107. Gm. Common English Barnacle.
common. Lin. 3207- Faun. Suec. No. Ellis Ph. Tr. 1758. tab.
2122. xxxiv. Jig. 17.
Lin. Tr. viii. 23. Mont. Test. Br. 6.
* L. with a shell of six unequal valves, conoid,
truncated, sulcated, strong, rough, lid or oper-
culum pointed. In this species the points of
the four divisions of the operculum lie close to-
gether, but are not connected, and the trans-
verse striae, of the upper pair are themselves
transversely striated, and the lower pair have
each a longitudinal furrow : size, an inch or an
inch and half in diameter at the base, and one
half or three quarters of an inch at the top ;
height from half to one inch and a quarter.
Found adhering to rocks, oysters, and shell-
fish of various sorts. Tab. xl. Jig. 1.
VI XL.
Class VI. LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL.
147
L. Lin. St/st. 1108. Gm. Lin.
3207- Faun. Suec. No. 2123.
List. Angl. tab. v. Jig. 41.
Lin. Tr. viii. 23.
Mont. Test. Br. 7.
* L. with six unequal valves, conoid, truncated,
sulcated, smooth ; operculum obtuse ; at each
of the ends of the lower divisions of the opercu~
htm there is a groove and process, which unite
with a similar groove and process in each cor-
responding part of the upper division; the
transverse strice on the upper pair are plain, or
not striated ; an unerring character by which it
may be distinguished from L. Balanus; size
at the base from one quarter to six-eighths of an
inch, height from a quarter to half an inch.
Adheres to the same bodies. Tab. id. Jig. 2.
2. BALA-
NOIDES.
sulcated.
Lepas Cornubiensis. Ellis Ph.
Tr. 1758. lab. xxxiv. Jig.
16.
Borlase Nat. Hist. Cornwall.
Lepas punctata. Lin. Tr. viii. 3. cornubi-
24. ? , ENSIS.
Balanus punctatus. Mont. Test. cormsh-
Br. 8. t. l.f.S.i
L. in form of a limpet, with a dilated bottom,
and rather narrow aperture ; the shell sulcated
near the lower edges ; lids obtuse. Diameter
a quarter of an inch. Tab. xl.Jg. 3.
l 2
148
LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL. Class VI.
4. striata. Lepas intertexta. Lin. 7r.viii. Balanus striatus. Mont. Test,
striated. 2G. Br. 12. id. Sup. 2.
L. with the shells lapping over each other,
and obliquely striated ; breadth a quarter of
an inch.
The sea near Weymouth. Tab. xli. Jig. \.
From the Portland cabinet.
5. co- Lin. Tr. viii. 24. Mont. Test. Br. 12.
NOIDES.
* L. with a conic shell, valves pointed, aper-
ture much contracted ; size a quarter of an
inch.
Affixed to Lepas anatifera near Weymouth.
6. COSTATA. Lin. Tr. viii. 24. Mont. Test. Br. 11.
# L. with a shell nearly conic ; numerous ribs
diverging from the aperture ; lids pointed, white.
Coast of Pembrokeshire.
7. tintin- L- Lin. Syst. 1108. Gm. Lin. Tr. viii. 25.
nabultjm. Lin. 3208. Mont. Test. Br. 10.
lell.
L. with a shell of twelve compartments, the six
prominent purple; and striated lengthways:
STRICTEB LEPAS
P. 14-8.
Class VI. LEPAS. A CORN-SHELL. WJ
the six depressed are greyish, and striated
across ; as large as a walnut.
Found frequently adhering to the bottom of
ships, in great clusters. Probably originated
in hot climates.
Lin. Tr. viii. 25. Mont. Test. Br. 8. id. Sup. 1. 8. rugosa.
* L. with a shell somewhat cylindrical, lids
sharp pointed, length three quarters of an inch.
Doi^setshire coast.
Gm. Lin. 3213. Bal. clavatus. Mont. Test. Br< 9- elon-
Un.Tr. viii. f>6. 10. gata
* L. with an elongated club-shaped shell ; aper-
ture diverging, operculum obtuse. The parti-
cular characters of this species are its extraor-
dinary height (those found on the coast of
Anglesey measuring full one inch and three
quarters), and its invariably wide-gaping aper-
ture, the reverse of all the other species : is
from two tenths to a quarter of an inch broad ;
the operculum is precisely of the same struc-
ture with that of L. balanoides, unless the stria,
which cross the upper divisions of the opercu-
lum, assume more of the form of lamina, and
have in a great measure the appearance of being
imbricated. Tab. xl. fig. 4.
160
LEPAS. ACORN-SHELL. Class VI.
10. spon- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 2. lah. 17. /. 4. 6. C.
GEOSA.
* L. with an ovate shell, and six wrinkled pointed
valves furnished with numerous spines ; oper-
culum of four valves, the anterior pair rough
with decussated stria ; length half an inch ;
breadth less.
11. coir- * L. with a smooth, truncated, subdiaphanous,
vexula. e^jptjc shell- operculum convex. This deli-
cate species, which I do not find described, is
very frequent on the coast of Anglesey, on rocks
and limpets ; the shell is evenly truncated ; its
height is not quite one half of its length ; aper-
ture very large ; operculum regularly convex,
higher than the sides, smooth, unless there be a
faint stria on each side of the juncture of the
larger divisions of the operculum, each of the
ends of which form the segment of a circle ;
and the juncture of them with the lesser parts
is transverse, and at about one fourth of their
length from the end ; the color of it is a faint
purple; the size little more than the twentieth
part of an inch. Tab. xxxviii. jig. 2. much
magnified.
Class VI. LEPAS. BARNACLE.
151
Gm. Lin. 3208. Mont. Test. Br. 13. 12. dtade-
Lin. Tr. viii. 27. MA>
* L. with a shell somewhat depressed, hemi-
spheric, of twelve copartments, six flat trans-
versely striated, the others prominent with lon-
gitudinal ridges ; one inch high, full two inches
diameter at the base.
Common on the northern coast.
** Barnacle.
Gm. Lin. 3210. Mont. Test. Br. 18. t. l.f. 4. 13- SCAL*
,.'*... I'ELLUM.
Ltn. Tr. vm. 27.
* L. with a shell of thirteen valves, compressed,
smoothish, placed on a scaly stalk : five eighths
of an inch long, three eighths broad.
Found near Sandwich and Plymouth.
Gm. Lin. 3210. Mont. Test. Br. 16. ANSE
FERA.
Lin. Tr. viii. 28.
• L. with a shell of five valves, compressed,
striated, placed on a stalk ; one inch long, three
quarters of an inch broad.
On drifted wood on the south coast of De-
vonshire.
152
LEPAS. BARNACLE. Class VI.
15. ANATI- L. Lin. Stjst. llOg. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 28.
FERA. 32ll.Faun.Suec.No.2120. Mont. Test. Br. 1.5.
List. Conch, tab. 43Q.
L. consisting of five shells, compressed, affixed
to a pedicle, and in clusters. Tab. xli. Jig. 2.
Adheres to ships bottoms by its pedicles.
The tentacula from its animal are feathered ;
and have given our old English historians and
naturalists the idea of a bird. They ascribed
the origin of the Bernacle Goose to these shells.
The account given by the sage Gerard, is so
curious, that I beg leave to transcribe it.
' But what our eyes have seene, and hands
4 have touched, we shall declare. There is a
e small island in Lancashire, called the Pile
1 of Foulders, wherein are found the broken
' pieces of old and bruised ships, some whereof
' have been cast thither by shipwracke, and
1 also the trunks and bodies with the branches
' of old and rotten trees, cast up there likewise;
' whereon is found a certaine spume or froth
4 that in time breedeth unto certaine shels, in
' shape like those of the Muskle, but sharper
' pointed, and of a whitish colour ; wherein is
' contained a thing in form like a lace of silke
' finely woven as it were together, of a whitish
Class VI. LEPAS. BJRNJCLE.
1 colour ; one end whereof is fastened unto the
{ inside of the shell, even as the fish of Oisters
4 and Muskles are : the other end is made fast
' unto the belly of a rude masse or lumpe,
' which in time commeth to the shape and form
1 of a bird: when it is perfectly formed, the
; shell gapeth open, and the first thing that
' appeareth is the foresaid lace or string; next
*' come the legs of the bird hanging out, and as
i it groweth greater it openeth the shell by de-
' grees, till at length it is all come forth, and
' hangeth onely by the bill : in short space after
' it commeth to full maturitie, and falleth into
c the sea, where it gathereth feathers, and grow-
' eth to fowle bigger than a Mallard and lesser
4 than a Goose, having blacke legs and bill or
* beake, and feathers blacke and white, spotted
' in such manner as is our Mag-Pie, called in
1 some places a Pie-Annet, which the people
' of Lancashire call by no other name than a
' tree Goose : which place aforesaid, and all
those parts adjoining, do so much abound
1 therewith, that one of the best is bought for
' three-pence. For the truth hereof, if any
' doubt, may it please them to repaire unto me,
' and I shall satisfie them by the testimonie
' of good witnesses.' Vide Herbal, p. 1587,
1.588.
154 LEPAS. BJRNACLE. Class VI.
This genus is called by Linnaus, Lepas, a
name that is given by the antients to the Pa-
tella. Shells of this class are called by Aristotle,
Ba\avot,f from the resemblance some of them
bear to acorns. We have seen before, in the
account of the supper of Lentulus, that they
were admitted to the greatest tables.
16. sul- Lin. TV. viii. 29. Mont. Test. Br. 17. I./. 6.
CATA.
# L. with a shell of a someAvhat triangular
form ; of five valves, furrowed ; color white ;
the dorsal valve striated lengthways ; length a
quarter of an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu on the coast
near Portland.
17. fasci- Lin. Tr. viii. 30. Mont. Test. Br. 557. id. App.
cuiaris. 163. id. Sup. 5.
* L. with a shell of five valves, smooth, the
ridge valves widened at the base with a sharp
prominent heel ; about the size of L. anatifera.
Discovered by Ellis in St. Georges Channel.
f Hist. an. lib. v. c. 15.
Class VI. LEPAS. BARNACLE.
1 55
Gm. Lin. 3213. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 6. tab. 28. /. 5. ig. polli-
CIPES.
* L. with an erect compressed shell, of many
smooth valves ; four of them larger and above
twenty smaller, placed on a short coriaceous
scaly stem ; length, including stem, about two
inches and an half.
Mont. Test. Br. App. 164. ,y. membra-
NACEA.
* L. with a shell of five valves, connected by
broad membranes, and supported by a short
pedicle ; length half an inch ; breadth a quarter
of an inch.
156
PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE. Class VI.
GENUS III. PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE.
Animal, an Ascidia.
Shell, two large valves open at each end, with
several lesser shells at the hinge.
H inges folded back, united with a cartilage.
Tooth incurvated in the inside beneath the
hinge.
Ph. Lin< Syst. 1110. Gm. Lin. Tr. viii. 30.
Lin. 3214. Faun. Suec. Mont. Test. Br. 20.
No. 2124. List. Angl. App.
tab. xi. Jig. 3.
Ph. with an oblong shell, marked with echi-
nated stria ; the tooth broad; the space above
the hinge reflected, and cancellated beneath ;
breadth four inches and a half ; length one inch
and a quarter. Tab. xlii. Jig. 1.
2. Candida. Ph. Lin. Syst. 1111. Gm. Lin. Tr. viii. 31.
White. Lin. 321.5. List. Angl. tab. Mont. Test. Br. 24.
v. fig. 39-
Ph. with a brittle shell, and smoother than the
former ; the tooth very slender ; breadth an inch
1. dActY-
LUS.
dac/yle.
Fl.XLII. « VOL. 4. <^\Te*j C .
PHOIAS
BACTTII PTT.- (p. 156)
"WHITE PH. (p. 156)
CURLED PH. (p. 157)
Class VI. PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE.
and an half; length near an inch. Tab. xlii.
fig. 2.
Gm. Lin. 3215. Mont. Test. Br. 26. 3. STRIATA.
Lin. Tr. viii. 32.
* Ph. with a shell somewhat oval, striated in
many various directions; length half an inch,
breadth three quarters.
Probably not a native of our shores.
Ph. Lin. Syst. 1111. Gm.
Lin. 32 l6. Solen crispus.
ib. 3228. -List. Angl. tab.
v. Jig. 38.
Ph. with a strong oval shell ; the half next to
the hinge waved and striated; tooth large and
strong ; breadth three inches and a half ; length
one inch and three quarters. Tab. xliii.^^. 1.
Lin. Tr. viii. 33. Mont. Test. Br. 22. t. \.f. 7- 8. 5. pArva.
little.
Ph. with a shell thinner than the former; and
the tooth very slender and oblique j in exter-
nals resembling the preceding, only never found
larger than a hazel nut. Tab. xliii. Jig. 2.
This genus takes its name from fwkeco, to
lurk in cavities. A shell of the name of pholis
\
157
Faun. Suec. No. 2125. 4. cris-
r ■ rn ••• „_ PATA.
Lin. Tr. vm. 32. ^
Mont. Test. Br. 23.
158 PHOLAS. PIERCE-STONE. Class VI.
and pholas is mentioned by Aristotle and
Athenceus; but I suspect it to be the dactylus
of Pliny. A species now called datyl, abound-
ing within the rocks of the Mediterranean, is
much admired as a food.*
I have often taken them out of the cells they
had formed in hard clay, below high-water
mark, on many of our shores. They also per-
forate the hardest oak plank that accidentally
is lodged in the water. I have a piece filled
with them, which was found near Pensacola
in West Florida, and presented to me by that
ingenious naturalist the late John Ellis, Esq.
I have also found them in masses of fossil
wood, in the shores of Abergeleu in Denbigh-
shire. The bottoms of the cells are round, and
appear as if nicely turned with some instru-
ment.
* Pliny, lib. ix. c. 6l. Armstrong s Hist. Minorca, 173.
m:<LTv:
VOL.4- . Ok'/
Class VI. MYA. GAPER.
159
Sect. II. BIVALVE SHELLS.
GENUS IV. MYA. GAPER.
Animal, an Ascidia.
Shell gaping at one end.
Hinge, for the most part, furnished with a
thick, strong, and broad tooth, not in-
serted into the opposite valve.
M. Truncata. Lin. Syst. 1 1 12. List. Angl. tab. v. Jig. 36.
Gm. Lin- 3217. Faun.Suec. Lin. Tr. viii. 35.
No. 2126. Mont. Test. Br. 32.
M. with a broad, upright, blunt tooth, in one
shell; the closed end rounded; the open end
truncated, and gaping greatly ; the outside yel-
low, marked with concentric wrinkles; length
an inch and an half, breadth three inches.
Tab. xliv.
Lodged under muddy ground, near low- water
mark ; discovered by an aperture in the slime,
beneath which it is found in coarse gravel.
1. TRUN-
CATA.
abrupt.
ItiO
MYA. GAPER. Class VI.
2. GLYCI-
MERES.
Gm. Lin. 3222.
Lin. Tr. viii. 34.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 19.
* M. with a shell gaping at each end, very
strong, lamellated, oblong-ovate, transversely
wrinkled, striated, the primary hinge tooth very
strong ; length five inches, breadth ten inches.
Said to have been found between the Dogger
Bank and the eastern coast of England ?
3. DECH-
VI3.
sloping.
Lin. Tr. viii. 36.
Mya pubescens. Mont. Test.
Br. 40.
M. with a brittle half-transparent shell, with a
hinge slightly prominent ; less gaping than the
truncata ; near the open end sloping down-
wards.
Frequent about the Hebrides ; the fish eaten
by the gentry.
4. PRjETE- Lin. Tr. viii. 37- Tellina fragilis. Br. Zool. iv.
NUIS' Mont. Test. Br. 41. 1. 86.
M. with a thin brittle whitish ovate shell,
having a few concentric stria; hinge tooth
broad, and hollowed in the middle, or spoon-
Class VI.
MYA. GAPER.
161
shaped, in each valve ; length one inch, breadth
two inches. Tab. i. Jig. 1 .
On the western coast, from Poole to Fal-
mouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 37. Monl. Test. Br. 42. t. l.f. 1. 5. distorta.
* M. with a shell somewhat ovate; valves dis-
torted, convex, hinge tooth strong ; shell white,
brittle, nearly transparent; length three quar-
ters of an inch, breadth one inch.
Found by Mr. Montagu in limestone near
Plymouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 37- 6. bataya.
* M. with a shell nearly oval, rounded at each
end ; length one inch, breadth one inch and
three quarters.
Pound in the river Kennet, near Nezvbury,
Berkshire.
M. arenaria. Lin. Syst. 1112. Lin. Tr. viii. 35.
Gm. Lin. 3218. Faun. Suec. Mont. Test. Br. 30.
No. 2127.
M. with a tooth like that of the My a declivis ;
mouth large ; rough at the base ; the whole
shell of an ovated figure, and much narrower at
VOL. IV. M
7. ARENA-
RIA.
sand.
MY A. GAPER. Class VI.
the gaping end. Three inches and a half
broad; two inches long in the middle. Tab.
xlv.
8. picto- M. pictorum. Lin. Sysl. 1112. Lin. Tr. viii. 3a.
RUM' Gm.Lin. 3218. Faun. Suec. Mya ovalis. Mont. Test. Br.
No. 219- 34.
List. Angl. App. tab. I -Jig. 4.
M. with an oval brittle shell. The primary
hinge tooth on one valve is crenulated, and
received into a corresponding double tooth on
the other valve. Breadth from three to four
inches ; length two. Inhabits rivers. Tab. xlvi.
fig- !•
Used to put water colors in; whence the
name. Otters feed on this and the other fresh-
water shells.
Q. ovata. Lin. Tr. viii. 39. M. ovalis. Mont. Test. Br. 34.
* M. with an ovate shell, narrower at one end ;
hinge tooth the same as in the last, but near
the posterior end; length one inch and three-
quarters, breadth three inches and a quarter.
Found with the M. pictorum in the rivers
Ouze, in Yorkshire ; Avon, Somersetshire; and
the New River, near London.
Class VI. MY A. GAPER.
163
Lin. Syst. 1112. Gm. Lin. Scheffer Lapland, 145.
3219- Faun. Suec. No. Lin. Tr. viii. 40.
2130. Mont. Test. Br. 33.
List. Angl. App. tab. I. Jig. 1.
M. with a very thick coarse opake shell ; often
much decorticated ; oblong, bending inward on
one side, or arcuated ; black on the outside ;
usual breadth from five to six inches; length
two and a quarter. Tab. xlvi. Jig. 2.
Inhabits great rivers, especially those which
water the mountanous parts of Great Britain.
This shell is noted for producing quantities
of pearl. There have been regular fisheries
for the sake of this pretious article in several
of our rivers. Sixteen have been found within
one shell. They are the disease of the fish,
analogous to the stone in the human body.
On being squeezed, they will eject the pearl,
and often cast it spontaneously in the sand of
the stream.
The Conwy was noted for them in the days
of Camden. A notion also prevales, that Sir
Richard TVynn, of Gwydir, chamberlain to
Catherine queen to Charles II. presented her
majesty with a pearl (taken in this river) which
is to this day honored with a place in the regal
M 2
10. MARGA-
R1TIFERA.
pearl.
mya. Gaper.
Class VI.
crown. They are called by the Jf'elsh, Cregin
Diluzv, or Deluge Shells, as if left there by the
flood.
The Irt in Cumberland was also productive
of them. The famous circumnavigator, Sir
John Hawkins* had a patent for fishing tjiat
river. He had observed pearls plentiful in the
Straits of Magellan, and flattered himself with
being inriched by procuring them within his
own island.
In the last century, several of great size were
gotten in the rivers of the county of Tyrone and
Donegal, in Ireland. One that weighed 36
carats was valued at 40/. but being foul, lost
much of its worth. Other single pearls were
sold for 4/. 10s. and even for 10/. The last
was sold a second time to Lady Glenlcaly, w ho
put it into a necklace, and refused 80/. for it
from the Duchess of Ormond.'\
Suetonius reports, that Cccsar was induced
to undertake his British expedition for the sake
of our pearls ; at comparing the sizes of which
he was so expert, as sometimes to have ascer-
tained the weight by his hand only. J I ima-
gine that Ctesar only heard this by report • and
* Camden, ii. 1003. f Ph. Tr. Alridg. ii. 831.
% Siuton. fit. Jul. Cms. c. xliv.
DUBIOUS MXA.(f.165^
Class VI. MYA. GAPER.
165
that the crystalline balls in old leases, called
mineral pearl, were mistaken for them.*
We believe that Ctesar was disappointed of
his hope : yet we are told that he brought home
a buckler made with British pearl, f which he
dedicated to, and hung up in the temple of
Venus Genetriv. A proper offering to the
Goddess of Beauty, who sprung from the sea.
I cannot omit mentioning, that notwithstanding
the classics honor our pearl with their notice,
yet they report them to have been small and
ill colored ; an imputation that in general they
are still liable to. PUny% says, that a red
small kind was found about the Thracian Bos-
phorus, in a shell called Mya, but does not
give it any mark to ascertain the species.
Lin. Tr. viii. 33, Mya Pholadia. Mont. Test. \\. dubia.
Br. 28. dubious.
M. with a rudiment of a tooth within one shell;
with an oval and large hiatus opposite to the
hinge. Shells brown and brittle.
Shape of a pistachia nut. Length of a horse-
bean. Tab. xlvii.
• Woodward 's Method of Fossils, 2Q. part ii.
+ Plinii, lib, ix. c. 35. Tacitus Fit. /lgricolce.
X Plinii, lib. ix. c. 35o
166 MY A. GAPER. Class VI.
Found near Weymouth. From the Poet-
land cabinet-
12. injequi- Lin. Tr. viii. 40. t. l.f. 6. Mont. Teat. Br. 38.
VALVIS.
* M. with a shell somewhat triangular ; strong,
opake white ; one valve nearly double the size
of the other; back swelling out and bending
inwards; in size rather smaller than a horse-
bean.
Coasts of Kent, Cornwall, and Devonshire.
13. biden- Lin. Tr. viii. 41. Mont. Test. Br. 44.
TATA.
* M. with a shell somewhat oval, flattened ; at
the hinge one valve has two broad diverging
teeth ; the other valve has none ; color dull
white. Minute.
Found by Mr. Montagu in old oyster-shells
in Salcombe Bay.
14. subor- Lin. Tr. viii. '41. Mont. Test. Br. 3p.
BICULARIS.
* M. with a shell in some degree spherical ; a
single hinge tooth in one valve received into a
double tooth on the other, with lamellated side
teeth ; length three-eighths of an inch, breadth
half an inch j resembles Tellina cornea.
CtAssVI. MYA. G.4PER.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu in hard lime
stone at Plymouth.
167
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 20. 15. decus-
SATA.
* M. with a white ovate shelly with irregular
concentric ridges decussated by regular longi-
tudinal stria, which form tubercles at the an-
terior end ; margin waved ; length half an inch,
breadth rather more.
Frith of Forth ; rare.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 21. l6. purpu-
rea.
* M. shell slightly wrinkled transversely, whit-
ish, with a purple tinge near the beak ; minute.
Taken amongst coralline in deep water ; De-
vonshire coast.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 22. ib. 166. .17. ferru-
GINOSA.
* M. with a white subovate shell, moderately
convex with obsolete wrinkles ; beak obtuse,
near one end front margin nearly strait;
breadth half an inch, length a quarter of an
inch.
Found on Belton sand near Dunbar in Scot-
land.
168
MYA. GAPER. Class VI
18. nitens. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. lG5.
* M. with an ovate shell regularly striated con-
centrically; color pink and white; a single
tooth in one valve enters a cleft in the other ;
about a quarter of an inch long, and three-
eighths of an inch broad.
Near Dunbar ; extremely rare.
Cl. VI. UGULA. SPOON-HINGE SHELL. 169
GENUS V. LIGULA. SPOON-HINGE
SHELL,
Animal, an Ascidia.
Shell equivalve.
Hinge, with a broad tooth on each valve pro-
jecting inwards, furnished with a cavity
for the reception of the connecting car-
tilage.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 23. tab. 26. f. 3. prisma-
TICA.
* Li. shell oblong, flat, thin, glossy, white, con-
siderably attenuated at one end, and obsoletely
striated concentrically ; beak nearer the smaller
end ; length three-eighths of an inch, breadth
six-eighths.
Coast of Devonshire.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 25.
2. SUBSTRI-
ATA.
* Li. with a white, sub-ovate, sub-pellucid shell,
wrought with distant, obsolete, elevated, longi-
tudinal strips inside plain; margin smooth;
diameter one-tenth of an inch.
LIGULA. SPOON-HINGE SHELL. Cl. VI.
Taken by deep dredging on the Devonshire
coast; very rare; discovered by Mr. Mon-
tagu*
* Mr. Montagu, in the Supplement to his Testacea Britan-
nica, expresses a wish that the My a prcetenuis, M. pubescens,
M. distorta, and the Mactra tenuis,, M. compressa, M. Boysii,
should be comprehended in this new genus. We lament, in
common with others, that it should have received a name which
had been previously appropriated to one of the Vermes Intestine?.
Ed.
Class VI, SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL.
171
GENUS VI. SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL.
Animal, an Ascidia.
Shell oblong, open at both ends.
Tooth, a subulated, at the hinge, turned back,
often double ; not inserted in the opposite
shell.
Lin. St/st. 1113. Gm. Lin. List. Conch. tab^^OQ. 1. siliqua,
3223. Faun. Suec. No. Lin. Tr. viii. 43. Pod'
2131. List. Angl. tab. v, Mont. Test. Br. 46.
fig- 37-
S. with a strait shell, equally broad, com-
pressed, with a double tooth at the hinge,
receiving another opposite ; and on one side
another tooth sharp pointed, and directed down-
wards. Color olive, with a conoid mark of an
ash color, dividing the shells diagonally; one
part striated lengthways, the other transversely.
Breadth usually five or six inches, sometimes
nine. Tab. xlviii. Jig. 1.
Lin. Syst. 1113. Gm. Lim Lin. Tr. viii, 42. 2. vagina.
322.3. List. Conch, tab. Mont. Test. Br. 48. sheath.
410.
S. with a shell nearly cylindrical, one end mar-
ginated ; the hinge consisting of a single tooth
172 SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL. Class VI.
in each shell placed opposite. Shell yellow,
marked much like the former; usually about
five or six inches broad. Tab. xlix. fig. 1 .
Inhabits Red Wharf, Anglesey*
3. NOVA-
COLA.
Lin. Tr. viii. 44.
Mont. Test. Br. 47-
* S. with a strait shell somewhat compressed;
single bent hinged-tooth in each valve; has
much the appearance of the & Siliqua, but the
teeth turn contrary ways, and when closed,
clasp into each other.
Found near Llaugharne, Caermarthenshire,
by Mr. Montagu.
4. ENSis. Lin. Syst. 1114. Gtn. Lin.
scymeter. 3224. List. Angl. App. tab.
ii. Jig. 9. List. Conch, tab.
411.
Lin. Tr. viii. 44.
Mont. Test. Br. 48.
S. with a shell bending like a scymeter, with
hinges like those of the Siliqua; and colored
and marked like it. The shell thin, and round-
ed at each end. Usual breadth four or five
inches. Tab. xlviii. fig. 2.
* First noticed by the reverend Hugh Davies. Ed.
Class VI. SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL.
173
Lin. Tr. via. 44.
Mont. Test. Br. 4g.
S. sub-arcuated and sub-oval ; with the hinge
consisting of a sharp double tooth on one side,
receiving a single one from the opposite, with a
process in each shell, pointing towards the car-
tilage of the hinge. Shell fragile, pellucid ;
about an inch broad.
Inhabits Red lV/ia?f, Anglesey.* Tab. xlix.
fig- 2.
. PELLUCI-
DUS.
pellucid.
Lin. Syst. 1114. Gm.
Lin. 3224. List. Concli.
tab. 420.
Lin. Tr. viii. 45.
Mont. Test. Br. 50.
6. LEGUMEN.
sub-oval.
S. with a strait sub-oval shell ; with teeth ex-
actly resembling those of the last, furnished
likewise with similar processes ; one end is
somewhat broader than the other. Usual
breadth about two inches and an half. Shell
sub-pellucid, radiated from the hinge to the
margin.
Inhabits the same place. Tab. xlix. Jig. 3.
• Discovered about the year 1770, by the Rev. Hugh Davies,
on the coast of Ejionydd, Caernarvonshire, and afterwards at
Red Wharf. Ed.
174
SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL. Class VI.
kidney.
7. ANTi- Solen coarctatus. Gm. Lin. S. antiqoatus. Lin. Tr. riiL
quatus. 3227? 46.
List. Conch. 421. Mont. Test. Br. 52.
S. with a kidney-shaped shell; with a single
tooth in one valve locking in between two teetli
in the opposite. The shell covered with a rough
epidermis. Breadth nearly two inches ; length
seven-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the sea near Weymouth.
This species borders on the my<z, and con-
nects the genera. Tab. xlix. Jig. 4.
8. fracilis. Mont. Test. Br. 51. id. Sup. 26.
* S. with an oblong pellucid shell, rounded at
the ends ; hinge near the middle ; a single subu-
late tooth in one valve, and a double dissimilar
recurved in the other ; breadth an inch and an
half, length half an inch.
Found on the Dorsetshire coast.
9. vesper- Lin. Tr. viii. 47- Tell i na depressa. Br. Zoo!. 4to.
TINUS. Mont. Test. Br. 54. IT. ?3. t. 47-/- 27-
Gm. Lin. 3228.
* S. with an oblong-ovate shell, compressed, a
single hinge tooth of one valve received into a
pixnx. VOL*-
Or*,
S O "L E N".
Class VL SOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL. 175
forked one in the other ; length one inch and a
quarter, breadth two inches and an half. Tab.
Lin. Tr. viii. 47. Gm. Lin. 3226. 10. mixu-
Mont. Test. Br. 53. TUS'
* S. with an oval shell, abrupt at one end close
to the hinge, the other end of the valves tooth-
ed; length a quarter of an inch, breadth half
an inch.
Found by Mr. Montagu burrowed in lime-
stone at Plymouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 48. Mont. Test. Br. 565. 11. squa-
MOSUS.
* S. with a shell somewhat circular, with two
forked hinge-teeth diverging from the beak;
length three-eighths, breadth half an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu in Salcombe
Bay.
Lin. Tr. viii. 48. Mont. Test. Br. 566. id. 12. pinxa.
Sup. 27.
* S. with an ovate compressed shell, the valves
from the hinge forming a strait line ; delicate,
white, transparent, with frequent concentric
wrinkles ; one tooth in each valve.
First observed by Mr. Pennant at Wey-
mouth. Tab. lxvii. jig. 3.
fcOLEN. RAZOR-SHELL. Class VI.
I am not acquainted with the natural history
of the sixth and seventh. The four first lurk
in the sand near low-water mark, in a perpen-
dicular direction : and when in want of food,
elevate one end a little above the surface, and
protrude their bodies far out of the shell. At
approach of danger, they dart deep into the
sand, sometimes at lest two feet. Their place
is known by a small dimple on the surface.
Sometimes they are dug out of the sand with a
shovel ; at other times are taken by a bearded
dart suddenly struck into them. They were
used as a food by the antients. Athencnus*
(from Sophi*on ) speaks of them as great delica-
cies, and particularly grateful to widows :
MctK§a) KoyXat fwXeyej TouTiya
Oblongse concha; solenes, et came jucunda
Conchylium, viduarum mulierum cupedia?.
These are often used as a food at present ;
and brought up to table fried in eggs.
* Lib. iii.j). 86.
VARIABLE RAZOR SHELL
fWoru|r.l74)
DELICATE MYA (p 160)
3
RAYED TELLINA (p.177 )
Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE.
177
GENUS VII. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE.
Animal, a Tethys.
Shell generally sloping on one side.
Teeth, three at the hinge; side teeth in one
of the valves flat or wanting.
* Ovate, thickish.
Lin. Tr. viii. 48. id. iii. 252. 1. macu-
LATA-
T. with a shell nearly ovate ; thick, striated in a
decussated manner, irregularly spotted.
Found at Tenby, South Wales.
** Ovate compressed.
Gm. Lin. 3235. T. Bor- Lin. Tr. viii. 4g. 2 ferrcen-
nii. ib. 3231. Mont. Test. Br. 55. sis.
carnation.
T. oblong, depressed; originally covered with
a thick brown epidermis. When naked, of a
whitish color rayed with red, and crossed again
with minute concentric stria. Usual breadth
one inch and three quarters. Tab. 1. Jig. 3.
VOL. IV. N
178 TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.
3. iNtf.QCl. Gm. Lin. 3233. Mont. Test. Br. 75. id.
VALVIS. Un Tr yiu 50 Sup_ ^
* T. with an oblong shell, one end contracted into
the form of a beak, one valve flat ; length half
an inch, breadth one inch ; nearly allied to the
genus Solen.
Small ones found on the Kentish coast.
4. similis. Mont, Test. Br. App. 167. Sow. Br. Misc. 29. I. 75.
* T. with an ovate compressed shell, both valves
diagonally striated ; five-tenths of an inch over
the surface ; beak not curved.
Sussex coast near Brighton.
5. dona- Gm. Lin. 3234. T. trifasciata. Br. Zool. iv
cina. Xiw. Tr. viii. 50. t. 1. /. 7- 88.
Mont. Test. Br. 58.
* T. with an ovate shell, much compressed,
smooth, the fore part very obtuse ; length half
an inch, breadth one inch.
6. laskeyi. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 28.
* T. with an ovate-oblong shell, smooth, pur-
plish white, in one valve are two approximate
Class VI. TELLINA. PENT-WEDGE. 179
sub-bitid teeth; one in the other valve which
Jocks between the two opposite ; length half an
inch, breadth three quarters of an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Laskey in the Frith of
Forth.
Gm. Lin. 323Q. T. laeta. Mont. Test. Br. 7. punicea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 50. 57.
* T. with an oval flat equi-lateral shell, most
densely striated transversely; length three
quarters of an inch, breadth one inch and an
half.
Found between Weymouth and Portland.
Gm. Lin. 3238. T. squalida. Mont. Test. 8. depressa.
Lin. Zy.viii.5l. Br. 56.
* T. with a shell of unequal sides, flat, most
delicately striated transversely, thin, somewhat
transparent; of a pale orange color; length
four-tenths of an inch, breadth six-tenths.
Found near Poole, at Weymouth, and on the
coasts of Cornwall and Devonshire.
Gm. Lin. 3239. Mont. Test. Br. 6i . 9. fabula.
Lin. Tr. viii. 52.
* T. with an ovate compressed shell, inflected,
somewhat rostrated at the fore part, one valve
n 2
180 TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.
*
smooth, the other in some measure striated,
stria reflected ; length four-tenths of an inch ;
breadth six-tenths.
Found on the south-west coasts of Anglesey ;
Tenby, South Wales ; and at Kingsbridge, De-
vonshire ; also isle of Purbeck, Devonshire.
10. tenuis. Lin. Tr. viii. 52. T. planata. Br. Zool. iv.
Mont. Test. Br. 59- 87-
T. with a very flat delicate shell, marked with
concentric lines of red; the space about the
hinge brown. Breadth, two-thirds of an inch.
Common. Tab. li. jig. 2.
1 1 . striata. Gin. Lin. 3238. Mont. Test. Br. 60.
Lin. Tr. viii. 53.
# T. with a shell of unequal sides, rounded at
each end, white with a rosy tinge, pellucid ;
length one inch ; breadth five-eighths of an
inch. This may be distinguished from T. tenuis
by its regular transverse stria, and strong late-
ral teeth.
Discovered by Mr. Bryer between Wey-
mouth and Portland.
raja.
VOL. 4. \A'r//.
PLAT TELL. (p. 183.)
Class VI. TELL1NA. BENT-WEDGE.
181
*** Suborbicular.
Lin. Tr. viii. 53. t. \.f. 8. Mont. Test. Br. 64 12. fausta.
* T. with a suborbicular shell, stria transverse,
most minute, faint; length one inch, breadth
one inch six-eighths.
Coast of Dorsetshire.
Gm. Lin. 3240. T. proficua Mont. Test. Br. 13. retico-
Lin. Tr. viii. 54. t.l.f. 9. 67. LATA-
* T. with the shell of a lenticular form, com-
pressed, reticulated ; diameter one inch.
Found on the north shore, Poole, and at Wey
mouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 54. Mont. Test. Br. 68. t. 2. 14. RAdula.
/• 1. 2.
* T. with an orbicular shell, convex with nume-
rous, transverse, concentric, sharp-edged striae;
diameter an inch and an half.
Found abundantly on the coasts of Cormvall
and Devonshire; less frequently at Llaugharne,
Caermarthenshire.
182
TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.
15. chassa. Venus crassa. 6m. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 55.
■flat- 3288. Mont. Test. Br. 65.
T. with very thick, broad, arid depressed
shells, marked with numerous concentric stria.
Breadth, an inch and three quarters; length,
an inch and a quarter.
Has the habit of the Venus borealis ; but the
sides of this are unequal, one being more ex-
tended than the other. Tab. li. Jig. 1 .
16. LACTEA. Gm. Lin. 3240. Mont. Test. Br. 70. t. 2.
Lin. Tr. viii. 56. /. 4.
# T. with an orbicular, gibbous, white, pellu-
cid smooth shell; diameter three quarters of
an inch. This is distinguished at once by a
deep groove that runs from the beak by the
side of the teeth in each valve.
Found on the coast of Llyn in Caernar-
vonshire, and in various parts, but not com-
mon.
17. rotun- Lin. Tr. viii. 56. Mont. Tat. Br. 71. t. 2.
DATA. /. 3.
* T. with a shell rather convex, orbicular, hav-
ing two teeth in each valve, one of them forked,
Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. 183
the other diverging; somewhat transparent,
white with faint transverse stria ; diameter
one inch.
Coasts of Devonshire and Cornwall.
Lin. Tr. viii. 56. Mont. Test. Br. 72. 18. FLEXU-
OSA.
* T. with a shell very convex or somewhat
globular, very brittle, having a groove from the
beak to the margin ; diameter three-eighths of
an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu in Cornwall;
found also on the south coast of Devonshire.
Gm. Lin. 3240. Mont. Test. Br. 73. ig. car.va-
Lin. Tr. viii. 57. RiA.
* T. with an orbicular smooth shell, flesh co-
lored or rosy ; obliquely striated ; strice reflexed
on one part ; diameter about one inch.
Accidentally only thrown upon our shores.
Gm. Lin. 3240. Mont. Test. Br. 69. 20> bimaco-
Lin. Tr. viii. 57. LATA.
* T. with an orbicular shell, tending to triangu-
lar ; smooth, whitish with two blood-red spots at
the beak ; diameter about half an inch.
Found upon the Lancashire, Hampshire, and
Dorsetshire coasts.
184
TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE. Class VI.
21. SOLIDU- T. solidula. Lin. Tr. viii. 58. List. Angl. tab. iv. Jig. 25.
la. Mont. Test. Br. 63. T. carnaria. Br. Zool. iv. 88.
Jiesk-colored.
T. with a strong and rounded shell, generally of
a bloom color within and without; externally
marked with belts of deeper red. Breadth about
seven-eighths of an inch. Tab. Hi. Jig. 2.
Sometimes found quite white, as Jig. 2. A.
22. cornea. Lin. Syst. 1120. No. 72. Gm. Lin. Tr. viii. 59.
horny. Lin. 3241. Cardium corncum. Mont. Tes t.
Faun. Suec. No. 2138. Br. 86.
List. Angl. App. tab. i.Jig. 5.
T. with round shells very convex, marked with
a transverse furrow; color brown. Size of
a pea.
Inhabits ponds and fresh waters. Tab. Hi.
23. lacus- Gm. Lin. 3242. Cardium lacustre. Mont.
tris. Lin. Tr. viii. 60. Test. Br. SQ.
* T. with a rhomboidal shell, flattish, smooth ;
beak pointed, horn-colored ; diameter three or
four tenths of an inch. Inhabits fresh water.
Discovered by Mr. Swainson in a river near
Bulstrode, and also by Mr. Montagu in IVilt-
shirt and Devonshire.
VOL.4
Class VI. TELLINA. BENT-WEDGE.
185
Gm. Lin. 3242. Cardium amnicum. Mont. 04. amnica.
Lin. Tr. viii. 60. Test. Br. 86.
T. rivalis. ib. iii. 44. t. 13.
/. 37- 38.
* T. with a shell somewhat obliquely oval,
sulcated transversely; length three-eighths of
an inch; breadth half an inch.
Found in rivers in Wiltshire and Dorset-
shire.
Gm. Lin. 3244. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 27. 25. poli
GONA.
* T. with a white shell transversely striated,
orbicular; fore part angular, with two large
distant teeth in one valve, and one large bifid
tooth in the other ; length half an inch, breadth
somewhat more.
Found off Cramond island, Frith of Forth.
186
CARDIUM. COCKLE. Class VI.
GENUS VIII. CARDIUM. COCKLE.
Animal, a Tethys.
Shell nearly equilateral, equivalve.
Teeth two, near the beak: a larger (placed
remote) on each side; each locking into
the opposite.
1. medium. Gm. Lin. 3246. Mont. Test. Br. 83.
Lin. Tr. viii. 6l.
* C. with a shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
rather angular; valves angular, furrowed,
smooth; diameter one inch.
Found at Hortlepoole, Durham.
. exigdum. Gm. Lin. 3255. Mont. Test. Br. 82.
Lin. Tr. viii. 6l.
* C. with a shell somewhat heart-shaped, and
rather angular; the grooves strongly striated
transversely ; diameter half an inch.
Sandxvich and Falmouth harbour.
Class VI. CARDIUM. COCKLE.
187
Lin. Syst. 1122. No. 78. Lin. Tr. viii. 62.
Gm. Lin. 3247. Mont. Test. Br. 77.
C. with high ribs radiating from the hinge to
the edges; each rib sulcated in the middle;
and near the circumference beset with large
and strong processes, hollowed. One side of
the shell projects further than the other, and
forms an angle. Color yellowish brown. As
large as a fist ; the marginal circumference ten
inches and a half.
Found off the Hebrides and Orknies; [also on
the Devonshire coast.
Tab. liii. Jig. 1.
Lin. Tr. viii. 62. Sow. Sr. Misc. 65. t. 32. 4^ spinosui
* C. with a shell somewhat obliquely heart
shaped, abrupt at one end; the larger ridges
spiny.
Devonshire coast.
3. ACULEA-
TUM.
aculealed.
Lin. Syst. 1122. No. 79. Gm. Conch, tab. 324
Lin. 3247- Lin. Tr. viii. 63.
Faun. Suec. No. 213g. Mont. Test. Br. 78.
List. Angl. tab. v.Jig. 33.
C. smaller than the former, being little more than
six inches in circumference ; the color white ;
5. ECHJNA-
TOM.
ecliinated.
188
CARDIUM. COCKLE.
Class VI.
the ribs echinated higher up; has only six-
teen ribs, the former twenty-one; the shape
rounder.
Found dead on many of our shores.
6. CILIARE.
fringed.
Lin. Syst. 1 122. No. 80.
Gm. Lin. 3248.
Lin. Tr. viii. 64.
Mont. Test. Br. 79.
C. with a very brittle and delicate shell; of a
pure white; eighteen ribs rising into thinner
spines. Of the size of a hazel nut. Tab. lii.
* C. with a shell somewhat heart-shaped, the
furrows marked with a ciliated line, with many
bent spines.
Found at the mouth of the Ex, Devonshire.
and on the Dorsetshire coast.
IWEVIGA- Lin. Syst. 1123. No. 88. Lin. TV. viii. 65.
tdm. Gm. Lin. 3251. Mont. Test. Br. 80.
C. of a sub-oval shape, somewhat depressed ;
of a deep brown color, with obsolete longitu-
dinal stria ; and a few transversal, concealed
7. TUBERCU-
LATUM.
Gm. Lin. 3247.
Lin. Tr. viii. 63.
Mont. Test. Br. 78.
smooth.
VOL.4
Class VI. CARDIUM. COCKLE. 189
by a thin epidermis. Circumference six inches
and an half. Common. Tab. liv. Jig. 1,
Lin. Syst. 1124. No. 90.
Gm. Lin. 3252.
Faun. Suec. No. 2141. List.
Angl. tab. v. Jig. 34.
C. with twenty-eight depressed ribs, trans-
versely striated; one side more salient than
the other. ,
Common on all sandy coasts, lodged a little
beneath the sand ; their place marked by a de-
pressed spot. Delicious and wholesome food.
Tab. liii. jig. 3.
Lin. Tr. viii. 66. Mont. Test. Br. 83. 10. rubrum.
* C. with a shell somewhat circular, convex ;
the primary hinge teeth faint, the lateral more
discernible ; size one-eighth of an inch.
Devonshire and Kentish coasts.
Lin. Tt. viii. 66. Mont. Test. Br. 81. 11- Nodo-
sum.
* C. with a shell somewhat circular, compress-
ed, with twenty-four obtuse tuberculated ridges ;
diameter three quarters of an inch.
Discovered at Falmouth by Mr. Montagu.
Lin. Tr. via. 65. 9- edule.
Mont. Test. Br. 76. edihle'
190
CARDIUM. COCKLE. Class VI.
12. arcua- Lin. Tr. viii. 67. Mont. Test. Br. 85. t. b.f. 2.
TUM.
* C. with an orbicular shell ; the stria trans-
verse, arcuated.
Mr. Montagu discovered this elegant species
in Falmouth harbour.
13. discors. T. pisiformis. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 67.
3241.? Mont. Test. Br. 84.
* C. with a shell somewhat orbicular, very
convex, the valves obliquely striated; size of
a pea.
14. elonga- Lin. Tr. viii. 67. Mont. Test. Br. 82.
TUM.
# C. with a shell somewhat oval and angular,
compressed, with twenty-one rounded ridges,
lightly rugged ; diameter a quarter of an inch.
Salcombe bay, Devon.
15. MURICA- Lin. Tr. viii. 68. Mont. Test. Br. 85.
TUJUUM.
* C. with a shell heart-shaped, opaque and
white, with a muricated margin ; minute.
Shepey island, Kent.
Class VI. CARDIUM. COCKLE.
191
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 30. Id. fascia-
TUM.
* C. with an orbicular shell, pellucid ; with
about twenty-seven smooth, glossy, flattened
ribs ; color rufous white, with a few brown
stripes ; length three quarters of an inch, breadth
somewhat more.
On the Cornish and Devonshire coasts.
192
MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE. Cl. VI.
GENUS IX. MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED
COCKLE.
Animal, a Tethys.
Shell unequal-sided, equi valve.
Tooth, middle, complicated ; with a little con-
cavity on each side ; the lateral teeth re-
mote, mutually received into each other.
1. deal- M. pellucida. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 68. t. l.f. 10.
BATA. 3260.? Mont. Test. Br. Q5. t. 5.
f- I.
* M. with an ovate gaping shell, the middle
hinge tooth complicated, with a lateral small
tooth ; length an inch and a quarter, breadth an
inch and three quarters.
Found at Weymouth.
2. claoca. Gm. Lin. 3260. Mont. Test. Br. 571.
Lin. Tr. viii. 68.
* M. with an ovate dull white shell, radiated
with grey, most delicately striated transversely ;
the anterior end wrinkled ; length three inches
and an half, breadth four and an half.
VOL
. <»
STRONG MACTRA (r. 193)
CHIENE VENUS (t. ZOG)
SMOOTH COCKLK (v . 18s)
Cl. VI. MACTRA. FLAT- SIDED COCKLE. 193
Found only by Miss Pocock ; Hale, sands,
Cornwall.
Lin. Tr. viii. 69. Cardium edentula. Mont. 3. radiata.
Test. Br. Sup. 29.
* M. with a thin brittle shell, somewhat trian-
gular, compressed, whitish, radiated, most de-
licately striated ; diameter two inches.
Found at Portsmouth after a storm.
Lin. Syst. 1126. No. QQ.
Gm. Lin. 3258.
Tellina radiata. Br.Zool.
iv. 87.
M. with very convex shells of a faint ash-color,
radiated with red, tinged within with a faint
purple ; breadth an inch and a half. Tab. lii.
\fig- *•
Lin. Syst. 1126. No. 100. List. Angl. tab. iv.
Gm. Lin. 325Q. Jig. 24.
Faun. Suec. No. 2140. Lin. Tr. viii. 70.
Mont. Test. Br. Q2.
M. with very strong shells ; in a live state,
smooth, white, glossy, and marked with a few
transverse Stria. Tab. Iv. Jig. 2.
In dead shells, the stria appear like high
ribs. Tab. liv. fig. 3.
vol. iv. o
Lin. Tr. viii. 69. 4. stulto-
Mont. Test. Br. 94. . R1?M' .
simpleton s.
5. SOLIDA.
strong.
194
MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE. Cl. VI.
6. subtrun- Lin. Tr. viii. 71. t. 1. f. 10. M. stultorum. Br. Zool. \v.
cata. Mont. Test. Br. 93. id. Sup. 92.
37. t. 27./. 1.
* M. with a smooth, strong, triangular shell,
beak more prominent than common. Tab. lv.
fig- 1-
7. listeri. Gw?. Ztin. 326l. Venus borealis. Br. Zool. iv.
Lin. Tr. viii. 71. 96.
M. compressa. Mont. Test. List. Angl. t. 4. f. 23.
Br. 96.
M. with thin shells much compressed, marked
with slender concentric stria. Length one
inch and a half, breadth near two inches.
8. TENUIS. Lin. Tr. viii. 72. Mont. Test. Br. 572. id.
Sup. t. 17. /• 7-
# M. with a flat equilateral shell, somewhat
triangular ; the hinge-tooth in one valve forked,
with the side teeth distant ; diameter a quarter
of an inch.
At Southampton and Weymouth.
L A R G E M . C P. 10* J
Cl. VI. MACTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE.
195
Lin. Tr. viii. 72. Mont. Test. Br. QQ. f 3-f- 5. 9. TRIANGU-
LARIS.
* M. with a somewhat tegular shell; one
strong forked hinse-too^ in one valve> on the
other a triangular expression between two small
teeth; minute
Inhabit the south coast of Devonshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. 72. il. vi. ikfonf. Test. Br. 98. /. 3. 10. BOYSii.
t. 18./- 9-12. /. 7.
* M. with a smooth ovate shell ; hinge-tooth
strong, a little prominent; size of a horse-
bean.
Found in Salcombe and Biddeford bays; also
in Kent.
Lin. Syst. 1126. No. 101. Zf^. tab. iv.
Gm. Zin. 325g. Jig. 19.
.Faun. Swec. 2Vo. 2128. Lin. Tr. viii. 73.
Mont. Test. Br. 100
M. with an oblong thin shell; one side much
extended, and gaping; for which reason Lin-
naus once placed it among the Myce. Breadth
five inches ; length two and a half.
Inhabits the sea near the mouth of rivers;
o 2
11. LUTRA-
RIA.
large.
196
MAGTRA. FLAT-SIDED COCKLE. Cl.VI.
and even sometimes within the mouth. Tab.
lv. jig. 3.
12. hians. Mya oblonga. rj«.
3221.
Lin. Tr. viii. 74.
Mont. Test. B-.lOl.
* M. with an oblong rugged ^jr the anterior
extremity gaping, and the margin having some
degree of flexure ; length two inehes and two
and a half, breadth four or five inches.
Op the Dorset, Cornwall, and Devonshire
coasts.
13. TRUN-
CATA.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 34.
* M. with a triangular shell, very strong
smoothish, sides flattened, truncated ; length
an inch and a half, breadth an inch and three
quarters.
Frith of Forth.
14. CINEREA. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 35.
y M. with a thin, subtriangular, truncated shell,
of a cinereous color ; back large and very pro-
minent.
Weymouth.
Ol. VI. MACTRA. FLATS ID ED COCKLE. ]Q7
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 37- 15. minctis-
SIMA.
* M. a\ ith a white, smoothish, triangular shell ;
back prominent ; single large tooth in one valve,
enters between two in the other. One of the
most minute of bivalves.
198
DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL. Class VI.
GENUS X. DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL.
Animal, a Tethys.
Shell with the frontal margin very blunt.
Hinge with two teeth on the middle, and
sometimes one marginal, somewhat remote.
Lin. Syst. 1127- No. 105. Conch, tab. 37 6. s. 217 '.
Gm. Lin. 3263. Lin. Tr. vi. t. l6. /. 13—16.
Faun. Suec No. 2142. List. ib. viii. 74.
Angl. tab. \'.fig. 35. Mont. Test. Br. 103.
D. with a glossy shell, of a whitish color tinged
with dirty yellow, and marked lengthways with
many elegant minute stria. ; the inside purple.
Breadth an inch and a tenth. Tab. lviii.^. I.
2. compla- Lin. Tr. viii. 75. Mont. Test. Br. 106. t. b.f. 4.
NATA.
* D. with an oblong shell, very smooth or
glossy ; edges perfectly entire ; length five-
eighths of an inch, breadth an inch and a
quarter.
Inhabits the coasts of Devon, Dorset, and
Cornwall.
1. TRUNCU-
LUS.
yellow.
Class VI. DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL.
199
Lin. Syst. 1127. No. 107- Lin. Tr. viii. 76. 3. deNTICU-
Gm. Lin. 3263. Mont. Test. Br. 104. lata.
purple.
D. of a cuneiform shape; extremely blunt at
one end, striated like D. trunculus, serrated at
the edges; color within purple; transversely
tinged with the same on the outside. Breadth
a little superior to D. trunculus. Tab. lviii.
fig- 2-
Lin. Tr. viii. 76. Mont. Test. Br. 107. t. b.f. 2 4. plebbia.
# D. with an ovate smooth shell ; edges entire,
hinge-teeth strong ; length an inch and a half,
breadth three quarters of an inch.
Weymouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 77. Mont. Test. Br. 573. id. 5. CASTANEA.
Sup. t. 17. /. 2.
* D. with an ovate smooth shell, transverse worn
wrinkles, with two hinge-teeth in each valve,
one very large, the other small ; length a quarter
of an inch, breadth three-eighths.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu in St. Austle
bay.
£00
DONAX. WEDGE-SHELL. Class VI.
6. irds. Lin. T- . viii. 77. Tellina cornubiensis. Dr.
cornish. Mont. Test. Br. 108. 573. Zool. iv. 89.
Borlase Cornwall, t.28.f.23.
* D. with an oval shell encompassed with up-
right membranaceous ridges ; length half an
inch, breadth three quarters.
7. rubra. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 38.
* D. with a smooth wedge-shaped shell, red-
dish, abrupt at one end, beak obtuse; very
minute.
Amongst coralline in deep water, very rare.
Class VI. VENUS. FENUS-SHELL. 20 i
GENUS XI. VENUS. FENUS-SHELL.
Animal, a Tethys.
Hinge with three teeth near to each other;
one placed longitudinally, and bent out-
wards.
* Fore-part spiny.
Lin. Tr. viii. 78. Mont. Test. Br. 577. id. 1. SPim-
Sup.t.lJ.f.X. FERA-
* V. with a somewhat triangular shell ; ridges
numerous ; anterior edges spinous.
Found in sand from Salcombe bay, rare.
** Without spines. (A.) Somewhat heart-
shaped.
Gm. Lin. 326g. Mont. Test. Br. 11 a. 574. 2. verru-
Lin. Tr. viii. 78. V. erycina. Br. Zool. iv. 94. cosa.
v. with a very thick shell, marked with high-
ridged ribs transversely j undulated longitu-
dinally.
Circumference about five or six inches.
Tab. lvii. f. 1 .
4
202
VENUS. PENUS-SHELL. Class VI.
3. LACTEA. Lin. Tr. viii. 79- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 46.
* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped compressed
shell ; ridges concentric, strong, obtuse ; blunt
at one end ; diameter an inch and a half.
Western coast.
4. CASINA. Gm. Lin. 32&Q. Mont. Test. Br. Sup.
Lin. Tr. viii. 79. /. 2. f. I. V. erycina. Br. Zool. iv. 94.
* V. shell with transverse reclining bent edged
ridges ; hind margin crenulated ; strong ; white,
with stripes of reddish brown from the beak to
the margin; circumference about five or six
inches. Tab. lvii. fig. 2.
Found in the Menai, between Caemarvoji-
shire and Anglesey.
5. laminosa. V. cancellata. Gm. Lin. 3270. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 38.
* V. with an ovate shell ; ridges numerous,
concentric, sub-membranaceous, nearly erect;
with an heart-shaped depression, of the color of
the shell, near the hinge ; length one inch,
breadth an inch and a quarter.
Isle of May, in the Frith of Forth.
Class VI. VENUS. FENUS-SHELL.
203
V. Paphia jS. Gm. Lin-
3268.?
Lin. Tr. viii. 80.
Mont. Test. Br. 110.
6. FASCIATA.
* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell ; ribs
transverse, broad, depressed ; diameter scarcely
one inch ; canaliculated behind the depression ;
an inch and an half in diameter; strong; white,
streaked, with brownish angular lines.
Found on the western shores and on the
coasts of Wales and of Caithness.
Lin. Tr. viii. 81. Mont. Test. Br. 121. t. 3.f. 3. 7. MINIMA.
* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell, rather
compressed, glossy, transversely striated, with
two red spots at the margin ; diameter a quarter
of an inch.
Falmouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 81. t. 2./. 2. Mont. Test. Br. 131. 8. sulcata.
* V. with a somewhat triangular shell ; smooth,
faintly wrinkled ; sinus oblong-oval, the inner
edge minutely toothed ; diameter about an inch.
North of Scotland.
204
VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. Class VL
9. scotica. Lin. Tr. viii. 81. I. 2. f. 3. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 44.
* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped flat shell ; fur-
rows transverse, parallel, regular, edge smooth ;
length five-tenths of an inch, breadth eight-
tenths.
Discovered by Mr. M'Leay on the Caith-
ncss-shire coast.
10. scbcor- V. cancellata. Gm. Lin. 3270? Mont. Test. Br. 121. 3.
data. Lin. Tr. viii. 82. /. 1.
* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell, with
strong longitudinal ribbed stria, and distant
transverse ridges ; edges faintly crenated ; dia-
meter a quarter of an inch.
Weymouth.
11. DYSERA. Gm. Liti. 3268. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 42.
* V. with a subcordate shell ; ridges distant,
transverse, reflected ; edges crenulated ; beak
small ; diameter not quite three quarters of
an inch.
Class VI. VENUS
VENUS-SHELL.
205
List. Conch, tab. 2f. V. striatula. Mont. Test.
Gm. Lin. 3270. Br. 113.
Lin. Tr. via. 82. V. rugosa. Br. Zool iv.
95.
V, with thick stfls, marked with rugose con-
centric stria ; *igth an inch, breadth an inch
and a quarter.
A variety, ltn **w"<£ less elevated, and mark-
ed with yell^sh ziggag lines. List. Conch.
282. Tab. x-fig- 2.
Lin. Tr. v 83- ikfon/. 7W. Br. 577. id? 13. triangu-i
5m?. f. 17-/. 3. LARIS.
* V. witla somewhat triangular shell; hinge
strong; ie valve has three teeth, the other
two, and crescent-shaped, lateral thin plate ;
diametehalf an inch.
Four by Mr. Montagu on the coast of
Dexon iw, very scarce.
Lin. St- H31. No. 123.
GmJn. 3271.
Faun.'uec. No. 2144. List.
An. tab. iv. fig. 22.
Cono tab. 272..
V w ith a strong, thick, weighty shell, covered
nth a brown epidermis ; pure white within ;
12. CALLINA.
Wrinkled.
Lin. Tr. vih. 83. 14. ISLAN.
Mont. Test. Br. 114. DICA.
V. mercenaria. Br. Zool. iv. inland.
94-
'206 VENUS. VEXUS-SIELL. Class VI.
slightly striated transverselj Circumference
above eleven inches.
[Not uncommon on many jirts of our coast,
but seldom, taken alive exceptby deep dredg-
ing. Tab. lvi. Ed.
15. chione. Gm. Lin. 3272. Montrcsi_ jgr> jj5
Lin. 7V. viii. 84.
# V. with a shell somewhat vdnkled trans-
versely ; of a bright chesnut coloi hin(j hin<*e-
o
tooth lance-shaped; length three iihes, breadth
three inches and three. quarters.
Common on the Cornish coast^lso on the
Dorsetshire coast, in Cheshire, <d on the
south west coast of Anglesey. Tab'w, Jig. 2.
16. ovata. Lin. Tr. viii. 85. t. 2. f. 4. Mont. Test. t. joq,
oval.
V. with ovated shells, striated elegan,/ from
hinge to margin, and slightly striatec trans-
versely. Size of a horse-bean. T/j. lix.
fig- 3.
Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL.
'107
Gm. Lin. 3270. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 48. 17. guineen-
sis.
* V. with a subcordate cinereous shell, white
within ; ridges numerous, close, regular, sharp ;
margin entire.
Abbs Head in the Frith of Forth.
Lin. Syst. 1133. No. 132. Mont. Test. Br. 123. t. 3. 18. deflo-
Gm. Lin. 3274. /. 4. J?A.TA*
m ... , fading.
Lin. Tr. viii. 85. 5
V. with thin oval shells, striated lengthways,
semipellucid ; rayed with purple and white,
both within and without. Size near an inch
and a half in breadth. Tab. lx. jig. 3.
Gm. Lin. 3277.
Lin. Tr. viii. 85.
Mont. Test. Br. 122.
9- GRANU-
LATA.
* V. with a somewhat orbicular shell; ridges
net-like or decussated ; the edge crenulated ; a
blackish heart-shaped depression near the hinge ;
diameter one inch.
Found on the coast of Llyn, and at Fal-
mouth.
308
VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. Class VI.
(B.) Somewhat orbicular.
SO. reflexa. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 40. 168.
* V. with a suborbicular shell ; ridges nume-
rous, thin, reflected ; with an heart-shaped de-
pression of a different color from the shell, near
the hinge.
Found on the coast of south Devon, and in
Scotland.
21. tigeiu- Gm. Lin. 3283. Mont. Test. Br. lig. t. 4.
NA- Lin. Tr. viii. 86. 2./. S. f. 1.
* V. with an orbicular shell, compressed ; ridges
decussated, with an oval depression near the
hinge ; diameter scarcely one inch.
Found on the Dorsetshire coast.
22. ORBicn- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 42.
LATA.
* V. with a white orbicular shell, depressed,
cancellated ; beak very small, with a minute
heart-shaped depression; lateral tooth much
more remote than in the preceding, which this
species in some measure resembles; diameter
five-eighths of an inch.
Near Dunbar.
VOL . 4 .
Y E U U S SHEXX.
3
VASTY V.SH.(p.2<U
PI.LVJU.
D ONA X.
J YELLOW ^ ■ DONAX
4 INDENTED V.
2 PURPLE DONAX
VETNT 17 S .SHELL
so.
WKIXKLED V . SH
Class VI. VENUS. FENUS-SHELL.
20D
Lin. Tr. viii. 86. Mont. Test. Br. 118. 23. undata.
waved.
V. with thin convex orbiculated shells, of a
white color tinged with yellow, and marked with
thin concentric stria; waved at the edges.
Size of a hazel nut. Tab. lviii. Jig. 3.
Lin. Syst. 1134. No. 142. Lin. Tr. viii. 87. t. 3./. 1. 24. exoleta.
Gm. Lin. 3284. Mont. Test. Br. 116. antiquated.
V. with orbicular shells, with numerous trans-
versal stride ; white, glossy.
Diameter about two inches. Tab. Wx.Jig. 1.
Variety of the same, marked strongly with
numerous strice, and longitudinally with a few
short yellowish lines. Vide List. Conch, tab.
"92, 293- Tab. lvii. Jig. 3.
Common.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 43. t. 26. f. 1. 1. 1. 25. COM-
PREESA.
* V. with a strong, suborbicular, compressed
shell, irregularly wrinkled, white; beak pro-
minent, oblique, with two large hinge-teeth in
each valve; diameter from half to one inch.
Dunbar.
VOL. IV.
p
210
VENUS. PENUS-SHELL. Class VI.
C. Oval; somewhat angular above the
cartilage.
26. decds- Lin. Sysl. 1135. No. 14g. Lin. Tr. viii. 88. t. 2./. 6.
SATA. Gm. Lin. 3294. Mont. Test. Br. 124.
Faun. Suec. No. 2146. List. V. literata. Br. Zool. iv. 96.
Conch, tab. 400. Jig. 23Q.
* V. with a strong ovate shell ; the fore part
somewhat angular, marked in a net-like man-
ner, with frequent crenulated stria ; length an
inch and three quarters, breadth two inches
and a half. Tab. lx. Jig. 2.
27. pullas- Lin. Tr. viii. 88. t. 2./. 7- Mont. Test. Br. 125.
TRA.
* V. with an oblong ovate shell ; the fore part
angulated; stria most delicate, decussated;
of a pale brown or dull white color; very
nearly allied to the preceding, but may be dis-
tinguished to a certainty by three hinge-teeth,
like those of a comb, in each valve ; length an
inch and three-eighths, breadth two inches.
Inhabits the sea; common.
Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL.
211
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 48. 28. SUBSTRI-
ATA.
* V. with a shell transversely ovate, subpellu-
cid, concentrically wrinkled, wrought with faint
undulated, longitudinal stria; margin plain;
length half an inch, breadth somewhat more.
Frith of Forth ; rare.
Lin. Tr. viii. 89. Mont. Test. Br. 127. /. 2.f. 6. 29. ?erfo-
RANS.
* V. with a shell somewhat rhomboidal, the
fore part abrupt, wrinkled ; the hind part stri-
ated transversely j hinge with three teeth, two
long ones bent, the third small ; length three
eighths of an inch, breadth five-eighths.
Found by Mr. Montagu buried in limestone
at Plymouth.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 49.
* V. with a subrhomboidal shell, rounded at
one end, abrupt at the other ; with irregularly
concentric wrinkles, decussated by fine longitu-
dinal stria.
Frith of Forth.
30. sub-
RHOM-
BOIDEA.
P 2
212
VENUS. VENUS-SHELL. Class VI.
31. virgi- Gm. Lin. 32g4. Mont. Test. Br. 12g.
»ea. Lin, Tr. viii. 89. t. 2. V. rhomboides. Br. Zool.
/• 8. iv. 97.
V. with depressed rhomboidal shells, marked
with concentric and very neat stria, of a pale
brown color variegated. Length three quarters
of an inch, breadth an inch and three quarters.
Tab. lviii. jig. 5.
32. danmo- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 45.
NEA.
* V. with a thick shell, transversely ovate,
sub-compressed, with many regular concen-
tric, smooth ridges ; margin crenated, an effec-
tual distinction between it and V. scotica, which
it otherwise resembles ; length one inch, breadth
an inch and a quarter.
Devonshire.
33. aurea. Gm. Lin. 3288. Tellina rugosa. Br. Zool.
Lin. Tr. viii. 90. /. Q.f. Q. 4tp. iv. 75.
Mont. Test. Br. 129.
* V. with a somewhat heart-shaped shell, po-
lished, delicately ridged, striated lengthways ;
groove indistinct. Tab. lx. Jig. 1.
Class VI. VENUS. VENUS-SHELL.
213
Lin. Tr. viii. 90. 34. SINU0Sa.
indented,
V. with thin convex shells, with a very deep
obtuse sinus, or bending on the front. Size of
the figure.
Wcii mouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tub. lviii. Jig. 4.
214
CHAMA.
Class VI.
GENUS XII. CHAMA.
Animal, a Tethys.
Shell strong.
Hinge rugged, gibbous.
Teeth obliquely inserted into opposite valves.
1. cor. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 134.
Lin. Tr. viii. QO.
* C. with a smooth and somewhat globose
shell; beaks recurved and convoluted like a
ram's horn.
Scotland.
Class VI. ARCA. ARK-SHELL.
215
GENUS XIII. ARCA. ARK-SHELL.
Animal, a Tethys.
Shell equivalve.
Teeth of the hinge numerous, inserted between
each other.
* With the edge entire ; beaks inflected.
Lin. Syst. 1140. No. l6g. Mytilus. Matthiol. apud Bios- l. som.
Gm. Lin. 3306. cor. lib. ii. c. 5. p. 301. distorted.
Borlase's Nat. Hist. Corniv. Lin. Tr. viii. 91.
tal: xxviii. jig. 15, 16. ikfonf. 7^. Br. 13Q. t. 4./.3.
Ziif. Conch, tab. 368. A. tortuosa. Br. Zool. iv. 97.
A. with a rhomboid shell, deeply striated from
the apex to the edges ; breadth half an inch.
Inhabits Cornxvall ; found also near Wey-
mouth ; extremely rare.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 51. 2. fdsca.
* A. with a finely reticulated shell, of an uni-
form purplish brown color, destitute of any
colored bands ; length three quarters of an
inch, breadth an inch and a half.
Found in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Scot-
land.
'216
ARCA. ARK-SHELL. Class VI.
3. minuta. Gm. Lin. 3309- Mont. Test. Br. 140.
Lin. Tr. viii. 92.
* A. with an oblong-oval shell, one end round-
ed, the other somewhat abruptly angular;
length three-eighths of an inch, breadth half
an inch.
Not uncommon at Sandxvich.
** Edge crenated or notched; beaks
recurvated.
4. lactea. Lin. Syst. 1140. No. 173. Mont. Test. Br. 138.
Gm. Lin. 330Q. A. barbata. Br. Zool. iv. 98.
Lin. Tr. viii. 92.
A. with oblong shells faintly striated; beset
with Byssus so as to appear bearded. In En-
gland of the size of a horse-bean, the foreign
specimens much larger. Tab. lxi. Jig. 2.
*#* Edge crenated ; beaks inflected.
5. glycy- Gm. Lin. 3313. Lin. Tr. viii. 93. t. 3.f. 3.
MEK IS.
# A. with a somewhat circular shell, gibbous,
rather striated ; beaks incurvated ; margin ere-
Class VI. ARCA. ARK-SHELL. 217
nated; teeth of the hinge about ten, quite
transverse.
Found on the coast of Cornwall, and on the
shores of Guernsey.
Liu. St/st. 1143. No. 18S. Mont. Test. Br. 136. 6. pilosa.
Gm.Lin. 3314. A. Glycymeris. Br. Zool. rv. orUculau
List. Conch, tab. 247. Jig- 82. 98.
Lin. Tr. viii. Q4. /. 3. / 4.
A. with thick orbicular shells, marked with
concentric stria ; white zigzagged with ferrugi-
nous ; edges crenulated ; hinge in the middle,
and hinge teeth oblique. Diameter about two
inches. Tab.\x\. fig. \.
Lin. Syst. 1141. No. 184. Lin. Tr. viii. 95. 7. nucleus.
Gm. Lin. 3314. Mont. Test. Br. 141. silvery.
A. with unequally triangular shells; smooth,
pure white without, silvery within ; margin
finely crenated. Size of a pea.
Gm. Lin. 3308. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 55. t. 27./. 7. 8. rostrata.
* A. with a somewhat ovate convex shell trans-
versely striated; the hind part rounded, the
fore part produced into a bent lip.
St. Abb's head, Frith of Forth.
218
ARCA. ARK-SHELL. Class VI.
9. TENUIS. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 56. t. 2Q. f. 1.
* A. with a smooth subcordate shell, white with
an olivaceous epidermis ; beaks near one end
slightly inflected ; greatest diameter a quarter
of an inch.
Found on the shore near Dunbar.
Class VI. PECTEN. SCALLOP.
219
GENUS XIV. PECTEN. SCALLOP.
Animal, a Tethys.
Valves generally unequal rayed, with auricles
near the hinge.
Hinge toothless, having a small ovated hollow.
* One shell flattish.
Lin. Syst. 1144. No. 185. Ostrea maxima. Lin. Tr. I. maximus.
Gm. Lin. 3315. viii. 96. SreaL
Faun. Suec. No. 2148. Mont. Test. Br. 143.
List. Angl. tab. v. Jig. 29.
P. with fourteen rays, very prominent and
broad; striated lengthways above and below;
ears equal. Grows to a large size. Tab. lxii.
Found in beds by themselves ; are dredged
up, and pickled and barrelled for sale.
The antients say, that they have the power
of removing themselves from place to place by
vast springs or leaps.* This shell was called
by the Greeks Krsi;, by the Latins Pecten, and
was used by both as a food ; and when dressed
* Arist. Hist. An. lib. iv. c, 4.
PECTEN. SCALLOP. Class VI.
with pepper and cummins, was taken medici-
nally.*
The elegant figure of the crouching Venus, in
the Majjei collection, is placed sitting in a shell
of this kind. The sculptor probably was taught
by the mythology of his time, that the goddess
arose from the sea in a scallop. This perhaps
may have been the concha venerea of Pliny, so
stjrled from this circumstance.
Another shell ( Cyprcea ) has the same name,
for a different reason.
The scallop is commonly worn by pilgrims
on their hat, or the cape of their coat, as a
mark that they had crossed the sea in their way
to the Holy Land, or to some distant object of
devotion.
2. jACOBiEUS. Lin. Syst. 1144. No. 18(). Lin. Tr. Q7.
lesser. Qm. Lm. 331 6. Mont. Test. Br. 144.
List. Conch, tab. \Qb.Jig.2.
P. with fifteen broad rays, rounded on the fiat
side, and most finely transversely striated ; an-
gulated on the convex, and striated lengthways ;
ears nearly equal ; concave and smooth on the
upper side.
A rare species in Great Britain. Tab. lxiii.
fg> I-
* Athenccus, lib. iii. p. 90.
. 1.X1
vol.4 r\7*tt>-
FKIX(VKJ) AUCA (t.21B)
%
»
Class VI. PECTEN. SCALLOP.
221
** Both shells convex.
Pecten tenuis, subrufus, ma- Lin. Tr. viii. 98. ib. vi. 18. 3. OPERcy-
LARIS.
red.
culosus, circiter 20 striis f. 7, 8.
majoribus, at laevibus, do- Mont. Test. Br. 145.
natus. Lilf. Jng/. p. 185. O. subrufus. Br. Zoql. iv.
/at. v./g. 30. 100.
Gm. Lin. 3325.
P. with twenty narrow rays, finely striated ;
ears nearly equal, and also striated; the shell
thin and generally of a pale red color.
A species seldom exceeding two inches and a
quarter in length ; the breadth nearly the same.
Tab. \xm.Jig. 2.
Lin. Syst. 1146. No. 199. Lin. Tr. viii. 97. 4. varius.
Gm. Lin. 3324. Mont. Test. Br. 146. variegated.
List. Conch, tab. 1?8. Jig. 15.
P. with about thirty echinated imbricated rays ;
shells almost equally convex ; one ear vastly
larger than the other. General length two
inches and a half; breadth a little less. Color,
a sordid red mixed with white.
Often found in oyster-beds, and dredged up
with them. Tab. lxiv. Jig. 1.
222
PECTEN. SCALLOP. Class VI.
5. linbatds. Lin. Tr. viii. gg. Mont. Test. Br. 147.
* P. with a shell of unequal valves, and twenty
rays ; rough lengthways with points, the lower
valve more convex.
Found at Weymouth, in Cornwall, and De-
vonshire.
6. sinuosus. Pecten minimus angustior in- Lin. Tr. viii. gg.
writhed. equalis fer& et asper, &c. P. distortus. Mont. Test. Br.
List. Angl. p. 186. tab. v. 148.
Jig. 31. P. pusio. Br. Zool. iv. 101.
Gm. Lin. 33 ig.
P. with above forty small rays ; with unequal
ears ; the surface always irregularly waved or
deformed, as if by some accident ; but this ap-
pearance regularly maintained. Length about
two inches. Color commonly of a brilliant
red. Tab. lxiv. Jig. 2.
'7. OBSOLE- Lin. Tr. viii. 100. Mont. Test. Br. 14g.
TOS.
P. with one large striated ear, with smooth
equal shells ; eight obsolete rays ; of a dark
purple color. A small species three quarters
of an inch long. Tab. lxiv. Jig. 3.
ipi.Lxrv.
VOL.4. K^dt.
WRITHED SC. (p. 222.)
Class VI. PECTEN. SCALLOP.
223
Lin. Tr. viii. 100. t.3.f. 5. Mont. Test. Br. 150. t. 4.f. 4. 8. lmvis.
smooth.
P. with unequal ribbed ears; the rest of the
shell entirely smooth. Very small.
Anglesey; [also Falmouth and Salcombe bay.
Lin. Syst. 1146. No. 201.? Mont. Test. Br. 151. id. g. glaber.
Gm. Lin. 3334. Sup. 5Q. t. 28. /. 6. furrowed.
Lin. Tr. viii. 101.
P. with a very thin shell ; fifteen faint rays ;
equal ears. The inner side of the shells marked
with rays, divided by a single sulcus.
Anglesey. A scarce species. Small.
Gm. Lin. 3332. Pecten fragilis. Mont. Test. io. fragilis.
Br. Sup. 62.
* P. with a white, fragile, subovate shell, of
equal valves, but unequal sides, with twenty-
five imbricated rays ; margin entire ; auricles
pointed ; length three quarters of an inch ;
breadth half an inch.
Taken by the trawl on the coast of Devon.
PECTEN. SCALLOP. Class VI.
11. subau- Pecten subauriculatus. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 63. t. 29./. 2.
KICULATUS.
* P. with an ovate, oblong, white pellucid shell,
strice numerous, longitudinal, of equal valves
and equal sides, with small auricles ; the mar-
gin slightly arcuated ; length a quarter of an
inch, breadth an eighth of an inch.
Taken with the last, in deep water.
12. SiMlLis. Mem. Wern. Soc. 387- t. 8. /. 8.
* P. so named from its resemblance to P. Icevis;
a thin semitransparent shell, with unequal ears
of a compressed globose form, perfectly smooth
and beautifully clouded with brown. N. Bri-
tain .
Class VI. OSTREA. OYSTER.
225
GENUS XV. OSTREA. OYSTER.
As i mal, a Tethys.
Shell inequivalve, rough with imbricated
scales.
Lin. Syst. 1 148. No. 21 1. List. Angl. tab. iv. Jig. 26. l. eduliS.
Gw. Lin. 3334. 1 Zt«. TV. viii. 101.
Faun. Snec. No. 214J). Mont. Test. Br. 151.
O. commonly of an orbicular form, and very
j ugged. A description of so well known a
shell is needless. Varies in size in different
places. Figured with an Anomia (A.) on it.
Tab. lxv. jig. 2.
Britain has been noted for oysters from the
time of Juvenal* who satyrizing an epicure,
?ays,
Circceis nata forent, an
Lucrinum ad Saxtun, Rutupinove edita fundo,
Ostrea, callebat prinio deprendere morsu.
He, whether Circes rock his oysters bore,
Or Lucrint lake, or distant Richborough's shore,
Knew at first taste.
The luxurious Romans were very fond of this
fish, and had their layers or stews for oysters,
* Satyr, iv. V. 140.
VOL. IV. Q
OSTHEA. OYSTER. Class VI.
as we have at present ; of which Sergius Ora-
ta* was the inventor, as early as the time
of L. Crassus the orator. He did not do
this for the sake of indulging his appetite, but
through avarice, and made great profits from
them. Orata got great credit for his Lucrine
oysters ; for, says Pliny, the British were not
then known.
The antients eat them raw, and sometimes
roasted. They had also a custom of stewing
them with mallows and docks, or with fish, and
esteemed them very nourishing.^
Britain still keeps its superiority in oysters
over other countries. Most of our coasts pro-
duce them naturally, and in such places they
are taken by dredging, and are become an ar-
ticle of commerce, both raw and pickled. The
very shells, calcined, become an useful medi-
cine as an absorbent ; and in common with those
of other species, prove an excellent manure.
Stews or layers of oysters are formed in
places, which nature never allotted as habita-
tions for them. Those near Colchester have
been long famous ; at present there are others,
which at lest rival the former, near the mouth of
the Thames. The oysters, or their spats, are
* Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. ix. c. 54. f Athenaus, lib. iii. p. 92.
Class VI. OSTREA. OVSTER.
brought to convenient places, where they im-
prove in taste and size. It is an error to sup-
pose, that the fine green observed in oysters
taken from artificial beds, is owing to copperas;
it being notorious how destructive the sub-
stance or the solution of it is to all fish. I
cannot give a better account of the cause, or
of the whole treatment of oysters, than what is
preserved in the learned Bishop Sprat's History
of the Royal Society, from p. 307 to 309.
c In the month of May the oysters cast their
£ spaun, (which the dredgers call their spats;)
' it is like to a drop of candle, and about the
: bigness of a halfpenny.
1 The spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-
1 shells, pieces of wood, and such-like things,
£ at the bottom of the sea, which they call
' cultch.
' Tis probably conjectured, that the spat in
• twenty-four hours begins to have a shell.
£ In the month of May, the dredgers (by the
c law of the Admiralty court) have liberty to
' catch all manner of oysters, of what size
' soever.
' When they have taken them, with a knife
1 they gently raise the small brood from the
•' cultch, and then they throw the cultch in
*' again, to preserve the ground for the future,
Q 2
OSTllEA. OYSTER. Class VI.
' unless they be sa newly spat, that they cannot
* be safely severed from the cultch ; in that
1 case they are permitted to take the stone or
' shell, &c. that the spat is upon, one shell
' having many times twenty spats.
1 After the month of May, it is felony to
' carry away the cultch, and punishable to take
' any other oysters, unless it be those of size,
' (that is to say) about the bigness of an half-
' crown piece, or when the two shells being
' shut, a fair shilling will rattle between them.
' The places where these oysters are chiefly
catcht, are called the Pont-Burnham, Mal-
1 den, and Colne waters ; the latter taking its
' name from the river of Colne, which passeth
' by Colne-Chester, gives the name to that
1 town, and runs into a creek of the sea, at a
' place called the Hythe, being the suburbs of
1 the town.
* This brood and other oysters they carry to
' creeks of the sea, at Brickel-Sea, Mersey,
1 Langno, Fingrego, JVivenho, Tolcsbury, and
4 Saltcoase, and there throw them into the
' channel, which they call their beds or layers,
£ where they grow and fatten, and in two or
' three years the smallest brood will be oysters
■ of the size aforesaid.
' Those oysters which they would have green,
LASS VI.
OSTREA. OYSTER.
they put into pits about three feet deep in the
salt-marshes, which are overflowed only at
spring-tides, to which they have sluces, and
let out the sault-water until it is about a foot
and half deep.
' These pits, from some quality in the soil
co-operating with the heat of the sun, will
become green, and communicate their colour
to the oysters that are put into them in four
or five days, though they commonly let them
continue there six weeks or two months, in
which time they will be of a dark green.
' To prove that the sun operates in the
greening, Tolesbury pits will green only in
summer ; but that the earth hath the greater
power, Brickel-Sea pits green both winter
and summer : and for a further proof, a pit
within a foot of a greening-pit will not green;
and those that did green very well, will in
time lose their quality.
' The oysters, when the tide comes in, lie
with their hollow shell downwards, and when
it goes out, they turn on the other side ; they
remove not from their place, unless in cold
weather, to cover themselves in the ouse.
' The reason of the scarcity of oysters, and
consequently of their dearness, is, because
they are of late years bought up by the Dutch.
230
OSTREA. OYSTER. Class VI.
' There are great penalties, by the Admiralty
' court, laid upon those that fish out of those
f grounds which the court appoints, or that
' destroy the cultch, or that take any oysters
' that are not of size, or that do not tread
' under their feet, or throw upon the shore,
* a fish which they call a Five-finger * resem-
( bling a spur-rowel, because that fish gets into
c the oysters when they gape, and sucks them
* out.
- The reason why such a penalty is set upon
1 any that shall destroy the cultch, is, because
c they find that if that be taken away, the ouse
will increase, and the muscles and cockles will
f breed there, and destroy the oysters, they
f having not whereon to stick their spat.
4 The oysters are sick after they have spat;
1 but in June and July they begin to mend, and
f in August they are perfectly well : the male
' oyster is black-sick, having a black substance
' in the fin ; the female white-sick, (as they
■ term it) having a milky substance in the fin.
£ They are salt in the pits, Salter in the layers,
' but Salter at sea.'
To this I beg leave to join a sort of present
state of this article, borrowed from the 84th
* Asterias glacialis, the common Sea Star.
Class VI. OSTREA. OYSTER.
231
page of the History of Rochester, in 12mo. pub-
lished in 1776.
' Great part of the inhabitants of Stroud are
1 supported by the fisheries, of which the oyster
is most considerable. This is conducted by
' a company of free dredgers, established by
1 prescription, but subject to the authority and
' government of the mayor and citizens of Ro-
' Chester. In 1729 an act of parliament was
' obtained, for the better management of this
c fishery, and for confirming the jurisdiction of
' the said mayor and citizens, and free dredgers.
c The mayor holds a court of admiralty every
' year, to make such regulations as shall be
•' necessary for the well conducting this valu-
' able branch of fishery. Seven years appren-
: ticeship entitles a person to the freedom of
1 this company. All persons catching oysters,
•' not members of the fishery, are liable to a
' penalty. The company frequently buy brood
' or spat from other parts, which they lay in
' this river, where they soon grow to maturity.
■ Great quantities of these oysters are sent to
£ London ; to Holland, Westphalia, and the ad-
' jacent countries.'
233
ANOMIA. ANOMIA. Class VI.
GENUS XVI. ANOMIA. ANOMU.
Shell inequivalve.
Valve one, perforated near the hinge; affixed
by that perforation to some other body.
\. ephip- Lin. Syst. 1150. No. 218. Lin. Tn viii. 108.
larger.
6 List. Conch, tab. 204. fig. 38.
A. with the habit of an oyster ; the one side
convex, the other flat ; perforated, adherent to
other bodies, often to oyster-shells, by a strong
tendinous ligature ; color of inside perlaceous.
Size near two inches diameter.
Tab. lxv. Jig. 1 . Jig. 2. A. shews the exte-
rior side of the shell ; and the interior of the
upper valve adhering to an oyster.
2. sqcat Lin. Syst. 1151. No. 221. Mont. Test. Br. 156. il.
mula. Gm. Lin. 3341. 5Gl.
small. _. _
Lin. Tr. vm. 102.
A. with shells resembling the scales of fish ;
very delicate and silvery; much flatted; per-
forated ; very small.
. LXV
VOL, . 4 t />.'/.
Class VI. ANOMIA. ANOMIA.
Adheres to oysters, crabs, and lobsters, and
shells.
2S3
Gm. Lin. 334(5. Mont. Test. Br. 157- t. 4. 3. aculea-
TA
Lin. Tr. viii. 103. /. 5.
* A. with a somewhat orbicular spiry shell;
beak smooth, bending downwards ; diameter
three-eighths of an inch.
Found in Devonshire, Cornwall, and Red-
aharfbay Anglesey.
Gm. Lin. 3346. Mont. Test. Br. 153. 157. 4. DNDU-
Lin. Tr. viii. 103. t. 4./. 6. L*TA'
* A., shell with a crenated margin ; the evener
valve very thin and smooth, having a large oval
perforation ; the convex valve has longitudinal
waved strice, transversely decussated by others
which are curved.
In the sea, attached to shells.
Lin. Tr. viii. 104. t. 3. /. C. Mont. Test. Br, Sup. 64. o. cymbi-
FORMIS.
* A. with an oblong shell, rough, somewhat
striated ; the beak incurvated ; flatter valve
perforated.
Discovered by Mr. M'Leay on the coast of
Caithness-shire.
2S4
ANOMIA. ANOMIA. Class VI.
The fossil species of the Anomia genus are
uncommonly numerous in this island, in our
chalk-pits and limestone-quarries ; but are fo-
reign to the work in hand. The reader who
wishes to be acquainted with their appearance,
may satisfy himself, by consulting Lister s His-
tory of Shells, appendix to the 3d book, tab.
447, &c and Hist. an. Angl. tab. viii. and ix.
Plot's Hist. Oxfordshire, tab. iii. and his His-
tory of Staffordshire, tab. xi.
Class VI. MYTTLUS. MUSSEL.
235
GENUS XVII. MYTILUS. MUSSEL.
Animal, allied to an Ascidia.
Shell often affixed to some substance by a
beard.
Hinge without a tooth, marked by a longitu-
dinal hollow line, sometimes crenulated.
Gm. Lin. 3350. Mont. Test. Br. 166. i. crista
Lin. Tr. viii. 104. „ GALLI.
* M. with a plaited spinous shell, marked near
the margin with a series of protruding points.
Found adhering to bottoms of ships.
Lin. Syst. 1156. No. ?4Q.
Gm. Lin. 3352.
List. Angl. tab. iv. Jig. 21.
M. with a brittle shell, very rugged, and in
shape most irregular; usually oblong, and
rounded at the ends. Length nearly an inch.
Color whitish.
Always found lodged in limestone. The out-
side generally appears honey-combed ; but the
apertures are too small for the shell to pass
Lin. Tr viii. 105. 2. RUGOsus.
Mont. Test. Br. l64. rugged.
MYTILUS. MUSSEL. Class VI.
through, without breaking into the cell they are
lodged in. Multitudes are found in the same
stone : but each has a separate apartment, with
a different external spiracle. Tab. Iw'i.Jig. l.
3. edulis. Lin. Si/st. 1157- No. 253. List. Angl. tah. iv. Jig. 28.
edible. Gm Lin 3353 Un Tr ^ ^
Faun. Suec. No. 2156. Mont. Test. Br. 159.
M. with a strong shell, slightly incurvated on
one side: angulated on the other. The end
near the hinge pointed; the other rounded.
When the epidermis is taken off, is of a deep
blue color. Tab. lxvi. Jig. 2.
Abundance of small pearls, called seed-pearls,
were, till of late, procured from this species of
mussel for medical purposes ; but I believe they
are now disused, since crabs-claws and the like
have been discovered to be as efficacious, and a
much cheaper absorbent.
Found in immense beds, both in deep water
and above low-water mark. A rich food, but
noxious to many constitutions. Affect with
swellings, blotches, &c. falsely attributed to the
pea-crab. The remedy oil, or salt and water.
Ne fraudentur gloria sua littora. I must, in
justice to Lancashire, add, that the finest mus-
sels are those called Hambleton Hookers, from
I 1
JEL11JC1D M.fp.237.
l.XVll .
VOL .4
XACKE KAZOS SHELL (p.17o )
Class VI. MYTILUS. MUSSEL, 287
a village in that county. They are taken out
of the sea, and placed in the river Weir, within
reach of the tide, where they grow very fat and
delicious.
Lin. Tr. via. 106. t. 3. f. 7- Mont. test. Br. l60". 4. incur-
VATDS.
crooked.
M. very crooked on the side, near the end ;
then greatly dilated, and covered with a thick
rough epidermis. Within has a violet tinge.
Found on the coast of Anglesey, near Priest-
holme i usually an inch and an half long. Tab.
lxvii. fig. 1 .
Lin. Tr. viii. 107- Mont. Test. Br. ]60. 5. pelluci-
DOS.
pellucid.
M. with a delicate transparent shell, most ele-
gantly rayed lengthways, with purple and blue ;
like the former in shape, but more oval. Com-
monly shorter than two inches.
Anglesey. Found sometimes in oyster-beds ;
sometimes in trawling over slutchy bottoms.
Tab. lxvi. jig. 3.
238
MYTILUS. MUSSEL. Class VJ.
6. ungula- Gm. Lin. 3354. Lin. Tr. viii. 107.
TUS.
* M. with a smooth curvated shell, the posterior
margin inflected; hinge at the extremity fur-
nished with two teeth.
Found on the Cornish coast.
7. umbili- Lin. Tr. viii. 109. Mont. Test. Br. l64. id. Sup. 71. f
CATUS.
umhilicated.
M. with a strong shell, and the space opposite
to the hinge deeply inflected or umbilicated ;
the form nearly oval. The length sometimes
five inches. A rare species, and new. Some-
times dredged up off Priestholme island, Angle-
sey. Discovered by the reverend Hugh Davies.
The pea-crab found in this species of a larger
size than usual. Tab. lxviii.
8. modiolus. Lin. Syst. 1158. No. 256. Lin. Tr. viii. 107-
great. Gm. Lin. 3354. Mont. Test. Br. 163. id. Sup.
List. Conch, tab. 356. Jig. 65.
195-
M. with a strong shell, with a blunted upper
end ; one side angulated near the middle ; from
t Supposed by Mr. Montagu to be only a lusus of M. Modio-
lus. Ed.
pi lxvui
i'MBILICATEB MUSSEL (p. 238)
GREAT MUSSEL f P. 23Sj
SWAX MUSSEL (p.Z3$)
4
Class VI. MYTILUS. MUSSEL. 239
thence dilating towards the end, which is round-
ed. The greatest of British mussels. Length
from six to seven inches.
Lies at great depths. Often seizes the bait
of the ground lines, and is taken up with the
hooks. Tab. lxix. Young. M. curtus. Tab.
lxvii. Jig. 2.
Lin. Syst. 1158. No. 257- Lin. Tr. viii. 10g. t. 3. A. /. Q. cygnkus.
Gm. Lin. 3355. 2. (3. t.3. A.f. 3. swan-
List. Angl. App. tal. i.Jtg. 3. Mont. Test. Br. 179-
M. with a thin brittle shell, very broad and
convex, marked with concentric stria. Atte-
nuated towards one end; dilated towards the
other. Decorticated about the hinge. Color,
dull green. Length six inches : breadth three
and an half.
Inhabits fresh waters. Pearls are found in
this and the following species. Tab. lxx.
Lin. Syst. No. 258. Gm. Lin. List. Angl. tab. \-jig. 2. 10. anati-
3355. inj.7V.viii.no. nus.
Faun. Suec. No. 2158. Mont. Test. Br. 171.
M. with a shell less convex and more oblong
than the last. Very brittle, and semi-transpa-
rent. Space round the hinges like the last.
Length about five inches ; breadth two and a
quarter.
1
«40 MYTILUS. MUSSEL. Class VI.
Inhabits fresh waters.
Crows feed on these mussels ; and also on
different shell-fish. It is diverting to observe,
that when the shell is too hard for their bills,
they will fly with it to a great height, drop the
shell on a rock, and pick out the meat, when the
shell is fractured by the fall. Tab. lxxi.
) !. discors. Gm. Lin. 335G. Mont. Test. Br. iG?.
Lin. Tr. viii. 111. t. 3.f. 8.
* M. with an oval shell, horn-colored, partly
diaphanous, very convex, striated lengthways
on the fore-part, and crossways on the hinder,
with sixteen or eighteen distant ribs.
On the south coast of Wales, Southampton,
Poole, and llfracombe, Devonshire.
IS. PRJECi- Lin. Tr. viii. 112. Mont. Test. Br. l65.
sbs. t. 4. fM 2.
* M. with an oblong, deformed, wrinkled shell,
the hinge at the extremity ; length a quarter of
an inch, breadth half an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu on the Devon-
shire coast and in J Vales.
Class VI. MYTILUS. MUSSEL.
241
Lin. Tr. viii. 11IB. Mont. Test. Br. 173. 13. stria-
TUS.
' Mi with a striated shell; beaks protruding;
white, pellucid ; minute ; inhabits the sea.
Found at Reculver and Sandzvich.
Mont. Test. Br. 169. id. Sup. 65. t. 26. /. 4. 14. discre-
PANS.
* M. with a very flat, pellucid, brittle, suboval
shell, with eight or nine distinct ribs.
Upon the western shores of England and
Scotland.
Gm. Lin. 3362. Sow. Br. Misc. tab. 16. 15. stagna-
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 68. L1S*
* M. shell oval, somewhat plane, ribbed trans-
versely.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 69. 16. decus-
satus.
* M. with a shell longitudinally ovate, thin, pel-
lucid ; delicately decussated; the umbo at the
smaller end ; sides equal ; diameter about one
eighth of an inch.
Scottish coast.
VOL. IV.
R
C4<2
MYTILUS. MUSSEL. Class VI.
17. plica- Gm. Lin. 3358. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. ^0.
TVS.
M. with a very thin pellucid rhomboidal shell,
slightly plaited and wrinkled, truncated on one
side close to the umbo ; length less than half an
inch ; breadth double its length.
Isle of Sky.
4 ■
Class VI. PINNA. NACRE.
243
GENUS XVIII. PINNA. NACRE.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell fragile, furnished with a beard; gapes
at one end.
Hinge without a tooth.
brittle.
Lin. Syst. Il60. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 178. 1. PECTI-
33&4. P. fragilis. Br. Zool. iv. 114. ,N*TA-
Lin. Tt. viii. 113.
P. with a very thin semi-pellucid whitish shell,
most opake near to the apex. Marked on the
surface with longitudinal slender ribs, rough-
ened with concave scales ; and the whole tra-
versed by innumerable fine stria. In young
shells the ribs and scales are almost obsolete.
The valves of lesser transverse diameter. The
largest about five inches and a half long ; and
three and a quarter broad in the broadest part.
The figure is of a broader specimen than usual.
Dredged up at Weymouth. From the Port-
land cabinet. Tab. lxxii.
it 2
£44
PINNA. NACRE. Class VI.
2. ing ens. Lin. Tr. viii. 112. Sup. 72.
Mont. Test. Br. 180. id. Mem. Wern. Soc. 102. i&. 3g4.
* P. with a very rugged shell ; ruga? extending
lengthways from the beak in an irregularly con-
centric manner, and inflected in a right angle
toward the hinge. Length twelve inches ;
breadth seven inches. H. D.
I saw specimens of this vast Pinna found
among the farther Hebrides, in the collection of
Doctor Walker, at Moffat. They were very
rugged on the outside, but I cannot recollect
whether they were of the kind found in the
Mediterranean or W est Indies.
Mont. Test. Br. 183. t. 5.
f.3.
* P. with a striated shell ; scales concave, ovate
pointed ; length five inches ; breadth two inches.
Found near Weymouth by Dr. Pulteney.
3. MDRICATA. Gm- Lin- 3364-
Lin. Tr. viii. 113.
Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. <245
Sect. III. UNIVALVE SHELLS.
* With a regular spire.
GENUS XIX. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL.
Shell univalve, consisting of compartments or
cells, communicating with each other by
means of perforations in the septa or par-
titions.
* Spiral ; spires or volutions connected.
Lin. Tr. viii. 114. Mont. Test. Br. igi. t. 6. I. lacus-
/. 3. id. Sup. 88. TRIS*
* N. with a spiral shell, compressed, umbili-
cated, ridged ; of three spires, above convex
and connected, apertures half oval; partitions
three rayed, perforated ; diameter one fourth
of an inch. Fresh water.
On flags and carices in Kent and Bucki?ig-
hamshire.
24G
NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. Class VI.
2. ROTATUS. Lin. Tr. viii. 114. I89. /. 15. /. 4. id. Sup.
N. calcar. Mont. Test. Br. 76.
* N. with a spiral smooth shell ; aperture half
heart-shaped ; of six cells marked with elevat-
ed, flexuous stria ; ridge very entire ; minute.
Inhabits the sea.
3. LjEVIGA- Lin. Tr. viii. 115. Mont. Test. Br. 188. id.
TULUS. Sup, y5< fc l8 ft 7> 8.
* N. with a spiral shell and smooth joints ;
minute.
Inhabits the sea.
4. depressu- Lin. Tr. viii. 115. Mont. Test. Br. 19O. id.
*<os- Sup. 78. t. 18./. 9.
* N. with a spiral shell somewhat umbilicated
on the sides, joints numerous, depressed ; color
dull white ; minute.
Found very rarely at Reculver in Kent.
5. UMBIH- Lin. Tr. viii. 115. Mont. Test. Br. 191. id.
CATULUS. Sup. 78. t. 18./. 1.
* N. with a spiral shell; umbilicated joints
furrowed ; minute. An inhabitant of the sea.
Sandwich.
Class VI. NAUTILUS. SJIL-SHELL.
247
Gm. Lin. 3370. Mont. Test. Br. 187- Sup. 6. CRISPOS.
Lin. 2r.viii. 115. f. 18. /. 5.
* N. with a spiral shell; half heart-shaped
aperture ; spires connected ; about twenty
joints, crenated; minute; inhabits the sea.
Devonshire, Dorsetshire, and on the south
coast of Wales.
Gm. Lin. 3370. Mont. Test. Br. 186. id. 7- BECCARII.
Lin. Tr. viii. Il6. Sup. 74. t. 18. /. 4.
* N. with a spiral shell, aperture obovate, vo-
lutions four or five, swelling, connected ; joints
furrowed.
Inhabits the sea.
* X. with the volutions reversed ; agrees with var. b.
the preceding in every other respect.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 81. t. 18. /. 3. 8. INFLATUS.
* N. with a spiral, brown, opaque shell, with
three lobated volutions; the anterior end sub-
globose ; minute.
Sand on the coast of Devon ; rare.
NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. Class VL
Q. crassu- Lin. Tr. viii. 117. Mont. Test. Br. 191. id.
LVB' Sup. 79- t. 18. /. 2.
* N. with a thick shell, umbilicated on both
sides ; joints marked with lines ; minute. An
inhabitant of salt water.
Exceedingly rare. From Reculver.
10. lobattj- Serpula Nautiloides. Gm. Lin. Serpula lobata. Mont. Test.
hVS- 3739. Br. 515. id. Sup. l60.
Lin- Tr. viii. 1 17.
* N. with a shell rather plane, confluent, verru-
cose, spiral ; septa very delicate, and half-moon-
shaped ; minute.
Inhabits the sea.
Longish, and somewhat strait.
11. SBMILI- Gnl- Lin- 3372- Mont. Test. Br. 196. id.
tvvs. Lin. Tr. viii. 1 18. Sup. 80. t. 19. /. 3.
* N. with a strait shell, the end spirally bent,
spires contiguous ; minute ; inhabits the sea.
Sandwich and Sheppy island.
Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL.
249
Lin. Tr. viii. 118. Mont. Test. \QS. 12. CARINA-
TULUS.
* N. with an oblong shell, ridged, aperture
narrow oval.
Found at Seasalter and Sandwich; rare.
Gm. Lin. 3373. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 82. 13. legu-
Lin. Tr. viii. 118. 19. /. 6.
1 N. with a compressed shell, jointed, margi-
nated on one side ; with a lateral siphon ; mi-
nute. Inhabits the sea.
MEN.
Lin. Tr. viii. 119. Mont. Test. Br. 1Q7 '. id. Sup. 14. recths.
82. t. 19. /. 4. /. 7.
* N. with a bent shell ; joints smooth depress-
ed ; very minute ; inhabits the sea.
Sandwich.
Gm. Lin. 3373. Mont. Test. Br. I97. 6. 15. radi-
Lin. Tr. viii. 119. /. 4. t. 14. /. 6. CULA-
* N. with a strait shell, oblong-ovate, joints
swollen, smooth ; minute ; inhabits the sea.
Sandwich.
250
NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL. Class VI.
16. subar- Lin. Tr. viii. 119. Mont. Test. Br. 198. /. Q.f. 5.
CDATOS.
* N. with a shell somewhat cylindric and bent
with three globose joints, the others indistinct ;
minute ; inhabits the sea shore.
Sandwich.
17. jdgosds. N. obliquus. Gm. Lin. 3372. Mont. Test. Br. 198. t. 14.
Lin. Tr. viii. 1 19. f. 4.
* N. with a subcylindric, subarcuate shell, with
nine globular ribbed joints.
Found on the Kentish coast by Mr. Boys.
18. costa- L™' Tr. viii. 120. /. 5. Var. /3. Sup. t. 19.
tds. Mont. Test. Br. 199. t. 14. /. 2.
* N. with a shell strait and subcylindric, having
twelve swollen ribbed joints.
By Mr. Boys on the Kentish coast.
19. subar- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 80. 19. /. 1.
CUATDLUS.
* N. with a white, glossy, semipellucid shell,
subcrenated, subconvoluted, the anterior part
strait, the posterior half convoluted ; minute.
Class VI. NAUTILUS. SAIL-SHELL.
251
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 86. t. 19. /. 5. 20. spinu-
losis.
* N. with a shell with three globose articula-
tions of a pale chesnut color, covered with
reflected spines ; minute.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 86. *1. bicari-
NATUS.
* N. with a subcylindric shell, bent, having
eleven subglobose bicarinated orbiculations ;
minute.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 87. t. 30. /. 9. 22. linea-
ris.
* N. with a strait smooth glossy shell, some-
what tapering, a little compressed, with faint
ribs at the smaller end ; minute.
252
CYPRJEA. GOWRIE. Class VI.
GENUS XX. CYPRiEA. GOWRIE.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell sub-oval, blunt at each end.
Aperture the length of the shell, longitudinal,
linear; toothed.
1. pedicu- Lin. Syst. 1180. No. 364. Lin. Tr. viii. 120.
LU3, Gm. Lin. 3418. C. arctica. Mont. Test. Bu
List. Angl. tab. Hi. Jig. 17. 201. id. Sup. 88.
Conch, tab. 706, 707. Jig.
56 and 57.
C. with numerous stride, some bifurcated. Va-
ries with having three brown spots on the back.
Tab. lxxiii. Jig. 1 .
2. bullata. Lin. Tr. viii. 121. Mont. Test. Br. 202. /. 6.
/• I-
* C. with a smooth subglobose shell ; smaller
than the preceding. Inhabits the sea near Ten-
by, and in Devonshire.
This genus is called Cyprtea, and Venerea,
from its being peculiarly dedicated to Venus ;
who was said to have endowed a shell of this
F1.LXX1U
VOL .4. i
COMMON DIPPER (p. 262)
Class VI. CYPRJEA. GOWRIE.
genus with the powers of a Remora, so as to
impede the course of the ship which was sent
by Periander, tyrant of Corinth, with orders to
castrate the young nobility of Corcyra*
• Plinii lib. ix. c. 25. xxxii. c. I.
254
BULLA. DIPPER. C^ass VI.
GENUS XXI. BULLA. DIPPER.
Animal, of some species, a Slug.
Shell sub-oval.
Aperture oblong, smooth ; one end a little
convoluted.
1, lignaria. Lin. Syst. 1184. Gm. Lin. Lin. Tr. viii. 125. ib. ii. 15*
wood. 3425. Mont. Test. Br. 205.
List. Conch, tab. 714. Jig. 71.
B. of an oval form, and striated transversely.
Is narrower towards one end, which is a little
umbilicated. Of a dirty color, like some woods,
whence the trivial name. The inside of the
shell visible to the very end, through the colu-
mella. Length about two inches. Tab, lxxiii.
2 AMPULLA. Lin- SVSL l183- N°- 378, M°nL TeSi- Br' 206' L 7'
obtuse. Gm. Lin. 3424. /. 1 •
Lin. Tr. viii. 124.
B. with a brittle shell, more obtuse at the end ;
and the inner side lapping over the columella, so
as to render it invisible.
Found near Weymouth.
I
CiAssVI. BULLA. DIPPER.
255
Gm. Lin. 3424. Mont. Test. Br. 208. id. 3. aperta.
Lin. Tr. viii. 121. Sup. Q4.
* B. with a pellucid shell, somewhat orbicular,
faintly striated crosswise, entirely gaping j dia-
meter from half to one inch.
Found on the coast of Anglesey and Llyn,
and on the western and southern coasts.
Lin. Tr. viii. 122. Mont. Test. Br. 215. 7- 4. CATENA.
f.7-
* B. with an oval pellucid shell, striated cross-
wise, spiral; and obtuse; minute. Inhabits
the sea.
Found among sand, by Mr. Montagu, in
Bigberry bay, Devonshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. 122. ib. v. t. 1. /. 9, 10, 11. 5. emargi-
NATA.
* B. with a gibbous shell ; aperture emarginate.
Inhabits the sea.
Found near Pembroke by the late Mr.
Adams.
'i5G BULLA. DIPPER. Class VI.
6. denticu- Lin. Tr. viii. 122. il. v. t. 1. /. 3, 4, 5.
LATA.
* B. with an oblong, subequal, smooth, obtuse
shell ; aperture with a sharp tooth at the end ;
small.
Also found near Pembroke by the same gen-
tleman.
7. plumula. Lin. Tr. viii. 123. Mont. Test. Br. 214. /. 15.
/•£>•
* B. with a depressed, ovate-oblong, gaping
shell ; length an inch and an half ; breadth an
inch and a quarter.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu at Milton
sands, Devonshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. 123. Mont. Test. Br. 211. t. 7.
f.6.
* B. with a pellucid sub-oval shell; aperture
dilated ; length three quarters of an inch ;
breadth half an inch.
Devonshire and Dorsetshire.
8. HALIO-
TOIDEA.
ri i,\\iv
vol.. 4. i/SvA
TUAXSPARENT DIPPEP
(P. Z67 )
Class VI. BULLA. DIPPER.
257
Gm. Lin. 3424. 106. t. 6. f. 1. g, hydatis.
Lin. Tr. viii. 123. ib. ix. Mont. Test. Br. 217.
* B. with a pellucid orbicular shell, faintly
striated lengthways; umbilicated at the end;
diameter one inch ; inhabits the sea.
Western coast.
Gm. Lin. 3434. Mont. Test. Br. 21 9. 10. AKERA,
Lin. Tr. viii. 125.
* B. with a pellucid ovate shell; end abrupt,
caniculated; size of an hazel nut; inhabits
the sea.
Scotland, Dorsetshire, Portsmouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 126. Voluta Jonensis. Br. Zool. 4to. 11. DIAPHA-
Mont. Test. Br. 225- t. 7- iv. 101 .* tab. lxxi. Jig. 87. NA«
* B. with a very thin brittle shell, with two
small spires ; length three eighths of an inch ;
breadth two eighths of an inch; inhabits the
sea. Tab. lxxiv. Jig. 2.
Devonshire.
VOL. IV.
s
258
BULLA. DIPPFJi. Class VI.
12. fonti- Om. Lin. 3427. Mont. Test. Br. 226. id.
nalis. xin. Tr. viii. 126. Sup. g6.
* B. with an ovate pellucid shell; spires re-
versed, and faint ; aperture ovate-oblong ;
length half an inch ; breadth a quarter of an
inch.
Running and stagnant waters.
13. RIVAL1S. Lin. Tr. viii. 126. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. QJ.
* B. with an oval pellucid shell ; spire reversed,
pointed, but little prominent; aperture ovate-
oblong ; length half an inch ; breadth a quarter
of an inch.
In streams in Hampshire.
14. hypno- Gm. Lin. 3428. Mont. Test. Br.
RUM- 1 Lin. Tr. viii. 127- ^
* B. with an ovate pellucid shell; spire reversed
and prominent ; aperture ovate lanceolate ; size
of an oat grain.
In ponds and ditches about London and
elsewhere.
Class VI. BULLA. DIPPER.
259
List. Conch, /at. 714. fig. 70. Lin. Tr. viii. 127- 15. cylin-
DRACEA.
cij liTidvic
B. white, cylindric, a little umbilicated at the
end.
About twice the size of a grain of wheat.
Tab. lxxiii. Jig. 3.
Lin. Tr. viii. 128. Mont. Test. Br. 223. t. 7.f. 3. ]Gi 0BXUSA.
* B. with subcylindric shell ; spire a little pro-
minent ; length a quarter of an inch ; breadth
one eighth of an inch.
Coasts of Kent, Dorsetshire, and South
Wales.
Lin. Tr. viii. 128. B. truncata. Mont. Test. Br. .„
17. RETUSA.
223. t. 7./. 5. id. Sup. 98.
* B. with a subcylindric shell ; spire abruptly
umbilicated ; length one eighth of an inch.
Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. !2g. Mont. Test. Br. 222. t.7.f:4. ,D
' J 18. UMBILI-
CATA.
* B. with an oblong oval shell ; spire obtusely
umbilicated ; length one eighth of an inch ; in-
habits the sea.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu at Falmouth.
s 2
260
BULLA. DIPPER. Class VI.
19. PATULA. Lin. Tr. viii. 121. Monl. Test. Br. 207 • id.
°ten- Sup. 93.
B. with one end much produced, and fusiform ;
the aperture very patulous.
Weymouth. From the Portland cabinet.
Tab. lxxiii. fig. 4.
20. flexilis. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. 1 68.
* B. with a pellucid horn-colored shell, flexible
when moist, much more wrinkled than the B.
haliotokka, which it otherwise much resembles :
length half an inch.
Class VI. VOLUTA. VOLUTE.
26 1
GENUS XXII. VOLUTA. VOLUTE.
Animal, a Slug.
Aperture narrow, without a beak.
Columella plaited.
Lin. Syst. 1187- No. 3g4. Lin. Tr. viii. 12Q.
Gm. Lin. 3437- Mont. Test. Br. 231 .
List. Conch, tab. 835.
V. exactly oval ; acuminated at each end; with
a single fold near the mouth, or upper part of
the columella. With five spires. Striated spi-
rally. Pale red, with white fasci<£.
Anglesey. Tab. lxxiv. Jig. 1.
Lin. Tr. viii. 130. Mont. Test. Br. 234. Sup.
t. 20. /. 5.
* V. with an ovate shell ; spire raised, pointed ;
columella with three plaits; lip toothed; length
half an inch ; breadth scarcely a quarter of an
inch.
Found plentifully at Plymouth, Barnstaple,
&c.
1. TORNATI
LIS.
oval.
2. DENTICU-
LATA.
262
VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Class VI.
3. alba. Lin. Tr. viii. 130. Mont. Test. Br. 235. id.
Sup. 101.
* V. with an oval shell ; spire obtuse ; aperture
contracted ; length one tenth of an inch ; inha-
bits the sea.
Sandwich and Sheppy island.
4. spiralis. Lin. Tr. viii. 13Q. Turbo spiralis. Mont. Test.
Br. 323. t. 12./. 9.
* V. with a conic shell ; the first volution with
transverse spiral ribs at the base, but longi-
tudinal towards the end ; minute.
Found by Mr. Boys at Sandwich, and in
Salcombe bay by Mr. Montagu.
5. uniden- Lin. Tr. viii. 131. Turbo unidentatus. Mont.
TATA. TesL Br, 324.
* V. with a conic smooth shell ; five or six vo-
lutions, not much raised ; columella with a sin-
gle tooth ; minute.
Found by Mr. Montagu on the Pecten maxi-
mus, in Salcombe bay, Devonshire.
/
Class VI. VOLUTA. VOLUTE. 263
Lin. Tr. vui. \3l. Turbo interstinctus. Mont. 6. inter-
Test. Br. 324. t. 12./. 10. stincta.
* V. shell pyramidal with five plane volutions,
ribbed lengthways; columella toothed ; minute;
inhabits the sea.
Found in sand from Bigberry bay.
Lin. Tr. viii. 131. Mont. Test. Br. 325. Sup. 7. PLICATA.
t. 21. /. 2.
* V. with a smooth rather slender shell, six
rlattish volutions, columella plaited ; minute ;
inhabits the sea.
Found in sand from Bigberry bay, by Mr.
Montagu.
Lin. Tr. viii. 132. Turbo pallidus. Mont. Test. 8. AMBIGUA.
Br. 325. id. Sup. 133. \
* Y. shell smooth, tapering, with six or seven
flattish volutions; columella slightly plaited j
aperture suborbicular ; minute; inhabits the
sea.
Salcombe bay.
264
VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Class VI
9. pallida. Gm. Lin. 3444. Mont. Test. Br. 232.
Lin. Tr. viii. 132.
* V. with an oblong-ovate entire shell; spire
obtuse j columella with four plaits ; length half
an inch ; breadth a quarter of an inch ; inhabits
the sea.
Tenby.
10. cate- Lin. Tr. viii. 133. Mont. Test. Br. 236. t. 6.
nata.
f-2.
* V. with an ovate very glossy shell; spire
abrupt; columella with four plaits; minute;
inhabits the sea.
Discovered by Mr. Swainson in St. Austle
bay.
II. L«vis. Lin. Tr. viii. 133. Cypraea voluta. Mont. Test.
Br. 203. t. 6./.7-
* V. with a very smooth shell ; spire obtuse ;
columella with two plaits ; lip gibbous, faintly
toothed ; length scarcely half an inch.
Salconibe bay.
Class VI. VOLUTA. VOLUTE.
26'5
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 99. 12. tripli-
CATA.
* V; with a smooth ovate shell ; chesnut brown ;
six volutions, first very large ; aperture narrow ;
pillar with three plaits; length scarcely half
an inch.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 100. 13. biden-
TATA.
* V. with a strong conic white glossy shell, of
six or seven volutions ; pillar furnished with
plaits like teeth ; length a quarter of an inch.
Found near Dunbar, and on the Devonshire
coast.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 101. 14. hyali-
na.
* V. with a smooth pellucid shell ; six flat vo-
lutions and obtuse apex.
Shell bank near Dunbar.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 102. 15 bull
OIDES.
* V. with a pale ovate horn-colored shell, hav-
ing eleven or twelve flat subimbricated volu-
tions ; aperture contracted, with one strong
spiral ridge on the columella, which is extended
into a canal ; length three eighths of an inch.
In Mr. Laskeys cabinet.
266
VOLUTA. VOLUTE. Class VI.
16. hetero- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. 169.
CLITA.
* V. with a white glossy tapering shell, of eight
or nine reversed volutions ; aperture narrow,
with one plait on the columella; length one
quarter of an inch ; breadth one third of the
length.
Dunbar; extremely rare.
:
Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK.
267
GENUS XXIII. BUCCINUM. WHELK.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell spiral, gibbose.
Aperture ovate, ending in a short canal,
bending to the right.
Lin. St/st. 1202. No. 467.
Gm. Lin. 3484.
Faun. Suec. No. 2l6l.
List. Angl. tab. in. Jig. 5, 6.
B. with about five spires, often obsolete ; inside
of the mouth slightly toothed. A very strong
thick shell, of a whitish color.
Varieties, yellow ; or fasciated with yellow
on a white ground ; or sulcated spirally, and
sometimes reticulated.
See figures I. I. I. tab. Ixxv.
In many, which I suspect to be shells not
arrived at full growth, the lip is thin and cul-
trated. Length near an inch and a half.
Inhabits (in vast abundance) rocks near low-
water mark.
This is one of the English shells that pro-
duces the purple dye, analogous to the purpura
List. Conch, tab. Q65. 1. lapil-
Lin. Tr. via. 135.
Mont. Test. Br. 239 . id.
Sup. 104.
BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.
of the antients : our shell has been made use of
as an object of curiosity.
The antient has been long since superseded
by the introduction of the insect Coccus Cacti,
or the Cochineal beetle. The shells were of
the genus of Murex, mentioned by Linnxus,
pp. 1214, 1215. But one was a sort of Bucci-
num. Pliny describes both.* The finest was
the Tyrian.
' Tyrioque ardebat Murice lana;'
A strong expression of Virgil, who describes
the cloth,
' Glowing with the Tyrian Murex.'
The species of shells are found in various
parts of the Mediterranean. Immense heaps
of them are to be seen about Tarentum\ to this
day, evincing one place where this pretious
liquor was extracted.
The process of obtaining the English Pur-
pura is well described by Mr. William Cole, of
Bristol, in 1684, in the following words: %
' The shells being harder than most of other
' kinds, are to be broken with a smart stroke
' with a hammer, on a plate of iron, or firm
4 Lib. ix. c. 36. t Baron RiedesePs Travels, p. 174.
\ Ph. Tr. Air. ii. 826.
Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK.
piece of timber, (with their mouths down-
wards) so as not to crush the body of the
fish within; the broken pieces being picked
off, there will appear a white vein, lying
transversely in a little furrow or cleft, next to
the head of the fish, which must be digged
out with the stiff point of a horse-hair pencil,
being made short and tapering. The letters,
figures, or what else shall be made on the
linen, (and perhaps silk too) will presently
appear of a pleasant light-green color, and if
placed in the sun, will change into the follow-
ing colors, i. e. if in winter, about noon ; if in
the summer, an hour or two after sun-rising,
and so much before setting ; for in the heat
of the day, in summer, the colors will come
on so fast, that the succession of each color
will scarcely be distinguished. Next to the
first light-green, it will appear of a deep-
green, and in a few minutes change into a
sea-green, after which, in a few minutes more,
it will alter into a watchet-blue ; from that, in
a little time more, it will be of a purplish-red;
after which, lying an hour or two, (supposing
the sun still shining) it will be of a very deep
purple-red, beyond which the sun can do no
more.
' But then the last and most beautiful color.
270
BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.
* after washing in scalding water and soap, will
' (the matter being again put into the sun or
' wind to dry) be of a fair bright crimson, or
' near to the prince's colour, which afterwards,
4 notwithstanding there is no use of any stip-
1 tick to bind the colour, will continue the
' same, if well ordered ; as I have found in
' handkerchiefs, that have been washed more
' than forty times ; only it will be somewhat
e allayed, from what it was, after the first
' washing. While the cloth so writ upon lies
' in the sun, it will yield a very strong and
' foetid smell, as if garlick and assa-jcetida
i were mixed together.'
2. perdix. Gm. Lin. 3470. Mont. Test. Br. 244. t. 8.
Lin. Tr. viii. 133. /. 5.
* B. with an oval shell, inflated, something
furrowed, brown, waved, with white aperture,
without teeth ; size of an hazel nut ; inhabits
the sea.
Weymouth.
Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK.
271
Gm. Lin. 3476. Mont. Test. Br. 244. 3. bilinea-
Lin. Tt. viii. 134. TUM-
* B. with a smooth ovate shell, with a double
row of tubercles on the largest volution ; inha-
bits the sea. Tab. lxxxii. J'g. 9-
Lin. Tr. viii. 135. Mont. Test. Br. 243. t. 3. 4. hepati-
f. 1. cum.
* B. with an ovate-oblong shell, somewhat
plaited ; spire pointed, raised ; the inner part
of the lip wrinkled ; length one inch ; breadth
five eighths of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Rarely found at Weymouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 136. Mont. Test. Br. 245. 5. LINE
TUM.
* B. with an oblong shell, spire pyramidal,
pointed ; size of a wheat grain ; inhabits the
sea ; not the B. Linealum of Gmelin.
Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire.
272
BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.
6. glaciale. Gm. Lin. 34Q1. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 109.
Lin. Tr. viii. 136.
* B. with a smooth ovate-oblong shell, some-
what striated, the last volution subcarinated ;
size of the end of a thumb.
Discovered among the Orkney islands by
Mr. Agnexv.
List. Conch, tab. 962. Jig.
14.
Lin. Tr. viii. 137.
Mont. Test. Br. 237 *
B. with seven spires, spirally striated, and
deeply and transversely undulated. Length
three inches.
Inhabits deep water. Tab. lxxvi.
(Var. A.) B. leve tenue striatum et undatum. List. Angl. p. 157.
striatum. tab. in. fg. 3.
striated.
B. with eight spires, with elevated stria, undu-
lated near the apex. Length near four inches.
Tab. lxxvii.
7. undatum. Lin. Syst. 1204. No. 475.
waved. Gm Lin, 3^
Faun. Suec. No. 2163.
List. Angl. tab. iii. Jig. 2.
VOL .
SLLXXV
VOL.4' Q^W.
RBTICULATBD WHELK (p. 273
*
/
Class VI. BUCCINUM. WHELK.
'273
Lin. Syst. 1204. No. 476. List. Conch, tab. Q66.Jig.2l. g. reticu-
Gm. Lin. 3495. Lin. Tr. viii. 137- latum.
Mont. Test. Br. 240. Reticulated.
B. with spires scarcely raised, and strongly
reticulated ; of a deep brown color, and of an
oblong oval form. The aperture white, glossy,
and denticulated. Size of a hazel-nut. Tab.
lxxv. Jig. 2. et Jig. *3. (t young).
Lin. Tr. viii. 138. /. 4./. 8. Mont. Test. Br. 242. t. Q. f. 7. 9. ambi-
guum.
* B. with a somewhat pyramidal shell, striated
across, ribbed lengthways ; lip thinner ; length
five eighths of an inch ; breadth three eighths
of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Near JVeymonth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 138. t, ^.f. 4. B. minutum, Br. Zool. iv. 10. macula.
Mont. Test. Br. 241. t. 8. 122.
/•4.
B. with five spires, striated spirally; ribbed
transversely. Size less than a pea.
Found on the western coasts : also in Noiway.
Vide Act. Nidr. torn. iv. tab. 16. Jig. 25.
Tab. lxxxii. Jig. 6.
t The Buccinum pullus of the preceding edition. Ed.
VOL. IV. T
274
BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.
11. cure- Lin. Tr. viii. 13g. Mont. Test. Br. 246. *. 15.
TUM. fi
# B. a conic shell, with numerous ribs, sharp
pointed ; length a quarter of an inch ; inhabits
the sea.
Near Weymouth, by Mr. Bryer ; rare.
12. mini- Lin. Tr. viii. 13g. Mont. Test. Br. 247- 1. 8.
MUM. f. 2 id. Sup. log.
* B. an acuminated shell, with conspicuous
ribs and transverse stria ; length two tenths of
an inch.
Found on the south coast of Devonshire.
13. TERRES- Lin. Tr. viii. 13g. Mont. Test. Br. 248. /. 8.
tre. /. 3.
* B. with a subulate smooth shell, sutures of the
volutions conspicuous, oblique; minute.
Inhabits heathy ground, upon the roots of
grass and under moss on Barham downs.
Class VI. BUCCINUM. IVHELK.
275
Lift. Tr. viii. 140. 14. OBTUSU*
LUM.
* B. shell ventricose, with three volutions;
aperture oval; minute.
Favershcun creek ; rare.
Lin. Tr. viii. 140. ib. iii. t. 13. f. 34. 15. BREVE.
* B. shell with five longitudinally ribbed volu-
tions, striated across ; minute.
On the coast of Pembrokeshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. 140. ib. iii. /. 13./. 56. 16. minu-
TOM.
* B. shell with three longitudinally ribbed volu-
tions; minute.
On the coast of Pembrokeshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. 140. ib. iii. t. 13./. 78. 17. ljeve.
* B. smooth shell, with three volutions; tail
elongated: minute.
On the coast of Pembrokeshire.
t 2
276
BUCCINUM. WHELK. Class VI.
18. OBTDSis- Lin. Tr. viii. 140. ib. iii. t. 13. J". Q. 10.
SIMUM.
* B. smooth shell, with three volutions ; aper-
ture narrow ; tail elongated ; minute.
On the coast of Pembrokeshire.
FJ.LXXVUI
VOL.4.V^/.
r
Class VI. STROMBUS. SCREW-SHELL.
277
GENUS XXIV. STROMBUS. SCREW-
SHELL.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell univalve, spiral.
Aperture much dilated, and the lip expanding,
produced into a groove, bending to the
left.
Lin. Syst. 1207. No. 4Q0. Lin. Tr. viii. 141.
Gm. Lin. 3507. Mont. T,est. Br. 253.
Faun. Suec. No. 2l64. List.
Conch, tab. %66.jig. min.
Str. with ten spires, tuberculated along their
ridges, with the lip expanding and digitated.
The spires end in a most exquisite point.
Length about two inches. Extent of the ex-
panse an inch and a quarter. Tab. lxxviii.
Lin. Tr. viii. 142. Mont. Test. Br. 255. id. 2. COSTATU?-
Sup. App. 169.
* Str. with a subulate shell; lip rounded; length
half an inch; inhabits the sea.
Cornwall, Dorsetshire, and Devonshire ; rare.
1. PES PELE-
CANI.
corvorant's
foot.
278
STROMBUS. SCREW-SHELL. Class VI.
3. turbo- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 1 10. Sup. id. 170. 30. f. 7.
FORMIS.
* Str. shell of seven plain volutions, with about
eighteen transverse ribs ; aperture suborbicu-
lar ; apex obtuse ; minute.
Mr. Montagu suggests, in his Appendix, that
it may prove a variety of the Strombus cost at us.
Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.
279
GENUS XXV. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell spiral, often rough with knobs.
Aperture oval ; the beak narrows into a strait
canal or gutter, a little ascending.
* Sutures rough, with curled scales, tail short.
Lin. Syst. 1206. No. 526. Lin. Tr. viii. 142. 1. ERINA-
Gm. Lin. 3530.
Gualtieri tab. 49. Jig. H.
Gm. Lin. 3530. Mont. Test. Br. 25Q. CEy.s"
urchin.
M. with an angular shell, surrounded with tu-
bular ribs ; each rib ending with its mouth on
the angle. Consists of six spires on the whole j
a most rugged shell. The aperture exactly
oval ; the gutter or canal covered. Length near
two inches. Tab. lxxix. Jig. J.
** With a strait elongated tail; gutter
covered.
Lin. Tr. viii. 147- Mont. Test. Br. 257. 2. carina
TUS.
M. with five or six spires, the body ventricose : ansulated-
the spires rising into angulated ridges. The
aperture semicircular. Length near four inches.
80
MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VI.
From the Portland cabinet. Tab. lxxx.
and Frontispiece.
. gracilis. Lin. Tr. viii. 143. Monl. Test. Br. 267. t. 15.
/. 5. id. 586.
* M. with a tapering shell; volutions ribbed and
striated in a decussated manner ; sutures plane ;
length seven eighths of an inch; breadth two
eighths.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu on the sands of
Biddeford bay.
t. ATTENU- Lin. Tr. viii. 143. Mont. Test. Br. 266. t. Q.
ATUS. f_ (J.
* M. with a slender tapering shell; the volutions
scarcely prominent, with nine equi-distant con-
spicuous ribs; length half an inch; breadth
one eighth of an inch.
Discovered by Mr. Montagu in sand from
Falmouth harbour and at Biddeford.
5. nebula. Lin. Tr. viii. 143. Mont. Test. Br. 267. t. 15.
various'
colored.
/•6.
* M. with a tapering shell, and eight ribbed vo-
lutions, most delicately reticulated ; tail oblique;
length half an inch ; inhabits the sea. Tab.
lxxxii. Jig. 7-
Devonshire and south JFalcs coasts.
Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.
Lin. Tr. viii. 144. Mont. Test. Br. 268. /. Q. 6. SBPTAK-
, . CULARIS.
J- 5.
* M. with an oblong shell, and seven longitudinal
ribs, which reach the whole length, but little
s welling ; length five eighths of an inch.
Falmouth and JVeymouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. 144. Act. Nidr. iv. t. l6. f. 26. 7. costatus.
Mont. Test. Br. 265. rihbed-
M. with an oblong shell of six spires, neatly
ribbed ; minute.
Anglesey.
Inhabits also Norway. Tab. lxxxii. Jig. 2.
Lin. Tr. viii. 144- M. acuminatus. Br.Zool. iv. 8. turri*
Mont. Test. Br. 262. t. 9. 125. cola.
* M.. with a shell tapering to a fine point, striated
across, seven volutions ribbed, angular; length
three fourths of an inch ; breadth one fourth of
an inch; inhabits the sea.
Ke)it, Devonshire, and south Wales.
Lin. Tr. viii. 145. Mont. Test. Br. 263. g. rufus,
* M. with a shell tapering to a point ; six volu-
tions, with fifteen or sixteen ribs transversely
282 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VI.
striated ; length three eighths of an inch ;
breadth one eighth of an inch ; inhabits the
sea.
Found on the Dorsetshire and Devonshire
coasts.
10. sindo- Lin. Tr. viii. 145. Mont. Test. Br. 264. I. Q.
SUS. J- g
* M. with a shell tapering to a point, six volu-
tions, and seven raised transversely striated
ribs ; tail very short ; the fore part of the lip
divided; length three fourths of an inch ; breadth
a quarter of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Found at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer.
11. suban- M. subantiquatus. Lin. Tr. M. antiquus. Mont. Test. Br.
TiftUATUS. viii> 147. 257.
suhantique.
M. with eight spires finely striated ; the first
very ventricose. Color a dark dirty yellow.
Length three inches and a half.
12. anti- Lin. Syst. 1222. No. 558. M. antiquus. Lin. Tr. viii.
Quus. Gm Lin 3546> 145
Faun. Suec. No. 2l65. List. M. despectus. Mont. Test.
Angl. tab. 3. Jig. V. Br. 256. id. Sup. iii.
antique.
M. with eight spires; the first large, ventri-
cose, and produced ; the others more promi-
STRIATED WHELK VAR. A. (f. 2S2)
P1.LXX1X
URCHIN MV REX fp. 279 j
PI. 1 .XXXI.
VOL.4- .
ANTIQUE MU11EX (l>.282)
Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. 283
nent than those of the preceding. Striated and
somewhat rugged. The outside white, the in-
side glossy and yellow. Length nearly five
inches.
Inhabits the deep sea. Dredged up in plenty
with oysters. Eaten by the poor ; but oftener
used for baits for cod and ray. Tab. lxxxi.
Lin. Syst. 1244. No. 565
Gm. Lin. 3552.
List. Angl. tab. iii. Jig. 4.
M. with a narrow oblong shell of eight striated
spires. Snout much produced. Color pure
white, covered with a brown epidermis. Length
near three inches. Tab. lxxix. Jig. 2.
Lin. Tr. viii. 148. Mont. Test. Br. 26l. t. 9. 14. linea-
* M. with a rough shell, ending in a sharp
point ; volutions rounded, ribbed, and striated ;
length scarcely half an inch; breadth one
eighth of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Falmouth harbour ; Salcombe bay.
Conch, tab. 9 13. Jig. 5. 13. corneus.
Lin. Tr. viii. 147. ho,'ne^-
Mont. Test. Br. 258.
MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VI.
15. pdrpu- Lin. tr. viii. 148. Mont. Test. Br. 260. /. 9.
REUS. Jt 3,
# M. with an oblong, caudate shell ; volutions
round, cancellated, or cross-barred ; length five
eighths of an inch ; breadth one quarter of an
inch.
Rare species, found by Mr. Montagu in Sal-
combe bay.
16. murica- Lin. Tr. viii. I4g. Mont. Test. Br. 2G2. t. Q.
TVS. f. 2.
* M. with 'an oblong wrinkled shell ; volutions
tumid, with longitudinal ribs, and raised tuber-
culated strice ; length half an inch ; breadth a
quarter of an inch.
Also discovered by Mr. Montagu in Sal-
combe bay.
Lin. Tr. viii. 14g. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 1 17.
* M. with a white tumid shell ; ribs acute,
plaited longitudinally ; length one inch ; breadth
half an inch. Tab. lxxxii. fig. 5.
Coast near Bamff.
17. BAMFFI-
US.
Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.
'IS
Lin. Tr. viii. 140. tb. iii. 68. 18. minu-
, TISSIMUS.
* M. with a shell having five spirally striated
volutions ; ribs distant ; canal covered ; this
minute species inhabits the sea.
Pembroke.
Gm. Lin. 3531. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. App. 1?0. 19. gyri-
nus.
* M. with a strong, brown, conic shell, of four
volutions, regularly covered with chesnut color-
ed tubercles : aperture orbicular ; minute.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 114. 20. accinc-
tus.
* M. with a shell of six or seven finely striated,
ribbed volutions ; aperture oblong ; canal short ;
length four tenths of an inch : breadth one tenth
of an inch.
Frith of Forth; extremely rare.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 115. t. 30. /. 6. 21- SUBU.
LATUS.
* M. with a slender white shell, of about fifteen
scarcely raised volutions, with two rows of
beads, divided by a depressed line ; aperture
2B6 MUREX. ROCK-SHELL. Class VI.
small; canal short, bent to the left; length
three eighths of an inch.
82. proxi- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. J 18. /. 30. /. 8.
MUS.
* M. with a thick white shell, of six volutions,
crossed by eleven strong ribs ; aperture ovate-
oblong ; outer lip broad and reflected ; canal
short ; length nearly half an inch.
Tyningham sands near Dunbar.
23. decol- Lin. Syst. 1226. No. 578. Gm. Lin. 3563.
LATUS.
sJl 0Tt€fl 6 (1 •
A species offered with doubts. Perhaps
accidentally mutilated. Minute. Let the cri-
tical conchyliologist consult tab. lxxxii. Jig. 3.
### Turrited, tapering, tail very short.
24. fusca- Gm. Lin. 3562. Turbo tuberculata. Br. Zool.
TDS- Lin. Tr. viii. 14g. /. 4. /. 6. iv. 12Q.
Mont. Test. Br. 269.
M. with a pyramidal shell ; the upper stria? of
the volution denticulated ; length an inch and
an half. Tab. lxxxv. Jig. 1.
Class VI. MUREX. ROCK-SHELL.
287
Lin. Tr. viii. 150. 25. reticu-
LATUS.
* M. with a pyramidal shell, reticulated with
rows of tubercles ; canal scarcely discernible ;
minute ; inhabits the sea.
Found from Kent to Cornwall, and on the
coast of south Wales.
Lin. Tr. viii. 150. Mont. Test. Br. 270. id. 26. tuber-
Sup.lW. CULARIS.
* M. with a pyramidal shell, having nine or ten
tuberculated volutions, divided by a faint line
or suture ; minute ; inhabits the sea.
Sparingly found at the mouth of the Aun.
Lin. Tr. viii. 151. Mont. Test. Br. 271. 27. adver-
sus.
* M. with a pyramidal shell ; volutions reversed,
marked with a triple row of tubercles ; the mid-
dle one smallest ; length about half an inch.
Cornish and Devonshire coasts.
£68
TROCHUS. TOP. Class VI.
GENUS XXVI. TROCHUS. TOP.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell conic, spiral.
Aperture sub-triangular.
* Umbilicated, erect, columella perforated.
1. magus. Lin. Syst. 1228. No. 585. Lin. Tr. viii. 151.
iulerculated. Qm. Lin. 3567. Mont. Test. Br. 283.
Tr. with a perforated base; somewhat de-
pressed; striated ; with the ridges of the spires
rising into blunt distinct tubercles. Color
white, zig-zagged with red.
When the upper coat is taken off, the next is
of a rich mother-of-pearl color.
Anglesey. Tab. lxxxiii. jig. 4.
2. cinereus. Lin. Tr. viii. 152. Mont. Test. Br. 289- id.
Sup. lig.
* Tr. a tapering umbilicated shell, with distinct
plane volutions.
Class VI. TROCHUS. TOP.
289
Lin. Tr. viii. 152. Br. 284. 3. i.ineatus.
T. cinerarius. Mont. Test. Br. Zool. iv. 127. cinereous.
Tr. with a perforated base ; spires a little pro-
minent. Of a cinereous color, striped obliquely.
Size of a pea.
Anglesey.
List. Conch, tab. 641. Jig. 31, Lin. 7V. viii. 153. 4. umbili-
32. Mont. Test. Br. 286. °iuical
List. Angl. tab. \W.Jig. 15. T. umbilicaris. Br. Zool. iv.
126.
Tr. with a perforated base, and of a convex
conic form ; dirty white waved with purple.
Varies much in colors.
A most common shell on all our shores.
Tab. lxxxiii. Jig. 3.
Lin. Tr. viii. 153. Mont. Test. Br. 280. t. 10. 5. tumidus.
* Tr. with a somewhat conic striated shell,
volutions plane, prominent ; minute ; inhabits
the sea.
Devonshire coast, adhering to shells.
vol. rv. u
'290
TROCHUS. TOP. Class VI.
6. puscus. Lin. Tr. viii. 164.
* Tr. with an umbilicated shell, and five mar-
gined volutions ; aperture nearly circular ; mi-
nute ; inhabits the sea.
Perhaps a variety of T. tumidus ?
Common near Sandwicli.
** Imperforated, erect, umbilicus closed.
7. crassus. Lin. Tr. viii. 154. Mont. Test. Br. 281.
* Tr. with a somewhat ovate imperforated
shell; columella with one tooth; length one
inch, diameter nearly the same; inhabits the
sea.
Found in abundance on the western coast
and elsewhere.
Mont. Test. Br. 275. t. 10.
/•3.
* Tr. with an imperforated conic shell ; volutions
rather plane, with two nodulated lines along each
volution; base tumid.
Cornwall, Poole, and Weymouth.
8. PAPILLO- Lin- Tr- viii- 153-
sus.
Class VI. TllOCilUS. TOP.
291
Lin. Syst. 1231. No. 599. ^ist- Angl, tab. iii. Jig. g. ziziphi-
Gm. Lin. 357Q. 14. Faun. Suec. No. 21 68. NUH-
List. Conch, tib. 6l6. No. I. Lin. Tt. viii. 155.
i>fon/. Tetf. -Br. 274.
Tr. with a sharp apex ; bottom imperforated ;
with a stria elevated above the rest. Each is
smooth. The color livid, much spotted with
deep red. Tab. lxxxiii. fig. 1.
Lin. Syst. 1230. No. 598? 10. conulus.
conule.
Tr. with an imperforated base, and a prominent
line along the spires. Scarcely distinct from
the last. Tab. lxxxiii. fig. 2.
Lin. Tt. viii. 156. Mont. Test. Br. 277. n. exigdus.
* Tr. with an imperforated conic, striated shell ;
volutions marked with four or five crenated
ridges ; length three eighths of an inch ; breadth
a quarter of an inch ; inhabits the sea shore.
Southern and western coasts.
u 2
292 TUOCHUS. TOP. Class VI.
12. ERT-
THROLEU-
COS.
Gm. Lin. 3581.
Trochus pyramidalis parvus,
ruberrimus fasciis crebris
exasperatus. List. Conch,
tab. 616. Jig. 2.
Lin. Tr. viii. 16G.
Tr. striatus Mont. Test. Br.
278. id. Sup. 1 19.
Tr. exasperatus. Br. Zool. i».
126.
* Tr. shell imperforated, conic, smooth, striat-
ed across ; volutions closely connected.
13. tbrres- Lin. Tr. viii. 157- Mont. Test. Br. 287-
TRIS.
land.
Tr. minute, conic, livid.
A new species, discovered in the mountains
of Cumberland, by Mr. Hudson. Tab. lxxxiii.
fig- 5-
PI LXXXUI
VOL.4
LIVID TOP (p. 291 )
COK1TLE T. (T 291 )
5 L A X D T . (v. 292 )
3
DOUBLED WR. SIT. (t.&08)
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
293
GENUS XXVII. TURBO. WREATH-
SHELL.
Animal, a Slug.
Aperture round, entire.
* Allied to the genus Nerita ; the columnar
margin of the aperture even, imperforated.
Lin. Tr. viii. 158. t. 4. f. 7- Mont. Test. Br. 586. id. 1. juoosus.
Sup. t. 20. f. 2.
* T. a somewhat ovate ventricose shell ; with
four ridged volutions; diameter three eighths
of an inch.
Isle of Purbeck, and in Cornwall.
Lin. Syst. 1232. No. 607- Lin. Tr. viii. 158. t. 4. f. 8, 2. litto-
Gm. Lin. 3588. 9, 10, 11. REUS.
List. Angl. tab. iii. fig. 9. Mont. Test. Br. 301. pemwmkle.
Faun. Suec. No. 2l6g.
T. with five spires, the first ventricose, in
younger subjects striated spirally; in the old
smooth, and of a dusky color. Tab. lxxxiv.
A- 1-
294 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
Abundant on most rocks, far above low-
water mark. The Swedish peasants believe,
that when these shells creep high up the rocks,
they indicate a storm from the south.
They are called Perrixvinkles ; are sold com-
monly in London, and eaten by the poor ; as
they are in most parts of the kingdom.
3. kudis. Lin. Tr. viii. lbg. Mont. Test. Br. 304. t. 4. /. 12. 13.
* T. with a subovate, rather obtuse shell ; volu-
tions tumid ; diameter three quarters of an
inch.
Found on the banks of the Tamar, in Dor-
setshire, Kent, and Caithness.
4. crassior. Lin. Tr. viii. 159- Mont. Test. Br. 30g. id.
Sup. t. 20. /. I.
* T. with a conic rough shell, striated length-
ways ; the first volution somewhat ridged ;
length half an inch; breadth a quarter of an
inch.
Sandwich and Biddeford bay.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATHS HELL.
295
Lin. Tr. viii. 160. Mont. Test. Br. 303. id. 5. tene-
Sup. t. 20. /. 4. BROSUS.
* T. with a subconic shell, rather obtuse, the
first volution exceedingly tumid ; diameter a
quarter of an inch.
On rocks on the western coast.
Lin. Tr. viii. l60. Mont. Test. Br. 403. 6. pbtr/eus.
* T. with a conic pointed shell ; aperture pear-
shaped ; length three eighths of an inch ; breadth
two tenths of an inch.
Isle of Purbeck and coast of Devonshire.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 132. t. 30. /. 5. 7. calathis-
cvs.
* T. with a brown conic shell, of six elegant
longitudinally tuberculated volutions ; aperture
suborbicular ; lip denticulated ; length a quarter
of an inch.
Shores of the isle of Jura.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 136. 8. semistri-
ATOS.
* T. with a thick white conic shell, of five or six
slightly rounded, but well defined and partially
296 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
striated volutions ; length one eighth of an inch ;
minute.
South Devonshire coast ; not common.
9. ziczac. Gm. Lin. 3587- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 135.
Lin. Tr. viii. 160. I. 4./. 14.
* T. with a somewhat conic, pointed, substriated
shell ; the first volution ridged at the base ;
length one inch ; breadth half an inch.
Sunderland, in the county of Durham.
10. FiiLCi- Lin. Tr. viii. l6l. Mont. Test. Br. 332.
DUS.
* T. with a subconic smooth shell ; three volu-
tions, the first very large; point very small,
obtuse; minute.
Cornwall and Pembrokeshire.
** Solid, imperforated.
11. CIMEX. Gm.Lin.358Q. Mont. Test. Br. 315.
Lin. Tr. viii. 161.
* T. an oblong-ovate shell; strict decussated
with conspicuous dots ; length one eighth of an
inch ; breadth one tenth of an inch.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
Found on the coasts of Cornwall, Devon-
shire, Dorsetshire, and Kent; rare.
2«J7
Gm. Lin. 3589. Mont. Test. Br. 3ig. 12. pullus.
Lin. Tr. viii. 162.
* T. with an ovate smooth imperforated shell ;
aperture lengthened forwards, according to Lin-
ncEus ; Montagu says suborbicular. Length
three eighths of an inch ; breadth half an inch ;
inhabits the sea.
Devonshire, Cornxvall, and Weymouth.
Lin. Tr. viii. l62. Mont. Test. Br. 326. id. 13. semicos-
Sup. t. 21. f. 5. TATUS.
* T. shell conic, short, with four or five rounded
volutions, the first volution faintly ribbed to-
wards the apex, at the base lightly striated
across ; very minute ; inhabits the sea.
Found only by Mr. Montagu on the south-
ern coast of Devonshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. l62. Mont. Test. Br. 320. 4. ruber.
* T. shell with five smooth, glossy, rounded
volutions; suture fine; apex pointed; aperture
298 TURBO. WREATH-SUE LL. Class VI.
suborbicular, a little reflected on the columellar
pillar ; minute ; inhabits the sea.
Cornwall and Pembroke.
15. unifas- Lin. Tr. viii. 163. Mont. Test. Br. 327- id.
ciatus. Sup. t. 20. /. 6.
* T. with a conic smooth shell and five rather
plane fasciated volutions ; minute ; inhabits
the sea.
Devonshire, Southampton, and Pembroke.
Lin. Tr. viii. l63. Mont. Test. Br. 326.
# T. smooth subpyramidal shell, with five or six
rounded volutions, point obtuse, pillar smooth ;
minute.
In sand on the south coast of Devo?ishire ;
rare.
labio- Lin. Tr. viii. 164. Tr. albus. Br. Zool. iv.
sus. Helix labiosa. Mont. Test. 130.
Br. 400. t. 13./. 7-
*
T. with eight spires, striated transversely
white. Tab. lxxxii. Jig. 8.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
299
Liu. Tr. viii. 164. Mont. Test. Br. 318. 18. ulva.
ulva.
T. with four spires, the first ventricose ; of a
deep brown color ; aperture oval. Size of a
grain of wheat. Tab. lxxxix. Jig. 7«
Inhabits the Uha Lactuca on the shores of
Flintshire.
Lin. Tr. viii. l64. Mont. Test. Br. 317- 1- 12. IQ. ventro-
/. 13. sus-
* T. a conic smooth shell, with six round volu-
tions ; aperture subovate ; margin very entire ;
minute ; inhabits the sea.
Not uncommon on the Kent and Dorsetshire
coasts.
Lin. Tr. viii. 165. Mont. Test. Br. 316. 20. subum-
BILICATOS.
* T. with a conic subumbilicated shell ; volu-
tions, four or five tumid; aperture perfectly
oval ; length one eighth of an inch ; breadth
one tenth of an inch.
Weymouth.
500
TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
21. cingil- Lin. Tr. viii. 165. Mont. Test. Br. 328. t. 12.
LOS- /. 7- id. Sup. 125.
* T. with a conic shell ; six flattish faintly
striated closely connected volutions ; length a
quarter of an inch; breadth one eighth of an
inch.
Found abundantly at Plymouth and Sal-
combe.
22. inter- Lin. Tr. viii. 166. Mont. Test. Br. 32Q. id-
septus. Sup. t. 20. /; 8.
* T. with a conic pointed whitish shell ; volu-
tions flattish, marked with interrupted longitu-
dinal ochraceous lines ; minute ; inhabits the
sea.
Rarely found on the coasts of Pembrokeshwc
and Devonshire.
83. mammil- Lin. Tr. viii. 166. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 126.
LATHS.
# T. with an imperforated subovate shell ; volu-
tions striated with raised dots, and somewhat
angular with some longer striae.
Stilly rocks.
Class VI. TURBO. fVREA TH-SHELL.
301
*#* Solid, umbilicus perforated.
Lin. Tr. viii. 1(56. Mont. Test. Br. 308. 24. auricu-
LAR1S.
* T. smooth conic shell ; volutions much round-
ed; aperture ear-shaped; length three eighths
of an inch, breadth two eighths of an inch ; in-
habits the sea.
Discovered and found by Mr. Montagu at
Southampton only ; and there not common.
Lin. Tr. viii. 167. Mont. Test. Br. 307. id. 25. vinctus.
Sup. t. 20. /. 3.
I
* T. a smooth conic shell; with six round-
ed volutions, and rather obtuse apex; length
half an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Salcombe bay, adhering to alga.
Lin. Tr. viii. 167. Mont. Test. Br. 328. id. 26. QUADRi-
Sup. t. 20. /. 7. FASCIATUS.
* T. with a smooth subconic shell, the first vo-
lution somewhat ridged ; pillars grooved, end-
ing in an umbilicus; length a quarter of an
inch ; breadth one eighth of an inch ; found on
sea-weeds.
Falmouth.
302
TURBO. WREATH-SHELL, Class VI.
87. elegans. List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 5. Mont. Test. Br. 342. id. Sup.
elegant. Gm. Lin. 3606. t. 22./. 7.
Lin. Tr. .viii. 167. T. tumidus. Br. Zool. iv. 128.
T. with five tumid spires, the first ventricose,
and all most elegantly striated ; of a pale-red
color.
A rare shell. Inhabits woods in Cambridge-
shire, and some other counties in England.
Tab. lxxxv. Jig. 2.
28. fonti- H. piscinalis and H. pusilla. Lin. Tr. viii. 168.
NALIS- Gm. Lin. 3627. id. H. Mont. Test. Br. 348. id. Sup.
fascicularis. 3641. /. 22. J. 4.
* T. with a subconic, umbilicated shell, volutions
round smooth ; diameter a quarter of an inch.
Adhering to Conferva in fresh waters.
29. nauti- Gm. Lin. 36 12. H. nautileus. Mont. Test.
leos. Lin. Tr. viii. 169. Br. 464.
* T. a flattish shell, volutions with raised annula-
tions, and a spinal dorsal ridge ; diameter one
eighth of an inch.
Found in ponds and ditches.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
303
Lin. Tr. viii. 169. 460. vign. I, f. 78. id. Sup. 30. crista-
H. cristata. Mont. Test. Br. 147. TUS-
* T. shell planish above, umbilicated beneath,
with three or four round volutions ; minute ;
inhabits fresh water.
In the river Avon in Wiltshire, and near
Sandzvich.
Lin. Tr. viii. 170. Mont. Test. Br. 43Q. t. 13. 31. depres-
f 5. sus.
* T. with a depressed shell, umbilicated beneath,
four volutions, aperture orbicular ; minute ; in-
habits the sea.
Found only by Mr. Montagu in Cornwall
and Devoyishire.
Gm. Lin. 35g2. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 137. 32. calcar.
t. 29. /. 3.
* T. with an unbilicated depressed shell, of a
pale pink color, four volutions, the first fur-
nished with about thirteen large erect processes ;
diameter one quarter of an inch.
Taken by Mr. Laskey in Jona.
304
TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
**** Cancellated.
Lin. Syst. 1237- No. 631. List. Conch, tab. 583. Jig. 51.
Gm. Lin. 3603. Lin. Tr. viii. 170.
Faun. Suec. No. 21 70. Jlfon*. Test. Br. 296. id. Sup.
120.
T. with a taper shell of eight spires, distin-
guished by elevated divisions, running from the
aperture to the apex. Tab. lxxxiv. Jig. 2.
a. var. Pellucid ; ridges very thin. Tab. lxxxiv.
fig- *2-
These are analogous to that curious and ex-
pensive shell, the JVentle-trap.-f
33. CI.ATH
ROS.
barred.
34. parvus. Lin. Tr. viii. 171. Mont. Test. Br. 310.
* T. a pyramidal shell, with five or six volu-
tions ; ribs raised, distant ribs; minute; inha-
bits sandy shores.
f Mr. Montagu conjectures that the animal which inhabits
this shell, might have contributed to supply the celebrated Ty-
rian dye, as a beautiful purple liquor can be obtained from it ;
but the color does not appear so permanent as that procured from
the Buccinum Lapillus ; the latter having been once fixed, is
not affected by the application of acids, alkalis, or alkohol. See
Montagus Sup. to Test. Br. p. 104. and p. 120. Ed.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL,
305
Gm. Lin. 3604. Mont. Test. Br. 306. t. 10. 35. 3TIUA.
Lin. Tr. viii. 172. /. 5. TULCS-
* T. with a pyramidal shell somewhat cross-
barred or cancellated ; volutions closely con-
nected, intercepted by swelling belts ; size of a
grain of barley.
Falmouth, and on the southern coast of De-
vonshire; rare.
Lin. Tr. viii. 172. Mont. Test. Br. 322. id. Sup. 36. Reticu.
t.21.f.l. LATUS.
* T. with a conic shell and tumid reticulated
volutions ; minute.
Pembrokeshire and SeaSalter, Kent.
Lin. Tr. viii. 172. Mont. Test. Br. 313. t. 15. 37- erye-
/. 8. id. Sup. 124. REUS.
* T. shell pyramidal, with seven small volu-
tions ; contiguous ribs, and ovate aperture ;
length a quarter of an inch.
Discovered on the shore at Weymouth by
Mr. Bryer.
VOL. IV.
x
TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
38. coni- Lin. Tr. viii. 173. Mont. Test. Br. 314 /. 15.
FERUS. -
J. 2.
* T. with a pyramidal shell, and ribbed volu-
tions, ribs contiguous, with a series of minute
protuberances at the suture ; length a quarter
of an inch.
Discovered at Weymouth by Mr. Bryer.
39. denti- Lin. Tr. viii. 173. Mont. Test. Br. 315.
CDLATUS.
* T. with a conic shell, ribbed volutions ; ribs
oblique and minutely toothed at the suture ■
length a quarter of an inch, breadth scarcely
one eighth of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Weymouth.
40. stria- Lin. Tr. viii. 173. Mont. Test. Br. 312.
TUS.
* T. with a somewhat pyramidal shell, striated
volutions; strice transverse, regular, and very
numerous ; length one eighth of an inch ; inha-
bits the sea.
On the Devonshire coast and Pembroke.
Class VI. TURBO. WR E A TH-SHELL.
307
Lin.Tr.vm. 174. Mont. Test. Br. 311. t. 10. 41. costa-
/. 6. TUS-
* T. with a subpyramidal shell, ribbed volu-
tions, and the aperture grooved at the mar-
gin ; length one eighth of an inch ; inhabits
the sea.
Found on the coasts of Pembrokeshire, De-
vonshire, Dorsetshire, Cornwall, and Kent.
Lin. Tr. viii. 174. Mont. Test. Br. 2QQ. t. 12. 42. cnicus.
f.2.
* T. with a pointed glossy shell, round striated
volutions ; length two tenths of an inch ; inha-
bits the sea.
Sandwich.
***** Turrited, tapering to a point.
Lin. Tr. viii. 1?5. Mont. Test. Br. 2QQ. t. 12. 43. nitidis-
y 1_ simus.
* T. with an acuminated very glossy shell, and
nine somewhat globose volutions ; length one
eighth of an inch.
Discovered in sand from Falmouth by Mr.
Montagu.
x 2
TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
44. dupli- Lin. Syst. 123g. No. 645. List. Angl. tab. iii. Jig. 7.
catus. Gm. Lin. 36O7. Lin. Tr. viii. 175.
doubled.
T. with a strong taper shell, each spire marked
with two prominent stria. Has about twelve
spires.
Found by Doctor Lister at Scarborough,
who says it was five inches long. Tab. lxxxiv.
fig* i
45. exole- Gm. Lin. 3607. T. cinctus. Mont. Test. Br.
TDS- Lin. Tr. viii. 176. 295.
* T. with a tapering shell, the volutions marked
with two obtuse distant ridges ; length two
inches and an half.
Found on the Lincolnshire and Lancashire
coasts, and at Sandwich.
46. terebra. Lin. Syst. 1139- No. 645. Faun. Suec. No. 2171.
au&er- Gm. Lin. 3608. Lin. Tr. viii. 176.
Sel. .flfttf. iii. tel. lvi./g. 40. Mont. Test. Br. 2Q3.
List. Angl: lab. ui.\fig, 8.
T. w ith a taper shell of twelve spires, spirally
striated. Tab. lxxxiv. Jig. 4.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
309
Lin. Tr. viii. 177. Mont. Test. Br. 300. t. 10. 47- trunca
r. _ TD3.
* T. with a cylindric shell ; volutions flattish ;
abrupt at the apex ; length two tenths of an
inch, breadth one tenth of an inch; inhabits
the sea.
Southampton, Plymouth, Weymouth, and
Poole.
Lin. Ti. viii. 178. Mont. Test. Br. 300. t. 10. 48. subtrun-
f. 1. CATUS.
* T.with a subcylindric shell, volutions round-
ish, diminishing in size towards the end ; su-
ture rather deep ; length two tenths of an inch ;
inhabits the sea.
Salcombe bay and Southampton.
Lin. Syst. 1249- No. List. Conch, tab. 41. Jig, 4g. bidens.
649. Cm. Lin. 3609. maj. lident.
Lin. Tr. viii. 178.
* T. with a pellucid shell ; volutions reversed ;
suture, somewhat crenated ; a double tooth
on the hind part of the aperture. Agrees
310 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
with the T. nigricans in the contrary turn of the
spires, which are twelve in number, and of a
dusky hue. Tab. lxxxiv. Jig. 5.
On hollow and mossy trunks of trees.
50. lamina- Lin. Tr. viii. 179. Mont. Test. Br. 35g. t. 11.
tus. j- 4
* T. with a tapering, pellucid, smooth shell ; ten
volutions reversed ; aperture contiguous ; the
hind part with two teeth ; length three fourths
of an inch, breadth one eighth of an inch;
found on land.
Wiltshire, Kent, and Dorsetshire.
51. BipLicA- Lin. Tr. viii. 186. Mont. Test. Br. 361. t. 11.
TUS. f, 5.
* T. with a tapering shell, opaque, striated ;
volutions reversed ; aperture less contiguous,
and with two teeth on the hind part; length
three fourths of an inch, breadth one eighth of
an inch.
Easton Gray, Wiltshire: it has also been
found in Hyde Park.
vol. . 4.
DUSKY WREATH SHELL (p.31lj
SMOOTH STSTAIL (p.337j
ELEGANT WR .SH .(p.302 )
FASCIATED SN.(p.3S6)
STUDDED MU REX (p.286 j
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
Sll
List. Angl. tab. ii- Jig- 10. T. perversus. Br. Zool. iv. 52. NIGRI-
Lin. Tr. viii. 180. 130. °A1?S-
„, dusky.
T. bidens. Mont. Test. Br.
357. t. 11./. 7.
T. with eleven spires of a dusky color. The
mouth turned a contrary way to most others of
the genus. Length four tenths of an inch;
very taper.
Found in mosses, especially among the
Hypna. Tab. lxxxv. Jig. 5.
Lin. Tr. viii. 180. Mont. Test. Br. 362. t. 11. 53. labia-
f. 6. TVS,
* T. with a tapering shell, opaque ; volutions
reversed, striated; aperture with two teeth,
the margin white, strong, dilated; length five
eighths of an inch, breadth one eighth of an
inch.
Found in ozier grounds at Battersea.
Gm. Lin. 3fi0g. Mont. Test. Br. 355. t. 11. 54. peryer-
Lin. Tr. viii. 181. /. 12. id. Sup. 131. 5US-
* T. with a tapering, pellucid shell ; eight volu-
tions reversed ; aperture without teeth ; length
a quarter of an inch.
312 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
Not common ; but found in Wiltshire, Dor-
setshire, Devonshire, and Cormvall.
55. TRIDENS. Gm. Lin.36\l. Mont. Test. Br. 338. t. 11.
Lin. Tr. viii. 181. f. 2. id. Sup. 125.
* T. with a subcylindric smooth shell; six or
seven somewhat plane volutions ; aperture with
three teeth ; length a quarter of an inch.
Found on water plants, by the river Stour,
Dorsetshire.
bQ. JCNI-
PERI.
Lin. Tr. viii. 182.
Mont. Test. Br. 340. t.
/■ 12.
12.
* T. with a subcylindric shell ; obliquely stri-
ated volutions ; aperture with seven teeth ;
length scarcely half an inch.
Found on the roots of juniper, in Wiltshire
and Dorsetshire ; rare.
57. MUSCO- Gm. Lin. 36ll. Mont. Test. Br. 335. id. Sup.
rum. Lin. Tr. viii. 182. t. 22. /. 3.
* T. with an ovate obtuse pellucid shell; six
volutions inclined to one side; aperture plain
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
313*
or without teeth ; length one eighth of an inch.
Inhabits roots of trees, moss, &c. In most
parts of the kingdom.
Helix, minuta. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 337- t. 12. 58. sexden-
3660. /. 8. TATUS.
Lin. Tr. viii. 183.
* T. with an ovate obtuse smooth shell ; aper-
ture with six teeth, and the lip impressed ; mi-
nute ; inhabits fresh water.
Kent, Cornwall, Devonshire, and Dorset-
shire.
Helix Vertigo. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 363. t. 12. 59. vertigo.
3664. /. 6.
Lin. Tr. viii. 183.
* T. an oval shell, with five round somewhat
striated reversed volutions ; aperture rather tri-
angular, toothed; minute.
On walls covered with ivy.
Helix Carychium. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 33g. id. Sup. 60. cary-
3665. /. 22./. 2. CH1UM.
Lin. Tr. viii. 184.
* T. with a somewhat conic smooth shell ;
aperture defended with two minute teeth, and
314 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
sometimes the rudiments of a third ; the least
of all land shells ; found among decayed leaves
and bark of trees.
Common in Kent; found also in Wiltshire,
Devonshire, and Dorsetshire.
61. albulus. Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ib. iii. 66. t. 13. /. 17, 18.
* T. shell with five longitudinally ribbed volu-
tions ; aperture somewhat orbicular ; minute.
62. scrip- Lin. Tr. viii. 185. il. iii. 65. t. 13. f. 11, 12.
TU5.
* T. with a smooth shell, and three volutions
marked with dusky lines, resembling letters ;
not unlike those of the genus opograpliy ; mi-
nute.
63. subar- Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ib. iii. 66. t. 13. /. 27, 28.
CUATUS.
* T. with a shell of ten longitudinally ribbed
volutions, and somewhat bent at the apex ;
color white ; minute.
64. ADAMS 1 1. Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ib. iii. 66. /. 13. /. 31, 32.
* T. a shell with six spirally striated volutions,
ribs distant ; aperture oval ; minute.
Class VI. TURBO. WREATH-SHELL.
315
Lin. Tr. viii. 185. il. iii. 254. 65. DIVISUS.
* T. a shell with four smooth and striated
volutions, aad an aperture somewhat oval;
minute.
Lin. Tr. viii. 185. ib. v. (3. t. 1. /. 18, lg. 66. subru-
FUS.
* T. with a smooth shell, and five somewhat
angular volutions ; minute.
Lin. Tr. viii. 186. 67. retifor-
MIS.
* T. a tumid shell, with four reticulated volu-
tions, and somewhat oval aperture ; minute.
Sandwich; rare.
Lin. Tr. viii. 186. 68. fuscus.
* T. an opaque brown shell, with five striated
volutions, and sub-oval aperture; minute; in-
habits woods.
Bysingwood near Feversham ; rare.
Lin. Tr. viii. 186. 69. striga-
tds.
* T. with an opaque white shell; three volu-
tions, the first having three transverse stripes ;
aperture subovate ; minute.
Seasalter ; rare.
.316
TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
70. carina- Lin. Tr. viii. 186.
TULUS.
# T. with a tapering, opaque, white ridged
shell, of seven volutions ; aperture narrow and
marginated; minute.
Sandwich; rare.
71. rivulus. Lin. Tr. viii. 186.
* T. with a striated shell, of four volutions,
opaque and white; aperture marginated and
oval ; minute ; inhabits fresh water.
Near Feversham ; very rare.
72. sandvi- Lin. Tr. viii. 187-
CENSIS.
* T. with a white pellucid shell, three reticu-
lated volutions, and one toothed aperture ; mi-
nute.
73. margi- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 128.
NATDS.
* T. with a subcylindric white very strong
shell ; six or eight striated transversely ribbed
volutions ; aperture oval ; length three eighths
of an inch, breadth one fourth of its length.
From Guernsey.
Class V£. TURBO. IVREA TH-SHELL.
317
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 128. 74. disjunc-
tus.
* T. shell slender, white, and smooth, umbi-
licated with six round volutions, separated by
a deep flat line s aperture nearly orbicular ;
length scarcely a quarter of an inch.
Scottish coast.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 12Q. 75. indis-
tinctus.
* T. with a subcylindric glossy white shell, of
five or six well defined and finely striated flat-
tish volutions ; aperture subovate ; minute.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 129. 76. insculp-
TUS.
* T. with a taper, subumbilicated, subpellucid
white shell, having five or six moderately con-
vex striated volutions ; apex obtuse ; aperture
subovate ; pillar lip furnished with a small
tooth ; length one eighth of an inch, breadth
one third of its length.
Devonshire coast ; rare.
S18 TURBO. WREATH-SHELL. Class VI.
77. SIMILLI- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 136.
MCS.*
T. shell slender, white, of eight or nine volu-
tions, with fourteen direct elevated stria;
length three eighths of an inch.
Shores of the island of Jura.
* So named from its resemblance to the Turho elegantissimus
of Mr. Montagu, the Helix elegantissimus of the Linncean
Transactions. H. D.
VOL.4. ^~\Tej&.
WHIRL SiT. (?.2>20)
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
319
GENUS XXVIII. HELIX. SNAIL.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell spiral, sub-pellucid.
Aperture semi-lunar.
* Wreaths acutely angular.
Lin. Syst. 1241. No. 656.
Gm. Lin. 3613.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 14.
Faun. Suec. No. 2174.
Lin. Tr. viii. 127.
Mont. Test. Br. 435.
1. LAPICIDA.
rock.
He. with five spires, externally carinated or
depressed to an edge. Umbilicated ; of a deep
brown color.
A land shell. Inhabits clefts of rocks.
Tab. lxxxvi. Jig. 1.
Lin. Tr. viii. 188. Mont. Test. Br. 438. /. 7. 2. subcari-
* He. with an umbilicated, striated, rather con-
vex shell, the volutions marked with three most
delicate raised lines ; diameter one tenth of an
inch ; inhabits the sea.
Coast of Kent and Devonshire.
f.Q-
NATA.
320
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
Lin. Syst. 1242. No. 662. Fqun. Suec. No. 2176.
Gm. Lin. 3617. Lin. Tr. viii. 188. /. 5./. 13.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 27. H. complanata. Mont. Test.
Gualtieri, tab. iv. Jig. E. E. Br. 450.
He. with a very flat brown shell, slightly cari-
nated on the outside ; aperture oblique.
Inhabits ponds. Tab. lxxxvi. fig. £.
4. planata. Lin. Tr. viii. I89.
* He. with a carinated, umbilicated plane shell,
the carina or ridge on the middle of the volu-
tion ; aperture nearly oval ; diameter half an
inch.
3. PLANOR-
BIS.
flat.
5. vortex. Lin. Syst. 1243. No. 667. Faun. Suec. No. 2178.
whirL Gm. Lin. 3620. Lin. Tr. viii. 1 89.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 28. Mont. Test. Br. 454. id. Sup.
Gualtieri, tab. iv. Jig. G. G. t. 25. /. 3.
List. Conch, tab. 138. Jig . 43.
He. with a very flat thin shell, and six small
spires. The outmost carinated.
Found with the H. planorbis. Tab. lxxxvi.
fig- 3-
Class VI. HELIX. SNJIL.
321
** Wreaths rounded and umbilicated.
Lin. Syst. 1243. #0.671. Faun. Suec. 2179- 6. cornea.
Gm. Lin. 3623. Lin. Tr. viii. 190. horn!/'
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 26. Mont. Test. Br. 448. .
Gualtieri, tab. iv. D. D.
He. with four rounded spires ; umbilicated ;
of a horny appearance.
Found in dull deep rivers, and in ponds.
The largest of the British depressed species.
Tab. lxxxvi. Jig. 3. and Jig. #3. *3. a young
shell.
Gm. Lin. 3624. Mont. Test. Br. 455. id. 7< SPiR0R.
Lin. Tr. viii. 191. Sup. t. 25. f. 2. bis.
* He. with a concave shell, both sides plane,
whitish, and five round volutions; diameter
three tenths of an inch; inhabits stagnant
waters and rivulets.
Gm. Lin. 3624. Mont. Test. Br. 457. id. g. COnt
Lin. Tr. viii. 191. Sup. 146. t. 25. /. 6. TA.
* He. with a subumbilicated shell, plane, equal
on both sides, with pointed linear aperture;
size of a cabbage seed ; inhabits rivulets and
ditches.
VOL. IV. Y
1
32'j;
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
g. alba. Gm. Lin. 3625. Mont. Test. Br. 45Q. id. Sup.
Lin. Tr. viii. 1()2. f. 25./. 7.
* He. an umbilicated shell, both sides striated,
with a wide aperture ; diameter a quarter of an
inch ; found in rivers and ditches.
fonta- viii. 193. Mont. Test. Br. 462. t. 6.
NA. /. 6. id. Sup. 146.
* He. with a flattish shell, bluntly carinated,
on one side umbilicated, having three volutions,
convex on both sides ; aperture half ovate ;
diameter scarcely two tenths of an inch ; inha-
bits fresh water.
11. palu- Lin. Tr. viii. 193. Mont. Test. Br. 440.
DOSA.
* He. with an umbilicated shell, rather convex
above; aperture nearly orbicular, margined,
the margin reflected.
VAR. B.
Helix crenella. Mont. Test. Br. 441.
He. with striated or annulated volutions.
Found in lakes and banks of rivers.
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
323
Gm. Lin. 3632. Mont. Test. Br. 437- id. Sup. 12. erice-
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 13. t. 24. /. 2. torum.
a »/ a •/ grey.
Gualtieri, tab. in. /g. Q. H. albella. Br. Zoo/, iv. 132.
Lin. Tr. viii. 194.
He. with five spires rounded on the outside;
thin, prettily fasciated along the spires with
brown and white ; deeply umbilicated.
Inhabits dry sandy banks. Tab. lxxxviii.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 143. 13. Marga-
rita.
* He. with an umbilicated shell, of four strong
convex volutions ; color white, with one faint
rufous white band ; aperture sub-truncated,
sub-orbicular ; inside beautifully nacred ; mi-
nute.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 147. t. 21. J. 3. 14. Serpu-
LOIDES.
* He. with a white, glossy, depressed, umbili-
cated shell, of three plain distinct volutions ;
aperture orbicular ; minute.
324
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
Gualtieri, tab. 2. Hi Mont. Test. Br. 418. id. Sup.
Lin. Tr. viii. 195. 5. /. 24. /. 4.
f- 6. H. zonaria. Br. Zool. iv.
137.
He. with five spires ; the first very ventricose;
slightly umbilicated ; fasciated spirally with nar-
row stripes of white, dusky, and yellow.
Inhabits dry banks. Tab. lxxxviii. fig. 2.
16. vi r- H. media. Gm. Lin. 3640. H. zonaria. var. Br. Zool.
gata. Lin. Tr. viii. 195. iv. 138.
Mont. Test. Br. 415. id. Sup.
148.
* He. with a white convex umbilicated shell and
brown stripe; aperture nearly orbicular; dia-
meter half an inch. Tab. lxxxviii. Jig. 3.
Lin. Tr. viii. 196. Mont. Test. Br. 430. t. 11.
/• 11.
* He. with an umbilicated shell, somewhat
ridged, flattish, striated, the end black j half an
inch broad, and a quarter of an inch high.
Found in hedges.
15. CINGEN-
DA.
zoned.
17. CAPF/
RATA.
Fl l.XXXVTH
VIVIPAROUS SNAIL ( Young" | P )
\
MOTTLED SX. (p. »ZS)
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
325
H. turturum. Gm. Lin. 363g. Lin. Tr. viii. ig6. igt RUFES.
Cochlea dilute rufescens, aut Mont. Test. Br. 420. id. Sup. cens.
subalbida, sinu ad umbili- t.23.f.2. mottled,
cum exiguo, circinato. List.
Angl. tal. ii. Jig. 12.
He. with four spires, and minutely umbilicated ;
the exterior spire sub-carinated. Of a pale
brownish red mottled with white.
Inhabits woods. Tab. lxxxviii. Jig. 6.
Lin. Tr. viii. 1Q7. Mont. Test. Br. 422. id. Sup. jg. canti-
145. t. 23. f. 1. ANA.
* He. with an umbilicated shell, faintly striated,
somewhat depressed; aperture nearly orbicu-
lar ; breadth three fourths of an inch.
Found in meadows and hedges.
H. nitens. Gm. Lin. 3633 ? H. nitens. Lin. Tr. viii. 198. 20. nitens.
Cochlea terrestris umbilicata t. 5. f. 7. pellucid.
pellucida flavescens. Gual- H. lucida. Mont. Test. Br.
tieri, tab. ii. Jig. G. 425. id. Sup. t. 23. f. 4.
He. a very thin pellucid shell, of a yellowish-
green color ; very brittle ; with four spires, the
first very tumid.
Found by me only once ; in Shropshire. [In-
habits woods and mossy places ; not uncom-
mon. Ed.
326"
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
21. hispida. Gm. Lin. 3625. Mont. Test. Br. 423. id. Sup.
Lin. Tr. viii. 198. t. 23. /. 3.
* He. with a convex umbilicated, hairy, dia-
phanous shell, having five volutions; aperture
between orbicular and crescent shaped ; dia-
meter one fourth of an inch.
Found in moist meadows.
22. radiata. Helix rotundata. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 432. id. Sup.
3633. 1.24./.3.
Lin. Tr. viii. 199.
* He. with an umbilicated, subcarinated, flat-
tish closely striated shell, convex beneath;
diameter a quarter of an inch.
Found in gardens, hedges, decaying wood,
&c.
23. UMBILI- Lin. Tr. viii. 200. Mont. Test. Br. 434. 13.
CATA. /. 2. a. Sup. 146.
* He. with a subconic, somewhat pellucid shell,
striated with five round volutions, and large
umbilicus; diameter one tenth of an inch;
animal black.
Found under stones, &c.
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
327
Lin. Tr. viii. 200. Mont. Test. Br. 427. t. 11. 24. TROCHI-
/. g. id. Sup. 145. roRMis.
* He. with a sub umbilicated, subconic, smooth
shell; aperture somewhat crescent - shaped,
transversely compressed; diameter one eighth
of an inch.
Found in decaying trunks of trees.
Helix aculeata. Gm. Lin. Mont. Test. Br. 42Q. t. 11. 25. spinu-
3638. /. 10. L0SA*
Lin. Tr. viii. 201.
* He. with a subconic umbilicated shell, having
five convex volutions j girt with acute membra-
naceous ringlets ; the back ridged with minute
spines ; aperture suborbicular ; minute.
Found among mosses.
Lin. Tr. viii. 201. Mont. Test. Br. 428. t. 13. 26
f.6.
* He. shell subglobose and umbilicated, with
smooth tumid volutions ; pillar grooved ; dia-
meter a quarter of an inch j inhabits the sea.
328
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
27. poma- Pomatia. Dioscor. lib. ii. c. g. List. Angl. tab: ii. Jig. I.
eloft'c ^" ^05# testier Aq. 655. Faun. Suec. No. 2183.
Zin. Sysl. 1244. 2Vo. 677. Tr. viii. 201.
Got. Zin. 3627. Mont. Test. Br. 405.
He. with five spires most remarkably ventri-
cose ; slightly umbilicated ; fasciated with a
lighter and deeper brown.
Inhabits the woods of the southern counties
of England.
A naturalized species, introduced, as is said,
by Sir Kenelm Dig by ; whether for medical
purposes, or as a food, is uncertain. Tradition
says, that to cure his beloved wife of a decay
was the object.
They are quite confined to our southern
counties. An attempt M as made to bring them
into Northamptonshire* but they would not
live there.
These are used as a food in several parts of
Europe during Lent ; and are preserved in an
escargatoire, or a large place boarded in, with
the floor covered half a foot deep with herbs,
in which the snails nestle and fatten. f They
were also a favorite dish with the Romans,
who had their cochlearia, a nursery similar to
* Morton, 415.
f Addison's Travels, 272.
>ixxxxtfn
VOL.1
GAK.DE K SST. (r.334)
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
the above. Fulvius Hirpinus* was the first
inventor of this luxury, a little before the civil
■wars between Cazsar and Pompey. The snails
were fed with bran, and sodden wine. If we
could credit Varro,^ they grew so large that
the shells of some would hold ten quarts !
People need not admire the temperance of the
supper of the younger Pliny, % which consisted
of only a lettuce apiece, three snails, two
eggs, a barley cake, sweet wine, and snow, in
case his snails bore any proportion in size to
those of Hirpinus.
Its name is derived not from any thing relat-
ing to an orchard, but from Ilw/xa, an operculum,
it having a very strong one. This seems to be
the species described by Pliny, lib. viii. c. 39,
which he says was scarce ; that it covered itself
with the opercle, and lodged under ground ;
and that it was at first found only about
the maritime Alps, and more lately near Ve-
litrce. Tab. lxxxvii. Jig. 1.
* Pliny, lib. x. c. 56. f De Re Rustica, lib. iii. c. 14.
X Epist. lib. i. Epist. xv.
330
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
28. ar bus- Lin. Syst. 1245. No. 680. Faun. Suec. No. 2184.
torum. Cm. Lin. 3630. Lin. Tr. viii. 202.
shrub. , . . , , .. „ _
List. Angl. tab. u, ^g. 4. ilfon*. Br. 413.
He. with a glossy shell, brown, marked with a
single black spiral fascia : the rim of the aper-
ture reflects a little ; sub-umbilicated. Varies
. with deeper and lighter colors.
Inhabits woods. Tab. lxxxviii. Jig. 4.
29. resupi- Lin. Tr. viii. 203.
NATA.
* He. shell with a large oval aperture, having
the volutions of the apex resupine ; minute.
Found at Sandwich ; very rare.
30. globosa. Lin. Tr. viii. 203. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 147.*
* He. with a smooth globular shell of two vo ■
lutions ; aperture orbicular j minute.
Found at Sandwich.
31. reticu- Lin. Tr. viii. 203.
LATA.
* He. with a subumbilicated shell of one volu-
tion; aperture round, marginated, beautifully
reticulated ; minute ; extremely rare.
From Reculver.
* Supposed by Mr. Montagu to be the fry of some other spe-
cies, as well as the H. coarclata. Ed.
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
331
Lin. Tr. viii. 204. 32. onispi-
RALIS.
* He. with a shell of one volution, umbilicated
on both sides ; aperture round j minute.
Found near Sandwich.
Lin. Tr. viii. 204. 33. striata.
* He. with a striated shell, aperture suboval,
volutions supradorsal ; minute.
Found near Sandwich.
Lin. Tr. viii. 204. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 147. 34. coarc-
TATA.
* He. with a shell of two volutions ; aperture
roundish, contracted at the umbilicus ; minute.
Found near Sandwich.
Lin. Tr. viii. 204. il, iii. 67. t. 13. /. 35, 36. 35. XOBU.
LATA.
* He. with a shell of three longitudinally stri-
ated volutions: this singular shell, instead of
an umbilicus, is perforated by a tube which
appears above the surface ; minute.
332
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
36. varie- Lin. Tr. viii. 204. ib. iii. 67.
GATA.
# He. with a smooth shell of four volutions,
the first tumid, marked with red lines; mi-
nute.
37. fasci- Lin. Tr. viii. 205. ib. v. t. I. /. 20, 21.
ATA.
* He. with a smooth subumbilicated shell of
three volutions, the first tumid, with a large
aperture ; minute.
38. NITIDIS- -Lin. Tr. viii. 205. ib. v. t. 1. f. 22 — 24.
SIMA.
* He. with a shell of two volutions, most deli-
cately transversely striated ; minute.
39. BICOLOR. Lin. Tr. viii. 205. ib. v. t. 1. /. 25, 26, 27-
* He. with a smooth shell of two volutions,
scarcely umbilicated ; minute.
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
333
*#* "Wreaths rounded, imperforated.
Lin. Syst. 1247. No. 6Q0.
Gm. Lin. 3646.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 18.
Conch, tab. 126. Jig. 26.
Faun. Suec. No. 2185.
Zirc. 7V. viii. 205.
Mont. Test. Br. 386. id.
Sup. 141.
40. vivi-
PARA.
viviparous.
He. with six ventricose spires, umbilicated.
The aperture almost round. Color brown, with
dusky spiral fascia.
Inhabits stagnant waters, and semi-stagnant
rivers. Tab. lxxxvii. Jig. 2. When young,
Tab. lxxxviii. Jig. 1.
Lin. Syst. 1247. Gm. Lin. List. Conch, tab. 57. 4]. nemo-
3647- Lin. Tr. viii. 206. ralis.
Gualtieri, tab. \. Jig. P. Mont. Test. Br. 411. H. hor- vaT'ieZated-
List. Angl tab. ii. Jig. 3. tensis 412.
He. with a glossy shell ; very thin and pellu-
cid ; the aperture awry. Varies infinitely :
often yellow, or light green, or red fasciated
with black or white, along the spires j often
quite plain.
Inhabits woods and gardens.
334
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
42. horten- H. aspersa. Gm. Lin. 3631.
sis. Cochlea vulgaris major pulla
garden. , , . ,
maculata et lasciata horten-
sis. List. Angl. tab. n-Jig. 2.
Gualtieri, tab. i. Jig. C.
Helix lucorum. Lin. Syst.
1247. No. 6Q2.
List. Conch, tab. 4Q. Jig. 47.
The common garden snail.
Lin. Tr. viii. 208.
H. aspera. Mont. Test. Br.
407.
He. in form like the last, but lesser, and not
umbilicated and clouded, or mottled with
browns.
These are often used with success in con-
sumptive cases. Tab. lxxxvii. Jig. 3.
43. fusca. Lin. It. viii. 20g. Mont. Test. Br. 424. t. 13.
/. 1. id. Sup. 148.
* He. with a smooth diaphanous shell, having a
lunated aperture, without an umbilicus; breadth
three eighths of an inch, height one fourth
of an inch.
Shell tapering.
44. elegan- Lin. Tr. viii. 20g. Mont. Test. Br. 298. t. 10.
tissima. /. 2. id. Sup. 124.
* He. with a tapering slender shell, having
from nine to thirteen volutions, obliquely sul-
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL. 335
cated; length a quarter of an inch; inhabits
the sea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 20g. Mont. Test. Br. 3Qg. t. 15. 45. decos-
/. 7. SATA.
* He. with a slender tapering shell, decus-
sated ; aperture angular at each end ; eight or
nine volutions ; length three tenths of an inch,
breadth one tenth of an inch ; inhabits the sea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 210. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 142. 46. SOBU-
LATA.
* He. with a slender tapering, very smooth
shell, striped ; aperture ovate ; length three
fourths of an inch. Western coast.
Turbo politus. Gm. Lin. 3612. Mont. Test. Br. 3Q8.
H. polita. Lin. Tr. viii. 210. T. lsevis. Br. Zool. iv. 130.
* He. with a pyramidal glossy shell; with eight
spires striated transversely; length about the
third of an inch.
Found on the shores of Anglesey [and on
the western coast.] Tab. lxxxii. Jig. 1 .
336
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
Lin. Tr. viii. 210. T. fasciatus. Br. Zool. iv.
Mont. Test. Br. 346. id. 31.
Sup. t. 22. /. 1.
* He. with a subumbilicated, pyramidal ob-
long rough shell; volutions roundish; aper-
ture ovate ; length one inch.
Wales and western coast. Tab. lxx.xv.fig. 5.
49. octona. Gm. Lin. 3653. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 144.
Lin. Tr. viii. 21 1. t. 5./. 10.
* He. with a somewhat perforated, pyramidal
shell of eight volutions ; aperture roundish ;
size of a grain of rye.
Found in wet meadows; doubtful if an
Efiglish species.
f
50. octan- Lin. Tr. viii. 211. H. octona. Br. Zool. iv.
FRACTA. Mont TesL Br, ggg. L1U 138.
/. 8. id. Sup. 144.
* He. with an imperforated, pyramidal sub-
striated shell, having eight volutions ; aperture
ovate ; length five eighths of an inch, breadth
two eighths of an inch.
Rarely found in stagnant waters in Cornwall
and Dorsetshire. Tab. lxxxix. Jig. 5.
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
337
Lin. 7V. viii. 812. ilfo/j*. Test. Br. 3g4. /. 51. lack-
f% 3. HAMENSIS.
* He. with an ovate oblong subperforate shell;
aperture lunated, roundish ; margin reflected ;
length five eighths of an inch, breadth one
quarter of an inch.
Found only in Lackham woods, and Borv-
xcood, Wiltshire.
Gm. Lin. 3661. Mont. Test. Br. 3QI. id. 52. OBSCU-
Lin. Tr. viii. 212. /. 5. Sup. 146. t. 22. f. 5. *A-
f. II.
* He. with an opaque, brown, horn-colored
shell, subperforate, ovate oblong; volutions
from five to seven, somewhat wrinkled ; aper-
ture lunated, roundish, white; length three
eighths of an inch, breadth exceeding one
eighth.
Found on trunks of trees.
Gm. Lin. 366l. Mont. Test. Br. 3Q0. Sup. 53. lubrica.
Lin. Tr. viii. 213. t. 5. t. 22. f. 6. smooth-
f. 12.
* He. with an imperforate, subpyramidal shell,
with five or six somewhat convex volutions;
minute.
Inhabits moist woods. Tab. lxxxv. Jig. 4.
vol. iv. z
338
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
54. vitrba. Lin. Tr. viii. 213. Mont. Test. Br. 321. t. 12.
f.3.
* He. with a somewhat cylindric shell of four
rounded volutions ; aperture saboval, contract-
ed towards the end ; columella visible to the
extremity ; length one eighth of an inch.
55. punc- Lin. Tr. viii. 214. Turbo punctura. Mont. Test.
TURA' Br. 320. t.\2.f.5.
* He. with a conic shell, of six globose reticu-
lated volutions ; aperture suborbicular ; length
one eighth of an inch, breadth a thirtieth of an
inch. Inhabits the sea on the coast of Devon
and Cornwall.
56. arena- Lin. Tr. viii. 214. ib. iii. 66. T- decussatus. Mont. Test.
RIA- t. 13. /. 33, 34.? Br. 322. t. 12. /. 4.
# He. with a conic shell, of five rounded decus-
sated volutions ; minute.
Found on the coast of Devonshire.
Class VI. HELIX. SNAIL.
339
***** Ovated, imperforated.
Lin. St/st. 1249. No. 703. Faun. Suec. No. 2188.
Gm. Lin. 3657- Lin. Tr. viii. 214.
Zis/. Ar.gl. tab. ii. /g. 21. Mont. Test. Br. 367. f. 16.
ConcA. <aZ>. 123. ^g. 21. /. 8.
He. with six spires ; the first very large and
ventricose, and the last quite pointed. Very
brittle. Length two inches one eighth.
Inhabits still waters ; is, with others of the
kind, the food of trouts. Tab. lxxxix. Jig. 1.
57. STAG-
NALIS.
lake.
Gm. Lin. 3658. Mont. Test. Br. 36q. t. 16. 58. fragi.
Lin. Tr. viii. 215. /. 7- LIS>
* He. with round, pellucid, imperforate, ovato-
subulate shell ; aperture ovate oblong.
Found in fresh waters.
z 2
340
HI XIX SNAIL.
Class VI.
59. palds- JJn. Tr. viii. 216. /. 5. /• 8. H. stagnalis. B. Br. Zool. ir.
TRIS* Mont. Test. Br. 373. /• 10'. I3Q.
/. 10. id. Sup. 138.
* He. with an oblong shell; volutions some-
what rounded ; aperture ovate ; most delicately
striated spirally and transversely; length one
inch, breadth three eighths of an inch.
Found in ditches and rivulets. Tab. lxxxix.
M 3-
CO. FOSSA- Lin. Tr. viii. 217. #. 5. Mont. Test. Br. 372. t. 16.
RIA- /• 9- /• 9-
* He. with a subovate shell, having five or six
rounded volutions ; suture conspicuous ; aper-
ture ovate ; delicately pellucid ; it greatly re-
sembles the H. palustris, but is not striated,
and is inferior in size ; length three eighths of
an inch, breadth one eighth.
Found in ditches.
61. DETRITA. Lin. Tr. viii. 21 7. Mont. Test. Br. 384. #.11.
/• I-
* He. with a conic shell, white, with transverse
brown lines; aperture ovate; length three
quarters of an inch, breadth three eighths of an
inch. Inhabits stagnant waters.
EIGHT SPIRED SN. ? OLIVE S^. ( P. 341.)
(P. 336.; 9
LAYER WREATH SH . ( P. 299.)
SMOOTHED SN. ( P. 343.)
/
Class VI. HELIX. SNJIL.
341
Lin. Tr. viii. 218. 376./. 16. /. 4. id. Sup. 62. succi-
H. putris. Mont. Test. Br. 13g. NEA«
* He. with an oblong, tawny, diaphanous shell,
of three volutions ; aperture ovate ; length three
quarters of an inch, breadth scarcely half an
inch.
Found in wet meadows.
Lin. Syst. 124g. No. 705.
Gm. Lin. 365Q.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 24.
Conch, tab. 123. Jig. 23.
He. with the first spire vastly large and tumid;
the two others very small.
Inhabits ponds, &c. Tab. lxxxix. Jig. 3.
Faun. Suec. No. 218Q. 63. PDTRIS.
Lin. Tr. viii. 21Q. mud'
H. peregra. Mont. Test.
Br. 373. t. 16. /. 3.
Lin. Syst. 124g. No. 707. Faun. Suec. No. 2igi.
Gm. Lin. 3662. Lin. Tr. viii. 220.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 19. Mont. Test. Br. 389.
Conch, tab. 132. Jig. 32.
He. of an oval sub-conic form, with five spires.
Clouded with brown.
Inhabits ponds. Tab. lxxxix. Jig. 6.
64. TENTA-
CULATA.
olive.
6V2
HELIX. SNAIL. Class VI.
65. canalis. Lin. Tr. viii. 220. Mont. Test. Br. 30Q. t. 12.
/. Hi
* He. with a conic shell, of five roundish
smooth volutions ; columella grooved ; length
three eighths of an inch, breadth two eighths.
Inhabits the sea.
Lin. Syst. 1250. No. 708. Faun. Suec. No.2lQ2.
Gm. Lin. 3662. Lin. Tr. viii. SSI.
List. Angl. tab. u. Jig- 23. Mont. Test. Br. 375. t. 16.
Conch, tab. 123- Jig. 22. /. 2.
He. with a very ventricose first spire, sub-um-
bilicated ; the last forms a minute apex : color
yellow ; very brittle.
Inhabits ponds. Tab. lxxxix. fig. 4.
67. lutea. Lin. Tr. viii. 222. Mont. Test. Br. 380. t. 16.
f.6.
* He. with a suboval imperforate shell ; aper-
ture wide, oval ; length half an inch, breadth a
quarter. Inhabits the sea.
66. AUR1CU-
LARIA.
ear.
Class VI. HELIX. SNJIL.
34S
Gm. Lin. 365Q. Mont. Test. Br. 37Q. t. 16. C8. GLUTI-
Lin.Tr. viii. 222. f. 5. id. Sup. 13Q. NOSA.
* He. with a very tumid diaphanous shell;
aperture obtuse, very wide; length half an
inch, breadth three eighths of an inch.
Not uncommon in the marshes near Deal.
Lin. St/st. 1250. No. Lin. Tr. viii. 222.
709. Gm. Lin. 3663. Mont. Test. Br. 382.
He. with only two spires ; the first very ven-
tricose ; the other very minute, and placed
laterally ; of a pale-red color ; pellucid.
Inhabits ponds. Tab. lxxxix. Jig. 8.
Lin. Tr. viii. 223.
* He. with a smooth, brittle ovate shell, of a
shining horny color ; volutions reversed ; spire
short.
69. LJEVL
GATA.
smoothed.
70. BUL-
LOIDES.
344
NERITA. NERITE. Class VI.
GENUS XXIX. NERITA. NERITE.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell gibbous, flattish at bottom.
Aperture semi-orbicular.
Faun. Suec. No. 2197.
Lin. Tr. viii. 224.
Mont. Test. Br. 469.
■
N. with five spires, umbilicated; of a livid
color ; the spires marked with short brown
stripes; but it varies in colors. Tab. xc.Jig. 1.
2. CASRENA. Gm. Lin. 3669. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 148.
Lin. Tr. viii. 223.
# N. with an umbilicated smooth shell ; spire
somewhat mucronated, with a gibbous bifid
umbilicus. Inhabits the sea.
i. glad- Lin. Syst. 1251. No. 716.
Gm. Lin. 3671.
livid.
List. Angl. tab. ill. 10.
VOL.4 . t ' <£d£-
RIVER 2C-ERITE . (P.345)
Class VI. NERITA. NERITE.
345
Gm. Lin. 3672. N. nitkla. Mont. Test.
Lin. Tr. viii. 225. Br. Sup. 14g.
* N. with an umbilicated ovate smooth shell ;
umbilicus covered ; aperture ovate ; size of the
end of a thumb.
Coast of Caithness.
Lin. Syst. 1253. No. 723.
Gm. Lin. 3676.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 20.
Conch, tab. 141. Jig. 38.
N. with only two spires ; brittle, dusky, mark-
ed with white spots ; not half the size of a pea.
Inhabits still rivers and standing waters.
Tab. xc. Jig. 2.
Lin. Tr. viii. 226. Mont. Test. Br. 468. 5- palli-
DULA.
* N. with an umbilicated smooth shell ; umbi-
licus deep, and lengthened ; size of a pea,
Kentish, Western coast and Shetland.
3. MAMMIL-
LA.
Faun. Suec. No. 2ig4. 4. fldvia-
Lin. Tr. viii. 225. ™LIS-
TZVBT
Mont. Test. Br. 470.
346
NERITA. NERITE. Class VI.
6. litto- Lin. Syst. 1253. No. 725. Faun. Suee. No.2lQ5.
ram.'-. Gm. Xf«. 3677. Zin. TV. viii. 226. *. 5.
strand. r „,,.■■ „
.LmJ. //rag/. <a6. m. Jig. 11, 15.
12, 13. Mont. Test. Br. 467.
Conch, tab. 607. /g. 39,
&c.
N. with a thick shell, with four spires ; gene-
rally of a fine yellow ; varies greatly into other
colors; size of a horse-bean.
Common at the sea-rocks. Tab. xc. Jig. 3.
7. pellu- Lin. Tr. viii. 227.
CIDA.
* N. with a smooth pellucid shell, of three vo-
lutions ; minute. Inhabits the sea.
8. alba. Lin. Tr. viii. 227-
* N. with a smooth pellucid shell, of two volu-
tions ; minute ; inhabits the sea.
This and the preceding are perhaps different
appearances of N. glaucina.
Class VI. NERITA. NERITE.
347
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 150. t. 2g. f. 5. g. tubero-
SIS8IMA.
* N. with a white pellucid shell, having three
or four volutions ; on the body whirl are four
elevations broken into tubercles ; upper volu-
tions very small ; apex minute ; umbilicus
large ; diameter one eighth of an inch.
Inhabits the Frith of Forth.
Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 150. t. 30. f. 3. 10. rupa.
* N. with a glossy smooth purplish shell ; round
the top of the volutions a white band, and on
the body whirl two others ; diameter more than
half an inch.
Mem. fVern.Soc.40g. 11. l.evida.
* N. a new shell, it bears some resemblance
to N. glaucina, but differs in having a more
produced apex, and wanting the markings of
that shell.
Found near Dunbar.
J48
HALIOT1S. Class VI.
GENUS XXX. HALIOTIS.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell of the shape of a human ear, with a row
of orifices along the disk.
Spire near one end turned in.
1. tuber- Lin. Sysl. 1256. Gm. Lin. List. Angl. tab. iii. Jig. 16.
culata. 3637. Lin. Tr. viii. 227.
tuberculated. Zfrf# tai. QU. Mont. Test. Br. 473.
H. with a rough shell, the inside like mother-
of-pearl.
Inhabits the sea near Guernsey ; also fre-
quently cast up on the southern shores of De-
vonshire. When living adheres to rocks.
This was the Kstta.s ayoia, the wild limpet, and
&ax\a.rnov ovg, the sea ear, of Aristotle*
Tab. xci.
• Hist. An. lib. iv. c. 4.
TUBERCULATED
II ALIOTIS
(p 348 )
Class VI. PATELLA. LIMPET.
349
** Without a regular spire.
GENUS XXXI. PATELLA. LIMPET.
Animal, a Slug.
Shell sub-conic.
* Labiated, or furnished with an internal lip.
Gm. Lin. 36Q2. Mont. Test. Br. 489. 1 • chinen-
Lin. Tr. viii. J 28. sis.
* P. with a smooth, entire, subconic shell ; in-
side glossy white, furnished with a sub-spiral
columella; length to two inches and a half,
breadth two inches ; generally found adhering
to oysters.
Base dentated, or margin angular.
Lin. Si/st. 1258. No. 758. Faun. Suec. No. 2199. 2. vulgata.
Gm. Lin. 3697. Lin. Tr. viii. 229. common.
List. Angl. tab. v. Jig. 40. Mont. Test. Br. 475.
P. with rough prominent strice, and sharply
crenated edges ; vertex pretty near the centre ;
-
350
PATELLA. LIMPET. Class VI.
the edges often in old subjects are almost
smooth. Tab. xcii. fig. ] .
(Var. A.) Zitt. Conch, tab. 538. Jig. Patella depressa. Br. Zool. iv.
inf. 142.
P. much depressed ; the vortex approximating
nearly to one edge. More oblong than the
former. Tab. xcii. fig. 1 .#
*** Pointed with the vertex bent.
3. mitrula. Gm. Lin. 370g. P. antiquata. Mont. Test.
Lin. Tr. viii. 230. Br. 485. 13- /• 9-
* P. with an entire, subconic, imbricated shell,
top recurved diameter half an inch.
Found at Weymouth.
dnga- ^*n' Syst- 125g. No. 761. Lin. Tr. viii. 230.
rica. Gm. Lin. 37O9. Mont. Test. Br. 486.
lonnel. Gualtieri, tab. ix. Jig. vv.
P. with a white acuminated striated shell, the
top turning down like a Phrygian bonnet.
Tab. xciii. fig. 1 .
1JLXC11.
voi.
C OMMOiT L .
(f.349.)
Class VI. PATELLA. LIMPET.
351
Liu. Tr. viii. 231. Mont. Test. Br. 488. 1. 13. 6. MIUTA-
/.ll. R1S«
* P. with an entire conic pointed, striated
shell; the top spirally revoluted, but inclined
to one side ; size of an hemp seed.
Found at Weymouth, and in Cornwall.
Lin. Tr. viii. 231.? Patella vertice intorto, &c. 6. intorta.
Gualtieri, tab. ix.Jig. 10. inclming.
P. with an elevated shell, slightly striated; the
vertex bending, but not hooked.
Inhabits Anglesey. Found on the shores.
Tab. xciii. Jig. 2.
Lin. Syst. 1260. No. 769. Faun. Suec. No. 2200.
Gm. Lin. 3710. Lin. Tr. viii. 232.
List. Angl. tab. ii. Jig. 32. P. fluviatilis. Mont. Test.
Conch, tab. 141. Jig. 39- Br. 482.
P. with a shell almost membranaceous; the
top reclined.
Inhabits fresh waters.
7. LACUS-
TRIS.
lake.
352
PATELLA. LIMPET. Class VI.
8. oblonga. Lin. Tr. viii. 233. P. lacustris. Mont. Test. Br.
484.
* P. with a perfectly entire, oblong compressed
membranaceous shell; the top sharp-pointed,
obliquely reflected ; minute.
Found in ditches and small rivers in aquatic
plants.
Lin. Syst. 1260. No. 770. Lin. Tr. viii. 233.
Gm. Lin. 3717- Mont. Test. Br. 477.
List. Conch, tab. 543. Jig.
27-
P. with a pellucid shell, marked longitudinally
with rows of rich blue spots ; the vertex placed
near one edge.
Inhabits the sea-rocks of Cornwall. Tab.
xciii. Jig. 4.
Q. PELLU-
CIDA.
transparent.
(A.) ljevis. Patella Limpet. Gm. Lin. Conch, tab. 542. Jig. 26.
smooth. 3697. ? P. pellucida Testa senior.
Patella laevis fusca. List. Lin. Tr. viii. 234.
P. with a smooth and glossy shell, somewhat
depressed ; more obtuse and decorticated ; the
apex inclining.
Found on the shores near Bamff. Tab. xciii.
Class VI. PATELLA. LIMPET.
353
Gm. Lin. 371 1.
Lin. Tr. viii. 234.
* P. with a perfectly entire substriated shell, of
a shape between oblong and orbicular; the
point of the top near the margin ; length three
eighths of an inch, breadth two eighths. Ad-
heres to rocks on the southern coast.
Mont. Test. Br. 480. P. 10. virgi-
parva. id. Sup. 154. NEA-
Lin. Tr. viii. 235. Mont. Test. Br. 432. t. 13. 11. biMacu-
/. 8. id. Sup. 153. LATA-
* P. with an oval, convex, flattish shell, of a
yellow color, and having a black spot at each
end ; the top perforated ; minute.
Found in the sea in the west of England.
Lin. Syst. 1261. No. 778. Lin. Tr. Viii". 235. 12- fissura.
Gm. Lin. 3728. Mont. Test. Br. 4Q0. sbt'
List. Conch, tab. 543. Jig.
28.
P. with a white shell, of an elevated form, ver-
tex inclining ; elegantly striated and reticulated.
Has a remarkable slit in front.
Inhabits the seas of the west of England.
Tab. xciii. fig. 3.
VOL. iv. 2 a
354
PATELLA. LIMPET. Class VI.
13. gr^ca. Lin. Syst. 1262. No. 780. List. Conch, tab. b^.fg.
striated. Gm Un 3^ 2
Lin. Tr. viii. 236.
P. with an oblong shell, perforated vertex, stri-
ated roughly to the edges.
Inhabits the west of England. Tab. xcii.
fig- 3.
14. aper- Lin. Tr. viii. 236. Mont. Test. Br. 401. t. 13.
tura. . . , _
/. 10. id. Sup. 155.
* P. with a somewhat conic shell, ribbed length-
ways ; top perforated, bent ; minute.
Found in the sand near Falmouth, and at
Salcombe bay, Devonshire.
This genus was called by the Greeks teita,;,
and is mentioned by Aristotle and Athenaus ;*
who acquaint us, that it was used for the table;
and also inform us of its nature of adhering to
rocks. Aristophanes, with much humour, speaks
of an old woman who stuck as close to a young
fellow, as a Lepas to a rock. Linn<zus has
adopted the Latin name of Patella, a sort of
dish ; and has applied it (as some other modern
writers have before) to this genus.
* Aristot. Hist. An. lib. iv. c. 4. Athenceus, lib. iii. p. 85.
Class VL DENTALIUM.
s S55
GENUS XXXII. DENTALIUM.
Animal, a Terebella.
Shell slender, tubiform, mostly pervious.
Lin. Syst. 1263. No. 786. Faun. Suec. No. 2201. 1. entalis.
Gm. Lin. 3736. Lin. Tr. viii. 237- common.
List. Conch, tab. 547 -fig- 2. Mont. Test. Br. 494.
D. with a slender shell, a little bending; per-
vious ; length near an inch and a half.
Inhabits most of our seas. Tab. xciii.^*. 5.
Gm. Lin. 3736. D. striatum. Mont. Test. Br. 2. dentalis.
Lin. Tr. viii. 237- 4g5. id. Sup. 156.
* D. with a white tubular shell, having a few
faint annulets at the larger end, and twenty
stria, rather bent, interrupted ; length half an
inch ; inhabits the sea on the western coast.
2 a SI
356
DENTALIUM. Class VI.
3. striatu- km- Lin. 3738. Mont. Test. Br. Sup. 155.
lum. Un. Tr. viii. 238.
* D. with an acuminated shell, of eight angles,
and eight strice of a green color with a white
point.
Found on the coast of Cornwall.
4. gadus. Lin. Tr. viii. 238. Mont. Test. Br. 496. t. 14.
f-7.
* D. with a very smooth shell, somewhat bent,
and contracted towards the aperture ; length
scarcely three eighths of an inch, greatest
breadth one tenth of an inch. Inhabits the
ocean, and is called by mariners Hake's Tooth.
IMPERFO- Lin. Tr. viii. 238. Mont. Test. Br. 4g6.
RATOM.
* D. with a cylindric shell, somewhat bent,
transversely striated, abrupt, and imperforate
at the apex ; minute. Inhabits the sea.
Class VI. DENTALIUM.
S57
Lin. Tr. viii. 239. Mont. Test. Br. 497. t. 14. (J. trachea.
/• 10.
* D. with a bent round shell ; strips very nume-
rous, annular, closely set; apex abrupt, imper-
forate ; minute. Inhabits the sea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 239- Mont. Test. Br. 4g7t 7. glabrom.
* D. with white, smooth, bent, cylindric shell,
and imperforate ; very minute.
Found on the northern coast of Devonshire.
S58 SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VI.
GENUS XXXIII. SERPULA. WORM-
SHELL.
Animal, (generally) a Terebella.
Shell tubular, adhering to other bodies.
Spiral.
1. spiror- Lin. Syst. 1264. No. 794. Lin. Tr. viii. 241.
BIS.
spiral.
Gm. Lin. 3740. Mont. Test. Br. 498.
Faun. Suec. No. 2204.
S. with a shell spiral or wreathed, like the cornu
ammonis ; very small ; adhering to shells, Crus-
tacea, and alga. Tab. xciv. Jig. 1 .
2. spiril- Gm. Lin. 3740. Mont. Test. Br. 499.
LDM* Lin. Tr. viii. 240.
* S. with a pellucid, uniform, spiral, orbiculate
shell ; volutions round, gradually decreasing in
size.
Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL.
359
S. sinistrosa. Mont. Test. Br. 504. Var. B.
In this variety the volutions are reversed;
minute.
Found in the sea on Zoophytes.
Lin. Tr. viii. 241. Mont. Test. Br. 505. 3. MINUTA.
* S. with an uniform, spiral, orbiculate shell j
volutions round, reversed ; very minute.
Found on the sea adhering to Zoophytes.
Gm. Lin. 3741. Mont. Test. Br. 500. 4. granu-
Lin. Tr. viii. 241. LATA-
* S. with a round spiral shell, glomerated, and
having three raised ridges on the upper side;
minute. Adheres to stones and sea shells.
Lin. Tr. viii. 242. Mont. Test. Br. 503. 5. hetero-
STROPHA.
* S. with a round spiral shell, and having two
or three sulcated reversed volutions.
Found on shells and slaty rocks in the sea.
360
SERPULA. WORMS 1 1 ELL. Class VI.
6. CARINATA. Lin. Tr. viii. £42. Monl. Test. Br. 502.
* S. with an uniform spiral shell ; the exterior
volution ridged above ; minute.
Found adhering to shells in the sea.
7. CORRU- Lin. Tr. viii. 242. Mont. Test. Br. 502.
G ATA.
* S. with an uniform spiral shell, transversely
wrinkled, umbilicated ; diameter one eighth of
an inch. Inhabits rocks in the sea.
8. cornea. Lin. Tr. viii. 243. Mont. Test. Br. 503.
* S. with an uniform, round, pellucid shell, of
three volutions, shell horn-colored ; is it a
distinct species ? Inhabits the sea.
g. lucida. S. vitrea. Gm. Lin. 3746. Mont. Test. Br. 506.
Lin. Tr. viii. 243.
S. with a round spiral very smooth and glossy
shell, volutions reversed; very minute. Inha-*
bits the sea ; on Zoophytes.
PJ XCIY
VOL.4, Or.>/.
COMPLICATED S.
SPIRAL SERPULA (r. 358.)
Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL.
30 1
Lin. Syst. 1265. No. 7Q5. Lin. Tr. viii. 244.
Gm. Lin. 3740. 3/on<. TVs/. Br. 511.
Ja«n. Swec. JVb. 2206.
S. with a triangular shell, irregularly twisted.
Adheres to (in a creeping form) stones and
other substances.
** Irregularly twined.
Lin. Syst. 1267. No. 805. Lin. Tr. viii. 243.
Got. Lin. 3743. ikfon/. 7Vs*. Br. 50g.
Ellis Coral, tab. xxxvi. Jig.
2.
S. with a slender, incurvated, taper, and round-
ed shell.
According to Mr. Ellis, inhabits all our
coasts.
10. TRIQUE-
TRA.
angular.
11 . VERMI-
CULARIS.
worm.
Lin. Tr. viii. 243. Mont. Test. Br. 508.
* S. with a subcylindric, wrinkled, spiral, irre-
gular shell ; aperture reversed. Inhabits the
sea upon crabs ; a distinct species ?
302 SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VI.
13. tubu- Lin. Tr. viii. 244. Mont. Test. Br. 513. id.
LARIA* Sup. 71.
# S. with a round subulate shell, fixed by the
smaller end, somewhat convolute.
Found on shells in the sea.
*** Not attached to other bodies.
A. somewhat twined.
14. semino- Gm. Lin. 373Q. Vermiculum intortum. Mont.
LUM.
Lin. Tr. viii. 245. Test. Br. 520.
* S. with an uniform, oval, unfixed, smooth
shell j diameter one tenth of an inch. Inhabits
the sea ; very common.
15. subro- Lin. Tr. viii. 245. Mont. Test. Br. 521.
TUNDA.
* S. with a roundish shell ; back raised.
16. obloNGA. Lin. Tr. viii. 245. Mont. Test. Br. 522.
Vermiculum oblongum. t. 14. f. 0.
* S. with an oblong, oval, somewhat compress-
ed shell, with a single longitudinal suture on
one side ; very minute. Inhabits the sea.
\
Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL.
363
Lin. Tr. viii. 246. perforatum. Mont. lest.
Vermiculum bicorne, et V. Br. 51Q.
* S. with a two-horned, ventricose shell ; very
minute ; inhabits the sea. It is doubted whe-
ther the three last serpulce are not varieties.
Lin. Tr. viii. 246. Vermiculum incurvatum. 18. incur-
Mont. Test. Br. 518. VATA-
* S. with a shell bent at the hinder extremity
into three contiguous volutions.
Vermiculum pervium. Mont. Test. Br. 508. Var. B.
This variety has but one volution ; inhabits
the sea; rare.
B. Bottle-shaped.
Lin. Tr. viii. 246. Vermiculum lacteum. Mont. 10*. lactea.
Test. Br. 522.
* S. with an oval, thin, pellucid, somewhat
compressed shell, and milky veins; minute.
Inhabits the sea.
17- BICOK-
NIS.
364
SERPULA.
WORM-SHELL. Class VL
20. margi- Lin. Tr. viii. 247. Vermiculum marginatum.
NATA- Mont. Test. Br. 524.
# S. with a white, pellucid, smooth, compressed
shell, marginated with scarcely any neck ; mi-
nute. Inhabits the sea.
21. clobosa. Lin. Tr. viii. 247. Vermiculum globosum.
Mont. Test. Br. 523.
* S. with a white, pellucid, smooth, globose
shell, having scarcely any neck ; minute. Inha-
bits the sea.
22. l^evis. Lin. Tr. viii. 247. Vermiculum laeve. Mont.
Test. Br. 524.
* S. an oblong smooth shell, with a longish
neck; minute. Inhabits the sea. Perhaps a
variation of the last?
23. squa- Lin. Tr. viii. 247. Mont. Test. Br. 526. t. 14.
mosa. f. 2.
* S. with a somewhat globose, scaly, white
shell, and scarcely any neck; minute. Inha-
bits the sea.
Class VI. SERPULA. WORM-SHELL.
863
Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Mont. Test. Br. 525. t. 14. 24. perlu-
Vermiculum perlucidum. f. 3. CIDA.
* S. with a smooth white shell, of six equi-
distant longitudinal ribs ; neck long ; subcylin-
dric ; minute. Inhabits the sea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Vermiculura striatum. Mont. 25. striata.
Test. Br. 523.
* S. with a white pellucid shell, of many lon-
gitudinal stria, neck long; minute. Inhabits
the sea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Vermiculum retortum. Mont. 26. retorta.
Test. Br. 524.
* S. with a white, opaque, round, marginated
shell; neck placed obliquely; minute. Inha-
bits the sea.
Lin. Tr. viii. 248. Vermiculum urnae. Mont. 27. URN*.
Test. Br. 525. t. 14./. 1.
* S. with an urn-shaped, white, smooth, semi-
pellucid shell; apex conic; minute. Inhabits
the sea.
S66
SERPULA. WORM-SHELL. Class VI,
58. conca- Mont. Test. Br. Sup. l60.
ME RATA.
* S. with a white, depressed, sub-pellucid, subor-
bicular shell ; of three irregular volutions, and
numerous dissimilar concamerations ; minute ;
rare.
Taken up by the Amphitrite ventilabrum in
the formation of its tube.
Class VI. TEREDO. PIERCER.
367
GENUS XXXIV. TEREDO. PIERCER.
Animal, unknown.
Shell slender, bending.
Valves, two, testaceous, hemispherical, cover-
ing the head ; two lanceolate, near the tail.
Lin. Syst. 1267. No. 807- Lin. Tr. viii. 249. I. navalis.
Gm. Lin. 3747- Mont. Test. Br. 527. shiP*
Faun. Suec. No. 2087.
Justly called by Linnaeus^ calamitas navium.
Was imported from the Indies. Penetrates
into the stoutest oak plank, and effects their
destruction.
368
SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. Cl. VI.
GENUS XXXV. SABELLA. CONCRETE-
SHELL.
Animal various, Nereis, Amphitrite, &c.
Covering tubular, fabricated with sand and
broken shells, coherent by a glutinous ce-
ment.
Lin. Syst. 1268. No. 811. Baster subses. i. p. 80. tab.
Terebella conchilega. Gm. g. Jig. 4.
Lin. 3 1 13'. S. conchilega. Mont. Test.
Br. 547.
S. with a single case formed of larger fragments
of shells, with little or no sand.
Found near Weymouth, lodged in the shell
of a bivalve. The animal is represented mag-
nified in Tab. xxviii. marked A. A.
2. alveo- Lin. Syst. 1268. No. 812. Ellis Conch, tab. xxxvi. p.
lata. Gm. Lin. 374g. 90.
honey-comb.
S. with numerous tubes placed parallel, with
the orifices open, forming in the mass the ap-
pearance of the surface of honey- combs : com-
posed chiefly of sand, with very minute frag-
1. RUDIS.
coarse.
»IXC\
VOL.4. <_A'/
HOXEYCOMB SABELLA. (p. 568 )
TUBE S. (p. 272 )
Cl. VI. SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. 369
mcnts of shells. The tubes sometimes above
three inches long.
Found on the western coasts of Anglesey ;
near Criccaeth, Caernarvonshire; and near
Yarmouth. It covers the rocks for a consider-
able space, near low-water mark. Tab. xcv.
fig- *•
Lin. Syst. 126g. Mont. Test. Br. 541. 3. penicil-
Amphitrite ventilabrum. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. JO. LUS>
Gm. Lin. 3111. f.\.
* S. shell membranaceous, erect, rooted; with
a long slender tube, tapering to the lower
extremity ; diameter at the top a quarter of an
inch: length six or seven inches. Animal, the
Amphitrite ventilabrum, p. 90.
Lin. Syst. 1268. Pallas Misc. Zool. t. 9. 4, granu-
Mont. Test. Br. 544. /. 3, 2. ? lata.
* S. with a single shell, not attached to any
thing, simply bent, composed of brown grains
of sand ; length two or more inches ; diameter
at the largest end, three eighths of an inch.
Animal, an Amphitrite.
VOL. IV. 2 B
370
SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. Cl. VI.
5. chryso- Gm. Lin. 374Q. /. 14, 15, 16.
D0N' Pallas Misc. Zool. t. Q. Mont. Test. Br. 546.
* S. with a cylindrical membranaceous tube,
about the size of a goose quill, covered with
sand and particles of broken shells ; the mouth
furnished with long fibres, composed of the
same materials ; length about six inches.
Found on the sea shore, sunk in the sand
above low- water mark. Animal, a Terebella.
6. lumbri- Gm. Lin. 3752. ? Mont. Test. Br. 54g.
CALIS.
# S. a strong tube, composed chiefly of coarse
sand, firmly cemented together and attached
to stones, shells, &c. in a creeping manner ;
the strongest of the genus ; length two or three
inches ; diameter one quarter of an inch. Ani-
mal, a Terebella.
Common on all our shores.
7. ci r rata. Gm. Lin. 3112. Mont. Test. Br. 350.
* S. with a thick fragile tube, a little tapering,
composed of sand and clay, readily falling to
pieces when dry ; length six or seven inches ;
diameter half an inch.
Cl. VI. SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. 371
Found in muddy bottoms above low-water
mark. Animal, a Terebella.
Mont. Test. Br. 552. 8. areNARIa.
* S. with a cylindric tube, extremely brittle,
composed of fine sand ; length from one to two
inches, and about the size of a raven's quill.
Animal unknown.
Mont. Test. Br. 552. g. SUBCT*
LINDRICA.
* S. with a slender, fragile, subcylindric tube,
composed of fine sand, and minute particles of
shells, cemented together on a fine membrane j
length from one to three inches : diameter not
O J
above one tenth of an inch. Animal unknown.
Mont. Test. Br. 553. 10. setifor"
mis.
* S. with a slender tube, tapering at the smaller
end to one half of the larger end, composed of
particles of shells and stones, placed in an im-
bricated manner ; length three or four inches ;
size double that of an hog's bristle. Animal
unknown.
2 B 2
7l2
SABEJLLA. CONCRETE-SHELL. Cl. VI.
11. cdrta. Mont. Test. Br. 554.
* S. with a tube composed of particles of sand
and stone, sometimes of the finest sand alone,
on a tough membrane, somewhat tapering;
length scarcely one inch ; size that of a crow
quil. Animal, a Terebella.
Covers the whole surface of the shore in the
inlet near Kingsbridge, Devonshire.
S.Belgtca. Om. Lin. 374Q. Pallas Misc. Zool. II 7. tab.
AmphitHteauricoma.«Z>.3111. ix. Jig. 1 — 13.
Nereis cylindracea belgica. S. granulata. Lin. Syst. 1268.
Mont. Test. Br. 544.
S. with a case of a taper strait form; made up
of minute particles of sand, most elegantly put
together.
Its animal described at p. 91.
Common on all our sandy shores. Tab. xcv.-
13. cow- Mont. Test. Br. 555.
PR ESS A.
* S. with a broad and extremely flat tube, com-
posed of large fragments of bivalve shells, chiefly
of the Pecten ; length about an inch and a half,
12. TUBI-
FORMIS
tube.
Cl. VI. SABELLA. CONCRETE-SHELL.
breadth three eighths of an inch. Animal un-
known.
Inhabits deep waters.*
* The editor perfectly coincides in the opinion entertained by
the authors of the Testacea Britannica, and recently adopted by
Mr. Montagu, " of the impropriety of classing these heteroge-
neous tribes with the lestacea;" but as no other place has been
assigned them in the system, he has left the genus Salella where
it was placed by Lmnceus and Mr. Pennant. Ed.
INDEX
TO THE FOURTH VOLUME.
A
ACORN-SHELL, page 146
Actinia, 102
a mphitrite, 89
Anomia, 232
Aphrodita, 86
Aplysia, 78
Arca, 215
Ascaris, 50
Ascidia, 99
ASTACDS, 14
Acmjf, 135
ASTERIAS, 127
B
Ba.Xa.vos, 154
Ballerus, 51
Blubber, Sea, 126
BtJCCINUM, 26/
Bulla, 254
C
Cancer, page 3
Cardibm, 186
Ccesar brings from Britain a
shield made of its pearls,
164
Chama, 214
Chiton, 142
Cochlearia, 328
Cockle, 186
Concha venerea, 220
Conwy river once noted for
pearls, 163
Crows, their policy to get at
the meat of the mussel, 240
Cuttle-fish ink, 118
sausage, 1 19
Cyprjea, 252
D
Datyl, a sort of Pholas, 158
Dentalium, 355
INDEX.
Derris, page 101
Dew-worm, its manners, 63
Dipper, 254
Donax, 198
Doris, 82
E
echinorinchus, 57
Echinus, 137
eaten by the Ro-
mans, 138
Egg, Sea, vide Echinus.
Escargatoire, 328
F
Fasciola, 58
FlLARIA, 55
G
Gellies, sea, 126
Gerard, his tale of the goose
bearing shell, 152
Gordius, 73
Gowrie, 252
sacred to Venus, ib.
H
Haliotis, 348
Helix, 319
Hamlleton Hookers, a fine
mussel, page 236
Hermit Crab, its instinct, 30
Hirpinus, his art of fattening
snails, 329
Hirodo, 69
Holothuria, 108
I J
Irish pearls of large size, 164
Irt river, its pearls, ib.
Juvenal, his account of the ink
of the Sepia, 118
his account of the
British oysters, 225
K
Kafxmov, 31
KviSrj, 126
KT£<£, 219
L
Leeches, their uses, 6g
Lenlulus, his famous supper,
138
Lepas, 146
Abhols ay^ta, 348
Lepas anatifera, 152
Lernzea, 113
Ligula, 56
(shell), 169
INDEX.
Limax, page 75
Limpet, 34y
Lobsters, their history, 14
fear thunder, 1 5
known to Ari-
stotle, 21
Long oyster, what, 22
LuC ERN ARIA, 110
Lucrine lake, its oysters, 226
Lumbricus, 63
Lungs, sea, 125
M
Mactra, 192
Mammaria, 107
Medusa, 121
excites burning pain
when handled,
125
cured kibed heels,
ib.
phosphorous, ib.
Messalinus, loses his life by a
Leech, 69
Mollusca, 75
Musbx, 279
Murices, a dish in Lcntu-
lus's supper, 138
productive' of the
purple dye, 263
Mussel, 235
noxious to many
constitution1:, 236
My a, 159
Mya, a species producing
pearls, page 163
Mytilus, 235
N
Nacre, 243
Nais, 97
Nautilus, 245
Nereis, 93
illuminates the ocean;
ib.
Nerita, 344
Nettle, Sea, 121
O
OXoSovgix, 109
Oniscus, 37
Oppian, his account of the
Pinnophylax crab, 4
his account of the
Sepia, or Cuttle,
118
Orala, Sergius, inventor of
stews for oysters, 226
Ostrece crudce, 138
Oyster, 225
British, in great re-
pute at Rome, ib.
Oyster-beds, account
of, 226
INDEX.
P
Patella, page 349
Patina ostrearum, a Roman
dish, 138
Pearls, British, 163. 236
Pecten, 21Q
Pelorides, J 38
Phalangium, 43
Pholas, 156
Piercer, 367
Pinna, 243
Jlivvo<pv\ct%, 4
Planaria, 68
Pliny, the younger, his sup-
per, 329
Pomatia, 328
Purple dye, the Tyrian, 268.
304
the British, how
produced, ib.
Purpura?, 139
R
Razor-shell, 171
a food, 176
Rutupium, or Rickborough, its
oyster celchratcd by Juve-
nal, 225
S
Sabella^ 368
Sausage, the cuttle-fish of the
Greeks, HQ
Scallops, 2 19
Scallops, how dressed by the
Greeks, page2ig
the shell in which
Venus rose from
the sea, 220
worn by pilgrims,
ib.
Sepia, 115
Indian, their vast size,
116
How the Sepia escapes
danger, 118
Sry7T(«, ib.
Serpula, 358
SlPUNCULUS, 66
Snail, 319
Snails fattened for food, 328
Solen, 171
grateful (o widows,
176
SaiAeysj, ib.
Sphondy/i, 138
Spio, Q2
Star, Sea, 127
destructive to oys-
ters, ib.
Stella marina, 136
Strombus, 277
T
Taenia, 60
Tellina, 177
Terebella, 111
Teredo, 367
Tillo, 51
Tooth-shell, 355
INDEX.
379
Top, page 288
Tricocephalus, 54
Voluta, page 26l
Urticce Soluta, 126
Triton, 120
Tritonia, 81
Trochus, 288
Turbo, 293
Whelk, 267
Worms, account of, from Lin-
W
V u
Venus-shell, 201
Vermes, 50
nceus, 50
Wreath-shell, 293
THE END.
TABLE OF ERRATA.— VOL. IV.
Page &i. 1. 4, for " Armicole," read " Arnicole."
138. 1. 2, for " Lucullus," r. " Lentulus."
1ST. 1. 23, for " former," r. " the third species."
311. L 18, after " Battersea," add " Tab. lxxxii. fig. 8."
320. bottom line, for " Fig. 3," r. " Fig. 4."
359. 1. 8, for " on the sea," r. " in the sea."
The reader is requested to substitute the following de-
scription of the Turbo labiosus for that given in page 298.
* T. with a subconic shell ; volutions flatfish, with nu-
merous (15 or 16) distinct plaits or ribs ; length three
tenths of an inch, breadth two tenths.
Inhabits the sea. Tab. lxxxii. Jig. 4.
And in the references, to read " T," for " Tr," and place the mark
of interrogation after T. albus.
Errata in the Inscriptions and References engraved
on the following Plates in Vols. III. and IV.
VOL. III.
Plate 32, for Serdid, read Sordid.
46, for Dorce^i read Doree. •
53, for Scald Back, read Scald Fish.
77, for Greg Mullet, read Grey Mullet.
85, Cornish Trawl Net and Trawl Boat, (to face page 521,
is omitted in the List prefixed to the Volume.
VOL. IV.
Plate 2, No. 2, for (P. 2.), read (P. 6).
3, for crawed, read clawed.
5, for ang-elar, read angular.
6, for grub, read great.
9, No. 2, for (Var. 4.) read (Var. A).
10, No. 2,/or Union, read Uneven.
12, for (P. 24.), read [P. 22).
15, for Pleted, read Plated.
21, No. 1, for (P. 20.), read (P. 50).
3, for (P. 7.), read (P. 70).
22, A. B. Tentacula.
C. C. The lungs.
D. The shield.
E. E. The reflexible membranes which conceal and protect
the lungs when the animal is at rest.
. 23, No. 2, for Wart, read Warty.
25, for aCUlected, read auuleaced.
27, for Nerces, read Nereis ; and add 1, 2, 3.
28, dele A before Terebella; substitute A A for 2 and 4; and for
onchelega, read Conchilega.
29, Me 43.
32, for Hesped, read Hispid.
33, add (P. 129).
35, for Pectinated, read Pectinated ; and add (P. 134}.
39, No. 2. for (P. 145.), read (P. 143).
41, for stricted, read striated.
54, for Chiene, read Chione.
58, dele the four references, 45, 51, 51 A, and 46, and substitute to
No. l (P. 198), No. 2 (P. 199), No. 3 (P. 209), No. 4 (P. 213),
No. 5 (P. 212).
59, dele the three references, 49, 50, and 56, and substitute to
No. 1 (P. 209), No. 2 (P. 205), No. 3 (P. 206).
62, for Scollop, read Scallop.
65, affix A. to the left or the lower figure ; and for (P. 255),
read (P. 225).
73, for Common Dipper, read Common Gowrie.
74, for Dippep, read Dipper. • - *
75, No. 1, for (P. 287), read (PVttJT) ; and add * to the upper
figure 2.
77, /or'(P. 282), read (P. 272).
80, dele 96.
$2, No. 1, Polished Snail (P. 335); 2, Ribbed Murex (P. 281);
3, Shortened Murex (P. 286); 4, White Wreath (P. 298);
5, Bamflian Murex (P. 284) ; 6, Spot Whelk (P. 273);
7, Various Colored Murex (P. 280); 8, Lipped Wreath
(P. 311) ; 9, Bilineated Whelk (P. 271).
84, To No. 2 on the left add * ; and for Anger, read Auger.
89, dele A and B attached to No. 2.
92, No. 3, for (P. 350), read (P. 354).
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11